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FM0NTISPIE€E,

UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE.

VOJL.XCIV.

=irv

THE ?

UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE^

O F

KNOWLEDGE and PLEASURE,

CONTAINING

Letters

Debates

Eflays

Tales

Poetry

Mflory

Biography

Antiquities

Voyages

Travels

Aftronomy

Geography

Mathematics

Mechanics

Archite&ore

Philofophy

Medicine

Chemillry

Hulbandry

Gardening

AND OTHER

arte anlj i^cience^;

Which may render it

Inftru6tive and Entertaining.

To which occaiionally will be added

An Impartial Account of Books in feveral Languages^

And of the State of Learning in Europe;

ALSO

Of the New Theatrical Entertainments*

VOL. XCIV.

L O N D O N: i

Jy W. BENT, at the King's Arms, Paternoster Row.
MDCCXCIV. _

Lv. /

\ /

iu^t^

J^'R E F A C E.

3 3-- ^

TH E moft pleafing employment in the conduft of a mifceHaneous'
publication, is to procure fuch literary pieces a^ are calcu-*
lated to afford both pleafure and improvement j to depi^ thofe traits
of exemplary charafter that tend to excite ingenuous minds to virtuous
emulation ; and to record fuch tranfa£lions as may exhibit man in the
moft ennoUing views. While we continue to attend to thefe im-
portant objefts, it is witli extreme concern that we perceive the painful
peceffity of ftill devoting no fmall portion of our mifcellany to the
narration of events, from which Humanity miift turn with horror.
Principles, juft and g<3t)d abftradedly confidered, but carried to abfurd
and mifchievous extremes, hav(* been produftive of calamities, diftin-
guifhed by more than common varieties of woe. A country, which
fo lately difplayed all the elegancies of polifhed life, and the conciliating
manners that heighten the pleafure;^ of fpcial intercourfe, now exhibits
fuch fcenes of cruelty and defolation, as recall to memory the moft
&vage and ferocious times.

Inr our laft periodical addrefs, we confidered the events of the year
1792 as of the moft awful kind. But the year which has juft expired
appears to have furpafied even that eventful period* in adts of atrocity
and horror. We had juft {ecn a mild and beneficent fovereign brought
to a public trial : we now behold him conducted to the fcaffbld, and
executed with circumftances of indignity, that bqfpeak not the juftice
of an auguft national tribunal, but the contemptible triumph of little
minds, devoid of every dignified fentiment and of all virtuous fympathy.
We behold his unhappy confort conduced, a few months after, to
the fame fatal fpot ; and, whatfeems more wonderful ftill, ^ any of the
moft conipicuous charaiSers in the revolution, thofe, moreover, who
had gloried in having voted for the death of their fovereign, exhibiting,
on that very fcaftoFd, the triumph of a fa(^ion, which, in the plenitude
of its power, feems to bid defiance to the moft venerable principles}
which, blending caprice with violence, makes no diftinftion between
the degrading abfurdities of fupcrftition and thq ennobling worfcip of a
pure and rational religion ; and which, with the fame facility that it
deftroys a calendar, contributing merely to the greater convenience of
commercial intercourfe, would eradicate ihofe divine principles^ which,
pointing to happier fcenes, have in all ages b^n productive of the moft
foothing confolations in calamity, and the happieft fources of true
enjoyment in profperity,

A 2 To

r

PREFACE.

To our ovm country, the dreadful ftate of anarchy tb which France
is now reduced ; the defpotifm under which flie groans, unkiiown to
the moft arbitrary periods of her hiftoryj and the blood literally
ftreaming in her cities ; ms^y afford the moft falutary leflbns. It may
teach us, that 'adtnicting the reality of fonie exifting grievances, ther^
are lawful modes of rtdr^fs, in proper times and circumftancess
that will preclude the dangerous refort to expedients, by which
the unprincipled and ambitious may rife into notice and power,
while the good and virtuous are involved, by the arts and crimes of a
faclion, in unexpe£ied and inevitable ruin. It nsay inculcate the ab-
&irdity of cxpo&mg an ablblute freedom from defeA in inftitutions,
which, however ercellent, muft ftill partake of that imperfe£lioii
infeparable from whatever is of human conftruftion j faiisfied, that
that government, after all, is fufficieni y perfect, in which, compara-
tively, icw real grievances are fe!r; every member of the com-
munity has the moft ample fecurity for the enjoyment of civil- and
'religious liberty ; and the fecial rights of man, and that true li-
berty and equality which refult from them, exift not in impradicabl^
or mifchievous thepry, but in * kind equal rule, the government of
laws/

Thefe fentiments, we hope, are not incompatible with the moft
ardent wifbes for the reftoration of peace, for the diftlifion of univerfal
happinefs, and that our hoftile neighbours may foon find how eflential
are the fanftions of Religion and Law, to the prefervation of that
Liberty for which they profefs to contend. In the mean time, it will
be our duty, in the conduft of this Mifcellany, not to liften to the
emotions of indignation, or to the violence of declamation, but to
relate, with candour and difcrimination, the various events thatoccur,
and to prefent the beft difcuffion of the political meafures that may be
adopted in this country, by that accurate and impartial account of the
proceedings in parliament by which v/e have hitherto been diftinguifbed ;
iittending, moreover, with unremitting affiduity, to the various fources
of mifcellaneous literature that may contribute to the entertainment of
our readers, and preferve to the Univerfal Magaeine it{S wonted dif*
linAion as the Repofitory of Knowledge and Pleafure,

THE

[ 5 ]

THE

UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

OF"

KNOWLEDGE and PLEASURE,

F OR '

JANUARY, 1794.
VOL. XCIV.

■^

Thoughts m the Astronomical Discoveries {/"-^^^ Ancients:
lUuflrative of a beautiful Frontifpiece^ reprefenting Uk ania, the Mufi
of AftrimomfM

Yon heavenly orbs, the glad abodes of life
Effufive kindled by His breath divine
Through endlefs fonns of being, all inhale
From Him their portion of the vital flame.
In meafare fuch, that, from the wide complex
Of co-exiftent orders, one'miglit rife.
One order, all involving and intire.

AkB MSI DE.

IT IS worthy of obfcrvation, that where, at iirft, with contempt and ri-?

there are many, importaiit truths, dicule, when difcovered to the iho-

which, ages ago, were taught by the dcrns. Thefe truths even prove4

ancients, and at lail adopted by the dangerous to thofe who helj tliem, as

modems, after having undergone a not Galileo, the illutlrious Florentine phi-

ujicommon fate, that of being rejc6ted lofopher, experienced in tie feven-

and condemned with diidain. This teenth century, in the prifon of an

has been particularly the ca(e with Inquifition. Yet both 'thofe dofirines

aU^ronomy. That the earth* moves are now fo well eflablilhed, that they

round the fun, and that there are anti- meet with univerfal approbation. And

podes, arc truths that were known thus, for two centuries paft . have we

|on^ ago, although received Vi^r^ proceeded to re-introduce the mo(l

celebrated

r

6 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

celebrated of the ancient opinions ; chus, writing on the fubjed agaiaft
ftill affeding, however, not to know ipme of the philofophers of his owa
chat we are indebted, in any rel'ped^ age, placed the fun immoveable in
to thofe ^ho firl^ held them. the centre of an orbit, described by

The Qioft rational lyilem in itfclf, -the. earth in its circuit.' And Sextos
and which agrrcs bail with the moft Empirfcius alfo cites him as one of the
aecmrate oblervations, is that pro-
pofed, about the year 1530, by Ni-
colaus Copernicus, a celebrated aitrrc-
nomer of Poland, who placed the fan
in the centre, and fuppofed^ all the
p'anet , with ^he earth itfclf, to re-

principal fupporterg- of tnis opiniao*
inhere is alfo a paflage in Plutarch^
by which it appears, that Cleanthes
accufed Ariilarc;i.y o' impiety, in
troubiiDg the repole of Veila and all
the Latian gods ; when, in giving an
voWe round the fun. Hence this has account of die phcenomena of the pla

been called ^e Copernicai fy (lem ;
but it b a matter of furprife how a
fyikm fo fully and diflin^lly mcul-
caied by the ancients, (hould derive
its name from a modern phiiofopher^
Pythagoras, Phih>laiis, Nicetas of
Syracafe, Plato, Ariilarchus, and
many others among the ancients, have
in a thoufand places expreHed this
opinion ; and Diogenes Laertius,
Plutarch, and Stobjcus, have with

nets in their courfes, he taught that
heaven, or the firmament of tlie fixed
flars, was immoveable, and that the
earth moved in an oUique circle, re-
Yolving, at the (afia^ time, round its
own axis.

Theophra(his, as quoted by Pluo-
tarch, fays (in his Hiftory of Allro-
nomy, which has not reached our
times) that Plato, when advanced in
years, gave up the error he had adopt*

great precifion tranfmitted to us their ed, of macing the fun turn round the
ideas. And that this fyftem was net ' ' ' * ^

received univerfally, at a more early
period, m'ull be alcribed entirely to
thp force of prfcjud'ce.

Pythagoras thought that the eartr
was a moveable body, and fo hx from
being the centre of the univerfe, that
it performed its revolutions romid the
region of fire; that is, the fun, and
thereby formed day and night. This
knowledge he obtained, it is faid,
among the Egyptians. Some impute
this opmion to Philolaiis, th&difciple
of Pythagoras ; bat it is evident, tliat
he had the merit only of being the

earth ; lamenting, tnat he had not
pUced it in the centre, but had put
the earth there, contrary to theordejr
of nature. Nor is it ai all wonderful
that Plato fhouid re fume an opinion
which be had errly imbibed in the
fchools of the tvwo celebrated Pytha-
goreans, Archvtas c^Tarcntum, and
Tiirieu * the Locri^n ; a^ we fee in St.
Jerome's Apology for Chriitianity
again il Rufinus; and in Cicero we
fee, that Heraclides of Pontus, who
was a Pythagorean, taught the fame
doflrine.

That the earth is round, and in-

publiiher of it, zvA of feveral other .habited on all fides, and, confequent-
opinions belo g'ni^ to that fchool; ly, tliat there ace Antipodes, or peo-
for Eufebius exprefsly afirms, that he pte \ihoG feet are directly oppcfite to
W^ the firft who put the fyHero of ours, h one of the moll ancient doc-
Pythagoras into writing. Ph.Iclaii^ trines inculcated by philofopby. Dio-

added, that the earth moved in an
oblique circle, by which, no doubt,
he meant the zodiac.

Aritlarchus of Simos, who lived
about three hundred centuries before
Jefus Chrlft, was one of the princi;al
defenders of the da >rine of the cann's
motion. Archimedes, in his book
4i Anaarh^ informs as, * that Ari'lar-
5

genes Laertius fays, that Plato was
the firi who called the inhabitants of
the earth oppofite to us, Ar.ti^^odes.
He does not mean, that Plato wus
the firft who taught this opinion, but
only the firft who made ufe of the
term Antij od^< ; for, in another place,
he ir.entiQns Pythagoras a-- the firft
There is alio a paf-

who laoghi it

FOR JANl/ARY, 1794.

£igp m Platardi. by which it appears,
that it was a controverfy iu his time f
and Lucretius and Pliny, who oppofe
this notioo> as well as St. Auguiline^
aU ferve as witnefies that it^Duil have
picTailed in their time. ^||^ ^

As to the proofs which tk^in-
dents brought of the fphericity of die

ferved, and do ftill contribute, to
confirm and fuppoK the conjednres
of the ancients ; although it 'has often
|;)appeDed> that chofe very conjedures
of theirs, which are now fo univer-
fally received as ^rue, have formerly
been as univerfaliy decried.

Whatever were tEe arguments upon

earth, they were the very fame tnat' which the ancients founded their theo->

are adduced by. the moderns. Plin^, ry# certain it is, tkey clearly appre*

on this fubjed> obferves, that thfjan<r hended, that the planets revolved

which retires out of fight to perfons upon their own axis. Heraclides of

on the deck of a fhip» appears Aill Pontus and £cphantes> two celebrated

ID view to thofe who are at the mail Pythaeorei^si intimated this truth

head; and thence he concludes, that long ago, and^nlade ufe of a very apt

the earth is round. Ariftode drew comparifon , to. convey their idea^

this cen&quence, not only from tSe faying, that thb earth turned from

ihadow of the earth being circular on
the diik of the moon, in the time of
an edipfe, but alfo from this circum-
flan^, that in travelling fouth, we
diicover other flars; and that thofe
which we (aw before, whether in the
zeoithy or elfewhere, change their
iitoation with refped to us.

The revolution of the planets aboiir
their own axis, is another point of
view in which this fubjed may be
confidered. What a ufefol aid the in-
vention of teleicopes has been to the
agronomical obiervations of the mo-
dems, is particularly evident from
this difcovery, that the planets re-
volve on their axis*; a difcovery
founded on the periodical revolution
of the fpots obferved on dieir diik ; ^
£6 that every planet performs two re-
volutions, by one of which it is carri-
ed, with others, about a common
centre ; and by the other moves upon
its axis round its own. But all that
the modems have done, in this refped,
ferves only to confirm to the ancients
the glory of being the-fird difcoverers.
In this the moderns are to the an<«
cients, what to fir Kiac Newton were
the French philofophers, all whofe la-
bours and travels in vifiting the vid-

weil to eaft, juft as a wheel turns upon
its axis or centre. And Plato ex^
tended this obfer\«pon from the earth
to the other planets ; according to At*
ticus, the Platonic, who thu^ explains
his opinion : ' To that general mo-
tion which makes the planets describe .
a circular courfe, he added another
refultmg from their fpherical ihape»
which made each of them move round
its own centre, while they performed
the general revolution of their courfe.
Plotinus alfo afcribrt this f^ntiment to
Plato; for, fpeaking of him, he fays,
thar befide the grand .circular courfe
obferved byall the flars in general,
he thought they each performed ano-
ther about their own centre.

Cicero afcribes the fame npdon to
Nicetas ofSyracuf^, and quotes Theo-
phraftus to warrant what he advances.
Nicetas is the perfon whom Diogenes
Laertius names Hycetas, whofe opi-
nion was, that the celerity of the
earth's motion about its own axis,
and otherwife, was the only caufe of
the apparent revolutions of the hea-
venly bodies. •

Our fecondary planet, the moon,
gave the ancients an opportunitv of
difplaying their penetration. 7ney

nity of the poles and the equator, to early difcovered, that it had no li^ht

determine the figure of the earth, fi^rve of its own^ but (hone with that which

only to confirm what fir liaac had it refleded from the fun. This, after

thought of it, without fo much as ThaUs, was the ientiment of Arv^xa-

ilifring from his'clofet. In the fame goras and Empedodes, who thence

manner, moil of our experiments have accounted, not only for the mildnefs

of

7

/

I

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of its fplendour, but for the imper^
ceptibility of its heat, which our ex-
periments coofinn ; for, with all the
aid of barningglafTes, we have never
yet fbnnd it pradicable to produce the
leaft efled of heat from any combina^
tion of its rays.

The obfcrvations made by the mo-
dems tend to perfuade os, that the
moon has an atmofphere> though very
rare. In a total eclipfe of the fun,
there appears about the diik of the
moon a glimmering radiance, parallel-
ed to its circumference^ %vhich appears
more and more extenuated, or rare,
as it diverges from it. This, per-
haps, is no other than an tUtcGi pro-
duced from fuch a fluid as air, which
by reafon of its weight and elalHcity
is rather more den^ at bottom than
at top. With a telefcope, we may
cafily difcern in the moon parts
brighter and more elevated than
tnhers, which are judged to be moun-
tains. We difcern alfo other parts
lower, and not fo bright, which Teem
to be vallies lying between thofe
ttiountalns. And there are other
parts, which reflecting lefs light, and
prefcnting one uniform fmooth fur-
face, are fuppofed to be krge pieces
cf water. \i the moon then has itis
coliedHons of water, its atmofphere,
its mountains, and its vallies, it is
thence inferred, that there alfo may
hz rain there, and fnow, and all the
other aerial commotions natural to
fiich a fituation, and our idea of the
%vifdom and power of God intimates
to us, .that he may have placed crea-
tures there to inhabit it, rather dian
that all this difplay of his fkill ihould
be a mere wafh.

The ancietits, who had not the aid
of telefcopes, fupplied the want of
thofe inHruments by a vivacity of pe-
netration ; for, without the means that
we have, they have deduced ail the
confequences that are admitted by the
modems ; and difcovered long bdfore,
by the mental eye, whatever has
fince been prefcnted to corporeal fight
through the medium of telefcopes.

We fee, by fomc fragments of theirs,
I

in how fublime a manner (a manned
wo|thy ofthemajeftyof Deity) die/
entered into the views of die Snpreose
Being, in his deftinadon of the planets^
and the moldtnde of ftars placed bf
him in the firmament. They con*
fidered them as fb many funs, about
which rolled planets of their own;
fuch as in our folar fyftem. The^r
even went farther, and maintained
that thofe planets contained tnhabis-
tahts, whote natures they prefnme not
to defcribe, though they fuppoie them
not to yield to ours either m beaaty
or in dignity. Orpheus is the mod
ancient author whofe opinion on this
fabje6t is 'come down to us. Prodas
prefents us with three verfes of that
ancient philofopher, in which he pofr-
tively ailerts, that the moon was ano*
ther earth, containing mountains^
vaHeys, &c.

Pythagoras, who followed Orpheas
in many of his opinions, taught like*
wife that the moon was an earth like
ours, replete with animals, whofe na-
ture he prefnmed not to defcribe,
though he was perfuaded they were
of a. more noble and elegant kind
than ours, and not liable to the fame
infirmities.

It would here be very eafy to mul-
tiply quotations, to ihow how very
common this opinion was among the
ancient philofopfaers ; but it wm be
fufiicient to add a remarkable parage
of Scobaens, in which he gives us the
opinion of Democritus concerning the
nature of the moon, and the caui'e of
the fpots which we fee upon its diflt.
That ^rcat philofopher imagined, that
thefe ipots were no other than (hades,
formed by the exceffive height of the
lunar momitains, which intercepted
the Hght from the lower parts of that
planet, where the vallies were formed
into what appeared to us ihades or
fpots. Plutarch went farther, afiert-
ing, thatvaft/eas, and deep caverns,
were emboibmed in the moon. Hia
conjectures are built upon t^ (ame
foundadon as thofe of the moderns ;
for, he obferves, thofe deep and fcx^
teniive (hades that appear on die dtlk

of

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

of the moon» muft be contained by
the vaft feas it contains, which are
incapable of refledling fo vivid a light
as the more (olid and opake parts, or
by extremely wide and deep caverns,
in which the rays of the fun are aja-
fbr!)ed, whence thofe (hades that we
call the (jpots of the moon. And
Xenophanes faid, that thofe immenfe
cavities were inhabited by another
race of men, who lived there jail as
we do on earth.

Yet it appears from one place in
Plutarch, that in his time, as well as
of late, it was difpated by many,
whether the moon yielded any ex-
halations or vapours, for the pro-
duiiion of rain and the otiier meteors.
He took part with thofe who held the
negative; being perfuaded that the
moon muft be (o intenfely heated by the
never-ceafing adUon of the rays of the
fan apon it, that all its humidity mud
be dried op, fo asito render it incapable
of fiirniihing new vapours ; whence
he concluded that neither clouds, nor
rains, nor winds exiiled there, and,
of courfe, neither plants nor animals.
Now, this is the very reafon alleged
by fuch of the moderns as oppofe the
notion of the moon's being inhabited ;
whereas the only neceilary confe-
quence is, that the inhabitaits of that
planet mnft be intirely different from
oars, and by their coniHtution fitted
to fuch a dime and fuch an habitation.
But however this be, it appears from
this pai&ge, that the opinion here
mentioned had partiians, even in the
time of Plutarch, who were no lefs
fertile than we are in conjedlures to
fopportit.

The milky way, and fixed ftars,
have been objeds of inquiry to many
philofophers. With refpe^ to the
ibrmer of thefe (that lucid whitifli
zone, which is (een in the firmament
among the fixed tlars) the Pytha-
goreans held that it had once been the
fun's path, and that he had left in it
that trace of white which we now ob-
krve there. The Peripatetics aflert-
ed« alter Ariftot]e> that it was formed

of exhalations, fufpended high in air*
It may readily be admitted that there .
were miftalics ; but all were not mif-
taken in their donjcdures. Dcmo-
critus, without the aid of a telefcope*
preceded Galileo in remarking, that

* what we call the milky way con-
tained in it an innumerable quantity
of fixed ftars, the mixture of whofe
diilant rays occafioned the whitenefs
which we thus denominate ;' or, to
expreis it in Plutarch's words, it was

* the united brightnefs of an immenfe
number of liars.' ^

The ancients were no lefs clear in
their conceptions of the fixed ftars
than we are ; for it is but a fiiprt
while ago that the modems adopted
the ideas of thofe great mailers on
this fubje£l, after having rejeded them
during many ages. It would now be
deemed an abfurdity in philofo^hy,
^o doubt of thofe ftars being funs like
ours, each having planets « of their
own, which revolve around them,
and form various folar'fyflems, more
or lefs refembling that of ours. And
this notion of a plurality of worlds
was generally inculcated by the Greek
philofophers. Plutarch, after having
given an account of it, fays, ' he was fo
far from finding fault with-it, that he
thought it higfaiy probable there had
been, and were, like this of ours, an
innumerable, though not abfolutely
infinite multitude of worlds, wherein,
as well as here, were land and water, .
invefted by flcy.'

Anaximenes was one of the firil
who taught this doctrine., 'He be-
lieved that the liars were immenfe
mafiles of fire, around which certain
terreOrial globes, imperceptible to u«» ,
accomplilhed their periodical revolu-
tions. It is evident, that by thefe
terreftrial globes, turning round thofe.
maifes of fire, he meant plahets, fuch
as ours, fubordinate to their own fun,
and forming with it a folar fyflem.

Such were the luminous ideas of
the ancients on this fublime fiibjed,
on which fome further confideratlons
fhall be given in a future paper.

Om

lO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

On Natur al and Artificiax Beaut v.

The teeming mother, anxious for her race,
Begs for -each birth the fortune cizface ;
Yet Fane could tell whar ilb irom beauty fprmg :
And SiJUj curfed the form that plcafed a King.

Vaitity op Human Wishes.

AN agrecftbk SLtbor afks» at what
time a woman -cught to give
ever thinking of her b<:auty I To this
important qutrfHoa he has given us no
anfwer, and I do not find myfrlf dif-
pofcd to make the a* tempts unkfs^
fronn what f Jkws» my fair readers caq
pick > oQt ibmethhig Hlce an opinioa.
Certainly, if we were to judge c>f thr
matter ftom the coxuiuft of many ta-
dries, and tVfc of rank ai.d eaimacioo
too. or if we were to allow' them to
be judges or the iubj»5t» we fboui J be
apt to pronounce thit no wcman
©jgbt to give over thinking of her
beaury, wh.U ihe has power to think
at al),' and that her cna/tns and her
life ouaht to end at the f4.n:e t'uie.
Wo fh»Il» likewiks be inclined (o fa-
vour tht$ opinion, if we confidcr, not
cn!y the conduct of ths ladies above-
men rioned,. but alfo ti^at of thole gcn-
tlemca w-ho make it ih^' lludy ot tneir
lives to provide the iadtes wi.h what
tbty are fiippofed to fct tiie higheft
vail e on.— '1 mean the whole tribe of
^cncknifn who deal in cofmetics,
who»e adwertiffmenis crowd our pa-
pers, and who are fo vain to be dif-
tinguin-^ed as the fup;ioiiers aivire-
ttorersot beauty, >iiatth"y iretjuently
quarrel among thcmlclves about the
met it of an invencioo. and entertain
(rome w'.ll iay ffjhr) the public with
1cti<»- contf over f.es on ihe fobjc£l of a
pcroatum or a wafli. Thefe, how-
ever, are controvcrOes which I do
not think of the very lovt/eft nature,
and the man who ftudies them, and be*
comes a partiaaa in the originality of
a new lotion or toothpowder, .may
perhaps be to the fu^l as well em.
ployed a« ionte whole controve; iies
ai d dilutes appear in their own eyes
to be of much more importance.

The quellion in the beginning olf
this paper coiltaiiis in it the figoifr*
cant nEionofy liable ought y and 1 am
now ftfttiBjS what the [Hra^ce //, w'rth
a vie«r, if^poilible, to aicertun vtkAt
it $aght to be. 1 proce;.'d, therefore,
to afljert, upon authority which will
not be eafily overturned, ihat manjr
ladies of the kngdom of Gnat Bri-
tain do attempt "to pre&rve their
beauty to the moft advanced perioda
of hhy by the application of certain
paints, wafhes and lotions, calculated^
as is fuppofed, to produce that great
and important effe^. And it ia»
moreover, equally certain that many
of the faid' ladies do begin to call in
the aflrilance of the faid padnts, wafiiea
and lotions^ at a very early tfoie of
life, and long before nature, in die
common coujrfe of her progrds, haa
begun to decay and to wani the Kelp
of art, as if artificial flowers were as
neceflaryin July, as in December.

Two feparate coniideraiiotts arife
from this ftatement of fo£b*. Firil ^
we ought ta confider that nature haa
given to all women a face of fooae
kind or other» handfome or ordinary,
(for I bate the word ugly) Secondly i
It often happens that tne fineft face
beconses, Wi the coarfe of a certtun
number of years, fo much the prey of
time or dafoafo, as to feem to require
the he^ of art to repair its lofe.
Now whether this be poifibie or not^
i^ a very ferious quelHon ; it beeoraea
ns very gravely to enqoire whether it
is in the power of nnn. to give beantjpt
where nature has denied it, or to rfr-
new a complexion whcre^ nature has
tbOiigbt proper to efface it } Ahhouglir
i am decidedly of opinion that thu
qaefl?on ought to be anfwered in the
negative, yet I flialL proceed ftcp by

ftcp

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

II

! ilep in te difcoffion of it, chat to

ibmt 1 ma/ not feem too bar(h» or to
; och^rty too piecip cace. It is not a

I iDUCer which requires a long train of

I logical inferences;" a few acknow-

Mged, and very pLia fads* will help
^ Bs on to perfect coovid oo.

> FM, then, i hold it tobe a vsAxm,

that. the utmoft iagenuiiy oif all eke

, flirs oow in the world, and the coxn-

Uoed wifdom of all the men that evt* r

\ were in tbe world, when put together,

is not fufiicient to emulate nature by

, jnakiiig the moft infignificaot of her

works. All the Clihiiian or Jewiih

Solomoos, all the pagan pjiiioibpbers,

the Greek and Roman legiHators,

Aatefmen and wifemen, all the? New-

tOB^ Ba€Oos« and fioyles, of more mo-

dem times, and a Thoafand o\hn$

"f jequally ^mous for orig.nal ikilL and

;. woDderfid invention, are as incapable

i to make a. blade of gn£s, an ear of

^ oom, a grain of fand, ^r the twentiedi

J fsfltft of the moft dcipkiUe infed, as

J tlie vrrieft down that ever begged his

j tsread fiir wan of brains to earn it.

J£ tbtb be allowed^ and ( although it

hm$ been olten ailbted) 1 have as yet

leen . bo ooMradicUon of it, can we

• ^iippofe that fo complex a part of the

lumanliody za xke/acg^ is to be made

odwrwiie than nature has fonned it*

aenely by the application of red and

» wkice paim ? Beauty clue6y depends

on the fbnnaiion ofthe Ibatures, ibme-

doKs on- the luilce or ooioar of the

tyea, and often' oji the pleafing (hape

ifae feituies take In the actions of

i^ieakixig, or fmiiing, and in the ex-

I preffion of the paOtoas. What will

' cofmeties do here ?

• But« r ihajl be told, that the chief
afe of them, is to repair the decays of
the complexion, and redore thofe rofes,
ditt mivtore of red and white which
coniHtutcs true beauty of complexion.
Bene£ciaU incj-ed, were cofmetics, if
ibey ef&ded this porpofc, and I
ihoold be the ^ril to propose a ftatae
to be cre^^ed to every pejfumer in
London who bad the merit of invent-
ing wbat tJ^ dscras of Frcvidtnu b»v€

*V'Jihfy declared cannot be done* But
the miftake here, I apprehend, pro-
ceeds from an inattention to the real
beauty of complexion as given by na-
t«re. If this depended merely en
putting an ovaI of red pa'uit on each
cneek, ami colouring the reft ot the
face nubiiei every mot^ier Siiipton
ought be a Veiuib, and a pale com-
plexion woakl be as fca t:e as a pro-
digy. Eat whoever atcentivcly ob-
fcrves nature's imeil works, and may
tberoibre preiume to be a coiinoi^eur
(as any man can be who has tyts)
will it^adily agree that the beauty of
the ttneft human fiice docs notde^iend
on any regular diltribution of colours*
fueh as could be laid down by r«ile,
but en the perpetual vanity of hues
and tiikts, which antes from ^tvjsry \ia*.
n<fty of expreftlon iki the mind. A
face always of tiie fame colour, and
w^i^]jut any more variation than is
diicuvcred in the cotours of a painting
on -die wall, would (bon appear as in*
animate and unattradive. Still life is
abhon-e;it to the principles of beauty*
and when we fay of a ieautt/td pri
that file is a piece of //// tye, every
one knows that the latter chara&er
completely deitroys the former, and
deprives ber of ali attradion. But if
we make a complexion of oar own
fancy uith the pene^ir we are fune to
make fuch a one a^ cannot obey na-
ture's mo. wns and ip^ukSn. We may
give a perpetual dht/Xf," aud . here the
charader (like a clock that ihinds)
will be right once a day, at leaft;
but where is that delicate intermixture
of paler.efs and altercate fluQi, visible
when perfed, but imperceptible ia its
progrefs, which cxprefl's (b many
tender and endearing a€e<fttons a«
rivet us to the face which betrays
them ? Where is that chan;^:; of co-
lour, without which a ladv muil look
llupid and iiianimate, and hear \v:i|)
equal indilJercnce an inUilt or a con»-
pliment, a title of forrow or of joy ?
I trull 1 am fpeaking the fentinients of
the bettec part of our fex. VS'e do
'not love fuch a face. Shaklpcare
B z iifiely

IX

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

finely expreifes the conopofition of an
attractive face.

« 'Tis beaut/ truly blent, whofe red and

white
Nature's own fweet and cunning hand laid

on.'

Twelfth Night.

Another matter comes now to be
confidered. Some will fay, ' we grant
all this, but ^^aiiit is ufefal in giving
the tipfe:irans:e of a healthy and fine
complexion, and that is a great ad-
vantage gained, alchough the coante>
nance (hould not be fo animated as
you dcfire.* — This apology is p.;rtly
anfwered by what has been already
advanced, and it may be ^dded« that
if the countenance slants the anima-
tion of nature, no advantage is gained.
What is not natural appro iches to de-
formity. Befides, the premiles here
are not true. Paint does not^ve
th^ appearance of a healthy and fine
countenance, it conceals the badnefs
of the complexion, or the ravages of
difeafe, jufl as a patch conceals a fore,
by pointing it out* In a painted
countenance we do not diicover health
and complexion ; we i'ee nothing but
paint. Where there :s a moment of
time to examine it, the deception is
at an end. Scarcely, one in a hun-
dred knows how to lay on the colours,
fo as to conceal the hand of the at tilt.
If it requires the (kill of a Reynolds
to give the copy of a human face, are
we to expedt that a chambermaid has
talents fulhcient to improve the origi-
nal: fijt many, I fpeak of ladies of
the higheil rank, and this y^2A the cafe
particularly with the French ladies,
when France had a court, do not at-
tempt to conceal their labours. Often
on a royal birth- day, when a lady is
pailing to court in a chair, have I
heard the mob exclaim, ' How ter-
ribly the is painted I' Now if the
deception is over, we no longer fee a
human face ; as a malk it may be
pafliible, but it is no, longer the hu-
man face. It is tipt the human face
dMtif, If it be objedled, that Hill a
well-paiated face is a more agreeable

ohjed to look at than a fallow com-
plexion, or furrowed (kin, i fay n^$
it is not more agreeable becaufe it is
a deception, and always reminds -us
of what is*underncatb, with which we
fhould otheruife become 1o familiar^
as not to regard it as unpleaiant.

It may be farther objected, that aL-
though tiiereis fomc impropriet; , anci
fome abiurdity in enoea . ou- ing tv* give
what nature h-^s denied, ^^xjcijLic/t fo
powerfully tnforce* the pradtice of
painting, as -.o r.iidei it a fljatter of
duty. It is not for me to contend
w th fo powerful an adverfary, whoie
commands, F am forry to iay, will
be obeyed by m^ny, when thofe of
every other fovereign arc treated with
contempt, and who is often liUened
to agaiiift'the evidence of common
feui'e, againft the calls of neceflity,
againft the obligaiions of virtue, and
againft the ties of nature. But, al-
though I am not about to encounter
this adverfary, 1 cannot h Ip think-
ing that the excul'e is rather a lame
one, and that we may find a better
apology el few here. It is to be re-
gretted that our fcx, while they com-
plain of the follies of 'the other, fel-
dom confidcr whether fuch follies may
not be attributed to them elves. The
defire to pleafe is 1 udable and amic-
able in the fair fex, and 1 am con-
vinced that where they miftake the
means, we are often much more to
blame than they. In a mixed com-
pany of ladies and gentlemen, how
frequendy do we fee the latter dire£t
all their polite attentions to one lady
who happens to have more beauty
than any of the reft ? rhis practice is
fo common, and mere beauty is fo
much the idol of ihe men, that we are
rot to befurpriled if thofe ladies who
do not pofiefs it from nature, (hould
feci their inferiority, and endeavour
to derive attradions from art. I will
grant that fenfible men and fenfible^
women are above all this. But we are
not all of this defcription, and very
little pains are taken to make us wife
at the age when the lubjefl of thefe
remarks is mod important. And un-

Hi

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

«3

dl we have arrived at the happy wiC-
dom which VliAates that, the qualities
of the mind only are truly vaioable,
we mull allow things to remain as taey
mre. Beauty is certainly an objed of
oniverial admiration. No man is
« holly proof again;! it. No man, at
kait very few men, can avoid giving
it the preference. What is, there*
fore, fb dehreable in our eyes, muft
fiafbrally be an objedt of care and
anxiety to the other lex. Let us not,
therefore, exercUe zn improper feve*
rity on their care in this refped, un*
lefs we can cnnfcientioufly acquit oar
felves Oi giving an ablurd preference
to mere beauty.

As a g'ft of heaven, beauty la to
have its proper (hare of elUmation.
Tne conteroplatioa of a fine human
&ce is one of the moft pkaling and
innocent enj. 'ymentji of a rational
minvi, even -hough it may not create
a more intimate alFedion. It ought,
however, to be remembered, that it
is eafily available by dif<;afe, and by
flocident, and that it is tnc lot of
thonfands to paf many years in the
world, long after this attradion has

M it<( efFed. That this coniideration
may be deprived of all if terrors, it
becomes ncceifary, and it ii rational
to iub^ituteat an early period of life»
thofe more lafling anradions, which
arile from a well iniormrd mihd, a
temperate habit, a good humoured
difpofition, and the cul ivaii^ n of vir-
tuous inclinations. 1 o thel'e there is
no end and no variation, whereas in
mere beauty, thrre can b:: no depend*
ence, and thoulands ot the fex are»
perhaps at this moment, deploring in
agonies not to be exprefled, that their
early pride has proved their kiting .
miiery.

What heaven has not appointed, we
cannot attain. All women are not
poffeiFed of beauty ; afev^ onlypofle6
it in an eminent degree, and no ra*
tional mind will tver co/ifider it as
ir^difpenfable to happinels or well-
being ; and if we refled on the mil^
chiefs which have been occafioned by
it, the dangers it ib liable to, and the
perplexities which it creates, we ihall
not be fcrupuJous to pronounce that in
this refpcd, at leaft, the maxim is
juil, * Whatever w, is rtgJbi**

ENGLISH I N ^U I S I r O R S.
Parva levfes capiunt inimos. Ovid.

. 7i tbe Editor of the U n

Sir,

WHILE every friend to hu-
manity rejoices that the In-
qai£tion6 of Spain and Portugal have,
according to the bed accounts, fo far
loft their terrors as to exill iitde more
than in name, it mult create no fmall
uneafinefs.in the minds of all con-
fkbrate perlbns, to think that an la-
qmfiiicn has for fome dme been eila-
bliihed in various parts of this king'
dom, and that it meets with great en-
couragement. It has fpread» indeed,
io univerfaliy, that I doubt much
whether any place, the metropolis
only excepted, be entirely free trom
a numerous gang of tormenting In-
quiiitors, who harafs and vex fome of
the moft quiet and peaceil^le of his
majefty's liege fubjeds.

ivERsAL Magazine.

Health, and other motives for rc-
tirr-mcnt, have conif^clkd me for fome
years to take up my refid.ncc in a
village fouihwcii of London, the pe-
culiar fine air of wh ch was recom-
mended by the faculty^ and, truth to
fay, has done no diicredii to their
good word ; :ind I (hotld have lived
in this place quietly and comfortably,
had I not very foon been marked out
as a devoted vii^iim tc? the inq:iJiiort
of the place, who hav^ never iince
ceafed to Kjrment me and my family
wich a truly perfccuting fpirit. ISo
adion of our lives, no motion, even
the moft innocent, efcapes the cbferva-
tion and inquifitorial vigilance of thefe
dilturber6 of domeit c peace. 1 have
acquired fin:e I came here a confc-

quenco

14

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

qaeoce, whidi if I had been defirooi
of It, I fhould ha^e lunged loria vm
in London, if i rde out» it furniiiket
ccnveriJuion for ik»f a do2eiyi;ta-u«
bliis; if my ivi e a^ pca;s in^ liew
goA^n, It 15 {>ublii:icd all Ovjr the
pariih* acd if I give a dinner, it is
canv!. ied for a week together. J had
not ix^n here bng be^re my fortune
was aiccruineJ to a penny, a piece of
kncivledge i o«:vcr was aals inyfcK to
acquire ; my oMrn and my wife's age
ha.e been fettled without the faeip of
. the parith re ei^er ; ard my daugh*
ters' expe..atioDs have been arranged
in a man:.cr per.e^y uaknowato mc,
akhlugh 1 think i m^y without va-
nity Ly, that I o.,gh: to have been
oonfultod«-« Being, as 1 have hi a ted,
of a re sired turn, both from health arid
inclination, it uas Very long beibre
the Inquiiitor:! ccuJd learn '.vie I ^vas.
The fervanis were ^*w/*v; one by one,
but th y knew little, a« they did not
live with me before I came to tbt*
neighbourhood. I now experienced
that a ftate of uncertainty is the
mod fiv our able that can be conceived
for pofitive aflenion.. I have pafT-d
through as many changes of Jot as
ever fell \o a/iy one man's (hare. 1
hav«^ been a grocer retired from bufi-
nefs, upon the authority of mi(s
Letitia Dupple, a maiden lady, who
depofes th^t i'l.e has often Lou;:ht tea
at my ftiVp in the Poultry. — 1 have,
upon equally good authority, been a
decayed broker, a bailiif turned gen-
tleman, a jaft'ce of the peace, aini a
dcrgyraan, who left off preaching the
nwment he came to his bro'hcr's for-
*jtune. — Twice f was the coufin of a
lord, an eminent dcaL'r in indigo, a
tobacco- merchant, and a' ufurcr, and
once I narrcwiy efcap-d being a bank
diredor, the piefence of one of ihat
body having drfpt:lled tie clarfti.
Foiled at a'l th- f» guefl'e?, for nont of
them kept its ground abov- a week,
I dwindlfd down to ib<? charaderof a
■p-ivaie gent it man nvhom r.oboJy itu^ju,
pnd that fnuation 1 believe 1 at pre-
fent hr 1 : in the opinion of nine tenths
cf the pariih.

S

It was a matter of more difficukf
yet to aiceruun 'witai I was <uf0rt6»
Vet nothing is fi>.diificult to village
inq«ifiiors, and as every one's ader*
tion on this fubje^ was not eify to be
refuted, I have. palled irom five hun-
dr^d to kve thouuind a year by im-
perc'ptible gradations. My preient
valoe I am not able to albertain, but
from a whifper I overheaod among
foiuc fervants on the outer fide of my
garden palir^g« I am inclined to think
that they have reduad me to aboat
fiiteen hundred a year, wi h a chariot,
tsK.o (ad lie hories, a ccachman, foot-
man, and three maid Tervants. How
lon^ I am to be bleft with aflluencein
this proportion, is not fjr me to fay,
1 ihaJl endeavoar to be conte.it widi
what I have, and ihall bes^r any ad-
dition or diminniion ok my property
wtl2 ciili«, ph lofophic fvrehiiy. A
few hundreds, n>oregr le.'s, make little
r^ifforence to a man at my ^imc of
iifcf, aiid if a chai'^e in my fortune
pljaies the Inquiittors, they are heartily
welcome to m^ke it id ikeir t^um

What kind of hoafe I kept, was a
quelUon of too much importance to be
loog neglected. — ^omc alferted, that
as I faw litiie company, they could
not fuppofe my table was of ti^e firll
rate ; while others, with profound i'a-
gacity ronirirkcd that there were lome
people who la»v iiitk company, merely
that they might iituulge the mi c h es in
thofe luxuries, which their niggardly
diiuofition refuied to otheiiu Some
obl'erved tliat 1 received, they did ivot
know f^oixi whom, great prefeots of
fiOi and game, and it was eafy to keep
a good table upon graus provifions ;
while others, penetrated witii a fcxiJk
of generofity, remarked, that 2s> great
-quan tides of gsme were fent from my
houle, 'where the d-**l could they be
going- to V They all knew that in my
predeceffor's time, the cellar is. as well
fupplbed w th the tichell wines, and
the beft ale, bat ftr their rapis, they
had feen no cartloads landed fince 1
came there.— A fcw^ iiu-eed/ allowed
that thiqc or four pipes of wine cam«

down

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

»5

down in the waggoo> or cart, but
cooU not conceive what life thej
could be of to fo fmall a fair.ilj iv^
/aw si^^, and Tcry charitably hint-
ed, that perhaps the gentleman meant
to deal m that artide, and to be fure .
the ban^ trader woold be very pro-
do^Uvt k that part of the world.

To reMve dtfficohin of fo high im-
ponance, the botcittrr, the baker, the
poulterer, and the fruiterer were re-
ipefiively appl*ed to ; but to very 11 1-
de purpofe ; the butcher was fare I
kiSed my own mutton, as \ had not
above four or five joints in a week
£nom him ; the baker oflered to fwear
that my cuftom was not worth having,
and the poulterer knew that i bred
fowk ; as to the frtriterer, he had little
to expert, as my garden was one of
the fineft in the country.

From what' I have faid, fir, yoo
will perceive that the uncomfortable
nature of any litoafion arifes from the
fele caofe, that my inquiiitonal neigh-
boors, without knowing any thing,
pretend to know every &ing : and i
am ^ell alTared that if I were to an-
Iwer all their interrogatories upon
oath, they would ftill be defirous to
find out iome part of ray condad on
which 10 exercHc their powers of in-
vention, that is, conjefture. It is
very hard, fir, that in a free country
like this, pofitfvely the frceft now in
EftFope, a man fhall not have the pri-
vilege of living as folts Bcft his con-
ventency or his difpofitiOn, efpecially
when neither interferes with the privi-
leges or rights of other men. I fay,
iir, this is a hardfh!p> and. it is a
hardihip peculiar only to vifiages . In

the metropolis, and perhaps in (bme
of the largeft provmcial cities or
towns, a nran may live in obfcurity,
and yet in the very bofonv of fociety.
For in great towns, every one has fb
much to do of his own, that he can
fpare no time to attend to the affairs
of others.

Curiofinr, unlefs when cxercifed on
fobje^s of real utility, ^becomes the
tooft unplcafant fpecies of imperti*
nence, and I wonder that fo many
people exercife it in fbolifh enquiries
after the conduct and manners of their
neighbours, becaufe I never knew
a perfon of this difpofition who did
not fufFer far more from the exercife
of it, than him or her, who happened
to be the fubjeft of their anxiety, an^
who, to fay the truth, are generally
ignorant of the matter, and fancy that
other people are as indifferent to their
condtsdf, as they are to the condufl of
other people. You will, therefore^
obUge me by inferting this letter ia
your next Magazine, where I know
it will meet the eyes of fome of my
neighbours, and with diis affurance,
that if they will candidly inform me
who I am> what I am, and what C
ought to be to pleafe them, I will
endeavour as well as I can to comply
with their humour ; huty as at prefenc
I do not find that any two of theiA
agree in the fame point concerning
me, I mufl continue for fbmc time
longer to enjoy the freedom which I
brought with me when I fat down ia
my prefent refidence.'

I am, fir, yours,

d2.T779^ Incognito.

OiSinoularity^Manners,
[ Frofli * The Reveries of Solitude,* by the Editor of ColiuneUt, &c. ]

THERE are km people of fuch
nortified pmeBioos, as pati-
ently to acquiete ttoder the total
negled of maokind y vay, fo ambiti-
OQs «K fhoil men of diltimdioA, that
they chuie to be laktn notice of, even
lor their abfiudities, radier than to be

entirely overlooked, and lofl in ob*
fcurity ; and, if they de^ir of cx-
citinsr the attention of the world, by
any brilliant or ufeful accompliihment,
they will endeavour to gain it by fbroe
ridiculous peculiarity in their drefs>
Iheir equipage, or.aecputremeBts.

Many

i6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Many peribns may remember a
little foreigner, {Dcs Cafeaux, I think/
was his name) who appeared daily in
the Mall* dreiTed in b!ack« with an
hat of an enormous diameter, and a
long roil of paper in his hand. His
pi^iurefque appearance tempted (bme
artifts to make an etching of him»
which was exhibited in every (hop. I
mention this gentleman, becaufe his
profefTed intention was, he faid, ' to
attrad the notice of the king, as he
had done that of his fubjeds.'

But we fee da^ly inllances of the
iame kind. One man {ports a para-
doxical walking- ftick; another rifes
to fame by the ^hortnefs of his coat,
or the length of his trowfers, or the
multiplicity of capes on his fhoulders,
and the like efibrts of genius and
invention. I remember a young di-
Yin?, fome years ilrxe, not otherwife
eminent either for learning or inge-
nuity, who wore his own ihort hair,
when every one tXie wore long wigs,
* in imitation, as he faid, of Gregory
Nazianzen.'

It would be cruel, to deprive thefe
gentlemen of their flender gratinca-
tion in thefe harmlefs particulars ;
but when we aiTume any thing pecu-
liar in our appearance, in order to
tlifguife our reafcharailcr ; when we
eifcdt an uncommon fandlity and fo-
Icmnity of countenance toimpofe upon
the world ; we then become more tnan
riJicu!ous, and are highly immoral.

A Tartufte indeed, or a pretender
to extraordinary devotion, is not a
prevailing charader in this age ; too
many are in the contrary extreme;
and, like colonel Chartres, are guilty
of every human vice — except hypo-
crify. Even our young divines, though
doubtlefs much given to falling and
prayer in private, yet * appear not to
men to fdft;' but anoint their hair,
and exhibit their roiy faces ; and, by
their drefs, are not to be diilinguilhed
from prophane {portfmen or country
'fquires. I do not exempt the orators
of the tabernacle from this defcrip-
tion; uho, inftead of the primitiye
locks of John Weilcyi icciu now to

make female converts by their well-
dreiied hair, and dapper appear-
ance.

Yet. in every profelEon, there arc
ftill pretenders ; who, by grimace or
affeded folemnity, endeavour to gain ,
the confidence of the vulgar; and to
exalt themfelves above their equals in
ikill, and afltime more importance than
is their due.

However, if wc muft diflinguifli
ourfelves from the reft of mankind,
let it be by our intnnfic virtue, our
temperance and fobriety, and a con- j
fcientious regard to every relative m
duty; but, as we ought ' to think
with the wife, and talk with the vul-
gar,' let us alfo ad differently from a
great part of the world in matters of
insportance, bat conform to them in
tri:ies. This is what Seneca fo forci-
bly inculcates in his fifth epilUe to his
friend Lucilins.

* 1 both approve of your condtt6l»
and fincerely rejoice that you|refo- '
luiely exert yourfelf; and, laying
afide every other purfuit, make it your
whole (ludy to improve yodrfelf in
wifdom and virtue. And 1 not only
exhort, but earneftly -intreat you to
pcrfevere in this courfe.*

* Give me leave, however, to cau-
tion you not to imitate thofe pre- '
tended philofophers, who are more
folic^tous to attrail the notice of the

w. rid, than to make a progreis in
wifdom ; nor to afiedl any thing iia-
gular in your drefs, or in your man-
ner of life. Avoid that prcpofterous
ambition of gaining applaufe, by your
uncouth appearance, your hair un-
combed, and your beard negledted ;
nor be always declaiming againft the
ufe of plate, of foft beds, or any
thing of that kind. The very name
of a philofopher is iufficiently invidi-
ous, though managed with the greatefl
modefty and difcretion.

' Suppofe wc have entered upon our
ftoical plan, and begun to fequeller
ourfelves from the converfation and
culioms of the vulgar; let every thing
<witbin be diflimilar ; but let our oui^
<iviiri^ appearance be comformable to

the

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

17

die reft pf tbe world. Let not omr
appaitl be fplendid or fhewy, nor yet
mean or fordid. Let not our plate
be emlx^d with gold ; but let as not
imagine^ that the mere want of fuch
expeniiire plate is a fofficient proof of
our /ragality. Let us endeavOur to
live a better life» not merely a life
eootrary to that of the vu}^ar; other*
vife, inftead of conciliating the fa-
vour of thofe* whom we wi(h to re-
i)nn, we ihall excite their averfion,
and drive them from our company ;
we {hall alio deter them from imitat-
bg OS in any thing, when they are
afraid that they are to imitate ua in
tftry thing.

* The Mt advantages which philo-
ibphy promifes are» a juflTenfe of the
common rights of mankind, humanity,
aodafodabledirpdfitton; from which

advantages, iingnlarity and di^Hmilar
manners will entirely feclude us. Let
us beware, left thofe peculiarities by
which we hope to excite the admira^
t on, ihould expofe us to the ridicule
and averiion, of mankind.

* Our objeft is to live according to
nature ; but to torture oar bodies, to
abhor cleanlinels in our perfons, when
attended with no trouble, or to afle£t
a cynical fiithinefs in our food ; this
fure is living contrary to nature. As
it is a^ msiSi of luxury to hunt ^fter
delicacies, to reje^ the conunon un-
cxpeniive comforts of life is a degree
ofmadnefs. Our Hoic philofophy re-
quires us to be frugal, not to mortify*
ourfelves; but there is fuch a thing
as an elegant frugality. This mo-
deration is what I would recom«
mend.' - .

j6i Account ^HfiDsoR Lodge, in Buckinghamfbire, the Seat df
Lord Boston.

HBdsor Lodge, the elegant feat
of the right honourable Frede-
ric Irby^ loni Bofton, is delightfully
fitoated in a village of the fame
Mine, between Maidenhead and Bea-
comfield. It is feated on a lofty emi-
nepce on the banks of the river
Thames, to the north of Cliefden
Hoafe and Taploe. The grounds are
ioriDed by nature into high floping
hiUs and deep vallies, with a great
variety of wood well dillributed. The
declivities : of ihe hills, toward the
weft, are fteep; and, in the fouth,
near the Thames, is a chalky' pre-
cipice, whence the ground rifes boldly
to the fummit, on which this noble
manlion appears conipicuous. The
views from this are extenfive, the
eye ranging over a large traft of
country, enriched by villages, feats,
and a variety of other fcenery . Fertile
neadows, through which the river
glides, occupy the fpace between ;
and the hills on the well, gradually
diminifliing, feem to vanifli into the
lumzon. Thefe remind one of the
poet's rural walk :

How often upon yon eminence oxir pace
Has HackenM to a paufe, and we have borne
The ruffling wind, fcarce confcious that it

blew.
While admiration feeding at the eye, *
And ftill unfated, dwelt upon thefcene.
Thence with what pleafure have we juil

difctrn'd
The didant plough flow moving, and be-

ijde
His lab*ring team, that fwcrv'd Ao^-'om-
the n-ack, ^

The fturdy fwain diniiniflrd to a boy I
Hei% Thames, flow winding through a

level plain
Of fpacious meads with cattle fprinkled

o'er,
Conducts the eye along his flnuous courie,
Delighiai -' .^
While far beyond, and overthwart the

ftreain,
That as with^molten glafs inlays the vale.
The floping land recedes into the clouds ^
Difplaymgon its varying fide the grace
Of nedge-row beauties numberlefs, fquart

tow'r,
Tallfpire, from which the found of cheer-
ful bells
Jufl undulates upon the lifl^ning ear ;
Groves^' heaths, and (jnoking villages re-
mote.

i8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

iMETEOROLociCAL J o o R N A L, December 1 793.

D.

n.

ilaro.

I*, out

T.ir

Hy^.

C.

Wind.

J

3«>»i7

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30,36

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hasjr. more cloudy

little wet : IcC cloiidy
ha2y. doudlefs eve bat htij
fopgy • . .

f^^ty. ckDuiJIeii njihc but luxi
cantiaual ibg

^"^gy- e-«3r night
little rftia •

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. fii>e n^^jhr. doudy '

.doudy night: dear

• fine

. Utt'c rain it{ the flfght .. . i:.

. chiefly gentle rain

. little rain at times

. cloud]p and rain at times -

gentle ram : fine

. lei's wind and clear eve

fine : iiaif

li:tlc ra'n in the night
h-iz). cljudy

^ore wind and trach rain at night
foggy and gentle rain : fair
. fine eye. ^lear
hazy : cloudy, rain

h eHy rain

iiitle FA a at times
. rain, at times, fine and Ikowers-

very foggy : few clouds but foggy
foggy, very foggy, fine night

cloudy

moie cloudy, rainy night : fine
. cloudy : little rain
. litt'e rain. fair« rainy night

iit'le rain, fine : cloudy

litile rain, fine eve

haay. more cloudy

hlefly drizzling : ftir
hazy, httle wet

foggy

' . dc^f mght t ftfjy"
a contioaal fiift
continual fog

Qreat^^

FOR JANUARY, 1794. r

J9

Griattfly Leqft^ and Mean State of theBAKOMKTEti, Thermometer,
and HxcKOUiTEK, in the Yeari^qy

i-mi

tntimomciof oat.

rheraKimtUr i^.

' tijU('o:ac'.er. ,

■793

Gmu

Leaft

Mean

Gfcat.

Leaft

Mean

Great.: Leaft

Wear

Gr.;at. Lc'a,n-

M«„

Jan.

50>$S

29.01

30,04

+9

^9

39

5 ',5

40.5

+5,)-

5o 49

54 '

Feb.

iO.ii

Z9>34

29,84

52,5

32

4J,S

53

43

^8.i

55.5 47

jO,j

Mar.

3-.23

29,09

29,88

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42

55

42

48,5

62

4>,5

48

.5
46

.5

♦5

Apr.

30.3*

29,29

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58,5

33

45,5

57.S

44

j-0,5

57,;

39>5

May

30,32

29. '7

30,02

69

44

54.5

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57

53

34,5

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30.«3

29,72

29,99

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66

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30.34

29,77

29,91

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55

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35

44

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30.32

=9.39

29,98

78

S..S

63

72

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56

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39 '

45.5

Sept.

30.49

29.4s

30.05

65

42,5

5<.5

66^

55

Ji,

57.5

59.5

48,5

oa.

30,50

29.27

30,02

64,5

37

55.5

66.5

59.5

60

52,5

4-^ .

5J

Nov.

30,3?

J9,ii

29,81

55

33,;

46,5

57

44

>M

70.5

47

5* ,

Dec.

WMc
Yea.

30,37
30,55

28,76

29,72

56

87

3 ''5

45. 5

58,5

40.5

50.5

65

46.5

32

53 ;
48.5

28,76

29.93

29

5'.^

78.5

56

70,5

Observations on the Diseases tn December 1793.'

TH E fmallpox continued to prevail very much in the b<iginning of the
month, but in a much milder form; the paftules were m' general dif-
tind, and though the weather was warm for the feafon of the year, yet the
putrid and malignant fympcoms had nearly difappcared : toward the latter part
of the month, it became much lefs frequent. All the difeafes of the lad
month had a putrid tendency, which was not the cafe in this : ([uite at its
clofe truly inflammatory difeafes began to occur, fuch as pleurifies, with
acute rheumatifm ; rheumatic afFe£lions were indeed common in the early
part of the month, but they were unaccompanied with fever, and were mo^e
generally confined to the head and face : warmth, with the application of
olillers behind the ears, proved in general the belt remedies. Apoplexies
were rather frequent, and likewife paralytic afFcflions, which proved in many
iaftances fatal to fuch as were advanced in years, or who had been fubject to
former attacks. The'fcarlet fever Was ftill occafioiiaily met with, as were
the mealies, but both were very mild, and required l»tile affifhricc from
medicine, Aflhmatic people b.?gan to f;;el the change of th? fraf^n ; and
perfoDfi in general labouring under difcafe^ of the lungs, experienced, an
aggravation of all their fvmpioms.

' . C Z ancral

20

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Gemral Obfirvatiom.
On die whole this has proved a healthy year $ no epidemic marked with
any particular malignity has prevailed, uolefs we except the fmailpox, which
in two or three of the latter months prevailed much, and was rather more
than commonly, mortal. Scarlet fever has been common in the adjacent
villages, but in the metropolis it has not been particolarly frequent, nor by
any means fatal. Toward the end of the year, all the difeales which pre-
vailed had a putrid tendency.

Remarks during a Six Weeks Residence in Oxfordihire and
Gloucefterfhire, in 1792: In a Series of Letters t$ a Friend*

LETTER V.

Gloucefter, Auguft 1793-
Dear Sir,

O'N the road to Glouc ifter, about
, two miles from Oxford, from a
rifjng ground, you have the fineft pro-
fpcft of that city, which, furronnded
by a moft extenfive landfcape, appears
in all its dignity ; on the left, view-
ing It in this pofition. you obferve an
immenfe tra£t of richly cultivated
country ; after this, to Whitney, the
country becomes i^at, with an almod
imperceptible rife.

At the Bridge toll-gate, EnQiam,
Hands a Urge uninhabited building,
which fcems to be the monument of
fome unfortunate fpeculation. I con-
jectured it might have been a manu-
fadtury, but*tne poilillion faid, it had
been an inn, and was now untenanted
from a difpute refpefting the property
of it. Enfham is now a poor, but
formerly was a royal village. There
are yet fome remains of an abbey.
Of the prefent houfes, three or four
are tolerable ; the chnrch is a plain
old building.

Witney, or Whitney, feven miles
from Oxford, is the chief manufadlur-
ing town in ,tbis county, a place of
great antiquity, and has furvived the
honours of legendary time s to prefent
the appearance of adive life and fuc-
Cefsful labour. Whitney is, however,
rather a populous than a well built
town, the houfes forming no regular
feries; many individual houfes dif-
cover the profperity of their owners ;
the town-houfe is a very neat (Iruc-
tore. Tne church is ornamented by
% very handfome ipire.
5

The blanket roanufaftory is in a
very flourifliing (late. Their trade to
the Continent has lately rifen, and I
was informed that eighty thoafand
pounds of wool is the weekly con-
fumption of the place. This great
demand gives employment to the cir-
cumjacent villages, as well as to all
the fpinners here. In Whitney, this
manufaflory employs one hundred and
fifty looms, and upward of four thou-
fand perfons of all ages, and capaci-
ties, who are employed in the respec-
tive proceiles. The mills for bleach-
ing, are plentifully fopplied with water
from the Windrnfli. The waters^ of
this fmall river are fuppofed to be im-
pregnated with a Jbmetbing, which
renders it more fit for ble-ching than
any other. I cannot doubt what every
perfon here is fo ready to mainuin ;
but I cannot^ at the fame time, help
obferving that there was a time when
the water of the Thames was fuppofed
to pofTefs the exdufive power of mak-
ing porter ; and not the whole of that
river neither — only that part which
flows from Weft minfter- bridge to
Wapping, where if it acquired any
extraordinary virtue, it certainly was
not that ofpuniy. But we now know
that fome of the principal London
brewers do not employ the Thames
water, without any difparagement to
the goodnefs of the commodity.—
Before leaving Whitney, I muft in-
form you that the free-fchool is pro-
vided with a very good library, a
circumftance we do not always meet
with in places of greater wealth and
magnitude. Before I got out of the
town, the cha'fe was followed by a
troop of beggar children, whcfe cant-
ing

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

2(

ing tone and importunity (howed that
diey had been trained up to this way
of life, or that they had been fo ne-
glcAed as to be driven into it from
xieceflity. Whenever we are told of
the profpcrity of a manufaduring
town, objedb, like tbefe, muft al-
ways be deducted from the account.

