Full text of "The Universal herbal; or, Botanical, medical, and agricultural dictionary; containing an account of all the known plants in the world, arranged according to the Linnean system. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as food, as medicine, or in the arts and manufactures, with the best methods of propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements .."

THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

GIFT OF

MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDEGEE
1906

\< f\ r* rji fp

Li ...

18;

,', '/<///////

' r -> c *AT

t' * rl. r\ tf<. r;.

'[ c M 1 1 c al a and

?n!blasiied ^>y Heur Fisher. Caxtem. . "London. 1823

THE

UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

OB,

BOTANICAL, MEDICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL

CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF

an tijc fcnoum nun** m tfjr

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LIXXEAN SYSTEM.

SPECIFYING THE

USES TO WHICH THEY ARE OR MAY BE APPLIED, WHETHER AS FOOD, AS MEDICINE, OR IN

THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES.

WITH THE BEST

METHODS OF PROPAGATION,

AND THE

MOST RECENT AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS.

from mUispatablt 3uti|oriltni.

ADAPTED TO THE USE OF

THE FARMER THE GARDENER THE HUSBANDMAN THE BOTANIST THE FLORIST-

AND COUNTRY HOUSEKEEPERS IN GENERAL.

THE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND IMPROVED.

VOL. I.

LONDON:

PRINTED AT THE CAXTON PRESS, BY HENRY FISHER,

Printer in Ordinary to Hit Majetty.
PUBLISHED AT 38, XEWGATE-STREET; AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

awe

?V8

1 v -j

\r- I

plOtOSY

>Lnoi

.,.?

THE obvious design of this work is to present the Botanist, Farmer, Gardener, and Country Housekeeper, with a
compendium of Botanical, Agricultural, and Medical knowledge, collected from the accumulated labours of the most
eminent authors, and hitherto only to be obtained in separate and very voluminous publications.

From the Introduction, which immediately follows this Preface, the Botanist will at once perceive that the Linnean
Arrangement is exclusively adopted, not merely because it is most universal, but because, (to adopt the language of the
present acute and learned president of the Linnean Society, Sir J. E. Smith, M.D. F.R.S.) " Without wasting any words
on those speculative and fanciful changes, which the most ignorant may easily make in an artificial system ; and without
entering into controversy with the very few competent writers who have proposed any alterations, the discriminating
characters of the Linnean System are founded in nature and fact, and depend upon parts essential to every species of
plant, when in perfection ; and as the application of them to practice is, above all other systems, easy and intelligible ;
nothing more useful can be done, than to perfect, upon our own principles, any parts of this system, which experience may
shew to have been originally defective. Speculative alterations in an artificial system, are endless, and scarcely answer
any more useful purpose than changing the order of letters in an alphabet. The philosophy of botanical arrangement, or
the study of the natural affinities of plants, is quite another matter."

The general exemplifications of the Introduction to which the Essay on the Physiology of Plants, in the second
Volume, forms an important supplement are followed by an Analysis illustrating the Linnean System of Classification,
and by Rules for Investigation, intended to " explain and apply to practice those beautiful principles of method,
arrangement, and discrimination, which render Botany not merely an amusement, a motive for taking air and exercise,
or an assistance to many other arts and sciences ; but a school for the mental powers, an alluring incitement for the
young mind to try its growing strength, and a confirmation of the most enlightened understanding in some of its
sublimest and most important truths." The explanatory Plates which exhibit the various kinds of Leaves, Trunks, Roots,
Armature of Plants, and more especially those which present the Parts of Fructification, the Classes and Orders of the
Sexual System, with the Dictionary of Botanical Terms, will gradually introduce the young student into the midst of this
delightful science : and lest he should there find himself bewildered, the Introduction closes with succinct Instructions
bow he is to ascertain to what Class, Order, Genus, or Section, any known or strange plant he may meet with belongs ;
an assistance to which will be found in the Index to the Classes and Orders at the close of the second Volume.*
To avoid also any perplexity which might arise from the Specific Character not being here printed in a different letter
from the general description of each plant, and to account for any apparent repetitions, the reader will only have to bear in
mind, that the specific character is always contained in the first sentence, under the name of each plant; what follows
being superadded description, or directions for their culture. The notes of interrogation imply that the parts of the plants
to which they are subjoined require further investigation, not having yet been perfectly described.

The foreign names of many plants, and, as far as could be ascertained, the habitats, or exact places of growth, where
those that occur wild in our own country may be found, have been minutely recorded, as they always should be by every
lover of Botany ; the former for the accommodation of those who may take the UNIVERSAL HERBAL abroad; and the
latter, to facilitate the researches of those who botanize at home : to both of whom it is strongly recommended to inter-
leave their copies in the binding, that their own observations, additions, or corrections, may be noted in their proper order,
for their individual use. Such persons also as have preferred the plain plates, may find an elegant amusement in occa-
sionally colouring them at their leisure from nature.

* Se also the " Table of Genera," published in the Appendix to (bis work.

PREFACE.

The methods of propagation and culture, when peculiar, will be found under each species : but wherever the same
treatment applies to a whole genus, the Farmer, Gardener, and Florist, will find the most explicit directions either
immediately following the Essential Character, or subjoined to the description of the first species, to which all the rest are
in the latter case invariably referred. Under every species of Grain, and of all plants used for the sustenance of man or
beast, as well as under the articles Grass, Land, Moss, Mould, Meadow, Manure, Mowing, Pasture, Blight, Mildew,
Vermin, Watering, Warping of Land, Weather, Weeds, Weeding, Wells, Hedges, Fences, &c. the intelligent Farmer
may ascertain the opinions, practice, and experience, of the first authorities in every thing that relates to agricultural
improvement.

The very copious Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs, given at the end of the second Volume, will at once enable the
Gardener and Planter to select such as by their size, qualities, or places of growth, may best suit either general or
particular purposes, and will save the intolerable labour and loss of time, that must have been incurred had they been left
to examine the whole work in order to make that selection ; which, when thus readily made, refers them for further details
to the various species under their respective genera. The articles Dwarf Trees, Espaliers, Green-house, Hot-beds,
Melonary, Stove, Pine-Stove, Ice-house, Nursery, Orchard, Grafting, Inoculation, Lopping, Planting, Pruning, Gravel and
Grass Walks, Avenues, Wilderness Woods and Groves, Yard-manure, &c. with the Plates containing plans of the
Conservatory, Hot-house, Stove-Pinery, and those for ornamental laying out of grounds, &c. will be found of essential use
to the Planter, Nurseryman, and Gardener: the latter of whom will find the account of every plant with which he can
have the most immediate or remote concern, accompanied with copious directions, calculated to advance his useful labours.
He may also, under the head of Diseases of Plants, avail himself of ^all the knowledge and experience of Willdenow, as to
the treatment of unhealthy plants, concerning which so much uncertainty has long prevailed. The articles entitled Plant-
ing, Timber, and Woods, are peculiarly adapted for those whose attention is principally directed to the propagation of
useful trees, especially the Oak, Ash, Beech, Larch, Walnut, Chestnut., &c. : they will there find such general information
as could not have been conveniently introduced into the particular description of each kind of Timber-tree, to which, under
the names just enumerated, they are further referred for the most important details relative to their several qualities, and to
the best means for their propagation. The Florist also, under the various species of flowers, will arrive at the most
approved methods of bringing them to perfection, minutely laid down, principally upon the undoubted authority of the late
celebrated Philip Miller, to whom this Work, as well as the Science of Botany, is largely indebted.

Interesting notices relative to the Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, are interwoven, wherever articles of Trade, as
Tanners' Bark, &c. have been described ; or wherever there appeared any possibility of applying the plant under exami-
nation to commercial or economical purposes. In the last place, (but not on that account of the least consequence,) those
Country Housekeepers who take delight in Botany, Agriculture, or Gardening, besides sharing the advantages already
specified under those particulars, will find throughout this Work, very numerous e.xcellent Recipes, which the copious
Indices of Diseases, accompanying each Volume, will readily refer them to, for the cure, or at least the mitigation, of most
disorders to which they are exposed. To render this part of the work still more complete, the plates of a certain number
of copies have beeifcoloured from nature, which, with the Directions for Gathering and Preserving the various Medicinal
Herbs given at the end of the Introduction, will always enable them to collect, and keep readv for use. an amnle stock of
those simple, but efficacious, remedies.

THE EDITOR.

London, Jan. 7, 1824.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION.

JN ATURAL History properly signifies that study by which
we learn to distinguish from each other, all bodies, whether
animal, vegetable, or mineral, which surround us ; to discover
as much as possible their nature and properties, and espe-
cially their dependence on each other in the general scale of
beings. In a more extensive sense, it may be said to teach
the secondary properties of natural bodies, or the various uses
to which they have been or may be converted, in the service
of man; for an acquaintance with tlieir properties is our only
sure guide to a knowledge of their artificial uses. But as
this definition would include many arts and sciences, each of
which would be sufficient to occupy any common mind, such
s agriculture, medicine, chemistry, and many others, it is
.ufficient for a philosophical naturalist to be acquainted with
" ie general principles upon which such arts and sciences are
founded.

BOTANY, (from floravr) an herb, from floras, of ftocrKta, I feed,
because vegetables are the natural food of mostanimals,) is the
science of plants ; or that part of natural history which relates
to vegetables. It may be divided into three branches : 1st.
The physiology of plants, or a knowledge of the structure and
functions of their different parts ; 2dly. The systematical
arrangement and denomination of their several kinds ; and,
3dly. Their economical or medical properties : all of which
should be kept in view by an intelligent botanist. In the
utmost extent of the word, Botany signifies a knowledge of
plants, and of the uses to which they may be applied, in
medicine, chemistry, or the arts in general : but it is com-
monly restricted to a bare knowledge of the plants them-
selves, and of the distinguishing marks whereby each species
may be known from every other. This knowledge is indis-
pensably necessary. Many animals are endowed with an in-
stinctive faculty of distinguishing salutary from noxious food.
Mankind have no such instinct. They must have recourse
to experience and to observation. But these are not suffi-
cient guides in every case. A general caution, not to eat
any thing but what we know to be salutary, will not answer
in every instance. A ship's company, in want of provisions,
may be thrown upon an uninhabited coast, or a desert island.
Entirely ignorant of the nature of the plants they meet with,
disease, or a scarcity of animals, may compel them to have
recourse to vegetable food. The consequences may be
dreadful they must first eat before they can form any cer-
tain conclusion; and many lives have already been lost in
these hazardous experiments. If the whole science of botany
were as complete as some of its parts, very little skill in it
would be sufficient to guard with certainty from committing
such fatal mistakes. There are certain classes and orders
which are called natural, because every genus and species
comprehended under them, is not only distinguished by the
same characteristic marks, but likewise possesses the same
qualities, though not in an equal degree. For instance: shew
a botanist the flower tff a plant, the calix of which is a
double-valved glume or husk, with three stamina, two pistilla,
and one naked seed; he can pronounce with absolute cer-
VOL. I. J.

tainty, that the plant from which the flower was taken, bears
seed of a farinaceous quality, and that it may be safely used
as food. In like manner, shew him a flower with twelve or
more stamina, all inserted into the internal side of the calix,
though it belong to a plant growing in Japan, he can pro-
nounce without hesitation, that its fruit may be eaten with
safety. On the other hand, shew him a plant whose flower
has Jive stamina, one pistil, one petal, and whose fruit is of
the berry kind ; he will tell you it is poisonous. Facts of
this kind render Botany a most interesting science. With
respect to medical uses, it is found by experience, that plants,
which are distinguished by the same characters in the flower
and fruit, have the same qualities, though not always in an
equal degree; so that upon inspecting the flower and the
fruit, a botanist can determine the effects that will result from
its use as a medicine. To determine therefore the medical
virtues of all the plants belonging to a particular class, the
physician has nothing to do but to ascertain, by a set of clear
and unquestionable experiments, the virtues of any one of
them ; and this amazingly shortens the labour of investigation.
As the number of species are known to be upwards of 20,000 ;
by ascertaining the virtues of one genus, at a medium, you
determine the number of 12 species. But by ascertaining the
virtues of one genus belonging to a natural order, the virtues
of perhaps 3 or 400 species are ascertained. A natural
arrangement of the classes, orders, genera, and species, free
in every instance from heterogeneous combinations, and dis-
turbing no real affinities, is the neplus ultra of classification.
It is the point of perfection to which every naturalist should
labour to approach, though what no one can expect actually
to attain. To have formed the idea, is, however, no small
advance towards it ; and in itself implies a very important
acquisition of knowledge.

This elegant science, which so manifestly displays the
unbounded goodness and wisdom of God, was cultivated in
some degree among the ancients, but chiefly with relation to
medicine. As, however, they adopted no regular method of
distribution and arrangement, the knowledge they gained was
soon and easily lost. It would be as tedious as useless here
to detail the various systems of those botanists who preceded
the great Linneus, as it is well known that the system which
bears his name is greatly superior to all that have been hitherto
devised. It is called the Sexual System, because founded
upon the important discovery, that in plants, as well as in
animals, there is an indisputable distinction of the sexes ;
the following authenticated proof of which, will probably be
acceptable to the intelligent reader. In Vol. xlvii. of the
Philosophical Transactions, No. 25, there is a letter from
Mr. Mylius of Berlin, concerning a remarkable experiment
made upon the palm-tree. He says, " The sex of .plants is
very well confirmed, by an experiment that has been made
here upon the palma major foliis flabelliformis, or, the
greater fan-shaped leaf palm. There is a great tree of this
kind in the garden of the Royal Academy. It has flowered
and borne fruit these thirty years, but the fruit never ripened,
B

INTRODUCTION.

and when: pla}iti>er4id' riot vegetate (or produce young plants.)
The fmnmmrf, ao 'you 'knew; is a planta dicecia, that is, one
of those in which the male and female parts of generation are
upon distinct plants, (some being males and others females.)
We having therefore no male plants, the flowers of our female
were never impregnated with the farina of the male. There
is a male plant of this kind in a garden at Leipsic, twenty
German miles from Berlin. We procured from thence, in
April 1749, a branch of male flowers, and suspended it over
our females, and the experiment succeeded so well, that our
palm-tree produced more than an hundred perfectly ripe
'fruit, from which we already have eleven young palm-trees.
This experiment was repeated last year, and our palm-tree
bore above two thousand ripe fruit."

A plant, like an animal, is a very compound organized
living being, in which various operations, both chemical and
mechanical, are continually carrying on, from its .first produc-
tion to its final dissolution. It springs from a seed fertilized
by the pollen of its parent plant. It takes in foreign sub-
stances by its inhaling and absorbent vessels. It extracts
from, and assimilates to its own substance, those parts of them
that are nutritious, and throws off the rest. It secretes a
variety of fluids by the means of glands, and other unknown
organs. It gives that motion to the sap, upon which the
continuance of its life depends.

Of the theory of vegetation, or growth, propagation, and
nutriment of vegetables, our knowledge is very slight and
superficial. On making a transverse section of a tree, i. e.
cutting it through horizontally, it appears to consist of three
parts :

I. The BARK, which is also subdivided into two parts, L
The cuticle, or external covering, which consists of numerous
layers of circular fibres or threads, which are easily separated
from each oilier. 2. The true bark, which appears upon
removing th,e former, and is a collection of cellular or spongy
substances, containing two kinds of organs ; the vessels
peculiar to the plants, and the longitudinal fibres or perpen-
dicular threads.

II. On removing the bark, the WOOD appears. It has
been discovered to contain the vasa propria, or proper vessels,
and longitudinal fibres, besides large vessels with spiral or
curved coats, running from one end of the tree to the other,
and are denominated vasa ueriu, or air-vessels, which are
chiefly situated in the wood, leaves, and petals, but are not
found in the bark of trees, nor in herbaceous plants. They
Ate called air-vessels, because they contain no liquor, and be-
cause large quantities of air are generally found wherever they
are placed; and hence they are supposed to be the organs of
respiration, or breathing, in vegetables ; but in what manner
this function is performed, is not clearly understood.

III. In the centre of the tree is the PITH, which is of a
similar structure in all vegetables ; and is very plentiful in
young plants, but, as they ripen, dries up, and appears in
smaller quantities, and in aged trees altogether disappears.
Between the wood and the pith lies a g-reen-coloured sub-
stance, called the corona, or crown, which is said to contain
all the parts of young plants in embryo.

T^ese are the solid parts of plants, which likewise contain
fluids or juici's of two kinds: 1. The succus communis , or
common sap, is of the same nature in all vegetables, and
differs little from common water, except that it sooner be-
comes .putrid on exposure to the air. It is supposed to
ascend from the root, and to abound in proportion to the
humidity of the soil. 2. The succus proprius, or peculiar sap,
which varies according to the different plants in which it
exists, giving to each its sensible qualities. It appears from

experiments to proceed from the branches towards the roots,
and never in a contrary direction. Capillary attraction is
thought to be the cause of the motion of these juices, the
continuance of this power being supposed to depend on the
evaporation from the leaves : and of late years a vital power
assisting the flow of the juices has been ascribed to plants,
because their return from the branches to the roots cannot
be otherwise explained.

Every plant is also composed of several external parts,
differing from each other in their outward appearance, and
which cannot fail to strike the most careless spectator.
Many of these parts are themselves compounded, and ob-
viously capable of being separated into subordinate divisions.
The first grand division adopted by most botanists, is into
the root, the body of the plant, and the fructification, or
flower wnA.frv.it. The last, or something equivalent to it, is
essential to all plants ; the first is visible in almost all, and
the second is not wanting in many.

The ROOT, is stated by Linneus to consist of the radicle,
and the descending caudex. The radicle is that fibrous part,
which draws nourishment from the earth, and in many in-
stances constitutes the whole of the root. The descending
caudex is properly part of the stock or body of the plant,
which extends itself below the surface of the ground, as the
ascending caudex rises above it. That the ascending and
descending caudex have precisely the same nature, is evident,
from the well-known fact, that if a young tree be inverted,
what was before the root will produce leaves, while the former
stem throws out radicles. Roots are divided, according to
the term of their duration, into annual, biennial, and ptren-
nial. The annual and biennial produce flowers and fruit only
once, and then soon die ; the former passing through all the
stages of vegetable life in one season ; the latter throwing out
roots and leaves the first year, but not completing the fructi-
fication till the next. The perennial root has within itself a
principle of continued life, and gives being to new flower*
and seeds year after year, to an indefinite length of time.
Of the roots that are called perennial, some are truly, others
imperfectly such. In the true perennial root, the descending
caudex and the radicle preserve the same individual organi-
zation, and increase in size as long as the plant continues to
flourish. The imperfect perennial, are, the bulbous and
the tuberous, which perish after producing the bulbs, the
tubers or tubercles, which are to be the parents of future
plants.

The BODY of the plant springs from the root, and is ter-
minated by the fructification. It is called by Linneus the
herb, and according to him consists of the trunk, the /eaves,
the fulcra, props or supports, and the hybcrnttcula, or buds.

The FRUCTIFICATION is a temporary part of the vege-
table, designed to perpetuate the species, by producing a
perfect seed, in which is contained the rudiment of a plant
similar to that by which it was generated. Its essential parts
are the stamen and the pistil ; the former corresponding with
the male, and the latter with the female, in the animal king-
dom. The stamen consists of the filament and the anther ;
the pistil, of the yemu or seed-bud, the style, and the stigma.
They are generally protected by two coverings, the outward
called the calix, and the inward the corolla; but in many
kinds of plants, either the one or the other, and in some both
of them are wanting. The pistil, in the last stage of its
growth, is the parent of the seed or seeds, which are either
naked, or inclosed in a pericarp, or seed-vessel. The recep-
tacle or base on which the fructification is situated, is com-
monly considered as one of its parts ; and in many plants
there is a nectary or Uuuey-cup connected with it.

INTRODUCTION.

Upon these parts Linneus has founded his celebrated sys-
tem of botany, called the Sexual System. To elucidate this,
take a Martagon Lily, for instance, class Hexandria order
Mono gynia ; which, though deficient in the calix or outer
green part, usually consisting of five divisions or small leaves,
which embraces and supports the flower, as in the rose, is still
the best example ; the largeness of its size allowing all the
parts of the flower to be distinctly seen. Before it opens, at
the top of the stem we find a long greenish bud, which grows
whiter the nearer it is to opening ; and when quite opened,
assumes the form of a cup or basin, divided into several parts.
These parts, taken separately, are called petals; but as a
whole, the corolla; and not the flower, which is composed of
various parts, whereof the corolla only is not the principal.
The corolla of the Lily not consisting of one entire cup or
piece, but of six divisions or petals, is termed a hexapetalous,
or six-petalled corolla. Exactly from the middle of the bot-
tom of the corolla, or cup of the flower, there rises a sort
of little column or pillar, pointing directly upwards. , This is
called the pistil or pointal, and is divided into three parts ;
1. The swollen base with three blunted angles or corners at
the bottom of the corolla, called the germ.cn, pericarp or
seed-vessel, or bud. 2. A thread or small stem rising out
of this, called the style, or shaft of the column, which, 3. is
crowned with a sort of capital or head with three notches,
called the stigma. Between the pistil and the corolla of the
Lily are six other bodies, entirely distinct from each other, and
called the stamina; one part of which is long and thin, and
rising from the side of the seed-bud at the bottom of the
corolla, is called thefllament; the other part, placed at the
top of the filament, is thicker, and called the anther. Each
anther is a box, which opens when it is ripe, throwing out a
fine yellow dust with a strong smell, called the pollen, farina,
or fertilizing dust, which falls upon and impregnates the ger-
men or seed-bud, as in the instance of the palm-trees before
cited, and without which no young plants can be produced.
The parts here described are found in the flowers of most
othur plants, but in different proportion, situation, and num-
ber. By the resemblance of these parts, and their different
combinations, the families of the vegetable kingdom are de-
termined : and these analogies or resemblances are connected
with others, in those parts of the plant which often seem
destitute of all relation to them. Thus, this number of six
stamina, sometimes only three, of six petals or divisions of
the corolla, and the triangular or three-cornered form of the
germen or seed-bud, distinguish the Lily tribe ; the roots
whereof are in general bulbous, i. e. round, and many-coated,
like an onion ; while that of the above specimen is individu-
ally distinguished by being a Squamous bulb, or scaly ball.

A description of the different parts of a plant, must neces-
sarily be obtained before it can be known. It is necessary,
therefore, to pursue resemblances and differences through a
number of gradations, and to found upon them primary and
subordinate divisions ; either ascending from particulars to
generals, or descending from generals to particulars. Linneus
has employed four principal divisions, Classes, Orders, Ge-
nera, and Species; occasionally introducing an intermediate
one between the order and the genus, and another between
the genus and the species. To illustrate this, no comparison
can be more in point than that which considers the vege-
tables upon the face of the globe as analagous to the inha-
bitants, thus :

VEGETABLES resemble the INHABITANTS in general;
Classes resemble Nations i Orders resemble Tribes;
Genera, resemble Families ; Species resemble Individuals.
Varieties are the same Individuals, differently apparelled.

A Class, is an assemblage of orders, having one or more
characters in common, but retaining their specific distinc-
tions ; and as it stands at the top of the series, it seizes the
most general and most widely-diffused resemblances, and
comprehends the greatest number of particular differences.

An Order, is a collection of genera connected together by-
one or more common characters ; but, like the classes, still
preserving their specific distinctions.

A Genus, is an assemblage of species, which, as well as the
classes and orders, have some one or more characters in
common to connect them, and at the same time retain their
specific distinctions.

A Species, consists of individuals, resembling each other in
the form, position, proportion, and general appearance, of
their several parts, produced from similar individuals, and
having a power to produce other individuals of the same
kind : or, as it is concisely defined by Jussieu, it is a perennial
succession of similar individuals, deriving their origin from a
successive generation. These individuals are not indeed like
each other in every minute respect; such a perfect confor-
mity does not exist in any two individuals, either of animate
or inanimate organized nature. But the difference between
those of the same species, though sufficiently discernible by
the eye, cannot easily be expressed in words. With a strongly-
marked resemblance in all their parts, there is a perpetual
variation in their outline, and other particulars ; so that no
two individuals, lying one upon the other, will entirely corre-
spond. They are formed after the same model, not cast in
the same mould. In the general, an accurate description of
all the parts belonging to any individual, will discriminate the
whole species. There are, however, some sensible qualities,
of importance enough to be distinguished by proper names,
which are, in many cases, too uncertain to enter into any
specific character. Of these, size, colour, smoothness, or
hairiness of surface, and luxuriance of one part at the expense
of another, are the chief; and they are owing either to differ-
ence of soil, climate, particular exposure, and other accidents ;
or to artificial cultivation, which is the most abundant source
of perpetual varieties.

In the Linnean System , the fructification has been justly con-
sideredof the first consequence. The characters of the classes,
orders, and genera, are accordingly taken entirely from it.

In the greater number of plants, the parts of fructification
may be readily discerned by the naked eye, or with the assist-
ance of a common lens ; but there are also not a few in
which they have not been satisfactorily discovered, or are too
minute to be described with sufficient accuracy for the pur-
poses of systematic arrangement. In most of those whose
parts of fructification have been clearly ascertained and dis-
tinctly described, the stamina and pistilla are inclosed within
the same envelope, or at least are absolutely contiguous;
but in some, they are contained in separate flowers, or placed
at a distance from each other. In - both cases there is much
variety with respect to their number, position, and other
circumstances. On these distinctions, the distribution into
classes and orders is founded.

The characters of the classes are taken almost exclusively
from the stamina; those of the orders either from the stamina
or the pistilla, but most generally from the latter.

The essential characters, or marks of the genera, are taken
from some particulars in the flower before unnoticed ; but
generic descriptions are designed to contain an account of all
the most obvious appearances in every part of the flower.

The species are mostly characterized from peculiarities in
the stem or leaves; sometimes from certain parts of the flower;
and in some instances, though very rarely, from the roots.

ANALYSIS OF THE LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Every Vegetable is supposed to have a Flower, which is either,
'VISIBLE ;

IA AND PISTIL!
, AND FEMALE
AMINA NOT UN

L)F EQUAL LKXi

CLASSES.

STAMINA AND PISTILL

MALE AND FEMALE <

STAMINA NOT UNI

"OF EQUAL LENG

II.

III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII. |

IX. *

XII.

XIII. *

c XIV - 1

(. '.I

r xvi. I

XVII. S

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

r XXI.
! XXII.

xxra.

EXAMPLES.

Monandria.One Stamen or Husband; as in Giager, Indian arrow-root, turmeric, blite,

[mare's tail.
Diandria . . Two Stamina do Jessamine, privet, olive, lilac, speedwell.

Triandria.. Three, .do do Valerian, tamarind, iris, and the grasses.

Tetrandria Four ... do do Scabious, teazel, madder, holly, woodrooi.

[plantain.

Pentandria Five . . do do Bell-flower, bindweed, mullein, thorn-apple, &

the rough-leaved and umbelliferous plants.
Hexandria Six. . . .do do Snow-drop, narcissus, tulip, aloe, hyacinth.

Heptandria Seven do do Horse-chesnut.

Octandria.. Eight . . do do Indian-cress, heath, French willow.

Enneandriatiine . . do do Bay-rhubarb.

Decandria Ten do do. Fraxinella, rue, rhododendron, lychnis

Dodecandria Twelve do do Purslane, houseleck, asarabacca.

Icosandria . . Many Stamina, frequently 20, attached to ) - . ,,

the calix, and called twenty husbands ; \ Peach ' medlar ' a PP Ie - rose ' <quefoil.

PoTyanrfn'a.Many Stamina, generally more than20,not } Herb Christopher, poppy, larkspur, columbine,

attached to the calix, called many husbands ; i ranunculus.

Or, OF UNEQUAL LENGTH, ********

Didynamia.. Two long and two short Stamina, called) Savory, hyssop, ground-ivy, balm, toad-flax,
the superiority of two ; $ foxglove, agnus castus, bear's breech.

Tetradynatma.Four long and two short ditto, called ) Scurvy-grass, candy-tuft, water-cress, stock,
the superiority of four ; ) woad, cabbage.

Or, STAMINA UNITED,

- !

tribe.

Diadelphia . . by the filaments of two bodies or sets of

stamina united, unlimited in number, called > Fumitory, milk-wort, and the peabloom flowers.

two brotherhoods ; t

Polyadelphia.by the filaments into manybodies or sets, > Q chocolate nut, St. John's wort.

called many brotherhoods ; >

Syngenetia . . by the antherae or tips into a cylinder, ^ Violet, balsam', cardinal flower, and the flowers

with the stamina separate, called generating > termed compound, as, dandelion, succory,

together; J thistle, cudweed, tansey, bluebottle.

Or, MALE AND FEMALE ORGANS UNITED, ~~~~

hence called wife and husband;
Or, STAMINA AND PISTILLA IN DIFFERENT FLOWERS, ********

Monvcia. . . .the same plant having male and female Mulb nettl oak cypresSi te cucumber.

. flowers, called a single house;
Dicecia ...... males and females on separate plants, ) Willow, hop, spinach, poplar, mercury-juni-

called the two houses ; ) per, lychnis dioica.

Polygamia , . males, females, or hermaphrodites, found ~\

upon the same or different plants, called many > White hellebore, pellitory, orach, fig.
marriages ; J

Or, CONCEALED.

XXIV. Cryptogamia or concealed and cannot be described, J p mo mushroomg mou i d> a | g w.
called concealed marrtayes ; )

TABLE OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

The Number of the GENERA and SPECIES of PLANTS of the *Phanogamous Kinds, in the following TABLE, are
taken from C. H. Persoon's Edition of Linneus, published at Paris in 1805 and 1807. In his Classification of Plants, he
has differed in some respects from Linneus; especially in his retrenchment of the Classes Polyadelphia and Polygamia, (the
plants of which, he has distributed in what he conceives to be their mere proper places in the remaining twenty-one Classes,)
and his cutting off the order Monogamia, from the Linnean class Syngenesia. The number of Genera and Species of
-rCrvptoffamo'us plants, is taken from Turton's Edition of Linneus, Vol. VI. printed at Swansea, in 1803.

Total Total

Genera. Species.

CLASS I. Order I. Monogynia ; 24 Genera, 77 Species. Order II. Digynia ; 6 Genera, 13 Species 30 90

- H. Order I. Monogynia; 41 Genera, 470 Species. Order II. Digynia; 2 Genera, 7 Species. Order III. Trigynia;

I Genns, 105 Species. 44 583

III. Order I. Monogynia ; 65 Genera, 666 Species Order II. Digynia ; 62 Genera, 730 Species Order III. Trigynia;

II Genera, 37 Species , 138 1433

IV. Order I. Monogynia ; 116 Genera, 741 Species.. Order II. Digynia; 8 Genera, 15 Species. Order III. Trigynia;

1 (ienus, 1 Species Order IV. Tetragynia ; 10 Genera, 62 Species '. 135 819

V. Order I. Monogynia ; 287 Genera, 2253 Species. Order II. Digyiia ; 90 Genera, 699 Species. Order III. Trigynia ;

20 Genera, 140 Species -Order IV. Tetragynia; 1 Genns, 3 Species Order V. Pentagynia; 11 Genera, 189 Spe-
cies Order VI. Decagynia ; 1 Genus, 1 Species Order VII. Polygynia ; 3 Genera, 3 Species 413 3288

VI. Order I. Monogynia ; 112 Genera, 907 Species. Order II. Digynia ; 3 Genera, 4 Species. Order III. Trigynia;

20 Genera, 105 Speciis Order IV. Hexagynia ; 3 Genera, 3 Species. Order V. Polygynia ; 1 Genns, 9 Species. . 139 1028

VII. Order I. Monogynia ; Genera, 17 Species Order II. Di'gvnia ; 1 Genns, 3 Species. Order III. Tetragynia ;

2 Genera, 2 Species Order IV. Heptagynia ; 3 Genera, 7 Species 15 29

. VIII. Order I. Monandria ; 58 Genera, 640 Species. Order II. Digynia; 4 Genera, 13 Species. Order III. Trigynia;

9 Genera, 121 Species Order IV. Tetragynia; 8 Genera, 15 Species 79 689

IX. Order I. Monogynia ; 6 Genera, 46 Species. Order II. Trigynia ; 2 Genera, 9 Species.- Order III. Hexagynia ;

1 Genus, 1 Species , ; 9 56

X. Order I. Monogynia ; 103 Genera, 61 1 Species. Order II. Digynia ; 11 Genera, 162 Species. Order III. Trigynia ;

1 4 Genera, 246 Species Order IV. Tetragynia ; 1 Genus, 3 Species Order V. Pentagynia ; 17 Genera, 232 Speciei.

Order VI. Decagyuia ; 2 Genera, 7 Species > ; 148 12l

XI. Order I. Monogynia; 35 Genera, 124 Species. Order II. Digynia; 2 Genera, 6 Species. Order III. Trigynia;

4 Genera, 157 Species. Order IV. Tetragynia ; 1 Genus, 3 Species. Order V. Pentagynia ; 4 Genera, 9 Species.

Order VI. Dodesa jynia ; 1 Genns, 13 Species ; 47 312

^ XII. Order I. Monogynia; 27 Genera, 250 Species -Order II. Digynia; 3 Genera, 41 Species. Order III. Trigynia,

1 Genus, 3 Species. Order IV. Pentagynia ; 8 Genera, 152 Species. Order V. Polygynia; 10 Genera, 176 Species. 49 622

XIII. Order I. Monogynia ; 72 Genera, 364 Species. Order II. Digynia ; 7 Genera, 17 Species. Order III. Trigynia ;

3 Genera, 37 Species Order IV. Tetragynia; 5 Genera, 23 Species. Order V. Pentagynia ; 8 Genera, 123 Species.

Order VI. Polygynia; 29 Genera, 201 Species 124 855

XIV. Order T. Gymnospermia ; 53 Genera, 634 Species. Order II. Angiospermia ; 116 Genera, 800 Speciei 169 1334

XV Order I. Siliculosa ; 26 Genera, 217 Species Order II Siliquosa ; 13 Genera, 297 Species 39 614

XVI Order I. Diandria ; 2 Genera, 12 Species Order II. Triandria ; 2 Genera, 2 Species. Order III. Pentandria ; 18- Ge-

nera, 252 Species Order IV. Heptandria ; 1 Genns, 150 Species Order V. Octandria ; 2 Genera, 2 Species
Order VI. Decandria ; 7 Genera, 53 Species. Order VII. Dodecandria ; 13 Genera, 54 Species. Order VIII. Poly-
andria ; 32 Genera, 483 Species 77 1008

XVII Order I. Pentandria ; I Genns, 5 Species Order II. Hexandria ; 3 Genera, 33 Species. Order III. Octandria ;

5 Grnera, 1 09 Species Order IV. Decandria ; 92 Genera, 1548 Species 101 1695

XVIII Order I. jEqualis ; 79 Genera, 894 Species Order II. Superflua; 77 Genera, 1205 Species Order III. Frustranea;

18 Genera, 255 Species Order IV. Necessaria ; 24 Genera, 194 Species Order V. Segregate ; 20 Genera,

63 Species 218 3671

XIX. Order I. Diandria ; 34 Genera, 477 Species Order II. Triandria ; 2 Genera, 2 Species. Order III. Hexandria ;

2 Genera, 41 Species 38 520

3rder I. Monandria ; 11 Genera, 46 Species. Order II. Diandria ; 3 Genera, 10 Species. Order III. Triandria;

18 Genera, 294 Species Order IV. Tetrandria ; 18 Genera, 157 Species. Order V. Pentandria; 11 Genera,

58 Species Order VI. Hexandria ; 10 Genera, 25 Species Order VII. Polyandria ; 40 Genera, 267 Species

Order VI II. Monadelphia; 42 Genera, 401 Species Order IX. Gynandria ; 3 Genera, 8 Species 156 1251

XXI. Order I. Monandria; 8 Genera, 13 Species Order II. Diandria; 7 Genera, 144 Species.- Order III. Triandria;

10 Genera, 150 Species. Order IV. Tetrandria ; 16 Genera, 54 Species. Order V. Pentandria ; 24 Genera, 67 Species.

Order VI. Hexandria ; 15 Genera, 1 08 Species. Order VII. Octandria ; 5 Genera, 44 Species Order VIII. ED-

neandria ; 3 Genera, 9 Species Order IX. Decandria ; 5 Genera, 13 Species.- Order X. Dodecandria ; 5 Genera,

33 Species. Order XI. Icosandria ; 6 Genera, 17 Species Order XII. Polyandria; 10 Genera, 48 Species.

Order XIII. Monadelphia ; 20 Genera, 85 Species Order XIV. Gynaudria ; 1 Genus, 17 Species 135 802

XXII. Order I. Filices ; 38 Genera, 560 Species Order II. Musci ; 23 Genera, 555 Species Order III. Hepaticae ; 7 Genera,

118 Species. Order IV. Algse; 8 Genera, 871 Species. Order V. Fnngj; 52 Genera, 819 Species 128 2923

Grand Total, 2431 23,782

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRECEDING TABLE.

* Pkanogamous Plants.

Total of Genera 2303 : of Species 20,859

t Cryptogamous Plants.

Total of Genera 128: of Specie 2923 Genera. Species.

Grand Total of Phanogamons and Cryptogamous Plants 2431 23,782

t^t These Orders are named from the Pistillum, or female part of a plant, which is usually reckoned from the base of the Style, if there be any ; if that be
wanting, it ii fixed from the fitiymata. Monogynia therefore means one wife, female, or style ; Digynia, two; Trigynia, three ; Tetragynia, four ; Prnlayynia,
five ; Hexagynia, six ; Decagynia, ten ; Polygynia, many.

* Phanogammu, from ipaivu to appear, and ya/ios marriage: Plants in which the parts of fructificatiim are visible and distinct.
t Cryptogamous, from rpuirrufoWr, and ya/aof a marriage: Plants in which the parts of fructification are either totally concealed, or imperfectly visible.
** Dr. Edward Smith, President of the Linnean Society, has removed the plants of the Monogamia order of class Syngenesia into their proper place
in the class Pentandria, because the flowers of its different genera are not composite, or compounded.

1. C

INTRODUCTION.

RULES FOR INVESTIGATION.

WHEN a plant offers itself to our investigation, the first
thing to be determined is, the class to which it belongs.
This is to be done by observing the number of stamina, and
referring to the preceding Tables of the Classes. Should
there be a difficulty in ascertaining the number of stamina,
on account of the number appearing different in different
flowers, though belonging to the same plant, it is advisable to
examine one or more of the flowers which are yet unopened ;
for the antherse are in that state more distinct, and we may
be certain that none of them have been lost. Having fixed
upon the class, we must again refer to the preceding Tables,
where we shall find of how many orders the class consists ;
and, after observing the circumstances of the pistilla, or
other characters by which the orders are determined, we must
compare these, and we shall readily discover the class and
order to which it systematically belongs.

If the order we refer it to has any subdivisions, we shall
soon perceive under which of the subdivisions the genus
should be found : and as this Dictionary presents the student
with the characteristics of the orders and their respective
subdivisions, and also with the genera belonging to each
order or subdivision alphabetically arranged, after having
discovered the class by the assistance of the preceding ana-
lysis, he will easily ascertain the order in this table under the
class to which it belongs, and will there find himself at once
referred to the genera and species in the body of the work.

After comparing the flowers with the characters of the
different genera contained in the order, or in the particular
subdivision of the order, it will soon be seen with which of
them it best corresponds ; and if any one agree pretty exactly
with our specimen in all the leading characters, we are then
certain of the genus. Doubtful matters will sometimes arise;
but these are for the most part made clear, by observations
subjoined to the generic descriptions. In consulting these
generic descriptions, the learner is advised to pay particular
attention to the structure of the pistil, and especially to that of
its germen, when it begins to ripen into a seed-vessel ; because
these parts being most essential to the continuation of the
species, are less liable to variation, than those which are
less important.

If none of the generic characters at the beginning of the
class agree with the flower, we must then look at the end or
subdivision of the order to which it was referred, and see
what plants are there mentioned. If we have not found the
plant before, it must be some one of these ; looking therefore
for these, and comparing the generic descriptions with the
specimen in hand, we shall not only discover the genus, but
the circumstance which produced our perplexity.

The young student is also recommended to practise the
investigation of genera only, for a considerable time, before
he attempts to ascertain a species; and when by this means
he has attained a pretty accurate knowledge of classes and
orders ; also of the parts composing a flower, and its sub-
sequent state of fruit, or fructification, and likewise with the
terms employed in describing them; he may next proceed to
determine the species and varieties.

Whenever the species are numerous, they are subdivided.
Consider with which of these subdivisions it agrees; and
having determined that, compare it with the several specific
characters, as it will probably agree with some one of these.
If you are still in doubt, guided by the references to figures
which commonly follow the specific character, turn to such
figures as you possess ; and to make the point still more cer-
tain, compare your plant with the descriptions which follow
the references to figures ; for these will remove many an
existing doubt, and obviate many a possible mistake. If the
plant in question be any remarkable variety, you will pro-
bably find it introduced after the additional descriptions above
alluded to.

Make it an invariable rule, not to pass over a single term,
the precise meaning of which you do not thoroughly under-
stand : always consult the Botanical Dictionary, at the end
of this Introduction, which will soon remove the necessity of
consulting it at all.

Lastly ; When gathering plants for examination, collect a
considerable number of the flowers, and, if possible, some
just opening, others fully expanded, and others with the seed-
vessels almost ripe : take care also to gather one specimen of
the plant, at least, as perfect and entire as possible.

It is deemed necessary to subjoin various examples for
investigation : the student will, however, do well, after exa-
mining', to try his strength by examining any unknown flowers
he may pick up in his walks.

EXAMPLES.
COMMON PRIVET. Ligustrum Vulgare.

This shrub is found in hedges and shrubberies in many parts
of England. It generally blossoms in June, and its blossoms
are white. Having obtained a branch of it in blossom, we
proceed to investigate it ; and looking into several blossoms,
find two stamina in each, by which we know it belongs to
the Diandria class. This class contains three orders, which
depend upon the number of pistilla ; looking again at the
flowers, we discover one pistil in each : so that the plant
evidently belongs to the order Monogynia. This order is
subdivided into several parts ; and observing the marks of
these subdivisions, we find that in our specimen the blossom
is formed of one regular corolla, fixed beneath the germen;
which corresponds with the first subdivision, and that con-
tains only one English genus, so that there can be no doubt
but the plant is a Ligustrum. We shall also find that the
blossom is cloven into four parts, and that it is succeeded by
a berry containing four seeds. Referring to the genus Ligus-
trum, and comparing it with the generic description, we have
the satisfaction to perceive a perfect coincidence. Having
ascertained the genus, we proceed to discover the species ;
and as there are only two species of that genus, we know the
shrub in question, from its lanceolate leaves, must be the
common Privet, or Ligustrum Vulgare of Linneus.

INTRODUCTION.

REED. Arundo.

The Reed is plentiful upon the banks of rivers, on borders
of pools, and in wet ditches ; it is a sort of large grass, five or
six feet high, and flowers in June. Having gathered a spe-
cimen of this, we proceed to examine it systematically. At
first sight we observe that the flowers grow in panicles, and
that each flower contains three stamina. We therefore refer
it to the third or Triandria class, which is divided into three
orders, depending upon the number of pistilla. Each of the
flowers contains two pistilla, and therefore belongs to the
order Digynia. This order is subdivided into several parts.
The first subdivision contains the plants with flowers scattered,
or irregularly disposed, one only in the calix. Our plant
agrees with the first circumstance, but not with the last, for
we find five flowers in each calix. Another subdivision con-
tains only two flowers in a calix ; we therefore pass that over,
and come to the third with scattered flowers, and several
in each calix. Before we proceed further, we just look at
the remaining subdivision, but finding those flowers in the
form of a 'Spike, or a long and slender receptacle, we imme-
diately recur to the third subdivision. This subdivision con-
tains several genera, and we compare the characters of each
with the plant in hand : the want of an awn, and the woolliness
at the base of the blossoms, determines ns to call it Arundo.
Turning therefore to the genus Arundo, we compare it accu-
rately with the generic description, and find it correspond
with it. But as the parts constituting the flowers of grasses
are frequently very minute, we make use of the botanical
microscope and dissecting instrument,* to display them more
clearly to the eye. Having discovered it to be an Arundo or
Reed, we next proceed to ascertain the species. There are
four only natives of Great Britain; and each calix containing
five florets upon a flexible panicle, which is observed to be
waved about with every wind, decides that it is the common
Reed, or Arundo Phragmites of Linneus.

PLANTAIN. Plantago.

The Plantain flowers in June and July, and is very common
in mowing grass, and upon the road-side. It is frequently stuck
in the cages of linnets and canary birds, who are fond of the
seeds. Examining a specimen of this, we find each flower to
contain four stamina nearly of the same length ; it therefore
belongs to the fourth or Tetrandria class. This class contains
four orders, depending upon the number of pistilla. Each of
our flowers contains only one pistil, and therefore belongs to
the first order, which admits of twelve subdivisions. Our
specimen presents blossoms of one petal, fixed beneath the
germen : this induces us to seek it in the fourth subdivision ;
and finding, by cutting across the seed-vessel, that it is
divided into two cells.f we conclude that it is a Plantago.
We now compare it with the generic description, and as that
agrees, try next to determine the species. There are thirty-
five species of Plantain ; these are subdivided into plantains
with naked scapes, and those furnished with a stem. Our
plant has a naked scape, and therefore belongs to the first
subdivision. It agrees with the Plantago Lanceolata in
every particular; and hence we call it the Ribwort Plantain,
or Plantago Lanceolata of Linneus.

The botanical microscope, and dissecting instruments, may be purchased
for about two guineas. The microscope is of a form snited to the pocket,
and is also made to stand steady while in use.

t To judge whether capsule consists of one or more cells, the bet method

BIRCH. Betula.

This tree is very generally known. The flowers are dis-
posed in catkins, which appear in April and May. Some of
these catkins contain only stamina with their scales, and others
on the same tree only pistilla. In the former, each floret
contains four stamina, and in the latter two pistilla. These
agree with the twenty-first or Moncecia class, and with the
order Tetrandria, which contains twelve genera. Attention
to the other parts of the character, and a comparison with
the generic description, will determine it to be of the Betula
genus, which having fifteen species, the shape of the leaves
will prove the specimen to be the common Birch-tree, or
Betula Alba of Linneus.

HONEYSUCKLE. Lonicera.

This plant is common in our hedge-rows, and is very univer-
sally known : but let us suppose a person, who never saw it
before, struck with the beauty and fragrance of its blossoms,
carrying a piece of it home for examination. Finding five
stamina in each flower, and the antherae not united, he
refers it to the fifth or Pentandria class. The orders in that
class being determined by the number of pistilla, he knows it
belongs to the order Monogynia, for he finds only one pistil
in each flower. This order is subdivided into eleven parts.
The absence of the/cmr naked seeds, and the ROUGH LEAVES,
immediately determine him to reject the third subdivision.
The blossom being fixed beneath, the germen, does not corre-
spond with his flower; hence he rejects the fourth and fifth
subdivisions, and passes on to the sixth, where he finds flowers
of one petal superior. This flower consists of one petal, and
this petal is fixed superior to, or above, the germen. This
subdivision containing many genera, he observes in his plant
the seed-vessel is a berry with two cells ; this circumstance,
added to the equality of the blossom, and the knob at the top
of the pistil, induces him to think it a Lonicera, which, upon
comparing the flower with the generic description, he finds
to be correct. Under this genus he finds twenty species ; he
compares it with the specific character of each, and thereby
determines it to be the Woodbine Honeysuckle, or Lonicera
Periclymanum of Linneus.

SNOWDROP. Galanthus.

The Snowdrop, though not frequent in a wild state, is to
be found in almost every garden, and is among the first of
our spring flowers. When we examine it attentively, the first
thing that strikes us, is the want of a cup; but instead of
that, we find upon the fruitstalk a sheathing substance, which
covers the blossom in its infant state. The six stamina direct
us to the sixth or Hexandria class, and the single pistil fixes
it upon the first order of that class. This order is subdivided
into, 1. Flowers with a cup and blossom. 2. Flowers with
calix, corolla, or spathe. 3. Flowers with a sheath or husk.
4. Flowers naked. 5. Flowers without petals- The want of
a cup, and the presence of the sheath, teach us to expect it in
the third subdivision, which contains several genera. In the
Allium, the blossom is fixed beneath the germen, but in our
plant it is above it. In the Narcissus there is a bell-shaped

is, tc cut it through horizontally with a sharp knife, then carefully to pick out
the seeds, leaving the dividing membranes entire. If it he very minute, cut off
a thin slice hcrizontally, place iton the stage of the microscope, view it through
the magnifier, and at the came time dissect it with the instrument.

INTRODUCTION.

nectary, and six petals ; but our plant has six petals only,
and no such bell-shaped nectary. The circumstance of three
inner petals, shorter and notched at the end, is sufficiently
observable in our specimen, and clearly distinguish it from
the Leucojum; it agrees only with the Galanthus. The generic
character answers the description ; and the three inner and
shorter petals may be considered as a nectary. As there is
but one species, it must therefore be the Galanthus Nivalis
of Linneus, or common Snowdrop.

PEAR. Pyrus.

Finding about twenty stamina in each flower, we know it
must belong either to the twelfth or thirteenth classes. In
the twelfth, or Icosandria class, the number of stamina alone
will not sufficiently distinguish it from the classes Dodecandria
and Polyandria ; but as the calix is formed of a single con-
cave leaf, the petals fixed to the sides of the calix, and the
stamina do not stand upon the receptacle, we conclude that
it belongs to that class. Each flower having five pistilla, we
look for the genus under the order Pentagynia. This order
contains six genera. The calix being cloven into five parts,
and the blossoms being composed of five petals, are circum-
stances common to three. But the fruit of one is a berry
containing five seeds, and the fruit of another is a pomum or
apple, with five cells- and many seeds. Hence it appears,
that our plant is undoubtedly the Pyrus ; and turning to the
generic description, we are confirmed in this opinion. We
next compare it with the twenty-four species, and are soon
able to determine whether we have got the Pyrus Communis
or the Pyrus Malus; i. e. the Pear or the Apple.

CROWFOOT. Ranunculus.

The beautiful shining yellow blossoms of Crowfoot, and
the frequency of it in pastures in the months of June and
July, will probably attract our notice, especially as cattle leave
it untouched, even when the pasture is bare. We therefore
collect some of it, and finding a great number of stamina in
each blossom, refer it to the thirteenth or Polyandria class,
the stamina of which stand upon the receptacle, and not
upon the cup or blossom. As this must be the class, we next
examine the pistilla, and finding them more than can readily
be counted, turn to the order Polygynia. This order includes
twenty-one genera. Upon an accurate examination we ob-
serve a little pore or nectary within the claw of each petal ;
and governed also by a number of leaves forming the cup,
and of petals composing the blossom, we turn to the generic
description of the Ranunculus. Quite satisfied about the
genus, we observe the species are numerous, and arranged
according as the leaves are divided or not divided. In our
specimen the leaves are divided. We then compare it with
each of the species ; and from its open or expanded calix, its
cylindrical fruit-stalks, its leaves with three divisions, many
clefts, &c. find it to be the upright Crowfoot, cr Ranunculus
Acris of Linneus.

WALL-FLOWER. Cheiranthus.

This plant is very generally known. It grows wild upon
old walls, and is frequently cultivated in gardens. Carefully
remove the calix and the petals, and you will find six stamina,
two of which are shorter than the other four. It therefore
belongs to the fiteenth class, or Tetradynamia. The orders
of this class depend upon the form of the seed-vessel ; and
after examining the specimen, you necessarily refer it to the

first subdivision of the second order; for the seed-vessel'
is a long pod, and the leaves of the cup stand upright, and
close to the blossom. It is possible you may have to dissect
several flowers, before you can ascertain the genus ; for this
class, like the preceding, is composed of a natural assemblage
of plants, whose flowers bear a strong resemblance to each
other ; and the differences, when this is the case, ate not very
obvious. At length, however, the small glandular substance
on each side the base of the germen, determines you to refer
it to Cheiranthus. Upon a comparison with the generic
description, you find it corresponds ; and the shape of the
leaves, &c. puts it beyond all doubt, that it is the Wall July-
flower, or Cheiranthus Cheiri of Linneus.

DANDELION. Leontodon.

This plant is in blossom during great part of the spring and
summer ; it grows in pastures, road-sides, and the unculti-
vated parts of gardens. At the first view we perceive its
structure to be very different from any we have ever examined
before ; we hardly know what to call stamina, or what pis-
tilla. The fact is this, it is a true COMPOUND FLOWER, or a
flower formed of a number of little flowers (or florets) sitting
upon one common receptacle, and inclosed by one common
calix. Separating one of the florets, and examining it care-
fully, we find five stamina, with the antherse united, and the
pistil passing through the cylinder formed by the union of
the antherse. We therefore refer it to the nineteenth or Syn-
genesia class : finding that all the florets are furnished with
stamina and pistilla, we perceive that it belongs to the first
order. From the shape of the blossoms of the florets, which
are all long and narrow, we know that we must look in the
first subdivision of that order. Perceiving that the recep-
tacle is an important circumstance in the character of "com-
pound flowers, we pull off all the florets in one of the flowers,
and expose the receptacle to view. We find it naked, that
is, not beset with chaffy or bristly substances. We find too
a sort of down adhering to the seeds ; and observe the scales
of the calix laid one over another, like the tiles on a roof;
the outer scales loose, flexible, and turned back. These
characters corresponding pretty well with the Leontodon, wu
fix upon that as the genus ; we look forward to the generic
description, where we are informed, th'at in the Leontodon
Taraxacum, the down of the seed is supported on a long
pedicle, which we had already remarked in the flower before
us. We next read the characters of the different species ;
and, from the deep notches in the leaves, judge our plant
to be the Leontodon Taraxacum of Linneus, or common
Dandelion.

MILK-VETCH. Astragalus.

This genus is very common every where in Great Britain.
Examining a specimen of it when in flower, we immediately
collect from the papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped blos-
soms, that it must belong to the Decandria order of the
Diadelphia class of plants. In referring to the Linnean
classification of the plants in this order, we find that there are
not fewer than six grand subdivisions. Our plant cannot
belong to the two first, because in the former all the stamina
are united, and in the latter the stigma is pubescent ; nor
with the three last, which consist of plants with the legume
mostly one-celled, without the marks of the two first subdi-
visions ; of plants with the loment separating into joints ; and
of plants with the legume one-celled and many-seeded. Our
plant having a two-celled legume, without the marks of the

RULES FOR INVESTIGATION.

two first subdivisions, it must necessarily be one of those in
the third subdivision. In this there are only three genera,
viz. Phaca, Biserbula, and Astragalus. The plant in question
not having a half-two-celled inflated legume, it cannot be the
Phaca ; it must therefore be either the Biserbula or Astragalus.
The gibbous shape of the legume, leaves no doubt of its being
an Astragalus ; but as the species of this genus are extremely
numerous, in order to determine the species, we must pay
very particular attention to the minute circumstances by
which they are distinguished. The species of Astragalus are
divided into not fewer than seven subdivisions. The speci-
men before us cannot belong to the six .first subdivisions,
because the first consists of Astragali, with leafy erect stems
and axillary flowers ; the second of leafy erect stems, with
spikes cylindrical, axillary, sessile, or nearly so ; the third of
leafy erect stems, with spikes and racemes peduncled ; the
fourth of leafy diffuse stems ; the fifth of leaflets placed in
whorls ; and the sixth of a naked scape, without a leafy stem.
Our plant must therefore be a species of Astragalus, in the
seventh subdivision, containing shrubby plants with the
petioles permanent, and becoming spinous. As the species
of Astragali in this subdivision are numerous, we must be
very careful in examining all the specific characteristics. The
leaflets being in ten pairs, determine it to be either the Astra-
galus Longifolius, or Astragalus Pugniformis. It cannot be
the latter, which has oblong mucronate glabrous leaflets ;
therefore there is not the least doubt that the plant in question
is the Astragalus Longifolius, from the lanceolate mucronate
glabrous leaflets, the flowers being in oblong heads, and the
calix having filiform villous teeth.

STARWORT. Aster.

Upon the first sight of this plant, we refer it to the class
Syngenesia, because of its composite flowers. As this class
is subdivided into five orders, we soon perceive, by a careful
inspection of the florets, that it cannot belong to the first
order, which consists of plants having florets all hermaphrodite
and fertile. Neither can it belong to the third order, which
consists of plants with the florets of the centre hermaphrodite,
and those of the ray neuter and barren ; neither can it be one
of the fourth order, which consists of plants having the florets
of the centre hermaphrodite and barren, and those of the
margin, female and fertile : nor can it belong to the last order,
which consists of plants with the florets separated by a proper
perianth, containing one or more florets, and placed within
a common calix. The florets of the disk, in the specimen
before us, being hermaphrodite, and those of the margin
female, and all fertile, leave not the least shadow of doubt
of its being in the order Polygamia Superflua. This order
has three grand subdivisions. In the first, all the florets are
tubular, which is not the case with the plant in question;
in the second, the florets are semi-floscular, and somewhat
two-lipped, circumstances not in our specimen. The radiate
florets of our specimen, is the striking characteristic of the
third subdivision, and is decisive of its being in this sub-
livision. Its naked receptacle is a proof that it cannot be
Boltonia, Siegesbeckia, Anthemis, Achillea, Tetragono-

Jca, Ximenesia, Georgina, Relhania, Pascalia, Buphthal-

mum > Rhanterium, Amellus, Tridax, Rosenia, Verbesina,

.cnlechtendalia, Galinosogea, Zinnia, Balbisia, nor Starkea.

s simple down, in union with its naked receptacle, confines

to the Doronicum Arnica, Inula, Erigeron, Solidago, Cine-
ria, fcenecio, Tussilago, Aster,' and Boebera. Its imbricate

lix, with the lower scales spreading, and the florets of the
margin more than ten, restrict it entirely to the Aster. The

VOL. I. 1.

species of this genus are very numerous, and are divided
into seven grand subdivisions. It cannot belong to the first,
which consists of species more or less shrubby ; nor to the
second, consisting of herbaceous plants, with the stem one
or two flowered ; nor to the third, containing herbaceous
species, with linear or lanceolate leaves very entire ; nor to
the fourth, consisting of herbaceous plants, with heart-shaped,
ovate, and serrate leaves ; nor to the fifth, containing herba-
ceous plants, with ovate very entire leaves ; nor to the sixth,
which contains herbaceous plants, with lanceolate leaves, the
lower ones more or less serrate. Our plant being herbaceous,
with pinnate leaves, must belong to the last subdivision, in
which there are only two species, the Aster Aurantms, and
Aster Pinnatus. The pinnate leaves, with the midriff
winged, leave no doubt of 'its being the Aster Pinnatus;
and the additional circumstances of the leaflets being linear
wedge-form, and serrate at top, put the matter beyond all
controversy.

TRUMPET-FLOWER. Bignoma.

The stamina of this plant being two longer and two
shorter, is sufficient to determine it to be in the'Didynamia
class ; and the seeds being inclosed in a capsule, shew it to
be of the Angiospermia order. The plants of this order are
numerous, and subdivided into seven parts, all of which,
except the last, depend upon the form of the calix. The
plant in question is not in the first subdivision, which consists
of plants with undivided calixes ; nor in the second, consist-
ing of bifid calixes ; nor in the third, containing plants with
three-cleft calixes ; nor in the fourth, which contains plants
with four-cleft calixes ; nor in the sixth, containing plants
with many-clefted calixes ; nor in the seventh, containing
plants with more than one petal. Our plant having a five-
clefted calix, there can be no doubt of its belonging to the
fifth subdivision. The genera in this subdivision are numer-
ous, which are generally distinguished from each other by the
capsule and corolla. Our specimen has a two-celled capsule
and a Campanulate Corolla ; the union of which particulars,
restrict it to the following genera : Capraria, Digitales, Big-
nonia, Incarvillea, Ruellia, Sesamum, and Gloxinia. The
imbricate-winged seeds and the filaments, with the rudiment
of a fifth, shew it can be no other than the Bignonia. The
species of this genus are very numerous, and are subdivided
into seven parts ; all of which depend upon the shape or
number of the leaves. The plant in question consequently
cannot be in the first subdivision, which contains plants with
simple leaves ; nor in the second, consisting of plants with
two leaves on each petiole ; nor in the third, having plants
with three leaves, on a common stalk ; nor in the fourth, with
leaves in finger-like divisions; nor in the fifth, with pinnate
leaves ; nor in the seventh, with doubly pinnate leaves. The
decompound leaves of our specimen, shew it to be in the sixth
subdivision. In this there are only three species. The de-
compositely pinnate leaves, with knotty petioles and axillary
corymbs, shew it to be no other than the Bignonia Alba.
The additional circumstance of its having white flowers on a
many-flower-forked axillary peduncle, puts the question be-
yond all dispute.

SEDGE-GRASS. Carex.

Upon a minute investigation of the apetalous flowers of
this plant, we discover that some are male and others female,
growing from the same root ; but we are not able to find any
hermaphrodites; consequently it must belong to theMonoecia

INTRODUCTION.

class. As the orders of this class depend upon the number
or position of the stamina, our plant must be in the order
Triandria, from the circumstance of its having three stamina.
The want of a corolla, the imbricate ament, the calix being
a one-valved scale, the three stigmata, and the coated seed,
are sufficient in warranting us to call it a Carex. The species
of this genus are very numerous, (upwards of 200,) and are
parted into five grand subdivisions The plant in question
is not in the first" subdivision, which consists of species with
simple solitary spikes ; nor in the second, with compound
androgynous spikes ; nor in the last, with male and female
spikes distinct, and the males several. The male and female
flowers growing on distinct spikes, and nearly of equal
number, each shew that our specimen must be either in the
third or fourth grand subdivision. As the species of Carex,
in these two subdivisions, are distinguished from each other
by the female flowers being sessile in one, and peduncled
in the other, we are assured that our plant, from its sessile,
female, apetalous flowers, must belong to the third subdivision.
Its short sheaths nearly equalling the peduncles, its female
roundish spikes, beaked fruit curved downwards, and nearly
smooth stem, leave no doubt of its being the Carex Flava,
or Yellow Sedge-grass.

It will be very proper for the learner thus to examine several
more genera of this class, as the Coltsfoot, the Burdock, the
Thistle, the Tansy, the Daisy, and the Groundsel ; for by
doing this, he will soon overcome the difficulties which pre-
ent themselves ; and it will be satisfactory to compare the
plant with the figures in the plates of English plants in this
work.

To a superficial and thoughtless mind, the study of Botany,
and the investigation of plants, may appear alight and frivo-
lous employment : but if we reflect on the great benefits de-
rived from a due knowledge of the cultivation and properties
of herbs and plants, as well on the score of supplying food
for men and cattle, as for the extensive purposes of medicine,
we shall find few pursuits more pregnant with intellectual
improvement, or more conducive to the public good. The
Saviour of mankind descended to the lifeless emblems of
Seed sown, of the Fig-tree, and of a single grain of Mus-
tard-seed, to enlighten our understandings ; and if we wish
to improve by the parable, and accompany nature in this
solitary yet pleasing walk, we shall find it an innocent and
healthful amusement.

The Compiler cannot conclude with more appropriate words
than those of the justly admired author, who has supplied

him with several of the above rules and exemplifications.

" After having passed in this familiar though cursory manner,
through the different parts of the system, I must suppose that
the Reader no longer stands in need of my assistance; and that
he will soon find himself equal to the investigation of every
useful plant which may come before him. But this is not all;
he will find that the study of Nature is ever attended with
pleasing reflections ; that the study of Botany in particular,
independently of its immediate use, is as healthful as it is
innocent ; that it beguiles the tediousness of the road ; that
it furnishes amusement at every footstep of the solitary walk ;
and, above all, that it must fill our hearts with gratitude,
while we discover the bounty, wisdom, and power, of the
great CREATOR."

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

SIMPLE LEAVES.

I 8 . Folium orbiculatum, a circular leaf, or that is perfectly
round.

2. subrotundum, a leaf approaching to a circular

figure.

3. ovatum, an egg-shaped leaf.

4_ male, a leaf having an oval or elliptical form.

5. oblongum, an oblong leaf, in which the length

greatly exceeds the breadth.

6. lanceolatum, a lance-shaped leaf.

7. lineare, a leaf of equal breadth throughout.

8. subulatum, an awl-shaped leaf, which gradually

tapers towards the top.

9. reniforme, a leaf in figure resembling a kidney.

10. cor datum, a heart-shaped leaf.

11. lunulatum, a leaf resembling a crescent.

12. triangulare, a three-angled leaf.

13. sagittatum, a leaf which in form resembles the

head of an arrow.

14. cordato sagittatum, a leaf which partakes of both

shapes delineated in the tenth and thirteenth
figures.

15. . hastatum, an halberd-shaped leaf.

16. Jissum, a leaf that is parted about half way down,

with straight margins.

17. trilobum, a leaf divided to the middle into three

parts, with convex margins ; three-lobed.

18. premorsum, a leaf so blunted at the apex as

to give the appearance of being bitten off.

19. lobatum, a leaf divided to the middle into several

parts, with convex margins ; a lobed leaf.

20. quinquangulare, a five-angled leaf.

21. erosum, an eroded leaf; a sinuated leaf, in which

the margin is broken by smaller hollows, as
if gnawed, or eaten away.

22. palmatum, a palmate or hand-shaped leaf.

Fig.

23. Folium pinnatifidum, a simple leaf resembling a pinnate

or winged compound one.

24. laciniatum, a leaf that is irregularly cut; a

jagged leaf.

25. sinuatum, a leaf that has hollows, or wide gap-

ing breaks, on the sides, (sinus, a bay.)

26. dentato-sinuatum, a leaf, the sinuses of which

are indented.

27. retrorsum-sinuatum, a leaf, the sinuses .of which

are turned backwards.

28. partitum, a leaf deeply divided.

29. repandum, a waved, scalloped, or serpentine-

edged leaf.

30. dentatum, an indented leaf.

31. serratum, (serra, a saw,) a leaf having teeth

resembling those of a saw, which point to the
apex.

32. duplicato-serratum, a leaf that has a row of

lesser serratures placed upon the greater ones ;

twice-serrated.
33. duplicato-crenatum, a leaf in which there is a

double row of the segments termed crenee or

notches, the lesser placed upon the greater;

twice-notched. Vide Fig. 38.
34. cartilagtneum, a leaf having a cartilaginous or

gristly edge.

35. acutd-crenatum, a leaf acutely notched.

36. obtusil-crenatum, a leaf obtusely notched.

37. plicatum, a leaf plaited like a fan, or a candle-

shade.

38. crenatum, (crena, a notch) a leaf, the edges of

which are cut into small segments, whether
acute or ebtuse, which point not to either
extremity. Vide Fig. 33. and 36. a notched
leaf.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE II.

SIMPLE LEAVES continued.

Fig.

39. Folium crispum, a curled leaf.

40. obtusum, a leaf which terminates obtusely.

41. acutum, a leaf which terminates in an acute

angle.

42. acuminatum, a leaf whose apex is subulate or

awl-shaped. (Vide Fig. 8.) an acuminate
leaf.

43. obtusum acumine, a sharp-pointed leaf, which

does not begin to taper till very near the apex
obtuse with a point.

44. emarginatum acute, a leaf, the apex of which

is deficient in its margin, and ends sharply.

45. cuneiforme emarginatum, a leaf that is shaped

like a wedge, and has a rounded notch or
deficiency at the apex.

46. retusum, a leaf which ends in an obtuse sinus.

47. pilosum, a leaf, from the surface of which pro-
ceed long distinct hairs.

48. tomentosum, a leaf whose surface is covered with

a beautiful white down. Vide tomentum.

49. hispidvm, a leaf whose surface is covered with

hard bristles.

50. ciliatum, a leaf, the margin of which is fringed

like an eye-lash, (cilium.)

51. rugosum, (ruga, a wrinkle) a wrinkled leaf.

52. venosum, a leaf whose surface abounds with veins

or branched vessels.

53. nervosum, a leaf whose surface abounds with

nerves, ribs, or simple unbranched prolonga-
tions of the pedicle.

54. papillosum, a leaf, from the surface of which

arise little bladders or blisters, (papilla, a
nipple.)

55. linguiforme, a tongue-shaped leaf.

56. acinaciforme, a leaf shaped like a Persian sci-
mitar, (acinaces.)

57. dolabriforme, a leaf which in figure resembles a

hatchet, (dalabra, a carpenter's axe.)

58: delteides, a leaf imagined to resemble the Greek

delta, as in black poplar.

59. triquetrum, a three-sided leaf, as in anthericum

ossi/ragum.

60. canaliculatum, (canaliculus, a little pipe, or chan-
nel) a channelled leaf; a leaf that has one
longitudinal groove, running from the base to
the apex on the upper surface, the lower being
convex.

Fig.

61. Folium sulcatum, a furrowed or fluted leaf; a leaf that
has several deep grooves or furrows, and in
the same direction as the channelled leaf.

teres, a cylindrical or pillar-shaped leaf.

panduraforme, a leaf shaped like a violin, or

Spanish guitar, as in rumex pulcher, (pandura,
a musical instrument with three strings.)

lyratum, a lyre-shaped leaf.

62.
63.

64.

COMPOUND LEAVES.

1. Folium binatum, a fingered leaf with two leaflets.

2. ternatum foUolis sessilibus, a fingered leaf with

three leaflets that are sessile. See fie. 12

and 14 in Plate VI.

ternatum foUolis petiolatis, a fingered leaf havino-

three stalked leaflets ; the reverse of the pre"
ceding term.

digitatum, in general a fingered leaf; in the figure

before us, in particular, a leaf of that descrip-
tion with five sessile leaflets.

pedatum, a leaf somewhat resembling a bird's

foot ; exemplified in the passion flower, and
black hellebore.

pinnatum, cum impart, a pinnate or winged leaf

with an odd leaflet at the apex.

abrupte pinnatum, a pinnate leaf, which at the

apex has neither an odd leaflet nor tendril.

pinnatum, alternatim, a pinnate leaf having the

leaflets placed alternately along the mid-rib.

pinnatum foUolis oppositis, a pinnate leaf with

opposite leaflets.

interrupte pinnatum, a pinnate leaf with unequal

leaflets interruptedly winged.
pinnatum cirrhosum, a pinnate leaf terminated
by a tendril.

*pinnatum conjugatum, a pinnate leaf with only

two pair of leaflets.

pinnatum decursivc, a leaf decursively pinnate,

that is, in which the leaflets run down or
extend themselves into the stalk.

pinnatum articulate, a pinnate leaf, in which the

common footstalk connecting the leaflets is
articulate or jointed.

* The reader mast be careful to distinguish betwixt folium binatum and
folium conjugatum ; the first being the lowest modification of the digitate or
fingered leaf, the second the lowest of the pinnate or winged one.

9.
10.
11.
12..
13.-

14.

<'<>nift>nn<l

~by Jlcn-rv I Landau . Ifl23

Compound, ./.<<! rr.r ,-<//////,</.

Jj U'1'i'.n't it'll ;'/'

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE III.

COMPOUND LEAVES continued.

16. Folium biternatum, a re-compounded leaf that is doubly-
ternate, that is, has the common footstalk
divided into three parts, each of which has
three leaflets.

17. triternattim, a leaf that is triply- ternate, that is,

has the common footstalk divided into three
parts, each of which is doubly-ternate.

18. bipinnatum, a doubly-pinnate leaf.

19. tripinnatum sine impari a triply-pinnate leaf,

each pinna of which terminates abruptly.

20. tripinnatum cum impari, a triply-pinnate leaf,

with an odd leaflet at the apex of each pinna
or wing.

DETERMINATION OR DISPOSITION OF LEAVES.

1. inflexum, a leaf bent inwards, or towards the

stalk.

2. erectum, an erect leaf, or that is nearly perpen-
dicular.

3. patens, a leaf bent outwards, or declining from

the stalk at an acute angle ; a spreading
leaf.

4. ' horizontale, an horizontal leaf, which is placed at

right angles with the stalk.

5. reclinatum, a leaf that is bent downwards.

Fig.

6. Folium revolutum, a leaf whose summits are rolled
inwards.

7. seminale, a seed-leaf.

8. caulinum, a stem-leaf.

9. rameum, a branch-leaf.

10. florule, a leaf that is stationed near the flower.

11. decurrens, a decurrent or running leaf; a leaf

which extends itself downwards along the
stalk beyond its proper basis.

12. petiolatum, a leaf supported on a petiolus o:

footstalk.
13. peltatum, a target-shaped leaf.

14. sessile, a leaf that is seated immediately on the

stem or branch, without any manifest foot-
stalk ; opposed to petiolatum.

15. amplexicaule, a leaf which transversely embraces

the stem by its base.

16. perfoliatum, a perforated leaf. This leaf differs

from the preceding chiefly in the perforation,
which is likewise transverse, taking place at
a greater distance from the margin.

17. connatum, a leaf formed by the union of two

leaves at the base.

18. vaginans, a leaf, the base of which longitudinally

surrounds the stem like a sheath. By the
circumstance of its longitudinal perforation,
this species of leaf may be easily distinguished
from those described at No. 15. and 16.

VOL. I. 2.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE IV.

Fig,

DETERMINATION OF LEAVES continued.

19. Folium articulatum, a jointed leaf, a species of compound

leaf, in which the leaflets are produced each
from the summit of that immediately under it,
as in Cactus opuntia. This singular appear-
ance Berkenhout very properly compares to
the links of a chain.

20. Folia stellata, leaves surrounding the stem in the form

of a radiant star ; synonymous to verticillata.

quaterna, leaves growing by fours ; a modifica-
tion of the two former terms.

opposita, leaves growing in pairs.

alterna, leaves ranged singly in succession on

both sides of the stalk; the reverse of the
preceding term.

imbricata, leaves laid over one another like tiles,

(imbrex, a gutter tile) as in the genus Saxi-
fraga.

acerosa, chaffy leaves ; leaves that are slender

and of equal breadth throughout, somewhat
hard, evergreen, pointed like pins, and sur-
rounded at the base by chaffy scales. The
term is exemplified in Fir, Pine, Yew, and
Juniper.

fasciculata, leaves which proceed in bundles

(fasciculi) from the same point, as in the larch
tree, and some pines.

21.

22.
23.

24.

25.

26.

27. Frons, a composition of a leaf and branch. The trunk
of the palms and ferns is so termed by Lin-
neus. This term serves as a connecting link
betwixt leaves and trunks. The two following
terms belong to the division containing simple
leaves.

Fig.

28. Folium spathulatum, a leaf shaped like a spatUia, as m

Cistus incanus, and Phlomis purpurea.
29. parabolicum, a leaf which, in figure, somewha

resembles the geometrical curve termed a

parabola.

1. Culmus

TRUNKS.

squamosus, a scaly culm, straw, or haulm ; a
species of that trunk or stem which is peculiar
to the grasses.

2. Caulis repens Sf scandens, a creeping and climbing stem,

exemplified in Bignonia and Ivy.

3. Scapus, a species of trunk which elevates the fructifi-

cation, but not the leaves ; a naked flower-
stalk, exemplified in Auricula, and many of
the liliaceous plants.

4. Culmus articulatus, a culm or straw that has knots or

joints at certain intervals.

5. Caulis volubilis, a twining stem, exemplified in Convol-

vulus, Black Bryony, and Hop.

6. dichotomies, (Si\a, in two parts, and Tffivu, to cut)

a forked stem ; a compound stem, the divi-
sions of which are always by pairs ; as in
Cerastium dichotomum, andValeriana locusta.

1 . brachiatus, (brachium, the arm) a simple stem,

whose branches grow by pairs, resembling
arms ; as in Mercurialis annua.

8. Stipes, the trunk of a fungus. The term is likewise used
for the basis or stalk of that peculiar species
of trunk called a frons. See fig. 27. in the
opposite column.

7V /////.(.

Pobiiihed. "by TEemy "Fisier Caiton, LondoTi 1523

OP THE

UNIVERSITY

.Vu/>/n>rl.r (t/ttt . I ////// ////r c/' /'///// /./.

y/./vv;

Hnrjr Fislier. r;*ton. luudon.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE V.

SUPPORTS AND ARMATURE OF PLANTS.

Fig

1. Stipula, C a stipule ; a scale or scales at the insertion of

the footstalks of the leaves and flowers.
Cirrus, {_ a clasper or tendril.

2. Aculeus simplex, that species of vegetable armature called

prickles, (aculei) in which the weapons in ques-
tion proceed singly from the stem or branch.

3. triplex, prickles which grow by threes ; a three-
pronged prickle.

4. Spina simplex, a simple or single thorn.

5. triplex, a triple thorn.

6. Stimuli, stings, as in the Nettle, Acalypha and Tragia.

7. Bractea, floral leaves ; leaves which differ in colour and

shape from the other leaves of the plant. In
some species of Sage, Lavender, and Crown-

Fig.

Imperial, they assume the appearance of a
tuft of hair at the end of the flower-stem, and
hence have obtained the name of coma.

Glandules concaves, concave glandular appearances, seated
on the footstalk of the leaves.

pedicellate, glands placed on short footstalks.

and which likewise have their seat on the
petiolus.
, Pili, hairs ; a species of pubescence.

A thorny leaf and branch.

The prickly capsule of the Beech.

Pedunculus, a flower-stalk.

The thorny fruit of the Horse-chestnut.

The prickly fruit of the Chestnut.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE VI,

ROOTS.

1.' Radix fusiformis, a spindle-shaped root, as in Carrot.

2. subrotunda, a roundish root, as in Turnip.

3* fbrosa, a fibrous or stringy root, as in Senecio

vulgaris.

4 . granulata, a granulated root a root consisting

of a number of little knobs resembling grain,
which are fastened to one another by small
fibres or stings, as in Saxifraga granulata.

prcemorsa, a root which ends abruptly, having

the appearance as if bitten off. The term is
exemplified in Plantain, and Scabiosa succisa.

tuberosa, pendula, a tuberous and pendulous

root; as in Spircea Jilipendula, or Drop-
wort.

Fig.

7. Radix fascicularis, a species of tuberous root, in which

the knobby parts grow in bundles. This is
sometimes termed a grumous root, and is
exemplified in Ranunculus and Peony.

8. Bulbus squamosus, a scaly bulb, as in the White Lily.
9. solidus, a solid bulb, as in Tulip.

10. a transverse section of a solid bulb.

11. tunicatus, a coated bulb, as in Onion.

12. a transverse section of a coated bulb.

13. The roots, or pattes, as they are termed, of Anemone.

14. Radix testiculata, a twin-root, as in Orchis.

15. The root of bird's nest, a species of Ophrys, which is

evidently a modification of the iascicular or
bundled root.

/-V, , /'/'/,' 71.

oKislKKl. Ty -San? K,t^r. Carrac. Londaa. 1823.

Of THE

UNIVERSITY

fffi'f.r,

Til.

///Ar ff />Y/,V///>Y////V/.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VII.

ROOTS continued.

Fig.

16. Radix dentata, a root whose knobs resemble teeth ; a

species of the granulated root, and exempli-
fied in Primula.

17. - palmata, a hand-shaped root, as in the genus

Orchis.

18. - repcns, a creeping root; a root which extends

in a horizontal direction, and sends forth radi-
cles at certain intervals, as in the Couch-
grass.

19. Bulbs produced in the angle formed by the leaf and

branch, as in Ranunculus Jicarm, or Pile-
wort.

20. Roots sent forth from the midrib of the leaf, as in

Cuckoo-flower, (Cardamine.)

21. Roots produced from the joints of the stalk, as in Poten-

tilla reptans.

Fig.
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION,
a CALIX.

Perianthium, the flower-cup properly so called.

Amentum, a catkin.

Spatha, a sheath ; as in Narcissus.

f Calix auctus, an increased calix; a perianth, which has
a row of leaves distinct from the flower-cup sur-

[ rounding the base, as in Dianthus.

Involucrum universale, the universal calix, or cover of an
umbelliferous flower, which is placed under
the large or general umbel.

partiale, the partial calix, or cover of an umbel-
liferous flower, which is placed under the
smaller or partial u-mbel.

Calyptra, the calix of the Mosses.

Volva, the calix of \h& fungi, or mushroom tribe.

Gluma, the husky calix of the grasses.

VOL. I 2.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE VIII.

PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION continued.

Fig.
1.
2.
3.

ft COROLLA.

7.
8.

Corolla monopetala, a corolla or flower of one petal.

hexapetala, a corolla or flower of six petals.

polypetala serie duplici, a corolla or flower of

many petals, in a double series or row.

ringens, a gaping or grinning flower; a, the

upper Up, termed g'alea or helmet ; 6, the
under lip.

papilionacea, a butterfly-shaped flower.

Exhibits the several parts of a papilionaceous flower :
a, representing the vexillum, or banner ;
bb the al<B, or wings ;

c, the carina, or keel ;

d, the stamina.

f Corolla personata, a masqued flower, or which resem-
bles the snout of an animal ; a, the upper lip ;
(. b, the under lip.

Fig.

(COMPOUND FLOWERS.)

Corolla composita flosculis ligulatis, a compound flower
with flat, tongue, or strap-shaped florets; the
semifloscular flower of Tournefort.

10. Flosculut ligulatus, a flat or tongue-shaped hermaphro-

dite floret ; the semi-floret of Tournefort.

1 1 . Corolla composita radiata, a compound radiated flower,

having semi-florets in the radius or circumference,
and florets in the disk or centre.

12. The ligulated floret of a radiated flower, which wants

both the sexual organs.

13. Corolla composita flosculis tubulosis, a compound flower

with tubular or hollow florets ; the floscular flower
of Tournefort.

14. Flosculus tubulosus, a tubular or hollow floret ; the floret

properly so called.

I'l: ITU ''///.

"by Hemj Jisler Canon, lundou.

or THE
UNfVERSITY

\,T tiirin m.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE IX.

PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION.

COROLLA continued.

Fig.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.

21.
22.

Corolla campanulata, a bell-shaped flower.
1 Different modifications of the same.

Corolla infundibuliformis, a funnel-shaped flower.
hypocrateriformis, a salver-shaped flower :

a, the limb, (limbus) or upper spreading part

of the petal ;

b, the tube, (tubus) or lower hollow part.
cruriformis, a cross-shaped flower.

The petal of a cross-shaped flower, the upper spreading
part of which, as of the petals of all polypetalous flowers,

is termed lamina, the plate or border ; the

lower tapering part, unguis, or the claw.
Corolla rotata, the back or under side of a wheel-shaped

flower.
The front or upper surface of a flower of the same

description.

y NECTARITJM.

Fig.

1. The flower of Aconite or Monk's-hood.

2. The horned nectaries of the same, being two fistular

nodding bodies, resembling stamina, With an oblique
mouth and recurved tail, seated on long awl-shaped
footstalks, and completely hid by the upper hel-
met-shaped petal.

3. A bell-shaped nectary, exemplified in Narcissus tnandrus.

4. The glandular nectary of Willow (Salix.)

5. Nigella, Fennel flower, or Devil-in-a-bush.

6. The eight-lipped nectaries of the same.

7. Tropaeolum, or Indian Cress, the nectary of which ter-

minates the calix, and resembles a cock's spur.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE X.

PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION continued.

Fig

SEXUAL ORGANS.

1. The germen or seed-bud of poppy, crowned with its flat,

radiated, and target-shaped stigma.

2. Exhibits the different parts of a pistillum, viz. stigma,

style, and germen.

3. Another illustration of the same.

4. Pistillum of Iris.

5. A pistillum with a three-cornered stigma, germen, and

no style.

6. Pistillum of Oenothera, or Tree-primrose :

a, the quadrifid stigma.

b, the style.

c, the germen.

7. Oenothera:

a, the pistillum.

b, the stamina.

c, the petals.

d, the upper spreading part of the calix.

e, the tube, or long cylindrical lower part.

f, the germen.

3. The parts of a stamen or male organ of fecundation, in
which,

a, represents the anther,

b, the filament,

c, the pollen or fertilizing dust.

NECTARIUM resumed.
Fig.

8 )

' > Represent the singular nectaries of Parnassia.

10. Passion-flower with its nectary, termed by Linneus a

triple crown.

11. The nectary of Crown Imperial, being a fovea or pit in

the base of each petal.

12. The five-horned nectaries of Columbine, as connected

with the flower;

13. One of the horned nectaries of Columbine detached from

the flower.

14. The fringed or bearded nectarium in Ins.

MODES OF FLOWERING.

1. VERTICILLUS, a whirl or whorl.

2. FASCICULUS, a bundle or bunch.

3. SPICA, a mode of close inflorescence resembling a spike

or ear of Wheat, Rye, or Barley.

4. RACEMUS, a cluster ; as of Currants, Grapes, &c.

5. PANICULA, a panicle; a mode of loose inflorescence

resembling that of Oats, and some other Grasses.

.her. Caztom. Londan, l&zj

fulilisli-

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XI.

MODES OF FLOWERING continued.

Vig,

6. THYRSUS, a panicle contracted into an oval form.

7. ( CYMA, a cyme ; a mode of inflorescence which differs

from an umbel, in having the partial footstalks
placed without any regular order.

9. CORYMBUS, a mode of flowering, which, like the pre-

ceding, resembles an umbel in its general appear-
ance, but may easily be distinguished by the unequal
length of the footstalks, which do not, as in the
umbel, proceed from the same centre, but are
produced from different parts on both sides of the
stalk.

10. CAPITULUM, a little head.

PARTS OF FRUCTIFICATION resumed.

E PERICARPIUM, OR SEED-VESSEL.
1. A Capsule, with an undivided cavity or single cell.

2. with two cells.

3. with three cells.

4. with four cells.

5. with six cells.

Fig.

6. A capsule with many cells.

7. That species of pod termed legumen, in which the seeds

are fastened along one suture only.

8. Folliculus, a species of dry seed-vessel, which opens

longitudinally on one side from bottom to top, and
has the seeds loose within it.

9. Represents that pulpy kind of pericarpium termed pomum,

with its inclosed capsule, having five cells, in which
are contained the seeds.

10. Drupa, a pulpy seed-vessel of the Cherry kind, con-

taining a nut or stone.

11. The section of a drupa, exhibiting the pulpy part and

the stone.

12. A nut or seed covered with a shell.

13. Strobilus, a cone.

14. Bacca, a pulpy pericarp without valves, inclosing

naked seeds.

15. The transverse section of a bacca, to exhibit the dis-

position of the seeds within the pulp.

16. C That species of pod termed siliqua, in which the

17. < seeds are fastened to both sutures or joinings of
(. the valves alternately.

VOL. I. 2.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE XII.

THE CLASSES OR PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE SEXUAL SYSTEM.

The reader is referred to the Analysis or general scheme of
this celebrated method, perfixed to the present work ; as
likewise to the explanation of each class in the Diction-
ary, under its respective title.

Fig.

13. Polyandria.

14. Didynamia.
16. Tetradynamia.

16. Monadelphia.

17. Diadelphia.

18. Polyadelphia.

19. Syngenesia.

20. Gynandria.

21. Moncecia.

22. Dicecia.

23. Polygamia.

24. Cryptogamia.

Fig.

1. Monandria.

2. Diandria.

3. Triandria.

4. Tetrandria.

5. Pentandria.

6. Hexandria.

7. Heptandria.

8. Octandria.

9. Enneandria.

10. Decandria.

11. Dodccandria.

12. Icosandria.

TH* ORDERS OR SECONDARY DIVISIONS OF THE
SEXUAL SYSTEM.

Fig.

1. The Order Monogynia, containing hermaphrodite flower*

with one pistillum or female organ.

2. Digynia, hermaphrodite flowers with two pis till a ; a, the

pistilla detached from the flower.

a. Trigynia, hermaphrodite flowers with three pistilla ; a,
the pistilla separated.

4. Tetragynia, hermaphrodite flowers with four pistilla ; a,

the pistilla separated.

5. Pentagynia, hermaphrodite flowers with five pistilla ; a,

the pistilla separated.

6. Hexagynia, hermaphrodite flowers with six pistilla; a,

the pistilla separated from the flower.

7. Heptagynia, hermaphrodite flowers with seven pistilla;

a, the pistilla detached from the flower.

8. Decagynia, hermaphrodite flowers with ten pistilla; a,

the pistilla separated.

9. Dodecagynia, hermaphrodite flowers with twelve female

organs.

10. Polygynia, hermaphrodite flowers containing an inde-

finite number of pistilla, or female organs.

Fig.

11.

12,
13,
14

15,
16,

17,
18
19.

20,

21.
22.
23.

24.
25.
26.
27.

Gymnospermia, the name of the first order in tne
Didynamia, in which a represents a longitudinal sec-
tion of the flower, to display the four naked seeds in
the bottom of the calix.

Angiospermia, the name of the second order in the class
Didynamia, containing such hermaphrodite flowers
with four stamina, two longer than the others, as
have their seeds contained in a vessel ; a, the
pericarp, or vessel.

Siliculosa, the first order in the class Tetradynamia,
containing such flowers possessed of the classical
character, as have their seeds contained in a short
round pod ; a, the silicula, or pod, divided to shew
the seeds.

Siliquosa, the second order in the class Tetradynamia,
containing such plants possessed of the classical
character, as have their seeds contained in a siliqua
or long slender pod, to each suture of which they
are alternately attached ; a, the siliqua.
Polygamia aqualis, the first order in the class Syn-
genesia ; a, a floret separated from the aggregate.
superfiua, the second order in the class Syn-
genesia : a represents a female floret in the
circumference or ray ; b, an hermaphrodite
floret in the centre or disk.

fritstranea, the third order in the class Syn-

genesia.

necessaria, the fourth order in the clas

Syngenesia.

segregata, the fifth order in the class Syn-
genesia.

a, a floret with its proper flower-cup de-
tached from the aggregate.

Monogamia, the sixth order in the class Syngenesia; a,
representing a section of the flower, to exhibit the
union of the stamina by the anthera.

{Tricecia, the third order in the class Polygamia, in
which hermaphrodite flowers are intermingled with
maid or female flowers, or both, on one, two, or
three plants.

Filices, Ferns, the first order,
Musci, Mosses, the second order
Alga, Sea-weed, the third order
Fungi, Mushrooms, the fourth order

P 1

r> \

jrder, J

in the class
Cryptogamia.

/2CJ.7'

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

BOTANICAL TERMS.

t
" OF THE

UNIVERSITY

BOTANICAL TERMS.

ABBREVIATUS, short.

Acalices, having no c&Y\x. See Co&r.

Acaulis, stemless ; wanting the caulis or stalk.

Acerosus, chaffy.

Acini, the small berries that compose the fruit of mulberry,

strawberry, and bramble.
Acorn, the seed of the oak.
Acotyledones, plants not furnished with cotyledons or lobes,

and which consequently do not put forth seminal leaves.

See Cotyledones.
Acicularis, needle-shaped.
Acinaciformis, scymetar-shaped.
Acini, granulations.
Aculei, prickles ; a species of weapon wherewith the stems

and branches of several plants are furnished. See Arma.
Acuminatum, pointed, tapering to a point.
Acutus, (acute,) sharp, ending with an acute angle.
Adnatus, connected.
Adpressus, contiguous, laid to.
Adversifolia, plants whose leaves stand opposite to each other

upon the same branch.
Aggregatus, (aggregate,) a flower consisting of a number of

smaller flowers, collected into one head by means of some

part common to them all.
Air-bag. See Foliculus.
Ala, wing ; the name of a membrane affixed to some species of

seeds, and which, by its flying, helps to disperse them.
Alatus. See Winged Seed, Stem, or Leaf-stalk.
Alburnum, the soft white substance which in trees is found

between the inner bark and the wood, which in process of

time acquiring solidity, becomes itself wood.
Alga, flags, rushes ; plants whose roots, leaves, and stem,

are all in one.
Amara: hcrbae, bitter herbs.
Amentaceous, having that kind of calix termed Amentum,

which see.
Amentum, or catkin ; a species of calix consisting of many

chaffy scales, dispersed along a slender thread or receptacle,

and so called from its resembling the tail of a cat.
Amplexicaulis, embracing the stem.
Anceps, two-edged.
Androgyna, androgynous.
Androgynous, producing male and female flowers from the

same roots.
Angiospermia, the second order of the class Didynamia in the

Sexual System, consisting of plants whose characteristic it is

to have four stamina, two of which are long and two short.
Angular stem, having edges or corners, opposed to cylindrical

or round.

Angustifolius, narrow-leaved.
Annulus, a ring.
Anomalous, irregular ; subject to no certain order.

Anther, anthera, or apex; the anther, summit, or top, of

the stamen, connected with the flower, and elevated

upon the filament or thread. See Stamen and Filamen-

tum.

Apetalous, having no petals or corolla.
Apex. See Anther.
Aphyllous, leafless.
Aquaticce, aquatics ; plants which grow in or near the

water.

Arachnoideus, cobwebbed.
Arbor, a tree ; a perennial plant, which rises to a very great

height, with a simple, woody, and durable stem or trunk.

See Herba.

Arborescent, from herbaceous becoming woody.
Aril, a seed-coat, which covers the seed partially, or falls off

spontaneously.

Arilled, seeds covered with outer coats.
Arista. See Awn.
Arma, arms ; offensive weapons of plants, such as aculei or

prickles. See Aculei : Spinae, thorns ; see Spina : Furcae,

forks : and Stimuli, stings ; see Stimuli.
Articulus, a joint ; that part of the culmus or stalk in grasses,

which is intercepted, or lies between two joints or knots.

See Culmus.
Asper, rough.

Asperifolia:, rough-leaved plants.
Auriculatus, ear-shaped.
Autumnales, plants which flower in autumn.
Awl-shaped, slender, and becoming finer towards the end like

an awl.
Awn, or arista, the slender sharp substance growing to the

valves of corn or grass, and frequently called a beard.
Axilla, an armpit ; the angle formed by the branch and stem,

or by the leaf with either. Leaves are said to be axillary,

which proceed from the angle formed by the stem and

branch.

Axillaris, axillary.
Axillary, (axillaris) the base or bottom of the leaves, or

branches, on the upper and inner side.
Axis, an axle-tree.

Bacca, a berry ; defined by Linneus to be a pulpy pericar-
pium or seed-vessel, without a valve or covering, and in-
closing several naked seeds.

Barba, a beard ; a species of pubes or down, with which the
surfaces of some plants is covered. See Pubes.

Barbatus, bearded.

Bark. See Cortex.

Barren, such flowers or florets as produce no perfect seed.

Base. See Axillaris.

Battledore-shaped. See Spatulatum.

Beaded, granulatus ; consisting of many little knobs connect-
ed by small strings.

INTRODUCTION.

Beak, or bill, a long projecting appendage to some seeds, re-
sembling the beak of a bird.

Bell-shaped, shaped like a bell.

Berry. See Bacca.

Bicapsularis, having two capsules. See Capsule.

Biennial Plants, those which continue alive two years.

Bifarius, pointing from opposite sides.

Biferce, plants which flower twice a year, in spring and in
autumn, as is common between the tropics.

Biftdus, cleft, or cloven in two.

Biflorus, double-flowered.

Bigeminum, twin fork.

Bijugum, in two pairs.

Bilabiata, double-lipped (blossoms.)

Bill, (rostrum) a substance attached to a seed resembling a
woodcock's bill.

Bilobum, two-lobed (leaves.)

Biloculare, two-celled seed-vessel.

Binatus, (binate) paired.

Bipartilum, deeply divided into two parts.

Bipinnatum, doubly-winged.

Bird-footed, (pedatus) bearing some resemblance to the feet
of land-fowl, like the leaves of the passion-flower.

Biternatus, doubly three-fold.

Bitten, (praemorsus) appearing as if bitten off.

Bivalve, double-valved ; a seed-vessel.

Bladders, (vesiculse) a kind of air-bags.

Bladder-shaped, (inflatus) distended like a blown bladder.

Blistered, (bullatus) when the surface of a leaf rises high above
the veins, like blisters.

Blossom. See Corolla.

Blunt, (obtusus) opposed to acute ; sharp.

Boat-shaped, (navicularis) like a keel-bottomed boat.

Border, the upper-spreading part of the one-petalled corolla.

Bordered, (marginatus) having a border.

Bowed, (arcuatus) bent like a bow.

Bractea, a floral leaf; the name of one of the seven fulcra or
props of plants, enumerated by Linneus.

Branched, (ramosus) having lateral divisions.

Bristles, strong stiff cylindrical hairs.

Broad-topped spike. See Corymbus.

Brumales, plants which flower in winter ; common about the
Cape of Good Hope.

Bud. See Gemma.

Bulbus, a bulb ; a large kind of bud, generally produced
under the ground, upon or near the roots of certain herba-
ceous plants, hence denominated bulbous.

Bulbus articulatus, a jointed bulb, composed of several plates
or layers, closely linked together.

Bulbus caulintu, a bulb upon the stalk, instead of the root.

Bulbus duplicatus, or testiculatus, double or testicle bulb,
two solid bulbs connected together.

Bulbus solidus, a solid bulb ; as in the Tulip.

Bulbus squamatus, or squamosus, a scaly bulb, consisting of
thin plates, or scales, laid over each other like tiles ; as in
the Lily.

Bulbus tunicatus, or coated bulb, as in the Onion.

Bulging, (gibbus) swoln out irregularly on one or more
sides.

Bullatum. See Blistered.

Bunch, (racemus) a fruit-stalk furnished with short lateral
branches.

Bundle. See Fasciculus.

Bundled, fasciculatus.

Butterfly-shaped, (papilionaceous) from an imaginary resem-
blance which some blossoms bear to that insect.

Caducous, shedding ; a term expressive of the shortest period
of duration, which has different meanings, according to the
different parts of the plant to which it may be applied.

Catspitosus, matted together.

Calcar, the spur of the corolla; the nectarium, so called,
which terminates the corolla behind, like a cock's spur, as
in calve's-snout, violet, &c.

Calcaratus, spurred.

Caliculatus, double calix.

Caliculus, seed-coat cover.

Calidce, plants that are natives of warm climates, such as the
East Indies, South America, &c.

Calix, the outer covering 0f the flower, commonly called the
flower cup, which in the greater number of plants incloses
and supports the bottom of the corolla.

Calyptra, a veil or covering, placed over the antherse or sum-
mits of the mosses, and in figure resembling an extinguisher,
hood, or monk's cowl.

Campanulatus, bell-shaped.

Canaliculatum, channelled (leaf.)

Cancellatus, latticed.

Candor, the whites ; a disease incident to trees.

Capillaris, hairlike ; capillary or hair-shaped plants.

Capitatus, a knob of many flowers upon one stalk.

Capitulum, a little head, in which many flowers are connected
together, as in the gomphrena, or globe amaranth.

Capreolus. See Cirrus and Tendril.

Caprification, the management of fig-trees.

Capsule, or capsula, a little chest or casket ; it denotes a dry
hollow seed-vessel, that cleaves or splits in some determi-
nate manner.

Carina, a keel.

Carinatus, boat-shaped, or keeled.

Carnosum, fleshy, of a thick pulpy substance.

Cartilagineum, (cartilaginous) having a hard or horny edge.

Castratio, or the castration of plants, which is effected
by cutting off the antherse before they have attained
maturity.

Catkin. See Amentum.

Catulus, catkin.

Cauda, a tail.

Caudex, the stock or body of the root, part of which ascend*
to produce the trunk of the plant, and part descends to
form its roots.

Caulescens, having a stem or trunk, as most plants; opposed
to Acaulis, which see.

Caulis, a stalk or stem, which elevates the leaves, flower, and
fruit.

Caulinus, belonging to the stem.

Cavus, hollow.

Cell. See Loculamenti.

Central florets, those which occupy the central part of a com-
pound flower.
Central leaf-stalk, is fixed not to the base, but to the middle

part of a leaf.
Cernuus, bent (fruit-stalk.)
Chaffy, (acerosus.)
Chaffy receptacle, flower, or husk ; set with a substance like

chaff.
CAanne#erf,(canaliculatus,)having a deep furrow from the base

to the end.

Characters, marks or signs ; the description of the genera of
plants. See Genus.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Chive. See Stamen, Stamina.

Cii'titrisated, scarred.

Ciliated, fringed, bordered with soft parallel hairs.

Cingcnt, binding round.

Circular, (oircularis) round and flat, nearly in the form of
a circle.

Circumcissa, cut round.

Circumference, (circulus) the part of a circle most distant
from its centre.

Cirrosum folium, (cirrose) a leaf which terminates in a tendril.

Cirrus, a clasper or tendril ; the fine spiral string or fibre
by which some plants, as the ivy and vine, fasten them-
selves to trees or walls, &c. for support.

Clammy, viscous; adhesive, like bird-lime.

( '/impi-r. See Cirrus.

Class A. the first and highest division in every botanical
system, denotes the agreement of several genera in the
parts of fructification, according to the principles of na-
ture distinguished by art.

Clausus, closed.

Clavated, club-shaped.

Clavicula. See Cirrus.

Cliinus, a species of disease, to which the grains of many
grasses, particularly those of Rye, are subject.

Claw, (unguis) blossoms composed of several petals, which
etals are often so formed as to admit of two distinct
Sanies, the claw and the limb ; the claw is the lower
part, by which it is connected with the base.

Cleft. See Cloven.

Climbing, (scandens) a term applied to plants which take
the advantage of some adjoining body, to raise and sup-
port themselves, as the ivy.

Close. See Conglomerated.

Clothing, means every kind of hairiness on the surface of
plants. See Bristles, Cotton, Hair, Wool.

Cloven, (fissus) divided half way down.

Club-shaped, (clavatus) flowers thicker at the base, and
thinner upwards.

Cluster, (thyrsus) a collection of flowers, somewhat in an
egg-shaped form.

Coadunate, jointed together at the base.

Coarclated, compact.

Coated, (tunicatus.) See Bulbus tunicatus.

Cob-webbed, (arachnoideus) covered with a substance like
a cobweb.

Coccum. See Loculamenti.

Cocldeated, pod ; convoluted like a snail-shell.

Coloratus, coloured.

Coloured, (coloratus) when a leaf or cup is of any other co-
lour than green.

Column, (eolumnella) the upright little pillar in the centre
of some capsules, to which the seeds are fixed.

Columnar, differs from cylindrical, by tapering upwards, like
the shaft of a column, and is thus applicable to stems,
some leaves, c.

Columnella, a column ; the substance that passes through
a capsule, and connects the several internal partitions
with the seeds.

Coma, a bush of hair, or collection of floral leaves ; a
comb. See Bractea.

Comb-like, a sort of winged leaf, the leaflets of which are
like the teeth of a comb.

Common fruit-stalk, bearing several flowers.

Compact, firm

Compact, (coarctatus) growing close, and as it were pressed
together.

Completus, a complete flower ; viz, one provided with both
the covers, namely, the calix or flower-cup, and the pe-
tals, i. e. both a cup and a blossom.

Complicated, doubled together.

Composite, a compound flower, formed from the union of
several lesser flowers, within the same calix, each of which
has five stamina, distinct at bottom, but united at the top
by the antherae, and forming a cylinder, through which a
style, considerably longer than the stamina, passes, and
is crowned by a stigma or summit, with two divisions
rolled backwards.

Compound berry, where one large berry is composed of se-
veral small ones, as in the raspberry.

Compound bunch, composed of several lesser bunches.

Compound corymbus, composed of several small corymbs.

Compound flowers . See Composite.

Compound leaf, when each leaf-stalk supports more than one
leaf; or when one leaf is inserted into another.

Compound spike, composed of several little spikes or spikets.

Compound umbel, when each umbel is subdivided into other
little umbels, or umbellules.

Compressed, (compressus) a term applied to a cylindrical
surface more or less flatted.

Compressed leaf, one that is thicker than it is broad.

Concave, hollowed out like a bowl.

Conceplaculum, a receiver, or species of seed-vessel, with one
valve, opening from top to bottom on one side, and hav-
ing no suture to fasten the seeds within it.

Conduplicate, doubled, or folded together.

Cone. See Strobilus.

Cone-shaped, leaves rolled up like cones.

Confertus, crowded.

Confluent leaves, (confluentia folia) leaves running into eacli
other at the base.

Congestus, heaped together.

Conglobate. See Conglomerate.

Conglomerated, flowers heaped or wound together, and grow-
ing upon a branched foot-stalk, to which they are irre-
gularly but closely connected.

Congregatce. See Composite.

Congregated. See Conglomerated.

Conical, (conicus) in the form of a sugar-loaf.

Coniferee, cone-bearing plants.

Conjugate, a winged leaf, with only one pair of leaflets.

Connate, united at the base.

Connected, (adnatus) leaves or stipulse, such as have their
upper surface at the base, growing to the stem or
branch.

Connieent, converging or approaching ; closing.

Contiguous, (adpressus) when a leaf, branch, or seed-vessel
rises up so perpendicularly, as to stand almost parallel,
and close to the stem, as if pressed to it.

Contortct, twisted plants.

Contrariurn. See Transverse.

Conus, a cone. See Strobilus.

Converging, approaching each other at top.

Converging antherce, leaning towards each other.

Converging filamenta, as in borage.

Converging leaves, bent inwards towards the stem.

Converging petals, leaning towards the centre of the flower.

Convex, opposed to concave ; like the surface of a globe.

Convolute, rolled or tw-isted spirally.

Corculum, corcle, or heart of a seed.

Cordated, heart-shaped.

Coriaceous, stiff; leather-like.

Cornuted, horn-shaped.
H

INTRODUCTION.

Corolla, Linneus's nsune for the beautiful coloured leaves of
the flowers which individually are called petals, standing
within the calix, and being supported by it. See Pe-
talum.

Corollula, a little corolla.

Corona, a crown.

Coronariee, a wreath, chaplet, or garland.

Cortex, the rind, or coarse outer bark of plants.

Corticose, full of bark, barky.

Corymb, differs from a spike, in having the flowers where-
of it is composed, not sitting, but standing, each on its
proper fruit-stalk, each of which again springs out of one
common fruit-stalk.

Costated, ribbed (leaf.)

Cotton. See Tomentum.

Cotleydons, the perishable, porous side-lobes of the seed,
which involve, and for some time furnish nourishment to,
the embryo plant.

Creeping stem, creeping along the ground, and sending forth
little roots.

Creeping root, as in the spearmint.

Crenated, scolloped.

Crescent-shaped, (lunularis) shaped like a new moon.

Crested , (cristatus) flowers furnished with a tuft or crest,
as milk-wort.

Cross pairs, (decussatus) when leaves grow in pairs, and
each pair points in a different direction to the pair next
above or below it.

Cross-shaped, (cruciatus.) See Cruciform.

Cruciated, cross-shaped.

Cruciform, a cross-shaped flower, formed of four etjual pe-
tals, which spread at top, in form of a cross

Cryptogamia, a concealed marriage. The name of the 24th
class of the Linnean system.

Cryptogamous, those plants whose fructifications are invisi-
ble or undiscovered.

Cubit, about half a yard.

Cucullated, hooded, cone-shaped.

Culm, the straw or trunk of the grasses, which elevates the
leaves, flower, and fruit.

Cuneiform, wedge-shaped.

Cup. See Perianth.

Cup, double, when one cup has another surrounding its base.

Curled, (crispus.)

Curtain, (volva.)

Cuspidated, prickly-pointed.

Cut round, (circumcissus) when a seed-vessel does not open
longways, in the usual manner, but in a circle surround-
ing it, like a snuff-box or ivory egg, as in pimpernel.

Ci/nthiform, glass-shaped.

Cylindrical, round.

Cyma, a tuft ; a mode of flowering, in which a number of
slender foot-stalks proceed from a common centre, and
rise to the same height.

Dagger-pointed, not gradually tapering to a point, but end-
ing suddenly, like a dagger's blade.

Decagynia, from Sexa, ten ; and rfwi), a woman : the name
of an order, or secondary division, in the class Decandria,
consisting of plants whose flowers have ten stamina, and
the same number of styles.

Decandria, from exa ten ; and avnp, a husband : the name
of the tenth class in Linneus's Sexual System, consisting
of plants whose flowers have ten male organs or stamina.

Decaphyllous, ten-leaved.

Decemfidus, a cup with ten clefts.

Decemlocular, ten-celled.

Deciduous, or Deciduus, a term expressive of the second
stage of duration in plants : thus a leaf is said to be de-
ciduous which drops in autumn ; as are also petals which
fall off with the stamina and pistillum. The calix of the
Thornapple, which falls off before the blossom, is said to
be deciduous.

Declining, (declinatus) bent like a bow, with the arch down-
wards.

Decomposite flowers, those which contain within the same
common calix a number of lesser or partial flower-cups,
that are each of them common to many florets.

Decumbent, lying down ; a drooping flower, in which the
stamina and pointal are inclined toward the lower side,
as in pea-bloom, wild senna, &c.

Decurrent, (decurrens) leaf; when there is no leaf-stalk,
but the base of the leaf runs down the stem.

Decussated, cross-pairs.

Deflex, down-bending.

Deflexus, bending rather outwards.

Deftorated, applied to antherae which have shed their pol-
len.

Defoliation, the falling off of the leaves.

Dehiscentia, the bursting open of the antherae for dispersing
the male dust ; as likewise of the seed-vessel called a
capsule, for discharging the seeds when ripe. See An-
ther, and Capsule.

Dehiscent, opening or standing open. See Dehiscentia.

Deltoideus, triangular ; spear-shaped, or trowel-shaped.

Demersus. See Submersus,

Dendroides, shrub-like.

Dentato-serrated, tooth-serrated.

Dentato-sinuated, toothed and indented.

Dentated, toothedi

Dented, (retusus,) a blunt leaf, with a dent or blunt notch
at the end.

Denticulated, set with little teeth.

Dependent, hanging down.

Depressed, (depressus) when the surface of a leaf, &c. is in
a small degree concave ; pressed down, flatted.

Diadelphia, from s, twice ; and oeX0/a, a brotherhood ;
two brotherhoods : the seventeenth class of the Sexual
System, consisting of plants whose flowers are herma-
phrodite, and have the stamina, or male organs, united
below into cylindrical filaments.

Diamond-shaped, (rhombeus) leaves whose figures resemble
the diamonds upon cards.

Diandria, from e<9, twice ; and avrjp, a husband : the name
of the second class of Linneus's Sexual System, consist-
ing of hermaphrodite plants, which have flowers with
two stamina or male organs.

Dichotomous, forked.

Dicoccus, two capsules, united each with one cell.

Dicotyledons, plants whose seeds have two side-lobes, and
consequently rise with two seminal leaves : most plants
are of this kind.

Didyina, double.

Ditlynamia, from &?, twice ; and ivvafits, power ; two
powers ; the fourteenth class of the Linnean system,
which has four stamina, or male organs, two long and
two short.

Dijform, irregular in shape ; of different shapes

Dift'iixi-, spreading.

Digitated, finger-like.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Digynia, SK, twice ; and ^wn, a woman : the name of an
order, or secondary division, in each of the first thirteen
classes in Linneus's Sexual System, except the ninth and
twelfth. It consists of plants, which, to their respective
classic characters, add the having two styles or female
organs.

Dimidiated, half-round ; extending half way round.

Dimpled, (umbilicated) having a little hollow dot.

Duecia, from Sis twice ; and oucta, a house ; two houses :
the twenty-second class of the Sexual System, contain-
ing plants which, having no hermaphrodite flowers, pro-
duce male and female flowers on separate roots.

Dipetalous, double-petalled.

Diphyllous, double-leaved.

Discus, or disk, signifies the centre of a radiated compound
flower, and generally consists of small florets, with a
hollow regular petal.

Disk, (discus.)

Dispermous, double-seeded.

Dissectum. See Laciniatum.

Dissemination, the scattering abroad the seeds of vegetables,
for the purposes of increase.

Dissepimentum, a partition, which in dry seed-vessels, as
capsules and pods, divides the fruit internally into cells.

Dissilient, bursting suddenly asunder.

Distant, far asunder.

Distented, (ventricosus) or bellying, as the cup of the rose.

Distichous, double-rowed.

Distinct, unconnected ; separated from each other.

Divaricate, straddling.

Diverging, (divergens) spreading wide from the stem, al-
most horizontally.

Divided, (partitus) applied to a leaf, a cup, or a petal, signi-
fies them to be parted more than half way down.

Divisions. See Divided.

Dodecagynia,Jhe. name of one of the orders in the eleventh
class, having twelve to eighteen pistils in each flower.

Dodecandria, from Swlcxa, twelve ; and avtjp, a husband :
the name of the eleventh class of the Sexual System,
consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which
have twelve stamina or male organs.

Dodrans, a palm ; about a quarter of a yard.

Dolabriform, hatchet-shaped leaf.

Dorsal, fixed to the back.

Dotted, (punctatus) marked with little hollow dots.

Double, (didymus) applied to the antherae, where two are
united like a double nut.

Double calii, when one calix has another outer one sur-
rounding it.

Doubled, (conduplicatus.)

Double germen, when two germina are united together.

Double compound, (decompositus) leaves with the primary
leaf-stalk divided, so that each division forms a com-
pound leaf.

Down. See Pappus.

Down-bending, deflex.

Downy, (leaf.) See Tomenium.

Drooping, (nutans) grass panicles, whose spikets often hang
down in a beautiful pensile form.

Drupe, a pulpy seed-vessel without valves, consisting of
a hard nut or stone, surrounded by a pulpy substance ;
as cherries, plums, &c.

Dumosts, bushy plants.
- Duplicate. See Duplicated.

Duplicated, doubled ; having the corolla doubled : or, in
other words, the term is expressive of the least degree of

luxuriance of which the petals are susceptible, and is
exemplified in campanula with a nettle-leaf, and thorn-
apple with a violet flower ; it is very common in flowers
of one petal.

Duplicato-crenated, doubly scolloped.

Duplicato-pinnated, doubly serrated.

Duplicato-ternated, doubly- threefold.

Dust. See Pollen.

Dusted, (pulveratus) some plants appear as if covered with
a kind of dust or powder.

Ear-shaped, (auriculatus) like a human ear ; also used to
signify a little appendage at the base of a leaf or leafit.

Ebracteated, without any floral leaf.

Ecalcarated, without a spur or thorn.

Echinated, set with prickles.

Efflorescent, blooming ; a term expressive of the precise
time of the year and month, in which every plant throws
its first flowers. See Florescent.

Egg-shaped, (ovatus) a shape resembling the solid substance
of an egg.

Elliptic, of an equal breadth at each end. See Oval.

Emarginatum, (emarginate) end nicked or notched.

Embracing, (amplexicaulis) when the base of a leaf nearly
surrounds the stem.

Enervious, nerveless.

Enneandria, from cwea, nine ; and Avrfp, a husband; the
name of the ninth class in Linneus's Sexual System, con-
sisting of plants with hermaphrodite flower, with nine
stamina, or male organs.

Enodis, without joints.

Ensiform, sword-shaped, tapering to a point.

Epulernm, the scarf-skin, or outer covering of the bark of
plants.

Equilant, folded upon one another, laminated.

Erect, in opposition to decumbent, or a nodding or droop-
ing flower.

Erase, gnawed, irregularly cut or notched.

Essential Character, the circumstance which distinguishes
one genus from every other.

Eunuch, full flowers so called, which, by multiplying the
petals altogether, exclude the stamina or male organs of
generation, and thus render the seed barren.

Even surface, level, regular, in opposition to scored or fur-
rowed.

Evergreen, bearing green leaves throughout the year.

Exarated. See Furrowed.

Extrafoliaceous, underneath the leaves.

Eye. See Hilum.

Fartus, or Farcitus, filled full.

Farina. See Pollen.

Fasciated, bundled ; plants so called, which consist of se-
veral stems or stalks growing close together, so as to
form a compact bundle.

Fasciculated, bundled.

Fasciculus, a little bundle, in which the flower-stalks are

erect, parallel, placed close to one another, and of the
same height, as in sweetwilliam.

Fastigiated, flat-topped.

Fauces, the jaws or chaps, otherwise the gaping at the top
of the tube of a monopetalous flower.

Favosum, honey-combed.

INTRODUCTION.

Feathered, (plumosus) the down of seeds, which sometimes
consists of fine, simple, or undivided hairs ; in other in-
stances, sends out lateral hairs, and is then said to be
feathered.

Feeble, (debilis) too weak to stand upright.

Femineus, a female flower, which is furnished with the pis-
tillum, or female organ of generation, but wants the
stamina, or male organ.

Ferruginous, of the colour of rust of iron.

Fibrous, composed of small threads or fibres.

Filament, a thread ; the lower slender thread-shaped part
of the stamina, that serves as a foot-stalk for elevating
the antheras, and connecting them with the vegetable.

Filiform, thread-shaped.

Fimbriate. See Fringed.

Fingerlike, compound leaves, like the expanded fingers of
a man's hand.

Fissum, cloven, or split.

Fistulose, hollow.

Flagellum, a runner.

Florescent, the act of flowering, which Linneus compares
to the act of generation in animals ; as the ripening of
the fruit, in his judgment, resembles the birth.

Floret, a little flower. See FLoscule.

Flos, the flower, according to the Linnean system, consists
of the antherae and stigma, whether the covers, i. e. the
calix and petals, are present or not.

Floscule, a partial or lesser floret of an aggregate flower.
See Aggregate.

Foliaceous, leafy.

Folium, a leaf; according to Miller, a part of a plant ex-
tended into length and breadth, so as to have one side dis-
tinguishable from the other. According to Linneus, leaves
are the organs of motion, or muscles of the plant.

Folliculus, air-bag ; a species of seed-vessel. See Concep-
taculum.

Forked, (furcatus.)

Fornicated, vaulted.

Four-cornered, (tetragonus.)

Fri^iilo:, plants that are natives of cold climates, as Siberia,
Canada, Germany, Holland, England.

Fringed, (ciliatus.)

Frondescent, a term signifying the precise time of the year
and month in which each species of plants unfolds its
first leaves.

Fructescent, comprehends the precise time in which, after
the fall of the flowers, the fruits arrive at maturity, and
disperse their seeds.

Fructification, comprehends the flower and the fruit, and
is defined to be a temporary part of plants, appropriated
to generation, ending the old vegetable and beginning
the new.

Frutex, a shrub ; a plant which rises with a woody durable
stem, higher than that of under-shrubs, but inferior to
that of trees. Trees always rise with a single body or
trunk ; many shrubs have several stems growing out of
the same root.