There is nothing very deierving of
notice in Minfter Lovel, to which I
BOW arrived, except the ruins of the
priory, fituated in the vale, by
die banks of the Windruih. Such
a £tuation, it has been remarked,
was very generally chofen by the
fbanders of religious houies.

Burford is delightfoUy fituated on an
ifccnt, fouth of the Windruih, which
enters Oxfqrd (hire not far from hence,
and irrigates the lower grounds. The
town has litde now to arreft a Grang-
er's curiofity. Itboafts, however, of
ibme hiilorical fame, a battle having
taken place here between Ethelun, a
Weft Saxon Lord, and Ethelbald the
king of Mercia, in which the latter
was defeated, and hb dragon banner
taken from him. In commemoration
of this, for many years after, the in-
habitants ufed to make a proceffion
with a dragon, to which they added
a giant, for what is a dragon without
a giant? -In Mr. Lenthall's houfc,
ODCC poflcffed by the famous fpeakcr,
ire fome excellent pi^res, but an
accident prevented me from feeing
them.

We enter Glouccfterfliirc at Little
Barrington, and paffing, on the right,
lord Sherborne *s houfe and grounds,
arrive at Northleach, fituated in the
center of the Cotfwold hills, which
now afibrd the firft of thofe pidurefque
views, which nature has liberally bc-
Aowed on this coanty. The church of
Northleach is a building of great anti-
qoicy, and contains (bme curious monu-
ments. The houfes in general are
good, although the clothing trade, for
which this place was once famous has
gready decayed, on account of the
want of a ready fupply of water. At
t^ end of Northleach is a new Bride-
well, the conitru^on of which is re-

markably well calculated for the pnr-
pofes of labour and confinement.

Here I dined at the King's Head.
What one eats is a matter of indiffer-
ence in the detail, but it is impofiible
to travel in this and other counties
diftant from the metropolis, without
oblerving how much of late years the
inns are improved. This is nnquef-
tionably to be imputed to the im-
provement of the roads, and the great-
er facility of travelling. A journey
of one hundred miles no longer re-
minds us of the vidffitudes of human
life, nor is it attended with the iplemn
and ferious preparation of making a
will, ice, far lefs is it the bufinefs of
three or four days. The eafe with
which paflengers, travelling either on
bufineis or pleafure, may be conveyed
from one place to another, encouraged
innkeepers to extend the comforts in
their gift to a degree of luxurious ac-
commodation. Where, not] many
years ago, rufty bacon and eggs were
the only refrefhment to be had, you
are now defired to walk into a larder
ftored with every variety* and every
delicacy.

After leaving Northleach, the road
is very flony, and the eye encounters
what is an antidote to all beauty of
cultivation. Hone fences. — In the
evening, I arrived at Cheltenham,
ilriking off from the old road at Frog-
mill. At Cheltenham, I was told
that it would be impofiible to procure
a bed, and I was politely defired not
to take the trouble to leave the chaife.
As I purpofed to return to this place,
when it became more acceflible, I
puflied on to Glouccder, through a
road, very indifferent at all times,
and rendered worfe by the late rains.
Some pains, however, appear to have
been taken to make a firm bottom ;
the (tones with which it is covered,
are brought from Briilol and Chep-
ftow. There is a baflard freeftone in
the neighbourhood, which might be
procured at a cheaper rate, but it is
not fit for the purpofe.

Of the views In Gloucefierfhirc,
you have, heard much. What you

meet

a2

THE UNIVERSAL NfAGAZINE

meet wkh after paiSng Northleach Is.
an Darnell of your future e^te/uin-
menty but as J cannot boaft of a fen
fuifickntty various for deicHptive de-
Uiiy I will for once, borrow that of
;he firft matter of pidlurefque fcience.

« The county of Glouccfter is di-
vided, into three capital parts, the
Wolds, or high downy groiinds to-
:ivard the eaft — the ^ale oi Severn in
the middle, and the forell of Dean
toward the well. The nrlt of thefe
tradts of country, we had bean tra-
veriing from our entrance into Glou-
ceilerihire: and the lidge we now
flood on, nude 'the extremity of it.
Her^ the heights which we had been
afcending by iuch imperceptible de-
grees, that we hardly ever perceived
the afcent, at length broke down ab-
ruptly into the lower grounds ; and a
vaft rtrctchof dilUnt country appeared
at once before the eye.

' I know not that I was ever more
ilruck with the (idgularity, and gran-
deur of any 1 indfcapie. Nature ge-
nerally brings different countries to-
,gcthcr in fome eafy mode of con-
nexion. If ihe raife the grounds on
one fide by a long aicent, (be com-
monly unites them with the country
on the other, in the fame eafy man-
ner. Such fcenes we view without
wonder or emotion. We glide with-
out obfervation, from the near grounds
into' the more diftant. All is gradual
« and eafy. But when nature works
in the bold, and fmgular ilyle of com-
pofition, in which (he works here,
when (heraifes a country through a
progrefs of a hundred miles (from
London) and then breaks it dow!^
at once by an abrupt precipice into
,^n expanlive vale, we are imme-
fdiately ilruck with the novelty and
grandeur of the fcene.

* It was the vale of the Severn,
which was fpread before us. Perhaps
.DO where in England, a didance fo
.rich, and at the iame time fo exten-
five, can be found. We had a view
of it almoft from one end to tlie other ;
winding through the Ipacc of many
kaguel i|i a direwllon ncxriy from weft

to north. The eye vraa lofl in the
prcfaOon of objedls, which were thro^-n
at oace before ic ; and ran jvild, as it
were, over the vaft expanfe, with
rapture, and aftonifliment, berore it
could compofe it (elf enough to make
any coherent obfervations. — At length
we begin to examine the detail ; an4
to feparate the vaft irameufity before
us into parts.

• To the north, we Icok up the v^Ic
along the courfc of the Severn. The
town of Cheltenham lay below our
feet, at the diftancc of two or thr<^e
miles. The vale appeared afterward
confined between the limits of Bredon
hills, on the right ; and thofe cf Mal-
vern on the left. Right between thefe
in the middle of the vale lies Tewkef-
bury, ^jofomed in wood; the preat
church even at this diftaace makes a
rclpedabld a;>iiearance. A litt;^* to
tne right, but in diftance very remote,
we may fee ihe towers of V. orccfter,
if ilie day be clear ; efpecially if fomc
accidental gleam of light rel-eve t{iem
from the hills of Shroplbire, which
clofe the fcene

« To the weft, we look toward
Gloucefter. And here it is remark-
able, that as the objeds in the north-
ern part of the vale are confined by
the hills of Malvern and Bredon, i:i
in this view the vale is confined by
two other hills ; which though in-
confiderable in themfelvcs, give a
character to the fcene ; and the more
fo as they ajre hotli infulated. One
of tbefe hills is known by the name of
Robin's- wood; the other by that of
Church- down, from the fingularity of
a church feated on its eminence. Be-
tween thole hills the great obje6i of
the vale, is the city of Glouceller ;
wb'ch appears rifmg O'crrich woody
fccnes. Beyond Glouceller, the eye
ilili purfues the vale into remote dif-
tance, till it unite with a range of
mountains. Still more to the weft
arilcs a diftant foreft-v ew, compofed
of the woods of the country uniting
with the foreft of Dean. Of this vieiv
the ptincipal feature is the mouth of
the iJcvcro, where ic fir ft begins to

afi'ume

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

afibse a diftrafter of grandear b^
modng.^'ich the ocean. A fmall por-
tion ooiy of it is feen llretching in an
acaee angle over the wood. Bok the
eye, nfed to.pcrfpc6ttvc, feeing fuch
a body of water, fmall a» it appears^
wearing any dtttrmimd fwm at fuch a
diftance, gives it credit ^ its fdll mag-
nimde. The Welch mountains alfo,
whidi rife beyond the Scvcm^ con*
tr%ucc to raife the idea; for by
fonning an even horizontal line along
the ed^ of the water, they gire it
the j^earanoe of what it really is,
an arm of the fea.'

ThiM fxt Mr.' Gilpin, and if his
deichption does not gire yoa fome
idea of the fcenery I'now beheld, it
wffl be in vain for me to attfeinpt it.

After (lopping a few minnt^ at
tst Bell Ini), a houfe renrarkable for
baviag been the birth place of the ce-
Icbrattd George Whit field, and where
be occe a£led in the bumble capacity
of a waiter, I repaired to the hoofe of
oarnotual friend, where my recep-
tion, to fay the lead of k, did in no
idped diferedit my expectations. It
^-as kind without being opprefEve,
aed hoTpitable without oflemation.

The city of Glouce^er poiTeflcs
many advantages from its iituation.
Built on an afe^t of much regularity,
and divided into fbtir parts by two
ftrects, which interfedl each other at
^Tx, highell point, the purpofes of
health and cleanlmefs are anfwered at
the leaft^poffible expcnce. The (heets
being at right angles give ah appear-
abce of regularity, which isdiminiihed
oDly by the uneqnal Unidure of the
hoq(es. But this is an objection not
to be remedied by a ivifli.

Gloacefter was, no doubt, origl-
naflyaplace of ftrength, aad hii^ians
bave been profofe in detailing its va-
lions fieges. Of that ftrength, or
even of the appearance of it, very
Ktifc DOW remairis. As in e\'ery city
in the kingdom, the trails and gates
lave been removed; civil war has
BOt been the fnbjeft of apprcf.enfion
fince the middle oi lafl century; a
S^tQor twoj perhaps* are re^in^d to

2J

remind oa of former days^ or to pre
ferve fomething venerable for its an
tiqutty, or eftimable for its beanty.
Wcftgatc, built in the reign of Henry
VI 11, is ftill entire, and having no-
thing 10 fear from artillery, may bid
defiance to time for many a dilhinC
year.

To a flranger, the cathedral is the
firft object of curiofity, and it is but
juitice to fay, that its beandes will
bear die dofefl examination. -It is
reckoned the moft perfeft fpecimett of
Gothic archite€Hire, which is to be
found in the kingdom. This opinion^
however, is not accarately juft, and '
regards the ontiide only. Within, wcf *
have fomething Saxon, and fomething
Grecian, and the effef^ is not uniform. '
The tower is one -of the moft cx^ui^ *
fitely beautiful ftru^ores of the kind»
the proportions being of ancommon
delicacy, and viewed at a fmall dif*
tance, it appears like lace work» The
window in the eaft end, faid to be the
largeft in England, has formerly been
remarkable for paintings, bat the co-
lours have ^ded, and at prefent w»
cto only guefs at a definite obje€l.

The immenfe circumference of the*
pillars, about fcven yards, which fup-
port the roof of th^ nave, have bcetk '
obje^ed to, as not bearing a juft pro-
portion to the height, and this is an-
objection which I know not well howr
to remove. Had they been flatcd>
much of the heavy appearance would
have been taken ofE That operation*
has been performed on two of thenfc
only. Mr. Ooagh, in his edition oF
Camden's Britannia, fays, dot on »
late attempt to flute them, they were
found to be filled up with loofe irrfi^
gular ftones. This, however, Jt waa
affored is a miftake, and I could
therefore wiih that the operation had
gone on. The cuftom of building
widi large pillars and round arches i*
attributed to the Normaps ; and this
cathedral, as well as thofe of Durhamy^
Norwich, and Worceftcr contain fpc-
cimens of it.

Gloucefter cathedral is kept with

much care and cleanlinefs^ ^n ob^^

fenratto*'

«4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fervation, liowever, which does not
belong to it excluiively. Moft of the
cathedrals in England are to be men-
tioned as doing credit to thofe who have
the care of them. To fee a cathedral
where filth and neglect predominate,
we mufi go to Weftminfter-abbey, a
building which, for fome reafon or
other, has been fuffered to yield to the
ravages of time, without one friendly
hand to arreilthe progr^fs of its decay.
By an afcent of two hundred and
feventy-iix Heps, we reached the top
of the roof, which commands an ex-
tcnfive view of the vale in the center
of which the city (laods. From this
eminence we perceive that the city
was built in the form of a crofs, a
circumflance of religious veneration
whitby with the ms^ny remains of re-
ligious houfes here, gave rife to the
proverb, ' As fure as God is in Gloa-
ceAer.' Such, at lead, appears to be
the prohahU origin of this expreflion ;
for, with all my partiality |to a city,
many of the inhabitants of which are
already endeared to me by their kbd-
nefs, I cannot fay of it, as Petronius
does of Athens, that ' it is eaiier to
find a God than a Man in it.*

There are feveral handfome new
monuments in this cathedral, which
do credit to the artiih, although their
names have not reached the celebrity
of a Roubilliac, a Banks, or a Bacon*
The cloifters are roofed with Aone in
a light and beautiful ftyle. The tomb
of Edward IT, who was inhumanly
murdered at Berkeley Caflle, is the
mod worthy of notice, of the ancient
monumental drudtures. There is a
plate of it in Rapin's hidory, but it
has lately been engraven with uncom-
mon fidelity and accuracy by Mr.
Bonner, and is, I believe, intended
for Byland's Antiquities of Glou*
cederfhire. The great offerings made
^t the (hrine of this unhappy monarch,
enabled the abbots to condrufl the
cathedral.

The fee of Glouceder was created
by Henry VIII, and its lid of Biftiojjs
amounts only to twenty- four, but it
boads of fome illudrious names;
Hooper, the martyr; Fowler, Bcn-
3

fon, and the fbong-minded ^ War-
burton. To thefe I may add a name»
which is mentioned by the inhabi-
tants as no fmall ornament to their
cathedra] lid, the prefent Dean, whofe
learned and patriotic labours have en-
gaged admiration, fometimes whea
they have not excited gratitude. The
country owes fome thing to dean
Tucker, but there was a time of po-
litical infanity when his advice, if
taken, might have laid the nation
under a hieher obligation. The dean
is now in his tightUth year, and enjoys
a tolerable (bare of health, but, to ufe
his own expreffion, * the clock has
given warning.*

The oki Abbey Chapter-houfe was
converted into a library, called the
college library, about one hundred
and fifty years ago. Few contribu-
tions appear to have lately been made
to it, and the collection is rather
fmall.

The churches of Glouceder are
commodious, and modly old build*
ings, in which nothing very remark-
able occurs. The infirmary. is, with-
out exception, the fined building of
the kind in England, for its fize. It
is fo happily condru6lcd as to prevent
any ofFenfive fmell^ or give one mo-
ment's umbrage to the mod fantadi-
cally delicate vifitor. Very few pri-
vate houfes, indeed, are fo well cal-
culated to advance the recovery of th#
fick. ' The wards are lofty and fpaci-
ous, and the air is admitted in dua
proportion. It contains on an average
about one hundred patients, who are
attended by profeifional men of ac-
knowledged abilities. Their majef-
ties, when here in 1788, were pleafed
to bedow great commendations on
this building, and the governors,
widiin? to avail themfelves of the
royal landiion, have recorded this dr-
cumdance in letters of gold, in the
committee room. The infirmary flas
built by public contributions, and le-
gacies, and is now fupported by an
annual fubfcription. Bilhop Ben fon
fbrefaw the necefiity of an infirmary in
this city, and left 20ol. toward the
defign. I am, &c. '

FOR JANUARY, 179^.

«5

ON CHBJPPLEJSURSS.
I From ^ Letters from a Father to a Son/ by J. Aikin, M* D« ]

Dear Son,

YOU well know how much in vain
pbiloibphers of all ages have
endeav oared to detach man from the
lore of plcafure, and to &x his at-
tendon on fome fole and higheft good,
whkh might render all odiers foreign
and fuperfluous. The voice of na-
ture within him has prbved too flrong
to be filenced by artificial precepts ;
and mankind have ever made it a
great objedl of their lives to enjoy as
much and as various plcafure as they
have been capable of procurinjp;.
Taking the word in its large fenfe,
and extending the plan of enjoyment
far enough, both as to fpecies and
duration, I fee no rcafon to find fault
ivith the purpofe; and I cxpcA no
benefit to arife from eflabliihing one
fyflem of morals for the fchools, and
another for real life. Suppofing, then,
tl» enJ of obtaining pleafure to be,
within certain limits, an allowable
one, the means are a fit fubjed on
which thofe who are experienced in
the world may communicate their ob-
fervations to thofe who have its leffons
yet to le^irn. It is an intereiling to-
pic, and its difcuflion is fairly within
the compafs of human reafon and
knowledge.

The advice of contraAing our de-
Urcs, {b much infilled on by all the
moral preceptors of antiquity, is a
\ery important one toward the attain-
ment of true felicity. It would, how-
ever, be a miilake to fuppofe that the
fuppreflTon of defire, in itfelf, leads to
happmefs. There can be no enjoy-
ments without defires ; for in their
gratification, all -enjoyment, as well
iotelle^lual as (enfual, confills. Thofe
fefb, therefore, which infilled on the
Cfltire abolition of defire, as neccfliiry
to happincfs, were influenced by an
artificial philofophy, which fet out
with mifunderilanding man's real na-
ture and deilination. But, on the
other hand, unfatisfied deiires, or ra*

ther, fuch as we have no reafonaUe
profpeft of being able to fatisfy, are
the fource of the greateft calamities of
life. The true art of happinefs, then,
confifls in proportioning defires to
means, or, in other words, in ac*
quiring a lelifh for frocuraiU fka*'
Jures*

There is fcarcely a flation in life in
which fome attention to this^ point is
not neceflary ; for defire is as much
difpofed to exceed the range of pre-
fent enjoyment in the highefl, as i*
the lowefl. But it is more peculiarly
neceflary in thofe conditions, where
an enlarged plan of education, and
free intercourie with the fuperior ranks
in fociety, have foilered lively ideas
of gratifications which fortune com«>
monly refufes the means of obtaining*
What are termed the genteel pro*
feOions are eminendy of this kind;
and numbers belonging to them pay
a fevere tax for the privileges an-'
nexed to their fituation, in the per-
petual torment of unattainable wifhes.

The profeiiion you have cho(enj
my fon, in a peculiar manner forbids
indulging thofe defires which are con-
neded with the pofleiCon of opulence*
To be made happv it is requifite that
you (bould be made chdaply fo ; and I
pleafe myfelf widi thinking that man/
fources of enjoyment will be fully ac«
ceflible to you, which will . fcarcely
leave you behind the moil fortunate in
the power of fecuring genuine plea^^'
fures. Taking for granted that you
will feek, and will find, the hiehed
of all gradfications in the perform-
ance ofypur profeffional duty, I (hall
now fugged to you fome of thofe vo-
luntary obje^ of purfuit, which may
moil happily employ your leifure.

At the head of all the pleafures
which offer themfelves to the man of
liberal education, may .confidently be
placed that derived from books. In
variety, durability, and facility of
D attain*

26

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

attainment, no other can (land in
competition with it j and even iiv in-
tenlity it is inferior to few. Imagine
that we had it in our power to call iip
tiie ihadfs of the greatcll and wife 11
men that ever exifted, and oblige
them to convcrfe with us on the moll
inteielHng topics— what an iucftima-
bJe piitilege (hould we think it! —
how fuperior to all common erjoy-
Jhsnts 1 But in a well-furni(hcd li-
hrary we, in fai>, poflefs this power.
We can queftion Xenophon and Co^far
on their campaigns, make Demcil-
henes and Cicero plead before us,
join in the audiencts of Socrates and
Pbto, and receive demonftrations
from Euclid and Newton. In books
vre have the choiccft thoughti of the
ableft men in their belt dreis. We
can at pleafure exclude dul tcfs and
impertinence, and open our doors to
wii and good f. nfe alone. It is need-
Icfs to le, ent the high commendat'ons
thar-have been beitowed on the lludy
ot letters by pcrfons, who had free
accefs to every other fourct of graiili-
clition. InJ^ead of quoting Cicero to
you, I (hall in plain terms give yow
the rcfult of my own experience on
thU fubje£t. If domeilic e joyments
ha/e coi]tributed in the fi rlh acgree to
VTtt happinefs cf my life, (and I
fhould be tnrrgrateful not to acknow-
ledge that they have) the pleafures of
reading have beyond all queftion held
the fecond place. Without books 1
have never bven able to pafs a fingle
day to my entire fatisfaftion : with
them, no day has l>cen fo dark as not
to have its pleafure. Even pain and
fjcknefs have for a time been charmed
away by them. By the eafy provifion
of a book in my pocket, 1 have fre-
quently worn through long nights and
days in the fncft dilagreeable parts of
my prof^ffficn, with all the difference
in my fsellngs between calm content
and fretful impatience. Such occur-
rences have afforded me full proof
both of the poifibility ofbeirg cheaply
pleafed, and of the confequencc it is
of to the fum of human felicity, not
to negleft minute attentionsno make
Ui« rooft «f life as it paiTes.
5

Reading may in every fenfc b^
called a c^eaf amufement. A tafte fcf
hooks, indeed, may be made expenlive
enough) ; but -that is a tafte for edi-
tions, bindings, paper and type. IF
you are fatisfied with getting at the
fenfe of an author in iome commodi-
ous way, a crown at a flail wiil fup-
p!y your wants as well as a guinea at
a (hop. Learn, too, to diftinguifli
betv/een books to be pcrufed^ and
books to be poffejfci. . Of the former
you may find an ample ftorc in every
fubfcripilon library, the proper ufe of
which to a fcholar is to furnifti his
mind, without loading his fhelves.
No apparatus, no appointment of
time and place, is neceflary for the
enjoyment of reading. From the midft
of bull e and bufinels you may, in an
inilnnt, by the magic of a book,
plunge into fcenes of remote ages
and countries, and difengage yourfelf
from prefent care and fatigue. « Sweet
pliability of man's fpirit, (cries Sterne,
on relating an occurrence of this kind
in his Sentimental Journey) that can
at once furrender itfelf to illuficns,
which cheat expcdation and forroiv
of their weary moments !*

The next of the procurable plea-
fures that I fhall point out to you is
that of cGwvcrf'tlou, This Is a plea-
fure* of higher zeft than that of read-
ing ; fince in converfmg we not only
receive the fentiments of others, but
impart our own ; and from this reci-
procation a fpirit and intereft arife
which books cannot give in an equal
degree. Fitnefs for converfation muJl
depend upon the Itore of ideas laid up
in the m^nd, and the faculty of com-
municating them. Thefe, in a great
degree, are the refulcs of education
and the habit of fociety, and 'to a cer-
tain point they are favoured by fu-
periority of condition. But this is
only to a certain point ; for when you
arrive at that clafs in which fenfuality,
indolence, and diffipation, arc foftercd
by excefs of opulence, you lofe more
by diminifhcd energy of mind, than
you gain by fuperior refinement of
manner and elegance of expreffion.
And, indeed, there are numberr of

the

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

27

Ac higher ranks among us, whofe
converiacion has not even the latter
qualities to recommend it, but to po-
verty of expreffion adds the utmoft
coarfcnefs of language and behaviour.
There is a radical meannefs in de-
bauchery, which even in the mod ele-
vated conditions of all, communicates
the taint of vulgarity. To hear the
iiigh-E^red party loudly contending in
the praifes of their dogs and horf^s,
and di(cuffing gambling queflions, in-
termixed with grofler topics, you
could not poHibly difcover by the flyle
and matter, whether you were Hften-
ing to the mailers above, or the
grooms below. It is by no means
nnfrequent to find the i;/? c mpany^
the tucrft ccnverjatiott* Should your
chara^er and fit nation for ever ex-
clude you from fuch focicties you
need not repine at your lofi. It will
be amply compen fated by the oppor-
tunities you are likely to enjoy of free
intercourfe with the moft cultivated
and rational of both (Qxes, among
whom decency of manners and variety
of knowledge will always be valu^?d,
though very moderately decorated
with the advantages of fortune.

I would not, however, inculcate too
Midious a taile with, refpedt to the
fubjeft and ftyle oPconverfation, pro-
vided it pofiefs the eflentials of found
fenfe and ufeful knowledge. Among
thofe who have enjoyed little of the
benefit of education, you will often
find perfons of natural fagaciry and a
turn for remark, who are capable of
affording both entertainment and in-
ftruflion. Who would not wi{h to
have been acquainted with Franklin
when a journeyman printer, even
though he had never rifen to be one
of the moil dillinguiftied characters of
the age ? Information, indeed, may
b^ procured from almolt any man in
affairs belonging to his particular way
of life ; and when we fall into com-
pany from which little is to be ex-
pcfted with regard to general top cs,
it is beft to give the converfation a
tarn toward ili^ technical matters with
which they may be acquainted, whence

fomc profit may be made out of the,
moil unpromifing materials. Mufit
too, in every condition, is a fubjeft
well worthy of examination ; and the
Ypeculatift may derive much entertain-
ment from obferving the manners and
fentiments of all the various cLiil'es of
mankind in their feveral occupations
a.!d amufemenu.

Another fource /)f cheap pleafurc is
^ftudy of nature. So many advan-
tages with refped to health, tran-
quillity of mind, ufeful knowledge a^d
i^exhauftiblc amufement, are united
in this iludy,' that I (bould not fail
moft warmly to recommend it to your
notice, had you not already acquired
a decided tafte f )r its purUiits. Here,
again, 1 can fpeak from my own ex-
perience; for the ftudy o^ Englifti
botany caafed feveral fummcr. togluie
avvay with me in more pure and ac-
tive delight than almoft any other
fingle object ever afforded me. It
rendered every ride and vval!; intercft-
ing. and converted the plodding rounc'f
of bufinefs into excurHons of plcafarc.
From the impreffion of thefe ferlin^s,
J have ever regarded as pcrfedly fu-
periluous the pains taken by fome of
the friends of natural hiftory, to (hew
its utility in reference to the common
purpofcs of life. Many of their cb-
(ervations, indeed, are true, and may
ferve to gain patrons for the fludy
among thofe who meafure every thiug
by the llandard of economical value;
but is it not enough to open a fource
of copious and cheap amufemcDij
which tends to harmonize the mind,
and elevate it to worthy concspiior ♦
of nature and its author ? If I offer n
man happinefs at an eafy rate, un-
alloyed by any dcbafing mix:ure, can
I confer on him a gicatcr blciling?
Nothing is more favourable to enjoy-
ment than the combination uf bodily
exertion and ardour of mind. This,
the re Tea re IK'S of natural hill or y a fiord
in grer.t perf'(lion ; and fuch is the
i.iunenie vari. ty of its oojeds, that
the labours of the longell life cannot
exhaull them.

The Iludy of nature is in itfelf a
D 2 « cheap

28

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

dieap ftudy ; yet it may be purfued amotions. They may be rendered

in a very expenfive manner, by all more di(tin£l and varied, by calling in

• the apparatus of cabinets, purchafed a taftc for what is properly termed

' pollcffcions, prints apd drawings. But the fiaurefiue^ or a reference of the

if you will content yourfelf with the
great bool^ of nature and a few of its
ableft expofnors, together with the
riches your o\n ind^ilry may accu-
fnulate, you "will fiid enough of it
wiihin your compafs to anlwer all
reafonable purpofes of inftrucUon and
a.nufcment. We are both acquainted
with an excellent natuialifl:*, who,
by a proper application of the time
and money he has been able to fparc
out of a common writing fchool, has
made himfelf the poflfeflbr of liiore
curious and accurate knowledge ihan
falls to the lot of many owners of the
moll <^oftly treafures. The recollec-
tion of his modcll merit and fcientific
content will ever, I am fure, endiar
to you thefe fertile (lores of ciieap de-
light.

A tafte for the fublime and beauti-
ful of, nature, as exhibited in her

natural fcene to its imitations and im-
provements by the pencil. But this
1 conceive to bo almoft neceflarily
connefled with pradlical (kill in the
art of painting ; and unlefs it were
made lubfervient to the purpofes of
this art, I (hould apprehend that more
mfght be loil by opening an inlet to
faftidious nicety, than would be gain-
ed by viewing things with a more
Icarntd eye.

This remark would naturally lead .
me to confidtr the pleafures to be de-
rived from the pratlice of ornamental
arts, and from the contemplation of
their produiliors in others- But
though 1 am fully feniible of the
pleafmg addition thefe make to the
general flock of human enjoyment,
yet with refped to moll individuals,
they fcarcely come within the cata-
logue of cheap pl'^afiires. A talle for

larger works, and refulting from the them muft bo formed early in life.

varied combinations of Her external
forms, is alfo produ£Uveof many ex-
quilite pleafures, which few pcrfons
>are at all times precluded from enjoy-
ing. To feel thefe in a fupreme de-
gree, a mind enriched byjiterature
and expanded by fancy and n.fledion
is necedary; and, in particular, a
high relilh for poetry is almoil an pf-
iential accompaniment, ^^uch pains
do not feem requifite in cultivating
this fpecies of enjoyment, for it ob-
trudes itfelf unfought upon every ele

mud be cultivated with much afliduity,
and at confiderable cxpence both of
time and money. They are not of
all timPo and places^ but require ap-
paratus and opportunity. They are
with difiiculty kept within bounds, and
are continually diipofed to defert the
eafy and Ample, in purfuit of what is
more complex and elaborate. A tafle
for mufic appears to me, as far as 1
can judge from obftrvation alone, to
be eminently of this kind. Where it
is marked out by nature, as in fome

^ant mind, and the danger is, lell the cafes it manifeiUy is, and can be cul-

defire (hould too foon exhaufl its cb- tivated early andadvantageoufly, it is

jedte. More uneafy longings after capable, I doubt not, of affording the

what lay" beyond my reach, have moll exquifne delights ; but then it

preyed upon my imagination on lead- will probably take place of alhothcr

ing defcriptions of the (Iriking fcenes ornamental acquirements. And though

of nature vifited by travellers, than
on refledling on all the other advan-
tages which fortune and Icifure have
to bellow. Yet, certainly, I would
not wi(h to have been lefs renfible
than I am to this fource of pleafurable

fuch a facrifice may be vvprtii making
under the circuihflanccs dclcribed, ytc
to make it with a view of aeatsfig a
talle for any purluitT merely amuhve,
is, 1 think, to ellimate falicly the va-
lue of things.' If, however, cxperi-

V • Mr. Wigg of Yarmouth.

cnc^

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

29

ihews thatmoGcal pleafures oiay
be eojcyed in moderation, and (o as
to make an agreeable variety^ with-
out occupy ing the place of any thing
preferable, my objedions are at an
end. The fame may be faid of draw-
ing, and various other taftes and ac-
qui£uons> concerning which, acci-
dent and inclination, if regulated by
prudence, may be fulFered to deter-
mine the choice.

I have now, I think, pointed out
to you fources which will fupply fuf*
ficient Tttoierials of eafily procurable
pleafure, if you bring to them what
is abfolutely efiential to the fuccefs of
any external means of happjuiefs— a
mind in harmony with itfelf. This,
nothing but confcious worth and vir-
tue can bcftow. This,. * tibi ipfc
parabis.'

Farewell I

htirefting Reflections on the Pr^grefs and prefent State of the
French Revolution.

[ From ' An Impartial Hillory of the Revoludon in France, &c.' ]

IN reviewing the p^ogrefs of the
French revolution, ar.d the con-
dud of the principal a6lors in thofe
extraordinary fcenes, a variety of re-
flections occur, and in purfuing a
few of them we may perhaps be per-
mitted to indulge.

It has been generally remarked,
that no revolution which had liberty
for its foundation or its pretext, was
ever difgraced by fo wanton an efFu-
fion of blood, by fo many fanguinary
executions, fuch inhifman mairacres,
fo much rancour and perfecution of
every kind. To onderfland the na-
ture and caufeo of thefe melancholy
events, feveral confiderations will de-
mand our attention.

L It is neceiTary to obierve, that
the revolution in France was at the
firfttooruSdcnlyefFefted. The change
in the circumflances, habits, andopi-
"nions of the people was too violent,
and they were too little prepared for
the enjoyment of liberty. Had the
court anticipated the aflembling of
the flates-general by fome falutary
and ufeful reforms in favour of the
pefyple, they viould^ .not only ' have
iirvt'd to jUcngihen the connexion
between the king and his fubjed?,
and more £rm]y to attach the latter ;
but fuch a condud would have been a
proper initiatory procefs, and would
have prepared all rankj of people to
ad as rational agents in the caufe of
^cedom. Had the king, by his own

authority, abolifhed the odious ty-
ranny of lettres de cachet, the puniih-
ment of the rack, and every fpecies
of judicial cruelty, it would not only
have endtared him . to his fubjeds,
but would have humanized them.
Could he have ordered a revifal* of
the judicial fyftem, and, in particu-
lar/ could he have eilablifned the trial
by jury, it vvould have inured thera
to the pradice of equity, and to the
calm invedigation of truth, i f he had
done in addition, what there is rea-
fon to believe he was not averfe to,
that is, if he had indulged the ram- ^
ral clemency of his temper in permit-
ting a free toleration to religiuus opi-
nions, he would have attached the .
proteflants, and would have greatly
lefTened the acutenefs of party animo-
fity— and if he had favoured, to a cer-»
tain degree, the liberty of the prcfs^
the free dircuiTion of controverted
points might have been advantageous
to the caufe of truth and moderation ;
while, on the contrary, the people,
having been wholly unaccu domed to
the liberty of the prefs, were not on
their guard againft its licentioufnefs,
and were conflantly impofed upon,
and the dupes of the infamc us journal- '
ills and their employers.

When the dates general afiemblf d,
the court party appeared to have no
fydem, no fettled plan of proceeding,
'i'hey were undet^^.ined what to re-
tain or what to rcllnquiih -, whereat

the

so

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

the pltn of government ought to
have been previoufly fettled; every
thing to \yt propofed to the fbtes
enght to have been well digeded;
and proper agents chofen to* introduce
each particular meafure to the na-
tional aflembly. On the contrary,
nothing could be more abfurd than
the attempt, after the deputies of the
nation were aHembled in one common
hall J and even while the metropolis
was in a ferment, to reftore or preferve
the ancient regimen. With this un-
fortunate outfet the whole condud of
the king and of the court corrcfpond-
cd. Tbe fjaft of the military at Ver-
failles; the flight of the king; the
obllinate exercile of his v^o ; all ferv-
ed to cail a fufpicion on the defigns
of the court.

II. Lortg previous to the revolu-
tion, the French were the moft profli-
gate, corrupt, and unprincipled people
m £nropc. All of the higher orders
were diffipated, they were confequent-
ly all venal. The lower claffes were
hardened by ignorance, by oppref-
iion, by the frequent horrid cxecu-

' tions of which they were witncfles,
and by other feveritics. The venality
and corruption of fome, who fiom
time to time afFedled to be the friends
of the peopk, drew down a fufpicion
upon all of the higher orders * ; and
the ferocity of the multitude, and their
ignorance, and confcquently want of
principle, plunged them into the moft
fetal and (anguinary excefTes.

III. Connected with this circum-

flance, we have to deplore the irreli-*
gious principles which had unhappily
made fo fatal a progrefs in France.
There is nothing bat religion that can
impart a uniformity to the moral cha-
rafter. Where expediency is the on-
ly rule of condudt, the human mind
will naturally indulge in too great a
latitude on fome occafions, efpecially
where the paflions are ftron^Iy ince-
refted. This perhaps, indeed; is
the diflinguilhing circumftance which
marks the two revolutions of America
and of France. The Americans were
poffelTed of a ttrong (ei^k of religion ;
and confcquently, though the inftances
of treachery which occurred among
themfelves were fcarcely lefs nume-
rous in proportion than thofe which
happened among the French, the vic-
tims of popular fury were much few-
er. They were under a neceffity of
defending themfelves ; but, indepen-
dent of this circum (lance, they could
not forget that their religion taught
them • to love their enemies :' but the
mijority of the French nation were
either uninftrutled in the truths of this
religion, or had rejcdkd its falutary
reilraiats f .

IV. It has been already intimated,
that the league of Pilnitz, and the
infamous conduft of tlie combined
powers toward the republic of Poland,
excited at once the apprehenfions and
the refentment of the French. It was
no difHcult matter to perfuade the
multitude that the court was immedi-
ately conneftcd with the invaders ;

• Petion, Dumouricr, and moft of the party of the Gironde, are ftrongly fufpe^ed
of having greatly enriched themfelves by the mo(t palpable prculation.

f After all, if we would tr»ee calamity to its fource, we mud be forced to confefs
that the flimfy writings of ihe wretched caviller Voltaire have undone FriVice. We
eanediy hope the example will operate as a caution toaM other governments, and teach
them to beware of permitting with impunity impious and licentious publications. They
may rely upon it, there are no libels Co dangerous to a ftate as thole agninft God. We
venerate, and ever (hall venerate, the caule of religious toleration. Every fe^l whxh
acknowledges a future rtatc of rewards and punifhments is innoxious, if not refpeiiable.
But if this great foundation of morality is removed, there can be no dependancc on the
principle or integrity of a people. liet the Horfi^ys and the Prieiileys fR<ely indulge
thenrilclves in verbal contefts concerning the difpuied points of theology :— but let cveiy
impious fcoflfer, who prefuroes to aim his de(lru£llve Oiafts at any of the g:eat dodrines
of religion, ht fe'verelj^ puni/hedy and his writit>g8 ftriiTtly prch bited. Till this is the
cafe no government can be i'afe> nor will it be ^(Uble to maintain Qi'der, or even coin*
men honci^y, among men.

and

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

3*

scd this opinioD was unfortanately
coantenanced by the publications of
the combined powers, and particular-
ly by the imprudent manifeilo of the
duke of Brunfwick. The repeated
difnulEoD of the popular miniderSj
^ and the obilinacy of the king in other
i inl!ances, confirmed the fofpicion.
t Hence, and hence only, the republi-
r can fai^on were enabled to. acquire
fo much credit with the people in the
months, of June, Joly, and Auguft
1792. The avowed boflility of this
faclon might have driven the court
in its turn intohoUiic meafures, with-
out imputing adual treachery to
Louis. For we mufb obierve, that
this is a matter flill involved in im-
penetrable obfcurity ; and it is im-
poiSble to determine^ fi^om llie Hate
of the evidence, either the nature or
die extent of the king's connexions
with the counter- re vol utioaifts. Thus
&r is certain, that Paris was crowded
with the d-devant noble^e, and othtr
. difafieded perfons, on the loth of
Auguil. The fatal rupture, and the
dreadful carnage of that bloody d^y,
let loofe at once all the demons of
difcord. £very bad paflion was put
m motion— revenge, party rage, the
\ deiire of plunder, all that is depraved
' and abominable in human natuxie«
was predominant in the breads of dif-
ferent individuals, and prepared the
way for the ilill deeper horrors of the
2d and 3d of September, and for all
the calamities which have iince hap-
pened to the nation.

V. Another circumftaoce which we
nuft remark is, that the exce£ive po-
pulation of France is greatly calcu-
lated to. perpetuate violence and ^^r-
chy in that country. Independent 'of
the frequent alarms of famine firwa
this circumflance, it is impoflible that
there fhould not exift in every confi-
derable ct^ immenCe multitudes of
indigent and defperate perfons, who
are always ready to^ promote every
fpedes of mifchief and diforder, and
^ho when once excited cannot eafily
be reduced to peace and fubordina-
tioD. This again conllitutcs another

remarkable ibade of difoence be-
tween the American and the French
revolutions. The American armies
were <corapofed in general of fettkd
and indullrious ' people, of «farm«v
and mechanicsy moll of whom had &«
milies ; they confequendy embraced
the firft opportunity to return to dteu*
peaceable employments and habita-
tionSf to fit every man under his own:
vine, and his own fi^tre^ ; and they
regarded the affi&irB of ftate no far^
ther than as they ferved to fecure
them in the peaceable poileffion and
enjoyment of their property. Every-
man at the conduiion of the war had
fomething tado; every man had bu*.
iineis of his own. to attra£l his atten-
tion. Not k> the rabble of Paris, of
Lyons, of Marfeilks-^many of them
have no regtdar employment, and the
numbers of banditti are increafed by
the total ftagnation of the commeros/
and manufadures of France. They
can acquire more by plunder and con-*
fixation than by fober induftry ; and
thus it becomes at once their intereft
to be turbulent, unruly, '^ngainary,
and capricious. The diforder and-
the violence are increafed by the nam*
bers ; and the paffions are inflamed in
proportion to 'the multitudes which
are coUedled together.

It was in vain then that the party
of the Gironde after the loth of Aa«
gttft affedod a tone of moderaticm ; it
was in vain, when they had obtained
their wilhes, that they exhorted the
populace to return to order and obe-
dience* They had excited the fatal
concuflion ; they had taught the mul-
titude to know their own ftrength;
they had diftnrbed the general tran-
quillity, and abfurdly flattered them-
felves that, a Spirit of infniredlion
would be as eafily quelled as it was
excited. Without wiihing, therefore^
to depreciate their (lender claim to
merit in attempting to fave the lifis
of the king, we cannot but regard
this party as the immediate authors of'
all the calamities which have befallen
their country iince the overthrow of
the monarchical cooAitutioo* The

ma£*

3^

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

nuflacre of the toth of Aagofi was
icaficcly Id's atrocious than that of the
2d of September; and when theie
men fell the vidims of the very means
whidi.they had employed, and were
■ittrdered in their turn by the very
aiob which they had formerly exci-
ted> though our religion teaches us
to pity even the guilty> and to lament
the ihedding of human blood upon
any occafion, yet it was impoflible
not to dtfcem fomething of retributive
jnftice in the dreadful event.

The Gironde had moreover fome-
thing to charge themfelves with for
wantonly engaging their country in.
one vain and fruitlcfs war after ano-
ther: and on the whole> we think
they have been a pernicious fa6Hon.
They were perhaps, lefs fanguinary
and cruel than their ferocious fuccef-
fors, but in point of real principle
we fee little room for preference.

VI. A mod fatal means of pro-
moting bad difpofitions among the
people has been the popular focieties
uiflituted throughout the kingdom,
for debating upon political fabjecls,
and the Jacobins in particular. In
the firft dawn of French litscrty fuch,
infiitutions might have their ufe ; but
they ihould eveti then have been re-
ftrained within moderate bounds, and
88 foon as poffible diflblved. Thefe
Ivave afforded a conflant afylum to the
uroBigace; and in thefe every ab-
lurdity. every meafure of (edition and
of cruelty in the national councils,
have originated. But after the fa6ls
which are Hated in the preceding
pages, it is unneceflary to enlarge
upon this topic.

Such appear toJiave been the pHn-
cipal ciutcs which have operated to

g'lVe to the French revolution that
nguioary and horrid character by
which it has been too ^tally diitin-
guifhed ; and which, as far as the
circum^biRors may apply to other na-
tions* may ferve as a warning againft
hafly revdudonsy and as a guide in
the condtt6ting of fuch plans of re>
formation as political exigencies may
ktOL to wanant or require*
4

To fpeculate on the future fate of
France wpuld be a hazardous under-
uking, even for the mod fertile ima-
gination, or the moft acute diicern-*
ment. Noiwithftanding the difficulty
and the danger, however, a few con- ;
jedures we will venture to fubmit to
our readers, rather with a view to
entertainment than ufe.

We look not for the fubjugation of
France by the prefent combination,
iince it has been the aniform aflertion
of thole who are befl acquainted with
the refources and the temper of the
nation, that, whatever the force of
the external attack, (he is imfincihie .-
and this fentiment derives (bme con-
firmation from the experience of two
campaigns.

On 8ie reiloration of peace, from
whatever caufe that may be effedled,
we look for a train of events very
different from what the afpe^l of af-
fairs at prefent may feem to promife*.
The firil circumftance which, in that
cafe, ^e will venture to predidi, is, <,
that the prefent leaders will not long
be able to retain their power. What-
ever their alnlities (and we mufl con-
fefs that they have difplayed fbme
energy, if not ability) they have not ,
charaQer enough to fupport their po- '
pularity long, even with a profligate
and corrupted people.

'I'hat the experiment of eflablifhinc;
a republic will t>c continued for fome
time longer, we think is probable ;
but it will never be more than an ex-
periment ; and before many years the
nation, wearied with fatton and with
conteft, will certainly have recourie to
fome form of monarchy or ariftocracy ;
and that period would be hailened,
were any one man pardcnlarly diflin-
guiihed by his talents above his com^
petitors to arife. No fuch has yet
appeared ; but it is amid the violence
of political commotion that genius is-
called into adion, and it would be
^ contrary to all hifloiical precedent if
none wss to prefent himfelf on thb
occaiion.

The prefent legiflators of France,
we cannot pofilbly doubt, have it uhi-

mately

FOR JANUARY, ,1794.

33

mately in view to abolifh chriftianity
- -vin this chey will be difappointed.
The people muft have a religion;
and as none (o good as the CJinllian
I can be o/Fered them, fome form of
\ ' that religion will be the predominant
B £uth of.the French people. The mcxfk
W probable conje^ure is, that the en-
' thafiailx profcfTors of fome of the Icaft
nodecate of the proteitant fe6ts will
iniinuate themfelves among them, and
effefl a religious revolution not lefs
ftnpendous than that which they have
experienced in their civil (late. This
very circumflance may haften the po-
litical criiif to which we alluded in the
preceding paragraph. The impru-,
dent meafures of (he convention » in
unfettling the faith of the nation in
the fboliOi expectation of elhbliihing
atheifin, has juH prepared the public
mind for inch a change ; nor fhalJ we
be furprifed to fee, in the courfe of a
few years, the difciples of Whitfield,'
of Wefley, or perhaps of S wcdenborg,
oforp that authority which is at pre-
sent po/Med by the atheifUcal chiefs
^f the convention.

"With refpcdl to the ivar in which
this country is at prefent engaged
with France — we are willing, in com-
mon candour, to acquit the Britifh
miniftry of the atrocious charge of
Jtaving at .all entered into the views
of the combined powers in the abfurd
-projcd for a partition of France ; and
we believe tlie accufation to be agrofs
and unfoi^nded calumny. This will
not, we confefs, apologize for the
want of .prudence in our miniflry in
departing from that fyftem of ^r\&.
nemrality which was io entirely ef-
.featial to our profpcrity. From this
coQceflibn it will be evident, that we
think our miniiby was precipitate in
baHening a rupture with France ; and
indeed we do not find the reafons for
(hofe meafures which involved us in
I hofiilities well founded. Twc^ caufes
were ailigned by the miniiler for break-
ing with the French nation ; but thefe
were furely quite inconfiflent with
each other. The-firft was the atro-
city and villainy of theif condu^ ;

the fecond, tjie fear that their ex-
ample might be followed in this coun*
try. Sijrely we arc corred in faying
thefe two reaforts were pcrfedWy iiv
confiftent. The more atrocious the con-
dud of the French, the lefs the danger
that any other nation (hould copy their '
example ; and the truthis, that though
every fociety is liable to be infclled
with a few enthufiafts and vifionaries»
the example of France has operated
as a complete warning to Britain, and
as a deciiive antidote to the exteniioa
of democratic principles, which had
perhaps been rather promoted by ih«
fuocedful example of America.

U it were permitted to fcrutini^e
into the fecrets of cabinets, perhaps
we might find that the motive of the
Englilh miniftry in provoking, and
that of the French in declaring war»
was on each fide a .Vain-glorious and
abfurd hope of conqued. It is to be
prefumed, that both parties have
learned a little wifdom from' recent
experience ; and we ihould be happy
to find that the refult of that wifdom
fhould be the re-eitablifhment of peace.
It is an infult upon common fenfe, to
fay there is no perfon with whom we
can treat. No' matter through what
medium tranquillity is reftored. Who-
ever is proclaimed by the public voice
the agent of any people, with that
peribn (whatever his moral charader)
it mufl be lawful to tranlad all ne-
ceffary bufmcfs.

We conclude therefore in earnefUy
recommending peace, ^ by whatever
means it may be achieved. Let us
leave the French to anfiver for their
own fins. Whatever may be their
code of faith, it is ours to beleve in
a providential ruler, the avenger of
injudice and of cruelty. A particular
fociety does n6t trench on the divine
prerogative, when it puniflies indi-
vidual crimes, committed in defiance
of thoie laws which it has eitabli(hed
for the fccurityof its own "members ;
but when one nation marches in war-
like array to punifh the fins of ano-
ther nation, the attempt favours too
much of Quixotifm, and the only ccin-
£ fcquence'

34

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fequencc is commonly the facrifice of
many innocent and meritorious lives.
Admitting the truth of all that has
been alleged of the depravity of the
French (and certainly we cannot be
accufed of any difjiontion to controvert
it) ffill the queflion will not [eafily be.
anfwercd, * What iritcreft can Great
Britain have ifi the contell ? What
ultimate advanage arc we to derive
from it V If the French are, a9 they
•re reprefcnted, * a worthlefs, de-
praved, and 'incorrigible people,* are
the blood and treafure of Britain to
be laviflied, are her manufactures and
commerce to be facrificed, for the
purpofe of framing a government for
a people, who cannot upon ihefe prin*
ciples be worthy '^ of the flighteft ex-
ertion ? But, it will be faid, * the
whole nation is not to be blamed for
the crimes of a fad ion ; the majority
may probably wilh for a better ar-
rangement.*—Leave then the ma-
jority to reform their own govern-
ment. < But the emigrants at leaft
are deferving perfons, and ought to
be reftored ro their rights and pro-
perty/—Beftow upon the emigrants
^ but one half of the waiie lands, which

it is reported are (hortly to be MS,
and preient. them with but one half oF
one year's military expenditure, and
you will do them a much more ef>
fential kindnefs than by inftantly re->
fioring'them (were it even in your ij
power) to their former fituation. 1

It is the groffell of abfurdities to 1
fuppofe that French prmciples can
ever make an extenfive progrefs hi
this country, unlefs indeed the public
diilrefs (hould drive the people to
defperation. We repeat it, tne French
have a£ted in fuch a manner, that the
moil despotic prince in Europe may
(lumber in fecurity ; fince there is
fcarcely a people that would not be
difpofed to fubmit to the moft op-
prefilve mandates of authority, rather
than fraternixe with them, or imitate
their dreadful example. In one word,
it is not France for which we plead—
we plead for ourfelves. We plead
for the diftreflcs of the poor, for the
embarrafTments of the manufadiurcr,
for the lives of thofe who are hioft
dear to us, for that blood which ia
much too precious to be (bed in this
fruitlefs, this thanklefs quarrel.

On having Too High an OpiNroN j^ Ones-Self.

ALTHOUGH felf-love is a paflion,
which never appears in a very
amiable light, yet it fo generally pre-
vails in the world, that it becomes us
to fpeak of it with no greater degree
of harihnefs, than we are ourfelves
ready to bear. When we treat of any
crimes, or dangerous principles which
we neither commit nor entertain, we
may be allowed to employ the lan-
guage of fcverecenfure, and that with-
out any imputation of hypocrify.,But
when we come to fpeak of a pafiion
from which probably no human crea-
ture was ever entirely free, we muft
either fpeak with an humble confider-
arion of the frailty of our natures, or
we muft be content to confefs our
fault, and take our {hare in the ge-
neral blame. A diflfertation agamft
&lf loire would elfe perhaps cj^hibit a
5

ludicrous fpecimen of it ; and Field-
ing, with admirable humour, makes
Parfon Adams launch forth into com-
mendation of a fermon he wrote oh
Fantty,

But whatever (hare of felf-love may
fall to the lot of mankind in general,
(bme of us may be fo fenfible of it in
ourfelves and others, as to make it an
ufeful fubjtfft of difcourfe, and a pro-
per occaf ion for blame, efpecially when
we find it carried to unwarrantable
length, and making men fretful, iin-
eafy and ridiculous, who expeded to
enjoy fadsfa^on and happine(s. Self-
love might eafily be traced to fclf-
preferva:ion, as its fountain head, a
jull and natural principle which ac-
companies us throughout life^ and is
never blamed unlels when coupled
with diihonour or cowardice. It is

FOR JANUARY; 1794.

35

if

I7 lawful means only that a man ha?
& right to preferve h\s exillence« or
his liberty.

One branch of felfloye, very com-
mon in ibcial life, is the thinking our-
firhres to be of too much confe(^uence>
that is, of more confequence than we
xealiy are, and therefore undervalu*-
log others ; for it is to be obferved
that no man adds a virtue to his lift,
■niefs at the expence of fome other
perfon. Every thing is eftimated by
compariibn. He who thinks himfelf
very wile, will think his neighbour a
great blockhead ; and much of the
pleafure deiived from wealth afifes
^m the confideration that it belongs
not to others around us. Such is our
c^ioion of our own fenie and wifdom,
that we frecjuently wonder how peo-
ple can poflibly be happy who do not
live precifely as we do. And this
very favourable opinion of ourfelves,
in preference to all the reft of our
neighbours, fumiihes nine -tenths of
that converfation, with which we cool
oar tea in the genteeleft parties. What
wonid Mrs. A. have to fay* if Qie did
not recoiled what frightful drefs Mrs.
B.j^>peared in, what a ihabby dinner
Mrs. C. gave, how ftrangely Mrs. D.
bnp« up her children, and how auk-
v^raly Mrs. £. plays at cards ? And
how eafily and naturaUy does (he ex-
peQ that we (ball turn our admiration
toward her antagvmft virtues, her
taftefiil dreft, elegant dinner, excellent
fyftem of education, and graceful
handling of the cards! Jn fhort, any
ooe may fee that this is a downright
lobbery, and that this lady has thought
proper to ftrip her acquaintance of all
tlieir good qualities, that fhe may
complete her own Tft. For fuch a
robbery I know of no better excufe
than the lines, ' He^ that is robbed,
not knowing whatns Aole,

' Let him not know it, and he's not robbed
at all."

I But, it is obvious, that if this high
opinion of ones-(elf led only to fuch
dirplays of vapity as are merely ridi-
colottSf they might be treated as fuch.

A far wo^fe confequcnce,, howei-er,
is to be apprehended, and I am afraid
is too often to be obferved; I mean,
a diijpoiicion to envy, the bane of hap-
pinefs, and to cenlorioufnefs, the pa-
rent of a thoufand falfelioods. Now
envy is a paifion which fteala fo gra-
dually upon the mind, and when firmly
feated there, is expelled, if expelli^d
at all, with fo much difficulty, that we
cannot be too careful to guard againft
its firft approaches, nor too grateful
to him who points out its iburce in a
quarter where we leaft expeded it.
As to cenforioufnefs, independent of
its being the mod unamiable of all
difpofiiions, it approaches the neareft
of any to a confirmed habit of falfe-
hood. A cenfonous perfon feldom
fcruples to add a litde to what n^ay be
really true, or if informed that ther^
is BO truth jit all in the circumftance
related, will be fo frrry to lofe it, as
to boldly defy all contradidlion.

A fecond bad confequence of too
high an opinion of ourfelves, and cf
its attendants^ aterfor^ous difpofit;on»
is that we are by degrees fo entiiely
drawn away to attend t^ the affairs of
others, as to have neither leifure nor
inclination to look into our own. In-^
deed it cannot be expeded that when
we difcover in the condud of others,
io many circumftances from which we
derive ^ufe for triumph, we (hould
eafily be prevailed upon to give up
fuch a delightfiil employment. Hence,
as we never look lA-iihin but to ap->
prove, and never 'without but to con-
demn, it win be no grekt wonder if
our wifdom in doing the one or the
other ihall appear equally doubtful, to
one who is fo placed as to juJge im-
partially orboth.— Lady Wrangle, a
perfonage of a very ancient family,
and Very numerous connexions, has
attained great perfe<5tion in the art of
finding fault with every body but hcr-
felf, and as her rank entitles her to a
place at many tables, fhe is never
without an opportunity to difplay her
talent. What occurred ycllerday i«
the topic of con ver ration to-day. The
hour of dining was too late, or too
£2 early.

S6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

early, or what is worfe than both,
^(hc never could abide that hour.'
The dinner was tbo plentiful, or too
fcanty ; part of it was underdone, and
part Overdone; the difhcs were im-
properly arranged, or too haflily re-
moved ; there was too great a fpace,
or not a proper ipace of time between
the courfes ; the defcrt was fnmptu-
ous, but it was not iVell chofen ; the
company were not all to her liking, and
ibe wondered that Jbme people would
aOc o/J!?er peofU to their table, when it
was well known that certain people
courted no (uch acquaintance. The
coffee was four, and the tea was cold,
and, for her part, * Ihe Ihould never
think of fetting down her company to
iuch a fupper,' not to mention that
the cards appeared to have been play-
ed with before, and the fum played
fjr was vulgar. When.thefe matters
have been detailed, the dre/Tes of the
company pafs in review, and * no-
thing, upon the whole, can be con-
ceived fo bad.' — Yet with all this cri-
tical (kill in the affairs of others, lady
Wrangle does not fee that her own
want amendment, and that (he fel^
dom attempts to excel others, with-
out affording her friends the mod am-
ple revenge. •

As it'is clear that fuch a difpofition,
founded upon vanity, leads to effvy,
it is furprifing that a rational creature
ihould indulge a pailibn, not 6nly
hateful in itfelf, but fo tormenting to
the poflefTqr as to be the abfoluce bane
of happinefs. Could a good opinion
of ourfelyes, of what we do and of
what we poflefs, be confined within
proper bounds, it might perhaps oc-
cafionally vent itfelf in a little harm-
Icfs vanity, bat it would ultimately
lead to a contented and peaceful dif-
pofition ; it would afford comfort to
the poor, and confolation to the' in-
durtrious ; and we cannot doubt that
much rational confolation may be de-
rived from contemplating the unhappy
fitUation of the rich, the powerful and
Jhe gay, and comparing it with the
flate of thofe who live in a peaceable
and virtuous obfcurity, {rat from the
i:are9 of wealih| the dangers of powerf

and the foolifhnefs of levity. Bot
when we carry this conceife id fsLV as
to eflabltih our opinion as the (landard
of all propriety, we cannot ftop (bort
by being only ridiculous ; ive wall ac-
quire an envious, difcohtented and
cenforious temper, embitter our lives,
and difturb the tranquillity of others.
And fuch a difpofition is fo adverfe to
happinefs^ that wherever we find it,
we may be pretty certain we have
found the union of a weak 'head with
a bad heart. No man is without va-
nity, but vanity in little things, in
things which do not concern us, is ^
certain fymptom of a defedl in the
underftanding.

Although we muft candidly cQnfefs,
if we examine our own hearts, that
moil men have a much higher opinion
of ihemfelves than they deferve, yet
the precife extent of that opinion^ and
how much of it ought to be take away,
I believe, no roan knows. Some light
may be thrown upon it by coniidering
how men are genc;^al!y apt to eilioriate
an injury done to them, and in this,
it mud be allowed, they feldom err
by being too humble. It is this con-
ceit of oncs-felf which occafionsr men
to be fo very fore, when idle reports
are fpread to their difadvantage ; in
courts- of law, we have fome curious
fpecimens of this, in the damages
laid by the plaintifFfor ah injury, real
or fuppofed. Thefe are generally (o
very much exceeding the injury it-
felf, that there are very few indances
\vhere the complainant is gratified to
the extent of his expectations. 1 re-
member a cafe of a gentleman 'pro-
fecuting a printer for a libel, which
refleded on his private and public
charafler. He laid his damages at
ten thoufand pounds^ but fo different
was the opinion of the jury from that
which he entertained of his confe-
quence, that they gave only one hun-
dred poundi ; and perhaps, if our opi-
nion of our confequence and merits
were reduced to a quetlion determin-
able in this manner, it might often
happen that the hundredth part of our
merit only would be allowed.

Whil« I V^ Ufon the fubjedl of
ipjiirics,

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

37

i ujaries, I may obferre that it is not
I nnpleaiant to remark the avidity with
i which each man magnifies the injury
I done u> him. If he has Mered by
I fraud/ be has fufilered as none ever
fuficred before; if by misfortunes,
they were the rood extraordinary that
ever happened. £ven his difeafes
aftbrd fome fuel to the pafiion of va-
nity. His gout was more fevere» his
fever more dangerous, his broken
liiqjb more difficult to be reduced than
ahy thing of the kind ever heard of.
So fond are fome men of detailing
foch adventures, that they either de-
rive great pleafure from them, or
think that others do. To think that
the world cares a great deal about us,
is no uncommon failing. The Tat-
ler or Spedbitor (I forget which)
mentions a fbry of one footman alk-
ipg another, * what the worU thought
of his marriage V This deference to
the opinion of the world is but a
fpecies of affc£Ution, for very few
men really care about the opinion of
the world in any xitatter which they
arc earneft in purfuing, and the world
is ^ far even with them that they

never exprefs an anxiety about its
opinion, without the mordfication of
a difappointment.

Of all men, poetical lovers have
been fbndeft of entertaining the opi-
nion that the 'worlJ is concerned in
their fuccefs, ^nd this they carry to
fttch an excefs as affe^b even the in*"
animate creation. If a lover is dif-
appointed, not only the birds mull
•ceafe to warble, but the fun mud
ihine no more, the rivers no longer
meander, and the brooks and the
purling fireams muft become dry, un-
til a fmile from the hk one ihall re*
new their powers.

On the whole, wlule we indulge a
good opimon of ourii:ives, it becomes
us to be equally favourable to others,
who may poilefs all thofe latent qua-
lities from which our felf-ad miration
arifes. Difference of fenument and
condudi in little things is beneath the
coniideration of a wife man, who re-
ferves his cenfure or applaufe for ac-
tions, more becoming the dignity of
his nature,. and more intereiUng to
his happinei^.

C. C C.

Comparison btiween^ two celebrated Orators,
[ From * Political Correfpondencc.' ]

DURING the American war,
Mr. Fox was bold and violent
in his meafures, as in his reafoning ;
and manifelled a vigorous and deter-
mined oppofiuon to the condudl of the
niiniftry. If Mr. Fox's manner dif-
fers, in any reipetl, at the prd'ent
moment, it is that his notions are even
more enlightened by experience, and
tiiat the afperities of his mind are worn
away. He rarely dcfcends to pcrfonal
atuck; but Hill exhibits the fame
dauntlefs fpirit, the fame zeal for li-
berty, and the fame fallies of unex*
peeled and mailerly reafoning. The
^y\c and manner, indeed, of this
ipcaker, form a very ftriking contrail
to the flyle and manner of the minifter.
Each exhibits excellencies, for the
inod part, gf a very different nature

from the excellencies of the other*
Mr. Pitt's oratory is dtilinguiibed by
graceful adtion and corre^ language.
Mr. Fox by no means excels in the
£rii quality, and frequent inaccura-.
cies of expreffion, committed in thp
warmth of fpeech, often prove him to
be too negligent of the latter* Mr«
Pitt's enunciation is diflind as audi-
ble ; the delivery of Mr. Fox, when
arguments prefs mod upon his mind#
peculiarly rapid and impetuous. The
one (peaks according to the foundefl
didlates of his head, the other appears
governed by the impulfe of the feel-
ings of his heart. Mr. Pitt exhibits
t>owerfol abilities : Mr. Fox difplays
unconimon genius. Mr. Pitt per-^
fuades: Mr. Fox convinces. The
eloquence of the former is diilinguiOi-

ed

38

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

cd by animadoo* ^goitj, and pathos;
that of the btter» by energy auid fire.
With a fi^fure as moch contrafted as
that of his adverfary, Mr. Fox does/
not even experience any diiadvanuge
from a very corpaient habit of body,
but irreiiftibly interefls his hearers in
the caofe he nndertakes, even [where

that caufe 4s leaft fiivonrable to tbcar
prejudices: and, engaging with earn-
eftnefs in whatever his feelings lead
to defimd, reminds ns of Qaintiliaii'a
defcription of Pennies, * who was *„
faid to fpeak in thunder and lighten-
ing.*

ON MODERN BIOGRAPHT.

To the Editor of the Universal Magazine.
Sir,

IT has lately becsme a queftion of
feme importance, how biography
ought to (>e written in order to con-
vey the greateft poQble degree of in-,
ftrudion. It is admitted on all hands
that this branch of hiftory is capable
of more ufeful parpofes than any o-
ther, becaufe the fa£ts and events
which biography records, come the
neareft home * to men's buiine(s and
bofoms.' In the hiilory of a nation
we are rather entertained as politi-
cians, and enlightened as ftatefmcn,
than improved as men. -In the hif-
tory of the rife and decline of great
empires, a fublime curiofity is ex-
cited, a curiofity which has for its
objed men collectively, but, if I may
ttfe the phrafe, we look in vain for
individuality. We may find a king
or emperor, and trace his aCliOns;
bntwe recollect that his actions arc
more generally the a£iions of his
coanfelTors or miniften, and that the
bravery or fuccefs attributed to him
are tlie aggregate bravery and fuccefs
of his fttbjedts and fokiiers : but we
feel not an intereft in his tranfaClions
as men, becaufe we behold htm in a
fituation which in more than human
probability we iha!l never iill, and
which, in fa6t, has been filled byx>n]y
a few hundreds £nce the world began.
Indeedt if it were not for the enter-
tainment which general hiftory af.
fords, the anxious curiofity it keeps
»p, and gratifies, and the national
vanity which it fometimes feeds ; and
if it were not a duty incumbent on
thofe wh^ at all pretend to calk on

\

public affairs to be acquainted with
fuch hiftory, it would much oftener
be laid afidcwith difguft, than refort-
cd to for pleafure. What does' the
hiftory of moft nations alFord us, un-
lefs the detail of crimes and cruelties ?
The beft and mod amiable part of
the progrefs of a people cither cannot
be recorded, or is but flightly touch-
ed 4jpon, 1 mea-^, the pdatefal cur-
rent of improving arts, commerce
and civilization. Thefe are omitted,
while the hi dorian beftovvs his chief
attention, and ftudics hardeft to devc-
lope the frauds of courts, to untwift
the due of political cunning, to de-
uil the policy or intrigues of mini-
fters, or to enumerate the lives that
are fecrificed to the wrath of tyranny,
the ftruggles of ambition, or the da-
lufion of popular anarchy.

But in the biography of men dif-
tinguifhed for natural or acquired ex-
cellence in any branch of fcience, or
any purfuit of uncommon utility and
fame, we are feldom ihocked by fuch
enormities, or if we meet with vices •
and failings, the advantage we derive
from thefe being contrafted with
(hining virtues and talents affords us
a leflbn of the utmoft importance.
Tre matter, in this cafe, comes home
fo cloftly to us, that we forget the
diilance between us and the party
fpokcn of, and coniider him as one
whofe example we may foHqw where
it appears to have been praifevvorthy,
whole vices we arc to ihun and de-
plore by knowing what created and
what promoted them, and whofe fame

we*

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

3J?

we may aTpire to> in hopes that what
his been Mci aitained by diligence
and indullry, will not be denied to a
faithfol appJication of the fame means.

As biography is allowed to fill the
hTj;heft rank of utility^ it has likewife
of late been confidered as the means
by which the ampleft gratification
may be afforded to cariofity ; and the
acaiftomed method of writing men's
lives has been departed from, to give
place to a new mode« the prophet/
of which is a matter of doubt. To
know the leading adions of an qini-
Bent life, to trace a man of genius
firom oblcority to fame, from pover*
ty to dignity, and to be inf6imed of
ne coonexion between his private and
his public life, and even to have fach
fayings of his recorded as are pecu*
liarly diflinguilhed for the wit Or wif«-
dom they difplay — all this is fsdrly to
be expeAed, and is much to be de*
filed m the biography of learned and
ingenioQs charadsrs. But the qnef"
don is, whether it be fair and pro-
per, or ofeful, to record every Htde
finlin^, every hafty expreffion, every
ebnlhtion of pride and vanity, from
which at ceruin times, no man is
&ce; every opinion given, whether
in moments of peevifimeis or levity ;
and, in a word, every circisnilance
that can pofiibly be colle£led from
memory, hearfay, or any other way,
which at all concerns the chara£ler,
periba, and condud of him whofib life
IS written ?

It will probably ocair to the rea-
ders of this article that this queftion
has arifen from the manner in which
the very joftly celebrated Dr. Samuel
Jc^on has been treated by his
iiieDds'. * They watched his death,'
as Addiiim iays, * like fo many un-
dertakers, to make a penny of him ;'
or as a modem wit expre£es himfelf
with fingolar appofitenefs ; they ufed
the dodor, as the people nfe whales
caft apon any of the coafts of Eng-
land: ' ihow the monfter for a penny
a piece, and then fell the Uubb«r for
what it will fetch.' They have all
combined to give the world every idle

as well as feniihie word he fpoke, and
every triHhig as well as ferioua adion
he performed : they have given at full
length every little failing or defed of
temper, and a tho^fand particulars
which, if they ever occcirred to amy
other man, were certainly thought '^
unworthy of being recorded. Againft
fuch a phalanx of fpies and informers,
it is impoilible that any charader caa
Hand, much lefs that of a man who»
with much bodily pain and uneafinefs
of mind, lived furrounded hy friends^
(as they called themfelvcs) who prick-
ed and goaded him in his agony, that
they might take down what fell from
him at a time when few men can p^f-
fibly be fuppofed to have the com-
mand of themfelves. Whoever reads
the anecdotes given of him mud be
fatisfied that he was thus ofieo tor-
tured to ffi^eak when he wilhed to be
filent, to give an opinon when he ei-
ther had not formed one, or was not
prepared to deliver it : when his tem-
per was ruffled, his mind confufedl*
and when confequently, if he fpokc
at all, he fpoke whatever came u|>pefv-
mofl, glad, in all probability, by any
nieans to get rid of thdfe who befet
him, and little thinking that the ca-
fual conyerfation of a peeviOi how
would be faithfully rcx:orded, • and
publiflied. This« and this ool^, can .
account for many of (he har&, un-
charitable and abfurd opinions which
are given as his, but which no man
who knows from his writings Jiow to
apptedate his merit, will ever thidk
of attributing to him as the deliberate
fentiments <? his heart.

Much, very much of this, fpedea
of biograj^y has been brought fbr^
ward in the cafe of Dr. Johnfon, to
the great mortification of his real
friends, and to the fatisfaftion of iK>ne
but thofe who were formerly his ene-
mies, and are now confirmed in. their
antipathies, or rather, to fpeak more
properly, have now ibmething to
produce againft him which cannot be
denied, becaufe it comes from his
profeiTed friends^ who furely would
not record any thing to ixis prejudice

that

40

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

that was not true. So much more
attentive have they been to the col-
lection of anecdotes than to the du*
ties of biography^ that a life of this
great and good man, written accord-
ing to the genuine principles of bio-
graphy, is yet a defidtratum ; and his
fiunierous biograph&s (I am obliged
to ufe this word for want of a worfe)
have hitherto tontented themfeives
with wlyit he faid and did, without
ever entering on the merits of what
be wrote> on which, after all, his
fame muft ultimately depend. The
admirers of the Rambler, the Idler,
the Lives of the Poets, &c. will not
be very anxious to know whether the
author wore a grey wig or a black
one; and future fcholars will profit
by the labours of our great lexico-
grapher, without being informed how
often he took phyfic during the com-
poiition of them.

But the quellion is. Arc we, when
we write a mau's life, to tell all that
we know of h m ? With fabmiiTion to
the biographers already noticed, I
may venture to fay that the proper
anfwer to this ^ quellion will be given
in the negative. We ought not tell
all that we know, becaufe much of it
may not be worth telling, ^nd be-
caufe fome of it, if divulged to the
world, may injure the memory of the
dead, and the happinefs of the living.
That, for indance, which is imparted
to us in confidence, ought not to be
told, for why (hould we think that
death can annul the facred confidence
of private converfacion? Why-ihould
we think that becaufe a mad is dead,
and out of the reach of refentment,
we ought to divulge his private
thoughts to the injury of his furvivors.
What, then, it will be faid, are we
to record ? The anfwer to this is very
eafy and obvious. We are to record
all that will be ufeful to embellifh,
and faithfully pourtray the charader,
and no more. . Secret memoirs, little
paltry failings and imperfections, com-
mon to all men, and therefore not wor-
thy of notice as pertaining to men of
genius, are like the fildK and dud
5

which collect, or may be thrown by
envious hands on a Splendid monu-
ment* The fculptor would rub away
fuch 'defilement, but he would have
too much refpeft to hb own fame, as ^^
well as to that of the deceafed, to ad^l
to it; far lefs won'd he, if in hu
fenfes, be the caufe of its appearing
there. Uy however, the fubjedt of a
biographical memoir, was dillinguiih-
ed i'oT fome • great crime, or vice $
thofe ought neither to be concealed
nor palliated. It is a facred duty to
record thefe with as much fidelity and
abhorrence, as if he who commijtted
them were of the loweft rank of cri-
minals. It would be abfurd to give a
life of £ugene Arapi, and to conceal
that he was executed for committing
a murder. But what connexion is
there between the exercife of this fo
neceffary a duty, and the extreme
anxiety to record that a man, who
was near-fighted, eat fifli with his
fingers ? All that is ufeful, conducive
to any moral purpdfe, or that con-
tributes to the fund of literature and
criticifm, ought no doubt to be re-
corded; but all converfations which
originated in impertinence, and were
carried on in fpleen, and which may
many years after create animofities»
without doing any poflible good,
ought to be concealed. Jf men's
Tghtell words and mod trivial a^ons
are to be watched ; if the ' ready
tablet, and the ambufhed pen are in
waiting to ibib the foul of confidence,
and mutual friendihip,' who can be
fafe ? I have borrowed this exprelTion
from an anonymous author, whofe
opinion on this fubjedt So hilly coin>
cides with my own that I cannot re-
iifl making a farther extrad. * It
may be of ufe,* fays he, * to remark,
that it is a common miftake with men
of fuperior ulents to chooie thofe for
companions who cannot be competi-
tors, and to fency they are fafe, be-
caufe they feel themfeives eafy . They
are never fo fafe as among their equals.
In the proud competition of genius
they may meet indeed with cafual
(hocks to their vanity, or their felf-

love.

I »

^

^ /f » ffr^^ * iHtAt^^*^4i x_/Arm9%€m^ //Zet//^,

L • • ■ *4!»

FOR JANUARY. 1794.

bfe, but they will not meet with
thofe who watch their expreifions,
wbo lie in wait for their frailties, and
win rrceive amends for the conftraint
they lie under in their prefence^ by
taking confequence to themielves in
otber company, from publilhing their
oogaarded fallies, detemng their pet-
ty habitudes, or injaring their juft
lank, by the exaggerations of inju-
dicioos praife/

Id reading thofe excettent pieces of
biography which former writers have
given tts, and of which the greater
part may be fbmid in the Bio^rapha
Britanntca, the rational enquirer is,
in moft caies, completely gratified,
although he finds not fuch food as can
pleafe only thofe whofe appetites re-
lifh keen icandal, and who love to
grub among the aihes, when they
might contemplate the fublime ftruc-
tore? Onr admiration of Locke is
Bowife dim:hiihed by our ignorance
of die fize of his walking 1H(£, or the
table liquor he drank ; nor are we
gready difappointed, in the life of
Newnm, by its not being recorded
diat he cdlcded the rinds of oranges^
when be was mafter of the Mint, or
wore Uack (lockings when a member
of the royal fociety. Men like thefe,
and minds congenial with fuch men,
will fay, Nott magn0 loqtu'mury fed in-
vimus. s

I have been led • to oFer you thefe

41

remarks; Mr. Editor, purely from
my regard to the fcience of biogra-
phy, which I cannot but confider as
of too high importance to be trifled
with mei&ly tg gratify an idle curio-
fity ; and I fhaU conclude my letter,
with what One of the firft biographers
of the age fays in favour of his pur-
fuit. * Biography may be coniidered
in two lights. It is very agreeable
and ufeful, when it has no other view
than merely to relate the circunidan-
ces of the lives of eminent men, and
to give an account of their writings.
But it is capable of a ftill nobler ap-
plication. It may be regarded as
prefenting us with a variety of events^
that, like experiments in natural p»hi-
loibphy, m^y become the materials
from which general troths and prin-
ciples are to be drawn. When bio-
graphical knowledge is employed in
enlarging our acquaintance with hu-
man nature, in exciting an honoura-
ble emulation, in corrc^ing our pre-
judices, in refining our lentiments,
and^n regulating our conduct, it
then attains its true excellence. Be-
fide its being a pleafing amufement,
and a juil tribute of refped to illuf-
trious characters, it rifes to the dig-
nity o^fcience ; and of fuch icience as
mufl ever be edeemed of peculiar im-
portance, becaufe it has man for its
object.' I am, fir, &c.

R.R.

\

A Account and Rej^kes^statiov of a New Spinning WnFEt^
invented by iWr. John Amis, ^Fulneck, near LctdSj for which thg
Shifty for the EfUouragenunt of Arts anfl ManufaSiurei voted him a
Premium of Twenty Guineas,

BY Mr. Antis* ingenious inven- work, b a given time,^ than by any
tioo, the bobbin of the common . common ijpinoing- wheel hitherto in
fpinmng-wheel is made to move back-
ward awi forward ; by which means,
the time loil by flopping the wheel,
to ihift the threaid from one flaple, on
the fiyer, to another, as has hitherto
CQ&ftantly been pradif^d* is avoided ;
the danger of breaking the thread and
loofing the end, obviated; and the
^inaer envied to do much more

ofe.

EXPLANATIOK.

The method of canfing the bobbin
to move backward and forward (which
is the improvement here meant to be
ihown) is effeded by the axis of the
great wheel being extended through
th^ pillar next the fpinner^ andfbrm-
F ed

f>

A9.

THE UNOT1«i/l^l».MAGyV^INE

/'

ed into a pinion of one leaf, A, which
Ukes into a wheel, B, feven inches
diameter, having' on its periphery
niacty-feven teeth; fo that ninety-
fi-ven revolutions of the great wheel
caufe one of the Icflcr wheel. On
this Icfier whtrcl is fixed a riiig of
"wire, Tcr ; which, being luppoitcU
on fix \'i^^'^.i ilands obliquely to the
wheel itfelf. touching it at one part,
and pfojecUog nearly three quarters
of an inch at the oppofite one : near
the fide of this wheel, is an upright
.lever, C, about fifteen inches long,
moving on a centre, three inches from
ita lower extremity, and cojinedled at
,the top to a fliding bar, D; from
which rifts an upright piece of brafs.

E, which, .working in the notch of a
pulley, drives the bobbin, F, back-
ward and forward, according as the
oblique wire forces a pin, G, in or
out, lis the wheel moves round. To
regulate and alTift the alternate mo-
tion, a weight, H, bangs by a line
to the fliding bar, and, pacing over
a pulley, 1, riles and falls, as the
bobbin advances or recedes, and tends
conflantly to keep the pin in contad
with the wire. It is evident, from
this defcription, that one flaple only
is wanted to the flyer, which, being
placed near the extremity, k, the
thread paiTing through it, is, by the
motion of the bobbin, laid regularly
thereon.

Anecdotes and Observations, feUnedfrom * A Sketch of a Tour en
the C:ntlricyit^ hy James Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. S.* 3 FoL 8w.

Louis XVI.

DR. Smiih, fpeaking of a vifit to
A''erra:nes„ on Sunday, Auguit
6, 1786 (not quite three years b€K)re
the revolution) (ixys, • The road wis
crowded with ail kinds of ciirriawes,
nnd il)ofe carrir.gCb with Chevaliers de
St. Louis. We faw the royal family
go to chapel, with young maids of
honour painted of a rbfe colour, and
old ones crimfon. We faw the crowd
acioririr thfir grand monarque, little
tirrfnuf^ how foon that adoration
wobM icalc. The king's countenance
fcenK'd agreeable and benignant, by
r>o mruiii vacant ; his ears, which his
hair never covered, were remarkably
hirfe -and ugly, and he walked ill.
lly had fome very fine diamonds in
his hat. The queen received com-
pany in her chamber, not having been
• out of it fmce her lying-in. The
king*s brothers had nothing flrikiug
about them.

Defcribing a royal fhooting party,
the ' next day. Dr. Smith relates an
incident that does honour to the be-
nevolence of the late unfortunat Louis :
• Aftcr^ dinner,' fays he, * we were
entertained with a'fhooting party of
the grand monarque in the forell of

St. Germain, about a mile from the
town. The marechal attended the
king on horfeback. His majefly ar-r
rived about half paft three in a coach,
and having taken off his coat and blue
ribband, appeared in a btown linen
drefs, with leather fpatterda(hes. He
proceeded on foot, immediately fol-
lowed by eight pages in blue,. and
white drefTes made like his own. Each
of them carried a fowling-piccc ready
loaded, and as foon as the king had
fired off that in his hand, he took ano-
ther from the page next him. Be-
hind thcfe pages followed ten or twelve
Swifs guards, with feveral pedbns
whofe office it was to attend, among
others a phyfician and a furgeon, all
en horfeback ; as was the marechal
de Noailles and a few other perfans of
rank, moft of whom converfcd oc-
cafion ally. with the king. Some of
their train followed on foot, as did
BroufTonet and myfelf. The greater
part of the fpedktors were kept at a
confidcrable diftancc, by guards form-
ing a fpacious ring. On the right
and left of the king were perfonswith
dogs, to raife the game of all kinds,
which had been prevjoufly driven to
this fpot as much as poffible. His
majcily killed almoU every thing he

aimed

c

FOR JANU4UY> }79i'

43

*me4 2t, (b that the deilrudion on
ihc whole mull have been very great.
The king having learned by fome
accident that thfere were Engliihmen
ia his train^ deiired the marechal to
acquaint them with Margaret Ni-
cholfon's attempt on the life of the
king of Great Britain, of which he
kd jult had an account by exprefs,
adding, that the king had received
fio harm, and was very well. A very
poliie and ufeful piece of condefeenfion;
for when we returned to town that
evening, all Paris was fiiled with the
report of his majcfty's having been
zbfolately murdered.

Louis XIII and XiV-

Frovi the terrace before the royal

palace of St. Germain, is an extenfive

profpeft to the eall. The fpires of

St. Denis are feen at about four miles

diftance, and from hence Louis XI 1 1

contemplated Cheiii on his death- bed.

•There,' faid the dying monarch,

diigulled with the world, and difap-

pointed in his deareft attachments,

* there is my laid home, to which I

[ ihall loon remove.' Louis XIV, his

foD, had no reli(h for contemplating

I his own burying-place, and for that

I reafon, it is laid, preferred the mifera-

ble fituation of Verfailles to that of

St. Germain.

I Of the infuffcrable vanity of Louis

XIV, Dr. Smith relates fome in-

ftances. * la the abbey of St. Denis,'

, he obferves, ' is a fupcil) maufolcum

k for the viicount de Turenne, a tri-

m bate of the imperfe*^ gratitude of

f Loais XIV. That little great man.

It is faid, after having in the firft mo-

acnt of enthufiafm given orders for a

fumptuous funernl and monument for

his illuftrious general, was mean c-

no.jgh, from pa-iry jealoufy apd envy,

10 withhold the epitaph, becaufe one

which had been compofed feemed to

interfere with his own glory. From

tnc fame motives, he ordered the pre-

fce to a fine hiftory of all his own

medali to be cancelL'd, hecaufex the
writer had complimented the en-
gravers and other ariilh employed .n
the work. * That book,' faid Louis,
' (liall contain the praifc of nobody
but myfelf.' Yet Frenchmen forth:s
laft century have been io m;ich at ^
lols for fomething to beAow ihcir
loyalty upon, that they have been rci-
duced to t!ic vihy.tl ntc-riity of calling-
thi« man great / It is high time their
eyes fhould be opened, and it mull Le
confefled they are now no longer in
the dark on this fubjedt. Happy will
it be if they know ho'V to value a
well- meaning king, and can make his.*
virtues beneficial to the ftatc *.

Widow of J, J. Rousseau,

Dr. Smith's defcription or* Ermc-
uonviile, the feat and garJens of M^
de Gerardin, (the fcenc of RcuiToau's
death and interment) agrees, in every
particular, with gur account oi it, in
our 93d volume, page 321. * From
Ermenonville,' fays he, * we went to
Pleflis de Belle Viit, a village at about
two miles diiiancc in the way to Paris^
in order to pay a vifit to the widow
of Jean Jacques, his celebrated Thc-
re(a. We bad doubts about vifiting
her, fearing left v^Ae might fee fome-
thing about her to leffen our venera-
tion for her hulband. Th? event,
however, was far otherwife.

We found her in a npat cottage, in
a linen drcfs like that of her neighs
hours, and fhe wore a fi?iaU gold crofs
on her breall. Her perfon appeared
rather low, not much refembling her
portrait in the French print of her.
hu.ljand's laft moments. Her coui^-
tenance was fenfible and ftriking ; hcc
manneis thofe of a gentlewoman, and
which cxprcfied a mind fcarcely un-
worthy to \e the companion of Kouf-
feau.. bhe u ac^ufiomed to fee vifi>
ors of curiofity, and her reception ot
us was polite aiul eafy. She received
.our exprefTions of cllc-m for her hus-
band in the moft becoming and er^

* It will cafily be perceived at what time tills pafTag? was written, now alns but
*»Taiii!

F Z garbing

44

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

gaging manner* and anfwered with
great readinefs fuch enquiries as we
thought proper to make. From her
I learned the following particulars :

The charader of Julia, after her
marriage, was drawn from madame
Boy-dc-la-Tour of Lyons, an inti-
mate friend of Rouffeau and herfelf,
to whom they generally made a long
vifit every year, and- who is ftill liv-

theboafted efforts of wits and iceptks
againft the fuperintendance of a bene-
ficent Providence. Yet this good
man has been injudicionfly held up as
a model of piety ; and thus the world
are made to believe, that all who
pretend to any devotion are as con-
traded and uncomfortable in their no*
tions as he was in his. Some late
writers have introduced the fame kind

mg. But the flory of the NouveAe of foumefs into politics, to the great
Hcloife has nothing to do with this injury of their caufe

lady's hiilory. How far that was
founded in truth, and who were the
charaders, were fecrets in the bread
of its author. Neither did any of the
fcenes defcribed in that celebrated
novel pafs at £rmenonville, as fome
have reported. The confeiiions, Mrs.
Roufleau afTured me, were all written
by her hufband, and publifhed by her
after his death. She entrufted the
manufcript to the marquis de Girardin,
w«io expunged fome private anecdotes,
and fome names of people dill living ;
not entirely with her approbation, as
ihe would have publifhed it jull as it
was left by the author. Surely the
warmed admirer of Roufleau mud re-
gret that this work was ever publifli-
cd at all ; for what can be the effed
of an exhibition of every failing, every
wayward thought, of a character in
many reipeds eminently virtuous;
except that the bad may from thence
take occafion to decry all virtue as
mere outward fbew, and even thofe
who are lefs abandoned may lull their
confciences with the Toothing reflec-
tion that they are perhaps as good as
the rell of the world. Nothing pro-
bably can have done much more harm
to the caufc of religion, for indance,
than the minute d^lplay that has been
made of the abje^ fuperdition and
miferable defpondency of Dr. Samuel
Johnfon, one of the bed-meaning.

Mrs. Roudeau fhewed us a plader
bud of her hufkand, cad from his face
a few hours z,Rer death, and whicK
fhe thinks gives a perfed idea of him «
This is by far the mod pleaftng por-
trait of Roufleau I ever faw. The
fenfibility, and yet tranquility of the
countenance is charming ; and the
mouth one of the mod expreflive I
ever faw. I fhould think it as diffi-
cult to draw as that famous datue fb
admired by Michael Angelo, the muif*
cles of which, when accurately Uudi-
ed, feem in motion. ' :•

We were told at ErmenonviUe, that
the widow of Roudeau has a pendon
of fifty pounds a year from the king
of Great Britain ; an anecdote I have
not heard confirmed, and for the truth
of which I cannot vouch. She ap-
pears to have been younger than her
hudiand, ^nd fcems likely dill to live
many yeajrs. We learned, on our
return to Paris, that her notions of
delicacy not being always ip romantic
as his, they were once very near part-
ing, for a caufe of difpute not the
mod ufual between man and wife. It
is well known this celebrated man had
always a violent averfion to receiv-
ing prefents, except from very (elrdl
friends, even when in the greaicft
want; and this condufl occafioned
him to be reckoned a madman by the
bulk of mankind, at tue fame time

but mod prejudiced of men; who that it raifed him up a great number

feems to have thought a perfon could
have no religion at all, who * was net
of the church of Rome, or was not of
the church of England.' If fuch
fentiments were the genuine fruits of

of mod inveterate enemies, among
thofe who believed him pcrfed^ly in
h's Tenfes. His wife, lefs fcrupulous,
thought there was no harm in receiv-
ing a morfel of bread from any body.

religion, they would go farther than ail wiicii they were both jull daivingj

and«

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

»d, left her hufband's feelings flioold
fifier, {be did not let him know from
whence their fupport ^me. Un«
luckily however for both« he difcover-
ed the deception, and confidered it
as a dreadful oonfpiracy againft his
honour.

Charactek of Roosseau.

Dr. Smith thus expreBea his opi-
nioD refpediing the much controverted
charadbrof RouiTeau : ' I have found
his charader improve Qn a near ex*
amioation. Every one who knew
him fpeaks of him with the mdft af-
fedionate efteem^ as the moft friendly^
Qoaficded and modeft of men, and the
mod unafluming in converfation. £n-
chafiaftically fond of the ihidy of na-
tttre, and of Linnaeus, as the beft in*

celebrated a chara^ler, Thofe
have only partial D9tions of Rouffeao^
may perhaps wonder to hear that his
memory is cheri^d by any wdU
difpofed minds, ^o fuch I beg leave
to obierve, that 1 hold in a very
fubordinate light that beauty of flyle
and language, thofe golden pailagcs»
which will ever immortalize his writ-
ings; and a faint refemblance of
which is the only merit of fome of his
enemies. I refpefl him as a writer
eminently favourable on the whole to
the interefts of humanity » reafon, and
religion. Wherever he goes counter
to any of thefe, I as freely difTenC
from him ; but do not on that account
throw all his works into the fire. As
the h^d and moft religious people
of my acQuaintance are among hia
terpreter of her works, he was always warmefl admirers, I may perhaps be
warmly attached to thofe who agreed biafled in my judgment ; but it

wi;h him in this taHe. The amiable
and accompliihed lady to whom his
letters on botany were addrefied, con-
curs in this account, and holds his
memory in the higheil veneration. I
have ventured to a(k her opinion upon
fome unaccountable afiions in his life,
and efpecially about, thofe mifanthropic
horrors and fufpicions which embitter-
ed his latter days. She feemed to
think the laft not entirely groundlefs ;
hot ilill, for the moil part, to be at-
tributed to a (bmething not quite right
in h*'s mind, for which he was to be
pitied, not cenfured. Her charming
daughter (hewed me a colledHon of

m my judgment ; but it is
certainly more amiable to be milled
by the fair parts of a charader, than
to make its imperfedlions a pretence
for not admiring C€ profiting by is
beauties. Nor can any defeds or in*
confiHeiicles in the privace character
of RouiTeau, depreciate the refined
moral and religious principles with
which his works abound. Truth is
truth where ver^it comes from. No
imperfections of humanity cari dii'-
credit a noble caufc ; and it would be
madnefs to rejeft ChriiUanity, for in-
ilance, either becaufe Peter denied
Chriil, or Judas betrayed him. It
will be hard to meet with a more edi-

dried plants made and prefented to fying or more confolatory le£hire on
her by RouiTeau, neatly pailed on religion than the death-bed of Julia.
finaU writing paper, and accompanied Her ciiaradler is evidently intended aa

with their Linnaean names and other
particulars. Botany feems to have
been his mofl favourite amafement in
the latter part of life; and his feel-
ings, with refptcl to this purfuit, are
expreiTed with that energy and grace

a model in this refpeCl. By that thei^
we ihould judge of its author, and not
by fretful doubts and petulant ex-
preffions, the fad fruits of unjull per-
i'ecution, and of good intentions mif*
conftrued. Nor would it be difficult

fb peculiarly his own^ in his letter to to produce, from the works of Rouf-

Linhasus, publiihed in the Journal de feau, a vail majority of pailages dU

Paris ; the original of which I pre- really in fupport of Chriflianity itfelfi

(erve as an ineitimable relic. compared with what are fuppofed to

I need oiTer no apology to the can- be holVile to it. It is notorious that

£d and well-informed reader for this he incurred the ridicule of Voltaire,

Qunutenei^ of anecedote concerning To for exalting the charader and death

of

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of JeTus above diat of Socrates. ' But
he was infidious, and he difbelieved
miracles/ fay his opponents. If he
believed Chriftianity without the af-
fiftance of miracles to fupport his
faith^ is it a proof of his infidelity ?
If he was infidious, that is his own
concern. I have nothing to do with
hidden meanings or myitical explana-
tions of any book, ceicainly not of
the writings of fo ingenuous and per-
i^icaous an author as Roufleau. Un-
fortunately for him, the whole tenour
of thofe writings has been too hoilile
to the prevailing opinions, or at leaft
to the darling intereiH of thofe in au-
thority among whom b^ lived ; for
Scribes and Pfo-rifecs are never want-
ing to dcprefs ev-^ -attempt at im-
proving or»inflrafting the world, and
the greatell herefy and moft unpardon-
able offence is always that of being in
the right. For this- caufe, having
had the honour of feeling the venge-
ance of all ranks oftyrants and bigots,
from a king or bi(hop of Frsincc, to a
paltry mag:ltrate of Berne, or aSwiis
paftor, he was obliged to take refuge .
in England. Here he was received
with open arms, being juftly con-
iidcred as the martyr of that fpirit of
inveftigation and liberty Which is the
bafis of our conftitution, and on which
alone our reformed religion depends.
He was careflcd and entertained by
the bcft and moft accompli (bed people,
and experienced in a particular man.
ner the boqnty of ourprefent amiable
fovcreign. One cannot but lament,
that one of the moft eminent, and I
believe virtuous, public charafters of
that day, Ihoald of late have vainly
enough attempted to compliment the
fame fovereign, by telling him he
came to the crown in contempt of his
people, fbould have held up a Mefla-
iina for public veneration, and be-
come the calumniator of RouiTeau !

It is, indeed, true that a certain
morbid degree of fenfibility and deli-
cacy, added to the inequalities of a
temper broken down by pcrfecution
and ill health, made Rouifeau often
receive apparently well-meant attcn-
5

tions with a very bad grace. Yet*
from moft of the complaints of this
kind which 'I have heard from the
parties immediately concerned, I very
much fufped he was not unfrequently
in the right. But, fuppoflng him to
have been to blame in all thefe in-
ftances, they occurred pofterior to his
moil celebrated publications. Was it
not very unjuft, therefore, for thofe
who had patronifed and extolled him
for thofe publications, to vent their
animofity a gain ft f6em for any thing
in his condud afterward ?

Far be it from me, however, to
attempt a full juilification of his writ-
ings. I only contend for the {rcnerall/
good intention of their author. The
works themfelves muft be judged by
impartial pofterity. I merely offer
my own fcntiments; but I ottc them
freely, fcorning to dilguife my opi-
nion, cither becaufc infideU have
preffed Rouftcau int-^ their fervice, or
becaufe the uncandid and the difho-
neft have traduced him fallcly, * r.ot
daring to declare the r^al cvufe of
their averiion ~ his virtuous inicerity.

Henry IV, of Finance.

* The afTcmblies of the Academics
of Sciences at Fario,' were held on
Wednefdays and Saturdays at the
Louvre, in apartments granted to that
illuilrious body by Louis XIV, ihcir
founder. One of thefe rooms was thp
bed-chamber of Henry IV. In place
of the bed, railed off, ftands the buft
of that prince. Here his bleeding
body was left for many hours in abfo-
late negled ; fo much d d (he intrigues
concerning ihe regency o^cupv every
one about the court, * Ainfi,* fay«
Wezcrai, * il n'y ^voit qu*un moment
entre k^ adorations et Toubli.'

Academy of Sciences at Paris.

As Englifhman wonders the name
of the acidemy ibould bo prolHtuted
to gn-e a ianAion to panicuiar kinds
of rouge. Nothing ii more common
than to fee at a perfumer's, * Rouge
apprource par 4*Acadcrais dcy Sd-

cnces/

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

ciices.' Bat it mufl be coniidered that
this article is afed by mod women,
even of worth and charafter, in Paris ;
and the innocence of its compofition
is therefore an objed of public im-
portance.

Young's Narcissa.

Sp E A CI N G of the Botanical garden
at Montpellicr, Dr. Smith fays, Mr.
Bannal, whofe family for feveral ge-
nerations has had the care of this •gar-
den, (hewed us the fpot where thd
celebrated author of the Night-
Tlioughts interred hi? daaghter-in-
law with his own hands. It is in a
low retired part of the garden (deftined
for plants that require much Ihade)
under an arch. Mr. Bannal's father
was prefcnt, and by his friendrfiip the
afkes of poor NarciiTa obtained this
afylum, which, I am forry to hear,
has been violated fince I was there.
The Intend ant of the province, in the
intention of erecting a monument
here, had the precife place of inter-
ment fought for. The bones were
fbund> but the convulfions of the late
revolut'on occurring juft at the time,
the monument was never executed,
and feveral of the bones were dif-
perfed, being preferved by many peo-
ple as a kind of relic. A few years
ago two Italian abbes vifited this
place, and left with the gardener a
Latin infcripton, which they requell-
cd to have placed over the grave;
but this was neglefted. Young is of
all our poets one of the moH admired
abroad, efpecially in Italy. My fel-
low-traveller was often welcomed with
enthufiafm, on account of the fimi-
larity of h\b name to that of this fa-
vourite anihfir.

Origin of the University of
Leyden.

I CANKOT take leave of Leyden
without mentioning that glorious
period of its hillory the ever-m^;mora-
ble iiege it fuliained when Holland
was about to fnake oiF the Spanilb
yoice : an event upon which its inha-

bitants ftill dwell with pleafure/
in relating the particulars of Wi^
I have feveral times feen the glow of
a generous enthufiafm illuminate the
moil inanimate countenance. — It is
fcarcely neceflary to enter into the de-
tail of an event which fo many hif-
torians have delighted to relate. The
people having been reduced to eat the
leaves of trees, as well as horfes,
dogs, leather, and every other ani-
mal fubftance within their reach, a
peftilence carried off more than half
the inhabitants. In this dreadful
exigency the befiegers calling on the
townfmen to forrender, the btter ap-
peared on the walls, and declared
they would each of tbem firft cut off
his left arm for provifion, and fight
with his right. The governor wrote
to the prince of Orange, that without
help from him or from heaven they
codd not refift two days lohger. At
this crifis, providentially furely, the
wind changed, and blew in fuch a
diredion that the Spanifii army, fear-
ing a flood, made a precipitate re-
treat. They were no fooner gone
than the wind returned to the fame
point as before, the waters retired,
and there was an eafy accels to the
town for the people with provifiona
who flocked in on every fide. The
churches were crowded with famiQied
wretches who, juft iaved from the
jaws of death, one moment greedily
devoured the welcome food, and ano-
ther with fobs and inarticulate exclia-
mations returned heaven thanks for
their deliverance; infomuch that no
regular fcrvice could be performed.
And here a new diftrefs occurred.
Many of the poor creatures, too eager
in gratifying their craving appetites,
fell down dead on the fpot, fo that
the magiftrates were obliged for fome
time to regulate the quantity of food
for each perfon.

The day after this fignal deliver-
ance, the prince of Orange went to
Leyden to exprefs his admiration
of the inhabitants behaviour. What
an interview muft that have been I
He gave tbem their option, whether

to

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

to be ibr a time exempt from certain
taxes, or to have an univeriity foand-
cd in their town. They wifely chofe
the latter, and have derived much
profit from it.

Sach b the origin of the uniFer&y
of Leyden. May it long coDtiiHie the
feat of freedom, and the nurfeiy of
every fentlnent mofl favourable to
the intereib of humanity I

Curious Remarks on the probable Causes of Lqi4oevitv.

[From Medical Inquiries and Ohfervations lately publilbed^y 'Dr. Riilh
of Philadelphia.]

IN .treating an account of the ftate
of the bc3y and mind in old age,
with fome remarks on its difeafes,
and their remedies, the do£tor makes
the following obfervations :

Moft of the fads which I (ball de-
liver upon this fubjed are the refult
of obfervations made daring the laft
ive years, uponperfons ofboth fexes,
who had pafTed the 8och year of their
lives. I intended to have given a de-
tail of their names j maoner of life ;
occupations ; s^nd other circamftances
of each of them ; but, upon a review
••f my notes, I found fo great a'fahie-
nefs in the hiflory of zBoft of them,
that I defpaired by detailing them,
of anfwering the intention which I
have propofed in the following efiay.
I (ball, therefore, only deliver the
fads and principles which ate the re-
fult of enquiries and obfervadoTis I
hsivt made upon this fubjed.

X. X ihall jBCHtion the circum fiances
which favour the attainment of longe-
vity :

II. I (ball mention the phenomena
. of body and mind which attend it :

III. I (hall enumerate its peculiar
difeafes, and the remedies which are
moll proper to remove, or moderate
theip*

The circumdances which fivour
longevity, are

Dejtentfrom kng-Jived Anceftors*

I have not found a fingle inftance
of a perfon who has lived to be to
years crfd, in whom this was not the
caie. In fome in (lances, I found the
defcent was only from one, but in ge-
neral it was from both parents. The
6

knowledge of this fa6k may fcrye, not
only to afTid in calculating what are
called the chances of lives^ but itmay
be made ufeful to a phyfician. He
may learn from it to dierlfh hopes of
his patients in chronic, and in fome
acute difeafes, in proportion to the
capacity of life they have derived
from their ancellors.

2. Ttmperanci in eating and drinking.

To this remark I found feveral ex-
.ceptions. I met with one man of S4
years, who had been intemperate in
eating; and four or live perfons who
had been intemperate in drinking
ardent fpirits. They had all been
da jr. labourers, or had deferred drink-
ing until they began to feel the lan-
guor of old age. I did not iQcet with
a fjngle perfon who had not, for the
lail 40 or 50 years of their lives, ufed
tea, coffee, and bread and butter twice
a day, as part of their diet. I am
difpofed to believe ^irt thofe articles
of diet do not materially alFedl the
duration of the human lif;, although
they evidently impair the ftrength of
their fyftem. The duration of life
does not appear to depend fo much
upon the ftrength of the body, or
upon the quantity of its excitability,
as upon the exad accommodation of
flimuli to each of them. A watch
fprin^ will lad as long* as an anchor,
provided the forces whi£h are capable
of dedroying both are in an exa£l ratio
to their flrength. The uic of tea, and
coffee in diet feems to be happily
fuited to the change which has taken
place in the human body, by (Wen-
tary occupations^ by which-means lefs
nourifhments and Aimulus are requtred
than formerly to fuppgrt animal life.

3.r^

FOR JANUARY^ 1794.

49

eSada of eqaanumty of temper are
upon human life, there are fome ex-
ceptlona in fkvour of paffionate-men
and womea having attained to a great
age. The nidrhid ftimulos of anger
in thefe cttfes^ was pitibably obviated
by lefs degrees, or leis afkive exercifet
of the nnderfhinding, or by the de-
fed, or weaknefs of fonc of the other
iHmuii which kept op the motions of
life.

5 . Matrmottj. *

In die courfe of my enquiries, I
met with only one per(bik heyood 80
years of age who had never been mar-
ried* I met with feveral women who
had bore from ten to twenty children*
and fuckled them all. I met with one
woman, a native of HerefonUhire in
England, who is now in the loodi
year of her age, who bore a chUd at
60, menftruated till 80, and frequent-
ly iockled two of her children (though
born in fucceffion to each other) at
the fame time. She had pafled the
ffreateft part of her life over a wafli-
mg-tub.

I have not found fedentary employ-
ments to prevent long life, where they
are not accompanied by intemperanca
in eating or drinking. This dbferva-
tion is^iot confined to literary mfiap^
nor to women only, in whom longe-
vity without much exercife of body
has been frequently obferved. I met
with ond inflance of a weaver ; a fe- '
cond of a filv«rfinith; and a third of
a iboemaker, amon^ the number of
old people, whofe hidories have fug-
gefted thofe obTervations.

7. I have not found that acute, nof
that all chronic difeafes (horten life.
Dr. Franklin had two fucceffive vo-
micas in his lungs before he was forqr*
years of age *. I met with one maa
beyond eighty who had furvived a

* Pr. FraqkKn, win di«d is his 84th ysar, was defcended from long-lived parents.
His father died at t% and his mother at 87. His father had feventeen chiMren by two
Mfcs. The do£br iaformcd me that he once fat down as one of eleven adoit Tons
aid daugb^s at his £tther's table. In an exouriion he once made to that part of £ng«
bod from which his fimily rotgratsd to America, he difcovered in a great graveyard
the tomb-Aooes of &«era) perfons of his n^me» who had lived to b« very old. Theit
ycribnf he fuppofed tahftvt ben his anooftors.

Q noC

S* 32* madtrMit Tlfk if ^ Under-
pauHng.

\ It haa long been an eUabGHked

truth, that Ikerary men (other cir-
cun»(&nce3 being equal) afre longer
lived than other people. Butf it is not
necelTary that the underlbindinglhould
be employed upOn philofophical fub-
jefis to produce this influence upon
Jmoian life. Buiinefs, poKtic»,^ and
xeli^on, which are the obje6ts of at-
tention of men of an dafl^, impart a
vigoor to the underftanding, which,
by being conveyed /to every part of
the body, tendb to produce hesdth and

lODglife.

^» Mfiauihitffy t^THH^it*

The violett and irregular adiou
tfikm paffions tend to wear away the
^riogsoflife.

Perfbu who live upon annuities in
Earope have been obferved to be
Ipager lived, in equal drcumflances,
than other people. This is probably
QGCafioned oy their being exempted
hy the certainQT of their ful^Hence
(fcm thofe fears of want which fo fre-
quently difiradl the mindSf and there-
D]|F weaken the bodies of all people.
Lile rents have been fuppofed to have
the fame, influetice in prolonging lifc^.
Feihaps, the deiire of life, in order to
ODJQ^ ficMT as long as poffible that pro-
feny which 6mnot be enjoyed a ie-
' 9QBd,time by% child or relation, may
be another caufe of the longevity of
perfons who Hve upon certain in-
comes. It is a fad, that the defire of
fife is a very powerfti! ftimulm in
prolonging it, elpedally when that
defire is fupported by hope. This is
obmns to phyficians every day. De-
• ibair of recovery, is the beginning of
death in all difeafes.

BotoMoua and reafimable as the

50

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

noft violent attack of the ycUow fc*
ver ; a fecond who had had feveral of.
his bwies fractured by falb and in
frays, and many who had frcqoently
been affeded by intermittcnts. I met
with one man of 86, who had all his
life been fabjed to tyncop^ : another
who had been for fifty years occa-
ftonaliy affeded with a cough f ; and
two inftances of men who had been
afFe^ed for forty years with obftinate

head-achs !• -^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^"^X ^^'^
perfon beyond eighty who had ever
beeii affisdted by a diforder in the fto-
mach ; and in him it arofe from an
oiccaiional rupture. M r. John Strange-
f^ays Hutton, of Philadelphia, who
died laft year in the i ooih year of his
age, informed me Aat he never had
tiuked in his life. Thb circamftancc
IS the more remarkable as he paiTed
feveral years at fea when a young
man 5. Thefe fafts may ferve to ex-
tend our ideas of the importance of sf
healthful ftate of the ftomach in the
animal economy, and thereby to add
to our knowledge in the prognofis of
diftafes ar.d in the chances of human
life.

8. I have not found the lofs of teeth
to affcft the duration of human' life fo
much as might be expelled. . Edward
Drinker, who lived to be one hundred
and three years old, lofl his teeth
thirty years before he died, from draw-
ing the hot fmoke of tobacco into his
mouth through a (hort pipe.

Dr. Sayrc of New Jerfey, to whom
I am indebted for feveral very valua-

ble hiflories of old peHbns» mendoat
one man aged Si, whole teeth began
to decay at fS, and another of 90,
who loft his teeth thirty years before
he faw him- The gums, by becom-
ing hard, perform, in part, the ofike
of teeth. But may not die gaftnc
juice of the flomach, like the tears
and urine, become acrid by age» and
thereby fupply, hy a more diflblving
power, the defe^ of mailication from
the lofs of teeth? Analogies might
eafily be adduced from feveral opera-
tions of nature that go forward in the
animal economy, which renders this
fuppoiition highly probable.

9. 1 have not obferved baldnels, or
grey hairs> occurring in early or mid-
dle life to prevent old age. In one
ofthe hidories furnifhed me by Dr.
Sayre, 1 find an account of a man of
80, whofe hair began to aflame a
filver colour when he was only eleven
years of age.

I (hall conclude this head by the
following remark ■ ■■

Notwithftanding there appears in
the human body a certain capacity of
long life, which feems to difpofe of ic
to prefcrve its exiflencein every fitua-
tion, yet this capacity does not al-
ways protefl it from premature de-
ilruflion ; for among the old people
whom I examined, I fcarcely met
with one who had not loft brothers or
fifters in early and middle life, and
who were born under circumftances
equally favourable to longeriiy with
themfelves.

t This man's only remedy for ha cough was the fine powder of dry Indian turnip
andhonev..

I Dr. Tliicry lay*, he did not find the itch, or (light degrees of the leprofy, to pre-
vent longevity.

. § The veneiah'le old mau, wlio(e hiftory firft fuggcfted this remark, was bom in
■New York in the year i6?4. Hh grandfather lived to be 101, bnt was unable to-
walk for thirty years before he died, from an cxceflive quantity of fat. Hit mother
«Ked a( 91 . His conHnnt drink was water, beer, and cider. He had a fixed dlQike
to fpirits of all kinci<;. His appetite was good, and he ate plentifully diuing the laft
years of his life. He feldom drank any thing between his meals. He was intoxi-
cated but twice in his life, and tliat was when a boy, and at lea, where he remembered
perfe£lly to have celebrated by a feu-de-joye the birth^day of queen Anne. He wat
formerly affli61ed with the hcad-ach, and giddinefs, bat never haiA a fever, except from
the fmall-pox, m the couHe of his life. His pulfe was flow but regular. He had
been twice married. By hi^ fii^ wife he had eight, and by.his feoond, feventeen chil-
dren. One of them livdi to be eighty- three years of age. He was about five feet ninf
ibchesin height, of a fl^^nder maice, and carried an erc£t bead to the lat^ yelr of his life.
5 - LON^

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

51

LONDON GAZETTES.

— . • . ^ ^ - , From the London Gazette Extraordirianr,

Fioin the London Gazette^ January 7. Jamiary 17. '

Tyrin, Decojibcr tS. Whitehall, Jan. 15. Captain Hi|l,

rj Y accounts received from Bawlona, aJd-de-camp to major-£en«JaI Dundas, ar-

Z^^ ^^^J^^^i^\y!^I^\^^} 1 rived on the i jth infSnt, at the office pf

I. . . ^^ ^j^^ right hon. Henry Dundas, his ma-

^nce had arrived there mm the ca^p at
RouiTilloD, that the Spaniards and Portu*
gueie h.id obtained a complete vi^ory in a
general a^lioo over the French^ .in which
the latter loft between 700 and Soo men
kiikd or drowned in paffinethe river iI>C|
aboyc 600 taken prifoners, forty- fix pieces
of cannon* two howitzers, one mortar, a
j;reait number of mulkets, with tents, cloth*
jng, ammunitfon and (lores.

Xbc lol's ef the Spaniards and Portu*
gude amounts to %09 men. .

Lcghorc, I>ec. is. The oiafter of a

jetty's principal fecretary of ftate for the
home depaicment, with difpatches from
vice-admiral lord Hood and the rtiajor-
general j of which the following are copies
and exa-a6ls :

Viaory,' Toulon Road, Defc. 13, 1793.'

Sir,

Kotbing very material has happened

here fmce th( 30th of taft month, when I

had the honour of writing to you, except

•.T -i- .• -A 'AC I? ,* that the enemy has made approaches nearer
NcapoUuni>rig,juftarr,vcdfromTouJon, ,onsby fome new. ereaei batteries j one
icports, that on the 17th, the French made ag^inft Malboiilquet, another agalnf! Lc

a general attack on the advanced pofts and
Horts, and particularly on Fort Ba}agiiier,
of which they gained poOTeOlpn ; that on
the morning of the 18th, the £ngli(h let
&c 10 the arienal and French fle?t: that
on the (anne day the Neapolitan troops em*
barked, and immediafiely failed : that the
Eogliih and Spaniards remained on (hore^
and at that time in poflefTion of Fort La
Malgue: that the EngliOi and Spanifti
fieetSf with ibme French (hips, had an-
chored out of reach of the cannon of the
place; and that tranfports were prepar-
ing for the embarkation of the French
Toyalifts.

Bniflels, J«n. 4. Intelligence has been
received here that the blockade of Landau
is raiied. It appears that the Frencli had
continued their attaclQs every day till the
s6ih oh. when they advanced earlv in the
morning, in force againft the duke of
Bruxfwicki who was at Bcrgzabem, with
his van guard commanded by prince

Brun, and a third againft the Hauteur de
Grafle. The flielk from two of them did
us fome mifchief on the 9th and loth,
fince which they have been pcifeaiy frfent.'
The enemy is reported to be 50,000,
but I cannot credit their being much })tv
yond half that tilimber. By various de-
lerters that have come in,, who in thia
refpeft perfcaW agree, we are loon to be
attacked on alf fides at once. From the
numerous and important pofts we hnve to
occupy, the troops are at very hard duty,
and without relief fome way or other, we
Aiall foon have more men in the hoTpItsd
than are fit for fervice. I am, &c«

Hood.
Right hon. Henry Dandas, &c.

Toulon^ D(c« II, i79|«
Sir,
Sinoe the afiair of the 30th ult. na
confiderable event has takai place. By
the repeated accounts of defoters, the ene.
Hohenk>e : (hat the grenadier bahalion of my are very much increaied in niunbcrs t
Kleift, and two campanies of chaflfeurs, none ftate them lower than 30 or 40,(^09
advanced to meet the French ^ that they men.

svcre at firft rq>uhed, but that prince They have fired of late little from the
Hobenioe then marched forward to their battery we were in poiTeflion of. Four of
iiipport with, lomc artillery, and that the its guns were certainly difabied. They
enemy was at laft completely routed $ that have incrcafed the number of their moi tars.

toward midday, however, the attack wa^
renewed on the right of general Wurmfer's
pofition, who was com(ieIled to retreat,
dud has fince re-cix>(Ibd the Rhine in two
columns. The duke of Brunfwick takes
^ pofition to cover Mayence. A garrilba
is kft 10 Fort Louis« .

which have much annoyed our two' poftf
of Cape Brun and Fort Mulgrave, on the
heights of Bala^uier. We have loft ibine
men at each, from the efFed of ftsells,
which, in fuch temporary exposed fiiua-
tions, cannot be fufficiendy guarded from*
Againft each of tbefe polb tlsey have
O 1 opened.

5*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

opened a new battery of cannon and roor-
tars, but at the other points they h^^
worked little . We * continue ftrengthcn-
iqg our tkofitJODy thoagh we cannot cx-
peft to give it any much more fubftantial
ibrm. ^^

We bavc in all near 11,000 men bear-
ing muflcets, and 4000 fick. Dcfertert
ail report die mtention cf a Tpeedy general

This will be delivered by captara Hill,
a very defcrving young man, who has
been aide-de-camp to lord Mulgrave,
Kcutenant-gencral O^Hara, and myfelf.
The opportunity of his departure is fud-
dcn, and theretbre I am to beg- you will
excul'e the fliortncfs of this letter,
I am, 8cc,

David Dvnbas.
Right hon. Henry Dundhe, 'See.

Whitehall, January 15, 17 94-
This morning, fir Sydney Smith and
oiajor MoDcrief arrived at the ofEce of the
right hon. Henry Dundas, his majeliy's
irincipal fecretary of I\ate for the home dc-
|Wtnaentt with dilpatches from vice-ad-
iniral lord Hood, and msyor-ymeral pavld
^undas, of which the foUowiog are copies
^nd extraAs.

* Vi5^ory, HicresBay^, Dec. 20, 1793*
It 19 019^ ditty to acquaint ^ou, tha^ I
^ave been obli^d to taa^uat^s Touiont
^fid to Betir« irooi <be hai4)«>ur to tlu%
^cborage* • . ,

It became unavoidably neceilary that
the retreat lhould«ot be deferred beyond
that njght, as tfie enemy commanded the
town and ihips by their Ihot and (hells ; I
therefore, agreeable to the goveriKJr's .plan,
dii-e£led the boats of the fleet to afTemble
by.€teffln<^el«ck, near f*rt la Malgue,
and am happy to fay the whole of the troops
^tcrt 'brought off to the number of nea^
f ,000, >wi|hout4he lefs «f a man { and ia
tfaeeitecution of this iervioe I have infinite
plftdfure in acknowWging n>y very great
obligations to captain EiphiltAone for bis
unremitting zeal and exertion, who faw
the laft man off; and it is a very comfort-
able fatisfa£lion to me that ieveral thou-
tands of the meritorious ' inhabitants of
Toiilon were (helteivd in his roajefty^s
Ihips.

I propofe fendilig tbe vice admirala Ho-
tham and Cofliy, with fome other (tups,
CO Leghorn or rorto Feirai-a, to complete
their witie and provifions, which run verj
Ihort, having many mouths to feed $ and

|o remain with jLlic tei\ to block up the

ports of Toulon and NfrrfisUlet. Cir-
<uro(bnces jMrhich Jiad taken place made
the retreat nbfolutely iieceflary tp be af-
fected as foon as pofHble, and prevented
the execution of a Settled arrangemeut fcr .
deftroying the French ihips and arfenal. I
ordered tne Tulcan fireAiip to be prinoeda
and itr Sydney Smith, wbo johiad me
firom Smyrna about a fortnight afpo, hav-
ing cfiered liis fervices to biim <he ftips,
I put capt«n Hare under his orders, with
the lieutenants Tupperand Gore, of the
▼itftory, lieotenant Pater of the Britannia,
and Keutemmt ^. W. Miller, of the
Windfor Caftle. Ten of the eiifliBy*e
flitps of the line in the arfenaX, «*ich the
maft-hoole, great ftore^houle,heivrp-ho4i(i*,
and other buildings were totatly ^kftroyod,
s(nd before day.light all his maji^^ ^r9^*
with thofe of Spain and the two Sicihes,
were out of die reach of 4he enemy's Ihet
and (hells, except the Robnl^, whidi wae
to receive captain Elphinfbme, and fre fol^
k>wed very foon atter, wiifhoat « Ac4
ftriking her. I have imder my erdere
rear-admiral Tregdff, in -the ComnMns
de Metfaill«9s Peifiant wid Pomp^ e€
the lin^ the Pearl, Are<hu1a and Topeae
frigateS) and Several tinrgecorveetet, whioh
I have manned, and emjiAoyed in coUeA^
tng wine and provifions from the different
ports in Spam and Staly, bnrtng bcdi
conftantly in want of one ^peciea or an»»
fher, and am now at fhort akkwirance*

Don Langara tmdertook to dcihrey the
(hips in tlie bafon, but, I am inferaiei^
found it was not practicable ) and as ^
Spanifh troops had the guarding tbe posr^.
der-veifcls, which contained the powder
of the (liips I 'ordered <into the baum and
a(4cnal on my ooming here, as well ae
that from the diftant maga^nes, wklii^
fhe enemy's reach, f re^Me(M the Sphniik
admira) would be ple^Ml to give ordm
for their being icuitled and iunk ; liut^
inftead of doaog that, the officer to whom
that duty was entruffed^ blew them np,
by which two fine gun -boats which I hai
ordered to attend lir Sydney Smithy w««ie
thook to pieces. The lieutenant com*
man^ng one of them was killed, and fe-
veral Teamen badly wounded. I am lorry
to add, that lieutenant GoddaKi, of the
Vi^ory, vfho comiTMHoded the fcvnem
upon the Heights of Graile, was wound*
ed, but I liope and truft not dangerouAy.
I beg to rdkv you for further particulare
to general Dundas, veipeii^ing thcevacua-
tion of Toulon, aud to fir Sydney Smith
as 40 the hur«iag the emmy^e thipe, Scc^

on which fervice he very ma^ <li}tingQi(h-

FOR JANUARY, 1^54. '

II

fld Ufeniclf ; tnd Ike givdl jjKat pnil^ 10
ta^foin flare, of the fire^iiip, as well as
to all the lievfeenaDtseroplo^ aoder him.

It is with veiy peculiar fBti5fa6iion I
kwc the hoBom-4D acquaint you, that the
wtmatt iuuTnony, aad moft cordial under*
imdiiigt has happily (ubiifled in htsma-
JBfty*s anoy amd ^fleet, not only between
the officers of all ranks, but between the
licaawn and ibldiers al$>.

i herewith tranfiait a copy of fir Sydney
SimtVs kftter to me, with a lift of the oN
lioeiv employed under him, and alio a re*
tarn of officers and iJbaiaen killed and
pouiided at Fort Molgrave on the lyth.
I have the haiioar, isc

Ho<m.