Fruticose, shrub-like.

Fulcra, props, supports ; certain minute external parts,
which serve either to support or defend the plants, or to
promote some necessary secretion.

FK/iginose, sooty.

Fungi, mushrooms.

Funnel-shaped, a monopetalous blossom, of which the lower
part is tubular, and the upper part conical ; as in Hounds-
tongue, Bugloss, Cowslip, &c.

Furca, a fork ; furcae forks.
Furcated, forked.

Furrowed, (sulcatus) marked with deeplines running length-
ways.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Gemma, a bud ; a compendium of a plant, seated upon the
stem and branches, and covered with scales to defend it
from cold and injuries till the time of unfolding. It is
generally gummy and resinous.

Geniculated, knee-jointed.

Geniculum, knee-joint.

Genitalia, genitals, i. e. the antherae and stigmata of flowers,
the former being the male, and the latter the female
organs of generation in plants.

Genus, a race or kind ; the third of the five numbers of the
Linnean system, is an assemblage of several species, that
is, of plants resembling each other in their most essential
parts. Genus is the singular of Genera.

Gerrnen, the seed-bud ; the base of the pistillum, containing
the rudiments of the seeds.

Gibbous, swelling.

Gills, (lamellae) thin plates on the under side of the pileus
or hat of a mushroom.

Glabrous, smooth.

Glaucous, clothed with a fine mealiness.

Glands, a species of secretory or excretory vessels found on
the surface of some plants.

Glandular, bordered with pores.

Glass-shaped, tubular j like a driuking-glass ; as the calix
of Jacob's ladder.

Globular, like a round ball.

Globulous, globular.

Ghchis, a barbed point.

Glomerate, congregated.

Glossy, smooth, shining.

Glume, a husk ; the calix of the grasses, composed of one,
two, or three valves ; a kind of scale commonly transpa-
rent in the margin, and most frequently terminated by a
pointed thread, termed a beard.

Glutinous, covered with a slippery or adhesive slime.

Grain. See Beaded.

Granulated. See Beaded.

Gristly, cartilaginous, as in the edge of some leaves, which
are stronger and more transparent than the rest.

Gymnospermia, from lyu/tvo?, naked ; and mrepua, seed : the
name of an order or secondary division belonging to the
Linnean class Didynamia, the plants of which have four
stamina, two long and two short, and four naked seeds.

Gynandria, from '/IT*/, a woman ; '''>!/>, a husband : the
name of the twentieth class in the Sexual System of Lin-
neus, the plants whereof have hermaphrodite flowers, in
which the stamina are placed upon the style, or upon a
pillar-shaped receptacle resembling a style, which rises
in the middle of the flower, and supports both the stamina
and pointal.

Ilnir- like, slender ; undivided and cylindrical.

lldira, (pili) are supposed to be the excretory ducts of vege-
tables.

Halbert-shaped, (hastatus) as the floral leaves of the pansie.

lliiiiin.'ius, or Hamalus, hooked.

Humus, a hook, or species of bristly armour, in which each
bristle is bowed inwards at the top.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Handbreadth, (palmus.) See Dodrans.

Hand-shaped, (palmatus) resembling a human hand with the

fingers expanded.

Hastated, halbert-shaped, triangular.
Hat, (pileus) the top of mushrooms, &c. sometimes called

the flap.
Heads, (capitatus) of flowers ; where flowers grow together

in compact knobs.
Heart. See Corculum.

Helmet, (galea) the upper part of a gaping blossom.
Hemispherical, in the shape of half a globe.
Heptandria, from eirra, seven ; and avi^p a husband : the se-
venth class in Linneus's Sexual System, consisting of
plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which have seven
stamina or male organs.
Herb, that portion of every vegetable which arises from the

root, and is terminated by the fructification.
Herbacea, herbaceous plants, which perish down to the root

every year.
Herbaceous stem, one that is succulent and tender, not hard

and woody.

Hermaphroditus, hermaphrodite ; a flower which contains
both the anthers and stigma, the organs of generation,
within the same calix and petals.

Hexagynia, from ef, six ; and '/wrj, a woman : an order or
secondary division in the Sexual System, consisting of
plants which, besides their classic distinctions, have their
flowers furnished with six styles, or female organs.
Hexandria, from ef, six ; and uvyp, a husband : the name
of the sixth class of the Linne;m system, the plants of
which have hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with six
stamina, or male organs, of an equal length.
Hexagonous, hexagonal ; six-sided.
Hexapetalus, six petals.
Hexaphyllous, six-leaved.
Hians, open, in opposition to closed.

Htlum, the external mark or scar of a seed, in the place where
it was fastened within the pericarpium, as in the bean, &c.
Hirsutus, strong-haired, shaggy.
Hirtum, hairy, clothed with soft hairs.
Hispid, bristly.
Hoary, (incanus) covered on one or both sides, with a very

fine white silvery-looking substance.
Hollow, (cavus) as is a straw.
Hooded. See Cucullatus.
Hoof-shaped, (ungulatus.)
Hook, (hamus.)

Horizontal, parallel to the ground.
Hunched. See Bulging.
Husk. See Glume.

Hybernacalum, winter-quarters ; that part of a plant which
defends the bud from injuries during the severities of winter.
Hibrida, hybrid ; a monstrous production of two different
species of plants, analogous to a mule among animals :
the seed of hybrid plants will not propagate.
Hypocrateriformis, salver-shaped.

I& J

Jagged, leaves divided into lobes, which are again subdivid-
ed in an irregular manner.

Icosandrist, from ftKoai, twenty ; and uvijp, a husband : the
twelfth class of the Linnean stem, consisting of plants
with hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with twenty or
more stamina, that are inserted into the inner side of the
calix, or petals, or both.
VOL. i. 3.

Imberbis, beardless.

Imbricate, (imbricatus.)

Imbricatus, indented.

Imperfect Jlowers, wanting either pistil or anther, or both.

Inecqualis, unequal.

Inanis, pithy.

Incanus, hoary.

Incisus, cut or jagged ; snipt.

Inclinans, leaning.

Includens, enclosing.

Incompletus, incomplete.

Incrassatus, thickest upwards.

Incurvatus, bowed inwards.

Indented, hollowed, deeply scolloped.

Indivisum, leaf undivided.

Inermis, unarmed.

Inferus, beneath. Inferior, is applied principally to the
germen when it is placed below the cup.

Inflated, distended like a bladder.

Inflexus, bent inwards.

Infloresr.e.ntia, a mode of flowering ; the manner in which
flowers are supported on their foot-stalks.

Integrum, undivided.

Intorsio, twisting.

Intrafoliaceous, within the leaves.

Involucrum, rolled up ; a species of calix, restricted by Lin-
neus to umbelliferous flowers. See Umbella.

Involutus, (involute) rolled inwards.

Joint, (articulus.)

Jointed, (articulatus) stem, as in a wheat straw.

Irregularis, an irregular flower, which wants uniformity :
the term generally applies to the petals.

Juga, pairs ; bi-juga, two pairs ; tri-juga, three pairs : ap-
plied to the leaflets of a compound leaf.

Keel, (carina) a name given to the lowermost petal in a

butterfly-shaped blossom, from its supposed resemblance

to the keel of a ship.

Keeled, (carinatus) bent like the keel of a ship or boat.
Kidney -shaped, (reniforme) as the seed of the French bean.
Knee-jointed, (geniculatus) when a straw or stem is a little

bent at the joints.
Knob, a head. See Capitulum.
Knot, (nodus) a joint ; remarkable in the stems or straws

of (the grasses and reeds.)

Lnbiatus, (labiate) a flower having lips.

Labium. See Lip

Lacerus, ragged.

Lacinia, segments.

Laciniatum, cut, or as it were torn.

Lactesccntia, producing milk ; a term applied to the juices

or liquors, of whatever colour, which flow out of plants

when any injury is done to them.
Lacunosum, pitted.
L<Evis, level, smooth.
Lamella, gills.
Lamina, a thin plate or border ; the upper spreading part

of a flower, consisting of more than one petal.
Lana, wool : a kind of down or velvet, which serves as a

veil to screen the leaves and branches, which are covered

with it from the extremities of heat.
Lanatus, woolly.

INTRODUCTION.

Lanceolatus, spear-shaped.

Lanceolato-ovatum, spear egg-shaped.

Lanugo, soft wool or down.

Lateral, branches or flowers ; those growing from the sides
of the stem, opposed to terminating.

Latticed, (cancellatus) open like lattice-work.

Laxus, limber, loose.

Leaf. See Folium.

Leaflet, a little leaf; a single leaf, or part of a compound
leaf.

Leaf-stalk, (petiolus) the foot-stalk of a leaf.

Leather-like, tough and pliable like leather.

Legumen, that species of the seed-vessel termed a pod, in
which the seeds are fastened along one suture only.

Leprosus, rough like the skin of a leper.

Liber, the inner bark or rind of plants.

Lignosus, woody.

Lignum, wood.

Ligulatus, strap-shaped.

Limbus, (limb) the limb or upper expanded part of a flower,
consisting of only one petal, opposed to the tube, which
is the lowest part.

Linear, narrow, with the sides as nearly parallel as pos-
sible.

Ungulate, tongue-shaped.

Lip, (labium) the upper or under division of a gaping blos-
som.

Lobatus, lobed, with the margins of the segments rounded.

Lobes, divisions nearly half way down the leaves, which are
convex at the edges, and distant from each other.

Loculamenti, and loculi, cells or pockets : the internal divi-
sions of a capsule, or other dry seed-vessel, so termed.

Lopped, (truncatus) appearing as if cut off.

Lucidum, transparent.

Lunatum, Lunulatum, crescent-shaped.

Luxuriant, (luxurians.)

Luxurians, luxuriant, or double flower, some of whose parts
are increased in number, to the diminution or entire ex-
clusion of others.

Lyre-shaped, (lyratus) as the leaves of Herb Bennet.

Maculated, spotted ; sprinkled with spots or stains.

Marcescens, shrivelling.

Marginatus, bordered.

Masculus, male ; a flower which contains the stamina, or
male organs of generation : but not the stigma, or fe-
male organ.

Matted, (csespitosus) thickly interwoven together, as the
fibres in turf-bogs.

Medulla, pith.

Membranaceous, (membranaceus) thin, shining, and semi-
transparent, like parchment.

Mid-rib, the principal nerve which runs from the base to-
wards the end of a leaf, along its middle.

Monadelphia, from pavo?, alone ; and ae\0/a, a brother-
hood : a single brotherhood. The sixteenth class in Lin-
neus's Sexual arrangement; in which the plants have her-
maphrodite flowers, with all the stamina or male organs
of generation united below into one body or cylinder,
through which the pointed or female organ passes.

Monimilriii, from fiovov, alone ; and avr/p, a husband : the
first class of the Sexual System of Linneus ; in which
the plants have hermaphrodite flowers, with only one
stamina or male organ.

Monocotyledones, single cotyledons ; plants whose seeds have
only one lobe, and consequently rise with a single seed-
leaf.

Monxcia, from ftovot, alone ; and onct'a, a house : the name
of the twenty-first class of the Sexual System. The
plants have male and female flowers placed apart ; that
is, within different covers on the same root.

Monogynia, from fiovos, alone ; and <yin^, a woman ; the
name of the first order of subdivision, in the first thirteen
classes of the Linnean System. It consists of plants,
which, besides their agreement in their classic distinc-
tions, generally derived from their number of stamina,
have only one pistil, or female organ.

Monopetalous, having only one petal. See Petalum.

Monophyllous, one-leafed.

Monosperma, one-seeded.

Monostachyos a single spike.

Mouth. See Fauces.

Mucronate, (mucronatum) sharp-pointed.

Mucranatum, mucronate; a dagger-pointed-leaf, sharp-
pointed at the end.

Mules. See Hybrida.

Multangularis, many-cornered.

Multifidum, many-clefted.

Multiftores, many-flowered.

Multiloculare, many-celled.

Multipartita, having many deep divisions.

Multivalois, many-valved ; more than two.

Muricatus, covered with sharp points.

Musci, mosses.

Muticus, awnless. See Awn.

Mutilns flus, a mutilated flower ; so called, when deprived
of the whole or a, greater part of its petals.

Nail. See Claw.

Naked, (nudus) destitute of leaves ; as the tulip or cowslip

stalk.

Nap. See Tomentum.
Narrow, (ligulatus) the florets in some compound flowers,

one tubular at the bottom, but flat and narrow, like a

strap or fillet at the top.
Natans, floating.
Nectarium, (nectary) or honey-cup, a part of the corolla,

containing that species of vegetable salt, called honey,

or nectar, which oozes from the plant in a fluid form,

and is the principal food of bees and other insects.
Nervosum, fibrous, ribbed.
Neutral , flowers or florets, such as contain neither stamina

nor pistilla, and therefore produce no seeds.
Nidulatatia semina, seeds dispersed in pulp.
Nit ill /is, glossy.
Nodding, (nutans) when the flower or the fruit stalk is bent

near the end, as in the Narcissus,
Nodus, a knot.
Notched, (emarginatus) leaves; the edges cut something

like the teeth of a large timber saw.
Nucleus, kernel ; the seed enclosed in a nut, or hard bony

shell. See Nux.
Nudum, naked.
Nutanf, nodding ; but, applied to a panicle, more properly

drooping.
Nux, nut ; a species of seed, covered by a hard bony shell

which is also sometimes covered with a fleshy substance,

and is then called a stone.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Obcordate, Obcordalum ; an obcordate or inversely heart-
shaped leaf : having the point of the heart next to the
stem or branch.

Obovate Obovatum; an obovate or inversely egg-shaped leaf :
having the narrow end downwards, or next to the branch
or stem.

Obtusus, blunt, terminating in the segment of a circle.

Octandria, from VK-TU>, eight ; and avijp, a husband : the
eighth class in Linneus's Sexual System, consisting of
plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which are furnished
with eight stamina, or male organs of generation.

Octofidus, eight-clefted.

Octopartitus, having eight divisions.

Oriilus, an eye ; a species of bud.

Order, smell, which is too variable and indeterminate to be
employed in the discrimination of plants.

Open, (patulus) standing open, or soreading wide.

Operculatum, covered with a lid,

Orbiculatus, round and flat.

Orders, subdivisions of classes.

Ordo, an order ; the first subdivision of a class, in the Sexual
method, which parcelling out the genera of any class into
several distinct lots, gives perspicuity to the method,
and facilitates its distinctions.

Ore, rim of the cup. See Fauces.

Osseous, hard as bone.

Oval, (ovale) leaf ; as the leaves of the box.

Ovarium, the ovary ; the germen, or seed-bud, containing
the rudiments of the future seed.

Pagina, surface of a leaf.

Pairs. See Juga.

Palatum, the palate of the flower ; the name applied to any
prominence or gibbosity in the jaws of the corolla.

Palea, chaff.

Palm. See Dodrans.

Palmate, hand-shaped.

Palmte, palm-trees ; under this name Linnetis has arranged
several genera, which, although admissible into separate
classes of his system, he has chosen rather, on account
of their singular structure, to place apart in an appendix
to his work.

Pandnriformis, fiddle-shaped.

Panicula, or panicle, a mode of flowering, in which the
fructifications are dispersed upon foot stalks variously
subdivided. It is, in fact, a sort of branching, or diffused
spike, composed of a number of small spikes, that are
attached along a common foot-stalk.

Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped.

Papillosus, pimpled.

Pappus, down; a sort of feathers or hairy crown, with
which many seeds, particularly those of compound flow-
ers, are furnished, for the purpose of dissemination.

Parallelus, parallel.

Parasitical, (parasiticus) vegetables not taking root in the
earth, but growing upon other vegetables.

Partial, (partialis) expressive of a part, not of the whole.

Partition, (dissepimentuin) the substance dividing seed-
vessels into different cells.

Parlitus, divided.

Patens, expanding

Patulus, open.

Pectinatum, (pectinate) a comb-like leaf.

Pedatum, bird-footed.

Pedicellus, a partial flower-stalk ; the proper stalk of any
single flower in an aggregate or head of flowers,

Pedicle. See Pedunculus.

Pedunculus, the foot-stalk or fruit-stalk of a flower, or heao
of flowers.

Pelta, a short buckler or target ; the name of the flower,
or flat fructification, of the genus lichen, or liver-wort.

Peltatum, target-shaped leaf.

Pencil-shaped, (penicilliformis) like a camel-hair pencil : as
the summit of a millet.

Penicilliformis, pencil-shaped.

Pendant, hanging down.

Pentagonous, five-cornered.

Pentagynia, the name of one of the orders in the fifth, tenth,
eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth classes, having five
pistils in each flower.

Pentandria, from irevre, five ; and avijp, a husband : the
name of the fifth class in the Linnean system, consisting
of plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with five
stamina or male organs.

Pentapetala, five-petaled.

Pentapetali, flowers having five petals.

Pentapliyllous, five-leaved cup.

Perennial, (perennis) continuing for several years ; at least
more than two.

Perfect, (completus) a flower having both a cup and a blos-
som, and also one or more stamina and pistilla.

Perforated, (perfoliatus) leaves ; when the stem seems to go
through the leaves.

Perfoliatum, perforated leaf.

Perianthium, the flower-cup, properly so called ; the most
common species of calix, placed immediately under the
flower, which is contained in it as in a cup.

Pericarpium, the seed-vessel ; an entrail of the plant, big
with seeds, which it discharges when ripe.

Permanent, (persistens) cup ; remaining till the fruit is ripe.

Personatus, gaping, (blossom.)

Pes, a foot ; twelve inches.

Petaliformis, resembling a petal.

Petals. See Petalum.

Petalum, a petal, or coloured leaf of the flower j a single
part or subdivision of the Corolla, which see.

Petiolaris, having leaf-stalks.

Petiolus, the foot-stalk of the leaves j one of the fulcra, or
parts that serve for support, for protection, and for de-
fence.

Phanogamous ; plants in which the parts of fructification are
visible and distinct.

Pileus, a hat or bonnet ; the upper part of a mushroom co-
vering the fructification.

Pili, hairs ; one of the species of pubes, or defensive wea-
pons, with which several plants are furnished.

Pillar, (stipes) the little shaft or pedicle, upon which the
down of some seeds is placed, as in dandelion.

Pilosus, hairy.

Pimpled, (papillosus) beset with pimples, or hard little pro-
tuberances.

Pinna, a leaflet of a winged leaf.

Pinnatifid, wing-cleft, cut transversely.

Pinnatus, winged leaf ; whereas alatus relates only to the
seed-stem, or leaf-stalk. See flatus.

Pinnulatus, when a leaflet of a winged leaf is again subdi-
vided.

Pistil, or pointal. See Pistillum.

INTRODUCTION.

Pistilliferous, flowers or florets, such as contain one or more
pistilla, but no stamina.

Pistillum, the pestle, pistil, or pointal ; an erect column, ge-
nerally placed in the centre of the flower, within the sta-
mina, and called the female organ of generation in plants.

Pitcher-shaped, (urceolatus) swelling or bellying out like a
common jug.

Pith, medulla.

Pitted, (lacunosum) when the surface of a leaf lies in hol-
lows between the veins.

Plenus, a full flower ; a term used to express the highest
degree of luxuriance in flowers.

Plicatus, plaited.

Plumosus, feathered.

Plumula, a little feather ; the scaly part of the corculum,
or embryo plant within the seed, which ascends, and
becomes the stem or trunk. See Corculum.

Pod, (siliqua) a seed-vessel of two valves, within which the
seeds are fixed alternately to each seam or suture.

Pointal. See Pistil.

Pollen, small dust ; fecundating or fertilizing dust, con-
tained within the antherae or tips of the stamina, and dis-
persed upon the female organ when ripe, for the pur-
poses of impregnation.

Polyadelphia, from iro\vs, many ; and aSc\(f>t'a, a brother-
hood : the name of the eighteenth class in Linneus's
Sexual System, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite
flowers, in which several stamina or male organs are united
by their filaments, into three or more distinct bundles.

Polyandria, from wo\vs, many ; and avrjp, a husband : the
name of the thirteenth class in Linneus's Sexual System,
consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, furnished
with more than twenty stamina, that are inserted into
the common receptacle of the flower.

Polygamia, from iroXvs, many ; and <ya/to?, marriage : poly-
gamy, the name of the twenty-third class in the Sexual
System of Linneus, consisting of polygamous or mongrel
plants ; that is, plants having hermaphrodite flowers, and
likewise male or female flowers, or both. The term is
applied also to each of the orders of the class Syngenesia,
and signifies that several florets are enclosed within one
common calix.

Polypetalous, many-petalled.

Polyphyllous, many-leaved.

Polysperma, many-seeded.

Polystachyous, many-spiked.

Pomacece, pomaceous ; fruit of the apple,berry, and cherry kind .

Pomaceous. See Pomacece.

Pomum, an apple ; a species of seed-vessel, composed of a
succulent, fleshy pulp, in the middle of which is generally
found a membranous capsule, with a number of cavities
for containing the seeds.

Pores, little holes.

Posticus, hinder part.

Pouch, a short Pod, which see.

Pramorsus, as if bitten off, or jagged-pointed.

Pressed to, (adpressus.) See Contiguous.

Prickles, (aculei) sharp-pointed weapons of defence, formed
from the bark, and not from the wood of a plant, as in
the rose.

Prickly, (aculeatus) armed with prickles.

Prickly -pointed, (cuspidatus) ending suddenly in a hard sharp
point.

Prismaticus. See Prism-shaped.

Prism-shaped, (prisrnaticus) differing from cylindrical in
the circumference being angular.

Procumbens, (procumbent) trailing, lying on the ground.

Prolifer, prolific ; a prolific flower, which from its own sub-
stance produces another ; a singular degree of luxuriance,
to which full flowers are chiefly liable.

Prominens, projecting partition ; when it stands out beyond
the valves.

Pronus, the under surface of a leaf.

Propago seed ; Linneus's name for the seeds of the mosses.

Proprius, belonging to an individual.

Props. See Fulcra.

Protruding, (exsertus) standing out of the blossoms, like
the stamina of some of the grica's.

Protuberances, (torasus) in seed-vessels ; occasioned by the
swelling out of the enclosed seeds.

Pubes, hair, down ; a general term, expressive of all the
hairy and glandular appearances on the surface of plants,
supposed by naturalists to serve the double purpose of
defensive weapons, and vessels of secretion.

Pubescent, (pubescens) clothed with soft wool or hair.

Pulmones, lungs ; the leaves called the organs of perspira-
tion and respiration in plants.

Pulpy, (pulposus) soft and tenacious j a cherry is pulpy,
but an apple fleshy.

Pulpy seed-vessel. See Drupa.

Pulceratus, dusted.

Punctatus, dotted.

Purse-shapen, (serotiformis) like a purse that draws together
with strings at the top.

Quadrangularls, four-cornered.
Quadridentatus, four-toothed.
Quadriftdus, four-clefted.
Quadrilobum, four-lobed.
Quadriloculare, four-celled.
Quadripartilum, with four divisions.
Q;:adrivalve, four-valved.
Cuaterna, by fours.
Quina, by fives.

Quinatum, (quinate) five leaved.
Quinquangulare, five-cornered.
Quinquefidum, five-clefted.
Quinquelobum, five-lobed.
Quinqueloculare, five-celled.
Quinquepartitum, with five divisions.
Quinquevalve, five-valved.

Racemus, a cluster ; in which the flowers placed along a
common foot-stalk, are furnished with short proper foot-
stalks, proceeding as lateral branches from the common
flower-stalk. See Bunch.

Rostrum. See Beak.

Radiate, (radiatus) a sort of compound flowers, in which
the florets of the centre differ in form from those in the
circumference ; thus the daisy and sunflower are radiate
flowers, the florets in the centre being all tubular, but
those in the circumference are narrow and st nip-shaped.

Radiate summits ; placed in a circle, as in the poppy.
ills, (radicle) issuing immediately from the root.

Uiiiliciiln, radicle, a little root ; the stringy or fibrous part
of the root, which, penetrating tin 1 .soil, attracts moisture
and nourishment for the support of the vegetable flower.

Radii, rays ; the outer florets in a radiate compound flower :
they may he called the florets of the circumference, and
the inner ones the central florets.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Radii, spokes ; the fruit-stalks of an umbel. See Umbella.

Radius, the semi-diameter of a circle.

Radix, root ; the lower part of the plant, generally hid below
the surface o the earth, to attract the moisture from the
soil, and communicate it to the other parts of the plant.

Rameus, belonging to a branch.

Ramus, a. branch.

Ramulus, the branch of a branch.

Receptacle. See Receptaculum.

Receptaculum, (receptacle) one of the seven parts of fructifi-
cation, denned by Linneus to be the base which connects
or supports the other parts.

Reclinatus, reclining.

Reclining, (reclinatus) bent back a little, so that the ex-
tremity is lower than the base.

Rectus, straight.

Recurvatus, recurved, or bowed back.

Reflexus, reflected ; bent back rather angularly, as the petals
of the fleur-de-lis.

Refractus, bent back as if broken.

Regular (regularis) blossom ; one that is regular in the
figure, size, and proportion of its parts.

Remote (remotus) whirls ; when there is a considerable
length of stem between each whirl.

Renifornie, kidney-shaped.

Repandum, wavy, bent backwards.

Repens, Reptans, creeping.

Replicatus, folded or plaited, so as to form a groove or
channel.

Resupinatum, horizontally turned upside-down.

Reticulata, veined like net-work.

Retrofactus, broken back.

Retrorsum serratum, inversely serrated.

Retrorsiim sinuatum, crookedly bent back.

Retusum, (retuse) bluntly notched at the end, and some-
times merely blunt.

Revolute, turned or rolled back.

Rhombeous, or Rhomboid, diamond-shaped.

Rhombvideous, rhomboidal; nearly diamond-shaped, but
broader one way than the other.

Rigid, (rigidus) stiff, not easily bent.

Rimose, full of cracks.

Ring, (annulus.)

Ringent, gaping or grinning.

Rising, upwards, differs from ascending, in first inclining
downwards, and then rising upwards.

Rod-shaped, (virgatus) having many slender and nearly
straight parallel branches or shoots.

Rolled back, (revolutus) with respect to the leaf in general
means rolled downwards like the leaves of Sweet-
william.

Root. See Radix.

Root-leaves, (radicalia) theleaves which proceed immediately
from the root, without the intervention of the stem.

Rostellum, the scaly part of the corculum, or embryo of the
seed, which shoots downward into the soil, and becomes
the root.

Rostratum, having a bill.

Rostrum, a bill or beak.

Rotula, wheel-shaped (blossom.)

Rough, asper.

Round. See Globular.

Round, (obicularis) rough and flat.

Ruffle, or Ring ; the part of the curtain of an Agaric, which
adheres to the stem after the outer part of it has vanished.

Rugose, rugged or wrinkled.

VOL. I. 3.

Burner, (flagellum) a barren twig or shcot, lying upon the
ground, as in the garden Strawberry, and Stone Bramble :
they are sometimes called wires.

Runcinated, notched.

Rundle. Sec Umbel.

Rundlet. See Umbellule.

Running, along the stem. See Decurrent.

Sagittated, arrow-shaped.

Salver-shaped, (hypocrateriformis) the shape of a blossom of
one petal, the lower part of which is tubular, the upper
flat, and expanded; as in the blossom of the Peri-
winkle.

Sapor, taste ; which is too uncertain to be of any utilty in
discriminating plants.

Sarmentose, having runners.

Saucer, (scutellum) like a china saucer ; a circular and con-
cave fructification of some of the lichens.

Scaber, rough like a file.

Scabridce, plants with rough leaves.

Scabrities, roughness.

Scabrous, rough, rugged.

Scaly, (squamosus) like the skin of a fish.

Scandent, climbing.

Scape, stalk ; such as supports the flower, but not the leaves
of a plant, and rises immediately from the root.

Scariose, skinny.

Scarred, (cicatrisatus) marked with scars, where the leaves
ha\e fallen off.

Scattered, disposed without any regular order.

Scolloped, (crenatus) as the leaves of bird's-eye and gill.

Scored, (striatus) marked with superficial parallel lines, as
the cup of a pink.

Scrobi/orm, like fine saw-dust.

Scrotiform, purse-shaped.

Scurfy, (squarrosus) applied to a cup in compound flowers,
the scales of which are bent outwards at the end, so as
to give the whole a rough, ragged appearance.

Scymetar-shaped leaf, (acinaciforme) a long fleshy leaf, thick
and straight at one edge, thin and arched at the other.

Scyphifer, glass-shaped, as the fructification of some of the
lichens.

Seam, or suture, the line formed by the union of the valves,
of a. seed-vessel.

Secttnd, pointing one way.

Securiform, axe-shaped.

Seed, see Semen; a deciduous part of a vegetable, contain-
ing the rudiments of a new plant.

Seed-bud. See Germen.

Seed-coat, (axillus) the proper coat of a seed which falls off
spontaneously.

Seed-cover, (calyculus) the real cover of the seed.

Seed-lobes, (cotyledones) the perishable parts of a seed, de-
signed to afford nourishment to the young plant when it
first begins to expand.

Seed-vessel. See Pericarp.

Segment, (lacinium) the small parts of a leaf, cup, or petal,
included between the incisions.

Semen, seed ; the essence of the fruit of every vegetable,
containing the rudiments of a new vegetable, and fer-
tilized by the sprinkling of the male dust.

Semi-cylindrical (semi-teres :) if the trunk of a tree was sawn
lengthwise through the middle, each part would be semi-
cylindrical.
K

INTRODUCTION.

Seminal leaves, those which rise immediately from a seed, or

rather from the seed-lobes.
Semi-orbiculated, shaped like half a globe.
Semi-sagittated, shaped like half the head of an arrow.
Semi-teres. See Semi-cylindrical.
Sempervirent, evergreen.
Senis, (foliis) growing in sixes.
Separate. See Mwruecia.
Sericeous, silky.
Serpentine, (repandus) the edge of some leaves is formed like

a serpentine line, without any angles or corners.
Serrated, (serratus) like the teeth of a common saw.
Serrulated, (serrulatum) very minutely serrated.
Sessile, sitting.
Setaceous, bristle-shaped.
Seta, bristles.

Setose, bristly, or set with bristles.
Sexangular, six-sided, or cornered.
Sex-fid, six-clefted.
Sex-locular, six-celled.
Shaft. See Style.
Sheath. See Spatha.
Sheathed, fruit-stalk. See Spadix.

Sheath-scale, a membrane found at the top of the sheaths,
which surround the stem of the grasses, just where the
sheath ends, and the proper leaf begins.
Sheathing (vaginans) leaves ; when the base of a leaf infolds

the stem, as in most of the grasses.
Shedding. See Caducous.
Shell. See Legumen.
jShoot, (surculus) the branch of a moss,
Short, (abbreviatus :) a cup is said to be short, when it is

shorter than the tube of the blossom.
Shrivelling, (marcescens) fading and withered, but not fall-
ing off.
Shrubby, (fruticosus) somewhat woody and perennial, as

the stems of the rose.
Silicula, a broad and short pod or pouch.
Silique, see Pod ; in which the seeds are alternately fixed to
either suture or joining of the valves ; in this it differs
from the legumen, which has its seeds attached to one
suture only.
Silky, (sericeus.)
Simple, (simplex) undivided.
Simple cup, one that consists of a single series of segments,

as goats' beard.

Simple leaf, when there is only one upon a leaf-stalk.
Simple stalk, undivided, as in the Tulip.
Simple stem, one that is undivided, or only sends out small

branches.

Simplicissimus, very simple, absolutely undivided.
Single, (unicus) one flower only upon a stalk, as the

Tulip.

Sinuate-anffulose, indented and angular.
Sinuate-dentated, indented and toothed.
Sinuatcd, indented, cut along the margin.
Sitting leaves, (sessilis) having no leaf-stalks.
Skinny, or skin-like, (scariosus) tough, thin, and semi-trans-
parent, like gold-beater's skin.
Slanting, (obliquus) straight, but in a direction between

horizontal and perpendicular.
Smooth, (glaber) the surface smooth to the touch, without

any hairiness or other inequality.
Snipt, cut at the edges without any regularity.
Solid root, fleshy and uniform, like a turnip.
Solid stem, without a cavity, opposed to hollow

Solitary, (solitarius) only one in a place, having but one
flower on a fruit-stalk ; or only one fruit-stalk proceed-
ing from the same part of a plant
Sooty, (fulginosus) dark and dirty as if soojed, as are some

of the Lichens.

Spadiceous, sheathed; an aggregate flower, in which tin-
receptacle is enclosed within a spatha or sheath, that is
common to many florets.
Spadix, a flower-stalk that is protuded out of a spatha or

sheath.

Spadilated, battledore-shaped
Span, seven inches.
Sparsus, scattered.

Spatha, a sheath ; a species of calix which bursts length-
ways and protudes a stalk, supporting one or more flowers
which commonly have no perianthium or flower-cup.
Spatulatum, roundish, or obovate.
Spear-sliaped, (lanceolatus.)

Spear-egg-sliaped, (lanceolato-ovatum) applied to a leaf,
nifies that it is shaped like a spear towards the base, and
like an egg towards the extremity.

Species, a set of plants which agree in the general structure
of their flowers and fruit, and therefore belong to the
same genus ; but differ in their stem, leaves, and other
particulars. See the Introduction to this work.
Specific character, one or more circumstances of a plant, suf-
ficient to distinguish it from any other of the same
genus.

Spherical, (spherica) globular.

Spike, a mode of flowering in which the flowers are ranged
alternately upon both sides of a single common flower-
stalk.

Spicula. See Spikelet.
Spikelet, spicula, or little-spike; constituting part of a larger

composition of florets.

Spike stalk, (rachis) a long, rough, slender receptacle, upon
which the flowers composing a spike are placed. Take a
spike (or, as it is commonly called, an ear) of wheat; pull
off all the seeds and chaff; what remains is a spike-
stalk.

Spine, a thorn ; a species of armature or offensive weapon,
protuded from the wood of the plant, and therefore of a
stronger and harder nature than prickles, which are only
detached portions of the bark.
Spindle-shaped, (fusiformis) a gradually tapering root.
Spinescent, becoming hard and thorny.
Spinose, thorny.
Spinous, beset with prickles.
Spiral, (spiralis) twisted like a corkscrew.
Spokes, (radii) the foot-stalks of flowers collected into um-

bels and timbellules.
Spreading, (diffusus) not rising high, but spreading 1 wide

upon the ground, as the stems of fumitory and pansie.
Spur, (calcar) shaped like the spur of a cock, as the nectaries

of the larkspur.
Squamated, Squamose, scaly.
Squarrose, scurfy.
Stalk, (scapns) that species of trunk which elevates and

supports the flowers, but not the leaves of a plant.
Stamens, (stamina) threads or chives ; the slender thread*
which support the antherse, and in most flowers are
placed round the seed-bud.
Staminiferousjlowers, or fiorets, such as contain one or more

stamina, but no pistilla. and are necessarily barren.
Standard, (vexillum) the upright petal of a butterfly-shaped
blossom, very remarkable in a pea.

BOTAMCAL TERMS.

Starry, (stellatus) plants whose leaves grow in whorls round
the stem, as the goosegrass, cheese-rennet, and several
other plants in the class Tetrandria.

Stellate, starry, or star-like.

Stem, (caulis) the proper trunk of a plant, supporting the
leaves, branches, and flowers.

Stem-clasping, (amplexicaulis.)

Stem-leaves, (caulina) such as grow immediately upon the
' stem, without the intervention of branches.

Stemless. See Acmtlis.

Sterile, barren.

Stiff. See Rigid.

Stigma, the summit of the style : the female organ of genera-
tion in plants, which receives the fecundating dust of the
tops of the stamina, and transmits its vapour or effluvia
through the style, into the heart of the seed-bud, for the
purpose of impregnating the seeds.

Stimuli, stings ; a species of offensive weapon, designed to
keep off naked animals that would approach and injure
certain plants.

Stings, (stimuli) sharp-pointed substances, conveying poi-
son into the parts they penetrate, as in the nettle.

Stipes, a pillar or pedicle.

Stipes, the trunk of a tree or plant, sometimes the foot-stalk;
likewise the slender thread which elevates the pappus, or
hairy crown, in many compound flowers.

Stipitated, standing on a pillar or pedicle.

Stipules, a sort of props ; small leaves or scales, situated on
each side the base of a leaf-stalk or fruit-stalk ; for the
purpose of supporting them in their first appearance, as
in the garden pea.

Stolo, a sucker.

Stoloniferaus, putting forth suckers.

Stone. See Nux.

Straddling, (divaricatus) branches standing wide from each
other.

Straight, (rectus) not bending.

Strap-shaped, (linearis) long and narrow, like a strap or
fillet ; as in the crocus leaf.

Strap spear-shaped. See Spear egg-shaped.

Straw. See Culm.

Streaked, marked with depressed,but not always parallel lines.

Striated, scored.

Strictus, stiff and straight.

Strigiz, strong spear-shaped bristles or thorns

Strigose, furnished with strigse.

Strings, fibres. See Filament.

Strobiliform spike, a cone-shaped spike.

Strobilus, a cone ; a species of seed-vessel, composed of
woody scales which are placed against one another, and
split only at top, being fixed below to an axis, which oc-
cupies the centre of the cone.

Style, the slender part of the pistillum, or female organ re-
sembling a pillar, which stands upon the seed-bud, and
elevates the stigma, or summit.

Subdivisus, subdivided.

Submersus, under water.

Subovate, nearly egg-shaped.

Subramose, a little branched.

Subrotund, nearly globular.

Subulated, awl-shaped.

Succulent, juicy.

Succus, sap ; the juices of plants.

Suckers, (stolones) shoots which rise from the root, spread
along the ground, and then take root themselves, as in
the sweet-violet.

Suffruticose, somewhat woody, nearly shrubby, as sage and
lavender.

Sulcated, furrowed.

Summit, (stigma) the upper part of the Pistil, which see.

Superficies, the surface.

Superflua, superfluous.

Superior (superus) cup or blossom ; when the calyx or co-
rolla is situated above the germen, it is said to be supe-
rior ; as in the Honeysuckle.

Superus, superior, above.

Supine, the upper surface.

Supra-decomposite, more than doubly compound.

Supra-foliaceous, placed above the leaf.

Surculus, a shoot ; the branch of a Moss.

Suture, a seam.

Sword-shaped, (ensiforme) as the leaves of the Iris, or Fleur-
de-lis.

Syngenesia, from aw, together ; and r/eveaK, generation :
the name of the nineteenth class in the Sexual System of
Linneus ; it consists of plants in which the antherae or
male organs of generation are united into a cylinder, the
filaments by which they are supported remaining sepa-
rate and distinct.

Tail, Ccauda) a sort of slender-pointed appendage to some
seeds.

Taper leaf, (acuminatum) gradually tapering to a point.

Target, (pelta) a kind of fructification on the leaves of some
of the Lichens, which is circular, and a little convex.

Target-shaped, (peltatum) applied to a leaf having its leaf-
stalk fixed, not at the edges, but nearly in its centre.

Target-shaped summit, one that is circular and flat.

Tendril. See Cirrus.

Tenuis, thin, slender.

Teres, columnar.

Teretusculus, roundish.

Tergeminum, (leaf) doubly twin fork.

Terminal, terminating.

Terminating, (terminalis) opposed to lateral ; standing at
the end of the stem or branches, as the fruit-stalks of
Borrage.

Ternate, growing three together from the same point.

Ternis, by threes ; three in a place.

Tessellated, chequered.

Tetradynamia, from tuaaapci, four ; and Sui/a/ti?, power :
four powers ; the name of the fifteenth class in Linneus's
Sexual System, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite
flowers, having six stamina, four of which are longer
than the rest.

Tetragynia, from aapes, four; and */vvrj, a woman : the
name of an order or secondary division in the fourth,
fifth, sixth, eighth, and thirteenth classes, of the Linnean
System ; it consists of plants, which, to the classic cha-
racter, whatever it be, add the circumstance of having
four styles or female organs, as its name imports.

Tetragonous, four-cornered.

Telrandria, from -teaaapc?, four ; and avijp, a husband : the
name of the fourth class in Linneus's Sexual System, con-
sisting of plants whose flowers are hermaphrodite, and
have four stamina or male organs of equal length.

Tetrapetalous, f,our-petalled.

Tetraphyllous, four-leaved.

Tetraspermous, four-seeded.

Thalamus. See Receptacle.

Thorn. See Spine.

INTRODUCTION.

Thread. See Filament.

Thread- shaped, (filiformis) of the same thickness from top

to bottom, like a piece of packthread ; like the leaves ol

Fennel, the style of Crocus, or of Honeysuckle.

Three-edged, (trigonus) or three-cornered ; a stem having

three corners or angles, and the sides not flat.
Three-fibred, (trinervatus) having three veins or nerves, run-
ning from the base to the end of a leaf, without branch-
ing off.

Three-lobed, (trilobatum.)
Thronging, (confluentia) assembled in close parcels, with

intervening naked places.
Thyrsus, a cluster ; according to Linneus, is a panicle con-
tracted into an oval or egg-shaped form.
Tiled, (imbricatus) one leaf or scale partly covering another,
like the tiles of a house ; as the cup of dandelion or bur-
dock.

Tip. See Anther.
Tomentose, cottony or downy.

Tomentum, short wool ; a species of hoary or downy pubes-
cence, which covers the surface of many plants.
Tongue-shaped, (lingulatum) applied to express a thick fleshy

leaf, somewhat in the shape of a tongue.
Toothed, (dentatus) when the edges of a leaf are set with

little teeth, as in primrose.
Tooth-serrated, (dentato-serratum) when the edge of a leaf

is set with serrated teeth.
Top-shaped, (turbinatus) nearly conical.
Torose, protuberating.
Torulose, a little swelling out.
Tortile, twisting.
Trailing stems, (procumbens) lying along upon the ground,

and not sending out roots, as common Speedwell.
Transverse, crosswise.

Trapeziform, the shape of a flat leaf, having four unequal sides.
Trebly-compound. See Triply compound.
Triangular leaf, stem, or stalk, having three sides, and three

angles or corners.

Triandria, from -rpcit, three ; and avr/p, a husband : the
name of the third class in Linneus's Sexual System, con-
sisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, with three
stamina or male organs.

Triangularly spear-shaped, (deltoideus) leaves broad at the
base, and nearly triangular, but spear-shaped at the point.
Trichotomous, dividing by threes.
Tricoccous, three-celled, three-seeded, swelling out.
Tricuspidated, three-pointed.
Tridentaled, three-toothed.
Trijid, three-clefted.
Trigonal, three-cornered.
Trilobate, three-lobed.
Trilocular, three-celled.
Trinerved, three-fibred, three-ribbed.
Tripartite, with three divisions.
Triphyllous, three-leaved.
Tripinnated, triply winged.

Triply compound leaves, (folia supra decomposita) are of three
kinds : 1. Double Twin-fork, (tergeminus) leaf-stalk,
with two leaflets at the end of each, and two more at the
division of the fork. 2. Triply three-fold, (triternatus
triplico-ternatus) the divisions of a triple leaf-stalk, again
subdivided into threes, and three leaflets at the end of
each subdivision. 3. Triply-winged, (tripinnatus triplico-
pinnatus) when the lateral ribs of a doubly-winged
leaf, have themselves other leaf-stalks with winged
leaves

Tritjueter, with three flat sides, as the stem of the pansic

Trispermous, three-seeded.

Triternate triply threefold.

Trivalved, three-valved.

Trowel-shaped. See Triangularly spear-shaped.

Truncated, lopped.

Trunk, that part of the herb which rises immediately from

the root, and is terminated by the fructification.
Trygynia, the name of one of the orders in several of tHte

classes, having three pistils in each flower.
Tube, the lower hollow part of a flower with one petal ;

opposed to unguis, the claw of a polypetalous flower.
Tubercle, (tuberculus) a little solid pimple.
Tuberculate, tubercled.
Tubulated, Tubulose, tubular.
Tuoerous root, (tuberosus) consisting of many roundinsr

knobs, collected into a bundle, as the root of peony and

dropvvort.
Tubular, (tubulosus) in the shape of a hollow tube, as the

cup of the Privet, the blossom of the Honeysuckle, or

the nectary of the Hellebore.
Tubular florets, are shaped like a hollow tube.
Tuft. See Cyma.
Tunicated, coated.

Turbinated, top-shaped, nearly conical.
Turgid, swollen, turgid.
Turis, a voung unexpanded shoot, as is the Asparagus before

it is gathered for eating.

Twining, (volubilis) twisting round other bodies, and as-
cending in a spiral line.
Twin-fork, (bigeminus.)
Two-edged, (anceps) as the stem of Tutsan.
Two-rowed, (distichus) like the teeth in a double box or

ivory comb, as in the leaves of the common fir.

U&V

Vagina, a sheath formed by a part of a leaf, distinct from
the sheath (spatha) which is a species of calix.

Vaginans, sheathing.

Vaginated, sheathed.

Valve, (valrula) the different pieces that compose a capsule
are called valves ; thus, in Thornapple there are four, in
Loosestrife ten, in Jacob's Ladder, Daffodil, and Hya-
cinth, three. The petals and empalements that constitute
the flowers of Grasses are called valves ; thus, in the
Common Meadow-grass the calix or empalement is a
dry chaffy husk composed of two valves, and the blossom
is formed of two other valves. The mouth of the tube
of a blossom is frequently closed by several projecting
substances : thus, in the blossoms of Borrage and Ja-
cob's Ladder, the tube is closed by five of these sub-
stances, which are also called valves.

Valvula, a little valve or opening : the external division of
a dry seed-vessel, as a capsule or pod, which splits when
the seeds are ripe for dissemination.

Vane-like, (versatilis) turning about like a vane, as the an-
therse of geranium and crown imperial.

J'anltrd, (fornicatus) like the roof of one's mouth.

Veil, (calyptra) the calix of mosses covering the tips. It is
generally in a conical form like an extinguisher.

Veined, (venosum) a leaf is said to be veined when its fibres
are branched.

Venose, veined.

Ventricose, distended ; bellying.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

Varieties, plants of the same species, but which differ slight-
ly from each other.

Vernatio, a term used by Linneus, to express the curious
manner in which the leaves are folded or wrapped up in
their buds.

Verrucofe. warty.

Versatile, vane-like.

Verticillated, growing in whorls.

Verticilli, whorls.

Verticillus, a little whorl, hinge, axis, axle-tree, or spindle.

Vesicules, bladders.

Vexillum, a standard ; the upper petal of a pea-bloom, or
butterfly-shaped flower, which is generally larger than
any of the others.

Vigilue, (plantarum) the vigils of plants ; under this term
botanists signify the precise time of the day in which the
flowers of different plants open, expand, and shut.

VMi, soft hairs.

Villoes, covered with soft hairs, like the Furze-leaf.

Vimen, a slender and flexible twig.

Virgated, rod-shaped.

Viscid, (viscidus) clammy.

Viscosity, clamminess.

Viviparous, (viviparus) a term applied to stems or stalks
producing bulbs that are capable of vegetation.

Volubile, twining.

Volva, a curtain or screen.

Unguis. See Claw.

Umbel, a composition of flowers, in which a number of
slender fruit-stalks grow from the same centre.

Umbelliferous, plants which produce their flowers in umbels.

Umbellule, a little umbel.

Umbilicated, resembling a navel ; dimpled.

Umbo. See Disk,

Unangulated, one-edged.

Unarmed, (inermis) without weapons of defence.

Uncinnated, hooked at the end.

Undated, waved.

Undcr-shrub, (suffrutex) like a shrub in its woody texture
at the bottom, but the top-shoots herbaceous, tender, and
dying in the winter ; lavender is an instance.

Undivided, simple.

Unequal florets, (radiati) when an umbel is not composed of
equal florets, but those in the circumference are larger
than those in the centre, and the outer petals are larger,
and different in shape from the inner petals.

Ungulated, hoof-shaped

Unicus, single ; only one.

Uniftorous, one-flowered.

Uniform, (equalis) a term applied to compound flowers,
when the florets which compose them are all alike.

Unilateral, growing from one side only.

Unilocular, one-celled.

Univalve, one-valved.

Universal, general.

United leaves, (connatus) two opposite leaves growing to-
gether at the base.

Upright, (erectus) standing upright or nearly so, as the
cups of the periwinkle, the antherse of the polyanthus,
the stalks of tulips, and the stems of asparagus.

Urceolated, pitcher-shaped.

Urens, stinging.

Utriculus, a little bag or hollow vesicle.

Warty, (verrucosus) having little hard lumps or warts upon

the surface.
Waved, (undatus) when the surface of the leaf towards the

edge does not lie flat, but appears waved and full, like a

raflSe.

Weapons. See Arma, Prickles, Thorns, and Stings.
Wedge-shaped, (cuneiformis) as the leaves of the garden

Spurge, and the garden Purslain.
Wheel-shaped, (rotatus) a term used to express a blossom of

one petal, with a flat border and a very short tube.
Whirls, (verticilli) of branches, leaves, or flowers ; the

branches of fir, the leaves of Ladies Bedstraw, and the

flowers of the Deadnettle, grow in whirls round their

respective stems, and somewhat resemble the spokes

round the nave of a wheel.
Winged leaf-stalk, (alatus,) flatfish, with a thin membrane or

leafy border on each side : Leaf, when an undivided

leaf-stalk has many little leaves growing from each side :

Stem or leaf-stalk, such as have a thin flat membrane

on each side.
Wing-cleft, (pinnatifidus) is applied to a leaf that is cut and

divided so deeply on each side down towards the middle

rib, as almost to resemble a winged leaf.
Winged-shoots, (surculipinnati) when the roots strike out

from the sides, like the plumage along the sides of a

quill.
Wings. See Ala ; the lateral petals of a butterfly-shaped

blossom, as in the Pea.
Wires, (flagelli.) See Runners.
Woody, (arboreus) opposed to herbaceous.
Wool. See Lana.
Woolly, (lanatus.)
Wrapper, volva ; but not the volva of Linneus ; a tough

membrane, which envelopes the whole plant of some of

the Fungusses in its younger state.

Wrinkled, (rugosus) as the leaves of Sage, Primrose, Wood-
Strawberry, Hazel, &c.

Zigzag, (flexuosus) having many contrary turnings and
bendings, as the stems of the rough bindweed, woody
night-shade, or the branches of golden rod.

VOL. I. 4.

INTRODUCTION .

GENERAL RULES

FOR

GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS,

ROOTS, BARKS, SEEDS, AND FLOWERS

Together with the Methods of Making such Preparations from them, as may best retain their Pirtuet, or "be most useful

to be kept in Families.

THE intention of the author is, to inform those who live
in the country, and are desirous of being useful to their fami-
lies and friends, or charitable to the poor in relieving their
disorders, of the virtues of those plants which grow wild
about them ; that they may be able to supply the necessary
assistance, in places where apothecaries are not at hand,
without putting themselves to the expense of costly medi-
cines, when the common herbs, that may be had for gather-
ing, will answer the same purpose. However, as there are
cases wherein more help may be obtained from foreign drugs,
than from any thing produced at home, an account of those
roots, barks, seeds, gums, and other vegetable productions,
kept by the druggists and apothecaries, is added, together
with their virtues, and those of the several trees and plants
from which they are obtained.

The plants are alphabetically arranged, according to their
English names, that they may be the more readily found.
With regard to the virtues of plants, too many have been
attributed to most of them, but -here their real virtues only,
as ascertained by the experience of the best judges, are in-
troduced, and placed in the most conspicuous light.

Nature has, in this country, as well as in all others, pro-
vided, in the herbs of its own growth, the remedies for the
several diesases to which it is most subject ; and although
the addition of what is brought from abroad, should not be
supposed superfluous, there is no occasion that it should
cause the other to oe neglected. This neglect has been
the consequence of the too great respect shewn to them ;
which, with the present universal use of chemical prepara-
tions, has almost driven the whole Galenical medicine out
of our minds.

To restore this more safe, more gentle, and often more
efficacious part of medicine to its natural credit, has been
one great intent in writing this treatise j and it is the more
necessary for the service of those, who are intended most
to be directed in this matter, since this is much less danger-
ous than the other : for in most instances it is hard to say
that this is dangerous at all.

The apothecaries are apt, in their unfeeling mockery, to
say, that they are obliged to the good persons who give
medicines to their sick neighbours, for a great deal of their
business ; for out of little disorders they make great ones.
This may be the case where their shops supply the means ;
for chemical medicines, and some of the drugs brought from
abroad, are not to be trusted with those who have not great
experience ; but there will be no danger of this kind, when
the fields afford the supply. This is the medicine of nature,
and as it is more efficacious in most cases, it is more safe in

all. If opinm may be dangerous in an unexperienced hand,
the person who will give in its place a syrup of the wild
lettuce, (a plant not known in common practice at this time,
but recommended from experience in this treatise) will find
that it will ease pain, and that it will cause sleep, in the
manner of that foreign drug, but will never find any ill
consequences from it j and the same might be said in many
other instances.

As the descriptions in this work very readily distinguish
what are the real plants that should be used, the great care
will remain, in what manner to gather and preserve, ;md in
what manner to give them ; it will be useful to add direc-
tions upon those heads. As to the. former, it should be per-
fectly understood, because a great deal depends upon it -,
the latter cannot easily be mistaken.

Having displaced the drugs brought from abroad in a
great measure from charitable practice, every person who
has the spirit of true benevolence, should keep a kind of
druggist's shop, which should be supplied from the neigh-
bouring fields, and from their own gardens. There is no
reason the drugs should not be as well preserved, and as
carefully laid up, as if the product of a different climate,
though the use of the fresh plants will in general be best
when they can be had.

As there are some which will not retain their virtues in a
dried state, and can be met with only during a small part of
the year ; it will be proper to add the best methods of pre-
serving these in some way, according to the apothecaries'
manner ; with the method of making the preparations from
them for ready service, which will be sufficient to lead to
the perfect use of the medicines of our own growtli ; and
it will be found upon experience, that those who sufficiently
know how to make a proper use of these, need seldom have
recourse to any others.

Concerning the Methods of Collecting and Preserving Plants,
and Parts of them, for Use.

THE virtues of different plants residing principally in cer-
tain parts of them, and those differing according to the na-
ture of the herb, these several parts are to be selected, and
the rest left ; and these are in some to be used fresh, and
just gathered; in others, either necessity, or the natural
preference, make it proper to dry and preserve them.

In some onlythe leaves arc to be used; in others, the whole
plant cut from the root ; in others, theflowers only; in others,
the fruits ; in others, the seeds ; in some, the roots ; ami of

RULES FOR GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS, &c.

tome trees, the barks ; some, the woods ; and only the ex-
crescences of others : while some vegetables are to be used
entire, whether fresh gathered, or dried and preserved.
Of all these, instances will be given in great number in the
following sheets, and the matter will be specified under
each article, as the part of the plant to be used will always
be named ; and it will be added whether it be best fresh, or
best or necessarily dried or otherwise preserved ; but it will
be proper in this place to enter into the full examination of
this matter, to save unnecessary repetitions under the several
particular articles.

The whole of most plants native of our country, dies off
in winter, except the root ; and in many, that perishes also,
leaving the species to be renewed from the fallen seeds.
When the whole plant dies, the root is seldom of any vir-
tue ; but when the root remains many years, and sends up
new shoots in the spring, it commonly has great virtue.
This may be a general rule : for there is very little to be
expected in the roots of annual plants ; their seeds, for the
most part, contain their greatest virtues.

In others, the root lives through the winter, and there arise
from it large leaves in the spring, before the stalk appears.
These are to be distinguished from those which afterwards
grow on the stalk, for they .ire more juicy, and for many
purposes much better. In the same manner, some plants,
from their seeds dropped in autumn, produce a root and leaves
which stand all the winter, and the stalk does not rise till the
succeeding spring. These are of the nature of those leaves
which rise from the root of other plants before the stalks in
spring ; and are in the same manner to be distinguished from
those which grow upon the stalks ; theyhavethe full nourish-
ment from the root, whereas the others are starved by the
growth of the stalk and its branches, and the preparations
made by nature for the flowers and seeds ; which are the
great purpose of nature, as they are to continue the plant.

For this reason, when the leaves of any plant are said to
be the part fittest for use, they are not to be taken from the
stalk, but these large ones growing from the root are to be
chosen ; and these where there is no stalk, if that can be ;
for then only they are fullest of juice, and have their com-
plete virtue ; the stalk running away with the nourishment
from them. This is so much done in some plants, that al-
though the leaves growing from the root were very vigor-
ous before the stalk grew up, they die and wither as it rises.
When the juice of the leaves of any plant is required, these
are the leaves from which it is to be pressed : when they are
ordered in decoction, notice is always taken in this work,
whether they be best fresh or dried ; if fresh, they should be
just gathered for the occasion ; they should be cut up close
from the root, and only shook clean, not washed; for in
many, that carries off a part of the virtue : they are to be cut
into the pot. If they are to be dried, the same caution is to
be used ; and they are best dried by spreading them upon
the floor of the room, with the windows open, often turning
them. When thoroughly dried, they should be put up in a
drawer, pressing them close down, and covered with paper.
When the entire plant is to be used except the root, care is
to be taken that it be gathered at a proper season. Nature,
in the whole growth of plants, tends to the production of
their flowers and seeds, but when they are ripe, the rest begins
to decay, having done its duty ; so that the time when the
entire plant is in its most full perfection, is when it is in the
bud ; when the heads are formed for flowering, but not a
ingle flower has yet disclosed itself : this is the exact time.

When herbs are to be used fresh, it is best not to take them
entire, but only to cut off the tops ; three or four inches long,

if for infusion, and if for other purposes, less : if they are
to be beaten up with sugar, they should be only an inch,
or less : just as far as they are fresh and tender. The tops
of the plant thus gathered, are always preferable to the
whole plant for immediate use.

When the entire herb is to be dried, the season for gather-
ing is to be as just described, when the flowers are budding ;
and the time of the day must be when the morning dew is
dried away. This Is a very material circumstance, for if
they be cut wet with the dew, herbs will not dry well, and
if they be cut at noon-day, when the sun has made the
leaves flag, they will not have their full power. Care must
also be taken to cut them in a dry day ; for the wet of rain
will do as much harm as that of dew.

When the herbs are thus gathered, they are to be looked
over, the decayed leaves to be picked off, and the dead ends
of the stalks cut away : they are then to be tied up in small
bunches, (the smaller the better,) and hung upon lines
drawn across a room, where the windows and doors are to
be kept open in good weather ; the bunches are to be half
a foot asunder, and they are to hang till perfectly dry.
They are then to be taken softly down, without shaking off
the buds of the flowers, and laid evenly in a drawer, press-
ing them down, and covering them with paper. They are
thus ready for infusions and decoctions, and are better for
distillation than when fresh.

The flowers of plants are principally used fresh, though
several particular kinds retain their virtue very well dried ;
they are on these different occasions to be treated differently.

Lavender flowers, and those of Stoechas, (Graphalium
Stoechas) keep very well ; they are therefore to be preserved
dry. The Lavender flowers are to be stripped off the stalks,
and spread upon the floor of a room to dry. The Stoechas
flowers are to be preserved in the whole head ; this is to be
cut off from the top of the stalk, and dried in the same
manner : when dry, they are to be kept as the herbs.

When Rosemary flowers are dried, they are generally
taken with some of the leaves about them ; and this is very
right, for the leaves retain more virtue than the flowers.
Some dry Borage, Bugloss, and Cowslips, but they retain
very little virtue in that condition. Rose-buds are to be
dried, and to this purpose, their white heads are to be cut
off; and the full-blown flowers may be preserved in the
same manner. The Red Rose is always meant, when we
speak of the dried flowers.

For the rest of the flowers used in medicine, they are best
fresh ; but as they remain only a small part of the year in
that state, the method is to preserve them in the form of
syrups and conserves. Such as the syrup of Cloves and
Poppies, the Conserves of Cowslips, and the like. Of these,
a short general account shall be subjoined, that nothing
may be wanting to make this work as useful for families as
the nature of it will admit.

Among the fruits of plants, several are to be used fresh,
as the hip for conserve, and the Quince, Mulberry, and Black
Currant ; from the juices of which, syrups are made. As
to those which are to be dried, as the Juniper berries, the
Bay berries, and the like, they are only to be gathered when
just ripening, not when quite mellow, and spread upon a
table or floor, often turning them till they are dry. But of
these we use very few of our own growth ; most of the
fruits used in medicine are brought from abroad, and must
be purchased of the druggist or apothecary.

With respect to the seeds and plants, it is otherwise ; many
of them are of our own growth, and nothing is so easy as to
preserve them. These are all to be used dry ; but nature

INTRODUCTION.

has in a manner dried them to our hands : for they are not
to be gathered till perfectly ripe, and then they need very
little farther care. They are only to be spread for three or
four days upon a clean floor, where the air has free pas-
sage, but where the sun does not come ; and they are then
ready to be put up.

The seeds used in medicine, may be referred to three
general kinds. They either grow in naked heads or umbels,
as in Fennel, Parsley, and the like ; or in pods, as in Mus-
tard and Cresses ; or in large fleshy fruits, as in Melon and
Cucumbers. In each case they must be left upon the plant
till perfectly ripe ; then they are only to be shook from the
heads upon the floor, or if in pods, a smart stroke or two
of the plant upon the floor, when they are thoroughly ripe,
will dislodge them. In the other case, the fruit must be
cut open, and they must be taken out from among the wet
matter, separated from the membranes that are about them,
and spread upon a table, in a dry place, where they must
be often turned and rubbed as they grow dry, that in the
end they may be perfectly dry and clean.

Among the roots, a great many may be used fresh, but a
greater number are best dried. The black and white Briony,
the Arum, and some others, lose all their virtues in drying ;
and many that retain some, yet lose the greater part of it :
there are others which are excellent, both fresh and dried,
as the Marshmallow and some more.

As. to the few which lose their virtue entirely in drying,
it will be best to keep some of them always in the garden,
that they may be taken up as they are wanted. The others
are to be managed according to their several natures, and
they do a great deal towards furnishing the druggist's shop,
which should be filled with medicines, the produce of our
own country.

The best season for gathering roots for drying, is in the
early part of the spring : what nature does for plants when
they are just going to flower, she doe's for roots when the
leaves are just going to bud ; the juices are rich, fresh, and
full, and the virtue is strongest in them at this season ;
therefore they are to be then taken up.

In the end of February and the beginning of March, the
ground should be searched for the first budding of leaves,
and the roots taken up. They are to be wiped clean, not
washed ; and, according to their several natures, prepared
for drying.

Some are full of a mucilaginous juice, as Marshmallow, and
above all other roots, the Squill, and in some degree many
others of that kind ; these must be cut into thin slices cross-
wise, and they will dry best if laid upon a hair-cloth stretched
across a frame. They must be frequently turned, and be
very thoroughly dry before they are put up, else they will
become mouldy ; but, rightly prepared, they keep very well.

Other roots have juices that evaporate more easily. These
have the virtue either throughout the whole substance, or
only in the outer part, and they are to be prepared according-
ly. When roots are of one uniform substance, they gene-
rally hare the virtue equal, or nearly so, in all parts. These
should be split open lengthwise, first cutting off the head,
and the little end ; or if considerably thick, they may be
quartered ; when this is done, they are to be strung upon
a line, by drawing a needle, threaded with a small twine,
through their thickest part, and they are then to be hung
up to dry in the manner of the herbs ; the line being
stretched across a room, the doors and windows of which
tire to be kept open in good weather.

When roots consist of a sort of thick rind, or fleshy sub-
Stance within the rind, and a hard sticky part in the middle,

this fleshy substance under it possesses all the virtues ; the
hard inner substance having none : in this case, the root is
to be split longwise as before, and the hard woody part is
to be taken out and thrown away : the rest is to be strung,
as before described, and dried in the same manner.

When roots consist of fibres, these are generally connect-
ed to a head, if it be ever so small, and the best method ig
to split this in two, and then string up the separate parts
for drying.

It is needless to enumerate the examples of the several
kinds of roots here ; they follow in their places : but if
charitable people would, on first looking over this book to
see what are most useful, order their gardener to take out
of his ground, and to seek in the fields the several roots
there mentioned, and see them dried and preserved accord-
ing to these directions, they would be possessed of a set of
drugs of a new kind indeed ; but they would save the price
of many brought from other countries, and might be used
with less danger.

The barks of trees make but a small part of the English
drugs, and most of them are best fresh ; but such as will
preserve and retain their virtues dried, are very easily pre-
pared that way : nothing more is required than to cut them
into moderate pieces, and string them up in the same man-
ner as the roots. When they are dry, they are to be put up
as the others, and they will keep ever so long ; but in all
this time they are for the most part losing their virtues.

It may be prudent to preserve drugs brought from abroad
a great while, because of their price ; but as these cost only
the trouble of gathering and preserving them, it is advisable
that the whole shop be renewed every year ; what is left
of the old parcel of every kind, being thrown away as
the fresh one is collected in its season.

The place for keeping these should be a dry room, neither
damp nor hot ; and they should now and then be looked at,
to see that they are in order ; that they do not grow mouldy
or smell musty through damp, or become lighter, and lose
their virtue by too much heat.

It may be proper just to mention, that the woods which
we use are best kept in the block, and shaved off as they
are wanted ; for being kept in shavings, they lose their
virtue : and in the same manner as to the foreign woods,
it is best to keep a block of Sassafrass, and of Lignum
Vita?, in the house, and cut them as they are wanted.

As to the excrescences, such as the galls of the Oak, and
the burr upon the wild Briar, they are naturally so dry,
that they only require to be exposed a few days to the air
upon a table ; and then they may be put up with safety,
and will keep a long time.

Lastly, the Funguses, such as Jew's-ears, and the like,
are to be gathered when they are full grown, and strung
upon a line : they must dry leisurely, or else they spoil :
they must be very well dried before they are put up, else
they will grow mouldy in damp weather ; and if once that
happen, no art can recover their virtues.

Thus may a druggist's shop of a new kind be filled, and
it will consist of as many articles as those which receive
their furniture from abroad ; and there will be this advant-
age in having every thing ready ; that when custom has
made the virtues of the several things familiar, any person
may do from his judgment as the physician in his prescrip-
tion mix several things of like virtue together, and not
depend upon the virtues of any one singly, when the case
requires something of power. These roots and barks pow-
dered, will make as handsome and as efficacious boluses
and mixtures as any furnished by the apothecary.

RULES FOR GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS.

Concerning the various Methods of preparing Simples for
present Use.

THERE is no form of medicines sent from the apothecary,
which may not be prepared from the herbs of our own
growth, in the same manner as from foreign drugs.
Electuaries may be made with the powders of these barks,
roots, and seeds, with conserves of flowers, and of the tops
of fresh herbs ; and syrups, made from their juices and infu-
sions ; the manner of making which is very simple, and shall
be subjoined to this chapter, that all may be understood be-
fore we enter on the book itself : and in the same manner
their boluses may be made, which are only some of these
powders mixed up with syrup : and their draughts and
juleps, which are made from the distilled waters of these
herbs, with spirit, or without these, syrups being added ;
and the tinctures of the roots and barks ; the method of
making which shall be also annexed in a familiar manner.

But beside these several forms of giving them, there are
others much more simple, easy, and ready, and these are gene-
rally more efficacious. We shall arrange these under three
kinds; juices, infusions, and decoctions. These are the forms
of giving the medicines most frequently mentioned in the
course of the work, and there is less trouble in them than in
the others. They are not indeed contrived for show, nor
would they answer the purpose of the apothecary, for his
profits would be small upon them : but when the design is
only to do good, they are the first to be chosen.

Juices are to be expressed from leaves or roots ; and in
order to this, they are to be first beaten in a mortar. There
is no form whatever in which herbs have so much effect,
and yet this is in a manner unknown in the common prac-
tice of physic. The juices are to be obtained in some plants
from the entire herb, as in Watercresses, Brooklime, and
others that have juicy stalks ; in others the leaves are to be
used, as in Nettles, and the like, where the stalk is dry,
and yields nothing, but is troublesome in the preparation.
When the juice of a root is to be had, it must be fresh taken
up, and thoroughly beaten. A marble mortar and wooden
pestle serve best for this purpose, for any thing of metal is
improper ; many plants would take a tincture from it, and
the juice would be so impregnated with it, as to become a
different medicine, and probably very improper in the case
in which it was about to be given.

As these juices have sometimes an ill taste, and as some
of them are apt to be cold upon the stomach, or otherwise
to disagree with it, there are methods to be used to make
them sit better upon it j and in some cases these increase
their virtues.

When the thick juice, fresh drawn, is too coarse for the
person's stomach, it may be suffered to settle and grow
clear : a little sugar may be added also in beating the herb,
and in many cases, as in those juices given for the scurvy,
the juice of a Seville orange may be added, which will great-
ly improve the flavour.

To the roots it is often proper to add a little white wine
in the bruising, and they will operate the better for it.
Thus, for instance, the juice of the Flower-de-luce root will
not stay upon many stomachs alone ; but with a little white
wine added in the bruising, all becomes easy, and its effects
are not the less for the addition. The same addition may
be made to some of the colder herbs ; and if a little sugar,
and, upon occasion, a few grains of powdered ginger, be
added, there will be scarce'any fear of the medicine dis-
agreeing with the stomach, and its effects will be the same
as if it had been bruised and pressed alone.

VOL. i. 4,

Infusions are naturally to be mentioned after the juices, for
they are in many cases used to supply their place. Juices
can only be obtained from fresh plants, and there are times
of the year when the plants are not to be had in that state.
Recourse is then to be had to the shop, instead of the field ;
the plant whose juice cannot be had, is there to be found
dried and preserved ; and if that has been done according to
the preceding directions, it retains a great part of its virtues :
in this case it is to be cut to pieces, and hot water being
poured upon it, extracts so much of its qualities, as to stand
in the place of the other. Often, indeed, the virtues are the
same, in some plants they are greatest from the infusion ;
but then some others lose so much in drying, that an infu-
sion scarce has any thing. But it is not only as a help in
the place of the other, that this preparation is to be used,
for infusions are very proper from many fresh herbs ; and are
of great virtue from many dry ones, of which, when fresh,
the juice would have been worth little.

Infusions are the fittest forms for those herbs whose quali-
ties are light, and whose virtue is easily extracted : in this
case, hot water poured upon them takes up enough of their
virtue, and none is lost in the operation ; others require to
be boiled in the water. From these are thus made what we
call decoctions : and as these last would not give their virtues
in infusion, so the others would lose it all in the boiling ; it
would go off with the vapour. We know very well, that
the distilled water of any herb is only the vapour of the
boiled herb caught by proper vessels, and condensed to
water : therefore, whether it be caught or let to fly away,
all that virtue must be lost in boiling. It is from this, that
some plants are fit for decoctions, and some for infusions.
There are some which, if distilled, give no virtue to the
water ; and those are fit for decoctions, which will re.-
tain all their virtue, as Bistort, and Tormentil roots,
and the like. On the contrary, an infusion of Mint, or
Pennyroyal, is of a strong taste, and excellent virtue ;
whereas a decoction of these herbs is disagreeable, or
good for nothing.

There are herbs also, which have so little juice that it
would be impossible to get it out ; and others, whose virtue
lies in the husks and buds, and this would be lost in the
operation. An infusion of these is the right way of giving
them. Thus, Mother of Thyme is a dry little herb, from
winch it would be hard to get any juice, and when gotten,
it would possess very little of its virtues ; but an infusion
of Mother of Thyme possesses it entirely.

Infusions are of two kinds. They are either prepared in
quantity, to be drank cold ; or they are drank as they are
made, in the manner of tea. This last method is the best ;
but people will not be prevailed upon to do it, unless tb-e
taste of the herb be agreeable ; for the flavour is much
stronger hot than it is cold.

Infusions in the manner of tea, are to be made just as tea,
and drank with a little sugar ; the others are to be made in
this manner : A stone jar is to be fitted with a close cover ;
the herb, whether fresh or dried, is to be cut to pieces ; and
when the jar has been scalded out with hot water, it is to
be put in : boiling water is then to be poured upon it, and
the top is to be fixed on : it is thus to stand four, five, or
six hours, or a whole night, according to the nature of the
ingredient, and then to be poured off clear.

It is impossible to direct the quantity in general for these
infusions, because much more of some plants is required than
of others : for the most part, three quarters of an ounce of a
dried plant, or two ounces of the fresh gathered. The best
rule is, to suit it to the patient's strength and palate. It is
M

-12

INTRODUCTION.

intended not to be disagreeable, and to have as much virtue
of the herb as is necessary : this is only to be known in each
kind by trial ; and the virtue may be heightened, as well
as the flavour mended, by several additions. Of these,
sugar and a little white wine are the most familiar, but
lemon juice is often very serviceable, as we find in sage
tea; and a few drops of oil of vitriol give colour and
strength to tincture of roses. Salt of tartar makes many
infusions stronger also than they would be, but it gives them
a very disagreeable taste. It is therefore fit only for such
as are to be taken at one draught, not for such as are to be
swallowed in large quantities time after time.

Among the herbs that yield their virtues most commodi-
ously by infusion, may be accounted many of those which
are pectoral, and good in coughs, as Coltsfoot, Ground-ivy,
and the like : the light and aromatic, good in nervous dis-
orders, as Mother of Thyme, Balm, and the like : the bit-
ter are also excellent in infusion, but very disagreeable in
decoction ; thus boiling water poured upon Roman Worm-
wood, Gentian root, and Orange peel, makes a very ex-
cellent bitter. It need only stand till the liquor is cold,
and may then be poured off for use. It is often proper to
add some purging ingredient to this bitter infusion ; and a
little fresh Polypody root excellently answers that purpose,
without spoiling the taste of the medicine.

Several of the purging plants also do very well in infu-
sion, as Purging Flax, and the like ; and the fresh root of
Polypody alone is a very good one : a little lemon-juice
added to the last-named infusion does no harm ; and it
takes off what is disagreeable in the taste, in the same
manner as it does from an infusion of Senna.

Thus we see what a great number of purposes may be
answered by infusions, and they are the most familiar of all
preparations. Nothing is required, but pouring some boil-
ing water upon the plants fresh or dried, as already di-
rected, and pouring it off again when cold.

Decoctions are contrived to answer the purpose of infu-
sions, upon plants which are of so firm a texture, that they
will not easily yield forth their useful parts. In these the
ingredients are to be boiled in the water ; as, in the others,
the boiling water was to be poured over them. In general,
leaves, flowers, and entire plants, whether fresh or dried,
are used in infusions ; the roots and barks in decoctions.

An earthen pipkin, with a close cover, is the best vessel
for preparing these ; for many of those medicines which
are little suspected of it, will take a tincture from the
metal ; and it would be as improper to boil them in a cop-
per pan, (as it is too common a custom,) as to beat the
herbs and roots in a metal mortar.

Fresh roots are used in decoction, as well as those which
are dried ; and the barks and other ingredients in like
manner. When the fresh are used, the roots are to be cut
into thin slices, and the barks and woods should be shaved
down ; as to the leaves and entire plants, they need be cut
but slightly. When dry ingredients are used, the roots and
barks are best pounded to pieces ; and as to the herbs and
flowers, little is to be done to them, and in general, they
are best added toward the end of the decoction.

It is always best to let the ingredients of a decoction
stand in the water cold for twelve hours, before it is set on
the fire, and then it should be heated gradually, and after-
wards kept boiling gently as long as is necessary : and this
is to be proportioned to the nature of the ingredients.
Generally a quarter of an hour is sufficient, sometimes much
longer is necessary. They are then to be strained off while

they are hot, pressing them hard, and the liquor set by to
cool : when they ' are thoroughly cold, they are to be
poured off clear from the settlement, for they always be-
come clear as they cool, and sweetened with a little sugar.
Frequently also, it is proper to add to them a little white
wine, as to the infusions.

Concerning distilled Waters, and other Preparations to le
kept in the House.

THAT spirit is best which is called molasses spirit ; it is to
be bought at a small price at the distillers ; and as to the
sugar, the most ordinary loaf kind will do for most pur-
poses ; where other is necessary it will be particularly namei*

Few families are without an alembic or still ; and tluit wil
be of material service. With that instrument the simple
waters are to be made, with no expense beside the fire ; and
it will be proper to keep those of the following ingredients.

Mint-water, Peppermint- water, and Pennyroyal-water, are
to be made of the dry herbs. Three pounds of each are to be
put into the still, with four gallons of water, and two gallons
is to be distilled off. Milk- water is to be made thus : a pound
and a half of Spear-mint, a pound of Rue, half a pound of
Roman Wormwood, and half a pound of Angelica leaves, are
to be put into the still with five gallons of water, and three
gallons are to be distilled off. Common Mint-water is good
in sicknesses of the stomach, Peppermint-water in colics, and
Pennyroyal to promote the menses. Milk-water is good in
fevers, and to make juleps. It used to be made with milk,
but that answers no purpose. Only one simple water more
need be kept, and that for colics ; it is best made of Jamaica
pepper : a pound of Jamaica Pepper is to be put into a still
over night, with three gallons of water ; and the next morn-
ing two gallons of water distilled off.

It has been customary to keep a great many simple waters,
but these are all that are necessary or proper. The other
herbs are better to be given in infusion and decoction.

As for cordial waters, they are made as the others, only
witli the addition of spirit. It may be proper to keep the
following; and no more are necessary,

1. Cinnamon- water ; which is made by putting into the
still a pound of cinnamon, a gallon of spirit, and a gallon of
water, and the next day distilling off a gallon. This is good
in sickness at the stomach, and is a fine cordial.

2. Spirituous milk-water ; made from a pound of Spear-
mint, half a pound of Angelica, and a quarter of a pound of
Roman Wormwood, all green : to these is to be put a gal-
lon of spirit, and a gallon of water, and a gallon to be dis-
tilled off; to which is to be added a pint of vinegar; this
is good to promote sweat, and is used instead of treacle-
water, being better.

3. Strong Pennyroyal-water, (whichisused instead of hys-
teric water in all hysteric cases, and to promote the menses)
is made of a pound and a half of dry Pennyroyal, a gallon
of spirit, and six quarts of water, drawing off a gallon.

4. Aniseed water, (which is good in the cholic,) is made
with a pound of Aniseed, a pound of Angelica seed, and
two gallons of spirit, with one gallon of water, distilling
off two gallons.

No more of these are necessary : but it may be acceptable
to add the making of Lavender water, spirit of Lavender,
and Hungary water, which are preparations of the same
kind, and very easy.

Lavender-water is made from a pound of fresh Lavender
flowers, and a gallon of molasses spirit, with two quarts of
water ; five pints are to be distilled off. Hungary-water is
made of a pound and half of Rosemary tops with the flowers.

RULES FOR GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS, &c.

a gallon of spirit, and a gallon of water, distilling off five
pints : and to make the spirit of Lavender, or palsy drops, mix
three pints of Lavender-water, and one pint of Hungary-wa-
ter, and add to this half an ounce of Cinnamon, the same quan-
tity of Nutmegs, and three drachms of red Saunders-wood ;
these are to stand together till the spirit is well coloured.

This is all the family practitioner will need with distill-
ing : a short account, but sufficient.

As for Tinctures, which are a great article with the apo-
thecary and chemist, making a great show, and really very
useful j I would have several of them kept, and they are as
easily made as the waters, nay, more easily. Molasses
spirit is all that is necessary for this purpose.

It would be well to keep tinctures of all roots and barks
which are recommended to be dried in the course of this work,
for a tincture will contain more or less of the virtue of every
one of these, and be often convenient, where the powder or
decoction could not be given. It is needless to enumerate
these, and one rule of making serves for them all : two ounces
of the ingredient is to be cut into thin slices, or bruised in a
mortar, and put into a quart of spirit ; it is to stand a fort-
night in a place a. little warm, and be often shook : at
the end of this time, it is to be taken out, strained off, and
made to pass through a funnel, lined with whitish brown
paper, and put up with the name of the ingredient.

To these tinctures of roots, barks, and seeds, it would be
well to add a few made of foreign ingredients. As,

1. The bitter tincture for 'the stomach, is made of two
ounces of Gentian, an ounce of dried Orange peel, and half
an ounce of Cardamom seeds, and a quart of spirit : or it
may be made in white wine, allowing two quarts.

2. Tincture of Castor, good in hysteric complaints ; and
made with two ounces of Castor, and a quart of spirit.

3. Tincture of Bark, which will cure those who will not
take the powder ; made of four ounces of bark, and a quart
of spirit.

4. Tincture of Soot, for fits ; made with two ounces of
wood-soot, one ounce of assafoetida, and a quart of spirit.

5. Tincture of Steel, for the stoppage of the menses j made
of flowers of iron four ounces, and spirit a quart.

6. Tincture of Myrrh, good for curing the scurvy in the
gums ; made of three ounces of Myrrh, and a quart of spirit.

7. Tincture of Rhubarb ; made of two ounces of Rhu-
barb, half an ounce of Cardamom seeds, and a quarter of an
ounce of Saffron, with a quart of spirit.

8. Elixir Salutis ; made of a pound of stoned Raisins, a
pound of Senna, an ounce and a half of Carraway seeds, and
half an ounce of cardamoms, in a gallon of spirit.

9. Elixir of Vitriol ; made of six drachms of Cinnamon,
three drachms of Cardamoms, two drachms of long pepper,
and the same of ginger ; and a quart of spirit : to a pint of
this tincture strained clear off, is to be added four ounces of
oil of vitriol : this is an excellent stomachic.

Lastly, to these it may be well to add the famous Friar's
Balsam, which is made of three ounces of Benjamin, two
ounces of strained Storax, one ounce of Balsam of Tolu, half
an ounce of aloes, and a quart of spirit of wine, such as is
burnt under lamps. This spirit may be made by putting a
gallon of molasses spirit into the still, and drawing off two
quarts, and this will be useful for spirit of wine and cam-
phire, which is made by dissolving an ounce of camphire in a
quart of the spirit. And what is called the Asthmatic Elixir,
made with the flower of Benjamin and Opium, of each a
drachm, Camphire two scruples, oil of Aniseed forty drops,
Liquorice root half an ounce, honey one ounce, and a quart

of spirit. This is a gentle opiate, and is much better in
families than the strong laudanum.

As to the tinctures made with white wine instead of spirit,
a few are sufficient. Steel wine is made of a quarter of a
pound of filings of Iron, and half an ounce of Mace, and the
same quantity of Cinnamon, put into two quarts of Rhenish.
Hiera Picra is made of half a pound of Aloes, two ounces of
Winter's bark, and five quarts of white wine. The first is
a restorative cordial and strengthener : the latter is suffici-
ently knownas a purge. Laudanum is made of two ouncesof
Opium, a drachm of Cloves, and a drachm of Cinnamon, and
a pint of wine. Viper wine is made of two ounces of dried
vipers, and two quarts of white wine : and the tincture of
Ipecacuanha for a vomit, of two ounces of that root, half an
ounce of dry Orange peel, and a quart of sack. Lastly, what
is called Elixir Proprietatis, is made of Aloes, Myrrh, and
Saffron, of each an ounce, Sal Ammoniac six drachms, and
Salt of Tartar eight ounces, in a quart of mountain wine.

These are all the tinctures and wines that need be kept
in a family, whose charity is designed to be very extensive ;
the expense of the whole is a trifle not worth naming, and
the trouble scarce any thing. Books are full of directions in
particular for every tincture, as if every one were to be made
a different way ; but the best method is to give a good deal
of time, and frequently shaking, and that will stand in the
place of heat in most things of this kind : nevertheless, they
should stand in a room where a fire is kept while they are
making ; and those which require heat, that is, those that
take a colour most slowly, are to be placed nearest to it.

Easy as these are, they are by far the most difficult part of
the task, the rest is at it were nothing. Conserves, syrups,
and ointments will be wanting ; but in the same manner one
direction will serve for the making the whole assortment ot
each, and the ingredients will be at hand. As to plasters in
general, they do more harm than good. Surgeons at this
time make very little use of them ; and in the course of
this work, many herbs will be named, the bruised leaves of
which are better than all the plasters in the world.

Conserves should be made of Rue, Mint, Scurvy Grass,
Wood Sorrel, and Roman Wormwood. As to the four first,
the leaves are to be picked off from the stalks, and beaten
up with three times the weight of sugar. The tops of the
young shoots of the latter are to be cut off, and they are to
be beat up in the same manner. In the course of this work,
many plants will be named, the green tops of which contain
their virtue, these may all be made into conserves in the
same manner, or as many of them added to those here
named as shall be thought proper.

Conserves of the flowers of Rosemary, Mallows, Archangel,
and Lavender, are to be made also in the same manner, and of
Red-rose buds. These last are to be picked from the husk,
and the white heels are to be cut of. They are all to be beat
up with three times their weight of sugar ; and in the same
manner may be made conserves of Cowslip flowers, and of
those of many other plants mentioned in the following pages.

The outer rind of Seville Oranges and Lemons, are also to
be made into conserves in the same manner, beating them first
to a pulp, and then adding the sugar ; and to these must be
added the conserve of Hips and Sloes, which are to be made in
a particular manner. The Hips are to be gathered when fully
ripe, afterwards set by in a cellar till they grow very soft ;
then they are to be laid upon the back of a large hair sieve,
a dish being put underneath ; they are to be broke with the
hand or a wooden pestle, and rubbed about till all the soft
matter is forced through the hair-cloth., the seeds and skins

INTRODUCTION.

only remaining. This soft matter is to be weighed, and to be
beat up in a mortar with twice its weight of loaf sugar, first
powdered. Sloes are to be gathered when they are moder-
ately ripe, and they are to be set over the fire in water, till
they swell and are softened, but not till the skin bursts ;
they are then to be laid upon a sieve, and the soft matter
driven through, as in the other case ; and three times the
quantity of sugar is to be mixed with this, that it may make
a conserve by beating together.

Syrups are to be made of many ingredients : they may be
made indeed of any infusion, with sugar added to it in a due
quantity ; and the way to add this, so that the syrups shall
keep and not candy, is to proportion the sugar to the liquor
very exactly. One rule will serve for all this matter, and save
a great deal of repetition. The liquor, of which a syrup is to
be made, may be the juice of some herb or fruit, or a decoc-
tion, or an infusion ; whichever it be, let it stand till quite
clear ; then, to every wine pint of it, add a pound and three
quarters of loaf sugar, first beat to powder ; put the sugar
and the liquor together into an earthen pan that will go into
a large saucepan ; put water in the saucepan, and set it over
the fire. Let the pan stand in it till the sugar is perfectly
melted, scumming it all the time ; then, as soon as it is cold,
it may be put up for use, and will keep all the year round.

This being set down as the general method of making the
liquor into a syrup, the rest of the descriptions of them will
be easy. They are to be made in this manner : For syrup
of Cloves, weigh three pounds of Clove, July-flowers picked
from the husks, and with the white heels cut off; pour upon
them five pints of boiling water. Let them stand all night,
and in the morning pour off the clear liquor, and make it into
a syrup, as directed above : in the same manner are to be
made the syrups of Violets and Red Poppies : but less of the
Violet flowers will do, and more of the Poppies may be added :
thus, also, are to be made the syrups of Damask Roses,
Peach-blossoms, Cowslip-flowers, and many others which
will be recommended for that purpose in this book.

Syrup of Buckthorn is to be made by boiling the juice
down to half its quantity, with a little cinnamon, ginger, and
nutmeg, and then adding the stigar.

The Syrups of Lemon juice, Miilberries, and the like, are to
be made with a pound and half of sugar to every pint of the
clear juice, which is to be melted, as in the former manner.

Syrup of Garlic, Leeks, Orange-peel, Lemon-peel, Mint,
and many other things, are to be made of strong infusions of
those ingredients, made as before directed, with the first-
mentioned quantity of sugar added, when they have stood
to settle.

Syrup of MarshmaVlowB, and of Poppy heads, and some
others, are to be made in the same manner with the strongest
decoctions that can possibly be made from those ingredients,
with the same quantity of sugar as is first mentioned.

Syrup of Balsam is made by boiling a quarter of a pound
of Balsam of Tolu, in a pint and half of water, in a close
vessel, and then making the water into a syrup, with the
usual quantity of sugar : and thus may be made syrups of
any of the balsams.

Syrup of Saffron is made of a strong tincture of Saffron in
wine. An ounce of Saffron being put to a pint of mountain,
and this, When strained off, is to be made into a syrup with
the usual quantity of sugar.

At one time it was a custom to keep a quantity of syrups
of a particular kind under the name of honeys. They were
made w ith honey instead of sugar, and some of them, which
had vinegar in the composition, were called oxymcls. A few

of the first kind, and very few, are worth keeping, and two
or three of the latter, for they have very particular virtue*.
The way of making them is much the same with that of
making syrups ; but, to be exact, it may be proper just to
give some instances of it.

Honey of Roses is the most useful, and is to be made of an
infusion of the flowers and honey in this manner. Cut the
white heels from some red-rose buds, and lay them to dry
in a place where there is a draught of air ; when they are
dried, put half a pound of them into a stone jar, and pour on
them three pints of boiling water ; stir them well, and let
them stand twelve hours ; then press off the liquor, and
when it has settled, add to it five pounds of honey, boil it
well, and when it is of the consistence of a thick syrup, put
it by for use. It is good against sore mouths, and on many
other occasions. In the game manner may be made the
honey of any flower ; or with the juice of any plant thus
mixed with honey, and boiled down, may be made what i.s
called the honey of that plant.

As to the oxymels, they are also made in a very uniform
manner. The following are so useful, that it will be proper
always to keep them in readiness. For Oxymel of Garlic,
put half a pint of vinegar into an earthen pipkin, boil it in a
quarter of an ounce of Carraway seeds, and the same quan-
tity of sweet Fennel seeds, at last add an ounce and a half
of fresh Garlic root sliced ; then let it boil a minute or two
longer, then cover it up to stand till cold, then press out
the liquor, and add ten ounces of honey, and boil it to
consistence.

For Vinegar of Squills, put into a pint of vinegar three
ounces of dried Squills ; let it stand two days in a gentle
heat, then press out the vinegar, and when it has stood to
settle, add a pound and half of honey, and boil it to a con-
sistence. Both these are excellent in asthmas.

To these also should be added, the common simple oxy-
mel, which is made of a pint of vinegar, and two pounds of
honey boiled together to the consistence of a syrup.

Finally, as to Ointments, nothing can be so easy as the
making them of the common herbs ; and the expense is only
so much hog's lard. The lard is to be melted, and the fresh-
gathered leaves of the herb are to be chopped to pieces, and
thrown into it : they are to be boiled till the leaves begin to
feel crisp, and then the lard is to be strained off. It will be
green, and will have the virtues of the herb, and must be
called ointment of such an herb.

To these we shall add, the way to make two or three
more, which, though not the produce of English herbs, are
very useful, and no family should be without them.

1. The white ointment, called Unguentum : this is made
by melting together four ounces of white wax, and three
ounces of spermaceti, in a pint of salad oil, and adding,
if it be desired, three ounces of ceness, and a drachm and
half of camphire ; but it is better, for all common purposes,
without these.

2. Yellow Basilicon ; which is made by melting together
yellow wax, resin and burgundy pitch, of each half a pound, iw
a pint of oil of olives, and adding three ounces of tuqxjntiue.

3. Black Basilicon ; which is made by melting together,
in a pint of olive oil, yellow wax, resin, and pitch, of each
nine ounces.

4. TheMcrcurial Ointment, which is thus made: rub toge-
ther, in an iron mortar, a pound of quicksilver, and ail ounce
of turpentine; when they are well wived, add four pound*
of hoir's-lard melted, and mix all thoroughly together. The
Ointment of Tutty is prepared with levigated tutty, ami as
much viper's fat as will make it into a soft ointment : these

RULES FOR GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS, &c.

are only to be mixed together upon a marble, by working
them with a thin knife. This is for disorders of the eyes ;
the foregoing for the itch, and other complaints, but it
must be used cautiously} and those before named, for old
sores.

Of the same nature with the ointments, are, in some de-
gree, the Oils made by infusion of herbs and flowers in com-
mon oil. These are also very easily prepared, and an in-
stance or two will serve to explain the making of them all.

1. The most regarded among these is the Oil of St. John's-
wort, and that is thus made : pick clean a quarter of a pound
of the flowers of Common St. John's-wort, pour upon them
a quart of olive oil, and let them stand together till the
oil is of a reddish colour.

2. Oil of Elder is made of a pound of Elder flowers, which
are to be put into a quart of olive oil, and boiled till they
are crisp, and the oil is to be then strained off.

3. What is called the Green Oil, is thus made : bruise in
a marble mortar three ounces of green Camomile, with the
same quantity of Bay leaves, Sea-wormwood, Rue, and
Sweet Marjoram ; then boil them in a quart of oil of olives,
till they are a little crisp. The oil is then to be poured
off, and when cold, put up for use.

These oils are used to rub the limbs when there is pain
and swellings ; their virtues will be found at large, under the
several herbs which are the principal ingredients : and after
one or other of these methods, may be made the oil by in-
fusion, or by boiling of any plant, or of any number of
plants, of like virtue.

Lastly though herbs are now left out of the composition
of Planters, even the melilot being now made without the
herb from which it was first named, it may be proper to
add the way of preparing a few that are most useful, and
ought to be kept in families.

1. The common plaister is thus made ; boil together a
gallon of oil, five pounds of powdered litharge, and a quart
and four ounces of water. When the water is boiled away,
the rest will be united into a plaister, but it must be stirred
all the time : this used to be called diachylon. To make
diachylon with the gums, add to a pound of the last de-
scribed, two ounces of galbanum, and an ounce of common
turpentine, and the same quantity of frankincense. Melt
them all together, the gums first, and then add the
plaster.

2. For a strengthening plaister ; melt two pounds of the
common plaister, and add to it half a pound of frankincense,
and three ounces of dragon's blood.

3. For a drawing plaister ; melt together yellow wax and
yellow resin, of each three pounds, and a pound of mutton
suet. This is used, instead of the old melilot plaister, to
dress blisters ; and the blister plaister itself is made of it,
only by adding half a pint of vinegar, and a pound of Spa-
nish flies in powder, to two pounds of it, just as it begins
to cool from melting. The quicksilver plaister is thus
made : rub three ounces of quicksilver, with a drachm of bal-
sam of sulphur, till it no longer appears in globules, then
pour in a pound of the common plaister melted, and mix
them well together.

A few recipes for making waters without distillation, are
added, which being cheap and very serviceable, ought not
to be omitted.

1. Lime-water; this is made by pouring gradually six
quarts of water upon a pound of quick lime ; when it has
stood to be clear, it must be poured off. If a pound of
Lignum-vitae wood, an ounce of Liquorice root, and half
an ounce of Sassafras bark, be added to three quarts of

VOL. i. t.

lime-water, it is compound lime-water, and is excellent in
foulnesses of the blood.

2. The blue eye-water ; this is made by putting a drachm
of sal ammoniac into a pint of lime-water, and letting it
stand in a brass vessel, till it is of a sky-blue colour.

3. Alum-water is made by boiling half an ounce of white
vitriol, and the same quantity of alum, in a quart of water,
till they are dissolved.

Thus have we described all the drugs and compositions,
that need be kept for family use, or to relieve the neighbour-
ing poor in their greatest of all distresses, that of sickness.
The diseases for which these remedies are to be used, will
be found enumerated at large under the several heads of
the principal ingredients as described in the succeeding
pages. It only remains to say a few words about the man-
ner of putting these things most conveniently together,
and we then shall have prepared for all that follows.

Concerning the best Methods of putting Medicines together for
present taking.

IN the first place, although these several forms of syrups,
conserves, and the like, have been named as what will be
sometimes necessary ; the great practice in tlie country will
lie in the infusions and decoctions of the fresh plants and
roots.

The strength of these infusions and decoctions is to be
proportioned to the taste : for as they are made to be swal-
lowed in quantities, if they be made so strong as to be very
disagreeable, that end will be defeated : they may be ren-
dered more pleasant by sweetening them with sugar, about
an ounce of which is to be allowed to a quart ; and occa-
sionally a little white wine, or a small quantity of some of
the cordial waters, may be added to them. The dose of
either decoction or infusion, will be in general about half
a pint, except where they are intended to purge or vomit ;
there they must be more carefully and exactly proportioned
to the strength, than can be told in this general manner.

Of the simple waters, about a quarter of a pint is a dose ;
and of the cordial waters, less than half that quantity.
These may be occasionally given alone; but they are mostly
intended for mixing with other ingredients.

The tinctures are to be given in drops, from ten to an
hundred, according to their strength and nature ; but to
name a general dose it is about five and twenty drops.
These, however, will be also more serviceable in mixtures,
than singly.

Of the purging tinctures in wine, and the elixir salutis,
three, four, or more spoonfuls, is the dose.

It would be well to keep tinctures of many of the roots
recommended in nervous cases, as cordials, astringents, and
of many other kinds ; and also to keep powders of these
roots in readiness : and thus the common forms of medi-
cines, as sent from apothecaries, will be very easy.

For julep, six ounces of one of the simple waters, two
ounces of one of the compound waters, or those made with
spirit, two drachms of a syrup, and fifty drops of a tincture,
make a very agreeable one. Thus, for an hysteric julep,
let the simple water be Pennyroyal, the strong water the
strong Pennyroyal, the syrup that of Saffron, and the tinc-
ture of Castor ; and it is a very pleasant julep : and so o,
all the rest. If a pearl cordial be desired, it is only mixinj
the simple and strong waters without syrup or tincture
and adding two drachms of sugar, and half a drachm
levigated oyster-shells.
N

INTRODUCTION 1 .

Draughts are only little juleps, with more powerful ingre-
dients added to them. An ounce and half of a simple water,
three drachms of a strong water, one drachm of a syrup,
and forty drops of a tincture, make a draught ; but to these
may be added a simple of some power, to increase the vir-
tue. What waters, tinctures, syrups, or powders, shall be
used, will be determined from the case itself.

Boluses are made with these powders in a certain dose.
A scruple, or half a drachm, is made into a sort of paste
with syrup. The common custom is to cover it with a
little leaf-gold, but this is better let alone : some use leaf-
brass, which is very pernicious.

Electuaries are to be made of powders, conserves, and
syrups ; they differ from boluses in this, as well as in the
size, that the dose is smaller, although the piece taken be
as large ; which is owing to the conserve, that having in
general little virtue in comparison of the other ingredients.
This is the form most convenient for medicines that are to
be taken for a continuance of time, and the dose of which
needs not be so very punctually regarded.

Thus, for an electuary against an hnbitual looseness, when
it exceeds the proper bounds ; mix together an ounce of
conserve of Red Roses, and six drachms of syrup of Cloves;
add to these, two drachms of powdered Bistort root, one
drachm of powdered Tormentil, and half a drachm of
toasted Rhubarb. This makes an electuary, a piece of
which, of the bigness of a nutmeg, taken once in two days,
will check the abundance of stools, without stopping the
customary looseness entirely : it will also be a pleasant
medicine. If a draught of tincture of Roses be taken after
this, it will increase the power.

In this manner any person may supply the place of the
apothecary, to those who could not afford such assistance :
and experience is so good a guide, that they will be able in
most cases to save the expense of the doctor also ; with
very little danger of doing harm. The Galenical physic,
perhaps, will be found effectual in many more cases, by
those who stick to it solely, than they are aware who do
not use it : as to the mischief of medicine, that is almost
entirely chemical. It would be idle to say that chemical
medicines do not do great good ; but they require to be in
skilful hands : when the ignorant employ them, death is
more likely to be the consequence, than relief from the
disorder any other way.

One useful observation may serve well to close this In-
troduction. Opiums, and medicines of that kind, to com-
pose persons to rest and to take off pain, will be often ne-
cessary ; but as they are the most powerful medicines the
family practitioner will have to do with, they are the most
capable of doing harm : the greatest care will therefore be
required in the right usa of them.

As there are three different preparations described in this
book for answering this purpose, beside the opium, and that
solution of it in wine which is called laudanum ; these two
latter should be used very seldom. A syrup made of the
juice of the wild Lettuce, is an excellent medicine ; the
syrup of Diacodium, which is made of a strong decoction
of Poppy heads, is a little stronger than this ; and if some-
thing more powerful than these is required, there is the
Asthmatic Elixir. One or other of these may almost on
every occasion serve the purpose ; and it is almost impos-
sible that the use of them should be attended with danger.
Let opium or laudanum therefore be very rarely used ;
perhaps it might be well to say, not used at all ; for the
others will be able in almost all cases, if not universally to
answer the purpose.

Concerning the Virtues of Plants which have not yet been tried.

THE number of English plants, whose virtues are ascer-
tained, scarcely exceeds one thousand, while the catalogue
of those which are natives of our own country, as published
by Mr. Ray, amounts to many thousands : great numbers
therefore remain yet untried, and present an ample field for
our researches.

To what purpose can a man devote the hours of his lei-
sure better, than to the discovering, among the number of
'the unregarded, virtues which may farther supply the cata-
logue of our own remedies, and make the roots and seeds
brought from remote countries less necessary ? What er
couragement to the attempt, that there are such multitude
of objects for the trial ! and that the discovering but one
remedy among them all, for a disease we knew not how so
well to cure before, is a source of more true honour, tliim
can be derived from all the useless knowledge in the world.

If any suppose the trial dangerous, they mislead them-
selves; and to encourage so laudable an undertaking, let
it be observed, how little is the hazard, and how consider-
able the advantages, from what we know already.

If a man were to be turned loose upon an island where
no person had set foot before, he might dread to taste of
any plant he saw, because he might not know but every
one he saw was fatal : and supposing him to have got
over this fear, the ignorance of the virtues of all would keep
him backward : but this is not at all the case with him
who shall at this time set about inquiring into the virtues
of plants in England. The poisonous plants, native of our
soil, are hardly a dozen, and these are charactered even to
the eye, by something singular or dismal in the aspect.
They are well known, and he has nothing to do but to
avoid them. For the rest, he has so many, whose uses and
qualities are already perfectly known, that he has a great
foundation to go upon in the search, because he can com-
pare those he does not know with them. Their tastes will
go a great way toward informing him : but this is not all,
their very outward figures will direct him ; for in general
those plants which agree in the external aspect, agree like-
wise in their virtues.

To give an instance in the MarshmaDow. It is known to
work by urine, and to be good against the gravel. We will
suppose no more known concerning this kind. A person
desirous of extending this useful knowledge, finds that by
the taste of the root, which is insipid, and its mucilaginous
quality, he might have guessed this to be its virtue, from
what he before knew of medicine. The next plant he
meets, we will suppose is the common Mallow, and after-
wards the little wliite-flowered Mallow, which lies upon
the ground ; he tnstes the roots of these, and he finds they
are like the other : he will therefore guess that they have
the same virtues, and upon trial he will find it is so.

But this is not all : if he had examined the Hower of the
Marshmallow, in what manner it was constructed, and how
the little threads grew within it, he would have found that
the flowers of these other two Mallows were, in all respects,
like those of the other; and farther, he would have found,
that the seeds of these two kinds were in the same manner
disposed in circular bodies : from this, he might, without
tasting their roots, have been led to guess that their vir-
tues were the same : or having guessed so much from this,
he might have been thence led to taste them, and by that
have been confirmed in it : but he might be carried far-
ther ; he would find the same sort of round cluster* of
j feeds in the Hollyhock in his garden ; and upon examining

RULES FOR GATHERING AND PRESERVING HERBS, &c.

the single flowers, he would see they were also alike : and
hence he would discover that it was of this kind ; and
he would rightly judge that the Hollyhock also possessed
the same virtues.

There is this great use in examining other plants which
have the same sort of flowers and fruits with those which
we know to have virtues, that we may in this way discover
plants at home, to supply the place of those we have from
other countries. It is certain the sun in warmer climates
does ripen the juices of vegetables faster than in ours, but
yet we find the plants of the same kind, from whatever part
of the world they come, to possess nearly the same kind of
virtues ; generally indeed they are the same, only differing
in degree. Thus all the Mallows of Spain and Italy, to
bring the trial to the before-named instance, possess the
same virtues with the Marshmallow, Mallow, and Holly-
hock of England 1 ; and the case is the same with those
which are truly Mallows of the East and West Indies ;
though this does not hold good with respect to some of the
plants of those countries which have been brought hither
under that name. Thus the Senega Rattle-snake root,
which was once much in use amongst us, has been dis-
covered to belong to a kind of Milkwort, or Polygala, The
roots of the common Milkwort of our pastures being tried
have been found to possess the same virtues, though in a
less degree. This plant would not have been regarded, if
the other had not been found to be of the same kind ; but
to that we owe the knowledge of its virtues.

There is this great reason for seeking in our own climate,
plants of the same nature, form, and kind, with those which
in other countries, afford us remedies that they are gene-
rally of the same kind, and may be fitter for our con-
stitutions ; for as it has been before observed, the produc-
tions of each respective country, are always best suited
to supply the wants of its inhabitants both for food and
medicine : and it is certain, that as the sun ripens the
juices of plants in hotter countries to more virtue than with
us, so it makes men's constitutions more able to bear their
effects.

The Chinese will swallow such doses as would poison one
of us. This we know in many instances, and it ought to
encourage us in the present research : because, if the same
doses which agree with them are too much for us, we may
also find that other medicines of our own growth, and of
the same kind of virtues, though in a less degree, may also
be found to agree better with our constitutions. Therefore,
notwithstanding that it may be necessary in some cases, and
convenient in many, for us to have drugs from abroad, yet
in general it will be better for us to be cured by those
herbs we may find at home; and they will be found upon
trial more sufficient for that purpose than we at present
imagine. The means are at hand, but we have made very lit-
tle use of them, proportioned to their number and their value.

The observation already made, that the external form of
plants may very well give the hint for a conjecture about

their virtues, is much more general than might be imagined.
Almost all the plants of the same kinds are of the same vir-
tues. But that is not all ; for, in general, those of the
same class possess the same qualities, though different in
degree : anu this is a great help to him who shall set out
upon the generous and useful plan of adding to the number
of the useful plants. It is also singular, that what might
appear objections in this case, being brought to the trial,
will often be found confirmations of the truth there is in
the observation.

Thus, suppose a man, observing that Lettuce is eatable,
should inquire into all the plants like Lettuce, which are
those that have flowers composed of many parts, and have
the seeds winged with a white downy matter, to find whe-
ther they were eatable : let us examine how he would suc-
ceed. The plants of this class native of England, are the
Sowthistle, the Hawkweeds, the Dandelions, Goats-beards,
Succory, and Endive, all eatables. The Hawkweeds are
less agreeable in the taste, but wholesome ; and as to the
wild Lettuces, those who would bring the opiate quality
of the principal of them as an objection, strengthen the ob-
servation, for the garden Lettuce also has an opiate qua-
lity. This wild one possesses it in a greater degree, but
still in such a degree, that it is an excellent medicine, not
at all dangerous. Its bitter taste would prevent people's
eating it, for it is disagreeable ; but its virtues are the same
with those of Lettuce, only greater. There are some kinds
of Hawkweed also, which have a bitter milky juice, alto-
gether like that of thi Lettuce ; and they also have the-
same opiate quality.

This general observation may be carried a great deal far-
ther. In general, the seeds of umbelliferous plants, that is,
those which have little flowers in rounded clusters, each suc-
ceeded by two seeds, are good against colics; those of Carra-
way, Anise, Cummin,. Coriander, and all of that kind, are
produced by plants of this figure. In the same manner the
verticillate plants, as they are called, that is, those which
have the flowers surrounding the stalks, as in Mint and
Thyme, are of a warm nature ; and however they differ in
degree and circumstance, they have the same general vir-
tues. Farther, such plants as are insipid to the taste and
smell, have generally little virtues ; and, on the contrary,
those which have the most fragrant smell and sharpest taste,
have the greatest virtues, of whatever kind.

In general also, those plants which have a strong but an
agreeable taste, are most worthy to be examined with re-
spect to their virtues ; for they are generally the most valu-
able : and, on the contrary, when a very strong taste is
also a very disagreeable one ; or, in the same manner, when
the strong smell of a plant has also something heavy, dis-
agreeable, and overpowering in it : there is mischief in the
herb, rather than any useful quality. The poisonous plants
of this country are very few; but they are for the most part
characterized after this manner : so that they are known as
it were at sight, or by the first offer of a trial.

FOR FINDING ANY PLANT, KNOWN OR UNKNOWN,

IN THE FOLLOWING WORK.

WHEN you have the English name of the Plant, or the Linnean name of the Genus to
which it belongs, it will only be necessary to refer to it in the alphabetical order of the
Dictionary , but if you should meet with a Flower or Plant to which you are an entire
stranger, you must first determine its Class and Order, according to the Rules already laid
down in the preceding Introduction ; (see page 6.) and having found them, inspect the Table
of Orders and Genera at the end of this Work, observing to which Genus of its Order your
Plant belongs. When this is done, you must refer to the description of the Genus by the alpha-
betical arrangement of the body of the Work ; and if that Genus contain only one Species,
that is the Plant in question ; but if it contain many Species, particular attention must be
paid to the circumstances which distinguish these Species; and when you have ascertained
to which Section of the Genus (if it be divided into Sections) your Plant belongs, and that
Section only includes one Species, which is often the 'case, you have found the Plant; but
if each Section includes several Species, very close attention must be paid to the charac-
teristics of each, as they are in general extremely minute, depending principally upon the
shape of the leaves and the roots.

THE

UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

OR,

BOTANICAL, MEDICAL, AND AGRICULTURAL

DICTIONARY.

VOL. I.

A B R

A-BEL-Tree, or Abelc-Tree. See Populus.

Abies ; the Fir-tree. See Pinus.

Abroma ; a genus of the class Polyadelphia, order Dbde-
candi ia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved ;
leaflets spear-shaped, acute, spreading, permanent, Corolla:
petals five, larger than the calix ; claws obovate, arched,
concave, obtuse, hairy at the end, erect, inserted at the
base into the nectary ; borders oval, obtuse, spreading, cili-
ate, contracted at the base into very short, ciliate, recurved,
small claws, upon which the principal claws are placed. Nec-
tary, short, small, pitcher-shaped, divided into five segments,
which are obcordate, hairy, erect, recurved and arched,
alternate with the claws of the petals. Stamina : filamenta
five, membranaceous, very small, growing on the nectary
between the segments, emarginate-trifid ; anthers on each
filament three, twin, kidney-form. Pistil : germen almost
cylindrical; styles five, awl-shaped, approximating; stigmas
acute. Pericarp: capsule egg-shaped, membranaceous, vein-
ed, five-winged, five-beaked, five-celled, gaping at top into
five parts between the beaks ; partitions folded. Seeds:
very many, nearly egg-shaped, with an oblique seed-coat,
fixed in a double row to the central edge of the partitions,
which is thickened, and longitudinally bearded. Receptacle
of the seeds : none. ESSENTIAL, CHARACTER. Pistils: five.
Capsule: five-celled, one-valved, gaping at top. Seeds:

subovate, incompletely arilled. This genus contains the

following species :

1. Abroma Augusta; Maple-leaved Abroma, with leaves
heart-shaped or angular, sharply serrulate. A tree with a
straight trunk, yielding a gum when cut, and filled with a
white pith like the elder. It is a native of New South
Wales and the Philippine Islands ; and was introduced into
England about 1770. It is propagated by cuttings, but re-
quires a strong heat, and abundance of water. The seeds
will not easily ripen with us, and can seldom be obtained
ia a state fit for vegetation.

2. Abroma Wheleri ; Wheler's Abroma. Its leaves are
spear egg-shaped, sharp-pointed, and slightly toothed. A
shrub native of the East Indies. It is unknown in
Europe.

VOL. i. 5.

A C A

Abrus ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, bell-
shaped, obscurely four-lobed ; teeth blunt, the upper one
broadest. Corolla : papilionaceous ; banner roundish, en-
tire, ascending, flatted at the sides, longer than the wings
and keel ; wings oblong, blunt ; keel oblong, sickle-
shaped, gibbous, longer than the wings. Stamina : filamenta
nine, united into a sheath, cloven above, free at the end,
unequal, rising ; anthewe oblong, erect. 'Pistil : germen
cylindrical, hairy ; style subulate, rising shorter than the
stamina ; stigma in the form of a head, and small. Peri-
carp : legume like a rhomb, compressed, coriaceous, double-
valved, four or five celled, sharp-pointed, with a little awl-
shaped deflexed claw. Seeds: solitary, and nearly globu-
lar. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: obscurely four-lobed ;
the upper lobe broadest. Filamenta : nine, united into
a sheath at bottom, gaping at the back. Stigma : blunt.
Seeds .- subglobose. There is but one species.

1. Abrus Precatorius, or Jamaica Wild Liquorice, which is
indigenous in the East and West Indies, Guinea, and
Egypt. The seeds of this plant are commonly strung,
and worn as ornaments by the natives of those countries.
Linneus says they are extremely deleterious, although they
are eaten in Egypt : however, authors agree that they are
the hardest and most indigestible of all the pulse tribe,
producing violent flatulencies in the bowels. This plant
may be propagated by seeds which have been soaked twelve
or fourteen hours in water, before they are sown, which
must be in a good hot-bed in the spring. If sown without
soaking, they frequently lie a whole year without vegetat-
ing, but will appear in a fortnight, if the seed be good and
well soaked, and the bed in a proper temperature of heat.
When the plants are two inches high, they should be trans-
planted each into a separate pot, filled with light earth.
They flower in the second year, and sometimes ripen their
seeds in England.

Acatna, a thorn ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth four-
leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, equal, permanent. Corolla :
none, unless the calix be termed one. Stamina : filamenta
O

A C A

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL

A C A

equal, of middle length, opposite the calix; antherce four-
cornered, twin, erect. Pistil : germen inferior, obovate,
bristled ; style very small, bent in on one side ; stigma a
small, many-cleft, thickish, coloured membrane. Pericarp :
a dry, obovate, one-celled berry, beset with thorns bent
backwards. Seed: single. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
four-leaved. Corolla: four-petalled. Berry dry, inferior,
one-seeded, with spines bent backwards. The only spe-
cies in this genus is the Acaena elongata, a Mexican plant.
Acalypha ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Mon-
adelphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowers crowded
above the Females. Calix: perianth three or four leaved ;
leaflets roundish, concave, and equal. Corolla : none. Sta-
mina : lilumenta eight to sixteen, short, crowded, connected
at the base j antherae roundish. Female flowers fewer, be-
low the others, received into a large undivided involucre.
Calix: perianth three-leaved j leaflets subovate, concave,
converging, small, permanent. Corolla .- wanting. Pistil :
germen roundish ; styles three, branching, usually three-
parted, long; stigmas simple. Pericarp.- capsule roundish,
three-furrowed, three-celled ; the valves gaping two ways.
Seeds: solitary, roundish, very large. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Male. Calix: three or four leaved; no Corolla; from
eight to sixteen stamina. Female. Calix: three leaved ; no
Corolla; three styles. Capsule: three -grained, three-celled.
Seed : one. The species are as follows :

1 . Acalypha Virginica ; Virginian Acalypha : with female
involucres, heart-shaped, gashed ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
longer than the foot-stalk. It grows naturally in Virginia,
and other parts of North America, and even in Ceylon. It
is an annual plant, seldom above a foot high, and in its leaves
much resembles Pellitory. All the culture it requires, is to
keep it free from weeds, and to let it remain where sown, as
it does not bear removing well. It flowers in August, and
the seeds ripen in October.

2. Acalypha Virgata; Jamaica Acalypha : has female spikes
\\ ith heart-shaped involucres, serrate ; males distinct, naked;
leaves spear egg-shaped. It is anative of the warmest coun-
tries, and grows plentifully in Jamaica: it is an annual plant,
which seldom exceeds a foot high in England. The leaves
are very like those of the annual Nettle, and will sting as
much when touched. It will not thrive in the open air in
this country, but must be sown in pots, and plunged into
hot-beds.

3. Acalypha Indica ; Indian Acalypha. Female involucres
heart-shaped, and slightly notched; leaves ovate, shorter than
the petiole. It grows about three feet high ; and was dis-
covered in great plenty at Vera Cruz. It inhabits marshy
places ; but is found upon dunghills in the East Indies : it
is an annual plant, which flowers in July.

4. Acalypha Villosa; Jillous Acalypha, Female involu-
cres very small, toothed, and extremely villose ; spikus elon-
gate ; leaves ovate, pointed, serrate, longer than the foot-
stalk. Grows in the woods of Carthegena.

5. Acalypha Australis ; South American Acalypha. Fe-
male involucres quite entire ; leaves lanceolate-obtuse. It
is a native of South America.

6. Acalypha Hernandifolia. Female spikes very long ; in-
volucres cordate, serrate ; males distinct, naked ; leaves sub-
cordate, serrate, on very long petioles. It is a native of the
West Indies.

7. Acalypha Corensis. Female flowers terminating, dis-
tinct ; involucres three-leaved; males, spikes axillary, in-
volucred ; leaves ovate serrate. Grows in the West Indies.

8. Acalypha Laevigata. Female spikes with many-parted
involucres; male spikes lax, naked; leaves wedge-ovate,

acuminate, serrulate, very smooth. It is found in the West
Indies.

9. Acalypha Elliptica. Female spikes with involucres
shorter than the germs, ovate-toothed, hirsute ; males naked,
lax ; leaves elliptic, acuminate-toothed. It is a native of
the West Indes.

10. Acalypha Reptans. Spikes terminating, erect ; flowers
mixed ; females lower ; involucres cordate, serrate ; males
leafless ; leaves ovate, serrate ; stem creeping. Grows in
Hispaniola and Jamaica.

11. Acalypha Tomentosa. Female spikes terminating,
solitary ; involucres many-parted ; males in spikes ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, villous, tomentose un-
derneath. It is a native of the West Indies.

12. Acalypha Angustifolia. Female flowers subsessile,
terminating ; involucres serrate ; males in spikes ; leaves
linear, serrate. Found in the West Indies.

13. Acalypha Scabrosa. Female spikes with cordate
gashed involucres ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, sca-
brous. It is a native of the West Indies.

14. Acalypha Betulasfolia. Female flowers axillary, ses-
sile ; involucres cordate, crenate ; males in spikes ; leaves
roundish, crenate, smooth. Native of the West Indies.

These plants having neither use nor beauty to recommend
them, they are preserved in botanic gardens for the sake of
variety.