P. S. The lift of the Alps at Toulon
that were burnt, and tho& renoaioiiig, has
been recetved iinoe writing my letter.

Right hon. Henry Dundas.

My Lord, Toulon^ Dec. iS.

Agreeably to your lordfhip*8 order, I
pfocaedcd with the Swallow tender, three
Eagltfti and three 3paniih gun>boats, to
4hear^al,andiiiinieaialely beg^ anaking
ihe Bsceflary preparatioDS for burning the
FfCBoh flitps and ftores therein , We iouiid
ihedock-gates well lecured by the judicious
aniif»geni«nt« of die ^overtior, although
tbed^yard people had already ^tibOiimcd
the three-colonKd cockade for tbeiwhiie
one I did not chink it iaie to aitevpt
ihe4eGunng «By of them, coniiderittg the
linaU fofce 1 had with me» and confidcxuig
dttt coBieft of any kind would occupy
oar whole attention, and prevent ua from
ioconaplifliipg our porpofe.

The galley ilaves, to the number of at
leaft ^o, fliewed theaBlalves jealous fpec-
latari of our operations t tbear dtfpofiti^
la oppofe «s was evident j and being un-
chained, ^jch was mrafiia], rendered it
WiKtAry to keep a watchful eye on ' them
«ii boani the galleys, by pointing the guns
af the Swallow tender and one of the
goB-boou on them, in fuch a manner as
Is coftlade the ^uay on which they muft
bafre landed 10 come to us, afltiring them,
atdieAme time, that nohann flwuld hap-
pen id th«m if Ratify remained quiet. The
aemy kept Mp a crofs^ fire of ^t and
tKtts on the (pot ham MalbouTquet, and
tk neighbouring hills, which contributed
lakRpthe gall^ ilaves m iubjedion, and
spented, in every rtfyb^t favourably for
as, bykeepifiig the Republican partjr in the
town within their hou(b, while it occa-
$oaed httle iqiacniptiQn to oiif vock of

_ flomlmmVll miAlic
in the di%mt AaeehouAa, and on faoaid
the (h^ps; fuch vtrasthe fteadinels^ ikt
few brave leaaen I had^nder tey eaoii^
mand. A great nmlckude -pf the enemjf!
continued to draw down the hill towarda
the dock-yard waU^ and as the nighc
clofed in, they came near enov^ to pom:
in as iiTegular though quick m of mW^
quetry on us from tht Boulangerie, nnd <£
camion from the heights which overiook
It. We kept them at bay by dirchai|m
of grape (hot fiom time 10 time, ttrhwh
prevented their .'oani^ fo nea^as to di^rot
ver the infufficiency of our force to repel #
clo&r aftisok. A gun«hoat was AatioMid
to fkak the wall on ibe ourjSde, and tw«
field -pieces were placed withio againft the
wioket ufuaily frequented by the wodk*
men, of whom wt were paiticnlarly 4e^
pmhenfive. About eiglit o^clock I bad
ihe &tisfrk£li«a of feeing Ucttt. Gore tow«>
ing in the Vdkan fiitihip. Capt. Han^
her commander, placed her, agreeably to
ray dire6^ions, in a moft mafterly manner^
acjofs the tier of men of war j and thead^
ditional force of her guns and, men dimt«
niflied my appfBhenbons of the galjef
ilaves rif»ng on vs, as their manner mA
occasional tumultuous debates oeaied en*-
tirely on her appearance. The only nesJe
hcaid among them vwas the hanamor knook^
il^ off their fetters, whkh hiunaoky fcr*.
bade my 9f^mg, as they mjght dime^
fore be move at liberty to iwt tfaenielv«a
on the cnoiiagmnon taking place armnd
^kem* In diis fiiaatioo we ooniMMed tar
wait ni;ioft anxioully'for the honrcoocstad
with the governor for the inflammation «f
the trains* The moment the fignsl wm
made, we had the lati^fadtoB to lac the
flames rik in every quarter. Lientcnaat
Tupper was chai|^d with the buroiiig of
the general magazine, the pilch, tarK.«■l^
low, and oil ftore-beuib> ^nd fiioomdsd
moii perfeftly | Che hemp mogsMie wtl
alio included in this hlaaee its \mm
nearly calm was un^ertuBate to (he ^jireadr
ing of the flames, but ^50 baireis <«f far«
divided among fhe deals and other timbci^
sofui-ed the rapid ignition of that whd6
quarter which ijeut. Tapper had iipdsr^
taken.

The maft-homfe was equidly weU ftt oil
fire by lieut. Middkioo of ibc iiiiomdm
X<ieut. Pater of the Biitannia oonMnied
in a moll daring manner to brave fht^
Barnes, in order to complete the Mmpjk
whtre the fire Itemed to htfvexanght im-.
pecfe6tty. I was obliged to call him oC
Idt his Rtfcat ihauld. become impraair-

cablei

5*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

caktki liWfitvatian wit the more periloas,
M the cnemy^s Bre redoubled as foon as
ibe aw^zijig blase of light rendered us
dittin^^ obj^^ of their aim. Lieut, tron-
flDODger, of the Royals, remained with
the guard ar the gate tiil the laft, long
after the Spaniih guard was withdiawn,
and was brought fately off by capMin
Edge of the Aierr) to whom I had con-
fided the imponant fervice of clofmg our
retrear, ami bringing oif our detached
parties, which were Taved to a man. 1
was ibny to fin J mylelf def>rtved of the
further lervices of captain Hare: he had
performed that of phcing his fireihip to
admiration, but was blown into the water,
and much fcorclied, by the exploHon of
her priming, when in the aft of putting
the match to iL Lieutenant Gore was
nlfo much burnt, and I was conlequently
dcprifed of him alfo^ which I regretted
the more from the recollection of his
bravery and a^ivity in the warm fervice
of Port Mulgrave. Mr. Bales, midfhip-
man, who was alfo with him on this oc-
cafion, d^ierves my prailc for his cwdoA
throughout this lervice. The guns of the
firefliip going off on both fides as they
heated, m %e dire^Uon that was given
them, towards thofe quarters from whence
we were moft apprebenfivc of ilie enemy
forcing their way in upon us, checked
their career. Their (houts and republi-
can fongf, which we could hear diftin6^ly,
continued till they, as well as ourfetves,
were in a manner thonderftiuck by the
«xpk>fion of tome thoUfand barrels of
powder en board the Iris frigate, lying
in the Inner Road, without u$, and >w^ich
had been injudiciouily fet on iire by the
Spaniih boats, in going off, inftead of
beiop funk, as ordered. The concuifton
«(f Mr, and the ftiower of falling timber on
file, was fuch as nearly to delirroy the
whole of us. Lieutenant Patey, of the
Terrible, with his whole boat's crew,
nearly periftied ; the boat was blown to
neces, but the men were picked up alive.
The Union gun -boat, which was neareft
CO the Ins, fuffered coiifid«rabIy, Mr.
Toung being killed, with three men, and
die vdiel ihzdcen to pieces. I had given it
in cbai^ to the Spanilh officers to fire the
ibips in thebalbn before the town, but
they retnmed, and reported that various
obliacle» bad prevented their entering it.
We attempted it together, as foon as we
bad completed the bufincls in the arfenal,
but were repuUed in our attempt to cut
the boomr by repeated voUies of muf-
^uetry from tfat flagflup and the^aUof

the Battery Royale. T%e" cannon of eha
battery had been fpiked by the judtcioutf
precaution taken by the governor, previ-
oufly to tl)e evacuation of the town.

The failure of our attempt on the (hips
in the bafon before the town, owing to*
the infofficiency of our force, made sue
regret that the Spanilh gun-boats had been
withdrawn from me to perform other Icr*
vice. The adjutant Don Pedrc^Cotiella,
Don Franct'co Riguelme, and Don Fran-
ciico Trufollo remained with me to the
laft, and I fieel bound to bear teflimony
of the xeal and a6livity with which they
performed the moft eflcntial fervices dorina|^
the whole of this buGnels, as.far as the
iniufficiency of their force allowed ir,
being reduced, by the retreat of the gun-
boats, to a iingle felucca,, and'a mortar-
boat, which had expended its amm«ni-
tion, but contained thi'ty men with cut-
laffes.

We now proceeded to bum the Hen>
and Themiftocles, two feventyfjur gun
(hips, lading in the Inner Road. Otir
approach to them ha<l ht(hcito been im-
pra^ cable in boats, as the French pri-
loners who h^d been in the latter fliip were
fiill in pofltffion of her, and had (hewn
a detetmination to refift our attempt 10
come on board. Tlie fcene of conflagra-
tion around them, heightened by the late
tremendous explofion, had however awake-
ned their feais for their lives. Thinking
this to be the cafe, I addreifled them, ex-
preifing my readmefs to land them in a
place of fafety, if they would fuhmtt, and
they thankfully accepted the ofi^r, ihew.
ing themfelves to be completely intimi-
dated, and very grateful for our humane
intentions toviraids them, in not attempt-
ing to burn them with the fliip. It was
ijeceflhi-y to proceed with precaution, at
they were more numerous than ourfelves.
We at length completed their difembar-
katicn, and then ftt her on 6re. On this
occafion I had nea: ly loft my valuable
friend and afliftant, lieutenant Miller, of
the Wind»br Caftle, who had ftaid fo long
on board to infure the fire taking, that it
gained on him fuddenly, and "it was not
without being very much fcorched, and
the I'ifkof beine fuffbcated, ihat we could
a^^roach the ihip to take htm in. The
lols to the fervice would have been vti-y
great, had we not fiicceeded in our endea-
vours to fave him. Mi;. Kn'.ght, mid-
fhipman, of the Windfor C afHe, who was
in ihe boat with me, fheweil much addrels
and a^ivity on this uccafion, as well as
^imntH ibrougbout thp day,

Tht

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

Tba cxptofion of a fecond'pQwdervcf-
§dt equally unexpected, and with a (hock
even gicaler than the H'^fi, again put us
in the moft inimtDC&t danger of peh(h-
iog { and when it is coofidered that we
were within the Tphere of the falling tim-
ber» it is next to miraculous that 00 one
piece, cf the many which made the water
iofitn round us, happensd to touch eithar
thr Swallow or the tbrve boats with me.

Having now fet Ate to every thin^ within
cmr reach, exhaiiftod our combuftihle pre-
panuioos and our ftrength to fuch a de-
gree that the men abfoliitely dropped on
the oars, we diieAcd our coorfe to join
the fiect, running .the gauntlet under a
few in directed ibot from the Forts of Bala*
guicr and Aiguiliete, now occupied by the
rncrmy ; but tbitunaiely, without lofs of
BDV kind, we proceeded to the place ap-
pointed for the embarkation of the troops,
and took o{f as many as we coiild carry.
It would be injuilice to thofe officers whom
I have omitted to' name, for their not hav-
n^ been Co tminediately under my eye, if
I did not acknowledge myfelf indebted to
ifatm all for their extraordinary exertions
in the execution of this great national ob-
je6l. The qhicknefs with which the in-
flanunation took cft:£k on my fignal, its
extent and duration, are the beft evidences
that every officer and man was^ ready at
his poft, and firm under moft perilous cir-
cwnibncBsi I theiefbie fubjoin a lift of
the whole who were employed on this
l^rvice.

We can afcenain that the fire extended
to at leail ten f<til of tKeline^ how rou h
further we cjnnot fay. The lofs of the
general mag^^ine, and of tb^ quantity of
pitch, far, rofm, hemp, timber, cordage,
and gunpowder, muft confiderably impede
the equjpqient of the few (hips that remain.
I am iorry to have been obliged to leave
?py» but I hope your lord (hip will be fa-
tinned that we did as much as our circum*
icnbed means enabled us to do, in a li-
mited time,, preired as we were by a force
fi> moch fuperior to us. I have the honour
10 be. Sec. W. SYDNEY 5MITH.

Right Hon. Lord Hood, &o.

A Lift of the Officers empbyed tinder the
Orders of Sir SyUriey Smith, Grand
Cro& of the Royal Milicary Ocd^ of
the Sword, in the ftfvice of huming'
the French Shipf and Arieital of Tou-
lon, in the Ntgfat of the tSthof.JDe-
ccmber, 1793.

Ctipuin Hare, Vulcan firrflxip.
Ciptain Edge, Alert floop.
. Pon I^edro de Cotielia, anjutant, and

55

Don Francifob Riguieline» lieutenants,
Spanifli navy.

Don Francjfco Truxillo, commanding
a mortar-bo3t.

Lieutenants C. Tupper,. John Gon,
Mr. Bales, midihlpm^n, Vȣlory's boats.

Lieutenants Melhuiili and HoUoway,
Alert (loop.

Lieutenants Matthew Wiench aikd
Thomas F. Richmond, Mr. Andrews,
maftur, Mr. Jones, (urgeon, and Mr- -
Matthew, gunner, Vuican fir9bip.

Lieutenants Ralph W. Miller and John
Stiies, Mr. Richard Hawkins, Mr. Tho-
mas G)wan, and Mr. William Knight,
Windlbr Caftle*s boats.

Lieutenants Pater and Middleton, Mr,
Matfon and Mr. Valiant, midibipmen,
Britannia.

Lieutenant Hill, Swallow Tender.

Lieutenant Prieft, Wafp gun-boat.

Lieutenant Morgan, Petite- Vifloire
gwi-boat.

Lieutenant Cox, Jean Bart gun- boat.

Mr. Young, Union gun-boat, killed,

•Enfign Ironmonger of the Royals..

John 'Slcrimgers, boatfwain's mate,'
James Young, gunner's ma^e, Thomas
Kjitgbt, quarter- mafter, and Thomas
Clarke, car(.enter> mate, of the Swallow
Tender,, and who performed the (eivice of

n»ring comhuftibies.
ohn Wilfon^ advanced centinel.

An Abftra£l' of the Return of Oflker»
and Seamen belonging to (he Ships un-
dermentionecf^ who were killed, wound-
ed, and miifing on the T7th day of
Decemi)er, X793> at Fort Mulgrsve.

Victory. X lieutenant, i midftiipmanr,^
2 feamen wounded, 8 ieamen roifling.

Britannia. I ieamen killed.

Vf'indfu Calile. a Ieamen killed, a
feamen wounded, a feamen miifing.

Princtls Royal, x midihipman, 8 iea*
men miifing.

Lieutenant Goddard, of the Victory,
wounded.

Mr. J. W. Loving, midihipman of the
Viftory, wounded. .

Mr. A. Wilkie, midfli^pman of the
Princcfs RoyaF, miffing.

Lift of Ships of the Line, Frigate^ , and*
Sloops of die Department of Toulon.

In the Roiad where the Engliih Fleet
entered Tonlon.

Ships of the Linb.~
Nrw with the Er^Ufl) Fleet.

Guns. Gunr.

Ia Coromffce ? ^^ Le Fctopli 74

deiyiarfcincjf*^^

Bm-M

ss

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Bdrfgt at Tottlojt.
Le TounnaDt So Le Oefth> 74.

JUtleiireiix 74 Le Lys 74.

Lc Centaur 74 L« Hems 74

Le Commerce 7 ' LeThcmifbcle 74
dbBourdeauxy '* Lel>ugiy trouin 74

Suit into the French Ports on the Atlantic,

^uikb Brencb S4amen^ 6fc,
LePatnott 74 L*Orion 74

I^AfoUoB .74 L^Entrepreaant 74

LeScipion - 74
Remaining at Toulon*
LeGenereux - 74

FRIOATBa.

ITow witb the £ngUJb Plot.
LcPerle - 40 L'Arcthufe - 40
. Pittidautiy tbf E^l^/b.

Put into Commi(/iOH by Order ^ Lord

Mdod,

La Topaae - 3»

f^fmdfttt^ iff t^^ Power of ibi Sordid

L'Alceftc

3»

^ Sloof*.

Konn nnilh the BngRlh fleet.
taPouictte - a5 LeTarUflon - 14

Burnt at Ttmion*
li Caioline - 20 L'Auguftc - 10

Fitted out by the Bngfifi.
I^Pcltette -> gi6 LeMulet . »o
LaPraielite - »4 La Mozeile - ad
La Sincere - «o

Fitted oHt by tbe. Heap^Utem.

L*Bmproye - 10
fitted out by tbe Spaniardf.

La Petite Aufoi« ig

Sent to Bourdimtx.
Le Pluvier - xo

Fitting oi»c when tbe Engliih FJcct entered

Toulon :

. Ships of tbb Linb.

Burnt at Toulon,

Le Triomphapt So Le SuffifTant - j^

tlw 'witb tbe Bn^yb Fleet*
Lc Fuiflant • 74 •

Remumng at Tatlofi,
Le Dauphin Royal laa

Fricatb.

Burnt at Touleii,

I41 Serieufe « 34

7

Ixk die Hirboqr, in Want of Reptifr

Ships.

Burnt at Tdubn,
LaMereure 74 Le Conqueranf 74
La Couronne 80 Le DIQ^teur 74

BemainiMg at Toulon.
LeLaneuedoc So LeGuierrier 74.
LeCenleiir 74 Le Souverain 7^

Unfit for Serwc^
L'Alciie « 74

FftZGATES';

Burmt at Toulm^
LcCooragewt %% L*Alerie r6

L*Iphigenie 3 a

Having on Board tbe Powder Me^azines,
burnt at Todon,

V Trig 31 Le Montreal 31

Fitted out by tbe Eng^Jb as a Bemh

KeUb.

La Lutine - 3^

Remmm^ atTouhr,
La fireionne - 18

In CommiiHon before the EnglUh Fket

entered Toulon;

Ship.

tn tbe Levant,
LaDuquefne - 74

Frigatbs and Sloots^
In tbe Levant,
La Sibile 40 La Poitan^ 31

LaSenfible 31 LaFlkhc 2.4.

La Mdpomene 40 La Fauvette 24.
La Minerve 40

Taken by tbe Ef^lifi,

V Imperienfe 40 L'Eclair sa
La Modefte 3X

At FMk Franeb^
LaNcftala. 36 — — LeHaacd 30
Ltt' Badina 04

At Corfica^
La Mignone - 3ir

At Crttg.
La Bi*nne - ^4

In OrMnary at Tpukn*
La Junon • 40

Building*
One Ih^p of 74 O^ofrig^tea 40

On Boaid'thc Viaory, Htnea

Sir, Bay, Dec. %i.

In my Icttec of the laih inft. I had

the honour to acquaint you, thai from the

Soth of November to that time no paiti*

cular

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

cdbr rvent had taken place, and that the
fire of the enemy was lefs frequent. Du-
ring this period there were daily recttvin^
raBforcements fiom every quarter, and
both fides were bufily em ployed, we in
lirengtfaening our pofts, and rhe enemy in
eitab iHiing new battene« again li CapeBrun
and Malbouiquet, hut principally-: againtt
FoftMuigrave, on the heights of Balagu er.

From all concurring accounts of de-
ioftcrs, and others, the enemy's army was
now between 30,000 and 40,ooo|men, and
an attack upon our pofts was to be daily
eapeBcd. ' Tbefe, from their eflential
though detached Situations, bad been feve-
raliy ftrengtbened in the proportion their
cifcuniftances required, having fuch cen-
tral fNce in the town as was deemed ne-
ceflary for its immediate guard, and for
affonling a degree of (iiccour to any point
that might be more particularly att-^cked.

For the complete defence of the town
and it? extenlive harbour, we had long
been obliged to occupy a circumference of
It leaft 1 5 miles, by eight principal pof^s,
with tbetr (evcral intermediate dependent
ones ; the greatett part of thefe were merely
of a temporaiy nature, fuch as our means
allowed us to conftru£) j and of our
force, which never exceeded ia,ooo men
hearing firelocks, and compofed of five
iltffierent nations and languages, near 9000
we placed in or fupporting thole )x>As,
and about 3000 remamed in the town.

On the 1 6th, at half paft two o^dock tn
the morning, the enemy, who had before
fired from three batteries on Port Mul-
grave, now opened two new ones and
contintied a very heavy cannonade and
bombardment on that poft till next mom-
iag. The works tiiffered much. The
number of men killed and difahled was
coniiderable. The weather was rainy,
and the consequent fatigue grcHt.

At two o^cloc^on the morning of the
17th, the enem^, who had every advant-
age in aflembhng, and fuddenly advanc-
ing, attacked the fort in great force. AU
thoogh no part of this temporary pod was
foch as could well refift determined troops^
yet for a confiderable time it was defen({-
td I but, on the enemy entering on the
Spaoifli fide,, the Bniifti quarter, com-
manded by captain Cdnolly 0/ the i8th
Foment, could not be much longer, main-
ti'Bcd, notwitbllanding feveral gallant
ci&rts were made for that pur|io&. It
was fhercibre at laft carried, and the re-
«wBs of the garriibn of 700 men, retired,
towards the fliore o( BaJaguicr, under the
FMeaion of the other potU eftabli(hed

57

on tho(e heights, and which continued to
be faintly attacked by the enemy. As
this pofition of B^laguier was a mod ef-
fential one for the prefervation of the har«
hour, and as we nad no communication
with it hut by water, azoo men had been
placed there for fome time path On the
night preceding the attack, 300 more men
had been (ent over; and on the morning
of the i/ib, 400 were embarked fliil far-
ther to fupport it.

When (he firing at Balaguier ceafed, we
remained in anxious fufpenfe as to the
event, till a little before day-light, when a
new fcene opened by an attack on all our
|X)fts on the Mountain of Pharon. The
enemy were repuifed on the £a(l fide«
where was our principal force of about
700 men, com'manded by a moll diftin-
guiOied officer, the Piedmonteie colonel
de Jermagnan, whole lofs we deeply la-
ment ; but, on the back of the mountain^
near 1 800 feet high, fteep, rocky, <feemed
almoft inacceflibie^ and which we had la-
boured much to make fa, they found
means, once more, lo penetrate between
our pofts, which occupied an extent of
above two miles, guarded by about 459
men, and, in a very fhort fpace of time,
we (aw, that with great numbers of men
they crowded all that fide of the mountain
which overlooks Toulon* The particu-
lars of this event T am not yet enabled to
afcertain, but I have -every reafon to think
that they did not enter at a Britifli poi(.

Our line of defence, \^hich, as I have
mentioned, occupied a circumfierence of
at leaft 15 miles, and with points of
which we had only a water communica-
tion, being thus broken in upon its two
molt eflential pods, it became neceflary to
adopt dccifive meafures, arifing from the
know'edge of the whole of our aJkial
fituation. A council of the flag and ge-
neral officers aflsnibled. They determined
on the impra6\icability of reltoring the
pofts we Itad loft, and on the confequent
ptoprieiy of the fpeedieft evacuation of the
town, evidently, and by the report of the
engineers ^nd artillery officers, declai^
untenable. Meafujes of execution were
taken from that moment. The troops
were withdrawn from the heights of Bala-
gu-er without much interruption from the
eneniy ; and in the evening fuch pofts aa
necefTarily depended on the pofle(7ion,of
Pbarpn were fucceffively evacuated, and
the troops diawn in towards Toulon*
Tlie forts D' Artigues and St. Catharine
ftill remaineil, together with the pofts of
Sablettes, Cape Brun, aad Malboufque^
H .firom

59

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

from uhlch Ua .the Spaniards wiihdrew
in ihc m^h*, in conkquwKX of the fup-
P^int'g jx>il of Ncnpolit^ns 9t MiciiTey
n^vw»jr \fii ifc^ battery there eflabliflieci,
arui aban^oncU ji without oixkifi. Every
aturution vva* aUb giyen to enfure the
trmi^uiUity of ilie u>y.n. In the night
fl^c comb »*<;«> 6e«u tovsk a new ltat.on in
the 0\» <fi \iif»\.

i^iuiy in the morning of the iSih the
Cck ;ip J wcumk-d, a^d the Brittft) field
auiJluy, weijc Irnt off. In ihecooifcof
thi (i 4). rhc poii of Ca^ Brun vias w^th-
di«iwn vpto 1 a f^H>gtie ^ the puii of $a.
bU;iits VI »» ai(b retire i, and the men v^ere
put on beard. Me^furea were SHiangcxl
for the 6fiM embat Ration, duiing the
^%k'* ^ <lw BiittO). Pie<imuntdc, and
Spi«nMii!», )*iH» occup-cd the towD, and
of the (i(M>|M of tHc fanv r^uiont, who
v>eiy uow Ar Li Maigue, naiQU ting in all
to al>oiit (eir«D ihoiifa'-d Oicn, for the Ne-
apoiita^>8 bdd, by mid-day. cnd)ar)ud.

Having dctei mined wtih lieuteiiatit ge-
neral Gravis):!, (onui^inding the ^p«oi6i
troops, that, inficitd of embarking at ihc
quays and in ihearienaJ of the town, our
whole foice fhooid atfimblj: neai' Fort La
IVjalgoe, ^r.d form en the peninAila v^hich
irom ihcixe exieuds iivo the hat hour, every
pr«vicu> difpofition wat made, and every
CHie taken to coticeal om intention. The
a^nvi and ilockyajd wcie Hri^ly gvi-n-ded.
1)ie trrcps wae .r^^nged accoidmgly on
the laoipans, and tlie i*anquittity oF the
town vt;is ffiuch eDfujrrJ from the tjmc the
n\tny began to throw (btrfU and Ihot into
if j which they d d fion? onr late battuiet
at ^i,;cim:y axni Malboufquet.

About ten o'clock at sight fin was let
to i\\K 0)i;>K aivJ alien 1. We immcdiaieJy
Nrfean otw in:»rdi, and llie evacuation of
the town, wh-ch if was necriTary ikould
lie made with iecrecy and cxpedit-on. The
fon of ^t. CsL*hin'mf having* wi;h(/Ut or-
ders, liecn qui tied in die counfe of the
d*} , and |X5ffcfied by the enemy, -ilit con-
f'^i^nt e-.r)y knowledge of our marcht
had we takej. ilie common rcute, through
the gale cf ItaJy, >and within D)ufquet-ilK)t
of ihat foit, migfo have produced great
incopven'ena' ; we therefoi'e» by a fiiUy
potl^ gained an advanced port of tbe road,
and wi'houi accident were enabled to qtiit
the town, arrive at ^urt Ln Mujgrave,
and foitn on the hfing ground incmediately
al>cve fkit flioie The bo^tf wvie nradyy
ttie wratlur and the iea in the higheft de*
g w hvouiM^ i tbt etnhfukation began
abom ekvtt o'jdock, and by day.break on
the 19th the wholct without interruptioni
%f ii« luii of a man, were on boaixi ihip.
5

The great fire in 'the ar£ena1» llhe blowing
up of ihe powder ihipa, and other (unilar
events which took pUice in the night, cer-
tain'y t«mded to keep the ci)en»y in a ftaie
of fufpenle and uncertaintv.

As the iecurity of this opmtion de-
peodeJ much on the protedioh afibnted
from the haopy {itnation of Port La
Malgiif, which fo eifcAually commanda
the neck of the peninfida, and the ^inS-
cious llie that ihonld he made of its artil-
Itry, this important fervioe wa« allottfd 10
major KLoehlcr, with soo ment who, after
fremg the laft man off the (hore, and
fpk ng all the etins, tfkRtd, from his
a6Vivity and inluiigenoe, his own letreat
without lofs.

Captains Elphinftont, HoUvett, and
Matthews fupenotended the embarkation }
an J to their iodefatigaMe attention and
good d«fpofitions wt are indebted for the
happy fucceCs of fo impoctant an opera-
tion Captain Elphinltont, as governor
of Fort La Maigue, has nobly afibrded
me tlie mod elTential aflfftanoe, in bia
coflBRiand and arrangement of the feveiai
impoitant pofis itKlitdDd m that dif-

tiia.

It is tmpoffible for me to espreft, but ia
general tetiii«4 the approbation that is due
to the cbnduA and meri;s of dbe fcvcral
commanding ofiioerB, aiul iodced of every
oQker, in every rank and ikoation.
Troops have feldom cxpericnoed^ for £>
long a timf , a (ervice noore hara^isig, dif-
treCing, and fevere ; and the officers and
men of* the iTgimrnts and marines hive
gone through it with that exertion, fpiiit,
and good wtil, which peiul'arly ditinguifh^
tlie Brit'ih Ibldier. At Fort Muigfaxe,'
Lieut. Duncan, fen. of royal artilkry, was
fo dTentially ufeful, that to his exertions
and abtliti^ that pott was much indebted
for its prcfervation for fe long a time.

T he general fervice ho^ been carried on
with the moft perfeft harmony and zeal of
the navy and army. From our deficiency j
in aitillcry men, many of our battenca ^
were woiked by ieamen : they, in pait»
guarded fbme of our potts, add their aid
was peculiarly ufcfiil in duties of fatigue
atxd labour. In all theie we fouad the -
iniluence of die fuperior afliv^y and ex-
eiiions of the Brtim fiiilor s.

It waa the conftant attention of lord
Hood to relieve otir wants, and alleviate
our difficulties.

The S?.rdinian troops we have always
conGdercrd as a part of ooiffelvcs. We
have expetieoced their attachment andgood
behaviour, and I have found much adift*
aiice from tlie ability and condufb of the

chevalier

FOR JANUARY, t%^^

59

t&evaiief.de Revel, and from brigadilr
gonrral Rkhiery who oonHnands thetfi.

^fo(«mfaftand ng the undefined fitufttbn
«f command^ I found every diljpoGtioti
and acqiHcicence in Iteutena^c-geneiiil
Gntrina, conunanding the bpaiuih troops,
to emciite every propoied meiit'ute which
the 'common caafe squired.

The ioft of the Bntifti oa the t^rh «t
Fort Mifigrave, and on the haghit of
Pbar^n, amonnts to about 300 men, of
whicb, daring the IA\ four days, no tx^Si
aMoiMK could be procui^} afld as the
Hoopi^ io einbarkingy were put on board
the neutfl and moft convenient fhip4,
all they areagam united in corps, I carinot
iiave the honour of tranriniirtiig particMtar
fttumiKy nor even knotving the <1etait of
drcamftancet that attended th^ attack of
thofepofia.

It ia now aboot three weeks that, fi'om
the imfortiniate accident of general O* Hara
fadnff roadr priibner, the governmeitt of
.Totuoa dewiived on me: my belt exer-
tions have not bstn wanting in that fitu-
aiiony and I humbly hope that his mkjetty
may be pfeafed to look upon them in a
favMirAbic iigbi.

I beg Jeave to add^ that the battalion of
Royal Loirs, and two independent c^m-
EMnies of ^lench chafll-uiT, railed at Toii-
.Jonj have behaved, on eveiy occafiun, wltii
fiJcltty and rpiiit. They em^>arked at
La Mafgue, 10 the niimb«rr of about 600
men, and are now with mtr.
I have the honour to b^,
With the moil profound refpeB,
David Di^ndas, Lieut. Gem

Right Hon. Henry IXundas.

Sir, Dec. 11, 17^5.

After every inqu?ry» the inclofed is the
moit (fiftinft report that can be obtained
of the loft of the Britifh troops on the
f>di of December ; that of the other troops
ia the lame pods, who greatly exceeded
tnem in ntnnber, I do nor know, but I
have reafon to think was infinitely fmaller
in proportion.

; D. DuifDAs, Lieut* Gen.
"rt^ht'Hon. Hciny Dundas, &c. .

Return of tlie tn«Si'ng of the Britlfli Forces,
un ^ Morning of the 17 th of De-
cember 1793.

Attack of Fort Mulgrave.

Royal artificers. 3 rank and file and
fiamcn^

Royal artillery. %^ rank and file and
fiamen.

2d battalion o^ royals, i Qj^nt, 1
drummer, 18 rank and file add franaei^

i8tH, or Royal kifli, regiment, z tn-
figa, a rank and file and (bam n.

30th i^iirteiit. I cipta'd, i lieutenant,
5 forjisanis, j dmtwneis, 140 rank atid
nle and Teamen. '

M:4rine<;. % lieutenants, % frrjeants, a
dcommers, 56 rjnk ainl file and {camen.-

Royal navy. 1 midfliipman, a» Icaitoeit.

Attack of the Heights of Pharon.

nth regiment. 1 lieutenant; 1 fcr-
jeantj 1 5 rank and fiic and ieamen.

ntH* or R.o>ai Iriih i-egiment. 1 &r-
jeant, 5 rank ani file and IVamen- ,

Maiwies. 1 lieutenant, 15. rank and
die and ieamen.

Oifi(?er8 Names nnllin^.

II 'h refjitet. Licutti.ant JCrtTg^tl.

1 8th oV^ Royal Lift^ Enli^n Minchifi;

30t'^ regiiueni. CaptaiuDc Tfaumofci,
Lieufcnsnt CgyhT.

Marines. Liw-utenants WlHIatns, Bnr-
ry, and Lynn.

Royal navy. Mr> Alexaiuler Wilkif,
midlhipman.

Oflrcers Nait<es womrdcH nnd pt-eferir.

Royal artillery. Lieitrenaiiit Dtfutaii,
fen.

Royat navy. L'wufmm Ooddjird, Mr.
J. w! Loiing, m':<ilhipni*4i.

(Signed) T»<i. HibLOP, D. A. O.

The futc of the above officii s and men,
re;uiBed milling* » not n- r cannot be
known; but, fiom all the intelligence
that can be gained, it is much to be apprs^
hended that they fdl before day-break,
gallantly defisHdnigthc poft they were en-
trufted with, when abandoned, by oth<:r
troops. D. DuNDAS, Lieut. Geo.

From the London Gazette, J fin. i9.

Whitehall, Jan. 18. Difpatches, of
which the following are exnacis, have
been received over land from India by tlie
hon. court of direftore for afTairs of the
hon. united company of merchants of
England trading to (he Baft Indies i

Extraft of a Letter from jhi Governor
and Council of Bengal, in theT Poli-
tical Department, to the Court of Di-
rfi6lors, dated Bengal, Augud 1, X79S«

On the xith of Jnne we receIvi»<lfiom
the governor in council at Fort St. Gc-rg?,
by the Drak-; cruHc!-, which ha t arrived
there from Suez on the xfr, cop"c« of rfif-
patches, dated the xoth of April, frorn
Ha Mr.

6o

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Mr. Baldwin, hismajcfty's conful at Alex-
andria, with the detail of intelligence from
Eurcpe, notifying, in pofitivc term?, that
tlK Frei'Ch had declared war againll Eng-
land and Holland, on the ift of February
1793. V\ c therefoj e 1 filled ordei f , wh i ch
were cfFefttd withour lefiftkncf, for the
taking poiTefHon of Chandcrnagore and
the fev' r.J French fa^lories, in this countr)',
and i( ifmg the vefTels here that cairied the
French fl ^g.

The government of Madras imme?
djately commencsd the neceff^ry prepara-
tions for the ficgc of Pondichcrry, where
colonel Floyd, with a detachment, arrived
on the ii;h of July, to blockade it on
the land fidf, while the commodore, with
his mnielty's frgate the Minerva, and
t*iirec of our China fliips, the Triton,
Warley, and Royal Charlotte, were f-m-
plo)ed 10 prevent fupplics from being i:n
po»ted by fca ; and the French faflorles of
Kaifcal and Yanam have been taken pof-
feflion of by the officers of ihc Madras go-
vernment.

Extrafl of a Letter from the Governor
and Council at Bombay, in their Poli-
tical Department, to the Court of Di-
rectors, dated Bombay, Sept; 3, 1793.

Having authentic intelligence by the
Drake cruiier from Suez, that hoftilitits
had a£lually commenced between Gieat
Britain and France, we iffued the necei-
fary orders for reducing the fort of Ma-
he, and taking pofleflion of their faftory
at Sural} which we have the plcafure to
acquaint )ou have been eflfefted without
refiltance.

The London Gazette Extraordinary.

January 25.
Whitehall, Jan. 14, 1794. The dif-
patch, of* which the follovM. g i«; a copy,
was this moinine received by the r^ht
hdn. Henry Dunaas, his majelly's princi-
pal fccretary of ftate for the home d part-
ment, from fir Charles Oakley, bart.
governor of Madra«.

Sir, Fort St. George, Aug. 24, 179}.

I have the plcafuie to »nfcnn you, that
the fort of Ponnicherry funcncleiej to our
111 my, under the command of colonel
Brat'.waite, on the23<i inthnt.

In co!-.itqiienceof intelhgence, received
hereon the jftof June, fronj Mr. Bnld-
win, that war had been declared by
France again(^ England and Holland, we
ftdered the army to aHemble near Pqndi-

cherry, and having prepared and forwarded
all the necefiary equipments for the fi^
of that fortrtrf. , our operation^ commenced
early in the preient month, and have thus
happily terminated, permit me, on this
occahon, to offer you my wanned con-
gratulations, and to exprefb a ^^elUground-
ed ho^e, that fo im^iortant a conqueti wUi
affotxi complete fccurity to our poiTeffions
in India, The Fiench fettlcm^ts in Ben-
gal and on tlie Malabar Coatt have ail
likewiie furrendered to the Britifli arn)«.

Our meafuresi on the receipt of Mr.
Baldwin^s inte.ligence, were honoured by
the fiilieft appnbatiun of the governor-
general in council. Marquis Coinwallis
determined to t^ke the tirtt opportunity of
coming himfelf to the coaft; and, as no
fl igate could be fpared ta convey him, he
requeiled the Triton Indiaman nn'gbt be
itnt for that puiipole. She failed fiom
Bengal on the 311^ of laft month, and C
expcft her return in a few days. I bavfe
the honour to be. Sec. Cha. Oaklet.

R ght Hon. Henry Dundas, Sec.

Whi'chall, Jan. 24, 1794. The <fif-
patchsf, of which the following are copies^
wire this morn.ng received over landtrom
India, by the court of directors for afiairs
of the uniwJ company of merchants of
England iiading to the £aft Indies.

Copy of a Letter from the Governor and
c ouncil of Madias, to ihe Court of
Direi^ois, dated Fort S . George, Au-
gurt24, 1793.

Honourable Sirs,

Wc have grpat iatisfaclion in reporting
to your honourable court, that Pundichcny
^Bs liirrendeied to the army under colonel
Brathwaiie on the mornmg of the %yi
ir.ibr.t.

As we forwarded this addrefs via Bom-
bay, we fliall embrace ano. her opportunity
of givirg you a detailed account of the
C|)e aiions of the army. It will be fufS-
cient to mention here, that not a moment
wns lolt alter our receipt of the intelligence
of the vvar, (which re«tchecl us on the ilt
of June, in a lct«er from the Biitiih con-
ful at AKxd. dria) in ni:iking prcpju'aiioi.s
for the fiege. An enfilading battery wa»
opened againit the fort en the 20th in-
ftant; and on ih:: 22d a battey opened on
the f.ice to be attacked, ai.d in a (liort time
completely filcuced the enemy's gun?.
That (arne eyening the governor feni out a
deputation, with piopoials to fuiivndcr}
and eaily the next morning our troops
took poflVihon of the place.

Wc have the honour to tranfmit a copy

of

FOR JANUARY, 1794. .

6t

of colonel Bnithwaite*s laft diffiatch, vvith
copy of ihe articles of capim arion, and
tociF.r our warmeft congiatulations to yota
on an event io honourable, and important
to your iincre(h tn this country.

Ail the French Icstletnents in Bengal,
as well as thoie on the Two Coafts, hi^ve
been lurrmderpd ro the British arms. We
hate the honour to be, &c.

Cha. Oakley.

E. W. Fallofibld.

To the Hon. Sir Cl»rles OakeIey> Bart.
Governor in CoucciK

Honourable Sir,

Captain Brathwaite, mv aide de camp,
will have the hbnour to deliver this to you j
it incloifs copies of my correfpondence
with monHeur de Chermont, and a copy
cf the terms which humanity alone in-
duced me to grant to the French garrifon,
who, in many inftances, behaved very ill j
but it Jeems they were under little or no
control of their officers, who were hourly
in apprchennoo for their own lives. And
this day 1 was great Jy alarmed by iTpeated
iofoimation that fome of them had fiir-
ioundcd the governor's houfe, and menaced
his life, and prefling we to pufti forward
the troops, which was accordingly done,
and I had the pleafureto Icam, that though
niattrrs had for fome time worn a dlta-
^rttahle appearance, they had never had
lecourfe to their arms, or any aft of vio-
lence j they were moftly drunk^ and
fl< ogling about in various directions, but
wittitiut aims; however they have been
nioj^ly rollefted, and will, before night,
Be perftftly lecured in (he chtuch at Ari-
Aicopang.

I have alfo the honour to inclofe a copy
cf the orders 1 iflued this day, and to re-
main with re(peft, honourabte fir, yours,
&c. John Brathwaite.

Camp on the Red Hills, •

Aoguftaj, 1793.

P. S. Admfral Comwallis did me the
honour to dine with me this day, and I
fliail !•- morrow irnd to him a cUiplicate
of the capii'-laiion for his fignaturc, if he
pleaes to iign it, and (hall get one in
exchange from moniieur Cheranont alio,
for the admiral.

To General Brathwaite, Commanding
in Chief the Eoglifli Army.

Sir,

Humanity, and the interefls of this co-
lony, have engaged me to propoit a capi.

tulation : I aft, ia.conlequenoe, four'aiKi
twenty hours to reduce it to form, during
which time )'du wi^I eilablifti, as well as
roe, a perfefl fufpenlion' of arms, and
ceafs to continue your works againft ihe
place, as I (hall ceafe to continue mine ia
Its defence. •

1 have the honour to be, Src,

Chhrmont,
Pondicherry, Aug. xa, 1793.

To Mr. Chcrmont, Governor of Pondi-
cherry, &c. &c.
Sir,

Humanity, and the real intereft of the
city of Pondicherry, induced me to offer
you the mo(l honourable an^ humane
Jcrms on my appearing before this .places
with fuch a fuperiority of force as entitled
me to fay, that humanity alone induced
me to make thofe ofiers. *

You, fir, conti'ary to the di^tes of
humanity, and the real intcreiisof the co-
lony under your command, reje^ed thofe
terms, and, without any probability of
defence, continued to fire upon my peo-
ple, to do as much miichief as you could 5
and now that my batteries are opened, you
begin to think uf humanity, that is, for
your own p.-ople, for you have indicated
none inr tholl under my command 5 but,
thank God ! they arc not in a fituaiion to
requiVe it. Matters being thus drcum-
ihmced, I will give yon till to-morrow
morning, at eight o'clock, to I'urrcnder
at difcreticn, and tx\\i\ to the known hi*-
. manity and generofity of the £ngli(h na-
tion. Till then I will cealeto fire, unless
fired upon, but t will not ceafe to work {
and if a (hot is fired from you before the
furrender of the place, all further appli-
cation 'will be unneceiTary. If the place
is furrendered, the whole may d^Jcnd
upon fecurity to their lives, and that li-
beral treatment which tlie Englilb nation
always (hews to its priibners : in ftiort,
they (hall be treated as prifoners of war
furrendering themft Ives into the hands of
a brave and honourable people. Preciiely
at eight o'clock to-morrow morning I
(hall begin to fire, with no intention of
ceafing, till I am e(labli(hed in the full
po(re(rion of Pondicherry. You have
once, (ir, refufed a fair and honourable
o(fcr J this is the fecond, and I believe a
third is never made.

I have the honour to be, &c.
John Brathwaite.
Camp before Pondicherry,

Aug. 41, 1 79 V ^

To

6i

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

To GcMial B«ATHWAITE.

Sir,
The «ti6l fittmtion in wfeich my*W and
a numbef of brai-e men hare fbond thcrtl-
IHves, and WhiCh I believed was known

Of tholb hoilai^ I w»l fiend tro<»ps «•
take foffcflion tj*' the phce» wad lo dcart
the French foldicrs to Aria Coup*ng.

VI. Rifwrr wo«iid juftify me* under
prcfent circumftaocc*, in infifting upoA

J^yottj ha»fon*dirt to th^ condnft we ^^ ^^^ ^ . ,^ property*

have he'd. I fend you an officer of niem, .^-fae inhabitants re^^inidg m Pondi-

to fpare perfons and pnvarte property i

whom I brfiech ybH to heii-. I hope he
wHf bt able to obtain frpm you a capitu-
lation, and the twtmy-four hours I Ifave
aflwd. I have the honour to be, &c.

Pondichenyr Aug,**, 179^-

To >Ir. Cher MO NT, Govcfnorof
Pondicherry, &c. &c*

I hq^e faid in my Ictlsf to monf. Cber-
«Mit, thitf in furrendering at dfrcxrtton^
hfl might confide in t^:e humanity and gc-
tierotirv of a braire< nation $ but as }ie dc»>
fires aifuranccft, to quiet the minds of fnch
at »re alarmed at thr idea of fttrrendering
at difcretion,

I. I promiie, that if the place, with all
public propo'ly, rtorcs, ammunition, arms,
ordnance, treafnre and provifions, is faiih-
fblly delivered up^ all private propeity be^

longing to indivitluate fhall be iaved and me, and which is accepted, a^ a.ia
inviolable : it being nnderftbod tinit arms, lieutenant -colonels Gautier and JoiTct

cherry, provided tlicy demean themfelw
with due obedience to^ our government an<l
laws, (hall be treated and confidered a«
inhabitants under tiw proieaion of the
Britlfti gOverrtment.

VII. This is final. If not acceded to
by the arrival of the holbges, I (hall re-
commence hoftilitics at nine o'clock pre-
cifely.

Given under my haiid, folely for the
prcfent, in lb? at.r.r.ce of admiral
Cornwallis. Camp before Pondi.-
cheify, Aug. 13, three, A. M.

John ^rathwaitr-

To General BratHWaiTe.

Sir,
I have the honour to fend you, as pre-
fcribed, the capitulation which you offer
■ '" llri.-

warlike or naval ftores, though in the
hands of private merchants, wo ft be con-
fidered as poblic projierty, aad faithfully
delrvd^d upas fueh.

II. The plicc nwift he furrenf*cred to
the troops that I fhatt fend to take poflcf-
fion, as loon as they appear at the Madras
and Vdlenour gates. The EnjjUOi troops,
Jttid the native troops iif the Bntilh ferviee,
)(kaUMiavewitli good order and difeipltne:
die Fuencb troops mod do the fame.

III. The garrifonmuftbd^e their arms
in the arfitial, and march oof li^thout arras
or colours. They will be coniidiered |is

SifoAers of war,, and treated huomnely as
ch. They: ihal^ be marched to Aria
Coupang^ (the native troops excepted,
vrho ihall Imve liberty to fp where they
pintle) and lodged and fed there, till
tents, &c. can be pepared to fend them
to Madras ) and I pledge myiblf they
fiiall be lent to Europe by the Aril oppor-
tunity;

IV. With regard to the officers, they
ihall wear their fwords, atul be prifeners
on their paroles of honour, refervmg their
pnvate properties.

V. Hoftages, two officers of rank,
mud be fent to me btdbre nine oVlock to-
morrow morning, for the faithful accjui-
efcence to thefe terms : and on the arrival

You may, at nine o'clock, tukc jxilTe^
fion of Vilk'nonr anil Madras g;ucsi X
have given orders to thi2 tix>ops 10 be ready
at that hour to furreiidei* themiclves al
Aria Coupan^.

You will hud liere a fig«ed copy of the
ca|>iLulation.

J have the honour to be, &c.

Chsruont.
Pondicherr)', Aug, a 3, 179S-

Head Quarters, Camp before Pondi-
clierry, Aug. »3, i791*- *
General OitKirs by Colond'Brathwaite.

' Colonel Sfrathwaite had the honour and
hap(unefs to announce to the gallant army
under his command tfi»e news of the fur*-
render of Pondicherry, on terms dilated
byhimfelfi terms which, heftatters him-
felf, muft ever remain as a memorial to
the French nation,- that no fuperiority of
fire, no advantage of circumitanccs, no
mifcoDdu6i of an enemy> will caufe a Bri-
tifh commander to deviate from that hu-
manity, which is the dillinguiAiing cha-
ra^enfttc of a brave natfen.

He has fpared the whole garrifon and
the properties of individuals, which the
rigid law of arn^s would have judiiied him
in tj*eating othe^'wiie. He has fparect an

enemy

yOR JANUARY, ty^^.

63

eaemy tliae continueil to aa oflfenfivcly their priloiiers,. that thij can be as or-

aiwi dcllruaively whik unmoleftdd, but ckrly, gencixMii and humane, iti thedif-

^Kfho fimk under the Bfk iinprefliont of bis charge pf thefe duties, as they have been

fuperioribrcc. AauatedBy thefamefenti- aAive and brare m the duties of the

meiKs, heiias no doubt but the vvhoie of
tSe ttf-my under hii eominand will confider
their in^tuated and unfortunate prilbners
cMitlcd (being now their priToners) to
thrtr moft humane attention.

It is not neceflary for him» at this time
of day, to give to this To eminentJy dif.
tinguiihed army any orders pn that head |
the generals under whom they have Irrvcd
have taught them, that an enemy con-

Trenches.

To a cbearfuly unanimous and aealous
perfeverance in their feveral duties, and
to their eftabliAe«l chara^er for bravery,
muft be attributed the fuccefs of the pre«
lent day j and their commander will ever
remember it wit^i pleafure and gratitude.

To thank corfM or individuals in an
army, to wholly entitled to his wamieft
thanks and approbation, amoot 1^ at*

qifcned is an enemy no mpre t and he is tempted : he thanks and apjyoves the whole

coiyrinced that the BrittHi troops, about with all his heart, and will not fail to

to garriibn Pondiqherry as conqucrois, or fp<ak thefe his fentiroents of thtm to hit

^boxit to take charge of French prifoners, fuperioi'S.
will convince bpth the inJbabjtants and

AFFAIRS OF FRANCE,
Continued from Vol. XCIIIf Page 457.

ON Friday^ pec. »p, a petition of the

inhabitants or Lyons, Imploring mercy,

W9^ prefrnted to the convention, and re-

forred to the committee of piihlic welfaj^e.
> The deplorable fuMation of thefe ^lofgrtu .

nate people may jbe ibmewbat conceived

from thi^ follo)vii\g extra^ from tlys pe^.

tion : * Two coraqjiflTions, the formidable

ininMDeQts of ibe v<r«gi;jwce of the ogt-

tugpd rq»tibiicy have been eftabltihed :

four faundred beads were ftruck off io one
^ month, by virtue of their rofolutions \

Soon after, other judges smpeared, who

cwnplaincd that tjie bkwd did not ftre^m

in u)$cicnt abundance : an<i a cevolu-

donary compM^joo baa heexs appointed.

That new tribunal received orders to ne-

pair to the prions, to judge in one and

the imm montf^t, ikc great i^umb^ of

prifbners with whi^h tliey were cranimed,

Tto coaimiffioa |Hw4^y MfiWpi j^s

rigovoua ordeoj and n^ Ibpner had it
prooDunced k^t^fKc th^o the cannon ar-
rived, and a thunder of cafe ^lot was dif-
diaroed upon the condoDJped. Struck by
the fitii bre, the vi^M^s of the laws fell
in heaps upon tacb other $ and freaventjy,
but mMiilatedj tj^ vwcre onlf ^f-killed
by the firft difeharge. Thofe viAims
^h«i ftiU bnf4h kft in tbera after ti^t
puniflunent, wert difpat^d with the
iword or the fiuiket. Even the pity of a
weak and feeling fex has been conftrued
into a crime : tw9 women virere dragged
to the pillory, fin- having iniplorecl mercy
foe their fathers, buibaadsi suidchildren I

All tears, all commtferation, were rigor-'
ou/1]^ fo^iddeti. N^tyre has been forord
to ftiflc h^ moif^ generous emotions, under
pain of death. Four thoufand heads are
now devoted to the fame punifhmenf, aiid^
will he (fruck off before the expiration of
{his day I*

On Sunday, Dec. %%, Barrere, in the*
name of the committee of public fafetyr
propofed, and the convention pafled the
following decree :

* The national convention, coniiderin^
that the people of Genoa, ruling wiilv
too much ti-anquillity and confidenee our
the neutrality they had obferved ; having
no means of enforcing the refpe^t due to"
the neutrality of their port, and of refifl-^
ing an unlooked-for aggneflion, had no*
part in the maflfacre of three hundred
French^ {hot on board the French frigate
La Modcfte, and the captwe of the frigate
in the port of Genoa ;

* That the republic ought to make thofe
only anfwer for French blood, who have-
fhed it by the bafeft treachery j

* That the republic ought not to con-
fourid with its enemies a nation that couki
neither hinder nor fiarefee a crin)e whiclv
^s committed only to make the Qenoefe
be confidered as ^accomplices in it i

* That Frapce, amitl the agitation and
the rcfentment excited by the atrocioufnefs
of the crimes committed by her enemies,.
ought to give the example of a grrat na-
tion fhat knows how, and wiihts, to be
juft toward a!l ether nations $

< Declam

64

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

' Declare* that the convention confidcrs
the En >!i(li government as alone guilty ot'
the in.ifiicrc of the crew of the frigate La
Motlcile in the port of .Genoa } that it
will dirtil all its forces again ft that fero-
cious government to avenge France and
alt i'roe nations j

* That the people of Genoa not having
violated their neutrality toward France,
fimii not be treated as enemies of the |re-
puhllc ; decrees j

* I. That the treaties between France
and the republic of Genoa (ball be faith-
fully executed.

< II. The decree which forbids the
commiflTioners of tlie national ti-eafury, and
all debtors in France to make any pay-
ments to nations with whom the republic
is at war, fiiall not be applicable to the
Genoefe.

* III. The commcrciiil connexion be-
tween France and the republic of Genoa
fhall be maintained and protected.

* IV. The Genoefe fhali be paid as the
inhabitants of die countries and Hates wiih
which France is not at war.

* V. To enable the Genoefe to comply
VfiiU the rules precribed to the creditors
of the republic, and to enter their claims
in the great book, the period allowed by
law for this purpofe, and which would
expire on the iirll.of January, is pro-
longed to the 4th.*

On Tuefday, Dec. 24., Salicetti, one
of the reprrfentatjves of the people in the
army befuie Toulon, lent advice to the
convention of ilie recapture of that place.
What will be the fate of the unfortunate
inhabitants may be imagined from this
•palTage in his letter : • The city is now in
Aame?, ami exhibits the moft horrid (oec-
tacle. Almolt all the inhabitants fled j
and thole who remain ihall ferve to appcafe
the manes of our brave brothers who
fought with fo much valour.— We turn
from the horrid idea of the judicial (laughter
to which this ianguinary deputy alludes,
and prelent a plealing fubje6t of reflection
•n the followmg trait of reciprocal ge-
nerolity :

Letter of General Dugomier, Commander
in Chief of the army in Italy, and of
that before Toulon, to General O'Hara,
an Englifli Prifoner.

' Head Quarters at OUioules, Dec. 10,
Second Year of the Republic, One
and Indivifible.

' The mone}' which thou h.idft deftined
to .th« volunteers cf the republic, to ac-

knowledge the fervice whicli they had
rendered to thee in the laAion of the joth
of November ultimo, has been prefented
to tliein : they refufed it with the fame
generodty which induced thee to offer it.

* I iherefore fend thee the fixty loui»
d'ors which thou hadft given to be diftri-
buted ainong my brothers in arms : thcf
are contented with the pleasure they felt in
afliiling unfortunate humanity.

'< It is thus, general, our republic efta*
bli(hes itfelf upon all virtues ; and thus it
(hall one day make blu(h the deluded na-
tions, who fight againft it.

(Signed) Dugomier,

Commander in Chief.'

After this letter had been read to the
convention, Barrere made a report of the
recapture of Toulon, and propofed tlie
following decree, which was adopted :
- ^ The national convention having heard
the repdrt of its committee of public wel-
fare, decrees,

ift, That the army of the republic di- «
reeled againft Toulon has well deferved
of the country.

adly, A national fete (hall be celebrated
throughout the republic on the 30th of
December, on which the publication of *
this decree (hall follow in every common-
alty. The whole convention (hall be pre^
fent in a body at this civic ceremony.

3dly, The reprefentativcs of the people
with the vi6lorious army at Toulon, are
charged to colle£^ the initances of htroifm >
which illuftrated the recapture of tbitt re-
bellious city.

4.thly, They (hall give rewards, in the
name of the republic, to thofe citizens who
(ignalized themfelves by great a^lions.

5ihly, The name of Toubn (half be
fuppre(fed. That commonalty (hall from
heiK:tforth be called Port de la Montagne
(Port of the Mountain.)

6thly, The houies within that rd)eliioiiis
city (hall be levelled with the eround, and
nothing prefenred but the enabli(hment3
nece(rary for the fervice of tlie war and tlie
marine, and for fubfiftence and fupplies.

7thly, TTie news of the capture of
Toulon (hall be carried fo the armies and •
to the departments by extraordi nary couri -
ers.'

On Wednefday, Dec. 15, advices from
the army on the Mofelle were read, im-
porting, that geiieral Hoche had attacked
the alhes in their entrenchments before
Haguenau, on the aid of December,
conijeTeicly defeated them, and made him-
idi mafter of that important place.

A dcciet

FOR JANUARY, 1794. .

65

A (kcree dien paiTed, exaluding all
ffiffl^ncrsfiom the convcnfion. On this
occuiioHi Bourdon obferved, ♦ Since rhcre
atc no iuore Briflbtines in the convention.
Thomas Patnc never came once among
us i he is bufy with carrying on his in-
trigues fecrctly.*

On Fridiy, Dec. 17, a letter was m<\,
announcing the complete defeat and dif-
perfioQ of the royaluls in the weft of
Frtuice. .

ThereWas no fitL-ng on the 3olh of
December, as the convention were en-*
gaged to at?end the grand feftival in tht
Champ de Mars, on account of the re-
capture of Toulon.

On TuefJay, l>ec. 3fi, Anacharfin
Cloot9» a Pruffian, and Thcmas Pa:ne,
deprived by a deciipc of the conven:icn of
their fcts in that aflferhWy, wtrt arrcltedV
and feals put^ipon ^hcir papers.
{ To be condniMd. ]

AMERICA.

rPEECH of George Wafliington, Pre*
^ fidcnt of the United States of Ame-
xica, 10 borh Houiies of CongrcfSy De-
amber 3» i79i«

* Fellow Citixens of the Senate and
of the Uoufe of Reprefentatives,

* Since ibe commencement of the temii
for which I have been again called into
office, no fit occtfion has arifen for ex-
peiling to my fellow- citizens ar large, the
oetp and relpeflful J'enie which I feel of
ihe renewed tcflimony of public approba-
tion. While on ihe one' hand, it awakened
my gratitude for all thofe inHances of af-
fr^ionare partiality with which I have
been lioooured by my country 5 on the
ether, it could not prevent an earneft wifh
ibr that rctir.ment, from which no pr vate
confideration" ftioiild ever have torn me.
But influenced by the belief, that my
coifdufl w(xi'd be eftimated accordHig to
its real motives ; and that the people, and
the auihorittes derived from ihem, would

• f' pp -rt exertions having nothing perfonal
for thrr objr6l, I have obeyed the fuflrage
«h<ch commanded me to re fume the exe-
cutive power $ and I humbly implore tliat
Being, 00 whole will the fate of nations
ilepenJs, to ciown with fuccffs our roa-
ludl endeavours for the general happinefji.

' As foon at the war in Europe had en-
gaged tbofe powers with whom the United
States have the moft cxtenfive relations,
thcf«was reafon to appicheod that our in-
tffcourie with ihem might he interrupted,
and oar difpofttion for peace drawn into
quefbon, by the fufpicions too often enter-
tv'oed by belligerent nations. It feemcd
ifcerefert to be my duly, to '^dmonifli our
ciiiztns of the confeouenccs of a contra-
haod trade, and of hudile a£ls to any -of
the pities } and to obtain, by a declara-
ticn of the exiting legal ftate of diing«,
an easier admiflfron of our right to the im»
mumhei belonging to-our fimatiun. Vn*

der thffe impreilions the proclamation^
which will be laid before you, was itfued. .

* In this pftore of affairs, both new
and delicare, I refblved to adept general
rules, which (hvulj conform to the trea-
ties, an;! afTcrc ths privileges of the
United Statts. Thrfc wtie reduced into*
a iyltem which v^H be communicated fa
you* AUhough I have not thought my*,
fclf at lib-rrry to foib'd the Talc of the
prizes, pcnTiit'etl by our tiraty of com:
merce with France, to be brought into our
ports ; I have not refufcd to caufc them tor
be rtliorfd, when ihey were taken within
the proteft^oii of our t rriroryj or by vef-
fels commKrianfd, or equ-nptd in a war*
like foiTD within the liujits oi the United
States.

* Ir J efts with the wifdom of Congrefs
to corref^, iirpiove, or inforcc this plan
of procedure j and it will pro'oisbly be
foun<l expedient to extend the legal code^
and the juri(Ui5)ion of the courts of tlve
United Siaies, to many cafes, .which,
though dep ;nd«;rt on principles QJi^ad^
recogn'/eil, demand ibme. fuithrr provi*
fions.

* When individuals (hall,* within the ^
United States, ajray thcmlelvta in hoftility
againft any of tlie powers at war, orent(r
upon military cxpeditioni», or enterpnzct
Within the jurifdiflioii of the United Sraies,
or ufuip and cxcrdfe judicial authority
within the United States j or where the
penalties or violations of the law of nations
may have been indillin^ly marked, or
are inadequate, thefe ofFenccs cannot re-f
ceive too early and clofe an attention, and
require prompt and ^^ciGve remedies. «

* Whatever thofc lemcdics may be, they
will be well admJnifleted by the judiciary,
who p.iftfs a long eliablifhrd courfe of
iuveftigation, tfTe^iua) procels) and officers
in the habit of executing it.

* In like manner, as fcveral of the
coufts have doubted, under particular Vir-'

1 cumAance*,

66

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

cuinftances, their power to liberate the
vcflclft cf a nation at pe4ce, and even of i
citisen of the Uiiitrd States, alihough
. leiied under a fa lie colour of being holii}e
property $ and have denied their powtr to
Jiborate terrain captures within .tlie 'pro-
refttOB of our territory j it would fttm
pjrooer to regulate their iuiiiii^ion in
tneie points. Bur if the «]ira)iive w to be
the relbrt in eitlitr of the two lad mennuncd
eale5, it is hoped that he will be autlio-
rtzcd by Jaw, to have fa6ls afctriained by
the courts, when, for his own ioforma-
f ion, he (hall lequeft it.

*• I cannot recommend to your notice,
meafures for the fulfilment of our duties
Xo the reft of the world, without again
pctfling upon you the necefltiy of placing
oui felves m a condition of complete de-
fence, and of esafling from them the ful-
filmenr of their d«ies towaid us. The
United States ought nor tp indulge a per-
foafion, that, contrary to the order of
Ikuman events, they will for ever keep at
diftance thole pamful appeals to arms,
with which the hiftory of every other na-
tion abounds. Tliere is a rank due to
the Unitcil States among nations, which
will be withheld, If not ablblutcly loft, by
the repumt'on of wcaknefs. If wederne
to avoid infnlt, we muft be aWe to repel
it J if we dcfire to fccore (leace, one of ilic
moff powetfol inftmmtnrs of our rifing
prosperity, it mui\ l)c known that -wr are
at all times ready for war. The documents
which will be piefented ro you will fl^rw
the amount, and kindp of aim? and mii-
Caiy 'ftores now in our n>;4g;izines and
atk-nals; and yet an ad<li(iat) even to
thefe fupplies cannot with piurtcnce he
neglected, as it wou^d leave noihi^^g to
. the uncertainty of proeming a warlike ap-
paratns in the m-mrnt of public tlan^cr.
• Nor can fuch arranprncnt', viith
foch objc6h, be cxpnfed to the renline or
jealou ty of the warmefl frieiuit of iei)tiW1i-
can goveniment. They art- incapable of
abufe in the hands of^ tite miiitn, who
<wght to poflefs a pride in being the depo-
fnory of the force of the rt public, and
may be trained to a (tcgiee of entrjy cc|umI
to every militiry exigency of the tfni^tfd
State*. But it U an enqiriry which can-
not be too folemn I y.purlucii, wheihet the
. a^^, <* mojC cf&Aually to provide for the
national defence, by eflahiifhtng an imi-
form m<'litia throughout the United Stares,"
l>as organized them lb as to produce their
full effrft; whether your own expcrien e
in the feveml States lias not deie^d fvmie
* imperfeft-lons in the fcheme jand whtthcr
3

a material feature in an improvement of ir
ougl't not lo be, to aflbrd an oj>pon unity
for the tiudy of thofe branches of the mi-
litaiy ait which can fcarcely ever beob- '
taint d by prA^Vice alone.

« The connexion of the United Stare*
with Europe lias become eatiemely inre-
rettir.gr .Tltc occurrences which relate to
it, and have pafiTed tmdcr the knowledge
of the executive, wi 1 he exliibitfd lo-
congiie s in a fubfequent communication.
* When we a>nttmplate tlie war on our
frontiers ^ it may be truly affirmed, that
eveiy rtafonable efibrt has been mide to
adjuft the caufes of dtffcnfion with the
Indians ndrth of the Ohi'^- The mftnic-
rions given to the commiflionein evince a
modention and equity. pruce<iding frocn*
a fincere love of peace, and a liberaHry
having no rcftrifHon but the efltnt(i«I m-
tereft and dignity of the United States.
The attempt, however, o* an amicable
negociation liaving been fruftratcd, tim
troops have marched to a6^ oSenfirely.
Although the piopofed treaty did not arrdl
the progi«(s of military preparation, it i»
doub'.fuT how far the advance of the »ca-
fbn, before good faith juft fied aAiTe
movements, may retard them during the
remainder of the year. From the p«ptr9
and inttriligence which rtlate to this im-
portant fubjeft, you will dctcnninc whe-
iliet the deficiency in the number of troop*
gianteil by law Hiall be conipenfated by
iiiccdurs of nrulitia, or additional enoou-
lai^fments ftiall be propped to necruitr .

* An anxiety has been alio demon ft rated
by the executive for peace with the Cieeka
and Chtrokees. The former have been
relieved wirh com and wi'h clothin|^- and
o^enfive meafures againft thetn prohibited
during the reccfs of Congrefs. To fatisfy
the complaints of the latter, proftcutiona
hMve been intuitu. cd for the violences com-
mi'ted iiDon t^em. But the papets wb c)>
will hie delivered to you, difclofc the criti-
cal footing on wh'ch we ftand in i^egard to
both thole tribes ; . a '. it it with congreli
tfOpionuunce what Iliall be done.

* After (he-y fhall have provided for tlie
prcfent emtrgcucy, it w.ll merit tlieir mcfV
irriotis labth'is to render tran(|uiliity widi
the liivsges pci-maneiK* by creatmg ties gf
intereft I^ext to a vigorous exeoition of
juilice on th< violators of peace, t4ie eib-
blilhmcnt of commerce with the India*
nations in behalf of the Untttd States^ is
mod likely to conciliate their attadmieot*
But it ought to be condtt^led ^without
fraudj without extortion; with conAant
and plentiful fuppUcs ; with ready mar-
ket

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

67

Tcrt'fbr the commr'dities of the Tndiant, and
ii irated price tor what they give in pay-
tsM^nt and receive in exchangr. Individii-
di< wilJ not piiifue Aich a traffic, uniefs
rncy -be allun d by the hop^s of profi* ;
but it will be enough for the Uni'ed Sc-te$
to be rcimburled only. Shooid this re-
cooimendation accord with the opinion of
congrefs, rtiey will recoiled, that ft cannot
hi accoinplimed by any means yet in the
tunds of the executive/

* Gentlemen of the UouTe of RcpreAn*
ratives.

« The commlflioncrs charged with the
Icttlcnjtrnt of the accounts between the
United and Indivtdml States, concluded
ihcT important funftions within the time
limited by law -, and the balances liruck
m their leport, whit'h will be laid before
congrefsy have been placed on the IwcJcs
•f the treafur}'.

On the lit day of June lad, an inftal-
fnent of one mitlion cf florina became
pa) able on the loans of the United States
in Holland. This was adjnfted by a pro-
longation of the pcrfod of reimburfe-
snent, in nature of a new loan, at an in-
teitft of 5 per cent, for the term of ten
years j and the cxpences of this operation
were a commilTion of 3 per cent.

* The firrt inftalment of the loan df
two millions of dollars from the bank of
tlie United States has been paid, as was
4fiii>eQcd by law. For the fecond it is ne-
^eikry that provifibn (honld be made.

* No' pecuniary confide- ation is more
urgent, than ihe redemption and difcharge
of the public debt ; on none can delay be
4Dore injurious, or an economy of tine
more valuable.

The produ£livcnefs of the public reve-
nues hitherto has conuBue<) to equal the
anticipations which .weie formed of it 5
Twt it is not expected to prove commen-
forate with all the objefh which have been
fuggefted. Some auxiliary provifions will,
therefore, it is prefumed, be requifiie; and
it is lx)pcd that thele may be made conftf-
lently with due regard to the convenience
o^ourcit len^, who cannot bui Iw /enfible
df the ciutfwjfiom cf encounter nga imall
pident addition to their contributions, to
obviate a future accumulation of burdens.

< Bui hei« J cannpt fwbear to recoip-
mend a repeal of the tax on the tnnfpor-
tatbn of the puhl.c prints. There is no
reibuicc So &m for the gpvt'rnmcnt of the
Untied.' States, as the affirdions of the
people guided by an enlightened policy;
aad u> tbia frimarj good nothing can con-

duce more, than a faithful rcprefentatlon
of public procecdmgs, diffufed, without
reftraint, throughout the United States.

' An eftimate of the appropriations ne»
ceflary for the current iervice of the en-
fuing year, and a fbilf ment of a purcbaic
of afhis and military ftoties, made during
(he recefsy will be prefentcd to<ongreft.

' Gentlemen of the Senate> an^i of the
Houfe of Reprelcntatives,

« The fcvcral fubjeas to which I hxvc
now referred, open a wide range to ybur
'deliberation, and involve (bme of^ the
choiceft interefts of our common country.
Permit me to bring to your remembrance
the magnitude of vour talk. Without an
unprejudiced coolnefsi the welfare of the
govanment 'may "be hazarded ; without
harmony, as fiir as conlifts in Ireedom of
ientiinent, itn dignity may be loft.— -But
as thelegiflaiive proceedings of the United
States will hever/I truft, be reproached
for the waift of temper or candour, f^
fhall not the public happinefs languifbp
from the want of my ilrenuous and wann*-
efl co-operation.

GK>. WASHIItGTON*

Pliiladelphia, Dec. 3, 1^93.'

On Thurfday, Dec. 5. wtre received
from the prefidenty fundry papers relative
to the European relations of the United
States, and aUb the refult of the proceed-
ings of the conunifTionerf appointed .to
fettle the accounts of the United States
with the Individual States. The firil iet
of papers is introduced by the foUowing
mcflage s

Ukitsd States, Dec* 5, 1793.

* Gentlemen of the Senate and of the

Houie of Beprefentatives, .

* As the prefent fituation of the feveml
nations of Europe, and ^TpeciaUy of thofe
with which the United States have im-
portant relations, cannot but render the
ftate of things, between them and us mat-
ter cf interefting inquiry to the legifla-
ture, and may indeed give rife to delibe*
rations to which they alone are compe-
tent, t have thought it my duty to com-
ipunicate to thenr certain cornelpondencee
which have taken place.

' The reprefentativ^ and executive bo-
dies of France have manifcfted generally
a friendly attachment to this country ;
have given advai:tages to our commerce
and navigation ; and have made overt urea
for placing thele advantages un permanent
ground ^ a decree however of the national
I a oSkm^

63

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ttkmtAy, robfc^iog Ttflcls laden with
provifions to be carried into their ports,
and making enemy's goods lawful prire
in the vefle! of a friend, contrary to our
treaty, thoir^. revoked at one time as 'to
^'United 6:ares, has been finceextfr''!ed
totl)eh: veflfels alio, a^ has hten recently
flated to us. Reprefcntatinns on this
iubjeft will he immediarcly given in charp
to our minifter there, and the refuk will
fteeotntounkated totbe legiOa^ure.

. *. It is with extreme concern I have to
anform yoii; that the proceedings of the
lierfon whom tliey have unfortunately ap-
pointed-their miniAer plenipotentiary hers,
have breathed nothing of the friendly fpi*
lit of the nation which Tent him ; their
tendency on the contrary has been to in-
Tolve uf in a war abroad, anddifcord and
anarchy at home. So far as his a6ls, or
hhoEi of his agents, have threatened our
Jimniedifte commitment in the war« •r
iia^nt infuk to the authority of the laws,
itfaeir tffcR \m been countera^edby the
4)rdinary£ogitaance of the laws, and by
an exertion. Qf the powers confided to me.
"Where, their. danger was not imminent,
they have be?n borne with, firpm fcnti-
^ents of regard to his nation, from a
fenfe of their frrcnd(hip towards us, from
a convi£lton that they would not fuffer
^\is to remain long expofcd to the aftion of
4 perfon A^o has fo little refpe^led our
mutcti^ ..fpofitions, and, I will add, from
> reliance on the firmnefs of my fellow-
cltizetos in their principles of peace and or-
«ier. . In the mean time I have refpe^ed
and prurfued the ftipulations of our trea-
ties according to what I judged their true
^nfe J and have withheld no a6l of friend-
Ihip which their alFairs have called for
from us, and which juftice to others left
' us free to perform* I have gone further ;
»— lather than employ force for the refti-
f ution of certain vdSels which I deemed
-the United States bound to reftore, I
thought it more advifeable to fatisfy the
parties, by avowing it to be my opmion,

^hat if reAitution were not made, it would

be incumbent on the United States tomske.
compenfation. . The papers now commu-
nicated will more particulai'ly apprize you
of thefe tranfa^idns.

* l*he vexations and spoliation undei^-
ftood to have been committed on our vef-
ftrls and commerce by the crutzers and
officers of fome of the belligerent powers,
appeared to require attention. The prooft
of thefe, however, not having been brought
foi-ward, the defcription of citizens fup-
pofed to have fujfcrcd were notified, that,
on furnishing them to the executive poWh-,
due meufures would be taken to obtain
redrefs of the paft, and more effeflual
provifions againft the future. Should fucli
ik)cuments be fumilhed, proper reprefen*
tations will be made thereon, witbajuft
reliance on a redrefs proponioned to the
exigency of the cafe.

* The Britiih government having un-
deruken by ordtrrs to the commanders
of their armed veflels to reltrairi generally
oiu* commerce in corn and othei' proviilont
to their own ports and xhok of their
friends, the inftni6lions now communi-
cated were immediately forwarded to our
minifter at that court. In the mean tinie
(bme difcullions un^the fubje6l took plaqe
between him and them i tliefe are alfo la'rd
before you ; and I may expert to learn the
refult of his fpecial infti unions in time to
make it known to the legiAature during
their prefent feffton.

* Very early after the arrival of a Bnttih
minift<3r here, mutual explanations on the
execution of the treaty of peace were ex^*
tered into with that minifter, theft are now
laid before you for -your informadon.

* On the fubje^ls of mutual intereft be-
tween this country and Spain, negocia-*
tions and conferences are now depending*
The public requiring that the prefent
ftate of theie ibould be made known to
the legiflature in confidence only, they
ihall be the fubje£l of a (eparate and fub«
leqvent communication.

OkO. WASfllNQTON,^^

/^NTucfd^iy, Jamwy ai, hismajefty
^-^ cametotliehoufe of peers, and beirtg

Proceedings of the Fourth ^ession »f the Seventeith Parliament^
of Great Britain.

t'lither accordingly, hli mt^efkf was pleated

_ to make the foi lowing moft graeicrua

fL^ated on the throne, fir Francis Molyneux, fpcech i

fentlcman u(her cf the bjack rod, was « My lords and genthmeh,

:nt with a meffage to the houfe of com- * The circuroftances under which you

mons, commanding their attendance in the are now aflemblcd require your moft (cri*

houicof peers, The commons being come ous attention*

FOR JA^fUARY, r^f^

• ^^e are engaged in a conteft on the
\ffvkc of which depend the maintenance of
our conltitution, laws, and rcKg^on^ anu
the IVcurity of all civil fociety,

' • Voii muft have obfervcd with fatif-
faflion the advantages which have been
obtained by the arms of the allied powers,
and the change whi^h has, taken place it>
the general fituation of Europe (ince the
commeocenient of the war.

* The United Provinces have been pio-
tefled from tnvaiion. The Auftrian Ne-
thcrhnds have been recovered and main-
tained, and places of confiderable import-
ance have been acquired on the frontier of
France.

* The recapture of Ment«, and the fuh-
icqueat fucceiTcs of the allied armies on the
Rhine, have, notwithltanding the advan*
tages recently obtained by the enemy in
that quarter, proved highly beneficial to
the common caufe,

« Powerful-tirorts have been made by
my. allies in the fouth of Europe ; the
tctnporary pofleflipn of the town and port
of Toulon has grtatly diftreffed the opera-
tions of my enemies ; and in the circum-
fiaoces attending the evacuation of that
place, an important and decifive blow has
Dcien given to their naval power "by the
CQodud, abilities, and fpirit of my com-
nanders, officers, and forces, both by
lea and land.

* The French have been driven from their
poAefikms and fifhery at Newfoundland ;
8uad important and valuable acquifitions
h^ve beeo made both in the eaft and weft
Indies.

<^t GoL our fupeiiority has been undif-
puted, and our commerce fo effef^ually
proftefied, that the lofles Aiftained have been
mconfidcrabJe in proportion to its extent,
and to the captures made on*the contracted
trade of the enemy,

* The circumftances by which the further
progrefs of the allies has been hitherto im-
peded, not only prove the necefllity of vi-
gour and perfe vera nee on our part, but at
the fame time confirm the expeftation of
ulriinatc fticcefs.

« Our enemies have derived the means of
temporary exertion from a -fyftem which
lias enabled them to difpofe arbitrarily
of the lives tfnd property of a numerous
people, and #bich openly violates tvei^
rwaim of juftice, humanity, and rdi-
^n. But thefe eflbrts, productive as
they neceffariiy have been of internal dif-
confeot and confufion in France, have alfo
tended rapidly to exhauft the natural and
icaJ ftrength of dot country^

' Although I cannot but i
ceflary continuance of the warT
ill confult the efTential iilterefts of m^
pie, if I were defwrous of peace on ah
grounds but fuch as may provide for their
pei'manent fafety, and tor the independ*
ence and fccurity of Europe.

* The attainment of tbefc ends is ftill
oHftfuCled by the prevalence of a fyflem ill
France equally incompatible with the hap*
pinefs of that country, and wiih the traiif
quillity of all other nations.

' Under this impf•eiBon,^ I ihoiieht pro-
per to make a declaration of the views and
p^nciples by which I am glided : — I have
oniered a copy of this declaration to he.
laid before you, together with copies of
feveral conventions and treaties with dif-
ferent pox'VTrs, by which you will per-
ceive how large a.part of Europe Ts united
in a cauie of fuch general concern.

* I rtfle6l with unfpeakable fati$(«^ioii
on the fteadyjoyalty and firm attachment
to the e(hblifhed conrtitution and govern-
ment, whichy notwltbftanding the con-
tinued efforts employed, to mi Head and fo
fcduce, have been lo generally prevalebt
among all ranks of my people. Thefe
fentiments have b^n enunently matiifefted
in the zeal and alacrity of the militia lo
provide for our internal defence, and in
the diftingui/hed i>ravery and fpirft dif-
played on every occafion by my forces
both by Tea and land : they have main-
tained the luftre of the Britiih name^ and^
have fhewn themfelves wok-thy of the blef-
fings which it is the object of'^all our exer-.
tions to prefervc.*-

* Gentlemen of the faouieof cornreon*,

* I have ordered the necdfary eftimates
and accounts to be laid befai-eyou ; and I
am perfuaded you will be ready to. make
fuch provifion as the exigencies of the time
may require. I feel too fenfibly the re-
peated proofs which I have received of the
a0e6lion of my &ibje6ls not to lament the
neceiiir^ of any additional burthens.

* It is however a great coniblation to
me to obferve the favourable ftatc of the
revenue, and the complete fuccefs of the
meafure which was laft year adopted ror
removing the <embarraflrment8 affixing
commercial credit.

* Great as muft be the extent^ of our
exertions,^! truft you. will be enabled to
provide for them in fuch a imnner lis to
avoid any preffut^ which could be fevtrely
felt by my people.

* My lords, and g«iatkinen»

* In all your deliberatiotts you wfll ^m-
doubtfdiy bear Ia amid the in«Kg«puiida

9ad

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

imd oHgin of the w^r. An attack was ur^d laft CcSvaxif that the protejSHMi.of
made on us and on dur alltesy founded on our 2\\it», and the (tciirity of our own
principles which tend to ddVi-oy all pro- f.uminions, were tiie fole caud* of the pare
perty, to fubvert the laws and religion of we rook in the war, and tliai we Hnd no
e^'ery civilized nation, and to introduce intention to interfere with the interior gQ-

vernifjent of France. If, however, the
inteniions of mini.lers were a& he had Ibued
it| ami as it appeared by the maniicilv^s
pnblifiied in (he ibaih ot France, he fcareil
It could only end. in our own dethu^ion*
He conchided by moving an amendment
to the addrcfs in thele words : * That aQ

|]hiver|al}y tkat wild and de(lru5live fyfkm
«f rapine, anarchy, and impiety, the ef-
fefts of which, as they have akeidy been
maniftfted in France, furni/h a dreadful^
kut ufeful leflbn to the ptefent age and to
poilerity.

« It only remains for us to perfeveiie in
our united exertions^—tlieir discontinuance .huml»te addrefs lie preiented to bis mar-
or relaxation could hardly procure even a jeiVy, humbly praying his majeilv to take
fliort interval of delufiverepofe, and could the ea^'Heft uppottunity of concludiug s

never tcmtinatc in Iccurity of peace.

« ImpreiTed with the neceffity of defend-
ing all th; t is moft dear to us, and lelyuig,
as we may with con/idence, on the vtdom*
Tnd refources of the nation, on the con-
tinuei efforts of ib lai'ge a purt of Europe,
and abovjC ail on tlie incuiiteliable jufticc of
twr caiife, let us render our conduct a

eqntraft to that of out enemies, an.l l»y ^ .

ctsltivafing and pra5iifing the prioc^>ies of efteiiual prosecution of the war^ it beii^

peace with Frapcf, upon lucb terms
Ills niajeily (hall) in hi$ royal wifdpni^
judge pill Jcnt and fee ure ^ that whe.evea*
fiich terms Hiall Ik* ])rqpoi«:d, no obiiacSe
may arifc from the trxilrence of any parti-
cular tbrm of government in that coaxw
Dy.*

The duke of Portland faid, that tl»
intereft of this cownu-y required the i

liuitoanity and Uie duties of rdigion, en-
deavour to merit the continuance of the
divive fav^r and prote^lion, which have
f>cen To eminently ejcpcrieiiced by thefe
Jtingdoms**

In the houfe of lords tlie adih^fs was '
moved by the earl of Stair, and fecondad
by lord Auckland. What was fa id by
«ach of tfceiisnohie lords was chiefly a re-
capitulation of the heads of the ffieecb.
The ktter nobleman, however, made

a war, in which our deareli and moft (a-
cred rights were at llakc.

Earl Spencer ap}>Iaudal miniilers for tbe
uncommon ability of their condud during
the l:m campaign. He Ctid, they had afc-
chicvad that which in the reign of quet;^
AntK' was the mathr- piece ot policy ^ and
they had brought about a great combina-
tion of powers to oppoie the progress of
the French cania^ and devaftatioa 2 tb<^
had alfo, in a great meafuie, ftoppcd the
miichicf of the di{n.*mination oH French

•ne remarkable obfervation : fpeaking ^f principles, the efte^ls of which had abv-
the expcnces of the French^ be ftaied, that liibed religion and biunanity in France.

the expences of one of tlicir committees for
ene month only, exceeded the whole ex-
peaditure of tlas country during the late
campaign, and that tn one year it had
amounted to as much, as our luitional
4tebt. On the other hand, our ivvenues

Lord Derby rofe to fecondtbe aoietij-
roent. He faid, it was plain that we were
fighting for the aggrauditement of the
houfe of Au(lria« and it was not afccr-
tained that they would profecute the war
much longer* The king of PrulTia.had

had exceeded this laft year the average of declared that he would not enter the field

five years peace. again unlefs paid by this nation. Woold

The earl of Guilford faid, that he faw this nation conleat to that, as it had al-

no reafon why the war fliould be further ready confented to pay the king of Sardiiua

poiecuicd on our part ; ibr if we adheied for jproteaing his own kingdom ? In n*

to the principles and to the ends propofed fpea to the peHbns with whom we were

when we tngagcd in it, tkey had been to negociatc a peace, which has all aloi«

fully attained, as appeared by a part of been the obftade o^red by the friends ^

Jiis majefty*s fpeech. As Holland was this war, it was very natural to conclude

ndw iafc, and the Auftrian Inctlierlands that we muft treat with thrperfons who

naftored, he coukl not ^conceive that we are entrufted with the executive powa- of

bad any further grounds to carry on the France, with the perfons with whom we

war I but it was too apparent that the real are at war. All nations had hiiheiio

•utentions of minilters were to endeavour deemed it fafe to treat with the nUipr

«o reftore to France her ancient fonn of power of a country, by wbatevcrmeans it

|P>vcrameDt» although it was coaOanrly had attained that power.

Tbe

FOR JANUARY, i794.

7«

^TKe <Iuke of Norfolk faid a few words
m favour of the unendment.

Lord Kinnoul and lord Abingdon fup-
pttrtcd tiie addreffi.

Earl Stanhope not only thought that w«
could and ought to treat with the jnTcrftnt
goveminent of France, but would go
mucb further, in order that it migyht be
no longer a difficulty whom we were to
treat with, or how we were to trrat : he
therefore gave notice, that on Thurfilay
Bcxt fae meant to move that an humlde
addrefs be preicnted to his m^jefty, hum-
bly praying that his majdty would be
pfeafed to acKRowledge the rep»blic of
Prance.

Lord Grenvilie exprefled his reodinefs
fo meet his noble relatron ou this queftion.
Lord Landerdale infixed, that the con^
diiB. of minifters toward the power of
FroDce, was the primary caufe of the war j
fe pecaliing of oor ambaffador and the
difiniffion of M. Chauvelin the French
minitter* were the caufts c^ war. He next
alliidcd to the ftrrtch of arbitrary power
tint had been exerted in Tome late trials
in thU cDitntry» and made foroe fevere re-
flcQioos oc tbecoDdu^ of the judges ^ho
prefided at thoGt trials, pledging bknlelf
to bring thofe matters to a complete in-
fcftieation upon a futmr occafion.

llieearl of Mansfield faM» that it ought
to be a fixed princrple, that we ftioald
make^no treaty with any perfons that had
toot the power to fecure the obfervance of
fucii treaty ^ and could any manbe abford
efioogb to cxpeS that we could be fecured
by the prevailing party of France ? We
had ieen that thoTe who were the leading
men in France laft winter^ had been de-
ftrayed by another fa^ion, who, in turn,
were ahieady tottering. It had been known
that nations had treated with ufurpers, but
then it was with ufurpers that poifefled
power to maintain thole treaties. Oiivrr
tiomwell wasanufurper, but he poiiefled
the executive government, and exerpled
it for tlie benefit of his country. This
war had been .improperly called a war of
kings ; for it was, m his opinion, a war
of mucb greater magnitude $ a war in
which every man was intereited who bad
any thing to defimd againft the attacks of
thofe who had nothing. He trutltd that
their kxdihips would not agree to a nego-
ctatioo forpeace, as it would b^ an in-
dclihk idiigrace to the nation, and kave
us at the mercy of a mod defpicable and
crud iet of men, who Icrupled not to
violate all princtplct of law, jufticcf and

idiglCD.

The marqi'.is of Lanfdown alluded ttf
the American war to prove his argumenc*
againft the war with Francs.

Lord l&rdwicke read a part of thr
fpeech of king Williaii) in the laft parlia-
ment of iiis ikign v the circumlhmces oF
that time were neurly fiiuilai- to the pra-
ii^nt, in regard to^ the: confec^Ke of the
dcchion of the Bi itiih pariiaroevt : tlie
eyes of all Europe wpre fixed upon £ng»
land, and fo they were new ; and lie
thought that no friend to bis country
could defire to nnake peace with thepMiiinc
fa6\ion ^f France.

Lord Grenville, in anfwer to the'alle*
gations of a noble lord (Lauderdale) en-
tered into the origin ot that war, which,
he ihewed was not the eflFe6^ of (ending
away M. Chauvelin, as fbted by that
nobk lord ; but in confeqtiencs of the un*
provoked attack of the French on oar al-'
lies, ft was darned a jufl and neceflanr
war, and nothing ha<l haf>pened Gnco
that could make rt; l^s fo. He went into
the declaration of M. BrtfTot, and his ex-
culpatory appeal publifhod in May lali»
and read feverai extra^s from it, conv
pletely contradi£ling his former fpeechea
and declaration; He then took a view of
the ftate of the executive power of France,
which is in the management of' the com-
mittee of public welfare and the committee
of generai fafrty ; he ftiewed the unlimited
powb* of ea:h : he albded to. wliat had
been coofidei-ed as a gi^t crufh to the ty.
ranny of the ancient government, namely^
the de(h*if£tion of the fiaftiie, where two
ftate prifoners once were found ^ but the
piTfent number of prribns now confined
m the different parts of France, he com*
puted at aoo,ooo. In Paris alone, 5000
are confined, merely under Ailpicion. U<i.
then fhewed the nnpofflbiiity of making
peace with the prefent government . <^'
Fiance $ for tlicy had decreedthe puni(hr-
ment of death to whomlbever (hould cbn;
to propofi to treat for peace with any na-
tion, who (houid not previoufly acknow*.
ledge, firft, the ioverctgniy of the people j
fecondly, the unity and indtvifibility of' the
republic} and tliirdly, which was tie
worft of all, to acknowledge that unity
and indiviitfa^lity, founded on theprinctp;e
of liberty and equality. A peace, ground-
ed upon fuch pirliminaries, (which, after
all, could not be entered upon till we had
given up all our recent acquifitions in the
Wed Indies) mufl be the moft difgcacefui
that could be propofed to the dignity of
the Brhifli nation.

The lord ^banc^Jor. in anfwer to lord
Lauderdalcj^

^^

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Lsluderdafe, defended the (hara£ler of the
tudj^ in Scotland^ and I)opcil the noble
lord would brm;? forward that burmefs
before the4iot)fe as early as poiTible, when
\ was convinced it would appear tbey
had iiot deviated from that cbai'a£lc-r of
hono\ir and juiiice that diltinguiiheJ themi
and that they were not to be deterred by
ail the threars that had been icrvjcd at
them, and all the dangers which furroinid-
ed them, from difchargihg^ that duly thiry
tmredto their country, however ftvtrely it
might fall on thole who attempted to ibw
the dedru^ive do6lrines of French aiiar-
.chy in his niajelly's dominions. 1'he
boufe divided on the amendment, non
contests 97 \ contents \% \ majority 85.

In the houfe of commons, the addrei's
was moved by lord CliFdon and fcconded
by fir Peter BurrcU, who each expatiated
on the various parts of the fpeech. But
the arguments they adduced were urged
with much greater force by fonie other
gentlemen. In the courfe of the debate
lord Wycombe declared that the war was
vnnecelTar)' and impolitic, that the objeds
of it were attainable by ncgociation, and-
that gobd and falutary provifions might
have been procured by us for the op-
preflfed, and*prote6>ion for the innocent.
The ill fuccefs which liad attended our
arms on the Continent, aflforded but a
diftant profpeft of our efforts being ulti-
mately crowned with fuccefs \ and the
real objefts of the war are every day re-
moved ftill farther from our attainment.
Notwithftanding the inlorjjretations of fuc-
eels given to our various concerns in the
war, lie confidered tht arms of Great
Britain as having experienced deffsits and
{through the iuibcciliiy of minilters) mif-
forturtis of the nioft difcouraging nature.
When the idea was firft brougiit forward
of a war with France, the general opinion
was, that the Brltilh navy, the greatcft
and molt complete in the world, would
ride vi^lonous over the fcas, and Ihortly
annihilate that of France, reduced in its
Arength by the dcfeftion of its officers ;
in which, however, we are proved to' have
been mifiaken; for, notwitldlanding tlie
fuperiority of iu force, tlte leas remain
unprote^ed, andiour tj ade and romnierce
are daily fufiering by the captures made
by the French, particuhrly on ilie New-
foundland coal^, and from the river St.
Lawrence, to the gulf of Florida. In a
-wtord, a profbcution of boftilitics could
lend to no other purpofo tlian that of
weakening oar ftrengxh and relburccs,
^and retidering us inibaice fcom ..thole
.9

evils which we deprecate in the Freocli
government, and againil which we are Ht •
anxious to guard. He Concluded with
moving an amendment to the motion,
thanking his majetly for the communica-
tion he hud been gr»cl^ttfly pleafed to
make to liie houfe, and earnetuy recom-
mending to him to adopt fuch meafures
tor bringing about a peuce, as he might
dctni wile and fit.

toionel I'arleton rofe to fecond the
anii/ndmt nt. lie faidi^ that he had beard
nmch cf \\m. advantages gained by the
cunfaltrrite powers duiing the lali cum*
paign, but thole advantages, he conceived,
wcic as yet imdeHned. For his part, he
was inclined *to confider the events whi^h
had taken place, as rather a reverfe of
fortune 'than othcrwife. The war had
continued near twelve monihs; andjdie
obje^ls of it appealed morediibint thao at'
its commencenient J but, indeed, of thoie
qbjecls we had but flight information \
for the celebrated manitcfto of the mioi-
ftei* to the French nation, publiAied to the
world without the lignature of bis ma-
je%, or even of any one of his miniAers,
was.a.produ6lion as curious as it was on-
intelligible. The determination, it ap-
pears, is to carry on the war with vigQur» '
and no other profpef^ prefents itielf to the
people of England as likely to be attained
by It, than that of buying a fet of Beg-*
garly ailksj with their money, and lavilh-
ing their blood and treafure m a fruitlefs,
hopelefs conteft. What, faid he, hav9
been the achievements of our arms oa the
Continent, where the army was marched
to the field of battle with not more than
one half of their quantity of field pieces of
artillery ? What was the wifdom of the
expedition againft Dunkirk, when we fitted
out a naval armament <^ith guns of a
much fraaller calibre than thofe they had
to contend with on the fortrefs ? Where
was the excellence of the meafure iefpe£t-
ing Nieuport, which place was faved onl/
by the a^livity of a friend of his \ In
what confided our glorious achieventent at
Toulon ? Look at your difgracelul retreat
thence, and the anlwer is made.

Sir William Melbourne exprefled his
furprife at the idea of our being able to
make a feparate peace without the confent
of our allies.

Mr. Hawkins Browne Tupported the
original motion.

Mr. Courtenay expreffed much furprife
at the obje£Uoiis in the fpeech to any ne-
gociations for peace. What r^on could
b« advanced agaiaft the okalun be knew

not.

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

.not. We cbofe to wage war with them,
and the refufal to treat was to him aa
ablurdity. If, faid he, his majefty's mi-
nifter choie to imitate the late lord Chat-
bam, as a war miniilery he had ample and
fufficient experience ta aflure the world,
and prove to his own copvi6liony that he
was totally inadequate to the taik. If
fccrecy be a virtue, the prefent minifter
pafled^ it in the higfaeft aegree $ for un-
til he had heard his majefty*s fpeech, he
had been totally at a lofs by what means
to judge of our fuccefies. He had heard of
r^ieated and levere defeats j but he now
fuppofed thoie accounts to be falfe, and
the method by which we are to attain the
nputation of conqueft, is, that when we
arc reduced to every extremity and dif.
trefty haraflfd abroad^ diftraaed at home,
and oar commerce decrea£ng; then bur
fucceifes are evident, our conquefts bril-
liant, and every quarter of the globe is
confcioQS of our fuperiority. He aflted,
with peculial- energy, why the minittcr,
who was fo eager to alM the Dutch and
the Netherlands againft the depredations
of their neighbours, did not do fomething
in- behalf of the unfortunate kin^om of
Poland} which had been pillaged by the
tyrants of the North, whoTe violences on
that kioedom had been to them a fubje^
worthy for iinging Te Deum, that thanks
might be returned for having given liberty
to the Poles. He trufted that the good
ieide of the boufe would not be blinded
by Afcb inadequate reprefentations, and
that the amendment tlat fhould be pro-
poled, might aniply prove the indepen-
deoce of the houle, the vinue of the tnem-
bers, and the dignity of its dditieratiOns.
Lord Mornington exprelTed his abhor-
rencc»of the idea of treating with a nation
who were only to be taken notice of from
the depravity of their principles, and ihc
'violence of their conduA. He quoted at
large, (iom a pamphlet written by Bri/Tot,
faretal extraas which proved that the
French themfdves confidered the war as
forced on as ; and from the manifefl and
faWix]«cnt refimtment to the members who
uMHred the fubjea, it was plainly deftruc-
tiw to them. He then took a retrofjief^ive
view of the Hate of Prance before and fince
the wart and alleged that we had gained
much, and that our fuccefs wasin the in-
ytcit proportion . of their diftrefs ; that
their conititution was unfound^ their mea-
fvres uMfintnd, and the exeaition horrible
and isfufficient.^ He animadverted on the
dftadnil ihXK of religion in Prance, and
nad- letters to the national convention

7Z

which proved the total depravity of the
morals of that country. He conchideil
by appealing to the feelings of all thofe
who wifljcd for the welfare of the king-
dom, to join with him in execrating. the
idea of making peace with a nation wJicfe
principles are as abfurd as their manner$
are depraved, and on whom no dependence
could be had, were we even to enter into
negociation.

Mr. Sheridan obferved, that the noblt
lord had entertained the houfe with feveral
extracts from Bri(Ibt*s pamphlet ; but aa
far as he had read, his extracts were
againft his own arg^uments : he had in-
deed favoured the houfe with fome com-
munications which had been detailed in -
moft of the ncwfpapers of this country.
All parties in France had reproved each,
other for going to war. What did this
prove, but that ail parties in France were
inclined to peace : every thing tended to
ihewthat Prance was inclined to peace,
for Briflbt had been exprefsly accufed with
having involved the country in war.
Much had been faid of the ambition and
aggrandizement of France, much of hav-
ing violated the laws of nations refpe£ting
neutrality 5 with much greater juftice how-
ever might France retort the charge upon
Great Britain. What had been her con-
duft toward the petty ftates of Italy ? Yom
come with the thunder of your cannon,
and compel tfiem to enter into the confe-
deration \ agree to join us, you fay> or
we will batter down your towns' about
your ears. The noble lord had an'm^d-
vei-ted on the condu£l of Genet in Ame-
rica". How did that wife country behav*
on the occafion ? She was not to be forced
into hoftilities, and was, in confequencr,
now enjoying that profpcrity whicli wc
might have experienced, had our pro-
ceedings been chara^erifed by fimilar pru-
dence. It had been faid t^at this was a
defenfive war j he, on the contrary,
thought we wq-e the aggi^eflbrs. If thi&
was a war in which the mteretts of every
thing that wasdear to religion and humn-
nity were involved, could we fay that we
(hould not have embarked in it with the
allies, whether France had been the firft
aggreflbr or not ? It was not then abfo-
luicly a war of choice. It was a war fo
eftablifli fome form of government in
France, and it mu ft be a monarchical
form, whence alone fecurity could be de-
rived. What greater fecurity there was
for the maintenance of treaties under a
monarchy, than under any other form he
could not afcertain, as the condu^ of the
K kirg

74

THE UNIVERSAL MAGA;?;IN3

king of PrulTia and ihe emprffs of RuflTia,
in the (Hfinembei m: m of Poland, which
Itoey had foVninly cnftHi^td by treaty ro
p|'ote£l, aff.ivl il nu heuer hopes of Itxu
rity fiom iror.»rch» than was to be fouiw*
ki republics. He icpiobatcd ibe conduil
ot minifterSy the nKxt< of carrying oa the
war in all quaiteit, aiToiilon, ut Dun-
iiiik, in the EalV Indies, and iit the Ch»n'
ttci, 8&d wr&& ccnviaced ihat ootbi-^g btit
p-;.cc could put an end to the calam tits
vvhtch ctir nnpiovkieivt o{>)io^t',oii h.id
iu" u^hr npon citJris.

Mr. Windham coiixlated the ol)jeclio!:t
to ibe war, acd conceived it more ntxrti-
laiy than ever to purftic it wnvh vigour.

Mc. Sccfetary Duodas rcjilieii to foaie
imputations whkh 'nm\ Ikm\ thiown out
agairit niniAers for want of vigilance and
a^teniion to the mcde of canning on the
wax. The equipcnc' l of the n^nrine anJ
naviil expeditions b«d, he faid, exceeded
every thing that cc ulii b^ ptaUekd i« hi.'-
•9ry. In Scpten^r 179*. k»tfort i)^ com-
ivrnceroeiit of tlfc armament, ib-e nunibtr
o^' our (camen wa« no n^ce tUa;i z 5 000.
Oujr militsiy foice, alier t'eit»^l n*; lUa
iccops necelftaily ciTH><>y'-.i in j;;w>i''.n ,
<^ni9iltrd of no moie ih<.n 9o<50 okv. V/e
had now 54.0 CO iVpimcnj and^ iinu3j{;f
3;j (hips of ibe line and about 30 t'liialcs,
we hpd foflitpsof the Ijno nni 100 fii-
gfitfr^ in ilrviee. Tkviy d»ouf;tnd men
h^d been adtjUd to cur mi iUm y force ; but,
a greil part of ihcic ^'iv^ new levies, be
w.'fcs I ol eush'<;;d, to lia.v, {l^\i^ wlh this
i>umr>'-i-, we were;, ar |>»trfi:nt, ;»4>k lo
^utt^ upon any V«vv oiTiario-s. The war
h.d cr.mo^^nced m February ^ in N^uxU
iofcrmati-n was rtcciv«ii, tk»t » If'rcnch
arnhinient \vn6 failed; anii ti)u»^h it was
fiji^ chitfiy ncwflTajy to wa'ch tlieen«iny,
and that it was nnc'.n.iu wli«ther the
Ficncli fleet would p.oceed lo the We*
Indns or nr.t, adn»ir.il (lafdner was leot
th'ihrr, theie being at leji^tb rea ou to
believe that to l)e the cleltmalion of ihc
Krtnch Ueet. It was loon after neccflr.iry
to fsnd a fltfct to the Mediterranean. That
f^LCt had laileti in May, ai;d.ibe next ob-
ject was the equipment of the channel
ii^et. All this, had been done ti) die firft
cwnpai^n, iliough the cxcnt of ow coin-
merce bad made it, at f*rlt, difEcwJ^ »o get
fcameuA wbo were chk-fly abioad, dwnng
peace, in meich«it fliips. In aicition to
tlicfc large liects, fubocdiniite iiett«; bed
b.-en fitted out for the pr.uciion of our
trade 5 and no Icfs than fifty ditiercnt tra
tlipg litcts had failed undcf ilie pjfoleaipn
«*i coLvoy, of which lictts eoi a finale

vcffel had been loJ>. Of thofe which ven^
lured ^}one, (bms litd no douM been cap-
tured ; and fm^le Aiips might havu occa-
fionRlly waited for convoy. It might ba
faid, that our Heirtii flionlo fboner have ap-
peared on the American coaf^ ^ but who
cocild kiM>w that the ports t^irre would
have becB open to them ^ In the Medi-
terranean, Toulon had been biocked npi
and ih(>t;^ lord Ho*d hi^d ibmerimes
been obliged to rcduc* his force, by fend-
ing Am ps upon coAVoy, 10 fo low as ftrnp-
teen ^il of the line, he had, with »K^t
force, bocked vp a foprtior Fpcnch fle«eft
in Toulon, and oftered battle to the ene-
my, who lefufed it. Our captures pre-
vious to January i, T794, were, % Frencli
fhipis, from 40 to 30 guns } 4> fttw) 30 ta
•20 ; 1 7» from ao to 10 ; and 34 heiowr
that £or e. AifiJhtnce h^l been affiorded*
in the moll fp rued, efFc^tual, and faithful
manner, to the Dutch. Four regiments
IisilI been i^, early in the canipaign, fo»
tbe defence of the Weft Indian ifiando ;.
and the failure of the expedition to Mar-
tinico vras owing to the failure of the
alliance promiled by the inhabitanftu ^So
o]»tiortuni*.'e< of affecding iuccour to the
royaiiit armies in Brittany had been omit-
ted } and, aa loon as 'n was kr^own that
they were in a condition to receive it> am
armament had been fitted out for their
rrHef. Thof<; bodies M^ere fo^ hr from
hav'ng approached the coaff, in conic*
qiK-nce of any UBf^lletl promiies of af-
filUnce, tiiat it would have beta well for
them, if, relying more upon oui prMAileSy
wltcn they were ofFsred, they had made
fuch apptoachL's, ao^rdiog to our expec-
tations. Hb concluded by &ying that, he
ihould have no objc^ioo, when the boufe
clK>fe to inveftigate tlie cotidu^ of minif-
ters, to come lorward with arguments, to
prove that theM* exeitions in the military
aud n;>val depanments had been hiperior
to any thing that had before been known,
Mr. Fox complained i^f th&complicatcd
Hiape in which the q«ieAion now ftppenreii,
and wiihed th?bt it had been be&R ckridy
ihted, that ihe preient was a war to ex-
toL-minate the Jacobin party in France. I^
w;i% a melancholy thing to hear fhar wn
could not treati till the Jacobina are de-
flroyeciv This waa a fpeculatioo in which
we riflced every thin^ that waa dear. He
reprobated the principles of the war, and
the mode of conducting it. There woold
be as good fecurity» that tieaties wouhl
be kept as we could have from ai^
ccosvnqd. head whatever^ nay, even if
Lottia ihe Sixtceti!!^ weQp aliw, and adiK

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

75

Tilly rcftored to the crown. We oqght»
he faid, ro have followed (he conduct of
generat Walh.agton wth rtlpt^ to Genet,
»od (he wifdom be evinced in his fp?ecb
\o (He coiigreie. The Americans were
vUlfiid, iitf lAidf in the fame mana-r ^ the
veiy iunt arguments had beta applied to
ihcTDy as had been i^ccntiy applied nr-
ipcding France ^ we ha^l abts(ed the Ame-
ricans as we were now abuling theFrench^
Imic we (hould be comptrlled to treat with
dMn at laft ; and God giant that we may
HOC then be under wotfe circumftances
than the prefcnt. Mr. Fox moved an
amendment, that his oiajcliy would be
|>lcaied to enter in:o a negociation for tlic
eftabUAment of peaces and that the na-
ture of the government ihouid be no ob-
llacle to that negociation.

The chaficeltcr of fhe exchequer faid,
that there was no ambtguiry in the in-
tention of his majefty*B miniiters with rf «
fpeA to the piefent war. They had clearly
luied, that the grounds were, lecuniy to
ouiieivrs and our allies, and indemnity
for aggreifions already obtaini'd. Thrfe
iBrafures cuulU not be obtained white the
pfelent government exifls in FVance; a
governoient effe6lually deftru^iive in Tts
principle* to all itiz governmtrnis in £u-
ro{te. If, theit^bre, the arguments ad-
mitted by (he houfc for undertaking the
war weix good, they were certv*inly now
more forcible fai / continuing it with all
p filble vi^otk'. War co'dd preilnt no
calamities io terrible as thofe in winch this
cdujitry mighty be involved from relaxing
a her preparations at the very moment
when tbeie pieparations were upon the
point 01' being I'uccefsful. He obic5l&i to
tite amendment propofed hy I lie right ^'on.
gpntkoMn^ as the delliuclion of a faction.

ruinous in its princip!^ to all th* powers
of £ur6)>e, to lelig^jsn, motilitv; a:^d law*
was tlie rcilbnof our Hrit tjlc:ng arms.
It was McknowleJged by the law of ra-
tions, thnt wh^^etwo pa'nes we'cdclhoy-
\Qg eadi other, a th»i>d po>vec might in»
terfcre to promote tranquil' ity. It was
in the prttcnt infiance oUr duty and in-
»te«c»l to inteuere. an 1 to cwitmiie our
etfoit* Hf,ainlt a fa^lon conftaiuly varjing
ai^d ihitiing the pet ions in its admintiira*
tion^ like the chilteriiig o^ fcenes in tliea-
trical rrprercatat'.ons. Much did it be-
come furrounding nations to prohibit io-
tercourlc w th a country where immoraiity
and infidelity go hand in hand, and to
rtdik oppreflion, which had grown to (•
gigantic an extent, and would, if not
ci alheJ, operate to the terror of Europe*
It Ihould have be?n recollected, that a ele-
ctee had been pafled by the ■ convention,
which cna^s, that they will not tre.tt with
any of the belligerent powers, excrpt they
firit acknowledge the unity and indivili-
bility of the Fi-ench republic. How could
we with propriety do this-? *iow did we
know, ihir if we did, 'we (hould h ive any
fecurity that this troiy would be kept f
In e^'ery pnint of view, th/rcfore, he law
that the hazard of war would be ptfe-
rable to the calamities winch an im;>ru Jjtit
peace would bring upon thiscuiniry.

At five in the morning ihi hoiifc di-
vi led, wjien there a^^atcd,

For the am-ndnwnt — 59
Ag.4iiirt It — — 177

Mijority — — 2j8

The motion for the adJrcis was thm
put and carried.

[To be coniinufd.]

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE,

December mR.
T AST week arrived froiTi Sierra Leone,
^^ the Felic tv, captain Wenhsm, with
a car JO oi' wax, can wood, &c. Th^ dif-
^tcJies by 'hin Aiip contain very flatten ng
accounts cf thf: he<«i{h of this colony, and
of its progrel's in comm-riciil purfuits;
but we are forry to add, that they hr-'n^c
alfb an account of the death of prince
Naimbonna, who died on the evcnin/r of
bi» arrival at Sierra Leone, of a puTid fe-
ver, contra<^ed by him (»n fbipboard, in
the courfe of his paiTage from this coun-
try. This amiable you'^g man IimI been
^ f^r ibme ihort time in £n^';^ad under the

protection of the Sierra Leone compiny.
He p^jfiVfled a very rxcellent undc»rtnnd-
ing, a dili>«)(ltion earneil in the pjrAiit of
knowietlge, and gifat facility in receivingj
in(tru£^ion. His mental acquirenKnis, du-
ring his Hay in this conntiy, w-^i-e the liih-
y.'Sk of m jcli admiration, and his c^fy ad-
dtcU and f» ivity of minners cnd.-;ir.d
him to all iliat-- to whom he was intro-
duceil. He h«l imhiSed, anvt he p:o-
ftfled to liie U\\ mvimeiU of his exiftj -a*,
th- ftron<»eft :mncl»ii»rni uj the priiu.ip'es
of the Hrot?Iti!nt f iih, and h\ hi« wilj
(mule in the beginning of hf« iflnefs)
CiiMcHtly reaueltcd his idatuns 10 let rhf?t
K a facet

76

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

faces aeainft the flave trade, and to be- lar ofTence, having failed to appear, was

friend the Sierra Leone company to the outlawed.

utrooft of their power. January 17.

Januaryio. '. Yefter<lay, James Lyon was indicted

On Monday came on, before the High for felonioudy publiihing and uttering

court of jufticiar}' at Edinburgh, the trial fevera) forged fcrip receipts for i6,oooI.

of William Skirving, accu.ed of different ftock, 3 per cent, annuities, with intent

fediiious practices, particularly with hav- to defraud Francis . Barroneau, cfq. and

jng aftea as fecretary to a number of the governors and con»pany of tlie bank of

people who had aHlenibled at Edinburgh, Enghnd. ' In this indidment there were

unJer the denomination of «* The Brinlh
Convention of Delegates of the People,
aflbciaied to obtain Univerihl Suffi-age and
Annual Parliaments ;" and that the meni-
bers of this alToc-ation did in 06lober,
November, and Dectinber laft, in imita-
tion of the Fiiench Contention, call each

twelve counts, to all of which he pleaded
guilty. The lord chief baron* before
whom he was to have been tried, admo-
iiifhed- the nrifoner in a very pathetic
manner to alter his plea, it being repug.
nant to the wiOi of that and all other
criminal courts in this country, as well as

other b^ the n^me ofcitizens, divide them- diametrically oppofite to the intent of the
felves mto fe^ions, appoint committees law, to convia a fubjef^ upon his own
of various kinds, fuch as, of organiza- . confeifion. His lordOiip alfo apprifed him
tion, of inftru6tion, of finance, and of of his fate, in cafe he did not recant, and
ieciecyj denominate their meetings, fit- begged him not to deceive himfclfinap-

tings ; grant honours of fittings ; and in
fchbe their minutes with the firft year of
the Britifti Conveniion. Mr. bkiiving,
after a lon^ trial, which laftcd till one

prehending, that by fuch a plea there was
a greater probability of mercy being (hewn
to him. That by pleading gtiiity,. he
probably was the caule of his own deaths

o'clock on Tuetlay morning, was found as there might, notwithftanding the inau-

guilty of fedition, and fcntenced to four- fptcious appearance which his caf& might

te^i years tranfportation. have in his (the prifoncr's) mind, be

January 11. fonic circumftances in the "courfe of the

On Wednefday the kmg in council evidence to be brought in fupport of the

figned an order for the tranfportation of indi6lment, that would in point of law

Meffrs. Muir and Palmer to Botany Bay, prove favourable to him, which, if there

for the term fcntenced by the <ourt of was, bis lordship faid, Jie fliould have the

jurtlciaiy in Scotland. benefit of. On the indictment being read

St. James's, Jan. 8. This day his ex- over a fecond time, and being aflced whe-

cellency Yuflaf Adijah^Effendi, anib^fla- ther he was guilty of the felonies therein

dor from the fublime porte, (attended by mentioned, he anlwered as before j when

iVlahmoud Rair Ei!endi, ftcreta-y of the
cmbairy, and Emanuel Perfyani, firfl in-
terpitf'erto ihe^embafly) had hib firlt pii-
vatcaudience of his majeily.
January 13.
The London Gazette of this evening
contains two proclamations by his ma-
ielty; the firft ordering a public faft to

Mr. Garrow, counlel for the pro(ecutiony
addrefied him to the fame purport as the
lord chief baron, but with as little eflFeft :
in confequence of which, judge Groie
afked the prifoner what were his i^ealbns
for pleading guilty, afitr he had been ad-
vifird to the contrary ; to which he an-
fweietl, the poignancy of his own feelings.

be obiei'ved throughout England and on rrfitfctiitg that his fitter was the prin-

Wales, and fn the town of Berwick upon ci;al evidence againft him. Immtdiateiy

Tweed, on Friday the aSlh of Febiuary on which his counici, Mcflrs. Wood and

next} and the fecpnd, orderirg a public Knowles, dirc6led liim to demur to the

i.i(l to be obfeiyed in Scotland on Tbuif- indi^liijeiit, as by fo doing the deta aii.

day the 27th of the fame mouth, on ac- nation of the cafe would devolve to th^

count of the war.

Januray 16.
On Monday came on at Edinburgh the
trial of Maurice Margarot, for ftdiiious
practices, at' a late meeting called* the
Britiih Convrnsioii, when he was found
guilty, and fentence of tranfporturion for
tborteen years was paHed upon hiip.
Altxander Calleodcr, indi6led tor a dini-
5

judges^ which he complied with,
January 21.

Yeftcrday the demurrer of James Lyon
to the indi6lment charging him with tor*
gery, came on to be argued at the OI4
Bailey ^ but the decifion of it was potU
poned to a future day. /

A melancholy accident happened In a
coalpit) near Newcaitle^ by holing an un-
expected

FOR JANUARY, 1794.

77

czpeBcd old wafttfy charged with inflam-
mable air, wHich inftantly took fii'e from
one of the workmen's candles. A gene-
ral exploijon enfued, )3y which 15 men
and )x)f$, and alfo 1 6 horfes, were killed.
January 28.

The following are fome circumftances
attending a late marriage between a branch
of the royal family and the daughter of a
northern earl.

About eighteen months iince, lady
Dunmore, whofe huibahd is now gover-
nor of the Bahama lAands, went with
her two daughters to Italy, where they
rciided till very lately. His royal high-
ncTs prince Auguftus, being at Rome,
n>et with thofe ladies, and very naturally
courted th«r ap^reeable focietj 5 the con-
fequience of which waSf a mutual attach-
rncnt between his royal highnefs and
lady Aogufta Murray, and they were
thertf married.

Lady Murray became pregnant, and
returned to England. His royal high-
nefs did the fame ; and) at the inilance of
the lady and her friends, a fecond mar-
riage took place*

The panies-were regularly aflced in the
charch of St. George^s, Hanover-fqiiare,
in the month of November iaft, and on
the 5th of Deccmbci* they were again
united, according to the ceremonies of
the church of England, under the names
of Aogurtus Fi-cdcrick arid Augxifta
Murray.

The circumftances liaviog come to the
kipg's knowledge, -his majefty has infti-
tu:cd a fuit of nul.ity in his own name, in
the ai'ch'es court of Canterbury, to fct
a/ldc the validity of this mairinge, on the
ground of an a6l of parliament paHed
early in ihc reign of his prefent majefty,
for the prevention of the marriage of any
p<ale branch of the royal family, with-
out the previous confent of parliament.

On Saturday Mi. Hefeltine, the king's
pro^or, ferved a citation oh lady Miuray,
to anfvicr the charges of the itiit ; and
fbfrc is no doubt but the ecclefiafcical
court will fct afide the legality of the mar-

BIRTH. •

T A D Y of James Bland B urges, efq.
^ under ftcrciary of Itate, a daughter.

MARRIAGES.

TTrrllliam Scfopc, efq. Caille Cumbe,
*" Wilts, to mil's Long, nitcc of fir
James Tylney Long, bart.

Charles Gsrnier, efq. of the royal navy
to lady Elifabcth Delme. ^

William Currie, efq. M, P. to mifs
Percy Gore, daughter of the late colonel
Gore.

Rev. Robert Lowth, re5Vor of Hinton
Ampner, Hants, and fon of the late biihop
of London, to mifs Frances Harrington,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Harrington,
re6lor of Thruxton.

DEATHS.

"DRo^vnlow earl of Exeter.

*^ Robert Gofling, efq. banker. Fleet-

ftreet.

Hugh earl of Marchmont.

Sir Clifton Wintringham, bart. M. D.
and F. R. S.

Dr. John Hinchcllffe, bifliopof Petef-,
borough and dean of Durham.

Caroline countefs dowager of Dalkeith
and widow of the right hon. Charles
Townfliend, in her own right baronefs
Greenwich : the title extinft.

John Ramey, efq. of Grent Yarmouth,
grandfather to the earl of Home.

Hon. Mrs. Coker, lady of John Coker,,
efq. and daughter of the late lord Romney.

Edward Gibbon, efq. the celebrated
hi()'orian.

. Peityfton Portlock Powney, efq. M. P.
for Windlbr.

John vifcount Mountftuart, M. P. for
Cardiff.

General fir Charles Hotham, bart. and
K.B.

Admiral fir Edward Huglies, K. B.

PROMOTIONS.
"pDward vifcount Mountgarret— Earl of
^ Kilkenny in Ireland.

Arthur V jfcounf Valentia— EarfMounf-
morris ot Irdand.

Otway vifcount Dtfart— Earl of Delart
in Ireland.

Alice vifcountefs dowager Wickk)w-«»
Counttfs Wicklow in Ireland.

John vifcount Clonmell-^Earl of Clon-
mell in Ireland.

Andrew Thomas lord Caft]eftewart«—
' Vifcount Caitltilewart in Ireland.

Robert lord Lei trim— Vifcount Leitrim
in Ireland.

Francis lord LandafF—* Vifcount Landaff
in Ireland.

Cernwallis lord De Montalt— Vifcount
Hawarden in Ireland.

John lord Fitz Gibbon— Vifcount Fitz
Gibbon in IiTland.

Sir John Dick and John Martin Leake,
efq,— Comptroiici s ot the army accounts.

BANK-

>«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

BANKRUPTS. From the Gazbttb.

DCCEMBER %8.

John Boys, of Tefton, in Kent, car^
pcnter.

Joseph GreiTes, and William Denifcm
the younger, of Liverpool, merchants.

Richird ThompTon, of Horsforth^ in
Torkftiire, fcribbhng iiuller.

Solomon Fletcher, of Stockpoit, ia
Cheshire, linen-draper.

Thomas Coulftnng, of firifto], com-
faaor.

Charles Newman, of 6utton-at-Hont,
in Kent, miller.