Acanthus ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
speifoia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth with leaf-
lets in three alternate pairs, unequal, permanent. Corolla :
one-petalled, unequal ; tube very short, closed with a beard ;
upper lip none, under lip very large, flat, straight, very broad,
three-lobed, obtuse, the length of the upper lip of the calix.
Stamina : filamenta four, subulate, shorter than the corolla,
the two upper rather longer, recurved, incurved at the top;
anthers; oblong, compressed, obtuse, the lateral ones parallel,
villous before. Pistil: germen conical; style filiform, length
of the stamina; stigmas two, acute, lateral. Pericarp: cap-
sule subovate with a point, two-celled, two-valved, with a
contrary partition ; claws alternate, curved, fastened to the
partition. Seed: ovate, gibbous, single; sometimes two.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-leaved, bifid. Corolla:

one-lipped, bent down, trifid. Capsule : two-celled. The

species of this genius are,

1. Acanthus Mollis; Smooth Acanthus, Drank Ursine, or
Bear's Breech. Its leaves are sinuate and unarmed. The
flowers are white. This species is used in medicine, under
the name Branca Ursina. Wherever it abounds, it is used for
the same purposes as the Althaea, or the Marshmallow. The
roots and loaves abound with a soft slippery mucilage,
which is readily extracted, either by boiling, or infusing
them in water ; and is of singular efficacy in tickling coughs,
catarrhs, defluxions on the lungs, hoarseness, erosions of
the bowels, and the strangury, and for lubricating the uri-
nary passages, in nephritic and calculous disorders. It may
be propagated either by seeds, or by parting the roots. The
seeds should be sown towards the end of March, and if the
season be favourable, they will appear in May ; they only
require to be kept six inches asunder, and free from weeds,
till autumn, when they should be transplanted whither they
are intended to remain. They take deep root, and when
once established in a irarden, are hard to eradicate. It re-
quires a warm situation. It is said that the leaves of this
species of the Acanthus, found accidentally growing round
a basket covered with a tile, gave occasion to Callimachus
to invent the Corinthian capital. It is a native of Naples,
Sicily, Provence, and the Archipelago.

ACE

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ACE

2. Acanthus Carduifolius ; Thistle-leaved Acanthus. Leaves
sinuous-toothed, thorny; spike of flowers radical. This
was found at the Cape of Good Hope : respecting its cul-
ture and propagation, see the preceding species.

3. Acanthus Spinosus; Prickly Acanthus. Leaves pinnati-
fid, thorny. It grows wild in Italy and Provence, and flow-
ers from July to September. It requires the same treatment
in cultivation as the two preceding species.

4. Acanthus Dioscoridis ; Acanthus ofDioscorides. Leaves
lanceolate, quite entire, and thorny on the margin. Accord-
ing to Rauwolff, this species, which Linneus supposed to
be the genuine species of Bioscorides, grows naturally on
mount Lebanon in the East.

5. Acanthus Ilicifolius ; Holly-leaved Acanthus. Leaves
repand, tooth-thorny ; stem shrubby, prickly. It is an ever-
green, rising about four feet high, very like the common
Holly, and armed with spines in the same manner. Native
of the East and West Indies, and of some of the islands in
the South Seas. It is too tender to thrive without a stove
in England, and can only be propagated by seeds, which do
not ripen in Europe.

6. Acanthus Integrifolius ; Entire-leaved Acanthus. Leaves
oblong, entire; stem herbaceous, procumbent. It is a native
of the Cape.

7. Acanthus Procumbens ; Procumbent Acanthus. Leaves
oblong, serrate, and ciliate ; stem procumbent, shrubby.
Native of the Cape.

8. Acanthus Furcatus ; Forked Acanthus. Leaves oblong,
tooth-thorny; stem shrubby; bractes terminated by a three-
forked thorn. Native of the Cape.

9. Acanthus Capensis ; Cape Acanthus. Leaves oblong,
toothed, thorny ; stem shrubby, erect ; bractes terminated
by a simple thorn. Native of the Cape.

10. Acanthus Maderaspatensis ; Madras Acanthus. Leaves
four-fold ; flowers axillary ; calices ciliate , with an herba-
ceous dichotomous stem. It is a native of the East Indies ;
and will not" thrive in England without a stove.

Acer; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite Flowers. Calix :
perianth one-leafed, five-cleft, acute, coloured, flat and
entire at the base, permanent. Corolla : petals five, ovate,
broader outward, obtuse, scarcely larger than the calix,
spreading. Stamina : filamenta eight, subulate, short ; an-
therae simple ; pollen cruciform. Pistil: germen compressed
immersed in a convex, perforated, large receptacle ; style
filiform, advancing in height daily ; stigmas two (or three),
pointed, slender, reflex. Pericarp: capsules two or three,
growing together at the base, roundish, compressed, each
terminated by a very large membranous wing. Seeds: soli-
tary, roundish. N. B. The male flowers are the same with
the hermaphrodites, except that they have neither germen
nor style, but only a bifid stigma. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
(Aiia: five-cleft. Corolla.: five-petalled. Stamina- eight (or
ten;) Gi/rmina: two (or three,) superior. Style: simple. Cap-
tuks .- two, sometimes three, with one seed in each, terminated
by a wing. Mules : without germen or style. This genus
Uts of hardy deciduous trees, easily propagated by sowing
their seeds soon after they are ripe, in a bed of common earth,
covering them half an inch thick with light mould. In the
spring they will appear above ground, and if kept clear from
weeds, and watered in dry weather, some of the sorts will
grow above a foot high the first summer. The autumn or
spring following, if they are close in the seed-bed, it will be
proper to transplant them into' a nursery, in rows at three
feet distance, and two feet asunder in the rows. They may
remain there three or four years, in which time they will

become large enough to plant out for continuance. The

species are,

1. Acer Sempervirens ; Evergreen Maple. Leaves ovate,
quite entire, evergreen, this is thought to be a variety of the
Cretan Maple : see the seventeenth species.

2. Acer Tataricum ; Tartarian Maple. Leaves heart-
shaped, undivided, serrate ; lobes obscure ; flowers in racemes.
It is a native of Southern Russia, by the Tanais, Volga, &c.
The wood is whitish, but with some brownish veins. The
seeds, boiled with mild and butter, are used as astringents by
the Calmuc Tartars. It is very difficult to raise in England.

3. AcerPseudoplatanus; Great Maple, or Sycamore. Leaves
five-lobed, unequally serrate; flowers in racemes. This
tree grows wild in mountainous situations, in Switzerland,
Austria, Germany, and Italy. In England it is vulgarly called
the Sycamore, and sometimes the Mock Plane-tree, and in
Scotland it is termed the Plane-tree. It was formerly much
used for planting walks and avenues, and is excellent for
plantations near the sea, or for sheltering other trees from
the spray, which they resist with less injury than most trees.
In pastures, also, they are least injurious to the grass. The
wood was once much in request for trenchers, being very white
and soft. It is still used by turners for bowls, dishes, &c.
by saddlers for saddle-trees ; and is recommended for cart
and plough timber, being light and tough, though inferior to
Ash. It is a quick-growing wood, thriving wonderfully on
warm, sound, rich land, rising so as to make excellent walks
and shady bowers ; useful for inward building, where better
timber is wanting; and for firing, when wood grows scarce ;
hence it is generally reckoned proper for underwood, because
it shoots fast from the stool, and makes good fuel. In spring
and autumn this species will pour forth from the wounded
stem abundance of saccharine juice, in the same manner as
the Birch j from which Mr. Ray, on the authority of Dr.
Martin Lister, says that a good wine may be made.

4. Acer Rubrum ; Scarlet-flowering Maple. Leaves five-
lobed, slightly toothed, glaucous underneath ; peduncles very
simple and aggregate. Of this tree there are two varieties in
nurseries. I. The Virginian Scarlet-flowering Maple. 2. Sir
Charles Wager's Flowering Maple. With us it is propagated
for the sake of the scarlet flowers which appear in the spring.
In Pennsylvania, where it grows in the swamps, the natives
use it for almost all sorts of wood-work ; with the bark they
dye a dark blue, and make a good black ink. The Canadians
tap the tree, and make sugar and treacle from the juice.

5. Acer Saccharinum; American Sugar Maple. Leaves
five-parted, palmate, point-toothed, pubescent. These trees
grow forty feet higE. In North America, they tap the trees
early in the spring, and make a very good sort of sugar in
large quantities by boiling the juice. Large tracts of that
country are covered with this tree, which yields a sugar equal
to the best cane, and in great quantities, with no other labour
than what women and girls can bestow, in drawing off and
boiling the liquor. Dr. Rush assures us, that this tree is so
far from being injured by the tapping, that it has flourished
after forty-two annual operations ; it is therefore concluded,
by judicious persons, that the inhabitants of that country
can, not only supply their own demands, but even make sugar
for exportation. In all sugar plantations, it will be necessary
to cut out the different sorts of timber which grow intermixed
witli the Maple-tree, and even such of that species as are not
thriving trees. The timber so cut will serve as fuel for the
boilers, and leave openings for the rays of the sun to enter
which improve and enrich the sap. The season for tapping is
in February, March, and April, according to the weather.
Warm days and frosty nights are the most favourable to a plen-

ACE

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A C H

tiful discharge of the sap. The perforation is made with an axe
or an augur, but the latter is preferred. The augur is intro-
duced about three quarters of an inch in an ascending direc-
tion ; and is afterwards deepened gradually to the extent of
two inches. A spout is introduced about half an inch, and
projects from three to twelve inches ; it is generally made of
the Sumach or Elder. The tree is first tapped on the south
side, and afterwards on the north side; and the sap flows from
four to six weeks, according to the temperature of the wea-
ther. Troughs large enough to contain three or four gallons
are placed under the spout to receive the sap, which is taken
every day to a large receiver, from whence it is conveyed to
the boiler, after having been strained.

6. Acer Dissectum ; Cut-leaved Maple, Leaves many-
parted, palmate ; the divisions sub-pinnatifid and serrate.
It was found by Thunberg in Japan. It flowers in May.

7. Acer Japonicum ; Japanese Maple. Leaves many-
parted, gashed, and villous; flowers sub-umbelled. It flow-
ers in April and May ; and is a native of Japan.

8. Acer Palmatum ; Hand-leaved Maple. Leaves palmate
serrate, smooth ; flowers in umbels. it flowers in May ;
and was discovered by Thunberg in Japan.

9. Acer Septemlobum ; Seeen-lobed Maple. Leaves seven-
lobed, smooth ; lobes pointed, regularly and sharply serrate.
This species also was seen by Thunberg in Japan.

10. Acer Pictum ; Painted Maple. Leaves seven-lobed,
smooth ; lobes pointed, entire. It was found by Thunberg,
in Japan.

1 1 . Acer Platanoides ; Norway Maple. Leaves five-lobed
pointed, sharply toothed, smooth ; flowers in corymbs. This
treee grows to a large size. Hanbury says, it is quick of
growth, arrives at great bulk, and is one of the best trees for
sheltering habitations. Linneus recommends itforwalksand
plantations ; as yielding a juice from which sugar may be
made, if it be wounded in the winter ; and as cutting out into
a white smooth wood, fit for the stocks of guns, and for the
joiner and turner. Dr. Hunter observes, that as it is a quick
grower, arrives at a great bulk, and answers all the purposes
of the Sycamore, the raising it for use, as well as ornament
and variety, should not be neglected. Norway Maple is
found on the mountains in the north of Europe, in Germany,
Switzerland, Stiria, Carniola, and Savoy.

12. Acer Montanum ; Mountain Maple. Leaves slightly
five-lobed, acute, serrate; racemes compound; calices hairy.
It is a native of North America.

13. Acer Pennsylvanicum ; Pennsylvanian Maple. Leaves
three-lobed, acuminate, sharply double-serrate ; racemes sim-
ple ; calices smooth. It is a small tree, which in some situa-
tions may be considered rather as a shrub. It is a native of
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Canada. The thickness of the
shade, the beauty of the bark, and the tree not being liable
to insects, would make it desirable for plantations, were it
not for the litter occasioned by the abundance of the leaves
and fruit which it produces, and its being subject to be torn
by storms. It delights in a firm dry mould.

14. Acer Campestre ; Common or Small Mapk. This spe-
cies is chiefly seen in hedgerows and coppices. Its timber is
far superior to that of the Beech, for all the uses of the turner,
particularly dishes, cups, trenchers, and bowls ; and when it
abounds in knots, as it very frequently does, it is highly
esteemed by the joiners for inlaying, &c. The wood is often
used by musical instrument makers for its lightness ; for gun
stocks, on account of its hardness ; and it was formerly in
great request for tables, on account of its whiteness. This
tree will flourish in very coarse land.

15. Acer Opalus ; Italian Maple. Leaves roundish, five-

lobed, loosely serrate; capsules ovate, smooth, almost upright.
This tree was first discovered at the foot of the Alps, and
afterwards in abundance near Pissevache in the valley of
Trient ; and near Olon : it is common in many parts of
Italy, particularly near Rome and Viterbo. It acquires a
considerable stature, and as its leaves are large, and afford a
great shade, it is frequently planted on the road side and near
habitations, for which purposes it well deserves the attention
of ornamental planters, especially as although it be seldom
seen in England, it is nevertheless hardy enough to bear the
open air of our climate.

16. Acer Monspessulanum ; Mvntpelier Maple. Leaves
three-lobed, very entire, smooth, annual. Its leaves resem-
ble the Common Maple, but are of a much thicker substance,
smaller, ami of a shining green colour. They retain their
verdure very late in autumn, which renders this tree more
valuable, although it is not common in England. It abounds
in the south of France and in Italy.

17. Acer Creticum ; Cretan Maple. Leaves three-lobed,
very entire, pubescent, perennial. This tree resembles the
Montpelier Maple, and attains to the same height. Its leaves
are distinguished by a thinner texture, and their footstalks
are covered with a soft hairy down. When well sheltered,
they continue green most part of the year. It is a native of
the Levant.

18. Acer Trifidum ; Tnfid-leaved Maple. Leaves un-
divided and trifid, without indentations on the edge. It is
of inferior growth, seldom attaining to more than between
twenty and thirty feet. .'

19. Acer Negundo; Virgm'mn Ash-leaved Maple. Leaves
compound ; flowers racemed. Three and four pistilla have
been observed in the female flower ; no corolla, and four or
five stamina, in the males. This is a strong-shooting tree, of
quick growth, and in Virginia and Carolina is one of the
largest trees of this kind. Its leaves fall soon in autumn, and
when planted, it must not be exposed to violent winds aa it
is subject to sprit. The wood is used for the same purposes
as the Sycamore and Norway Maple, but it is soft and brittle.
The tree grows to the height of forty feet and upwards, and
is fit for large plantations.

20. Acer Pinnatum; Wlng-knred Mnph: Leaves pinnate ;
leaflets oblong, quite entire. This is a native of the woods
of Cochin-China. It is a middling-sized tree, with spread-
ing branches, white !!ower=, and a very hard wood.

Achania; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly-
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth double.
Outer many-leaved ; leaflets linear, permanent, slightly coa-
lescing at the base. Inner one-leafed, subcylindric, streaked
halfway, five-cleft, permanent, (.'urulla: almost club-shaped
convoluted ; petals five, obovate-oblong, erect, with a lobe
at the base on one side, involving the column of stamina.
Stamina ; filamenta numerous, coalescing- into a writhed tube,
longer than the corolla, free at top, capillary ; antherse ob-
long. Pistilla ; germen subglobular ; style filiform, the same
length with the tube of the stamina, ten-cleft at the top, the
segments spreading ; stigmas headed. Pericarp: berry sub-
globular, fleshy, five-celled. Seeds: solitary, convex on the
one side, angular on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
double; outer many-leaved. Corolla .-convolute. Berry:

five seeded. Plants of this genus are generally propagated

by cuttings; because the seeds do not often ripen here.
These are'placed in pots of light earth, and plunged into a
gentle hot-bed, where, if the air be kept from them, they soon
take root, and may afterwards be gradually Untied to the open
air. When placed abroad, they seldom succeed well even in
sheltered situations. It requires a moderate stove to preserve

A C H

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A C H

them during the winter ; and unless kept warm in summer
they will not flower, much less ripen fruit. The species are,

1. Achania Malvaviscus; Scarlet Achania, or Bastard Hi-
biscus. Leaves somewhat scabrous, acuminate ; leaflets of
the outer calix erect. It flowers most part of the year ;
and is a native of Mexico and Jamaica.

2. Achania Mollis ; Woolly Achania. Leaves tomentose ;
leaflets of the outer calix spreading. A native of South
America, and the West India Islands.

3. Achania Pilosa ; Hairy Achania. Leaves hairy, ob-
tuse, and acute. The flowers are small, and the corolla
closed. It is a native of Jamaica.

Achillea ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
gamia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common,
ovate, imbricate; scales ovate, acute, converging. Corolla:
compound radiate ; corollets hermaphrodite, tubular, in the
disk. Females ligulate, five to ten in the ray. Proper of
the hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped, five-cleft, spreading. Fe-
male obcordate, spreading, trifid ; the middle cleft less than
the others. Stamina : in the hermaphrodites ; filamenta five,
capillary, very short ; anther cylindrical, tubular. Pistil:
in the hermaphrodites ; germen small ; style filiform, the
length of the stamina ; stigma obtuse, emarginate. In the
females, germen small ; style filiform, the length of the
stamina ; stigmas two, obtuse, reflex. Pericarp : none. Ca-
lic : scarcely changed ; receptacle filiform, elongate, as the
disk of the seeds, ovate, twice the length of the calix.
Seed* : solitary, ovate, furnished with flocks, but having no
down. Receptacle: chaffy, elevated ; chaffs lanceolate, the
length of the florets. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : ovate,
imbricate. Florets of the ray, about four. Down : none.
Receptacle: chaffy. Every species of this genus may be
propagated by parting the roots either in spring or autumn.
Many of them ripen their seeds, and may therefore be in-
creased that way, by sowing them in March or April, and
transplanting them at Michaelmas. They will flower the
summer following. Some also will grow from slips or cut-
tings, planted in a shady border in summer. They are in
general hardy, and need little care in the cultivation. Those
commonly seen in gardens are, the purple variety of Common
Milfoil, the double variety of common Sneezewort, called
Double Ptarmica, and Woolly Milfoil. Whatever merit the
Alpine sorts may possess as medicines, it cannot answer to
cultivate them with that view in gardens, for they owe their
efficacy to their peculiar situation : but they who are desirous
of having them for variety, will find that they are very hardy,
and will thrive almost in any soil, but that they love an open

exposure. The species are,

* With yellow Corollas.

1. Achillea Santolina ; Lavender-Cotton-leaved Milfoil.
Leaves bristle- shaped, toothed; toothlets nearly entire, subu-
late, reflex. The leaves of this plant are like those of Laven-
der-cotton, which, when rubbed, emit a strong oily odour.
It flowers in June and July; and is an inhabitant of the Levant.

2. Achillea Ageratum ; Sweet Milfoil, or Maudlin. I/eaves
lanceolate, obtuse, sharply serrate. This plant is a native of
Italy, anil Spain, by the road sides. It was brought into
England in 15/O, but being now seldom used in medicine, it
is not cultivated in the gardens for sale ; or if asked for, the
market people give the thirteenth species of this genus,
which is a hardier plant, and more easily propagated : for
though the Sweet Maudlin will bear cold well, yet wet winters
often kill the roots ingood ground ; although when the plants
grow out of the joints of a wall, or in rubbish, they will live
many years without care. It has a sweet smell, a bitter taste,
and is aromatic. Linneus calls it obsolete and superfluous.

VOL. i. 5.

Allione recommends it in all disorders of the nerves, and
prefers it before Tansy. Culpeper commends it as a diu-
retic, and says that the seeds, as well as an infusion of the
flowers in white wine, are excellent for the worms in child-
ren, when given in two ounces per dose. Meyrick and Hill
agree that " the whole plant has a pleasant smell, and may
be used either fresh or dried, but is most efficacious in its
recent state." A strong infusion of it, taken for a length of
time, is good in obstructions of the liver, and considerably
increases the discharge by urine.

3. Achillea Falcata ; Sickle-leaved Milfoil. Leaves linear,
toothed, obtuse, flat ; toothlets crenate. This species is a
native of the East, and is there used in medicine.

4. Achillea Tomentosa ; Woolly Milfoil. Leaves pinnate,
hirsute ; pinnas linear, toothed. This plant is about a foot
high, its whole flower is of a fine yellow colour, with apleasant
aromatic smell. It is often planted in gardens for the sake of
variety, as the flowers retain their beauty for a long time. It
grows naturally in Spain, the south of France, the Valais,
and Italy ; but bears the open air very well in England.

5. Achillea Pubescens ; Downy Milfoil. Leaves pinnate ;
leaflets lanceolate, gash-serrate, wool-bearing beneath.
This plant is a native of the Levant. It has no chaffs tc
the receptacle, and in that respect differs from the generic
character. This and the following species are easily propa-
gated and cultivated both by roots and seeds : they are suffi-
ciently hardy to endure the open air, and when intermixed
with other plants, form a pleasing diversity by their hoary
leaves ; and as their flowers are of long continuance, they
produce an agreeable contrast, though not remarkable for
beauty in themselves.

6. Achillea Abrotanifolia ; Southernwood-leaved Milfoil.
Leaves pinnate, super-decompound; divisions linear, distant.
It is a native of the Levant, and flowers in June and July.

7. Achillea Bipinnata ; Bipinnate Milfoil. Leaves bipin-
nate, tomentose ; leaflets ovate, entire. Native of the Levant.

8. Achillea ^Egyptiaca ; Egyptian Milfoil. Leaves pin-
nate; leaflets obtusely lanceolate, serrate-toothed. This
plant, which is also a native of the Levant, rises from nine
inches to a foot in height. It has finely-cut silvery leaves,
which remain all the year ; and the plant growing close and
low, makes a pretty appearance at all seasons. The flowers
are produced in corymbs on the top of the stalks, and ap-
pear from June to September, and some of them frequently
continue the greatest part of the winter. It rarely perfects
seeds in England, and is therefore propagated by slips. In
a dry soil and a warm situation, it will endure the cold of
our ordinary winters in the open air ; but being often de-
stroyed in very severe frosts, a few plants oughtto be sheltered
under a frame.

** Corollas white in the ray.

9. Achillea Macrophylla ; Feverfew-leaved Milfoil. Leaves
pinnate; pinnas gash -serrate, the outmost larger, and connect-
ed. It has many stalks which rise near three feet high, with
loose branching corymbs of white flowers, like those of the
common Sneezewort, which they also resemble in smell, but
are much pleasanter. It is a native of the Alps, very hardy,
thrives in almost any soil, but loves an open exposure ; flow-
ers in July and August, and deserves a place in gardens.

10. Achillea Impatiens ; Impatient Milfoil. Leaves pin-
nate ; pinnas distant, linear lanceolate, acute from the base
upwards. This species is frequent throughout Siberia.

11. Achillea Clavenn 5 Silver-leaved Milfoil. Leaves
jagged, flat, obtuse, tomentose. This plant scarcely rises six
inches in height ; its flowers are white, and grow in flat
corymbs, and appear in June and July. The leaves are

A C H

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A C H

very hoary, something like those of the common Wormwood,
growing close to the ground, and decaying in autumn. It
is a native of the Alps of Switzerland, Austria, Pannonia,
and Carinthia. As it never perfects its seeds in England, it
is propagated by slips ; which should be planted in a dry
soil, because much wet in winter will cause it to rot.

12. Achillea Ptarmica ; Sneezewort Milfoil. Leaves lan-
ceolate, acuminate, finely serrate. It is found wild in all
the temperate parts of Europe, and in England in meadows,
by the sides of ditches, on the balks of corn-fields, in moist
woods and shady places. It grows two feet high, has
daisy-like flowers, and narrow dentated leaves, from the
form of which it is sometimes called Goose-tongue. The
roots have a biting acrid taste, and so likewise have the young
leaves ; these, powdered, and snuffed up the nose, excite
sneezing, and are excellent in inveterate head-aches. A piece
of the dried root held in the mouth soon fills it with rheum,
and removes the tooth-ache, in the same manner as Pelli-
tory of Spain. The young tops are pleasant in the spring,
when they are eaten as a salad, and reckoned wholesome. In
Siberia a decoction of the whole herb is said to be used with

'success in internal hemorrhages. When planted in pots so
as to confine the roots from creeping, the stalks will grow
closer together, and then it makes a tolerable appearance
when flowering, which takes place in July and August.

13. Achillea Alpina ; 4lpine Milfoil. Leaves lanceolate,
tooth-serrate, toothlets very finely serrate. It is very nearly
allied to the preceding species, which it somewhat resem-
bles, but it has longer leaves, more deeply cut on their
edges, and of a darker green. It is very hardy, and a na-
tive of Switzerland, Savoy, and Siberia.

14. Achillea Serrata; Notcli-leaved Milfoil. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile, tomentose, deeply serrate, jagged at the
base. The flowers esemble those of Sneezewort : they
appear in August and September.

15. Achillea Cristata ; Slender-branched Milfoil. Leaves
linear, serrate ; serratures transverse crested ; stem branch-
ed, weak. It is a native of the East ; and flowers here in
July and August.

16. Achillea Atrata ; Camomile-leaved, or Black Milfoil.
Pinnules comb-like, almost entire ; peduncles villous. This
plant is found on the mountains of Switzerland, the Valais,
and Austria. It was introduced by Drs. Pitcairn and Fother-
gill in 1774, but will not admit of cultivation, nor can be
reconciled to a garden, whatever pains you take with it.

17. Achillea Moschata ; Musk Milfoil, or Swiss Genipi.
Leaves pinnate, dotted ; pinnas remote, linear subulate, al-
most entire, rays thelength of the calix. This can only be dis-
tinguished from the preceding species by its aromatic smell.
It is the true Genipi of the Swiss, though called Genipi bdtard
in Savoy. This plant promises to be of essential efficacy
in disorders arising from a debility of the solids ; it is an ex-
cellent sudorific, though hot, and frequently injurious in the
pleurisy when the fever is high ; and it is also a grateful
food to all sorts of cattle. Hill says, " the seed is the only
part used, and that very rarely." It is said to be good
against the head-ache, but we seldom meet with it fresh
enough to have any virtue. It is found wild in Switzerland,
on the high Alps, and in Savoy, Piedmont, and Austria.

18. Achillea Nana ; Dwarf Milfoil. Leaves pinnate, tooth-
ed, extremely hirsute ; flowers glomcrate-umbelled. It is
a very small plant, and has a fainter smell than the preced-
ing species, for which it is often sold. It grows on the high
Alps of Switzerland, the Valais, and Savoy ; and Allione
observes, that the higher and colder the situation in which it
is found, the thicker is the tomentum or flock which covers

it. It is hardy, will thrive with us in almost any soil, and
deserves a place in gardens.

19. Achillea Magna ; Great Milfoil, or Yarrow. Leaves
bipinnate, rather hairy, the divisions linear and toothed ;
earlets decussated. It is a native of Italy, hardy, and re-
quires little culture.

20. Achillea Millefolium ; Common Milfoil, or Yarrow.
Leaves bipinnate-naked; divisions linear-toothed ; stems fur-
rowed towards the top. This plant has been generally exe-
crated as a noxous weed in pastures : sheep, however, are
found to eat it ; and Anderson has even recommended it for
cultivation. It is frequently found in our meadows, pastures,
and by road-sides ; flowering in June, and the following
summer months, until September. It creeps greatly by its
roots, and multiplies by seeds, so that it is a troublesome
weed in gardens. There is a variety with purple flowers,
which are apt to lose their colour by cultivation. The whole
plant is used fresh-gathered, but the best part is the tops
of the shoots ; these are to be boiled in water, and the de-
coction sweetened with fine sugar : though generally neg-
lected, it is an excellent medicine in the overflowing of the
menses, bloody fluxes, and bleeding of the piles. It in-
creases the urinary discharges, and removes ulcers of the
kidneys or urethra. Sir John Hill says, " the best way of
taking it, is in strong decoctions of the whole plant." Lin-
neus recommends the bruised herb fresh, as an excellent
vulnerary and styptic, and many foreign physicians still
esteem it in hemorrhages. An ointment is made of it for
the piles, and it is reckoned good against the scab in sheep.
An essential oil is extracted from the flowers, but the plant
is excluded from the present medical practice.

21. Achillea Nobilis ; Noble Milfoil. Leaves bipinnate ;
the lower one naked, flat ; the upper obtuse, tomentose ;
the .flowers in convex and very crowded corymbs. This
strongly resembles the Common Milfoil, but its leaves are
not so long or so much cut, they have a pale green colour,
and a strong sweet scent when bruised. This scent, as well
as its other qualities, are stronger than those of the pre-
ceding species. It is a native of Italy, Germany, Switzer-
land, Narbonne, and Tartary.

22. Achillea Odorata ; Scented Milfoil. Leaves bipinnate,
oval, almost naked ; corymbs fastigiate, crowded. Its stem
is scarcely a palm in height : it is a native of Spain, Nar-
bonne, Switzerland, &c.

23. Achillea Cretica ; Cretan Milfoil. Leaves linear ; pin-
nas roundish, imbricate backwards Astern tomentose. It
is, as its name imports, a native of the island of Crete.

24. Achillea Squarrosa ; Rough- headed Milfoil. Leaves
lanceolate-linear, pinnatifid ; pinnas ovate, wedge-shaped,
gash acuminate, vertical ; stem somewhat villose. It was
introduced into England in the year 1755.

25. Achillea Herbarota; Herbarota Milfoil. Leaves wedge-
shaped, entire, toothed at the top. The whole plant is green,
and has a strong smell, like Maudlin. It is in general esteem
among the peasants of the Alps, and is recommended as i\
sudorific, against worms, flatulencies, and intermittent fevers.

26. Achillea Ligustica ; Marjoram-scented Milfoil. Leaves
pinnate ; pinnas sharply-toothed, flat, smooth. The stems
are eighteen inches high, the leaves rather thick and juicy ;
and, like the preceding species, it has a very strong smell,
like Maudlin.

27. Achillea Tanacetifolia ; Tansy-leaved Milfoil. Leaves
pinnate; pinnas laciniate, flat, gashed, and entire : the stem
of this plant is eighteen inches high. It is a native of the
Orisons, and not uncommon in the pastures and valleys of
the Alps.

A C H

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A C H

Achras; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth six-leaved; leaf-
lets ovate, concave, erect; outer broader, shorter; inner
coloured. Corolla : one petalled, ovate, of the same height
with the calix : border cut into six subovate flat divisions ;
scales at the jaw of the corolla equal in length to the divi-
sions, narrower, spreading, emarginate. Stamina : filamenta
short, awl-shaped, at the jaws of the corolla, alternate with
the divisions, bent inwards ; antherse sharp. Pistil : germen
roundish, flatted ; style awl-shaped, longer than the corolla ;
stigma obtuse. Pericarp: a globose very succulent pome,
with twelve cells. Seeds: solitary, ovate, shining, scarred
on one side, and pointed at the base. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Calix: six-leaved. Corolla: ovate, sexfid, with six
scales alternate, more within. Pome: ten-celled. Seeds:
solitary, with a scar on the edge, and a tail or a process at
the top. The trees of this genus are natives of very warm
countries, and cannot be preserved in England unless they
are placed in the warmest stoves, and managed with great
care. The species are,

1. Achras Mammosa ; Mammee Sapota. This has a sixth
part less in the parts of fructification than the other species
of this genus. It is also called nippled Sapota, or American
Marmalade ; it grows in America, to the height of thirty-
five or forty feet, having a straight trunk covered with an
ash-coloured bark. The flowers are cream-coloured, and
are succeeded by large oval or top-shaped fruit, covered
with a brownish skin, under which is a thick pulp of a rus-
set-colour, very luscious, called natural marmalade, from
its resemblance to marmalade of quinces. This tree is com-
monly planted in gardens for the fruit, in Jamaica, Barbadoes,
Cuba, and most of the West India islands. It is esteemed
one of the best timber trees in Jamaica. The bark of this
and the following species is called Cortex Jamaicensis, or
Jamaica bark. It is an excellent astringent, but very dif-
ferent from the Jesuits' bark, for which it was mistaken,
and given to the negroes, with very ill effect, and has been
also tried in England. There is a wild Mammee, which
bears a fruit of no value ; but the tree is straight, tall, and
tough, and therefore principally used for masts.

2. Achras Sapota; Common Sapota. Flowers solitary;
leaves lanceolate-ovate. A large, tall, straight tree, with-
out knots or branches for sixty or seventy feet or more. The
fruit is bigger than a quince, round, and covered with a
thick grey rind : it tastes and smells well : the flesh is
yellow as a carrot, with two large rough stones, each bigger
than an almond, in the middle ; the kernels of which are
bitter, and may be used in strengthening emulsions. This
tree is larger and taller than the preceding species.

3. Achras Dissccta ; Cloven-flowered Sapota. Flowers
crowded ; corollas cloven into eight parts ; leaves obovate,
bluntly notched at the end. This is a lofty tree, with a
thick upright trunk. The flowers are white ; and all its
herbaceous parts milky. In Malabar it is cultivated for the
fruit, which is succulent, and of a sweetish acid flavour.
The leaves bruised, and boiled with the root of Curcuma and
the leaves of ginger, are used for catapalsms to tumors.
It is supposed to be a native of the Philippine Islands, and
also to grow in China ; Forster found it flowering in Sep-
tember upon the island of Tongatabu.

4. Achras Salicifolia ; Willow-leaved Sapota. Flowers
crowded ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, acuminate. This species
is called the White Bully-tree, or Galimeta-wood, in Ja-
maica, where it grows to a considerable height, commonly
strajght and tapering, and most frequently found in the
lower lands. The wood is pale yellow, and reckoned good

timber, but is mostly used in such parts of the building as
are least exposed to the weather.

Achyranthes ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth, outer three-
leaved, lanceolate, acute, permanent ; inner five-leaved^
permanent. Corolla : none ; nectary of five valves, surround-
ing the germen, bearded at the top, concave, caducous.
Stamina : filamenta filiform, the length of the corolla ; an-
therae ovate, incumbent. Pistil : germen superior, turbinate ;
style filiform, the length of the stamina ; stigma bifid,
villose. Pericarp : capsule roundish, one-celled, not gaping.
Seed : single, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-
leaved. Corolla : none. Stigma : bifid. Seeds : solitary.
These plants have not much beauty to recommend them ;
they are preserved in botanic gardens, and the greater num-
ber must be placed in a stove, to preserve them through
the winter. The species are,

1. Achyranthes Aspera ; Rough Achyranthes. Stem shrub-
by, erect ; calices reflex, pressed to the spike. It is found
in Sicily, Malabar, Ceylon, Jamaica, und almost every where
within the tropics. It has been long known in England, and
may be raised on a hot-bed from the seeds ; and when the
plants have acquired strength, they may be removed into the
full ground, where the flowers will appear in July, and the
fruit ripen in September. '-" If kept in pots, set into a warm
green-house in winter, they will live two or three years.

2. Achyranthes Lappacea ; Burry Achyranthes. Stem
shrubby, diffused, prostrate ; spikes interrupted ; lateral
flowers having a bundle of hooked bristles on each side.
It is a lofty plant, native of Malabar and Ceylon.

3. Achyranthes Muricata ; Prickly Achyranthes, Stem
shrubby, patulous ; leaves alternate ; flowers in remote
ovate spikes ; calices squarrose. It is a native of India.

4. Achyranthes Patula; Spreading Achyranthes. Stem
shrubby, patulous, pubescent ; flowers in orbicular spikes,
hedgehog-hooked. This plant is three feet high. In a state of
sleep, the opposite leaves are bent down under the branch, and
approximate to the under surface. Native of the East Indies.

5. Achyranthes Alternifolia ; Alternate-leaved Achyranthes,
Stem herbaceous, erect ; flowers in subglobular burrs. The
flowers have two stigmas ; the germen is globose ; and the
style purple. Native of the East Indies.

6. Achyranthes Corymbosa; Corymbed Achyranthes.
Leaves fourfold, linear ; panicle dichotomous, corymbed.
This herb is a foot in height ; its stem is round and jointed.
A native of Ceylon.

7. Achyranthes Dichotoma ; Dichotomous Achyranthes.
Stems suffruticose ; leaves opposite, linear, flat, acute ;
cyme dichotomous. It resembles the preceding species ;
and is a native of Virginia.

8. Achyranthes Prostrata ; Prostrate Achyranthes. Stems
prostrate, shrubby ; spikes oblong ; floscules in pairs, with
a hooked fascicle on each side. The stems of this species
are often creeping. It is a native of India.

9. Achyranthes Nivea ; Wliite, or Snowy Achyranthes.
Leaves verticillated, ovate, tomentose ; corymbs compact,
dichotomous ; flowers corolled. This species, which will
live in a green-house, was introduced into England in 1~8O,
from the Canary Islands. It flowers from May to July.

10. Achyranthes Altissima ; Tall Achyranthes. Stem suf-
fruticose, scandent; panicles terminating and axillary,
branched. The stalks of this species climb up trees to the
height of twenty feet. Browne calls it Bastard Hoop-withe.
It is common among low bushes about Spanish Town and
Kingston in Jamaica, and in the woods of St. Domingo.

11. Achyranthes Polygonoides j Many -cornered Achy-

A C N

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A C O

ranthes. Stem decumbent, four-cornered ; leaves ovate-
cordate ; spikes lax, short. The stems are frequently
eighteen inches high. It is a native of Arabia.

Ada ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Dodecan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
turbinate, curved ; border five-parted ; parts roundish,
spreading ; the uppermost and two lowest larger ; the two
middle ones smaller. Corolla ; petals five, oblong, rounded ;
the three upper longer, ascending ; the two lower shorter.
Stamina : filamenta twelve, unequal, uniting at the bottom
in a linear fleshy membrane, inserted into the calix between
the two smaller petals ; antherae roundish, small. Pistil :
germen ovate, above the base adhering by the membrane of
the stamina, to a rib internally prominent from the bottom
of the calix: style filiform, curved ; stigma acute. Pericarp:
drupe ovate, fibrous, chincked, large. Seed : nut, ovate,
with a brittle shell. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-
parted. Corolla : five petalled, unequal. Drupe ; full of
chinks. The only known sppr ics is,

1. Apia Gnianensis ; the Guiana ACM. A tree with a
trunk sixty feet in height, and three or four feet in diame-
ter, covered with a smooth gray bark. The fruit is of the
size of a walnut, covered with a thick, woody, fibrous, cori-
aceous skin, of a brown colour, cracking irregularly, and
adhering to the stone, which is thin, and easily breaks. It
encloses a large kernel of an irregular form, dividing into
two parts. The Creoles at Cayenne eat it when brought to
market in August ; they reckon it good fruit, and extract
an oil as sweet as that of almonds from it : they call the
tree Coupi. The wood is hard and heavy, of a white colour
inclining to yellow.

Acidoton ; a genus of the class Moncecia, order Polyandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Maleflowers. Calix: perianth five-
leaved ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, reflex. Corolla : none.
Stamina : filamenta numerous, thirty-five to forty, placed
on a globular receptacle ; the outer shorter, the inner
longer ; antherae cordate-ovate, upright, small. Females on
the same or a different tree. Calix : perianth six-leaved : leaf-
lets linear-lanceolate, spreading. Corolla : none. Pistil :
germen three-cornered ; style short, acute, thick, trifid at the
top ; stigmas tomentose, reflex. Pericarp : capsule three-
grained, hirsute, three-celled. Seeds : solitary, ovate. ES-
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla :
none. Stamina : fixed to a globular receptacle. Female.
Calix : six-leaved. Corolla : none. Style : trifid. Cap-
sule : three-grained. The only known species is,

1. Acidoton Urens. It is eight or nine feet high ; trunk
round, straight, and woody, the size of the little finger,
covered with a smooth brownish bark. This plant, des-
cribed by Sloane, seems to. have been young, as he never
saw either flower or fruit. A native of Jamaica.

Acnida ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : perianth five-leaved ;
leaflets ovate, concave, acute, membranaceous on the edge.
Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta five, capillary, very
short ; antheraa versatile, bilocular, forked each way. Female.
Calix : involucre many-leaved, linear, deciduous ; perianth
two-leaved, linear, very small, permanent. Corolla : none.
Pistil: germen superior, ovate ; styles five, long, reflex, pubes-
cent ; stigmas simple. Pericarp : fruit ovate, compressed,
many-angled, furrowed, covered with a succulent calix.
Seeds: solitary, round, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Male. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla : none. Female. Calix :
two-leaved. Corolla: none. Styles: five. Seed : one, cover-
ed with the succulent calix. The only known species is,

1. Acnida Cannabina j Virginian Hemp. This plant grows

naturally in Virginia, and in some other parts of North Ame-
rica, but is rarely cultivated in Europe, except in some few
botanic gardens. It is near of kin to Hemp, but there is
little beauty in it, and hitherto no use has been made of it.
Aconite, Winter. See Helleborus.

Aconitum ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Trigynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: petals five,
unequal, opposite, in pairs. 1. The highest helmet-tubed,
inverted, the back upwards, obtuse ; the top reflected to the
base, acuminate, to which top the connecting base is oppo-
site. 2, 3. The two lateral ones broad, roundish, opposite,
converging. 4, 5. The two lowest oblong, pointing down-
wards. Nectaries two, concealed under the first petal, fistu-
lous, nodding ; mouth oblique ; tail recurved; sitting on long
subulate peduncles ; six little very short coloured scales, in
the same circle as the nectaries. Stamina : filamenta subulate,
very small, broader at the base, inclining towards the first
petal ; antherae erect, small. Pistil.- germina three, (five)
oblong, ending in styles the length of the stamina ; stigmas
simple, reflex. Pericarp : capsules as many as the styles,
ovate-subulate, straight, one-valved, gaping inward. Seeds:
very many, angular, wrinkled. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix : none. Petals : five, the highest arched, shaped like a
hood or helmet. Nectaries : two. Peduncle recurved ; Cap-
sules : three or five. All the species of this genus may be pro-
pagated by seeds, which, if sown in a shady situation during
autumn, will appear in the following spring. The ground
must be kept free from weeds, and the plants watered in dry
weather, for the first year, when they may be transplanted
to where they are intended to remain ; all the attention they
will there require, is, to cut down the stalks in autumn, after
they have done flowering. They are all hardy perennials,
require little care or culture, and, having most handsome
spikes of spacious flowers, are very desirable plants for

shrubberies and wilderness quarters. The species are,

* With three Capsules

1. Aconitum Lycoctonum ; Great Yellow Monk's Hood.
or Wolfs bane. Leaves palmate, multifid, villose. The
stem is eighteen inches high or more, very little branched,
and leafy. It is reckoned among the earliest spring flowers
of Sweden ; where a decoction of the powder of the root
is used for destroying flies and other insects. Linneus says,
it is eaten in Medelpadia, a province of Sweden, without
injury. It seems, indeed, to be milder than some of the
other species, and hence goats and horses are said to eat
it. It was cultivated here by Gerarde, in 1596. The
mountains of Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Carniola,
Italy, and Siberia, produce it in a wild state.

2. Aconitum Japonicum ; Japanese Monk's Hood. Leaves
trifid, palmate ; divisions gashed, blunt. The stem is
round and smooth, and the spike of flowers short. It is a
native of Japan, and is there called Soo Huso.

3. Aconitum Napellus ; Common Monk's Hood, or Wolfs-
bane. Divisions of the leaves linear, broader above, and
scored with a line. The species has the root simple, woody,
tuberous, unequal ; stem erect, firm, covered with leaves
eighteen inches high. This plant is allowed on all hands
to be a most deadly poison, a criminal having been put to
death by taking one drachm of the root. It has nevcr-
;heless been so subdued as to become a powerful remedy
n some of the most troublesome disorders incident to the
mman frame. Baron Stoerck began by administering it in

violent pains of the side and joints, in glandulous schirrhi,

tumors, ulcerous tubercles of the breast, &c. to the quantity

if from ten to thirty grains in a dose, of an extract made with

the juice of this plant by a gentle evaporation, and then

A C O

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A C R

adding two drachms of lump sugar, in powder, to two grains
of the extract. Its principal sensible effect was in exciting a
copious perspiration. A much larger dose has also been safely
administered, but it is recommended to begin with a small
quantity. Dr. Murray asserts its chief virtue to be in rheu-
matic and other chronic disorders, for which the above extract
is the best preparation. It is said to have been serviceable
in confirmed venereal cases, and even to have discussed nodes,
and cured obstinate ulcers. Its efficacy in the gutta serena
has been commended, but probably not with such certainty
ii.s in the forementioned disorders. Those which have blue
flowers are said to be more potent than those which are yel-
low or white. The variety of this species, is the most com-
mon in our English gardens, being cultivated for the spe-
cious appearance of its long spikes of blue flowers. It grows
nearly four feet in height, the spikes are above two feet long;
and being very hardy, growing in any soil or situation, and
multiplying greatly by its roots, it has been allowed a place
in most gardens and plantations of shrubs. It ought, how-
ever, to be admitted with great caution where children and
ignorant persons frequent. It flowers in May and June, and
the seeds ripen in September.

4. Aconitum Pyrenaicum; Pyrenean or Fennel-leaved
Monk'sHood, or Wolfs-bane. Leaves many-parted ; divisions
linear, incumbent, and squarrose. This plant grows wild
on the Pyrenees, in Tartary, and Siberia. The spike nods
before the time of flowering, which in our gardens is in July:
it attains to four feet high, and has a long spike of yellow
flowers of a middling size. It may be allowed a place among
shrubs, or such parts of a garden as are not frequented by
children.

** With five Capsules.

5. Aconitum Anthora ; Salutary Monk's Hood. Flowers
with five pistils ; divisions of the leaves, linear. The flowers
are not so large as those of the common sort ; they are of
a sulphur colour, and make a pretty appearance in the bor-
ders of a flower-garden. This plant, though absurdly called
Salutary Monk's Hood, is only poisonous in a less degree
than the rest of the same genus. It was supposed to be a
remedy against poison, particularly that of the other Aco-
nites ; but that dangerous error is now happily exploded.
The taste of the root is sweet, with a mixture of bitterness
and acrimony. The smell is pleasant. It purges vehemently
when fresh, but loses its qualities when dried ; it is not used
in modern practice. Its native places are, the Alps of Swit-
zerland, Savoy, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Austria, Carniola, Si-
beria, &c.; flowering from August to September.

6. Aconitum Variegatum ; Variegated, or Small Blue
Monk's Hood. Flowers with five pistils ; divisions of the
leaves parted half way, broader above. This species seldom
grows more than two feet high. The corollas will change
from variegated to plain : it flowers at the end of June.
Native of Italy and Bohemia.

7- Aconitum Album ; White Wolfs-bane, or Monk's Hood.
Flowers with five pistils; leaves smooth, three-parted; seg-
ments acutely gashed ; the claw of the upper petal longer than
the side ones. It is rare in Europe, was brought from the
Levant ; and is characterized by Mr. Miller as having a tall
stem upwards of six feet high, palmate leaves, and large
white flowers.

8. Aconitum Cammarum ; Purple Monk's Hood, or Wolfs-
bane. Flowers mostly with five styles ; divisions of the leaves
wedge-shaped, gashed, acute. It is found wild in Switzer-
land, Austria, Stiria, Piedmont, &c. ; and generally has a
stem six feet high. Flowers white, or pale blue.

9. Aconitum Uncinatum; American Monk's Hood, or Wolfs-
VOL. i. 5.

bane. Flowers mostly with five styles ; leaves many-lobed ;
helmet extended very far. It is a native of Pennsylvania.

Acorus ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spadix cylindric, entirely
simple, covered with floscules ; spathe none ; perianth none,
unless the calix ;be so named. Corolla: petals six, obtuse,
concave, loose, thicker at the top, and in a manner truncate.
Stamina: filaments thickish, a little longer than the corolla;
anther thickish, twin, terminal, adnate. Pistilla: germen
gibbous, rather oblong, the length of the stamina; style none;
stigma a prominent point. Pericarp : a short triangular cap-
sule, attenuated to both ends, obtuse, three-celled. Seeds
many, ovate, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spadix cy-
lindric, covered with floscules. Corollas: five-petalled, naked.
Style: none. Capsule: three-celled. The species are,

1. Acorus Calamus ; Common Sweet Rush. The point of
the scape very long and leafy. This species is distinguished
by its long sword-shaped leaves, resembling those of the
flag, but narrower, anfl of a brighter green. The root has
a strong aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish
taste : the flavour is greatly improved by drying them. The
roots are said to have cured agues when the Peruvian bark has
failed. No cattle whatever will eat this plant, which grows na-
turally on the banks of rivers, and in shallow standing waters.
It is found wild in many parts of England, grows plentifully
in the dykes of Holland, and is common in many other parts
of Europe. This plant will succeed very well in a garden,
if the ground be moist ; but never produces its spikes unless
it grows in the water. It continues flowering from June till
August, and multiplies itself fast by creeping roots.

2. Acorus Gramineus ; Grass-ieaved Sweet Rush, or Chinese
Sweet Grass. The point of the stalk scarcely extending be-
yond 'the top of the spadix. The whole of this herb has an
aromatic smell when bruised, much resembling our English
sweet-flag ; for the sake of which it is ciiltivated. It is pro-
bably a native of China, as the Chinese frequently have it in
pots about their habitations. It flowers in the spring, must
be kept in a dry-stove, and does not require a great degree
of heat.

Acrostichum ; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order
Filices. GENERIC CHARACTER. The fructifications cover

the whole under surface of the frond. Few of these

species have yet been introduced into gardens. Those of
Europe may be either preserved in pots filled with gravel
and lime rubbish, or planted on walls and artificial rocks :
but most of them being natives of very hot climates, must
be planted in pots, and plunged into the bark pit.
* Frond simple, undivided.

1. Acrostichum Lanceolatum. Fronds linear-lanceolate,
acute ; shoot climbing. It is a native of the East Indies and
Cochin-china, adhering to trees.

2. Acrostichum Citrifolium. Fronds lanceolate-ovate, quite
entire; shoot-climbing. A native of America.

3. Acrostichum Heterophyllum. Fronds quite entire,
smooth, petiolate; barren ones roundish, fertile linear.
It is found in the woods of the East Indies, Cochin-china,
and Africa.

4. Acrostichum Crinitum. Fronds ovate, obtuse, hirsute,
crinite above. -

5. Acrostichum Punctatum. Fronds heart-tongued, acu-
minate, quite entire, dotted above. This species very much
resembles Hart's-tongue. It is a native of China, where it
is used medicinally.

6. Acrostichum Spicatum. Frond simple, petiolate, lan-
ceolate, attenuated to both ends, quite entire ; spike termi-
nal, linear. Found on the island of Mauritius.

A C R

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A C R

7. Acrostichum Lingua. Fronds oblong, obtuse, entire,
petiolate ; shoot creeping ; stipe three-cornered, villous,
erect. A native of Japan.

8. Acrostichum Hastatum. Frond simple, hastate. Also
a native of Japan.

** Frond simple, divided.

9. Acrostichum Septentrionale. Fronds naked, linear-laci-
niate. This species grows in tufts, at first sight resembling
rushy grass, on clefts of rocks and old walls, in Yorkshire,
Westmoreland, Wales, and Scotland.

10. Acrostichum Australe. Stipes naked, quite smooth,
dichotomous at top, with five or six subulate rays, and flow-
ering from the sides. This much resembles the preceding
species, but is silvery and more regularly divided. Found
in the isles of France and Bourbon.

11. Acrostichum Pectinatmn. Naked, perfectly simple :
spike crescent-shaped on one side, ascending, compressed.
A native of the Cape.

12. Acrostichum Dichotomum. Naked dichotomous spikes
on one side, ascending, reflex, compressed. It is a native of
China and the Society Islands.

13. Acrostichum Digitatum. Stipes naked, three-sided;
frond digitate, linear, quite entire, equal. The stipe is linear,
a foot high, smooth, contracted at top. Native of Ceylon.

14. Acrostichum Ferrugineum. Fronds pinnatifid ; pinnas
linear, acute, spreading, quite entire, connate; stipe smooth.
This strongly resembles the following species.

15. Acrostichum Polypodioides. Fronds pinnatifid ; pin-
nas linear, obtuse, quite entire, spreading, crowned ; stipe
scaly. This species has the appearance of Common Poly-
pody. Native of Jamaica and Virginia.

*** Frond pinnate.

16. Acrostichum Aureum. Pinnas alternate, tongue-shaped,
quite entire, smooth. The stipes of this plant grow in bundles
of a very dark rufous colour, smooth, about the thickness
of the little finger, and nine feet in height. It is a native of
Jamaica, Dominica, and the Society Isles.

17- Acrostichum Rufum. Pinnas oblong, ovate, quite
entire, pubescent. It is eighteen or twenty inches high,
leafy almost from the root. A native of Jamaica.

18. Acrostichum Punctatum. Leaflets alternate, lanceo-
late, quite entire, the lowest eared, the upper ones decur-
rent, the upper surface dotted, smooth. It is a native of tlje
island of Bourbon, and strongly resembles the preceding
species.

19. Acrostichum Sorbifolium. Pinnas oblong-ovate, entire
serrate, acute ; stipes scaly. It is found in Jamaica and St.
Domingo.

20. Acrostichum Areolatum. Pinnas alternate, linear, ser-
rate at top. The little floriferous buds in this species are
divided with two phalanxes by the longitudinal nerves of
the leaf ; and are disposed in several parts transversely on
each side. A native of Virginia and Maryland.

81. Acrostichum Marginatum. Pinnas oblong, quite en-
tire, waved, acuminate ; stipes naked. This is said to be
only a barren frond of Pteris Grandifolia.

22. Acrostichum Sanctum. Fronds lanceolate ; pinnas
linear-lanceolate, gash-serrate, the lower serratures largest.
This species is a Polypodium.

23. Acrostichum Platyneuron. Pinnas alternate-ovate,
crenate, sessile, bowed, upwards about a palm in height.
This species, which is a native of Virginia, has the appear-
ance of Common Polypody.

24. Acrostichum Trifoliatum. Leaflets ternate-lanceolate.
This species is about a foot high, and is^ a native of
Jamaica.

**** Frond subpinnait.

25. Acrostichum Siliquosum. Pinnas alternate, pinnulate
upwards, linear, the lower ones two-parted. A native of
Ceyiou.

26. Acrostichum Thalictroides. Pinnas alternate, on each
side pinnatifid, the barren ones broader. Supposed to be the
same with the preceding species; and is a native of Ceylon.

27- Acrostichum Marantae. Fronds subbipinnate; pinnas
oppositely coadunate, very hirsute underneath, a little toothed
at the base. Its stipes are about seven inches in height,
sometimes they reach a foot ; they are hairy, and of a blood-
red colour. Its fronds are like those of Common Spleen-
wort. Native of the southern countries of Europe.

28. Acrostichum Ilvense. Fronds subbipinnate ; pinnas
oppositely coadunate, obtuse, hirsute underneath, quite entire
at the base. This has a great resemblance to the foregoing,
but it is scarcely longer than the finger, and never so high as
seven inches. The stipe is green and not red. It is allied
to the Polypodies, by having the fructifications in dots, but
they are closely crowded. It is found growing upon rooks
in the northern counties of England, in Scotland, and in
Wales ; and is said to be found also in Jamaica.

29. Acrostichum Ebeneum. Pinnas sessile, oblong, sinu-
ate, the uppermost shortest and quite entire. This is only a
young plant of the Acrostichum Calomelanos. See the
thirty-fourth species. Native of Jamaica.

30. Acrostichum Furcatum. Dichotomous : leaflets pin-
nate ; pinnas parallel-lanceolate, approximating, quite en-
tire. This species is a Polypodium, and is seldom found in
flower. Native of Jamaica.

***** Frond bipinnate.

31. Acrostichum Aculeatum. Fronds super-decompound;
pinnas bifid ; stipes prickly. This is a species of Tricho-
nianes ; and a native of Jamaica.

32. Acrostichum Cruciatum. Leaflets opposite, lanceo-
late, the lowest appendaged, crosswise. A native of Do-
minica.

33. Acrostichum Barbarum. Leaflets opposite ; pinnas
lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, sessile, alternate ; stipes smooth,
upright, and two or three feet high. Native of Africa.

34. Acrostichum Calomelanos. Pinnas alternate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, pinnatifid. The stipe is black, but the leaves
silvery white underneath. It is a native of South America
and Jamaica.

35. Acrostichum Viviparum. Fronds viviparous; pinnas
in pairs, one-sided ; pinnules pinnatifid, forked, subulate,
bearing the fructifications on the inner margin. This spe-
cies is a native of the isles of France and Bourbon.

36. Acrostichum Velleum; Woolly Acrostichum. Fronds
bipinnate ; all the pinnas ovate, cordate, gashed on the side,
and very hirsute underneath. A native of Madeira.

37. Acrostichum Simplex. Fronds entire, smooth, peti-
olatcd ; the barren ones lanceolate acuminate, the fertile
ones linear lanceolate. This species is a native of Jamaica.

38. Acrostichum Petiolatum. Fronds entire, smooth, peti-
olated ; the barren ones linear-lanceolate, the fertile ones
linear' Also a native of Jamaica.

39. Acrostichum Latifolium. Fronds petioled, broad lan-
ceolate, very smooth, entire, margined ; the fruit-bearing ones
ovate lanceolate; shoots creeping. Native of Jamaica.

40. Acrostichum Villosum. Fronds broad-lanceolate, some-
what crenulate, villous on both sides. Native of Jam;

41. Acrostichum Muscosum. Fronds petioled, entire,
scaly ; the barren ones oblong-lanceolate, blunt ; the fertile
ones linear-lanceolate. This species is also a native of
Jamaica.

ACT

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A D E

42. Acrostichum Serrulatum. Fronds linear, toothed,
fruit-bearing at the tip; shoots very short, rooting.

43. Acrostichum Graminoides. Fronds naked, linear, sub-
dichotomous, and fruit-bearing at the tip.

44. Acrostichum Sulphureum. Pinnas alternate-ovate,
pinnatifid ; leaflets retuse, serrate. This and the two fore-
going, are natives of Jamaica.

Aetna, a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved, leaf-
lets roundish, obtuse, concave, caducous. Corolla: petals
four, acuminate to both ends, larger than the calix, cadu-
cous. Stamina : filamenta usually about thirty, capillary,
broader at top ; anthene roundish, twin, erect. Pixtilla :
germen superior, ovate; style none ; stigma thickish, obliquely
depressed. Pericarp: a berry, oval-globose, smooth, one-
furrowed, one-celled. Seeds: very many, semi-orbicular,
lying over each other in two rows. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix: four-leaved. Corolla : four-petalled. Berry : one-celled.
/Seeds . semi-orbicular in two rows. These plants may be pro-
pagated by seeds, which should be sown on a shady border
soon after they are ripe, where they can be obtained fresh ;
for if they are kept out of the ground till spring, the plants
will not appear till the year after. As they seldom come all
up at the same time, the border should not be disturbed till
the following autumn, when they should be transplanted to

another shady border, where they may remain to flower.

The species are,

1. Actaea Spicata ; Common Black-berried Herb Christopher,
or Bane berry. Raceme ovate ; fruits berried. This species
grows naturally in several places in the north of England.
It grows two feet and a half high. The footstalks of the
leaves arise from the root ; these divide into three smaller
footstalks, and are so divided again that each leaf is com-
posed of twenty-seven lobes, or small leaves. The flower-
stem which arises from the root, has leaves of the same form,
but smaller. The flowers grow in ramose spikes, and are
of a pure white. It flowers in June, and in autumn ripens
its fruits, which are black and shining, about the size of
pease, and very poisonous. Indeed the whole plant is of an
acrid and poisonous nature, and therefore, though a power-
ful repellent, and having a root useful in some nervous cases,
must be administered with caution. The juice of the ber-
ries, mixed with alum, yields a black dye. Toads seem to
be allured by the smell of this plant ; but Dr. Withering
observes, that this may be owing to its fondness for the
same damp shady situations as the toad. There are two
varieties of this species, one an American plant with white
berries ; the other of British origin, and being only dis-
tinguished from the rest of the same species by its berries
being red instead of black.

2. Actsea Racemosa ; American Black or Wild Snake-root.
Racemes very long ; fruits dry. The root of this plant is
much used in America in many disorders, and is supposed
to be an antidote against poison, and the bite of the rattle-
snake. It is a native of North America, where it is called
Black Snake-root, to distinguish it from Common Snake- root.
The Seeds are annually sent to Europe, and should be sown
as soon as the season will permit. It flowers in June, or early
in July, but does not perfect seed in England. During the
flowering time it makes a good appearance ; and therefore
deserves a place in shady borders, or among shrubs, where if
it be not overhung by them, it thrives well, and, being hardy,
will only require the same care as the shrubs themselves. '

3. Actsea Japonica; Japanese Herb Christopher. Spikes
very long ; leaflets gashed, palmate, undivided.

4. Actaea Asperaj Rough-leaved Herb Christopher. Stem

climbing ; leaves lanceolate, rough ; spikes interrupted. This
species is a native of Canton, near China; and its leaves
being extremely rough, the Chinese use them for polishing.,
particularly tin-ware.

Adam's Needle. See Yucca.

Adansonia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly-
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
semiquinquelid, cyathiform ; divisions revolute, deciduous.
Corolla: petals rive, roundish, nerved, revolute, connected
by the claws with each other and the stamina. Stamina:
filamenta united at bottom into a tube, which they crown,
expanding horizontally ; antherre kidney-shaped. Pistilla:
germen ovate; style very long, tubulous, variously intorted ;
stigmas many, (ten,) prismatic, villous, radiate-expanded.
Pericarp: capsule ovate, woody, not gaping, ten-celled, with
farinaceous pulp, the partitions membranaceous. Seeds :
numerous, kidney-shaped, rather bony, involved in a friable
pulp. Observe. This genus is very nearly allied to Bombax ;
the fructification differing only in the seeds being covered
with meal instead of wool or cotton. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix: simple, deciduous. Style: very long. Stigmas:
many. Capsule: woody, ten-celled, with farinaceous pulp,
and many seeds. The only species is,

1. Adansonia Digitata; Ethiopian Sour Gourd, or Monkies
Bread. This tree was found in Africa of the amazing size of
from sixty-five to seventy-eight feet in circumference, but
their usual height was not extraordinary, only from twelve
to fifteen feet. The fresh fruit is very pleasant, of an acid
flavour, and is eaten with sugar. The pulp or juice mixed
with sugar, or a syrup made of it, is used in putrid and pes-
tilential fevers. At Cairo they reduce this pulp to a powder,
and use it in the lientery, dysentery, and all sorts of fluxes.
It is propagated by seeds, which it does not produce in
Europe. They must be sown in pots, and plunged into a
hot-bed, where they will appear in about six weeks '; and
soon after be fit to transplant, which should be done, and
each removed into a separate pot filled with light sandy
earth, and put into a fresh hot-bed, observing to shade them
until they have taken root, after which they should have
free air every day in warm weather They reach to the
height of six feet, and some have even attained to twelve and
fifteen feet ; but they cannot with us endure the open air.
- Adder 's Tongue. See Ophioglossum.

Adelia ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monadelphia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
three-parted; leaflets oblong, curved back. Corolla: none.
Stamina: filamenta many, capillary, $ie length of the ca-
lix, united into a cylinder at the base ; antherse roundish.
Female. Calix: perianth five-parted; parts oblong, per-
manent. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen roundish; styles
three, very short, divaricate ; stigmas tqrn. Pericarp : cap-
sule tricoccous, roundish, three-celled. Seeds: solitary,
roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix : three-
parted. Corolla: none. Stamina: many, united at the base.
Female. Calix: five-parted. Corolla: none. Styles: three,
torn. Capsule: tricocous. These plants are propagated by
seeds, which they do not produce of good quality in England:
they must be sown upon a hot-bed in the spring. As the
flowers are of little beauty, the plants are seldom found ex-
cept in botanic gardens. The species are,

1. Adelia Bernardia; J-'illous-leaved Bernardia. Leaves
oblong, tomentose, serrate. It grows naturally in the island
of Jamaica, and is near of kin to the Croton.

2. Adelia Ricinella ; Smooth-leaved Bernardia. Leaves
obovate, quite entire. It grows to the height of eight or ten
feet, and has slender flower-stalks, Native of Jamaica.

ADI

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ADI

3. Adelia Acidoton ; Box-leaved Adelia. Branches flexu-
ose ; spines gemmaceous. It seldom rises above four feet in
height, and has much the appearance of a young Ebony.
It flowers in June with us; and in Jamaica, of which it is a
native, early in April and May.

Adenanthera ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mo-
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
five-toothed, very small. Corolla: five-petalled, bell-
shaped ; petals lanceolate, sessile, convex inwards, concave
underneath. Stamina: filamenta subulate, erect, a little
shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish, incumbent,
bearing a globose gland at the outer tip. Pistil : germen
oblong, gibbous downwards ; style subulate, the length of
the stamina; stigma simple. Pericarp: a legume, long,
compressed, membranaceous. Seeds .- very many, roundish,
remote. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-toothed. Pe-
tals : five ; globose glands, affixed to the outer tip of the
antherae. Legume membranaceous. The species are,

J . Adenanthera Pavonina. Leaves smooth on both sides.
This is one of the largest trees in the East Indies, and the
timber is in common use on account of its solidity. It flow-
ers in September, bears fruit at the beginning and end of the
year, and is never without leaves. Its duration is two hundred
years. The natives use the powder of the leaf in their cere-
monies ; and of the bruised leaves they make a drink, which
they esteem good against pains in the loins. The seeds,
besides being eaten by the common people, are of great use
to the jewellers and goldsmiths, on account of their equality
for weights, each of them weighing four grains ; they also
make a cement by beating them up with water and borax.
In England it must be raised from the seeds on a hot-bed,
and afterwards placed in the bark-stove, where the fine
branching leaves will make a handsome appearance. It has
never been known to flower in Great Britain.

2. Adenanthera Falcata. Leaves tomentose underneath.
This species is little known, never having been cultivated
in England : Native of the East Indies.

3. Adenanthera Scandens. Leaves pinnate, two paired;
leaflets ovate, oblique, smooth ; claspers terminal, bifid. It
has never been cultivated in England, and ie therefore little
known. Native of Mallicollo, in the S. Seas.

Adiantum; a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Filices.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Fructifications assembled in oval
spots at the end of the fronds which are turned back ; or at
the reflex tip of the frond underneath. A large genus of
Ferns., chiefly the growth of hot climates.
* Frond simple.

1. Adiantum Reniforme ; Kidney -leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds kidney-shaped, stalked, many-flowered. It is .1 na-
tive of the island of Madeira; has been cultivated in Eng-
land, and must be confined to the green house.

2. Adiantum Philippense ; Philippine Maiden-hair. Fronds
kidney-shaped, alternate, petiolate, lobate, many flowered.
Native of the Philippine Islands.

3. Adiantum Repens ; Creeping Maiden-hair. Fronds tra-
pezium-shaped, cordate, pinnatilid ; divisions lance-shaped,
serrate at the tip, the lower ones gashed. A native of the
Isle of France.

** Frond compound.

4. Adiantum Radiatum ; Rayed Maiden-hair. Front! digi-
tate ; leaflets pinnate ; pinnas one-flowered. This elegant
little plant rises by a simple stalk to the height of six or eight
inches, and then divides in five or more simple branches,
disposed in a radiated expanded form ; and sustained by a
few simple leaves placed in the manner of an umbrella, tinder
their insertions. It is a native of Jamaica and St. Dominero.

5. Adiantum Pedatum ; Canadian Maiden-hair. Fronds
pedate; leaflets pinnate; pinnas gibbous before, gashed, fruit-
bearing. The leaves of this plant resemble the comb of a
cock. It has been cultivated in England, and will live
through the winter in the open air, if the season be moderate.
It grows naturally in Canada in such quantities, that when
the French were in possession of that country, they sent it
to France as a package for goods, and the Parisian apothe-
caries used it instead of the true Maiden hair. It is also
found in Japan and the Society Isles, and flowers in August
and September.

6. Adiantum Lanceum; Surinam Maiden-hair. Fronds
pinnate ; pinnas opposite, oblong, the end ones triangu-
larly hastate. It is a native of Surinam.

7. Adiantum Hastatum ; Hastate-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds pinnate; pinnas hastate-trilobate, straight. This plant
seldom exceeds six inches in height. Native of the Cape.

8. Adiantum Trilobum ; Three-Midi Maiden-hair. Pinnas
three-parted, obtuse, gashed, many-flowered. A native of
America.

9. Adiantum Serrulatum ; Serrate-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds bipinnate ; pinnules deltoid-oblong serrate ; fructi-
fications solitary, superior. This species is about six inches
high ; and a native of Jamaica.

10. Adiantum Caudatum ; Tail-leaved Maiden-hair. Fronds
pinnate, sickle-tailed at the top. Native of the East Indies
and Japan.

*** Frond decompound.

11. Adiantum Flabellulatum ; Fan-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds decompound ; pinnas alternate, rhombed, rounded,
many-flowered; stipes pubescent above. Native of China.

12. Adiantum Trifoliatum ; Ternate-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds decompound ; leaflets alternate, ternate, linear, one-
flowered. Native of America.

13. Adiantum Chusanum ; Chinese Maiden-hair. Fronds
decompound ; pinnas alternate, pinnatilid ; lobes unequal.
Native of China.

14. Adiantum Capillus Veneris; True Maiden-hair. Fronds
decompound ; leaflets alternate ; pinnas wedge-shaped,
lobed, pedicelled. It is a very succulent plant, yielding
almost its whole weight of juice ; but neither its taste nor
smell promise any efficacy, although a decoction of the fresh
plant is recommended as a gentle diuretic, which removes
obstructions of the lungs and other viscera; and, made into
a syrup, as an excellent medicine for coughs, hoarsenesses,
and other disorders of the breast. Haller says, that if the
syrup of Capillaire made from this plant be good for any
thing, it is from the orange-flower water which they put
into'it ; though Sir John Hill asserts, that as we cannot
easily have the plant fresh, and that it loses a great deal of
the virtue in drying, the best expedient is to use the fine
syrup of Capillaire, which is made of an infusion of the
plant when in its perfection, with pure Narbonne honey.
We, continues he, suppose this is a trifle ; but barley-water
sweetened with it, is one of the best remedies for a violent
cold. This is a native of the south of Europe, and of the
Levant, and is found, though but rarely, in Wales and Scot-
land, growing wild on rocks: but that which is met with at
the druggists is procured from France. The plnnt is in
perfection in the latter end of summer. It may 'be preserved
in pots filled with gravel, lime, and rubbish, in which it
will thrive much better than in good enrth.

15. Adiantum Villosu-m; Hairy-stalked Maiden-hair.
Fronds bipinnate ; pinnas rhombed, fructifying before and
without; stipe villous. It is two feet in height ; a native
of Jamaica; and requires a stove in England

(iOMfllKKNA. >^k Mi'teAmanintn.

ALOE

ADONIS. rii<-

ly IT-nrr Rstcr . Colon.. London.

A D I

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ADO

16. AdiantumPulverulentuni; Dusty Maiden-hair. Fronds
bipinnate ; pinnas oval, truncate, before one-flowered, stipe

:\ . Native of South America.

17. Adiantum Cristatum; Crested Maiden-hair. Fronds
bipinnate ; lowest leaflets two-parted ; pinnae crescent-shap-
ed, many-flowerod above. A native also of South America.

18. Adiantum Furcatum ; Forked Maiden-hair. Frond
bipinnate ; pinnas generally two-parted, linear ; line of fruc-
tification single. Stem smooth, and two feet high. Native
of the West Indies.

19. Adiantum Caffronim ; Caffrarian Maiden-hair. Fronds
bipinnate ; pinnas ovate, gash-toothletted, chaffy under-
neath. Native of Jamaica.

20. Adiantum Fragrans ; Sweet - scented Maiden - hair.
Fronds bipinnate ; pinnas ovate, sublobed, obtuse, naked
underneath. This species is a native of Madeira. It may
be kept with us in a green-house, where alone it has been
found able to endure our climate.

21. Adiantum Truncatum : Truncate-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds decompound, with pinnate leaflets ; pinnas alter-
nate, wedge-shaped, rather sickle-shaped, truncate, quite
entire. Native of the West Indies.

*** Frond super-decompound.

22. Adiantum Clavatum ; Clubbed Maiden-hair. Leaflets
alternate ; pinnas wedge-shaped, quite entire, alternate, one-
Howered. A native of Dominica.

23. Adiantum Aculeatum ; Prickly-stiped Maiden-hair.
Finnas palmate, many-flowered, stipe-prickly. It is a na-
tive of Jamaica and Dominica.

24. Adiantum Trapeziforme ; Rhomb-leaved Maiden-hair.
Leaves alternate ; pinnus rhombed, gashed, fruit-bearing
on each side. It is a native of New Zealand, and of the
countries between the tropics. It has been introduced into
England, but cannot be preserved except by a stove ; its
shining black stalks and oddly-shaped leaves, will there
afford an agreeable variety among other exotic plants.

25. Adiantum Hexagonum ; Hexagon-leaved Maiden-hair.
Pinnas hexangular, emarginate, quite entire, one-flowered
on both sides. It is said to be Pteris heterophylla.

26. Adiantum Pteroides ; Heart-leaved Maiden-hair.
Pinnas ovate entire, crenulate ; stipe polished, seven inches
high, purple and smooth. Native of the Cape.

27- Adiantum JSthiopicum ; Cape Maiden-hair. Pinnas
rounded, entire crenulate, petioles capillary. It is a native
of the Cape, and of Japan.

New Species. * Frond compound.

28. Adiantum Triphylluni; Three-leaved Maiden-hair.
Frond three-leaved ; leaflets sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid,
crenate. -This is a very beautiful little fern, tender, entirely
smooth, a span high ; and was found by Commerson at
15uenos Ayres in South America.

29. Adiantum Cuneatum ; Wedge-leaved Maiden-hair.
Fronds pinnate ; leaflets opposite ; subpinnate pinnas wedge-
shaped, retuse, alternate. This species seems to be little
known.

30. Adiantum Pumilum ; Dwarf Maiden-hair. Frond
pinnnate ; stipe capillary ; pinnas alternate, roundish, serru-
late, the uppermost larger trapezium-shaped, fructifications
interrupted. This plant seldom rises above two or three
inches from the root ; its leaves and stalks are very delicate,
and the fructifications but few. Found jn dry and rocky
places in Jamaica, of which it is a native.

31. Adiantum Deltoideum ; Deltoid-leaved Maiden-hair.-
Frond pinnate ; pinnas alternate, deltoid, obtuse ; the upper-
most triangular ; fructifications continued above and in front.
This species is a native of Jamaica.

VOL. i. 6.

32. Adiantum Macrophyllum ; Large-leaved Maiden-hair.
Frond pinnate ; pinnas opposite, rhomboid acute, the lower
larger, the lowest sub-hastate, reflex fructifications con-
tinue in front and below. It is a native of Jamaica, in
moist and shady places.

** Frond decompound.

33. Adiantum Scandens ; Climbing Maiden-hair. Leaflets
wedge-shaped, equally gashed ; stem climbing. A native
of Cochin-China.

34. Adiantum Striatum ; Striated Maiden hair. Frond
bipinnate; pinnules rigid, sickled -ovate; fructifications supe-
rior, interrupted ; stipe round, rough. Native of Jamaica.

35. Adiantum Strictum ; Stiff Maiden-hair. Frond bi-
pinnate ; pinnas four-cornered, fastigiate, erect ; pinnules
alternate, polished, entire ; fructifications superior continued.
Also a native of Jamaica.

36. Adiantum Microphyllum ; Small-leaved Maiden-hair.
Frond bipinnate ; leaflets alternate, oblong, obtuse, crenate,
the lowest pinnatifid. It attains to the height of nine inches.
Native of Jamaica ; and is found among the rocks by the
river near St. Jago de la Vega.

37. Adiantum Denticulatum ; Tooth-leaved Maiden-hair.
Pinnas alternate, trapezoid, acuminate, crenate, notches
tooth-letted ; fructifications superior, interrupted. This
species is a native of Jamaica.

*** Frond super-decompound.

38. Adiantum Fragile ; Brittle Maiden-hair. Frond bi-
pinnate, at top ; pinnas obovate wedge-shaped, entire ; fruc-
tifications interrupted. Native of Jamaica.

. 39. Adiantum Tenerum ; Tender Maiden-hair. Pinnules
alternate, rhomb wedge-shaped, blunted, gashed ; fructifi-
cations interrupted. It is a native of Jamaica, has a black,
shining, branched stipe, from fourteen to eighteen inches
high, and is found in shady places.

Adiantium Nigrum. See Asplenium.

Adonis ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Polygynia.
GENERIC CHAKACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved ; leaf-
lets obtuse, concave, a little coloured, deciduous. Corolla :
petals five to fifteen, oblong, obtuse, shining. Stamina .- fila-
ments very short, subulate ; anthers oblong, inflex. Pistillii,
germs numerous, in a head ,- styles none ; stigma, acute, re-
flex. Pericarp, none. Receptacle oblong, spiked. Seeds
numerous, irregular, angular, gibbous at the base, reflex at the
top, a little prominent, naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix: five-leaved. Petals: five or more, without a nectary.
Seeds . naked. The leaves are multifid in some species, in
others biternate. The flowers are terminating, varying in the
number of petals, from five to twelve or more : these are long,
narrow, red or yellow, without any nectary, as in Anemone,
which genus the Adonis-flower resembles, though its fruit
approaches more to the Ranunculus ; having the seeds on a
receptacle, more or less lengthened out, forming a bunch,
pretty much as in that genus. The species are,

1. Adonis jEstivalis ; Tall Adonis. Corollas five-petalled,
heads of seeds ovate. This species is a native of the southern
counties of Europe, and is found among corn. It flowers in
May and June, is an annual plant, and if sown in autumn,
will appear in the following spring. They thrive best in a
light soil, and the seed should be sown where they are in-
tended to remain, as the plant will not bear transplanting.

2. Adonis Autumnalis ; Common Adonis, Bird's Eye, Phea-
sant's Eye, Red Maithes, or Red Morocco. Its stalks is about
a foot high. It is a native of the southern parts of Eu-
rope, but grows in Kent by the side of the Medway, be-
tween Rochester and Maidstone, where it is met with in
great plenty. Among spring corn, there is rarely a plant of

ADO

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

M G I

it to be found ; which shows the propriety of sowing the
seeds in gardens in autumn ; for those fields of spring corn,
if suffered to remain undisturbed after the harvest, will
abound with this plant in the following year. It is supposed
to have been conveyed from the gardens to the fields by
means of the dung-heap, as it is not probably of long stand-
ing, not being recorded as indigenous by our old botanical
writers. Great quantities of the flowers are annually sold
in London by the name of Red Morocco. They.flower in the
beginning of June, and the seeds ripen in August and Sep-
tember. For the mode of propagating them, see the pre-
ceding species.

3. Adonis Vernalis ; Perennial, or Spring Adonis. Flower
twelve-petalled ; heads of seeds ovate. This species is a na-
tive of Oeland, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, Silesia, Prus-
sia, Bohemia, the Palatinate, and other parts of Germany,
where the root is often used for the true Black Hellebore.
Its large yellow flowers are produced at the end of Marcher
the beginning of April, and the seeds ripen in August, and
should be sown soon after, otherwise they seldom succeed.
The plants must be kept free from weeds, and if refreshed
with water in dry weather, it will promote their growth.
They should remain where sown till the second year, for they
make but slow progress when young. The best time to trans-
plant them is in autumn, when they ought to be planted
where they are to remain, for if often removed, they will
not produce many flowers, and even those will be much the
weaker for it. They may be increased by parting the roots,
either in autumn or spring. Being hardy and easily culti-
vated, and producing their showy flowers early in the sea-
son, they are desirable plants for the garden.

4. Adonis Apennina : Apennine Adonis. Flowers fifteen
petalled. "Ac stem is about a foot and a half in height.
It is found wild in the Apennines, and in Siberia. For its
culture and propagation, see the preceding species.

5. Adonis Capensis ; Cape Adonis. Flowers ten-petalled,
heads depressed, leaves biternate, leaflets serrate, heart-
shaped. Found wild near the Cape.

T 6. Adonis Vesicatoria ; Blister Adonis. Flowers ten-pe-
talled ; leaves biternate ; leaflets serrate, smooth. This
plant is perfectly smooth, and has hard firm leaves. It is
also a Cape plant, and receives its name from the Africans
using it for raising blisters.

Adoxa ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Tetragynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth inferior, bifid, flat,
permanent. Corolla : monopetalous, flat, quadrifid ; clefts
ovate, acute, longer than the calix. Stamina: filaments subu-
late, the length of the calix ; antherae roundish. Piitilla :
germ below the receptacle of the corolla ; styles simple,
erect, the length of the stamina, permanent ; stigmas simple.
Pericarp : a globose berry, between the calix and the corolla,
the calix being united below with the berry umbilicate, four-
celled. Seeds solitary, compressed. Observe, such is the
terminal fructification, but all the lateral ones add a fifth
part of the whole number. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix :
bifid, inferior. Corolla : four or five cleft, superior. Berry :
four or five celled, united with the calix. The roots of
plants of this genus may be transplanted any time after the
leaves are decayed, till winter. They must be planted in
the shade under shrubs ; for*if they are exposed to the open

gun, they will not thrive. The following species only

has been discovered.

1. Adoxa Moschatellina ; Bulbous Fumitory, or Hollow
Root, and Tuberous Moschatell It has a perennial root, and
grows naturally in shady places, and woods ; as in Hamp-
ttead and Chariton woods, &c. The flowers appear at the

end of March, or beginning of April, and the berries ripen
in May, soon after which the leaves decay. These and the
flowers smell like musk, from whence some have called it
Musk Crowfoot. '

/Egiceras; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leaved,
bell-shaped, half five-cleft, coriaceous, permanent. Corolla:
petals five. Stamina: filaments five. Pistil: germ oblong;
style single. Pericarp: capsule bowed, coriaceous, one-cel-
led, one-valved, gaping on the convex side. Seed: single.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: bell-shaped, half five-cleft.
Capsule: bow-shaped, one-celled, gaping on the convex side.
Seed : inverted. The following are the species :

1. jEgiceras Majus ; the Greater &giceras. Leaves ovate,
quite entire ; legumes long, sickle-shaped. This is a shrub
about twelve feet high, with several stems afoot in thickness,
putting out many twigs and suckers. Its flowers have an
agreeable smell. Native of the Molucca Islands.

2. JEgiceras Minus ; the Lesser /Egiceras. Leaves ovate,
sometimes notched ; legumes short, crescent-shaped. A
native of Ceylon.

SEgilops, a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Two lateral flowers hermaphro-
dite. Calix : a large bivalvular glume, sustaining three
flowers ; valves ovate, truncate, streaked, with various awns.
Corolla : a bivalvular glume ; the outer valve ovate, termi-
nated by a double or triple awn ; the inner lanceolate, erect,
awnless, with the edge bent in longitudinally ; nectary two-
leaved ; leaflets ovate, flat, transparent, very small. Sta-
mina : filaments thr.ee, capillary, with oblong antherse. Pis-
til : germ turbinate ; styles two, reflex, with hairy stigmas.
Pericarp : none. Seeds : oblong, convex on one side,
grooved on the other, with the inner valve of the corolla
adhering to it, and not opening'. One male flower between
the two former. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : a glume,
subtriflorous, cartilaginous. Corolla : a glume, terminating
in a three-fold awn. Stamina: three. Styles: two. Seed;

ie. All the species of this genus of Grasses appear to

be annual : they are,

1. .ffigilops Ovata. Spike-awned, all the calices with
three awns. This grass grows wild in the southern coun-
tries of Europe.

2. jEgilops Caudata. Spike-awned, all the calices with
two awns. This grass is a native of Crete.

3. jEgilops Truncialis. Spike-awned, the lower calices
with two awns. This species of grass grows about Mont-
pelier, Marseilles, Nice, and Smyrna.

4. ^Egilops Squarrosa. Spike awl-shaped, longer than
the awns. This species of grass has been found in the Le-
vant by Tournefort, and by Cavanilles in Spain.

JEgilops. See Quercus.

JEg'metia. See Orobanche.

JEgiphila, a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leaved,
bell-shaped, four- toothed, loose, very short, permanent (. '<>-
rolla : one-petalled, salver-shaped ; tube cylindric, narrower
and longer than the calix, border quadrifid, flat, equal; clefts
oblong. Stamina: filaments capillary, inserted into the mouth
of the tube, erect ; antherse roundish. Pistil : germ round-
ish, superior ; style capillary, deeply bifid ; stigmas simple.
Pericarp : a roundish two-celled berry, surrounded with the
permanent calix. Seed: either in pairs or solitary. ESSEN-
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-toothed. Corolla: quadrifid.

Style : semi-bifid. Berry .- four-seeded. The species are,

1. ^igiphila Martinicensis. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, smooth j branches diffused ; panicles terminating or

M G O

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

M S C

axillary, calices smooth. This is a shrub six feet high, with
panicles terminating and axillary, leafy, compound, and
stiff ; the flowers white. Found on the edges of woods in
the island of Martinico. It flowers in November.

2. JJgiphila Elata. Leaves eliptic, acuminate, membra-
naceous, panicles terminating; calices pubescent. This
plant is a climber, and frequently rises to the height of six
or seven feet or more. It is a native of Jamaica.

There are two other species, Foetida and Trifida, with
leaves ovate-lanceolate, the first having them hirsute be-
neath, the last smooth.

JEgopodium ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
nia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal mani-
fold, convex : partial, similar, but flat. Involucre, none.
Proper perianth scarcely observable. Corolla : universal uni-
form, with every floscule fertile ; particular with live petals,
obovitte, concave, inflex at the tip, and equal. Stamina :
filaments simple, twice as long as the corolla, with roundish
anthera?. Pistilla : germ inferior ; styles simple, erect, the
length of the corollas, with headed stigmas. Pericarp :
'none. Fruit : ovate-oblong, streaked, bipartite. Seeds ;
two, ovate-oblong, convex and streaked on one side, flat on
the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit : ovate-oblong,
streaked. One species only is known, viz.

1. jEgopodium Podagraria ; Herb Gerard, Gout-weed, Ash-
weed, or Ground-ash, and Wild Masterwort. This weed is not
uncommon in hedges, orchards, &c. It is a perennial plant ;
and, as it is a great creeper, cannot be admitted into gardens
without great caution. It requires no care, but to plant it in
the shade, and confine the roots. The stem grows two or three
feet high. The flowers are white, and appear from May to
July. Although it is aromatic, like most umbellate plants,
it is not admitted into medical use ; nor has it any title to its
name of Goittweed, though formerly used by the Germans to
assuage the pains of the gout and piles. Linneus says it is
eaten in Sweden, boiled for greens, when tender in the spring.
Culpeper says, " It is not to be supposed that Goutwood hath
its name for nothing, but upon experiment to heal the gout
and sciatica ; as also joint-aches, and other cold griefs. The
very bearing of it about one easeth the pains of the gout, and de-
fends him that bears it from disease .'" Meyrick and Hill, are,
however, more reasonable : the former 'calls the roots and
leaves " a good external application for the sciatica and other
pains, whether they are employed as a fomentation or a poul-
tice ; and though many extol their efficacy in the gout, he
says they are well omitted in that complaint, as they are sel-
dom productive of any lasting good effects, and may some-
times be the occasion of much distress and mischief." The
latter, (Hill) recommends the root, and fresh buds of the
leaves, as excellent fomentations and poultices for pains, and
says he has seen a good effect from a quantity of the leaves and
roots boiled soft together, and applied to the hip in the sciatica,
keeping a fresh quantity hot to renew the other as it grew
cold, but he advises not to make any use of it for the gout.

SEgopricon ; a genus of the class Moncecia, order Monan-
dria. GKXF.RIC CHARACTER. Male flowers small, in an ovate
ament. Calix : one-leafed, tubulous, trifid. Corolla : none.
Stamina .- filament one, longer than the calix, erect ; with an
ovate anthera. Female flowers upon the same plant, solitary.
Calix and Corolla .- same as above in the male. Pistil : germ
ovate, superior ; styles three, divaricate ; with simple perma-
nent stigmas. Pericarp : a globular berry, tricoccous and
trilocular within, with a bifid point. (Capsule tricoccous
elastic.) Seeds .- solitary, angular on one side. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Male, an ament. Calix .- common trifid ; par-
tial tubulous. Anthera : four-lobed. Female flowers, solitary.

Calix : as in the male. Corolla-, none. Styles: three, coadunate
at the base. Capsule; tricoccous. One species only is known.

1. JEgopricon Betulinum. A tree, is very much branched.
Branchlets alternate, bent different ways, leafy, flowering at
the ends. Bark somewhat wrinkled, except in the younger
shoots. Dalberg noticed it at Surinam ; and Aublet in Guiana.

JEschynomene , a genus of the Diadelphia class, order De-
candria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
bell-shaped, sub-bilabiate ; lips equal, upper bifid, lower
three-toothed. Corolla: papilionaceous; banner subcordate,
scarcely gaping, large ; wings subovate, obtuse, shorter than
the banner; keel lunate, acuminate, the length of the wings.
Stamina; filaments ten, (single and nine-cleft;) anthers
small. Pistil : germ oblong, villous, columnar ; style sub-
ulate, rising ; stigmas simple, rather obtuse. Pericarp ; le-
gume, long, flat, jointed, rough, one-celled, opening at the
truncate joints. Seeds : solitary between the joints, kidney-
shaped. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : bilabiate. Le-
gume: with truncate one-seeded joints. All the plants of this
genus are propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a
hot-bed early in the spring ; and when the plants have strength
enough to be removed, they should be put each into a sepa-
rate small pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a fresh
hot-bed, from whence, as they advance in growth, they should
be shifted into larger pots, but not be too large, otherwise
the plants will not thrive. - The species are,

1. ^Eschynomene Grandiflora; Great-flowered

mene. Stem arborescent, flowers very large, legumes filiform.
It is a shrub from ten to fifteen feet in height. It is a na-
tive of the East Indies ; and called Pois du Due de Choisuel
by the French. It has been cultivated in England, and is fre-
quent in the gardens at Jamaica ; domestic fowls are partial
to the seeds. It is difficult to preserve this plant through the
winter in thiscountry. The seedling plants should be brought
forward on a hot-bed, and then plunged into the bark-bed in
the stove, where, if they be tenderly treated, they will sur-
vive the winter, and flower in the summer following.

2. ^ischynomene Arborea; Arborescent SEschynomene.
Stem aborescent, smooth ; joints of the legumes semi-cor-
date, smooth. This plant attains the height of six or seven
feet. It requires the same treatment as the preceding spe-
cies, flowers early in the summer, and ripens its seeds in the
autumn. As their stalks are succulent, they must be kept
dry in winter, otherwise they are very apt to rot.

3. Jlschynomene Coccinea ; Scarlet-flowered JEschyno-
mene. Stem arborescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets numerous,
linear, obtuse, dusty ; legumes compressed, equal. This spe-
cies is smaller and lower than the first, but the head and
leaves are more dense. Native of the East Indies ; and of
,the islands Otaheite and Huaheine in the South Seas.

4. ^Eschynomene Aspera; Rough-stalked sEschynomene.
Stem herbaceous, rugged ; joints of the legumes rugged in
the middle. This species reaches the height of four or five
feet, with a single herbaceous stem, which is in some parts
rough. It is a native of the East Indies.

5. ^Eschynomene Americana; Hairy JEschynomene. Stem
herbaceous, hispid; joints of the legumes semicordate ; leaf-
lets acuminate, bractes, ciliate. The root of this species is
annual, its stem one, two, and sometimes even three feet
high. It is somewhat sensative, folding its leaves together
during the night, and at the approach of rain. It is found
in dry pastures, on the south side of the island of Jamaica,
of which it is a native. Propagated in England in the same
manner as the first species.

6. .aischynomene Indica ; Indian JSschynomene. Stem
herbaceous, smooth ; legumes smooth, swelling on one

s c

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

T H

side, obtuse; leaflets obtuse. It is a native of the East
Indies, and may be propagated in the same manner as the
first species.

7. JEschynomeneSesban; Egyptian &schynomene. Stem
herbaceous, smooth ; legumes cylindric, equal ; leaflets ob-
tuse. It is a native of Egypt, flowers in July and August.

8 jEschynomene Pumila ; Dwarf JEschynomene. Stem
herbaceous, smooth ; legumes serrate on one side, rough in
the middle ; leaflets acuminate. This is an annual plant, a
foot and half high, branching at bottom, and a native of
the East Indies. For the method of propagating it with us,
see the first species.

9. jEschynomene SensitSva. Stem shrubby, smooth ; leaf-
lets obtuse ; legumes smooth and even, obtuse ; stipules
acute, deciduous. Native of the West Indies ; it flowers in
July, and the seeds ripen in October.

10. ./Eschynomene Heterophylla. Stem shrubby, lower
leaves teruate-ovate, upper pinnate, roundish. The stem
of this species is arboreous, weak, with spreading tomen-
tose branches. A native of northern Cochin China.

11. .iEschynomene Lagenaria. Stem herbaceous, leaflets
obtuse, in several pairs ; legumes muricate. The stein of
this plant, which is a native of marshy places in Cochin
China, is there used for stopping bottles, where are no
corks. It is herbaceous, three feet high, upright, thick,
round, spongy, and elastic.

12. JLschynomene Cannabina. Stem herbaceous ; leaflets
obtuse, acuminate ; peduncles solitary ; legumes compress-
ed, smooth, and even. In the East Indies, where it is in-
digenous. If treated as hemp, as its name signifies, it may
be applied to the same purposes.

/Esculus ; a genus of the class Heptandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Callx : perianth one-leafed,
ventricose, small, five-toothed. Corolla: petals five, round-
ish, plaited, and waving about the edge, flat, spreading claws
narrow, inserted into the calix, irregularly coloured. Sta-
mina: filaments subulate, .the length of the corolla, declin-
ing ; anthera? ascending. Pistil : germ roundish, ending in
a subulate style; stigma acuminate. Pericarp: capsule
leathery, roundish, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: two,
subglobular. Observe, one seed only commonly occurs in
the capsule, but, on inspection of the embryos, it is evident
that the natural number is two. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix ; one-leafed, five-toothed, ventricose. Corolla: five-
petalled, irregularly coloured, inserted into the calix. Cap-
sule : three-celled. The species are,

1. JEsculus Hippocastanum ; Common Horse Chesnut.
The flowers with seven stamina ; leaves digitate, with seven
entire leaflets ; capsules prickly. This tree is well known,
and was formerly in greater esteem for walks and avenues
than at present, which is owing to the litter made by its leaves
when falling; it affords, notwithstanding, a noble shade very
early in the year, and no tree has more beauty during the
time of its flowering, for the extremities of the branches are
terminated by fine spikes of flowers, so that every part of the
tree seems covered with them, and being intermixed with the
large digitate leiiyes, they make a noble appearance, conti-
nuing in beauty for nearly a month. In Turkey the nuts are
ground, and mixed with the provender of those horses which
have coughs or are broken-winded. Some assert that swine
will fatten on them ; and Haller says that sheep have been fed
with them whole, and poultry with them boiled, and that
both have done well ; but this is disputed by others'. They
may be used to save soap in washing, having a saponaceous
quality ; and the bark has been successfully used in Italy
s a medicine for intermittent fevers; and has answered very

well in dyeing several sorts of yellow colours. Notwith-
standing the bad character Mr. Miller gives of the timber
of this tree, it is said to be useful in making pipes to con-
vey water under ground, as it will last longer than harder
woods. Dr. Hunter says it is used for turnery, and is worth
sixpence per foot in the north of England. Mr. Hanbury
confirms Hunter's account, and adds, that the tree grows
speedily to a great magnitude, and sells at sufch a price as
to make it well worth planting for the sake of the timber,
and that it ought to be felled in November or December.
This species was brought from the northern parts of Asia
nearly three centuries ago, and is more common now than
it was an hundred years since. These trees are propagated
by sowing the nuts early in the spring, but they must be
preserved in sand during the winter, otherwise they will
mould and rot. They will shoot nearly a foot the first
summer, and if they stand close, should be transplanted
the next autumn into the nursery, and remain there two
years ; they should then be removed where they are in-
tended to remain, and well secured by a fence of good
stakes against young cattle and violent winds. It requires
little care in the management, is never injured by the cold
of this climate, and will thrive in most soils and situations,
but in a sandy loam makes the greatest progress.

2. jEsculus Flava ; Yellow-Jlowered Horse Chesnut. Leaves
digitate, with five leaflets ; the lamina of the corolla cordate,
roundish ; the claws twice the length of the calix. This
species flowers in May and June ; and is a native of North
Carolina.

3. yEsculus Pavia ; Scarlet Horse Chesnut. Flowers with
eight stamina ; leaves digitate, with five or six serrate leaf-
lets ; capsules smooth ; laininas of the corolla obovate ;
claws the length of the calix. This species rises to the height
of twenty feet, but does not spread its branches to any ex-
tent. The flowers appear in June, and are sometimes suc-
ceeded by fruit, but the seeds rarely ripen in England. It
grows naturally in Brazil, Carolina, Japan, and several parts
of the East ; from which countries those who wish to pro-
pagate it must procure the nuts, and plant them early in the
spring, in pots which must be plunged into a moderate hot-
bed. The nursery -men, who propagate this tree for sale,
commonly graft or bud it upon common Horse-ch^snut
stocks ; but as the stock greatly outgrows the bud or graft,
the trees make a bad appearance, and do not last long.

JEihiapis. . See Sali-ia.

/Ethusa ; a genus of the Pentandria class, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal spreading,
the rays gradually shortening towards the middle ; partial
also spreading, but small. Involucre universal, none ; par-
tial placed on' the outside, only consisting of three very long,
linear, pendulous leaflets. Proper, perianth scarcely observ-
able. Corotl/i : universal nearly uniform, -with all the flos-
cules fertile ; partial has the petals bent in, heart-shaped,
and unequal. Stamina .- filaments simple, with roundish
intherae. Pistil: germ inferior ; styles reflex, '.vith obtuse
stigmas. Pericarp ; none. Fruit .- roundish, streaked, bi-
jartite. Seedy: two, roundish, streaked, except on a third
>art of the surface, which is plane. ESSEXTIAL CHARACTER.
Partial involucre ; halved, three-leaved, pendulous. Fruit:
streaked. The species are,

I. jEthusa t'ynapium ; Common Fuel's Parsley. Leaves
conform. This species has a stem from one to two feet high,
md is a common weed in kitchen gardens, and in a slight
degree poisonous. It is easily mistaken for true Parsley and
Chervil when young. Theleavesemit, iu a alight degree, adis-
agreeable smell. The safest way to avoid all doubt is to cul-

AGA

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AGA

tivate the curled Parsley, for which this cannot be mistaken.
Most cattle eat it ; but it is said to be noxious to geese. This
is an annual plant, and may be easily restrained in gardens
by not suffering it to seed, which it does abundantly.

2. JEthusa Bunius ; Coriander-leaved Fool's Parsley.
Radical leaves pinnate, cauline manifold-setaceous. This is
u perennial plant, native of the Pyrenees. It flowers in July.

3. jEthusa Meum; Spicknel, Mew, or Bawd Money.
All the leaves manifold setaceous. This is a perennial
plant, rising a foot and a half high, with channelled stalks,
terminated by an umbel of flowers that are white with a
tincture of green, and are succeeded by oblong smooth
seeds. It grows wild in the mountains of Switzerland,
Germany, Austria, Carniola, Italy, and Spain : also in the
high pastures of Westmoreland, Cumberland, Lancashire,
and Merionethshire. It blossoms in May. The roots and
seeds are aromatic and acrid ; they are recommended as car-
minatives and stomachics ; in the stone, stoppage of urine,
and all uterine disorders ; sometimes they are given to cure
tertians. Spicknel is an ingredient in theriaca and mithri-
date ; and appears to be of the same nature as lovage. It is
a powerful diuretic, and remover of obstructions in the vis-
cera, consequently good against the gravel, jaundice, ob-
structions of the menses, &c. The root is the part to be
made use of for these purposes, and an infusion of it is the
best preparative ; dried and given in powder, it strengthens
the stomach, creates an appetite, and is good against the
colic. This is a hardy plant, and may be increased by part-
ing the roots at Michaelmas, or sowing the seeds soon after
they are ripe, which is in July and August. They should
have a shady situation and a moist soil.

4. ^thusa Fatua ; Fine-leaved Fool's Parsley. All the
leaves many-parted, setaceous ; leaflets subverticillate ; stem
many-leaved ; sheaths of the petioles narrow ; universal in-
volucre many-leaved. This species flowers in August and
September : it is not known of what country it is a native.

' African Bladder Nut. See Royena.
African Flea-Bane. See Tarchonanthus.
African Marygold. See Tagetes.
African Ragwort. See Othonna.
As;allocha. See Excoecaria.

Agapanthus, a genus of the Hexandria class, Monogynia
order. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : Spathe common
gaping at the side. Corolla : one-petalled, funnel-shaped,
regular ; tube cornered, as if composed of six claws ; bor-
der six-parted ; parts oblong spreading. Stamina.- filaments
six, inserted into the throat, shorter than the corolla.declinate,
antherae kidney-shaped, incumbent. Pistil : germ superior,
oblong, three-cornered ; style filiform, length of the stamina,
declinate ; stigma simple. Pericarp : capsule oblong, three-
sided, three-celled, three-valved ; valves navicular, with
contrary dissepiment. Seeds : numerous, oblong, com-
pressed, enlarged with a membrane. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Corolla: inferior, funnel-shaped, hexapetaloid, regular.

Of this genus the following species only is known,

1. Agapanthus Umbellatus ; African Blue Lily. It is a
native of the Cape; and is propagated by offsets, which
come out of the sides of the old plants ; and may be taken
off at the latter end of June, planted each in a separate pot,
and placed in a shady situation, where they can have the
morning sun and free air, and be watered twice a week. They
only require protection from frost and wet, and as they
flower at the end of August, or in the beginning of Septem-
ber, they will frequently continue in beauty till spring

Agaricus, a genus of the class Cryptogamia, order Fungi.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Pileus or cap; with gills under-

VOL. I. 6.

neath. Gills : differing in substance from the rest of the
>lant, composed of two laminas. Seeds : in the gills. In or-
der to cultivate Agarici or Mushrooms, the small white knobs
which are always found near their roots, in August or Sep-
ember, and are the offsets, or young mushrooms, should be
carefully gathered with the earth about them ; and as this
spawn cannot be found in the pastures except during the
mushroom season, you will probably find it in old dunghills
where there has been much litter and little wet, also in old
lot-beds, shooting out in long strings. The beds for these
spawn should be made of dung, with good store of litter,
on dry ground, three feet wide at bottom, and long in pro-
jortion to the quantity desired. The dung must be laid a
foot thick, covered with four inches of strong earth, and
upon this two more layers of dung ten inches thick, suc-
ceeded by another layer of earth, contracting the sides of
the bed like the roof of a house. When finished, the bed
should be covered with litter or old thatch, to keep out the
wet, and prevent the bed from drying. In eight or ten days
the bed will be moderately warm, and fit to receive the
spawn ; then the thatch or litter being removed, a covering
of rich light earth, about an inch deep, should be laid all ,
over the bed, placing the lumps of spawn upon it, four or
five inches asunder, which must be covered with the same
light earth, half an inch deep ; and the old thatch or litter
then replaced, to keep out the wet, as before. In warm
weather the mushrooms will probably appear in a month ;
but if the weather be cold it will be much longer. The
great skill is, to keep up a due degree of moisture in these
beds ; in warm weather showers of rain may be admitted,
in winter they must be kept as dry as possible. A bed thus
managed, if the spawn take kindly, will remain good for se-
veral months, and produce better mushrooms than can be
gathered in the fields. When destroyed, the spawn for a
new bed may be taken out of it, and plenty of mushrooms
may thus be ensured throughout the year. In many parts
of Europe several sorts are eaten, which we deem poison-
ous. Even Agpiperatus, the most acrid and suspicious spe-
cies of this genus, is eaten in large quantities by the Rus-
sians. They season or pickle them with salt in autumn, and
eat them in Lent. Caution is nevertheless very indispensa-
ble, as several species would be highly injurious, if taken in
any considerable quantity. See Fungi. Authors differ ex-
ceedingly in their enumerations of the species of this genus :
the following are the most worthy of notice, viz :

Agaricus Campestris ; Common Mushroom, or Champignon.
Gills crowded, irregular, pink changing to liver colour ; cap
convex, white to brown ; stem white, cylindrical ; curtf.in
white. The stem of this species is solid, from two to three
inches high, and half an inch in diameter. It is esteemed
the best and most savoury of the genus ; and is in much re-
quest for the table in England. It is eaten fresh, either stewed
or broiled, and preserved either as a pickle or in powder : the
sauce vulgarly called Catchup, is made from its juice with
salt and spices. The wild mushrooms, fresh from undunged
pastures, are more delicate than those raised on artificial
beds, the flesh of the latter being less tender; and those
who are much accustomed to them, can distinguish them
from each other by the smell. Those artificially raised are cer-
tainly more sightly, and more easily procured in a proper state
for eating ; they are also firmer, and better for pickling.

Agaricus Georgii, of Linn*us, resembles this, but is far
inferior to it in flavour, though not poisonous, as it is gene-
rally supposed. It is very common ; and the caps turn yel-
low, but the gills are always white.

Agaricus Procerus, or Tall Mushroom, which is common
S

A G A

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL:

A G A

in woods and dry hilly pastures, is sometimes exposed to sale
in Covent Garden market. It may be easily distinguished
from the genuine sort by the sponginess of its flesh, and
from all others by its tallness, bulbous base, and large volva
or ruffle, and the scaly texture of its spongy cap.

Aguricus Caesareus, or Imperial Agaric, is the most splen-
did of all the species. It is common in Italy, where it is
exposed in the markets for sale. The ancient Romans es-
teemed it one of the greatest luxuries ; and Juvenal and
Martial have celebrated it as the vehicle whereby Claudius
Caesar was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. It was first
found wild in this country in the year 1791.

Agaricus Orcades ; a small pale-brown, or rather buff-
coloured mushroom, very frequent in dry pastures, and par-
ticularly in fairy rings; which Dr. Withering is satisfied are
entirely produced by their growth. It is found in woods
and hedges, but is then inferior in flavour. Those from dry
pastures are the best, have a pleasant smell, and a most lus-
cious flavour, either stewed alone, or in hashes and ragouts.
They make excellent Catchup, and are admirable in the form
of a powder. The cap is of a pale brown buff colour ; and
the stem solid and white, an inch and half high, and about
the thickness of a crow-quill. It is in season during Sep-
tember and October, but may be so dried as to be in use for
the table all the winter. They should be gathered young,
and early in the morning.

Agathopyllum ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth very
small, truncate, entire, permanent. Corolla: petals six,
ovate, somewhat villose within, inserted into the calix. Sta-
mina : filaments twelve, broadish, very short, alternately
placed at the base of the petals, and alternately on the calix ;
anthers; roundish. Pistil: germ superior, very small; style
very short; stigma pubescent. Pericarp: drupe somewhat
globose, crowned with the calix. Seed : nut somewhat glo-
bose, terminated by a truncate point, half six-celled kernel
convex, beneath six-lobed, with coriaceous partitions sepa-
rating the lobes. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix.- superior,
very short, toothless. Corolla: six-petalled, somewhat vil-
lose. Stamina : alternately inserted into the calix and petals.
Drupe-, juiceless, with a half six-celled nut, and one seed.
The only species known is,

1. Agathopyllum Aromat icnm. This is a large bushy tree,
with a pyramidical head like the Clove-tree, and a reddish
odorous bark ; the wood is hard, heavy, white, with some
reddish fibres, and has no smell. Its fruit, which is the size
of a large cherry, is shaped like a pear; it consists of a nut
dividedinto six parts, as a walnut is divided into four, covered
with a hard coriaceous shell, and that with a green thin bark
very closely adhering to it, both of which are aromatic; but
the nut has an acrid biting taste, which is almost caustic.
The tree bears at five or six years of age, flowers in. January
and February, and is ten months in ripening its fruit. The
natives of Madagascar, who call it raventsnrn, gather it be-
fore it is ripe, as a spice for the purpose of seasoning their
meat. When fresh, it has a fine aromatic smell ; and the
i-austic taste may be diminished by keeping it some months,
then throwing it into boiling water for four or five minutes,
;ind afterwards drying it in the sun. The leaves may be
prepared as a spice in the same manner.

Agdne ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
GF.XKKIC CHARACTER. Culii : none. Corolla .- one-petallrd,
funnel-shaped; border six-parted, equal ; parts lanceolate
erect. Stumina : filaments filiform, erect, longer than tin-
corolla; antherae linear, shorter than the filaments, versa-
tile. Pistil: germ oblong, growing thinner towards both

ends, inferior ; style, filiform, the length of the stamina, three-
cornered; stigma-headed. Pericarp: capsule oblong, three-
cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds.- numerous.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : erect, superior. Filaments :

longer than the corolla, erect. The species are,

1. Agave Americana; Common American Agave. Stem-
less ; leaves tooth-thorny. When vigorous the stems gene-
rally rise twenty feet high, and branch out so as to form a
kind of pyramid, composed of greenish-yellow flowers,
which stand erect, and come out in thick clusters at every
joint. This plant has been' long known in England, where
it will flower in gardens, but not ripen seed. When they
flower they make a fine appearance, and continue a long
time in beauty; and if protected from the cold in autumn,
will continue to flower for three months in favourable sea-
sons. It has been erroneously said, not to flower nntil it is
an hundred years old ; but this is a mistake, as it flowers in
a few years in warm countries, but in colder climates, where
the growth is slow, it will be much longer before it shoots
up a stem. In Portugal and Spain there are hedges of this
plant : it also flourishes about Naples, and in other parts of
Italy. The leaves are very useful as a succedaneum for
soap ; they are cut and passed (points foremost) between
the rollers of a mill, the expressed juice being conducted
into wide shallow receivers through a coarse cloth or
strainer ; it is then placed in a hot sun until reduced to a
thick consistence by the exhalation of the aqueous part,
after which it is made up into balls with lye-ashes, and will
then lather with salt water as well as fresh. This soap may
be made by pounding the leaves in a wooden mortar, and
reducing them to a consistence by the sun or by boiling. A
gallon of juice yields a pound of soft extract : the juice must
always be carefully strained, and never combined with tal-
low or other unctuous materials. The leaves are also used
for scouring pewter, and other kitchen utensils and floors.
The inward spongy substance of the decayed stalk is used
for tinder. The fibres of the leaves, separated by bruising
and steeping in water, and afterwards beating them, make
a strong thread for common uses. It is a hardy plant. This,
and the third species, should be planted in pots or tubs filled
with light sandy earth, and housed in winter with Oranges,
Myrtles. &c. ; and during that season should have but little
wet. They may remain abroad during summer, and until
the end of October.

1. Agave Vivipara; Viviparous or Childing Agave. Stem-
less, leaves toothed. This never grows to a large size; it
is so tender that it will not thrive out of the stove even in
summer : and as it never produces off-sets or suckers from
the roots, it cannot be propagated that way except when in
flower, when there will be an abundance of them. They require
a light sandy earth, and should have little wet in winter,
but may be gently watered twice a week in summer, and be
allowed a great share of free air. Every summer they must
be shifted, but not have large pots, and have fresh earth :
unless the roots are confined, the plants will noi thrive.

3. Agave Virginica; Virginian Agave. Stemless, herba-
ceous; leaves tooth-thorny. This is veiy like the first sort,
but does not rise so high : both sorts have lived in the open
air for some years in mild seasons: but in severe winters
they are always killed if not sheltered. The third specie-
seldom puts out so many suckers as the first, though it
generally produces sufficient for propagation.

4. Agave Lurida. Subcaulescent ; leaves tooth-thorny.
This also greatly resembles the first specie's, but the le;n < *
are thinner, and their spines blacker. This is propagated
like the second species; which see.

"Published by Fiahar. Son Vf^Cajcinn T on-";

A G R

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY

A G R

5. Agave Tuberosa ; Tuberous-rooted Agave. Caulescent,
leaves tooth-thorny. For the mode of propagating it, see
the second species.

6. Agave Foetida ; Fetid Agave. Caulescent leaves, quite
entire. This is propagated in the same manner as the se-
oond species ; which see.

Ageratum ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
mia Squalls. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common ob-
long ; with many lanceolate subequal scales. Corolla : com-
pound uniform ; corollets hermaphrodite, tubulous, nume-
rous, equal, scarcely longer than the calix. Proper rnono-
petalous, funnel-shaped ; border quadrifid, spreading. Sta-
mina : filaments capillary, very short ; aiithera cylindric,
tubular. Pistil: germ oblong ; style filiform, the length of
the stamina ; stigrnas two, very slender, erect. Pericarp:
none. Calix: unchanged. Seed: solitary, oblohg, angular,
crowned with a chaffy, five-leaved, upright, awned calicle.
Receptacle: naked, convex, very small. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Receptacle: naked. Down: five-awned. Culix: ob-
long, subequal. Corollets: quadrifid. The species are,

1. Ageratum Conyzoides; Hairy Ageratum. Leaves ovate,
stem hairy. This has an annual root ; and its leaf resembles
that of the Nettle. It flowers in July and August ; is a na-
tive of Africa, the islands of America, and the isle of Tanna
in the South Seas. The seeds must lie sown on a hot-bed in
the spring, and should be transplanted after they have taken
root. In June they may be inured to the open air. They
will begin to flower in July, and continue till the frosts of
autumn destroy them.

3. Ageratum Ciliare. Leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse ; stem
smooth, two feet high. A native of the East Indies, and of
China, near Canton.

Ageratum. See Achillea.

Agnus Castifs. See Vitex.

Agrimonia ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Di-
i GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
);\. '-cleft, acute, small, superior, permanent, fenced with an
outer .calix. Corolla: petals five, flat, emarginate; claws
narrow, inserted into the calix. Stamina: filaments capil-
lary, shorter than the corolla, inserted into the calix; an-
tlieroc small, twin, compressed. Pistil: germ inferior,
styles simple, the length of the stamina ; stigmas obtuse.
Pericarp .- none ; calix contracted at the neck, and hardened.
.- two, roundish. Observe, the number of stamina is
uncertain, 12, 1O, 7- ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix;
tive-cleft, fenced with another. Petals: five. Seeds: two, at
the bottom of the calix. This is a genus of hardy perennial
] laiits, which if kept free from weeds will thrive in any soil
or situation. They are propagated by parting their roots in
autumn, when their leaves begin to decay, that the young
plants may be well established by the spring; and they should
be kept two feet asunder. The seeds swvn in autumn will
appear in the following spring. The species are,

I. Agrimonia Eupatoria; Common Agrimony. Stem-leaves
pinnate ; the end-lobe petiolate ; fruits hispid. This plant
is only a foot and a half in height ; it is a native of woods,
shady places, hedges and borders of corn-fields in Great Bri-
tain, and most parts of Europe. It is perennial, and flowers
n June and July. The root in spring is sweet-scented ; and
the fresh-gathered flowers smell like apricots. Kalm informs
us that the Canadians use an infusion of the root in burning
fevert with great success. Dr. Hill affirms, that an infusion
six ounces of the crown of the root, in a quart of boiling
water, sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it drank three
times a day, is an effect-ial cure for the jaundice. He ad-
!s to begin with a vomit, afterwards to keep the bowels
soluble, and to continue the medicine as long as any symp-

toms of the disease remain. The leaves, which make a plea-
sant tea, are said to be serviceable in hemorrhages, and
in obstructions of the liver and spleen : they may be used
either fresh or dried. They are found by experience to be
salutary in the diabetes, and incontinence of urine. This
plant is also one of the famous vulnerary herbs, and an in-
gredient in the genuine arquebusade-water. It is frequent,
according to Meyrick ; in dry pastures ; and is a mild corro-
borant, of great efficacy in all such disorders as arise from
a lax habit of body : its roots appear to possess the properties
of the Peruvian hark in a very considerable degree, without
manifesting any of its inconvenient qualities ; and if taken
in pretty large doses, either in decoction or powder, seldom
fails to cure the ague. The leaves, digested in whey, af-
ford an useful diet-drink for the spring, particularly for such
as are troubled with scorbutic complaints. The country peo-
ple also use them by way of cataplasm in contusions and fresh
wounds. If gathered when it is coming into flower, this plant
will dye wool of a good bright full nankeen colour ; bat if
gathered in September, the yellow colour will be darker. As
it gives a good dye at all times, and is a common plant easily
cultivated, it deserves the notice of the dyers: in the Berlin
Acts it is recommended for dressing leather. Sheep and goats
eat it ; but kine, horses, and swine, refuse it. There are two
varieties of this species, the White Acrimony, and the Sweet-
scented Agrimony, both natives of Italy. The leaves of the'
latter emit an agreeable odour, and also make a pleasant
cooling tea, which is an excellent beverage for persons in a
fever.

' 2. Agrimonia Repens ; Creeping Agrimony. Leaves pin-
nate ; the end-lobe sessile ; fruits hispid. This plant seldom
rises above two feet in height, and it multiplies faster than
the common sort, which it strongly resembles.

3. Agrimonia Decumbens. Leaves pinnate, hirsute ; stem
procumbent ; fruits every way hispid-hooked. This species
is usually monogynous. Native of the Cape.

4. Agrimonia Agrimonoides ; Three-leaved Agrimony.
Stem-leaves ternate ; fruits smooth. It is found in moist
woods and among bushes in Italy and Carniola, where it is
a native.

5. Agrimonia Parviflora; Small-Jlowered Agrimony. Stem-
leaves pinnate; leaflets many, lanceolate; petals half as
long again as the calix; fruits hispid. It flowers in July ;
and is a native of North America.

Agrimonoides. See Agrimonia.

Agrimwiy, Hemp. See Eupatorium.

Agrimony, Water Hemp. See Bidens.