John Harris, of Devices^ Wilts, draper.
December 31. 1

Richard Blayney, of Manchefter^ cot-
ton-manufa5lurer.

Thomas Bakh, of Plaiftow, in Efleic,
l^ooie-letdcr.

Thomas RuOiton, of Macclesfield, ia
Chefliire, brewer.

January 4..

John Shape, of Luton, in Bedford-
jhire, IJncn-<*rJper.

William Ealt, ofSi^l'lbury, chinaman.

Wilaam Johnfon,of Leeds, and Daniel

iohntun, of Bllhop Burton, in York-
lire, cornfnftor.

Jofliua Ddwfon, of EaAoft, inXinco^n-
Shire, corn- merchant.

William Jones, of BriQol, builder.

John Steel, and Thomas Steel, of Sut-
ton, in Surry, limc-bumers.

Huichifon Mure, Robert Mure, and
William Mure, of Fenclmrch-ftreet, mer-
chants.

Edmund Walker» of Kidderminfter, in
Worceft erfli ire, ftjoe • maker.

William Wright, and Thomas White,
4>f Mancheder, machine- makers.

John Lloyd the elder, and John Lloyd
the younger, of Newport, in Pembroke-
Ifliirc, linan drapers.

Edward Butl.r Thomas Grant, of
W^itbington, in Manchcfjer, and George
Wakefield, of Pendietoh, in Lancashire,
merchants.

Bethel Wybcrn, of Deal, in Kent,
innholdei\ ^

Wiilijim Price, of tlie Minories, ihoe-
maker.

January 7.

James Purcell, of Crown-ftreet, Weft-
ininftei-, merchant.

John Clapfon, of Egerton, in Kent,
dealer in hops.

Charles Newfum Hacket, of the Mi-
nories, oilman.
.. Jofeph Lapcafter, of Blackburn, in
. Lar.calhirc, corron-mnnnfn^^ui-er.

John Walker, of Manchciier, vintner.

{AKUARY IT.
Hyth, and Clurles ftlyili,
of Alderisrate-ftreet, Jincrn- drapers.

John Bellringer, of Minchefter, cad-
ITco- printer.

John Daman, of Thames Oitton, ia
Surry, • corn-chandler-
Samuel John Stone, of Piccadilly, fta-
ble- keeper,

John Sherratt, ofClarges-ftreet, Picca-
dlllv, money -fcrivener.

Rpbert Afhwor'i^ of Rochdale, ia
Lancaihire, fliopkeepcr.

January 14..
James Butler^ of Lanlleowell, in Bre-
con (hire, 'dealer.

Lawrence Alfbrd, of Wear Gi^rd, in
Devonihire, lime-burner.

Henry Rindcr, of Leeds, in York-
jhire, innholder.

Barnard Cohen, of the Boroug-h-foad,
St. George's fields, lace- merchant.

Thomas Shurmcr, of Woodchefter, ia
Gloucefterfhire, clothier.

Samuel Ellis the eldei", of Peterborough,
fadler.

David Broad, of Manchef'er, viftualler.
Ellfabeth Grace, Ar.ne Grace, and Jane
Grace, of Newcaftle-undei-Line, StifforJ-
fhire, milliners.

Robert Grierfon, of Salf^rd, in Lanca-
fliirc, cotton*manufa£lurer.

Jonathan Gnit, of Long AHiton, in
Somerfctftiire, timber-merchant.
Janoary iS.
George Chalc, of Wokingham, is
Berks Hnen-draper.

James Bmdbtlt, and George Lcvvtas,
of Blackburn, in Lancafliire, mei chants.
Howland Roberts, of Fcltweil, in Nor-
folk, apothecary.

Shclah Cheffcl, and Thomas Chefiel,
ofHolbqrn, hofjers.

William Armftrong, of Hardeft, in
Cumberland, dealer.

Bryan Valentine Robfnfon, of Fox's-
lane, Shadwell, tobacconilh
January ai.
John Stafford the younger, of Wake-
field, in Yorkfhire, ftiopkeeper.

Samuel Lawrence, of Crewkernc, in
S omerfet (hi re, dealer,

John Kenrick, of Dodington, in Shrop-
(hire, cheefe-faftor.

JofVph Drury, of Harrow on the Hill,
Mid.-llciex, coal -merchant.

George Dover, of St. Catherine- (^ reef,
in the precin61 of St. Catl'ierine, cheeie-
nionger.

January 15.
Benjamin Colyer, of Cadlr-court,
B u dge- ro vv, money - 1? ri v ensr.

Jofeph

FOR JANUARY, 1794*

7>

Jofcoh Mllner, and Kdward Da vies, of
NobleRreft^ Fo^er-lon^ C^eapftct^, ha-
berd.i(hers.

John-Read, of Bedford, jiainter.

John Eikrick, of Great Jolton^. Jn
Lancalhire, fiifti|n»n»ini&^4er.

Jofej)h Blcafc, of Liverpool, merchant.

Jofeph I-odg«, of Uray'»-inn-Une,
HofHiirn, burtoa-aJe feUe^.

Edward WMwinp^k in Bromjanl, in
Hertfordihire, iimholdLr.

T^om^s. C.rofbyey» of SaLefbrd, la So*
c\erkiQi\Tc, viotfcr.

ChoiTles Cuf, of Grub-ftrett, M^p-
fieldt, meal man*

Peart Weftmorlmd,* 0^ Bond-court,
Waibrook, money- It livenpr,

NEW PU^HCATIONS.
JJ I ST O RY of the laic flcvolulio? in
* -*" France, to the Death of the Queen,
i Toi. «vo. 14s.

Jones' Attorney *s Pocket B«ok, t vol.
lanio, 9s,

Mayors Chronological Hiftpry of the
Europtratv State*, Mo, tU 50. boards. .

WiULinibn's fotir aipng the Fiootiers
cf Prance, Sva, 3s. 6d. fewod.

IiC(bet*s CUMcal Guide, witk a Pkaai-
ca] Pharmacopoeia, zsmo. 5*.

Kutarch en a Friend and Flatterer, by
Nonhmore, 8vq. 5s.

Lee> Flowers frqn» Shaj^OB, fnviU 8yo^
35. W. fewed.

Aikin's Letters. tQ.bis Son* 8x9. 6a«

Trindfr's Twenty Sermons, 8vo. 7s.

Count de Vii^eroi, or the Fate of Pa-
tciotsfiiK aTr^ccljp^ as. #d.

Smith's Sketch of a Tour on the Con-
tinent ia ryW, 7i jvol. »vo. iL is,

Tpdd's Account of- the Dtai|s pf Can-
terbury, 8vo. 6s.

Crumpets Im^uiry into th« Natui^ and
Pioocrti^s of Opium, 8vo. 6s.

maid of the Hamlet, % vol. ys.

Carry's Account of the Plague at Flu-
hdelpbia, is.

Chalmers' Life of Ruddiman, 8vo. ys..

Bnind on the Altarations of the Coo-
ftitution of the Houfe of Commons, and
Inequality of the Landtax, 8vo. 39.
boards.

Rowley's Pra6^ice o^ Phyfic, 4 vol-
Svo. il. 16s.

Matthew's Nine Letters to a Friend ia
^nga), 29« 6d.

Wanderings of Warwick, xamo. 45.
fewed.

Hanfnet*s God^s Sunvnons unto a Ge-
aenU Bcpeptapce^ fipall &vo. js- 6d»
Kwed.

^am* of Unna, % volt i amo^ lof 1 4i«

AVERAGE PRICES or CORK.

January i8, 1794.
By die Standard Wincht0«r Quarter of

Bight BuAiels.
JNLAND COUNTIES.

' Hf 1. ■ . . n«iMw Ti n ■ iair

a. f/. f. J. u dm

Mi4d|efex

Sorry

Hertford

Bedford

Huntiii^doB

Northampton

Rutlajid

Leicefter

Nottingham

Deijby

Stafibsd

Salap

Hereford

Wordcfter

Wilts

Besks

Oxford

Bucks

Bvecon

Montgoinery

Radtfior

MARITIME COUNTIES.

47 6

33 6|

47 6

31 033 8j

46 8

35 6

48 10
47 6

- —

35 '7
34 5

SI 0

36 0

35 0

54 6

40 0

55 10

39 7

57 J

41 7

40 t

55 6

40 0

« 3»

— ,

40 6

55 0

4» 84« 8|

54 »

40 0

37 J

55 ]

4' 4

55 ^

— —

4* 5

44 4

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3» 3

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49 10

34 8

49 I

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33 10

57 6

44 ^

3» 0

5» 6
53 »

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37 8
34 II

Oats*
i. idL
26 ^
26 6
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»5 5
a^i.io
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2a •
24 II
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14 %-

24 19

2^ #

s8 9
5

17
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17

2C

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Kent

Stiflex

Sulfbik

Cambridge

NoifoUc

Llncohi

York

Durham

North umberlaiid

Cumberland

Weftmorland

Lanpaftev

Chefter

Flint

Deabigh .

Anglefe*

Carnarvon

Cardigan

Pc IS broke

Carmanhea

Glambrgaa

Clouoeftcjt

Soroerfet

Monmouth

Devon

ComwaU

Dcdct

Hants

4 —

44 3

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N

The Umivejisal Magazinz/c?^ Fesruart, 1794. Si

Memoirs 0/ the Life W Writings of Mr. CoitEY CirasR :
Wid^aJiriJdng Lihinejs if that uUWatid JSior and Dramatic fVritir.

C)llby Cibbbr was born in
Sombampton Stfeet> London, on
the 6th of November, 1671* His
father, Caius Gabriel Gibber, was a
nadve of HoMdn, and a flatoary of
confiderable merit, who came into
En^and, «o exerdfe that profeffion,
Ibme nme before the redoration *«
His mother was the daughter of Wil-
liam CoUey, efo. of Glaifbn, in Rut-
landfliire, whole father, fir Anthony
CoUey, by his zealous attachment ,to
the royal caufe, during the civil war,
reduced his eftate from three thonfand
10 about three hundred pounds per
annam. The fubjed of this article
was fent to the free-fchoo), at Grant^k
ham, in Lincolnfliire, in 1682, when
he was little more than ten year& of
age. He conttilued at this fchool till
he had gone through it, from the
loweft form \q the higheft ; and he
informs lu himfdf, that fuch learning
as this fchool afbrded, was the moft
that he could pretend to, and was
not afterward mi»h improved by
ftudy. He was t|icen hence, about
the year 1687, in ^pder to ftand at
the eledion of bo^s to be received
into Winchefter College, where his
fother hoped he would be admitt^^
on account of bis being^ defcended, by
the mother's fide, from William of
Wykeham, the founder. But in this
he was unfuccefsful, for want x>f pro-
per recommendations. The father
ielt fome diiappointment on the oc-

cafton: but the fon, who was na«
turally cheerful and volatile, andaverfe
to reftraint, was delighted to find that
he had obtained a reptieve firom the
confined life <^ a (chool-boy. The
very fame daj^, on which the eledion
had decided him to^be an unfuccefsful
candidate, he rode pofl to London*
that he might have time enough to
fee a play, before his mother ibonid
be able to require of him an account
of his travelling expences. About
this time be imbibed a flrong inclina«
tion for the ftage, but concealed it
from hfs father, to whom he knew it
would give great offence. He there-
fore, as he Cxprefles it/ ' fuppreiled
the bewitching ideas of fo fublime a
ftation,' and wrote to his father, then
employed at Chatfworth, informing
him of his difindination to wait ano-
ther year for ah uncertain ^dmiOion at
WincheKer, and requeuing him to
fend him immediately to the uni-
verfity. His father wrote him word,
that he would foon go with him him-
felf,. and fettle him in fome college*;
but that he preferred the uotverfity of
Cambridge, becaufe he had reHded
there fome time, having been em-
ployed in making fome flatues fcr
Trinity College library, where he
had contraded fome acquaintance with
the heads of houfes, who might afllft
him in his intentions in his favour.
But, after fome months were elapfed*
he fent for him to Chatfworth, that

* The moft capital oC his works are the two figures of melancholy and raving mad*
neis before the front of Bethlehem. The bas-i eiiefs on two fides of the monument a>e
by his haiid too. So are the fountain in Soho-fquare, and one of the fine vaTes at
Hampton-court, faid to be done in competition with a foreigner who executed the other,
but nobody has told us ^hich is Gibber's. He carved mod of the (latues of kings
round the Koyal-exchange, as far as king Charles ; and that of Ar Thomas Greftiam
in the piazza beneath. The flrft duke o? Devonshire employed him much at Chatf-
worth 'j where two fphinxes. on large baies, well executed, and with ornaments in
good tafte, are of his work, and dli very lately there was a ftatne of Neptune in a
fountain, ftill better* He carved tho^ ieveral dwr-cafes of alabafter with rich foliage,
and many ornaments in the chapel ; and on each fide ot the altar i< a ftatue by him.
Faith and Hope : the draperies have great merit, but the airs of the heads are not fo
ZQod as that of the Neptune. Gibber built the Daiiifh church in London, and was
buried than himfelft

L he

# I ^

St

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

he might be under hb own eye, till
]U AMttki be at Mfuit C(> go #ith hist
to Ctmbridge.' -Soxfte events/ how-
cver» afterward took place, which
•Btiraly-pKfented hi> being educated
Ibr the chi&rtb* for whieh his ftther
kad intended him. Before he fet t>nt
OR- hit Journey to Chatfworth» ip«
formation wa» received in London,
that 'the prince of Orange had hndpA
in > the w/eft of Englar^ ^ and when
young Gibber arrived at Nottiugham*
hfi found- hb- father in arms there,
attOBg the fbrctes which the earl of
Devonfhifie had raifed in defedoe of
the liberties of the nation. But the
old : man, having little indinatipn §at
a: miKury life, mnd bein^^ from hk
age ill qualified to endure m ^gues,
CB^eated the eari ,of DevoiKhiru to
accept hb fon in his room, and to
permit him to retum^ to^ finiih' the
works which he had underuken to
€xtzuu at ChatfwoFth. -To this hb
lordfhip readily- confeofted, and alfo
promiM, that when affairs were fet-
tled, he would provide for his. foji-
Young Gibber now engaged in the
profefiion of a foldier with' great ala-
crity ', but the manner in whiAi the
revohitioa was happily effe6led>. gave
him no opportonicyrOf 4irplayii)g his
courage. ,Aiter the revolution, he
QuittM.^he military life, and had
«>me profped of obtaining preferment
of a different kind by the intereft of
the earl of Devonflure : but this was
prevented by the vehement deibe
which ihe had formed of becoming an
ador, which he had preferred lo every
other profcffion.-- Accordingly, bi
1689, he became a player at the
Theatre Royal in Di«ryLane? though'
he ^d hot 'at firft meet tvith^nuch eh-'
conragcmcnt, 'being full three quar-
ters of a yeaV upon the flagc, or at
Icail an attendant at the theatre, be-
ibre he was admitted to a falary of
ten killings ' a . week. He thought
himfelf, however, extremely happy
in this fituation : but the firft cha-
raaer in which he appeared fo -any*
advantage was the Chaplain in the
Orphan of Otway: He 'aftCrWird'

excited more attention by perfbrmipe
theparr of lord T6uchwe5d in tfio
Double Dealer, to whith chara^er he
was particulariy recommended by Mr.
Congreve, on she iAdifpofition <Mf
KyoaOon, *by whom that part wa&
orijginaliv performed. Tl^ play h^
been ordered, by queen Mary» and
was undertaken by Gibber at a day 'a
notice; Congl«ve declared^ tl£at ke
had not onl)r AafWered, but exceeded
hb ejfpedations i and in confequence
of his recommendatibn, hb falary was
augmented to' twenty fhillings a week.
Hb. father al(p. fettled twenty pounds
a year upon him, and bding now in
hb'twenty-fecond year, he Ventured
to enter on the matrknonial iUte.
The lady he nurried, whofe name
was Shores had not the confent of her
Either to this connexion ; though, to
was afterward fo fisf reoondlod to it
as to give h^r fom^ forturie.

N.otwith(l<fidin|^ the approbatioD
which Gibbeir had received {rotn Cod-
gfe^e, he continued, fqr ^a oonfider-
ab|e. time, to receive but little eti-,
couragement from the theatrical ma-
nagers^ On the opening of Drury
Lane theatre,' in 16959 with the re*
mainder of the old company, on th^
revolt of Betterton and feteral of the
principal performers to Linooln'^-Tnn-
Fields, an occafional prologue which
Gibber had written, though acknow-
ledged to be the beft .ihat. had been
offered, and readily paid fi>r^ was re-
fufed accepunce on an^ other terms;-
than hb ablblutelv reliQouifhin^ any
claim to the fpeaking of it himfelf.
But ht foon after obtained conlider-
able reputation, by performing the
part of FOtodlevrife in the Old Bache-
lor. This chTttzBet had been adrfiil
raW^ played by^ Dogget, >ivhd had
then quitt<5d the fbge; and his man-
ner had been clo(ely iludie|^ljy Gib-
ber, which .enabled biui to imitate
him very haq>pily at a fhort notice.
' in 1666, he brought upon the fbge
hb firft^play*, tnrided, • Ltore'i hit
Shift, W^the'Fo6r in Fhfbion:" He
"tnet wiihihuch difficulty inVetring it
IntVoducedtb the Acatre ; Tor as the

players

tOtL FEBRUARY, 17^4.

H

pkyers were lictle iiCpoted to acknow-
ledge bis inerits as an a£ior> they
were not more inclined to admit- his
pietenfions as an author.- Bur Mr.
SoQthefn, the dramatic writer, having
I hearil Gibber read his j>ia}r> liked it
I lb weOv that he ioimediately recom-
mended it to the patentees. ' In this
play Gibber; affigned to -himfelf the
part of fir Novelty Faftiion, which
was thoaght a good portrait 4of the
Ixmpory then prevalent^ But: even
Mr. Southern entertained great doobts
about his capadty to do jiutice to that
cfcan^f ; and> therefore^w^n Gib-
ber was prompting tfaie profoj^e at^a
lehearfily ScHithern took him by tlie
hand, and ^aid; * Yoni^ man^ I pro*"
nonnce ^f pla^ a ^ood'^onei -I -wi]}
anfwer lor its fucceiSyif thou doH not
^cnl it by tby own aftion.'- • He iuci-
ceedied; however/ ib wdl> ly)th in his
fjbif, and ills performance of thecha-*
h^t; th^t lord DoHety .then lotd*
cbamberhufi/ fajd, ^ it was tlie beft
i &ft pla»y that any author in his me-
Aiory had-^rodooed ;' aiid that for a
young Mow to (how himfdlF fuch an
a6br, and inch a writer> in one day,
^ was ibmething extraordinary/

This^ fuccefs did not prevent his
continiiing to meet with feme dif-
courag^m^hts from the patentees ;
nor was he promoted to any confider-
^ able caS of parts till the following
year, when fir Jo^n ' Vantrogh did
him a* double honour ; firft, by-* bor-
rowifig'thip hint (rf* his cpmqdy for the
writing' of his Rclapfe, by' way* of
feqoel to it; andfecondly* by fixing
on himf for the performance of his fa-
vourite chara^r in it> that of lord
^ppiAgtonl He performed this part
widi fo mu^ ability, that it greatly
i increafed his repntadon. In i^>»
' hfc produced another comedy, entitled,
• Woman's Wit, or the Lady of
Pkfliion :' btttthis piece d£l not meet
adth much focc^is; and the author
himrelfackn<ywledgeditsdefea9> and

that it came out too-foon^ after hitfirft
play, ffom his define of the.ptofita
which he expeded from ic, afid'for
which his'increafing &milymade him
t|M more folieitous* His next Attempt
was in- tragedy, hisXerxes being per*-
formed in i699> but with Aitt Ma
feccefs'than the piece which pr^cedecl
it;*. The following -year, his comedy
of' Love makes a Man, or the Fep'#
Fortune/ was performed at Dnity^
Lane with great appkttfe.- Thisph^
continues-Ml to give equal- pleafoie
whenever it makes iu- appearance^
T^e plot of it /is taken partly fsoatf
B^inmont and Fletcher'^ * Oaftom of
the Country,' « and partly vfrom-thd
« Elder Brother/ of tJie fame- authors J
There are iKmiberkf»^ab(urdittesiaDd
aren 4mpoflibilitie8 iatheooidaa H.
the piece;; yet the fprightlinefii in thor
diara^r ot Clodio, the manly ten-^
deniefs and (^iennefs of Catios, and
the entertaining tefiineis of Don Cho«^
leric, form ib ^pleafing a mixture oi
comic humour, as would atone for
even greater foults thmi^ «re ito br
found m this dra^. The fame year
he brougfilShakipeare's Kiag Richard
the Thud upon the flage, with alttihi-
tions ; but it was mud^ mutilated- by
the mailer of the Revels who then ii-
cenfed all. pieces for the theatre. • •
in 1703^ his comedy, en^tled^
'She wottld> and ihe would iiot> oiV
the kind Impoftor,' was a^ted witb
applaofe at Drury Laae. This is •
very bufy, fprighdy, and entertaining
comedy, but the plot of it is borrowed
either from Leonard's Coanterfeits»
or eKe from the novel of the Trepan^
ner trepanaed> on which that novel
itfelf was. built. The> folloiy^ng )^«Ua
he pl-odiiced his moft celebrated dra~
matie performance, * The Careleft
Hiilband,' which was applauded eve«r
by Mr. Pope. This comedy cootainsA
perhaps, the moit tlsgjkut dialogue^
and the moft perfodfc knov^edge ^
perfons in real high liie^ that has yet

♦It made jts^d appearance at^Uncbln's-inn-ifields hoiit, >at with no fucoefs,
makmg^ fhindof only one night, as may be ^thered from an inventory of theatrics}
S6ods to be' fold, bumourouily related in the Ttatleri in which, among otlier things,
ve ihc imperial robes of Xerxes,, never worn but once,

L 2, appeared

«4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

appeared Id any language. In 1 706*
he brought a tragedy upon the lUge,
entitled, < Perollaand lladora • ;* and
the following year two comedies^
called, ' The Double Gallant, or the
Sick Lady's Cure/ and the 'Lady's
M Stake, or the Wife's Refentment.'
Be appears at this time to have been
conlideied by Mr. Rich, the patentee,
»s an a6br of confequeoce, by his
excepting him from the number of the
performers whom he permitted Mr*
^winey to engage for his theatre in
the Haymarket ; though Cibber, pn
thinking himfelf not well -ufed by
Kich, paid no regard to Uiat excep-
tion, but joined Swioey. In tjie en-
{uittg year, when his fneni colonel
Sretc obtained a fourth (hare in the
patent, and the performers Armfd &
oxditioD, and returned to Dfury*
lane, Cibber alfo conceded to ^e
treaty, and returned with them. But,
oa Clvcfilencingof the patent in 1709,
ke, with Wilks, Dogget, and Mrs*
Oldiieljd* went over again to Mf*
Swiaey . His comedy of • The Rival
Fools,' which was brought upon the
Hage this year, was very unfOccefsfuU
and expofed him toYome degree of
ridiculBi In 17 1 1 , he became united
as joint-patentee with Collier, Wilks,
and Dogger b the maoagement of
Drory-lanc theatre. Collier farmed
bis fiiaxe to the others for 700!. per
annumj which anfwered very well to
the three managing adlors, their fliares
being never leS than loool. annually
to each of them, till the end of queen
Anne's reign, when the licence was
fuperceded. Cibber appears to have
conducted, himfelf as manager with
^eat jtjdgment, and with much (kill
m theatrical bufinefs ; but he found
con&lcrable inconveni^ncies from the
di&rent tempers of Wilks and Dog-
get,, who were, both extremely in-
tradable* though their difpofitions in
other reijpeds were very oppoiite. '
At thejicceifion of George I, anew

licence was granted to Cibber, Wilks«
and Booth, in conjun^on with £r
Richard Steele, who obtained it by
his interell with the duke of Mariba-
rough. In thb connexion t)iey wero
very happy for a confiderable tMne>
and fir Richard attended to the toaa-
nagement of the thea|tre».a9d tQ the
promotion of its intereds: but hia
neceflities Qccafioning him very fre-
quently CO borrow money of the otbet
managers, they at length found it ex-
pedient to decline advancing any far-
ther fqms to him, till the aocoont be-
tween them (bould be iettl^. This
ofijcpded fir Richard fo much, that Jie
wholly abfented himielf from their re-
hearials, a^ gave himfelf no fiuther
^oceni' ia the management of the
theatre. The t>ther managers theo
made tbemielves an allowance of
il, 13s. 4d. per diem, as a compco-^
fation for their additional troi^e in
the manaeepient, in confequenee o{
fix Richard'^ abfence. Matters con-
tinued in this ftate for aboqt three
yearns when fir Richard was advifed
to contefi:, in the court of chancery*
the allowance, which the other ma-
nagers had afligned to themfcjives for
his abfence. When the affair came
to a hearing, in 1726, the bufineisof
theatrical management was fo little
underilood by the court, that Cibber
was allowed to plead his cade himfelf
before fir Jofeph Jekyll, then mafter
of the rolls. Lie dated the cafe with
fp much perfpicuity and judgment,
that though he had two counfellors
againfl him, each of whom afterward
attained to the dignity of lord-chan-
cellor, he obt^in^ a dedfion of the
court againft fir Richard Steele, by
which the claims of Cibber and the
other managers were confirmed.

It was feveral years before this de-
termination,, that Mr. Cibber brought
upon the fiage his comedy of * 1 he
Nonjuror,' whicl\ was very fuccefsful,
having a run of eighteen nights ; and

• As Gibber's taftc was very fa* fi-om lying in the tragic ftrain of writing, it is not
to be wondered at that this play, together with fome others of his tragedies, have been
entirely &t afide from the theatre, and even forgotten in the dofet, iince the period of
their &ft appeaiance.

it

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

85

>

It ffocored him a grant fxom Geotge
I» of two hundred pounds, on bis pre-
ibidng theplay tb his maje^. It was
thoa^t to important a fennce to the
gofcmment* that the merit of it oe-
cdbned him to be appointed Poet-
laaieat in the year 1730* Bnt the
Diunber of bis enemies, from party
aotivcs, was greatly augmented by
this play ; and nis appointment to the
poft of laureat was much cenfored.
The ridicttle which was emf^yed a-
gainft him was alfo increafed by his
annual odes, which had little merit
bat their loyalty, lyric poetry being
a fpedes of wxiting for which he had
no talents, and ^which he probably
wonld not have attempted, had not
his o£Bce rendered it neceflkry. • The
cfibrts of his enemies fometimes hin-
dered the fuccefs of his dramatic
pieces ; and the attacks agamft him^
in vcxfe and in piofe, were very nu-
meroos. But he appears to have been
fe litde aifeded by them, that he
joined heartily in the hugh againft
himielf, and even contributed to in-
creafe the merriment of the public at
his own expence. The (axne year in
which be was made Poet-laurcat, he
quitted the public bufinefs of the flage;
and the fbUowing year difpofed of his
fiiare in the patent. In 1740, he
pobliflied, in Ato. ' An Apology for
the Life of ^fr. Colley Gibber, Co-
median, and late Patentee of the
Theatre Royal: with an hiftorical
View of the Stage daring his own
Time/ This work, which contains
a very entertaining account of the
principal dramatic perfbimers of that
period, was weU received, and is
flylcd by Mr. Horace Walpole, (now
earl of Orford) ' Gibber's inimitable
Treatife on the Stage.' He had,
however, the misfortune to incar the
difpleafure of Mr. Pqpe, by whom he
was repeatedly fatirized ; and that ce-
lebrated poet, b the later editions of
the Dunciad, made Gibber the hero
of his poem. Gibber defended him-
ielf by his ' Letter to Mr. Pope, in-
yiiTiog into the Motives that mieht
induce him, in his fatirical Works,

to be lb firequendy fend of Mr. Gib-
ber's name.' This was pubUfhed in
1742; and» in 1744, he puUlifhed
another letter to Mr. Pope, * with an
oqpoftulaiory Addrefs to the Rev. Mr.
William Waibofton, Author of the
new Preface, and Advifer in the oi*.
riotfs Improvements of the Dundad.*
Pope feems to have had but little rea*
fbn for his animofity againfl Gibber^
and it is certain that he gained no-
diingby theconteft: forGmberfbme-
dmes turned the kiigh of the town
againfl him, and gave Pope more un«
eafinefs than he was willing to ac»
knowledge. 'His making, him the
hero of the Dnndad, has been cen-
fured by Mr. Walpole as a ' pee^ih.
weaknefs;' and it is mantfeft, that
whatever might be the defedU of
Gibber, he could with little reafon bQ
reproached with dulnefs.

Though Mr. Gibber had now re-
tired fixmi thep*ublic and regular bofi«
nds of the ilage* he did oocafioaally
return to it at a few particular periods $
performing, h is nki, at no lefs a
falary than fifty guineas a night. Mr.
Da vies informs us, that at the age of
feyenty. Gibber profefTed himfelf the
humble admirer of Mrs. Woffingtoa*
He thought himfelf happy to be her
cicifbeo and inftrudor ; and his great
delight was to play Nykin, or Fondle-
wffe in the Old Bachdor, to her
Gocky, or Letitia, in the fame pla^.
In 174s, when he was upward of fer
venty-four, he appeared in the cha-
rader of Pandiilph, the Pope's legate*
in his own tragedy, called ' Papal
Tyranny in the Reign of Sang John /
and notwithfbnding his advanced a^e»
performed the part with great fpirit
and vigour. This tragedy was well
received. In 1747, hepublifhed, iu
4to. < The Gharacter uid Gondu^ of
Gicero confidered, from the Hiitory
of his Life by the Rev. Dr. Middle*,
ton : with occaiional Eflays, and Ob«>
fervations upon the moft memorable
Fa£ts and Perfons darine that Period.'
This is a piece of littfe value i and,,
indeed. Gibber was much better qua-
lified to eilimate the merits of his bro-
ther

8< THE UNIVERSAL MAGA2I^fE

\

iiker cmbeSans, thati to inVeftigkte nd it v(ras the prepopderahce of die

«be ch'tt-afier or con^ufl of Giaera. latter ^a:Kty> and the liberties which

He died oa the 12th of Deceipber» he fomethnes took with others»tho'agii

1757; hisinah-fervant^w^oAiikehAl witboot ^my ili intentions* khat^ oc-

talked witk by his bed-fifde «t ttx in caiiortedliith to ha^e nd fmall number

the ntaniaf, appairantif in igodd of ehemiet» by wbom lie f(ras ofcen

liea4tli» teding him iesd at nine, ly<i% attacked wit)i more ^verity, than he

ing on Ml fivLcm juft at he had left deferved. Their attacb» howtvcn

Urn. He had entettHU * few weeks feem to have mide very little im^

before, into hit etffhtj^^feventh yean preifion upon him ; and he would ai>

Hehadfeyeralckildt'en>ofwhomti^» khowledge his own foibles with the

Theophilus * and Charlotte f > were ntnloft fnnknefs; Ai an :<aor he had

very e:tentric tharadtert. He appears great merit; and appeared in very

to have been a man of uncommon vi- varions char^ders; bat his chi^f ex«

vacity, great good humour, math be* oellency lay in the Walk of fo^s, and

Bevolcnoe,andalargelhareofvdiiity} feeble old men in comedy; in the

* Ha was a refpe^lAtle a^of , biif a dMTolutc a(nd extravagant man. . He wds the
hiiiband cf the celebrated .a6^rels, Mrs. Gibber^ and ^i£ed in a Shipwreck on the
coaftof Scotland, in O&ober. 17 c8. • j ■ *'- ..

t Her hiftory is very remarkable. She was fhe yoiiri^ell cTiTTd of ihc laufratj born'
when her motha- wa^ fbrly-fivc years of 5ge, and in her mfartcy difcov'ered a:wi^d sOid
ungovernable dJfpofifiorf. / trt htY niYnrthrc'of her ovvft llfc, Ihe^ ^ives an atcoiint of
her propcniSty to a har am #ig( ftt fbur years of age, a^d iMfntiRinto feveral ftran^
frobes played by her nfr Ifcr yotffh'. $hef had * a nav6ral averfioii,* fhe diys,- ' for c
accdfe, and a profound rtfyt^ for v cnn7comh, m'the afe6f which (he ^celled matt
young ladks h» Great Britain.' Hep iiitW, however, fpafred no e)epence,in her edU-
satiwi; ihe was taught F-cench^ Iialian, Jind fpme Latin ^j and inftruStcd in ^geogra-
phy, mufic, and dancing,^ AmpJoymenVs of a very (iift«reot klnd> how^vej"^ frc-
^juentfy engaged hpr affention j and wh^a (hie was foiirreen, (Ik was partlciilaily foiwf
o£ (hooting 5, imagining herfelft (he fays, < eqUal to t!ie beft fbwltfr dr mdrkfnian ill
the nniverft.', Among her olhtr favouHte amuftmcntk were KiiHting,* riding raccsi
»nd digghigin a gardffn.- She m^ied, whhi vwy yodrtg, Mr. Kithattl ChsSfce, a|i
eminent peribimcr on the violin :$ -but bsr hu(blind' had a great atuchmcrit to other
wQm?n, and they fuon (bpnratai. She then went upon the (iage, and firft appearett
in the chara6!er of Madsmoilclle, in the Provoked Wife, in which (he was vft!A re-
c^ivcd*. From thirihe rofe, in her feconjl and- third attempts, to the c'ipital charaf^ers
of Alicia in Jane Shore, and Andromache in the iJiftrcfTcd Mother. She was here*
upon er.gagedi at a very good (alajT, atlthc theatre at' the rtaymarkJct, and afterward
at Dniry-lane. Biit her imprudtncr; artd impeuidrty of terftfter, ' occafi!6ned ber to
quarrel with Mr. Pleett^ood, the'then minagcr, whom (he not only Idt on a fudden,
witho« any notice given, hot vented'her fpreenagaiatt Uitnm puMic,'by piiblitKSng,
»n i75J» a farce caJled • Thft Art* of Managtiriem?' in which (he endeavoured to
place bim in a -very ridicukais liflrfat. HbNvcvcr, at the dcfire of her fadier, h^.received
bci: a|ain) but her repesifed mifcondua IboiiJ caufed her to be thrown out of einploy^
meqs m her jwofdHon as an aard'ss She then commenced trader, and (etiip as a
grocer and'oil-woman in a (liop in Lortg-acre. • But this fituation (he fooh quid^ed,
and .became- miftrefs of a puppet-lhow, by which undertaking (he was a lofef. Aft«
that me wcnty for many years, in mati's clothes. For fomfe time' (he wis vale* de
chambrcto-apcer, afterward fct up an eSting-houft in Orory-lahc, and at len^thbei
came a drawer at Marybonc. Sh(r was aWb a difalct in «•!*, and nirie years of her
Wii. was a.ftioimi|.p^aycr in the ctuhiry, la Wale», ek turned paftry-cook and
larmcr ^ and at Briftol, ln«d hwielf to a ptinier, as corwftor of the prefs. On her
retuni to London (he pubU(hed, .lu numbers, in 1 755, a nrfnaiive of bcr own life, to
which (he Df^fixed a dedication fioiu htrrir.f to herieit. She complains much that her
father would not take the lecift notice o\ her 5 bur he was very indulgent to her in the
former part of her life, and fecms not b have dcfertfe'd h^v till (he was grown profligate
ontli'^WA'§T76o '^^ ^"^^ fomcdme, Md died

former

EOR F£BRUARY, 17947

8y

fianndiQ^ which he is. fuppo^' never
to have been, excelled^ Ue appear*
to ha^e poflfefied-moch judgment as i
theamcaf managfer : his o^ pie^#
aire lit general ofra moi:al tendency ;
and bis comedies h&ve a ji^^tclaim to
toohkrMt applaofe. He coUefUd
and pabliihed^thfe be^>ofhis dramatic
pieces in two. v^^ibes, 4to* iii hi^
life-njpcv; and they have, ^jdce been
more comp^ely. publiihed; in five
Tolonaes, lamo. in^ryfio. Beiide the
■lays already . enumerated, he pub-
fiBied Venns and. Adonis, xMaique j
MyxuBo, a PAilomllttterUide ; CeOnr
in £gypt> a Tragedy, The Pravokea
Halbmid^ or a. Joi^mey .to London,
partly written by iir John Vanbmgh;
The Kirai Q«eens> with the Humours
•f Alexander the Great, a barleique
on Let's Rival Queens ; and Love in
a R^ddk^ a Paftorali: The writer of
bis life in the Biographia Diramatica

bys, « r tUnk the BngHfli (hge at
much obliged to Mr. Cibber, for a
fend ofraudnalentertaioment, as to
any dramatic writer thi^ natibn hik
pr^Ucedi Shaldpeare only, excepted i;
and* one unanfwerable evidence h^s
been borne to th? £|tisfaftion the pub^
licr received 'frbm his plays, and'fuch
ah one as no author belide.htmrelf can
boad, ti%. that alcht)u^h tfat: number
of'his'dfamatic pieces is very cxten*
five, half of then) at Icaft'are now^
and f^em likely tp continue, on the
lift -^of ailing and &vourite play«.*
Mr. Viftor alib-obferves, that he en-
joyed ^ the reputation, • for ihirtjf
years, of bein^' the greateft a^r fie
that time in his caft/'and that ' the
(lage IS behcriden to Mr. Cibber for
more good comedies than to any one
author; which . will' perpetuate hit
name as long as the Engliih language
exifts;

AtiMEK ; or the Pursuit fff Happiness: yfn,yfrabsan TdU.

ALIMEKva (hepherd of Ara-
bia, was oiie day with (lis fleck*
wandering here and tKere, from paf-
tare po palhire, when he difcovered a
cavern, under a rock overgroivn with
bnars and thorns. Thts- cavern, at
the entrance, w^ very gloomy ;. but
proceeding farther, h^fovxid the bot<r
torn iliamioed from an aperture in the
roof;- and looking round -him, he
percdved a purfe, a ring, and an old
piftce pf pajpeK ' He inftaritlytook up
the pUmbi bot finding it • empty,
* Wl^Kt a dijbppointment,* faid he,
' i^ this ! Why am I thus tantalised
by^ mere illulioii ? Oh 1 that it were
' 6A of jrold.!' He then threw it oon-
temptnAilIy^on the ground. .

llMxwrfirfeU agamft a'Sone, with
a noifc tbdt feemdl'to Alimek,- as if
it were full of ^d. * Aftontihed, he
eagerly took it dp again, and found
that this was adoalty <ne cafe.- ' Hea-
vens !' (aid he,' «}iow is this. By
Mahomet, this muft be the effeA of
enchanuneht. Be' thi» Wit ^wilf, I
ihall noyv be' happJF/ .TUs faid, he
took the ring and', the paper^ and left

the cavern. ♦ Adieu,* faid he, ' ye
fbrefls and ye plains. Now that I
have got this purle, I will go and
enjoy, all the pleafuree of lift. Oh j
that I were at Mecca T— Scarcely
had he uttered thefe words, when h^
aflually found himfelf in Mecca.
Aftoniihed at this, he opened the
paper, with a trembling hand, aqd
read thefe words : * When thou wilheft
this pnrfe to be full of gold, it (hall
be full ; and with this ring thou ihalt
be infbintly conveyed to any place
which tho^i may ft be defirous of vifit-
ing.'

On reading this intimation, the
curiofity of ieeing other countries,
was the firft featiment which it excited
in the breaft of Alimek; and he was
impatient to gratify this i>ew paflioiV
Such was the facility with which he
could tranfport himfelf from one re-
gion to another, that in a fhort time
he* had yxfitcd a great part of tJie
world. He fch, at firft, the moft cx-
quifit^ pleafure in obfcrving the va-
riety of countries, the difference of
climates, the innumerable produdions

of

88

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of natttre, <he maynificent effiirtt of kaowUfdffe which he had aoqinrad in
«]t» and the diveriiiy of coftoms and hb craveTs, made hixn CQn6dered as i

manoers.in (o many different natioDS«
But thbplearore infenfibly dinfimfhed.
At objeds grew familiar^ novelty and
variety loft their chamu. The pro-
dudions of nature and art whidi had

perfon capable of tran&^ng the mdt
important a&tn. Through a ferics
of great eQiploynient»^» he ibon rofe
to the higheft d^ity in the empire,
that of grand viair. In this envied

fo much enchanted him at firft> began ftadon, he waa opprefledby an almoft
to exhibit foon the iame obje6b» or infup^rtable weight of bofinefs, and

what greatly relembled them. He
perceived that the cuftoms and man-
ners of different nations, being only
the effed of the fame paffions'in all

incdEitttly befieged by a multiplicity
of applications. The o^dous or^-
ders of hb (bvereign, the munnuisof
4 dircontehted people, the intrigoes

mankind, were no longer to be known of the feragUo» or the cabals of envi-

but by fome flight (hades of differ- ous and afpirtng couruers, kept him

Satiated with voyages, he now in a conftant ftate of alarm and appre-

1^ . t^ • ri r _r r_ w t_ Jj^h^qq^ £jg begun thcu to perceive^

from tlus experiment, that the road
to the dignities and honours of the
flate was only an avenue to the mod
illuftriotts ilavery.
Tired of this exalted fituation, he

cnce* _

bethought himfelf of repofe. He
fixed on the city of Conftantinople,
in which, he thought, he could find all
the varieties of enjoyment ; which his
inexhauftible riches would fo readily
command, and in which the concourfe

of people from every nation would was on the point of refinquifhing it*

bring to his recolledion whatever he when intelligence was brought to

had ohfervcd in his travels. He

adopted, with avidity, the mod plea-

furable idea ; not a wi(h, not a ca*

price out what was indulged ; and he

hurried from enjoyment to enjoyment

in every variety of form. He foon

felt, however, that fatiety and lan«*

guor which follows the inceflant pur*-

Suit of pleafure. Intent upon enjoy ^

ment ot the moft voluptuous kind,

Conftaminople that the Periian ^urmy
was in motion, and threatened ad in-
vafson. Being ordered to levy a
powerful army to chaftife the info-
lence of the enemy, he now felt, for
the firft timer the deiire of glory«
and he panted to acquire it.

His condufli at the head of the
army, was foon fignalized by two
glorious vi£h>ries. The Perfians,

the ardour of purfuit {oon rendered completely defeated, were compelled

them infipid. He felt that vacuity to evacuate the Ottoman territories

of mind which refults from the want with precipitation. He was loaded

of employment, and is ever produdive with panegyrics and honours. The

of an infupporuble languor. A fevere name of Alimefc^jefounded through

iUnefs, the natural oonfqgence of un* the empire; and the grand figniof

reftnuned indulgence, led him> in was preparing to honour his public

fine, to conclude, that Happinefs re- entry into the capital with ^ the

fided not in the fplendid domes of magnificence oforiental triumph, when

luxury, or among the eftminate vo- advancing with too much arobar into

/ taries of pleafures. He determined, the enemy's country, the vizir fell

therefore, to turn his thoughts to *
fome ufeful employment, which, by
engaging his whole attention, might
relieve him from the languor and
wearifome fen^itions which he had
found fo predominant in a life of dif-
fipation.

into an ambnicade which he had not
forefeen, and from which he could
not extricate himfelf but by the lofs
of a confiderable part of his army.
The icene was inftantly changed;
[lanegyric was converted into lexecra-
tion ; and, inftead of a triumph, the

His opulence foon procured pro- mutes approached him wkh the fata!
xe&on and friends. The various bowilring,

I Happily,

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

S^

Happdy, his ring delivered bim
from this danger: he difapprared,
and after having wandered aboat dif-
lereoc parts of India, bearifig with
him the mixed fenfations of difguft
and anxiety, he flopped, at lafl, in
the city of Golconda, which was th^
capital of a princefs of the nK>ft ex-
qaifiie beauty. AUmek was fmitten
the moment he beheld her, and in-
ftandy determined to procure an in-
tnxladion to court. The magnificence
of hb appearance, his haodfome per*
iba« noble deportment, and polilhed
mannersy with his engaging converfa-
tk>n, and the oniverfal knowledge he
difplayed, the fridt of his travels and
adventures, attra&ed the attention of
Sdima (which was the pame of this
princefs) and rendered his company
particularly agreeable to her. He
was urged to sk his refidence at GoU
amda; an inviution which he was
happy to accept. Feftivals were pre-
pared for hio), with diverfions and

» enteruinments of tvery kind. Nor
was any thing wanting on his fide :
hts drds, his jewels, and his equi-
page« all difplayed at once his opu*

^ leoce and his taile. Sehma entered
imperceptibly into the moll inti-
mate confidence with this captiFating
Granger : ibe appeared to him to be
qmte enamoured, and he was fo per-

^ fuaded of this, that he even afpired to
the honour of her hand. Intoxicated
with joy, Alimek imagined himfelf
on the point of obtaining tbe felicity
he had (b ardently fought, when the
envy of the couniers, who could not
bear the difHngui(hed fuperiority of a
ibreigner, excited them to form a
confpiracy againft him. Calumnies
of the mofi odious kind, and the moll
artfiilly contrived, were employed to
prejacbce the beautiful queen againft
htm ; and fo well had {lander ai&roed
the Ambiance of truth* that ihe even
decreed hisejEecution. Alimefc once
moac found it neceflary to have re-
couiie to his ring, to fave him from
tbis-new danger.

He left Golconda* indignant at tbe
onjofi treatment hejiad received* and

chagrined to find that all his hopes
had vanifhed, and that thejfclicity
which he had fancied to have found
at laflj was reduced to nothing. He
wandered among other parts of Ada,
without knowing where to Ex. At
length, he determined to vifit China.
Indulging, one day, his melancholy
thoughts in one of the moA fequetlered
parts of the country, he heard on a
iudden, the founds of harmony, ming-
led with fome enchanting voices. He
hailened to the fpot whence he ima-
gined this pleating mufic iifued, and
found a neat cottage, near which were
aflembled a number of village youths
and maidens* who were enjoying the
fprightiy dance* while the rui^ic pipe»
and melodious fong, exhilarated every
heart. Afloniihed at finding a joy fo
fincere and unafieded depidted on
every countenance, he perceived an
old man, whofe ferene afpedl feemed
to befpeak habitual happitiefs. Years
did not appear to have diminifhed
either the vigour of his mind, or the
ilrength of his body; and he was
contemplating the fcene with looks of
heartfelt fatisfadion. Alimek en-
quired of him what was the occafioa
of this feftival. * Nothing extraor-
dinary,' anfwered the old man ; ' on
the days of red, after having paid the
homage which we owe to the tutelary
god of our fields, we fpend the hours
that remain in innocent amufemeat.*
< You have an eafy compenfation
then*' iaid Alimek* * for the fatigue
you undergo* and the miferable lives
which you are compelled to lead at
other times.' The old man, fmiling,
anfwered* * I have already fpent te-
venty years of that life, and it is not
in my power to tell you that I have
found it miferable. I know* that you
great folks think nothing can make
you happy but gold and filver. Riches
and diamonds do not fparkle here;
and yet we country people* when we
enter your cities, and obferve the
agitation and anxiety which is {o ap-
parent there* are much oftener led to
pity than to envy you. Tranquillity
was never formed for you : ambition,
M . or

90

THE UNIVERSAl. MAGAZINE

<ir'ayaride, deffroy it in an inftant;
and where there is no traiuiuillitpr» it
is iropc^ble there can be hannnefs.
We are not fo rich as yoa: gold and
filver are ahnoft anknown to us ; but
tor thefi liauigtnarjr filkiBn^ compare
our flocks, oar fields that fapply all
oor wants, and yoo will perceive that
it is in our power to be content and
huppy.' Alimek* furprifed at the
noveltv of theft fentiinents (for to
him they were abiblotelj new) de-
fired to know hofi^ it was poffible,
under the preflbre of poverty and fa-
tigue, to enjoy that felidty which,
in the oiidft of opulence, he had
fought in vain. * 1 cannot conceive,'
he condnued, ' how it is poffible for
men to call themielves happy, who
are conftantly compelled to labour,
and to endure fadgue.*

* Labour,* anfwered die old man,
* to pne long accuftomed to perpetual
indolence, may fcem a burden ; but
to us it iis » cordial. My moil me-
lancholy hoo^ have been thofe, in
which I have been obliged to fufpend
jny wonted labour ajid to remain
without employment. Time Teemed
then to Creep* along wkh infuppon-
able flowneft. When I am employed
in the occupations to which I have
Been accullomed, and which are fo
fuitable to my indinauons, I find
■lyArlf almoft imperceptibly at the
end of the day. I never fed that
oppreffiVe weight of hngiior,^ of which
I have been fenfiblelbiDetimes, when
fbrced to Feave my work.'— « But the
inceflant i»QgQe you endoie,* iaid
Alimek, * is flill more heavy and in-
fupportable.*— *< Fatijgne,'^ aniWered
the M man, ^b aeidier heavy nor
infupportable but to* the Have, who
laboury by compulfioo, without beipg
able to take repofe when nature re-
quires it. It is not ib with us : when
l^am tired, I peaoefally repofe as
long as is neoeflary to enable me to
refume my labour with renovated vf-
gour. As I ttke care not to ezhadl
my ftrength by exeeffive kbour, I
find it merely an agreeable exerdfe,
which, by keeping ^le employed, di*

verts from me alfo every melancBblf
thought! The body, moreover, ac-
quiring a more robuft fiate of health,
we are not fubjed to thofe diieafes tt^
which the unoccupied man is often a
prey. The wholiome rcpaft, and un- ^
diilurbed deep, after labour, beoome
fb fweet, even while that Ubour laAs,
that we enjoy by amidpacion the be-
nefit it prepares for u». You great
people never know thisw I make not
a furrow in my field' which brings not
torecoUedion the delightful days of
harveft ; and from this thought I de-
rive the greateft pleafuie.'— * But,*
refumed Alimek, « the advanuges
which you reap from it, at laft, are
very trifling, if you compare them
to the enjoyment of riches, which ne-
ver fatigue nor tire.*

* My fields and my Bock/ replied
the good old man, *- fupply fufficient
to iatisfy aU my wants and defires*
What can I require more when I ana
content. Felicity confiib not in hav*
ing much, but in knowing how to \
enjoy in peace whatever indufhy or
fortune can confer, and to be fatisfied
with that. You who live in abun-
dance, are much poorer than I am* ^
becaufe your defiires extend .beyond
what you pofiefs. The wants of Na-
ture are eafily fatisfied. You, ontha
contrary, have athoufand wants whid^
I never knew,, or about which I never
trouble myfel£ The inability to fa*>
tiify your caprices, is to you a per-
petual fouroe of nneafine&s Three
things (and you may believe an old
man intiru6led by long experience,.
and who has feen the agitation of
dties as well as the filence and quiet
of the country) three things only are
neceflary to happinels ; I mean tran-
quUHty, employment, and confbmcy*
Learn to preferve tranquillity of mind»
by bamihme far from you every fen-
timent of hatred and difcord ; re-
flrfin the tarbdent paffions ; fupporc
with conflancy and torotude the evila
neceffiuily incident to human natorCi.
Find fome occupations, tliat may keep
you from indelenee, and its attend-
ant languor. Learn to enjoy with

wifaom

90A FEBRUARr, 1794.

vrifBem ' the bleffiiu^s which heaven
has more or lefs dirpeared to youj
and if 70a caa once learn to* he pon-
teot with them, you will certainly be
happy,'

d&Iimek» ailofiinicd to find fiicih good

* fenfe in a pea(ant» was deqply im-

p«ei3ed by the huter ^art of his ar^-

I meat. He took leave of hiniv; and

*j ju he walked along, and revolved

i what had pafled in his mind, the more

j Jiis h^art began to reli(h.the jeiTons he

had received. < Really/ thought he^

,i * thb felicity which 1 have fo Jong

I ibught with fuch folicitude^ is to be

J fotiod, after all» in the rtiral life to

1 vhich I was bred. Ever (ince I

Iqaitted my native fields, whatever I
have done has remojved me (lill farther
firom the objed of my .wiihes« Alas !
the iecret which I found in the cavern^
^^t invaluable fecret as 1 thought it>
j iia< proved a very fatal one. The

, snore i think of it> the more I am

I convinced of this truth. In fad, what

I A advantages have I derived from it.

1 Tired of wandering here and there, I

have acquired only the melancholy
.1 [knowledge of the wickednefs of men,

1 i evtry wh?re the fame, and only
foQii(ti\y .varied^ by their extravagant
caprices. Difgulled with their in-
lipid pleafures, which have never af-
forded me one moment of real fatii^
^^on, and have led rae.almofl.to
the grave, I have (een the 1x)wflri^
p'-eiented to me as the only recom-
pence of all the anxiety which was the
finit of my amb.ition. Betrayed by a
woman, who appeared to love me,
and to flatter my hopes, behold me
flow, unknowine; whither to dired my
ileps, become mfupportable in future
to myfelf. Ah ! how much happier
ihoold 1 have been, had i remained
In my native country, with my yo^th-
fid limplicity of manners The re;>
pad I was wont to take there, was -
prepared with lefs art, bu^t a good
appetite ^ve it a reli(h. My clothes
were plain, but they kept me from
the (e verity of the feafons. My cnt-
JUgc was poor« but my ileep was un-
^idoibed by unquiet dre^trnff* The

9«

care of my flo^k, Qr^e cultui^ of the
&dds, employed^ me the whole day«
Ahi the good old m^th whom hea*
. ven has certainly fent to refcue me
from ifliy error, was andonbtedly in
the right. His voice i^^j^he yoice of
wifdom, which recalls me to the (ight
wayi andfince I have found iiagain^
1 muft follow it.' He fpent .the >%;h^'
night in theie reflefiiohs^ andin;tne; ..
morning he rofe early* with a tcf^-c^^,
tion to £0 to the ohi man, and reqvefl
his consent to live with him in ilnurcu '
that he might $nd, at laft* that hap-
pinefs from whi^h he had fled, even
while he was purfaiqg it. The oU '
nun, with a benignant fmile, find to
him : * I am rejoiced to find that the
fimpKcit^ and innocence of oar life
appears (6 defirable to yon now. You
did not think (b yefterday. We mufl
not ima(;ine, however* that there are
no other methods of being happy than
by living in the country, is ven in .
the hurry and balUe of cities, and of
opulence, you may become fb, if yon
know how to prefcrve conrtantly tran-
quillity of mmd, enjoy the bteffings
.of life by reftrjining the turbulence of
deiire, and fcoming tndolence, em-
ploy yourfeif Wifely and ufcfuUy.
Nothii^ more is requifite *

* This is poffible,' returned Alimek;
' but i ibould find it very diflicult te
.obtain^ by myfel/j the happinefa that
appears with you : befides^ I am np
ilranger to a rural life.' Jie then re *
lated to him his origin^ his adventure
in the cavern, and all tl^it ha4 hi\p-
pened Imce. ije prefente^ both the
purfe and the ring to the good oU
man. ' I prefect 'them to yon,' ftid
he, * if you will only permit me to
live with ^oa in future.' * I accept
yoitrgi't,' replied the old man,' not
to make ufe of it, (Eieavofi prefervc
me from fuch fa^tal thoughts) but
merely #0 keep it fc^r yoij, in cafe, un-
fortunately, the time Ihould come,
whea the fiihplicity and frugality of
.cur life, may wi(h you to refwne it.
How wife focver the refolution you
have taken, it app*. ars to me too fud-
den and precipitate : you may repenjt
Ma • ' - ©f

92

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of it when too late. Yoa will make
a trial theiij as long as you pleafe, of
our manners : you are at liberty to
remain with us ; and if you fhould
happen to find your life unpleal'ant* I
wodd not, on any con(ideracion» put
k oiK of your power to rcfume your
giftts» and leave us, if you dcfire it/
Atimdk, happy in the conient he had

. obtained, exchanged the vain ideas
•chat had fo long tormented h m, for
labour, frugality, and content. He
foon experienced that pure delight,
that fall fatisfadion of foul, which
were unknown to him before. Some
time paflcd in the enjoyment of the
good reCoiutTon he had taken. Per-
ceiving hjmleif rewarded for it every

. day^ he thought of completing his
felicity, and fixing there tor life. The
good villager had a daughter equally
beautiful and virtuous. Aliihek, be-
lieving that he had made a fufficient
probation of wifdom> thought that he

might requeft her for his wife, with-*
out danger of being refufed by her
father. But the latter knew the in*
conftancy of thehnman heart : he ftill
miftruiled that of Alimek ; he was de-
firous that the term of his probaUoi\
ibould laft foiAe time longer. At
length, perceiving Alimek perfe^y
hapoy in his new fituation, and ex-
hioicing fiot the leail inclination to
change it, he determined no longer
to defer the completion of hit
wi(hes.

Alimek having now attained a flate
of happineis which neither riches^
pleafures, nor honours had ever been
able to procure him, was anxious to
have the purfe and ring buried in fuck
a manner, that no p^rio.i, by finding
them, fhouid adopt, like him, the
fata! defire of rendering himfeif mi-
ferable, in the fearch of happinefsr^
where itie is feldom or never to be
found.

On the True Means of Promoting Female Beauty,

WHEN I had finiihed the pa-
per, in the lafl Magazine,
Ojt Natural and artificial Beauty, it
occurred to me, as, perhaps, it did
jio many of my readers, that the fub-
jecl was fo far from being exhaofted,
that, in fad, I treated only of one, and
that not the principal branch of it. I
had, indeed, to the bcft of my abili-
ties, endeavoured to (how, that the
artificial beauty which may be bought^
which, as the wits fay, « comes and
goes,* comes at noon and goes at
highr, and which may even * be
fetched and carried,' is not only in-
clficacious, but even hurtful. But I
had faid lefs on the true means of
promoting female beauty than a fub-
jc6t of fuch importance demanded.
This defed I Ihall rov/ endeavour lo
fupply, after a few prtlminary con-
lidcraiions, the truth of vvhich mull
be granted to me, otlierwlfe all that
follows w il pafs for qothing, or, which
is next to nothing, the reveries of a
yifionary, who thinks of thirg*: im-
pra^cable.

Tn the firft placf , then, I hope it
will be allowed, that all beauty of face
proceeds from expreffion, which is, *
in other words, faying, that it pro-
ceeds from the mind, and, confe-
qoently, that the bed minds muft con-
vey the mcft pleafing and lovely ex-r
preffion to the face. Hence it is that
we find fome women irrefift-bly at-
t.adftive, whofc features cannot be
called cither regular or beautiful. To
exprcls this mixed beauty, ths beauty
made up of parts which can-.ot ^and
alone, it is called the iGut-cnffnhht a
phrafe which we borrow Iruiii the
French, having no v/ord in our lan-
guage, which comes quite up to the
lame meaning. A face, on the other
hand, merely beautiful, that is re-
gularly beauiiful, and which corrcl- ,
poncts with thofe rules of proportion in
which we fancy real beauty confiih,
never pleafcs one moment longer than
we become -convinced that it is ani-
mated, or put in motion, if I may
ufe the phrafe, by a fenfibie and vir-
tuous miod.

From

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

From thefe premifes 1 would pro-:
pofe certtin rules by which beauty
may be heightened and improved,
where it already exifts, and may be
leyen created where nature, no doubt
for very wife pnrpoles, has not thought
fit to grant it. Thefe rules, although
they may feem rather negative than
pofitive, . rather prefcribing what is
to be avoided than what is to be
pradifed, will neverthelefs anfwer the
porpofe intended as well in this form
as in any other.

The firft th'ng v^hieh I (hall nien-
tion as creating uglinefs, and that in
an eminent degree, is affeiiatiofj.
This is a fpecies, and a very difagrec-
?ble one, of hypocrify. It is a pre-
tending to fome quality of the mind,
or grace of the perfon, which docs
not b;^long to as. It difcovers itfelf
}n all the rnotions and aftions of life,
in rpeaking, in walking, and every
gcfture. In fpeaking, it gives birth
to a thoufand abfurdities, and unna-

* tural tones of the voice, counterfeiting
a lilp, a fentimental melancholy, nay
will even (bmetimes condeicend fo low
as to fhow how prettily a Hammer may

4 become the lips of a fine lady. In
walking, it produces many mincing
and tT'pping /leps, as far removed
from the rules of the dancing fchool
as thofe of nature. The tofs of the

♦ head, flirt of the' fan, and all the mo-
tions of the eyes ir.ilplaced, are alfo
the confequcnce of a habit of affcdla- .
lion. Coquetry is one very common
cffeil of the fame ; and coquetry, if
it ever reaches the married Hate, is
abominably difgulling, while in that
of aged celibacy, it degenerates into
f'metiiing wori'e, fomethi'-g fo for-
biiiding, as to repel the utmofl efforts
of goou-nature to bear witli it, and,
w iliib time I f life particularly, argues
a irind very deilitute of refources
within itfelf, and very defirous to fhow
the eager :ieffi of expedation with the
hopcleifnels cf defpair. Whoever,
therefbre, would wiJh to appear beau-
tiful at any age, niuft ca ft off this ri-
<Iicu]ous habit, and let nature and
food fcnfe have fiair phiy.