Agrostemma; a genus of the class Decandria, order Penta-
gynia, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
coriaceous, tubulous, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla .-
petals five ; claws the length of the tube of the calix ;
border spreading, obtuse. Stamina : filaments awl-shaped,
five alternately later than the other five, inserted into each
claw of the petals; antherae simple. Pistil: germ ovate ;
styles filiform, erect, the length of the stamina; stigmas
simple. Pericarp : capsule oblong, ovate, covered, one-cel-
led, five-valved. Seeds: very many, kidney-shaped, dotted.
Receptacles : free, as many as seeds, the interior ones gradually
longer. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: one-leafed, coria-
ceous. Petals: five, clawed; border obtuse, undivided.
Capsule: one-celled. The species are,

1. Agrostemma Githago ; Corn Campion, or Cockle. Hir-
sute, calix longer than the corolla, which is not crowned as in
the other species ; petals entire, or slightly emarginate, and
naked. The stem is two feet high, and the root annual ; it
is a common weed in corn-fields, enlivening them at the
expense of the careless husbandman, along with Poppy and

A G R

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A G R

lilue-bottle ; it flowers in June and July. The seeds are
diuretic ; they promote the menses, and are serviceable in
the dropsy and jaundice, but the use of them must be con-
tinued for a considerable length of time. Hill says, the
seeds are used ; they work by unne, and open all obstruc-
tions, promote the menses, and are good in dropsy and jaun-
dice : the best way of giving them is powdered, and put into
an electuary, to be taken for a continuance of time; for
those medicines whose virtues are against chronic diseases,
do not take effect at once.

2. Agrostemma Coronaria ; Rose Campion. Tomentose,
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals slightly emarginate, crowned,
serrate. This is a native of Italy, the Valais, and Siberia,
and is a biennial plant. It has long been an inhabitant of
the English gardens, whereby its seed having scattered, it
is become a kind of weed. There are three varieties of this
plant, one with a deep red, another with a flesh-coloured,
and the third with a white flower; but all little esteemed, as
the double rose Campion, being a fine flower, has turned the
others out of most gardens. The single rose Campions pro-
pagate themselves best by their seeds ; but the variety with
double flowers is propagated by parting the roots in autumn,
jitter the flowers are past.

3. Agrostemma Flos Jovis ; Umbellate Rose Campion, or
Flower of Jove. Tomentose : petals emarginate ; flowers in
a corymb. The flowers, which are of a bright red, appear
in July, and the seeds ripen in September. It grows natu-
rally on the Swiss and Piedmontese mountains, and in the
Palatinate. This requires a shady situation and moist soil.

4. Agrostemma Coeli Rosa ; Smooth Campion. Smooth;
leaves linear-lanceolate; petals emarginate, crowned. An
annual plant, the stem a foot or eighteen inches high ; na-
tive of Italy, Sicily, and the Levant ; and having little beauty
is only preserved in botanic gardens.

Agrostis ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Pigynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : a one-flowered, bivalve, acu-
minate glume. Corolla : bivalve, acuminate, one valve
larger than the other. Stamina : filaments longer than the
corolla, with forked anthers. Pistil : germ roundish ; styles
reflex, villous, with stigvnas longitudinally hispid. Pericarp:
corolla growing to the seed, not gaping. Seed : roundish,
pointed at both ends, the corolla adhering closely to it.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : bivalve, one-flowered, a
little less than the corolla. Stigmas: longitudinally hispid.
This is said to be an artificial genus, the species of which
are in general very ill ascertained. For the method of pro-
pagating and cultivating these grasses, see the article Grass.

The species are.

* Awned.

1. Agrostis Spica Venti ; Silky Bent Grass. The outer
petal has a very long stiff awn ; the panicle is spreading.
This is from three to four feet high, annual, frequent in
sandy corn-fields, and flowering from June to August.

2. Agrostis Interrupta ; Interrupted Spike Bent Grass.
The outer petal awned ; the panicle attenuated, contracted,
interrupted. It is an annual ; and native of France, Italy,
Switzerland, Carniola, and Germany.

3. Agrostis Miliacea ; Millet Bent Grass. The outer pe-
tal terminating in a straight stiff awn of a moderate length.
This resembles the first species; and is a native of Mont-
pellier, Spain and Siberia.

4. Agrostis Bromoides ; Brome-like Bent Grass. Panicle
simple, narrowed ; corolla pubescent ; awn straight, longer
than the calix ; culm a foot and half high. A perennial ;
growing wild about Montpellier.

5. Agrostis Australis ; Southern Bent Grass. The panicle
approaching to a spike; the seed ovate, pubescent; awn

the length of the calix. This species is three feet high ; and
a native of Portugal.

6. Agrostis Arundinacea; Reedy Bent Grass. Panicle ob-
long ; outer petal villous at the base, and furnished with a
writhed awn, longer than the calix. Very erect, height some-
times two and sometimes four feet. It is perennial, and na-
tive of many parts of Europe. The Cahnuc Tartars weuv>
mats, and thatch their huts, with it. Goats will almost
starve rather than eat this species of grass.

7- Agrostis Calamagrostis ; Branching Bent Grass. Pani-
cle thickened ; whole of the outer petal woolly, awned at
the tip; culm branching. Reaches three feet in height, is a
perennial, and native of Germany, Switzerland, and about
Verona. It resembles the preceding.

8. Agrostis Serotina ; Late Bent Grass. Floscules oblong mu-
cronate ; culm covered with very short leaves. This species
is about a foot high ; and was observed by Seguier near Verona.

9. Agrostis Rubra; Red Bent Grass. Flowering part of
the panicles very spreading ; outer petal smooth ; awn ter-
minal, spiral, recurved. This species is common in Sweden
and Scotland.

10. Agrostis Spiciformis ; Spiky Bent Grass. Panicle re-
sembling a spike ; flowers two-awne J : one awn inserted
into the receptacle, jointed and longer than the other, which
is straight, and inserted below the tip of the corolla, which
is rough. This species is nine' inches in height, erect, very
smooth, and the culms perfectly simple. It has been ob-
served in the island of Teneriffe.

11. Agrostis Hirsute; Hairy Bent Grass. Panicle ap-
proaching to a spike ; culm and leaves hirsute ; glumes of
the corolla awned on the back, and bifid at the tip. This
species is easily distinguished by its shagginess. Native of
the island of Teneriffe.

12. Agrostris Matrella. The flowers in racemes ; outer
valve of the calix bent in, the tip of the keel only gaping.
This differs somewhat from the other species in character,
and is found in the sandy lands of Malabar.

13. Agrostis Canina ; Brown Bent Grass. Calix elongate ;
a recurved awn on the back of the petals ; culms prostrate,
a little branching. This species is perennial.

**Naked, or Aicnless.

14. Agrostis Stolonifera ; Creeping Bent Grass. Branches
of the panicle spreading, naked ; culm creeping ; calices
equal. This is known by its creeping stems, putting out
roots, and producing new plants. It is a native of most
parts of Europe, flowering from June to August, and is found
in moist meadows.

15. Agrostis Capillaris ; Fine Bent Grass. Panicle capil-
lary, spreading, flexuose ; calices subulate, equal, smooth ,
coloured. Native of Lapland, common in pastures and by
road-sides. Perennial.

16. Agrostis Sylvatica ; Wood Bent Grass. Panicle con-
tracted ; calices equal, those of the barren flower shorter
than the corolla, those of the fertile ones twice as long. It
is perennial ; and is found in moist woods, as in Bishop's
Wood, and Hornsey Wood, near London.

17. Agrostis Alba ; White Bent Grass. Panicle loose ; <-a-
lices equal ; culm creeping ; it has purple an there. Grows
in ditches, marshes, and moist meadows; and is perennial.

18. Agrostis Pumila ; Du-arf Bent Grass. Panicle on one
side ; culms erect in bunches. It is a perennial plant, na-
tive of Iceland, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, of dry
places in England, and of Wales and Scotland.

19. Agrostis Minima ; Least Bent Grass. Panicle filiform.
This is an annual spring plant, which flowers early, and
ripens its seeds in May. Native of France and Geruianyj
and has been seen in Wales.

A G Y

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AIR

20. Agrostis Tenacissima; Tough Btnt Grass. Panicle
i-ontracted, filiform; flowers linear, valves parallel. A pe-
rennial, and native of the East Indies.

21. Agrostis Yirginica ; Virginian Bent Grass. Panicle
contracted ; leaves rolled inwards, subulate, rigid, standing
,,,,t. An elegant little plant, the stalk somewhat compressed,
and seldom rising above four or five inches from the root.

22. Agrostis Mexicana; Mexican Bent Grass. Panicle ob-
long, heaped; calix and corolla acuminate, and nearly equal.
Culms numerous, a foot high, smooth, erect. This species
is difficult to determine. It is a native of South America,
flowers the second year, and has the appearance of Cinna.

23. Agrostis Purpurascens ; Purple Bent Grass. Panicle
contracted, elongate ; branches pressed close, upright; florets
unequal, acuminate. A native of Jamaica.

24. Agrostis Indica ; Indian Bent Grass. Panicle con-
tracted ; racemes lateral, erect, alternate. A native of India.

25. Agrostis Ciliata ; Ciliate Bent Grass. Glume of the
calix angular, and ciliate. A native of Japan.

26. Agrostis Panicea ; Bearded Bent Grass. Panicle sub-
spiked ; branches and branchlets fascicled ; valves of the
calix, and one of the corolla, awned ; that of the corolla
very short. This grows in marshes and wet pastures.

27- Agrostis Lenta ; Fur/ted Bent Grass. Spikes subtern,
umbellate ; floscules awnless, oblong, acute ; calycine valves
subequal ; leaves and sheaths smooth. It is annual, a na-
tive of the East Indies, and flowers in July and August.

28. Agrostis Complanata ; Flat-stalked Bent Grass. Spikes
umbelled, smooth ; outer calycine valves awned ; flatted
leaves, and sheaths smooth. This species is perennial,
flowers in July and August, and is a native of Jamaica.

29. Agrostis Pungens ; Prickly Bent Grass. Panicle con-
tracted ; leaves involute, stiff, pungent ; the upper ones ob-
liquely opposite ; culm branching. Perennial ; and a native
of Arabia, Barbary, and the dry countries near the coast of the
country of Nice. The Arabs use it as a medicine for the piles.

30. Agrostis Vinealis ; Short-owned Bent Grass. Culms
ascending ; calix coloured ; awn nearly straight, from be-
low the middle of the back, about as long as the calix.
Native of Switzerland, and the north of England.

31. Agrostis Ovata ; Ovate-paniclvd Bent Grass. Outer
petal awned below the tip ; panicle ovate, contracted, spike-
form. A native of New Zealand.

32. Agrostis Odorata ; Sweet Bent Grass. Spikes with the
florets pointing one way, heaped together ; culm six inches
high. A native of Cochin-China, near the coast. This grass
is highly esteemed by the Cochin-Chinese for the perma-
nency of its odour ; they dry it to perfume their clothes with.

33. Agrostis Plicata ; Plaited-leaved Bent Grass. Leaves
plaited ; spike linear, awnless. Culm a foot and half high.
Xative of the suburbs of Canton.

34. Agrostis Cinna. Panicle contracted, awnless; flowers
acuminate, with one, two, or three stamina; leaves flat,
scabrous.

35. Agrostis Diandra. Panicle elongate, contracted ;
flowers subulate, two-stamined ; leaves convolute. Native
of the East Indies, whence it was sent by Koenig under
the name of Cinna.

Agyneia ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Mona-
delphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowers below the fe-.
male. Calix: six-leaved ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, equal, per-
manent. Corolla : none. In the male, instead of filaments,
a column shorter than the calix ; three or four anthers;, ob-
long, growing to the column below the top. In the female
flowers, germ of the size of the calix, subovate, obtuse, per-
forated at top with a six-notched hole: neither style nor stigma.

VOL. i. 6.

Pericarp : supposed to be a tricoccous capsule. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix : six-leaved. Corolla : none. Male ;
three antherse, growing to the rudiment of a style. Female ;
germ perforated at top ; without style or stigma. Species.

1. Agyneia Impubes. Leaves smooth on both sides.
An erect shrub, a native of China.

2. Agyneia Pubera. Leaves down underneath. Also a
native of China.

Ailanthus ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix -. perianth one-leafed,
five-parted, very small. Corolla -. petals five, lanceolate,
acute, convolute at the base, spreading. Stamina : filaments
ten, compressed, the length of the corolla; antherae oblong,
versatile. Female. Calix : as in the male, permanent. Co-
rolla ,- as in the male. Pistil; germs three to five, curved
inwards ; styles lateral ; stigmas capitate. Pericarp, cap-
sules as many as there are germs, compressed, membrana-
ceous, sabre-shaped, acute, on one of the edges emarginate.
Seeds : solitary, lens-shaped, bony, close to the emargina-
ture. Hermaphrodite. Calix : as in the male and female.
Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : filaments two or three,
as in the male. Pistil: pericarp and seed as in the female.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: five-parted. Co-
rolla : five -pe tailed. Stamina : ten. Female. Calix and
Corolla: as in the male. Germs: three to five. Styles:
lateral. Pericarp: membranaceous, one-seeded. Herma-
phrodite. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : two
to three. One species only is known, viz.

1. Ailanthus Glandulosa ; Tall Ailanthus. This tree rises
with a straight trunk to the height of forty or fifty feet ; the
bark is grey, slightly furrowed, and has white marks on it ;
the young twigs are covered with a fine velvet down. The
flowers are numerous, and exhale a disagreeable odour.
It is a native of China, grows very fast in our climate, and
being a 'handsome and lofty tree, is proper for ornamental
plantations. If the bark be wounded, a resinous juice flows
out, which hardens in a few days. The wood is hard, heavy,
glossy, like satin, and susceptible of a very fine polish.

Aira ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.' GE-
NERIC CHARACTER. Calix : a two-flowered, two-valved
glume ; valves ovate-lanceolate, acute, equal. Corolla : bi-
valve ; valves like those of the calix ; nectary two-leaved ;
leaflets acute, gibbous at the base. Stamina : filaments capil-
lary, the length of the flower, with oblong antherse, forked at
each end. Pistil: germ ovate, styles setaceous, spreading,
with pubescent stigmas. Pericarp: none. Seed: subovate,
covered by the corolla. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix :
two-valved, two-flowered, without any rudiment of a third.
For the method of propagation and culture, see Grass.

The species are,

* Naked, or awnless.

1. Aira Arundinacea ; Reedy Aira -grass. Panicle oblong,
on one side, imbricate ; leaves flat. It is found in the Le-
vant, and in Cochin-China.

2. AiraMinuta; Minute Aira-grass. Panicle loose, almost
level-topped, very branching. This is an annual grass,
scarcely an inch high, and a native of Spain.

3. Aira Aquatica ; Water Aira-grass. Panicle spreading ;
flowers smooth, longer than the calix ; leaves flat. The root
of this species is perennial ; it runs to a considerable distance
in the water, throwing off roots and young shoots as it passes
along. It flowers in June and July, but is not worthy of cul-
tivation. The sandy lands near Exmouth, about Northflect
in Kent, and in Yorkshire and Lancashire, produce it.

** Awned.

4. Aira Subspicata ; Spiked Aira-grass. Leaves flat ; pa-
T

AIT

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A J U

nicle spiked ; flowers awned on the middle; awn reflex, loose.
It is a perennial, and is found upon the mountains of
Switzerland, Savoy, Denmark, and Lapland.

5. Aira Csespitosa; Turfy Aira-grass. Leaves flat; pa-
nicle spreading ; petals villous, and awned at the base ; awn
straight, short. The culm of this grass is about a yard high.
In marshes it is frequently viviparous, and growing in tufts
it occasions irregularities, tussocks, or hassocks, as they are
vulgarly called, in meadows. Cows, goats, and swine, eat
it, but horses are not fond of it. It is perennial ; and found
in meadows, fields, and woods.

6. Aira Flexuosa ; Heath Aira-grass. Awned ; leaves
setaceous; culms almost naked ; panicle divaricated; pedun-
cles flexuose. Perennial ; and a native of heaths, barren pas-
tures, and rocky moors. Horses, kine, and sheep, eat it.

~. Aira Montana ; Mountain Aira-graas. Leaves seta-
ceous ; panicle narrowed ; flowers hairy at the base, and
awned; awn twisted, and very long. This is a native of high
heaths and barren pastures : it is perennial, and sheep are
ver fond of it. Supposed to be a variety of the foregoing.

8. Aira Alpina ; Alpine Aira-grass. Leaves subulate ;
panicle dense ; flowers hairy at the base, and awned ; awn
short. This species grows on the mountains of Germany,
Savoy, and Lapland.

9. Aira Villosa ; Villose Aira-grass. Leaves subulate ;
panicle long and narrow ; flowers sesquialteral, shaggy,
awned ; awn straight, short. Native of the Cape.

10. Aira Canescens ; Gray Aira-grass. Leave setaceous,
the upper one involving the panicle at bottom like a spathe.
This may be known at first sight from most other grasses
by its paleness. It is a native of sandy shores, the walls of
Basil, and the sandy fields of Germany and Piedmont.

11. Aira Prsecox ; Early Aira-grass. Leaves setaceous;
sheaths angled ; flowers panicle-spiked, and awned at the
base. This species has a sweet taste ; horses and sheep eat
it, and cows are very fond of it. It grows in ditches, in
wet meadows, and on the banks of streams ; it flowers in
June and July.

1'2. Aira Caryophyllea ; Silver Aira-grass. Leaves seta-
ceous ; panicle divaricated ; flowers awned, distant. This
is an annual plant; and is a native of the sandy pastures
and heaths of England, France, Switzerland, Piedmont,
Germany, and Denmark.

13. Aira Antarctica; South Sea Aira-grass. Leaves flat;
panicle compound, spreading ; calices three-flowered ; flos-
cules awned in the middle ; awn elongated, straightish.
A native of New Zealand.

14. Aira Involucrata; Itivolucred Aira-grass. Panicle
spreading, involucred, with bristles at the base ; floscules
awnless. Native of Spain, on the barren hills near Madrid ;
it is annual, and flowers in June and July.

Aitonia; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Octan-
dria. GENKHIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
erect, four-parted, short, divided into four ovate sharp seg-
ments. Corolla: has four, erect, equal, broadly-ovate, con-
cave, very obtuse, petals. Stamina : filaments joined as far
as the middle ; divided above into eight ; awl-shaped, fur-
rowed, standing out of the corolla ; and having ovate furrow-
ed antherae. Pistil : germ superior, ovate, smooth, subangu-
lar ; style one, filiform, of the same length with the stamina ;
stigma obtuse, undivided. Pericarp : an ovate, dry, mem-
branaceous, four-cornered, one-celled, brittle berry ; the
corners are produced and sharp. Heeds : many, fixed to a
column, globular, and smooth. Observe. It varies with five
cleft, teu-stamined flowers. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Style:
one. Calii : four-parted. Corolla : four-petalled. Berry

dry, quadrangular, one-celled, many-seeded. Only one

species is known, viz.

1. Aitonia Capensis, This shrub is slow of growth with
us, and seldom exceeds three feet in height. It is raised only
from seeds, which are sparingly produced in this country;
and it must be kept in the greenhouse or cape-stove. When
it is of sufficient age, it produces flowers and fruit, which is
large, and of a fine red colour through most of the year.

Ajuga ; a genus of the class Didynamia, and order Gym-
nospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calit : perianth one-leaf-
ed, short, cut halfway into the five-clefts, with the segments
nearly equal. Corolla : monopetalous, ringent ; tube cylin-
dric, bent in ; upper lip very small, erect, bifid, obtuse ;
middle division very large and obcordate ; side ones small.
St/n/iina : filaments subulate, erect, longer than the upper
lip ; anthera? twin. Pistil : germ four-parted ; style filiform,
situation and length as in the stamina; stigmas two, slender,
the lowest shorter. Pericarp: none; the calix, which is
converging, fosters the seeds. Seeds : somewhat oblong.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla . upper lip very small
Stamina i longer than the upper lip. The species are,

1. Ajuga Orientalis; Eastern Bugle. Flowers inverted.
The stem is a foot and half high : there are several varieties,
differing only in the colour of their flowers. It is found in
the Levant, Japan, and Cochin-China ; and requires a little
protection in winter, and as much free air as possible, ex-
cept in hard frosts. They are propagated by seeds, and also
by offsets ; but the latter is a very slow method.

2. Ajuga Pyramidalis ; Pyramidal Bugle. Spike a quad-
rangular, villous pyramid ; leaves approximating; root-leaves
very large ; bractes nearly entire. The stem is four or five
inches high. The plant is biennial, and flowers in April.
It is a native of Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Swe-
den, Denmark, Wales, and Scotland.

3. Ajuga Alpina; Alpine Bugle. Stem simple; stem-
leaves equalling the radical ones, This plant requires a
moist and shady situation ; it grows naturally on the Alps,
and is admitted into some gardens for the sake of variety,
where it propagates plentifully by its trailing stalks.

4. Ajuga Genevensis ; Geneva Bugle. Leaves downy,
streaked with lines, lowermost narrower ; calices shaggy ;
bractes generally three-lobed. This species nearly resem-
bles the common Bugle. There are two varieties, one with
a white, the other with a red flower. It grows wild about
Geneva, and in many of the southern countries of Europe.

5. Ajuga Reptans ; Common Bugle. Smooth, and creep-
ing by runners. This species is so plentiful in a wild state,
that it is seldom admitted into gardens. Its stalk is six inches
high, upright, hairy, and purple. The corolla is blue, coloured
with white veins. It flowers from May to June, and grows
naturally in woods and moist meadows, in most parts of Eng-
land, and of the south of Europe. There are two varieties,
one with a white, the other with a pale purple flower, grow-
ing in different parts of Westmoreland, but they only differ
in mere colour from the blue sort. It is numbered among
coolingand gently astringent vegetables, and is recommended
both as an internal and external vulnerary. The leaves, when
first chewed, have a sweetish taste, which soon changes into
an austere and bitter one. An infusion of them, or their ex-
pressed juice, is good for wounds and bruises, whether internal
or external, and is also esteemed a good diuretic. The leaves
are of a wild astringent corroborating nature, and may be
advantageously used in fluxes and all disorders of that kind,
as they do not, like many other plants of the same nature,
produce costiveness, but rather operate as gentle laxatives.
The roots of this plant appear to be more astringent than

ALA

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A L C

any other part by their striking a black colour with vitriol
of iron. Some foreign physicians of eminence have recom-
mended a decoction of this herb in the quinsy ; it is not
employed among us, but is constantly found mixed with
the vulnerary herbs imported from Switzerland.

6. Ajuga Decumbens ; Japanese Bugle. Decumbent and
villous ; leaves obovate, toothed. The flowers in whorls,
small, and blue. This plant sends up many stems : it may
be propagated in the same manner as the first species.

Aizoon ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Pentagynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed, di-
vided into five lanceolate permanent segments. Corolla:
none. Stamina .- filaments very many, capillary, inserted by
bunches into the sinuses of the calix ; anther* simple.
Pistil : germ five-cornered, superior ; styles five, simple ;
stigmas simple. Pericarp: capsule five-celled, five-valved,
swelling, and retuse. Seeds: several, roundish, or kidney-
shaped. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix -. five-parted. Pe-
tals: none. Capsule: superior, five-celled, five-valved.

The species are,

1. Aizoon Canariense ; Purslane-leaved Aizoon. Leaves
wedge-ovate ; flowers sessile. This species is an annual
plant, and a native of the Canary islands ; it must be raised
on a moderate hot-bed in the spring, and when fit to re-
move, should be carefully planted in a small pot filled with
light fresh earth, and plunged into another bed, shaded
from the sun, until they have again taken root ; after this
they must be gradually hardened to the open air, into which
they should be removed in June, placing them in a sheltered
situation, where they will flower and ripen seed in Septem-
ber, soon after which they die.

2. Aizoon Hispanicum ; Spanish Aizoon. Leaves lanceo-
late ; flowers sessile. An annual plant, whose branches trail
on the ground, growing naturally in Spain and Africa ; and
which, as the flowers have no beauty, is only preserved by
those who are curious in collecting rare plants. It is pro-
pagated like the preceding, in which they produce better
flwers, requiring a poor sandy soil.

3. Aizoon Lanceolatum ; Panicled Aizoon. Leaves lan-
ceolate ; flowers panicled. This is of humble growth, and
perishes soon after the seeds are ripe ; grows naturally at
the Cape ; and may be propagated in the same manner as
the two preceding species.

4. Aizoon Sarmentosum. Leaves linear, filiform ; panicle
dichotomous; flowers solitary, peduncled. Native rf the
Cape.

5. Aizoon Paniculatum ; Panicled Aizoon. Shaggy ;
leaves lanceolate ; flowers sessile ; branches erect. Native
of the Cape.

6. Aizoon Perfoliatum ; Perfoliate Aizoon. Downy; leaves
inversely ovate, conjoined, crystalline dotted ; flowers pe-
duncled. Native of the Cape.

7- Aizoon Glinoides ; Hairy Aizoon. Shaggy, herbace-
ous, procumbent ; leaves ovate ; flowers sessile, distinct.
Native of the Cape.

8. Aizoon Secundum. Shag-hoary, herbaceous, procum-
bent ; leaves ovate ; flowers sessile, imbricate, one-ranked.

-This species also is a native of the Cape.

. Aizoon Fruticosum ; Shrubby Aizoon. Shrubby, erect,
smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers sessile. A native of
the Cape.

10. Aizoon Rigidum ; Stiff Aizoon. Shrubby, procum-
bent, downy ; leaves ovate; flowers sessile, remote. A na-
tive of the Cape.

Ai.znon. See Sedum.

Alaternoides. See Cluy'tia.

Alaternus. See Rhammis.

Albuca ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogyma.
^GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla : petals six,
oblong-oval, permanent ; the three outer spreading, the three
inner converging. Stamina: filaments shorter than the co-
rolla, three opposite to the inner petals, linear-subulate,
complicate a little about the base, then flat ; three opposite
to the outer petals thicker; antherae on the former oblong,
fixed to the inflexed tip of the filament below the middle,
upright ; on the latter, similar but barren, or rrone. Pistil :
germ oblong, triangular ; style three-sided ; stigma a trian-
gular pyramid. Pericarp : an oblong, obtuse, triangular,
three-celled, three-valved capsule. Seeds : numerous, flat,
lying over each other, and widening outwards. ESSENTIAL,
CHARACTER. Corolla-, six-petalled ; the inner ones difform.
Stamina: three of the six castrated. Stigma: surrounded by
three cusps. The roots of these plants are kept in pots filled
with light earth, and sheltered under a hot-bed frame in win-
ter; but thrive best in a border in front of the greenhouse.

The species are,

* Three Stamina only fertile.

1. Albuca Altissima ; Tall Albuca. Interior petals glan-
dulose, and bent in at the tip ; leaves subulate, channelled,
convolute. This species flowers in April and May.

2. Albuca Major ; Great Albuca. Interior petals glandu-
lose, and bent in at the tip ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flattish.
It is a native of the Cape, and flowers in May.

3. Albuca Minor ; Small Albuca. Interior petals glandu-
lose, and bent in at the tip ; leaves linear-subulate, chan-
nelled It flowers in May and June.

4. Albuca Coarctata; Channel-leaved Albuca. Interior pe-
tals vaulted at the tip ; leaves smooth, linear-subulate, chan-
nelled ; peduncles the length of the bractes. The flowers
are yellow, and appear in May.

5. Albuca Spiralis ; Spiral-leaved Albuca. Interior petals
vaulted at the tip ; leaves spiral. Native of the Cape.

** All the Stamina fertile.

6. Albuca Fastigiata ; Upright-Jlowered Albuca. Interior
petals vaulted at the tip ; leaves smooth ; peduncles very
long. This species flowers in May.

7. Albuca Viscosa ; Viscose Albuca. Interior petals vaulted
at the tip ; leaves hairy-glandulose. This species flowers
in May and June.

8. Albuca Abyssinica ; Abyssinian Albuca. Leaves linear,
channelled, smooth.

Alcea; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Polyandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : double, each one-leafed ;
the outer cut half way into six parts, permanent, and very
spreading ; the inner cut half way into five parts, larger and
permanent. Corolla : five obcordate, emarginate, spreading
petals, coalescing at their bases. Stamina: filaments uniting
into a sort of five-angled cylinder at bottom, loose at top,
and inserted into the corolla ; antherae almost kidney-shaped.
Pistil : germ orbiculate ; style cylindric, short ; stigmas
about twenty, setaceous, the length of the style. Pericarp :
many jointed arils in a ring round a columnar flatted recep-
tacle, parting and opening on the inside. Seed: one, flat,
kidney-shaped, in each aril. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Ca-
lix : double ; outer six-cleft. Arils : many, one-seeded.
Plants of this genus are propagated by seeds, which should
be selected from those plants whose flowers are the most
double, and of the best colours. They must be gathered dry.
kept from damp in winter, and sown an inch deep in a bed
of light earth in the middle of April. When the young plants
have six or eight leaves, they should be transplanted to nur-
sery beds, and placed a foot asunder, observing to water them

A L C

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

ALE

until they have taken root ; after which they require no fur-
ther care, except to weed them until October, when they
may be planted out wherever they are intended to remain.

The species are,

1. Alcea Rosea ; Common Hollyhock. Leaves sinuate-
angular. This species grows naturally in China, whence
its seeds are frequently imported, so that they are become
very common. They flower from July until September, and
often rise to nine feet high in good ground, six feet of which
is garnished with flowers, which when double, and, of a good
colour, make a beautiful appearance, especially if the various
colours be properly intermixed. Meyritk says, that a decoc-
tion of the roots operates by urine, and is serviceable in the
stone, gravel, and all other disorders of the urinary vessels,
such as the stranguary, heat of urine, &c. It is a good in-
gredient in poultices, fomentations, and clysters, for any of
the aforesaid purposes, and appears to possess nearly the
same virtues with the Marshmallow.

2. Alcea Ficifolia ; Fig-leaved Hollyhock. Leaves palmate.
The seeds of this species were received from Istria, by Mr.
Miller : likethe common Hollyhock, though a native of warm
countries, it is hardy enough to bear the open air of Eng-
land : and is one of the greatest ornaments of our gardens
towards the latter end of summer. Both this and the first
species require tall stakes to secure them from violent winds,
and produce a succession of flowers for two months.

3. Alcea Africana ; African Hollyhock. Leaves three-
lobed, crenate ; flowers solitary, axillary j both calices six-
parted. The stem of this species rises upright four feet high.
It is a native of the eastern shore of Africa.

Alcea. See Malva.

Alchemilla ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
tubulous, permanent ; edge flat, divided into eight seg-
ments. Corolla: none. Stamina: filaments erect, awl-
shaped, very small, on the edge of the calix ; antherse round-
ish. Pistil: germ ovate ; style filiform, length of the sta-
mina, inserted at the base of the germ ; stigma globular.
Pericarp: none ; the neck of the calix closes and never
opens. Seeds .- solitary, elliptic, compressed. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix: eight-cleft. Corolla: none. Seed.- one.
The best way to propagate this genus of plants, is by
parting their roots in autumn, that they may be established
before the drying winds of spring come on. They require
a moist soil and shady situation, or they will not thrive in
the southern parts of England. The species are,

1. Alchemilla Vulgaris ; Common Ladies- Mantle, or Bears-
foot. Leaves lobed. This plant grows naturally in high
pastures of several parts of England, but is not very com-
mon near London ; it rises about a foot high, and its leaves
are sgalloped round the edges, resembling the scalloped
mantles of the ladies, from which it has its name. Cows
are not partial to it ; but horses, goats, and sheep eat it.
In Sweden, a tincture of the leaves is given in spasmodic
t/f convulsive diseases : they are also esteemed to be vul-
nerary, drying, and binding, and are of great force to stop
inward bleeding. The root is the most valuable part of the
plant ; and a strong decoction of it fresh taken up is ex-
cellent for immoderate discharges of the menses, the bloody
flux, and all other bleedings. Dried and reduced to powder,
it answers the same purposes, and is also good for common
purges when they continue too long. Some say it has its
name from its being used by the women in the north of
England, to reduce their breasts to form after they have
been swelled with milk, which is effected by an external
application of the leaves. It is a perennial plant.

2. Alchemilla Alpina ; Cinquefoil, or Alpine Ladies-Mantle.
Leaves digitate, serrate. This is found growing naturally
on the mountains of Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Cum-
berland, generally upon moist boggy places. It is also a
native of Sweden, Denmark, the Alps, and other cold parts
of Europe ; and is admitted into gardens for its elegance.
The leaves are of a fine white, consisting of from five to nine
folioles, and the stem seldom exceeds six inches in height.

3. Alchemilla Aphanoides. Leaves many-parted ; stem
erect. This is a small plant, resembling the Aphanes Ar-
vensis or Parsley Piert, and was found in South America by
Mentis.

4. Alchemilla Pentaphyllea ; Five-leaved Ladies-Mantle.
Leaves quinate, multitid, smooth. This species grows natu-
rally on the high Alps, as Gothard, Furca, Speluga, Pilat,
&c. ; and is only to be found in some few curious botanic,
gardens in this country.

Alchornea; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monadelphia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth three or
five leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, equal, coloured, deci-
duous. Corolla : none. Stamina ; filaments eight, equal,
scarce longer than the calix, slightly connate at the base ;
antherae ovate, upright. Pistil: a rudiment. Female. Ca-
lix : perianth one-leafed, four or five toothed ; teeth equal,
small. Corolla: none. Pistil; germ twin, superior; styles
two, very long, filiform ; stigmas simple, acute. Pericarp .-
capsule berried, two-seeded, two-celled, two-valved. Seeds :
solitary, large, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Ca-
lix : three or five leaved. Corolla ; nojie. Female. Calix .-
five-toothed. Corolla : none. Style : two-parted. Capsule :
berried, dicoccous. One species only is known, viz.

1. Alchornea Latifolia. Note, This genus was named after
Mr. Stainsby Alchorne, apothecary, of London ; but there
are no particulars of its qualities or use, in Miller's Gardener's
Dictionary, edited by Professor Martyn, Lond. 1807-

Alder-Tree. See Betula Alnus.

Aldrovanda ; a genus of the Pentandria class, order Penta-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-parted,
erect, equal, permanent. Corolla . petals five, oblong, acu-
minate, length of the calix, permanent. Stamina: filaments
length of the flowers ; antherae simple. Pistil .- germ glo-
bose ; styles very short ; stigmas obtuse. Pericarp : a glo- .
bose capsule, with five' blunt angles, five-valved, one-celled.
Seeds ; ten, longish, fixed to the inner wall of the pericarp.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Petals; five.

Capsule ; five-valved, one-celled, ten-seeded. There is

but one species.

1. Aldrovanda Vesiculosa. Root perennial, flowers soli-
tary, and the stem seeming to terminate in a peduncle, whilst
that continues the stem, or produces a branch from the side.
Stamina between the petals. Antherae yellow, twin. This
plant is found in marshes, both in Italy and India.

Ale-cost. See Tanacetum.

Alectra ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angiosper-
mia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
two-lipped, upper lip two-cleft, lower three-cleft ; clefts
ovate, obtuse, shorter than the tube. Corolla : one-petalled,
tubular; tube by degrees widened a little ; border expand-
ing, five-parted ; parts broad-lanceolate, obtuse. Stamina :
filaments four, inserted into the tube, filiform, bearded,
length of the tube ; two of them are a little shorter ; anthe-
rae twin. Pistil .- germ ovate ; style filiform, length of the
filaments ; stigma incurved, a little thicker than the style,
and of the same length, striated on both sides. Pericarp -.
capsule ovate-obtuse, twin, smooth, two-celled, two-valved.
Seeds; solitary, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla:

A G Y

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AIR

20. Agrostis Tenacissima ; Tough Bent Grass. Panicle
contracted, filiform ; flowers linear, valves parallel. A pe-
rennial, and native of the East Indies.

21. Agrostis Virginica ; I'irginian Bent Grass. Panicle
contracted ; leaves rolled inwards, subulate, rigid, standing
out. An elegant little plant, the stalk somewhat compressed,
and seldom rising above four or five inches from the root.

33. Agrostis Purpurascens ; Purple Bent Grass. Panicle
contracted, elongate; branches pressed close, upright; florets
unequal, acuminate. A native of Jamaica.

24. Agrostis Indica ; Indian Bent Grass. Panicle con-
tracted ; racemes lateral, erect, alternate. A native of India.

25. Agrostis Ciliata ; dilate Bent Grass. Glume of the
calix angular, and ciliate. A native of Japan.

27. Agrostis Lenta ; For/fed Bent Grass. Spikes subtern,
umbellate ; floscules awnless, oblong, acute ; calycine valves
subequal ; leaves and sheaths smooth. It is annual, a na-
tive of the East Indies, and flowers in July and August.

30. Agrostis Vinealis ; Short-awned Bent Grass. Culms
ascending ; calix coloured ; awn nearly straight, from be-
low the middle of the back, about as long as the calix.
Native of Switzerland, and the north of England.

31. Agrostis Ovata ; Ovate-panicled Bent Grass. Outer
petal awned below the tip ; panicle ovate, contracted, spike-
form. A native of New Zealand.

33. Agrostis Plicata ; Plaited-leaved Bent Grass. Leaves
plaited ; spike linear, uwnless. Culm a foot and half high.
Native of the suburbs of Canton.

34. Agrostis Cinna. Panicle contracted, awnless ; flowers
acuminate, with one, two, or three stamina; leaves flat,
scabrous.

35. Agrostis Diandra. Panicle elongate, contracted ;
flowers subulate, two-stamined ; leaves convolute. Native
of the East Indies, whence it was sent by Koenig under
the name of Cinna.

Agyneia ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Mona-
delphia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowers below the fe-
male. Calix.- six-leaved ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, equal, per-
manent. Corolla : none. In the male, instead of filaments,
a column shorter than the calix ; three or four antherae, ob-
long, growing to the column below the top. In the female
flowers, germ of the size of the calix, subovate, obtuse, per-
forated at top with a six-notched hole : neither style nor stisma.

VOL. i. 6.

Pericarp : supposed to be a tricoccous capsule. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix .- six-leaved. Corolla .- none. Male ;
three antherae, growing to the rudiment of a style. Female ;
germ perforated at top ; without style or stigma. Species.

1. Agyneia Impubes. Leaves smooth on both sides.
An erect shrub, a native of China.

2. Agyneia Pubera. Leaves down underneath. Also a
native of China.

Ailanthus ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Moncecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
five-parted, very small. Corolla : petals five, lanceolate,
acute, convolute at the base, spreading. Stamina ; filaments
ten, compressed, the length of the corolla; antherae oblong,
versatile. Female. Calix : as in the male, permanent. Co-
rolla ; as in the male. Pistil ; germs three to five, curved
inwards ; styles lateral ; stigmas capitate. Pericarp, cap-
sules as many as there are germs, compressed, membrana-
ceous, sabre-shaped, acute, on one of the edges emarginate.
Seeds : solitary, lens-shaped, bony, close to the emargina-
ture. Hermaphrodite. Calix : as in the male and female.
Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : filaments two or three,
as in the male. Pistil: pericarp and seed as in the female.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: five-parted. Co-
rolla : five-petalled. Stamina : ten. Female. -Calix and
Corolla: as in the male. Germs: three to five. Styles:
lateral. Pericarp: membranaceous, one-seeded. Herma-
phrodite. Calix and Corolla : as in the male. Stamina : two
to three. One species only is known, viz.

1. Ailanthus Glandulosa ; Tall Ailanthus. This tree rises
with a straight trunk to the height of forty or fifty feet ; the
bark is grey, slightly furrowed, and has white marks on it;
the young twigs are covered with a fine velvet down. The
flowers are numerous, and exhale a disagreeable odour. *
It is a native of China, grows very fast in our climate, and
being a handsome and lofty tree, is proper for ornamental
plantations. If the bark be wounded, a resinous juice flows
out, which hardens in a few days. The wood is hard, heavy,
glossy, like satin, and susceptible of a very fine polish.

Aira ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia. GE-
NERIC CHARACTER. Calix : a two-flowered, two-valved
glume ; valves ovate-lanceolate, acute, equal. Corolla : bi-
valve ; valves like those of the calix ; nectary two-leaved ;
leaflets acute, gibbous at the base. Stamina : filaments capil-
lary, the length of the flower, with oblong antherae, forked at
each end. Pistil: germ ovate, styles setaceous, spreading,
with pubescent stigmas. Pericarp: none. Seed: subovate,
covered by the corolla. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix :
two-valved, two-flowered, without any rudiment of a third.
For the method of propagation and culture, see Grass.
The species are,

* Naked, or awnless.

1. Aira Arundinacea ; Reedy Aira-grass. Panicle oblong,
on one side, imbricate ; leaves flat. It is found in the Le-
vant, and in Cochin-China.

2. Aira Minuta ; Minute Aira-grass. Panicle loose, almost
level-topped, very branching. This is an annual grass,
scarcely an inch high, and a native of Spain.

3. Aira Aquatica ; Water Aira-grass. Panicle spreading ;
flowers smooth, longer than the calix ; leaves flat. The root
of this species is perennial ; it runs to a considerable distance
in the water, throwing off roots and young shoots as it passes
along. It flowers in June and July, but is not worthy of cul-
tivation. The sandy lands near Exmouth, about Northfleet
in Kent, and in Yorkshire and Lancashire, produce it.

** Awned.

4. Aira Subspicata ; Spiked Aira-grass. Leaves flat ; pa-

ALL

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

ALL

flowers twelve-stamined ; capsules hook-pointed. A native
both of North and South America.

5. Alisma Natans ; Creeping Water Plantain. Leaves
ovate, obtuse; peduncles solitary. This is found in ditches
in France, Sweden, Germany, and Siberia ; also in a lake or
two in Wales ; and flowers in July and August.

6. Alisma Ranunculoides'; Small Water Plantain. Leaves
linear-lanceolate ; capsules globose and squarrose. The
corolla of this plant is bluish, and opens about noon. It is
found on marshes and moors, as on Giggleswick Farm,
Yorkshire ; between Burton and Derby ; Bungay, Suffolk ;
tllingham-fen, Norfolk j and also in Sweden, Holland,
France, Germany, and Italy.

7. Alisma Subulata. Leaves awl-shaped. This is a Vir-
ginian plant ; with a very tender white corolla, and subu-
late leaves.

8. Alisma Parnassifolia. Leaves heart-shaped, acute;
petioles jointed. The seeds are awned. It is a native of
Italy, in the marshes under the Apennines.

9. Alisma Repens. Stems creeping ; leaves lanceolate,
petioled, acute. It flowers in August. Native of Spain, on
the sandy backs of the river Manzanares.

Alisma. See Arnica, Primula, and Senecio.

Alkcenda. See Myrtus.

Alka.net. See Anchusa.

Alkekengi. See Physalis.

ALlamanda ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
five-parted ; parts ovate, acute. Corolla : one-petalled,
funnel-shaped ; tube cylindric ; border semi-quinquefid,
swelling; divisions spreading, obtuse. Stamina: filaments
scarcely any ; antherae five, sagittate, converging in the
throat of the tube. Pistil : germ oval, surrounded with a
ring ; style filiform, the length of the tube ; stigma headed,
contracted in the mirtHlp. Pericarp: an orbicular, Ions shap-
ed, echmate, one-celled, two-valved capsule. Seeds : very
many, imbricate, orbiculate, flat, edged with a membranous
wing. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: contorted. Cap-
sule: lens-shaped, erect, echinate, one-celled, two-valved,
many-seeded. The only species known is,

1 . Allamanda Cathartica. A milky shrub, the stem twin-
ing, and climbing on trees. The leaves are cathartic; and
an infusion of them is used at Surinam in the colic. Found
wild there, at Cayenne, and in Guiana, by the sea-side.

All-heal. See Stachys.

Alliaria. See Erysimum.

Alligator Pear. See Laurits.

Allionia; a genus of the class Tetrandia, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth common to three
flowers, simple, oblong, five-parted ; parts ovate, acute,
permanent ; proper obsolete, superior. Corolla : proper
one-petalled, funnel-shaped, edge quinquefid, erect. Sta-
mina: filaments setaceous, longer than the corolla, bending
to one side ; antherae roundish. Pistil: germ inferior, oblong:
style setaceous, longer than the stamina; stigma multifid,
linear. Pericarp: none. Seeds: solitary, oblong five-cor-
nered, naked. Receptacle : naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix: common, oblong, simple, three-flowered; proper
obsolete, superior. Corollules: irregular. Receptacle: naked.
The species are,

1. Allionia Violacea. Leaves heart-shaped ; calices quin-
quefid. A native of South America.

2. Allionia Incarnata. Leaves obliquely ovate ; calices
triphyllous. An annual glaucous plant, native of Peru, and
grows on rocks and in sandy soils.

; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.

GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathe common roundish:
withering, many-flowered. Corolla: petals six, oblong
Stamina : filaments six, subulate, often the length of the
corolla ; antherae oblong, upright. Pistil : germ superior,
short, bluntly three-cornered, the corners marked with a
line; style simple; stigma sharp. Pericarp: capsule very
short, broad, three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds:
few, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : six-
parted, spreading. Spathe: many-flowered. Umbel: heaped.
Capsule: superior. All the flowering sorts are very hardy,
thriving in any soil and situation ; they may be propagated
by roots or seeds : if from roots, should be planted in au-
tumn ; the seeds must be sown either in autumn or spring,
on a border of common earth, and should be well weeded ;
in the following autumn, they may be transplanted into
borders where they are intended to remain. They flower in

May, June, and July. The species are,

* Stem-leaves flat ; umbel capsule-bearing.

1. Allium Ampeloprasum ; Great Round-headed Garlic.
Umbel globose ; stamina three-cusped ; petals with a
rough keel. The stem is a foot high or more. It grows
naturally in the East, in Switzerland, in a small island in
the Bristol Channel, &c. flowering in July and August.

2. Allium Porrum ; Common Leek. Umbel globose ;
stamina three-cusped ; petals with a rough keel ; root
coated. This flowers in April or May. For the cultiva-
tion of Leeks, see that of the Onion species, No. 36. of this
genus. Hill recommends an infusion of the roots of the
Leek, boiled into symp with honey, as a good medicine in
coughs, asthmas, and other disorders of the breast and
lungs. He says it answers, the same purpose with syrup
of Garlic, but being milder it may be taken by many who
cannot bear that medicine. The juice of Leeks is a good
diuretic, and will frequently afford relief in the stone and
gravel, when most of the usual remedies fail.

3. Allium Lineare ; Linear-leaved Garlic. Umbel glo-
bose ; stamina three-cusped, twice as long as the corolla.
blowers purple : its leaves are narrower than the common
Leeks, nor does it rise so high. Native of Siberia.

4. Allium Rotundum. Great Round-headed Garlic.
Umbel subglobose ; stamina three-cusped ; side-flowers
nodding. The root of this species consists of many purple
and black bulbs, crowded between white common sheaths.
It is a native of the southern parts of Europe.

5. Allium Victorialis ; Long-rooted Garlic. Umbel
rounded; stamina lanceolate, larger than the corolla ; leaves
elliptic. This species grows on the mountains of Switzer-
and, Austria, Silesia, and Savoy. The stem is from a foot
:o eighteen inches in height. The petals are of a dirty
white, with a tincture of green.

6. Allium Subhirsutum; Hairy Garlic, or Dioscoritks's
Moly. Stamina awl-shaped ; lower leaves hirsute. The
lowers are white, and the stem from a foot to eighteen in-
hes hign, round, smooth, and solid. Native of the Le-
ant, Italy, Spain, and Africa. It flowers in May.

~. Allium Magicum ; Homer's Garlic, or Moly. Sta-
mina simple; branches bulb-bearing. This species
!;rows a foot high, and is preserved by many persons in
heir gardens for variety's sake, although it has a very
itrong scent.

8. Allium Obliquum ; Oblique-leaved Garlic. Stamina
iliform, thrice as long as the flower ; leaves oblique. This
s a native of Siberia ; it attains to two feet in height, with

a cylindrical stalk.

9. Allium Ramosum; Branched Garlic. Umbel globose ;
stamina awl-shaped ; longer leaves linear-subconvex. The

ALL

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ALL

petals of this species are purplish. It grows naturally in
Siberia, whence the seeds have been obtained with which
most botanic gardens are supplied. They are solely pre-
served for the sake of variety.

10. Allium Roseum ; Rose Garlic. Umbel flat-topped ;
petals emarginate ; stamina very short, simple. Flowers
large, and of a dark purple colour, with white and very short
stamina. It grows naturally about Montpellier and in Pied-
mont, in the fields, olive-grounds, and vineyards.

11. Allium Tartaricum; Tartarian Garlic. Umbel flat;
stamina simple ; leaves semi-cylindrical. This species rises
half a foot high, has a flat and white corolla, with filaments
shorter than the petals, and brown anthera?. Native of Si-
beria.

** Stem-leaves flat; Umbel bulb-bearing. .

12. Allium Sativum; Common Garlic. Bulb compound;
stamina three-cusped. It is said to be found wild in the
island of Sicily. It has many bulbs, commonly called cloves,
invested with a white skin ; the leaves are linear, long, and
narrow, like those of grass. This species is very heating and
penetrating, and should not be too freely used. A clove or
two of garlic, pounded with honey, and taken two or three
nights successively, is good in rheumatic cases. A quart of
water, poured boiling hot upon a pound of the fresh root, cut
into slices, and suffered to stand upon it in a close vessel for
twelve hours, will be strongly impregnated with the smell of
garlic, and it is this infusion, with a proper quantity of sugar,
which makes the Syrup of Garlic of the shops. Vinegar and
honey greatly improves this medicine as a detergent and re-
mover of obstructions in the breast : this composition is pre-
pared by infusing an ounce and half of the fresh root in half a
pint of vinegar, and dissolving in the strained liquor, when at
the heat of a water- bath, ten ounces of clarified honey; to cover
the ill smell of the garlic, a little carraway and sweet-fennel
seed bruised, of each two drachms, are boiled for a short
time in the vinegar, before the garlic is put in. The garlic
itself must on no account be boiled, as its essential oil, in
which its whole virtue consists, exhales during that process.
Besides the above syrup, which is an invaluable medicine for
asthmas, hoarseness, coughs, difficulty of breathing, and most
other disorders of the breast and lungs, it is sometimes ex-
ternally applied in ointments and lotions, to prevent or stop
putrefaction, and disperse hard swellings. When bruised,
and applied to the soles of the feet, in the low stages of acute
disorders, it raises the pulse and gives relief to the head.
The principal effects of garlic are, to warm and stimulate the
solids of the body, attenuate thick humours, and prevent pu-
trefaction, as above specified. Hence the use of it appears
very improper in hot bilious constitutions, where there is
already too great a degree of irritation, or where the juices
are thin and acrimonious, and the viscera unsound, in which
cases it is almost certain to occasion head-aches, flatulence,
thirst, and a variety of feverish symptoms. But on the other
hand, where the constitution is cold and phlegmatic, its use
is frequently attended with happy effects : when people of
this last description find themselves troubled with loss of
appetite, or with asthmatic complaints, or their stomach and
lungs oppressed with toUgh viscid phlegm, they will generally
find relief from the use of this plant. It is a powerful
strengthener, and promotes expectoration, removes obstruc-
tions of the viscera, increases the urinary evacuation, destroys
worms, and is serviceable in dropsies, by removing the water
which may be already collected, and preventing its future
accumulation. This species is a native of the East, but very
common in our gardens, where it flowers in the summer
months. Garlic is easily propagated by planting the cloves or

small bulbs of the root in the spring, with a dibber or in drills,
in beds four feet wide, in rows six inches from each other, and
four or five inches distant in the rows, taking care to weed
them. The leaves should be tied in knots, in the begin-
ning of June, to prevent their spindling or running to seed,
which will greatly enlarge the bulb. Towards the end of
July, the leaves will begin to wither and decay, when the
roots should be taken up, cleaned, dried in the sun, tied in
bunches, and hung up in a dry room, where they will be
preserved from rotting, for winter use.

13. Allium Scorodoprasum ; Rocambole. Stamina three-
cusped ; leaves crenulate ; sheaths two-edged. Found wild
in Sweden, Denmark, and Hungary. It has compound bulbs,
but the cloves are smaller than those of garlic. The stem
rises from two to three feet high, and bears many small bulbs
at top, which may be used as well as those of the root. Ro-
cambole may be propagated either by the roots or the bulbs
produced on the stalks : they should be planted in autumn,
especially on dry ground, otherwise their bulbs will not be
large. They are to be planted and prepared for use in the
same manner as garlic.

14. Allium Arenarium; Sandy Garlic. Stamina three-
cusped ; sheaths columnar ; spathe awnless. This species
grows wild in Thuringia, Scania, Denmark, Switzerland,
Italy, and Westmoreland. It always grows in a sandy soil ;
the bulbs and flowers are blue, few in number, and the sta-
mina a little longer than the corolla.

15. Allium Carinatum; Mountain Garlic. Stamina awl-
shaped ; spathe very long. The stem is four feet high ; the
outer petals are darker in colour than the inner ones, which
are yellow, with a line of green, but sometimes purple. The
bulb is simple, with very little of the garlic smell or taste.
It is found wild in Scania, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland :
also in Westmoreland, about Ramsgate, in the isle of Tha-
net, and between Sandwich and Deal.

*** Stem-leaves columnar ; Umbel capsule- bearing.

16. AlLum Sphffirocephalon ; Small Round-headed Garlic.
Stamina three-cusped, longer than the corolla; leaves semi-
columnar. Petals red with a darker keel ; filaments pur-
ple towards the top. Native of Italy, Germany, Switzer-
land, and Siberia.

17. Allium Parviflorum ; Small-flowered Garlic. Umbel
globose ; stamina simple, longer than the corolla ; spathe
awl-shaped. Native of the south of Europe.

18. Allium Descendens ; Purple-headed Garlic. Stamina
three-cusped, outer peduncles shorter. Two bulbs at the
origin of the stalk ; 'leaves fistulous, channelled above ; stalk
two feet high ; sheath quadrifid. It is a native of Italy and
Switzerland.

19. Allium Moschatum ; Musk-smelling Garlic. Umbel
flat topped, mostly six-flowered; petals acute; stamina sim-
ple ; leaves setaceous. It seldom attains to a foot in height,
has a slender stem, and a dusky white corolla, with brown
lines, smelling like musk or civet. It grows wild in Pro-
vence, Narbonne, and Spain. ,

20. Allium Flavium ; Sulphur-coloured Garlic. Flowers
pendulous ; petals ovate ; stamina longer than the corolla.
A native of the south of France, Italy, and Austria.

21. Allium Fallens ; Pale-flowered Garlic. Flowers pen-
dulous, truncated ; stamina simple, equalling the corolla.
This species is two feet high, with a white bell-shaped corolla.
It is a native of Italy, Spain, Montpellier, and Hungary.

22. Allium Paniculatum ; Pdnicled Garlic. Peduncles ca-
pillary, spread out ; stamina awl-shaped ; spathe very long.
The leaves are awl-shaped and channelled; the flowers hantj
on" very long, loose, slender peduncles ; the petals are purple,

ALL

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

ALL

obovate, the length of the stamina ; the spathe has a very
long awl-shaped point. Native of Italy, Austria, Switzer-
land, Carniola, Liberia, and the Levant. .

23. Allium Vineale ; Crow Garlic. Stamina three-cusped.
The stem is two feet high. It is a native of Germany,
Switzerland, Italy, &c. With us it is frequent in pastures,
and communicates its rank taste to the milk and butter. In
other countries, it grows in vineyards and among corn.

24. Allium Oleraceum ; Purple-striped Garlic. Stamina
simple ; leaves rough, semi-columnar, furrowed underneath.
The stem rises two or three feet high : very minute white
dots, scarcely visible to the naked eye, are scattered over the
whole plant. The smell and taste of the bulb is not strong,
the flowers are true bell-shaped ; the outer petals more acute,
with a green nerve and a blush of purple : inner broader,
more obtuse, whiter, and the nerve less prominent. Native
of Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. In England
it is found among the corn, in Westmoreland, Yorkshire,
near Bristol ; and in Essex, near Notley.

25. Allium Pallasii ; Pallas s Garlic. Umbel difTorm ;
stamina simple, equalling the corolla ; style very snort. The
stem is round, a foot and half high, slender, and leafy, Sup-
posed to be a native of Sweden.

****Leaves radical; Stem naked:

26. Allium Nutans; Flat-stalked Garlic. Scape two-
edged : leaves linear, flat ; stamina three-cusped. This
species varies so much in differerent ages and soils, as
scarcely to be known. The cusps of the stamina are obli-
terated in old plants. Native of Siberia.

27. .Allium Ascalonicum ; Shallot or Eschallote. Scape
columnar ; leaves awl-shaped ; umbel globose ; stamina three
cusped. This species rises from about seven to eight inches
high ; the petals are blue, with a dark keel; and the antheree
yellow. Hasselquist found it native in Palestine. The Es-
chalotte, Chalott, or Shallot, is propagated by the smaller
roots or offsets, planted in November or February, on beds
four feet wide, six inches apart, and two or three deep, re-
quiring no culture, except weeding. At the end of July or
Deginning of August they will be full grown, but should not
be taken up till the leaves begin to wither, in dry weather;
then spread them in the sun, and when they are properly
dried, clean and tie them up in bunches for use.

28. Allium Senescens ; Narcissus-leaved Onion, or Garlic.
Scape two-edged ; leaves linear, convex beneath, smooth ;
umbel roundisli ; stamina awl-shaped. It is a native of Si-
beria, the Alps, Silesia, and the island of Sicily.

29. Allium Odorum ; Sweet-smelling Garlic. Scape nearly
columnar; leaves linear, channelled, angular, beneath ; um-
bel flat-topped. Corolla white, sweet-smelling ; scape a
foot high, round, or with one obscure angle, erect. Native
of the south of Europe, China, Japan, &c.

SO. Allium Inodorum ; Carolina Garlic. Scape naked,
Mibtriquetrous ; leaves linear, flat-keeled beneath ; umbel
fastigiate, floriferous; stamina simple. It flowers in March
and April, and is a native of Carolina.

31. Allium Angulosum ; Angular-scaped Garlic. Scape
two-edged; leaves linear, channelled, somewhat angular
beneath ; umbel flat-topped. It grows in the moist parts
of meadows ; and is a native of Siberia, Italy, Austria, Swit-
zerland, and Germany.

32. Allium Nigrum ; Black Garlic. Scape columnar;
leaves linear ; umbel hemispherical ; petals erect ; spathe
pointed, bifid. It is a native of Provence, Italy, Austria,
and the neighbourhood of Algiers.

33. Allium Canadensej Canada Tree-Onion. Scape co-
lumnar} leaves linear; head bulb-bearing. Root perennial ;

flowers few, pedicelled, whitish; petals oval; filaments sim-
ple, the length of the corolla, with brownish red antherae.
Native of North America.

34. Allium Ursinum ; Ramsons. Scape three -sided; leaves
lanceolate, petiolate ; umbel flat-topped. Stein a foot high
and leafy ; corolla white ; smell and taste very acrid. Na-
tive of Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, in
woods and moist shady places ; and with us in England not
uncommon.

35. Allium Tnquetrum; Three-cornered Aloly. Scape and
leaves three-sided ; stamina simple. Leaves resembling
those of the burr reed, very much keeled ; petals lanceolate
acuminate, white, with a green keel ; stamina and pistil
half the length of the petals ; antheraj yellow ; stigma
acute. A native of Italy and Spain.

36. Allium Cepa ; Common Onion. Scape Dwelling out
below, and longer than the columnar leaves, f he varieties
of the common (Jiiion, are, 1. The Strasbnrgh or Common
Oval ; 2. the Spanish Silver-skinned and Red-skinned ; 3.
the Portuguese great Oval Onion; and, 4. the Tripoli. All
these vary from seeds, and there are several intermediate dif-
ferences not worth enumerating. The virtues of this species
are considerable. The common onion has been prescribed
in malignant and epidemical distempers! They are very diu-
retic, and powerful in cleansing and breaking away any ob-
structions in the urinary passages. They are likewise very
efficacious in removing all oppression from the lungs, greatly
promoting expectoration, and relieving asthmas and difficulty
of breathing. They are externally employed in cataplasms
for suppurating hard tumors. They are excellent to be
taken by those who abound in cold watery humours, but
very injurious to those of a bilious habit, affecting their
heads, eyes, and stomachs. Onions, when eaten plentifully,
procure sleep, help digestion, cure acid belchings, remove
obstructions of the viscera, increase the urinary secretions,
and promote insensible perspiration. Steeped all night in
spring water, and the infusion given to children to drink in the
morning fasting, kills worms. Onions bruised, with the ad-
dition of a little salt, and laid on fresh burns, draws out the
fire, and prevents the part from blistering. They are best
suited for the use of old phlegmatic people, in cold weather,
when their lungs are stuffed, and their breath short. A syrup
made of the juice of onions and honey is an excellent medi-
cine in asthmatic complaints. Care should betaken not to eat
peeled onions, or pieces of onions, that have been exposed in that
state for any considerable time, as very bad effects have fol-
lowed, though the exact cause is not known. Culture. The
cultivation of Onions and Leeks is exactly the same : manyper-
sons sow their Leeks very thick in beds in the spring ; and in
June, after some of their early crops are taken off, they dig
up the ground, and plant the Leeks out thereon, in rows a foot
apart, and six inches asunder in the rows, observing to water
them until they have taken root ; after which they only re-
quire to be weeded : and in good ground, the Leeks thus
planted, will grow to a large size. To save the Leek seed,
take the largest and best Leeks you have, let them grow in
their original place till February, then transplant them in a
row against a warm hedge, paling, or wall, eight inches asun-
der ; and when their stems advance, which will be in May or
June, support them with a string, as they are very liable to
be broken down, especially when in head ; and the closer they
are drawn to the fence in autumn, the better the seeds will
ripen. They are known to be ripe by the heads turning
brown, which should then be cut off, with about a foot or
more of the stalk to each, and tie them up in bundles, three
or four heads in each, and hang them up in a dry place, where

ALL

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ALL

they may remain until Christmas or after, when you may
thresh out the seeds for use. The husk is very tough, and
makes it difficult to get out the seeds ; the best way for those
who have but a small quantity, is to rub it hard against a
rough tile, which will break the husks, and extract the seeds
with great dispatch. The Onion is propagated by seeds,which
should be sown on good, rich, light ground, well dug, levelled
and cleared from weeds, in a dry time, about the latter end
of February or beginning of March, when the surface of the
ground is not moist, and must not be sown too thick, if intended
for a winter crop. In cold wet land, it is best to defer sow-
ing till the middle of March ; and in very moist rich soils,
it may be done any time before the middle of April ; but the
early-sown crops bulb or apple best, and grow to the largest
size. Nothing should be sown with Onions except a little
Cos Lettuce. t The seed should be fresh ; if above one year
old, not one plant in fifty will grow. Six pounds of seed to
an acre, or an ounce to a pole, is generally allowed, though
most gardeners sow more, because they allow for cuttings or
young Onions, which they draw out for the market ; but this
injures the main crop. Six or seven weeks after sowing, they
should be gently hoed and weeded, and separated where they
grow too close, leaving them at least two inches apart. A
month or five weeks after, this must be repeated, cutting out
all the weeds, and removing the Onions to three or four inches
asunder. A month or six weeks afterwards, they must be
again hoed and weeded for the third and last time, taking
care to cut up all the weeds, and single out the Onions to
near six inches square, by which means they will grow much
larger than if left too close ; and this, if well performed, will
keep the ground clean till the Onions are fit to pull up, but
if weeds re-appear, they must be pulled up by the hand, as
the Onions will now have begun to bulb, and must not be
disturbed by the hoe. Towards the middle of August, the
Onions will have arrived at their full growth, which is known
by their blades falling to the ground and shrinking ; they
should then, before their necks or blades are withered off,
be drawn out of the ground, the extreme part of the blade
being cropped off,and laiduponadry spot of ground,and turn-
ed every day to prevent their striking fresh root, which they
will very suddenly do in moist weather. In a fortnight they
will be dry enough to house, which must be done in perfectly
dry weather, after all the earth has been rubbed from their
roots, and taking care to mix no faulty ones among them, as
that would spoil great numbers. They'must not lie too thick,
which would bring on sweating and the rot, nor be put in
a lower room or ground floor, but in a loft or garret ; and the
closer they are kept from the air, the better they will keep.
Once a month they should be examined, and all the decayed
removed ; for after all the care you can possibly take in the
drying and housing your Onions, many, especially in mild
winters, will grow ; therefore, those who preserve them late
in the season, should select a parcel of the firmest, and most
likely to keep, from the others, and with a hot iron slightly
singe their beards or roots, which will effectually prevent
their sprouting ; but great care must be taken not to scorch
the pulp of the Onions, for that will cause them to perish soon
after. The best-keeping Onions are the Strasburg kind,
which have an oval-shaped bulb, but seldom grow so large as
the Spanish, which are natter ; the white sort is esteemed the
sweetest, but varieties of this sort are not lasting, because
they always degenerate. To save Onion seed in the spring
choose the firmest, largest, and best-shaped Onions, plant
them in rows six inches deep, and nine inches asunder, in a
piece of good well dug ground. In a month's time they will
appear above ground, and must be well weeded ; and about
VOL. i. 7.

the beginning of June, when the heads of the flowers begin to
appear, stakes about four feet long must be provided, and
driven into the ground, at about six or eighfrfeet apart ; to
which you should fasten some packthread, rope yarn, or small
cord, which should be run on each side the stems of the onions,
a little below their heads, to support them against the wind
and rain, which, as they are also apt to fall by their own
weight, often beat them down, when the seeds are formed, and
the heads heavy ; and if the stalks be broken before the seeds
have arrived at maturity, they will not be near so good, nor
keep so long, as those that are perfectly ripened. The seed
is known to be ripe by its changing brown about the end of
August ; and if not soon cut, the seed will then fall to the
ground. When cut, the heads should be spread abroad upon
coarse cloths in the sun, sheltering them in the night and in
wet weather, and beating out the seeds, which are very easily
dicharged from their cells, when quite dry. The seeds must
be exposed one day more to the sun, and then preserved in
bags for use. The directions above given are for a general
crop of winter Onions ; but there are two other crops of this
common sort of Onion cultivated for the London market,
one called the Michaelmas Onion, which are sown about the
middle of August, in beds, pretty close ; from the thinnings
of which they earry young green Onions to market in March,
for salads, &c. and in the spring they sow more beds in the
same manner and for the same purpose, after the Michael-
mas Onions have grown too large for salads. To have Onions
for pickling, some seed should be sown in light poor land in
the middle of April. It should be thickly sown, and not
thinned, except they rise in clusters. They will be fit to take
up in August. The Scallion or Escallion is a sort of onion
which never forms any bulbs at the roots, and was chiefly
used in the spring for green onions, but is now scarce, and
known to few people. It is propagated by parting the roots in
spring or autumn, but the latter season is preferable. They
are hardy enough to withstand our severest winters, and
well deserve a place in all good kitchen gardens.

37. Allium Moly ; Yellow Moly. Scape sub-cylindric ;
leaves-lanceolate, sessile ; umbel level-topped. Native of
Hungary, or Monte Baldo, about Montpellier, and on the
Pyrenees. This was formerly preserved in gardens for the
sake of its yellow flowers, but, having a very strong garlic
scent, most people have rooted it out. It increases plenti-
fully, both by roots and seed. The whole plant smells like
garlic, and is, like it, a good remedy in asthmatic com-
plaints, the chincough, and other disorders of the breast.
It is also of an opening nature, and removes most obstruc-
tions of the viscera.

38. Allium Tricoccum ; Three-seeded Garlic. Scape naked,
semi-columnar; leaves lanceolate-oblong, flat, smooth; um-
bel globular, seeds solitary. Native of North America.

39. Allium Fistulosum ; Welch Onion, or Ciboulf. Scape
equalling the columnar swelling leaves. This species is
perennial, and does not form bulbs like the common Onion,
and therefore only fit for salads. They are sown about the
end of July, in beds of about three feet and a half wide, and
appear above ground in a fortnight ; they must then be
weeded. About the middle of October their blades will die
away ; but will come up again very strong in January, grow-
ing vigorously, and resisting all weathers ; by March they
will be fit to draw for young onions, and are more valued in
the market than any other sort at that time in season, as they
are extremely green and fine, though they are more like the
Garlic than the common Onion in taste. The roots of these
onions, if planted out at six or eight inches distance in March,
will produce ripe seeds in autumn, but it will be in small

ALL

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A L O

quantities the first year ; therefore the same roots should
remain unremoved, which in the second and third year will
produce many stems, and afford a good supply of seeds ;
these roots will continue good for many years, but should
be transplanted and parted every second or third year, which
will cause them to produce strong seeds.

40. Allium Schaenoprasum ; Gives or Chives. Scape equal-
ling the columnar awl-filiform leaves. The petals of this
species are of a faint purple colour ; it has a very strong
smell. Native of Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, and Siberia.
This is a very small sort of Onion, which never produces any
bulbs, and seldom grows above six inches high in the blade,
which is also very small and slender, and in round bunches ;
this was formerly in great request for salads in the spring,
as being milder than those Onions which had stood through
the winter. They are propagated by parting their roots, and
are also very hardy, and will be fit for use early in the spring.

41. Allium Sibiricum ; Siberian Garlic. Scape columnar :
leaves semi-cylindric ; stamina awl-shaped. It has white
petals, with a greenish keel. Native of Siberia.

42. Allium Tenuissimum ; Slender-leaved Garlic. Scape
columnar, empty ; leaves awl-filiform ; heads loose, few-
flowered: A native of Siberia ; much eaten by the field-
mice, who lay up the roots for their winter food.

43. Allium Chamae-Moly ; Bastard Garlic. Scape scarcely
any, naked ; capsules drooping; leaves flat, ciliate. Flowers
seven to ten, white, with the outside purplish or greenish.
It flowers in January ; and is a native of Italy.

44. Allium Gracile ; Jamaica Garlic. Scape naked ; co-
lumnar very long ; leaves linear, channelled ; stamina sub-
ulate, connate at the base. Petals erect, white, the claws
uniting below with the stamina, and forming a green tube.
A native of Jamaica ; flowering in February.

45. Allium Neapolitanurn ; Naples Garlic. Scape naked,
ancipital ; leaves lanceolate, channelled ; umbel scattered.
Corolla white, and spreading ; stamina shorter than the co-
rolla. It is cultivated in gardens in the neighbourhood of
Naples, and begins to grow spontaneously about the city ;
it flowers in March.

Allophylus ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix ; perianth four-leaved ;
leaflets orbiculate ; two exterior, opposite, smaller by half.
Corolla : of four petals, less than the calix, orbiculate, equal ;
claws broad, length of the two smaller leaves of the calix.
Stamina : filaments filiform, the length of the corolla ; an-
therae roundish. Pistil: germ superior, roundish, twin;
style filiform, longer than the stamina ; stigma bifid, with
the divisions rolled back. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix:
four-leaved ; leaflets orbiculate, two opposite smaller. Pe-
tals : four, less than the calix. Germs : twin. Stamina ,
quadrifid. The species are,

1. Allophylus Zeylanicus. Leaves oval, acuminate, quite
entire ; racemes axillary, very short. A native of the island
of Ceylon.

2. Allophylus Rigidus. Leaves simple, toothletted, and
spiny ; flowers in racemes. Native of Hispaniola.

3. Allophylus llacemosus. Leaves ternate; flowers in
racemes. A native of Hispaniola.

4. Allophylus Cominia. Leaves ternate ; flowers in pani-
cles. The stem is the thickness of the human thigh, rising
thirty feet in height, with a smooth ash-coloured bark.
Flowers very numerous, whitish yellow, to which succeed
small orange-coloured smooth berries, the size of a small
pin's head, having a single stone in them, with a thin brittle
shell, and a large kernel in proportion to the fruit. It grows
abundantly in Jamaica.

5. Allophylus Ternatus. Leaves ternate serrate ; raceme*
long, terminating. This is only a shrub five feet in height,
with spreading branches. Flowers small, white, with hairy
petals, and a nectary of four glands. It is a native of Co-
chin-China, by the banks of rivers. The inhabitants uge
the leaves as a catapalasm in contusions.

All-seed. See Linum and Chenopodium.

All-spice. See Myrtus.

Almond, African. See Brabeium.

Almond, Dwarf. 1 . , ,

, J > See Amysdalui.
Almond, Tree. J

Alni/olia. Sec Clethra.

Alnus. See Betula.

Aloe ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: one-petalled,
erect, sexfid, oblong ; tube gibbous ; border spreading, small,
nectareous at bottom. Stamina: filaments awl-shaped, as
long as the corolla, or longer, inserted into the receptacle ;
antherae oblong, incumbent. Pistil : germ ovate ; style
simple, the length of 'the stamina ; stigma obtuse, trifid.
Pericarp -. an oblong capsule, three-furrowed, three-celled,
and three-valved. Seeds: several, angular. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Corolla : erect, with an expanded mouth, and
a nectareous base. Filaments : inserted into the receptacle.
The roots of this genus are perennial and stoloniferous.
Stem none, or else formed from the bases of the leaves; round,
generally single, seldom branched. Leaves succulent, em-
bracing the stem, in some smooth and even, in others spotted
or painted, in others warted ; variously disposed. Scape or
peduncle bracted, erect, frequently single, seldom branched.
Native place of growth, principally the Cape of Good Hope,
and all hot climates. The inspissated juice of the various
species of Aloe is a hot and irritating purgative. The Soco-
torine Aloe is gentler and purer than the others, and is gene-
rally the only kind used in medicine. As the drossy resinous
part of the Aloe is not soluble in water, it has been found,
when combined with other mixtures, an excellent preservative
against the worm which is so injurious to ships trading to
the East or West Indies : one ounce of aloes is suflicient for
two superficial feet of plank ; about twelve pounds tor a \ i- .--
sel of fifty tons' burthen ; and three hundred pounds fora first-
rate man of war. It may be incorporated with six pounds of
pitch, one pound of Spanish brown, or whiting, and a quart of
oil ; or with the same proportion of turpentine, Spanish brown,
and tallow. Such a coat will preserve a ship's bottom eight
months, and the expense for a first-rate ship will be about
eighteen pounds. The same composition may be used in hot
countries for preserving rafters, &c. from the wood ant. The
soil in which this genus of plants thrive best, is one-halt i'rcsh
light earth from a common, and if the turf be taken with it
and rotted, it is much better ; the rest should be white so;u-
sand, or road-sand, and sifted lime-rubbish, of each of these
two a fourth part ; mix them together six or eight months at
least before the compost is used, observing to turn it over
often during that time. The middle of July is the time to
shift these plants, which must be done by taking them out of
the pots, and opening the roots with the fingers, shake out as
much of the earth as possible, and remove all dead or mouldy
roots, then fill the pot three parts full with the above-men-
tioned earth, putting a few stones at the bottom to drain off
the moisture, and replacing the roots of the plant so as to
prevent their interfering with each other, fill the pot almost
to the rim with the same earth, observing to shake the plant,
that the earth may settle among the roots, and keep it steady
in the pot, and water it gently, especially in hot dry weather,
setting it abroad in a shady place. Towards the end of Sep-

A L

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A L O

tember, in a dry day, remove them into the house again,
water them once a week in winter, and give them fresh air
when the weather is warm. The hardier Aloes thrive best
abroad'in summer, and secured from cold and rain in winter.
The tender sorts should always remain in the stove, or be re-
moved to an airy glass-case during summer. Most Aloes are in-
creased by offsets, which should be taken from the mother
plants at the time they are shifted, and must be planted in
very small pots, filled with the same earth as was before di-
rected for the old plants. After planting, let them remain in
a shady place for a fortnight, then remove the tender kinds
to a very moderate hot-bed, and plunge the pots therein, which
will greatly facilitate their taking new root ; but observe to
shade the glasses in the middle of the day, and to give them
a great share of air. Towards the middle of August begin
to harden these young plants by taking off the glasses in good
weather, and giving them plenty of air, which is absolutely
necessary for their growth, and to prepare them to be re-
moved into the house, which must be done towards the end
of September ; and they will afterwards require the same
management as the old plants. The species are,

1. Aloe Dichotoma ; Smooth-stemmed Tree Aloe. Branches
dichotomous ; leaves sword-shaped, serrate. Trunk round,
upright, very stiff, ash-coloured, twelve feet high, about the
thickness of a man's thigh. Native of the Cape ; where
the natives hollow out the trunk to make quivers for their
arrows.

2. Aloe Perfoliata ; Pfrfoliate Aloe. Stem-leaves toothed,
embracing, sheathing ; flowers in corymbs, drooping, pe-

duncled, subcylindrical. Of this species there are the

following varieties.

a. Aloe Arborescens ; Narrow-leaved Sword Aloe. Leaves
embracing, reflex, toothed ; flowers cylindrical ; stem shrub-
by. Has a strong naked stem, ten or twelve feet high, with
leaves of a sea-green colour, and very succulent ; the flowers
of a bright red, which grow in pyramidal spikes, and are in
beauty in November and December.

P. Aloe Africana ; Broad-leaved Sword Aloe. Leaves
broader, embracing, thorny on the edge and back ; flowers
in spikes ; stem shrubby. This resembles the preceding
species, but has broader leaves, and the flowers grow in
looser spikes.

7. Aloe Barbadensis ; Barbadoes Aloe. Leaves toothed,
upright, succulent, subulate ; flowers yellow, hanging down
in a thyrse. The flower-stem rises nearly three feet high.
This species, though generally known by the name of Bar-
badoes Aloe, is very common in the other islands of America,
where the plants are propagated on the poorest land to ob-
tain the hepatic aloes, which are brought to England, and
used chiefly for horses. At Barbadoes, in the month of
March, when the plants are a year old, they are cut just
above the surface of the earth, and placed in a tub, until
their juice is drained off, when they are thrown upon the
land by way of manure. The juice will keep several weeks
without injury. It is put into boilers, and thickened by a
regular fire till of a proper consistency to be ladled out into
gourds, or other small vessels fitted for its final reception.
As to the sun-dried aloes, which are most approved for me-
dicinal purposes, very little is made in Barbadoes. The process
is, to suspend bladders filled with the raw juice, and open at
the top in the sun every dry day until the fluid parts are ex-
haled, and a perfect resin formed ; which is then packed up
for use or exportation. Those lands in the islands of Bar-
badoes, which lie near to the sea, are subject to drought, and
are too stony and shallow to plant sugar canes, answer best
for the Aloe plaat. The larger stones are removed, and

frequently formed into a surrounding fence. The land is
then lightly ploughed, carefully weeded, and the young
plants set like Cabbages, at about six inches from each
other. They are thus planted to be weeded by hand, and
will bear being planted in any season of the year, as they
will live on the surface of the earth for many weeks without
a drop of rain.

. Aloe Socotorina ; Socotorine Aloe. Leaves very long
and narrow ; thorny at the edge ; flowers in spikes. This is
the true Socotorine Aloe, which is named from the island of
Zocotra or Socotora in the straits of Babelmandel, formerly
famous for the extract of this plant. It is of a yellowish
brown colour, approaching to purple : and when reduced to
powder, is a sort of gold colour. Socotorine Aloes may be
given in considerable doses, as a scruple, or half a drachm
at a time ; and is a very good purge, particularly as an
aperient, and remover of obstructions in phlegmatic habits.
The tincture, called Tinctura Sacra, or Hiera Picra, is a
solution of it in wine : it may be given as a purgative from
one to two ounces or more, or may be taken as an alterant
in smaller doses, and continued until it has produced a lax
habit or soluble state of the bowels. It is an excellent
medicine for languid and phlegmatic constitutions ; warm-
ing the solids, cleansing the intestines, and attenuating
viscid juices in the remoter parts. Spanish liquorice is said
to be the most efficacious ingredient of all others, in covering
the unpleasant taste of Aloes. Equal parts of Aloes and
Spanish juice dissolved in water, is said to be the most plea-
sant and useful of all the aloetic purges. Indeed the purga-
.tive properties of Socotorine aloes are universally known j
and the different preparations of it purify the blood, help
digestion, dissipate gross humours, and arc friendly to the
nervons system in general. They likewise powerfully re-
sist putrefaction, remove obstructions of the viscera, kill
worms in the stomach and intestines, cure the jaundice
and green sickness, provoke the menses and piles, and prove
serviceable in the ague, and all cold watery disorders ; but
should be forborne by such as have hot bilious constitutions
or gravelly complaints. It should not be given to pregnant
women, nor to those who spit blood, as in those cases it
might prove fatal.

e. Aloe Purpurascens ; Wldte-spined Glaucous Aloe. Leaves
purplish beneath, with small roundish spots at bottom.

f. Aloe Glauca ; Red-spined Glaucous Aloe. Stem short ;
leaves embracing, standing two ways ; spines on the edges
erect ; flowers growing in a head.

0. Aloe Ferox ; Great Hedge-hog Aloe. Leaves embrac-
ing, very dark green, beset with spines on every side. It
rises to the height of eight or ten feet, with a strong stem.
It has not yet flowered in England, nor does it put out
suckers, so that it is difficult to propagate.

1. Aloe Saponaria ; Great Soap Aloe ; and,

K. Aloe Obscura ; Common Soap Aloe. Leaves broader,
spotted, thorny at the edge ; flowers in spikes. The first
seldom rises above two feet in height ; the leaves are very
broad at their base, where they closely embrace the stalk,
and gradually decrease to a point. The under leaves are of
a dark green colour spotted with white, resembling the
colour of soft soap. The flowers grow in umbels on the tops
of the stalks, are of a beautiful red colour, and appear in
August and September. The second has broader leaves, of
a lighter green ; the edges and spines are copper-coloured,
and the flowers grow in loose spikes

\. Aloe Serrulata ; Hollow -haved Perfoliate Aloe. Leaves
spotted, finely serrate at the edge and the tip of the keel It
seldom rises above a foot high ; the leaves, which grow near

A L O

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A L O

the ground, are of a sea-green colour, with some white spots ;
the flowers grow in loose spikes the tubulous part being
red, and the brim of a light green colour.

fi. Aloe Suberecta ; Upright Perfoliate Aloe. Leaves
flat, almost upright, thorny at the edge and on the lower
surface.

v. Aloe Depressa ; Short-leaved Perfoliate Aloe, Leaves
embracing, thorny on both sides ; flowers in spikes.

f. Aloe Humilis ; f Dwarf Hedge-hog Aloe. Leaves up-
right, subulate, radfcate, with weak spines all round. This
is a very low plant, never rising into a stem The flowers,
which shew that it belongs to this species, grow on a loose
head at the top of the stalk, which is very thick, but sel-
dom a foot high ; below their colour is a fine red, but a
pale green above.

o. Aloe Mitraformis ; Great Mitre Aloe. Grows with an
upright stalk to the height of five or six feet ; the leaves
are of a dark green colour ; the tube of the corolla is of a
fine red, the brim of a pale green.

ir. Aloe Brevifolia ; Small Mitre Aloe.

3. Aloe Arachnoides; Cobweb Aloe. Stemless; leaves
three-cornered, cusped, ciliate ; flowers in a sort of spike,
upright, cylindrical. There are two varieties,

a. Aloe Arachnoides Communis ; Common Cobweb Aloe.
Leaves short, plain, fleshy, triangular at the end ; the borders
set with soft spines. Cobweb Aloe never rises from the
ground, but the leaves spread flat on the surface ; these are
plain, succulent, and triangular toward the end ; the borders
and keel are closely set with soft white spines. The flower-
stem rises about a foot high, is very slender, and has three
or four small distant herbaceous flowers.

ft. Aloe Arachnoides Pumila ; Small Cobweb Aloe. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, fleshy, triangular at the end, with numerous
soft spines. A small plant near the ground.

4. Aloe Margaritifera ; Pearl Aloe. Stemless : leaves
three-cornered, cusped, papillose; flowers in racemes, droop-
ing, cylindrical. It is of humble growth, and flowers in
several seasons of the year. There is a smaller sort, which
has been long preserved in the English gardens.

5. Aloe Verrucosa ; Warted, or Pearl-tongued Aloe. Stem-
less ; leaves sword-shaped, sharp, papillose, distich ; flowers
in racemes, reflex, club-shaped. This species produces off-
sets in plenty, and flowers in several seasons of the year.
The flowers are of a beautiful red colour, tipped with green.

6. Aloe Carinata ; Keel-leaved Aloe. Stemless : leaves
aeinaciform, papillose; flowers in racemes, drooping, curved.
The flowers are of a paler colour, and the spikes shorter
than those of the preceding species.

7. Aloe Maculata ; Spotted Aloe. Leaves blunt with a
point. Almost Stemless ; leaves aeinaciform, smooth, paint-
ed ; flowers in racemes, drooping, curved. It varies with
large, oblong, white confluent spots ; and with small ones.
Native of the Cape ; flowering in August.

8. Aloe Lingua ; Tongue Aloe. Almost Stemless ; leaves
tooth-letted, smooth distich ; flowers in racemes, upright,
cylindrical. The flowers are in slender loose spikes, each hang-
ing downwards, of a red colour at bottom, and green at top.
There is a variety of this with leaves much more spotted.

9. Aloe Plicatilis ; Fan Aloe. Almost Stemless ; leaves
tongue-shaped, even, distich ; flowers in racemes, pendulous,
cylindrical. This grows to the height of six or seven feet,
with a strong stem ; the flowers, which are of a red colour,
are produced in short loose spikes, and appear at different
times of the year.

10. Aloe Variegata Partridge-breasted Aloe. Almost stem-
less ; leaves in three ranks, painted channelled ; angles

cartilaginous ; flowers in racemes, cylindrical. It is a low
plant, seldom rising above eight inches high. The leaves are
triangular, fleshy, and serrated ; they are curiously veined,
and spotted like the feathers of a partridge's breast. The
flowers are in loose spikes, of a fine red colour, tipped with
green.

11. Aloe Viscosa ; Upright Triangular Aloe. Subcau-
lescent ; leaves imbricate in three ranks, ovate ; flowers in
racemes, drooping, cylindrical. Grows near a foot high,
and has triangular leaves of a dark green colour ; the flowers
grow thinly on very slender peduncles, they are of a her-
baceous colour, and their upper part turns backward.

12. Aloe Spiralis ; Spiral Aloe. Subcaulescent ; leaves
imbricate in eight ranks, ovate ; flowers in racemes, curved
back. This somewhat resembles the preceding species.

13. Aloe Retusa ; Cushion Aloe. Stemless; leaves in five
ranks, deltoid. This species receives its name from its very
short thick succulent leaves, which are compressed on the
upper side like a cushion ; the flowers are of a herbaceous
colour. It grows very close to the ground.

14. AloeSpicata; Spiked Aloe; Flowers in spikes, hori-
zontal, bell-shaped ; stem-leaves flat, embracing, toothed.
This very much resembles the second species. It was ob-
served by Thumberg at the Cape. The flower is full of a
purple honey-juice. The best and purest Hepatic Aloe is
obtained from this species ; that obtained from Barbadoes
is of different degrees of purity, darker, and more bitter and
nauseous than the Socotorine kind.

Alopecuros. See Betonica.

Alopecurus ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : glume, one-flowered, two-
valved; valves ovate-lanceolate, concave, compressed, equal,
connate at the base. Corolla - one-valved ; valve ovate-lan-
ceolate, concave, the edges united at the base, a little shorter
than the calix ; awn twice as long, with a bent joint, in-
serted into the back of the valve near the base. Stamina .-
filaments three, capillary, flattish at the base, longer than
the calix ; antherae forked at each end. Pistil .- germ roundish ;
styles two, capillary, united at the base, longer than the
calix; stigmas villous. Pericarp: none; corolla investing
the seed. Seed: ovate, covered. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix; two-valved. Corolla: one-valved. For the culture
and propagation of this genus see GBASS. The species are,

1. Alopecurus Indicus ; Indian Fox-tail Grass. Spike cylin-
drical ; involucres setaceous, fasciculate, two-flowered ;
peduncles villous. Native of the East Indies.

2. Alopecurus Bulbosus ; Bulbous Fox-tail Grass. Culm
erect ; spike cylindrical : root bulbous. It rises about a
foot high ; and has been found in great plenty in a wet salt-
marsh near Yarmouth in Norfolk.

3. Alopecurus Pratensis ; Meadow Fox-tail Grass. Culm
spiked, erect ; glumes villous; corollas awnless. Roots pe-
rennial ; stalks from a foot to eighteen inches, two, and even
three feet high ; the antherae are frequently purple when in
full vigour. It is a native of most parts of Europe. It is
common in the best pastures about London ; and produces
the spike in April or May, being one of the earliest grasses.
It frequently flowers twice in one season, and the seed may
be collected without much difficulty, for it does not quit the
chaff, and the spikes are very prolific. This grass is highly
worth cultivation on the lands that are proper for it, as it
possesses the three great requisites of quantity, quality, and
earliness, in a superior degree to any other.

. 4. Alopecuris Agrestis ; Field Fox-tail Grass. Culin
spiked, 'rttt; glume smooth ; calix surrounded at bottom by
a ring. It resembles the preceding, but is distinguished from

A L S

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A L S

it by the great length and slenderness of its spikes, tapering
to a point, and usually of a purple colour. The stalk is a
foot or eighteen inches high, and it has obtained the name of
Mouse-tail in English from the great length and slenderness
of the spike, resembling the tail of the mouse. It is every
way inferior to Fox-tail Grass, and therefore not worth cul-
tivation. It flowers early, continues flowering till autumn,
and comes very quickly into bloom after it is sown.

5. Alopecurus Geniculatus ; Flote Fox-tail Grass. Culm
spiked, infracted ; corollas awnless ; (awns concealed within
the calix.) Stalk from twelve to eighteen inches high ; root
perennial. It is called Black Grass in some places, from the
deep purple colour of the spikes ; cattle eat it readily, but it
is not a profitable grass. It flowers in June.

6. Alopecurus Hordeiformis ; Barley-like Fox-tail Grass.
Raceme simple ; flowers intrenched with awns. This is an
Indian grass, about a foot high, with the pistil longer than
the flower ; and it has the appearance of Barley-grass.

7. Alopecurus Monspeliensis ; Bearded Fox-tail Grass. Pa-
nicle subspiked ; calices nigged; corollas awned. This is
an annual, which grows wild in marshes and wet pastures,
and flowers in June and July.

8. Alopecurus Paniceus ; Hairy Fox-tail Grass. Panicle
subspiked ; glumes villous ; corollas awned. This plant only
reaches to five or six inches high ; it grows on dry soils, and
is annual, flowering in July.

Alpinia; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
tubulose, three-toothed ; leaflets equal, erect, acute. Co-
rolla: monopetalous, tubulose; tube cylindraceous, short;
border three-parted ; parts nearly equal, oblong. Nec-
tary connate with the tube of the corolla, two-parted ; the
lower part forming the lower lip is larger and longer than
the parts of the corolla, broadish, spreading, often divided.
Stamina : filament proper, none ; but along the upper divi-
sion of the nectary, forming the upper lip, which is Saltish,
and the length of the corolla, grows a large anthera ; either
deeply bifid or entire. Pistil : germ inferior, oblong, style
filiform, often inserted into the fissure of the anthera, stig-
ma incrassate, obtuse. Pericarp : capsule oval, three-celled
three-valved, crownedwiththepermanent calix. Seeds: some
ovate, angular, covered with a sort of berried aril. ESSEN-
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three-toothed, equal, tubulose.
Corolla: three-parted, equal. Nectary: two-lipped, the
lower lip spreading. The species are,

1. Alpinia Racemosa. Raceme terminating, spiked ; flow-
ers alternate; lip of the nectary trifid ; leaves oblong, acumi-
nate. Root fleshy, branched, and having the taste and smell
of ginger ; the stem from two to five feet high. It is a na-
tive of the West Indies ; and must be preserved in a stove,
with the pot plunged into a tub of water. When the leaves
decay, which is every winter, it may be propagated by part-
ing the roots.

2. Alpinia Occidental. Raceme radical, compound,
erect ; nectary emarginate ; capsules three-celled ; leaves
lanceolate-ovate, very smooth. It is a native of Jamaica
and St. Domingo.

Altine; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Trigynia.
-GBNBRIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-leaved ; leaf-

s concave, oblong, acuminate. Corolla: of five equal

petals longer than the calix. Stamina: filaments capillary;

itherae roundish. Pistil: germ subovate ; styles filiform;

stigmas obtuse. Pericarp: an ovate, one-celled, three- valved;

capsule, covered with the calix. Seeds : many, roundish. Es-

STIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Petals: five, equal.
Capsuk : one-celled, three-valved. The species are,

VOL. i. 7

1 . Alsine Media ; Common duckweed. Petals bipartite :
leaves ovate-cordate. This plant is very generally known ;
it assumes a diversity of appearances, according to the soil
in which it grows. It is commonly given as food to chickens
and small birds, and when boiled it exactly resembles spinach :
swine, and also many insects, are very fond of it. As a me-
dicine, it contains no active principle, but is frequently applied
to swellings, either alone or in poultices. The whole plant, or
the juice of it, boiled in a sufficient quantity of hog's lard,
makes an excellent cooling ointment. Taken inwardly, it is
said this plant is good against the scurvy, and promotes the
urinary evacuation. A poultice made of the bruised herb is
recommended to remove inflammations arising from blows.
Chickweed flowers upright, and open from nine to noon ; but
if it rains, the flowers do not open ; after rain they become
pendant, but in a few days rise again. Chickweed is also a
remarkable instance of the sleep of plants : at night the leaves
approach in pairs, so as to enclose between their upper sur-
faces the tender buds ; and the two upper leaves but one, at
the end of the stalk, are furnished with longer petioles than
the others, so that they can close upon the terminating pair,
and protect the end of the branch. It is found wild in most
parts of the world.

2. Alsine Segetalis. Petals entire ; leaves awl-shaped.
It is an annual, and grows in France about Paris, and in
Piedmont.

3. Alsine Mucronata. Petals entire, short ; leaves setace-
ous ; calices awned ; stems erect, a foot high, many toge-
ther, branching, a little hairy. Petals ovate, white. It is a
native of France and Switzerland.

Aistonia; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth inferior, im-
bricate; scales ovate, very obtuse, concave ; the inner ones
gradually larger, forming as it were a quadripartite or
quinquepartite calix. Corolla : one-petalled, shorter than
the calix ; tube short ; border spreading, divided into eight
or ten parts ; divisions equal, in a double row, alternately
interior and exterior; obovate, obtuse, quite entire. Stamina:
filaments very many, inserted into the tube very short, imbri-
cate, very smoth ; the outer ones longer, linear, attenuated
at the tip; antherse orbiculate, furrowed. Pistil: germ
superior, ovate, small; style simple, length of the corolla,
filiform, erect ; stigma capitate-obovate. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Corolla: one-petalled, eight or ten cleft; clefts
alternated. There is only one species, viz.

I. Alstonia Theseformis. This shrub was found by Mutis
in South America. It is very smooth, and resembles Bohea
tea ; its dried leaves also give a greenish colour to the saliva
when chewed, and have the same taste as the Chinese tea.
The flowers are axillary, three or four together, and sessile ;
the caiix is very smooth, the scales rounded and green, with
a membranaceous edge; the corollas white and spreading.

Alstroemeria ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla:
six-petalled, sub-bilabiate ; the three outer petals wedge-
shaped, .retuse, rnucronate ; the inner, which are alter-
nate with the others, lanceolate ; the two lower ones, tubu-
lous at the base. Stamina : filaments awl-shaped, bending
down, unequal ; antherse oblong. Pistil: germ inferior,
hexangular, truncate ; style bending down, filiform, the length
of the stamina ; stigmas three, oblong, bifid. Pericarp : a
roundish six-ribbed mucronate capsule, three-celled, three-
valved, valves concave, contrary to the dissepiment. Seeds :
very many, globose, covered with raised points, subumbili-
cate at the tip. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: of six
petals, sub-bilabiate ; the two lower petals tubulose at the

ALT

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A L Y

base. Stamina : bending down. These plants are all found
in South America, and must be kept in a stove in England,
(except the first species) where they may be propagated by
parting their roots in autumn. The species are,

1. Alstroemeria Pelegrina; Spotted-flowered Alstroemeria.
Stem erect; corollas bell-shaped, straight; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, sessile. The flowers are whitish, most beautifully
stained, and veined with purple and red ; they flower from
June until October. This species may be treated as a green-
house plant ; it will however flower and ripen its seeds better
under the glass of a hot-bed frame, where air is freely ad-
mitted. It is generally raised from seeds, sown in a pot of
light earth in the s'priug, on a gentle hot-bed, either of dung
or tan.

2. Alstroemeria Pulchella. Stem erect ; corollas reflex,
spreading, acute ; leaves sessile ; pedicles shorter than the
involucre. This much resembles the first species : its petals
spread from the base, recurved, acute, alternately less, whit-
ish, red at the tip, streaked or dotted with red at the base ;
filaments yellow, equal ; pistil red, rising ; stigma trifid.

3. Alstroemeria Ligtu ; Stripe-flowered Alstroemeria. Stem
erect ; leaves spatulate-oblong ; peduncles of the umbel
longer than the involucre ; corolla two-lipped. This spe-
cies is remarkable for the largeness and fragrancy of the
flowers, which are scarcely inferior to Mignionette. It
flowers in February and March.

4. Alstroemeria Salsilla. Stem twining; leaves petiolate,
lanceolate, acuminate ; umbel branching ; peduncles longer
than the involucre, bracted and loose. Leaves nervose ;
petioles naked ; the outer petals red, the inner greenish.

5. Alstroemeria Multiflora. Stem twining ; leaves petio-
late, lanceolate, acuminate ; umbel simple ; peduncles shorter
than the bractes ; petals alternate, truncate. This species
is very distinct from the rest.

6. Alstroemeria Ovata. Stem twining ; leaves lanceolate,
lanuginose on the upper surface, lucid on the lower ; corollas
tubular. Stem twining, contrary to the sun, slender, hardisb.
and rising three feet high. Flowers terminating in umbels.
Petals approximating into a tube ; the three outer scarlet and
green at the tip, the three inner green, flattish towards the
top, and variegated with black dots. A native of Peru.

Althxa ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Polyan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth double ; outer
smaller, one-leafed, unequally novemfid; divisions very nar-
row : inner semiquinqueh'd ; divisions broader, sharper. Co-
rolla : five-petalled, united at the base, obcordate, praemorse,
flat. Stamina : filaments many, inserted in the corolla ;
antherae subreniform. Pistil: germ orbiculate; style cylin-
drical, short ; stigmas many, setaceous, the length of the style.
Pericarp: consists of arils not jointed, forming a flat ring
about a columnar receptacle ; they are deciduous, and open
on the inside. Seed: one, flat kidney-shaped in each aril.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cain .- double ; outer nine-cleft.

Arils: many, one-seeded. The species belonging to this

genus are the following.

1. Althsea Officinalis ; Common Marshmallow. Leaves
simple, downy. This species grows naturally on the banks
of rivers, and in salt marshes and ditches, in Cambridgeshire,
Norfolk, and Suffolk ; on the sea-shores of Cornwall ; and in
Holland, France, Italy, and Siberia. The root is perennial ;
the stalk annual, growing erect to the height of four or five
feet, putting out a few lateral branches ; the flowers are
axillary, shaped like those of the Mallow, but smaller, and
of a pale colour : they appear in July, and the seeds ripen in
September. The whole plant, particularly the root, abounds
with a mild mucilage, which is emollient in a much greater

degree than common Mallow. The boiled root is much used
as an emollient cataplasm, and an infusion of it is very ge-
nerally prescribed in all cases wherein mild mucilaginous
substances are useful as a pectoral, and in complaints of ;i
gravelly nature. It is kept in most gardens on account of
its medicinal qualities. An infusion of it is excellent for
blunting and sheathing those sharp and acrimonious humours
which occasion tickling coughs, hoarseness, erosions of the
stomach and intestines, difficulty and heat of urine, and for
lubricating and relaxing the passages, and for the stone and
gravelly complaints. A syrup and ointment of it are kept
in the shops ; but, a strong infusion has far more virtues than
the syrup ; and a poultice made of the fresh root, with the
addition of a little white bread and milk, will prove more ser-
viceable, when applied externally, than the ointment. The
common Marshmallow may be propagated by sowing the
seeds in the spring, or parting the roots in autumn when the
stalks decay. The plant should be placed two feet asunder,
and will thrive in any soil or situation, but grow larger in
moist than in dry land.

2. Althaea Cannabina; Hemp-leaved Marshmallvta. Lower
leaves palmate, upper digitate. This species has a woody
stem, which rises to the height of four or five feet, and puts
out many side-branches ; the leaves are alternate. The
flowers are axillary, not so large as those of the common
Marshmallow, but of a deeper red colour, with a larger calix.
It seldom flowers the first year, unless the summer prove
warm ; but when the plants survive the winter, they will flower
early in the succeeding summer, and produce good seeds ;
which should be sown in the spring where they are intended
to remain, in a sheltered situation and dry soil, or they will
not bear an English winter, and transplanting is hurtful to
them. In a stony soil, or in lime rubbish, their growth is
stinted, but they become more hardy. They seldom conti-
nue longer than two years in England, and are by no means
scarce. It grows naturally in Hungary, Istria, Carniola,
Italy, and by wood-sides in the south of France.

3. Althaea Hirsuta ; Hairy Marslunalloui. Leaves trifid,
hairy -hispid, smooth above; peduncles solitary, one-flowered.
This is a low plant, with its branches trailing on the ground .
The leaves and stalks are beset with strong hairs ; the flow-
ers have purplish bottoms. If the seeds be sown in April.
the plants will flower in July, and the seeds ripen in Sep-
tember. It grows wild in Spain, Portugal, Italy, &c.

4. AlthaeaLudwigii; Ludwig'sMarshiull<m\ Leaves lobed,
naked on both sides ; peduncles collected, one-tlowered.

5. Althaea Narbonensis; Narbonne Mumlinmlluw. Leaves
tomentose on both sides ; the lower five-lobed, the upper
three-lobed; peduncles solitary, one-flowered. Hoots peren-
nial, stems annual, from four to six feet high. Corolla purple
rose-coloured, twice as long as the calix. First discovered
near Narbonne ; found also in Spain ; and flowers in August
and September.

6. Althaea Corymbosa. Leaves simple, cordate or angular,
smooth ; peduncles and calices hairy ; flowers in corymbs.
A native of Jamaica.

7. Althaea Racemosa. Leaves simple, cordate-ovate, ser-
rate, scabrous on the upper surface, raceme terminating
erect. Stems thick, stiff, five feet high, with many branches ;
corolla yellow ; the fruit composed of five bivalve capsules,
A native of Jamaica.

Althtca Frutex. See Hiltim-iis.

Ali/sstim ; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Silicu-
losa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four- leaved,
oblong ; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, convergent, deciduous.
Corolla ; four-petalled, cruciform; petals flat, shorter than the

A L Y

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A M A

calix, very spreading; claws the length of the calix. Stamina :
filaments six, the length of the calix; two opposite, a little
shorter marked with a toothlet ; anther from erect, spread-
ing. Pistil: germ subovate; style simple, the length of the
stamina, longer than the germ ; stigma obtuse. Pericarp -.
a subglobose, emarginate silicle, with a style the length of the
silicle, two-celled ; partitions elliptic, valves elliptical, he-
mispherical. Seeds: fixed to filiform receptacles, issuing forth
at the end of the silicle, few, orbicular. ESSENTIAL CHA-
KACTER. The shorter filaments marked with a toothlet ;
silicle emarginate. Every species of this genus may be pro-
pagated by seed, and most of them by slips and cuttings.
The seeds should be sown in a border of light earth in April ;
cuttings or slips should be planted in April or May, shaded
in the heat of the day, and gently refreshed with water. They
seldom survive an English winter, when planted in rich
ground ; but in a poor, dry, rubbishy soil, or on old walls,
they will abide the cold, and last much longer. The spe-
cies are,

* Undershrubs.

1. Alyssum Spinosum; Thorny Madicort. The old ra-
cemes thorny, naked. It has woody branches rising two
feet high, and armed with small spines ; the leaves are
hoary, lanceolate, and thinly placed on the stalks without
any order ; the flowers grow in small clusters at the extre-
mity of the branches. It grows naturally in Italy, Spain,
and the south of France ; seldom remains more than two or
three years with us, and must be often sown to preserve it ;
but if the seeds be suffered to remain, and fall upon the
ground, the plants will rise without any trouble.

2. Alyssum Halhnifolium ; Sweet Madwort. Stems pro-
cumbent, perennial ; leaves lance-linear, acute, quite entire.
It spreads itself upon the ground, and never rises to any
height ; at the extremities of its branches it produces very
pretty tufts of small white flowers, of which the plant is sel-
dom destitute for six or seven successive months. It is a
native of the southern countries of Europe.

3. Alyssum Saxatile : Yellow Madwort. Stems shrubby,
panieled ; leaves lanceolate, very soft, repand ; petals entire.
This plant has a fleshy stalk, seldom more than a foot high ;
the flowers are of a bright yellow colour. It is a showy and
hardy plant, very suitable to embellish rock-work. The seeds
ripen in July, but it is only from young plants that seeds
can be expected ; for the old plants, or those which are raised
from slips or cuttings, rarely produce seeds in England.

4. Alyssum Alpestre ; Italian Madwort. Stems under-
shrubby, diffused ; leaves roundish, hoary ; calices coloured.
The flower is yellow; the plant perennial. Found on
Mount Cenis, and the mountains of Provence towards Italy.

* * Herbaceous.

5. Alyssum Hyperboreum ; Northern Madwort. Leaves
hoary, toothed ; stamina four-forked. Native of North
America.

6. Alyssum Incanum ; Hoary Madwort. Stem erect ;
leaves lanceolate, hoary, quite entire ; flowers in corymbs ;
petals bifid. Grows to two feet in height, with small white
flowers. The silicle is entire, oval, and full of brown seeds.
It grows naturally in the south of France, in Spain, Italy,
Germany, Austria, and Sweden. Chiefly on rocky or gravelly

It flowers from June to September, and the seeds
ripen soon after ; if these be permitted to scatter, the plants
will come up, and require little care.

7. Alyssum Minimum ; Least Madwort. Stems diffused ;
leaves linear, downy ; silicles compressed. The petals are
yellow and submarginate. It is an annual plant, and grows
well in Spain.

8. Alyssum Calycinium ; Calycine Madwort. Stamina
awl-toothed; calices permanent. Annual, found wild in
Austria, Carniola, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The
petals are yellow, but turn white with age. It should be
sown where it is intended to remain ; if thinned, and kept
clean from weeds, they will flower in July, and perfect ti.oir
seeds in autumn.

9. Alyssum Montanum ; Mountain Madicort. Stems dif-
fused ; leaves sublanceolate, dotted, and echinate. This is
a perennial, and has dark yellow flowers. It grows natu-
rally upon the rocks of Burgundy and other parts of France
and is also found in Germany.

10. Alyssum Campestre ; Field Madwort. Stamina guarded
with a pair of bristles ; calices deciduous. This much re-
sembles the eighth species ; but is more decumbent, and
has lance-ovate leaves. It is a native of the same countries,,
and requires the same treatment.

11. Alyssum Clypeatum ; Buckler-podded Madwort. Stem
erect ; silicles sessile, oval, compressed-Hat ; petals pointed,
linear. A biennial plant, growing naturally in Spain and
Portugal.

***Silicles inflated, or Calices oblong, closed.

12. Alyssum Sinuatum ; Sinuate-leaved Madicort. Stem her-
baceous ; leaves lance-deltoid ; silicles inflated. A low
spreading plant, with flowers of a bright yellow colour. It
is annual or biennial, grows by way-sides in Spain, and in
the islands of the Archipelago, but will bear the open air
of England, in a dry soil and warm situation.

13. Alyssum Creticum ; Cretan Madwort. Stem shrubby;
leaves lanceolate, a little toothed, downy ; silicles globular.
This species seldom continues more than two years in Eng-
land, and in a warm dry situation will live in the open air.
The seeds should be sown in August soon after they are ripe ;
and if a few of the plants be potted in October, and shel-
tered under a frame in winter, they will flower in the follow-
ing June, and produce good seeds in the same year. Found
in Spain and Candia.

14. Alyssum Gemonense ; Gemona Madwort. Stem her-
baceous ; branches divaricated ; root-leaves obovate, rather
downy. Root perennial ; flowers of a deep yellow colour; stem
four or five inches long. It has its name from being disco-
vered on the mountain Delia Fontana, near Gemona in Italy,
in the clefts of rocks. It flowers in May and June.

15. Alyssum Utriculatum; Bottle Madwort. Stem her-
baceous, erect ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, quite entire.
This species is well adapted to decorating walls, or rock-
work ; it grows in the vineyards of Savoy ; and is a hardy
and beautiful perennial, flowering from April to June, at
which time it begins to form its curiously inflated pods.

16. Alyssum Vesicaria ; Bladder Mudwort. Leaves linear,
toothed ; silicles inflated, angular, acute. This has a trailing
stalk, and produces its flowers in loose spikes towards the
extremity. Found in the Levant.

17- Alyssum Deltoideum; Deltoid-leaved Madwort. Stems
under-shrubby, prostrate ; leaves lance-deltoid ; silicles
shaggy. Flowers of a purple colour. Native of the Levant.
It rarely producing seed in this country, may be propagated
from its trailing branches ; which if planted in April will take
root and become good plants by the following autumn. It is
properly a rock plant, being hardy, forming with very little
care a neat tuft of flowers ; and is very valuable from its begin-
ning to flowerin March, and continuing through the summer.

Amaranth, Globe. See Gomphrena.

Amaranthus ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Pen-
tandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Mate flowers on the same
plants with the females. Calix : perianth five or three-leaved,

SAL HERBAL ,

A M A

upright, coloured, permanent ; leaflets lanceolatfe, acute.
Corolla : none, (unless the ealix be so termed.) Stamina ;
.ilaments five or three, capillary, from upright patulous, the
length of the colix; antherae oblong, versatile. Female
flowers in the same racemes with the males, Calix : perianth as
in the male. Corolla: none. Pistil: germ ovate; styles
three, short, subulate; stigmas simple, permanent. Peri-
carp : capsule ovate, somewhat compressed, as is the calix,
on which it is placed ; coloured, and of the same size, three-
beaked, one-celled, cut open transversely. Seed: single,
globular, compressed, large. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male.
Calix: three or five-leaved. Corolla : none. Stamina : three
or five. Female. Calix : three or five-leaved. Corolla .-
none. Styles : three. Capsule: one-celled, opening horizon-
tally. Seed: one. These plants are generally disposed in
pots with Cockscombs, and other showy plants, to 'adorn
court-yards, and other immediate environs of the house.
They are tender, and require much care to bring to perfec-
tion in England. They are annual herbaceous plants ; the
leaves simple, alternate ending in a little bristle ; the flowers
loosely disposed in glomerules or spikes ; and are almost all
natives of North America ; although some are found in the
tropical countries of Asia and Africa, and only two in Europe.

The species are,

*With three Stamina.

1. Amaranthus Graecizan ; Pettitory-teaved Amaranth.
Glomerules axillary; leaves lanceolate, repand, obtuse ; the
stem a span high. It flowers from July to September, and
is a native of North America.

2. Amaranthus Albus; White Amaranth. 'Glomerules
axillary ; leaves roundish, ovate, emarginate ; stem four-
cornered, simple. The stem is greenish white, a span high.
A native of the coast of Pennsylvania, from whence it has
migrated in Italy; it flower-s in July and August.

3. Amaranthus Deflexus. Spike very short, with few
flowers ; leaves rhomb-lanceolate ; capsules not gaping.
Its native place is unknown.

4. Amaranthus Polygonoides : Spotted-leaved Amaranth.
Glomerules three-leaved : female flowers funnel-shaped ;
leaves rhomb-ovate, emarginate. This species varies in dif-
ferent situations ; in a hot-bed, the stems were a foot high,
and the whole plant green except the calices ; and in the
open air the stem was red, and six inches high. It is found
wild by the way-side, and among rubbish, in the tropical
countries of Asia, Africa, and America; as in Jamaica,
Guiana, Senegal, Guinea, Ceylon, &c. It was brought to
Kngland in 1778, and flowers in August.

5. Amaranthus Polygamus ; Hermaphrodite Amaranth.
Glomerules two-stamined, subspiked, ovate; flowers herma-
phrodite and female ; leaves lanceolate. Stem upright,
eighteen inches high. It is a native of Guiana, China, and
Amboyna, where the inhabitants boil and eat the leaves and
stalks. It flowers in July.

6. Amaranthus Mangostanus, Glomerules subspiksd, ax-
illary, solitary; leaves rhomb-roundish. Native of the East
Indies.

7. Amaranthus Inamaenus. Glomerules subspiked, three-
leaved, axillary, geminate ; leaves rhomb-lanceolate. Stem
a foot and half high. Supposed to be a native of Japan.

8. Amaranthus Melancholicus ; Two-coloured Amaranth.
Glomerules axillary, peduncles roundish ; leaves ovate-lance-
olate, coloured. Stem upright, half a foot high. la the open
air, the leaves are of a dirty purple on their upper surface,
and the younger ones are green ; in a stove, the whole plant
is of a fine purple colour. It is well worth a place in a plea-
ure garden, but is very tender, and requires some art and

care to bring them to perfection in England. It is a native
of the East Indies and of Gniana. The leaves have two co-
lours, an obscure 'purple, and a bright crimson, so blended
as to set off each other, and making a fine appearance when
the plant is vigorous. See the twenty-third species, for its
propagation, cultivation, &c.

9. Amaranthns Gangetictis ; Oral-spiked Amaranth. Glo-
merules in very short spikes, ovate ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
emarginate. Stem a foot high. A native of Bengal, nn<*
the Society Isles, and flowers from July to September.

10. Amaranthus Oleraceus ; Eatable Amaranth. Glome-
rules axillary, branching ; leaves wrinkled, oblong, very ob-
tuse, emarginate. Stem upright, a foot or a foot and half high,
even, smooth, round, and white ; leaves pale green. It is a
native of Guiana, the East Indies, and Egypt, but is not en-
titled to a place in gardens on account of its beauty. This
'and the next species are gathered in India when young, and
dressed as we dress spinach : it flowers hi July.

11. Amaranthus Viridis ; Green Amaranth. Glomerules
axillary, geminate ; male flowers trifid ; leaves ovate, emargi-
nate. Stem erect, a foot or a foot and half high ; leaves a
bright green in open situations* but dusky in the shade.
Native of Brazil ; flowering in August and September.

12. Amaranthus Tricolor; Three-coloured Amaranth.
Glomerules sessile, roundish, stem-clasping .- leaves lance-
olate-ovate, coloured. Stem upright, a foot and half or two
feet in height ; leaves blue, with a red point. It has long
been celebrated for the beauty of its variegated leaves, in
which the colours are elegantly mixed. Native of Guiana,
Persia, Ceylon, China, Japan, the Society Isles, &c.

13. Amaranthus Lividus ; Livid Amaranth. Glomerules
subspiked, rounded ; leaves elliptic, refuse ; stem upright,
two feet high, hollow, dark red, smooth, round, deeply
streaked or grooved. Leaves dusky green, with pale purple
veins; flowers green. Native of Virginia and Guiana.

14. Amaranthus Tristis ; Round-headed Amaranth. Glo-
merules in loose spikes; leaves subcordate, ovate, emarginate,
shorter than the petioles ; stem upright, a foot and half high,
leaves and flowers green. Native of China, Cochin, Amboyna
and Brazil ; where the young plant is eaten by the natives,
as the spinach is with us. It flowers from June till August.

15. Amaranthus Blitum ; Least Amaranth, or Elite. Glo-
merules subspiked ; flowers three-leaved ; leaves ovate, re-
tuse. Stem diffused, a span high, upright, streaked, smooth;
leaves smooth, green, emarginate, with a very short white
point. Native of all Europe, except the very cold parts,
Japan, &c. in cultivated grounds, on dunghills, banks,
among rubbish, &c. Culpeper recommends this plant a:
excellent to restrain the fluxes of blood in either sex; and
states, that there is a sort of wild Elites, resembling the
other wild kinds, but having long and spiky heads of green-
ish seeds, appearing by their thick setting together, to be
all seed, at which fish will bite with great avidity ; and adds
that it is much sought after by anglers.

16. Amaranthus Scandens ; Climbing Amaranth. Spikes
interrupted, compound ; spikelets bent ; in leaves ovate ;
stem weak, two feet high. It resembles the preceding spe-
cies ; and is a native of America.

** With five Stamina.

17. Amaranthus Hecticus. Flowers in simple spikes, ax-
illary, glomerate ; leaves ovate, acute. Stem red, nearly a
foot high. Its native place is unknown.

18. Amaranthus Hybridus ; Clustered Amaranth. "Ra-
cemes decompound, heaped, erect ; leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Stem two feet high, and double that height in gardens, green
or red, upright, smooth, streaked. There are several

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

P.M

A.MAKVI.I.IS /.;//./, ////,

AMARANTHt'S. //..', A In

-<\ ~bv Hem - London. 1B23-

A M A

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A M A

varieties. It is found wild in Virginia, and Arabia Felix :
it flowers from June to September.

19. Amaranthus Strictus. Racemes compound, erect
strict : leaves ovate, concave. Stem two feet high or more,
obscurely angular. Place of growth unknown.

20. Amaranthus Laetus. Racemes compound, erect;
leaves ovate, obtuse, mucronate. Stem never exceeding a
foot in height ; leaves green, smooth ; the point herbaceous.

21. Amaranthus Cruentus ; Various-leaved Amaranth.
Racemes decompound, naked, patulous ; leaves lanceolate-
ovate. Stem a foot and half or two feet in height, grooved ;
green, with red streaks, smooth, slightly pubescent among
the flowers. Native of the East Indies and China ; flower-
ing from June to August. Propagated as the 23d species.

22. Amaranthus Hypochondriacus ; Princes-feather Ama-
nnith. Racemes compound, crowded, erect ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate. Stem erect, a foot and half, or two
feet high. It is a native of Virginia, and flowers from July
to September. It is now become a common weed, growing
upon dunghills.

23. Amaranthus Sanguineus ; Spreading or Bloody Ama-
ranth. Racemes compound, erect ; branches spreading,
smooth; leaves oblong, acute. Stem four feet high ; flowers
of 'a bright purple colour, turning darker as the seeds ripen.
It flowers from the middleof June until September. Topro-
pagate this species, the seeds should be sown in a moderate
hot-bed, towards the end of March. The plants must be
transplanted, when large enough, to another moderate hot-
bed, where they must be watered, and shaded from the sun,
till they have taken new root ; and then should have free air
always during mild weather. At the beginning of June, they
may be taken up, with large balls of earth to their roots, and
planted, some in pots, and others into the borders of the plea-
sure garden, observing to shade them until they have taken
good root; after which they must be frequently watered in dry
weather, especially those in pots, which will require it every
evening in warm dry-weather. These plants are a great orna-
ment to good gardens during the latter part of summer.

24. Amaranthus Paniculatus. Racemes compound ;
branches spreading, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Stem upright, firm, a fathom in height, grooved. Native
of America.

25. Amaranthus Retroflexus; Hairy Amaranth. Racemes
super-decompound, erect; branches pubescent; leaves ovate.
Stem three-feet high. A native of Pennsylvania ; and now
a common weed in gardens near London.

26. Amaranthus Chlorostachys. Racemes compound,
nodding ; leaves lanceolate. Stem four feet high. Its na-
tive place of growth unknown.

27. Amaranthus Flavus ; Pale Amaranth. Racemes com-
pound, nodding; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Stem sometimes
exceeding four feet high ; flowers green. The Portuguese
cultivate it as a culinary herb. Native of the East Indies.

28. Amaranthus Caudatus ; Pendulous Amaranth, or Love-
lies-bleeding. Stem generally two feet high ; leaves a bright
green colour. Native of Persia, Ceylon, Guiana, Peru, &c.

29. Amaranthus Spinosus ; Prickly Amaranth. Racemes
terminating, compound ; axils thorny. Stem upright, from
twelve to eighteen inches high. In the East and West Indies
it is eaten as a green, boiled with Basella Cordifolia. Native
of Guiana and Guinea, md flowering from July to September.

Amaryllis ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : spathe oblong, ob-
tuse, compressed, emarginate, gaping on the flat side, and
withering. Corolla . petals six, lanceolate ; nectary six very
abort scales, without the base of the filamenta. Stamina :

VOL. I. 8.

filamenta six, awl-shaped, with oblong, incumbent, rising: an-
therse. Pistil: germen roundish, furrowed, inferior; style
filiform, almost of the length, and in the situation, of the sta-
mina ; stigma tritid, slender. Pericarp : a subovate, three-
celled, three-valved capsule. Seeds.- several. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Corolla: six-petalled, irregular ; filamenta in-
serted into the throat of the tube, bending down, unequal
in proportion or direction. These plants are of the liliaceous
or bulbous tribe ; most of them have flowers of singular
beauty, highly deserving the care and attention of the curi-
ous botanist and florist. The best time to transplant the
roots of all the species is about the beginning of August,
when their leaves are decayed : they delight in a loose sandy
soil, mixed with good kitchen mould. There should be
little water given when their leaves are decaying ; but when
putting out their flowering stems, they should frequently be
refreshed with water. The species are,

1. Amaryllis Lutea ; Yellow Amaryllis, or Autumnal Nar-
cissus. Spathe undivided, obtuse ; flower sessile ; corolla
bell-shaped, erect, shortly tubular at the base; stamina erect,
alternately shorter. Its flowers seldom rise above three or
four inches high ; they are shaped somewhat like those of
the large yellow Crocus. It flowers in September, and is a
native of the south of France, Spain, Italy, and Thrace. It
is very hardy, and increases fast by offsets ; is a pretty plant ;
and continues flowering until November, if the frost do not
destroy the flowers. It will grow in any soil or situation,
but thrives best in a fresh, light, dry soil, and open situation.

2. Amaryllis Pumilio ; Dwarf Amaryllis. Spathe two-
leaved, one-flowered ; corolla funnel-shaped, equal ; seg-
ments revolute ; stamina bent in, alternately shorter. Na-
tive of the Cape ; flowering in November.

3. Amaryllis Atamasco ; Atamasco Lily. Spathe bifid,
acute ; flower pedicelled ; corolla bell-shaped, nearly equal,
erect, shortly tubular at the base ; stamina bent down, equal.
The flowers are of a fine carnation colour ore the outside at
their first appearance, but fade till they become almost white ;
they are nearly as large as those of the Orange Lily, but do
not grow above six or eight inches high, appearing at the
end of May, or beginning of June, and sometimes in Au-
gust. It is a native of Virginia and Carolina, where it grows
plentifully in the fields and woods, making a beautiful ap-
pearance when in flower. It may be propagated by offsets
from the bulbs ; and, if planted in a warm situation, will
bear the open air of England.

4. Amaryllis Formosissima ; Jacobtea Lily. Spathe undi-
vided; flower pedicelled; corolla two lipped, nodding, deeply
nix-parted ; stamina and pistil bent down. The flowers are
large, of a deep red ; the under petals very large ; and as
the whole flower stands nodding on one side of the stalk, it
makes a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of South
America. It is propagated by offsets, which may be taken
off every year in August ; and planted in pots of a middling
size, having a moderate degree of warmth, will produce
flowers plentifully, especially from March to September.

5. Amaryllis Regina? ; Mexican Lily. Spathe with about
two flowers ; pedicels divaricating ; corollas bell-shaped,
shortly tubular, nodding ; throat of the tube hirsute ; leaves
lanceolate, patulous. Corolla scarlet,' with a bottom of a
whitish green, the flower-stems seldom rising more than one
foot high. It is in beauty in February ; and, in a moderate
temperature of air, will flower in March or April. It re-
quires a warm stove.

6. Amaryllis Purpurea; Purple-flowered Amaryllis. Spathe
with about two flowers ; corollas somewhat erect, tubular at
the base ; throat of the tube smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate.

A M A

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A M A

The corolla is large, and of a blood-red purple colour. It
is a native of the Cape.

7. Amaryllis Equestris ; Barbadoes Lily. Spathe with
about two flowers ; pedicels erect, shorter than the spathe ;
tube filiform, horizontal ; border spreading open obliquely,
and curved upwards ; throat hairy. Native of the West
Indies.

8. Amaryllis Reticulata ; Flat-stalked Amaryllis. Spathe
with about two flowers ; corollas tubular at the base and
nodding; throat of "the tube smooth; scape compressed;
leaves oblong, attenuated at the base. It flowers in April ;
and is a native of Brazil.

9. Amaryllis Belladonna; Belladonna Lily. Corollas some-
what erect, six-petalled ; petals flat ; scape compressed ;
leaves sharply channelled, bluntly keeled, very smooth. It
is a very ornamental plant in a garden : the stem rises upwards
of two feet high, the flowers are of a soft purple colour ap-
pearing about the end of September, or beginning of October,
in England ; and will continue in beauty a month or longer,
in a favourable season. It was originally imported from Por-
tugal ; but is a native of shady hills, by the side of streams, in
the West Indies. To cultivate this species, remove all the
earth to the depth of three feet, from a border close to a wall,
with a south-west aspect ; put six inches depth of very rotten
dung at the bottom, then replace the original mould to the
depth of twenty inches. Plant the roots every way six inches
apart, then cover them to the former height of the border,
with light sandy earth, and cover the whole three inches

' deep with rotten tanner's bark, to keep out the frost. This
process has been very successful, producing a great many
flowers, and making a fine appearance in October.

10. Amaryllis Vittata; Superb or Ribband Amaryllis.
Flowers pedicelled ; corollas wedge-funnel-shaped, the rachis
of the outer fastened to the edge of the inner petals ; scape
round ; stigmas grooved. This species rarely puts forth off-
sets from the roots, but readily produces seeds, by which it is
propagated without difficulty. The stem rises to three feet
or more, producing from two to five beautiful flowers. It
usually blossoms from April to May, but may be forwarded
by artificial heat. Native country unknown.

11. Amaryllis Falcata ; Sickle-leaved Amaryllis, or Crinum.
Corollas peduncled, erect, six-petalled ; scape compressed,
length of the umbel ; leaves flat, pressed to the ground, about
the edge sickle-shaped, white-cartilaginous, crenate. Flowers
sweet-scented ; corolla white. Native of the Cape.

12. Amaryllis Oranata; Cape Coast Lily, or Amaryllis.
Flowers sessile ; corollas tubular at the base ; tube longer
than the spathes, and border curved ; segments of the bor-
der oblong, awned, lowest segments divaricate, concave.
Native of Guinea, flowering in June and July.

13. Amaryllis Longifolia ; Long-leaved Amaryllis. Flowers
pedicelled, from twelve to twenty in a spathe ; corollas tubu-
lar at the base ; tube curved, short ; segments of the border
lanceolate, obtuse ; leaves broad, subulate, channelled, flaccid
at the tip. Flower-stem rarely rising more than three or four
inches high ; flowers of a deep purple colour, appearing in
December. Native of the Cape ; and may be propagated and
cultivated in the same manner as the fourth species.

14. Amaryllis Revoluta -. Revolute Amaryllis. Flowers
pedicelled ; corollas tubular at the base ; tube filiform, short,
curved ; leaves linear-narrow, channelled, long, flaccid from
their origin. Scape a foot high ; flowers sweet-scented, and
of a pale red colour, appearing in Sept. Native of the Cape.

15. Amaryllis Aurea ; Golden Amaryllis. Flowers pedi-
celled, somewhat erect ; corollas funnel-form club-shaped,
almost six-petalled ; segments linear-lanceolate ; stamina and

style straight ; leaves linear, erect, channelled, with a reflex
smooth margin. Corolla yellow ; scape scarcely two feet high.
A native of China ; flowering in August and September.

16. Amaryllis Orientalis ; Broad-leaved African Amaryllis.
Spathe many-flowered ; flowers pedicelled, six-parted, con-
siderably shorter than the peduncles, irregular ; germina
wedge-shaped, angular. Native of the Cape.

17. Amaryllis Sarniensis ; Guernsey Cily. Petals linear,
flat, stamina and pistilla straight ish, longer than the corolla;
stigmas parted, revolute ; leaves dark willow green. Scape
flattened, twelve or fourteen inches high; corolla, when in its
prime, has the colour of a fine gold tissue, wrought on a rose-
coloured ground ; and, when it begins to fade, it is a pink ;
when beheld in full sunshine, it seems to be studded with
diamonds, but by caudle-light, the specks or spangles look
more like fine gold dust ; when the petals begin to wither,
they assume a deep crimson colour. The flowers begin to
come out at the end of August, and the head is usually three
weeks in expanding gradually. This beautiful plant is a na-
tive of Japan, and has been long naturalized in Guernsey,
where it is reputed to owe its introduction to the shipwreck
of a vessel returning from Japan, probably before the middle
of the last century. The roots are sent over from Guernsey
to England, and should be planted in pots filled with fresh,
light, sandy earth, mixed with a little very rotten dung, placed
in a warm situation, where they must be occasionally watered.
The bud will appear about the middle of September, and
must then have the full benefit of the sun, being sheltered
from strong winds. When the flowers begin to open, the
pots should be removed under shelter, to prevent the flowers
being injured by too much wet, but not kept in too close
and warm a place, as that will weaken their colour, and
hasten their -decay. They will continue in beauty a full
month, if properly managed ; and, though they have no scent,
they are justly placed in the first rank of the flowery tribe.
After the flowers decay, the leaves will continue growing
all the winter, and should have fresh air every day in fine
weather. The roots should be transplanted every fourth or
fifth year, at the latter end of June or beginning of July,
and ought to be replanted into fresh earth.

18. Amaryllis Undulata ; Waxed-flower African Amaryllis.
Petals linear, channelled, waved ; stamina and pistil bent
down, shorter than the corolla ; stigma obsolete. Petals
rose-coloured. The flowers have no scent, and expand
from November to the beginning of January. Native of
the Cape ; flowering in England from April till June.

19. Amaryllis Radiata ; Snowdrop-leaved Amaryllis. Petals
lanceolate, waved ; stamina and pistil bent down, diverging,
twice as long as the corolla ; stigma obsolete. This species
flowers in June ; its native country not known.

20. Amaryllis Montana. Spathe many-flowered ; leaves
linear, subulate; petals alternate, mucronate; stamina and
style erect. Stem upright ; petals blue ; seeds ovate oblong,
black. Native of the higher parts of Mount Lebanon.

21. Amaryllis Tubispatha. Spathe one-leafed, tubular,
bifid, one-flowered ; peduncle twice .is long as the spathe.
Scape erect, four inches high. Native of Buenos Ayres.

22. Amaryllis Tubiflora. Spathe one-flowered, two-leaved ;
corolla funnel-shaped, with a very long tube. Found in Peru.

23. Amaryllis Spiralis. Spathe two-leaved, few-flowered;
peduncles filiform, very long ; leaves subulate. Corolla six-
parted ; scape twisted at the base. Native of the Cape.

24. AmaryllisMaculata. Spathe one-flowered, two-leaved,
linear ; flower peduncled ; stamina and style bent down.
Scape variegated with linear spots ; corolla bell-shaped.
It was found in China by Dombey.

A M B

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A M E

25. Amaryllis Chilensis. Spathe one or two flowered, one
or two leaved, lanceolate ; flowers peduncled ; leaves linear.
Has purple flowers ; and was found in Chili by Dombey.

26. Amaryllis Clavata. Spathe one-flowered, two-leaved,
subulate ; corolla club-shaped. Native of the southern
part of Africa.

27. Amaryllis Zeylanica; Ceylon Lily. Spathe many-
flowered ; corollas reclining ; tube filiform, very long ; seg-
ments uncinate. Tube of the corolla of the same rufous colour
as the scape ; oorder white, with lanceolate recurved petals,
with a red keel underneath ; filamenta and style blood-red ;
pericarps viviparous. Native of the East Indies.

28. Amaryllis Latifolia. Spathe many-flowered ; flowers
pedicelled, somewhat reclining, tubular at the base ; leaves
oblong- lanceolate. Scapes, tube of the flower, and stamina,
purple coloured. It is a native of the East Indies. This
plant may be increased by offsets from its roots, or by the
bulbs which succeed the flowers.

29. Amaryllis Cinnamomea. Spathe many-flowered ; co-
rollas subhexapetalous, lanceolate, waved ; stamina and pis-
til erect, shorter than the corolla. Found at the Cape.

Amasonia ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order Angio-
spermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
bell-shaped, semiquinquefid, acute, equal, permanent. Co-
rolla: one-petalled, tubulous, longer than the calix ; border
quinquelid, subequal, spreading, small. Stamina: filamenta
four, at the upper side of the corolla, and longer than it,
bending in at the end, two of them shorter ; antherae oval,
incumbent. Pistil : germen ovate ; style in the situation
and form of the stamina ; stigmas two, sharp. Pericarp :
none. Seed: an ovate one-celled nut, of the same length
with the calix. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : tubulous ;

limb small, quinquefid. Nut : ovate, one-celled. There

is only one species, viz.

1. Amasonia Erecta. A native of Surinam ; the stem
herbaceous, three feet in height, round, and quite simple.
The flowers in a simple terminal raceme, a foot long, with
about three upon a pedicel ; bractes ovate, sessile, a little
longer than the flowers, which are yellow, nodding, and
grow on one side of the stalk.

Amber-tree. See Anthospermum.

Ambrosia ; a genus of the class Monoscia, order Pentan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers compound. Calix:
perianth common one-leafed, flat, of the same length as the
floscules. Corolla : compound, uniform, tubulous, equal,
hemispherical ; proper one-petalled, tubulous, funnel-shaped,
erect, quinquefid. Stamina: filamenta very small ; antherae
erect, parallel, acuminate. Pistil: style filiform, length of
the stamina ; stigma orbiculate, membranaceous. Recep-
tacle: common scarcely any, naked. Female flowers below
the male, doubled. Calix: perianth one-leafed, acuminate,
entire, permanent, the belly five-toothed, one-flowered. Co-
rolla: none. Pistil: germen ovate, in the bottom of the
calix ; style filiform, of the same length with the calix ; stig-
mas two, setaceous, long, divaricate. Pericarp: a subovate
nut, formed from the calix, hardened, one-celled, not opening,
crowned with the five acuminate teeth of the calix. Seed :
single, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix:
common, one-leafed. Corolla .- one-petalled, trifid, funnel-
shaped. Receptacle: naked. Female. Calix: one-leafed,
entire, the belly five-toothed, one-flowered. Corolla: none.
Nut .- of the hardened calix, one-seeded. The species are,

1. Ambrosia Trifida; Tri/ul-leaved Ambrosia. Leaves
three-lobed, serrate. Grows eight or ten feet high ; it is a
common weed in North America, and is only preserved by
the curious in botany. The seeds, though sown in spring,

seldom come up till the second year, when they may be
transplanted into a moist rich soil, every way four or five feet
apart. If suffeved to scatter their seeds, they will vegetate
in the following spring.

2. Ambrosia Elatior ; Tall Ambrosia. Leaves pinnatifid ;
racemes panicled, terminal, smooth. It is an annual herba-
ceous plant. Native of Jamaica, where it is found in barren,
sandy, and rocky situations, by the sides of rivers, in the
southern parts of the island. It flowers there from February
till June, but with us from July to the end of August. This
plant has the appearance and taste of Wormwood ; and will
thrive, but not produce good seed, in our open air.

3. Ambrosia Artemisifolia ; Mugwort-leaved Ambrosia.
Leaves bipinnatifid; the first leaves attheorigin of the smaller
branches undivided, and quite entire. The primary stem is
scarcely more than a foot high. Native of America.

4. Ambrosia Maritima ; Sea Ambrosia. Leaves uiultifid ;
spikes solitary, hairy, subsessile. Rises about two feet and a
half high ; the leaves emit a strong odour upon being han-
dled; the spikes of flowers are axillary. It is not remarkable
for beauty, and seldom perfects its seeds in England. Found
in Cappadocia, Tuscany, &c., on sandy shores.

5. Ambrosia Arborescens ; Tree Ambrosia. Leaves pin-
natifid, hirsute; racemes solitary, terminating ; stem shrubby.
This species grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, with
a woody stem dividing into several branches. Perennial.
Native of Peru. It may be propagated by cuttings or seeds ;
the former planted in a shady border during any of the sum-
mer months, and well watered. The seeds when sown in
the spring seldom appear till the spring following.

Ambrosinla ; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Poly-
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: spathe one-
leafed, cowled, convolute at the base, converging at the tip ;
partition membranaceous, divided into two cells, commu-
nicating at top. Corolla : none. Stamina: filamenta none ;
antherae very many, solitary, within the hinder cell of the
spathe, in the upper part of the partition, digested in a dis-
tinct order ; nectaries two, roundish, concave, at the base
of the antherse Female. Calix : spathe common with the
males. Pistil: germen in the interior cell of the spathe, and
the lower part of the partition, solitary, roundish ; style
cylindrical, shorter than the spathe ; stigma obtuse. Peri-
carp: capsule roundish, one-celled. Seeds: very many,
ovate, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Spathe: one-
leafed, separated by a partition. Stamina : on the inner,
Pistilla, on the outer side of it. The only species is,

1. Ambrosinia Bassii. Roots perennial, tuberous, acrid.
Leaves radical, petiolate, ovate, shining ; they appear at the
beginning of autumn, and decay in spring. It is a native
of Sicily, near Palermo. May be propagated by the root,
and requires the protection of a green-house.

Amellus ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
mia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common
imbricate, roundish. Corolla: compound radiate; corollets
hermaphrodite, very many in the disk, females very many
in the ray. Proper of the hermaphrodites, tubulous, five-
cleft ; female, ligulate, lax two or three toothed. Stamina :
in the hermaphrodites ; filaments five, capillary, short ;
antherae cylindric, tubulous. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites ;,
germen obovate ; style filiform, the length of the stamina ;
stigmas two, filiform. Females very like the hermaphro-
dites. Pericarp : none ; calix unchanged. -Seeds: to the her-
maphrodites, solitary, obovate. Down : capillary, to the fe-
males, very like the others. Receptacle : chaffy. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix: imbricate. Corollets: of the ray, undivided.
Down: simple. Receptacle: chaffy. The species are,

A M E

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A M M

1. Arnellus Lychnitis ; Trailing Amellus. Leaves oppo-
site, lanceolate, obtuse, downy ; peduncles one-flowered.
This plant rises from two to three feet high, sending out
branches on every side, terminated by flower-stalks, each
supporting one violet-coloured flower, with a yellow disk,
which appears in July or August. It grows naturally at the
Cape ; and is a perennial plant, easily propagated by cut-
tings planted in the shade during any of the summer months,
and duly watered. They must be sheltered in winter.

2. Amellus Umbellatus ; Umbelled Amellus. Leaves op-
posite, three-nerved, downy underneath ; flowers umbelled.
Stem from two, to two and a half feet high ; flower yellow.
Native of the cooler woods and mountains of Jamaica,
where it flowers in summer. It may be propagated by seeds
sown in a hot-bed in the spring.

American Earth-nut. See Arachis.

Amerimnum ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order De-
caudria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed ;
tube bell-shaped, five-toothed ; teeth sharp. Corolla :
papilionaceous ; standard with an oblong claw, roundish,
heart-shaped, expanding, convex ; wings lanceolate, shorter
than the standard ; keel short. Stamina : filamenta ten,
conjoined; antherae roundish. Pistil: germen pedicelled,
oblong, compressed, leafy, varicose, with lateral veins, within
woody, not gaping; cells disposed longitudinally within.
Seeds : solitary, kidney-shaped, thicker at the base, appen-
dicled at the tip. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-
lipped. Legume : compressed, leafy, two-valved, gaping.
Seeds: few, solitary. The species are,

1. Amerimnum Brownei. Unarmed : leaves petioled,
alternate, subcordate-ovate ; racemes compound, axillary,
and lateral. The shrub rises to the height often feet ; the
flowers, which are white, and have a very sweet scent, come
out in great abundance after the rainy season. Native of
Carthagena, Jamaica, and Domingo.

2. Amerimnum Ebenus ; Prickly Amerimnum, or Jamaica
Ebony. Spiny; leaves subsessile, aggregate, obovate, oblong;
peduncles two-flowered. This is common in Jamaica, and is
sentto Englandunderthename of Ebony ; though it is not the
true ebony, but a plant of a very different genus. The wood
being of a fine greenish brown colour, and polishing well, is
much coveted by instrument makers, and is of a very hard
and durable nature. It is propagated by seed, which must be
procured from its native climate, and sown in pots of light
earth early in the spring. They will not bear the open air
of this country.

Amethystea ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed ;
tube bell-shaped, angular, semiquinquefid, subequal, acumi-
nate, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled,ringent, little longer
than the calix ; border five-parted, subequal ; upper lip
erect, rounded, concave, two-parted, gaping ; lower three-
parted, the sides rounded, erect, shorter ; the middle quite
entire, concave, the length of the upper lip. Stamina: fila-
menta filiform, approximating, under the upper lip, and
longer than it ; antherae simple, roundish. Pistil : germen
quadrifid ; style size of the stamina ; stigma two, acute.
Pericarp: none, but the calix becomes more bell-shaped and
spreading. Seeds -. four, shorter than the calix, obtuse,
angular within. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: quinquefid,
the lower division more spreading. Stamina : approximated.

Calix: subcampanulate. Seeds: four, gibbous. Only

one species has yet been discovered, viz.

1. Amethystea Cccrulea. An annual plant, with an upright
talk, about a foot high. Flowers small, but of a fine blue
colour, making a pretty appearance while they continue. The

seeds should be sown in autumn ; they will appear in the spring,
and only require to be well weeded, and kept from growing
too close together. It is a native of the mountains of Siberia.
Ammannia; a genus of the class Tetrandia, and order
Monogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth bell-
shaped, oblong, erect, with eight streaks and folds, quadran-
gular, eight-toothed ; teeth alternate, bent in, permanent.
Corolla : none, or four-petalled ; petals vertically ovate,
spreading, inserted into the calix. Stamina : filamenta (from
four to eight) bristly, the length of the calix, into which they
are inserted ; antherae twin. Pistil : germen subovate, large,
superior; style simple, very short; stigma headed. Peri-
carp: a roundish, four-celled capsule, covered with the calix.
Seed: numerous, small. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla:
four-petalled, inserted into the calix. Calix: one-leafed,
plaited, eight-toothed, inferior. Capsule: four-celled.
The species are,

1. Ammannia Latifolia ; Broad-leaved Ammannia. Leaves
half stem-clasping ; stalk square ; branches erect. Root
annual. The plant grows about a foot high, with an upright
square stalk ; the leaves are of a pale green ; the flowers
come out in whorls, and the petals white. It is a native of
moist places in Jamaica.

2. Ammannia Ramosior ; Branching Ammannia. Leaves
half stem-clasping ; stalk square ; branches very spreading.
This is an annual plant, a native of Virginia and Carolina,
rising about a foot high, with red succulent stalks.

3. Ammannia Baccifera ; Berry-bearing Ammannia. Leaves
subpetiolate ; capsules larger than the calix, and coloured.
A tender, erect, low plant, without branches. Native of
China, and now naturalized in Italy.

4. Ammannia Octandria ; Eight-stamined Ammannia. Flow-
ers petaloid, and eight-stamined. Stem erect; peduncles
axillary, very short, three or one flowered ; petals blood-
red. Found in the East Indies.

5. Ammannia Pinnatifida ; . Pinnatifid-leaved Ammannia.
Stalks procumbent, rooting, compressed ; leaves linear, pin-
natifid. Corolla red. Found in the isle of Java.

6. AmmanniaDebilis ; Cluster -flowered Ammannia. Leaves
lanceolate, attenuated at the'base ; stem branching ; flowers
in bundles from the axils ; capsules two-celled. An annual
plant ; petals pale purple. It flowers in July and August ;
and is a native of the East Indies.

7- Ammannia Sanguinolenta. Leaves half stem-clasping,
cordate at the base ; flowers subpeduncled, eight-stamined ;
petal bearing. A native of Jamaica and Domingo.

Ammi ; a genus of the class Pentandria, and order Digy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : universal umbel, mani-
fold, frequently of fifty rays ; partial short, crowded. Uni-
versal involucre of many linear, pinnatifid, acute leaflets,
scarcely the length of the umbel ; partial many-leaved ; leaf-
lets linear, acute, simple, shorter than its umbellet ; proper
perianth scarcely apparent. Corolla .- universal uniform, all
the floscules fertile ; proper of five inflex heart-shaped petals,
of unequal size in the ray, almost in the middle of the disk.
Stamina: filamenta capillary; antherae roundish. Pistil;
germen inferior; styles reflex; stigmas obtuse. Pericarp:
none ; fruit roundish, smooth, small, streaked, bipartite.
Seeds: two, convex, and streaked on one side, flat on the other.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Involucre: pinnatitid. Corolla : radi-
ate, all hermaphrodite. Fruit : smooth. The species are,

1. Ammi Majus ; Common Bishop's Weed. Lower leaves
pinnate, lanceolate, serrate ; upper ones multiful, linear. It
is an annual, and grows in the vineyards and fields in the
southern parts of Europe, and in the East. It is propagated
by seeds sown in autumn where they are to remain. In the

A M O

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A M O

spring they must be hoed and thinned like Carrots, leaving
them four or five inches- asunder, and will afterwards require
no further care. It flowers in July, and is common in -our
gardens. The seeds are the only part of the plant used in
medicine ; like all other carminatives, they are good against
the colic, and are diuretic also; so that they are particularly
efficacious in colics arising from the stone in the kidneys
and urethra; they also promote the menses.

2. Ammi Copticum. Leaves super-decompound, linear ;
seeds muricate. Stem smooth, and streaked ; corollas white,
equal, live-angular ; seeds aromatic. Found in Egypt.

3. Ammi Glaucifolium ; Perennial Bishops' Weed. Sub-
divisions of all the leaves lanceolate. The stem is from one
to two feet high ; the plant is an annual. Native of the
south of France. It is hardy, thrives best on a moist soil,
and will grow in any open situation.

Amomum ; a genus of the class Monandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
cylindraceous, unequally trifid. Corolla : monopetalous,
funnel-shaped ; tube cylindraceous ; border three parted ;
parts oblong, spreading, nectary two-leaved, or two-lipped ;
lower lip inserted under the upper segment of the corolla,
spreading, almost erect, entire, or three-Iobed. Staminn :
filamentum none, except the upper lip of the nectary, smaller
than the lower, and opposite to it, acuminate or three-lobed
at the tip ; along the middle, or at the end of which, grows
longitudinally a large oblong anther*, germinate, or divided
by a longitudinal furrow into two, which are one-valved.
Pistil: germcn inferior, oblong ; style filiform, drawn through
the suture of the antherae ; stigma turbinate, obtuse, ciliate.
Pericarp: capsule fleshy, ovate, three-cornered, three-celled,
three-valved. Setds .- several, covered with a sort of berried
aril. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : trifid, unequal, cylind-
ric. Corolla: three-parted, unequal, spreading. Nectary:
two-lipped, almost erect. All the species ot this genus are
tender, and require a warm stove to preserve them in this
country ; and are propagated by parting their roots, early
in the spring. In the West Indies, ginger thrives best in a
rich cool soil ; in a more clayey soil, the roots shrink less
in scalding. The land laid out for the culture of it, is first
well cleared and hoed, then slightly trenchetl, and planted
in March or April ; it flowers about September : when the
stalks are wholly withered, the roots are fit to take up,

which is generally done in January and February. The

species belonging to this genus are,

1. Amomum Zinziber ; Narrow-leaved Ginger. Scape
middle-sized ; spike ovate ; leaves linear-lanceolate. The
corolla is a yellowish green. It is a native of the East Indies,
and largely cultivated both there and in the West Indies.
The root is less liable to heat the constitution, than might be
expected. A syrup, made from an infusion of three or four
ounces of the root in three pints of boiling water, is kept in
the shops. The cases in which it is more immediately ser-
viceable are flatulent colics, debility and laxity of the system,
and in torpid and phlegmatic constitutions, to excite a brisker
action of the vessels. Ginger is a warm and grateful aroma-
tic ; it strengthens the stomach, disperses wind, helps diges-
tion, prevents or cures the colic, and is useful in all cold fla-
tulent disorders and weaknesses of the intestines. It is one
of the best additions that can be made to rough purging me-
dicines, in order to prevent them from griping in theoperatiou.

2. Amomum Zerum bet ; Broad-leaved Ginger, or Zerumbet.
Scape naked ; spike oblong, obtuse. Culm four feet high,
perennial, straight, and quite simple ; corolla pale. It is a
native of the East Indies, Cochin-china, Otaheite, and the
other Society Isles. It flowers with us from September to

VOL. i. 8.

November ; and is used in the East externally in cataplasms
and fomentations. The root is used as warm and good in all
nervous cases, its virtues nearly resembling those of Zedoary,
which is often sold under its name, though in reality it is a
much longer and larger root than the Zedoary itself.

3. Amomum Sylvestre ; Great Wild Ginger. Scape naked ;
spike elongate, with oblong ventricose bractes ; leaves broad
lanceolate. This resembles the foregoing species, but grows
higher. It is a native of Jamaica, where it is common in the
woods. The root is warm, and gently stimulant ; it may
be properly administered as a stomachic and alexipharmic.

4. Amomum Mioga ; Japanese Ginger. Scape very short ;
capsule ovate ; leaves ensiform, acute. Root fusiform, fibrose,
aromatic. A native of Japan, where it flowers in September.

5. Amomum Cardamomum ; Cardamom. Scape very sim-
ple, and short ; bractes alternate, loose. It has thick fleshy
roots, which in the spring send forth many green reed-like
stalks, which rise to the height of seven or eight feet, gar-
nished with very long narrow leaves ; but it has not yet
flowered in England. The seeds are the only parts used in
medicine, and when freed from their husks are a grateful aro-
matic, warm, but not fiery ; not heating and inflaming, like
many other seeds of this nature. The seeds should never be
separated from their husks till wanted for use, for in that case
they loose much of their flavour and virtue. They are an ex-
cellent cordial, and peculiarly grateful to the stomach, dis-
persing wind, creating an appetite, and strengthening the di-
gestive faculties. There is a spirituous distilled water and
tincture of them kept- in the shops, either of which are more
agreeable than the seeds themselves, and equally efficacious.
A glass taken after eating flatulent food, is serviceable in pre-
venting or removing that disagreeable eructation or rising
which frequently succeeds. The tincture is also occasionally
used as a pleasant warm cordial, as well as for flavouring
other medicines. The Lesser Cardamom seeds are said to
be excellent for colics and disorders of the head, when chewed
singly in the mouth ; and their taste is not at all disagreeable.

6. Amomum Villosum. Scape short, reclining ; bractes
linear : fruit villose. Culm six feet high ; corolla pale. The
smell of the whole plant is aromatic, mild, and slightly
sharp. The root has a sweetish and pleasant taste when
fresh. It is a native of China ; where the seeds are in much
request as a medicine.

7. Amomum Medium. Spine cauline, branched ; fruit
oblong, streaked, valveless. Culm straight, single, eight
feet high. Native of Yunan, in China : where the seeds are
used in agues ; for culinary purposes ; and to increase the
strength of any odours whatever.

8. Amomum Globosum. Spike cauline, branched ; fruit
globose, with an even surface. Culm four feet high. A na-
tive of China and Cochin-china ; and used medicinally in
both countries, in disorders of the bowels, &c.

9. Amomum Hirsutum. Spike cauline, simple, reclining;
fruit roundish, hirsute. Culm six feet high ; the smell and
taste very weak.. A native of Cochin-china, in woods.

10. Amomum Granum Paradisi ; Grains of Paradise.
Scape branching, very short. It is a native of Guinea, and
of the islands of Ceylon and Madagascar, from whence we
receive the seeds, which are of a warm aromatic nature, much
resembling pepper, for which they are frequently substituted
in many places. They are but little used in medicine, but
might prove useful in cold flatulent disorders, the colic, &c.

11. Amomum Galanga; Galangule. Spike cauline, erect ;
spathes nearly three-flowered ; capsule three-cornered-ovate,
smooth. The culm is perennial, entirely simple, upright,
smooth, and six feet high. The smell of the whole plant is

2 A

AMY

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A M V

aromatic, and it has a biting taste. It is a native of China
and Cochin-china, where it is cultivated, and the roots and
seeds, used medicinally. The plant was formerly used as a
warm stomachic bitter, and generally made an ingredient in
bitter infusions ; but it is now almost wholly laid aside, on
account of its unpleasant flavour. The spirituous extract is
excessively fiery, and the watery extract very hot and pun-
gent. The essential oil has little smell, and no great pun-
gency. An infusion of the root in boiling water, or a tincture
made with brandy, is a good medicine in windy complaints,
and other disorders of the stomach, as well as for head-achs
which rrisc from some debility or evil affection in that organ.
The same root is usually given in the shops for Galangale
and for Zedoary.

12. Amomum Arboreum. Stem arboreous ; fruit calicine.
This tree is ten feet high, with many twisted spreading
branches ; with a pale red flower. It has scarcely any taste
or smell, and its use unknown. The wood is very light, not
even fit for the fire. Native "of the eastern coast of Sumatra.

Amorpha; a. genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calis .- perianth one-leafed,
tubulous, cylindrical, turbinate ; mouth erect, five-toothed,
obtuse, the two upper teeth larger than the others, jwrma-
nent. Corolla : of one ovate concave petal, scarcely larger
than the calix, erect, inserted into the calix, between the two
larger and upper teeth, and placed at the upper side of it.
Stamina : filamenta very slightly united at the base, erect,
unequal in length, longer than the corolla; antherse simple.
Pistil -. germen roundish ; style subulate, the length of the
-tiiniina ; stigma simple. Pericarp . legume lunulate, reflex,
larger than the calix, compressed, more reflex at the tip, one-
celled, tubercled. Seeds: two, oblong kidney-shaped.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Standard of the Corolla: ovate,

>ncave. Wings : none. Keel : none. The only species

yet discovered is,

1. Amorpha Fruticosa ; Bastard Indigo. It rises with
many irregular stems to the height of twelve or fourteen feet .-
with very long winged leaves ; at the extremity of the same
year's shoots branch out long spikes of purple flowers in July;
but it does not ripen seed in England, although it is become
very common in all gardens and nurseries. It is propa-
gated by seeds from abroad, and also by laying down young
branches in sheltered situations. Native of Carolina.

Amygdahts ; a genus of the class Icosandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
tubulous, inferior, quinquefid, deciduous ; divisions spread-
ing, obtuse. Corolla : of five petals, oblong-obovate, ob-
tuse, concave, inserted into the calix. Stamina : filaments
about thirty, filiform, erect, shorter by half than the corolla,
inserted into the oalix ; antherae simple. Pistil: germen
roundish, villose ; style simple, length of the stamina ;
stigma headed. Pericarp: a drupe, roundish, villose, large,
with a longitudinal furrow. Seed : a nut, ovate, compressed,
acute, with prominent sutures on each side, reticulated with
furrows, and dotted with small holes. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Calix: quinquefid, inferior. Petals: five. Drupe:

having a shell perforated with pores; skin pubescent.

The species are,

1. Amygdalus Persica. The Peach and Nectarine. All the
serratures of the leaves acute ; the flowers sessile and soli-
tary. The wood of the Peach-tree is of a reddish brown
colour, darker toward the middle, and fit for the use of the
turner. It is of quick growth, and not of very long duration.
There are many varieties ; the best of which are, the early
Purple Peach, which is ripe before the middle of August ;
the lavge or French Mignon (Grosse Mignon;) the Chev-

reusse, or Belle Cheverusse, ri]>e towards the end of August ;
the Rod Magdalen; Chancellor; Bellegrade ; Bourdine ;
Uossannu ; Kambouillet ; and Nivette. Others recommend
the Small Mignon, Early Newington, Noblesse, Admirable,
Royal, Monstrous Pavy, and Swalch. These are the best sorts
for planting ; but in warm situations one or two trees of the
Catharine Peach should be admitted, as it is an excellent fruit
in warm seasons. The Nectarine is only a variety of the
Peach-tree, somewhat smaller : there are twelve sorts, the
best of which are Fairchild's Early Nectarine, the Elruge
Nectarine, the Newington Roman Red, and Temple's Nec-
tarine. All the species of Peaches have been originally ob-
tained from the stones, which is the best method of propa-
gating them. The best sorts are those whose flesh is firm,
and cleaves to the stone ; they should be planted in autumn,
on a bed of light dry earth, three inches deep and four inches
asunder, carefully weeded and watered when they come up,
until the following spring, when they must be transplanted
into a nursery, and placed one foot apart, in rows three feet
asunder, observing to lay a little mulch upon the ground to
prevent it drying too fast ; and if the spring prove dry,
watering them once a-week. Here they may continue two
years, and may be afterwards transplanted where they are
intended to remain, to produce fruit. In removing these
trees, observe to prune their downright roots, cutting off all
bruised parts and small fibres. All the pruning they require
is the lopping off of decayed or irregular branches, which
are very detrimental. The common method of propaga-
tion, is by inoculating them upon other stocks, such as those
of the Muscle and White-Pear Plums, which are most esteem-
ed, also upon Almond and Apricot stocks, for some tender sorts
of Peaches will not grow upon Plum stocks. These stocks
should be planted three feet asunder, and one foot apart in
the rows, and after two years will be strong enough to bud,
which takes place generally about Midsummer, or any time
in July, when you should make choice of some good 1 cuttings
from healthy trees of the sort of fruit you wish to propagate.
These cuttings should be taken from the trees in a morning
or evening, or in a cloudy day, otherwise they are apt to per-
spire and miscarry. Much depends upon the choice of trees r
the stock should be of the size of a man's finger, free from
moss or canker ; the bud of one year's growth only, not sucb
as have been cut down in the spring, and made a second shoot.
The best soil for planting is such as is taken from a pasture
ground, neither too stiff and moist, nor over dry, but of a
middling nature, such as is termed hazel-loam. It should
be dug from the surface of the ground ten inches deep, taking
the turf with it ; and should be laid in heaps eight or ten
months at least ; but if one year before it is used, it wilf be
still better, that it may have a summvr's heat and winter's
frost to mellow it, during whicli time it should be often-
turned, to rot the turf, and break the cloda. The trees should 1
never be planted less than twelve feet asunder, ami in good
ground fourteen feet : this to be done in October. First make
a hole wide enough to receive the roots of the tree, then place
it down, observing to turn the bud outwards, that the
wounded part of the stock may be hid from sight ; ami let
the stem of the tree be placed about four or five inches from
the wall, with its head inclining thereto ; then fill in the earth
with your hands, observing to break the clods, that the eirrth
may fall in between the roots, and gently shaking the tree
with your hand, the better to settle, but do not tread it down.
In May the shoots should be nailed to the wall, observing to
train them horizontally, and cutting off all weak and fore-
right shoots. In October they must be pruned in propor-
tion to the strength of the tree. Blights are oftener pro-

AMY

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AMY

ouced by weakness, and want of nourishment, and distempers
in the trees themselves, than by the inclemency of the sea-
son, to which they may have been exposed only by being
planted in an improper situation. The best method, when
the fault is not in the tree itself, is to sprinkle the brunches
gently with water, which should always be done before noon,
in dry weather, and when little, dew falls, soon after the blos-
oming season, when the young-set fruit is tender. When it
is grown to the size of a small nut, il will require thining.
The quantity of fruit left on large full-grown trees, ought not
to exceed five dozen, and four dozen is sufficient for those of
a middling size. In hot and dry seasons, the earth round the
stem of each tree may be formed into a hollow basin, six feet
in diameter, and covered with mulch ; into which once a week
or fortnight, according to the heat of the season, eight or ten
gallons of water may be poured down round the root of the
tree. But the best method is, to sprinkle the same or a
larger quantity of water all over the tree like rain, by means
of an engine ; which will prevent the fruit from falling off.
The culture of the Nectarine is the same as that of the Peach,
only the buds of the former should be taken from bearing
trees, and not from young nursery trees, as is too often done.
For further information, As to the propagation and culture
of these trees, see the articles Inoculation and Nursery.

2. Amygdalus Communis ; The Almond Tree. The lower
serratures of the leaves glandulous ; the flowers sessile, and
in couplets. This tree grows to the height of twenty feet,
with spreading branches; but it is scarcely worth considering
in England, for the sake of the fruit it produces-. It is com-
mon in the East Indies. China, and Burbary, where it is a na-
tive ; and it is a great object in some parts of Italy, and the
south of France, as in Prorence and Dauphiny, where there
are vast plantations of Almonds. An Almond-tree, covered
with its blossoms, is one of the most elegant objects in na-
ture. There are several species and varieties not satisfac-
torily ascertained. Sweet almonds used in food are difficult
of digestion, and afford very little nutriment, unless well
masticated. As medicines, they contribute, by their soft
unctuous quality, to blunt acrimonious humours in the first
passages, and thus sometimes give present relief in the heart-
burn. On expression, they yield nearly half their Weight in
oil, which is more agreeable than most of the common ex-
pressed oils, and is therefore employed medicinally for allay-
ing acrid juices, softening and relaxing the solids, in tickling
coughs, hoarseness, costiveness, nephritic pains, &c. When
pounded in water, it unites with the fluid, forming a milky
liquor, which is prescribed as a diluent in acute diseases ;
and for supplying, in some degree, th place of animal milk,
with which it has a great analogy : an ounce of almonds is
sufficient for a quart of water, to which gum-arabic is in most
cases an useful addition. The pure oil, mixed with a thick
mucilage of gum-arabic, forms a more permanent emulsion ;
one part of gum, with an equal quantity of water, being
enough for four parts of oil. Almonds are also useful medi-
cines for uniting substances with water which will not of
themselves mix with it. Camphor, and the purgative and
other resins, pounded with about six times their quantity of
almonds, dissolved in water into a milky liquor, and are thus
fit for being taken in a liquid form. Bitter almonds, and 1
emulsions made from them, have been recommended as aperi-
ents, resolvents, diuretics, and anthelmintics. These almonds,
taken freely in substance, occasion sickness and vomiting : to
dogs, and some other animals, they are poisonous. A simple
water, strongly impregnated by distillation with their volatile
parts, has been found also poisonous to brutes, and there are
instances of cordial spirits flavoured by them being poisonous
to man. It is remarkable that the kernels of other fruits, that

have any bitterness or particular flavour, appear to be impreg-
nated with a substance of a similar nature to this poisonous
principle of bitter almonds. Almonds are distinguished into
sweet and bitter, but there is no perceptible difference in the
trees which produce them. Six or eight sweet almonds, peeled
and eaten, frequently cure the heartburn. Notwithstanding
the noxious qualities of the bitter kind, they are said to de-
stroy worms, and operate as diuretics. Sweet almonds
blanched, and beaten into an emulsion with barley-water, are
of great use in the stone, gravel, strangury, and other dis-
orders of the kidneys, bladder, and biliary ducts. The colft-
mon and dwarf Almonds are propagated by inoculating a burt
of these trees into a Plum, Almond, or Peach stock, in July.
The next spring, when the buds shoot, they may be trained
up either for standards or suffered to grow to half-standards ;
and the second year they may be removed to the places Where
they are to remain.

3. Amygdalus Puffiila; Doubte-Jlotbered Dwarf Almond.
Leaves veined, wrinkled. Branches stnoOth, two or three
feet high ; flowers red. These shrubs make a very agree-
able variety among low flowering trees, in small wilderness
quarters. Native of Africa : flowering time, April.

4. Amygdalus Nafta ; Common Dwarf Almond. Leaves
attenuated at the base. It blossoms in April, at Which time
all the young shoots are covered with flowers, which are of
a peach-blossom colour, and make a fine appearance when
intermixed with shrubs of the same growth. It is a native
of the northern parts of Asia, particularly abundant inCalmuc
Tartary, and very frequent on the banks of the Volga.

5. Amygdalus Incana; Hoary Dwarf Almond. Leaves
lanceolate, serrate, wrinkled, subsessile, white-tomentose
beneath.-^It fs doubted whether this be anything more than
a variety of the preceding species.

6. Asiygdatus Orientalis ; RUvery-lear'ed Almond. Leaves
lanceolate, quite entire, silvery, perennial; petiole shorter.
The tenves are silvery, and continue most of the year ; the
flowers are very small. It was found growing near Aleppo.

7. Amygdalus Cochin-chinensis. Leaves oVate, quite
entire ; racemes small, subterminal This is a large tree ;
native of the Vast woods of Cochin-china.

Amytis ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :' perianth one-leafed, four-
toothed, a'ctrfe, erect, small, permanent. Corolla .- of four,
oblong, Concave, spreading petals. Stamina: filamenta awl-
shaped, erect ; anthera oblong, efeet, the length of the
corolla. Pistil : germen superior, ovate ; style thickish, the
length of the stamina ; stigma four-cornered. Pericarp : a
drupaceous, roundish berry. Seed.- a round shining nut.
ESSEN-TIAL CHARACTER. Call*- fOUf-toothed. Petals: four,

oblong. Stigma .- four-cornered. forty : drupaceous.

The species are,

1. Amyris Elemifera ; Gitrrt Elemi Tree. Leaves ternate
and pinnate, with five lobes', dOwn;> underneath. This is des-
cribed as a lofty tree with a small trunk, covered with a
smooth grey bark. A resin, called gam-eleini', is from this
tree. It is a native of Carolina and Brazil.

2. Amyris Sylvatica. Leaves ternate, crenate, acute. A leafy
branching shrub, from t\Vo to fifteen feet high. Found about
Carthagena, in woods near the sea. Flowering in August ; and'
abounding in turpentine of a strong disagreeable smell.

3. Amyris Maritima ; Smalt Shrubby Sweetwood. Leaves
ternate, crenulate, obtuse'. A dwarf shrub, branching, with
a juice like that of the former species, but pleasanter, and
smelling like Rue.-"-It grows in Very barren coppices, in a
calcareous rocky soil, both near the sea and on the interior
mountains of Jamaica, Hfispaniola, and Cuba, flowering from
June to September.

ANA

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A X A

4. Amyris Gileadensis ; Balsam of Gilead Tree. Leaves
ternate, quite entire ; peduncles one-flowered, latent!. This
is a shrub with purple branches, striated a little, having
protuberant buds loaded with balsamic resin j it is, however,
doubtful whether it is not the same with the following
species :

5. Amyris Opobalsamum ; Balsam of Mecca Tree. Leaves
pinnate, leaflets sessile. The true opobalsamum is said to be
produced from this tree ; it is at first turbid and white, of a
very strong pungent smell, like that of turpentine, but sweeter,
and more fragrant, like Mint, varying according to its good-
ness, and of a bitter, acrid, astringent taste ; by age it becomes
thin, light, limpid, and of a greenish hue, and then of a gold
colour ; after which it grows thick like turpentine, and loses
much of its fragrance. Its scarcity has prevented its coming
into use among us; nor are its virtues, probably, superior to
those of some of the resinous juices more common in the shops ;

' all these substances being alike in substance and general
qualities, though differing in the degree of their pungency,
gratefulness, and warmth. It has always been esteemed as a
cosmetic : the Eastern women in particular make great use of
it. Lady Mary Wortley Montague informs us, that the balm of
Mecca, when applied to her face, caused it to become swelled
and red during three days, but that her complexion was much
mended by the operation. She says, that of the best quality
is not easily procured, even at Constantinople, where the
women all use it, and have the loveliest bloom in the world !

6. Amyris Toxifera ; Poison Ash. Leaflets pinnate ; leaf-
lets petiolate, plain. A liquor as black as ink distils from
the trunk of this tree, which the Americans say is poison.
Birds feed upon the fruit. Native of America.

7. Amyris Protium. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets petiolate,
waved ; perennial. Native of the East Indies.

8. Amyris Ambrosiaca. Leaves pinnate, petiolate ; pani-
cles crowded, axillary. The trunk of this tree is thirty feet
high, branching at the top ; the flowers yellowish-white. It
is extremely sweet-scented, and pours out a very odorous
balsam from the wounded trunk or branches, which is used
in the dysentery : the dose is one drachm in red wine ; it is
also used in houses and churches, to burn as a perfume. It
grows in the woods of Guiana and by the sea-shore, flower-
ing and fruiting in September.

9. AmyrisBalsamifera; Sweet Amyris, White Candle Wood,
or Rosewood. Leaves two-paired. This species grows to a
considerable size, and is one of the most valuable timber-trees
in the island of Jamaica ; the wood grows of a dirty clouded
ash-colour, has a pleasant smell, and, bearing a fine polish,
is in great repute among cabinet-makers. All the parts of
this tree are full of warm aromatic particles, and may be used
in baths and fomentations. An infusion of the leaves has a
pleasant flavour, is highly cephalic, strengthens the nerves,
and is peculiarly restorative to weak eyes.

Anabasis ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth three-leaved ;
leaflets roundish, concave, obtuse, spreading. Corolla: five-
petalled ; petals ovate, equal, less than the calix, permanent.
Stamina : filamenta filiform, longer than the corolla; anthers
roundish. Pistil: germen roundish, acuminate, ending in two
styles; stigmas obtuse. Pericarp: a berry ; roundish, sur-
rounded by the calix, dilated. Seeds . single, screw-shaped.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three-leaved. Corolla: five-

petalled. Berry : one-seeded, surrounded by the calix.

The species are,

1. Anabasis Aphylla ; Leafless Anabasis. Without leaves,
the joints emarginate. The stem short and roundish ;
the berry dyes a yellow colour. It is perennial, and has
been found wild on the shores of the Caspian sea,.

2. Anabasis Foliosa ; Leafy Anabasis. Leaves subclavate.
This is seldom more than a foot and half high. Annual, also
found on the shores of the Caspian sea.

3. Anabasis Tamariscifolia ; Tamarisk-leaved Anabasis.
Leaves awl-shaped; pericarps juiceless. A shrub with
white branches : native of Spain.

4. Anabasis Spinosissima ; Thorny Anabasis. Shrubby :
branches without leaves, but full of spines. A shrub ; its
native place unknown.

Anacardium; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Mo-
ncecia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite jlotcer. Ca-
lix : perianth five-leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, coloured,
erect, deciduous. Corolla : petals five, lanceolate, acute,
three times as long as the calix, upright at the bottom,
reflex at the end. Stamina : filamenta ten, united at the
base, upright ; nine of them capillary, shorter than the
calix ; one thicker, double the length of the others, lying on
the germen in front; anther* roundish; in the longer
filamentum large and fertile, in the rest small. Pistil
germen kidney-shaped, obliquely emarginate in front ; style
subulate, bent in, the length of the corolla; stigma small,
roundish, depressed, concave. Pericarp: none. Receptacle:
fleshy, very large, obovate. Seed : nut kidney-shaped, large,
at the top of the receptacle ; with a thick shell, cellular
within, and abounding in oil. Male flowers, either mixed
with the hermaphrodites, or on a distinct tree. Calix, Co-
rolla, and Stamina, as above. Pistil : germen none, or abor-
tive. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved. Petals:
five, reflex. Antlierts : ten, one only fertile. Nut: kidney-'

shaped, on the top of a fleshy receptacle One species only

is yet known, viz.

1. Anacardium Occidentale ; Cashew Nut, Cassu, or Aca-
jou. This is an elegant tree, twenty feet high. The fruit or
apple has an agreeable subacid flavour ; the juice expressed
from it, and fermented, yield a pleasant wine ; and when dis-
tilled, produces a spirit far surpassing arrack or rum, making
admirable punch, and powerfully promoting urine. The nut
springs from one end of the apple, and contains, between it and
the kernel, an inflammable caustic oil, which will raise blisters
on the skin, and has been used with great success in eating
off ring-worms, cancerous ulcers, and corns ; but should be
cautiously employed. When fresh, the kernel has a most
delicious taste, abounding with a sweet milky juice. When it
is old, and ground with cocoa, it makes excellent chocolate.
The body of the tree, when tapped, produces a milky juice,
which will stain linen iiuMibly with black ; the thick oil of
the shell also tinges it of a rusty iron colour, which can hardly
be got out, and if rubbed over wood, will preserve it from
decaying, and might therefore prove an excellent preservative
to ho'use-timber and ship's bottoms. The tree yields annually
five, ten, or even twelve pounds weight of a fine semitranspa-
rent gum, .similar to gum-arabic, and not inferior in virtue or
quality, except that it has a slight astringency, which perhaps
renders it in some respects more valuable. The inside of the
fleshy receptacle, which is commonly called the cherry, is
stringy, but full of an austere acrid but pleasant juice, which
the Americans employ in making punch, as we do that of
lemons. When the West India ladies imagine their beauty
too much impaired by the scorching rays of the s;iu, they
scrape off the outside skin, and then rub their faces and
hands all over with the stone, which soon after swell and
grow black ; and in five or six days after the skin has been
thus poisoned, it comes off the face and other parts in larjre
Hakes. This operation prevents their appearance in public
for the full space of a fortnight ; at the end of which time
the new skin looks as fair as that of a young child. The
slaves and negroes in Brazil cure themselves of disorders in

ANA

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ANA

the stomach, to which they are very subject, by eating the
fleshy parts of the fruit, the acidity of which dissolves the
tough humour which prevents the free circulation of the blood
and juices, and thus removes the complaint by destroying its
cause. It is however necessity, not choice, which leads the
negroes to the use of this fruit, which they are far from being
fond of ; but their masters, the Portuguese, deny them every
other kind of sustenance. Being constrained to use this food,
in a few days they recover from their indisposition, and return
to their masters with health and vigour sufficient to perform
the labour usually allotted to them. These trees are easily
raised from the nuts, sown in small pots, and plunged into a
hot - bed : they generally appear in a month; but are with
difficulty preserved in England.

Anacydus; a genus belonging to the class Syngenesia,
order Polygamia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix :
common hemispherical, imbricate, with many ovate, flat,
sharp scales. Corolla : compound radiate, with numerous
hermaphrodite corollets in the disk ; from five to ten females
in the ray, scarcely higher than the disk. Hermaphrodites
funnel-shaped, with a quinquefid spreading border; females
with a flatted tube, and an ovate entire border. Stamina: in
the hermaphrodites ; filamenta five, capillary, very short ;
antherae cylindric. Pistil: germen flatted, stigma bifid, in the
hermaphrodites, with a membrane on each side ; style fili-
form, the length of the corollet ; and two slender reflex
stigmas in the floscules. Pericarp: none; call* unchanged.
Seed: in the hermaphrodites, solitary, oblong, compressed,
naked, or without down ; in the females, with a very broad
raembranaceous wing on each side, and emarginate at top,
but without down. Receptacle: chaffy; chaffs obtuse with
a point. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Receptacle: chaify. Down:
emarginate. Seeds: in the ray, membranaceous. All the
plants of this genus are annual. The species are,

1. Anacyclus Creticus ; Trailing Anacydus. Leaves de-
compound, linear; divisions subdivided, flat. Flowers small,
white. Native of the islands of the Archipelago.

2. Anacyclus Orientalis ; Eastern Anacyclus. Leaves com-
pound, bristly, acute, straight. This plant has white flowers
resembling the chamomile. Native of the islands of the
Archipelago ; first discovered by Tournefort.

3. Anacyclus Aureus ; Golden-flowered Anacydus. Leaves
bipinnate, roundish, hoary, hollow-dotted ; stems many,
seven inches high, and erect. It is a native of the south
of Europe, and the Levant.

.4. Anacyclus Valentinus: Fine leaved Anacydus. Leaves
decompound, linear; divisions subdivided, roundish, acute;
flowers flosculose. Grows a foot and half high, with flowers
of a bright yellow colour, and a silvery scaly calix. It is a
native of Spain, flowering in June and July.

Anagallis ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-parted,
sharp, permanent ; division keeled. Corolla: wheel-shaped,
border five-parted; divisions ovate-orbiculate, with the
claws connected. Stamina : filamenta erect, shorter than
the corolla, shaggy below ; antherae simple. Pistil : germen
globose ; style filiform, slightly bending ; stigma capitate,
Pericarp; a globose one-celled capsule, opening transversely.
Seeds ; very many, angular. Receptacle : globose, very large.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla; rotate. Capsule: opening
horizontally. The four first species are annuals, propagated
from seed, which must be sown after they are ripe, and shel-
tered from extreme cold. The species are,

1. Anagallis Arvensis ; Common Pimpernel. It is an an-
nual plant, with a quadrangular stem and scarlet corollas,
with purple bottoms ; the blossoms open about eight in the
VOL. i. 8.

morning and close in the afternoon, except it rain, in which
case they neither open nor close ; hence it is called the Shep-
herd's or Poor Man's Weather-glass. Cows and goats feed
upon it, but sheep reject it. It is common in corn-fields, and
in other cultivated places, and blossoms from May till August.
It is of a cordial sudorific nature, and a strong infusion of it
is an excellent medicine in feverish complaints, which it re-
lieves by promoting a gentle perspiration. The same simple
preparation is much used among country people in the first
stages of consumptions ; and is' often the happy means of
checking the disorder, and preventing its fatal consequences.
The whole plant, dried and powdered, is good for the fulling
sickness; and there are, says Hill, many well-authenticated
accounts of that dreadful disorder being absolutely cured by
it. A decoction of it in wine, drank in bed, causes sweating,
and is a preservative in pestilential and contagious diseases ;
a water distilled from it is excellent for sore eyes. The ex-
pressed juice is serviceable in the beginning of dropsies, and
in obstructions of the liver, spleen, and reins. It brings away
stony and gravelly concretions from the bladder and urinary
passages, and is good in consumptive cases, ulcerated lungs,
and other disorders of the breast. The infusion is best made
by pouring boiling water upon it fresh gathered. The dried
leaves may be given in powder, or an infusion made of the
whole dried plant, but nothing equals the infusion of the fresh
plant. This species grows wild in Sweden, Germany, and
Switzerland ; and with us between Stockwell and Camber-
well; near Mitcham in Surry; near Histon in Cambridge-
shire; and Bredon-Hill in Worcestershire.

2. Anagallis Montlli ; Upright Pimpernel. Leaves undi-
vided ; stem erect. This is a very beautiful small plant,
producing great numbers of fine blue flowers in April and
May. It is a native of Verona

3. Anagallis Latifolia; Broad-leaved Pimpernel. Leaves
heart-shaped, stem-clasping; stem compressed. This is very
nearly allied to the preceding species ; corolla blue; filamenta
purple; antherae oblong, yellow. It is a trailing annual
plant ; and was imported from Spain.

4. Anagallis Linifolia; Flax-leaved Pimpernel. Leaves
linear ; stem erect, three or four inches high. It grows wild
in Spain and Portugal.

5. Anagallis Tenella ; Bog Pimpernel, Purple Loosestrife,
or Moneywort. Leaves ovate, sharpish ; stem creeping.
Roots perennial, numerous ; corolla large, of a pale-red co-
lour, with deeper veins. Not uncommon on bogs, flowering
from June to August. Moneywort is cooling and astringent,
and a good antiscorbutic ; excellent against spitting of blood,
and in bloody fluxes, for which purposes it is best to give the
leaves in powder. The juice of it is a well-known remedy
among country people, for overflowings of the menses ; and
the roots dried and powdered are good in purgings ; and the
leaves, bruised, and applied to green wounds, speedily heal
them.

6. Anagallis Verticillata ; Verticilled Pimpernel. Stem-
leaves verticilled ; stem erect, a foot high ; corolla a bright
blue : has not yet been cultivated in England.

7. Anagallis Pumila; Dwarf Pimpernel. Stem erect; leaves
roundish, acute, sessile. Annual ; and a native of Jamaica.

Anagyris; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth bell-shaped ;
mouth five-toothed, the upper pair of teeth more deeply
divided. Corolla : papilionaceous ; standard obcordate,
straight, emarginate, broader than the other petals twice as
long as the calix ; wings ovate-oblong, flat, longer than the
standard; keel straight, very long. Stamina: filamenta pa-
rallel, distinct, rising; antherae simple. Pistil: germen ob-
SB

A N C

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A N C

long; style simple, rising; sigma villose. Pericarp.- an ob-
long, large, roundish, obtuse legume, a little reflex. Seeds:
six or more, kidney-form. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Standard
and Wings; shorter than the keel, in a papilionaceous corolla.
Fruit : a legume. These plants may be propagated by laying
down their tender branches in the spring : if seeds be used,
they must be sown on a moderate hot-bed at the beginning
of March. The fourth year from sowing, they will begin to

produce their flowers, and will flower every year after.

The species are,

1. Anagyris Foetida; Stinking Bean Trefoil. Leaves ovate ;
flowers axillary. It is a shrub eight or ten feet high, with
bright yellow flowers, appearingin April and May; and grows
wild in France, Spain, Italy, Sicily, and about Smyrna.

2. Anagyris Cretica. Leaves oblong ; racemes longer.
A native of Candia; very rare in England.

3. Anagyris Inodora. Leaves pinnate; calices inflated,
coloured; legumes compressed, straight ; racemes terminat-
ing, oblong. An upright shrub, with a white flower ; and
native of the woods of Cochin-china.

Anastatica ; a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Silu-
culosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: Perianth four-leaved,
deciduous ; leaflets ovate-oblong, concave, erect, deciduous.
Corolla: tetrapetalous, cruciform; petals roundish, flat,
spreading; with claws nearly the length of the calix, but
more spreading. Stamina: filamenta six, subulate, the length
of the calix, ( from erect spreading; anthera; roundish. Pistil :
germen bifid, very small; style subulate, the length of the
stamina, permanent; stigma capitate. Pericarp : a very short
silicic; partition ending in a subulate point, oblique, and
longer than the silicic itself ; the valves parallel, making a cell
of the lower half, but standing out from the upper, rounded,
concave, gaping, oblique, hence having the form of a sheep's
hoof. Seeds : solitary, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Silicle: retuse, crowned at the edge with valves twice as long
as the partition. Style : intermediate, pointed, oblique. Cells :
one-seeded. These plants are annual, and can only be pro-
pagated by seeds, which rarely ripen in England, they must
be sown on a hot-bed in the spring. The species are,

1 . Anastatica Hierochuntica. Common Anastatica, or
Rose of Jericho. Leaves obtuse; spikes axillary, very short;
silicles hoofed, thorny. This curious plant if taken up before
it is withered, and kept entire, may be preserved many years
in a dry room ; and afterwards, if the root be placed a few
hours in ;i glass of water, the buds of flowers will swell, open,
.and appear as if newly taken out of the ground. It grows
naturally on the coasts of the Red Sea, in the sandy parts of
Palestine, and near Cairo.

<2. Anastatica Syriaca ; Syrian Anastatica. Leaves acute;
spikes longer than the leaf; silicles ovate, beaked. It flow-
ers in May and June ; and is a native of Austria, Stiria, Car-
niola, Syria, and Sumatra.

Aiiclwrii Pear. See Griat.

Anclmsa; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GKM-:KIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted,
oblong, round, acute, permanent. Corolui: monopetalous ;
funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, the length of the calix;
limb semi-quinquefid, from erect expanding, obtuse ; throat
closed with live small scales, convex, prominent, oblong,
converging. Stamina : filamenta very short, in the throat of
the corolla; antherse oblong, incumbent, covered. Pistil:
germiua four; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stig-
ma obtuse, emarginate. Piricur/i: none; but the calix en-
larged, and erect, contains the seeds in its bosom. See ils . four
ublimirish, obtuse, gibbose. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Co-
rolla .- funnel-shaped, the throat closed with an arch of scales

Seeds . engraved at the base. All the species of this genus
may be propagated by seeds, sown in the autumn upon'a bed
of light sandy earth, and removed from thence in the spring
to beds planted at two feet distance, watering them till they
have taken root ; after which they will require no further care.
If the seeds of the common sorts be permitted to scatter
themselves, the plants will rise in plenty. The species are,

1. Anchusa Officinalis ; Officinal or Garden Alkanet, or
Bugloss. Leaves lanceolate ; spikes imbricate, pointing one
way. Stems from a foot to eighteen inches high; leaves
seven inches long, and about an inch broad, which, with the
stems, are hairy and rough ; corolla purple, and sometimes
white. It flowers in June, July, and August. Bees are very
fond of the tube of the corolla. This is not the Anchusa,
but the Bugloss, of officinal writers : it appears to be nearly
similar to Borage ; the leaves being less juicy, and the roots
more mucilaginous : these, with the leaves and flowers, are
ranked among the articles of the materia medica. It is in
great esteem in China, for gently promoting the eruption
in the small-pox.

2. Anchusa Angustifolia; Narrow-leaved Alkanet. Racemes
almost naked, 'in pairs. Grows two feet high in gardens, but
seldom more than one when wild. The flowers are small, and
of a red colour. It is found wild in Germany and Switzerland,
flowering in July and August, by way-sides, and the borders
of ploughed fields. The great Boerhaave recommended the
juice of this plant in the pleurisy and in maniacal cases.

3. Anchusa Italica ; Italian Alkanet. Leaves lucid, stri-
gose ; racemes two-parted, two-leaved ; flowers somewhat
unequal, bearded at the throat. Roots biennial : stem erect,
four feet high or more.

4. Anchusa Undulata; Waved Alkanet. Strigose : leaves
linear, toothed ; pedicles less than the bracte ; fruit-bear-
ing ealices inflated. Height three feet ; leaves stiff, rough,
six or seven inches long, and half an inch broad ; corollas a
fine blue colour. A native of Spain and Portugal.

5. Anchusa Tinctoria; Dyer's Alkanet. Downy: leaves
lanceolate, obtuse; stamina shorter than the corollas. This
greatly resembles the Garden Alkanet, and is cultivated in
the south of France for the deep purplish red colour of the
roots. It gives a fine deep red to oils, wax, and all unctuous
substances, as well as to spirit ot wine. It grows about
Montpellier, in Silesia, Spain and Italy.

6. Anchusa Virginica ; rirg'mian Alkanet. Flowers scat-
tered; stem smooth. Seldom rises a foot high ; and where it
abounds.the ground seems covered with bright yellow flowers
Native of North America; and called there Puccoon.

7. Anchusa Lanata ; Woolly Alkanet. Leaves villose ;
calices shaggy; stamina longer than the corollas. Stem
single, a foot high ; corolfa blue. Found near Algiers.

8. Anchusa Sempervirens ; Evergreen Alkmn't. Leaves
ovate ; peduncles two-leaved, racemed. Corollasblue; stems
at the sides of the crown of the root hispid. Found wild in
Spain and Italy, and in various parts of England, by road-
sides, among rubbish, and from the joints ot old walls. It
flowers from May through a great part of the summer, and is
perennial. Cows, horses, sheep, and goats, are said to eat it.

!. Anchusa Barrelieri; Barreiier's Alkanet. Leaves ovato
lanceolate; stem erect; peduncles racemed, pointing one
way. Hoot pale red ; stalk angular ; corolla azure. Found
in Piedmont.

10. Anchusa Paniculata; PanicM Alkanet, or Buglott.
Leaves lanceolate, strigose, quite entire ; panicle dichoto-
mous divaricate; flowers peduncled ; calices" live-parted,
with subulate segments. '. It is biennial: flowers in May
and June ; and is a native of Madeira

AND

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AND

Ancistrum; a genus of the class Diandria, order Monogy-
lia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leaved,
turbinate, truncate, four-toothed ; teeth cylindric, awned,
erect, terminating in four reversed hooks. Corolla : superior,
one-petalled, funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, and
a spreading quadrifid border ; the divisions nearly equal,
obtuse, the length of the tube. Stamina : filamenta, fastened
to the base of the tube, longer than the corolla, capillary ;
antherse roundish. Pistil: germen oblong;, style filiform, the
length of the corolla : stigma pencil-shaped. Pericarp : none,
but the calix, in the bottom of which is the fruit. Seed:
single, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : four-leaved.
Corolla: none. Stigma: many-parted. " Drupe: dry, hispid,
one-celled. The species are,

1. Ancistrum Decumbens. Stems decumbent; peduncle
scape-form, solitary ; flowers in a globular head ; leaflets
wedge-form, deeply serrate, hairy beneath ; seed covered
with the thickened calix. Native of New Zealand.

2. Ancistrum Lucidum; Shining Ancistrum. Stems sub-
demerged ; peduncles scape-form ; spikes ovate ; leaflets
oblong, quite entire, acute, subfasciclcd. It flowers in May
and June ; and is a native of the Falkland Isles.

3. Ancistrum Latebrosum ; Hairy Ancistrum. Stems de-
merged; peduncles scape-form; spikes elongate; leaflets
oblong, gashed, villose ; fruits armed on every side.

Andrachne, a genus of the class Monoecia, order Gynandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth live-leaved,
equal, marcescent. Corolla: petals five, emarginate. slender,
shorter than the calix; nectary, leaflets five, semibifid, her-
baceous, one within each petal, and less than it. Stamina:
filamenta five, small, inserted into the rudiment of each style ;
anthers simple. Female. Calix: perianth five-leaved, equal,
permanent. Corolla: petals none; nectary as in the male.
Pistil: germen superior, globose ; styles three, filiform,
two-parted ; stigmas globose. Pericarp: capsuleglobose, tri-
lobate, three-celled ; cells bivalved, the size of the calix.
Seeds : in pairs, rounded on one side, triangular and obtuse
on the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Mule. Calix: five-
leaved. Corolla : five-petalled. Stamina : five, inserted
into the rudiment of the style. Female. Calix: five-leaved.
Corolla: none. Styles: three. Capsule: three-celled. Seeds:
two. The plants of this genus are propagated in England
by seeds sown uponahot-bcd in March. The second and third
sorts are very tender. They ripen their seeds in August or
September, and decay soon after. The species are,

1. Andrachne Telephoides. Procumbent and herbaceous.
It grows wild in Italy and the Archipelago, and is a low
trailing plant.

2. Andrachne Fruticosa. Erect, shrubby. Fourteen feet
high, with small herbaceous-white flowers. A native of the
East Indies, China, and of Vera Cruz, in New Spain.

3. Andrachne Arborea. Stem arborescent ; leaves ovate,
obtuse, hoary underneath. This species has a strong woody
stem rising more than twenty feet high. Native of Cam-
pteachy.

Andromeda, a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
gynia. GEXKRIC CHARACTER. Perianth: five-parted, acute,
very small, coloured, permanent. Corolla: monopetalous,
campanulate, quinquefid ; clefts reflex. Stamina: filamenta
subulate, shorter than the corolla, and scarcely fixed to
it; anthers two-horned, nodding. Pistil-, germen round-
ish ; style cylindric, longer than the stamina, permanent ;
stigma obtuse. Pericarp.- capsule roundish, five-cor-
nered, five-celled, five-valved, opening at the corners ;
partitions contrary. Seeds : very many, roundish, shining.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cain.- five-parted. Corolla:

ovate, or campanulate, quinquefid at the edge. Capsule :
superior, five-celled, with the partitions from the middle of
the valves. Most of the plants of this genus are hardy de-
ciduous shrubs, delighting in moist ground. They are
propagated by their creeping roots, which putting up suckers
at a distance, may be taken off with roots, and transplanted
where they are designed to remain ; for they will not bear
frequent removals. The species are,

1. Andromeda Tetragona. Peduncles solitary, lateral;
corollas bell-shaped ; leaves opposite, imbricate, obtuse,
revolute. Grows in Siberia and Lapland.

2. Andromeda Hypnoides. Peduncles solitary, terminal;
corollas bell-shaped; leaves crowded, awl-shaped. This
little plant is found in Denmark, Siberia, and in the Lap-
land Alps ; where it covers great tracts of ground, adorn-
ing them with its beautiful red flowers.

3. Andromeda Cerea. Peduncles axillary, two-leaved,
One-flowered ; leaves alternate, ovate, serrate. Native of
Otaheite.

4. Andromeda Ccerulea. Peduncles aggregate ; corollas
ovate ; leaves scattered, linear, obtuse, flat. Found in Swe-
den, Denmark, Lapland, and Siberia.

5. Andromeda Mariana; Maryland Andromeda: Pedun-
cles aggregate, branched ; corollas ovate cylindrical ; leaves
oblong-ovate, quite entire, deciduous. Native of North
America. There are two varieties belonging to this.species.

6. Andromeda Ferruginea; Rusty Andromeda. 1'eduncles
aggregate, axillary ; corolla subglobose ; leaves elliptic, quite
entire, beneath scaly scariose. Native of North America.

7. Andromeda Polifolia : Marsh Andromeda. Peduncles
aggregate ; corollas ovate, leaves alternate, lanceolate, revo-
lute. This elegant little shrub is from six to eight inches
and a foot high, with a red calix and pink-coloured corolla.
It powers about the end of May ; and is a/native of America;
of turf-bogs in the northern countries of Europe ; and of
Cheshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Yorkshire, &c. It is
called Moor-wort, Wild Rosemary, Marsh Holy Rose, &c.

8. Andromeda Bryantha. Flowers corymbed ; leaves
elliptic ; stem prostrate. It comes up in thick clumps, like
Wild Thyme, on the rocks of Kamtschatka.

9. Andromeda Daboecia; Irish Whorts, Cantcbrian Heath,
or Trailing Andromeda. Racemes pointing one way; flowers
quadrifid-ovate; leaves alternate, lanceolate, revolute. Found
only in the Irish bogs, and flowers in June and July.

10. Andromeda Droseroides ; Clammy Andromeda. Ra-
cemes pointing one way; leaves linear, hairy, viscid. A
native of the Cape.

11. Andromeda Paniculata; Panicled Andromeda. Ra-
cemes terminal, panicled ; corollas roundish ; leaves ovate,
rather entire. Stem four feet high. Native of Virginia.

12. Andromeda Japonica. Racemes panicled, cylindric,
bracted; leaves elliptic, reflex, serrate at the tip. This is a
tree, flowering in December. Native of Japan.

13. Andromeda Arborea; Tree Andromeda, or Sorrel Tree.
Racemes terminal ; corollas rather downy ; leaves elliptic,
pointed, toothletted. A shrub from ten to twenty feet
high ; native of Virginia and Carolina.

14. Andromeda Racemosa ; Branching or Pennsylvania
Andromeda. Racemes terminal, simple, bracted ; corollas
cylindric; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate. It flowers in
July, and is a native of Pennsylvania.

15. Andromeda Axillaris ; Notch-leaved Andromeda. Ra-
cemes axillary, simple ; corollas ob'long ; leaves ovate, acute,
serrulate. Native of Carolina; flowering from May to August.

16. Andromeda Coriacea; Thick-leaced Andromeda. Ra-
cemes axillary, simple ; leaves ovate, very entire, very shin-

AND

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

AND

ing ; branchlets three-cornered. Flowers in July and Au-
gust. Native of North America.

17. Andromeda Acuminata; Acute-leaved Andromeda.
Racemes axillary, simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate serrate. A shrub four feet high, flowering in July
and August. Native of North America.

18. Andromeda Calyculata ; Calicled Andromeda. Pedun-
cles solitary, axillary, pointing one way; bractes two;
leaves oval, scaly, dotted, obsoletely serrulate. A low shrub,
with leaves like those of the Box ; growing upon mossy
land in Sweden, Ingria, Siberia, and North America.

19. Andromeda Anastomozans. Racemes crowded, leafy ;
leaves ovate, slightly serrate, anastomosing underneath, and
dotted. Native of New Granada.

20. Andromeda Rupestris. Leaves oblong, alternate, ser-
rulate. Native of New Zealand.

21. Andromeda Salicifolia; Willow-leaved Andromeda.
Racemes pointing one way, naked ; corollas subcylindrical ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, quite entire. Found in the island
of Mauritius.

22. Andromeda Buxifolia; Box-leaved Andromeda. Ra-
cemes pointing one way, naked ; corollas subcylindrical ;
leaves cordate-ovate, quite entire, with a little dagger-
point. Native of the Isle of Bourbon.

23. Andromeda Fasciculata. Peduncles aggregate ; leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly crehulate, cori-
aceous. 24. Andromeda Jamaicensis. Peduncles aggregate;
gorollas ovate, transparent ; leaves alternate, broad lanceo-
late, obtuse, entire, beneath ash-coloured, membranaceous.
25. Andromeda Octandra. Peduncles aggregate; corollas
cylindric quadrifid ; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire, membranaceous. All natives of Jamaica.

Andropogon ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Mo-
noecia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite. Flowers
sessile. Calix ; a glume, one-flowered, two valved, oblong,
obtuse, cartilaginous, awnless ; the outer valve concave,
flattish at the back, embracing the inner, which is narrower,
with its edges. Corolla : a two- valved glume, less and more
slender than the calix ; outer valve smaller, frequently very
small, within the inner valve of the calix, sharp or bifid at
the Qiid , in most of the species awned ; awn terminating, or
from the cleft of the glume, long, with a bent joint and twisted
at bottom ; the inner valve lanceolate, doubled at the edges.
Nectary two-leaved ; leaflets thickish, diaphanous. Stami-
na : filamenta three, capillary, very tender ; antherae oblong;
forked at both ends, incumbent. Pistil .- germen oblong;
styles two, capillary; stigmas oblong, feathered. Pericarp:
none; glumes of the corolla and calix involving and inclosing
the seed. Seed: solitary, oblong, covered, armed with the
awn of the corolla, which easily falls off. Male Flowers pe-
duncled, single, or in-pairs to each Hermaphrodite. Calix : Co-
rolla, and Stamina : as in the others, only that the corolla
has no awn. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite. Ca-
lix: glume one-flowered. Corolla: glume awned at the
base. Stamina: three. Styles: two. Seeds: one. Male.
Calix and Corolla: the same. Stamina: three. Few of these
grasses have been cultivated in England ; the greater part
of them would require a stove, since they are natives of the
East and West Indies. The species are,

1. Andropogon Caricosum. Spike solitary, imbricate ;
seeds shaggy ; awns naked, contorted. Native of Amboyna
and Japan.

2. Andropogon Contortum. Spike solitary; male flowers
awnless on the back of the spike ; female flowers on the belly
of it, twice as long as the males, with twisted approximating
awns longer than the whole spike.- Native of the East Indies.

3. Andropogon Crinitum. Spike solitary, shaggy; awns
naked, jointed, very long. A native of Japan.

4. Andropogon Divaricatum. Spike oblong ; flowers
woolly, remote, divaricate; awn flexuose, naked. Native
of Virginia.

5. Andropogon Gryllus. Peduncles of the panicle entirely
simple, three-flowered : the hermaphrodite floscule sessile,
awned, ciliate, bearded at the base. Culm three feet high.
Native of Piedmont, Switzerland, &c.

6. Andropogon Saccharoides. Branches of the panicle
single : florets in pairs ; hermaphrodite awned, sessile, the
other awnless, pedicled, withering ; pedicle and rachis
woolly. Native of Jamaica.

7. Andropogon Nutans. Panicle nodding; awns twisted,
polished ; glumes of the calix shaggy. Found in Virginia
and Jai i mint.

S. Andropogon Ciliatum. Panicle nodding ; outer calix
many-flowered, ciliate ; awns contorted, hairy. It flowers
in September ; and is a native of the mountains of Japan.

9. Andropogon Serratum. Panicle loose; one floscule ses-
sile, villose at the base ; the other pedicled, with the pedicle
villose, and shorter than the calix. Native of Japan.

10. Andropogon Cotuliferum. Panicle spreading, villose ;
awn twisted, naked ; pedicles clubbed or swelling at top,
and hollowed like a saucer or dish. Found in Japan.

11. Andropogon Cymbarum. Panicles scattered ; bractes
boat-form ; flowers transverse, awned, three-fold. Culms
three feet high. A native of the East Indies.

12. Andropogon Squarrosum. Panicle crowded ; glumes
awl-shaped, rugged. Culms smooth ; leaves rugged. A
native of Ceylon ; where the natives make fans of it, and
esteem it for its pleasant smell.

13. Andropogon Prostratum. Peduncles in five-flowered
umbels without calicles ; the hermaphrodite floscule awned.
Native of the East Indies.

14. Andropogon Fastigiatum. Spikes of the panicle soli-
tary ; peduncles elongate, subfastigiate ; rachis woolly ; flos-
cules awned ; male fertile. Native of Jamaica.

15. Andropogon Alopeuroides. Panicle loose; rachis
woolly ; a twisted awn to each floscule. Native of Vir-
ginia and Jamaica.

16. Andropogon Distachyum. Spikes- two, terminal ; culm
undivided. A foot high ; said to grow wild in Switzerland.

17. Andropogon Scheenanthus ; Sweet Rush, or Camel's
Hay. Spike of the panicle conjugate, ovate-oblong ; rachii
pubescent ; floscules sessile, with a twisted awn. This species
is cultivated in the gardens of China and Cochin-china, where
the inhabitants employ it to season their meat. We receive
it in bundles from Turkey. When in perfection.it has a warm,
bitterish, and not unpleasant taste, with an agreeable smell.
It was once employed as a warm stomachic and remover of
obstructions, but has been superseded by more common
aromatics. Perennial. Native of Arabia and India.

18. Andropogon Virginicum. Spikes of the panicle con-
iugate; peduncles simple ; rachis woolly; floscules awnless,
the male one wanting. About six feet high ; and a native
of America.

19. Andropogon Bicorne. Spikes of the panicle conju-
gate; peduncles branching very much ; rachis woolly ; awn
caducous ; male floscule wanting. This is found upon dry
hills in the East Indies ; and there called Foxtail Grass.

20. Andropogon Hirtum. Spikes of the panicle conjugate;
calices shaggy. Native of Portugal, Italy, Sicily, and Smyrna.

21. Andropogon Insulare. Panicle loose, smooth ; flos-
cules double, awnless ; one pedicle shorter ; calices woolly.
Native of Jamaica.

AND

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AND

22. Andropogon Barbatum. Spikes digitate : calices per-
manent ; corollas ciliate. Culm a foot high. Found in the
East Indies.

23. Andropogon Pubescens. Spikes digitate ; calices sub
triflorous ; outer petals awned ; keel and hedge of the her-
maphrodite flower ciliate. This species is perennial ; flow-
ers from July to September ; and is a native of Jamaica.

24. Andropogon Nardus ; Indian Nard, or Spikenard.
Branches of the panicle superdecompound, proliferous. This
is said to be used as a spice among the Orientals : as brought
to us, it is a congeries of small tough reddish-brown fibres,
forming a bunch about the size of a finger, and is mode-
rately warm and pungent, accompanied with a flavour which
is not disagreeable. The whole plant has a strong aromatic
odour ; but both the smell and the virtues reside principally
in the husky roots, or lower part of the stalks, which in
chewing have a bitter, warm, biting taste, accompanied with
a slight degree of that glow in the mouth which cardamoms
occasion, and possesses a pungency to the taste little inferior
to the Serpentaria, and much more considerable than the
C ontrayerva. The Hindoos call it tcranlcus, (fever-restrainer)
from the virtues they attribute to it in that disease. They
infuse about a drachm of it in half a pint of hot water, with a
small quantity of black pepper. This serves for one dose,
which they repeat three times a day. It is esteemed a power-
ful medicine in all kinds of fevers, whether continued or in-
termittent ; and a work attributed to Galen, informs us, that
a medicine, composed of this and some other aromatics, was
found useful in long-protracted fevers, which are the cases in
which modern practitioners employ medicines of this class.
The ancients highly valued it as a luxury, as well as a medi-
cine, it being the favourite perfume which they used at their
baths and feasts ; and, from the following words of Horace,
it appears that it was so valuable, that as much of it as could
be contained in a small box of precious stone was considered
as a sort of equivalent for a large vessel of wine ; and, ac-
cording to the custom of antiquity, a handsome quota for a
guest to contribute towards an entertainment :

" Nardo vina merebere,

" Nardi parvus onyx eliciet cadum."

Hon. lib. iv. rar. xii. v. 16, I/.
" To purchase wine with spikenard dost thou ask?
" A tiny box will bring a teeming cask."

25. Andropogon Muticum, Spikes digitate, mostly three;
floscules alternate, sessile, awnless. Culms seven inches
high. A native of the Cape.

26. Andropogon Ischaemum. Many digitate spikes ; flos-
cules sessile, awned and awnless ; pedicles woolly. This
species is found upon mountains and hills, and in dry situa-
tions, in the southern parts of Europe.

27. Andropogon Fasciculatum ; Many-spiked Andropo-
gon. Spikes fascicled, very many, smooth ; calices two
flowered ; valves acute, smooth, and even, the outer like
petals and awned, the inner floscule oarren. Native of Ja-
maica, flowering from July to September.

28. Andropogon Polydactylon. Spikes fascicled ; outer
petals awned ; those of the lower floscule ciliate-bearded.
Native of Jamaica.

29. Andropogon Glaucum. Panicle leafy ; involucels and
calices two-flowered ; calices of the sessile flowers three-
valved, of the peduncled ones two-valved. Culm filiform,
a foot high, leafy. It is a native of the East Indies.

30. Andropogon Serratum. Spike simple, imbricate, with
two rows of awned sessile flowers, and two of awnless pe-
dicelled ones; calices one-valved. Native of Bengal.

31. Andropogon Incurvature. Spikes filiform, subdigitate;
TOL. i. 9.

flowers twin, the female pedicelled and awned, the male ses-
sile and awnless j calices one-valved. Found near rivers in
Tranquebar.

32. Andropogon Binatum. Spikes twin, woolly; one
valve of the calices acuminate, the other truncate, thrte-
toothed ; the larger petal awned. Found in the East Indie;;.

33. Andropogon Aciculatum. Panicle contracted, upright ;
peduncles three-flowered ; male flowers two-pedicelled, acu-
minate, female sessile, awned. Native of the East Indie-:.

34. Andropogon Bladhii. Spikes about eight ; herma-
phrodite floscule sessile, awned; neuter, peduncled, ciliate,
awnless. Native of China.

35. Andropogon Provinciate. Spikes fascicled, smooth ;
floscules alternate, subsessile, directed one way, awned.
Root annual ; culms a foot high, leafy, branched at the .base.
A native of the south of France.

Androsace ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : involucre manv-
leaved, many-flowered, very small ; perianth one-leafed,
five-cornered, semiquinquefid, acute, erect, permanent. Co-
rolla : monopetalous, salver-shaped; tube ovate, involved in
the calix ; border flat, five-parted ; divisions ovate-oblong,
obtuse, entire ; throat beset with glands. Stamina- filamenta
very short, within the tube ; antherae oblong, erect, included.
Pistil: germen globose ; style filiform, very short ; stigma
globose, included. Pericarp: capsule globose, sitting on a
flat calix, one-celled, opening into five parts at the top.
Seeds .- very many, roundish, gibbous on one side, flat on the
other. Receptacle: erect, free. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
An involucre to the umbel ; tube of the corolla ovate, with
a glandulous mouth ; capsule one-celled, globose. These are
low plants with small flowers, and make no great appear-
ance. They only require to be kept free from weeds, and to
be sown in a shady situation. They seldom appear the first
year, but if permitted to scatter themselves, often succeed
better than when sown. The annual sorts perish as soon ae
the seeds are ripe ; but the others will live in an open bor-
der for several years. The species are,

1. Androsace Maxima ; Oval-leaved Androsace. Perianths
of the fruit very large. Root annual, slender. It flowers in
April or the beginning of May, the seeds ripen in June, and
the plants perish soon after. It grows naturally among the
corn in various parts of Germany and Italy.

2. Androsace Elongata ; Cluster-lowered Androsace.
Leaves lanceolate-toothed; fruiting umbel elongate; corollas
shorter than the angular calix. Native of Austria, near
Vienna, growing up to the very suburbs. Its flowers, whicli
are white, appear in May, and the seeds are perfected in June.

3. Androsace Septentrionalis ; Tooth-leaved Androsace.
Leaves lanceolate-toothed, smooth; perianths angular,
shorter than the corollas, annual. Native of mountainous
situations on all the northern parts of the Continent.

4. Androsace Villosa ; Hairy Androsace. Leaves hairy :
perianths shaggy. Tube of the corolla yellow, spreading into .
a white border, which at length becomes purple. Common
in the Swiss Alps, the mountains of Austria and Carniola, the
Pyrenees, &c. Perennial. Flowers in July and August.

5. Androsace Lactea; Grass-leaved Androsace. Leaves lan-
ceolate, smooth ; umbel many times larger than the invo-
lucres. Root perennial. Tube of the corolla yellow, with
yellow glands at the throat ; segments obcordate; large,
emarginate, snow-white. Place of growth, and time of
flowering, the same as the fourth, or preceding species.

6. Androsace Carnea; Awl-leaved Androsace. .Leaves
awl-shaped, smooth ; umbel equalling the involucres. Co-
rollas flesh-coloured. Native of the Alps and Pyrenew.

A N E

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A N E

7. Audrosace Filiformis. Leaves ovate-toothed, petioled ;
rays of the umbel capillary; corollas exceeding the bell-
shaped calix. Corolla white. A native of Siberia.

Androseemum. See Hypericum,

Andryala ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
gamia /Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common,
many-parted, short, rounded, villose : scales very many, sub-
equal, subulate. Corolla; compound imbricate, uniform;
corollules hermaphrodite, numerous, equal ; each ligulate,
linear, truncate, five-toothed. Stamina: filamenta five, ca-
pillary, very short ; anthene cylindrical tubulose. Pistil;
germen ovate ; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stig-
mas two, reflex. Pericarp: none. Calix: converging, glo-
bose. Seeds : solitary, ovate ; down capillary, the length of
the calix. Receptacle : villose, flatfish. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Receptacle : villose. Calix .- many-parted, sub-
equal, rounded. Down .- simple, sessile. Every species in
this genus may be propagated from seeds ; those of the hardy
sorts should be sown in spring, wherever they are to remain.
These plants require no culture, but occasional thinning and
weeding. The second, third, fourth, and fifth species, re-
quire the protection of a green-house, where they will flower
all the summer and frequently produce seeds fit for pro-
pagation. The perennials are increased by their creeping
roots. The species are,

1. Andryala Integrifolia ; Hoary Andryala. Lower leaves
runcinate ; upper ovate-oblong, tomentose. The flowers are
yellow, like Sowthistle. It flowers in July, and the seeds
ripen in September. There is a variety of this species; both
are annuals, and natives of the southern parts of Europe.

2. Andryala Cheiranthifolia ; Various-leaved Andryala.
Leaves runcinate; upper ones lanceolate, entire ; down glan-
duliferous. Perennial; three feet high, full of milk; flowers
yellow, scarce, nodding. Native of the island of Madeira.

3. Andryala Pinnatifida; Pinnati/id-leaved Andryala.
Leaves tomentose, pinnatifid ; calices tomentose, hairy ; hairs
nil her stiff. Biennial: flowering in July and August.
Native of the Canary Islands, where, and in Madeira, it and
two varieties of the same species are found.

4. Andryala Crithmifolia ; Samphire-leaved Andryala.
Leaves pinnate, linear, tomentose. Native of Madeira.

5. Andryala Ragusina ; Downy Andryala. Leaves lanceo-
late, undivided, denticulate, acute, tomentose; flowers soli-
tary. This plant has a yellow flower, terminating every branch
in June and July, and being very hoary, makes a pretty ap-
puurance among others whose leaves are green. It will not
bear the open air, except in a dry soil and warm situation.
Found in Spain, in Algiers, as well as at the Cape.

6. Andryala Lanata; Woolly Andryala. Leaves oblong-
ovate, slightly toothed, woolly; peduncles branching. A
biennial ; with a large yellow flower, which appears in June,
and is followed by the seeds in August. The whole plant is
white. Native of the south of Europe.

Anemone ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Poly-
iryuia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla-, pe-
tals in two or three rows, three in a row, somewhat ob-
long. Stamina : filamenta numerous, capillary, half the
length of the corolla : anthera twin, erect. Plitil: gcrmina
numerous, in a head ; styles acuminate ; stigmas obtuse,
Pericarp: none; receptacle globular or oblong, hollowed
and dotted. Swds : very many, acuminate, retaining the
stylo. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : none. Petals : six
or nine. Seeds : many. The plants of this genus are mostly
hardy perennials, and may be propagated both by seeds and

by the roots. The species are,

1. Anemone Hcmitica ; Hepatica. Leaves three-lobed,

quite entire. Flower subcaliculate, lying a year complete
in all its parts within the bud, and is one of the most emi-
nent beauties of the spring. The flowers appear plentifully
in February and March, before the green leaves appear;
and the double sorts, which have fairer and more durable
[lowers than the single ones, make a beautiful appearance
upon the borders of a pleasure-garden. The single sorts
produce seed annually, which should be sown in pots or
boxes of light earth at the beginning of August, placed so
as to have only the morning sun upon them till October,
and then removed into the full sun for the winter season. In
March they must be replaced in a shady situation, and fre-
quently be watered in dry weather. In the following Au-
gust they must be transplanted into a border of good fresh
loamy earth, facing the east, where they must be placed six
inches asunder each way, and have the earth pressed closely
to their roots, otherwise the worms will draw them out of
the ground. They will shew their flowers in the following
spring ; but it will be three years before they flower strongly.
You may then venture to judge of their quality ; and if
you find any double flowers, or any of a different colour
from the common sorts, they should be taken up and trans-
planted into borders of the flower-garden, where they should
continue two years at least before they are taken up or parted;
for when they are often removed and parted, they are very
subject to die, but if undisturbed for many years, they thrive
exceedingly and produce large roots. The double flowers
are therefore propagated by parting their roots in March,
placing them where they can enjoy the morning sun, in a
strong loamy soil. They will grow any where, except in
very hot places, and are not injured by cold. There are
many varieties of this Hepatica species, as 1. Single and
double blue. 2. Single and double red or peach-coloured.
3. Single and double white. 4. Single and double variegated
red and white. 5. Single and double violet-coloured. 6".
With striped leaves. This is an astringent plant, but is sel-
dom used. It is found wild in Sweden, Denmark, Switzer-
land, France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in
woods and among bushes with blue, red, and white flowers.

2. Anemone Patens ; Woolly-leaved Anemone. Peduncles
iuvolucred; leaves digitate, multifid ; seeds tailed. Corolla
white. A native of Siberia and Lower Lusatia. This and
the following eight species are propagated by seeds in nearly
the same manner as the Hepatica, No. 1. which see. They
must not be exposed to the forenoon sun in the spring, and
they require a loamy soil, as they are apt to decay in light
ground during summer.

3. Anemone Sulphurea. Peduncle involucred ; leaves tri-
ply pinnate, hairy, flat, acutely gashed : seeds tailed. Petals
yellow within. See the preceding species.

4. Anemone Baldensis. Peduncle involucred ; seeds tailed;
leaves biternate, shaggy. The corolla has eight or ten white
petals, shaggy on the outside and reddish, It grows wild
in Switzerland, Monte Baldo, Mont Cenis, &c.

5. Anemone Vernalis. Peduncle involucred ; leaves pin-
nate ; flowers erect ; seeds tailed. Flower red wiiliQut,
white within. Found growing in woods bordering on the
mountains, and barren sands, in Sweden, Germany, and on
the high Alps of Switzerland.

6. Anemone C'crnua. Peduncle involucred ; leaves pin-
nate ; flowers nodding ; seeds tailed. Found flowering
early in the spring near Jeddo, in the island of Japan.

;. \iici)iniie J'uisiitilla ; Pasfiiii-^nn-r. Peduncle invo-
lucred; petals straight; lea\ c hipinnatc. ; seeds tailed. The
corolla is a specious purple. It grows wild in the dry soils of
almost every country upou the European continent, and upon

..4-..

ANEMONE

INUIGOFERA TINCTORIA I DvfrJ' Jnitltfc.

ANNONA

OjTONlS . r/i, rarf.v On-uHf Flirplf Jfiaf Harrrw.

A N E

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

the chalky downs of England ; as Gog-magog hills, Barnack-
heath, near Stamford ; about Leadstone-hall, near Pontefract ;
near Charlbury, in Oxfordshire ; Hexam, Bury, Newmarket,
&c. It flowers in April, and derives its Italian name, pulsa-
tilla, from the downy seed being beaten about by the wind.
There is one variety with double, and another with white
flowers. It is an acrid plant, and will raise blisters ; the
distilled waters produce vomiting : it cannot therefore be
safely given in disorders of the lungs.

8. Anemone Pratensis ; Meadow Anemone. Peduncle in-
volucred ; petals reflex at the tip ; leaves bipinnate. The
flower of this is less than that of the former, and of a darker
colour. This species is common in barren stony fields of
Oeland and Scania ; also in Denmark, Germany, and Piedmont.

9. Anemone Alpina ; Alpine Anemone. Peduncle invo-
luered ; stem leaves ternate, connate, super-decompound,
multifid ; seeds shaggy, tailed. Flower almost the size of
the Tulip, white, with a tinge of purple, and pubescent on the
outside. It grows wild on the Alps^ Jura, and in Austria.

10. Anemone Apiifolia. Peduncle involucred ; stem-leaves
ternate, connate, super-decompound, multifid, very slender,
extremely hairy underneath. Stem simple, about a span high ;
flower large, and of a sulphureous colour, without any smell.
A native of the Leontine Alps.

1 ) . Anemone Coronaria ; Narrow-leaved Garden Anemone.
Radical leaves ternate, decompound ; involucre leafy. It has
a leafy stem, and tailed seeds. This species is a native of the
Levant, particularly in the islands of the Archipelago, where
the borders of the fields are covered with it of all colours ;
but the flowers are single, and have been doubled only by
culture. Modern seeds-men reckon from one hundred and
fifty to two hundred sorts of this flower; the principal co-
lours of which are white, red, blue, and purple, and these in
some are curiously intermixed. The prevailing colours of
English-raised Anemones are white and red; though we have
received from France great variety of blues and purples,
which are exceedingly fine flowers, and make a beautiful va-
riety, when intermixed with those of English growth. A
Double Anemone, in order to be a fine one, should have a
strong upright stem, about nine inches high ; the flower two
or three inches in diameter, the outer petals firm and horizon-
tal, except a little turning up at the end ; while the smaller
petals within these should lie gracefully over each other so as
to form an elegant whole. The plain colours ought to be
brilliant and striking, the variegated tints clear and distinct.
Directions for their culture. Twelve months before you
want to use it, mix a quantity of light sandy loam, or hazel
mould, taken with the turf to the depth of ten inches, but
no more ; add a third part of rotten cow-dung, and lay the
whole in a heap, turning it once a month, taking out all the
stones, and breaking every clod, but on no account sift it.
After the year has expired, at the beginning of September
prepare your bed by laying this earth six or eight inches
above the surface of wet ground, but if a dry soil, three
inches will do, whereou you have previously laid the rak-
ings of your heap to drain off the moisture, and upon that
tour or five inches deep of rotten cow-dung, putting your
prepared earth upon the top to the depth of about two feet.
If the soil be wet, lay the bed a little round, to shoot off the
water ; but if dry, bring it nearly to a level. Plant the for-
ward flowers at the latter end of September, those of a mid-
dle season any time in October, at the time of some gentle-
showers, and cover them from the winter frosts by arching
the beds over with hoops, and laying mats and garden cloths
upon them. They will flower in the beginning of April, and
continue for three weeks or more, according to the mildness of
tb weather, and the care taken to screen them from the sun.

The leaves will begin to decay in June; they must soon after
be taken up, cleared from decayed stalks, washed clean, and
spread upon a mat in a shady place until they are perfectly
dried, and should then be hung up out of the reach of ver-
min in bags. Observe, in planting the roots, to distribute the
different colours, which will greatly increase their beautiful
appearance by the contrast with each other. No good florist,
however, who has garden room, should omit to sow the seeds ;
he should provide himself with a quantity of good single or
Poppy Anemones of the best colours, having more leaves than
common, with other good qualities, and plant them early in
the beginning of August, either in pots, beds, or tubs of
light earth, taking care to rub the seeds between Tiis hands
with a slight mixture of dry sand, to separate and prevent
them from adhering together ; and after sowing them as
equally as possible over the bed, taking a strong hair-brush
and sweeping it gently over the whole bed, observing not to
brush off the seeds, by which he will leave no lumps, and
make the distribution complete. Light earth, to the depth of
one quarter of an inch, may then be sifted over the seeds ; and
mats laid over the whole, if the weather be ho(; and dry.
They may be occasionally but sparingly watered, and should
always be exposed to gentle showers. In ten weeks the plants
will appear ; they will be very liable to suffer, if not protected
from the frosts of the first winter, and from too much wet,
together with the piercing winds of February and March : a
low reed-fence on the north and east sides of the bed will be.
very useful. As the spring advances, they may be thinned if
necessary ; and as soon as their green leaves decay, you must
sift the earth of the bed with a very fine sieve, till you have taken
out all the roots you can find ; and then level the bed, and let
it remain till the next year, when you will again find a plentiful
crop from those roots which will unavoidably have escaped
you in the sifting. The before-mentioned young roots must
be cleaned and dried, as above prescribed for the older
plants ; but when replanted, the former should be put into
the ground three weeks before the latter, that they may gather
strength, and flower abundantly in the succeding year. The
single or poppy Anemones, in favourable seasons and warm
situations, will flower through most part of the winter and
spring, and from their peculiar beauty well deserve admit-
tance into every flower-garden. They need little culture ; it
will be often enoug-h to take them up every other year, and
when they are taken up, they should be replanted very early
in the autumn, otherwise they will not flower till the spring.
The seeds of these flowers must be gathered daily as they
ripen, otherwise they will soon be dispersed by the winds.
This species was cultivated in France, long before it was
known in England or Holland.

12. Anemone Hortensis; Broad-leaved Garden Anemone
Leaves digitate ; seeds woolly ; leafy stem, and tailed seeds.
This was formerly called Hard-leaved Anemone by the Wal-
loons, who imported the roots. It is found wild with single
[lowers in Italy, Provence, and Germany. It was discovered
with red and with purple flowers near the Rhine, and in many
parts of Italy and Switzerland ; and with white flowers in
Germany and in Austria. There are many varieties of this
species, to enumerate which would be as tedious as useless.
For the culture and propagation of this species, see the pre-
ceding species, No. 11. the detail respecting which, is equally
applicable to the proper management of both.

J3. Anemone Palmate'. Leaves heart-shaped, sublobate ;
calix six-leaved, coloured ; stem leafy; seeds tailed. The
petals, ten or more, are yellow without and orange within.
Found near the Tagus in Portugal.

14.. Anemone Sibirica. Stem one-flowered ; involucre leafy,
obtuse ; flower naked ; seeds tailless. Found in Siberia.

100

A N E

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A N E

15. Anemone Silvestris; Large White-flowered Wood Ane-
mone. Peduncle naked ; seeds rounded, shaggy, awnless ;
flower naked ; seeds tailless. The flower is large, and white,
with but little beauty ; yet there is in the flowers, especially
before they expand, a simple elegance, resembling the Snow-
drow, which forms a pleasing contrast to the more showy
ones of the garden. They appear in May, and produce seeds
in June, standing on the tops of the flower-stalks, which
sometimes grow two together, but generally single. It is a
native of many parts of Germany, and has been seen in Swe-
den, Alsace, and Siberia.

16. Anemone Fragifera. Peduncle naked ; seeds roundish,
woolly, awnless, tailless. Flowers naked, without smell, pale
purple, solitary, deciduous, hirsute. Native of Corinthia.

17. Anemone Virginiana ; Virginian Anemone. Peduncles
alternate, very long ; fruit cylindric ; seeds shaggy, awnless,
tailless ; flowers naked, and green like the calix, appearing
in May and June. Native of N. America.

18. Anemone Decapetala ; Ten-petalled Anemone. Stem
one-flowered ; flower ten-petalled ; leaves ternate, lobate,
radical. Flower naked, small, and white ; seed tailless.
It is found in Brazil.

19. Anemone Pennsylvanica ; Pennsylvanian Anemone.
Stem dichotomous ; leaves sessile, stem-clasping, the lowest
ternate, trifid, gashed. Flower naked ; seed tailless. Native
of Canada and Pennsylvania.

20. Anemone Dichotoma. Stem dichotomous, a foot high ;
leaves sessile, all opposite, stem-clasping, trifid, gashed.
Flower naked ; seed tailless ; root creeping far and wide ; co-
rollas purplish underneath. Native of Canada and Siberia.

21. Anemone Trifolia, Leaves ternate, ovate, entire, ser-
rate; stem one flowered. Flower naked ; seed tailless; co-
rolla six-petalled, and white. It flowers at the end of April.
Grows in the woods of France, Carniola, and Siberia.

22. Anemone Quinquefolia. Leaves quinate, oval, ser-
rate ; stem one-flowered ; flower naked ; seed tailless.
Native of Virginia and Canada.

23. Anemone Nemorosa; Wood Anemone. Seeds acute,
tailless ; leaflets gashed ; stem one-flowered ; flower naked.
Root perennial, creeping ; height of the plant five to ten inches ;
the usual colour of the flower white. It grows in woods
among bushes, in hedges, sometimes in pastures, of most parts
of Europe. It almost covers the ground with its flowers in
some of the woods of England during March, April, and May.
Jn fine clear weather the blossoms are expanded, and become
so erect as to face the sun ; but in wet weather, and in the even-
ing, they are closed and bang down. As the paper in which
dried specimens of this plant had been preserved was stained
brown, it might probably be useful as a dye. It is acrid, and
slightly poisonous. Linneus informs us, that cattle brought
frem open to woody pastures, and eating of this plant, have
afterwards had the bloody flux, and voided bloody urine.
When the flowers become double, the Wood Anemone is cul-
tivated by the gardeners ; and, were the same pains taken
with it as with the foreign Anemones, it would in all proba-
bility be much improved in the eye of the florist. This plant
is also called the Wind Flower. The juice snuffed up the nose,
or the root held in the mouth, excites a discharge of cold
watery humours from the head and parts adjacent. The
leaves bruised, and applied to ulcers and running sores,
cleanse, and dispose them to heal. Some authors recommend
it in suppressions of the menses; but it is too acrid in its nature
for internal use, and might prove fatal in unskilful hands.
The roots may be taken up when the leaves decay, and trans-
planted into wildernesses, where they will greatly increase if
not disturbed ; and in the spring, before the leafing of the
trees, the ground will be covered with their flowers.

24. Anemone Apennina ; Mountain Wood Anemone,
Seeds acute, tailless ; leaflets gashed ; petals lanceolate,
numerous, from 12 to 15, disposed in three rows : flowers
naked, upright, of a pale blue colour, and sweet smell. This
flowers at the same time as the Wood Anemone (No. 23.) i\m!
makes a fine variety when intermixed with it. Double flowers
of both sorts have been obtained from seeds. Native of the
Appennines, near Rome ; and of Wimbledon, near Harrow
on the Hill, in a wood by Luton Hoe, Bedfordshire, and near
Berkhamstead. in Hertfordshire. It may be propagated by
offsets from the root, and will flourish in almost any situa-
tion, but loves a light loamy soil.

25. Anemone Ranunculoides ; Yellow Wood Anemone.
Seeds acute, tailless ; leaflets gashed : petals roundish ; stem
mostly one-flowered ; flower naked. This has a yellow
corolla; and grows wild in nlmost all parts of the European
continent. In Great Britain it has been found near King's
Langley in Herts, and near Wrotham in Kent.

26. Anemone Narcisslflora ; Narcissus-flowered Anemone.
Flowers umbelled; seeds oval, depressed, naked, tailless.
Flowers white within, reddish without, forming a salver-
shaped corolla. It grows wild on the mountains of Austria,
Switzerland, and Siberia.

27. Anemone Fasciculata. Flowers umbelled, collected,
naked ; leaves multifid ; seeds tailless. Found in the moun-
tains near the Baikal lake ; first observed in the Levant.

28. Anemone Thalictroides ; Meadow Rue-leaved Ane-
mone. Flowers umbelled, naked ; stem-leaves simple, ver-
ticillate ; radical leaves biternate ; seeds tailless. The
corolla is white ; and it is a wild native of Virginia and
Canada.

Anethum; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal and par-
tial manifold ; involucre neither universal nor partial ; pe-
rianth proper obsolete. Corolla: universal uniform ; flos-
cules all fertile, proper; petals five, involute, entire, very
short. Stamina: filamenta capillary ; antherae roundish.
Pistil: germen inferior; styles approximating, obsolete; stig-
mas obtuse. Pericarp : none ; fruit subovate, compressed,
striated, bipartite. Seeds: two, subovate, margined, con-
vex, and striated on one side, flat on the other. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Fruit : subovate, compressed, striated. Pe-
tals : involuted, entire. The species are,

1. Anethum Graveolens ; Common Dill. Fruit com-
pressed. Dill differs from Fennel, which it otherwise greatly
resembles, in having an annual root, and a smaller and lower
stem ; the umbel of flowers yellow, but smaller than those of
Fennel. It has a peculiarly strong and aromatic smell. The
cruised herb is anodyne and resolvent; and the seeds being
aromatic, and containing an ethereal oil, are used in flatu-
:encies, for which purpose they rub the bellies of children
with the oil prepared by infusion ; the essential oil is also
jood for the colic. The seeds given in doses of a drachm,
disperse wind in the stomach, help digestion, and cure the
colic : they likewise operate by urine, and are said to be
an infallible cure for the chincough, but probably with-
out foundation. Culpeper says, that the seeds being roasted
or fried, and used in oils or plaisters, dissolve imposthumes
and dry up all moist ulcers. The decoction, whether of
herb or seed, which must be first bruised, he also pre-
scribes as a " gallant expeller of wind, and provoker f
he terms." A distilled water, drawn off to the quantity of
a gallon from a pound of seeds, was ordered in the London
Pharmacopojia ; and occasionally made the basis of carmina-
tive draughts and juleps, having a more agreeable flavour
than the seeds themselves. Together with this water arises a
considerable quantity of essential oil, which is given from one

A N E

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A-N.

to three or four drops, or more, as a carminative, and in
hiccoughs. It grows wild among the corn in Spain and
Portugal, and also upon the coast of Italy. This plant is
propagated by sowing the seeds soon after they are ripe, in
autumn, in a light soil, where they are to remain, allowing
them eight or ten inches room to grow. When they appear,
hoe them in the same manner as onions, leaving them every
way eight or ten inches asunder, and clearing them from
weeds. When the seeds begin to form, cut up those in-
tended to put into the pickle for Cucumbers, leaving those
that are for seed till ripe ; when you must rut, and spread
them upon a cloth to dry ; and then beat out for use. If
the seeds be suffered to fall upon the ground, the plants
will appear in the spring without any further care.

2. Anethum Segetum. Three stem leaves ; fruits oval ;
corolla ttosculous, yellow. Annual. Native of Portugal.

3. Anethum Foenieulum ; Fennel, or Finckle. Of this
there are three varieties, viz. FoaniculumVulgare, or Common
Fennel; which has a strong fleshy root, penetrating deep
into the ground, and continuing many years. Foenieulum
Dulce, or Sweet Fennel ; and Fceniculum Azoricum ;
A/orian Fennel, or Finochio. Fruits of both the species and
varieties ovate. The first, or Common Fennel, flowers in July,
and ripens seed in autumn, and though not a native of Eng-
land, but of Germany, Spain, Italy, Madeira, and China, has
sown itself so plentifully in many places where it has been
introduced, that it is now become common upon our chalky
cliffs, near Gravesend, and other parts of Kent; in Sussex;
near Marazion in Cornwall ; and inland, near Nottingham
castle, Spetchly in Worcestershire, and Burwell in Cam-
bridgeshire. Sweet Fennel ; the leaves of which are very
long and slender ; the stalks shorter than those of the com-
mon sort ; and the seeds longer and of a lighter colour.
The seeds are imported from Germany and Italy, and are
by some preferred to the common sort, being much sweeter.
The tender buds of Fennel are eaten in salads, and the
boiled leaves as a aauce to fish, and also raw with pickled
fish. In Spain, they are cut up with olives and pickled pork.
The seeds of Common Fennel are warmer than those of the
Sweet Fennel, but less sweet, and not of so grateful a flavour.
There is the same difference in the preparations from them :
the spirituous tincture of Sweet Fennel is yellowish ; of the
common, greenish. The distilled leaves impregnate water witli
a grateful flavour, and yield a considerable portion of essential
oil. An extract made from them by rectified spirit is by no
means a despicable aromatic. The essential oil procured from
the seeds expels wind, and increases the urinary evacuation,
but is not of a heating nature. The roots taken up early in
the spring have a pleasant sweetish taste, with a slight aromatic
wamith, and are ranked among aperient roots. Hill recom-
mends a decoction of it made with common water, when
given in large quantities, as operating by urine, and relieving
the gravel and jaundice. Meyriek says, a strong decoction of
the root is a good medicine in the jaundice, dropsy, and all
other disorders arising from obstructions of the viscera. The
seeds reduced to powder, and taken every morning fasting,
arc said to preserve the sight from decaying, and to restore
it \vhcn impaired. A decoction of them is good in the small
pox and measles ; it likewise relieves shortness of breath, and
other complaints of the lungs, and promotes urine and the
menses. The seeds applied externally in poultices, are found
to be useful in dispersing hard swellings in any part of the
body. Culpeper remarks, that Fennel is boiled with fish to
correct the phlegmatic tendency of that kind of food, though
few persons know why they use it, as it is a very ancient
custom. He recommends the leaves or seeds to be boiled in

VOL. i. 9.

barley-water, and drank, as good to increase the quantity and
improve the quality of nurses' milk; also, when boiled in water,
for the hiccough, and heat of the stomach and loathing; and
boiled in wine, as an antidote for those who have eaten poison<-
ous herbs or mushrooms. A pound of Sweet Fennel seed
impregnates a gallon of water strongly with their flavour, in
distillation. A great quantity of mild, sweetish, and yellowish
essential oil, like that of Aniseeds, floats on the surface of the
water, and, like it, also congeals by a slight cold into a white
mass like butter. These seeds also contain a considerable
quantity of expressed oil, which is extracted by digestion in
rectified spirit, along with the aromatic matter of the Fennel,
but rises to the surfaceupon inspissating the filtered tincture;
the concentrated extract retains much of the greatest part of
both taste and smell. The best time to sow the seeds of
Fennel is soon after they are ripe ; the plants will come up
in autumn or the following spring, and, as they will grow in
any situation, only require to be thinned when too close, and
kept free from weeds. The third variety, or Finochio, though
a favourite salad herb of Italy, is not much liked, and there-
fore little cultivated in England, where it seldom survives
the cold of winter. It has very short stalks, swelling just
above the surface of the ground, to four or five inches broad',
and two inches thick, which being tender and: fleshy, is eaten,
when blanched, with oil, vinegar, and pepper, as a cold s.-i UuJ
The seeds are narrow, crooked, and of a bright yellow colour,
with a strong smell like Aniseed, and a very sweet taste.
They should be sown in light rich earth early in March,
and will be fit for use in July. Sow the seeds about two
inches apart, in shallow drills eighteen inches asunder, Aa
soon as the plants appear, remove the weeds with a hoe, and'
thin them occasionally until they are at least seven or eight
inches asunder. When the plants begin to swell in the stem
above the surface of the ground, they must be earthed up like
Celery to blanch, which will make them very crisp and tender.
You may sow successive crops until July, after which it will
be too late for them to come to perfection. In case of sharp
frosts in autumn, they may be covered with pease-haulm,
which will screen them from the cold, and preserve them
for winter use. A small bed will suffice for a moderate
family ; but it will require a bed twenty feet long and four
broad to supply a large one.