^rid« is a fecond caofe of tsglinefs.

93

It is almoft ifiipofiiUe to look on x
beauty with aoy fatisfadion after we
difcover the operations of pride and
haughtinefs. The conqueflt of beauty
are to be aicribed to its attradin^
power ; but if there be a repelling
power greater than the other, vidtory
is attempted in vain. It does not
matter much what the object of ihia
pride may be, whether 'rank, riches,
or beauty itfelf; the efled is the fame.
It cannot be contemplated without
pain and difguft, and wheA it ope*-
rates, it creates a deformity of fear
ture which is really ridiculous, fiut
pride is a fubjed which has been ib
often treated at great length, and is,
I prefume, fo well underftood, that
it is not neceflary to enlarge upon it
here. I ihall only observe that pride,
fuch pride as is here meant, has never
for its objedl any thing really . goodj^
or meritorious.

Illnature is fo obvious an enemy to
beaury as to need only to be men-
tioned. < ft inclines a man,' as an
eminent author fays, ' to thofe aflions
that thwart, and four, and difturb
convcrfation, and confifts of a pronc-
nefs to do ill turns, attended with a
fecrct joy upon the fight of any mi f-
chief that befalli another, and of an
utier infeniibiiity of any kindnefsdone
him.* A difpofjtion like this is fo
truly unamiable, that it is impolfible
we can accept of the mofl beautiful
face as an apology ; v^hereas a diipo-
fition to adls of good nature never fail
to heighten our peamre, and to throw
into the countenance an expreffion of
heartfelt appiobation, s^hich may
furely be denominated a btauty. Tq
fay of a woman that (lie i> rich, of
high rank, and aocomplifhed, but /'/A
natureiU Is fayirg quite" enough to
deter any man from viewing her with
the eye of approbation or defire, ex-
cept, perhaps, feme wretched fortune-
hunter, who would confeut to be
miferable on condition of being rich,
or who perhaps meditates the poilenion
of her perfon, that he may lavifb her
riches on pleafares in which (he muft
not participate.

The regular government of ihc paf-

uonf

//

94

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fian » the ^reaC iboice of bctiitv.
^^«r» which is fo nearly allied to ill*
oatiire that 1 might have included
ix>th in one, is a greater enemy to
beaoty than alipolt any other paffion;
lor it diredly iransforms the woman
into the fary ; and although lu effefb
snay be temporary, they are reldom
forgotten. When a man exprefles his
Admiration of a lady's beaaty, it is
robbing hhn of his^ood opinion at
0nce» to fay— 'Yes, bat von have
not yet feen her in a paffion !' Indeed
sve are fo apt to conned the ideas of
female beauty with meekneis, good-
nature and a placid temper, that if we
have once feen a reputed beauty in a
siriolent paffion* we fee a phenomenon'
£o ftrange and tcniiying that we never
forget it, and are» perhaps, too ready
CO bring it to mind. From this, like*
lyife, proceeds what may be called
habitual anger, p^t^ijhwfs, Thi%
though not fo violent and Saaxm^ as
the other, yet commits more dreadful
ravages on the features, becaufe it is
almoft always in motion. A peevifli
perfon is continually difpleafed at
trifles, fretful, morofe, and wafpiih.
There is no pleaiing fuch, and ihey
are mofl frequently left to themfelves
as incurable. The utmoft that can
be done is to pity fuch, for the greateil
fund of good-nature mod ibon be ex-
haoiled, if expended on peevifhnefs.
^That this difpoiicioa muft foon fpoil«
the fine ft features ever formed is ob-
^ous from a thoufand examples. It
operates like ficknefs, and without the
hope of a cure. The oppofite of this
is good- humour, and a temper formed
for fodal compliance. Where we
meet with this we are feldom anxious
to difoover fine features, or com-
plexion ; where We meet withapeev-
ith difjpofition, beauty cannot utisfy
MS, even if we oould find it.

As I have ftated that fridit iUna-
iuTij 4tMz^f and fHonJbnefi, are the
principal enemies to beauty, it may
not be improper to hint, that there is
one amufement which* as it is now
too frequently managed, contributes
ipore to prcnJuce thefe de6>rmities
5

than perhaps any other that ^n ke
mentioned. I meap^4Mw«r£>. Whro-
ever playing cards ceafes to be »Q
aipufeqiient, whenever people play ^t
more money than they are either able,
or willing to lofe* I call it gamiu^^
The anx.ietv produQed by the hopea.
and ft^rs of^ luck may be obferved to
have a vifible efied on the counte-
nance, and I may venture to fa/»
feldom a pleafing one. When we di(^
cover a frowning, difcontented coun*
tenance, and that for a whole even.-
log, at a run of ill-luck, we are apt
to bonder that any reafonable beine
will fubjed herfelf to what ihe^is Z
ill able to bear; and where, on the
other hand, we difcover gladne6 and
rejoicing, and a fine flow of fpirita^
we are as apt to regr^^t that fuch hap-
pinefs has no better foundation than
in mere chance> and in the acquifitioi^
of that which is\again perhaps imme*
aliately to be hazarded, and to be
Joli. I know not what the fentimenu
of all men may be, bat the fentiment^ ^.
of all I ever converfed with on tbia
fubjed, amount to this, that a wo-
man never appears \o lefs advantage
than when her coantenance undergoea
all the viciffitudes of anger, freifuL-
nefs, anxiety, and joy,- on account
of what ihe may lofc or gain at the
card table. In fad, when we know
the effeds which gambling produces ^
on men, we know that it mull produce
the fame on women, although, ia
fome refpeds, in a lefs degree, or
rather I ihould fay in a Ufs ^bvku^
<legree. They may not, for example, -
fwear and blafpheme ; but it is to be
feared that when an oath is rtfing,
they are often compelled to uke laoy
Townley 's method, and « gulp ii down.*
How (hocking it is (an author fome*-
where fays, bat I quote from memory)
to fee that eye which was formed to
beam delight on all around, impioafly
uplifted to heaven,, at the lofs of an
odd uick ! Many recent examples in
high lift:, vtx-^ plainly (how that the
love of gaming deprives a woman of
all that is amiable in the fex ; and
when peace of mind is dellroytd, *

what

FOR FEBftl/ARY, 1794.

9$

wlat becomes of the fincft fbrm, or
fhe moft beaudful featares ?— I have
dwelt peihaps too much on this odious
fobjed ; connedied as it is wi(A the
means of injuring female beauty* I
could not well onut k ; and prevalent
as it is in the higher circles, it was
not cafy to fay any tlung, and fay
kit.

As beauty is itfelf a fign of health,
it moft be obvious that to preferve it,
great attention muil be paid to health.
To prefcribe in this matter would be
tlm province of the phyfidan rather
than of the efTayift, were there not
cert2dn felhionable prances whkh
may be adverted to in a paper of this
kmd with fingufair propriety. Of
ihcie, however, I^flisdl only mention
laie bcmrs, which are commonly fpent
in crowded rooms or aflemUies ; and
that txfojkre to^ the orrwhich ibUows.
It is almoft needlefs to fiiy that thefe
are pernicious to health, and confe*
mently deftrn^Hve of beaaty. But

A diey are to |)owerfully Supported by
fa(h]on, thatitisimpoffibletoablbdn
^om them ; and it was no doubt to
iiepair the lavages committed on the

^ £ices of our charming country 'women
by fuch praxes, tnat cofmetics were
invenied. Of thefe enough was faid
in an eflay on this fnbjed.
- There is one other enemy to female

.. beauty which may be menooned, and
which is not uofrequently to be met
with ; I mean, an afie&tien of maf-
culine manners and language. Na-
ture has endowed the rair fex with
fuch amiable qualities, even of man*
aer, voke, and words, that wc can
iddom look with approbation on hei
who attempts the more rough, and
ancoorteoiis manners of our fex. The
Spedator gives us an account of a
rural Andromacbe, < who,* iays he,
* b one of the greateft. fox- hunters in
dM oooniry • She talks of hounds and
horii», and makes nothing of leaping
over a fix-bar gate. \i a man tells
her a waggiih ftory, Ibe gives him a
pafli with ler hand in jefi;, aad calls

him an impudent dog; and if her
fervant negleds his bufineis, threatens
to kick him out of the hoo^. 1 have
heard her, in her wrath, call a fub-
flandal tndefman, a loufy cur; and
remember one day, when flie coufd
not think of the name of a perfoo»
fhedtfcribed him, in a large company
of men and ladies, by the fellow with
the broad fhoulders.' The fame au-
thor obierves diat, if thofe fpeechca
and adions, which in their own na-
^re are indifferent, appear ridiculous
when they proceed from a wrong fex>
the faults and imperfedions of one fex
tranfpbnted into another, appear black
and monftrpus*

To condode, at we have feen that
the common methods of refioring, or
improving beauty, are not onlyineffi-*
caciotts» but htutfnl, it mieht not,
perhaps, be amift to canfider, that
the Iburce of ail beauty is in the mind»
and that its greateft deficiencies in the
perfon may be amply fiq^plied, by
cultivating habits of benevolence, good
nature, kmdneft^ and affability ; by
Coring the mind with fenfe and ob-
fervation, and pfoviding refources»
not only againft the trivial and petty
aiperities, but even the more ferious
calamities, of Hie. The beauty of a
woman who has recourfe to fuch cof»
mttia will never fade,, and never ceafe
to preferve the afiedtion it has at-
traAed ; whereas mere beauty of face
is given but fbr a few years, and ia
hable to a thoufand accidents, which
may deflroy it in a moment. The
higheft cha^aAer that can be poffibly
g^ven of a woman, I fliall condudl*
with, in the words of Juba :

True fte is fair— Oh how divinely fiiir \
But ftill the lovely maid improvet her

charms
With inward greatnels, unaft£led wif.

dom.
And lanAity of manners.—
While winning mildnds, and attnAiva

finiles
Dwell in her looks.

TiiovGirra

\:

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Thoughts on the Astronomical DrscovERiEs^/i^ Ancients t
Concluded from Page g,

W E are now to coniiJer the ienti>- the Teveral motions^ orbits, and (la-

tnents of the Ancients refpedii^ Co- tions of the planets ; adding alfo, that

in^cs. There is no extravagance of they could foretell earthquakes, in-

Tancy* how wild foever, but what has undations, and tJbe return ^ conuts.
been hazarded in difierent ages, to Ariflotle, in laying down the opi-

account for the nature of thefe ftu- nions of Anaxagoras and Democritus,

pendous bodies, and the irregularity lays of the firft, that he apprehended

of their excurfions. Even in the la& comets to be an aflemblage of many

mges, Kepler and Hevelius advanced wandering flars, which, by their ap-

conjectures abfclutely extravagant re- proximation, and the mutual blending

fee^ting the cauie of thefe phenomena
M. Caflini, and after hun fir Jfaac
Newton, have at. length given cer-
tainty to the opinions of the philofo-

of their rays were rendered vifible to
us. This notion was far from being
philofophical ; yet was it preferable
to that of feme great moderns, who

phers in this relpe£t, by their very would have it that they were formed

accurate obfervations and calculations ; - *" * '*'' ''

or, to fpeak with more propriety, by

recalling and fixing our attention upon

what had formerly been advanced by

the Chaldeans and Egyptians, by

Anaxagoras, Democritus, Pythagoras,

Hippocrates of Chios, Seneca, Apol

out of ur, as fifhes are out of water.
Pythagoras, who approached very
near to the times of Anaxagoras^
uught, according to Aridotle's ac-
count, an opinion worthy of the tnofl
enlightened age ; for < he coniidered
comets as liars, which circulated re* ^

lonias Myndius, and Artemidorus : gularly, though ellipdcally, round the

for, 'in treating of the nature of thefe fun, and which appeared to us only in

Hars, the definitions of Caffini and particular parts of their orbit, and at

Newton, the reafons they affign for coniiderable diftances of time.* An-

the-rareneis of their appearance, and ftotle relates alfo the teftimonies of

the apologies they make for not hav- Hippocrates of Chios, and ^(chylus,

ing yet formed a more exad theory, in confirmation of this opinion,
are all in the very terms that Seneca Stobseus prefents us with the fenti-

had already ufed. * 1 heir appear- ments of Pythagoras almoft in the

ances,' he obferves, ' zxtjo 'very rare, very terms of Anftotle, though fome*

that there had not been an of portuniy of what more clearly. * He imagined

making a number of obfervations, to the comets,' fays he, * to be wander-

determ-ne whether tbtir courfe <vL^as re- ing planets, wh;ch appeared only at

gnlar or not-, but that the Greeks,
who had fome time before obl'erved
this, were applying themfelves to re-
fearches of th-s kind.'

Seneca acquaints us, in the fime
place, that the Chaldeans confidered
comets as planetary bodies ; and Dio-
dorus Siculus, in Iris hidory, giving
an account of the extent of knowledge
among the Egypiians, praifes them
lor the applicatiun with which they
ftudied the ilars and their courfes ;
where he remarks, that they had col-
ledied vtiy ancient and very exa<5l

certain times during their coorie.

Upon the whole, -Seneca, more than
any other, has difcufled this fu^ jed
like a true'philofopher. In his feventh
book of Natural Queflions, he reUtes
all the d life rent opinions refpedhng
comets, and fecms tg prefer that of
Artemidorus, who imagincfd, * that
there was an immenfe number of
them, but thaC the>r orbits were ib
fituated, that, fo far from being always
within view, they could only be fecn
at one of the extremides.' He afte»
ward reafons upon this with equal elew

•observations, fully ihfbrming them of gance and folidity : * Why ihould we
K z be

o

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

97

»i

\\

be aftoniflkcdj* iays he, * that comets,
whkh are ib rare a fpedacle in the
worid, haTc not yet been redaced to
certain rules ; or that ^e have not
been hither^d able to determine, where
begins or ends the coorfe of planets,
asjuident as the univerTe, and whofe
mama are at fuch diftant 'intervals f
The time will come,' he continues,
*when pofterity will be amazed at
duBgs fo very evident ; for what now
tppCATs obfcure to us, will, one day
or other, in the courfe of ages, and
throagh the induftry of our defcend-
ants, oecome manifeiUy cl^ar; but a
bull Bomber of years, palTed between
isdj and the indulgence of pailion,
wiH HOC avail for (noh important re-
feardies as thofe which propofe the
compreheniion of natures fo remote.'
Upon a review of the fcveral paf-
.&gea which we have dted, it mult be
^dooitted, that the Moderns have faid
Bcthing (olid with regard to comets,
bat what is tq be found in the writ-
* ings of the Ancietits ; except what
later obiervations have furnilhed them
withj which Seneca judged to be fo
neceflary, and which can be the efFeft
only of a long facce^on of ages.

In a word, notwithftanding all the
advantages which the Moderns enjoy
over the Ancients, from the prodigious
accumulation of obfervations and cal-
culations, and, particularly, from the
inve .lionof thetclefcope, thclatterwill
ever hold an exalted rank in the hiftory
of Aftronomy ; and to them, zstbilofi-
phert alfo, we may apply the beauti-
ful praife> which, as potts, has been
beltowed upon them by Pope :

Still green with bays each ancient altar

(lands,
AboTC the reach of facrilegious hands ;
Stcurc from flames, from Envy^s fiercer

rage,
See, from each cKroc the leamM their in*

ccnie bring I
Hear, in all tongues confenung pKana

ring !
In praifc fo juft let every voice be Join'd,
And fill the general chorus of mankind.
Sages triumphant ! bom in diftant 6^jt\
Immortal heirs of univerfal praife I
Whofe honours with incrcafe of ages grow.
As dreams roll down, expanding as they

-flow 5
Nations unborn your mighty names fliall

found,
And worlds applaud that muft not yet be

found.

An^Account of Lov onroSy in Eflex : mth a PerfpeSltve View of
^eert E LIS A BET h'j Lo d g £ /» that Parijb.

LOUGHTON is a pleafant vil-
lage in Eflex, fuuated on the
ikirts of Epping Forcft, about eleven
miles from London. This, and fome
' of the neighbouring pari fhes, may be
called the Garden of Eflex, from the*
pJealing variety of hills ^nd vales, the
fertility of the foil, the number of
viSaa intcrfperfed, and the variety of
bcaotifiil profpedts. Of the villas in
^tUi parifS, the principal are Lough-
umHall. the feat of mifsWhttaker,
and Golden HIT, the feat of Mrs.
Clay. The former, though not a re-
gtitar building, is large and har.dfome,
aAd IS turrounded by delightful views,
in 1688. according to Mr. Morant,
the princcfs Anne of Denmark refided
here, io\ fotnc time, during the agi-

tation into which the' kingdom was
thrown by the nttfguided conduffc of
her father, in his attempts to intro-
duce popery and arbitrary power ;
and foon after, with her royal confort,
prince George, Ihe went over to her
brother- in-law, the prince of Orange.
GoJdcn Hill conamands an exceedingly
rich and extenfive, profpeft, in whidi
the greatcil part of the metropolis is
included. In this parifh alfo is an anci-
ent building, which is very interefting
to the antiquary. It is caUe<i Queen
Eliiabeth's Lodge, and is fxtuated on .
Epping Foreft, not far from Wood-
ford. According to the tradition of
this part ot the country, it was a
hunting lodge of that iUuftrious prin-
cefs ,* and it ia faid that ihe Died to
iq nde

lOO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

felf-denying exercifes of fiuats and
heroes i'

' The true enjoyments of a reafon-
able beings anfwered (he oitidiyj ' do
oot con^ in unbounded indulgence

ported 'by the gl^dening afluranoes
tb^t every fincere endeavour to out>
grow tkem, ihall be aflifted, accept-
ed* and rewarded. To fuch a one^
the lowlieil felf-abafemeat is but

or luxurious cafe^ in the tamuh of deep-laid foundation for the moft ek*
paffions, the languor of indolence* or vaud hopes j fince they who faith-

the flutter of light anittfements. Yield
ing to immoral pleafure corrupts the
pind; living to animal and trifling
ones dchafes it; both* in their de-
gree, difqoalify it for its genuine
good/ and con^n it over to wretch*
edne^. Whoever would be really
happy mutimake the diligent and
regular exercife of hisfuperior powerar
hb chief attention ; adoring the perr
fe^ions of h^s Maker* expreifing
goodi-wiU to bis feUow creatures* and
cultivating inward re&itude. 1 o his
lower faculties he muft allow fuch
gratifications as will* by refreihing
,him* invigorate hs nobler purfuits

fully examine and acknowledge what
they are* fhall be enabled* uuler my
condud* to become what they defire.
The cbrlftian and the hero are in-
feparable ; and to afpirings of uoaf-
.£]fning truft* and fiiidl con^dence* are
fet no abounds. I'o him who is ani«>
mated with a view of obtaining ap-
probation from the Sovereign of the
Univerfe, no difficulty is uStirmount-
able. Secure in this purfuit of every
needful aid* his conflid wiih the &*
vereil pains and trials is little moro
thaoFi^he vigorous exercifes of a mind
in health. His patient dependence on
that Providence which looks through

In the regions inhabted by angelic all eternity* his iilent reiignation* hia
natures* unmingkd felicity for ever r ady accommodation of his thought^

|>looms ; joy flows there with a per
petoal and abundant flream * nor needs
there any mound to check its courfe.
Beings confcious of a frame of mind
prigiDally difeaftd* as all the human
race has cauie to be* muft ufe the
regimen of a flri^cr felf government*
Whoever has been guilty of voluntary

and behaviour to its infcrutable ways^
is at once the moft excellent ib'rt of
felf-denlal* and a fource of the moft
exalted tranfports. Society is the true
fphere of human virtue. In focial,
active life* difficulties will perpetually
be met with ; reftraims of many kir.d
will be neceflary ; and Undying to

excefles mull patiently iubmit both to behave right in refpe^ to thefe is a
the painful workir^s of Nature* and difeipline of the human heart* ufcful

needful feverities of medicine, in or-
der to bis cure. Still he is entitlpd to
a moderate ihare of whatever alle-
viating accommodations this fair man?
fion of his merciful Parent aflbrds*
confiftent with his recovery. And
in proportion as this recovery ad-
vances, the livclieft jov will (pring
from his fecret fenfe of an amended
and improving heart. So far from
the horrors of defpair is the condition
even of the guilty. Shudder, pocr

to others, and improving to itfelf.
Suffering is no duty but where it is
necciiary to avoid guilt, or to do
good i nor pkalure a crime* but wheie
It ilrengthens the influence of bad in«
clinat ons, or leflfeiis the generous ac-
tivity of virtue. .7 he happinefs al-
lotted to man in his preftfut Aate is
indeed kint and low, compared with
his immortal profpcfls and noble ca-
pacities ; but yet, whatever portion
of it the diitributing hand of Heaven

mortal* at the thought of the gulf offers to each individual, it is a need-
into which thou wall going to plunge, ful fuppo> t and rerVeHiment for the

' While the moil, faulty have ever
encouragement to amend* the more
innoeent foul will be fupported with
itill Tweeter confolations under all its
experience of human infirmities ; fup-

prefer. t moment* fo far as it may not
hinder the attainment of his final
deftioation.

* Return then with me from cobt
finual mifery to moderate enjoyment

an4

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

lOl

sni gracefal alacrity. Retam from
the coQtrafted views of folitude to the
proper duties of a relative and ,de-
pendent being. Religion is not con-
fined to cells and clofets, nor re-
ftraiQ^d to fallen retirement. Thefe
are the gloomy dodtrines of Superili-
tion. by which (he endeavours tp break
thofe chains of benevolence and fo*
cial aifedion, that link the welfare of
every particular with that of the
whole. Remember that the greateft

honoqr yoo can pay to die author oif
your Being is by fuch a cheerful be«
haviour, as difcovers a mind iatisfied
with his difpenfations.'

Here my preceptrefs paufed ; and
I was going to expreis my acknow*
ledgeroents for her difcourfe^ when 4
ring of bells from the neighbouring
village, and a new^rifen fun dardng
his beams through my windows, a#
waked me.

Remarks during a Six Wbeks Residence !n Oxfordfliire an^
Gloucefterlhire, in 1792 : In a S tries of LetUn U a Friend*

L E T T E R VI.
Gloucefter, Sept4 179a.

I>BAa Sia»

ALTHOUGH lam none of thofe,
according to Juvenal,

* Quos mire afficlunt infcripta ergafhila,

career
« Rufticus/—

yet not to take particular notice of
the county jail of Gloucelkr, would
be unpardonable on many accounts.
I need not repeat to you what has
been fo often written and talked of —
the bad flate of the jails in this king-
dom> and e^ecially the improper
management of the prifoners. All
good and thinking men have regret-
ted, that a priibn Ihould fo far fail of
the purpofes which it was intended to
ferve, as to become the nuriery, inAead
of the puniihment, ofvice« and tha^
many hundreds , at leaft in the me-
tropolis, have been fent to jail almoU
in a ilate of innocence^ who have
been difmiiTtd hardened villains, in
the beft ftatc of the old way of ma-
naging prifoners, it was fiund that
confinement had no proper efFed upon
their minds ; for as it coniiiled lim-
ply of the privation of liberty, they
could eailly f<ill upon means to con-
tinue their wickednefs, and, by aiTo-
pL&ting together, confirm each other
^ ts^ry nefarious pradtice.
Jbe ixt man who fiept forward to

correal the abufesofprilbns, and to reiw
der them what they ought to be in every
humane aod well regulated, governr
ment, was the late JcSn Howard^fur-
named tbt heme^enti of hie Uboursitis
impof&ble to fpeak in higher or better
terms than thofe ufed by Mr. Burke.
Howard vifited all Europe, ' not t^^
furvey the fumptuoufnefs of palace^
or the Hatelinefs of temples ; not XQ
make accurate mea(urements of the*
remains of ancient grandeur, nor to
form an epitome of modern art — but
to dive into the depths of dungeons ;
to plunge into the infedion of hoipt«-.
tals ; to furvey the manfions of (or^
row and pain ; to take the gauge and
dlmenfions of miliery, depreffion, and
contempt; to remember the forgot
ten ; to attend to the negledcd ; to
vifit the forfakeu; and to compare
aod c^lbte, for the purpofe of rem&r
dying, the diilreiTes of ail men in att
countries.' A worthy baron' t of thil
county, fir G. O. Faul, diUinguiihed
himfelf foon after the public^ttion of
the firft volume of Howard's work'^
in promoting the icbeme of a^ hoi'p^
tal on the principles laid down by that
uleful writer. He bad many obiladot
to contend with, and many prejudice^
to conquer. The fupporc» ho^cvei;,
of his brother juAicei enabled him to >
bring the matter to a fuccefsfui iflue j
and I had the honour of furveying
this prifon to-day, with more pleafure
than I have ever raccived in furvey-
ing

102

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

inglthe manfions of rank and gran-
dear, becaufe I am convinced that
while it continues to be regulated
upon its prefent plan, it will eminently
contribute to reform the wicked, and
to reflore to fociety many valuable
inejnbers, who would otherwife have
been wholly loft. The great fault of
all prifons, except the tew that have
been built upon the plan of the Glou-
cefter county jail, is> that the prifon-
ers of all degrees of wickednefs are
allowed to afTociate together; and
while this continues to be the cafe,
it Is impoflible to expefl that their
cdhfitiement will have any other than
the ver^ worft eiFe£t upon them. In
this prifon, no two pnfoners of any
defcription whatever are allowed to
be in the fame room, or to fee each
other, unleis at the hours of labour,
and that only regulated by the degree
of their behaviour.

The building was begun in 1783,
and coinpleced in about four years.
it is divided into courts and wards,
with galleries, &c. and is provided
with above three hundred cells, each
a neat oblong room, with a bed, and
other decent apparatus. The whole
bas indeed to much of a clean and
wholefome airv appearance, that a
ftranger would perhaps at firft mif-
take it for a manufaftory of fome
kind. The archite^ft employed on
this occafion was the late Mr. Black-
burn, whofe judgement in this fpe-
cies of archite^ure obtained him a
diftinguiihed name. It coft nearly
forty thoufand pounds, a fum which
frightened the people of the county,
before they learned that the afleff-
ment was very low. That you may
have fome idea of the good to be cx-
pefted from a jail regulated on the
|5lan of the prefent, I (hall give you a
few outlines of it. The pnfoners are
divided into four dafles or degrees of
criminality.

ThejSVy?, and greateft degree, are
•confined in dark cells, without com-
munication with any pcrfon, except
the chaplain, furgeOh, or mai:i Urates,
when infpcMing the ftate of the pri-

fon, and the keeper, who is to fee
him at leaft once tvcry day, dire^
the cell to be cleaned, and relieve all
other wants conducive to health. The
fecond degree are confined in the light
cells, with a like fecluHon from fo*
ciety. Thefe two degrees are di^
reded merely as punifliments for re-
fradtory prifbners, and to enforce the
difcipline of the prifon- The third
degree— the prifoncr confined to his
own cell in this degree, b to be taken
into the airing ground for fo many
hours in every day, as the diviiionf
of the court will admit ; only one
prifoner of a dafs is to be in any
court at one and the f^e time. On
Sundays, and other occafions of re«
li^us exercife^ the priibner is re-
moved j/^/^^/y to the chapel 5 and pro-
vided his or her behaviour be orderly
and decent, he or (he may, on Son-
days, be allowed to air in the courts
in the fociety of his or her dais. Pri-
foners of the fourth degree are to be ^
confined to their cells at all times,
except durin? divine fervice, and the
time ^lottea for meals, when they
may alTociate with others of the clafs
in the day room, or airing grounds, ^
You will perceive at once, my dear
fir, the utility of thus dalCfying the
degrees of confinement according to
the behaviour of the prifoners.

The governor, as he is called, cff '
the jail, is allowed a falary of 200I.
ftr annum, but no fecs> of any de-
fcription, except only the taxed allowr
ance for extra-bedding permitted by
the rules, and fuch fharc of the pro-
fits of labour as may be allowed by
the magiftrates. He is not permitted
to ftrike any of the prifoners, unlefs
in felf- defence, but is requeued to
command with temper and firmnefs,
and ajfl without partiality. The
turnkeys and afliftants are fined for
fwearing, and the money paid to the
prifoner's box ; for drunkennefs they
forfit their places, and are not al-
lowed to accept money, or perquifitc
of any kind. A talk-mafter, or ma-
nufadlurer, is alfo appointed with a
falary of 50I. fer annum* He afts

as

FOR fEBRUARY, 1794.

as ftffifUnt to the governor, apd en-
forces and faperintends the labour of
the prifonersy and is enjoined to en-
courage induftry among the debtors
and prifoners of other defcriptions^
who are inclined to work ; for who-
ever in this prii(Mi is inclined to work>
will be employed, and a part of the
profits, as I (hall mention hereafter*
is referved for theii^ nfe. He is alfo
to keep .a lift of the tools delivered to
the priibners, and take them from
them at leaving off work> that they
may be properly fecnred in the night.
The duty of the chaplain is well
calculated to aid the effed of foHtary
confinement. He is to read prayers
every Wcdneiday and Friday morn-
ing at regulated hours, and preach
a fermon every Sunday, Chriilmas
Day, and Good Friday. He is fre-
quently to fee all the prifoners, with-
out the governor, or other oflker,
being prefent, to enquire into their
fituation, and obferve the flate of the
cells. He is alfo to attend anjr pri-
' foner who may defire his fpiritual
advice and. afliftance. Books of mo-
ral and religious in(lru6lion are pro-
vided and left with him, which he
diilributes at his difcretion, among
the prifoners confined in folitude,
when bethinks that any of them may
be in a i^ate of mind to be benefited
by fuch in(lru6Hons ; and it is left to
his difcretion to adminiOer the facra-
ment at fuch times, and to fuch per-
ibns as he ihall think proper. As
this priibn was fet on foot by men of
liberal minds, and for the mod liberal
purpofes, it cannot be fuppofed that
tbeie (hould be a deviation from this
in the article of religion. Accord-
ingly, it is a rule here that, although
the chaplain be the only minifter of
the church of England permitted to
vifit any prifbner, yet if any prifoner
declares himfelf Of any other religious
perfuafion, he may be vifited by a
ininifler of that perfuafion.

I have been the more narticular in
detailing the duties of the chaplain,
becaufe I know that they are either
overlooked or performed in the moft

lOJ

ilovenly manner in mott priions ; and
becaufe, in a prifon confhtuted as this
is, it is of the utmoft confequence
that they be performed fcduloufly.
The geiitlemcn of the county of
Glouceller were fo (Irongly imprefTed
with this, that they paid a very ferious
attention to the matter when they
came to appoint offices to their jail.
I have before me an addrefs of fir
G. O. Paul to his fellow-jufHces^
from which I fhall tranfcribe a pafTage
on this fubjeft. I know not whether
the ftile or the fentiment be mod ex-
cellent. Speaking of the chaplain^
he fays :

* I greatly fear, that the emolu-
ment it is in our power to give, and
the fervice required, compared^ we
cannot have great choice of candi-
dates who will devote themfelves to
the fituation ; yet I venture to fug-
gefl, that where the drcumdances of
an application ihall be fuch as not to
cnfure an efficient fervice, it will be
your duty not to make any appoint-
ment. From the nature of the appli-
cations already made to me, I am
apprehenfive the fituation is confidered
as a beneficial finecure, the objeft of
patronage and private favour with
the bench. In judice to ourfelves,.
as well as to thofe clergymen who
may otherwife give themfelves trouble
on a miftaken idea, it feems necef-
fary that we (hould declare, that in
our appointment of chaplains, we
fhaU by no mcan§ consider the fitu-
ation as a favour ccnferred : '^ duly
given, and duly accepted, the public
will remain more obliged than ob-
liging by the appointment. In any
other light, (as an individual magii-
trate) I fhall not only refift the idea
of patronage, but (before my deter-
mination can be prefumed to have a
perfonal diredlion) I defire to be un-
derwood, that ihould I, at any future
time, perceive that any clergyman
had accepted the fituation of chaplain
with any other view, than that of
fulfillin|; a duty (honourable to him-
felf) with atcention to the prifoners,
let himpoffcfs what fupport he may)

I v^ill.

to4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

r wHl, at the enfuing feflions, move
that his falary be difcontinued. The
chara^er I cbnl'ider as fitting the litu-
ation of chaplain, is peculiar to itfclf.
It ia not poffible that any man (hould
execute the duties, with advantage
to his charge, whofe mind revolts at
the fervice ; and the temper of mind,
that will produce an inclination to the
duty, is rather natural than moral,
^any excellent men, who live an
honour to their prdfefllon, and whofe
^manners and abilities are the charm
of fociety, would very ill fulfil du-
ties that (hould call them to fc'enes of
mifery in foUtude and fuffering ; yet
diere are thofe, whofe minds, fo far
from revolting, find indulgence in
that expanfion which attends duties
of this Vind. To pcrfons bufy and
employed in the a^ive and cheerful
Scenes of life, it may appear abftrac-
ted to (peak of fuch an indulgence ;
tut 1k>sv abftraded focver it may ap-
pear, I believe it to be a truth founded
in the harmony of moral dirpenfation,
that there is no pojiti've Jbcial duty, that
has not a corr^J^nding incitem'nt in the
tiffedions of tie heart. In thofe whofe
ciicumdances, or whofe d fpodtion,
fix them to reclufe and refle^itivc
life, the mind takes the tone of its
af(cdions from its habits» and the
nerves become agr<feably excited by
objeds of commiferation. From fuch,
"Oiily, may be expected that earned
exertion v/hich will have a conftant
eireft.* I fhould, my dear fir, have
Httle pleafure in tranfcribing thefe
fentiments for you, were I not af-
fured here by thofe who have no
intereft in deceiving, that the original
j)rinciples upon which the conib.tu-
tion of this prifon was formed, have
not been hitherto departed from in
any one inftance. The vifuing juf-
tices being men of larg? fortunes,
and above corruption in themfelves,
have excluded it from entering into
«ny department of this inftitution, and
the good efFefls of this condua have
already been vifible.

In the jails of the metropolis, and
in many others^ an abominable cullom
3

prevails, the vtiy difgrace of a coonby
pretending to humanity, and to good
order and difcipline— I mean permit-
ting the prifoners to exzJ^ garfujh, or
other fees, from other prifoners on
their commitment. This here, is ex-
prefsly forbidden, and indeed, from
the conftitotion of the jail, no fuch
inllance can happen. — A ubie of rules
is printed for the ufe of the prifoners,
that they may exaflly com^nehend
what is required of them, and what is
due to their fituatlon. This is palled
up in the cell of each prifoner, and ia
befide read once a month in the cha-
pel. Gaming is particularly prohi-
bited in all its branches. The pri-
foners are enjoined to appear cleanly,
and the ilridlefl attention is indeed
beftowed on cleanlinefs Both in their
perfons and cells. A prifoner on his
nr{l commitment is confined in the
lazaretto ward, until examined by the
furgeon ; and if fick, he is put into
the foul ward ; if not, he is commit-
ted to his proper divifion, and pro- ,
vided with a prifon uniform, and his
own clothes, after being puified and
numbered, are deposited in the ward-
robe, until the time of trial or dif-
charge. The profits of their work
are divided into four parts, two oF
which are paid to the prifoner, one
to the governor and manufafturer,
and the other to the county Itock i
but if any prifoner chufe to accept the
county (hare of his labour, in lieu of
his allowance, the /^r^^ parts are paid
to him ; on the other hand, if it fti^ll
appear that he is wilfully ncg igcnt of
his work, it is at the option of the
governor to flop the county allow-
ance, and give him the three' parts
of his earnings in lieu thereof. No-
^^i^g> you will perceive, can more
effeilually fecure his induftry, unle(s
he be among the number of thofe who
are abandoned beyond all power of
being recla-med. Their fliares of
the earnings are paid weekly, and
they may purchafe any ncceflarics,
confrieht with the rules of the prifon,
which exclude improper drink, &c.
Thus far of fuch prifoners as may be

termed

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

termed criminals. I have given you
only a few of the regulations refpedt-
ingthem, which are peculiar to this
jail. They are, befides, fubje^led to
the more general rules enforced by
lome late ads of parliament.

Solitary confineii^ent, although in
the opinion of the majority of thofe
who have confidered the fubjedl, the
beft poflible method of reclaiming
young offenders, (and under fuch ma-
nagement it is to be hoped they will
an be of that defcription hereafter)
has yet its opponents. A late writer,
one of thofe who is for overturning
all eftablifhments, calls it tyrannical
and fevere, and then runs into a long
declamation about focial afFedions.
But if he would have given himfelf
the trouble to rtad^ (and fuch over-
throwers of fyftems are too wife for
that) he would have found his ob-
jedioos completely anticipated and
ibfwered. It is acknowledged, that
thofe who would difpenfe folitude in
the grofs, or with general or unal-
layed feverity, would do well to
weigh its corroding effe^ on a mind

. loaded with guilt, and withheld from
that habitual intoxication, which ba-
niihes reflexion in the profligate:
they would then feel, that it is fome-
thing more than a mere mode of keep-
ing, to be arbitrarily applied : it will
fuitly appear to deferve fome kind of

fenttnce of the lanu for its fan£^ion.
* Solitude,' fays the worthy baronet
I have already quoted, • with due at-
tention to its effefls, will, I doubt
not, reform the moft hardened crimi-
nal, and iMthout attention it ought
never to be applied.' So much is he;
impreiled with the neceflity of fuch
attention, that he adds, ' fhould it
ever again happen, that magiflrates
(bould neglect an infpedlion into the
confeqoences of their own commit-
ments, or relapfe into a ftatc of igno-
rance and infcnlibility to the fituatton,
to which they fentence offenders ; in
fuch cafe, it will b^ the duty of the
court of quarter feffions, immediately
to fttfpend all punifhments by folitary
confinement, within any. prilbn fo

105

negleded. In no cafe does the law
prefume the Jullice ignorant of the
. Hate of t^e prifpn to which he com*
mits to puniihment. As to folitary
imprifonment, it muft not exift longer
than it is attended to. The plan of our
prifons will be found to pofiefs many
great advantages, independent of the
idea of folitude. Solitude (hould be
ftridly enforced, until reflexion be pre-
duced\ bat fomething fliould then be
offered, as the fubjedt of reflexion.
Total uninterrupted folitude will ei-
ther diftra£l or flupify the mind. I
fhould prefume it will (eldom reclaim
it.* : ^

The advocates, therefore, for foil- '
tary confinement are by no means
ignorant jhat, in order to produce
proper effedb, it mud be modified and
regulated according to circumflances.
Whether it be confidered as a punifh-
ment, or as a means of reclaiming
the vicious, it is never applied indi^
criminately. Indifcnminate punifh-
ments anfwer no other purpofe than
to confound all crimes. To prevent
this objedHon, there are> as I have
told you, feveral ^//^^fi appointed of
folitary confinement, each of which
are appropriated to a clafs of men
who pofTefs a correfponding degree
of guilt, refraflorinefs, or hardnefs
of heart. No plan furely ever ofifered
fairer to be (uccefsfiil; but no plan
can be expeded to produce a perfeSi
effefl. This is now in its infancy : a
few years will fliew whether, and to
what degree, it is prafli cable ; prima
facie^ it is undoubtedly preferable to
the common management of jails,
becaufe, indeed, nothing can be
worfe, orfobad; and it depends on
the magiflrates, and on the public
themfelves, whether their own ex-
pedations fhall be realized.

But 1 ihall not have mentioned all
the public advantages to be derived
from the conftitution of this priibn»
until 1 have laid before you the man-
ner in which another fpfecies of pri-
foners are treated. The treatment of
debtors was always a fubjed of enquiry
with Mr. Howard; and you may
O recollect.

io6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

recoiled, that he was fcarcely ever
fatts&ed with what he faw and heard.
I need not remind you of the fcenes
of the King's Bench ai^ the Fleet pri-
fons.. Whether the plan adopted here
be preferable, you (ball judge for
yourfelf. Every debtor here, as far
as the condrudtion pf the prifon ad-
mits, has a 'feparate bed- room, fur-
ni(hed at the county coil ; if he chufes
to add any thing co it, as extra- furni-
ture, Sec. be may do it free of all
expcnce whatever. Jf inclined to
work, he is employed* and allows a
third part of his earnings to the
keeper or manufadurer ; if he can
h^ve the means of labour brought to
him from without the prifon, he may
work without the interference of the
officers of the prifon, or any fee what-
ever ; there is an exception here, in
cafes where the materials or tools are
of a nature and bulk not £t to be ad-
mitted into a prifon — a condition
reafonable enough. I obferved fe-
veral of them at work, and I was
uAd fome, coafined for confiderable
iUms, had worked themfelves out.
There is a houfe not far from the jail,
where all the prifon work is fold.
This confills of moll kinds of mecha-
nic work of .the lower order; I
bought fome trifles of turnery ware,
and a few drawings with pen and ink,
yery neatly executed by a perfon
lately confined for debt, but who ex-
tricated himfelf by this means from
his difnculties, and is now employed
in works of art of a higher kind.
But as it will fome times occur, that
a dcbt'jr is fo far removed from,
or deftiiute of friends, as to be to-
tally deprived of lullenance, and
without a power of procuring his
groats from his creditors; or that he
u either not able to work, er cannot
procure employment fufficient to fuf-
tain him ; in fuch cafes, on producing
a certificate from thc|minifter, and
fome other refpetlable inhabitants, of
the place of refidence of any debtor,
that he is fo deftitute of friends, and
a deferring objeft of the public boun-
ty, the vifiting jttllices, or any tvvo

of tliem, may order any fuch prifoner
relief from the county ilock, not ex-
ceeding the ordinary allowance to fe-
lons, &c. or may afTifl him in pro-
curing his groau. I have only to
add, on this head, that the debtors arc
regi*Iated, in every other part of their
condud, by the rules ot very Arid,
though by no means oppreffive, difcl-
plinc. They are debaned from ga-
ming, drinking, and every thing that
may hurt them.

i>uch are fome of the laws obferved
in the government of a jail ercdlcd,
not fo much for the purpofes of pu-
nifliment, as of reformation, if I
have exceeded the bounds of my for-
mer letters in this detail, I have only
to plead, that fuch a fubjed muft be
dear and interefting to you, my dear
fir, and to every man who confiders
the prefent deplorable ftate of the
criminal poor. We Ihall not probably
baniQi crimes by fuch means, but
they will, I flatter myfelf, be attended
with circumftances of lefs atrocity in
the commiilion, and with a more fa-
lutary penitence after they have been
committed. Other punilhments may
yet be neccflary, but they will be
more efFedual both to the criminal
and to the public. There have been
only two inilances of capital punifli-
roent fince this jail was ereded. The
place of execution is a platform raifed
confiderably above the roof of the
jail, and commands a profped of the
whole city, from whence the awful
folemnity may be witnefled. Where
£ghts of this kind are not frequent,
they generally leave a very lafting
imprcflion. Jn the metropolis they
are fo common, that, if 1 may ufethe
phrafe, nobody thinks it worth his
while to fee then".

If 1 have not imbibed miflaken no-
tions on this fubjed, the utmofl th^
any legiflature can do, is to moderate,
or leflen the more joutrageous kinds
of wickednefs. To expel them en-
tirely, is not in the power of man,
and they who aim at perfedion, will
probably fall (horter of doing any
kind of good, tlua thofe whole ex«
petUtion&

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

107

pe&tions are leTs fangaine. Were
priibns in general reg slated on the
plan, of which I have now given yoa
feme, though an imperfe£l, acco.unt>
the advantages derived would hke*
wife be general { at preient> thofe
are confined to two or three counties.
Why the metropolis did not take the
lead in this very important reforma*
tion, I am at a lofs to conceive, for
file has long taken the lead in all the
aibufes which render reformation ne-
cefiary. I know, indeed, that apri*
Ion is now building for the county of
Middlefex, upon this plan, as to its
trnftruQitnty and I hope that the inter-
nal regulations will be equally well
adapted to general good ; but I know
pocliing farther ; and I am fomewhat

afraid that one priibn only for foli-
tary confinement will barely fufficc
for a tenth part of the objeSs fi^r
whom that mode of reformation is
requifite. A diilant county has a
much better chance to (hew the ad-
vantages of the plan in their mod
favourable afped; for the manners
of the people a hundred miles from
the metropolis are as different from
the manners of thofe who inhabit it,
as the fimplicity of a child is different
from the cunning of a man. But I
am afraid I tire you. In my next I
ihall lead you to gayer fcenes, for
the chaife now waits to carry me to
Cheltenham* that feat of pleafure and
'^bappinefs. I am, te.

On the Prepossessions of a First Sight.
7i the Editor of the Univjsrsal Magazine.

S I K,

THE fcience of phyfiognomy, or
ph^ognomony^ as Lavater has
termed it, appears to have a greater
degree of prefumption in it th^u any
other fpecies of natural or acquired
knoivledge to which men can attain.
Whether it is capable of being re-
duced to certain ruLs, and taught like
other icic^nces, as that fame writer
maintains, may at leall be doabced,
if not contradidedy on the ftrongeft
evidence of reafonir.g and experience.
It is indifputable, that we are apt to
form fimt opinion of a man at firfl
iight ; but as we feldom or never can
aifign a reafon why we form fuch an
opinion, it follows that if we are
rights we are right by chance, or by
fome kind of inllind, or fecret kind
oi knowledge, wholly incommunir
cable ; and if we Ihould be right in
9. number of fuch inllances, we can-
not impart our knowledge to another;
and, therefore, phyfiognomy, or phy-
fiognomony* is not a fcience to be
taught like any other, it is, at belt,
a (brt of inftind given to man, as in-
ftind is given to the beads, to enable
them to diiiinguiih one kind of herb

from another, and to guard them
from accidents. Why, from merely^
feeing a man, we are inclined to love
or hate hiin, to have a good or a bad
opinion of him, we can no more tell,
than why »the animal which is gra-
zing will avoid poifonous, and feed
only upon the wholefome, appropriate
produdions of the earth.

The writer of this letter may lay'
claim to a confiderable portion of
phyfio^nomical knowledge, were it
worth boaftmg of,- or could he com-
municate it. He has, without know-
ing why, been led to form a certain
opinion of people at firft fight, and
this opinion he has never in one in-
ftance found to be wror:g. He has,
indeed, in the courfe of a more inti-
mate acquaintance, found reafon to
change it; but in the courfe of a
longer acquaintance than that, he has
been perfedly fenfible that his firft
opinion, formed without any acquaint-
ance at all, has proved' to be the true
one. Moft men have this kind of
knowledge in a greater or leffer de-
gree ; but it may be doubted whether
it adminiilers much to their comfort,
O % whether

K>8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

whether it may not often be roidaken,
and whether, as prejudice is a weed of
llrong growth in the human mind, it
be not dangerou3 to recommend it to
ethers, or to make it known.

Were the works of Lavater gene-
rally ftudied, I am fully perfuaded
that we fhould foon become an age of
im pertinents, prefumptuoufly deci-
ding upon each others chambers with-
out the lead foundation. Phyfiog-
nomony, even as he has explained it,
is but the fcience of conjedure. You
may be right, but you may alfo be
^rong, and you have nothing but ex-
perience to tell you whether you are
the one or the other ; and experience
will inform you of a man's charader,
without your having had the trouble
to form an opinion of him at firft fight,
^ens' chai afters, if phyfiognomy be
true, muft always be the fame, which
we know is rarely the cafe ; the cha-
rafter^ of the child, the youth, the
man, and the greybeard, are very
(different, while the changes in the
countenance are not fuch as change
pf chara6ler gives, but fuch as are
brought on by the progrefs of years,
■pr rather the progrel's of man from
Jiealth to diiTolution.

Can we know nothing, then, from
looking a man in the fece ? — Yes, a

treat deal ; we can tell whether he
e angry or well-pleafed, healthy or
fick, young or old; but we cannot
tell even this without rilk of error ;
for feme mens features are not hap-^
pily adapted to exprcfs the paffions ;
and, befides, we differ in our ideas of
health and ficknefs. Many men, too,
particularly ftudious men, acquire a
look of greater age than belongs to
them J while others, from Ihong
health, neatnefs of perfon, -and agi-
lity pf motion, appear to be much
younger than they really are.

Bat it was not my defign when I
took up the pen, to write aeainft
Layatcr's fyJUem. It has many beau-
ties, contains much information, and
every where difplays the piefy and
philanthropy of the author ♦. My
purpofe, Mr. Editor, was to com-
plain of a kind of phyfiognomical
knowledge which has prevailed ia
this country, long before Lavatcr'f
refearches were begun — I mean
that very happy faculty which feme
people have of inotving Tfun ai Jirfi
fightt by certain figns and fymp-
toms, which do not enter into La-
vater's fyilem. People of fafiiioa
will know the diarader of a man
from the purl of his hair, the cut of
his coat, or the bow he makes at en-
trance, and judge of him according-
ly. They likcwifc have a mod pc^
netrating eye in difcovering not only
the charadJerof tl\e perfon, but even
the bufinefs he comes about. They
can read in his countenance whether
he comes to receive or pay a bill, and
regulate their behaviour accordingly,
putting on a becoming gravity and
earneflnefs, or a grateful kindly fmile,
according to circumflances. A ple«
beian, too> is no mean phyfiogiK>mift
in his way ; when he pre^nts his bill
he knows, at the iirft glance, whe-
ther it will be paid or not ; and when
he meets a great man with a fmile on
his countenance, he is fure that he
wants Ibmcthlng, a frefh parcel of
goods, longer credit, or perhaps,
once in feven years, a vote. An ac-
quaintance with thii> kind of phyftog-
nomony faves a great deal of unnc-
ctiTary convcrfation, and confequently
may prevent that difagrceable alter-
cation, which is very apt to follow
from the convcrfation of two men,
one of whom owes, and cannot pay,
and the other wants, and cannot have

Lavateris a man of genius and pfnelration, aiid a good deal of entertainment may
be found in his book j but I am a'laiJ it will not teach lagacity to ihote on whom nature
has not beftovied that talent, nor f^rm to habits of minute atuntion thofe who are hab'-
tually inatfentive 5 and if ir (hould cncom-age the unlkilful to foim rafli judgmrnf,
there 18 reafon to apprehend ihai it may do more harm than zj^C^Bcatties Elen:cnU
^ MorfU ScUnce, ^ . . ^

patience,

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

S09

pattence. An eminent tnukfinan in
Weflminflef, and a great proficient
in the looks of his cuikuners, aflares
me, that he tranfaCls bafineTs in per^
fed taciturnity ; when he prefents a
bill to a noble coftomer* he waits no
longer than he has read it, as in the
coade of perofipg it, he receives a
xnoft expreffive and emphaitic anfwer,
without the utterance of a word, and
he makes his bow> more or lefs hum-
bly* according to the purport of what
be h^sfeen.

In public places, many people are
remarkable for knowing the rank and
degree of the company* not by their
^tures only« but by their drefs. But
thb is that kind oi fbjfiognomony (I
. mud ufe the word, however impro-
per) which I much complain of.
Perhaps there was a time when drefs,
and even looks, did convey fome idea
of the rank and ftation of the parties ;
but, I know not how, that diftindtion
feems now to be entirely done away.

* J>r^i& is become fo very arbitrary,
that if we were to make it the crite-
rion of rank or fortune, we (hould be
liable to iifcy errors in a day. There

^ iits a grave and ferious looking gen-
tleman in black, with a white, fuU-
powdered, and full-bottomed wig.
He fcems intent on his meditations,
and perfectly carelefs of all around

• him. What is he ?— You will fay,
a biihop, contemplating divine truths,
and whoUy feparated in fpirit from
the affairs of this world. — No, he is
^ ftock-broker in St. Mary Axe, who
has ju^ buried his wife, and is regret-
ting, that the-fuccefs of the French
on the Rhine has ^iven 'the funds fuch
a confounded tumble.^ Not far from
him, you foe a fpruce and gay man,
with boots, bucklkiu breechts, and a
whip, imart white waiftcoat, and
head dreiTed in the height of the
fklhion : he is very attentive to the
Jadies, and now and then, purely to
en te ruin them, breaks out with a few
oaths, a doublt e/ihndre or tu'o, and a
pjoaHrous good flory, which he ac-
companies with a hoife- laughs You
^ye already fuppofed him to be a fprig

of faihion, the heir appurent of fomf
opulent baronet. Appearances are
deceitful; he is a reverend clergy -r
man, to whom a nobleman, remarka*
ble for rewarding merits gave a valu^
able liviqg, merely becaufe he became
his advocate, when no man of virtue
or decency would iupport him. But
what wretch is that who obtrudef
himfelf into fo much good company,
with a threadbare coat, a dirty ihirt,
and a hat and wig that a Jew yvoul4
not pick up in the ilreet ? Probably 4
pauper come to folicit charity, ar
fome unhappy man from the country,
who wilhes to be paiTed . to his owa
pariih, or perhaps — no; that mai)
has eighty thoufand pounds in th«
itinds, and, to ufe his own phrafe,
* could buy and fell all this company,*
were it not that he never bought any
thing unlefs he could get three timej^
its value by felling it. He has cleared
fix hundred poimds by a trilling rift
in the iiinds to day, and he will now
go to an eating houfe, dine for four-P
pence, and retire to his attic (jtory in
one of the moil obfcure flreets in town^
As a contrail, here comes a gentlemafi
elegantly drejQed, takes out a gdd
fnoil-box, informs us of the hour from
a gold watch, and is in ^every refpeft
fo much the man of rank and faihion,
that we are ready to bow down before
him. He calls for his carriage, and
entering it with a becoming ftatelinef^
orders the coachman to Hop in St»
James*-{lreet. This is probably #
nobleman of fortune, or one pf the
minifiry.—- No : he is a linen-drapei;,
-and, in a few weeks, will make^
creditors the generous ofter of half-n
crown in the pound.

Such is the effedl of our nice dif*
cernment in charajflers, when dreis is
the only foundation we go upon.
Lady Modely, a pcrfonage well verfed
in etiquette, and profoundly ikilled in
what is called perfedl good- breeding,
has a remarkable knack in. knowing
men's characters at iirll fight from
their appearance only. For it is \p
be obferved, and perhaps I fl«ould
have made the poforvadpn iboner,

that

ItO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

that people of this ftamp wholly guid-
ed by appearance, and whereas La-
vater and his difciples diredt their en-
quiries to the qualities of the mind, ib
hi6y Model/, and every lady who
knows how to make proper di(!inc-
tions, • are intent only on the contents
of the pocket, and judge of them from
that which muft fprine from the
pocket, namely, fine cfothes and a
fmart equipage. My lady, accord-
ingly, has formed in her own mind a
fcale of merit, ariling from nothing
to excellence, by which Ihe regtilates
the honours (he pays, or the not'xe
Ihe takes, and by which (he clafles her
tompany oA vifiting days. At one
glance, for inftancc, ihe knows that
a man in a bad, or fecond-hand coat,
mud Be worth nothing, and he is
placed at the bottom of the fcale;
next to him is a plain dreflcd man, who
thongh worth little is yet preferable
to the former : this, in his turn, gives
place to embroidery, lace. Sec. one
on foot Is beneath one on horfeback ;
and one on horfeback by himfelf is
A much (habbier fellow, than one who
lias a fervant on horfeback behind
dim. But all thefe mu(( make way
for the perfonages who come in a car-
riage, of which there are various de-
grees, from the plain apothecary-
looking chariot, up to the prince's
equipage. Such is the knowledge
lady Model y has acquired of charac-
ters, merely by looking at them;
Had it is much refembling that know-
ledge, which a man acquires by read-
ing only the title pages of books. . I
would not, however, be' thought to
infinuate that her lady (hip has never
erred, Abfolate perfection is not to
be' found in human nature. L^iR.
winter ihe danced with a lor^l at the
public aifembly, who proved to be a
hair-dreiTer, and not above a month
ago, (he was handed to her carriage,
at the opera, by a perfon of very
high diftintlion, whom (he difcovered
afterward to be gentleman's gentle-
man to a bi(hop.

The phyfiognomony which depends
•n outward appearances, we £nd very

of en extended to a ma^j's raannerrl
What is called cafe, grace, and disu-
nity, are uniVeHally miflaken for ge-
nius, merit, and honour. An aw^k-
ward entrance into a room has fpoiled
one man's fortune, while a graceful
minuet has made that of another. So
very partidl are we to the knowledge
acquired at frji fights that we are al-
ways very forry to be undeceived by
better acquaintance. There is (hik-
ing uglinefsj as well as ftriking beau-
ty. Neither, however, is remark-
able for being permanent ; and the
proportions of good and evil in the
world, are not much diAurbed by fuch
prepoiTeiHons.

Upon the whole, fince there is an
inclination to judge of men at fird
iight, let us endeavour to judge from
fome principles which will not deceive
us. A blockhead may be graceful^
and a bankrupt may be fplendid;
neither manners nor drefs can, there-
fore, be the proper means of difcovcr-
ing the char^icter, and can at bed in-
form us that the one employed a good
dancing mailer, and the other a cre-
dulous taylor. But we may be af-
fured that, if our firft impreifion of a
man's character be unfavourable, we
have committed an ad of injufticc to
him, evert if we (hould not impart
our fentiments. The real charadler of
no man is to be learned at firft fight ;
for man is a machine of fuch complex
texture, fo continually varying his
notions, that after a long and very
intimate acquaintance, we are fcl-
dom enabled to fay what his preciie
charj-^er is. Can we then fuppoie
that we may discover by a look, what
years of converfation and actions fel-
dom diCcover? It is, as I obferved at
the beginning of this letter, pojjibh
that we may be right, and 1 have ex-
perienced it ; but as it is impofiible
to give a reafon for our opinion, and
s^ry abfurd to entertaiir an opinion
without a reafon, it becomes us to be
very cautious, and to keep to our-
felves a fecret, which divulged, may
do prejudice to another. I air, &c,

R. 6.
SELECT

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

Ill

SELECT PASSAGES rROM SHAKSPEARE.
Number XXIL

KING JOHN.

Plantagenet,

King John.
TJ ROM henceforth bear his name whoie
^ form thou bcar'ft :
Kneel thou down Philip, but rile more

gi-cat;
ArUe iir Richard, and Plantagenet.

It is a common opinion, that Plan-
tagenet was the furname of the royal
houie of England, fince the time of
king Henry the fecond : but the ac-
curate Camden, in his ' Remaines,'
puhlilbed in 1614, obferves, that this
IS a popular miftake. Platagenet was
not a family name, but a nickname,
by which a grandfon of Geoffrey, the
firft earl of AnjoUj was diilingui(hecl»
from his wearing a broom-ilalk in his
bonnet; the word genet, in French,
fignifying a broom* But this name
was never borne either by the firft earl
of Anjou himfelf, or by king Henry
the fecond, the fon of that earl by
the emprefo Maud ; he being always
called Henry Fhx-Emprefs ; his fon,
Richard Cceur- de-Lin \ and his fon,
who is exhibited in this play, John
SanS'ierrey or Lackland^ To Cam-
den's ob/ervatidn it may be added,
that four fons of £<iward the third ap-
pear to have had no other furnames
than what they derived from their
natal place ; as William of Hatfald ;
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancafter ;
Edmund of Langley, duke of York ;
and Thomas of Woodfiock, duke of
Gloocefler.