Angelica, ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENKHIC CHARACTER. Caliv : universal, umbel manifold,
roundish ; partial when flowering exactly globular ; univer-
sal involucre three or five leaved, small ; partial eight-
leaved, small ; proper, perianth, five-toothed, scarcely ob-
servable. Corolla: universal uniform ; floscules all fertile ;
partial, petals five, equal, lanceolate, fiattish, incurved, cadu-
cous. Stamina ; filamenta simple, longer than the corolla ;
anthers simple. Pistil: germen inferior; styles reflex ; stig-
mas obtuse. Pericarp: none; fruit roundish, angular, solid,
bipartite. Seeds: two, ovate, flat on one side, and margined,
convex on the other, scored with three lines. ESSENTIAI*.
CHARACTER. Fruit: roundish, angular, solid, with reflex
styles. Corolla: equal, with petals bent inwards. Every
species of this genus may be increased by seed ; they are
all hardy biennial or perennial plants. The species are,

1. Angelica Archangel! ca ; Garden Angelica. The odd
leaflet of the leaves lobed. Root thick, branched, very long
brown on the outside, white within. The stalks of this plant
were formerly blanched and eaten as celery. The Norwegians
make bread of the roots ; and the young shoots are greatly
esteemed by the Laplanders. In gardens near London,
through which small streams of water run, great quantities
of this plant are propagated, the tender stalks of which are
2D

A N G

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

ANN

cut iii May for the confectioners, who have a great demand for
it as a sweetmeat. The roots once formed one of the principal
aromatics of European growth, though little regarded at
present ; the other parts of the plant have the same flavour,
but their active principles are far more perishable. Though
. the seeds, which come nearest to the roots, can scarcely be
' kept till the spring after they are gathered, they are the
only part of the plant ordered by the London College, and
that only in compound spirit of Aniseed. Of this plant, Hill
says, every part is fragrant, when bruised, and every part
is used in medicine ; but the roots and seeds possess the
highest degree. They are cordial, sudorific, and stomachic,
and of great efficacy in pestilential disorders, and contagions
of every kind, in all cold flatulent complaints, and seldom
fail of removing the ague, if taken three or four times re-
peatedly on the approach of the fit. A scruple of the dried
root in powder, or ten grains of the seed, is a moderate dose.
The roots and stalks are sometimes candied, and are then
more palatable, and equally efficacious. The root is long
and large ; that of our own growth is used fresh, but the
fine fragrant dried roots are brought from Spain. The whole
plant possesses the same virtues, and is cordial and soporific ;
it has always been famous against pestilential and contagious
diseases. The root, the stalks candied, the seeds bruised,
; or the water distilled from the leaves, may be used ; but the
seeds are the most powerful, and they are also an ingredient
in many compositions. Culpeper prescribes also a water
distilled in a glass from the root steeped in wine, as more
effectual than the water of the leaves, and, in two or three
spoonfuls at a time, to ease all pains produced by cold or
wind, if the body be not costive ; and taken with some of the
root in: powder, for the pleurisy and all other diseases of the
lungs and breast, such as coughs, phthisic, and shortness
of breath, for which he remarks, that a syrup of the stalks
will be found equally good. This plant flowers with us from
June till August, and delights in a moist soil. To propagate
it, sow the seeds soon after they are ripe ; when they are six
inches high, transplant them three feet asunder upon the
sides of ditches or pools of water, where they will not fail
to thrive. The second year they will flower ; and if you
wish to continue the root, the stems must be cut down in
May, which will occasion their putting out heads from the
sides of the roots, whereby they may be continued for three
or four years ; but if they come to seed, they will perish
soon after. Where they are cultivated for the seeds, there
should be fresh plantations every year. It is a native of the
northern parts of Europe.

2. 'Angelica Sylvestris ; Wild Angelica. Leaflets equal,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate. It has a smooth stem, six feet
high ; is perennial ; and very common in moist woods and
hedges ; and by the sides of rivers, flowering in July and
August. This herb yields a good yellow dye ; and may be
safely used as a medicine instead of the Garden Angelica :
but as it only possesses its virtues in an inferior degree, it
has been long neglected.

3. Angelica Verticillaris. Leaves very much divaricate ;
leaflets ovate, serrate ; stem verticelled with peduncles ;
iix feet high ; flowers green. A native of Italy and S'lesia.

4. Angelica Atropurpurea ; Purple Angelica. The outer-
most pair of leaves coadjoined ; the terminal leaf petioled.
Stem six feet high. A native of North America.

5. Angelica Lucida ; Shining Angelica. Leaflets equal,
ovate, gash-serrate. Stem from one to two feet high ; petals
of a dirty white or very pale yellow colour; seeds brown,
and of a hot aromatic flavour. It flowers in June, ripens
its seeds in August Native of Canada.

6. Angelica Razulii. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets lanceo-
late, serrate, decurrent. Stem three feet high ; corollas a
bright purple before they are unfolded, afterwards white.
Native of the Apennines and Piedmontese mountains.

Angelica Tree. See Aralia.

Anguina. See Calla and Tricosanthes.

Anguria ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Diandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Flowers. Calix: monophyl-
lous, quinquefid, swelling at the base ; divisions lanceolate,
short. Corolla : pentapetalous, spreading, growing to the
border of the calix. Stamina: filamenta two, opposite, in-
serted into the calix ; anthera creeping up and down. Fe-
male Flowers. Calix and Corolla, as in the male. Stamina .-
filamenta as in the male, but without anthera?. Pistil .- germen
inferior, oblong; style semibifid ; stigmas bifid, acute. Peri-
carp : a pome, oblong, quadrangular, bilocular. Seeds : very
many, oval, compressed, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Male. Calix: five-cleft. Corolla: five-petalled. Female:
Calix and Corolla ; as in the Male. Pome : inferior, two
celled, many seeded. The species are,

1. Anguria Trilobata. Leaves three-lobed. This plant
has a very shining appearance ; and is a native of Carthagena
in South America, flowering there in June.

2. Anguria Pedata. Leaves pedate, serrate. This is a
perennial plant, which climbs trees to the height of twenty
feet, by means of tendrils. The flowers, which are destitute of
smell, and have orange-coloured petals, appear in September,
and the fruit ripens in December. Native of St. Domingo.

3. Anguria Trifoliata. Leaves ternate, quite entire.
Native of St. Domingo.

Anise. See Illicium, Pimpinella, and Bubon.

Annona; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Polygy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix .- perianth three-leaved,
small ; leaflets cordate, concave", acuminate. Corolla . pe-
tals six, cordate, sessile ; the three alternate interior ones
less. Stamina ; filamenta scarcely any ; antherae very nume-
rous, placed on the receptacle. Pistil: germen roundish,
placed on a roundish receptacle ; styles none ; stigmas
obtuse, numerous, covering the whole germen. Pericarp :
a berry, very large, roundish, clothed with a scaly bark, one-
celled. Seeds : very many, hard, ovate-oblong, placed in
a ring, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: three-
leaved. Petals: six. Berry: many seeded, roundish, with a
scaly bark. These plants require a bark-stove and careful
management, plenty of air in warm weather, and to remain
constantly in the tan-bed. They have flowered, but never
t>orne fruit in England, where they are only preserved for the
beauty of their leaves. They have been known to reach the
height of twenty feet, but seldom exceed twelve or fourteen.
The earth in which they are planted should be light and rich,
and the tan-bed frequently turned over and refreshed, keep-
ng the stove in which these plants are placed at the Ananas'

de.it, as marked upon the botanical thermometers. The

species are,

1. Annona Muricata; Rough-fruited Custard Apple, or
Sour Sop. Leaves oval-lanceolate, smooth, acute ; fruits
muricate ; petals ovate, the interior ones obtuse, shorter.
This tree is twelve, fourteen, or twenty feet high, with an
upright trunk, and stiff, round, smooth branches ; the
(lowers coriaceous, yellow. It is common in every savanna
of Jamaica, flowering in spring. The large succulent fruit
is .agreeable to new comers, and over-heated habits ; but i
so commonly used by the negroes, that the richer sort of
people refuse it. The smell and taste of the fruit, flowers, and
whole plant, very much resemble those of black currants.

2. Annona Tripetala; Broad-leaved Custard Apple. I/eav*

ANT

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ANT

103

ovate, acute, pubescent, beneath ; flowers three-petalled ;
petals lanceolate, coriaceous, tomentose. A very large tree
in South America, producing a fruit highly esteemed by the
Peruvians for its delicacy : it is oblong, scaly on the out-
side, and of a dark purple colour when ripe ; the flesh is
soft and sweet, and has many brown, shining seeds inter-
mixed with it.

3. Annona Squamosa ; Undulated Custard Apple, or Sweet
Sop. Leaves oblong, acute, smooth ; fruits obtusely scaled ;
outer petals lanceolate, inner ones minute. A small tree,
of eight feet high ; flowers green without and whitish
within. A native of both Indies ; where the fruit, which
is sweet, is eaten.

4. Annona Reticulata; Netted Custard Apple. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth ; fruits ovate, reticulate-
areolate ; outer petals lanceolate, inner minute. This species
attains to the height of twenty-five feet or more, with
spreading branches. Native of both Indies : some say the
fruit is much esteemed, and others that it is seldom eaten.

5. Annona Hexapetala ; Long-leaved Custard Apple.
Leaves eliptic-oblong, acute, smooth ; petals spatulate,
equal, acute. Native of China, and cultivated in the East
Indies.

6. Annona Palustris; Shining-leaved Custard Apple. Leaves
oblong, rather obtuse, smooth ; fruits areolate. This tree
seldom exceeds six feet high ; grows wild in soft marshy
places of Jamaica. Its wood is so very soft, even after it is
dried, that it is frequently used instead of corks, and is
hence universally called Corkwood by the natives ; who also
call the fruit the Alligator Apple, which, though sweet-
scented and of no ill flavour, is not eaten, because it is said
to be a strong narcotic.

7. Annona Triloba; Triftd-fruited Custard Apple. Leaves
eliptic, acute, smooth ; flowers pendulous, campanulate ;
calices ovate ; petals many, oval. The fruit grows in clusters
of three or four together ; they are at first, green, and
when ripe yellow, with a pulp of a sweet luscious taste. Every
part of this tree has a rank, if not a fetid smell ; and the
fruit is relished by few except negroes. It grows in a fat
soil, and low shady swamps. It is a native of the Bahama

slands, also of Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia ; and the
seeds are frequently brought to England by the title of
Papaw Tree. It will thrive in warm situations in the air of
this country.

8. Annona Glabra ; Smooth Custard Apple. Leaves lan-
ceolate-ovate ; fruits conoid, smooth. This tree attains the
height of sixteen feet, and bears an insipid, sweet, eatable
fruit, which is the food of guanas and other creatures.
Native of North America.

9. Annona Asiatica ; Asiatic Custard Apple. Leaves lan-
ceolate, smooth, shining, marked with lines. Native of the
East Indies and of China ; where it is cultivated ; but the
fruit, which is an oblong conical berry, filled with a whitish,
sweet, eatable pulp, is inferior in flavour to the third sort.

10. Annona Africana ; African Custard Apple. Leaves
lanceolate, pubescent. Notwithstanding its name Africana,
it is said to be a native of America.

Anotta. See Biia.

Anserina. See Potentilla.

Anteuphorbium. See Cacalia.

Anthemis ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
gamia Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix .- common
hemispherical ; scales linear, subequal. Corolla ; compound
radiate ; corollules hermaphrodite, tubular, numerous, in a
convex disk ; females more than five in the ray. Proper
of the hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped, five-toothed, erect :

of the female, ligulate, lanceolate, sometimes three-toothed.
Stamina : in the hermaphrodites, filamenta five, capillary,
very short ; anthera cylindrical, tubular. Pistil : in the her-
maphrodites, germen oblong ; style filiform, the length of
the stamina; stigmas two, reflex: in the females, germen
oblong ; style filiform, the length of the hermaphrodite ;
stigmas two, revolute. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged.
Seeds: solitary, oblong ; down margined, or none. Recep-
tacle: chaffy, convex, or conical. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Receptacle: chaffy. Down: none. Calix: hemispherical,
nearly equal. Floscules of the ray ; more than five. Some
plants of this genus are annuals, others perennials, and all,
except the fifteenth and nineteenth species, are hardy enough
to bear the open air. They are propagated by seeds sown
upon poor land in the spring ; they flower in July ; and only
require to be weeded and kept well asunder, as they are

generally bushy, and require room. The species are,

* With a discolour, or white Ray.

1. Anthemis Cota. Chaffs of the flowers rigid, pungent.
The largest flower of this genus. An annual ; native of
ploughed fields in Italy and Spain.

2. Anthemis AHissima ; Tall Chamomile. Erect, with leaves
pinnate ; the bases of the pinnas rough, with a reflex tooth-
let. Annual ; growing wild in the south of France, Spain,
and Italy.

3. Anthemis Maritima ; Sea Chamomile. Leaves pinnate,
toothletted, fleshy, naked, dotted ; stem prostrate ; calices
rather tomentose. The flowers have the smell of Feverfew ;
they flourish in July and August. It grows wild about
Montpelier, in Italy, and in England.

' 4. Anthemis Tomentosa ; Downy Chamomile. Leaves pin -
natifid, obtuse, flat ; peduncles shaggy, leafy ; calices tomen-
tose. Native of the coasts of Greece, Italy, and France.

5. Anthemis Mixta; Simple-leaved Chamomile. Leaves
simple, jagged, toothed. An annual ; growing wild in Italy
and France.

6. Anthemis Alpina ; Alpine Chamomile. Leaves tooth-
pinnate, quite entire, linear ; stem villose,. one flowered ;
petals ovate ; chaffs sphacelate. Perennial ; native of Italy.

7. Anthemis Chia ; Cut-leaved Chamomile. Leaves pin-
natifid, jagged; peduncles naked, subvillose. Seen by
Tournefort in the isle of Chios.

8. Anthemis Nobilis; Common or Sweet Chamomile. Leaves
pinnate-compound, linear, acute, subvillose. It abounds in
most of the dry commons of Surry, and in Cornwall, flower-
ing in July and August. The leaves and flowers have a
strong, but not ungrateful smell, with a very bitter nauseous
taste, especially the flowers, which are more aromatic than
the leaves. If they be carefully dried, the taste and smell
will not diminish, but improve. The single flowers only
should be kept, because the white florets of the ray, which
are multiplied in the double flowers, are almost tasteless ;
and yet double flowers are the only sort ever found in the
shops. An infusion of the flowers is often used as a stomachic
and antispasmodic, but in large quantities it excites vomit-
ing. Large doses of the powdered flowers have cured agues,,
even where the bark has failed. Both leaves and flowers
are very useful in antiseptic fomentations and poultices.
From their antispasmodic powers, they are frequently found
to relieve pain, whether internally or externally applied.
The decoction is used for clysters, as well as in fomenta-
tions ; which, with poultices made of the flowers, often
prove beneficial in putrid sore throats. Independently of its
general virtues as a bitter, it is good in different kinds of
colic, particularly such as arise from flatulencies or cold. It
is also recommended in hysterical and hypochondriacal ilis-

104

ANT

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ANT

orders, in the gravel, and intermittent fevers. The dose 01
the dried flowers in substance is from ten or twelve grains to
half a drachm, or more ; in tea, two or three drachms. The
expressed juice is an excellent remedy for the strangury,
asthma, jaundice, and dropsy ; and the flowers are much
used, in conjunction with other ingredients of a similar nature,
to promote perspiration. Culpeper says, that bathing with
a decoction of Chamomile removes weariness and eases pain,
to whatever part of the body it is applied ; and that the
flowers boiled in posset-drinks provokes sweating, and bring-
ethdown women's courses. Syrup of the juice of Chamomile,
with flowers of white wine, he also recommends for the
jaundice and dropsy ; and a decoction of the flowers in lee,
us good to wash the head in disorders of the brain. This
plant may be increased by planting slips a foot asunder in
the spring ; as it is hardy, it will soon cover the ground ;
and the gardener would do well to prefer the single-flowered
kind, for the reasons above given.

9. Anthemis Arvensis ; Corn Chamomile. Receptacles
conic; chaffs bristle-shaped ; seeds crown-margined ; leaves
thinly downed. Biennial. It flowers in June and July, and
is a common weed amongst corn in most parts of Europe.

10. Athemis Austriaca ; Austrian Cltamomile. Recep-
tacles conic ; chaffs oblong, mucronate ; seeds naked ; leaves
bipinnate, woolly-villose. Root annual. It has a bitter taste ;
flowers the whole summer. Found by way-sides, in corn-
fields, and sometimes covering fallow grounds in Austria.

11. Anthemis Cotula ; Stinking Chamomile, or Mayweed.
Receptacles conic ; chaffs bristly ; seeds naked ; leaves
smooth. Stems much branched, smooth ; leaves light green ;
hipinnalifld ; disk of the flower convex, yellow ; florets
white. An annual plant, the whole of which is fetid, and so
acrid as to blister the skin of those who handle it. Loeselius
avers, that it drives away fleas, is offensive to bees, and is
given as a medicine to sheep troubled with the asthma. An
infusion of the root is good in hysteric disorders, and pro-
motes the menses. The herb boiled till it becomes soft, and
then applied by way of poultice, is an o\ec!lont thing for the
piles. Mr. Ray says, it has been beneficially administered
in scropbulous cases. It is a common weed, flowering from
May to August, and abounding by way-sides, on dung-hills,
and i. v corn-fields ; and farmers are little aware of the vast
fortility of this and some other weeds, which they first suffer
to exhaust their dunghills, and afterwards to be distributed
with them over their fields.

12. Anthemis Pyrethruiu ; Spanuk Chamomile, or Pelli-
tory of Spain. Stems simple, one-flowered, decumbent ;
leaves pinnate-multifid. Rout perennial, as big as a man's
linger, the colour of horse-radish, white within, of an acrid
biting taste. Flower large, the florets of the ray purple on
the outside. Lewis says, the roots having a hot pungent taste
when chewed in the mouth, by stimulating the salivul ;!
promote a flow of viscid humours from the head and the
adjacent parts, and frequently by tiiis means relie\ e the tooth-
urh, head-ach, lethargy, and palsy of the tongue. It is
also successfully giseu in small doses for paral) tu and rl.i-u-
matic complaints. In palsies, its stimulation alone will
sometimes restore the voice. According to Culpeper, ;in
ounce of the juice taken in a draught of Museailel tin hour
before the fit of the ague comes on, will remove it at the
-.com] or third time of taking it ; and the powder of the
Iwrb, snuffed up the nostrils, removes the head-ac'n by ex-
citing snee/.iitg. It is a native of the Levant, and southern
parts of Europe.

** WMt, a concolour, or yellow Ktii/.

13. Anthcmi* Valentino; Purple-stalked Chuinomile. Stem

branching ; leaves pubescent, tripinnate, bristle-shaped ;
calices villose, peduncled. It grows naturally in tpai:i,
Portugal, and Provence; and is supposed to be the same
which Dioscorides recommends as good for the jaundice, and
to restore the skin to a good colour. This plant may be
easily increased by sowing the seeds upon a bed of common
earth in spring, and transplanting them three feet asunder,
when they are strong enough to remove. Some of the
flowers are white, some sulphur-coloured, and some of a deep
yellow; and in large open spots they form a pleasins: variety
from June till November, which is the time they continue to
flower. The Levant seeds produce the tallest plants and
largest flowers.

14. Anthemis Repanda; Rcpa.nd-lf.aved Chamomile. Leaves
simple, ovate-lanceolate, repand-crenate. Native of Spain
and Portugal.

15. Anthemis Trinervia ; Three nerve-leaved Chamomile.
Leaves ovate, serrate, three-nerved, opposite, petiolate ;
receptacle conic. Found in South America,

16. Anthemis Americana ; American Chamomile. Leaves
triternate ; peduncles terminal, longer than the branch.
Native of America.

17. Anthemis Tinctoria ; Yellow Chamomile, or Ox-eye.
Leaves bipinnate, serrate, tomentose underneath ; stem co-
rymbed. A native of dry open pastures in Germany and
Sweden ; and Mr. Ray found it near the river Jaco in Dur-
ham. Linneus says, it is much used in Gothland for dying
yellow. A decoction of the fresh herb with ale, is given us
a remedy for the jaundice ; it operates by urine.

18. Anthemis Arabica ; Arabian Chamomile. Stem decom-
pound ; calices branch-bearing. Root annual. A native of
Arabia. Its flavour is bitter and aromatic, but far weaker
than Common Chamomile. It is an ornamental plant, and
merits a place among hardy annuals. Its flavour is bitter
and aromatic, but far weaker than the officinal Chamomile.
Unless the seeds be sown in autumn they will seldom be
reproduced in perfection in England.

19. Anthemis Odorata ; Shrubby Chamomile. Leaves pin -
natifid at the tip ; peduncles elongate ; calices membrana-
ceous; ray barren. Native of the Cape ; flowering in April.

Anlhericvm ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
;rynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla: pe-
tals six, oblong, obtuse, spreading very much. Stamina :
filamenta subulate, erect ; anthers small, incumbent, four-
furrowed. Pistil: germen obscurely three-cornered ; style
simple, the length of the stamina ; stigma obtuse, three-cor-
nered. Pericarp : capsule ovate, smooth, three-furrowed,
three-celled, thrce-valved. Seeds: numerous, angular. ES-
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-petalled, expanding.
<'ti)iule: ovate. All the plants of this genus, except the 17th
species, are perennial, and may be increased by offsets or
su(.k'ers, taken off during the summer or autumn ; and those
\\liich do not throw out these freely, by seeds sown in the
pring or autumn, on a bed of light sandy earth in a warm
situation. They require covering with straw or pease haulm
n severe weather, and will last several years if not destroyed
jy frost. The species are,

1. AnMiericum Floribundum ; Thick-spiked Antherirum.
Leaves" flat, smooth, linear-lanceolate, unite, channelled ;
scape simple ; raceme many-Howcrcd, cylimlric, compact ;
irtals spreading, stamina smooth. Native of the Cape ;
lowering in March and April.

i. Anthericum Serotinum. Leaves flatfish ; scape one-
iloweredj tilameiHagenerully smooth. A vernal plant, which
ippcars in Switzerland and on Snowdeu in Wales, after the
melting of the snows, and flowering in April and May.

ANT

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A N T

106

3. Anthericum Gracum. Leaves flat, channelled ; scape
iimple; flowers corymbed ; filamenta woolly. Native of
the Levant.

4. Anthericum Planifoliuin. Leaves flat, channelled;
scape and tilaineuta woolly. Native of Portugal, where it
llowers in April.

5. Anthericum Revolutum ; Curled-flowered Anthericum.
leaves flat, channelled ; scape branched ; corollas revolute ;
tilaineuta generally smooth. Native of the Cape.

6. Anthericum Ramosum ; Branching Anthericum. Leaves
linear-subulate, flat, channelled ; scape branched; peduncles
solitary; corollas fl:it ; pistilla straight; filamenta generally
smooth. The flowers, which are generally white, watch from
seven in the morning to three or four in the afternoon. Na-
tive of Sweden, France, Switzerland, and Austria.

7. Anthericum Elatum; Tall Anthericum. Leaves flat,
channelled ; scape branched ; peduncles aggregate ; corollas
flat ; filamenta generally smooth. Flowers in a loose spike
white, and handsome when fully blown ; they appear in
August and September It is a native of the Cape.

8. Anthericum Triflorum ; Three-flowered Anthericum.
Leaves channelled, sword-shaped ; scape simple ; bractes
remote, three flowered ; filamenta generally smooth. It
flowers in November, and is a native of the Cape.

9. Anthericum Canuliculatum ; Channelled Anthericum.
Leaves rather fleshy, hairy, sword-shaped, triquetrous, chan-
nelled on the narrow side ; scape simple ; filamenta gene-
rally smooth. It flowers in April. Native of the Cape.

10. Anthericum Albucoides ; Striped-flowered Anthericum.
Leaves linear, channelled, smooth, with a cartilaginous
edge; scape simple; filamenta generally smooth. It flowers
in August. Native of the Cape.

11. Anthericum Liliago; Grass-leaved Anthericum. Leaves
flat, channelled ; scape perfectly simple ; corollas flat ; pistil
bending down ; filamenta generally smooth. Native of
Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and Denmark.

12. Anthericum Liliastrum ; Savoy Anthericum, or Spider-
wort. Leaves flat, channelled ; scape perfectly simple ; co-
rollas bell-shaped ; stamina bending down ; filamenta gene-
rally smooth. There are two varieties of this plant. It
grows wild upon the mountains of Switzerland and Savoy.

13. Anthericum Spirale. Scape spiral ; filamenta gene-
rally smooth. A leafless native of the Cape.

14. Anthericum Frutescens ; Shrubby Anthericum. Leaves
fleshy, columnar; stem shrubby; filamenta bearded. Na-
tive of the Cape.

15. Anthericum Alooides ; Aloe-leaved Anthericum. Leaves
fleshy, subulate, flattish ; filamenta bearded. It grows close
to the ground. Native of the Cape.

16. Anthericum Asphodeloides ; Glaucous-leaved Antheri-
cum. Leaves fleshy, subulate, semicolumnar, upright and
stiff; filamenta bearded ; flowers yellow, growing on long
loose spikes. Native of the Cape.

17. Anthericum Annuuin ; Annual Anthericum. Leaves
fleshy, subulate, columnar ; scape subracemed ; filamenta
bearded; flowers yellow. It is found at the Cape.

18. Anthericum Hispidum ; Hairy-leaved Anthericum.
Leaves fleshy, compressed, hispid ; filamenta Uearded ;
flowers white ; anthera yellow. A native of the Cape.

>. Anthericum Ossifragum ; Lancashire Anthericum, or
Asphodel. Leaves sword - shaped ; filamenta woolly. It grows
wild on the bogs of the northern countries of Europe ; and in
Lancashire, and other northern counties ; in Cambridgeshire,
in Norfolk, on Putney heath ; flowering in July and August.
_ 20. Anthericum Caliculatum. Leaves sword-shaped j pe-
rianths three-lobed; filamenta smooth ; flowers three-pis-
TOL. I. 9.

tilled. Grows wild in Lapland, Sweden, 'Denmark, Siberitt,
Switzerland, and in several places in Scotland.

21. Anthericum Japonicum. Leaves sword-shaped, con
volute, smooth ; scape branching, angled ; flowers racemed,
nodding. Native of Japan, China, and Java.

22. Anthericum Filiforme ; Thread-leaved Anthericum.
Leaves filiform, rather cylindric, rough ; filamenta smooth ;
petals lanceolate : perennial. It flowers in April.

23. Anthericum Flexifolium. Leaves subulate, smooth,
flexuose ; stem branching.

24. Anthericum Muricatum. Leaves fleshy, compressed,
muricated, streaked.

25. Anthericum Latifolium. Leaves fleshy, wide, sword-
shaped, smooth; raceme very long; stem simple.

26. Anthericum Cauda-felis. Leaves channelled, sword-
shaped, scape simple ; raceme oblong.

27. Anthericum Triquetrum. Leaves filiform, triquetrous.,
shorter than the simple scape ; raceme ovate.

28. Anthericum Ciliatum. Leaves sword-shaped, fleshy,
sublriquetrous, ciliate; scape simple; raceme very long.

29. Anthericum Falcatum. Leaves fleshy, sword-shaped;,
sickled, smooth ; stem branching, racemed.

30. Anthericum Contortum. Leaves flat, sword-shaped;
stem branching; flowers very remote.

31. Anthericum Scabrum. Leaves triquetrous, serrulate;
stern branching, rugged ; fruit-bearing peduncles, recurved.

32. Anthericum Squameum. Scape imbricate, with mem-
branous tumid scales. The above species, from 22 to 31,
are all natives of the Cape.

33. Anthericum Cirratum. Leaves lanceolate, flattish :
scape panicled; leaves bearded, bicirrate. Native of New
Zealand.

34. Anthericum Adenanthera. Leaves linear, ensiform,
connate at the base ; a gland between the filament andanthcr.
Native of New Caledonia.

Anlhesteria ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Mo-
noecia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix-, glume four-valved,
three or four flowered ; valves equal, oblong, flat, blunt,
leathery, erect-expanding: hermaphrodite floscule, sessile ;
males pedicelled, very like the hermaphrodite. Corolla ;
glume two-valved ; valves lanceolate, acute, awnlcss, the outer
larger. Stamina : filamenta three, short, filiform ; antherae
oblong, erect. Pistil : in the hermaphrodite ; germen ob-
long, from the base a twisted awn; styles two; stigmas
club-shaped, hairy. Pericarp: none, except the closed calix.
Seed: oblong, smooth, marked with a furrow. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix : cleft at the base into four equal divi-
sions. There is only one species discovered, viz.

1. Anthesteria Ciliata. Root annual ; culms many, a foot
high, branched, jointed, smooth, nodding a little ; raceme
terminating, leafy, decompound, nodding.

Anthoceros-, a genus among the Algae, in the class Cryp-
togamia.

Antholyza ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: spathes two-valved,
alternate, imbricate, separating the flowers, permanent. Cft-
rolla : petal one, gradually dilated from the tube into a com-
pressed ringent throat ; upper lip straight, slender, very long
furnished with two short divisions at the base; under lip
shorter, trifid. Stamina: filamenta long, slender, under the
upper lip ; anthers acute. Pistil : germen inferior ; style
filiform, situation and length of the upper stamina ; stigma
trifid, capillary, reflex. Pericarp: capsule roundish, three-
cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds: many, triangu-
lar. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: tubular, irregular,
recurved. C..psu!e : inferior. Plants of this genus are propa-
2 E

106

ANT

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ANT

gated by offsets, which the bulbous roots send forth in great
plenty; or by seeds sown soon after they are ripe, in pots
of light earth, plunged into an old tan-bed which has lost
its heat, and is shaded during hot weather from the heat of
the day. They must be screened by glasses from the cold,
and may be kept two years in the pots, and may then be trans-
planted into small separate pots, placed during summer in
the open air, but in winter must go back to the hot-bed
frame. The flowers are ornamental ; and as the plants do
not require much culture, they deserve a place in every good
garden. The seeds are very seldom perfected in Europe ; and
every one of the species is a native of the Cape. They are,

1. Antholyza Ringens ; Narrow-leaved Antholyza. Lips
of the corolla divaricate ; throat compressed. The flower-
stem rises immediately from the root, two feet high, hairy,
with several flowers on each side, they are red, and appear
in June ; the seeds ripen in September.

2. Antholyza Plicata ; Plaited-leaved Antholyza. Leaves
plaited, stem branching, hirsute ; corolla ringent, shorter
than the stamina. The stamina are shorter in this than
those of the first species.

3. Antholyza Cunonia ; Scarlet-fowered Antholyza. Co-
rollas straight ; the two outer lobes of the five-parted lip
broader and ascending. This has a compressed bulbous
root somewhat like that of the corn-flag ; from which rises
the flower-stalk above a foot high, generally curved two
opposite ways, the upper part terminated by a spike of loose
rtowers, coming out of large spatbes, of a beautiful scarlet
colour, and flowering about the latter end of April or begin-
ning of May, and makes a fine appearance. Plant it in pots
of light earth, which may remain in the open air till October,
and must then be sheltered under a glass-case, or hot-bed
frame, where the leaves will grow throughout the winter, and
the stalks arise and flower in spring. Water them sparingly
once a week in winter, in spring oftener; and when the
flowers are past, remove them into the open air to perfect their
seeds ; these ripen at the latter end of June, the stalk then
decays, and remains inactive until September. As soon as
they decay, take them up, keep them in a dry room till the
end of August, and then plant them again. It may also be
easily increased by offsets, which require the same treat-
ment : both seeds and offsets should be planted in the mid-
dle of August, where they can enjoy the morning sun.

4. Antholyza ^Ethiopica ; Broad-leaved Antholyza. Co-
rollas incurvate ; the two alternate lobes of the five-parted
lip spreading, large, and lanceolate. Flowers scarlet, appear-
ing in May and June.

5. Antholyza Meriana ; Red-flowered Antholyza. Corollas
funnel-shaped ; leaves linear, sword-shaped. The flowers
have long tubes of a copper colour outside, and deep red
within, appearing in April and May.

6. Antholyza Merianella; Dwarf Antholyza. Corollas
funnel-shaped ; leaves linear. The flowers are of a pale red
and larger than those of the fifth species.

7- Antholyza Lucidior. Radical leaves, with filiform base,
broad-awled, furrowed at top ; stem simple, leafy, spiked.
Flowers oblong, a little bent, purple above, cut into six lan-
ceolate parts.

Anthosperivum ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order
Dioacia, or Dioccia Tctrandia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male
Calix: perianth one-leafed, conical, quadrilid beyond the
middle; divisions ovate-oblong, revolute, obtuse, a little,
coloured. Corolla: none, unless the calix be so termed.
Stamina: filamenta four, capillary, erect, the length of the
calix, inserted into the receptacle; anthera twin, oblong, four-
eornered, obtuse, erect. Female. Calix and Corolla : as in the

male. Pistil: germen inferior, ovate, four-cornered ; styles
two, recurved ; stigmas simple. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix: four-parted. Corolla: none. Stamina: four. Pis-
til:. two. Germen : inferior. Male and Female in the same,
or a distinct plant. These plants are propagated by cuttings
placed in a border of light earth, during any of the summer
months ; or if planted in pots, plunged into a very moderate
hot-bed, they will sooner take root, and be of surer growth
Afterward they should be taken up with a ball of earth to
their roots, and replanted in a pot of light sandy earth, and
exposed to the open air until October, but must then be re-
moved under shelter for the winter, during which they must
be sometimes watered, and have fresh air admitted. The
first and second sorts may be raised from layers. They
are all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

1. Anthospeimum Jithiopicum; Amber-tree. Leaves po-
lished. The beauty of this shrub consists in its small ever-
green leaves, which grow as close as heath, and emit a very
fragrant odour when bruised between the fingers.

2. Anthospermum Ciliare. Leaves ciliated along the keel
and edge ; root perennial and woody, much branched.

3. Anthospermum Herbaceum. Leaves six, polished; stem
herbaceous ; flowers axillary.

Anthoxanthum ; a genus of the class Diandria, order Digy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glume one-flowered,
two-valved ; valves ovate, acuminate, concave ; the inner one
larger. Corolla : glume one-flowered, two-valved, the length
of the greater valve in the calix ; each valve emitting an awn
from the lower part of the back, one of them jointed. Nec-
tary two-leaved, very slender, cylindric ; leaflets subovate,
embracing. Stamina : filamenta two, capillary, very long;
anthera oblong, forked at both ends. Pistil: germen oblong ;
styles two, filiform; stigmas simple. Pericarp: glume of the co~
rollagrows to the seed. Seed: one, pointed at both ends, round-
ish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: glume two-valved, one-
flowered. Corolla: glume two-valved acuminate. Seed. -one.
For the propagation and culture of this genus, see Grass.

1 . Anthoxanthum Odoratum ; Sweet Vernal Grass. Spike
oblong-ovate ; flowers longer than the awn, on short pedun-
cles. Root perennial, odorous ; colourof the spike pale yellow.
This is the Grass which gives that delightful sweetness of
scent to new-mown hay, from which it has derived its specific
name Odoratum,stcee<-:ented;from the earliness of its flower-
ing, it has obtained the other English name of Vernal or Spring
Grass. It will grow on any soil, but prefers that which is mo-
derately dry, having, according to some, a great tendency to
curl its leaves in rich ground. It is common in pastures and
also in woods, and in the middle of May is in full bloom ; the
seed, which is never very abundant, ripens in June, and sepa-
rates easily when rubbed. Cattle of all sorts are fond of it,
and in good meadows it grows to a considerable height, form-
ing a thick tuft of tender succulent leaves at the bottom,
though in point of crop it is not so productive as some other
(inisses. As the best mutton comes from places where it
abounds, it is probably a good Grass for sheep pastures;
especially as it is found on all grounds, from the driest and
sandiest to the most stiff and moist, and even in bogs. It is
very easy to gather, and abounds plentifully in the best mea-
dows about Hampstead and Hendon, near London. It retains
its odour for a long time ; and Bocc-one says, that a distilled
water is prepared from it, as the vehicle of some perfumes.

2. Anthoxanthum Indicum. Spike linear ; flowers ses-
sile, shorter than the awn. Native of the East Indies.

3. Anthoxanthum Crinitum. Culm high, smooth; pa-
nicle spike-form, cylindrical, awned, the awns long, spread-
ing, loose. Native of New Zealand.

ANT

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ANT

107

Anthyllis; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decau-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER, Calix .- perianth one-leafed,
ovate-oblong, swelling, villose ; the mouth five-toothed, un-
equal, permanent. Corolla : papilionaceous ; banner longer
than the wings; the sides reflex ; claw the length of the calix;
wings oblong, shorter than the banner; keel compressed, the
length of the wings. Stamina : filamenta connate, rising ;
anthera? simple. Pistil : gennen oblong ; style simple,
ascending ; stigma obtuse. Pericarp : legume roundish,
concealed within the calix, very small, bivalve. Seeds: one
or two. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: swelling. Legume:
roundish, concealed. The species are,

1. Anthyllis Tetraphylla ; Four-leaved Anthyllis, or Kid-
ney-Vetch. Leaves pinnate, with four lobes ; flowers lateral.
An annual plant with trailing branches ; leaves by fours, at each
joint ; flowers in clusters on the sides of the stalks. The
flowers yellow, appearing in July, and producing seeds in
September. Native of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and
Sicily, where it is a weed in arable land.

2. Anthyllis Vulneraria; Common Ladies' Finger, or Kid-
ney-Vetch. Leaves pinnate, unequal ; head double. There
are several varieties, with red, white, and yellow flowers.
Native of most parts of Europe, and flowers from May to
July. This and the following species may be propagated by
seed sown either in autumn or spring.

3. Anthyllis Montana; Mountain Anthyllis, or Kidney-
Vetch. Leaves pinnate, equal ; head terminal, one-ranked ;
flowers oblique. Both this and the preceding species are
found wild in several parts of Europe ; in Pembrokeshire,
and Anglesea in Wales, and in the Isle of Man. They abound
greatly in the best meadows of the Pyrenees ; and are recom-
mended as an excellent pasture for sheep.

4. Anthyllis Cornicina. Leaves pinnate, unequal ; heads
solitary. Native of Spain.

5. Anthyllis Lotoides. Leaves three-parted ; calices pris-
matic, fascicled, the length of the legumes. Native of Spain.

6. Anthyllis Gerardi. Leaves pinnate, unequal; pedun-
cles lateral, longer than the leaf; heads leafless. Annual.
It grows wild upon the sea-shores of Provence.

7. Anthyllis Quinqueflora ; five-flowered Anthyllis. Leaves
ternate, linear ; head five-flowered ; corollas yellow. A
native of the Cape.

8. Anthyllis Involucrata. Sub-herbaceous : leaves ter-
nate, petiolate, stipuled, sword-shaped ; flowers in a head,
yellow. A native of the Cape.

9. Anthyllis Linifolia. Leaves ternate, sessile, sword-
shaped ; flowers in a head, yellow, shrubby, eight feet high.

10. Anthyllis Barba Jovis ; Silvery Anthyllis, or Jupiter's
Beard. Leaves pinnate, equal, tomentose; flowers in ahead.
This is sometimes called Siloer Bush, from the whiteness of
Us leaves. It is a shrub, often growing ten or twelve feet
high, with flowers of a bright yellew colour, appearing in
June. Native of the south of France, Spain, Portugal, Italy,
and the East. It may be propagated either by seeds or cut-
tings, sown or planted in pots "filled with light earth, and
placed under a frame to protect them from the winter's frost.
They may be planted during any of the summer months.

11. Anthyllis Heterophylla. Leaves pinnate, the floral
leaves ternate. A small shrub, bearing minute flowers in
pairs. Grows naturally in Portugal and Spain.

12. Anthyllis Visciflora. Leaves digitate-pinnate ; calices
shaggy ; corolla yellow. Seen at the Cape.

13. Anthyllis Cytisoides ; Downy -leaved Anthyllis. Leaves
ternate, unequal ; calices coolly, lateral ; corolla yellow.
It is a low shrub, and a native of Spain, &c.

1,4. Anthyllis Hermanniae; Lavender-leaved Anthyllis.

Leaves ternate, sub-peduncled; calices naked. Six feet
high ; a native of Greece, Crete, and Palestine; and may be
propagated by cutting in the same manner as the tenth spe-
cies. It was formerly in several English gardens, but the
severe frost of 1739-40 destroyed most of them.

15. Anthyllis Erinacea; Prickly Anthyllis. ^Spinose;
leaves simple. Grows nine feet high ; native of Portugal
and Spain. It is propagated by seeds only, and will survive
mild winters in the open air, but hard frosts destroy it.

16. Anthyllis Tragacanthoides. Shrubby : leaves pinnate,
equal, tomentose; petioles spinescent; flowers in racemes,
purple. Native of Mount Lebanon.

17. Anthyllis Indica. Shrubby: leaves pinnate, equal,
smooth ; racemes oblong, subterminating; corolla white.
Native of the Cochin-chinese mountains.

Antichorus ; a genus of the class Octandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved,
very mucli expanded ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, deci-
duous. Corolla : petals four, obovate, obtuse, the length of
the calix. Stamina : filamenta setaceous, erect, shorter
than the corolla; anthera roundish. Pistil: gennen supe-
rior, ovate; style cylindric, the length of the stamina; stigma
obtuse. Pericarp: capsule subulate, four- celled, four-valved.
Seeds : very many, truncate, placed over each other in four
rows. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: four-leaved. Petals:
four. Capsule: superior, subulate, four-celled, four-valved.
Seeds: very many. There is but one species.

1. Antichorus Depressus. It resembles the Corchorus ;
and is a small procumbent annual plant, with alternate
branches, bearing yellow-flowers. Native of Arabia.

Anlidesma; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : perianth five-
leaved ; leaflets oblongish, concave. Corolla : none. Sta-
mina : filamenta five, capillary, longer than the calix, equal ;
anthera; roundish, semibifid. Female. Calix: as in the male,
permanent. Corolla : none. Pistil : germen superior, ovate ;
style none; stigmas five, obtuse, Pericarp: drupe roundish,
one-celled, crowned with the stigmas, and having a furrowed
shell. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix: five-leaved.
Corolla : none. Anthera : semibifid. Female. Calix : five-
leaved. Corolla : none. Stig)nas : five. Berry : cylindric,
one-seeded. The species are,

1. Antidesma Alexiteria. This is a middle-sized tree, the
bark of which is used for making ropes. A decoction of the
leaves is reputed to be an antidote against the bite of serpents.
It is a common evergreen in Malabar, where the fruit,
which it continues to bear to the age of seventy years, is
much esteemed for its pleasant cooling qualities.

2. Antidesma Acida. Leaves obovate ; spikes solitary.
Native of the East Indies.

3. Antidesma Scandens. Leaves palmate, serrate; stem
climbing, without tendrils. Native of China, near Canton.

Antirrhinum ; a genus of the class Didynamia, order An-
giospermia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-
parted, permanent ; divisions oblong, the two lower more
gaping. Corolla: monopetalous, ringent; tube oblong, gib-
bous ; limb bilabiate; upper lip bifid, reflex on the sides;
lower trifid, obtuse; palate convex, usually closed by a pro-
minency between the lips produced from the under lip ; the
throat being concave beneath ; nectary at the base of the
corolla, produced downwards, prominent. Stamina : fila-
menta four, enclosed under the upper lip, nearly of the same
length with the corolla, yet two are shorter ; antherae con-
verging. Pistil: germen roundish; style simple, of the length
and in the situation of the stamina ; stigma obtuse. Pericarp t
capsule roundish, obtuse, two-celled, of different form and.

JOS

A N T

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL i

ANT

aperture in the different species. Seeds: very many. Recep-
tacle*: reiiiibrni, solitary, affixed to the partition. ESSEN-
TIAL CHARACTER. Galix : five-leaved. Corolla: with the
base produced downwards, and nectariferous. Capsule:

two-celled. The species are,

* Leaves angular.

1. Antirrhinum Cymbalaria ; Ivy-leaped Toadflax. Leaves
heart-shaped, five-lobed, alternate ; stalks procumbent.
Hoot perennial. A native of Italy, but is now become
common upon walls in and near London. The whole plant
is smooth, and has a disagreeable smell, varying a white
flower: it flowers from June until October; and is well
adapted to ornament rock-work, which if moist, it will soon
cover with a thick tapestry. When once established it is
hard to eradicate, and will thrive in any situation.

2. Antirrhinum Pilosum ,- Hairy-leaved Toadflax. Leaves
kidney-shaped, hairy, alternate. Native of the Alps.

3. Antirrhinum Elatine ; Sharp-pointed Toadflax, or
FlueUin. Leaves hastate, alternate ; stalks procumbent.
Kootannual, whitish : the whole plant is hairy, and varies with
blue arid yellow flowers. It grows wild in corn-fields in Italy,
Germany, France, Switzerland, and England, and flowers
with us from July till October. It is the bitterest plant of
the whole genus ; and the expressed juice, or distilled water,
is said to check foul old ulcers, disposing them to heal. It is
likewise a good medicine for internal bruises, the bloody
flux, and other haemorrhages, such as the overflowing of the
menses. The leaves bruised, and applied with barley-meal
to watery eyes that are hot and inflamed by defluxions of
the head, is said to be very efficacious. Cnlpeper informs us,
that this herb was originally named the Female Speedwell;'
and gravely adds, that it received its present name of FlueUin
from the gratitude of a Welsh gentleman whose nose it had
preserved from the dreadful ravages of the venereal disease.
But notwithstanding he avers, if taken inwardly it may cure
that disorder, its antivenereal virtues are entirely unknown
at the present day ; though he is probably correct, in call-
ing it a herb of a fine cooling and drying quality. The seeds
ripeu in autumn, and if sown or permitted to scatter at that
time, will produce an abundant crop.

4. Antirrhinum Spurium ; Round-leaved Toadflax, or
FlueUin. Leaves ovate, alternate ; stalks procumbent. Grows
wild in the fields of Germany, England, France, and Italy.

5. Antirrhinum Cirrhosum ; Tendrilled Toadflax. Leaves
hastate, alternate ; stems spreading ; petioles every where
tendrilled.- Annual ; and a native of Egypt.

6. Antirrhinum ^Egyptiacum ; Egyptian Toadflax. Leaves
hastate, alternate ; stein erect, very branching ; peduncles
stiffish. Corolla yellow, with a purplish dotted palate. A
native of Egypt.

** Leaves opposite.

7. Antirrhinum Triphyllum; Three-leaved Toadflax. Leaves
ternate, ovate. An annual plant, with yellow flowers. Na-
tive of Spain and Portugal. It seldom ripens its seed in Eng-
land, where it flowers in July. The seeds should be sown in
spring, upon a warm dry border. Thin and weed them when
they come tip, which is all the culture they require.

8. Antirrhinum Triornitbophorum. Leaves in fours, lan-
ceolate ; stem erect, branching, flowers pedunclcd. It has
large purple flowers. Native of Portugal and America.

9. Antirrhinum Purpureum ; Purple Toadflax. Leaves
quaternate, linear ; flower-bearing stem erect, spiked. Root
perennial ; corolla all purple. Native of Italy, about Naples,
and :it the foot of Mount Vesuvius.flowcring from July till Sep-
tember. The seeds of this and the threee following species, if
permitted to scatter, will produce plenty of youngplants with-

out any further care ; they prefer a dry soil, and when
placed upon an old wall, they will come up, and endure
longer than uppn the ground. They may also be increased
by parting the roots.

10. Antirrhinum Versicolor; Spike-flowered Toadflax.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; the lower ones ternate ; stem erect,
spiked. A native of the southern countries of Europe ;
resembling Common Toadflax. See the ninth species.

11. Antirrhinum Repens ; Creeping Toadflax. Leaves
linear, crowded, below quaternate ; calices equalling the
capsule. It has a perennial root, and pale blue flowers, des-
titute of scent, which appear in July, and s?ed in autumn.
Native of France, Italy, and England, in Hertfordshire, and
about Henley in Oxfordshire. See the ninth species.

12. Antirrhinum Monspessulanum ; Montpellier Toailflai.
Leaves linear, filiform, succulent, scattered, crowded; stem
erect ; spur shorter than the calix. Root perennial ; flowers
in loose spikes, of a pale blue colour, and sweet smell.
Found near Montpellier in the south of France, and in Eng-
land near Penryn in Cornwall. See the ninth species.

13. Antirrhinum Sparteum ; Branching Toadflax. Leaves
awl-shaped, channelled, fleshy ; the lower ones ternate ;
stem panicled, and corollas yellow, very smooth, flowering
in May and June, and very common in a dry sandy soil
about Madrid. It may be sown in spring like other hardy
annuals, but will flower earlier if raised in the autumn.

14. Antirrhinum Bipunctatum ; Dotted-Jlowered Toadflax.
Leaves linear, smooth ; the lower ones quaternate ; stem
erect, panicled ; flowers spike-headed. It is an annual plant,
growing wild in the corn-fields of France, Spain, and Italy ;
and producing a yellow flower in May and June.

15. Antirrhinum Triste ; Dark-flowered Toadflax. Leaves
linear, scattered, the inferior ones opposite ; nectaries awl-
shaped ; flowers subsessile. Corolla very dark purple ; capi
sule shaped like the human skull. Native of Spain ; flower-
ing during most of the summer months. It is easily propa*
gated by cuttings, which if watered and shaded will soon take
root, and may be afterwards planted in pots filled with light
fresh undunged earth, which may have plenty of free air in
mild weather, but must be sheltered in winter.

16. Antirrhinum Supinum ; Procumbent Toadflax. Leaves
subquaternate, linear; stalk diffused ; flowers racemed ; spur
straight. Native of sandy grounds in France and Spain.

17. Antirrhinum Arvense ; Yellow Corn Toadflax. Leaves
sublinear, the lower ones quaternate ; calices hairy viscid ;
flowers spiked ; stem erect. It varies with flowers blue or
yellow. Grows in the sandy corn-fields of Italy, France,
Germany, or England.

18. Antirrhinum Peliserianum ; fiolet-coloured Toadflax.
Stem-lcaveslinear, alternate ; root-leaves lanceolate, ternate;
flowers corymbed, purple, with a white palate, marked with
obscure purple veins. Native of France and Italy. Annual.

19. Antirrhinum Saxatile ; Rock Toadflax. Leaves lan-
ceolate-linear, scattered, villose; the inferior quaternate;
stem decumbent; flowers spiked. Root perennial; corolla
yellow, with two orange spots on the palate. Native of Spain.

20. Antirrhinum Viscosum ; Clawuny Snapdragon. Root-
leaves quaternate, lanceolate ; stem-leaves linear, alternate ;
caliecs villnsp, approximating the stem. 'Native of Spain.

':\. Antirrhinum Multieaiile ; Many-stalked Toadflax.
Leaves quinatc, linear, fleshy ; flowers headed. There are
two varieties, one with a deep yellow, the other with a sul-
phur-coloiired (lower. Native of Sicily and the Levant.

1'2. AntirrhiiHiniGlaucum. Leaves quaternate, awl -shaped,
fleshy : .stems erect ; (lowers spiked. An annual, with a yel-
low corolla. Native of the south of Europe aud the Lei-ant.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

ANTHJ5MIS. rellitfTy tf Spain .

P. iis

P. 109

ANTIRKHINtTM . Jtfff'' Toad-ft-i* tr Snap - Dragon

AKBUTUS. Omaun Stnurttny Tra.

ARIST01.0CHLA-.

A N T

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ANT

109

23. Antirrhinum Alpinum ; Alpine Toadflax. Leaves
quaternate, linear-lanceolate, sea-green ; stem diffuse; flow-
ers racemetl, with a straight spur. Root perennial; flowers
very elegant, of a fine violet purple colour, with a rich gold-
colour in the centre, and which blows most part of the
summer. The plant has a bitter disagreeable taste. Na-
tive of moist rocky places in the Alps. This beautiful flower
may be propagated by cuttings, as well as seeds, which it
does not produce plentifully in England. It succeeds best
in a pot or on rock-work, but requires some care.

24. Antirrhinum Bicorne ; Horned Toadflax. Leaves
opposite, ovate-oblong, serrate ; stem erect ; flowers race-
med ; capsules two-horned. An annual; native of the Cape.

25. Antirrhinum Villosum. All the leaves opposite, ovate,
>illose; stems simple ; flowers yellow, opposite, lateral.
Observed in Spain. Perennial.

26. Antirrhinum Origanifolium. Leaves mostly opposite,
oblong; flowers alternate. Annual; growing wild upon the
Pyrenees, and near Marseilles.

97. Antirrhinum Pinnatum. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid ;
.-tern erect; flowers racemed. Native of the Cape.
*** Leaves alternate.

'28. Antirrhinum Minus ; Lesser Toadflax. Leaves mostly
alternate, lanceolate, obtuse ; stem very much branched,
diffuse. The corolla is small, the tube and upper lip violet,
the beard and chin whitish, and the throat closed with a
pile of orange hairs. Annual ; flowering from June till
September, and growing wild in corn-fields, dry pastures,
and upon walls in most parts of Europe.

29. Antirrhinum Dalmaticum. Leaves alternate, heart-
shaped ; stem-clasping. The flowers, which are of a deep
yellow colour, appear in July, but seldom produce ripe seed
in England. Native of Crete and Armenia. It is propagated by
seed, sown early in the spring, upon a border of light earth,
removing them, when they come up, to pots of light sandy
earth placed in the shade, till they take root, and under a
hot-bed frame after October, to preserve them from the frost.
It will endure more ct>ld than the other species.

30. Antirrhinum Hirtum ; Hairy Toadflax. Leaves lan-
ceolate, shaggy ; flowers spiked, the upper leaf of the calix
largest. Annual; having a pale yellowflower, with a few dark
stripes, and the chaps of a gold colour. Native of Spain.

31. Antirrhinum Genistifolium ; Urown-leaved Toadflax.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; panicle wand-like, flexuose ;
flowers bright yellow. Native of Siberia, Lower Austria,
Switzerland, Dauphiny, and Piedmont.

32. Antirrhinum Junceum ; Rush-stalked Toadflax. Leaves
linear, alternate ; stem panicled, wand-like ; flowers racemed.
Discovered in Spain.

33. Antirrhinum Linaria ; Common Yellow Toadflax, or
Culm-snout. Leaves lanceolate-linear, crowded ; stem erect;
spikes terminal, sessile ; flowers imbricate. Root perennial,
hard, woody, creeping; stems several, one to two feet high,
full of leaves, round and smooth ; leaves pointed, blueish,
growing without order ; flowers yellow, with orange palates,
in a thick terminal spike. It grows wild in most parts of
Europe upon banks by road-sides, and in dry pastures, flower-
ing from June till August. In Worcestershire it is called
Butter-and-Eggs, from the colour of its flowers It abounds
in an acrid oil, that is almost empyreumatic ; and when
inwardly given, excites nausea, purges, and increase of urine.
The fresh tops are used : an infusion of them works by urine,
and has been recommended by some in the jaundice, and
other diseases arising from obstructions in the viscera ; but
Hill says, We have so many English plants that excel in
this particular, and the taste of the infusion is so far from

VOL. i. 10.

agreeable, that it is not worth while to have recourse to it.
Withering prescribes an infusion of the leaves as both diu-
retic and purgative, and informs us that an ointment pre-
pared from them gives relief in the piles. A deeoction of
the whole pLuit, in all, purges briskly, operates by urine,
and is frequently found serviceable in the jaundice and in-
cipient dropsies. The juice of the leaves cleanses old ulcerous
sores. The plant is very apt to spread so as to become
troublesome, and therefore is seldom admitted into gardens.
The flowers however make a pretty appearance, and are well
worth retaining in pots.

34. Antirrhinum Linifolium. Leaves lanceolate, three-
nerved ; flowers racemed ; peduncles distant, shorter than
the bracte. Corolla yellow ; spur the length of the flower.
It is perennial, and found upon the sea-coasts of Italy.

35. Antirrhinum Chalepense ; White-flowered Toadflax.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, alternate ; flowers in racemes,
white ; calix longer than the corolla ; stem erect. An annual,
flowering in July, and ripening seed in autumn. Native of
Sicily, Italy, and France.

36. Antirrhinum Reflexum. Leaves ovate, smooth; pe-
duncles axillary, fruit-bearing, elongate, recurved ; stem pro-
cumbent. Rootannual; corolla white, withayellowmouth.
It flowers in May and June ; and is common in vineyards and
gardens about Messina; and has been found in Barbary.

37. Antirrhinum Pedunculatum. Leaves linear, remote ;
flowers panicled ; peduncles longer than the leaf, stiff, and
upright. Corollas yellow, streaked with blue. Found in
Spain.

38. Antirrhinum Lagopodioides. Leaves scattered, soft,
recurved at the tip ; spikes ovate, villose. Native of Siberia.

39. Antirrhinum Aphyllum. A very singular plant, having
no appearance of an herb, but resembling a Moss, no part of
it producing any leaves. Found near the Cape.

**** Corollas gaping, or tailless.

40. Antirrhinum Majus ; Great Toadflax, or Snap-dragon.
Corollas tailless ; flowers in spikes ; calices rounded. Stem a
foot, eighteen inches, two, and even threefeet high. There are
several varieties of this species, and the differences in the
colour of the flowers are endless ; the most common are
red, yellow, purple, white ; red with white or yellow mouths ;
white and red ; yellow and red ; yellow and white ; purple
and white ; purple, with yellow mouths, and scarlet dotted
with gold colour. Found in the southern countries of Eu-
rope, growing in hedges, and on rocks and ruins. In Eng-
land it flowers during June and July, and grows on walls,
Dover cliffs, between Northfleet and Gravesend, &c. In
Russia they express an oil from the seeds of this plant, which
is little inferior to oil of olives. All the varieties of Snap-
dragon are raised from seed sown in April or May upon a
dry soil, and transplanting them to large borders in July,
where they will flower in the following spring. Any of the
sorts may be continued by parting the roots, or by planting
cuttings in the summer months, which will easily take root.
They resist the cold of winter well, require little attention,
and are pretty ornaments, well worthy of admittance into
every garden. Whenever these plants are intended for rocky
barren soils, or to grow upon walls, sow the seed early in
March, where they are designed to remain ; and all the
further trouble they require is merely to keep them free from
weeds : they will begin to flower in July, and continue till
the frost prevents them. They will continue two or three
years, and are rarely hurt by frost.

41. Antirrhinum Orontium ; Small Toadflax. Corollas
tailless ; flowers subspiked ; calices longer than the corolla.
Stem seldom more than a foot high ; corollas a pale purple ;

110

A P A

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A P H

lips rose-coloured ; palate yellow ; spur very short, obtuse.
Jt is a poisonous annual plant, native of England, growing
on a light soil, in cornfields and vineyards, and flowering
in July and August, and is seldom admitted into gardens.

42. Antirrhinum Papilionaeeum. Corollas tailless ; flowers
axillary ; calices papilionaceous, five-leaved ; leaves fleshy,
ovate, entire, alternate. Native of Persia.

43. Antirrhinum Asarina ; Heart-leaved Toadflax. Co-
rollas tailless; leaves opposite, heart-shaped, crenate ; stems
procumbent. Native of Italy, and the south of France ; a
low trailing annual plant.

44. Antirrhinum Molle ; Woolly-leaved Toadflax, or Snap-
dragon. Corollas tailless ; leaves opposite, ovate, tomentose ;
stems procumbent. Corollas villose, white, with a yellow
palate ; the upper lip streaked with red. Native of Spain.

45. Antirrhinum Unilabiatum. Corollas tailless, with two
calluses ; leaves alternate, pinnate ; stem panicled. Found
near the Cape of Good Hope.

* Corollas gaping.

46. Antirrhinum Bellidifolium ; Daisy-leaved Toadflax.
Root -leaves tongue-shaped, toothed, marked with lines;
stem-leaves parted, quite entire. A biennial, or at most trien-
nial plant, with a blue corolla. Native of Spain, Italy, and
the south of France ; also found near Geneva. Propagated
by seeds sown where they are to remain, upon a border of
light earth, and to be thinned and weeded when they appear
in the following spring, which is all the culture they require.

47. Antirrhinum Canadense ; Canada Toadfiax. Leaves
linear, alternate ; lower lip of the corolla spreading and flat.
Annual. Native of Virginia and Canada.

48. Antirrhinum Micranthum ; Small-flowered Toadflax.
Stem herbaceous, upright ; lower leaves in fours, upper ones
alternate ; flowers very small, white ; spur short, interior.
Root annual. Native of Spain, near Madrid, where it flowers
in March and April.

49. Antirrhinum Reticulatum ; Reticulate Toadflax. Leaves
linear, channelled, scattered, those on the radical shoots
generally in fives ; calix hairy ; flower-stalks shorter than the
oractes. Root perennial; flowers very beautiful, variable
in colour, and without scent. Discovered in Algiers.

50. Antirrhinum Pygmamm : Dwarf Toadflax. Leaves
sagittate ; peduncles capsulaceous ; corolla yellow.

51. Antirrhinum jErugineum. Lower leaves in fours,
'iMwir; flowers in racemes; the upper leaflet of the calix
twice as long as the rest. An annual, with a yellow corolla ;
and a native of Spain.

\>1. Antirrhinum Hexandrum. Leaves opposite, cordato-
nvate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, one-flowered. Native
of Otaheite in the South Seas.

Apactix ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Mono-
i. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix. none. Corolla : four-
petal leil ; petals roundish, crenate, concave, unequal ; two
opposite broiuler. Stamina: filamenta from sixteen to twenty.
I'latil: germen superior ; style one. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.

'a : four-petalled. Calix: none. The only species

known is,

1. Apactis Japonica. A tree erect and very branching ;
rtowers in racemes at the end of the branchlets.

Apargia ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
mia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common im-
bricate, oblong, scales several, linear, parallel, unequal,
longitudinal, incumbent. Corolla: compound imbricate,
uniform; corollets hermaphrodite, numerous, equal; proper,
monopetalous, ligulate, linear, truncate, five-toothed. Sta-
mina ; filamenta five, capillary, very short ; anthers cylin-
dric, tubular. Pistil : germen subovate ; style filiform,

length of the stamina ; stigmas two, recurved. Perit-arp :
none. Calix: oblong, straight. Seeds: solitary, oblong,
striated ; down sessile (in the central seeds somewhat stiped )
pulmose ; rays chaffy beneath; receptacle naked, subvillo-r.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: subimbricatc, with linear,
parallel, unequal scales. Down .- pulmose, subsessile. Re-
ceptacle : naked, subvillose. The species are,

1. Apargia Hispida. The whole calix upright ; leaves
lanceolate, toothed, hispid with forked bristles; scape one-
flowered, naked. It is common in meadows and pastures,
where it flowers in May : the flowers open at four in tlie
morning, and close at three in the afternoon.

2. Apargia Hirta. The whole calix upright, smoothish ;
leaves toothed, rough with hairs that are undivided ; scape
smooth, without any floral leaf; outer seeds without down.
The whole of this plant is much smaller than the first
species. It grows in Germany, Switzerland, France, and
Spain, and is frequent on Hampstead Heath, Barnes Com-
mon, and other commons near London.

3. Apargia Danubialis. The whole calix upright, smooth ;
leaves toothed, smooth ; scape one-flowered, almost naked.
It flowers in June, and is found in meadows on the islands
in the Danube.

4. Apargia Tuberosa. Calix acute, hirsute ; leaves runci-
nate, scabrous. Native of meadows in Tuscany and the
south of France.

5. Apargia Autumnalis. Stem branched, almost naked ;
peduncles scaly ; leaves lanceolate, toothed, quite entire,
smooth. Root perennial ; florets yellow on both sides, the
tubular part a little hairy. The flowers open at seven in the
morning, and close at three in theafternoon ; they appear from
July until October. This plant is common in pastures; horses,
goats, and swine are said to eat it, but cows and sheep refuse
it. Old English writers call it Yellow Devil's Bit; Small
Hare's Hauikweed ; or Small Hawkweed with bitten roots.

6. Apargia Pyrenaica. Peduncles scaly ; leaves lanceolate;
with very few teeth ; calices villose, root end-bitten. IV-
rennial ; florets yellow. Native of the south of Europe.

7- Apargia Taraxaci. Peduncles somewhat scaly at the top;
leaves entire or pinnatifid, smooth ; calix woolly ; root end-
bitten. Found in Lapland, the south of Europe, and in Wales
and Scotland in mountainous situations ; flowering in July.

Aphanes ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Digynia,
or class Monaudria, order Monogynia. GENERIC CHARAC-
TER. Calix: perianth one- leafed, tubular, permanent; mouth
flat, eight-parted. Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta four,
or one, erect, subulate, very small, placed on the iiioutli of
the calix ; anthers roundish, or one, twin. Pistil : germen
ovate ; style filiform, the length of the stamina, inserted into
the base of the germen ; stigma headed. Pericarp: none.
(.'alii- : containing the seeds in the bottom, converging at the
mouth. Seeds : ovate, acuminate, compressed. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix: eight-cleft. Corolla: none. Seeds : t\\o.
or one naked. The only species is,

1. Aphanes Arvensis ; Parsley Piert. Stems many, slender,
leafy, four inches long, round; leaves roundish, three-ported,
deeply laciniate ; flowers herbaceous, axillary; calix cut into
eight segments. An European small annual plant, gnv.viii!;-
in fallow fields and dry pastures, and flowering from Ma\ to
August. As a medicine, the whole plant is to be made use
of, and it is best when fresh gathered, in which state it is easy
to obtain it. A strong infusion of it is beneficial in the gravel,
as it operates powerfully by urine, cleansing the kidneys and
urinary passages from all sabulous concretions in a short time.
It is likewise good in the jaundice, and other complaint
ing from obstructions of the liver or any other viscera ; and

A P I

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A P L

many people fancy that it has the power of dissolving the
stone in the bladder ; hence its old name of Parsley Break-
stone. Culpeper calls this plant a very good sulad herb, and
says it were well that the gentry would pickle it up as they
pickle up samphire, for their use all the winter, because it is a
very wholesome herb, and it may be kept either dried or in a
syrup. He prescribes a drachm of the powder in white wine,4o
carry offgravel from the kidneys insensibly and without pain.

Aphyllanthes ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mo-
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: glumes univalve,
lanceolate, several, imbricate. Corolla : petals six, ovate,
spreading in the border ; claws slender, erect, converging
into a tube. Stamina: filamenta setaceous, shorter than the
corolla, inserted into the throat ; antherae oblong. Pistil:
germen superior, three-cornered, turbinate ; style filiform,
the length of the stamens ; stigmas three, oblong. Pericarp :
capsule turbinate, triangular, trilocular. Seeds: ovate. ES-
SENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: six-petalled. Filamenta: insert-
ed into the throat of the corolla. Capsule: superior. Glume:
of the calix univalve, imbricate. One species only is known,

1. Aphyllanthes Monspeliensis. Root creeping; culm
naked; glume two-ralved; two-flowered. Grows wild in
barren pastures and rocky places, about Montpellier and Nice.

Aphyteia ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Trian-
ilria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth monophyllous,
semitrifid, funnel-shaped, large, fleshy, erect, permanent.
Corolla : rudiments of three petals, growing to the divisions
of the calix. Stamina: filamenta connate at bottom, short ;
antherae convex, cordate, striated. Pistil: germen inferior;
style thickish, short; stigma three-cornered, channelled.
Pericarp: berry one-celled. Seeds: numerous, nestling.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: large, funnel-shaped, semi-
trifid. Petals : three, inserted into the throat of the tube

in the calix, and shorter than it. The only known species

belonging to this genus is,

1. Aphyteia Hydnora. A vegetable without leaves, stem
or root, being parasitical, terrestrial, consisting of a fructifi-
cation only. The smell of the flower and ripe fruit is not
unpleasant. The latter is much liked by foxes and weasels ;
and eaten both raw and roasted by the Hottentots. This
plant is parasitical at the root of Euphorbia, and was first
observed in the parched sandy plains of the Cape.

Apios. See Glycine and Euphorbia.

Apium ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal, of fewer rays
than those of the partial ; involucre universal small, of one
or more leaflets ; partial similar : proper perianth obsolete.
Corolla: universal uniform; floscules almost all fertile; proper
petals roundish, inflex, equal. Stamina : filamenta simple ; an-
thera roundish. P'istil: germen inferior; styles reflex; stig-
mas obtuse. Pericarp: none ; fruit ovate, striated, splitting
in two. Seeds: two, ovate, striated on one side, plane on
the other. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit : ovate, striated.
Inrolucre: one-leafed. Petals: equal. The species are,

1. Apium Petroselinum ; Common Parsley. Stem-leaflets
linear; involucels minute ; stems round, smooth, striated ;
flowers pale yellow ; seeds short, turgid. There are three
varieties : the common Garden Parsley, the Curled, and the
Large-rooted Parsley. It is a biennial plant, cultivated for
culinary use. Parsley roots are sometimes used in decoctions,
and supposed to be aperient and diuretic, but liable to pro-
duce flatulencies. In distilling large quantities, two or three
drachms of essential oil separate from two hundred pounds :
the leaves, which are warmer but not so sweet as the roots,
yield about ten drachms from the same quantity. The seeds
are warmer and more aromatic than any other part, and are

accounted to be carminative, resolvent, and diuretic, and are
recommended for destroying cutaneous diseases in children.
Parsley is said to be fatal to small birds ; and is accused of
causing epilepsies, or of increasing them where before ex-
isting, and also of injuring the eyes. A poultice of the leaves
is reported to be resolvent and discutient, if applied to glan-
dular tumors ; and also to be an efficacious remedy for the
bites or stings of poisonous insects. Independently of its
uses at table, the seeds disperse flatulencies in the stomach,
and relieve those who are troubled with the colic. A strong;
decoction of the roots is a powerful diuretic, and is excellent
in obstructions of the viscera, and such disorders as arise
therefrom ; and when drank for some time, will bring away
gravel and other sabulous concretions from the kidneys and
bladder, and is very serviceable in the jaundice and dropsy.
The distilled water of Parsley, says Culpeper, is a familiar
medicine with nurses, to give their children when they are
troubled with wind in the stomach or belly. The leaves,
laid to inflamed eyes, also are very efficacious ; and when
fried in butter, and applied to women's breasts, which are
hard through the curdling of their milk, will give speedy
relief; and also remove black and blue marks produced by
blows or falls. The Common and the Curled Parsley must
be sown early in spring, and, if for medicinal use, but thinly.
They only require hoeing and weeding. It is sown by skil-
ful persons in fields about the end of February, for the use
of sheep, and is a sovereign remedy to preserve them from
the rot, provided they are fed twice a week for two or three
hours each time. One bushel of seed will sow an acre of land.

2. Apium Graveolens ; Smallage, or Wild Celery. Stem-
leaves wedge-shaped ; corolla small and white. It is biennial,
flowering in ditches und marshes, from July to September.
The varieties, according to Miller, are as follows : the
Upright Celery, the Turnip-rooted Celery, and Portugal
Celery. The fresh roots, especially in their native watery
places, are fetid, acrid, and supposed to be noxious : they
loose the greatest part of their ill flavour, and become sweet-
ish when dried, and in that state have been used for decoc-
tions as aperients and diuretics. The seeds have been some-
times used as carminatives and aperients ; they have a mo-
derately strong grateful smell, and a warm bitterish taste.
Culture corrects its noxious qualities, and renders it mild
and esculent. The lower part of the stem and leaf-stalks
blanched, by being covered up with earth, are eaten raw,
stewed, and boiled in soups, and are excellent antiscorbutics.
A strong decoction of the roots operates by urine, and is
good in fits of the stone or gravel : the seeds operate more
powerfully by urine than any other part of the plant. Cui-
peper recommends the juice, with honey of roses and barley-
water, as good to gargle within ulcerated sore throats ; and
says, that the seed kills worms, and sweetens a stinking
breath. Smallage is a common weed by the sides of ditches
and brooks of water. The seeds should be sown soon after
they are ripe, on a moist spot of ground ; and when the
plants have attained six or eight inches in height, they may
either be transplanted into a moister soil, or into trenches,
in order to be earthed up on each side as they advance in
growth, and have their stalks blanched or whitened, to
render them crisp and tender.

Apluda ; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Monoecia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre common, uni-
valve; valve ovate, concave, terminated by a very short point
or leaflet, two-flowered ; the inferior flower sessile in the
short, ovate, truncate, hollow base, which is continued into
opposite, glumaceous, linear, flat, vertical footstalks, on one
of which sits the superior flower, on the other a very short

A P O

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A P O

rudiment of a flower. Flower inferior, hermaphrodite, almost
entirely lying hid between the foot-stalks. Calix : involucre-
proper univalve; valvelets lanceolate, compressed, rigid, dou-
ble-toothed at the tip, smooth, embracing the flower with its
margins beneath, opposite to the common involucre. Glume
one-flowered, two-valved ; valvelets membranaceous, trans-
parent, shorter than the involucre ; the exterior navicular,
gibbous on the back, keeled, contracted towards the tip, acu-
minate ; the interior ventricose, somewhat sharp, smaller.
Corolla : glume bivalve, membranaceous, extremely thin,
transparent ; valve exterior navicular, compressed, smooth,
hyaline, gibbous on the back, bitid, acute, awned below the
tip, hid within the exterior valve of the calix, and shorter than
it ; the interior lanceolate, flat, acute, doubled together at
each margin, the exterior rather longer ; nectary very small,
two-leaved, truncate-rounded, hyaline. Stamina: rilamenta
three, capillary ; antherse linear, bifid on each side. Pistil :
i;eruien oblong, small ; styles two, capillary, upright, longer
than the germen ; stigmas oblong, villose, spreading, pro-
truded on each side from the flower. Pericarp .- none ; co-
rolla cherishes the seed, gapes, and drops it. Seed : ovate-
oblong, compressed, smooth. Flower superior, smaller. Ca-
i'u .- glume two-flowered, two-valved ; valves lanceolate,
iiroadish, flat, sharp, nervose, nearly equal; one floscule
ieinale, the other male or neuter. Corolla : of the female,
glume bi val ve ; valves membranaceous, hyaline; the exterior
ventricose, cornered, sharp-pointed; the interior lanceolate,
narrower, shorter, obtuse. Glume of the male, bivalve ;
v alves lanceolate, membranaceous, hyaline ; the exterior
somewhat ventricose, sharp ; the interior narrower, shorter.
Nectary on both, as in the inferior flower. Stamina : of the
male, as in the inferior flower. Pistil of the female, as in the
inferior flower. Pericarp and Seed of the female as in the
inferior flower. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : glume com-
mon, bivalve ; female floret sessile ; males peduncled.
Male. Calix : none. Corolla : bivalve. Stamina : three.
Female. Catix : none. Corolla : bivalve. Style : one. Seed :
one, covered. The species are,

1. Apluda Mutica. Leaves lanceolate ; all the flowers
awnless ; culm very long, weak, smooth. Native of India.

2. Apluda Aristata. Leaves lanceolate ; male flowers
awnless, except one at the end, which is sessile and awned ;
culm a foot long, inflected. Native of India.

3. Apluda Zugites ; Mountain Reed Grass. Leaves ovate ;
male flowers awnless ; one at the end sessile and awned.
This curious little plant is a native of Jamaica.

4. Apluda Digitata. Spikes digitate ; flowers pointing
one way. A lofty East Indian grass.

Apocynum ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
five-parted, acute, short, permanent. Corolla : monopetalous,
bell-shaped, semiquinquefld ; divisions revolute. Nectary,
of five glandular oval corpuscles surrounding the germen.
Stamina: filamenta very short; antherae oblong, erect, acute,
bifid at the base, converging. Pistil: germen two, ovate ;
styles short ; stigma roundish, bifid at the tip, muricate,
glued to the antherae. Pericarp .- follicles two, long, acumi-
nate, one-valved, one-celled. Seeds: numerous, very small,
crowned with a long down Receptacle .- subulate, very long,
rough, free. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla.- bell-shaped.
Nectaries : five, alternate with the stamina. The first three
species are propagated by parting the roots in March. They
flower in July, are hardy, and will thrive in a light dry soil.
The fourth will bear the open air in a warm situation and
dry soil. All the rest are tender, and may be propagated
by cuttings, and must be constantly kept in a hot-house,

plunged into a tan-bed. They rarely seed in England, and
are an ornament at all seasons, retaining beautiful green
leaves throughout the year. The species are,

1. Apocynum Androsaemifolium ; Tutsan-leaved Dog't-
bane. Stem straightish, herbaceous ; leaves ovate, smooth
on both sides ; cymes terminating. Root perennial ; corolla
white. This plant is said to kill the flies that alight upon it.
The Canadian French say, that it is poisonous to some per-
sons, but harmless to others. Kalm relates, that he saw a
soldier whose hands were blistered all over, merely from
plucking it ; whereas he frequently rubbed his own hands
with the juice, without feeling any inconvenience. Native
of Virginia and Canada ; flowering from July till September.

2. Apooynum Cannabinum ; Hemp Dug's bane. Stem
straightish, herbaceous ; leaves oblong, in pairs, abounding
with a milky juice ; cymes lateral, longer than the leaf.
Native place and flowering time, same as No. 1.

3. Apocynum Hypericifolium ; St. John s-H'ort- leaved
Dog's bane. Stem straightish, herbaceous ; leaves oblong-
cordate, smooth ; cymes shorter than the leaf. Root pe-
rennial, creeping ; flower small, scentless, and white. The
whole plant is smooth, and abounds in milk. Flowers in
June and July. Native of North America.

4. Apocynum Venetum ; Spear-leaved Dogs-bane. Stem
straightish, herbaceous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Root pe-
rennial ; stems two feet high. It varies with purple and
withwhiteflowers, which appear in Julyand August. Found
in the Adriatic Islands.

5. Apocynum Minutum; Petty Dog's-bane. Stem pros-
trate ; leaves hastate. Found at the Cape of Good Hope.

6. Apocynum Filiforme ; Thread- leaved Dog's-bane. Stem
prostrate, herbaceous; leaves filiform ; flowers umbelled.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

7. Apocynum Frutescens ; Shrubby Dogs-bane. Stem
erect, shrubby ; leaves lanceolate-oval ; corollas acute, vil-
lose at the throat ; flowers small, in loose bunches, and of a
purple colour. Native of the East Indies, Ceylon, and the
coast of Guinea.

8. Apocynum Reticulatum ; Net-leaved Dog's-bane. Stem
twining, perennial ; leaves ovate, veined. The leaves of
this species are of a dark and very shining green, with a
beautiful net of milky veins. Native of the East Indies,
and Cochin-china.

9. Apocynum Lineare ; Linear-leaved Dog's-bane. Stem
twining, herbaceous ; leaves linear, flat; umbells axillary,
compound. Native of the Cape.

10. Apocynum Triflorum ; Tliree-jlancered Dog's-bane.
Stem twining, herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels ax-
illary, two or three flowered. Native of the Cape.

1 1 . Apocynum Juventas ; Renovating Dog's-bane. Stem
twining, shrubby; leaves ovate, hairy; racemes dichoto-
mous. Flowers greenish-yellow colour. A native of Cochin-
china, where the country physicians imagine the root of this
plant to refresh the animal spirits to such a degree, as by
long-continued use to endow old age with all the strength
and vigour of youth.

12. Apocynum Alterniflorum ; AUernate-fiowered Dog's-
bane. Stem climbing, shrubby ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
smooth ; axils alternate, umbelliferous. Flowers pale, and
scentless. Native of the islands near Canton in China.

13. Apocynum Africanum ; African Dog's-bane. Stem
suberect, shrubby ; leaves ovate-oblong 5 peduncles two or
three flowered. Stem eight feet high ; flower pale. Found
in a sandy plain upon the coast of Zanguebar in Africa.

14. Apocynum Scandens ; Climbing Dog's-bane. Leaves
oblong-cordate, stiff ; flowers lateral ; stem shrubby, twining.

A Q U

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A Q U

113

It abounds near Carthagena, in New Spain ; and flowers in
August and September.

15. Apocynum Nervosum; Nerve-leaved Dogs-bane.
Leaves ovate, nerved, cymes lateral; flowers yellow, large;
tube very long; stem shrubby, climbing. Flowers large,
bright yellow. Native of New Spain, near Carthagena.

16. Apocynum Cordatum ; Heart-leaved Dog' s-bane. Leaves
oblong-cordate, pointed, sessile; flo wers lateral ; stem climb-
ing. This and the following species are natives of Vera
Cruz, in New Spain : they both have climbing stalks, by
which they mount the highest trees ; even in English hot-
houses they have risen upwards of twenty feet high. The
pods of these plants afford a cottony down, which is greatly
esteemed in France (where it is called Delawad) for stuff-
ing easy chairs, and making warm light quilts for persons
afflicted with the gout ; hence, in the south of France, where
it will thrive and produce seed in the open air, there are many
plantations of it, for the sake of the down. As these plants
are plentiful in the uncultivated parts of Jamaica, abundance
of the down might be procured from thence ; and if it were
only to become fashionable, would soon become vendible in
England. There they require no cultivation ; the only trouble
would be to collect the down, which on some of the large-
podded sorts is produced in great quantities.

17. Apocynum Villosum ; Villose-jlowered Dog's-bane.
Leaves cordate, smooth ; flowers villose, lateral, on long
peduncles ; stem climbing. See the foregoing species.

Aponogeton; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Tetra-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none, except a spath-
aceous scale surrounding the outer side of the flower, simple,
sessile, ovate, obtuse, entire, upright, smooth, coloured.
Corolla: none. Stamina: filamenta eleven to nineteen, in
the upper flowers fewer, inserted between the spathe and the
c:ipsules, subulate, smooth, white, many times shorter than
the spathe. Pistil: germina usually four, seldom three or
five ; styles none ; stigmas subulate, bent in. Pericarp :
capsules four, seldom three or five, ovate, subulate-acute,
gibbous on the outside, flat on the inner side, smooth, one-
celled. Seeds: in each capsule three, affixed to the base of
it, sessile, obovate, very blunt, subcompressed, smooth.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: an amentum. Corolla: none.
Capsule : three-seeded. These plants belong to the green-
house or cape-stove, and may be increased by offsets from
the bulbs. The species are,

1. Aponogeton Monostachyon ; Single-spiked Aponogeton.
Spike simple ; leaves cordate-oval, Common in fields that
are flooded for rice in the East Indies.

2. Aponogeton Distachyon ; Broad leaved Aponogeton.
Spike bifid ; leaves linear, oblong, floating ; bractes entire ;
flowers many-stamined. Found at the Cape of Good Hope.
It bears white flowers almost all the year round ; they have
a very fragrant smell.

3. Aponogeton Angustifolium ; Narrow-leaved Aponoge-
ton. Spike bifid ; leaves linear-lanceolate, erect ; bractes
two-parted ; flowers six-stamined. Flowers almost all the
ye;ir. Native of the Cape.

Apple, Custard. See Annona.
Apple, Love, and Mad. See Solanum.
Apple, Pine. See Bromelia.
Apple, Purple, and Sour. See Annona.
Apple, Thorn. See Datura.
Apple-Tree. See Pyrus.
Apple, Water. See Annona.
Apricot, or Apricock. See Priuvm.

Aquartia ; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
gynia. ({EN-ERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth monophyl-
VOL. i. 10.

lous, permanent ; tube bell-shaped ; limb subquadrifid,
expanding ; two opposite divisions obsolete. Corolla .- mo-
nopetalous, rotate ; tube very short ; limb quadrifid ; divi-
sions linear, widely spreading. Stamina : filamenta short ;
anthera erect, very large, linear. Pistil : germen ovate ,
style filiform, declined, the length of the corolla; stigma
simple. Pericarp : berry, globular, one-celled. Seeds :
very many, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix .-
bell-shaped. Corolla: wheel-shaped, with linear divisions.
Berry : many-seeded. One species only is known, viz.

1. Aquurtia Aculeata. A perennial spinous plant, with a
white inodorous flower. In St. Domingo, of which Jacquin
says it is a native, it flowers and bears a yellow shining fruit,
the size of a pea, in October. Native of South America.

Aquilaria ; a genus of the class Decandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENEKIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
permanent; tube bell-shaped; border five-cleft ; clefts ovate,
acute, flat, spreading. Corolla : none ; nectary one-leafed,
pitcher-shaped, length of the tube of the calix, half five-
cleft ; cleft bifid, obtuse. Stamina : filamenta ten, alter-
nate to, and shorter than, the clefts of the nectary ; antherse
oblong, versatile. Pistil : germen ovate, on a very short
pedicle, superior ; style none ; stigma simple. Pericarp :
capsule on a very short pedicle, obovate woody, two-celled,
two-valved ; with the partition contrary, and bipartite.
Seeds: solitary, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cali.r .
five-cleft. Nectary : pitcher-shaped, half five-cleft, with
bilid clefts. Capsule: superior, woody, two-celled, two-
valved. Seeds : solitary. The only species discovered is,

1. Aquilaria Ovata. Leaves alternate, ovate, mucronate.
T This is a large tree, the wood of which in its natural state
is white and inodorous : it has the name of lign-aloes, or wood
aloes, from its bitter taste. No part of this plant is poisonous ;
the aroma which it produces arises from a disease, caused by
oleaginous particles stagnating and concreting in the inner
parts of the trunk into a resin, which is extracted from the
wood when split. The perfume made of the wood is highly
esteemed by the Oriental nations. From its bark of the tree
the common writing paper of the Chinese is made. The
perfume is said to be good in vertigo and palsy ; the powder
restrains vomiting and alvine fluxes, by its astringent and
corroborating power. Three kinds of this wood are used
in the shops ; they are called Calumbac, Common Lign-aloes,
and Calambour. The first is the finest and most resinous ;
the last is almost a mere chip ; and the second a middling
kind. They all have the property of acting as cordials, and
strengthening the stomach, but in different degrees, and are
not much used.

Aquilfgia ; a genus of the class Pol yarn! ria, order Penta-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: pe-
tals five, lanceolate-ovate, flat, spreading, equal. Nectaries
five, equal, alternate with the petals, each horned, gradually
broader upwards, with an oblique mouth, ascending out-
wardly, annexed inwardly to the receptacle, each produced
below into a long attenuated tube, with an obtuse top. Sta-
mina : filamenta thirty to forty, subulate, the outer ones
shorter : anthers! oblong, erect, the height of the nectaries.
Pistil : germina five, ovate oblong, ending in subulate styles,
longer than the stamina; stigmas erect, simple; chaffs ten,
wrinkled, short, separate, and involving the germina. Peri-
carp : capsules five, distinct, cylindric, parallel, straight,
acuminate, one-valved, gaping from the tops inward. Seeds :
very many, ovate, keeled, annexed to the gaping suture.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cafe: none. Petals: five. Nectaries'
five, horned between the petals. Capsule: five, distinct. These
plants should always be raised from seeds, since the old roots
2G

114

A R A

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

A R A

are apt to degenerate, and produce plain flowers. Sow them
in a nursery-bed in August or September; they will appear in
spring, and in May should be transplanted, eight or nine inches
every way apart, upon beds of good fresh undunged earth ;
:ind in the following autumn will be strong enough to be
utken up, and placed in the borders of the flower-garden,
where they will flower in the summer following. To ensure
tjood flowers, let them flower in the nursery, and then select
the best for transplantation ; but the best way is to sow fresh
seeds every year. Take care that no seeds of the plain sorts
are mixed with the variegated kinds, or they will cause the
whole to degenerate. The species are,

1. Aquilegia Viscosa ; Clammy Columbine. Stem almost
naked, with viscid hairs, and one or two flowers ; leaves sub-
trilobate. Root perennial ; stem a foot high. Native of
the south of France, and the mountains of Piedmont.

2. Aquilegia Vulgaris ; Common Columbine. Nectaries
blue, yellow at the tip, and incurved. Stem three feet high,
erect, leafy, branching ; the flowers are produced from the
tops of the naked branches, and hang down. There are
many varieties. In a wild state, the flowers are usually blue :
red and white is common about Berne in Switzerland, and
also in Norfolk. Double flowers have been found in the Pays
de Vaud. Native of most parts of Europe, in woods, hedges,
and bushes. It is perennial, and the flowers vary much by
culture ; with us they appear in June, and are blue, white,
red, purple, flesh-coloured, ash-coloured, chesnut-coloured,
and striped or variegated blue and purple, blue and white,
and red and white. The root, herb, flowers, and seed, 1 are
recommended as medicines upon good authority ; but this
plant is of a suspicious tribe, and Linneus says, that children
have lost their lives by an over-dose of it. The sensible
qualities of the seeds, says Lewis, afford little foundation for
their supposed virtues in the jaundice, measles, and small-
pox, as they only differ from the cold seeds in being some-
what more mucilaginous, with a disagreeable relish. The
virtues ascribed to a tincture of the flowers, as an antiphlo-
gistic, and for strengthening the gums, and deterging scor-
butic ulcers in the mouth, are better founded. The tincture
is made with an addition of the vitriolic acid, and differs
little from our tincture of roses. Notwithstanding this,
Hill observes, that the seeds operate by sweat and urine,
open obstructions of the viscera, and are good in the jaun-
dice, in fevers, and in the small-pox and measles, to throw
out the pustules. A decoction of the leaves is good for sore
throats ; and a tincture of the flowers in brandy is recom-
mended by Tournefort as an excellent gargle for scorbutic
affections of the gums.

3. Aquilegia Alpina; Alpine Columbine. Nectaries straight,
shorter than the lanceolate petal. Root biennial ; corolla
blue. Flowers in May and June. Said to be found in West-
moreland ; but is a native of the Alps.

4. Aquilegia Canadensis ; Canadian Columbine. Nectaries
.straight; stamina longer than the corolla. Root perennial ;
stems very slender, redlth ; corolla reel without, and yellow
within. Native of North America; flowering in April, and
ripening seeds in August. It flowers a month sooner than
the other sorts.

5. Aquilegia Viridiflora ; Green-flowered Columbine. Nec-
taries straight, thickened, and a little bent in at the tip ;
stimina nearly equal to the corolla. Root perennial ; pe-
tals pale green. It flowers in May, ripens seed in July;
and was found by Professor Pallas in Siberia.

Arabis a genus of the class Tetradynamia, order Sili-
quosa. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth four-leaved,
deciduous ; leaflets from parallel converging, two opposite

larger, ovate-oblong, acute, a little prominent at the base,
gibbose, concave ; the two others linear, erect. Corolla :
four-petalled, cruciform ; petals spreading, ending in claws
the length of the calix ; nectaries four, each from a little
scale, within the bottom of the calicine leaflet, affixed to Hit
receptacle, reflex, permanent. Stamina .- rilamenta subulate,
upright, two the length of the calix, four twice as long ;
anther cordate, erect. Pistil : germen columnar, the length
of the stamina; style none; stigma obtuse, entire. Pericarp:
siliqne compressed, very long, linear, unequal, with swellings
at the seeds ; valves almost the length of the partition. Seeds .
very many, roundish, compressed. ESSENTIAL CHARACTKH.
Nectareous glands four ; one within each leaflet of the calix,
like a reflex scale. They are all hardy plants, producing
seed plentifully, thriving in any situation, and may easily be
propagated by sowing the seed in autumn, or permitting
them to scatter themselves. The species are,

1. Arabis Alpina; Alpine H r allcress. Leaves stem-clasping,
toothed ; root creeping, perennial. The flowers grow in
bunches towards the top; petals white; calix yellowish .
It increases with great facility, and is esteemed for its early
flowering, and the pretty appearance it makes in cold abject
situations, where few other things will thrive. Native of the
Alps, and other European mountains, upon rocks, and in
woods and caverns.

2. Arabis Lucida; Shining ft 'ullcrfss. Leaves stem-clasp-
ing, shining : perennial. A native of Hungary.

3. Arabis Grandifloni; Greut-fluicfred Waiterm. Stem
naked ; perennial, with a white corolla. Native of Siberia.

4. Arabis Thaliana ; Common H'allcress. Leaves petio-
late, lanceolate, quite entire. This flowers in March and
April ; seeds in May ; and is common upon walls, and
among corn in sandy soils.

5. Arabis Bellidifolia ; Daisy-leaved Wallcress. Leaves
subdentate, the radical ones obovate, those of the stem lan-
ceolate. Root perennial ; the flowers corymbed, inodorous,
white, appearing in May and June. Native of moist places,
near the Alps, and in Austria.

6. Arabis Lyrata ; Lyrate-leaved Wallcress. Leaves smooth ;
the radical lyrate ; the stem leaves linear. Root annual ;
flower white. Native of North America.

7. Arabis Hispida ; Rough Wallcress. Leaves wedge-
shaped, sublyrate, hispid ; the stem-leaves half stem-clasp-
ing, lanceolate ; iiliques stiff, ancipital. Root annual :
petals white. Native of the south of France, Switzerland,
and Austria : observed also upon Mont Saleve in Savoy,
near Geneva, by Mr. Ray, and upon St. Vincent's rocks
near Bristol : it flowers in May.

8. Arabis Halleri ; Halter's H'allcress. Stem-leaves sub-
lyrate, those on the branches lanceolate, gashed ; stem
erect, six inches high ; petals white, with green claws.
Native of Germany, Carniola, and Piedmont.

9. Arabis Canadensis ; Cdinid'nm H'allcrvss. Stem-leaves
lanceolate, toothed, smooth ; flowers pendulous, in lateral
racemes. Native of North America.

10. Arabis Pendula; Penduloui H'allmss. Leaves stem-
clasping; siliques ancipital, linear ; calices subpilose. Stem
nearly a foot high ; corolla white. Native of Siberia.

11. Arabis Turrita ; Tower Wallcress. Leaves stem-
clasping ; siliques bending down, flat, linear ; ralices subru-
gose. Root biennial ; stem from nine inches to two feet high ;
flowers white or yellowish, on short peduncles. Native ot
Austria, Switzerland, and Dauphiny. It flowers with us in
June, and grows upon the walls of St. John's College at
Cambridge, and of Magdalen College at Oxford.

12. Arabis Saxatilis. Stem erect ; leave* stem-clasping,

A R A

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A R B

116

lanceolate, toothed ; siliques the length of the raceme.
Root annual; umbel of flowers terminating, nodding; petals
white : stem a palm or a palm and a half high. Found
upon rocks, in most parts of the south of Europe.

1. Arabis Scabra. Root-leaves roundish, scabrous,
toothed ; stem-leaves embracing, hirsute. Stem six inches
high ; petals milky white. Native of the south of Europe.

14. Arabis ISerpyllifolia. All the leaves elliptic, quite en-
tire; stem floxuose ; biennial. A Native of Dauphiny.

15. Arabis Hecta. Stem straight; leaves rectangularly
toothed, and sessile; siliques from erect spreading. The
flowers are white. It grows upon rocks and walls about
Grenoble in France.

Arach. See Atriplex.

Arachis ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth two-parted, gap-
ing ; upper lip ovate, semitrifid ; the intermediate division
the largest, emarginate; under lip lanceolate, concave, acute,
rather longer than the upper. Corolla : papilionaceous, resu-
pine ; banner roundish, flat-deflex, very large, emarginate,
longer tlum the calix ; wings free, subovate, shorter than the
banner; keel subulate, incurved, the length of the calix, very
slightly bifid at the base. Stamina : filamenta ten, all united
at the bottom, subulate, the length of the keel ; anthera; alter-
nately roundish and oblong. Pistil : germen oblong ; style
subulate, the length of the germen, ascending ; stigma simple.
Pericarp : legume, ovate-oblong, columnar, valveless, gib-
bous, torulose, veined, coriaceous, one-celled. Seeds : two,
oblong, obtuse, gibbous, truncate at one end. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Calix : bilabiate. Corolla: resupine. Filamenta : con-
nected. Legume: gibbous, torulose, veined, coriaceous.
The seeds must be sown upon a hot-bed in the spring, and
kept under glasses till the middle of June, when, if the wea-
ther prove warm, they may be gradually exposed to the air.
The branches trail upon the ground, and, as soon as the
Ho .ver begins to decay, the germ thrusts itself into the ground,
nd there the pod is formed and ripened. The species are,

1 . Arachis Hypogsa ; Common Earth, or Ground Nut.
Stem herbaceous, procumbent. Annual ; three feet high ;
flowers gold-coloured, growing singly on long axillary pe-
duncles. Native of the East Indies, and much cultivated in
China and Cochin-china. All the European settlements of
America now abound with this plant : in South Carolina the
inhabitants roast the nuts, as they are called, and use them
as chocolate. In the eastern countries they are a substitute
far almonds, and abound in a thin limpid oil, much used for
lamps in Cochin-china, where, though inferior in flavour,
it supplies the place of oil of olives for culinary use.

2. Arachis Fruticosa; Shrubby Earth, or Ground Nut.
Stem shrubby, upright ; flowers of a yellow colour. Native
of the East Indies, in Tranquebar, and the island of Ceylon.

Aralia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Pentagynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: involucre very small, of a
globular umbellule ; perianth five-toothed, very small, su-
perior. Corolla: petals five, ovate, acute, sessile, reflex.
Stamina .- filamenta five, subulate, the length of the corolla ;
anthera roundish. Pistil : germen roundish, inferior ; styles
very short, permanent ; stigmas simple. Pericarp .- berry
roundish, striated, crowned, five-celled. Seeds: solitary,
hard, oblong. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Flowers in an umbel-
lule, with an involucre. Calix: five-toothed, superior. Co-
rolla .- five-petalled. Berry .- five-seeded. The species are,

1. Aralia Spinosa; Thorny Aralia, or Angelica Tree. Ar-
borescent : stem and leaves prickly. Rises eight or ten feet
high ; and is a native of Virginia. It is propagated by seed,
which is easily procured from North America. Sow them in

pots of light earth as soon as they arrive, and plunge them
during autumn either in an old tan-bed or a warm border, and
cover them with pease-haulm, if the winter be severe. When
they appear, water and weed, but do not disturb them the
first season. They are also easily increased by the roots.

2. Aralia Pentaphylla ; Five-leaved Aralia. Arboreous,
prickly : leaves quinate ; flowers in umbels, peduncled.
Native of Japan ; flowering in May and June.

3. Aralia Chinensis ; Chinese Aralia. Shrubby : stem and
petioles prickly ; leaflets unarmed, villose. Native of Mala-
bar ; found in China and Cochin-china.

4. Aralia Japonica ; Japanese Aralia. Shrubby : leave*
lobate ; stem unarmed, six feet high ; flowering in Novem-
ber and December ; lias no involucre. Native of Japan.

5. Aralia Racemosa ; Berry-bearing Aralia. Stem leafy,
herbaceous, smooth : height three or four feet. The flowers
are of a whitish colour. The French and Indians of Canada
eat the berries, and use both the leaves and roots as salads
and pot-herbs. This and the next sort should have their
seeds sown soon after they are ripe in autumn, and weeded
when they appear during the summer ; and in the next autumn
they may be transplanted where they are to remain. The
roots also may be parted in autumn, and planted well asunder ;
they are hardy plants, and will grow in any situation.

6. Aralia Nudicaulis ; Naked-stalked Aralia. Stem naked;
leaves in pairs, ternate. The roots of this plant are used
by the Canadians for Sarsaparilla. Propagated like No. 5.

7. Aralia Cordata; Heart-leaved Arulia. Herbaceous:
stem angular, unarmed ; leaves simple, heart-shaped ;
flowers axillary, umbelled. Native of Japan.

8. Aralia Octophylla; Digitate-leaved Aralia. Stem ar-
boreous, unarmed ; leaves digitate, with eight leaflets ; pani-
cle umbelled. A tree ten feet high, with a yellow flower
sprinkled with red. It is cultivated in Cochin-china, where
it is a native, and used medicinally in dropsical cases.

9. Aralia Palmate ; Palmate-leaved Aralia. Stem scan-
dent, prickly; leaves five-lobed; umbels simple, lateral.
Stem shrubby; flower white. Native of China ; where the
bark is employed in cutaneous and dropsical disorders.

Arbor Vita. See Thuya.

Arbutus; a genus of the class Decandria, order Monogy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-parted, ob-
tuse, very small, permanent. Corolla : monopetalous, ovate,
flatfish at the base, diaphanous, with a quinquefid mouth ;
divisions obtuse, revolute, small. Stamina : filamenta ten,
subulate, swelling, very slender at the base, affixed to the
edge of the base of the corolla, and half the length of it ;
anthera? slightly bifid, nodding. Pistil : germen subglobu-
lar, on a receptacle marked with ten dots ; style cylindric,
the length of the corolla ; stigma thickish, obtuse. Peri-
carp: berry, roundish, five-celled. Seed: small, bony.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-parted. Corolla : ovate,
diaphanous at the base. Capsule: five-celled. The specie*
are,

1 . Arbutus Unedo ; Common Strawberry Tree. There are
three varieties, viz. the common white-flowered Strawberry-
tree : flowers simple ; corollas whitish. The red-flowered
Strawberry-tree : flowers simple ; corollas reddish. And the
double-flowered Strawberry-tree : flowers full ; stem ar-
boreous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; panicles smooth, nodding.
The common Arbutus rises to the height of twenty or thirty
feet, and forms a great ornament, both with its flowers and
fruit, when other trees are past their beauty. Native of the
south of Europe, Greece, and Palestine ; and grows in the
west of Ireland, near the lake of Killarney, on barren lime-
stone rocks. The best way of propagating them is trom

116

A R B

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ARC

seed. Gather the fruit when perfectly ripe, which is from the
middle of November till the end of December, and mix it
with dry sand, to preserve it until the time of sowing. The
surest way of raising the plant, is to sow the seed in pots in
December, plunging them into an old bed of tanner's bark
which has lost its heat, and covering the bed with glasses.
It' the seeds be good, the plants will come up in the beginning
of April, and must be often, but sparingly watered, and kept
free from weeds. During the first summer shade them
from the heat of the day, and in the beginning of October
transplant them singly into small pots filled with light earth.
When they are two or three feet high, in April following,
shake them out of the pots, and replant them, with balls of
earth about their roots, into the open ground where they
are to remain. This tree delights in a moist soil, seldom
producing much fruit in a dry ground.

2. Arbutus Laurifolia; Laurel- leaved Strawberry Tree.
Stem arborescent ; leaves oblong, acuminate at both ends,
sharply serrate, smooth ; racemes axillary, one-ranked, ses-
sile, solitary. Native of North America.

3. Arbutus Andrachne ; Oriental Strawberry Tree. Stem
arboreous ; leaves oval, quite entire, and serrate ; panicles
pubescent, erect. A middle-sized tree. Common in Crete,
and between Aleppo and Antioch.

4. Arbutus Ferruginea ; Long-flowered Strawberry Tree.
Stem arborescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth, quite
entire ; racemes terminal. Found in America.

5. Arbutus Mucronata; Pointed-leaved Strawberry Tree.
Stem shrubby ; leaves alternate, ovate, serrate, pointed ; pe-
duncles axillary, one-flowered. This is a very stiff shrub ;
found in Terra del Fuego. . .

6. Arbutus Pumila ; Dwarf Strawberry Tree. Stems dif-
fused ; leaves alternate, distich, oblong, quite entire ; flowers
lateral, solitary. A low shrub with nodding flowers; a
native of Terra del Fuego.

7. Arbutus Acadiensis ; Acadian Strawberry Tree. Stems
procumbent ; leaves ovate, subserrate ; flowers scattered ;
berries many-seeded. It never produces fruit in England ;
but grows naturally upon swampy land in Acadia, and other
northern parts of America.

8. Arbutus Alpina ; Black-berried Alpine Arbutus. Stems
procumbent ; leaves rugose, serrate. This is a very common
plant in Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Dauphiny, Savoy,
Siberia, and many of the Highlands of Scotland ; flowering
in May, in a dry barren soil.

9. Arbutus Uva Ursi ; Berry-bearing or Trailing Arbutus.
Stems procumbent ; leaves quite entire. This shrub abounds
in most parts of the continent, and in heathy, mountainous,
and rocky places, throughout the Highlands ; also, near Ilex-
ham, in Northumberland. The leaves have been greatly ce-
lebrated as a remedy in stony and gravelly complaints. The
dose is half a drachm of the powder of the leaves, every morn-
ing, or twice or thrice daily.. De Haen relates, after great
experience of this medicine in the hospital of Vienna, that
suppurations, though obstinate and of long continuance, in
the kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra, scrotum, and perineum,
where there was no venereal taint, nor marks of calculi, were
in general completely cured by it ; that even of those who had a
manifest calculus, several found permanent relief, so that long
after the medicine had been left off, they continued free from
pain or inconvenience in making water, though the catheter
shewed that the calculus still remained: that others, who seem-
ed to be cured, relapsed on leaving off the medicine, and were
several times successively relieved by again repeating its use ;
while others obtained from it only temporary and precarious
relief, the complaints being often as severe during the ope-

ration of the medicine as when it was not used. The trials
made of it in this country have not answered the general ex-
pectation. Some have had their complaints entirely removed,
others have thought them aggravated by it. But though it
frequently fails of performing a cure in those dreadful mala-
dies, stone, gravel, &c. it many times alleviates the symp-
toms, and procures intervals of ease when all other means are
ineffectual ; which is a matter of no small moment, and cer-
tainly entitles it to some notice. It is probably not superior
upon the whole to other vegetable astringents, some of which
have long been successfully used by the country people in
gravelly complaints, although they arc not noticed by medi-
cal practitioners. Whatever may be the ultimate decision
as to its medical qualities, the whole plant is certainly very
serviceable in dyeing an ash-colour, but particularly in tan-
ning leather. In this view it well deserves attention in those
countries, the Highlands and Western Islands of Scotland for
instance, where whole mountains are covered with this trail-
ing shrub. The berries, which are red, and of the size of
those of the Holly, are food for grouse and other game.

10. Arbutus Thyniifolia ; Thyme-leaved Arbutus. Stems
procumbent ; leaves oval, acute, obscurely serrate, strigose
underneath ; flowers axillary, eight stamined. Very abun-
dant in the swamps of North America ; where the berries are
used for tarts and other kinds of pastry, for which purpose
the London confectioners import and employ them ; but they
are inferior to cranberries of our own growth.

Arbutus, Trailing. See Epigtta.

Archangel. See Lamium.

Archangel, Battm-leaved. See Melittis.

Archangel, Yellow. See Galeopsis.

Arctium ; a genus of the class Syngencsia, order Polyga-
mia yEqualis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common glo-
bular, imbricate ; scales lanceolate, ending in long subulate
prickles, reflex and toothed at the end. Corolla-, compound
tubular, uniform ; corollules hermaphrodite, equal ; proper
monopetalous, tubular; tube slender, very long ; limb ovate,
quinquefid ; divisions linear, equal. Stamina: filamenta five,
capillary, short; anthera cylindric, tubular, the length of the
corolla," five-toothed. Pistil: germen oblong, with a villose
top; style filiform, longer than the stamina ; stigma bifid,
reflex. Pericarp -. none. Calix : converging. Seeds : solitary,
vertically pyramidal, with the two opposite anglesobliterated,
gibbous on the outside ; down simple, shorter than the seed.
Receptacle : chaffy, flat ; chaffs setaceous. ESSENTIALCHARAC-
TKR. Calix: globular; the scales furnished at the end with
inflected hooks. These plants are readily increased by
seeds, but will not flower till the second year, and the roots
decay when the seeds are perfected. The species are,

1. Arctium Lappa ; Common Hurdock, Burr, or I'latburr.
Leaves alternate, large, rough, undulated; root biennial; stem
three feet high ; corolla purple, with a white tube. It is very
common by road-sides, on rubbish , and ditch-banks, through-
out Europe, flowering in July and August ; it also abounds in
Japan. In England, few animals except the ass will touch
it ; birds feed upon the seeds; and snails, slups :>.:id some
sorts of caterpillars, on the leaves. Tin- stems are eatable, if
stripped of their rind before the flow'ers appear, cither boiled
or raw, with oil and vinegar. Some excellent physicians think
a decoction of the root equal if not superior to that of Xir-
saparilla. Two ounces of the dried root are boiled in three
pints of water till one pint is wasted, and ;i pint or more of
this liquid is taken warm every day. A strong infusion of
the root operates powerfully by urine, and is good in the
jaundice and dropsy. The decoction above mentioned is
also serviceable in the gravel, stone in the kidneys, and blad-

ARC

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A R D

117

der, and venereal disorders ; also for consumptive and asth-
matical habits. The roots are said to be sudorific, and useful
in fevers ; but its virtue in operating: by urine is its greatest
value. The herb being burnt green between the time of
flowering and needing, in a hole made in the ground, without
suffering the fiame to escape, three pounds of the ashes pro-
duced sixteen ounces of very white alkaline salt, as good as
the best potash. There are many varieties of this common
plant, differing in colour, and size, and smoothness or wool-
liness of the heads ; the most remarkable of which is the
Woolly- headed Burdock, which differs only in having the
leaves whiter beneath, the heads more compact, and the
florets of a bright red colour, but principally in having the
calix al! over beautifully netted with a fine down.

2. Arctium Personata: Cut-leaved Burdock. Leaves decur-
rent, ciliate, spiny ; root-leaves pinnate ; stem-leaves oblong-
ovate. Root biennial, black, woody. Flowers in July and
August ; native of Switzerland, Austria, Silesia, and Siberia.

3. Arctium Carduel is. Leaves pinnatifld, prickly; stem
upright, prickly, grooved ; root perennial. Found in the
mountains of Upper Carniola and Silesia.

Arctopus; a genus of the class Polygamia, order Dio?cia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix : umbel universal
long, unequal ; partial shorter, more abundant ; involucre
universal five-leaved, short ; partial five-leaved, the lene-th
of the umbellule : perianth five-parted, very small. Co-
rolla : universal uniform; proper petals five, entire, oblong.
Stamina: filamenta five, setaceous, longer than the corolla;
anther simple. Pistils germen none ; styles two, setace-
ous, longer than the stamina ; stigmas simple. Pericarp :
abortive. Female, (or anrlrogi/nous,) on a distinct plant. Ca-
li> .- umbel partial with sessile floscules ; involucre partial
one-leafed, four-parted, spreading, spiny at the edge, many-
flowered, very large. Corolla: proper of the disk male,
several, as in the male ; of the ray female, four, pentapetalous.
Stamina.- to the males of the disk, as in the male. Pistil:
to thefemales, germen subulate, hispid, under the receptacle
of the floscule ; styles two, reflex, permanent ; stigmas sim-
ple. Pericarp: none; involucre converging with spines.
Seeds : to the females solitary, cordate, acuminate, bent out-
ward, hispid above, bitocular, the size of the involucre.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTRR. Mule . umbel compound ; invo-
lucre five-leaved ; corolla five-petnlled ; stamina five ; pistil
two, abortive. Female, or androffynoiu : umbel simple ; invo-
lucre four-parted, spiny, very large, containing verv many
male floscules in the disk, and four female ones in the ray.
Male: petals five ; stamina five. Female: petals five ; styles

two ; seed one, bilocular, inferior. The onl species

known is,

1. Arctopus Echinatus; Prickly-leaved Arctopus. A
handsome plant ; with the leaves crowded, sinuate and
ciliate, with spines on the upper surface ; flowers terminat-
ing among the leaves. Native of the Cape.

Arctotis a genus of the class Ryngenesia, order Polyga-
mia Nece=saria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Caliv: common
roundish, imbricate; lower scales more lax, subulate; mid-
dle ovate ; inmost oblong, srariose, rounded, and concave
at the end. Corolla: compound radiate ; corolltilcs herma-
phrodite, very many, in the disk; females ligulate, near
twenty, longer than the diameter of the disk ; proper of the
hermaphrodites funnel-shaped : border quinquefid ; ends
reflex, equal ; of the females ligulate, lanceolate, very finely
three-toothed ; tube very short. Stamina of the hermaphro-
dites ; filamenta five, capillary, short; anthera cylindric,
tubular, five toothed, length of the corolla. Pittil: of
"he hermaphrodites ; germ scarcely visible ; style cylindric,

VOL. I. 10.

a little longer than the corolla; stigma simple: of the fe-
males, germ ovate, four-cornered, villose, crowned with its
proper calicle ; style filiform ; stigmas ovate, oblong, thickishj
erect. Pericarp: none; calix unchanged. Seeds: in the
hermaphrodites, none ; in the females eolita ry, roundish, vil-
lose, crowned with a calicle, usually of five leaves ; leaflets
ovate, spreading. Receptacle: villose or chaffy, flatfish.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Receptacle villose or chaffy ; down
with a five-leaved crown ; calix imbricate, with scales sca-
riose at the end. All the plants of this genus are natives of
the Cape of Good Hope ; the annual sorts may be raised
from seed sown in a warm border of light earth in the mid-
dle of April : the shrubby sorts may be propagated by cut-
tings or slips from the roots in any of the summer months ;
and in six weeks will be rooted sufficiently to be transplanted
into pots filled with fresh earth. Some of them require to
'. be sheltered in the green-house during winter.
* Receptacles villose.

1 . Arctotis Calendulacea ; Marygold-flowered Arctotis.
Radiant florets barren ; leaves runcinate, rather tomentose.
Annual. There are several varieties of this species, all na-
tives of the Cape of Good Hope.

2. Arctotis Serrata. Radiant florets barren ; leaves lan-
ceolate, undivided, tooth-serrate ; corolla yellow.

3. Arctotis Tenuifolia. Radiant florets barren ; leaves
linear, undivided, naked. Perennial.

4. Arctotis Grandiflora; Great-flowered. Arctotis. Radiant
florets fertile; leaves pinnatifid, toothletted, cobwebbed,
three-nerved ; petals straw-coloured, with a tinge of red
underneath. Biennial ; flowering from March to May.

5. Arctotis Plantaginea ; Plantain-leaved Arctotis. Ra-
diant florets fertile ; leave lanceolate-ovate, nerved, tooth-
letted, stem-clasping. Perennial.

6. Arctotis Argentea; Silvery Arctota. Radiant florets
fertile; leaves lanceolate-linear, quite entire, tomentose.
A biennial plant, with yellow flowers.

7. Arctotis Angustifolia. Leaves oblong, toothed. There
is a variety with the stem creeping, cobweb-like; leaves
lyrate, with two teeth on each side : the whole plant white.

8. Arctotis Aspera. Rough Arctota. Radiant florets
fertile ; leaves pinnate-sinuate ; villose ; divisions oblong,
toothed, stem stiff, villose, with purple streaks : perennial.
There are several varieties of this species.

** Receptacle chajfy.

9. Arctotis Paradoxa; Chamomile-leaved Arctotis. Radi-
ant florets barren ; chaffs coloured, longer than the disk ;
leaves bipinnate, linear ; chaffs elongate, coloured, almost
the length of the ray, whence the flower appears double.

10. Arctotis Scariosa ; Southernwood-leaved Arcfotis. Ra-
diant florets barren ; chaffs equalling the florets of the disk ;
leaves decompound; stem shrubby.

11. Arctotis Paleacea; Chaffy Arctotis. Radiant florets
barren ; chaffs equalling the florets of the disk ; leaves pinnate
linear; corolla yellow. Flowers from April to August.

12. Arctotis Dentata; Fine-leaved Arctotis. Radiant flo-
rets barren ; leaves pinnate ; pinnas pinnatifid, indented ;
flowers small ; ray purple. An.annual, flowering in July.

13. Arctotis Anthemoides. Chaffs shorter than the florets ;
leaves supra decompound, linear. Very like Chamomile.

14. Arctotis Tenuifolia. Radiant florets barren ; leave*
linear, undivided, smooth ; corolla yellow.

15. Arctotis Acaulis ; Dwarf Arctotis. Peduncles radical;
leaves lyrate. A low plant, with large yellow flowers.

Ardisia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
five-cleft ; clefts subulate, upright, coloured, permanent.

118

ARE

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

ARE

Corolla : one-petalled ; tube short, length of the falix ; border
five-parted : parts lanceelate, acute, spreading, at length
reflex. Stamina : lilamenta fi\e, subulate, upright ; anthera
acute, upright, hitid at the base, converging at top round
the style. Pistil: germen superior, ovate, very small; style
subulate, longer than the stamina, upright, at length ascend-
ing ; stigma simple, acute, permanent. Periearp: berry round-
ish, large. Seed : single, roundish, covered with a hard brittle
bark, like a nut. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cater five-cleft.
Corolla: one-petalled, five-parted, reflex. Stigma: simple.
Berry : roundish, one-seeded. The species are,

1. Ardisia Excelsa ; Laurel-leaved Ardisia or Aderno. Ra-
cemes axillary, simple ; leaves obovate, cartilaginous, ser-
rate at the edge. Native of Madeira.

2. Ardisia Zeylanica. Flowers terminating, panicled ;
leaves ovate, subpetioled, quite entire ; stem arboreous.
Native of Ceylon, where the berries, which are esteemed
cooling and refreshing, are given in ardent fevers.

3. Ardisia Tinifolia. Flowers panicled ; leaves elliptic,
entire, nerved ; stem arboreous ; flowers purplish. A tree
thirty feet high, and a native of Jamaica.

4. Ardisia Coriacea. Flowers panicled ; leaves oblong,
entire, veinless, coriaceous. Native of the West Indies.

5. Ardisia Serrulata. Flowers panicled ; leaves ovate,
lanceolate, acuminate, wrinkled ; stem shrubby, pubescent.
Native of St. Domingo.

6. Ardisia Lateriflora. Racemes lateral or axillary, com-
pound ; flowers umbelled ; leaves oblong, acuminate, quite
entire ; stem shrubby. Grows in the West Indies.

7. Ardisia Parasitica. Racemes axillary, simple ; leaves
sessile, lanceolate-ovate, marked with lines ; stem shrubby.
Native of Montserrat.

Arduina ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Cater . perianth five-parted,
erect, acute, small, permanent. Corolla : one-petalled,
funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, a little curved inwards at
top; border five-parted, acute, spreading. Stamina: fila-
menta five, simple, shorter than the tube, and inserted into
the lower part of it; anthera oblong, within the throat of
the corolla. Pistil : germen superior, ovate ; style filiform,
the length of the tube; stigma bifid, thickish. Pericarp:
berry globular-oval, two-celled. Seeds: solitary, oblong,
hard. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: one-petalled. Stig-
ma : bifid. Berry ; two-celled. Seeds : solitary. Only

one species is known, viz.

1. Arduina Bispinosa ; Two-spined Arduina. A low
shrubby plant, seldom rising more than five feet high. The
flowers are small, white, and have an agreeable smell, but
seldom come to seed in England. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope. It may be increased by cuttings planted in
July, and shaded from the sun, and must be preserved in
the green-house during autumn and winter.

Areca ; a genus of the class Moncecia, order Enneandria;
ranking in the natural order of Palms. GENKKIC CHARAC-
TER. Male Flowers. Cater.- spathe bivalve; spadix branched.
Proper perianth three-leaved. Corolla : petals three, acu-
minate, rigid. Stamina: filamenta nine, the three outer
longer than the rest. Female Flowers : in the same spadix.
Cter .- spathe common with the males. Proper perianth
three-leaved. Corolla : petals three, acuminate, rigid. Pe-
ricarp : berry subovate, fibrose, surrounded at the base with
the imbricate calix. Seed : ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Corolla: three-petalled. Male: nine stamina. Female: a
drupe, with an imbricate calix. For the propagation and
culture, see Palm*. The species are,

1. Areca Catechu. Fronds pinnate ; leaflets folded back,
upposite, end-bitten. This Palm is forty or fifty feet high,

the trunk six or eight inches in diameter. The fruit does not
fall off even when ripe. The Indians call it C/ioluol, and pre-
sent it to all their guests green when it can be procured, and
stripped of the outer rind, but otherwise dried. They are
continually chew intr it, and swallowing their saliva tinctured
with the juice ; which is esteemed to be an excellent anti-
scorbutic for the gums, and a strengtheuer of the stomach
and appetite. It is also used in constipations of the bowels,
and in worm cases. A decoction of the nuts is employed in
dyeing, and is supposed both to set and enliven the colours
A native of the East Indies and of Cochin-china.

1 2. Areca Oryzajformis. Fronds pinnate; leaflets smooth,
three-nerved. A straight slender Palm, ten feet high, and
only an inch and half in diameter ; fruit smaller than the
preceding. Native of Cochin-china, Amboyna, &c.

Areca Oleracea ; Cabbage Tree. Leaflets quite entire.
This is the loftiest of the American Palms. The West In-
dians cut off the green top of the trunk, take out the white
heart of two or three inches in diameter, consisting of the
leaves closely folded together, and eat it raw with pepper
and salt, or fried with butter; it has somewhat the taste of
an artichoke. The best cabbage is obtained when the tree
is young. The outward part of the tree is used for lathing,
and boards for outhouses ; the seeds serve to feed the wild
hogs in the season ; and the spathes are frequently made into
mats by the negroes. The Barbadoes Cabbage-tree, says
Browne, is the most beautiful tree I have ever seen : it
grows to a very considerable size, and may be esteemed the
queen of the woods.

Arenaria; a genus of the class Decandria, order Trigynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Cater : perianth five-leaved ; leaf-
lets oblong, acuminate, spreading, permanent. Corolla :
petals five, ovate, entire. Stamina : filamenta ten, subulate,
five alternately interior; antherae roundish. Pistil: germen
ovate ; styles from erect reflex ; stigmas thickish. Pericarp :
capsule ovate, covered, one-celled, three or six valved. Seeds :
very many, kidney-shaped. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cater .
five-leaved, expanding. Petals : five, entire. Capsule : one-
celled, many-seeded. The species are,

1. Arenaria Peploides; .Sea Sandwort, or Chickiceed.
Leaves ovate-acute, fleshy; root creeping, perennial. Com-
mon on sandy coasts in the north of Europe ; as, near Sheer-
ness in Kent, Yarmouth in Norfolk; Southwold in Suffolk,
and Leith in Scotland : it flowers in June and July.

"2. Arenaria Tetraquetra ; Sijiiare Sandwort. Leaves
pointed, recurved ; flowers aggregate , they are white, ami
grow live or six together. Native of the Pyrenean and Ar-
ragon mountains ; flowering in July or August.

3. Arenaria Biflora ; Tvto-fmcered Sandwort. Leaves obo-
vate, obtuse; stems procumbent ; peduncles two-flowered,
lateral. Native of the high Alps of Savoy and Switzerland.

4. Arenaria Lateriflora; Side-flowering Sandwort. Leaves
ovate, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, two-flowered. Discovered
in Siberia.

5. Arenaria Trinervia; Plainfain-leai-ed Chickweed or
Sandicvrt. Leaves ovate, acute; petiolate-nerved. This
species has an annual root; and is not very common, grow-
ing only in and about woods, and flowering in May and
June.

6. Arenaria C'iliata ; Cilinte Sandwort. Leaves ovate,
nerved, ciliate, acute. Biennial ; flowering from March till
August. Found upon Mount Cenis, and in the turf of the
mountains of Dnuphiny, and by Sir Joseph Banks in Iceland.

7. Arenaria Balcarica; Muj'irca Sandwort. Leaves ovate ,
shining, rather fleshy ; stem creeping ; peduncles one-
flowered : perennial. Native of Majorca and Minorca.

8. Arenaria Multicaulis ; Many-stalked Sandmort. Leaves

ARE

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ARE

119

ovate, nerveless, sessile, acute ; corollas larger than the calix.
Native of the Swiss and Pyrenean mountains.

I). Arenaria Serpyllifolia ; Least duckweed, or Thyme-
ifin'fd Sandwort. Leaves ovate, subsessile, rough ; calix
hirsute, five-nerved ; flowers small, white. An annual plant,
common upon walls, among rubbish, and in dry barren places,
not only in Europe, but Japan; flowers from May to August.

10. Arenaria Triflora ; Three-flowered Sandwort. Leaves
lance-subulate, ciliate; branches mostly three-flowered ; pe-

tals marked with lines, obtuse : perennial. Found upon
rocks in the south of Europe.

1 1 . Arenaria Montana ; Mountain Sandwort. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, rugged; stems barren, very long, procum-
bent. Native of Spain, and the south of France.

12. Arenaria Rubra ; Purple Spurrey, or Sandwort. Leaves
filiform; stipules membraneous, sheathing. There is a va-
riety called Sea Spurrey, with linear leaves, the length of
the internodes. Corolla purple, appearing in June and July,
and frequently continuing till September. Annual. Sheep
and goats dislike this plant.

13. Arenaria Media ; Middle or Downy Sandwort. Leaves
linear, fleshy; stipules membranous; stems pubescent. The
flower, which appears in June and July, is purple, and open
at noon. It is found plentifully on the shell-coast of the
isle of Shepey, and is also a native of Germany and France.

14. Arenaria Bavarica ; Bavarian Sandwort. Leaves semi-
cylindric, fleshy, obtuse ; petals lanceolate ; peduncles ter-
minal, mostly binate : perennial. Native of Bavaria, Monte
Baldo, and Little St. Bernard.

15. Arenaria Gypsophiloides. Leaves linear, short ; radi-
cal ones bristly ; panicle subpubescent ; petals lanceolate :
perennial. Native of the Levant.

16. Arenaria Saxatilis ; Rock Sandwort. Leaves subu-
late ; stems panicled ; leaflets of the calix ovate, obtuse ;
petals white : perennial. Native of France, Germany, Swit-
zerland, Carniola, and Siberia.

17. Arenaria Verna; Vernal Mountain Sandwort or Chick-
weed. Leaves subulate; stems panicled; calices pointed,
striated. Petals oval, and white: it flowers from May till
Aiigust. Found upon mountains in Dauphiny, Savoy, Aus-
tria, and Great Britain, as, near the Land's End in Cornwall,
about Kendal, Settle, and Matlock ; at Arthur's seat near Edin-
burgh ; near Holywell, St. Asaph, and Llanberys, in Wales.

18. Arenaria Hispida; Hispid Sandwort. Leaves subu-
late, hispid underneath. Native of Montpellier.

19. Arenaria Juniperina ; Juniper Sandwort. Leaves subu-
late, thorny ; stems erect ; calices striated ; capsules ob-
long; root perennial. Native place unknown.

20. Arenaria Tenuifolia; Fine-leaved Chickweed or Sand-
vnrt. Leaves subulate, acute ; stem panicled ; capsules erect.

Flowers small, white ; petals shorter than the calix, and lan-
ceolate ; root annual. Native of almost every country in the
north of Europe ; it is found in England upon Gog-magog
Hills, and the borders of Triplow heath in Cambridgeshire;
near Bury ; near Cley in Norfolk ; Cornbury quarry,near Chai-1-
bury in Oxfordshire ; Malvern hill in Worcestershire ; and
at Battersea and Deptford, flowering in June and July.

21. Arenaria Laricifolia ; Larch-leaved Sandwort. Leaves
bristly ; stem nakedish above ; calices rather shaggy. Root
perennial. It flowers in July and August ; and is a native of
France, Switzerland, Savoy, Piedmont, and Westmoreland.

'-'.J. Arenaria Striata ; Striated Sandwort. Leaves linear,
erect, pressed to the stem; calices oblong, striated. It
flowers from July to August ; and is a native of Switzerland.

'23. Arenaria Fasciculata ; Cluster-flowering Sandwort.
Leaves subulate ; stem erect, stiff; flowers fascicled; petals

very short, white ; root annual. It flowers in August, am!
is a native of the south of France, the alps of Piedmont, &c.

24. Arenaria Grandiflora ; Great-flowered Sandwort.
Leaves subulate, flat, stiff; the radical ones crowded ; stems
one-flowered ; root perennial. Native of the south of France,
near Geneva, Mont Cenis, the Vaudois, Carniola, &c.

25. Arenaria Austriaca ; Austrian Sandwort. Stems
under-shrubby, prostrate, then herbaceous, and erect ; leaves
subulate; flowers twin: petals emarginate : perennial. Na-
tive of the mountains of Austria, Switzerland, and Piedmont.

26. Arenaria Liniflora; Flax-flowered, Sandwort. Stems
erect, branching below, and under-shrubby ; leaves subulate ;
flowers twin : perennial. Native of the south of Europe.

27. Arenaria Recurva. Radical leaves heaped, recurved
subulate ; stem simple, bearing about three flowers. Root
biennial. Native of Provence, and of rocky pastures in the
high Alps of the Vaudois in Piedmont ; also of the high
mountains of Switzerland.

28. Arenaria Obtusa. Leaves linear, flat, obtuse ; calices
viscid : perennial. Native of the high Swiss alps, &c.

29. Arenaria Lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, three-nerved,
acute ; calices lanceolate, three-nerved ; root perennial,
dark-coloured, tough, with a very few fibres, creeping.

30. Arenaria Dianthoides. Leaves linear, scabrous at the
edge ; flowers capitated ; bractes ventricose, longer than the
peduncles. Perennial. Found by Tournefort in Armenia.

31. Arenaria Cucubaloides. Leaves linear, scabrous at
the edge; panicles dichotomous, pubescent; petals obovate.
Root perennial. Found by Tournefort in Armenia.

Arethusa ; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Diandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : spathe leafy ; perianth none.
Corolla : ringent ; petals five, oblong, subequal, two outer,
all converging into a helmet ; nectary one-leafed, tubular
at the base, within the bottom of the corolla two-parted ;
lower lip reflex, broad, wrinkled, the length of the petals,
hanging down forwards ; upper lip linear, very tender, fasten-
ed to the style, lobed at the top. Stamina : fi lamenta two, very
short, sitting on the top of the pistil ; anthera ovate, com-
pressed, covered with the folding of the inner lip of the nec-
tary. Pistil.- germen oblong, inferior ; style oblong, incurved,
clothed with the inner lip of the nectary ; stigma funnel-
shaped. Pericarp: capsule oblong-ovate, one-celled, three-
valved, gaping at the angles. Seeds: numerous, chaffy. Es-
SKNTIAL CHARACTER. Nectary tubular, within the bottom of
the corolla ; the lower lip fastened to the style. The first
three are hardy, and will endure the rigour of our climate ;
the next three must be kept in the Cape-stove, and the last
in the bark-stove. They grow in bogs and watery places.
The species are,

1. Arethusa Bulbosa ; Bulbous-rooted Arethusa. Root
globose ; scape sheathed ; spathe two-leaved. This and the
two next species are natives of bogs in North America.

2. Arethusa Ophioglossoides; Adder s Tongue-leaved Are-
thusa. Root fibrous ; leaf of the scape oval, spathaceous ;
leaflet lanceolate.

3. Arethusa Divaricata ; Lily-leaved, Heleborine or Are-
thusa. Root subpalmate ; leaf of the cape and leaflet of the
spathe lanceolate ; the outer petals rising.

4. Arethusa Capensis ; Cape Afethusa. Bulb round ;
stem two-leaved, simple, one-flowered ; leaves two, alter-
nate, sheathing, awl-shaped. Found at the Cape.

5. Arethusa Villosa ; Fillose Arethusa. Bulb round ;
leaves ovate, ciliate, pubescent. Found also at the Cape.

6. Arethusa Ciliaris ; Ciliated Arethusa. Root fleshy;
leaf kidney-shaped, orbiculate ; lip ciliate. Also a native
of the Cape.

ISO

A R G

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A R I

7. Arcthusii Biplumata ; Two-feathered Arethusa. Scape
sheathed ; spathe cowled ; flower terminal, erect, purple ; the
two lower petals elongated, bearded on the upper side; roots
fascicled, or in bundles. Found at Buenos Ayres.

Aret'w; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monog-ynia.
GBNKBIC CHARACTER. Calii : perianth one-leafed, bell-
shaped, semiquinqucfid, bluntish, permanent. Coru/la:mo-
nopetalous, salver-shnped; tube ovate, the length of the calix,
contracted at the neck; limb five-parted; divisions obovate.
Stamina : filamenta five, conic, in the middle of the tube
very short; antherte erect, sharpish, within the throat of the
corolla. Pistil: gcrmen roundish; style filiform, the length
of the tube; stigma flat-headed. Pericarp: capsule one-
celled, five-valved. Seeds : five. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Corolla : salver-shaped, five-cleft ; tube ovate ; stigma flat-
headed. Capsule: one-celled, globular, with about five seeds.
These little Alpine plants are rather difficult to preserve in
gardens ; they require a shady situation, where the seeds
should be sown as soon as ever they can be procured. They
may be also propagated from offsets or slips, and by parting
the roots. The species are,

1. Aretia Helvetica ; Imbricated Aretia. Leaves imbri-
cate ; flowers subsessile. Root perennial, corolla white.
Native of the western Swiss Alps, and of Dauphiny.

2. Aretia Alpina ; Linear-leaved Arntia. Leaves linear,
spreading ; flowers pedunculated. Found in various parts of
Switzerland, and in Austria. There are besides two varieties
of this species : the first has white flowers with a purple eye;
and the second forms beautiful tufts of red flowers, which
grow upon Mount St. Bernard, at the height of almost ten
miles above the level of the sea !

3. Aretia Vitaliatia ; Grass-leaved Aretia. Leaves linear,
recurved : flowers subsessile. A small plant, always lying
on the ground ; flowers of a deep yellow. Native of the
Pyrenees, and high Alps between the Valais und Italy, and
in Dauphiny.

Argentine ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth three-leaved,
roundish ; leaflets roundish with a point, concave caducous.
Corolla: petals six, roundish, from erect spreading, larger
than the calix. Stamina : filamenta numerous, filiform, the
length of the calix; anthera oblong, erect. Pistil: gernien
ovate, five-angled; style none; stigma thickish, obtuse, re-
flex, quinquefid, permanent. Pericarp: capsule ovate, five-
angled, one-celled, half-valved. Seeds: numerous, very
small. Urtf /itiiclts : linear, fastened to the angles of the
pericarp, not gaping. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla .-
six-petalK-d. Calix: three-leaved. Capsule: half-valved.
The species are,

1. Argemone Mexicana ; Prickly Argemone, or Poppy.
Capsules six-valved ; leaves spiny. This is called the Yelluir
Thistle in the West Indies, where it is a troublesome weed in
cultivated lands. The whole plant abounds with a milky
glutinous juice, which turns to a fine bright yellow in the air,
and when rrduced to consistence, is not distinguishable from
gamboge; and, in very small doses, it is probably equally
efficacious for dropsies, jaundice, and cutaneous eruptions.
It is reckoned very detersive, and generally used in diseases
of the eyes ; but the infusion is looked upon as a suderific and
iitive, which may be most successfully applied. The
arc said to be a much stronger narcotic than opium.
The inhabitants of the sugar colonies think them an excel-
lent ri medy in diarrhoeas and bloody fluxes ; they have apun-
v arm taste, but it is not immediately perceived by the
palate. They work both by stool and vomit, and have been
administered in the dry belly-ach; but we have much bet-

ter medicines for both these disorders, though this may be
successfully given when the parts are relaxed or weakly, or
the disorder proceeds from indigestion, which is frequently
the case in hot climates. The seeds must be sown upon a bed
of light earth in the spring, where they are to remain. They
must be thinned till each is four inches apart from the rest.

2. Argemone Armeniaca. Capsules three-valved. Disco-
vered in Armenia by Tournefort.

3. Argemone Pyrcnaica. Capsules four-valved ; stem
naked. Native of the Pyrenees.

Argophyllum ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth short, quin-
quefid ; divisions sharp. Corolla : petals five, lanceolate,
spreading, three times greater than the calix. Nectary five-
angled, pyramidal, open at the top, consisting of many con-
verging papillae, connate at the base. Stamina : filamenta
five, subulate, inserted into the receptacle ; shorter than the
nectary ; antherae ovate. 1'islil : gcrmen turbinate, fastened
at the bottom to the calix, flat above; style filiform, the
length of the nectary ; stigma globular. Pericarp-, capsulr
hemispherical, flat above, growing to the calix, three-celled,
opening into three parts. Seeds : very many, globular, porous.
ESSEX-HAL CHARACTER. Capsule: three-celled. Nectary:

pyramidal, five-angled, the length of the corolla. One

species only is known, viz.

1. Argophyllum Nitidum. A perennial; found in New
Caledonia.

Argythamnia ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Te-
trandria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowers. Calix : pe-
rianth four-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, erect. Corolla :
petals four, lanceolate-ovate, ciliate on the margin, shorter
than the calix ; nectary four glands between the petals,
roundish, depressed. Stamina: filamenta four, longer than
the petals approximated at the base, dilated ; antherse sim-
ple. Putil: rudiment of a style. Female flowers, in the
same raceme under the male ones. Calix : perianth five-leaved
leaflets lanceolate. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen ovate,
somewhat three-cornered ; styles three, spreading, half two-
cleft ; each of the clefts bifid ; stigmas lacerate. Pericarp .-
capsule tricoccous, three-celled, six-valved. Seeds: solitary,
roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male. Calix : four-
leaved. Corolla: four-petalled. Female. Calix: five-leaved,
,'((. none. Styles: dichotomous. Capsule.: tricoccous,
with solitary seeds. The only species known is,

1. Argythamnia Candicans. A shrub seldom rising above
five feet high, with long branches, and common upon the
lower hills and gravelly soils of Jamaica. The leaves when
bruised are very odorilen

Aristea ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Monogynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Culii : spathes bivalve. Corolla:
petals six, oblong, spreading, nearly equal. Stamina: fila-
menta three, filiform, shorter than the petals; antheree ob-
lotiir, erect, incumbent. Pin til : germen inferior, three-
cornered; style filiform, longer than the filamenta, declinate;
stiirma funnel-form, gaping, limbriated on the margin, some-
what three-cornered. Pericarp: capsule oblong, three-
cornered, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds : very many.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Petal*: six. Sti/le: declinate.
Stigma : funnel-form, gaping. Capsule: inferior, with many
seeds. The only spivies yet discovered i>,

1. Aristea Cyanca: (irans-teari-it Aristea. A small fibrous
plant, six or ciicht inches high; native of the Cape.

Ar'istella. See .Si

Aristiila a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calijc : glume one-flowered, bi-
valve ; valves linear-subulate, membranaceuus, unenual.

A R I

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A R I

121

Corolla : glume bivalve, thicker than the calix ,- outer valve
linear, converging longitudinally, hirsute at the base, termi-
nated by three awns, subequal, patulous ; inner valve lance-
olate, sharp, very short, wrapped within the outer valve ;
nectary two-leaved ; leaflets lanceolate, obtuse. Stamina :
filamenta capillary ; antherae oblong. Pistil : germen tur-
binate ; styles capillary ; stigmas villose. Pericarp : none ;
glume converging, involving, gaping. Seed : one, filiform,
the length of the corolla, naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.
Calix two-valved. Corolla : one-valved, with three termi-
nal awns. The species are,

1 . Aristida Adscensionis. Panicle branching ; pikes
scattered ; corollas one-valved ; culms in tufts. Native of
Jamaica, in dry sands ; there called Bearded Grass.

<2. Aristida Americana. Panicle simple ; corollas two-
valved, one with dorsal, the other with terminating awns ;
culm half afoot high. Native of Jamaica.

3. Aristida Plumosa. Panicled : the middle awn longest
and woolly ; culms villose. Found in America.

4. Aristida Arundinacea. Panicled : corollas two-valved,
middle awn longer, smooth ; culms four feet high ; leaves
narrow, even, striated. It was found in the East Indies.

5. Aristida Gigantea. Panicle elongated, loose, one-
ranked) calices one-flowered ; awns of the corolla subequal,
straight. A very lofty, branching, and smooth Grass ; found
upon the island of Teneriffe.

6. Aristida Hystrix. Panicle divaricated, very spreading ;
flowers quite simple, smooth ; awns straight.divaricated. A
creeping, stolonilferous, smooth Grass ; observed in Malabar.

Aristolochia ; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Hex-
andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla : mo-
nopetalous, tubular, irregular ; base swelling, subglobular,
torulose ; tube oblong, hexagon-cylindric ; limb dilated, ex-
tended below into a long tongue. Stamina : filamenta none ;
antherae six, fastened at bottom to the stigmas, four-celled.
Pistil : germen oblong, inferior, angular ; style scarcely any ;
stigma subglobular, six parted, concave. Pericarp : capsule
large, six-angled, six-celled. Seeds : several, depressed, in-
cumbent. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Stigmas six. Calix :
none. Corolla : monopetalous, tongue-shaped, entire. Cap-
sule : six-celled, inferior. All the plants of this genus, that
are natives of hot climates, are propagated by seed procured
from their native countries ; sown in small pots of light earth,
as soon as they arrive, and, if it be autumn or winter, they
must be plunged into the tan of the bark-stove between
some large plants, to screen them from the sun, as they de-
light in shade. In March they must be removed into a

hot-bed frame, where the plants will appear in May.

The species are,

1. Aristolochia Bilobata ; Two-lobed Bir thwart. Leaves
two-lobed, cordate ; stem twining, filiform, subdivided.
It flowers from November until January, and covers the
trees and shrubs in Dominica and Hispaniola.

2. Aristolochia Trilobata : Three-lobed Birthwort. Leaves
three-lobed ; stem twining; flowers very large, bagged at the
base ; tongue linear, very long. A climbing plant, with an
aromatic stem. The roots of this and the tenth species are
accounted warm attenuants, and active diuretics and sto-
machics ; they are administered in infusions, and greatly used
among the slaves of Jamaica, where they naturally grow.
This species abounds most on the north side of the island,
and is therefore called Contrayerva of the North-side. It is
also a native of the South American continent.

3. Aristolochia Pentandra ; Fwe-stamined Birthwort.
Leaves cordate, hastate, subtrilobate ; stem twining ; bracte
cordate, embracing. Native of America.

VOL. i. 11.

4. Aristolochia Peltata; Peltated Birthwort. Leaves
kidney-shaped, subpeltate ; stem twining, filiform, striated ;
root woody, corky, perennial. It flowers in February and
March, and is a native of St. Domingo, in very dry coppices
and also of the continent of South America.

5. Aristolochia Maxima ; Greatest Birthwort. Leaves
oblong, acuminate; stem twining; peduncles many-flowered;
flowers curved, in loose clusters ; stem corky next the root.
Found near Carthagena in New Spain.

6. Aristolochia Bilabiata ; Two-lipped Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, tongue-shaped, obtuse ; stem twining; corollas
two-lipped, brown-purple, striated. Flowers in spring, and
is found upon a calcareous soil, in the hedges of Hispaniola ;
it is also a native of South America.

7. Aristolochia Erecta ; Upright Birthwort. Leaves lan-
ceolate, sessile, subhirsute ; stem erect ; peduncles solitary,
one-flowered ; flowers very long, dark purple ; rises three
feet high. It was discovered at La Vera Cruz, in New
Spain.

8. Aristolochia Arborescens ; Tree Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, lanceolate ; stem erect, shrubby ; flowers solitary,
axillary. Called Snakeroot in North America, where it na-
turally grows to the height of two feet.

9. Aristolochia Caudata ; Tailed Birthwort. Leaves cor-
date, obtuse, emarginate at the tip ; lobes incumbent, lip-
tailed. Native of America.

10. Aristolochia Odoratissima ; Sweet-scented Birthwort.
Leaves cordate ; stem twining, shrubby ; peduncles solitary :
lip of the corolla very large, yellowish. It has a long round
geniculated root, as thick as a finger ; the whole plant has a
strong and very grateful smell. In Jamaica, where it natu-
rally grows, it is called Contrayerva of the South-side, to
distinguish it from the second species ; which see.

11. Aristolochia Sipho ; Broad- leaved Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, petioled ; flowers solitary ; border, trifid, equal ;
corolla purplish-brown ; bracte ovate. A tall twining shrub,
flowering in June and July : a native of North America.

12. Aristolochia Anguicida ; Snake-killing Birthwort.
Leaves cordate, acuminate ; stem twining, shrubby ; pe-
duncles solitary ; stipules cordate ; root long, thick, pale
coloured ; corolla purple. If the juice of the root, mixed
with the saliva, be put into the mouth of a serpent, he may
be safely handled, but will recover himself after two hours ;
several of the other species are said to produce the same
effect. Native of Mexico and the West Indies.

13. Aristolochia Maurorum ; Moorish Birthwort. Leaves
hastate, quite entire ; stem weak, simple ; flowers solitary,
recurved, brown. This plant has an unpleasant smell :
seen in olive-grounds near Aleppo.

14. Aristolochia Indica ; Indian Birthwort. Leaves cor-
date, rather acute ; stem twining, shrubby ; peduncles many-
flowered; corolla dusky purple. A native of the East Indies,
and Cochin-china. It is bitter, but has not much smell,
and is thought to be an attenuant, and remover of obstruc-
tions.

15. Aristolochia Bcetica ; Spanish Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, rather acute ; stem twining ; peduncles about three,
longer than the petioles ; root very long, pale-coloured, acri-
moniously astringent. It is an evergreen, flowering in Ja-
nuary and February, and a native of Spain.

16. Aristolochia Sempervirens ; Evergreen Birthwort.
Leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, waved ; stem weak ;
flowers solitary ; roots many, slender, odorous. It flowers
in May and June, and is a native of the isle of Candia.

17. Aristolochia Serpentaria ; Virginia Birthwort, or
Snake-root. Leaves cordate-oblong, flat; stems weak,

122

A R I

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A R N

flexuose, round ; flowers solitary, blue or purplish ; root a
congeries of small fibres, of a yellow colour, and aromatic
smell and taste. It is a warm diaphoretic and diuretic ; it is
reckoned one of the principal alexipharmics, and is in general
use in low malignant fevers, and epidemic diseases. It is
given in substance from a few grains to a scruple or half a
drachm ; in decoction or infusion, to a drachm or upwards.
A tincture of it is prepared by digesting three ounces in a
quart of spirit of wine eight days; and a spiri-alexiterial wa-
ter, mixed with one-sixth its quantity of distilled water. It
is also an ingredient in the compound tincture of bark.
Native of Virginia and Carolina.

18. Aristolochia Pistolochia. Leaves cordate-crenulate,
netted underneath, petioled; stems angular, branching,
weak ; flowers solitary ; roots round, numerous. Native
of the south of France, Switzerland, and Spain.

19. Aristolochia Rotunda; Round-rooted Birthwort.'
Leaves cordate, subsessile, obtuse ; stem weak ; flowers so-
litary, of a purplish black colour. This has long tap-roots,
shaped like those of Carrots. It is a native of the south of
Europe, and of Japan, and flowers at the same time in both,
from June through the autumn. The root, which is the only
part used, is a rough and disagreeable medicine ; it often
offends the stomach, but is an excellent drug for promoting
the necessary evacuations after delivery. There are two kinds
of Birthwort roots kept in the shops ; the one called the Long
Birthwort, the other the Climbing Birthwort. They possess
the same virtues with the Round, but in a less degree, and
are therefore less regarded : see species 20 and 22.

20. Aristolochia Longa ; Long-rooted Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, petioled, obtuse ; stem weak ; flowers pale purple,
solitary ; fruit ovate. Native of the south of Europe, and
Japan. Meyrick informs us, tht it will sometimes resist
the severity of an English winter in the open air, and that it
flowers with us at the latter end of summer. He adds, the
roots are kept in the shops, and many authors represent them
as being of an extremely hot and pungent nature ; but such
as are commonly met with among druggists, exhibit no very
striking qualities of that kind. On first chewing them when
dry, scarcely any taste is perceptible ; but they soon fill the
mouth with a nauseous bitterness, which remains for a long
time. As a medicine, they heat, stimulate, cut and attenuate
a tough phlegm, and promote the fluid secretions in general ;
but their principal efficacy consists in removing feminine
obstructions, and promoting the necessary evacuations after
delivery; from which it is probable the plant received its name.
The dose is from a scniple in weight to upwards of a drachm.
A decoction of them is recommended to be used externally
as a fomentation, for cleansing and healing wounds and ulcers,
and in cutaneous disorders. They have likewise been recom-
mended as powerful alterants in gouty complaints ; but who-
ever has been attentive to their effects must have observed,
that in some cases they are improper : see the 22d species.
Simon Pauli informs us, that the Long Birthwort roots,
applied as an epithem or fomentation, were found remark-
ably serviceable in stubborn ulcers of the legs.

21. Aristolochia Hirsuta ; Rough Birthwort. Leaves
cordate, rather obtuse, shaggy ; flowers solitary, pendulous,
recurved, subtruncate. The whole plant is bitter, the flower
scentless : it has been recommended for the gout. Native
of the island of Schio or Chios.

22. Aristolochia Clematitis ; Common Birthwort. Leaves
cordate; stem erect; flowers axillary, crowded, pale yellow.
It has an erect stem, from two to three feet high, simple
striated, round, and smooth ; and is found all over the con-
tinent of Europe. In England, in a wood two miles from

Thorndon in Essex ; near Maidstone and other places in
Kent ; near Stuston in Suffolk ; and in the hedges at Whit-,
tlesford in Cambridgeshire. The roots have an aromatic-
smell, and a warm bitterish taste ; they are celebrated as warm
attenuants and deobstruents, particularly in suppressions of
the uterine purgations. The dose is from a scruple to a
drachm and upwards. Boerhaave observes, that the pituitous
gout, as he calls it, is often relieved by an infusion of these
roots in spirit of Juniper berries, sweetened with sugar, and
taken to the quantity of a spoonful at a time ; but that in other
kinds of gout, and in subjects of a tender constitution, this
medicine produces loss of appetite, a weakness of the sto-
mach, and a languidness more distressing than the gout
itself: a powder composed of this and other similar materials,
(prescribed by the ancients as an antiarthritic, and again come
into esteem,) has produced complaints of the same kind.

23. Aristolochia Scandens. Leaves cordate, on very long
petioles; stem climbing; flowers terminal,on verylongpedun-
cles.^-This species grows naturally near Tolu in New Spaii..

24. Aristolochia Conferta. Leaves cordate, petioled ; stem
climbing ; flowers axillary, crowded, dark purple. Disco-
vered at Campeachy in New Spain.

25. Aristolochia Bracteata. Leaves cordate, obtuse ; stem
weak ; flowers solitary ; bractes cordate, petioled. Native
of the East Indies, where it is used as a medicine.

26. Aristolochia Obtusata. Leaves cordate, rounded at
the tip, three-nerved, netted and tomentose beneath ; stem
twining; peduncle solitary. Native of the Caribbee Islands.

27. Aristolochia Grandiflora. Leaves broad, cordate ;
stem twining, subherbaceous ; peduncles solitary ; tip of the
corolla very large, with a very long tail. It bears very large
flowers, seldom under five or six inches round the margin :
very common in St. Ann's, Jamaica.

Jlristotelia ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Mo-
nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calic : perianth one-
leafed, five parted ; divisions lanceolate, concave, acute,
upright. Corolla : petals five, wedge-shaped, concave, erect,
lying over each other at the sides, scarcely longer than the
calix. Stamina: filamenta fifteen, very short; anthera linear,
shorter than the germen. Pistil : germen superior, roundish,
rather three-cornered ; style filiform, longer than the corolla;
stigmas three, recurved. Pericarp : berry subglobular, ob-
tusely three-cornered, three-celled. Seeds : two, or solitary
in each cell, angular. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : five-
leaved. Corolla: five-petalled. Berry: three-celled. Seeds:
two in each cell. One species only is known,

1. Aristotelia Macqui : Shining-leaved jlristotelia. A
small shrub, native of Chili, where the inhabitants make a
wine from the berries, which are slightly acid, and eatable,
and given in malignant fevers. Dombey, while in Chili, used
it successfully against the plague. It flowers in April and
May, and is hardy enough to bear the open air in general ;
though severe winters will probably kill it, unless protected
by a green-house.

Arnica ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia
Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common, im-
bricate, shorter than the ray of the corolla ; leaflets lanceo-
late, the length of the calix, erect. Corolla : compound, ra-
diate. Corollules : hermaphrodite in the disk, very numerous.
Females in the ray, about twenty. Proper of the hermaph-
rodite, tubular, erect, five-cleft, equal. Female lanceolate,
very long, three-toothed, spreading. Stamina : to the her-
maphrodites, filamenta very short : anthera cylindric : to the
females, filamenta subulate, erect; anthera none. Pistil:
germen oblong ; style simple, the length of the stamina ;
stigma bifid. Pericarp : none. Calix : unchanged. Seedt .

A R N

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ART

123

solitary, oblong. Down : simple, in the hermaphrodites
pubescent, long. Receptacle: naked. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Receptacle: naked. Down: simple; corollules of
the ray have five filamenta without anther. The European
sorts, which are hardy, require a moist shady situation ; and
:nay be propagated by parting the roots in autumn, when
the stalks begin to decay, or by seeds sown soon after they
are ripe in autumn, for those sown in spring often fail ; but
if the seeds are permitted to scatter, they will appear of
themselves, and only require to be kept free from weeds.
The other species must be kept in pots under a frame or in
a dry-stove ; they may be increased by seeds, cuttings, or

parting the roots. The species are,

1. Arnica Montana; Mountain Arnica. Leaves ovate,
entire ; stem-leaves twin, opposite ; flowers a deep yellow ;
root perennial, and aromatic. The whole plant is acrid, and
has a strong scent. The flowers follow the sun ; goats are
fond of it, but cows refuse to touch it. In Smaland they
snuff the powder of the leaves up the nostrils, and smoke
them as tobacco. In Germany it is esteemed a specific for
resolving coagulated blood, occasioned by falls and bruises,
and is recommended in obstinate chronical disorders ; but it
appears to be too violent in its operation for general use. Dr.
Collins, of Vienna, recommends beginning with an infusion of
one drachm of the herb in flower, morning and .evening,
gradually increasing the dose to half an ounce, and keeping
the body open. Infused in small beer, and taken as common
drink, it is reported to have removed the chronical rheumatism
of the loins ; and in one or two doses, taken two hours before
the fit, to have put a stop to intermittents of long standing.
Bergius tried this infusion, and also the powder of the root,
in quartan agues, without success. Allioni relates, that the
palsy was cured by the flowers, but that his patients could
not endure the quantity of the infusion of them which Dr.
Collins above recommends ; and that he nevergave more than
three drachms, and divided them into several doses. Villars
celebrates the Arnica as one of the best remedies of the vege-
table kingdom; as eminently diureticand tonic; asafebrifuge,
antiparalytic, and antiarthritic. He says, that all parts of it
may be used in infusion or decoction ; in a dose of half a
grain, or, if given in substance, less, especially at the begin-
ning, because it is apt to discourage patients by giving them
the heartburn. " How many sick," he exclaims, " have I
benefited, and even cured of the dropsy, by this simple
remedy !" It flowers in July in Great Britain, and is a na-
tive of most parts of Europe, and of Siberia.

2. Arnica Piloselloides ; Mouse-ear Arnica. Leaves quite
entire, elliptic, villose ; scape one-flowered, woolly ; calix
equalling the ray. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

3. Arnica Scorpioides : Alternate-leaved Arnica. Leaves
alternate, toothed. The roots are contorted, and the whole
plant has a strong disagreeable smell, especially in the shade.
Native of Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphiny, and Austria.

4. Arnica Doronicum. Leaves alternate, subserrate, ob-
long, rough. Natives of the high Alps of the Grisons, of
Dauphiny, Piedmont, and Austria.

5. Arnica Maritima ; Sea Arnica. Leaves lanceolate, the
lower ones serrate ; stem leafy, many-flowered. Native of
Kamtschatka and North America.

6. Arnica Crocea; Saffron-flowered Arnica. Leaves ovate,
repand, toothletted, tomentose underneath ; scape one-flow-
ered. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

7- Arnica Ciliata ; Ciliate- leaved Arnica. Leaves stem-
clasping, ovate, toothed, ciliate, smooth ; stem simple, one-
flowered ; flower terminating, red, the size of a small pear.
This, and the two following, are natives of Japan.

8. Arnica Japonica; Japanese Arnica. Leaves gash-pal-
mated, toothletted ; flowers red, terminal, sub-binate.

9. Arnica Palmata ; Palmate-leaved Arnica. Leaves gash -
palmated, toothed ; flowers panicled, small, yellow.

10. Arnica Gerbera. Leaves pinnatifid ; lobes rounded.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

11. Arnica Coronopifolia. Leaves pinnate; divisions
linear. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

12. Arnica Oporina. Shrubby: leaves lanceolate, callous,
crenate, tomentose beneath; peduncles one-flowered, soli-
tary, terminating, scaly. Native of New Zealand.

Arnotto. See lti.ru.

Arrow-Head. See Sagittaria.

Arrow-headed Grass. See Triglochm.

Arrow-Root, Indian. See Maranta.

Arsesmart. See Polygonum.

Artedia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia
GENERIC CHARACTER. Umbel universal, spreading,
flat, manifold ; partial small, similar ; involucre universal,
about ten-leaved ; leaflets ovate, oblong ; three-bristled at
the end, nearly the length of the umbel ; partial two or
three-leaved, vergingoutwards; leaflets linear,pinnate,longer
than the umbellule. Corolla : universal, difform, radiate ;
floscules of the disk, abortive ; proper of the disk, male ;
petals five, cordate-inflex, erect ; of the ray, hermaphrodite,
with similar petals, but the outmost larger. Stamina : fila-
menta five, capillary in all the florets; anthera simple,
roundish. Pistil: of the ray ; germen small inferior ; styles
reflex ; stigmas simple. Pericarp : none ; fruit roundish,
compressed, leafy, scaled on the edge, bipartite. Seeds: two,
oblong, set about the edge with roundish spreading scales.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Involucre pinnatifid ; floscules

of the disk male ; fruit rough, with scales. The only

species known is,

I. Artedia Squamata. An annual plant, and a native of
the East, producing a large umbel of white flowers in July.
If the seed be sown where they are to remain upon a warm
border in autumn, and the plants kept six or eight inches
apart, and clear from weeds, they will thrive ; but to secure
their seeding in England, they should be raised in a hot-
bed, and kept in a green-house.

Artemisia a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polyga-
mia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common,
roundish, imbricate ; scales rounded, converging. Corolla;
compound ; corollula hermaphrodite, tubular, several in the
disk ; females almost naked in the circumference ; proper
of the hermaphrodite funnel-shaped ; border five-cleft. Sta-
mina : in the hermaphrodites ; filamenta capillary, very
short ; anthera cylindric, tubular, five-toothed. Pistil : in
the hermaphrodites ; germen small ; style filiform, the length
of the stamina ; stigma bifid, revolute : females, germen
very small ; style longer than in the hermaphrodites ; stigma
similar. Pericarp : none. Calix : scarcely changed. Seeds :
solitary, naked. Receptacle: flat or villose. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Receptacle: subvillose, or almost naked.
Down : none^. Calix : imbricate, with rounded converging
scales. Corolla : of the ray none. Most of the numerous
plants of this genus are hardy perennials, and may be in-
creased without much difficulty, by seeds, by parting the
roots, and by slips or cuttings.

* Shrubby, erect. ,

1. Artemisia Vermiculata. Leaves acerose, crbwded, very
small ; panicle racemed; flowers sessile. Native of the Cape
of Good Hope : it requires a light soil in a green-house,
and may be there increased by slips or cuttings.

2. Artemisia Capillaris. Leaves simple, capillaceous ;

124

ART

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ART

flowers white, inodorous, small, appearing in October. Na-
tive of Japan, and cultivated in China and Cochin-china.

3. ArtemisiaJudaica. Leaves obovate,obtuse,lobed, small;
flowers panicled, pedicelled. Native of Judea, Arabia, Ca-
ramania, the Mogul country, and China. The taste is hitter,
and the eastern nations use both the leaves and seeds in me-
dicine as tonics, stomachics, and anthehninthics.

4. Artemisia jEthiopica. Leaves palmate, linear, very
minute, panicled, racemed ; flowers sessile. Native of Spain
and the Cape of Good Hope. This, and the fifth, sixth, and
seventh species must be sheltered from frost under a frame
during winter. They are easily propagated from cuttings.

5. Artemisia Contorta. Leaves palmate, linear, minute ;
panicle racemed ; flowers sessile. Found inPersia,see No.4.

6. Artemisia Abrotanum ; Southernwood. Leaves setace-
ous, very branching. It seldom rises above three or four
feet high. Common Southernwood, which is merely a variety
of'this species, is bitter and aromatic, with a very strong
smell. It is not much in use, but promises considerable
effects, outwardly, in discussing contusions and tumours ; in-
wardly, for destroying worms, and in disorders peculiar to
the female sex. It may have great efficacy in catarrhal ma-
lignant fevers, by its quality of promoting perspiration.which
it possesses in a very high degree. A table-spoonful of the
expressed juice maybe given, half an ounce of the decoction,
or a whole ounce of the infusion of the herb. In the pre-
sent practice it is seldom used, except as an ingredient in dis-
cutient and antiseptic fomentations. A strong decoction of
the leaves destroys worms ; but it is a very nauseous medicine.
The leaves are also esteemed as a good ingredient in fomen-
tations, for easing pain, dispersing swellings,and stopping the
progress of gangrenes. The top of the young branches,beaten
into a conserve with three times their weight of sugar, are
rendered less unpleasant to take, and in this form are good
for all nervous disorders, and in all hysteric complaints.
Culpeper says, that the distilled water was formerly given
for the stone. It is held by all writers, ancient and modern,
to be more offensive to the stomach than Wormwood. The
branches of it dye wool a deep yellow.

7. Artemisia Arborescens ; Common Narrow -leaved Tree
Wormwood. Leaves tripinnatifid, silky, cinerous ; leaflets
linear; flower-bearing branchlets simple. The stalk is woody,
six or seven feet high. The flowers globular, in spikes, ter-
minating the branches. Native of Piedmont : see No. 4.

8. Artemisia Argentea; Broad-leaved Tree Wormwood.
Leaves bipinnatifid, silky, white ; leaflets lanceolate-linear;
flowers globose; flower-bearing branchlets wandlike. Na-
tive of Madeira.

9. Artemisia Arragoniae. Leaves linear, bipinnate, hoary;
flowers racemed. Scarcely a foot high.

10. Artemisia Messerschmidii. Leaves linear, multifid ;
racemes erect, slender, loose, tomentose. Found in Tartary.

11. Artemisia Tatarica. Lower leaves bipinnate ; pinnas
equal ; upper leaves pinnate, linear ; racemes erect, loose,
many-flowered, tomentose. Native of Tartary.

12. Artemisia Nitrosa. Lower leaves finely multifid ; up-
per entire, obtuse ; corymbs erect, hoary, oblong, spiked,
sessile. Native of Siberia.

13. Artemisia Lerchiana. Lower leaves pinnate, short,
finely divided ; pinnas palmate : upper leaves linear, undi-
vided ; corymbs sessile, very copious, spiked, oblong. A
shrubby hoary plant. Observed in Astracan, and on the
Volga.

14. Artemisia Tenella. Leaves short, very finely multifid ;
panicles slender, loose, leafy ; peduncles one or two flow-
ered ; stem woolly. Native of Spain.

15. Artemisia Pauciflora. Branches virgate, filiform : co-
rymbs one-ranked ; spikes subsessile. Native of the banks
of the Volga.

16. Artemisia Italica. Leaves tomentose, loosely pinnate ;
pinnas long, linear ; root-leaves dotted; spikes dense; flowers
erect. Native of Italy.

17- Artemisia Hispanica. Leaves loosely pinnate ; pinnas
long, linear ; spikes very dense ; calices oblong. Native of
Spain.

18. Artemisia Gmelini. Leaves doubly pinnate, obtuse,
linear ; corymbs green, roundish, nodding.

19. Artemisia Lobellii. Leaves petiolate palmate, multi-
fid, linear : the upper ones single, angular. The flowers are
of a fine yellow ; and the whole plant, which is a native of
Piedmont, the Genoese Alps, and Dauphiny, is remarkable
for a strong, balsamic, camphorated smell.

** Procumbent before flowering.

20. Artemisia Santonica ; Tartarian Southernwood, or Worm-
seed. Stem-leaves pinnate, multitid ; branches undivided ;
spikes one-ranked, reflex ; flowers with five florets. Native
of Tartary : whence the seeds are brought to England, and
used in worm cases : they are reckoned a good balsamic,
tonic, and stomachic medicine. It will grow with us in a dry
soil and sheltered situation. The seed supplied by our drug-
gists is frequently mixed with the unripe flowers ; they are
an excellent medicine against worms, and are best given in
treacle after reducing them to powder. They maj be used
in all cases where bitters are likely to be serviceable. For
persons of delicate palates, they may be powdered and made
into boluses.

21. Artemisia Campestris ; Field Southernwood. Lea-.r-.
multifid, linear; stems procumbent,wand-like ; root fusiform.
It grows at Elvedon or Elden, in Suffolk, between New-
market and Lynn ; also near Burton Mills and Thetford ;
and in most parts of Europe. It flowers in August, and has
the same qualities, in aless degree, as Garden Southern wood.
Linneus recommends an infusion of it in the pleurisy.

22. Artemisia Palustris ; Marsh Southernwood. Leaves
linear, pinnate, quite entire ; flowers glomerate, subsessile,
yellow. Native of Siberia.

23. Artemisia Crithmifolia ; Samphire-leaved Southern-
wood. Leaves compound, divaricate, linear, fleshy, smooth :
stem rising, panicled. Native of the sandy shores of Por-
tugal : flowering from May till August.

24. Artemisia Vallesiaca ; Downy Southernwood. Loaves
pinnate, many-parted, filiform, tomentose ; flowers sessile,
erect, subcolumnar, having few florets. Native of Spain,
Piedmont, and the Valais. It flowem in July and August ;
and sheep feed upon it.

25. Artemisia Maritima ; Sea Wormwood. Leaves man) -
parted, tomentose ; racemes drooping ; receptacle naked ;
female florets three ; root woody, perennial. It has a strong
smell of camphor whenwild.but it diminishes upon cultivation.
It is used as an ingredient in distilled waters. A conserve
of the tops is made by beating them with thrice their weight
of fine sugar ; they are also used in decoctions for fomenta-
tions. It is less unpleasant, but not so strong, as Common
Wormwood ; and though not so valuable as an antiseptic or
anthelmintic, is more eligible as a stomachic. The tops
fresh gathered, and the wfaola plant dry, are used. In the
simps' and markets, it is called the Roman Wormwood, see
No. 3O. all the virtues of which it possesses ; but it is more
disagreeable than it, and less so than the ( 'omu-on Wormwood,
sec No. 34. It is friendly to the stomach, strengthening it.
and expelling wind. It is a common ingredient in the bitter
infusions and tinctures of the shops ; but it answers very well

ART

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ART

125

alone ; boiling water poured upon it, and suffered to stand
till it is cold, and then strained off, is an excellent medicine
to procure an appetite. Put into white wine, it also gives a
pleasant bitter flavour, with the same virtues. It is coinmon
about ditches,insalt-marshes,and wherever salt-water comes.

26. Artemisia Glacialis : Silky Wormwood. Leaves pal-
mate, multifid, silky ; stems ascending ; flowers glomerate,
level-topped. Flowers in July and August. Native of Swit-
zerland, the Valais, Austria, Dauphiny, and Piedmont. It
may be propagated by the side-shoots, planted in a shady
border, during any of the summer mouths, where it will
strike root if watered, and in the autumn may be transplanted
where it is intended to remain : see No. 28.

'27. Artemisia Rupestris ; Creeping Wormwood. Leaves
pinnate ; stems ascending ; flowers globose, nodding; recep-
tacle pappose ; receptacle hairy. Native of mountainous
situations in most parts of Europe ; very hardy, and easily
increased by cuttings. See No. 28.

28. Artemisia Spicata; Spiked Wormwood. Root-leaves
biternate ; stem ascending, spiked ; flowers erect ; leaflets of
the calix ovate, dark-coloured, and hence called Genipi noir.
Native of the Alps of Switzerland, Austria, Piedmont, and
Dauphiny. This and the two preceding species are in great
request among the inhabitants of the Alps, for restoring a
suppresssed perspiration, pains of the sides, and intermittent
fevers. They are an useful medicine, where diaphoretics are
employed,as in rheumatism.intermittent and catarrhal fevers;
but are dangerous in the pleurisy, though they are used indis-
criminately by the peasants in all inflammatory disorders.

*** Erect, herbaceous, with compound Leaves.

29. Artemisia Anethifolia ; Dill-leaved Wormwood. Leaves
multifid, very slenderly divided ; corymbs roundish, nodding,
one-ranked, loosely spiked. Native of Siberia.

30. Artemisia Pontica ; Roman Wormwood. Leaves many-
parted, tomentose beneath; flowers roundish, nodding;
receptacle naked ; root creeping. The bitterness of this
plant is so mixed with a kind of aromatic flavour, as scarcely
to be disagreeable ; and it appears to be more eligible than
either Common or Sea Wormwood, as a stomachic and corro-
borant ; for which purpose, a conserve of the tops has been
greatly recommended, and is, undoubtedly, an elegant and
useful preparation. It will grow in any moderately moist
soil, and may be propagated, by parting its creeping roots,
in the middle of October, and planting them two or three
feet asunder. Native of Germany.

31. Artemisia Austriaca; Austrian Wormwood. Leaves
many-parted, tomentose, hoary ; flowers oblong, nodding;
receptacles naked ; stems upright : annual. Native of
Austria.

32. Artemisia Annua ; Annual Wormwood. Leaves three-
fold, pinnate, smooth on both sides; flowers subglobose, nod-
ding; receptacle smooth, conical; stem erect,smooth,streaked.
An annual. Native of Siberia and China : it has a most agree-
able scent, which it retains a long time after it has been
dried. Loureiro, who introduced it into Portugal, where
plants ten feet high have been produced from the seeds,
recommends a decoction of the leaves and flowers in hectic
fevers, the dysentery, and putrid ulcers.

33. Artemisia Tanacetifolia ; Tansy-leaved Wormwood.
Leaves bipinnate, underneath tomentose, shining ; pinnas
transverse : racemes simple ; root perennial. This has no
perceptible odour ; and is a native of very lofty situations in
Dauphiny, Piedmont, and Siberia.

34. Artemisia Absinthium ; Common Wormwood. Leaves
compound, multifid, of a silky white ; flowers subglobose,
oendulous, yellow ; receptacle villose. It flowers from July

VOL.I. 11.

until October, and is found wild in the rocky places, road-
sides, rubbish, and farm-yards, of almost every part of Europe,.
The leaves and flowers are very bitter ; the roots are warm
and aromatic. It produces a considerable quantity of essential
oil. in distillation, sometimes two ounces from ten pounds,
which is used both externally and internally to destroy worms.
The leaves put into sour beer soon destroy the acescency ;
they also resist putrefaction, and are therefore a principal
ingredient in antiseptic fomentations. A weak infusion of them
forms a good stomachic ; and with the addition of fixed alka-
line salt, produced from the burntplant, isapowerful diuretic
in some dropsical cases. The ashes yield a purer alkaline salt
than most othervegetables,exceptingBean-stalks,Broom,and
the larger trees. Linneus mentions two cases, wherein an es-
sence prepared from this plant, and taken for a considerable
time, forbidding the use of wine and acids, prevented the
formation of stones in the kidneys or bladder ; and though
like other bitters, it will weaken the action of the nervous sys-
tem, in these instances it did not produce that effect. The
plant steeped in boiling water, and repeatedly applied to a
bruise.will speedily remove the pain, and prevent the swelling
and discoloration of the part. An infusion of it given to a nurse
makes her milk bitter ; and it gives a bitterness to the flesh
of sheep that eat it. Wormwood leaves give out nearly the
whole of their smell and taste both to aqueous and spirituous
menstrua; the cold water infusions are the least offensive. A
bitter of little or no particular flavour may be extracted from
it, either in a solid form, or in that of a watery or -spirituous
solution. The spirituous extract seems preferable as a vermi-
fuge. Meyrick informs us, that a light infusion of the tops
of this plant, is excellent for most disorders to which the sto-
mach is subject, creating an appetite, promoting digestion,
and preventing sickness after meals; but will produce the con-
trary effect if made too strong. The flowers, dried and pow-
dered, destroy worms more effectually than worm-seed, and
are excellent in agues. The expressed juice of the leaves
operates by urine ; and though insufferably nauseous, it is
good in the jaundice and dropsy. There are two other kinds
of Wormwood recommended; the Roman, seeNo.30. and the
Sea Wormwood, see No. 25. which possess the same virtues
in a less degree, and therefore all three may be indiscrimi-
nately used. Common Wormwood is easily propagated by
parting the roots, by slips, or by seeds, sown in the autumn,
soon after they are ripe ; or if the seeds be permitted to
scatter, the plants will spring up without further care.

35. Artemisia Vulgaris : Mugwort. Leaves pinnatifid,
flat,gashed,tomentose underneath; racemes simple,recurved;
ray five-flowered. Found wild all over Europe, China, and
Japan, on the borders of fields and ditch-banks, by way-sides,
in waste places, and about farm-yards. It flowers with us in
August and September. The Moxa of Japan, see No. 41.
is, according to Thunberg, prepared from this species. The
leaves are collected in June, dried in the shade, and beat in
a mortar till they become like tow ; this substance is then
rubbed between the hands, till the harder fibres and ipem-
branes are separated, and there remains nothing but a very
fine cotton, which the Japanese use for tinder ; and twice in
a year, young and old, rich and poor, are indiscriminately
singed with it, either to prevent disorders, or cure the rheu-
matism. Mugwort has been chiefly recommended for pro-
moting the uterine evacuations, and abating hysteric spasms ;
for which purposes infusions of it have been drank as tea,
and used as a bath. It appears to be one of the mildest sub-
stances used in such cases, and may perhaps be of- service
where medicines of more activity would be improper. The
flowery tops are considerably stronger than the leaves. It is
2K

126

ART

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ART

used in some countries as a culinary aromatic, and a. decoc-
tion of it taken for the ague. A woman who had been af-
flicted with hysteric fits for many years, and had taken as-
safoetida and aether without obtaining any relief, was cured in
a few days by taking a drachm of the powdered leaves four
times daily. The Chinese bruise the leaves, and apply them
to fresh wounds, which they soon heal. It is, says Hill, an
excellent medicine in hysteric complaints, and in all obstruc-
tions of the viscera, for which a strong infusion is most ser-
viceable. Meyrick informs us, that a decoction of it, sweet-
ened with honey, eases the most violent coughs, and is good
in sciatic pains. An ointment, made of the juice of the leaves
and hog's lard, disperses wens, and hard knots and kernels
about the neck and throat. Culpeper observes, that the herb
itself taken fresh, or the juice of it, is an especial remedy for
removing the bad effects of taking too much opium. A de-
coction made with Chamomile and Agrimony, he assures us
will remove all the pains of the sinews and the cramp, by
bathing the affected part with it. No quadruped seems to
feed on this plant. It may be raised by slips, cuttings, or
parting the roots. There are several varieties.

36. ArtemisiaPectinata. Leaves pinnate,pectinate,smooth,
sessile; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, having four florets.
This is an elegant and exceedingly fragrant plant, with an
annual root, and an upright herbaceous stem about eight
inches high. Found in the dry lands of Dauria.

**** Leaves simple.

37. Artemisia Integrifolia ; Entire-leaved Mugwort. Leaves
lanceolate, tomentose underneath, entire, or with one or two
teeth ; female florets five. It is as hardy as the Common
Mugwort, and multiplies as fast. Native of Siberia.

38. Artemisia Japonica ; Japanese Mugwort. Leaves on
the branches smooth, lanceolate, entire ; on the stem, oblong
and trifid ; flowers racemed, nodding. Native of Japan.

39. Artemisia Caerulescens ; Lavender-leaved Wormwood.
Stem-leaves lanceolate, entire ; roots multifid ; flowers
ovate-cylindrical,small, woolly; female florets three. Found
in the southern parts of Europe upon the sea coast, and in Lin-
colnshire, near Boston. It flowers from August to October.

40. Artemisia Dracunculus ; Tarragon. Leaves simple,
lanceolate, smooth, quite entire ; root perennial. Native of
Siberia and Tartary ; it flowers in August. It is generally
used in Persia, to excite an appetite at their meals ; and the
French employ it frequently in sallads to correct the coldness
of other herbs. The leaves, which have a fragrant smell and
an aromatic taste, make an excellent pickle. This plant is
very hardy, and propagates greatly by its creeping roots; or
may be multiplied very fast by planting the young shoots in
the same manner as Mint, and if well watered in dry wea-
ther, they will soon spread and meet.

41. Artemisia Chinensis ; Chinese Mugwort. Leaves
simple, tomentose.obtuse, lanceolate ; the lower ones wedge-
shaped, three-lobed. Native of China and Siberia. This is
the species from which the Moxa is prepared in China, where
the natives term it the Physician's herb, and employ it in he-
morrhages, dysenteries, pleurisies, and disorders of the sto-
mach ; girdles of the down are recommended in the sciatica ;
and those who are afflicted with the rheumatism in the legs,
quilt their stockings with it. The Common Mugwort is
more efficacious for making Moxa than this sort. Moxa is
celebrated in the East for preventing and curing many disor-
ders, by being burnt on the skin ; it produces a dark-coloured
spot, the ex-ulceration of which is promoted by applying a
little garlic, and the ulcer is either healed up when the eschar
separates, or kept running, as circumstances require. A fun-
gous substance found in the fissures of old Birch-trees, is

used by the Laplanders for the same purpose , and cotton
impregnated with a solution of nitre, and then dried, will
answer the end as well as the Moxa. All these applications
are only means of producing an exulceratiou of the skin,
and its consequence, a drain of humours.

42. Artemisia Maderaspatana ; Madras Wormwood. Leaves
simple, lyrate-sinuate ; stems procumbent ; flowers peduncu-
late, solitary, globose, opposite to the leaves, large, yellow.
Native of the East Indies, flowering in July and August.

43. Artemisia Minima ; Least Wormwood. Leaves simple,
wedge-shaped, repand ; stem procumbent : flowers axillary,
sessile. Native of China : a minute, annual plant.

44. Artemisia Littoralis. Procumbent, strigose : leaves
spatulate.serrate-toothed, simple ; calices naked, pedicelled.
Found in the East Indies.

Artichoke. See Cynara.

Artichoke of Jerusalem. See Helianthus.

Artocarpus ; a gehus of the class Monoecia, order Monan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowert. Calix : none :
ament cylindrical, all covered with florets. Corolla: two
petals each, oblong, concave, blunt, villose. Stamina:
filamenta single, within each corolla, filiform, the length of
the corolla ; anthera oblong, female flowers, on the same
tree. Calix and Corolla : none. Pistil: germina very many,
connected into a globe, hexangular ; style to each filiform ;
stigmas single, or two, capillary, revolute. Pericarp : fruit
ovate-globular, compound, muricate. Seed : for each ger-
men solitary, oblong, covered with pulpy arils, placed on an
ovate receptacle. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Male, ament.
Calix : none. Corolla : two petalled. Female. Calix and
Corolla : none ; style one ; berries one seeded, connected, and
forming a roundish muricated fruit. These are milky trees.
Those varieties which bear seeds may be propagated by them,
sown in a pot of rich earth, and plunged in the bark-bed.
Those which have no seed in the fruit may be increased by

suckers, in which they abound very much, or by layers.

The species are,

1. Artocarpus Incisa ; Bread-fruit Tree. Leaves gashed.
Capt. Cook observes, that this tree is about the height of a
middling Oak; its leaves are frequently a foot and a half long,
deeply sinuated like those of the Fig-tree, which they resem-
ble in consistence and colour, and in exuding a milky juice
when broken. The fruit is of the size and shape of a child's
head, and the surface is netted not much unlike a truffle ; it
is covered with a thin skin, and has a core about as big as
the handle of a small knife ; the eatable part lies between
the skin and the core ; it is white as snow, and somewhat of
the consistence of new bread. It must be roasted before it is
eaten, being first divided into three or four parts ; its taste is
insipid, with a slight sweetness resembling that of the crumb
of Wheaten bread mixed with Jerusalem Artichoke. As it is
not in season at all times of the year, by reducing it to a sour
paste, called mahie, they supply that defect. The tree is not
only useful for food, (three trees yielding sufficient nourish-
ment for one person,) but also for clothing ; for the bark is
stripped off the suckers, and formed into a kind of cloth.
This plant is distributed very extensively over the East
Indian continent and Islands, as well as in the innumerable
islands of the South Sea. It was imported into the West
India islands about the year 1793, where it has been most
successfully established. The principal varieties are, that
producing fruit with seeds, and that without ; the former may
be considered to be the tree in its wild state, as the want of
seed is probably occasioned by cultivation.

2. Artocarpus Integrifolia; Indian Jacca Tree. Leaves
entire. This is about the same size or rather larger than the

A R U

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A R U

127

Bread-fruit tree ; it is a native of Malabar, and other parts oi
. the East Indies. The fruit, which ripens in December, is
eaten, but esteemed difficult of digestion : the unripe fruit
is also pickled, or cut in slices and boiled, or fried in palm-oil
The nuts are eaten roasted, and the skin next them is used
instead of the Areca-nut in chewing Betel. The wood of the
tree is employed in building. Thirty varieties of this fruit
are enumerated in Malabar.

Arum ; a genus of the class Gynandria, order Polyandria.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male/lowers, on the same spadix
as the females, closely placed between a double row of
threads. Calix : spathe one-leafed, very large, oblong,
convolute at the base, converging at the top ; the belly com-
pressed, coloured within ; spadix club-shaped, quite simple,
a little shorter than the spathe, coloured, fenced at bottom
with germina, and shrivelling above them ; perianth proper
none. Corolla : none. Nectaries thick at the base, ending
in threads or tendrils, in two rows, issuing from the middle
of the spadix. Stamina : filamenta none ; each anfhera ses-
sile, four-cornered. Female flowers, on the lower part of
the spadix, close to each other. Calic : spathe and spadix
common to them with the males ; perianth proper none.
Corolla : none. Pistil : germen each obovate ; style none ;
stigma bearded with villose hairs. Pericarp : berry globu-
lar, one-celled. Seeds : several, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Spathe one-leafed, cowled ; spadix naked above,
female below, stamineous in the middle. The Arums are all
perennial herbaceous plants, mostly natives of hot climates :
their roots are fleshy, hot, and acrid, but many species eat-
able. The species are,

* Without Stems; Leaves compound.

1. Arum Crinitum; Hairy -slieathed Arum. Leaves pedate,
with the lateral segments involute ; spathe hairy within ;
spadix ramentaceous above. The flower of this plant smells
very strong of carrion, by which flies are enticed to enter,
but when they attempt to retreat, the reversed hairs prevent
them, and they are there starved to death. In England it
flowers in March, and is a native of Minorca.

2. Arum Dracunculus ; Long-sheathed Arum, or Common
Dragon. Leaves pedate, compound ; leaflets lanceolate,
quite entire ; lamina ovate, longer than the spadix. The
flower is shaped like the Common Arum, having a very long
spathe of a dark purple colour, standing erect, with a large
spadix of the same colour ; so that when it is in flower, it
makes no unpleasing appearance, but has so strong a scent
of carrion that it cannot be endured. It grows naturally in
most of the southern parts of Europe, and is preserved in
gardens to supply the markets. It appears to be similar in
medicinal virtues,as in botanical characters toCommon Arum,
but rather more pungent, and therefore might be used in the
same cases in which the latter only is generally employed.
It is very hardy, growing in any soil or situation. The offsets
from the roots propagate very fast ; the time to transplant it
is in autumn, when the leaves decay.

3. Arum Dracontium ; Short-sheathed Arum, or Green
Dragon. Leaves pedate, compound; leaflets lanceolate, quite
entire, longer than the spathe, which is shorter than the
spadix. It grows about eight or nine inches high ; flowers
with us in June ; and grows in most places in Virginia and
New England. The root of this, as well as that of the
Common Dragon, is acrimonious and purgative. The whole
plant, when fresh, is of an almost insupportably acrid taste,
but loses the greatest part of that quality in drying. It was
formerly much esteemed for its supposed efficacy in malig-
nant fevers, the small-pox, and other disorders ; and was also
tupposed to be a noble sudorific and resister of poison, but

is at present very little regarded. It is difficult to preserve
this plant in gardens ; they must have a moist shady situ-
ation, or they will not thrive.

4. Arum Venosum ; Purple-Jlowered Arum. Leaves pe-
date, compound ; leaflets suboval, quite entire : lamina lance-
olate, longer than the spadix. Native country unknown j it
flowers in March.

5. Arum Pentaphyllum ; Five-leaved Arum. Leaves qui-
nate, compound. Native of the East Indies and China. The
root is accounted warm, attenuant, and deobstruent, and is
given in the epilepsy, convulsions, obstructions of the uterus,
bites of venomous animals, and other disorders, in the East.

6. Arum Tryphyllum; Three-leaved Green-stalked Arum.
Leaves ternate ; lamina lanceolate, acuminate, the length of
the spadix, without stems ; leaves compound. Grows ten
inches high, in Cochin China This and the two following
species are propagated by offsets. They will live in a shel-
tered situation in the open air, or if the surface of the ground
be covered with tan, to keep out the frost in winter ; and
they will thrive better in the full ground than in pots.

7- Arum Atrorubens ; Three-leaved Purple-stalked Arum.
Leaves ternate, compound ; lamina ovate, shorter by half
than the spadix. Native of Virginia ; flowering with us in
June and July : see the sixth species.

8. Arum Ternatum. Leaves compound, ternate ; recep-
tacle longer than the spathe. Found in Japan, flowering in
May and June : see the sixth species.

** Without Stems ; leaves simple.

9. Arum Colocasia ; Egyptian Arum. Leaves simple,
peltate, ovate, repand, semibifid at the base. Native of the
Levant, Egypt, Sicily, and Italy, near Salerno, where it is
esteemed a wholesome food ; and though not very delicate,
is frequently eaten in the East. The roots when young are
sometimes eaten raw,the roots and petioles are boiled. This,
and the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth . fourteenth, and
sixteenth species, are easily propagated by the offsets which
they put out plentifully from their roots ; these must be
planted in pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-
bed, to promote their taking root : and if they be afterward
continued in the bark-stove, they will make greater pro-
gress, and produce larger leaves.

10. Arum Bicolorum ; Two-coloured Arum. Leaves pel-
tate, sagittate,coloured on the disk ; simple spathe contracted
in the middle, subglobularatthe base ; lamina roundish, acu-
minate, upright, somewhat convolute. Cultivated in Ma-
deira, and flowers in June and July : see the ninth species.

11. Arum Esculentum ; Esculent Arum, or Indian Kale.
Leaves peltate, ovate, quite entire, emarginate at the base ;
root large.tuberous. It is very frequent in Chinaand Cochin
China, in shallow waters bv the sides of rivers and marshes,
and is a common foodthere,the root and tender petioles being

aten boiled. The bruised leaves are applied to tumors, and
imagined to be an antidote for poisonous bites. It is also a
native of, and frequently cultivated in, Japan, where the
sliced roots and stalks are put into soups and broths. It is
Found in the islands of the Southern Ocean ; and is cultivated
every whwe^within the tropics, and even in the northern
extremity of New Zealand. The natives of the South Sea

slands bestow great pains on the culture of this root ; for in
;he first months of its growth it succeedsbest when the ground
is inundated ; but afterwards it should be laid dry, which they
do by means of ditches dug round the fields. The root,
which is the common food in many of the islands, is extremely
icrid, and when eaten raw will excoriate the mouth,but baked
n hot ashes, loses its acrimonious quality, and becomes
mild and well tasted ; it is, however, heavy upon a weak

128

A R U

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A R U

stomach, and tends to produce costiveness. The leaves are
extremely soft, glaucous, and covered with a very fine silky
nap, and are used by the natives instead of dishes : see the
ninth species.

12. Arum Macrorhizon; Long-rooted Arum. Leaves pel-
tate, cordate, repand, two-parted at the base. This species
is distinguished by its great size. It is a native of China and
Cochin-china, the East Indies, Ceylon, and the islands of
the Southern Ocean ; and, as well as the foregoing species,
is eaten by the natives, after the roots are deprived of their
acrimony by dressing : see the ninth species.

13. Arum Peregrinum. Leaves cordate, obtuse, mucro-
nate; angles rounded. Native of America: see the 9th species.

14. Arum Divaricatum. Leaves cordate, hastate, divari-
cate. Native of Malabar and Ceylon : see the 9th species.

15. Arum Trilobatum ; Three-lobed Arum. Leaves sagit-
tate-trilobate ; flower sessile, fetid like carrion. Native of
Ceylon, Amboyna, Japan, and Cochin-china. It flowers here
in May and June, and is propagated by offsets, which come
out in abundance when the plants are in health. They are
very impatient of cold, and must be placed in the tan-bed
of the bark-stove.

16. Arum Sagittzefolium ; Arrow-leaved Arum. Leaves
sagittate, triangular ; the angles divaricate, acute. Native
of the Spanish West Indies, China, and Cochin-china ; where
it is esteemed a wholesome green when boiled ; and where
the Common European vegetables are with difficulty pro-
cured, this proves a good succedaneum. See the ninth species.
In Jamaica it is called Smaller Indian Kale.

17. Arum Maculatum ; Common Arum. Leaves hastate,
quite entire ; spadix club-shaped ; root whitish, tuberous,
about the size of a large nutmeg ; berries scarlet, in a naked
cluster. Native of all except the most northern parts of
Europe, growing in shady places, on the banks o. ditches,
and flowering in May. The berries ripen at the close of
summer. The fresh roots and leaves are extremely acrid ; on
first tasting them, they seem to be merely mucilaginous and
insipid, but they soon affect the tongue for several hours with
a pungency, as if it had been pricked with needles, which
sensation may be allayed by milk, butter, or oil. When dried,
they become farinaceous and insipid, in which case they might
be used for food in case of necessity ; and by boiling or
baking would probably afford a mild and wholesome nourish-
ment as well as those sorts which are natives of hot climates.
The berries are devoured by birds ; and it has been supposed
that they, particularly pheasants, eat the roots. These, when
dried and powdered, are used by the French as a wash for
the skin, and sell under the nameof cypress powder, at a high
price, being an excellent and innocent cosmetic. Starch may
also be made from them, but the hands are liable to be blis-
tered in using it. They have occasionally been substituted
for soap. When newly dried and powdered, the root has
been given as a stimulant, in doses of a scruple and upwards ;
but in being reduced to powder, it loses much of its acrimony ;
and there is reason to suppose, that the compound powder,
which takes its name from this plant, owes its \irtues chiefly
to the other ingredients. The pulvis art tampoiitus, or
powder composed of Arum, is therefore discarded from the
London dispensatory, and instead of it a conserve is inserted,
made by beating half a pound of fresh root with a pound and
half of fine sugar. In the medicine recommended by Syden-
ham against rheumatisms, the acrid antiscorbutic herbs are
largely joined with it. Dr. Lewis orders the fresh root to be
beaten with a little testaceous powder, and mixed with an
equal quantity of gum-arabic, and three or four times as much
conserve, and thus to be made up into an electuary ; or else

to be rubbed with a thick mucilage of gum-arabic and sper-
maceti, adding any watery liquor, and a little syrup, to form
an emulsion ; two parts of the root, two of gum, and one of
spermaceti. In these forms he has given the fresh root from
ten grains to upwards of a scruple, three or four times a day :
it generally occasioned a sensation of slight warmth,first about
the stomach, and afterwards in the remoter parts ; manifestly
promoted perspiration, and frequently produced a plentiful
sweat : several obstinate rheumatic pains were removed by
this medicine, which he therefore recommends to further
trial. Chewed in the mouth, it has been known to restore the
speech in paralytic cases ; and made into a conserve, it is ef-
ficacious in the scurvy and rheumatism ; it likewises increases
the urinary secretion, and is good in the gravel. But in
whatever form it is used, the roots should be fresh, for it
loses the greatest part of its efficacy in drying, and becomes
insipid. Both this and the large Italian variety propagate
very fast by offsets from the root, and will thrive in any soil
or situation. The best time to transplant these, is soon after
the seeds are ripe, for by the end of October they will be
putting out new fibres. There are also two other varieties.

18. Arum Virginicum ; Virginian Arum. Leaves hastate,
cordate, acute ; angles obtuse. Grows wild in wet places
in Virginia, Carolina, Pennsylvania, &c. The savages boil
the spadix with the berries, and devour it as a great dainty.
The berries, when raw, have a harsh pungent taste, which
they lose in a great measure by boiling.

19. Arum Probocideum ; Apennine Arum. Leaves has-
tate ; spathe declinate, filiform-subulate. Native of the
Apennines. This and the two following species flower in
April, and multiply fast by offsets in a shady situation, but
seldom produce seeds in England.

20. Arum Arisarum ; Broad-leaved Hooded Arum, or
Friar' s-cowl. Leaves cordate, oblong ; aperture of the spathe
ovate. Native of woods in the south of France, Italy, Spain.
Portugal, and Cochin-china : see the nineteenth species.

21. Arum Pictum ; Painted Arum. Leaves cordate,
painted with coloured veins. See the nineteenth species.

22. Arum Ovatum. Leaves ovate-oblong ; spathe sca-
brous. Native of the East Indies.

23. Arum Tenuifolium ; Grass-leaved Arum, or Narrow-
leaved Friar' s-cowl. Leaves lanceolate ; spadix bristle-shaped,
declinate. It grows naturally about Rome, Montpellier, and
in Dalmat ia and the Levant.

24. Arum Cannaefolium. Leaves simple, lanceolate, vein-
less ; parasitical upon trees. Native of Surinam.

*** Caulescent.

25. Arum Arborescens ; Tree Arum. Straight : leaves
sagittate. Native of South America. This, and the four
following species of this genus, are propagated by cutting off
the stalks into lengths of three or four joints, which must In-
laid to dry for six weeks or two mouths ; for if the wounded
part be not perfectly healed over before the cuttings arc
planted, they will rot and decay. Plant them in small pots
of light, sandy earth, plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan,
taking care that they have little wet, until well rooted, ami
then some of them may be placed in a dry-stove, and others
plunged into the tan-bed in the bark-stove, where they will
grow fastest and flower most.

26. Arum Seguinum ; Dumb-cane Arum. Nearly upright ;
leaves lanceolate, ovate. This .iporics grows naturally in
the sugar islands and other warm parts of America, chiefly
in the low grounds. The whole plant abounds in an acrid
juice, so that if a leaf or a part of the stalk be broken,
and applied to the tip of the tongue, it occasions a very
painful sensation, and such an irritation of the salivary ducts,

A R U

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A R U

129

that they presently swell so that the person cannot speak :
from this quality, and its' being jointed, they call it Dumb-
i-iine in Jamaica, where it is said they sometimes cruelly rub
the mouths of their negroes with it by way of punishment.
The stalks are used for a better purpose, to bring sugar to a
good grain, when the juice is too viscid, and cannot be brought
to granulate rightly with the lime alone. A decoction of this
plant is recommended by way of fomentation in dropsies ; it
certainly must be a strong resolulive, which cannot fail to
strengthen and stimulate the relaxed fibres in such cases.
See the twenty-fifth species.

27. Arum Hederaceum ; Ivy-leaved Arum. Radicanu
leaves cordate, oblong, acuminate ; petioles round. Native
of the West Indies. See the twenty-fifth species.

28. Arum Lingulatum ; Tongue-leaved Arum. Creeping ;
leaves cordate, lanceolate ; petioles edged with membranes.
Native of the West Indies, where it climbs the trees with
great ease, and grows more succulent and luxuriant towards
the top. See the twenty-fifth species.

29. Arum Auritum ; Ear-leaved Arum. Radicant : leaves
ternate, those on the side three-lobed. A climbing plant.
Native of the West Indies. See the twenty-fifth species.

30. Arum Indicum; Indian Arum. Nearly upright ; leaves
ovate, bifid at the base, rounded ; spadices axillary : stem
thick, five feet high. Native of the East Indies, and culti-
vated in Cochin-china, where the stalk is boiled and eaten.

31. Arum Cucullatum ; Cowled Arum. Upright: leaves
peltate, cordate, with the ears cowled ; spadix short, nearly
covered with florets . Native of the suburbs of Canton.

32. Arum Spirale ; Spiral Arum. Stemless : leaves lan-
ceolate ; spathe spiral, sessile. Native of Tranquebar in the
East Indies.

Aruncus. See Spiraa.

Arundo; a genus of the class Triandria, order Digynia.
GKNEKIC CHARACTER. Calix : glume one or many-flowered,
two-valved, erect : valves oblong, acuminate, awnless, one
shorter. Corolla : two-valved ; valves the length of the
calix, oblong, acuminate ; from their base arises a lanugo
almost the length of the flower ; nectary two-leaved, very
.small. Stamina: filamenta three, capillary ; antherce forked
at both ends. Pistil : germen oblong ; styles two, capil-
lary, reflex, villose ; stigmas simple. Pericarp : none. Co-
rolla : adheres to the seed without gaping. Seed : single,
oblong, acuminate at both ends, furnished with a long down
(pappus) at the base. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : two-
valved ; florets heaped, surrounded with wool. The

species are,

1. Arundo Bambos; Bambu or Bamboo Cane. Calices
many-flowered; spikes in threes, sessile. The highest and the
largest of all the Bamboos, covered very thick with spines.
The Bamboo Cane grows naturally almost everywhere within
the tropical regions, and there is perhaps scarcely any plant
which serves such a variety of domestic purposes. The houses
of the meaner people in the East Indies are almost entirely
composed of it, and it is said to be strong and perfect after
lasting a hundred years ; bridges also, masts for boats, boxes,
cups, baskets, mats, and a great variety of other utensils and
furniture, both domestic and rural. Paper is also made from
it by bruising it, and steeping it in water, and thus forming
it into a paste. It is the common fence for gardens and fields,
and is frequently used as pipes for conveying water. The
leaves are generally put round the chests of tea which are
seht to Europe from China, as package, fastened together so
as to form a kind of mat The tops of the tender shoots are
frequently pickled in the West Indies. In the cavities or
tubular parts of the Bamboo, is found, at certain seasons, a

VOL. i. 11.

concrete white substance, called tabasher, or tabashir, an ar-
ticle which the Arabian physicians hold in great estimation :
it is commonly found in what are called the female or large
Bamboos, which, on shaking, are found to contain a fluid,
which after some time gradually lessens, and then they are
opened, in order to extract the tabasner. The nature of this
substance is very different from what might have been ex-
pected in the product of a vegetable. Its indestructibility
by fire, its total resistance to acids, its uniting by fusion with
alkalies, in certain proportions, into a white opaque mass, or
a transparent permanent glass ; and its being again separable
from these compounds, entirely unchanged by acids, &c. seem
ti> afford the strongest reasons for considering it as very nearly
identical with common silicious earth. As to the medicinal
virtues of this part of the plant, though in great esteem as a drug
among the Orientalists, it is not regarded in modern Europe.
Loureiro informs us, that the bark, buds, and root, are used.
The leaves, he says.are cooling,emollient,and resolvent ; their
decoction is good in fevers; coughs, pains of the throat, &c.
the thin bark is cooling and agglutinant, and a gentle astrin-
gent : it is good in feverish heats, haemorrhages, nauseas, and
vomitings : the roots and buds are attenuating, and promote
urine, and purify the blood, and are used for disorders of the
kidneys, bladder, and urethra, wandering pains,obstructions,
and in venereal cases : from the fresh roots, mixed with To-
bacco leaves and Betel, in equal portions, and infused and
macerated for some days in oil, is prepared an ointment of
great efficacy in discussing hard and schirrous swellings. In
England, it must be preserved in a warm stove ; and, as the
roots spread very wide, it should be planted in a large tub,
filled with rich earth : this must be plunged into a hot- bed in
the bark-stove, and be well supplied with water. It may be
propagated by slips from the roots, which should be taken off
in the spring, that they may be well established before win-
ter. There are many varieties of tins species, with one of
which the Turks make their writing pens.

2. Arundo Donax; Cultivated or Evergreen Reed. Calices
five-flowered ; panicle diffused ; culm shrubby. Native
of the south of Europe, Siberia, Egypt, and Cochin-china.
It will bear the cold of our winters in the open ground, pro-
vided it be planted in a soil not too wet. and laying in severe
winters a little mulch to the roots. It is propagated by parting
the roots early in the spring, before they begin to shoot, and
will in a year or two, if the ground be good, make very large
stools, from each of which eight or ten canes are produced.
It never flowers in England.

3. Arundo Phragmites; Common Reed. Calices five-
flowered ; panicle loose. It flowers from July till Septem-
ber, and ripens its seeds in October and November. It is
very common by the sides of rivers, in ditches, and large
standing waters. In autumn, when the leaves begin to fall,
and the stems are changed brown, it is cut for making screens
in kitchen-gardens, and for many other uses, as thatching',
for which it is more durable than straw ; for ceilings, and to
lay across the frame of wood-work, as the foundation for
plaister-floors. The panicles are used by the country people
in Sweden, to dye wool green, and the root has been recom-
mended as answering the same purposes as Dog's Grass, or
Triticum Caninum. According to Hill, the juice of the fresh
root excites the menstrual discharge powerfully, but not vio-
lently : it likewise increases the urinary evacuation, and is
serviceable in stranguaries and the gravel.

4. Arundo Epigejos; Wood Reedgrass. Calices one-
flowered; panicle erect; leaves smooth underneath. Native
of many parts of Europe, in shaded ditches, flowering in July.

5. Arundo Calamagrostis ; Small Reedgrass. Calices
2L

ISO

ASA

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ASA

one-flowered, smooth ; corollas woolly ; culm erect, 3 or 4 feet
high; root perennial, creeping. Native of most parts of Eu-
rope, in moist woods and hedges ; flowering in June and July.

6. Arundo Arenaria ; Sea Reedgrass. Calices one-flowered ;
leaves rolled inwards, dagger-pointed, and pungent. A
native of sandy coasts in Europe and America ; flowering in
June and July. By means of its creeping roots it helps very
much to consolidate driving sands, which gather about it in
hills or banks, and are thus prevented from dispersing over
and impoverishing the adjoining fields. The Dutch have
profited by their knowledge of this fact ; and Mr. Woodward
informs us, that it is planted about Wells in Norfolk, to aid in
repelling the sea. The country people know it by the name
of Sea Matweed, Maram, and Helme. They cut '<! bleach
it for making mats,- and where it is plentiful, houses are
thatched with it.

7. Arundo Colorata ; Canary Reedgrats- Calices one-
flowered, keeled ; corollas smooth with two lanuginose pen-
cils at the base ; leaves flat. This is a native of Europe, on
the banks of rivers and ditches ; flowering in July and Au-
gust. It is used to thatch ricks and cottages, for which
purjMJse it is more durable than straw. In the province of
Scania, they mow it twice a year, and their cattle eat it.
The texture is so hard that it must be cut young, if cattle be
expected to touch it. There is a cultivated variety of this
Grass in our gardens, with beautifully striped leaves. The
stripes are generally green and white ; but sometimes they
have a purplish cast. This is called Ladies Laces, Painted
Grass, or Riband Grass.

8. Arundo Conspicua. Calices one-flowered ; panicle
loose, form erect spreading ; awn of the outer petal reflex,
and very long. Native of New Zealand.

9. Arundo Agrestis. Flowers six stamined ; panicle spiked ;
spikelets heaped ; lower branches of the culm very spiky ;
calices one-flowered, thirty feet high. Native of mountains
and dry desert places in Cochin-china.

10. Arundo Mitis. Flowers six-stamined ; panicle erect,
contracted; spikes 1'jng, imbricate; culm very even, unarmed;
calices one-flowered. Higher and thicker than the Agrestis.
It is cultivated in the fields and hedges of Cochin-china; and
being divided into long thin pieces, is used for weaving into
hats, coffers, baskets, and a variety of very elegant utensils.

11. Arundo Multiplex. Flowers six-stamined; spikes
interrupted ; spikelets in whorls ; culm divided ; calices one-
flowered. Twelve feet high. Used in the cultivated parts of
the northern provinces of Cochin-china, where it is used as
fence-work or hedges to separate gardens.

12. Arundo Bengalensis. Calices two-flowered ; panicle
erect, with three-flowered pedicles. Native of Bengal.

18. Arundo Piscatoria. Calices one-flowered; spike
terminating; culm branched; leaves minute. Native of
Cochin-china : being very tough, and tapering towards the
end, it is very fit for fishing-rods.

14. Arundo Dioica. Calices one-flowered ; spikes in bun-
dles, compound ; spikelets linear. Native of woods in Co-
chin-china.

Asarabacca. See Asarum.

Asarina; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Monandria,
GENERIC CHARACTER. Male Jiowers. Calix .- ament
filiform; floscules scattered, sessile; perianth a very short
scale. Corolla: none. Stamina: fiiamenta single, very
short; anthera oblong, from spreading recurve, four-fur-
rowed, large. Female flowers, in a different plant. Calix :
as in the male. Corolla : none. Pistil : geruien globose ;
style none; stigma flat, three-lobed, growing to the germen.
Pericarp: drupe. Seeds; single. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER.

Calix: ament, filiform. Corolla: none. Male, anthera

worm-shaped. Female, style none ; stigma three-lobcd.

One species only has been hitherto discovered, viz.

1. Asarina Polystachya/ A native of the Society Isles, in
the South Sea.

Asarum ; a genus of the class Dodecandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed ,
bell-shaped, three or four cleft, coriaceous, coloured, j>er-
manent ; clefts erect, bent in at the top. Corolla : none.
Stamina : fiiamenta twelve, subulate, half the length of the
calix ; nnihers oblong, fastened to the middle partition of the
fiiamenta. Pistil : germen inferior, or concealed within the
substance of the calix; stylecylindric, the length of the stami-
na; stigma stellate, six-parted; parts reflex. Pericarp .- capsule
coriaceous, within the substance of the calix, mostly six-cell-
ed. Seeds: several, ovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix .-
three or four cleft, placed on the germen. Corolla .- none.
Capsule : coriaceous, crowned. Stigma .- six-cleft. These
plants delight in a moist shady situation, and may be increased
by parting the roots in autumn. The species are,

1. Asarum Europeum ; Common Asarabacca. Leaves
kidney-shaped, blunt, in pairs ; root perennial, creeping ;
stems short, simple, round, pubescent, one-flowered ; flowers
terminal, pitcher-shaped, of a dark purple colour, villose. A
native of many parts of Europe, in woods and shady places ;
flowering in April and May. With us it has been found only
in Lancashire. The root powdered, and taken to the amount
of thirty or forty grains, excites vomiting; and when coarsely
powdered, it generally purges. The powder of the leaves is
the basis of most cephalic snuffs. An infusion of one or two
drachms of the leaves vomits. Allioni gives a particular
account of the qualities of Asarabacca, and seems to have a
high opinion of it, especially in obstinate intermittents, and
above all in the quartan ague. Others entirely reject it, as
too acrid when fresh, and too insipid when dry. The Pulrix
Asari Compositus, or Powder of Asarabacca, is composed
of equal quantities of the dried leaves of Asarum Marjorum,
and Marum, and of the dried flowers of Lavender. The pow-
dered root, taken to the amount of thirty or forty grains, is
a rough emetic ; and the leaves powdered, and snuffed up
the nose, occasion a considerable discharge of mucus from
the head without exciting much sneezing. The salutary-
discharge occasioned by snuffing; a grain or two of this pow-
der up the nose, will sometimes continue for two or three
days together ; by which head-ache, tooth-ache, ophthalmia ,
and some paralytic and soporific complaints, have been effec-
tually relieved ; a single dose has been known to remove a
palsy of the mouth and tongue. It is an excellent medicine
in soporific distempers, and those disorders of the head
which proceed from a redundancy of viscid matter ; but tilt-
patient should carefully avoid cold during the operation, as
it might subject him to inflammations of the face, and other
alarming consequences. The dried roots or leaves, accord-
ing to Meyrick, taken in large doses, vomit and purge vio-
lently, but in smaller doses they operate safely and effectu-
ally by urine, and arc of great efficacy in obstructions of
the menses, the jaundice, and the dropsy.

2. Asarum Canadense ; Canadian Asarabacca. Lea\ e-
kidney-shaped, mucronate. Native of Canada ; flowering
from April to July. Too much wet in winter will cause
this species to rot.

3. Asarum Virginicum ; Sweet-scented Asarabacca. I^eaves
heart-shaped, blunt, smooth, ]>etioled. This seldom thrives
well if it be too much exposed to the. sun in summer, and
should be planted so as to have only the morning sun. Na-
tive of North America.

A S C

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A S C

131

Ascium ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Monogy-
n ia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-leaved;
leaflets roundish, concave, coriaceous, coloured on the
margin. Corolla: petals five, ovate, acute, larger than the
calix, inserted into the receptacle. Stamina : filamenta very
many, short, three-sided, inserted into the receptacle ; an-
therae oblong. Pistil: gennen ovate; style very short;
stigma headed. Pericarp: berry? one-celled. Seeds: very
many. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: five-leaved, cori-
aceous. Corolla: five-petalled. Berry ? one-celled, with

very many seeds. Only one species is yet known.

1. Ascium Norantea. This tree is a native of Guiana.
Asclepias ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth five-cleft, sharp,
very small, permanent. Corolla : monopetalous, flat or
reflex, five-parted; divisions ovate, acuminate, slightly
bending with the sun ; nectaries five, growing to the tube of
the filamenta below the anthera, fleshy or cowled, a sharp
horn protruding from the bottom, bending inwards. Stamina :
filamenta five, collected into a tube, swelling at the base ;
antherae oblong, upright, two-celled, terminated by an inflex
membrane lying on the stigma, having a reversed wing on
each side, growing broader downwards, with its edge conti-
guous to the next. The pollen is collected into ten corpus-
cles, inversely lanceolate, flat, hanging down into the cells of
the anthera by short threads, frequently flexuose ; which are
annexed by pairs to five cartilaginous twin tubercles, each
placed on the tip of the wings of the anthera, adhering to the
angles of the stigma between them. Pistil : germina two,
oblong, acuminate; styles two, subulate ; stigma common to
ooth, large, thick, five-cornered, covered at the top by the
apices of the antherse, umbilicate in the middle. Pericarp .
follicles two, large, oblong, acuminate, swelling, one-celled,
one-valved. Seeds: numerous, imbricate, crowned with
down ; receptacle membranaceous, free. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Contorted ; nectaries five, ovate, concave, putting
out a little horn. The North American and European species
of this genus are hardy enough to bear the open air ; and
therefore are proper for large borders in pleasure-grounds,
and to mix with shrubs. The other species require the pro-
tection of the green-house or stove ; all of them are tall
perennials, flowering from June to August or September,
mostly dying down to the root in autumn. They should
have little water, especially in winter, for as they abound
with a milky juice, much wet will rot them. They may
be propagated by seeds, where these can be obtained, or
by cuttings : the hardy sorts may be increased by parting

the roots. The species are,

* Leaves opposite, flat.

1. Asclepias Undulata; Waved-leaved Swallowwort. Leaves
sessile, oblong, lanceolate, waved, smooth ; petals ciliate.
Native of the Cape ; and flowers here in July.

2. Asclepias Crispa ; Curled-leaved Swallowwort. Leaves
cordate, lanceolate, waved, scabrous, opposite ; umbel ter-
minal. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

3. Asclepias Pubescens ; Pubescent Swallowwort, Leaves
ovate, veined, naked ; stem shrubby ; peduncles villose ;
flowers purple. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

4. Asclepias Volubilis ; Twining Swallowwort. Leaves
ovate, quite entire, acuminate ; stem arboreous, twining ; um-
bels erect ; flowers greenish. Native of Malabar and Ceylon.

5. Asclepias Asthmatica ; Asthmatic Swallowwort. Leaves
petiolate, cordate-ovate, above smooth, quite entire ; stem
shrubby, twining, hirsute ; umbels few-flowered. Found
in Ceylon ; where the root is esteemed a good medicine in
asthmatic disorders.

6. Asclepias Gigantea ; Curled -flowered Gigantic Swallow-
wort. Leaves obovate-oblong ; petioles very short ; seg-
ments of the corolla reflex, involute ; flowers white. Na-
tive of the East and West Indies.

7. Asclepias Syriaca ; Syrian Swallowwort. Leaves oval,
tomentose underneath ; stem quite simple ; umbels nod-
ding, flowers of a dingy purple. It flowers in July, and is
a native of North America.

8. Asclepias Amoena ; Oval-leaved Swallowwort. Leaves
ovate, rather hairy underneath ; stem simple ; umbels and
nectaries erect. The flowers, which appear in July, are of
a bright purple colour, but are not succeeded by pods in
England. It is a native of North America,

9. Asclepias Purpurascens ; Purple Virginian Swallowwort.
Leaves ovate, villose underneath ; stems simple : umbels
erect ; nectaries resupinate. Native of North America.

10. Asclepias Variegata ; Variegated Swallowwort, or
Wisank. Leaves ovate, wrinkled, naked ; stem simple ;
umbels subsessile ; pedicles tomentose. Flowers in July ;'
native of North America.

11. Asclepias Curassavica ; Curassoa Swallowwort, Bastard
Ipecacuanha. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, shining; stem
simple ; umbels erect, solitary, lateral. Mr. Miller says,
that the roots of this plant have been sent to England for
ipecacuanha. The juice, made into syrup with sugar, has
been observed to kill and bring away worms wonderfully,
even when most other vermifuges have failed ; it is given to
children in the West Indies, from a tea-spoonful to a table-
spoonful. The juice and pounded plant are applied to stop
the blood in fresh wounds, and is said to be a powerful astrin-

.gent in such cases. The root, dried and reduced to pow-
der, is frequently used by the negroes as a vomit ; and hence
its name of fVikt ui Dusiuni l/jwacuunhu.

1<2. Asclepias Nivea ; White or Almond-leaved Swallowwort.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smoothish ; stem simple ; umbels
erect, lateral, solitary .-^-Native of North America.

13. Asclepias Incarnata ; Flesh-coloured Swallowwort.
Leaves lanceolate ; stem divided at top ; umbels erect,
twin ; flowers purple. Native of North America.

14. Asclepias Decumbens ; Decumbent Swallowwort. Leaves
villose ; stem decumbent. Native of North America.

15. Asclepias Lactifera ; MiUcy Swallowwort. Leaves
ovate ; stem erect ; umbels proliferous, very short. Na-
tive of Ceylon.

16. Asclepias Vincetoxicum ; Officinal Swallowwort, or
Tame-poison. Leaves ovate, bearded at the base ; stem erect ;
umbels proliferous ; corolla white. Native of most parts of
the continent of Europe. It was formerly imagined to be an
alexipharmic, and hence its name of Vincetoxicum, Tame-
poison, absurdly composed of a Latin and a Greek word. It
has been also recommended in dropsical cases, and disorders
peculiar to women, but is disused in the present practice, and
is too suspicious a plant to be internally taken, except with
great caution. The external application for foul ulcers,
abscesses of the breast, and scrofulous tumors, is more plau-
sible. The root is the part to be used ; an infusion of it,
fresh gathered, removes obstructions, increases the urinary
discharge, and is good in the jaundice ; dried, and given in
powder, it promotes perspiration, and is good against fe-
vers, the small-pox, measles, and other eruptive complaints.
No animal, except the goat, is said to eat it, though Linnreus
affirms that the horse will crop it after it is frost-bitten.
The down or cotton may be used for stuffing cushions,
pillows, &c. There are several varieties of this species.

17. Asclepias Nigra; Black Swallotcwnrt. Leaves ovate,
bearded at the base ; stem twining a little at top ; flowers

132

A S C

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL?

ASP

black. It is rather rare, being only found in the soutli of
France, the mountains about Nice, and in Spain.
** Leaves revolute at the sides.

18. A-aclepias Arborescens ; Arborescent Swallowwort.
Leaves ovate ; stem shrubby, subvillose ; corolla white.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

19. Asclepias Fruticosa; Shrubby, or fVillow-leaved Swal-
lowwort. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; stem shrubby. It
flowers from June to September. Native of the Cape.

20. Asclepias Repanda; Repand Swallowwort. Leaves
revolute, repand, hairy. Native country unknown.

21. Asclepias Sibiricaj Siberian Swallowwort. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, opposite, or in threes ; stem decumbent.
Native of Siberia, where it flowers in July and August.

22. Asclepias Verticillata ; Verticillate Swallowwort.
Leaves linear, verticillate ; stem erect ; flowers in umbels,
small, white. Native of North America.

*** Leaves alternate.

23. Asclepias Rubra ; Red Swallowwort. Leaves ovate ;
umbels many, from the same common peduncle. Native of
Virginia.

24. Asclepias Tuberosa ; Tuberous Swallowwort. Leaves
lanceolate ; stem divaricate, hairy. The flowers are of a
bright orange colour. It flowers from the end of July until
September, sometimes ripening seeds in England ; and is a
native of North America.

25. Asclepias Filiformis ; Narrow-leaved Swallowwort.
Leaves filiform ; stem erect ; umbels lateral, elongate-pe-
duncled. Found at the Cape of Good Hope.

26. Asclepias Grandiflora; Great-flowering Swallowwort.
Leaves petiolate, oblong, hairy ; stem simple, rough, erect ;
flowers axillary, peduncled. Found at the Cape.

27". Asclepias (Jtu-iiuaa, Flcvhy-kMv^d Stvallnwwort. Leaves
ovate, fleshy, very smooth. It is a native of Lhiim.

28. Asclepias Scandens; Climbing Swallowwort. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, subhirsute ; stem shrubby, climbing ;
umbels lateral, compact ; flowers sulphur-coloured. Na-
tive of Carthagena in South America

29. Asclepias Procera ; Bell-flowered Gigantic Swallow-
wort. Leaves obovate-oblong ; petioles very short ; corol-
las subcampanulate. Native of Persia.

30. Asclepias Parviflora; Small-flowered Swallowwort.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, opposite, drawn to a
point at the base ; stem suffruticose, upright ; umbels la-
teral, solitary. Native of Carolina and East Florida.

31. Asclepias Linaria; Toadflax -leaved Swallowwort.
Leaves scattered, subulate, channelled ; umbels lateral,
many-flowered ; corolla white. Native country unknown j
flowers from August to October.

32. Asclepias Mexicana ; Mexican Swallowwort. Leaves
six together in whorls, lanceolate; flowers umbelled. Na-
tivr of Mexico : also flowering from August until October.

33. Asclepias Fusca. Stems creeping; leaves cordate,
lanceolate ; umbels axillary, in pairs. Native of Cochin-
china, growing in waste places and upon old walls.

34. Asclepias Viminalis. Stem suffruticose, twining, fili-
form ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth ; umbels lateral,
many-flowered. The whole plant is of a dark green colour,
full of milk. Commonin the larger inland woods of Jamaica.

Ascyrum; a genus of the class Polyadelphiii, order Polyan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth four-leaved ;
the outer leaflets opposite, very minute, linear ; the inner
heart-shaped, large, flat erect, all permanent. Corolla : pe-
tals four, ovate ; the outer opposite, very large ; the inner
less. Stamina : filamenta numerous, bristle-shaped, slightly
united at the base in four parts; aatherx roundish. Pistil:

germen oblong; style scarcelyany; stigma simple. Pericarp:
capsule oblong, acuminate, one-celled, two-valved, enclosed
by the larger leaves of the caiix. tieeds : numerous, small,
roundish, fixed to the edge of the valves. ESSENTIAL
CHARACTER. Calix: four-leaved. Petals: four; filamenta
many, in four divisions. The species are,

1. Ascyrum Crux Andrew ; Common Ascyrum, or Saint
Andrew's Cross. Leaves ovate ; stem round ; panicle dichoto-
mous. Native of N. America ; flowering in July and August.

2. Ascyrum Hypericoides. Leaves oblong ; branches an-
cipital; flowers terminating, yellow. An elegant little shrub,
seldom above three feet in height. Native of South Caro-
lina, Maryland, and the cooler mountains of Jamaica.

3. Ascyrum Villosum. Leaves hirsute ; stem stiff, and
straight. Reaches three feet in height ; and grows natur-
ally in Virginia. They are all perennial plants.

Ash, Common, Flowering, and Manna. See Fraxinus.

Ash, Mountain. See Sorbus.

Ashweed. See JEgopodium.

Asp or Aspen Tree. See Populus.

Aspalathus ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order De-
candria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calic : perianth one-leafed,
five-cleft ; divisions acuminate, equal, except that the upper
is larger Corolla : papilionaceous ; banner compressed,
ascending, obovate, generally hirsute on the outside, obtuse,
with a point ; wings lunate, obtuse, spreading, shorter than
the banner ; keel bifid, conformable with the wings. Sta-
mina : filamenta ten, uniting into a sheath, gaping longitu-
dinally at top, ascending ; anthera oblong. Pistil : germen
ovate ; style simple, ascending ; stigma sharp. Pericarp :
legume ovnte, awnless. Seeds: generally two, kidney -shaped.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : rive-cleft, the upper divi-
sions largest; legume ovate, awnless, with about two seeds.
With few exceptions, the plants of this genus are natives of
the Cape of Good Hope ; few of them have been cultivated
in Europe, but they may be propagated by seeds obtained
from the country where they spontaneously grow, and sown
in light earth as soon as they arrive. When they come up,
transplant them into separate pots of light earth, and plunge
them into a moderate hot-bed, till they have again taken
root ; after which they may be gradually inured to the open
air in summer, but in autumn and winter they must be
carried into the green-house. The species are,

1. Aspalathus Spinosa ; Thorny Aspalathus. Leaves fas-
cicled, linear, naked, surrounding a gemmaceous spine.

2. Aspalathus Verrucosa; Warted Aspalathus. Leaves
fascicled, filiform ; buds warted ; tomentose, naked.

3. Aspalathus Capitata ; Headed Aspalathus : Leaves fas-
cicled, linear, sharp ; flowers headed ; bractes naked.

4. Aspalathus Glomerata ; Glomerate Aspalathus. Leaves
fascicled, linear, sharp, \ illose, bent inward ; flowers head-
ed ; divisions of the calix ovate ; corollas smooth.

5. Aspalathus Astroites ; Starry Aspalathus. Leaves fas-
cicled, subulate, mucronate, smooth ; stem villose ; flowers
scattered. This has the appearance of Juniper.

6. Aspalathus Chenopodia. Leaves fascicled, subulate,
mucronate, rough with hairs ; flowers headed, very hirsute.

7. Aspalathus Albens ; White Aspalathus. Leaves fasci-
cled, subulate, silky, spreading at top ; bunches of flowers
scattered, of a silky white.

8. Aspalathus Thymifolia; Tyme-leaved Aspalathus.
Leaves fascicled, subulate, unarmed, smooth, very short 5
flowers alternate. The leaves resemble those of Thyme.

9. Aspalathus Ericifolia ; Hcath-leatiedAspiilathus.Jjea.vet
fascicled, linear, unarmed, hirsute ; flowers alternate ; ban-
ner villose ; calicos linear.

ASPARAOITS _

ASTBR _

.\STIt.\<l.\l.irS_7V//A-/ r,-x-t,iil

Hmry HaliCT. Carton. London, l&l

A 8 P

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ASP

153

10. Aspalathus Nigraj Black Aspalathus. Leaves fisct-
cled, linear, rather obtuse ; flowers headed, spiked, pubes-
cent ; bractes in pairs, narrow.

11. Aspalathus Carnosa; Flethy Aspalathus. Leaves fas-
cicled, almost columnar, obtuse ; calices subpubescent, sharp;
corollas smooth ; flowers yellow, terminal, umbelled.

12. Aspalathus Ciliaris ; Ciliate-leaved Aspaluthus. Leaves
fascicled, filiform, scabrous; flowers terminal, sessile; banners
pubescent ; corolla yellow, with an ash-coloured banner.

13. Aspalathus Genistoides ; Broom-like Aspahithus.
Leaves fascicled, filiform, polished ; calices subracemed,
pendulous ; they and the corollas smooth, and yellow.

14. Aspalathus Hystrix ; Porcupine Aspalathus. Leaves
fascicled, filiform, rigid, spiny, silky; flowers lateral, sessile,
solitary ; corollas villose.

15. Aspalathus Galioides. Leaves fascicled, linear, polish-
ed j peduncles two-flowered, elongate, leafy at the end.

16. Aspalathus Retroflexa. Leaves fascicled, subulate,
smooth, very small ; branches filiform,very spreading ; flow-
ers solitary, terminal ; keel of the corolla tomentose.

17- Aspalathus Uniflora ; One-flowered Aspalathus. Leaves
fascicled, linear, unarmed, smooth ; stipules sharp, perma-
nent j flowers solitary ; divisions of the calices boat-shaped.

18. Aspalathus Araneosa. Leaves fascicled, bristle-
Shaped, unarmed, hispid ; flowers headed ; banner hairy
on the outside.

19. Aspalathus Asparagoides. Leaves fascicled, seta-
ceous, rather hairy ; calices leaf-shaped, the length of the
corolla, solitary ; banner scarcely pubescent.

20. Aspalathus Sericea ; Silky Aspalathus. Leaves fasci-
cled, lanceolate, silky ; peduncles terminal, two-flowered ;
banner almost naked ; flowers large, smooth.

21. Aspalathus Canescens; Hoary Aspalathus. Leaves
fascicled, subulate, tomentose, silky ; flowers lateral; banners
pubescent ; corolla yellow, with a hoary pubescent banner.

22. Aspalathus Heterophylla ; Various-leaved Aspalathus.
Leaves of the branches fascicled, of the branchlets ternate,
linear, hairy ; spikes terminal ; calix and corollas villose ;
flowers yellow. All natives of the Cape.

23. Aspalathus Indica ; Small-flowered Aspalathus. Leaves
quinate, sessile ; peduncles one-flowered ; flowers pale red.
Native of the East Indies.

24. Aspalathus Cretica; Evergreen Aspalathus. Leaves
trinate, wedge-shaped, smooth, the lateral ones shorter ;
stipules obsolete ; flowers headed, very small, yellow.

25. Aspalathus Quinquefolia ; Five-leaved Aspalathus.
Leaves in fives, sessile ; leaflets lanceolate ; peduncles
spiked 5 corollas tomentose.

26. Aspalathus Tridentata ; Three-toothed Aspalathus.
Leaves trine, lanceolate, smooth ; stipules three-toothed,
mucronate ; flowers headed.

27. Aspalathus Pilosa ; Hairy Aspalathus. Leaves tern,
lirtear, viflose; heads terminal, very hairy; corollaspubescent.

28. Aspalathus Authylloides. Leaves trine, lanceolate,
equal, subpubescent ; stipules none ; heads terminal.

29. Aspalathus Laxata ; laose-leaved Aspalathus. Leaves
tern, linear, villose ; flowers in bunches of five ; calices
woolly ; stems prostrate, round ; corolla smooth and yellow.

30. Aspalathus Argentea ; Silvery Aspalathus. Leaves
trine, linear, silky ; stipules simple, mucronate ; flowers
scattered, tomentose, purple.

31. Aspalathus CaUosa ; Callous Aspalathus. Leaves trine,
subulate, equal ; stipules roundish ; callous ; flowers spiked,
smooth, yellow. The eight last species are natives of the
Cape of Good Hope.

32. Aspalathus Orientalis; Levant Aspalathus. Leaves
VOL. i. 12.

ternate, lanceolate, pubescent ; flowers in bunches of five ;
corollas yellow ; calices pubescent ; stems erect, angular.
Found in the Levant.

33. Aspalathus Murronata. Leaves tern, polished ;
branches acuminate ; flowers in racemes ; stem smooth.

34. Agpalathus Pinnata ; Pinnate-leaved Aspalathus.
Leaves pinnate-quinate, obcordate ; peduncles headed.

35. Aspalathus Pedunculate ; Small-leared Aspitlathus.
Leaves fascicled, subulate, smooth ; peduncles filiform,
twice the length of the leaf. It flowers in August.

36. Aspalathus Candicans ; Fair Aspalathus. Leaves
trine and fascicled, filiform, silky ; flowers sublateral ; ban-
ners naked.

37. Aspalathus Arborea ; Tree Aspalathus. Leaves pin-
nate-quinate ; racemes terminating. It is a middling-sized
tree. The five last, natives of the Cape.

Asparagus; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : none. Corolla :
petals six, cohering by the claws, oblong, erected into a tube ;
three alternately interior, reflex at the end, permanent.
Stamina : filamenta six, filiform, inserted into the petals,
erect, shorter than the corolla ; an therae roundish. Pistil:
germen turbinate, three cornered ; style very short ; stigma
a prominent point. Pericarp ; berry globular, umbilicated
with a point, three celled. Seeds : two, round, angular on
the inside, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla .
six parted, erect, equal. Calix : none ; style very short ;
stigmas three ; berry superior, three celled, two seeded.
The species are,

1 . Asparagus Officinalis ; Common Asparagus, or Sperage.
Stem herbaceous, round, erect ; leaves setaceous ; stipules
uniform, subsolitary. It is propagated by seeds, sown broad-
cast, but not too thick, on a level bed of good rich earth, in
the beginning of March : the bed must be afterwards trodden
all over, to bury the seed. Keep it clear of weeds during the
following summer, and towards the latter end of October,
when the haulm is quite withered, you may spread a little
rotten dung, about two inches deep, over the surface of the
ground, which will preserve the young buds from being in-
jured by the frost. In the following spring the young plants
will be fit to remove. Prepare the ground by trenching, and
burying therein a good quantity of rotten dung at the bottom of
each trench , that it may lie at least sixinches above the ground,
and level the whole, after taking out all the large stones.
In the beginning of April, with a narrow T pronged dung-fork,
carefullyfork up the roots, shaking them 'out of the earth, and
separating them from each other, observing to lay their heads
even, then range a very tight line across the plot of ground,
throwing out by it a trench six inches deep, into which trench
you may lay your roots, spreading them with your fingers, and
placing them upright against the back of the trench, that the
buds may stand forward, and be about two inches below the
surface of the ground, and at twelve inches distance from each
other; then with a rake draw the earth into the trench again,
laying it very level, which will preserve the roots in their
right position. Then remo-ve your line a foot farther back,
and proceed as before. A small crop of Onions may be sown at
the same time, treading in the seeds, and raking the ground le-
vel. Six weeks after planting, you must cut up the weeds with
a small hoe, and thin the Onions wherever they rise in bunches,
cutting up those Onions which grow near to the Asparagus
shoots. This must be three times repeated, until the Onions
are tit to be pulled up, which is commonly in August, and is
known by the falling down and withering of their greens.
Sonic persons cut their Asparagus foruse, in the second spring
after planting, but it ia better to defer it till the third year.
2M

134

ASP

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ASP

In the summer of the second year keep them free from weeds,
digging the alleys between them in October, and forking the
beds towards the end of the following March ; observing every
other year tolaysome rotten dung fromaMelon orCucumber
bed, all over the beds, burying some in the alleys ; also at the
time for digging them up. When they appear about four
inches above ground, you may then cut them sparingly, only
taking the larger buds, and suffering the small to run up to
strengthen the roots ; for the more you cut, the greater will
be the increase of buds, but they will be smaller, and the roots
sooner decay. A very prevalent error is, that which has long
prevailed with those people who will not dung their Asparagus
beds, because they think that the dung communicates a strong
rank taste to the Asparagus. This is a great mistake, for the
sweetest Asparagus grows upon the richest ground, and it is
the poor land that occasions that rank taste so often com-
plained of; the sweetness of Asparagus being also proved by
experiment to arise from the quickness of its growth, which is
always proportionable to the goodness of the ground, and the
warmth of the seasons. Eight rods of ground will be sufficient
to supply a small family, and double that quantity for a large
one. Forcing Asparagus. Some persons, who delight in
having early Asparagus, force it in the following manner.
They provide a quantity of good roots, either of their own
raising, or purchased from such gardeners as plant for sale,
such as has been two or even three years out from the seed-
bed ; and having fixed upon the time at which they would wish
to have their Asparagus fit to cut, they prepare a quantity of
new horse-dung about six weeks before, which is thrown into
a heap for ten days or more in order to ferment, and having
some sea-coal ashes mixed with it, they turn it over into a
heap, where it must lie another week, when it will be fit for
use. They then dig out a trench in the ground where they
intend to make the bed, a foot and a half deep, of the width
of the frames which are designed to cover it, and the length
proportioned to the quantity which they design to raise : if
it be only to supply a small family, three or four lights at a
time will be sufficient, but for a larger family, six or eight
lights will not be too much : they then lay down the dung
into thetrench, workingitvery regularly, and beating itdovvn
very tightly with a fork, laying it at least three feet in thick-
ness, or more, when the beds are made in December ; upon
this they put the earth, taking great care to break the clods
and lay it level, beginning at one end to lay the roots against
a little ridge of earth, raised about four inches high, and
as close as possible to each other, in rows, with their buds
standing upright, with a small quantity of fine mould between
every row, observing to keep the crown of the roots exactly
level. When you have finished laying your beds with roots,
you must lay some stiff earth up to the roots, on the outsides
of the bed, which are bare, to keep them from drying ; and
thrust two or three sharp-pointed sticks about two feet long,
down between the roots in the middle of the bed at a distance
from each other. The use of these sticks is to inform you
what temper of heat the bed is in, which you may find by
drawing up the sticks, and feeling the lower part : and if after
the bed has been made a week, you find it does not heat, you
may lay a little straw or litter round the sides, and also upon
the top, which will greatly help it ; or if you find it very hot,
so as to endanger scorching the roots, it will be advisable to
let it remain wholly uncovered, and to thrust a large stick
into the dung on each side of the bed in two or three places,
to make holes for the great steam of the bed to pass off,
wbich in a short time will reduce the bed to a moderate heat.
After the bed has been made a fortnight, you must cover the
crowns of the roots with fine earth about two inches thick,

and when the buds begin to appear above ground through
that earth, you must again lay on a fresh quantity, about
three inches thick ; so that in the whole it may be five inches
above the crowns of the root, which will be sufficient. Then
you must make a band of straw, or long litter, about four
inches thick, which must be fastened round the sides of the
bed, that the upper part may be level with the surface of the
ground ; this must be fastened with straight sticks about two
feet long, sharpened at the points to run into the bed ; and
upon this band you must set yourframes,and put your glasses
thereon ; but if, after your bed has been made three weeks,
you find the heat decline, you must lay a good lining of fresh
hot dung round the sides of the bed, which will add a fresh
heat thereto ; and in bad weather, as also every night, keep
the glasses covered with mats and straw ; but in the day-time
let it -be all taken off, especially whenever the sun appears,
which, shining through the glasses, will give a good colour to
the Asparagus. A bed thus made, if it work kindly, will begir
to produce buds for cutting in about five or six weeks, and
will hold about three weeks in cutting; if rightly planted with
good roots, it will produce in that time about three hundred
buds in each light ; so that where it is proposed to be conti-
nued until the season of natural Asparagus, a fresh bed should
be made every three weeks, until the beginning of March,
from the time of the first bed being made ; but if the last
bed be made about a week in March, it will last till the sea-
son of natural Asparagus ; for the last beds will come a fort-
night sooner to cut after making, than those made about
Christmas ; and the buds will be larger, and better coloured,
as they will then enjoy a greater share of the sun. The best
ground for planting Asparagus, to have large roots for hot-
beds, is a moist rich soil ; but for those intended for a na-
tural produce, a middling soil, neither too wet nor too dry -,
yet a fresh sandy loam, when well dunged, is preferable
to any other.

2. Asparagus Declinates ; Long-leaved Asparagus. Stem
unarmed, round ; branches declined ; leaves setaceous.
This species is higher than the common sort ; the leaves
also are twice as long, and more abundant ; the stem is
annual. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

3. Asparagus Falcatus ; Sickle-leaved Asparagus. Prickles
solitary, reversed ; branches round ; leaves ensiform, fal-
cated ; stem round and branching. A native of Ceylon.

4. Asparagus Retrofractus ; Larch-leaved Asparagus.
Prickles solitary ; branches round, reflected, and retrofract-
ed ; leaves setaceous, fascicled. It has very crooked ir-
regular stalks, shrubby, and rising eight or ten feet high,
putting out several weak side-branches, having long narrow
leaves, in clusters like those of the Larch-tree ; under each
of these clusters is placed a single sharp thorn. The stalks
continue several years, and the leaves retain their green-
ne>s through the winter. It flowers in August and Sep-
tember ; and is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

5. Asparagus /Ethiopicus. Prickles solitary, reversed j
branches angulate ; leaves lanceolate, linear. This resembles
the third species ; but the leaves are smaller, and about
seven in a bunch. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

6. Asparagus Asiaticus; Slender-stalked Asparagus.
Prickles solitary; stem erect; branches filiform ; leaves fas-
cicled, setaceous. It is a native of Asia.

7. Asparagus Albus ; White Asparagus. Prickles soli-
tary ; branches angular, flexuosc : leaves fascicled, trique-
trous, awn less, deciduous. The spines arc straight, spread-
ing, or reHex. It is a native of the south of Europe, espe-
cially of Spain and Portugal.

8. Asparagus Acutifolius ; Acute-leaved Asparagut. Stem

ASP

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ASP

135

unarmed, angular, shrubby ; leaves needle-shaped, rather
rigid, perennial, mucronate, equal. This has white crooked
shrubby stalks, which rise four or five feet high, but have no
spines on them, the leaves come out in clusters like those of
the Larch-tree, but are very short, and end in sharp prickles
so that they are troublesome to handle. It is a native of
Spain, Portugal, and the Levant.

9. Asparagus Horridus ; Thorny Asparagus. Leafless,
shrubby, five-cornered ; prickles four-cornered, compressed,
striated. The spines are about the length of a finger. It is
a native of Spain.

10. Asparagus Aphyllus ; Prickly Asparagus. Stem un-
armed, angular, shrubby; leaves subulate, striated, unequal,
diverging. The flowers are small, and of an herbaceous
colour ; the berries are larger than those of the common sort,
and are black when ripe. Native of the southern parts of
Europe.

11. Asparagus Capensis ; Cape Asparagus. Spines in
fours ; branches aggregate, round ; leaves setaceous ; root
tuberous ; stems shrubby, filiform, flexuose ; spines spread-
ing, a little recurved, very acute. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope.

12. Asparagus Sarmentosus : Linear-leaved Asparagus.
Leaves solitary, linear-lanceolate ; stem flexuose ; prickles
recurved. It sends out many weak climbing branches, which
rise about five or six feet high from the root ; the shoots are
armed with short crooked spines, which are so closely set on
that it is difficult to touch the branches. The roots, which
are long, fusiform, whitish, and fleshy, of a sweetish plea-
sant flavour, are eaten in Ceylon, (where it grows naturally,)
with broth or milk, and the inhabitants appear to be very
fond of them.

13. Asparagus Verticillaris ; Whorl-leaved Asparagus.
Leaves verticillate. It was found by the French botanist
Tournefort in the Levant, about Derbent, and in other parts
of the East.

Asperugo; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed,
five-cleft, erect, with unequal toothlets, permanent. Co-
rolla: one-petalled, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical, very
short : border semiquinquefid, obtuse, small ; throat closed,
with five convex, prominent, converging little scales. Sta-
mina : filamenta five, in the throat, very short ; antheraj
oblongish, covered. Pistil .- germen four, compressed ; style
filiform, short; stigma obtuse. Pericarp: none. Calix: very
large, erect, compressed ; lamellas flat-parallel, sinuate.
Seeds : four, oblong, compressed, distant, by pairs. ESSEN-
TIAL CHARACTER. Calix : of the fruit compressed ; lamellas
flat-parallel, sinuated. The species are,

1. Asperugo Procumbens ; Procumbent Asperugo. Cali-
ces of the fruit compressed ; root annual ; corolla scarcely
exceeding the calix, deep blue, often white. It is found in
roads and among rubbish at Newmarket, Boxley in Sussex,
Holy Island, and near Purfleet, flowering in April and May.
Horses, goats, sheep, and swine, eat it, but cows are not
partial to it. Small Wild Bugloss, or Borrage, Great Goose-
grass, are also names under which it has been known. It
may be easily propagated by seeds sown in autumn ; or, if
they be permitted to scatter, the plants will come up of
themselves.

2. Asperugo ^Egyptiaca ; Egyptian Asperugo. Calices of
the fruit swelling ; root annual, columnar, the thickness of
a quill, red ; stem half a foot high or more ; flowers void of
scent ; petals pale yellow, and the scales of the throat yellow.
It flowers from June to August, and is a native of Egypt.
It may be raised by seeds, but they must be sown in a mode-

rate hot-bed. The plants will flower in the open air in sum-
mer, but they must be housed in winter.

Asperula; a genus of the class Tetrandria, order Mono-
gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth small,
four-toothed, superior. Corolla ,- one-petalled, funnel-
shaped ; tube cylindric, long ; border four-parted ; divisions
oblong, obtuse, reflex. Stamina : filamenta four, at the top
of the tube; antherae simple. Pistil: germen twin, round-
ish, inferior; style filiform, bifid at top; stigmas headed.
Pericarp : two dry globular united berries. Seed : solitary,
roundish, large. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : one-
petalled, funnel-shaped ; seeds two, globular. All these
plants, except the second species, being perennial, may be
increased by the roots as well as by seeds. The first sort
will prosper under the shade of shrubs in wilderness quarters.
The fifth must have the protection of a green-house, and does
not continue many years; but it may be increased both by
seeds and cuttings. The eighth growing naturally in chalk,
and most of the others being natives of rocky places, require
a dry open situation. The species are,

1. Asperula Odorata; Sweet-scented Woodroof. Leaves
eight in a whorl, lanceolate; flowers in bunches, peduncled ;
root perennial, slender, jointed, yellowish, creeping a little
below the surface, and sending out many small fibres.
Native of many parts of Europe, in woods, and shady places,
flowering in May, and sometimes in April. The scent is
pleasant; and when dried, this plant diffuses an odour like that
of Vernal Grass, or Anthox Anthrum Odoratum. It is said to
give a grateful flavour to wine ; and when kept among clothes,
not only to impart an agreeable perfume to them, but to pre-
serve them from insects : cows, horses, sheep, and goats, are
reported to eat it. Since it is known to contain an acrid
principle,with much fixed alkaline salt, it is thought by some
that it may be useful in obstructions of the liver and biliary
ducts, although modern practitioners generally reject it. A
strong decoction of the green herb opens obstructions of the
viscera, and is good in the jaundice ; it likewise strengthens
the stomach, and is often taken as a cordial.

2. Asperula Arvensis ; Blue or Field Woodroof. Leaves
six in a whorl ; flowers sessile, terminal, aggregate; root an-
nual, slender, with a yellow bark ; corollas blue, with streaks
of darker blue ; germs smooth. The roots dye a fine red
colour. It flowers in July, and is a native of France, Ger-
many, and various parts of Italy.

3. Asperula Taurina; Broad-leaved Woodroof. Leaves
four in a whorl, ovate, lanceolate, revolute, bluntish, pubes-
cent ; flowers in terminal bunches; roots perennial, red,
branching, intertwined. Flowering from April till June,
and a native of Switzerland and Italy.

4. Asperula Crassifolia ; Thick-leaved Woodroof. Leaves
four in a whorl, oblong-lateral, revolute, bluntish, pubes-
cent; the flowers are few, in terminal branches, pubescent
on the outside. Native of Crete, and the Levant ; flower-
ing in June.

5. Asperula Calabrica; Caldbrian Woodroof . Leaves four
in a whorl, oblong, lateral, revolute, bluntish, pubescent.
This is an undershrub, about a cubit high, prostrate, and
extremely fetid in all its parts; which, with its shrubby stalks
and leaves in pairs, sufficiently distinguishes this species. It
flowers during most of the summer, and some part of the au-
tumn ; and is a native of Syria, between Aleppo and Antioch,
and also of Calabria and Sicily.

G. Asperula Tinctoria ; Narrow-leaved Woodroof. Leaves
linear, the lower six, the middle four, in a whorl; stem flaccid;
flowers generally trifid, white : the whole plant is green and
smooth. In Gothland the roots are used instead of Madder

136

ASP

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL,

ASP

for dyeing wool of a red colour. It is a native of Sweden
Germany, Switzerland, France, Carniola, and Siberia.

7. Asperula Pyrenaica; Pyrenean Woodroof. Leaves four in
a whorl, lanceolate-linear; stem erect; flowers generally trilid
red; roots perennial. Native of the Pyrenees, and about Basil

8. Asperula Cynanchica ; Squinancywort, or Small Wood-
roof. Leaves four in a whorl, linear, the upper ones opposite;
stem erect ; flowers quadrifid ; roots perennial ; stems from
four inches to a foot and half in length, prostrate, hard,
numerous, branching dichotomously. The corollas are blush-
coloured, elegantly marked with red lines ; sometimes they
are white. The flowers have a sweet smell. It is found in
France, Germany, Switzerland, Carniola, Italy, and the
Levant : it abounds in many parts of England, on chalk-
downs, as, about Dartford in Kent ; in Epsom downs, Hert-
fordshire, Gog-magog hills, Newmarket heath, Swaffham in
Norfolk, Armingale wood near Norwich, and on the Sussex
downs. It flowers from June till August. This plant had
formerly a great reputation for curing the quinsy, for which
it was both internally and externally applied : it is now en-
tirely obsolete.

9. Asperula Aristida ; Avon-flowered Woodroof. Leaves
linear, rather fleshy ; the lower ones four in a whorl ; stem
upright; flowers subtern-awned, pale yellowish, placed paral-
lel with the divisions, bluntly awned. Native of the south
of Europe.

10. Asperula Laevigata ; Shining Woodroof. Leaves four in
a whorl, elliptic, nerveless, srnoothish; peduncles divaricate,
trichotomous ; seeds scabrous ; stems simple, smooth, spread-
ing; leaves subpetioled, obtuse, spreading, scarcely ciliate ;
flowering branches horizontal, bifid ; two small lanceolate
bractes ; flowers usually in threes, peduncled, white. It
flowers in June and July ; and is a native of the south of
Europe

11. Asperula Hexaphylia; Six-leaved -Woodroof. Leaves
six in whorl, linear ; flowers umbelled, terminal, subsessile ;
root perennial ; stems sometimes branching at the base, but
generally simple; corollas purple, white within, the segments
a little revolute; seeds oblong, compressed; the whole plant
is smooth. It grows in the fissures of the rocks nearTende.

Asphodelus ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Mono-
gynia, GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: none. Corolla: one-
petalled, six-parted ; divisions lanceolate, flat, spreading ;
nectary six very small valves, converging into a globe,
inserted into the base of the corolla. Staminas fllamenta
six, subulate, inserted into the valves of the nectary, bowed,
alternately shorter ; antherae oblong, incumbent, rising.
Pistil : germen roundish, within the nectary ; style subulate,
in the same situation with the stamina; stigma truncate. Pe-
ricarp: capsule globular, fleshy, three-lobed, three-celled.
Seeds: several, triangular, gibbous on one side. Observe: the
lilamenta decline in some, and are bowed outwardly in others.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : six-parted. Nectary :
six valves covering the germen. The Asphodels are pretty
ornaments in a garden ; and requiring but little trouble to
cultivate, are the more acceptable. The species are,

1. Asphodelus Luteus ; Yellow Asphodel, or King's Spear.
Stem leafy ; leaves three-sided, striated. The roots are com-
posed of many thick, yellow fleshy tubers, joined into a head
at the top, whence arise strong round single stalks, nearly three
feethigh.covering their whole length with long.three-corner-
ed boat-shaped leaves, of a sea-green colour ; the upper part of
the stalk is adorned halfway with yellowstar-shiiped flowers,
which begin to open at bottom, so that on the same spike
there is often a succession of flowers during a full month
from the time of its beginning to flower, which is in June or

towards the end of May. It is a native of Sicily, multiplying
very fast by roots, which will soon overspread a large border
if permitted to remain, or if the side shoots are not taken off.
2. Asphodelus Ramosus; Branched Asphodel, or King's
Spear. Stem naked ; leaves ensiform, keeled, smooth. The
flowers are star-shaped, white, with a purple line running
longitudinally along the outside of each segment ; they grow
in long spikes, flowering successively, from the bottom up-
wards, appearing in the first part of June, and producing
seed in autumn. It is a native of the south of Europe :
immense tracts of land in Apulia are covered with it, and it
affords excellent food for sheep. It does not increase very
fast by roots, nor should it be often transplanted, for that
will weaken it, so that the flower-stems will not rise so tall, or
produce so many flowers, as when left undisturbed for some
years; the best way therefore is to propagate it by seeds,
which should be sown soon after they are ripe, on a warm
border of light fresh earth : in the springthe plants will appear,
when you should carefully clear them from weeds, and in dry
weather they must be frequently watered : if this be done, at
thefollowing Michaelmas, the plants will be strong enough to
bear transplanting, at which time you must prepare a bed
of fresh earth in the flower nursery, into which you should
plant the roots, at about six inches' distance every way,
observing to plant them so low as that the top of the roots
may be three or four inches under the surface of the bed ; and
some old tan or dung should be spread over the ground, to
keep out the frost : in this bed they may remain one year,
during which time they should be kept clear from weeds; by
which time, the roots having acquired strength enough to
produce flowers the following year, in autumn, when their
leaves are decayed, they should be carefully taken up, and
transplanted into the flower-garden, observing to place them
in the middle of the borders, amongst other hardy kinds of
flowers, where, being properly intermixed, they will create
an agreeable variety, and continue a long time in flower.
Motherby recommends the braised root to be applied to scro-
phulous swellings, which, he says, it will speedily dissolve and
disperse. This plant is of an acrid, heating, diuretic quality ;
and, taken internally,is said to be particularly useful in remov-
ing obstructions of the menstrual discharge : it has likewise
gained the credit of being an excellent antispasmodic.

3. Asphodelus Fistulosus ; Onion-leaved Asphodel. Stem
naked ; leaves stiff, subulate, striated, subfistulose. The roots
are composed of many fleshy yellow fibres. The leaves spread
out from the crown of the root close to the ground, in a large
cluster ; they are convex on their under side, but flat above,
and hollow. The flower-stalks rise immediately from the
root, and grow about two feet high, dividing upwards into
three or four branches, which are adorned with white starry
lowers, having purple lines on the outside, which appear in
July and August, and ripen seed in October, soon after which
the plants decay. It grows naturally in the south of France,
vnd the island of Crete. It is an annual plant and can be pro-
jugated by seeds only, which should be sown in the autumn,
when they will be more certain to grow than if sown in the
spring: when the plants are up, they will require no other
trouble but to keep them clean from weeds, until they have
jut out four or five leaves, when they should be carefully
removed to the place where they are designed to remain. If
the seeds are permitted to scatter, the plants will come up
without care, and those which are not removed will IK- the
trongest plants, and produce a great number of flowers.

Atplnniam ; apt-mis of the class Cryptogamia, order l-'ilicfs.

(TKNKRIC: CHARACTER. Fructifications disposed in rii^ht

ines along the under disk of the frond. -Whoever desires to

ASP

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

ASP

137

cultivate any of these Ferns, must have walls, rocks, or heaps
of stones, to set the hardy species in j or pots may be filled
withloamy undunged earth, or sand, gravel, and lime rubbish
for that purpose, placing them in the shade. Hart's-tongue
has been raised from seed ; but every species of the genus
may be increased by parting the roots. Some of the foreign
sorts must be placed under a common frame in winter; and
it is evident, that such as are natives of the West Indies, and

other hot climates, require the protection of a stove. The

species are,

* Frond simple.

1. Asplenium Rhizophyllum ; Root-leaved Spleenwort.
Fronds cordate, ensiform, undivided, top filiform, rooting ;
root fibrose ; fructifications irregularly dispersed over the
whole disk of the leaf in oblong spots. The ends of the fronds
bend down to the ground, and there throw out roots, by
which means this species of Fern propagates itself. Native
of North America.

2. Asplenium Hemionitis ; Mule's tongue or Mules-Fern
Spleenwort. Fronds cordate-hastate, five-lobed, quite entire ;
stipes smooth and even. It is a low Fern, nearly allied to
Hart's-tongue, not above six inches in height, with a fibrous
root. Native of Madeira and the south of Europe.

3. Asplenium Scolopendrium ; Hart's-tongue Spleenwort.
Fronds cordate-ligulate, quite entire ; stipes hirsute ; root
black ,hard,covered with scales,and emitting numerous strong
black fibres. The fronds are greatly subject to variation,
and hence several varieties have been noticed by authors, as
the Curled, Curved, Clustered, and Branching Hart's-tongue.
It is a native of most parts of Europe, in shady lanes, on
walls and rocks, in wells, and damp caverns. Common in the
north of England, and is in full seed from September till No-
vember. The leaves, which were recommended as aperients
and corroborants, in obstructions of the viscera, have been
principally used in apozems and infusions. Ray recommends
the plant, from his own experience, as a good medicine against
convulsive disorders ; but it is discarded from the present
practice, although the common people indeed still use an
ointment made with the leaves of this plant, as also with
those of Ophioglossum, or Adders-tongue, in burns and
scalds. According to Hill, the expressed juice of the plant
taken in small quantities, for a considerable length of time,
is an excellent medicine in obstructions of the viscera, and
has been known to cure many of the most obstinate chronic
disorders, when all other means have proved ineffectual.

4. Asplenium Nidus ; Bird's-nest Spleenwort. Fronds
lanceolate, quite entire, smooth. The leaves are two feet
long, broad, firm, thick, smooth, and streaked. It roots
into the tops of trees. The leaves come out in a circle, are
erect, and form a kind of umbel, in the middle of which birds
make their nests. Native of Java and the Society Isles.

5. Asplenium Serratum ; Serrate-leaved Spleenwort. Fronds
lanceolate, serrate, subsessile. The root consists of brown
fibres, sending up eight or nine fronds about three inches long.
Native of woods in the inland parts of Jamaica.

6. Asplenium Plantagineum ; Plantain-leaved Spleenwort.
Fronds ovate-lanceolate, subternate : stipe four-cornered.
The margin of the fronds is even, and the stipe smooth.
Native of Jamaica.

7. Asplenium Lanceum ; Lance-leaved Spleenwort. Frond
elliptic, entire, smooth : stipe round, scaly. It differs from
the third species, in having a lanceolate frond, not cordate.
Native of Japan.

8. Asplenium Bifolium; Double-leaved Spleenwort. Fronds
pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, subsinuate, connate. Native of
South America.

VOL. i. 12.

** Frond Pinnatifid.

9. Asplenium Ceterach j Common Spleenwort, or Milt-
waste. Lobes alternate, confluent, obtuse. Native of most
parts of Europe, on old walls, and on the clefts of moist rocks ;
as, about Bristol ; Bury, in Suffolk ; Heydon, in Norfolk ,
Asheridge, in Hertfordshire ; near Malham, Tarn, and many
other places, in the northern counties. It is in seed from
May till October. It has been recommended as a pectoral,
and as an aperient in obstructions of the viscera and an
infusion of the leaves has been prescribed for the gravel. It
was recommended by the ancients for the various disorders of
the spleen : and, although rejected from modern practice, if
prescribed by Meyrick to be administered in a strong decoc-
tion of the whole plant for all obstructions of the liver and
spleen, which it will remove, if persevered in; and is also
excellent in those disorders which arise from the same cause.

10. Asplenium Obtusifolium ; Blunt-leaved Spleenwort.
Fronds subpinnate ; pinnas obtuse, sinuate, decurrent, alter-
nate. Native of South America.

*** Frond pinnate.

11. Asplenium Nodosum ; Knotted-stalked Spleenwort.
pinnas opposite, lanceolate, quite entire. Nativeof the West
Indies, and Cochin-china.

12. Asplenium Salicifolium ; Willow-leaved Spleenwort.
Pinnas sickle-lanceolate, crenate from the base upwards,
angular ; height a foot and half. Native of Jamaica and the
Antilles.

13. Asplenium Trichomanes ; Cummon Maidenhair. Pin-
nas roundish, crenate ; roots small, consisting of brown ca-
pillary fibres. Native of Europe, in the crevices of rocks
and walls, and in shady places among stones. It is in seed
from May to October. The country people sometimes give
a tea or syrup of it, for coughs and other complaints of the
thorax. A little of the syrup, mixed with water, makes a
very pleasant draught. That which is brought from abroad
has orange-flower water in it : but several different Ferns
are used for Syrup of Capillaire.

14. Asplenium Viride ; Green Spleenwort. Pinnas round-
ish, crenate, truncate at the base. Native of moist rocks on
the mountains of Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and North Wales.

15. Asplenium Ebeneum ; Ivory-stiped Spleenwort. Pin-
nas lanceolate, subfalcate, serrate, eared at the base ; stipe
very glossy, simple. Native of North America.

16. Asplenium Dentatum ; Tooth-leaved Spleenwort. Pin-
nas wedge-shaped, obtuse, crenate, emarginate. Native of
South America and the West Indies.

17- Asplenium Marinum ; .Sea Maidenhair, or Spleenwort,
or Dwarf Sea-fern. Pinnas obovate, serrate, gibbous,
above obtuse, wedged at the base; fronds from three inches
to a foot in length, but commonly about six inches. Native
of Sussex, Devonshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Lancashire,
Scotland, and Wales, on the rocks of the sea coast.

IS. Asplenium Cultrifolium ; Sickle-leaved Spleenwort.
Pinnas sickle-lanceolate, gash-serrate, from the base down-
wards angular. Native of the island of Martinico.

19. Asplenium Rhizophorum. Fronds rooting at top ;
pinnas ovate, repand, somewhat eared ; very small ones,
remote, quite entire. This seldom grows above ten or tweh e
inches in length, and is always found with the top bending
towards the ground. Native of Jamaica.

20. Asplenium Monanthemum ; One-flowered Spleenworl
Pinnas trapezium shaped, obtuse, serrate, entire behind ; one
line of fructifications ; fronds numerous, ascending, a foot
high, frequently twisted,linear-lanceolate,acute, very smooth.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

21. Asplenium Ruta Muraria ; Wall-rue, Tentwort, or While
2N

138

ASP

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ASS

Spleenwort. Fronds alternately decompound ; leaflets wedge-
shaped, crenulate. It seeds from June till October, and is a
native of Europe, in the fissures of walls and rocks. It was
formerly employed as a medicine in coughs and obstructions
but is now wholly out of repute.

22. Asplenium Alternifolium , Alternate-leaved Spleen-
wort. Fronds simply pinnate ; leaflets alternate, wedge-
shaped, gashed above. It differs from Wall-rue in having the
stems more simple. Native of Switzerland and Austria.

23. Asplenium Adiantum Nigrum; Black Maidenhair.
Fronds subtripinnate ; leaflets alternate ; pinnas lanceolate,
gash-serrate. In the leafing of this Fern there are varieties.
It seeds from April till October, and is a native of Europe ;
found in the fissures of rocks, and old walls, or among stones
in shady places.

24. Asplenium Lanceolatum ; Lanceolate Spleenwort.
Fronds doubly pinnate, lanceolate; pinnas obovate, crenate;
root crowned with tufts of long narrow dark scales. Found
on rocks near Tunbridge, and in Fayal.

25. Asplenium Marginatum ; Margined Spleenwort. Pin-
inis opposite, cordate, lanceolate, submarginate, quite entire.
Native of South America.

26. Asplenium Squamosum ; Scaly-stiped Spleenworl.
Pinnas acuminate, gashed ; stipe scaly.

27. Asplenium Striatum,- Striated Spleenwort. Pinnas
pinnatifid, obtuse, crenate ; the terminal one acuminate.
This and the preceding are natives of South America.

28. Asplenium Erosum ; Lacerated Spleenwort. Pinnas
trapeze-oblong, striated, erose, eared at the base. Height
from fourteen to eighteen inches. Stipe black and simple.
Native of Jamaica.

29. Asplenium Japonicum ; Japanese Spleenwort. Pinnas
acute, gash-pinnatifid, serrulate; stipe scaly at bottom, two
feet high. Native of Japan.

30. Asplenium Resectum; Half-leaved Spleenwort. Pin-
nas trapezium-shaped, acuminate, gash-crenate, entire be-
hind ; frond a foot high, lanceolate, acute, smooth. Found
in the Isle of Bourbon.

31. Asplenium Bulbosum ; Bulbous-rooted Spleenwort.
Pinnas lanceolate, slightly crenate ; root bulbous ; fructifi-
cations in oblique parallol lines. Native of the mountains
of Cochin-china, where the root is eaten.

32. Asplenium Proliferum. Fronds subsessile, broad-
lanceolate, the first leaves obovate rooting at the end.
Native of Jamaica.

33. Asplenium Pumilum. Frond ternate ; leaflets three-
parted, gashed. Native of Jamaica and Martinico.

34. Asplenium Dimidiatum. Pinnas trapeze-oblong, acu-
minate, angular upwards, entire, and flat downwards. Na-
tive of Jamaica.

35. Asplenium Fragrans. Fronds subtripinnate ; leaflets
alternate ; pinnas lanceolate, broadish, serrate at the tip.
Native of Jamaica.

36. Asplenium Grandiflorum. Pinnas alternate, lanceo-
late, subserrate, at the base rectangular, lower ones
rounded. Native of Jamaica.

37- Asplenium Dissectum. Pinnas lanceolate, gash-ser-
rate, tailed at the tip. Native of Jamaica.

38. Asplenium Praemorsum. Fronds tripinnatifid ; pin-
nas somewhat wedge-shaped ; pinnules erose, toothed at
the tip. Native of Jamaica.

39. Asplenium Cicutarium. Frond tripinnate, very smooth,
the upper ones pinnatifid ; leaflets lanceolate, entire. It
has a solid black root, covered with a hairy moss towards
its top, whence rise nine or ten leaves, about three inches
high. Native of Jamaica.

40. Asplenium Flaccidutn. Fronds pinnate ; leaflets al-
ternate, remote, pinnatifid, linear, stiff. This, and the
seven following, are natives of New Zealand.

41. Asplenium Luciduin. Fronds pinnate; leaflets op-
posite, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate.

42. Asplenium Polyodon. Fronds pinnate ; leaflets tra-
pezoid, acuminate, acute, doubly sen-ate.

43. Asplenium Obliquum. Fronds pinnate; stipes scaly;
leaflets oblong, opposite, acuminate, serrate, the outer mar-
gin shorter.

44. Asplenium Obtusatum. Fronds pinnate; leaflets
opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate.

45. Asplenium Tenerum. Fronds pinnate; leaflets
rhomb-oblong, obtuse, gash-serrate.

46. Asplenium Caudatum. Fronds pinnate ; leaflets pin-
natifid, linear ; bristle-shaped at the tip ; segments blunt,
gash-serrate at the tip ; stipe rough with hairs.

47. Asplenium Bulbiferum. Fronds subbipinnate; leaf-
lets decurrent, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; fructifications
proliferous.

Assufcetida. See Ferula.

Assonia ; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Dode-
candria GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth double.
Outer, three-leaved, unilateral, deciduous. Inner, one-
leafed, five-parted ; parts lanceolate, acute, reflex. Corolla:
petals five, roundish, narrowed at the base, spreading.wither-
ing, affixed to the pitcher of the stamina. Stamina : fila-
menta fifteen, filiform, upright, shorter than the corolla, con-
joined at the base into the form of a pitcher; anthers
oblong, subsagittate, erect ; five, linear-lanceolate.somewhat
erect, coloured, petal-formed straps between the stamina,
proceeding from the pitcher. P<i/:germen roundish, five-
furrowed ; style simple, longer than the stamina, permanent ;
stigmas five, recurved. Pericarp : capsule subglobose or tur-
binate, five-celled; cells separable, bivalve. Seeds: solitary,
or in pairs, subovate. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: dou-
ble, outer one-leafed or three-leaved, inner one-leafed.
Corolla: five-petalled, without any tube affixed to the pitcher
of stamina. Filamenta : connected in the form of a pitcher,
with petal-shaped straps between them. Style : one or five.
Capsule: five-celled. Seeds: not winged. For the propa-
gation and culture of plants of this genus, see Hibiscus and
Pentapetes. The species are,

1. Assonia Populnea. Leaves cordate, ovate acuminate;
flowers corymbed. This is a middle-sized tree, the wood of
which is sweet-scented, and blue in the centre, and becomes
very hard when it has arrived at a certain age. It is a native
of hilly woods in the Isle of Bourbon, where it flowers in May.

2. Assonia Palmata. Leaves cordate, palmate, smoothish
lobes seven, acute, serrate-crenate ; flowers corymbed ; stem
arboreous, branched. Flowers in May and June ; native of
the Isle of Bourbon.

3. Assonia Acutangula. Leaves cordate, roundish, three-
cusped, crenate, at first tomentose; flowers racemed ; stem
arboreous ; fruit shaped like a pear. Native of the Isle of
Bourbon.

4. Assonia Angulata. Leaves cordate, roundish, angular
at top, serrate-toothed, tomentose ; umbels numerous ;
common peduncles shorter than the petiole ; fruit globular.
Native of the Isle of Bourbon.

5. Assonia Tilisefolia. Leaves cordate, roundish, acute,
crenate ; flowers raceme-corymbed ; corolla an inch in dia-
meter. Native of the Isle of Bourbon.

6. Assonia Tomentosa. Leaves cordage, roundish, cre-
nate, tomentose, with almost circular veins ; flowers um-
belled. Native of Madagascar.

AST

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AST

139

7. Assonia Punctata. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long, quite
entire, tomentose underneath, rugged with dots on the up-
per surface. Native of the Isle of Bourbon.

8. Assonia Decanthera. Leaves ovate-acuminate, repand-
crenate, smooth ; stamina five, two-anthered ; flowers small,
umbelled, scarcely three lines in diameter ; stem arborescent
with a brown furrowed bark ; germen five-cornered, one seed
in each cell of the fruit. Native of Madagascar.

9. Assonia Umbellata. Leaves cordate, ovate-oblong,
acuminate,repand,smooth ; flowers umbelled, globular. Na-
tive of the Isleof Bourbon, where ropes are made of the bark.

10. Assonia Ovata. Leaves ovate, toothed, five-nerved,
tomentose ; "style very small. Native of the Isle of Bourbon.

11. Assonia Ferruginea. Leaves ovate-oblong, seven-
nerved, ferruginous beneath ; petioles, peduncles, and cali-
ces, tomentose ; stem arborescent, from eight to ten feet
high; the branches, especially the younger ones, clothed
with a rufous nap ; fruit tomentose, roundish, five-cornered.
Native of the Isle of Mauritius.

Aster; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia
Superflua. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common im-
bricate, the inner scales prominent a little at the end, the
lower ones spreading. Corolla .- compound, radiate ; corol-
lules hermaphrodite, numerous in the disk ; females ligulate,
more than ten in the ray. Proper of the hermaphrodite, fun-
nel-shaped, with a five-cleft spreading border ; of the female
ligulate, lanceolate, three-toothed, at length rolling back.
Stamina : hermaphrodite ; filamenta five, capillary ,very short ;
antherse cylindric, tubulous. Pistil: hermaphrodite ; germen
oblong; style filiform, the length of the stamina; stigmabifid,
spreading : females germen and style the same ; stigmas
two, oblong, revolute. Pericarp: none. Calix: scarcely
changed. Seeds: solitary, oblong, ovate; down capillary.
Receptacle; naked, flattish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Re-
ceptacle : naked. Down : simple. Corolla : rays more than
ten. Calix: imbricate, lower scales spreading. In the nu-
merous species of this genus, the far greater part are hardy,
herbaceous, fibrous- rooted, autumnal, flowering, showy, pe-
rennials, with annual stems, from one to five feet in stature.
America has furnished a considerable number of them; and
they are particularly adapted to adorn large borders and
plantations of shrubs, in the latter season. Only two are
annuals ; five natives of Europe ; and the first four species

from the Cape, are shrubby plants of the green-house.

The species are,

*Shrubby.

1. Aster Taxifolius ; Yew-leaved Starwort. Undeishrubby:
leaves decurrent, subulate, channelled, ciliate ; flowers ter-
minal. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It produces no
seeds in England, but may be propagated by cuttings any
time during the summer. These should be planted in small
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into an old hot-bed ;
where if they be shaded from the sun, and gently watered,
they will put out roots in six weeks, when they may be placed
in the open air, and in about a month after they should be
separated, each into a small pot filled with light sandy earth.
In October they must be removed into the green-house, and
placed where they may enjoy as much free air as possible :
but be secured from frost or damps, either of which will
destroy them ; so that they are much easier preserved in a
glass-case, where they will enjoy more light and air than in
a green-house ; but they must not be placed in a stove, for
artificial heat will soon destroy them.

2. Aster Reflexus ; Reflected- leaved Starwort. Shrubby :
leaves ovate, subimbricate, recurved, serrate-ciliate ; flowers
terminal ; ray blood-red. For the propagation and culture

of this plant, see the preceding species. Native of the Cape
of Good Hope.

3. Aster Crinitus. Somewhat shrubby : leaves ovate-
oblong, acute, tomentose underneath ; calices terminated
with a hair ; peduncles terminal, leafy, one-flowered ; ray
of the flower blue. For the propagation and culture of this
plant, see the first species. Native of the Cape.

4. Aster Fruticosus ; Shrubby Starwort. Shrubby : leaves
linear, dotted; peduncles one-flowered, naked; flowers so-
litary, upon long slender peduncles, of a pale blue colour.
For the propagation and culture of this plant, see the first
species. Native of the Cape.

** Herbaceous, entire-leaved Peduncles naked.

5. Aster Tenellus ; Bristly-leaved Starwort. Leaves fili-
form, prickle-ciliate ; calices hemispheric, with equal leaf-
lets ; disk of the corolla yellow ; ray blue, often, and espe-
cially in the night, rolled back. Native of the Cape of
Good Hope. For the propagation and culture of this plant,
see the first species of this genus.

6. Aster Alpinus ; Alpine or Great Blue Mountain Starwort.
Leaves subspatulate, rough with hairs, quite entire; stems
simple, one-flowered ; calix equal ; stem-leaves two, sel-
dom three ; sometimes the ray of the flower is white. It
seldom rises above nine inches high on the Alps, and, when
transplanted into a garden, not above sixteen, with a large
blue flower at the top of each stalk. It flowers in June,
and grows wild on the Alps and Pyrenees. There are two
varieties of this species ; one also a native of the Alps, the
other of Austria. )(

. 7- Aster Sibiricus; Siberian Starwort. Leaves lanceolate,
almost stem-clasping, serrate, hairy, scabrous ; calices laxj
leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, leafy, hispid ; peduncles one-
flowered ; ray of .the corolla blue. It flowers in August,
and is a native of Siberia,

8. Aster Tripolium ; Sea Starwort. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, quite entire, fleshy, smooth, three-nerved ; calicine
leaflets submembranaceous, obtuse ; root perennial. It is
found in the Isle of Wight; flowers sometimes occur without
any ray, and sometimes the ray is white. It is a native of
salt marshes on the sea-coast of Europe, and by inland salt
lakes in Germany and Siberia. It is frequent about Bristol, and
not only on the coast, but in the interiorparts of the kingdom,
where Dr. Hokes, with good reason, supposes that its pre-
sence indicates the existence of salt-springs. It flowers in
July and August. Morison observes, that in the morning the
flowers being expanded, appear blue ; the blue florets quickly
vanishing, and the disk remaining, they then appear yellow;
in the evening, these go off, and the white down of the seeds
shows itself : it thus undergoes a triple change in the course
of the day, and hence derives its name of Tripolium.

9. Aster Amellus ; Italian Starwort. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, entire, scabrous; branches corymbed; calices imbri-
cate subsquarrose ; leaflets obtuse, the inner membranaceous,
coloured at the end. The stems grow in large clusters from
the root, and each of them branch at the top into eight or
ten peduncles.each terminated by a single large flower,having
blue rays with a yellow disk. It flowers in August or Sep-
tember, and in mild seasons will often continue till the mid-
dle of November. It grows naturally in the valleys of Italy,
Sicily and Narbonne; also in Austria, Carniola, Germany,
and Switzerland, and is very common about Bienne. The
leaves and stalks being rough and bitter, the cattle seldom
browse upon them, so that they remain in the pastures after
the grass is eaten bare, and make a fine appearance when
full of flowers. This species is propagated by parting the
roots, soon after the plant is out of flower; for those which are

140

AST

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL?

AST

removed in the spring, will not flower so strong in the suc-
ceeding autumn. The roots should not be removed oftener
than every third year, if expected to produce many flowers.

10. Aster Divarieatus ; Divaricate Starwort. Branches
divaricate ; leaves ovate, serrate ; floral leaves quite entire,
rather obtuse, stem claspihgj stems rough, about two feet
high, dividing towards the top into many forked branches,
diverging from each other. The flowers grow almost in an
umbel, and appear in the beginning of September.- Native
of Virginia.

*** Herbaceous, entire-leaved: Peduncles scaly.

11. Aster Hyssopifolius ; Hyssop-leaved Starwort. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, drawn to a point at the base ; quite entire,
stiff; branchlets corymbed, fastigiate; leaflets frequently
linear, imbricate; calices imbricate; sterna foot high; eight
purple florets in the ray; pistil fellow. Native of N. America.

12. Aster Dumosus ; Bushy Starwort. Leaves linear,
quite entire, smooth, those on the branchlets very short ;
branches panicled ; caliees cylindric, closely imbricate ;
stems upright, two feet high ; flowers small, very white ;
disk yellow. Native of North America.

13. Aster Erieoides; Heath-teaved Starwort. Leaves
linear, quite entire, very smooth, those of the branchlets
subulate, approximating, those of the stem elongated ; ca-
lices subsquarrose ; leaflets acute ; stem smooth, three feet
high. Native of North America.

14. Aster Tennifolius ; Fine-leaved Starwort. Leave sub-
linear, quite entire ; peduncles leafy ; stem five feet high,
slender, angular, smooth, not branching much ; flowers
terminal, small, white. Native of North America.

15. Aster Linarifolius ; Savory-leaved Starwort. Leaves
linear, entire, mucronate, scabrous, stiff, upper ones lax, re-
mote; calices imbricate; branches fastigiate; stem purplish ;
flowers terminal, solitary, few. Native of North America.

16. Aster Linifolius ; Flax-leaved Starworh. Leaves linear,
entire, roughish ; branches corymbed ; fastigiate, with small
leaflets ; calices imbricate ; rays about equal to the disk :
stem two to three feet high, with many branches, terminated
by a blue flower. Native of North America.

17- Aster Acris. Leaves lanceolate, linear, stiff, quite
entire, flat ; flowers corymhed, fastigiate, of a pale bluish
colour; peduncles leafy. It grows naturally in the south
of France, and in Italy, Spain, and Hungary.

18. Aster Concolor. Leaves ovate, sessile, quite entire ;
stem simple ; raceme terminal ; flowers of a pale blue co-
lour. The whole plant tomentose. Native of Virginia.

19. Aster Rigidus ; Stiff-leaved Starworl. Leaves linear,
alternate ; flowers terminal, solitary ; leaves small, stiff,
mahy ; stem woody, weak, not branching, terminated by
one specious flower. Native of Virginia.

20. Aster Novae Angliae ; New England Starwort. Leaves
lanceolate, quite entire, cordate, stem-clasping, hairy ;
cnlices longer than the disk, loose ; leaflets linear lanceo-
late, nearly equal; stem hispid; stems many, five feet high,
brown, terminated by large purple violet flowers, growing
in a loose panicle, and expanding in August. The pedun-
cles are so short, as scarcely to appear among the flowers.
Native of New England and Virginia.

21. Aster UndulatiU; Waned. Starwort. Leaves serrate,
hairy, waved, lower cordate; petioles winged, dilated at the
bdse; branchlets virgate ; calices imbricate ; stem hispid;
flowers pale blue, inclining to white. Native of N. America.

22. Aster Grandiflorus; Catesby's Starwort. Leaves stem-
claping, linear, quite entire, hispid, ciliate, those of the
branches aivl ralix reflex; each branch is terminated by a
large blue flower. Native of Virginia.

**** Herbaceous 5 Leaves serrate, Peduncles smooth.

23. Aster Cordifolius ; Hart-leaved Starwort. Leaves
heart-shaped, acute, finely serrate, underneath hairy; petioles
almost simple; branches panicled ; stem rough with hairs.
Native of America, and of the northern parts of Asia.

24. Aster Puniceus ; Red-stalked Starwort. Leaves stem-
clasping, lanceolate-serrate,subscabrous; branches panicled;
calices surpassing the disk; leaflets linear-lanceolate, nearly
equal ; stem hispid ; flowers on single peduncles, forming a
corymb at top, and of a pale blue colour ; they appear in
September. Native of North America.

25. Aster Animus ; Annual Starwort. Leaves somewhat
hairy, the lower ones subovate, serrate, the upper lanceo-
late ; calices hemispheric ; leaflets subequal, strigose. The
seeds of this plant will scatter, anil come up without care :
annual. A native of North America.

26'. Aster Vernus ; I'ernal Starwort. Root-leaves lanceo-
late, quite entire, obtuse; stem almost naked, filiform, a lit-
tle branching; peduncles naked. Native of Virginia.
***** Herbaceous; Leave serrate, Peduncles scaly.

27. Aster Indicus ; Indian Starwort. Leaves ovate-ob-
long, serrate ; floral leaves oval-lanceolate, quite entire ;
branchlets one-flowered ; flowers terminal, solitary. Native
of Japan and China, flowering from August till October.

28. Aster Lsevis ; Smooth Aster. Leaves stem-clasping,
oblong, quite entire, shining ; root-leaves subserrate ;
branches simple, bearing about one flower ; calices imbri-
cate ; peduncles leafy, subdivided ; leaflets somewhat wedge-
shaped, acute, thickened at the end ; stem smooth ; ray of the
corolla blue. Observed by Kahu in North America.

29. Aster Mutabilis ; Variable Starwort. Leaves almost
stem-clasping, lanceolate, serrate, glossy, drawn to a point
below ; branchlets virgate ; calices somewhat leafy, lax ;
stem smooth ; disk yellow to purple. Flowers at the end
of October.

30. Aster Tradescanti ; Tradescant's Starwort. Leaves lan-
ceolate, serrate, sessile, smooth ; the middle branches vir-
gate; calices closely imbricate ; stem round, smooth. The
ray of the corolla is first white, and afterwards becomes pur-
plish. Native of Virginia.

31. Aster Novi lielgii ; New Holland Starwort. Leaves
almost stem-clasping, lanceolate, smooth, but scabrous
about the edge, the lower serrate ; branches subdivided ;
calices loosely imbricate, leaflets linear-lanceolate ; stem
round, smooth; disk yellow; ray purple. The flowers ap-
pear at the latter end of August. Native of Virginia and
Pennsylvania.

32. Aster Tardiflorus ; Late-flowering Starwort. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, drawn to a point at the base, serrate,
smooth ; calices lax ; leaflets lanceolate-linear, subcquul.
smooth. Flowers in England, from July to September.
Native of North America.

33. Aster Miser ; Small Wldte-ftowered Starwort. Leaves
sessilejlanceolate,subserrate,smooth ; calicivs imbricate j leaf-
lets acute ; disk equal to the rays. Native of N. America.

34. Aster Macrophyllus ; Broad- leaved Blue Starwort.
Leaves serrate, oblong; the upper ovate, sessile, those on
the stem cordate, petioled ; upper petioles winged. Na-
tive of North America.

35. Aster Chinensis ; Chinese Starwort, China Aster.
Leaves ovate, angular, toothed, prtiolate; calices expanding,
leafy, terminal. The flowers of this species are the largest
and handsomest of any belonging to the genus : the disk
yellow, at first flat, then convex ; the floscules of the ray
broad and Ionic, and scarcely notched at the end. It came
originally from China to Europe, and is ail annual phint, pro-

AST

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AST

141

pagated by seeds, which must be sown in the spring on a
warm border, or rather upon a gentle hot-bed, just to bring
up the plants : for they should be inured to the open air as
.',01)11 as possible, which will prevent them from being drawn
tip very weak ; when they are three inches high they should
be taken up, and planted in a bed of rich earth, at six inches
distance every way, observing to shade them from the sun
till they have taken root ; and if the season proves dry,
they must be often refreshed with water. In this bed they
may remain a month or five weeks, by which time they will
be strong enough to transplant into the borders of the flower-
garden, where they are designed to remain ; or into pots to
udorn court-yards, &c. The plants should be taken up care-
i'uliy, with large balls of earth to their roots, and the ground
dug up and well broken with the spade, where the holes are
made to receive the plants ; and after they are planted with
the earth closed about their roots, there should be some wa-
ter given them to settle the earth. In August they will Hower,
by which tune, if the ground be rich, they will be about two
feet high, and furnished with many side branches, each ter-
minated by a large radiated flower, forming one of the finest
autumnal ornaments of the flower-garden. The seeds ripen
in the beginning of October, and should be gathered when
they are perfectly dry. In order to preserve the varieties
with double flowers, those which grow upon the side
branches, being commonly fuller of leaves than the flowers
on the main stem, should always be preserved for seeds.
Besides the common varieties, white, blue, purple, and
red, both single and double, there is now another in the
gardens with variegated blue and white flowers.

36. Aster Tataricus ; Tartarian Starwort. Root-leaves
lanceolate-ovate, serrate, scabrous ; stem few-flowered ;
ray of the corolla blue. Native of Siberia.

37. Aster Hispidus ; Shaggy Starwort. Lowest leaves
oblong, crenate, scabrous ; stem-leaves lanceolate, entire,
ciliate ; stem scabrous, erect, a foot high ; flowers pe-
rennial, solitary ; ray white. Native of Japan.

38. Aster Scaber; Rugged Starwort. Leaves oblong,
serrate, scabrous ; peduncles panicled ; stem herbaceous,
a foot high. Native of Japan.

Species from Miller, and from Alton s Hort. Kew.

39. Aster Glaber; Peach-leaved Starwort. Leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, acute, serrate ; stem branching ; flowers
terminal, pale blue ; calices linear, erect. Native of North
America ; flowering in October.

40. Aster Serotinus; Late-flowering Blue Starwort, or
Michaelmas Daisy. Leaves oblong, acute, broader at the
base, helf stem-clasping ; stem branching ; flowers termi-
nal, for the most part solitary ; stems numerous, three feet
and a half high, shooting out many lateral branches, termi-
nated by pretty large flowers, very pale blue, tending to
white. Imported from Virginia.

41. Aster Prsecox; Early Starwort. Leaves oblong,
acute, scabrous, sharply-toothed, half stem-clasping ; stem
erect, hairy ; flowers corymbed ; calices hairy, erect ;
stems a foot and a half high ; flowers large and blue, ap-
pearing in July. Native of the Alps and Pyrenees.

42. Aster Altissimus ; Lofty Starwort. See No. 24, Aster
Puniceus ; Red stalked Starwort.

43. Aster Ramosissimus ; Branching Starwort. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, stiff; stem very branching, spreading;
flowers placed regularly one above another; peduncles
leafy ; flowers small, pale, and purple, appearing in No-
vember. Native of North America.

44. Aster Umbellatus; Umbelled Starwort. Leaves lanceo-
late, drawn to a point at the base, quite entire, about the

VOL. i. 12

edge scabrous ; branches corymbed, fastigiate ; ray of the
flowers, which appear in July and August, white. Native
of Nova Scotia.

45. Aster Nervosus; Three-nerved Starwort. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute, nerved ; stem simple ; flowers
terminal, in a kind of umbel. Native of Pennsylvania,.

46. Aster Paniculatus ; Panicled Starwort. Lower leaves
ovate, half stejoa-clasping at the base ; upper leaves lanceo-
late, small ; stem panicled ; branches one-flowered ; pe-
duncles leafy, height four feet ; branches erect, forming a
loose spike of large blue flowers. : Native of North America.

47. Aster Latifolius. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth,
three-nerved^ flowers corymbed, terminal. The stems a
foot and a half high, terminated by peduncles on every side,
each sustaining a pale blue flower. Native of Canada.

48. Aster Procumbens ; Procumbent Starwort. Leaves
ovate, toothed ; stem procumbent ; peduncles naked, axil-
lary, one-flowered ; the calix is scaly. From Vera Cruz.
This species cannot endure the open air of England. The
seeds must be sown in a hot-bed ; and the plants will re-
quire a stove to protect them during the winter.

49. Aster Holosericeus. Herbaceous : leaves oblong-
lanceolate, serrate, underneath silver-silky ; scapes one-
flowered, leafy. Native of New Zealand.

50. Aster Coriaceus. Herbaceous ; leaves ovate, quite
entire, furrowed above, woolly underneath ; scapes one-
flowered, leafy, woolly. Native of Zealand.

51. Aster Cymbalaria?; Cymbalaria-leaved Starwort.
Shrubby : leaves ovate, sinuate, rough with hairs ; calices
"imbricate, rough with hairs. It flowers most of the sum-
mer, and is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

52. Aster Nemoralis ; Wood Starwort. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, drawn to a point at the base, somewhat scabrous ;
branches filiform, one-flowered ; calices lax, imbricate ;
leaflets acute ; stem a foot high ; ray of the flower blue,
disk white. It flowers in August. Native of Nova Scotia.

53. Aster Paludosus ; Marsh Starwort. Leaves linear,
stem-clasping, quite entire, very smooth, scabrous at the
edge ; peduncles almost naked ; calices squarrose ; ray
blue, large ; disk yellow. Flowers appearing in Septem-
ber and October. Native of the swamps of Carolina.

54. Aster Patens ; Spreading Hairy-stalked Starwort.
Leaves oblong, entire, acute, cordate, almost stem-clasp-
ing, scabrous ; branches spreading, elongated, few-flower-
ed; calicea imbricate, sub-squarrose ; stem rough witli hairs ;
ray of the flower pale blue ; disk tawny. Native of
Virginia, flowering in September and October.

55. Aster Foliolosus ; Leafy Starwort. Leaves lanceo-
late-linear, quite entire, smooth, those on the branchlets
spreading very much ; calices imbricate ; leaflets acute ;
stem pubescent. It flowers in October, and is a native of
North America.

56. Aster Multiflorus Small-leaved Starwort. Leaves
linear, quite entire, smoothish ; branches one-ranked ; cal-
ices imbricate, squarrose ; scales somewhat leafy, acute ;
stem pubescent ; ray white, small. It flowers in Septem-
ber and October, and is a native of North America.

57. Aster Salicifolius Wdlow-leuved Starwort. Leaves
linear, lanceolate, quite entire, smooth; calices -imbricate,
lax; stem glossy, the height of a man; ray of the flower
bluish flesh colour. Native of North America.

58. Aster yEstivus ; Labrador Starwort. Leaves lanceo-
late, almost stem-clasping, quite entire, smooth, scabrous
about the edge ; calices lax, with equal leaflets ; ray blue.
Native of North America; flowers in July and August.

59. Aster Junoeus ; Slender -stalked Starwort. Leaves
20

142

AST

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

AST

lanceolate-linear, sessile, smooth, the lowest subserrate,
those of the branchlets lanceolate ; branches virgate ; ca-
lices imbricate ; stem smoothish, four feet high ; ray slight-
ly flesh-coloured ; disk elevated, pale yellow. It flowers
in October, and is a native of North America.

60 Aster Pendulous ; Pendulous Starwort. Leaves ellip-
tic-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, those of the branchlets ra-
ther remote ; branches very much divaricated, pendulous ;
stem pubescent ; ray of the flower white ; disk yellow,
changing to ferruginous. It flowers in October. Native
of North America.

61. Aster Diffusus ; Diffuse Starwort. ' Leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, serrate, smooth, proportioned ; branches spread-
ing ; calices imbricate ; stem pubescent ; ray white. Na-
tive of North America ; flowering in September.

62. Aster Divergens ; Spreading Downy -stalked Starwort.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, those on the
stem linear, lanceolate, elongated ; branches spreading ;
calices imbricate ; stem pubescent ; ray white, shorter than
the calix ; disk reddish. Native of North America.

63. Aster Corymbosus ; Corymbed Starwort. Leaves
cordate, smooth, acuminate, all finely serrate ; petioles
simple ; branches fastigiate ; stem smooth. It flowers in
September, and is a native of North America.

64. Aster Spectabilis ; Showy Starwort. Leaves lanceo-
late, somewhat scabrous, the lower serrate ; branches corym-
bed ; calicine leaflets lax, nearly wedge-shaped, sharpish,
squarrose ; stem two feet high ; ray blue. It flowers in
August and September, and is a native of North America.

65. Aster Radula ; Rough Starwort. Leaves lanceolate,
serrate, acuminate, wrinkled, very scabrous ; calices imbri-
cate ; leaflets lanceolate, obtuse. It flowers in September,
and is a native of Nova Scotia.

Astragalus ; a genus of the class Diadelphia, order Decan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth-one-leafed,
tubular, five-toothed, acute ; lower toothlets gradually less.
Corolla: papilionaceous; banner longer than the other petals,
reflex on the sides, emarignate, obtuse straight ; wings ob-
long, shorter than the banner ; keel length of the wings, emar-
ginate. Stamina : filamenta diadelphous, simple, and nine-
cleft, almost straight ; antherae roundish. Pistil : germen
nearly columnar ; style subulate, ascending ; stigma obtuse.
Pericarp : legume two-celled, the cells bent to one side, with
a longitudinal bifid septum parallel to the valves. Seeds :
kidney-shaped. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Legume : two
celled, gibbous. Every species of this genus may be raised
from seeds : these should be sown in April on an open bor-
der of light earth ; the annual sorts where they are to remain ;
the perennials to be transplanted to the places for which
they are destined. They are in general hardy, and require no
other care but to draw the plants out where they come up
too thick, leaving them a foot and half or two feet asunder,
and to keep them clean from weeds. The species are,
* Stems leafy, erect; not prostrate.

1. Astragalus Alopecuroides ; Fox-tail Milk Fetch. Cau-
lescent ; spikes cylindric, subsessile ; calices and legumes
woolly. The flowers, which are yellow, are produced in
June or July, and ripen the seeds in September. Native
of the Alps, and Siberia.

2. Astragalus Christianus. Caulescent, erect ; flowers
glomerate, subsessile, from all the leafy axillas. The flow-
ers are large, and of a bright yellow colour ; they appear
in July, and in very favourable seasons are succeeded by
seeds in England, and will only succeed when planted in a
warm border. It is a native of the Levant.

3. Astragalus Capitatus. Caulescent : heads globular ;

peduncles very long ; leaflets emarginate. From the axil
come out long peduncles supporting a head of purple flowers,
which appear in July, but are rarely succeeded by pods in
England. Discovered in the Levant by Tournefort. This
species must be raised on a moderate hot-bed in the spring,
and when the plants are fit to remove, they should be each
put into a small pot filled with light earth, and plunged again
into the hot-bed, shading them from the sun till they have
taken root ; after which they should have free air admitted
to them daily, in proportion to the warmth of the season, and
should be frequently and gently watered. In May they should
be removed to a sheltered situation, where they may remain
till October, when they should be placed under a common
frame. In the spring they may be turned out of the pots,
and planted in a warm border, where they will flower, and
sometimes produce seeds. If the winter prove very severe,
a little old tan should be laid over the roots.

4. Astragalus Pilosus ; Pale-Jlowered Milk Fetch. Caules-
cent, erect, hairy: flowers in spikes; legumes subulate,
hairy ; root woody, perennial. It flowers from June till
August ; the corolla is of a light yellow colour. Native
of the Valais, Siberia, Thuringia, and Austria.

5. Astragalus Sulcatus; Furrowed Milk Fetch. Caules-
cent, erect, smooth, striated, stiff: leaflets linear-lanceolate,
acute ; legumes three-sided ; root perennial, woody ; co-
rollas pale violet; seeds many, brown, shining, round,
kidney-shaped. It flowers in the open air in June and
July, and ripens seed in August. A native of Siberia.

6. Astragalus Galegifonriis ; Goat's Rue-leaved Milk Fetch.
Caulescent, stiff, smooth ; flowers in racemes, pendulous,
small, yellow; legumes three-sided, mucronate at both ends ;
root perennial. It flowers in June or July, ripens seeds in
autumn, and is a native of Siberia. To cultivate this plant,
you must place it in an open situation and dry soil.

7. Astragalus Chinensis. Caulescent, stiff, smooth ; flow-
ers in racemes, pendulous ; legumes ovate, inflated, mucro-
nate at both ends. The colour of the calix is greenish yel-
low ; of the banner pale yellow, streaked with green at the
base : of the wings and keel, white with yellow tips ; the
flower itself finally becomes white. It is a native of China,
as its name imports. For the propagation and culture of
this species, see the third species of this genus.

8. Astragalus Onobrychis ; Purple-spiked Milk Fetch.
Caulescent, procumbent, diffused : spikes peduncled ; ban-
ner twice as long as the wings ; leaflets linear ; corollas
red : it flowers in June and July. Native of Austria.

9. Astragalus Uliginosus ; Violet- coloured Milk Fetch.
Caulescent, almost upright : flowers in spikes ; legumes
almost upright, naked, tumid, round-flatted ; point reflex.
It flowers from June till August. Native of Siberia.

10. Astragalus Carolinianus ; Carolina Milk Fetch. Cau-
lescent, upright, even : peduncles in spikes ; flowers green-
ish yellow ; legumes ovate-cylindric, acuminated by the
style ; root perennial. It flowers in July and August ; but
unless the season be warm, seldom ripens seed in England.
Native of Carolina. For the culture and propagation of
this plant, see the third species of this genus.

11. Astragalus Asper ; Rough MM Fetch. Caulescent,
stiff, even, roughish ; flowers pale, in spikes, on elongated
peduncles ; legumes oblong. Native of Astracan.

** Steins leafy, diffuse.

12. Astragalus Canadensis ; Woolly Milk Fetch. Caules-
cent, diffuse ; legumes subcylindric, mucronate ; leaflets
almost naked; corollas all yellow; antherae saffron-colour.
Native of Virginia and Canada. For the propagation and
culture of this species, see the third species of this genus. _,

AST

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

AST

143

13. Astragalus Cicer : Bladdered Milk Vetch. Caulescent,
prostrate : legumes subglobular, inflated, mucronate, hairy ;
root thick, sweet ; corollas pale yellow. It flowers in July,
and the seeds ripen in autumn. This species is recommended
to be cultivated as the food" for cattle. It is a native of
Italy, Austria, Switzerland, and Germany.

14. Astragalus Microphyllus : Small Round Podded Milk
Vetch. Caulescent, erect, expanding : leaflets oval ; calices
rather tumid ; legumes roundish ; corollas yellow, twice as
Jong as the calix. Native of Siberia and Germany, flower-
ing in June and July.

15. Astragalus Glycyphyllus ; Wild Liquorice, or Liquorice
Vetch. Caulescent, prostrate : legumes subtriquetrous,
bowed ; leaves oval, longer than the peduncle ; corolla
greenish yellow. It spreads much at the root in gardens.
The leaves are sweet with a mixture of bitterness, and do
not seem to be agreeable to cattle, at least the plant in its
wild state is left untouched ; otherwise this being the largest
of the European species, it might have been desirable to
cultivate it. Native of most parts of Europe, in woods,
hedges, and pastures, especially in a calcareous soil. Its
flowers appear in June, its seeds in September.

16. Astragalus Hamosus ; Dwarf Yellow-flowered Milk
fetch. Caulescent, procumbent : legumes subulate, re-
curved, smooth ; leaflets obcordate, villose underneath ;
root annual ; flowers of a pale yellow colour. Native of
Messina and Montpellier.

17. Astragalus Contortriplicatus ; Wave-podded- Milk Vetch.
Caulescent, procumbent : legumes writhed, channelled, vil-
lose. This is an annual plant, and varies wonderfully in
size and height in different soils. Native of Siberia.

18. Astragalus Boeticus ; Triangular-podded Milk Vetch.
Caulescent, procumbent : spikes peduncled ; flowers yel-
low ; legumes prismatic, straight, three-sided, hooked at
top. Annual, flowering in July, and ripening seeds in
autumn. Native of Spain, Portugal, and Sicily.

19. Astragalus Laxmanni. Caulescent, procumbent :
spikes elongated : legumes oblong, three-cornered, marked
with a furrow, mucronate, villose ; root perennial, branch-
ing ; corolla pale blue ; anthers yellow. It flowers in
June and July, and is a native of Siberia.

20. Astragalus Stella. Caulescent, diffuse : heads pe-
duncled, lateral ; legumes straight, subulate, mucronate ;
corollas bluish purple. Native of Montpellier.

21. Astragalus Sesameus ; Starry Milk Vetch. Caules-
cent, diffuse : heads subsessile, lateral ; legumes subulate,
reflected at the point. It is an annual plant ; flowering in
June and July, and a native of France and Italy.

22. Astragalus Austriacus ; Austrian Milk Vetch. Cau-
lescent, prostrate, smooth, striated, weak : leaflets sublinear,
emarginate; legumes round; root perennial, woody; flowers
bluish, small, and without smell: they appear in May and June.

23. Astragalus Leontinus. Caulescent, prostrate : legumes
ovate, villose ; flowers spiked, erect, whitish or pale blue.
This plant has no smell. Native country unknown.

24. Astragalus Pentaglottis. Caulescent, procumbent :
legumes headed, folded back, compressed, converging,
crested, with a reflected point. It flowers in the beginning
of August, and bears seed at the end of the same month.
Native of Spain.

25. Astragalus Epiglottis; Heart-podded Milk Vetch.
Caulescent, procumbent : legumes headed, sessile, nodding,
cordate, mucronate, folded back, naked. The plant is an
annual, with largish flowers of a deep purple colour. It flow-
ers in July, and ripens seed in autumn. Native of Provence,
Spain, Portugal, and of mountainous woods in the Levant.

26. Astragalus Hypoglottis ; Purple Mountain Milk Vetch.
Caulescent, prostrate : legumes headed, ovate, folded back,
compressed, hairy, with a reflex point ; root perennial ; co-
rolla bluish, purple, large, and handsome. Native of sandy
and chalky pastures, flowering from May till July. It
varies with naked leaves and white flowers. It requires a
shady situation and a strong soil.

27. Astragalus Syriacus ; Syrian Milk Vetch. Caulescent,
procumbent : heads peduncled ; flowers reflected ; legumes
tomeutose, ovate-oblong. Native of Siberia.

28. Astragalus Arenarius. Subcaulescent, procumbent :
flowers subracemed, erect ; leaves tomentose ; root peren-
nial, filiform ; corolla blue, without blue streaks. Native
of Scania, in loose sand.

29. Astragalus Glaux; Small Milk Vetch. Caulescent,
diffuse; heads peduncled, imbricate, ovate ; flowers erect j
legumes ovate, callous, inflated. Native of Spain.

30. Astragalus Sinicus ; Chinese Astragalus. Caulescent,
prostrate ; umbels peduncled ; legumes prismatic, three-
sided, erect, subulate at top ; root annual. The flowers
appear in July and August, and the seeds ripen in autumn.
It grows naturally in China. For the'propagation and cul-
ture of this species, see the third species of this genus.

31. Astragalus Alpinus ; Alpine Milk Vetch. Caulescent,
procumbent ; flowers pendulous, racemed ; legumes acute at
both ends, hairy ; stems rather more than a foot high ; flowers
specious, white ; banner the length of the keel, blue with
deeper-coloured lines, white at the base ; wings stiff, short,
narrow, hooked, white ; keel white, with a broad obtuse
beak. Native of the mountains of Switzerland and Lap-
land.

32. Astragalus Ammodytes. Caulescent, undershrubby :
flowers twin ; legumes ovate, twin, woolly. Annual. Na-
tive of the sandy hills of southern Siberia.

33. Astragalus Trimestris; Egyptian Milk Vetch. Sub-
caulescent : scapes mostly two-flowered ; legumes hooked,
subulate, two-keeled ; root annual. Native of Egypt, flow-
ering in June and July, and ripening its seeds in August.
This requires to be planted in a warm border.

*** Scape naked, with a leafy Stem.

34. Astragalus Verticiliaris. Leaflets aggregate, semiver-
ticilled. Native of eastern Siberia, beyond the lake Baikal.

35. Astragalus Montanus. Nearly stemless : scapes longer
than the leaf; flowers loosely spiked; erect ; legumes ovate,
with an inflected point. Native of the mountains of Spain.
This plant requires a shady situation and a strong soil.

36. Astragalus Vesicarius. Scapes longer than the leaves ;
flowers loosely spiked ; calices and legumes inflated, hirsute ;
root perennial ; banner of the corolla purple ; wings yel-
low, keel white. Native of Dauphiny and Siberia.

37. Astragalus Physodes. Scapes equal to the leaves;
legumes inflated, subglobular, naked ; root perennial, creep-
ing ; flowers in a spike, yellow, appearing in June. Native
of Siberia. It requires a shady situation and a strong soil.

38. Astragalus Caprinus. Scape erect ; leaflets ciliate ;
legumes ovate, tumid, villose ; root perennial, creeping ;
flowers pale yellow, very fragrant. Native of Barbary and
Russia. .

39. Astragalus Uralensis ; Silky Milk Vetch. Stemless :
scape erect, longer than the leaves ; legumes subulate, in-
flated, villose, erect ; root long, woody ; flowers pale violet
colour. Native of Dauphiny, Carinthia, the Pyrenees,
and Siberia ; also of mountainous pastures in Scotland.
It requires an open situation and dry soil.

40. Astragalus Monspessulanus ; Montpellier Milk Vetch.
Scapes declining, the length of the leaves; legumes subulate,

144

AST

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ;

AST

round, rather bowed, smooth ; root very large, woody, sweet.
The raceme contains nearly thirty purple flowers. Native
of the south of France, the lower Valais, and the Grisons.

41. Astragalus Incanus. Scapes declining ; leaflets to-
mentose ; legumes subulate, rather bowed, hoary, incurved
at top j root perennial.' Native of the south of France.

42. Astragalus Campestris ; Field Milk Vetch. Calices
and legume villose ; leaflets lanceolate, acute ; scape de-
cumbent, bearing ten or twelve flowers in a loose raceme ; co-
rollas pale yellow. Native of Switzerland and Germany.

43. Astragalus Depressus ; Dwarf White-flowered Milk
Vetch. Scapes shorter than the leaf; legumes nodding;
leaflets subemarginate, naked ; corollas small, white ; keel
purple at the tip. Native place unknown. '

44. Astragalus Uncatus. Scapeless : legumes subulate,
hooked, longer than the leaf; leaflets obcordate. It flowers
in July and August, and the seeds ripen in autumn, and is
found growing naturally in the neighbourhood of Aleppo.

45. Astragalus Exscapus ; Hairy podded Milk Vetch.
Scapeless : legumes woolly ; leaves villose; flowers nume-
rous, radical, subsessile, first pale and afterwards full yel-
low. Native of Hungary. This plant has been much
celebrated as a remedy in syphilitic complaints ; the root
is employed in decoction, half an ounce to a pint of water,
to be taken warm night and morning,

**** Stem wooihf.

46. Astragalus Tragoides. Nearly steuiless ; flowers
radical, numerous, subsessile ; corollas yellow. Native of
Switzerland, Siberia, and Armenia.

47. Astragalus Tragacantha ; Goat's Thorn. Trunk arbo-
rescent ; petioles becoming spinescent ; root large, woody,
and branching ; corollas long, stiff, of a pale violet colour.
Native of Switzerland, Mount JEtna, Mount Olympas, and
of the sea-shore near Marseilles. Mr. Miller decribes four
varieties of this species. From this plant is gathered the
gum called gum-tragacanth, so much used in various prepa-
rations of the materia meclica. It differs from all other known
gums, in giving a thick consistence to a much larger quan-
tity of water, and in being difficultly soluble, or dissolving
only imperfectly. When put into water, it imbibes slowly
a great quantity of the fluid, swells into a large volume, and
forms a soft but not fluid mucilage. The demulcent quali-
ties of this gum are to be considered as similar to those of
gum-arabic. It is seldom given alone, but frequently in
combination with more powerful medicines, especially in the
form of troches, for which it is peculiarly well adapted. It
may be propagated by seeds, if they can be procured from
abroad, in the same manner with the others. They should be
carefully taken up when large enough to transplant, and
some of them reset in small pots filled with fresh earth, placed
in the shade till they have taken root ; after which they
may be removed into an open situation, where they may
remain till the end of October, when they should be placed
under a common frame, to shelter them from severe frosts,
ami allow them free air in mild weather. The remain;!.';- .>f
the plants may be sot on a warm dry border. The plants in
pots may be preserved a y ear or two under traiv.es in winter,
and then being taken out of the pots, may be planted in a
lean dry soil and warm situation. These plants may also be
fucreased l>y slips ; and as they rarely province seeds in this
country, the latter method is generally used here. The best
time for this work is in April, just as the plants begin to

shoot, at which time the tender branches should be slipped
off, and theftr lower pans divested of the decayed leaves ;
then they should be placed on a very moderate hot-bed,
which must be covered with mats, to screen them from

the heat of the sun by day, and the cold by night. These
slips should be frequently but gently watered, until they
have taken root ; after which they may be exposed to the
open air, and in very dry weather they must be refreshed
with -water. On this bed they may remain until the fol-
lowing spring, being covered with mats in very severe
weather. In April they may be transplanted, either into
pots filled with light sandy earth, or into warm borders,
where, if the soil be dry, gravelly, and poor, they will endure
almost the severest cold of our climate ; but if planted in a
very rich soil, will often decay in winter.

48. Astragalus Foetidus. Stemless : leaves prostrate,
viscid, sharply linear ; scapes erect, with few yellow flow-
ers. Native of Dauphiny and of Mount Cenis.

49. Astragalus Halleri. Scapes leafless ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, smooth ; legumes inflated, hirsute, erect. Na-
tive of the mountains of the Valais, and of Piedmont.

50. Astragalus Vulneraroides. Stemless, hirsute : scapes
longer than the leaves ; legumes inflated, ovate, in heads.
Native of Mount Cenis.

51. Astragalus Tenuifolius ; Upright Milk Vetch* Cau-
lescent, erect : spikes peduncled ; banner twice as long as
the wings ; leaflets linear. Flowers in July and August ;
a native of Siberia.

52. Astragalus Virescens; Green-cowered MM Vntr/t.
Caulescent, erect ; legumes bent back ; peduncles many-
flowered, longer than the leaf; leaflets lanceolate, acute.
It flowers in June, and is a native of Siberia.

53. Astragalus Garbancillo. Stem shrubby, upright ;
pinnules ovate-oblong, somewhat tonu-ntose ; peduncle na-
ked, elongated ; spikes of flowers pale violet-coloured. It
is reported to be very hurtful to cattle. Native of Peru.

54. Astragalus Hispidus. Caulescent, procumbent : leaf-
lets and legumes ovate-oblong, hispid; flowers an spikes,
yellow ; corollas shorter than the calix ; seeds very few,
kidney-shaped. Native of Mount Libanus.

55. Astragalus Emarginatus. Almost Stemless ; scapes
very long ; heads globose; legumes woolly; flowers in u
globose head, purplish ; seeds very few, nearly kidney-
shaped. Native of Mount Libanus.

56. Astragalus Lanatus. Stemless, with a naked scapo,
the length of the leaves : legumes in close spikes, woolly,
half cordate, three-sided, subulate ; leaves villose ; flowers
in a close spike, yellow ; seeds few, kidney-shaped. Na-
tive of Mount Libanus.

57. Astragalus Leucophieus. Caulescent, procumbent :
legumes subcylindric, str.iight, smooth ; leaflets obcor-
date, villose underneath. Native country unknown.

58. Astragalus Deflexus. Subcaulescent, prostrate :
scapes twice as long as the leaf; leerumes gaping; le
pectinate, right-angled. Native of the loftiest mountains
of Siberia.

59. Astragalus Unifultus. Suffruticose, procumbent :
stipules solitary, stem-clasping, opposite to the leuM'-.
bifid. Native of Peru.

60. Astragalus Varius. Caulescent, fruticulose, upright :
flowers in lose spikes ; legumes linear ; stipules fnliginose
downwards. This is a hoary little shrub, about a cubit
high, with flowers subsessile, purple, with linear, acute,
villose bractes ; stem upright, round, branched from the
base. Native of Siberia.

(il. Astragalus Aristatus. Suffruticose, prostrate ; leaves
hairy ; petioles spinescent ; calires awned ; flowers purple.
Nati\e of Switzerland and Provence.

62. Astragalus Pugnifonnis. Shrubby, proc uinbeat :
heads stein-clasping, touientose ; petioles ,uid leaves pun-

AST

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A T H

145

gent and smooth. This species is remarkable for the large-
ness of the heads or balls of flowers, which are almost as
large as those of the first species. Native of the Levant.

63. Astragalus Echinoides. The leaves are minute ; the
flowers small, white, with a purple line on the banner ;
peduncles axillary, short, two-flowered. Native of Crete
or Candia.

Astrantia ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel universal with
very few rays (often three) ; partial with very numerous
ones. Involucre universal, with leaflets double to the ray ;
partial with leaflets {about twenty) lanceolate, spreading,
equal, coloured, longer than the uinbellule. Perianth proper,
five-toothed, acute, erect, permanent. Corolla .- universal
uniform; floscules-of the ray abortive ; proper with petals
five, erect, inflex, bifid. Stamina: filamenta five, simple,
the length of the corollule ; anthera simple. Pistil: ger-
iiien oblong, inferior ; styles two, erect, filiform ; stigmas
simple, spreading. Pericarp : fruit ovate, obtuse, crowned,
striated, bipartite. Seeds : two, ovate-oblong, covered
with the crust of the pericarp, wrinkled. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Partial Involucres, lanceolate, spreading, equal,
longer, coloured. Flowers, very many, abortive. All the
plants of this genus, except the fourth species, are very
hardy, and may be propagated either by sowing their seeds,
or by parting their roots. If from seeds, they should be
sown in autumn soon after they are ripe, on a shady bor-
der ; and when the plants are come up, they should be
carefully weeded, drawing out some wherever they are
found to be too close, in order that the others may have
room to grow, until Michaelmas, when they should be
transplanted where they are to remain, which should
always be in a moist soil and a shady situation. They
should be planted three feet asunder, as their roots will
spread to a considerable width, if they be permitted to re-
main long in the same place. They require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clear from weeds, and every third
or fourth year to be taken up at Michaelmas, and their
roots parted, and planted again. They are seldom pre-
served except in botanic gardens, as there is no great
beauty in the flowers. The species are,

1. Astrantia Major ; Great Masterwort. Leaves five-lobed,
lobes trifid; stem eighteen inches high, branched a little.
It is a native of the mountains of Switzerland, where it
was found abundantly, flowering in August. Its singulari-
ty has long obtained for it a place in our gardens, where it
flowers in June and the succeeding months of summer. The
whole plant has a warm aromatic taste, but little is known
respecting its virtues, except that it is a violent purgative.

2. Astrantia Carniolica. Leaves five or seven lobed, sim-
ple or bifid ; root nearly the thickness of the little finger,
about an inch long, praemorse, dark brown, having an aroma-
tic balsamic smell, with a taste at first slightly aromatic but
nauseous, and afterwards acrid. The whole plant is smooth.
Native of Carniola ; flowering there in July and August.

3. Astrantia Minor; Little, or Alpine Masterwort. Leaves
digitate-serrate. This seldom rises a foot high. Native
of the Alps, and Alpine valleys of Switzerland, but not of
the lower mountains, flowering there in August.

4. Astrantia Ciliaris. Leaves lanceolate, serrate-ciliate ;
stem simple, a foot higli ; rushes erect. Native of the
Cape of Good Hope. This species always requires to be
protected by a dry-stove in winter.

5. Astrantia Epipactis. Leaves five-parted, obtuse-ser-
rate ; flowers in a head, yellow. Native of Idria, Gorizia,
and also of Hungary, flowering in March.

VOL. r. 13

Astronium ; a genus of the class Dioecia, order Pentan-
dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male. Calix: perianth five-
leaved, coloured, small ; leaflets ovate, concave, obtuse,
spreading. Corolla: petals five, ovate, very obtuse, flat,
spreading very much. Nectary, five roundish, very small
glands in the disk of the flower. Stamina : filamenta five,
subulate, spreading, the length of the corolla; antherae
oblong, incumbent. Female. Calix: perianth five-leaved,
coloured ; leaflets oblong, concave, obtuse, converging. Co-
rolla : petals five, subovate, obtuse, concave, erect, less than
the calix, permanent. Pistil : germen ovate, obtuse ; styles
three, short, reflex ; stigmas subcapitate. Pericarp : none.
Calix increased, coloured ; its leaflets at first expanded into
a pendulous star, at length dropping the seed. Seed : one,
oval, the length of the calix, lactescent. ESSENTIAL CHARAC-
TER. Male. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla: five-petalled.
Female. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla : five-petalled. Styles :
three. Seed : one. The following is the only species :

1. Astronium Graveolens. An upright tree, from twelve
to thirty feet in height, abounding every where in a slightly
glutinous terebinthine juice, which has a disagreeable smell.
After the fruits of the female, and the flower in the male
plants, have fallen off, new branches are put forth, having
unequally pinnate leaves on them, with three pairs of leaf-
lets, which are oblong, ovate, acuminate, quite entire or ser-
rulate, smooth, veined, three inches in length. Panicles lax,
half a foot long in the males, but a foot and a half long in
the females, scattered on the outmost twigs ; flowers small,
red. The calices are expanded into stars, nine lines in
diameter. Native of the woods about ^Carthagena in New
Spain; flowering in May and June, and fruiting in" July.

Athamanta ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: umbel, universal, mani-
fold ; spreading ; partial, has few rays. Involucre universal,
many-leaved, linear, a little shorter than the rays ; partial
linear, equal with the rays. Perianth proper, obscure. Corol-
la : universal, uniform ; floscules all fertile ; proper, with
five petals, inflex-emarginate, a little unequal. Stamina :
filamenta five, capillary, the length of the corolla ; antherae
roundish. Pistil : germen inferior ; styles two, distant ;
stigmas obtuse. Pericarp : none ; fruit ovate-oblong, stri-
ated, bipartite. Seeds . two, ovate, convex on one side, stri-
ated ; on the other flat. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit :
ovate-oblong, striated. Petals : inflex, emarginate. These
plants are propagated by seeds, which should be sown in
autumn, on an open bed of dry light ground; and, when the
plants come up in the spring, they should be kept clean from
weeds, and thinned where they are too close, so that they may
have room to grow till the following autumn, when they
should be carefully taken up, and planted at about a foot
distance, in a bed of light sandy earth, where the roots will
continue several years ; except the eighth species, which is
annual ; and the ninth, which probably requires some shelter,
but has not been cultivated with us. The species are,

1. Athamanta Libanotis ; Mountain Spignel, or Stone Pars-
ley. Leaves bipinnate, flat ; umbel hemispherical ; seeds
hirsute ; root perennial ; stem from one to two feet high,
erect, not much branched, leafy. Native of Denmark,
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Carniola, the south,
of France, and on Gog-magog hills near Cambridge.

2. Athamanta Cervaria ; Broad-leaved Spignel, or Black-
Hart Root. Leaves pinnate, decussated, gash-angled ; seeds
naked ; root perennial, thick, very long, annulated, full of
resinous juice, s weet-smelling,with abristle-shaped crown.
This plant is recommended in the gout, and in Stiria they use
it in intermittent fevers. Native of the mountains of France,

146

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

ATM

Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Carniola. It flowers
in July and August.

3. Athamanta Sibirica ; fiihcriim Spignet. Leaves pin-
nate, gash-angled ; stem four feet high, much grooved,
angular ; corollas red underneath.

4. Athamanta Condensata ; Close-headed Spignel. Leaves
subbipinnate ; leaflets imbricate downwards : umbel le.ns-
form ; root perennial; stem simple, a foot high; anthera
and receptacles of the florets, purple. Native of Siberia.

5. Athamanta Oreoselinum ; Divaricated Spignel, or
Mountain Parsley. Leaflets divaricate ; root perennial,
thick, aromatic, resinous, crowned with bristles. Pehiln
white, with a blush of rose-colour. It is gratefully aro-
matic, and deserves to be better known. Native of the
continent of Europe, but not of Great Britain.

6. Athamanta Sicula ; Flixweed-leaved Spignel. Lower
leaves shining, primordial ; umbels subsessile ; seeds hairy.
This is a perennial plant, sending up from the root several
upright stems, nearly three feet high. The flowers are white,
and are succeeded by oblong woolly fruit. Native of Sicily.

7. Athamanta Cretensis ; Cretan Spignel, or Candy Car-
rot. Leaflets linear, flat, hirsute ; petals two-parted : seeds
oblong, hirsute. The whole plant is villose in a wild state ;
when cultivated in a garden, the leaves become succulent,
brittle, and very shining. Petals white. It flowers in June.
Was found by the celebrated English botanist, Mr. Ray, upon
the highest parts of Mount Jura. It is a native of the south-
ern parts of Europe. The seeds have been occasionally em-
ployed as carminatives, and were supposed likewise to be
diuretic and emmenagogue : lately they been little used,
except as ingredients in theriaca and mithridate. Haller,
however, judges it to be much superior to the common Dau-
cus, or Wild Carrot, in medicinal efficacy. It was celebrated
anciently as a specific in the stone : and it will scarcely be
credited, that Van Helmont seriously affirms, that it has even
cured the water in a well of this disorder.

8. Athamanta Annua ; Annual Spignel. Leaves many-
parted ; divisions linear, roundish, acuminate. Annual ; a
native of Candia or Crete.

9. Athamanta Chinensis. Seeds membranaceous, striated;
leaves super-decompound, polished, multifid ; stem angular,
erect ; umbel not much expanded, white. Native of China.

10. Athamanta Rupestris. Leaflets bristle-shaped, re-
curved, smooth ; all the flowers fertile ; stem eighteen
inches high, branching, subvillose, finely streaked ; petals
white, equal. Native of Carniola and Dauphiny.

Athanasia ; a. genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly-
gamia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calic : common
imbricate, ovate ; scales lanceolate, pressed close. Corolla :
compound uniform, longer than the calix ; corollules her-
maphrodite, equal, numerous ; proper, funnel-form ; bor-
der five-cleft, acute, erectish. Stamina : ftlamcnta five, ca-
pillary, short ; anthe'rje cylindric, tubular. Pistil : germen
oblongish ; style filiform, a little longer than the stamen ;
stigma bifid, obtuse. Pericarp: none. Calix: unchanged.
.Set -its: solitary, oblong ; down chaffy, of very short bristles.
llfi-i-iitiirlc : chaffy ; chaffs lanceolate, longer than the seed.
KSSI-.N-TIAI, CHARACTER. Calu: .- imbricate; down chaffy,
very short. Receptacle : chaffy. The perennial Cape sorts
ofAthanasia are easily propagated by cuttings during the
.summer months. If these are planted either in pots or upon
an old hot-bed, and closely corered with glasses, shading
them in the heat of the day, and refreshing them with wa-
ter when they require it, they will put out roots in five or six
weeks ; and in two months they may be taken up and planted
in pots filled with light earth, and placed ifl a shady situation,

until they have taken new root ; after which they should be
removed to a sheltered situation, mixing them with other
exotic plants, where they may remain till the middle or end
of October, according as the season proves favourable ; then
they should be removed into a dry-stove or glass-case, where-
they may enjoy as much free air as possible, but secured from
frost, with which management they will thrive, and produce
plenty of flowers ; but where they are drawn weak in winter,
tiicv will not appear sightly. The annual 1 Cape sort is pro-
pagated by seeds when they can be obtained good : they
should be sown on a moderate hot-bed the latter end of
March ; when the plants are come up, they should have air,
in proportion to the warmth of the season, admitted to them,
to prevent their drawing up weak ; and so soon as they are
big enough to remove, they should be transplanted on an-
other gentle hot-bed, at three inches distance, observing to
shade them until they have got fresh root ; after which they
must have air and water, and, by the end of May, the plants
will have acquired strength enough to be transplanted into
the open air ; when some may be planted in pots, to place
among other exotic plants in summer, and the others into
warm borders, where they will flower all the autumn ; but
unless the season is very warm, they will not ripen seed*.
The European species may be propagated by planting slips'
or cuttings during the summer months, in the same way as
the African sorts : some of the plants should be put into
pots to be placed under a hot-bed frame in winter ; the
others may be planted in a warm border, where, if the
winter proves favourable, they will live; but they rarely
survive cold winters. The species are,

1. Athanasia Squarrosa ; Cross-leaved Athanasia. Pedun-
cles one-flowered, lateral ; leaves ovate recurved. Native
country unknown ; supposed to be the Cape of Good Hope.

2. Athanasia Sessiliflora ; Sessile-flowered Athanasia. Pe-
duncles one-flowered, shorter than the leaf; leares linear,
hairy.

3. Athanasia Pumila ; Dwarf Athanasia. Peduncles- one-
flowered, longer than the leaf; leaves linear, hairy. A
very small plant ; found by Thunberg at the Cape.

4. Athanasia Crenata ; Notch-leaved Athnnasia. Flowers
solitary, terminal ; leaves linear, alternate ; stem shtnbby ;
one terminal flower. Native country unknown.

5. Athanasia Uniflora ; One-flowered Athanasia. Flowers
solitary, terminal, sessile . leaves obovate, imbricate, smooth.

6. Athanasia Capitata ; Hairy Athanasia. Flowers ter-
minal, suljsessile ; leaves lanceolate, hirsute; flowers dis-
coid and flosculose.

7. Athanasia Maritlma ; Sea Athanasia Cudweed, or Cot-
tonwetd. Peduncles two-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, ere-
nate, obtuse, tomentose ; root perennial, woody, putting out
many fibres, which spread near the surface. The floVers
are produced towards the end of the branches, upon short
peduncles, and are of a bright yellow colour. The whiteness
of the leaves and branches, makes a pretty appearance.
Native of the south of Europe, on the sea-coast ; found also
in the isle of Anglesea, Cornwall, isle of Mu-pey, near Pool
in Dorsetshire, and Landguard tort in Essex.

8. Athanasia Genistifolia ; Broom-leaveil Athanaria. Co-
rymbs simple ; leaves lanceolate, undivided, naked, crowd-
ed ; corymbs small, with three or four subsessile flowers.

9. Athanasia Pubescens ; t~iUose-le<tted Athanasia. Co*
rymbs simple ; leaves lanceolate, undivided, villose. If
rises six or seven feet high, with a shrubby stem ; the
flowers are yellow. The seeds do not ripen in England.

10. Athanasia Annua; Annual Alhanasia. Corymbs sim-
ple, contracted ; leaves pinnatifid, toothed ; root annual; stem

A t

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A T H

147

nine inrlies High, branched at top ; flowers large, bright
yellow, appearing in July and August, but rarely producing
seed in tins country. There is it variety of this species,
which is a tender plant, with a single-grooved stem.

11. Athanasia Triftircata ; Trtfitl-leaved Athannsia. Co*-
rymbs simple : leaves three-lobed, cuneiform, flat, glau-
cous ; stem shrubby, five or six feet high. The flowers are
of a bright yellow colour, and appear in August, but are
seldom succeeded by ripe seeds in England.

12. Athanasia Crithmifolia ; Samphire-leaved Athanasia.
Corymbs simple , leaves semitrifid, linear, divided into three
or five narrow segments ; stem shrubby : flowers yellow.

J3. Athanasia Linifolia ; Flax-leaved Athanasia. Co-
rymbs simple ; leaves linear, alternate ; stem simple ;
round, smooth, like that of Flax.

14. Athanasia Dentata ; Tooth-leaved Athanasia. Co-
rymbs compound ; leaves recurved, the lower linear, tooth-
ed, the upper ovate-serrate ; stem low, shrubby, branching,
seldom rising three feet high. Flowers pale yellovr ; they
appear early in summer, and, if the season prove favourable,
will be succeeded by ripe seeds in autumn.

15. Athanasia Parviflora ; Small-flowered Athanasia. Co-
rymbs compound ; leaves pinnate, linear. It has roundish
bunches of bright yellow flowers ; some of the peduncles
sustain but one, others two, three, or four flowers upon
each; they appear in the beginning of July, and continue in
succession till late in autumn ; those which come enrly in
the season will ripen their seeds in winter.

16. Athanasia Pinnata. Corymbs dense, compound ;
leaves pinnate, linear, tomentose ; stem proliferous, shrub-
by, tomentose; calices villose.

17. Athanasia Peetinata. Corymb compound; leaves
pinnate, smooth. Found at the Cape by Thunberg.

18; Athanasia Dentata. Corymb compound ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed, serrate. This differs from the fourteenth
species, though it has the same name.

19. Athairisia Filiformis ; Fine-leaved Athanasia. Co-
rymb compound ; leaves linear, smooth, spreading. Found
at the Cape of Good Hope by Thunberg.

':<>. Athan-.isia Cinerea ; Lavender-leaved Athanasia. Co-
rymb compound ; leaves linear, tomentose, entire. All the
above are natives of the ( 'ape of Good Hope, except the 7th ;
and ther are all perennial, except the 10th species.

Alhcnwn a genus of the class Octanrtria, order Mnno-
gynia. (iKWKiiir CHARACTER. Ca\'a : perianth one- leafed,
-(lonred, five-parted ; part* oblong, aoute, erect, spread-
ing at top. ( 'oral In : none. Stnminit : filamenta eight, Mli-
i, erect, of which five are of the length of the call*, the
three alternate ones a little shorter ; anther* sagittate ; eight
plumose hriitlet, shorter than the filamenta, growing together
with them to a gland surrounding the germ. Pistil: germen
superior, ovate, surrounded at the base by an annular gland ;
style setaceous, longer than the stamina ; stigma depressed,
five-parted. Pericarp : capsule globose, one-celled, three-
valved ; valves somewhat fleshy. Seed : three to five, round-
ed, covered with a pulpy-coloured membrane, affixed to the
receptacle in the bottom of the capsule. ESSENTIAL CHA-
RACTER. Calix : coloured, five-parted ; corolla none. Bris-
tles, eight, feathered, between the filamenta ; stigma five-
pnrted ; capsule globose, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds
three to five. The only species known is,

1.- Athenrea Guianensis. A branching shrub; stem four
or five inches in diameter, covered with a wrinkled gray bark.
T!:e flowers come out in bundles from the axils, and upon
the tubercles of the stem and branches, each on a small pe-

duncle ; their calix is white, and there is no corolla : cap-
sule green, with a tinge of violet. The seeds are covered
with a pulpy viscid membrane of a scarlet colour. The
bark, leaves, and fruit, are sharp, and aromatic. The lart
are called ca/e-diable, or devil's coffee, by the Creole's. It
is a native of Cayenne, and the neighbouring continent of
Guiana, in a sandy soil, a quarter of a league from the sea-
shore, flowering and bearing fruit in September.

Atractylis ; a genus of the class Syngehesla, order Poly-
gamia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calir: outer many-
Teaved, linear, larger, roughened, permanent, imprisoning
the common one ; common, ovate, imbricate ; the scales
oblong, very many, lanceolate, converging, unarmed. C'orrf-
/./ . compound, radiate ; corollnles hermaphrodite, numerous,
tubular in the disk : hermaphrodite ligulatein the ray ; pro-
per of the disk funnel-form, five-cleft ; of the ray ligulate, flat,
five-toothed. Stmnitia : filamenta five, capillary, very short ;
anthera cylindric, tubular. Pistil of the disk : germen very
short ; style filiform, the length of the stamina ; stigma bifid ;
of the rny, very like that of the disk, but obscure and wither-
ed. Pericarp none ; calix converging. Seeds: turbinate, com-
pressed. Down plumose. Receptacle : villose, nat. ESS-EN/
CHAR. Corolla: radiated: corollults of the ray five-tooth-
ed. All the species -of this genus, except the first, second,
and third, are strangers to the European gardens ; and
whenever they are introduced, will require the protection
of a greenhouse or stove. The species are,

1. AlractylisGunfmif'era ; Gummy -rooted Atractylis: Flow-
er stemless : root perennial, sending out manynarrowleaves;
which are deeply sinuated, and armed with pines on their
edges. These lie close te the ground, and 'between them
the flower is situated; The florets on the border are white,
but those which compose the disk are of a yellowish colour.
It is a native of Italy, and the islands of the Archipelago ;
it flowers in July, but never perfects seeds in England.
The roots, if woiinded when fresh, yield a viscous milky juice,
which concretes into tenacious masses, whitish, and resem-
bling wax. It was formerly chewed for the same purpose as
Mastich. It is propagated by seeds, which must be obtained 1
from the countries where they grow naturally : these should
be sown upon a border of light earth, in a warm situation,
early in April ; and when the plants come up, and are fit
to transplant, they should be thinned, and those which are
dra'wn out maybe transplanted, leaving the others two feet
asunder ; after which, the only culture they require is, to
keep them clean from weeds in summer, and in winter to
cwer'the roots with some old tanner's bark, to prevent th<-
frost from penetrating the ground.

2. Atractylig Humilis ; Dwarf Alractylis. Leaves tootfi-
sinuated ; flower radiated, fenced with an expanding invo 1 -'
lucre; stem herbaceous, near a foot high; flowers purple.
The roots will live two or three years; it flowers in June,
but, unless the summer be warm and dry, it will not perfect
seeds in England. It is a native of France and Spain ; pro-
pagated in the same manner as the first species.

3. AtractyliB Cancellata ; Netted Atractylis. Involucres 1
latticed, bellying, linear, toothed; calices ovate; flowers -
flosculous. It is an annual, seldom rising more than eight
or nine inches high, with a slender stem, at the top of whicli
are two or three slender branches, each terminated by a head
of flowers, with an involucre of several narrow leaves, curi-
ously netted over, and, by a surprising artifice of nature,
keeping off the flies. Native of Spain, Sicily, and other
warm parts of Europe ; flowers with us in July, and, if the
season be dry and warm, will ripen ita seeds in September

148

A T R

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL;

A T R

4. Atractylis Lancea; Lance-leaved Atractylis. Involu-
cres pinnate ; leaves lanceolate, ciliate, smooth ; stem a
foot high, leafy ; flowers terminal, solitary, subsessile.
Native of Japan.

5. Atractylis Ovata; Ovate-leaved Atractylis. Involucres
pinnate ; leaves ovate, ciliate, smooth, pale underneath ;
flower terminating, solitary. Native of Japan.

6. Atractylis Oppositifolia ; Opposite-leaved Atractylis.
Leaves opposite ; the leaves, and even the calix, tomentose
underneath. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

7. Atractylis Purpurata; Purple-flowered Atractylis. Leaves
hastate, rucinate ; flowers large, purple ; receptacle naked.
Found by Mutis in New Granada.

8. Atractylis Mexicana ; Mexican Atractylis. Leaves ob-
long, quite entire ; stem shrubby ; stipules none ; corolla
purple. Found in Mexico.

, Atragene ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Polygynia.
GEN. CHAR. Calix: perianth four-leaved ; leaflets oval,
spreading, obtuse, deciduous. Corolla: petals twelve, linear,
very narrow at the base, obtuse, spreading. Stamina: fila-
raenta very many, very short ; anthcrse oblong, acuminate,
shorter than the calix. Pistil : genuiua very many, oblong.
Styles villose, permanent. Stigma simple, the length of the
antherse. Pericarp: none. Seeds: very many, ending in
a hairy tail. ESSEN. CHAR. Calix : four leaved. Petals :
twelve. Seeds; tailed. The species are,

1. Atragene Japonica ; Japanese Atragene. Erect: leaves
opposite, triternate ; leaflets ovate, gashed ; stem angular
and streaked, two feet high. It has all the appearance of
Anemone ; but it is referred to this genus on account of the
number of petals. Native of Japan.

2. Atragene Alpina ; Alpine Atragene. Leaves doubly-
ternate, serrate ; other petals fourfold ; stems many, branch-
ing, diffused, long, angular, smooth, brown, prostrate on the
rocks, or scandent; petals dirty white, usually twelve. This
may be increased by cuttings or layers. In a strong soil,
and trained against a wall, it will rise to the height of five
or six feet. The flowers appear early, and, if the season
prove favourable, make a handsome figure ; but as this plant
is apt to put out leaves very early in the spring, it is fre-
quently nipped by the frosts. Native of the high Alps in
Switzerland.

3. Atragene Capensis ; Cape Atragene. Leaves ternate ;
leaflets gashed, toothed, outer petals fivefold ; scape simple,
six or seven inches long. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

4. Atragene Tenuifolia ; Fine-leaved Atragene. Leaves
doubly pinnate ; pinnules linear, entire. Found at the
Cape of Good Hope by Thunberg.

5. Atragene Zeylanica; Ceylenese Atragene. Tendrils
two-leaved ; this is caulescent, and scandent ; panicle ter-
minal, composed of a twice trifid peduncle, bearing com-
monly nine peduncled distinct purplish flowers. Native of
the island of Ceylon.

Atraphaxis ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Digy-
nia. GKNERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved;
leaflets opposite, lanceolate, coloured, permanent. Corolla :
petals two, roundish, sinuate, larger than the calix, perma-
nent. Stamina : filamenta six, capillary, ^he length of the
calix. Antherae roundish. Pistil: germeu compresM'd
Style none. Stigmas two, capitate. Pericarp : none. Calix
closed, including the seed. Seed: one, roundish, com-
pressed. ESSKXTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: two-leaved. Pe-
tals: two, sinuate. Stigmas: capitate. Seed: one. The
seeds o'. these plants not ripening seeds in England, they are
propagateo by cuttings, during any of the summer months.
In winter they must be screened from hard frost, which

commonly destroys such as are planted in the air. The

species are,

1. Atraphaxis Spinosa ; Prickly-branched Atraphaxis.
Branches spiny. This shrub rises four orfivefeet high, send-
ing out many weak lateral branches, armed with spines, and
garnished with small spear-shaped smooth leaves, of an ash
colour. The flowers come out at the ends of the shoots in
clusters, each consisting of two white petals, tinged with
purple, included in a two-leaved calix, of a white herbaceous
colour. They appear in August. Native of Armenia, Sibe-
ria, and Persia.

2. Atraphaxis Undulata ; Wave-leaved Atniphaxis. With-
out spines. This species sends out many slender brandies,
trailing on the ground ; leaves small, oval, about the size of
those of Knot-grass, waved and curled on their edges, em-
bracing their stalk half round at their base, ai:d placed alter-
nate ; flowers in oblong spikes, at the ends of the stem and
branches. Native of the Cape of Good Hope.

Atrif>lf.r ; a genus of the class Polygarnia, order Mono^cia.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Hermaphrodite flower. Calix: pe-
rianth five-leaved, concave, permanent ; divisions ovate,
concave, membranaceous at the edge. Corulla : none. Sta-
mina : filamenta five, subulate, opposite to the leaves of the
calix, and longer than them. Antheraj roundish, twin. Pis-
til : germen obiculate. Styles two-parted, short. Stigmas
reflex. Pericarp : none. Calix .- closed, pentagonal, with the
angles compressed ; deciduous. Seed : one, orbicular, de-
pressed. Female flower on the same plant. Calix: perianth
two-leaved ; leaflets flat, erect, ovate, acute, large, compress-
ed. Corolla: none. Pistil: germen compressed. Style
two-parted. Stigmas reflex, acute. Pericarp : none. Valves
of the calix very large, cordate, including the seed between
them. Seed: one, orbiculate, compressed. ESSENTIAL, CHA-
HACTER. Hermaphrodite. Calix : five-leaved. Corolla : none.
Stamina: five. Style: two-parted. Seed: one, depressed.
Female. Calix: two-leaved. Corolla none. Stamina none.
Style, two-parted. Seed one, compressed. The spe-
cies are,

1. Atriplex Halimus; Tall Shrubby Orache, or Spanish
Sea Purslane. Stem shrubby ; leaves deltoid, entire ; root
perennial, woody, dividing into many branches. The whole
shrub is white ; flowers small, purplish, at the ends of the
branches ; seeds small, brown. It grows in hedges near the
sea, about Nice ; also in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily. Ray
says, that he found it in great plenty about Messina. Although
this shrub is not proper for hedges, for which it was intro-
duced, it may have a place in wilderness-quarters, where it
will serve to thicken ; and the silver-coloured leaves will add
to the variety, among other shrubs of the same growth. It
will grow eight or ten feet high, and, if suffered to grow wild
without pruning, will spread several feet in compass, and
sometimes produce flowers. This, the second, and third
species, may be increased by cuttings, planted in any of the
summer months on a shady border ; where, if they be duly
watered, they will soon take root, and be fit to transplant the
Michaelmas following, when they should be planted where
they are to remain ; for they do not succeed well in trans-
planting, especially when they are grown large and woody.

2. Atriplex Portulacoides ; Dwarf Shrubby Orache, or
Common Sea Purslane. Stem shrubby; leaves obovate. This
,s a low undershrub, seldom rising above two feet and a half,
>r at most three feet high, but becoming very bushy. The
[eaves are narrow, and of a whitish colour; they are glau-
cous, opposite, petioled, generally elliptic, some obtuse,
others lanceolate. The branches generally recline, are angu-
lar, and of a whitish green. The flowers are yellow, and

A T R

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A T R

149

terminate the branches in clustered spikes. It is found wild
on the shores of the European ocean, and in salt marshes,
flowering in July and August. It may be introduced into
plantations among other low shrubs, and if planted on a poor
gravelly soil, will abide several years, and make a pretty
diversity. For the culture and propagation of it, see the first
pecies.

3. Atriplex Glaura. Stem undershrubby, procumbent ;
leaves ovate, sessile, quite entire ; the lower ones subdentate.
Stein the thickness of a finger, covered with an ash-coloured
bark, and divided into declining branches, three or four feet
long, subdividing into other shorter ones. The leaves are .
thickish, from silver inclining to glaucous. At each axil of
the upper branchlets come out three or four hermaphrodite
flowers, with a few females among them, of a yellowish
colour. A native of France and Spain.

4. Atriplex Rosea. Stem herbaceous ; leaves hoary, ser-
rated ; fruit quadrangular, toothed. The stem is erect, a foot
and half or two feet high, somewhat angular, white, smooth,
yery branching ; the branches alternate', subdividing, all dif-
fused. Flowers in close sessile balls at the axils. It is an
annual plant, native of the southern countries of Europe.
For the culture and propagation of it, see the first species.

5. Atriplex Sibirica; Siberian Orache. Stem herbaceous ;
leaves deltoid, angular ; the calices of the fruit muricated on
the outside. The leaves are silvery beneath, and the flowers
white. An annual plant, and a native of Siberia.

G. Atriplex Tatarica ; Tartarian Orache. Stem herba-
ceous ; leaves deltoid, sinuate-toothed, waved alternate ;
item about six feet high.

7. Atriplex Hortensis ; Garden Orache. Stem erect, her-
baceous, three feet high and more, thick, shining ; leaves
triangular ; root annual. It is a native of Tartary. There
are three or four varieties of this, differing only in the
colour of the plants ; one is of a deep green, another of a
dark purple, and a third with green leaves and purple bor-
ders. It is used of many, says Parkinson, boiled and but-
tered, to make the stomach and belly soluble, and is put
among other herbs into the pot. to make pottage. There
are many dishes of meat made with it while it is young ; for
being almost without savour, it is the more convertible into
what relish any one will make it, with sugar, spice, &c. It
was formerly cultivated in the kitchen-gardens, as a culinary
herb, being used as Spinage, and is now by some persons
preferred to it, though in general it is not es'teemed among
the English ; but the French cultivate this plant for use. The
Red Orache is formed to dye wool of a good olive colour.
This must be s6wn for use early in the spring, or at Michael-
mas, soon after the seeds are ripe, at which time it generally
succeeds better than when it is sown in the spring, and will
be fit for use at least a month earlier. These plants require
no other culture, but to hoe them when they are about
an inch high, to cut them down when they are too thick,
leaving them about four inches asunder, and also to cut down
all the weeds. This must be done in dry weather, otherwise
the weeds will take root again, and render the work of little
or no use. When the plants are grown about four inches
high, it will be proper to hoe them a second time, in order
to clear them from weeds ; and if you observe the plants are
left too close in any part, they should then be cut out. If
this be well performed, and in dry weather, the ground will
remain clean until the plant is fit for use. Where it is sown
on a rich soil, and the plants are allowed a proper distance
the leaves will be very large, and in that the excellence of
the herb consists. It must be eaten when young, for when
the stalks become tough, it is good for nothing. The seed

TOL. I. 13.

will ripen in August, when the plants may be cut or pulled
up, and laid on a cloth to dry ; after which the seeds may
be beaten out, and laid up in bags for use.

8. Atriplex Laciniata ; Jagged Sea Orache. Stem herba-
ceous ; leaves deltoid, toothed, silvered underneath. The
whole plant is covered with a skin that peels off, and is of a
gray hoary colour. It is an annual, flowering in July and
August,' and is a native of the sea-shores of Europe.

9. Atriplex Hastata ; Broad-leaved Wild Orache, vulgarly
called Fat-hen. Stem herbaceous ; valves of the calix in the
female flowers large, deltoid, sinuated ; root annual ; stem
generally upright, one to three feet high, four-cornered, of a
purplish colour; flowers on the tops of the stalks in narrow
reddish spikes. It varies much, according to age and situa-
tion ; on dunghills it is very strong and luxuriant ; by road-
sides, it is weaker, and its branches are long and procumbent ;
in wet places, it becomes more upright, and the leaves are
very mealy on the under side, particularly when it grows on
the sea-shore ; at other times they are altogether smooth.
In its young state, this plant is frequently eaten instead of
Spinach. Birds are very fond of the seeds, but cattle do not
seem much to like the plant. In gardens, and other culti-
vated grounds, it is a very troublesome weed, flowering from
June till August : it should not be suffered to grow and seed
on dunghills.

10. Atriplex Patula ; Narrow-leaved Wild, or Spreading
Orache. Stem herbaceous, expanding; leaves subdeltoid,
lanceolate ; calices of the seeds toothed in the disk ; root
fibrous, annual. Native of Europe, in waste places, on ditch-
banks, and in cultivated grounds, flowering in August.

11. Atriplex Littoralis; Grass-leaved Sea Orache. Stem
herbaceous, erect ; all the leaves linear, quite entire ; root
annual. Native of the sea-coasts of Europe, flowering in
August : found at Ramsgate in Kent ; Yarmouth, Blakeney,
and Wells, in Norfolk.

12. Atriplex Pedunculata ; Pedunded Sea Orache. Stem
herbaceous, much branched ; branches divaricated ; leaves
lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; calices of the female flowers pe-
duncled. Native of the sea-shores of Denmark and England;
as, near Boston, in the isle of Thanet ; near Yarmouth,
Lynn, &c. Annual ; flowering from July till September.

13. Atriplex Marina ; Serrated Sea Orache. Stem herba-
ceous, erect ; leaves linear, serrate. It is an annual plant,
native of Sweden and England ; on sea-shores and in waste
places, flowering in August.

14. Atriplex Albicans ; White Orache. Stem shrubby,
erect ; leaves hastate, quite entire, acute, spikes terminating.
Native of the Cape ; flowering in June and July.

Atropa; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Monogy-
nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth one-leafed,
five-parted, gibbous ; divisions acute, permanent. Corolla :
one-petalled, bell-shaped ; tube very short ; border ventri-
cose, ovate, longer than the calix ; mouth small, five-cleft,
spreading; divisions subequal. Stamina: filamenta five,
subulate from the base of the corolla, and of the same length
with it, converging at the base, above diverging outwards,
bowed. Antherae thickish, rising. Pistil: germen semi-
ovate. Style filiform, the length of the stamina, included.
Stigma headed, rising transversely, oblong. Pericarp : berry
globular, sitting on a large calix, two- celled. Receptacle:
fleshy, convex on both sides, reniform. Seeds : very many,
reniform. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla bell-shaped.
Stamina distant. Berry globular, two-celled.

1 . Atropa Mandragora ; Mandrake. Stemless ; 'scapes
one-flowered. It has a taper root, like a Parsnep, which
runs three or four feet deep in the ground ; it is sometimes
2Q

150

A T ft

THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL}

A T R

single, and at others divided into two or three branches, al-
most of the colour of the Parsnep, but a little darker ; imme-
diately from the crown of the root arises a circle of leaves,
which at first stand erect, but when grown to their full size,
spread open, and lie upon the ground ; they are more than a
foot in length, and are four or five inches broad in the mid-
dle, growing narrow towards both ends, of a dark green co-
lour, and a fetid scent ; among these come out the flowers,
each on a scape about three inches long ; they are five-cor-
nered, of an herbaceous white colour, spreading open at top
like a Primrose, having five hairy stamina, and a globular
gennen, supporting an awl-shaped style, which becomes a
globular soft berry, when full grown as large as a nutmeg, of
a yellowish green colour when ripe, full of pulp. Haller
adds, that the leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and waved about
the edges ; that the flowers have a tinge of violet, and that
* circular gland surrounds the germen, produced into two
horns. The roots have been supposed to bear a resemblance
to the human form, and in the old Herbals are figured as amale,
with a long beard, and female with a prolix head of hair.
Mountebanks carry about fictitious images, shaped from roots
of Briony, and other plants cut into form, or forced to grow
through moulds of earthenware, as Mandrake roots. It was
fabled to grow under the gallows, where the matter falling
from the dead body, gave it the shape of a man ; to utter a
great shriek, or terrible groans at the digging up 5 and it was
asserted, that he who would take up a plant of Mandrake,
should in common prudence tie a dog to it for that purpose,
for if a man should do it himself, he would surely die soon
after. The bare mention of such fables, is a sufficient con-
futation of them, nor would they have been mentioned here,
had it not been for the allusions to them which occur in an-
cient authors. The whole plant is fetid, and reputed to be
poisonous, though in small doses it was used medicinally, and
particularly us an ophte. Native of Spain, Portugal, Italy,
and the Levant. It flowers with us in March, and the seeds
ripen in July. Mandrake is propagated by seeds, which
should be sown upon a bed of light earth, soon after they are
ripe, for if they are kept until the spring, they seldom suc-
ceed well ; but those which are sown in autumn, will come
up in the spring, when they should be carefully cleared from
weeds ; and in very dry weather, they must be refreshed with
water, which will greatly promote their growth. In this bed
they should remain till the end of August, when they must
be taken up very carefully, and transplanted into the places
where they are to remain : the soil should be light and deep,
for their roots run far down ; but if the soil be wet, they are
often rotted in winter, and if it be too near gravel or chalk,
theywillmake little progress ; but where the soil is good, and
they are not disturbed, the plants will grow to a large size
in a few years, and will produce great quantities of flowers
aiul fruit. These plants should have a warm situation, other-
wise in severe winters they will be destroyed.

2. Atropa Belladonna; Deadly Nightshade, or Dwale.
Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, entire; peduncles one-flower-
ed. Deadly Nightshade has a perennial, thick, long, branch-
ing root, sending out strpng, herbaceous, upright, round, tri-
chotomous, branching stems, from three to five feet, and
sometimes six feet in height, frequently tinged with purple :
the branches are dichotomous. The root-leaves are often a
foot long, and five inches broad ; the stem-leaves are pe-
tioled, acute, soft, dusky green above, and paler green beneath,
a little hairy on both sides, and fattish to the touch, chang-
ing to a purple colour in the autumn : there are gene-
rally two leaves at each branch, one smaller than the other,
running down along the short petiole. Peduncles axillary,

ctne-flowered : flowers large, nodding, void of scent ; calix
dirty green ; corolla lurid ; within dusky, purple, and streak-
ed, with a yellow variegated base, witho.ut greenish red, or
dusky brown ; berry large, at first green, but when ripe of a
beautiful shining black colour, full of purple juice, with
roundish dotted channelled seeds immersed in the pulp ; au< 1
a glandular ring surrounding it. Scopoli observes, that there
are two tubercles between the cells of the anthene ; . that the
stigma is two-lobed ; that the berry sits on the stellate calix,
is very succulent, obtuse, marked with small dots, and has
two heart-shaped receptacles, to which the seeds adhere.
When this plant was found to differ from Solanums or
Nightshades, it received the Italian name of Belladonna, which
was given it, according to some, because it was used as a wash
among the ladies, to take off pimples and other excrescences
from the skin ; or, according to others, from its quality of
representing phantasms of beautiful women to the disturbed
imagination. The qualities of this plant are malignant, and
it is extremely deleterious in all its parts. Numerous in-
stances have occurred of the berries proving fatal, after caus-
ing convulsions, delirium, &c. Buchanan relates the de-
struction of the arm}' of Sweno the Dane, when he invaded
Scotland, by the berries of this plant, which were mixed with
the drink which the Scots, according to truce, were to sup-
ply the Danes with. The Danes were so inebriated there-
with, that the Scottish army fell on them in their sleep, and
slew such numbers, that there were scarcely men enough left
to carry off their king. A remarkable case is related by Mr.
Ray, of the dilatation of the pupil of fhe eye, caused by a
part of a leaf of this plant applied outwardly, and which took
place successively on the repetition of the experiment. With
respect to the berries, they have frequently been fatal to
children ; and, if a considerable number are eaten, to grown
persons likewise. The symptoms are said to occur in less
than half an hour after taking them, and consist of vertigo,
great thirst, delirium, swelling and redness of the face, &c.
The general sensibility of the system is said to be weakened
to a great degree, so that the stomach will bear a far larger
dose of emetic medicines than it would otherwise have done.
Vinegar, liberally drank, has been found efficacious in obvi-
ating the effects of the poison. Dr. Hill relates a very re-
markable case, which occurred under his own observation.
A labourer found some of the plant in the park of a noble-
man, where he was repairing the pales ; he eat heartily of
the berries, and gave some to two of his children. After
two hours he grew giddy, and unable to stand ; was extremely
thirsty, complained of dreadful pain in his breast, and
difficulty of breathing. He afterwards fell into violent
ravings, which continued, with slight intervals, during great
part of the night. All this time he was also afflicted with
a very painful stranguary . He recovered, however, some time
afterwards, without the assistance of medicine ; but both the
children died in the course of the night. The leaves are said
to have been sometimes successfully applied in cam erous
tumors. The ingenious Dr. Milne, in his Indigenous Botutiy,
has very properly remarked, that nature has been more par-
simonious in her warnings with respect to this plant, than to
others of the same natural family. Neither the smell nor
the taste is offensive ; and if the colour of the flowers prove*
in some degree a repellant, that of the fruit, on the other
hand, is in an equal degree, at least, attractive and inviting.
Accordingly, Belladonna, notwithstanding its deleterious na-
ture, is not totally excluded from the precincts of physic :
nay, some diseases, and those of the most malignant kind,
have been known to yield to the anodyne and antispasmodic
virtues of this plant, when administered with caution, after

A T R

OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

A U B

151

resisting the force of medicines, more innocent indeed, but
of less powerful efficacy. Bergius relates, that he has often
given relief in epilepsy and convulsion by the internal use of
the powder of the leaves, taken in doses of from one to four
grains, twice a day ; and Gesner, in his Medical Epistles,
recommends the expressed juice of the berries, boiled with
sugar into a syrup, and given a tea-spoonful at a time, as
excellent in every case requiring an opiate, and as peculiarly
efficacious in the cure of the dysentery. It was some time
ago supposed to be a specific in cancerous complaints, and
in the Philosophical Transactions, there is a well-attested
case, of a woman that was cured of a cancer in her breast,
by taking a tea-cupful of an infusion of the dried leaves
every morning. The malady at first grew worse, but after
persevering some time in the use of the medicine, the symp-
toms abated, and in about half a year she was perfectly well.
The infusion was made by pouring ten tea-cupsful of boiling
water on twenty grains of the dried leaves, and letting it
stand to infuse all night in a warm place. In consequence
of this it was tried in many of our hospitals, and frequently
mitigated the symptoms, but without effecting the cure.
The leaves externally applied are cooling and softening ;
they are good against the ringworm and tetters, and against
hard swellings. This plant isanative of Europe, particularly
of Austria and England, in churchyards and on dunghills,
skulking in gloomy lanes and uncultivated places : in other
countries it is said to be common in woods and hedges.
With us, it is not so common in a wild state, but that the
places where it has been found may be set down. About
Fulborn, in Cambridgeshire ; near Wisbeach, in the isle of
Ely ; Holland, in Lincolnshire ; between Temsford-mills and
Welwyn, in Herts ; Charley forest and Grace Dieu, in Lei-
cestershire ; north Luffenham, in Rutland ; Sutton Colefield,
in Warwickshire ; Clifton Hill, near Nottingham and Mans-
field, in the same county ; and in Westmoreland. Mr. Miller
observed it in Woodstock-park in Oxfordshire, and in Up-
park in Hampshire. In the counties round London it is not
very common ; it has, however, been remarked about Ro-
chester, between that and Maidstone, and near Feversham,
in Kent ; about Harefield and More-park near Rickroans-
worth ; at Dorking, in Surry ; and, by old Gerarde, near
Highgate. This may be propagated both by its roots and
by seeds. It loves a shady situation, but, on account of its
deadly poison, is rarely admitted into gardens. It should by
no means be suffered to grow where children or common
people resort, because they are likely to be attracted by the
splendid black colour of the berries.

8. Atropa Physaloules ; Peruvian Deadly Nightshade, or
Blue-flowered Atropa. Leaves sinuate-angular ; caiioes
closed, acute-angular; root fibrous, annual ; stem herba-
ceous, two feet high, spreading, erect ; branches angular.
The stem, though herbaceous, is very strong, in our gardens
four or five feet high, and of a purplish colour, dividing into
several branches, spreading out \vide on every side ; leaves
oblong, deeply sinuate, deep green ; peduncles short ; calix
large, bell-shaped ; corolla large, of the open bell-shape, of
a light blue-colour; berries about the size of common cher-
ries, enclosed in a large swelling bladder, having five sharp
angles. Native of Peru. It flowers in July, and the seeds
ripen in autumn ; and if permitted to scatter, the plants will
come up in the following spring ; or if the seeds be sown on
a bed of rich earth in the spring, the plants will rise easily,
and may be afterwards readily transplanted to the borders
of the pleasure garden, where they must be allowed room,
for if the ground be good, the plants will grow very large.
4. Atropa Solanacea. Stem shrubby; peduncles solitary ;

corollas bell-shaped ; leaves subpvate ; stem six feet high ;
shrubby, somewhat branching, and angular; calix bell-
shaped, five-cleft ; corolla three times larger than the calix.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope. It may be propagated
by seeds, which should be sown in the spring, on a hot-bed ;
when they are fit to remove, they should be each put into a
separate small pot, filled with loamy earth, and shaded until
they take root ; and then placed in a sheltered situation.

5. Atropa Arborescens ; Tree Atropa. Stem shrubby ;
peduncles crowded ; corollas revolute ; leaves oblong, in tufts
towards the ends of the branches ; flowers peduncled, white,
and fragrant. A small tree, or shrub ; native of South Ame-
rica, and Jamaica, on the temperate mountains. It must be
kept in the bark-stove, or it will not thrive.well in England.

6. Atropa Frutescens ; Shrubby Atropa. Stem shrubby;
peduncles crowded ; leaves cordate-ovate, obtuse. This rises
with a shrubby stem to the height of six or eight feet, and
divides into many branches : the leaves are alternate, roundish,
in shape like those of the Storax tree. The flowers come out
between the leaves upon short peduncles, and are shaped like
those of Deadly Nightshade, but much smaller, of a dirty
yellowish colour, with a few brown stripes ; they are never
succeeded by berries in England. It is a native of Spain ;
and may be planted with other hardy exotic plants, in a shel-
tered situation, from whence it must be removed in October
into the green-house. See the fourth species.

7. Atropa Herbacea ; Herbaceous Atropa. Stem herba-
ceous, channelled, about two feet high ; leaves ovate, nerved,
with waved edges ; root perennial. The flowers come out
from between the leaves, on short peduncles ; they are white,
and bell-shaped. It flowers in July and August, but seldom
ripens its fruit in England. It must be kept in a bark-stove,
or it will not thrive in this country.

8. Atropa Procumbens; Wheel-flowered Atropa. Stem
procumbent, herbaceous; leaves tw