Commodity, or Sslflntersft,

Ba/iard. Mad world ! mad kings f

inad compofition !
John, to flop Arthur's title on the "whole,
Hath willingly departed \Jaried] with a

part :
And Fi-ance (whofe armour confcience

buckled on $
Whom real and charity brought to the

few, ' ■ . ,

As God*t own foldier) rounded I'wbif

pered] in the ear
With that fame purpofe- changer, that fly

devil ;
That broker, that flill breaks the pate of

faith s '
That daily break-vow j be that wins of

all.
Of kings, of beggars, old men, youn^

men, maids $
Who having no extenial thing to lofe
But the word maid— cheats the poor maid

of that 5
That fmooth-faced gentleman, tickling

Commodity,—
Commodity, the bias of the world j
The world, who of itfelf is poiXed well.
Made to run even, upon even ground ^
Till this advantage, this vile drawing bias.
This fway of motion, this Commodity,
Makes it take head from all indiflferency.
From all direction, purpofe, courfe, in-
tent:
And this fame bias, this Commodity,
This bawd, this broker [pimp, or pr^

curefs"] this all-changing word,
Clapp'd on the outward eye of fickle

France,
Hath di awn him from his own -determined

aid.
From a refolv^d and honourable war,
To a moit bafe and vile-concluded p?ace»

Philip, king of France, having en-
gaged in a war with John, king of
England, to enforce the right of Ar-
thur, the young duke of Britanny (fon
of John's elder brother, Geofirey)
not only tp the French provinces of
Maine, Anjou, and Touraine, but to
the crown of England itfelf, is induced
to defert the caufe of the young
prince, and to make peace with John,
in cbnfideration of an advantageous
marriage between John's niece, Bknck
of Callile, and his eldeit fon, Lewis,
prince-royal of France. This fhame-
ful derelid^ion of principle, and, of
courfe, this ' bafe and vile-condoded
peace,' leads the Ballard of Faulcon-
bridge into the above reflections on.;
the influence of Sclf-interefl, wMch,
with an air of levity, and with hu-

moroqi

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

morous cxpreffions, he confidcrs, in
the mere worldly fenfe of the term,
as the ruling principle of mankind.
In the remainder of this foliloquy, he
jttftly obferves, that men are too apt
to inveigh againft corruption, not be-
caufc they themfclves were incorrupti-
We, but that no temptation had ever
been thrown in their way :

And why rail I on this Commodity ?
But for becaufe he hath not woo'd me^et:
Not that I have the power to clutch [clajp

clo/e] my hand,
When hii fair angels would falutc my

palm ;
But for \_becaufi'] my hand, as unat-

temptcd yet.
Like a poor beggar, raileth on the rich.
Well, whiles I am a beggar, I. will rail,
And fay, — there is no iin, but to be rich ;
And being rich, my virme then (hall be,
/To fay,— there is no vice, but beggary.
Since kings break faith upon Commodity,
Gain, be my lord j for I will worfhip
thee!

In ,thc laft two lines, how finely is
-it inculcated, that bad examples in
the higher orders of fociety, have a
tendency to injure the morals of the
inferior claffes !

JJiQniJbment at had News.

Cohftance. Gone to be marry'd I Gone

to fwear a peace I
Falfe blood to falfe blood joinM ! Gone to

be friends !
Shall Lewis have Blanch? and Blanth

thofe provinces ?
It is not fo: thou haft mif-fpoke, mif-

heard.
Be well adviftd, tell o*erihy tale again :
It cannot be 5 thou doft but fay, 'tis fo j
I truft, I may not truft theej for thy

word
Is but the vain breath of a common man :
Believe me, I do not believe ihet-, man 5
I have a king's oath to the contrary.

• Thou ftialt be punifli'd for tlius frighting

me,
For I am fick, and capable of fears ;
Opprefs*d with wrongs, and therefore full

of fears ;
' A widow, hu(bandlefs, fubjeft to fears ;
A woman, naturally born to fears 5
And though thou now co&fcfs; thou did'ft

but jeft,

* 4

With my vexM fpirits I cannot take a

truce.
But they will quake and tremble all thia

day.
What doft thou mean by Ihaking of thy

head?
Why doft thou look fo fadly,on my fon ?
What means that hand upon that breaft

of thine ?
Why holds thine eye that lamentable

rheum.
Like a proud river peering o'er his

bounds ?
Be thcfe fad figns confirmers of thy

words ?
Then fpeak again ; not all thy former

ule.
But this one word, whether thy tale be

true.

The aftoniflimcnt of Conftancc, the
mother of young Arthur, on hearing
that her fon's caufe is facrificed in the
treaty between the two monarchs,
with the doubts we are naturally in-
clined to conceive of the truth of fud-
den ill-news, and the weak ftatc of
mind and fpirits to which perTons in
calamity, efpccially helplefs women,
are generally reduced, are all finely
painted in this fpeech.

When the earl of Salifbury, who
firft communicated the fatal intelli-
gence, infifts upon the truth of it, the
unhappy mother thus prqceeds :

O, if thou teach me to believe this for-

row.
Teach thou this forrow how to make rac

die;
And let belief and life encounter fo.
As doth the fury of two defpcrate men,
Which, in the very meeting, fall* and die.
Lewis marry Blanch I O, boy, then where

art thou ?
France friend with England I what be-
comes of me ?
Fellow, be gone j I cannot brook diy

fight \
This news hadi made thee a moft ugly
man.

In the laft^ two lines, Gonflance ex-
prefles a very natural though unrea-
fonablc idea, with which, however,
we are apt to be impreifed toward all
. mcffengers of bad tidings, however
innocent of the cvU.

Maternal

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

l»3

Maitmal Fmdmfs*

Arthur, I do beieecb you, madam, be

conrent.
Ccnftanee. If thou, who bid'ft me be

content, were grim,
Ugly, and land'rous to thy mother's

womb.
Full of unpleafing blots, and fightlefs

[unj^btly'] ftains.
Lame, foolifli, crooked, fwart, prodlgiauF,
Patch*d with foul moles and eye-offending-

mirks,
I would not care, I then would be con-
tent $
For then I (hould not love thee $ no, nor

thou
Become thy great birth, nor deferve a

But thou art fair j and at thy birth, dear

boyk
Nature and Fortune joined to make thee

great:
Of Nature's gifts thou may'ft with lilies

booft.
And with the half-blown rofe.

To a mother* endued with the
^ common fenfibility of the maternal
charaSer, how beautifal, how pathetic
moft the whole of this fpeech ap-
pear!

The Dignity of Grief.

SaRJbwy. Pardon me, madam,
I may not go without you to the kings.
Confianci. Thou mayUi, thou (halt, I

wrll not go with thee :
I will inftrufl my forrows to be proud \
For grief is proud, and makes his owner

ftoop*.
To me, and to the ftate of my great gnef,
Let kings aflemblej for my griet's fo

great.
That no fupporter but the hugp firm earth
Can bold it up : he» I and Sorrow (it $
Here is my throne, bid kings come bow

to it. <

[She throws herftlfon iht ground.

Our author, in the third line, has
rendered this paflage obfcnre, by in-
dulging himfelf, in one of thofe con-
ceiu in which he too much deligho,
and b^ bounding rapidly, with his
ttfoal licence, from one idea to ano-
ther. Tftis fpeech^ however, is fuQ

of that dignity which grief, mixed
with refentment, is capable of con-
ferring on the illuifaioMs unfortonace :
and the whole demeanourof Conftancf ,
on bein^ thus fent for by the two mo- '
narchs, is expreffive of a great foul^
rendered ftill braver by mbfortanes.

Dr. Johnfon has given a very judi-
cious note on this paSage. ' In Much
Ado about Nothing,' he obferves,
* the ^ther of Hero« deprefled by her
difgrace, dedares himfelf fo fubdued
by grief, that « thread mt^ kad him.

Being that I flow in grief,
Tbefmalleft twine may lead me.

< How ts it that grief, in Leonato
and hAy Conflance, produces effedU
dircAly oppofite, and yet both agree-
able to nature? Sorrow foftena the
mind, while it is warmed by hope;
but hardens it, when it is congealed
by defpatr. Diftrefs, while there re-
mains any propped 6i relief, is weak
and flexible; but when no fuccour
appears, is fearlefs and ilubborn ; an-
gry alike at thofe who injure, and at
thofe who do not help; careless tQ
plea(e, where nothing can be gained;
and fearlefi to offimd, where there is
nothing further to be dreaded. Such
was t£s author* sknowledge of the
paffions.*

Exclamations of Rage •

Qonftance, Arm, arm, you Heavens,
againft tho(e perjured kings 1

A widow cries \ be nu(band to me, Hea-
vens 1

Let not the hours of this ungodly day

Wear out the day in peace j but, ere Hm-
fet.

Set armed difcord 'twixt theie perjured
kings 1

Hear me, O, hear me !

Nothing could be Wronger in them«
felves, nor more terrifying to the ears
of her oppreiTors, than thefe excla-
mations of Conflance ; and the bitter
imprecation at the conclufion^ our au'*
thor has rendered eife^Dal.

* Some read/0tf/«
P

fimiditj

114

THE UNIVERSAL MAiGAZlNE

Tumdity of Guilt.

Kif^Jobn, Come hither, Hubert. O
my gemte Hubert,
We owe thee much j withm this wall of

fle(b
There is a ^\, counu thee her cncditor,
And with advantage racaiis to pay thy

love J
And, my good friend, thy voluntary oath
Lives in this bofom, dearly chcrifhed.
Give me thy hand. I had a thing to fay-
But I will fit it with foitle better time.
By heaven, Hubert,. I am almoft afhamed
To fav what good rcfpea I have of thee.
Hubert, I am much bounden to your

majefty.
King John, Good friend, thbu haft no
caufe to lay that yet :
But thou (halt have ; and creep time ne'er

To (Tow,
Yet it /hall come, for me to do thee good.
I had a thing to fey, -but let tt go :
The fun is in the heaven j, and the prwd

day,
Attended wirii the pleafures of the world.
Is all loo wanton, and too full of gawds,
To give me audience. If the midnight bell
Did, with hi». iion tongue and brazen

mouth,
Soimd one unto the drowfy race ofnight j
If thrs fame were a churchyaid where we

fbind.
And tliou poflTeflTed with a tbouiand

wfongs 5
Or if that furly fpirit. Melancholy,
Had bak'd thy blood, and made it Jt>eaTy,

thick i
(Which, eJle, runs tlclding up and down

the veins,
Making that ideot. Laughter, keep men's

ej'es,
And ftrain their checks to idle merriment
A paffion hnreful to my purpoH^^)
Or if that thou couid'ft. lee me without

eyes.
Hear me without thine ears, and make

reply
Without a tongue, ufmg conceit {concep-

thn} alone.
Without eyes, ears, and harmful found

of words ;
Then, in dcfpight of brooded vratchful

day,
. I would mto thy bpfom pour my thoughts;
But, ah, I will not.— Yet I love" thee

well J
And, by my troth, I think, thou lov'Il
me well.
Hui^ert. So well, that what you bid mc
undertake,

Though that my death were adjunft to

my aft,
By heaven, I would do it.

JCifig John, Do not I know, thou
would ft ?
Good Hubert, Hubert, Hubert, throw

thine eye
On yon young boy : I'll tell thee what,

my friend.
He is a very ferpent in my way ;
And, wherefoe'er this foot of mine doth

tread.
He lies before nie^ Doft thou underftand

Tne ?
Thou art his keeper*

Hubert. And I'll keep him fo,
That he (hall nor offend your msjefty..
Kiftf; Job^. Death.
Hubert, My lord ?
Kingjobn. A grave.
Hubert, He Ihall not live.
Kingjobn, Enough.
I could be merry now : Hubert, I love

thee;
Well, I 11 not fay what I intend for ttcc r
Remember.

Lord Karnes has obferved, ' that
Nature which gave us paflions> and
made them extremely beneficial when
moderate, intended undoubtedly that
they (hould be fubjefted to the go-
vernment of reafon and confcience.
It is therefore againft the order of na-
ture, that paflion in any cife fhoold
take the lead in contradidion to rea-
fon and confcience; fuch a ftate of
mind is a fort of anarchy, which every
one is afhamed of, and endeavours to
hide or difTemble. Hence a capital
rule in the reprefentation of immode-
rate pafllons, that they ought to be
hid or diiTembled as much as poflible.
And this holds, in an efpecial manner^,
with refpedl to criminal paffions : one
n^ver counfds the commiflioa of a
crime in plain terms: guilt muft not
appear in its native colours, even in
thought : the propofal maft be made
by hints, and by reprefenting the ac-
tion in fomc favourable light.' There
never was drawn a more complete
pidure of this kind, than the above
of king John foliciting Hubert to
murder the young prince Arthur;
and, in the Tempeft, Shakfpeare ha&
given another beautiful example of it,

in

FOR- FEBRUARY, 1794.

5v a fpecch of Antbonio, the ufarping
duke of Miian^ advifmg Sebaitian to
murder his brother, the king of Na-
ples:

What mighty
Worthy Sebaftian ?— O, what might ?—

No ro(H'e :
And yet, methinkSi I /ee it in thy face,
What thou fhould*& be: the occafioa

fpeaks thee ; and
My fti-ong imagination feet a crown
Dropfing upon thy head.

Maiinud Grief.

PofuBiIph, You hold too heinous a ne-

rpefk of grief.
C^nfioMct. He talk* to me, that never

had a ion.
King ^biBp. You are as fond of grkf

as ot your child.
-Conflmice, Griof fills the room up of
my abfent child.
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with

me I
Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words,
Hemeoibers me of all his gracious parts,
Stuffs out his vacant garments with his
* form i

Then have I rcafon to he fond of grief.
Fare vou well : had you fuel) a lojs as /,
/ nmdgi*ve bttttr ctnuftrt than you do.
I will not keep this form upon my head,
[ bearing off bet head drefu
When there is fuch dilordei* in my wit.
O k>rd ! my boy, ray Arthur, my fair

ion !
My life, my joy, my food, ray all the

world !
My widow comfort, and my forrows'
cure.

Lord Sanies having obferved, that
imagery and figurative exprefiioD are
diicordant, in the higheft degree^
wi^ the agony of a mother deprived
of her fon, quotes the firfl fix lines of
Conftancc's fpeech as an example, in
coude, io a bad tafle. But is not this
an hypercriticifm I Hi)vv natural is it
for the mind to be incilantly con-
templating the beloved obje£k it has
loft; to recall ic to mind in every
pl'ice, in ^v^ry adion, in every pof-
fible ideal form ; till imagination^ if
left. to itfelf, would fcarce fee any
other objed, and would become lite-
lally ' fond of grief?' The tender
offices of frieodlhip Ihould indeed be
cmployedi after a tim^i to divert the

affli^ed mind to other objedb ; while
piety and ^ood fenfe in the fufierer
will at- lafl intervene, till the healing
balm of time can work with mor^
powerful efficacy, ^nd the violence of
the firfl emotions fublide gradually into
the tendemefs of regret and the gen*
tlencfs of rcfignation. Still, however,
the firfl violent emotions produce th^
effects which /)ur author has fo ^udid-
•ouOy put into the mouth of Con-
fiance,

The lines in ftatic contain a ii?nti^
fnent which great forrow always dic-
tates. Whoever cannot help himfel^
calls his eyes oti others for affidance,
and often miftakes their inability for
coldnefs. pf the laft thr^^ line& let
t^try mother judge,

Hubert, My lord, they fay, five moons
were fcen to-night :
Four fixed ; and the fifth did whirl about
Tlie other four, in wondrous motitpn.
KifiB John- Five moons ?
Hubert, Old men, and beldams, in the
flreets
Do propbefy upon It dangcroufly :
Young Arthur's death is common in the^

mouths :
And when they talk of him, they (hake

their heads,
And whifper one another in the ear ;
And he, that Ipeaks, doth gripe the hear-
er's wriil J
Whilft he, that hears, makes fearful ac-
tions.
With wrinkled brows, with nods, with

rolling eyes.
I faw a imith iiand with his hammer, thus,
Th- whilll his iron did on the anvil cool,
With open mouth fwallowing a tailor's

news i
Who, with his (hears and meafure in his

hand,
Standing on flippers (which his nimble

hafle
Hid fallely ihruft upon contrary feet)
Told o*' a many thoufand wailike French,
That were embattled and ranked in Kent :
Another lean unwaflrd artificer
Cuts off his tale, and talks of Arthur's
death.

In the beginning of this fpeech*

Shakfpeare finely fatirizes the fearful

apprehenfion of prodigies that was

common in his time. In the latter

P * . part

Ii6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

part is an^ admirable pi£lure, the re- And, confeqaently, thy rude hand to aft
iemblancc of which, iq real life, w'Ul The deed, which both our tongues held

be found in every age.

jffuiitj Mind refroacbing its InfirU'
ment.

King J9b». Why feek^ft thou to pofleTs
me with thefe fiears ?
Why urgcft thou fo oft young Arthur's

death ?
Thy hand hath murdered him i I had a

miehty caufe
To wifli him dead, but thou hadft none
to kill him.
Hubert. Had none, my lord! why,

did you not prcyjke me ?
Kiiig Jolm, It is the curfe of kings, to
be attended
By flaves, that take their- humours for a

warrant
To break within the bloody houfeof life i
And, on the winking of authority,
'^o undcntani a hw ; to know the mean-
ing
pf dangerous majefty, when, perchance.

It frowns
More tkpon humour than advifed refpefl.
Hubert. Here is your hand and kal for

what I did.
Kttigjobn, O, when the laft account
'twijct hciven and earth
Is to be made, then (hall this h:)nd and feal
Witnefs again ft us to damnation \
How oft tW fight of means to do ill deeds.
Makes deeds ill do;ne 1 Hadft thou not

been by,
A fellow by the hand of Nature mark'd,
Qiipted \diftiugwjbed] andfign'd, to do

a deed of (hame,
This murder hyi not come into my mind :
But, taking note of thy abhorrM afpe^.
Finding thee fit for blaxly villainy.
Apt, liable, to be empIoyM in danger,
I fauntly broke with thee of Arthur's

death ;
And tboij, Xo be endeared to a king,
Made it no confcience to defti'oy a prince.

Hubert. My lord

King Jobn. Hadd thou but (hook thy
hend, or made a papfe,
When I f ake darkly what I purpc fed }
Or turn*d an eye of donbt upon my face,
And bid me tell my tale in exprcfs words ;

vile to name.
Out of my fight, and never fee me more I

'There are many touches of na«
ture, fays Dr. Johnfon, « in this con-
ference of John with Hubert. A
man engaged in w^ckedneis would
keep the profit to himfelf, and transfer
the goilt to his accomplice. Thefe
reproaches vented againfl Hubert, are
not the words of art or policy, but
the erapcions of a mind fwelling with
the confctoafnefs of a crime, and jiT-
charging its mifery on another.

f This account of the timidity of
guilt, ** hadft thou but ihook thy
head,*' &c. is drawn ab iffis recejpbus
nunt'ii, from an intimate knowledge
of mankind ; particularly that line la
which he fiiys, that to have '' bid hina
tell his tale in exprefs words, would
have ftnick him dumb." Nothing ia
more certain, than that bad men ufe
all the arts of fallacy upon themfelves,
palliate their adions to -their own
minds by gentle terms, and hide
themfelves from their own dete^on
in ambiguities and fubterfuges.*

England invincibkt if unanif/uue.-
Baftard, England never did, nor evef

(hall.
Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror.
But when it firft did help to wound itfelf.
Now thcfe htr princes are come home again, >
Come the three comers of the world in

arms,
And we (hall (hock them : nought (hall

make us rue,
If England to itfelf do re(t bur true.

Here the play dofcs with one truth
in fa£k, and, as every true Cngli(h-
man will hope, with another in pro-
phecy.

* The tragedy of King John,* fays
Dr. Johnibn, * though not written
. , with the utmoft power of Shaldpeare,

pecpibaixie had (truck me dumb, made 15 varied with a very pleafing inter-
A . nj« break oif, change of incidents and characters.

And thole thy fears might have wrought — -

fears m me
But ffaou didft underftand me by my figns.
And didlt in fiens again parley with fin ;
Yea, without ftop, didft let thv heart con*

The lady's grief is very afFedling ;
and the charader of the Baftard con-
tains that mixture of greatnefs and
levity which this author delighted to
exhibit.'

CLEAN"

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

117

GLEANINGS.
Sfarsa colleoi.

SENECA fays, that^.a yirtaoas
man ftruggling mi\y advcrfity is
a fight worthy of the divinity. Ano-
ther iigbt, not lefs fublime, is a vir-
tuous king combating the fedudHons
which are iludioafly moltiplied around
liiin; ihutting his ears againft the
voice of flattery, and bceifantly dif-
fipating the obfcurity with which
truth is continually enveloped.

And fuch kings there have been.
Much vulgar abufe has been poured
upon kings and courts, generally by
thole who never faw the one, nor
entered the other. A king is fre-
quently the beft roan in his court. If
he be otherwife, it is more his misfor-
tune than his fault. IS^Xigs have too
much refponfibility,

Pofterity, like fdcieties, feems to

. have its infatuation. There are men

" ?vho have given the greateft fplendour

to the age in which they lived, whofe

merits are depreciated according to

the opinion of the fucceeding age, and

^ the fyltems which writers, who have

an influence upon public judgment,

form to themfefves.

Egotijm reigns particularly in dif-
couri'e ; perfonality has more influence
upon actions. The Egotift conti-
nually boalls of himfelf, and for the
mod part fpeaks in the firfl perfon.
The perfonal mati artfully fceks that
which may but ferve.his intereils, and
flatter his felf-love. The former often
ipeaks of himfelf, and the latter drives
to turp every thing to his perfonal ad-
vantage.

Extreme vivacity or indolence pre-
vents a man from being polite. Pcr-
fons of a very lively dilpoiition, are
led away by their ardour, and are fre-
auendy wanting in attention to others ;
the idle are really fo from an unwil-
lingnefs to give themfelves trouble.
Many very feniible men think the
forms of politenefs beneath them.
Learned men are feldom polite.

A lively Frenchman (ays ; feveial

pe'rfons aflc^bied produce a disagree-
able odour 5 if obliged' to live toge-
ther, they agree to ufe f(rong per-
fumes. This is a part of politenefs-—
and no bad defence of perfumery !

Cnilom regulates our ideas of ihame*
In China, the emperor orders the
bafiinado to be given to a miniHer or
a mandarin ; and afterward thefeper-
fons continue in their employments*
widiout thinking themfelves difho-
noured or degraded. They are like
fcholars who return to their places
after having been whipped.

The idea of virtue is become fo ef«
faced, that fcarcely do we hear the
name of it pronounced. The ufual
expreflion now is, an honefi man, which
contains but negative qualities; or
fometimes qualities are mentioned, as
bravery, fidelity, &c. but a collective
word which expreffes them all is fel-
dom made ufe of.

Amiability is the fafeft and moft
advantageous quality to carry into
focietv. It is too dangerous to let
any thing appear which charadeiizes
the great man.

Commerce reconciles all nations;
they all in the end, become enlighten-
ed by the fciences ; and the mental
communications thefe eftabiifli be-
tween men tends to deflroy national
prejudices. Commercial and think-
ing men have the univerfe for their
country.

In the number of extravagant ideas
with which the heads of nnadmen are
filled, it feldom happens that they
have one which inclines them to be-
lieve they are in a fubordinate ftate,
Viflt all the madhoufes, and you will
find the infane inhabitants either
princes, kings, emperors, or gods*
If they are in love, it is with a prin-
ceis or a queen. In general, they
fpeak of nothing but grandeur; a
fenfibie proof that vanity, above every
thing, reigns in the human mind,

A great man, who has not hU in-
feriors

iii

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fericuTS at command^ has but a (hallow
capacity, confidering their tnclioation
to admire men in elevated flations,
^d the impreffion which their moit
trjffing expreQions make upon them..

We arc infufceptible of virtue, un-
le/s there be fomething we valtte more
than life. Let this be co^iiidered by
ihoS^ who approve of throwing off
what they are pleafcd to term, re-
ligious ihackjes or prejudices.

It is not for his own pleafure that a
rich man give^ great, fuppers, that
^tnother afTembles half th^ town at his
ballsj or has pictures by eminent
xnafters, or a clofet of natural hiltory ;
it is to add to his confequeoce. The
houfe and gardens form for the pro-
jector a utuation in the world ; he
poilefles them as he would perform
the functions of a place at court, or
ihofe of a great employment in the
cicy.

It is moft difagreeable to be re-
proached with that, whi>:h makes
others withdraw themfelves from our
fociety. A man may pardon the
greateft injury, but he will not forgive ^
another, who reproaches him with be-
ing Urefomc.

The prejudice of birth is one of
the mod predominant in the minds of
men of every cla^ and country. The
calls of the Indians do not aflbciate
with their infer. ors, and there are fe-
veral grooms to Nabobs, who would
think themfelves diihonoured by eat-
ing with their maders.-^The advan-
jtage of high birth, chiefly confifts in
making merit lefs neceiTary.

None but men of middling rank
are capable of being di(honoured.
Obfcure names, when they become
famous by crimes or fcandal, call
nothipg to recolleftion but the event
which covered them with (hame.
They are like trees, which prejudged
of by the only fruit they have ever
J)ome.

There are happy days, but no happy
lives ; this would be an enchanting
dream, without once awakening to
for row.

He whofe paiTions are mild, whofe

fortune is equal to his defires and
fifeuatipn, .who* pafles his life with his
relations and friends, and dies t a their
arms without remoHe, fear, or pain*
i$,a haj^py.iqan.'

Time feems to be abridged by xhc
epochas and divriHons, which give «i8
an idea of it. The uniformity ofiitua-
tions, when they are not too much
agitated, incr^afes the idea of its da-
ration. The traveller, who crofles
freat plains, is more impatient thai^
e would be upon a road, varied by-
woods, mountains, and habitations.

When love and its pleafures have
entirely filled up the fpace of youih»
the following epocha of life has nei-
ther taftcs nor defires. The enervated
n;iiod has no longer fufficient ilrength
to enjoy pleafures, difcngaged from
the ienfes ; it remained without fi>od ^
and excrcife, and the fenies are now
entirely benumbed.
. There are people, whofe conyerfa*
tion or prefence always excites laoi-

fuor in others ; thefe are men who« •
y the vo<d in their minds, commgi-
nicite wearinefs ; or who are fatigu-
ing by a fuperabundance of uninterell-
ing converfation ; thus want and fu^- .
pcrSuity are fources of languor.

The tears we llrive to hide are th^
moft affeding. The violence we thus
do ourielves ihows both courage and
(cnfibility.~ln like manner, laughter
is never more Urong than when we
endeavour to fupprefs it. Every op-
polition flrengthens defife : the wave
which meets with obdacles foams, be-
comes impetuous, or rii'es into the
air.

Liberty was given to man that he
mxglit have a claim to the irierit of
virtue.

A portion of pride fufficient to itr
mind us of ^^ hat we owe to ourfelveSf
and fenfibility enough to prevent our
forgetting what we owe to others,
will produce much of what is called
virtue in modern times.

Friend Iliip is to love, what an eur
graving is to a painting.

Friends frequently .become* infup-
portable in adverfity ; they abound

in

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

A Gounfels con^ary to our inclina-
lioufy and reproach us with the faults
we aay have committed ; they bhtmc
the principle whence they arofe, al-
though in other cafes they have a thou*
Und tiroes admired it. Whcto for-
tune is adverfe, the ruflfering friend
becomes a fubje^, upon which felf-
love, and an imperious mind are anxi*
ous to exercife kn empire.

There is a degree of diforderly
conduct and wickednefs in gallantry,
which can no where be met with but
- in the perfon of a woman of elevated
rank. She knows that audacity afio-
Di(hes> and that there' is ndthing which
a woman of fup^rio'r anderllandin'g>
added to high birth, may not riik.
But woe to the woman in the city,
who (bould wiih to follow het fteps;
Ibe vjoM fall into the mire of pnbHc
contempt.

Interell contains (b a£ilve and fubtle
a potfon, that affedtioir, the moment
it is joined to it, is corrupted, and at
{ kngth extinguittied.

A maiv paffes all his time with his
iiiflrei$ — his wife dies ; he is looked
upon as happy in beiog at liberty to
purfue his inclination, and having
the power of uniting himfelf to the
objed of his affedions. Rut if this
man, who is accoflomed to gp from
home every day at four o*clock,
fhould marry his miflrefs,. where then
will be have to go at that hour ?

What is called Aon ton is efiential
to men of mediocrity, but a man of
foperior underAandlng cannot fubje£t
himfelf to the laws it impofes. It
would be nece/Tary to facrifice his ideas
or to weaken them. The dtdionary
ofhoa ten is not extenfive enough for
him. A certain difcernment is ne-
ceilary to di (cover ridicule, and to ex-
prefs it in an agreeable manner. But
the fuperfor wit finds nothing ridicu^
bus; he it^s nothing particular, and
manners, cuftoms, and the oddities of
men and nations appear to him to b«
in .the nature of things. What ap-*
pears extraordinary to others is fami-
liar to a man of this defcription ; his
aftonifhment is at an ^nd. It is upon
the fame principle, that a man is not
S

afFedled by that which furpri(es s
child, or makes faim kttgh.

The great advantage arifing ^irtm
the podeiHon of money, k the power'
of haftening, in fome meafure, the
progrefi of time, and of accelerating
cents. By means of this ppwerAil
agent, diftaiices are fhortened, and
projects' rpeedily executed. Perfons
who catk fecood our vici^ws, are anxi-
ous to remove every difficulty. A
rich man can prod nee every ch^ng
with m^ney, as fruits are produced in
hot-houfes ; he mult^lies enjoyments,
atid has the grcate^ variety of themi
within his leach. •

In Qonfidering the impatient ar-
dour of the pafSons in youth, we
might be led to fuppofe that life was
in lafl but tx' a day ; but the pre-
cautions of the aged feem to be fiich
as if it was eternal. This happens
becaufe defire is extreme in youth»
and fear, without bounds, in age»
For thefe re^fons, flrong minds, and
youth, which is the age of ftrength»^
are eager to enjoy, and unacquainted
with avarice*

The age of the paffions, and of ta*
lents, is the epocha of cvtry kind oC
fuccefs. None but perfons of thifr.
time of life can infpire enthufiairo and:
excite a tender concern: Moit men*
die young, like Alexander and Ger*
manicus, to make their remembrance
dear, and leave behind them great
names. When we think of Mithri^-
dates with a long beard, we coldly
aiTent to his talents, aiid courage^ '

A man who puts his whole confi->
dence in a phylician of great reputa-
tion, is much to be pitied. When he
is ill, perhaps fome circum dance pre-
vents his having his affiftan^e. If he^
travels, he will certainly be deprived
of it ; if he be in the country, he
cannot have it in time.

In proprotion as a perfon pofleflea
a greater fund of real property, he
has lefs need of fpecie i io in propor-
tion as he has a greater degree of
conception, or intuition, knowledge
is Jefs dSential to him*

c. c. c.

MfiTXO-

[20

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Meteorological Jourhal, January 1794.

16
F

18
«9

»3
«4

*5
26

^7
28

*9
30

3»

N

3^»^7
30,31

30,03
30,15

3*

3<>^5
36

3*1 5

37^5

3"»5

34

34.S

36

35

3«
15.5

3o,aq 37,5

30i33|33>5

Jt?i3^3'

3o,iliji7

3<;ti6 »9

30,13 11,5

|0,00

iqr9>

341,03

30,01

30,09
30,18

3e»a9 .
JO, 18 1 36

|o,ji 43
30,35 34>5

50,43 30,5
^o,Sol44i5

37
3+
35
31

34
4*

39
4^*5
3i
4^15

30,46
3^^i47
30,50
30,54
10,44
J^i39

29,35
23,57

2S,72

i9«^^

i9iS7

»9t77
i9t79

41

46

37

47

44^5

4^5

4|i5

3**5

41*5

39

35

=s.s

3'*S
30,5
30

3»

14^5
33

IS 5
14

38*5
5"
5

T/in

Hyg;

C.

Wind.

44

57

' SE I

4S

55

N£ I

40*5

57.5

N I

4^i5

58

^'

4^

57

Ni

45

57*5

N I

4»

57

ESEi

4»

5«

.SSE I

4 '.5

58

SS£ I

43p5

57,5

SEi

43*5

56,5

Ni

44

56

NEx

4^,5

55

NNEi

44

r

Ni

44

NNEi

45

55

NNEi

40

56

NNEi

41,5

56

NNEi

40

60

NNEo

4o»5

ir

NNEo

4^

NNE I

43-5

62

E2

44

59

E 1

44.5

55»5

S I

42

57,5

SW I

4**5

57

SWi

43^

57i5

SWi

44

57

SWi

44.5

5!

SSW I

46,5

56,5

SWi

45

56

Wi

47

55

Wi

49

57»5

Wi

46

56.5

Wi

44.5

57

Wi

47

59

Wi

45

56,5

Wi

43

58

Wi

5^

55

Wi

51

54

W I

4615

58

Wi

S'^^S

57

Wi

50

56

Wi

5»

57

Wi

49i5

55

SWz

5^5

57

WSWa

47

5»

SWi

48.S

5*>5

SWi

47.5

5^

SW3

4^i5

51

WNW3

46,5

50

Wi

41

46

W.

4'

50

E3

4a

50

NNWi

40

56

NW i

4^5

55

SWi

45

59

Wi

4ii5

58,5

WSW I

4^*5

56.5

Wi

43,5

54

Wi

46.5

71

Sft

1 49

67

SSW 2

Weather^l^

hazy

hazy, doudlefs night but hairy
foggy : Icfs foggy
hazy
foggy

foggy, no fog at night
little drixaling moifture

. fine night : cloudy

few clouds but yery hasy
foggy, very foggy
continual ibg

continoal thick fog
thick fog. lefs fo^ at nigh:
chieAy drizzling
drizzling, little rain at night

: fine

fbggy

lefs tog and few clouds at night
foggy
. cloudy eve

I little rain at night, fine

• fine

• foggy eve. fine

• foggy : fine

. cloudy

fine

• hazy night
fine I foggy
cloudy night : little rain

gentle rain, fair and lefs cloudy
: more wind and cloudy

gentle rain at timet
little wet. fine night

. fine ; windy and cloudy, little tain

more wind : fnow
little fnow. chiefly fine and lefs wind
hazy

hazy, clear night : wind and much fnow
fnow. fair and lefs wind

• fine, cloudy eve
. fine

. fine night
: few cbuds hot hazy
hazy. little rain : fine

foggy

h^zy. rainy night and more wind

. lefs cloudy : cloudy '

. Iktle taia it tnus 1 fins

Obser-

-« »m^im»

\

froi
Ddua
5me c

and XI

^..^dlarly n

ta eaume

i

II iiiiViin III I " '~

"

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794- 121

Obsehvations on the Diseases in January 1794.

TH £ accefGon of cold at the dofe of the year, produced a irery material
change in the difeafes which then prevailed : pleurifies and inflamma^
tory complaints in general, became frequent, and it was neceiiary to ufe the
hncet freely and to adopt the antiphlogiftk regimen. Smallpox was feldom
met mtfa, and it would perhaps have totally ceafed, had not inoculation kept
ic alive ; whiclvmethod of communicating the difeafe is now fo generally ufed
as to be perHfled in throughout the whole year, as well in the depth of winter^
as in the height of fummer ; thoufands no doubt owe their prefervation to
it, and though fome few prejudices againil it Hill remain, yet it is likely they
will loon be obliterated. In the early part of this month, the city was for
federal days enveloped by a thick fog ; it was particularly great on the tenth,
fo as to render it impoirible to diitinguifh objeds acrofs the ilreet even in the
middle of the day ; the air confequencly became loaded with fmoke and other
impurities, and was rendered very un6t for refpiration ; people in general
were fenfible of its eifefb, but althmatic and elderly perfons, or thofe with
weak lungs, were more particularly fo ; many fell immediate vidims to its
influence, and thofe who recovered mended flowly and with difficulty.
Complaints of the breall, accompanied with a dry cough, fucceeded, and be-
came quite epidemic ; with children in particular thefe degenerated into the
hooping cough, which became very univerfal in the latter part of the month ;
among adults the cough was wtry frequently accompanied with fpafmodic
aSedlions of tl^e gUttis and track aa^ fo as to render refpiratiOn occafionally
difficult: bleeding became frequendy necefTary, but the application of blideis
to the cheil, with the ufe of opium and fquills in fmall dofes, proved very
beneficial by taking off ipafm and producing expedtoration* JnHammationt
of the eyes were likewife epidemical ; but it rarely happened that both ^y^z
were affedled at the fame time : the inflamiTiation commenced, in general^
with a fenfation fimilar to that occafioned by particles of dull or fand getting
into the eye ; and as the inflammation fubfided in one, the other becaipe
afieded : topical bleeding was now and then neceilary, but a weak folution
of any of the preparations of lead proved a fpeedy and effedual remedy.

An Account of Ru tl a n ds hi R e : Wtth'a neat and accurato

\ Map 0/ that County »

RUTLANDSHIRE, the fmallefl This county is fuppofed to have re-
county in England, is bounded ccived its name from the red colour of
on the north and north-eail by Lin- its foil, ' which, in fome parts, is a
colnfhire, on the fouth and fouth-eafl fort of ruddle, flaining the fleeces of
by Northamptonlhire, atid on the well the (heep. It is blefTcd with a pure
and north-weft by Leicefterfliire ; ex- air ; and the foil is fertile, and beau-
tending from north to fouth about ti fully varied in its furface with gentle
£fteen miles, from eaft to weft ten or fvells and deprellions. It abounds in
twelve, and about forty in circum- clear foft fprings, gufhing from the
fcrence. It is divided into five hun- fides of the hills. Its produ6ls are
dreds, in which are only two market- chiefly corn and fheep. Some of th?
towns and forty-eight parifhes. It fineft feed-wheat in the kingdom ii
lies in the diocefc of Peterborough, and grown in its open fidds ; and its fit-
fends only two members to parliament, r.efs for fheep u paiticularly notice 1
which are the knights of the (hire. by the poet Dyer, when enumerating

Ol the

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

112

the mod favouraWc fpots for this ani-
mal:

, s S«ch the clovetM Uwn*

And fonny nwjiints of broui«ou8 Nor*

Health's ch^i fill haunt, and the feleaed

walk
Of Heathcote's leifiirc •.

The Fleece.

The more andcBt poet, Drayton,
Ciplebrates this CQupty» as containing
in its fmall compa^ three objeds of
great beauty and utility :

Small (hire that can produce to thy pro-
portion ^ood
One vale of fpwial liahie, oneforeft, and

' ont flood.

POLYOLWON.

The valie is tfie rich one of Cat-
mofe, running from the wefterfi fide
to the centre of the county, and com-

prehending the county-town, Olce*'
ham. It is croffed by the little river
GualhorWafh, which, rifmginL^ij
cellerlhire, winds throi^h the nnidft
of Rutlandihire, and joins the Wei--
land a little below Statnford in Lin-
^olnOiire. This latter river wafhes^
the fouth-caftern fide of the county^
fcparating it from Northaroptonihire,
I'he fouth-weftern part was formerly
entirely occupied by the foreft of Lif^
field, part of which 11>U remains in its
original ftate, and is Hocked with
deer.

Rutlandihire has no manufe£lurc of
confequence, apd neither of its two
market towns, Okeham and Upping-
ham are confiderable for trade or
populoufncfs. At Ketton, near Stam-
ford, are large quarries of limeftone^
which fupply the country round witt
that article.

ji Description cfth^ City of Genoa.
fFrom Dr. Smith's Sketch of a Tour on the Continent, 3 vol. SvQ.}

THE magnificence of Genoa does
not, in general, confifl in the
ditnenfions of its llreets or fquares.
Of the former fcarely any, except
Strada Balbi and Strada Nuova, are
vide enough to admit a co^h. The
reft are indeed ftrafght and regular,
but fo narrow, and -often fo deep, as
to be only paiTable on foot, or in a
chair; and fo intricate, that a Aranger
«annot eafily find his way. The pave-
ment, however, is good, and, well
kept, and the narrownefa of the
flreets is an advantage in hot wea-
ther, as they are impervious to the
fun's rays, and well ventilated at
every corner by fea breezes. For the
flatelinefs of its buildings, this town
is, perhaps, unrivalled. The two
ilreeis abovenamed, are almoft entirely
compofed of the moil fumptuous pa-
laces in Europe, whofe mafly pillars
and cornices of marble, ipacicus
courts, arcades, atid galleries,. imprcfs
the fpe£tator with the greateil ideas

of magnificence; and whofe noUe
apartments are furnithed with the ^
richell treafures o(- painting. Yet
perhaps Genoa is lUIl more remark;t-
bie for its fituation. Placed on an emi-^
nence commanding a £ne bay, and,,
from fome points of view, an extent ^
of moil beautiful coall for thirty or
forty miles each way ; (h«ltered from
the north by an amphitheatre of bold
and verdant hills ; lefs difperfed than
Naples, fo that the eye can, from
many different parts, command at
once every principal obje£l; Genoa
appears to me the fincft profpcft of a.
town I ever beheld.

The ftyle of architedlure here is
not of the purell kind, though often
richyin decoration. Some of the pti-
laces are painted' in frcfco on the -
outfide. Thcfe paintings, thou^ pcj;-
haps 200 years old, arc not ill pre-
ferved ; but they have no good cf-
fefl. Some of the older buildings are
cafed with black and white marbk,.

The feat of fir Gilbert Heatbcote, bart.

ifl

FOR FEBRUARY/ 179.4.

123.

favour, which I do not £nd that the
fkid vafe can boaft.

The churdi of St. Ambrofe, for-
merly belonging to tke Jefuits^ is
Wry nchlyromamented* suid in a good
ilile of aTchite^ure. Here ia the
iepulchre ef the Daraezo family . The
altar-piece 10 their barying place, in
one >of the croft aiiles, is one of the

in ahemate horizontal firipes, which
is perhaps of all kinds of building
the moft ugly.

The cathedral is fo decorated. It
'is of a Tery ancient date, and tonfe-
qacntly Gothic. The three doorl,
by which is the principal entrance*
are nchly adorned with pillars and
pointed arches, like moft ibf otir
Englifh cathedmls ; the fquare tower iineft pidlures of Goido Rbeni, re-
has nothing remarkable. The moft prefeitting the a^umption of the vtr-
' famous thing about this ^urch is the gin> and confining of <weDty-S;c
facred cup, Aippofed to he carved ngufes, in his ftrongeft manner. Its
oat of one folid emerald, about a foot icompofition and general ef&6l much
in dtameter, iaid to have hM thie refembles his famons confokation OsPi
pafchal lamb eaten hy our Saviour
'With his difciples. |t is dfo reported
to have made a part of the prefents
1>roaght by the obliging queen of
Sheba to the wife Solomon ; and if
Adam had been recorded to have
nfcd a vafe for any purpofe whatever,
no doubt it would have been this.
Thefe lofty pretenfions, it feems^ are
lefs controvertible than the nature of
its fubftanc*. Not that 1 can fpeafc

from my own obfervation; ibr this
venerable treafurc is extremely diffi-
cult of accefs ; the prudent fenatc
having thought bed that it (hoa!d

* Be hid to he revered the more.*

the immaculate conception, formerly
at Houghton. The air of the heajs
is, in general, extremely fine. The
(ituation of this piftnre is fkvoarahl^.
The chnrch hdi^ Hghted entirely
from the attic Sory. Oppofite to
this is an admired painting, by Jin-
hens, of fome holy Jefuit curing jt
demoniac a pidure of good.^ffbdl;
' much more agreeable* than the cif-
Ctfmcifion at the high-altar by the
fame hand, in which is a vulgar vii«-
gin in red; This is one of the ^oft
elegant chnrohes in Genoa, though
not one of the largeft.

The Anmmdata is much mooe

fpacfons, decorated with rich marbles

No one can fee it without an est- difpofed with litrie tafte, and not yet

prefs decree of the council, and many finilhed on the outfide. The columns

heavy fees in confequence. I was of the nave are of white marbte,

therefore content with the report of a fluted with red, very tawdry. On

very fkilfol chemifl and mineralogift. One altar are, two magnificent twilled

who has purpofely examined it, that pillars of brown clouded ai^bafler,

it has evidently A:vcral air bubblejs, fine in their kind. Here is the monO^

as ,Mr. de la Condamine obferved,
which decide it to be glafs. Jt is,
neverihclefs, a fine piece of glafs, and
of very remote antiquity.

ment of the duke de Bouflers^ fent
by Louis XV to the defence of Ge-
noa in I747> and who died of the
fmallpox, juil as his judicious mea-

The alhcs of $t. John Baptid are fnres bad begun todiftrefs the Auftrian
iaid to be pre/ervcd fn this church, army. The fenate have com memo-

TTicy repofe in a chapel decorated
wiih a pro^fion of large and hand>
fome filvcr lamps, perpetually burn-
ing. Thefe holy reticks were brought
hither from Myra in J09B, fo that
their reality is certainly much lefs
Mfily to be difproved, than that of
the emerald vafe ; and miracles in-
numerable axe not wanting in their

rated his benefits in a handfome epi-
taph.

After the many gaudy churches
which every where prcfent them*
felves, It is quiie areUif to viOt that
noble edifice St. Maria di Carigttano,
whofe infide is only white- walhed,
and owes all its charms to its archt-
teClural beauty, which is of the firft
• Q^a rank.

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

124

rank. Its form it a Greek crofs,
with a cupola in the centre. At the
angles of the area, under the cupola,
are four coloflal llatues, two of them
by the celebrated French artift Pu-
get, who floariihed in the beginning
of this century. That of St. Sebaf
tian certainly deferves the highed
praife, for exprelBon of piety and
reiignation under great pain, as well
as for the anatomy. The other, re-
prefenting St. SaoH a biihop, in bis
•' Tobes^ is remarkable for the dignity
and enthaiiafm of its gefhire, and the
grcit ftile of the drapery. The fitua-
tion of this church being very ele-
vated, the approach to it is by a lofty
bridge over a dry valley, from whence
the view of the bay and coaft is Vjery
extenfivci and wluch is a favourite
walk in a fummer's evening about iiin-
fet. ,

The ducal palace, a vafl and {olid
building, contains nothing to detain a
traveller long. The new great council-
chamber, built .in the place of that
burnt in 1777, is an extremely mag-
nificent room, about 120 ftet long,
and fifty wide, decorated with noble
columns of Spanifh brocatcllo, a mar-
ble richly variegated with red and
yellow, with ftatucs between the co-
lumns. One of them, in the fluttering
-French ttyle, reprefents the marechal
de Richlieu, who fucceeded the duke
de BouflersL in the command of the
French army in 1747. The Genoefe
feem to have been heartily fiightcned
upon that occafion, and not without
reaibn; the French certainly faved
them from ruin. Here are copies of
thofe paintings of Solimene whic)i
were burnt in 1777, and of which
every body fpeaks with great regret.
The fmall fummer council -chamber
is alfo a richly ornamented room,
where are fome good paintings rela-
tive to the hiftory of Columbus. No
fubjc£l can be more intereHing, and
the Genoefe may well be proud of
their great coqn^ryraan. Many pri-
vate houfes in the town abound with
frefco paintings, in ^hich his flory is
delineated, and the parts pf it ate in

•• •• . ^ . ■

many inftanees vtrf pxdlprefqiie ; ts
his departure from Europe azxdd the
lamentations of his friends ; his ad-
ventures in the new world, and his
prefenting its various produdions u>
the Spanifh monarchs on his r^om,
amid a group of aQoniOied and* ad-
miring courtiers. He has lately had
a frefh tribute to his memory, in a
moil elegant and full hiftorical eulo-
gium, in Italian, written by the M.
Hippolito Durazzo, and beaatifuliy
printed at Parma, along with a fimi-
lar one, by the accomplifhed M. Ni-
cola Cattaneo, in praife of Andrew •
Doria, that truly great patriot, who,
after having faved his country by his
wifdom and heroifm, refufed its of^
fercd fovereignty, becaufe he thought
it not for the intered of the flate that
fo much power ihould be veiled in
one man. Such charaflers, however
rare, repay us for thofe fcenes of
blood and perfidy, * that iyHem of
villany called politics,* of which hif^
tory is generally compofed. *

• • • • #

Dr. Batt (hewed us the great hofpi-
tal, one of the largeil and moft fu-
perb in Europe. It is open to the ^
iick of all nations and religions, and
contains from 1 zco to 2000 patients.
About 700 women and 1 200 men are
admitted in the courfe of the year
for wounds with knives or ftiltttos ; a ♦
dreadful fadl, alu.oft fufficient to brand
the national character with the gene-
ral deceiiation of mankind. Yet the
very people whofc quick paflions urge
them to fuch horrors, would (hudder
at the deliberate brutality of an
Englilh boxing match; and what
would ihcy thir.k if their Aiperiors
delighted in Vetoing them together by
the ears fcr their own amufement ?
Thcv would then probably foon make
their poignards inflrumer.ts of jullice.

This hoipital is ornamented with
marble flatues, generally badly exe-
cuted, of its benefactors. Thole per-
fons who have 'given to the amount
of 50,000 livrcs, (about 140CI.) and
under 1 00,000, are reprefentcd iiand«
ing \ thofe who have bcftowed more

ihaa

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

i«*

tlian ioo,oco> are in a fitting pofture.
The apothecary's ihop is convenient,
y/'vth a fmall garden adjoining.

Not far diiknt is a fmallcr hofpitaJ
ibr incurables, with a better garden ;
the building is likewife niagni£cently
adorned with flataes and columns of
inarble.

We heard an anecdote moch to the
honour of the emperor Jofeph II.
Entering Genoa on horfeback with
few attendants^ he accidentally paffed
the great hofpital ; and being flruck
with its appearance, would inflantly
flight and vifit it, notwithftanding
the rrcnonflrances of his followers,
and the people of the houfe, who told
him the fenate wifhed him to fee that
and every thing elfc hereafter at lei-
fure, and in a manner more befitting
his dignity ; but the judicious prince
replied, he was more deiirous of exa-
mining fuch things in their common
fiate, in order to judge of their real
merits, which he could ill do when
they were difguiied by a formal pre-
paration. We were not told whether
his imperial majefty vifited the cele-
brated fpoi in a Ibect juft by, where
the revolution in 1746 began, and
which is marked by fome white Hones
in the pavement. At that time this
town was in the mod abjedl fubmif-
iion to the Germans, who plundered
it without mercy, behaving to its
inhabitants with the ufual infolence
of flaves become conquerors. The
Genoefe were made to drag their
own cannon to the Aulirian camp ;
but one day, in Dec. 1746, as a
brave republican was fo employed, in
this very fpoc, he received a blow
from a German officer, which roufed
his latent indignation. His fpirit was
communicated inflartly to the fpe£la-
tors, and through the town. 1 he
uhole body of peo^^le, unaided by
the fearful fenate, fell on their oppref-
ibrs, who were foon driven out in
confternation. The neighbouring
pea(ants fcconded the efforts of their
countrymen, and formed themfelves
wi^h wonderful order into an army,
fhc prince Doria beat the enemy *s

general in the fuburb ot St. Pietr6
d'arena, and the Auftrians fled in thq
moil dailardly manner, leaving all
their baggage and ammunition in the
hands of the conquerors, and 4000 gf
their own number priibners i^ ^p
Albergo.

The Albergo is an hofpital for poor
and infirm people, as well as a houCp
of correction for diforderly women.
It is not inferior in magnificence to
thofe hofpiuls jiifl mentioned, and
like them indeed feems to have ha^
more fhow than real utility confiderea
in its plan. The architedb were mor^
accudomed to build palaces, than to
accommodate poverty and ficknefs.
But it muA be acknowledged in ex-
cufe, that the art of planning hofpi-*
tals has not been underflood any
where till very latelv.

The chapel of tnc Albergo is re-
markable for two pieces of iculpture*
Of the praifes of that on the high
altar, the virgin afcending to heaven,
by. Puget, all French books are full;
I prefume not quite undefervedly, '
though its firfl view difappointed, and
even difpleafed mej on account of che
affedation of its air and drapery;
but i mud acknowledge my attention
was foon entirely withdrawn from this
flatue by an accidental glance to the
left, where ai^other fculpture over 41 '
fmall altar rivetted my eyes, andt
every faculty of my mind, in a trant-
port of admiration and tender com'.
paHion, as fervent as ever Mrs. Sid-
dons herfelf excited. Ihis was no
other than the bas-rclitf by Michael
Angcio Bdonarota, fo flightly men-
tioned by De la Landc, and not at
all by Cochin, or the abbe Richard ;
but which, for the honour of our
country, has been fufficiently avenged
by the animated pen of lady Miller.
I am not a little proud at having felt
as fhe did on the fubje£l, without
being prepofFefTed, except indeed by
the common guide book of Genoa,
compiled as it fhould feem from va-
rious authors, and which celebrates
this inimitable mafler-piece, in fome
degree, as it deferves. The abbe

Dupaty

j»6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Dv^ty, hais noticed it likewife in
'few, bat forcible words. The fub-
je£l conHQs of two heads about the
. iiataral fize ; a dead Chrift» and his
jmother bending over him. Words
{Cannot do jtiflice to the expreffion of
gnet in the virgin. It is not merely
natural in the higheft degree ; it is.the
jgrief of a charaftcr refined and {of-
^ened above huflnanity. The contem-

) station of it jecals every afPe^ing
bene, every pathetic incident of ohj^s
jwKoIe Hfe. T hoA; who have watched
*fiM the agonizing turns of coantenance
pf ^e great ti^refs above mentioned,
in Ae parts of Ifabdla and'Bdyidere,
can alohe form a conception of the
wonderful e£e£l of this marble; in
^rontcmplating k, every exqnifite va-
riety of that cxprcffion fecms to pafs
in turn over its breathing features.
The reader muft pardon my enthufi-
afni. This was the firll truly fine
piece of fculpture I ever faw. I
had not before any Conception of the
oowers of the art. 1 fliall have very
few occafions of rel^fing into fuch
rapture.

We were told of fome Englifli
gentlen^an who would lately have
bought this bas-relief at any price,
but could not obtain it.

• • » • •

The environs of GtnoBL poflcfs
ione garden profeflcdiy in the Englifti
tafte, that of Mr. Lomellini at Pegy.
It is planted "with great plenty of
€rlca ixrborea of a large fize, arhutus
untdo, myrtle, evergreen oak, &c.
One of the prettietl things in the gar-
den is an artificial ruin of a temple,
.fituated in a wood* with water. Two
very long and high cut hedges of
fmall-Ieaved myrtle, lead from the
road to the houfe, firiking on account
'of their materials only, and quite un-
like the ftyle of the garden. On fome
larje trees behind the houfe, I firft
pbjerved Hypnum Smithii, Dicks ^ ^ofc,

2. /. 10. ' ^

Dr. Cancferi, profeflbr of natural
hiftory, took us to the univerfity, a
fumptuous college, f'srmcrly belong-
ii^g to the Jefuits, and remarkable

for its magnificent court, flaif-caCe»
and galleries, and two noble lions of
marble by Parodi. TTie collection of
minerals is large and good, as well as
the apparatus for leSures on natural
and experimental philoibohy. • Dr.
Batt is profefior of qhcmiftry. This
inftitution is but in iu infiincy, and
the endowments far from splendid.
Science is a plant of flow growth^
nor is it yet a fkfhionable purfuit
among the Genoefe. The Durazzo
family (land almoft fingle as its encoo-
ragers.

The opera at Genoa is pretty good j
but it was tedious to fee the fame
piece night after night, though a good
one, Virginia. Confcquently few peo-
ple attetidcd to the performance, ex-
cept when a favourite air occurred.
This honour was conftantiy paid xo
that charming fong : "

* Idol mio, qiieft* alma amaate,
' Sempre 4da a te fara.*

The ballets, after every a6^, anp
fbmettmes varied, but they are not
excellent. The audience are cSicfTy
employed in paying and receiving
vifits. A raifcd gallery, on a level
with the lower boxes, communicates
with the pit, and aiFords the gentlemen
a means of communication with the
ladies in their boxes y^xf commo-
dioufly. In fummer, the operas are
comic, and very good.

Tne noble Genoefe lay afide all
tiths,. but that of patrixio Gemcfe,
Though many of them, in confexjuence
of the fiefs or eftates they polfefs in
other countries, arc by right mar-
quifles or counts, they are generally
called plain Jignore^ and always by
their Chriftian names, as are their
ladies likcvvife. They commonly
drefs in black, with valuable laces»
but no jewels, except in rings, with
which their fingers are often enor-
moufly loaded. In the country, and
in a morning, they wear an undrefe
of colours.

Many of the older houfes here, as
in Bologna and other towns, have
lofty watch-towers, whiph were fafe

places

FOR fEBRUART, 1794.

#.>

(faces of retreat before tlie indention
of guns. They arc worth afcending
£br the fake of the view.

On the i7ihof Janiiary,^ being St.
Anthony's day* we witnefl'ed a cu-
Hoas oeremoDVy the bLelFing of all
the horfes, anes» and mules in the
town, which were led> decked out
with ribands, to one of the doors
of the church dedicated to this bead-
loving faint, where a prieil flood
feady to fprinkle them with holy
water. Some of tbefe animals took
it with much greater devotion than
others ; feveral ieemed as much fright-
ened as the devil himfelf could have
been at the holy- fpriukling. This
is performed every year, and the doge
is always prefent— A laudable and
pious co-operation of church and
ftate, who wifely keep one another
in countenance in this holy and bene-
icial ceremony I

• « • • •

The Genoefe fca is reputed to be
defhtote of iUh ; there appeared^ ne-
vertheleis, plenty of the beft kinds ia
the iqarket, zs John Dory's, pipers,
cuttlefiih, &c. Raja torpedo is often
taten here. At the marquis Durazzo^s
table, on meagre dajfs, we had fi(h in
foch profufion and variety as I never
before witnefTed. I was. politely of-
fered meat on tbofedays, but difcre-
tioD» as well as inclination,, made me
decline it ; for the moft unreaibnable
epicure might be iati&fied with a*
meagre dinner at Genoa, and> unlefs
told, would never fufpe£l half theii-
diOies were not animal food^ nor
that any of thexn were intended to
mortify the fleih.

Fruit is plentiful enough in the
markets, and very fine, particularly
figs of Tarious kinds, peaches, and in
.the winter time pomegranates, atKl
ieveral moft excellent forts of apples,
one of which, called /Z? di cajfa^ has
a flavour not unlike that of a pine-
apple, and 18 in many parts femi-
tranfparent. Dates from the Levant
are in much greater perfection than
with us, and the roots of Cjperus
iJ:uUntus are not unfrequcnt. The

latter tailc like very fweet filberds^
but are full of woody iibfes. The com-
mon people cat much of a bread made
of chefnuts, far from pleafant, and a
fort of pudding of. chick peas, Cictr
arUtinum,

One of the inoft fingular things
about Genoa, is its public baking-
office, under the direction of a par-
ticular maeidrate, where alone bread
can lawfuUy be made for fale; yet
mucli is made and fold in a contra-
band way in various parts of the
town, as well as a ffreat deal in pri'*,
vate families for their own ufe. Hap*
pily for me this efBce was one of ue
laft things I faw at Genoa, for I could
with dif&culty bear the fight of bread
during the reft of my fUy. A fccn^
of more difguftir^ filthioefs can
fcarcely be conceived. The work-
men, who labour all night, and reft^
in the dayi» on acoount of the heau-
are naked, except a fmall cloth ibf
decency, and a pair of flippers ; but
t^ey adually knead the dough witl^
their naked feet. £very part of the
procefs is in harmony with this ele«-

tant pradtice. There were iist or
X ovens then in ufe $ but I expedei
to fee a much more vaft undertakings
confidering the populoufnefs of thr
town. -When will governments kam.
the pernicious confequences of facb^
exdufive privileges ?

Artificial flowers arc very well
made here, and writing-paper is ej^
cellent. I am told all the paper ufed
for playing-cards in England cornea-
from GetiQa.

I do not think the charafler of the
Geooefc in general is well underflood^
at leafl of the higher ranks. There
may, indeed, be many ignorant, tri*
fling> and proportionably proud peci'*
pie among the nobility, and what
country is entirely without fuch ? But
there are feveral quite the reyerfe, to
whom their rank is not an oppobrium
but an honour. As to foaety, the
line is indeed very diitin^ly drawn
between nobles and plebeians; but
this feems to be more felt by tbofe
immediately below the high ranks,

thaa

1)8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

thkn by the balk of the j^eople. The
latter are eafy and free m theU man-
ner, without fervility, and with much
republican fpirit. A noble Genoefe
always behaves to them with extreme
affability. The people have more

^ thaa once been formidable to their
rulers ; and when the king of Naples
yifited Genoa a few years ago, they
^ewed fo great a partiality ta him/

. that, to avoid honours and troubles
for which he had no inclination, his
niajefty is faid to have made a preci-
pitate retreat.

The public manners are very de-
cent, ^ and the police pretty good.
The ftrange cuftom of Cicejheos, or
Cavalieri ferventi, exifts here in full
force; but the real nature of this
cuflom, with all its remote confe-
quences, is too intricate a labyrinth
for a flranger to develop. No doubt
it may be a great fource of immorali-
ty ; but it is not neceflarily fo, and
it is often as burthenfome to one of
the pardes as the heavieft matrimonial
yoke can be., I have known youn?
men of the higheft fafhion who had
the courage to refufe their wives this
facrifi'ce to cuDom, and the manlinefs
to fcorn the office of ciceiheo them-
selves ; bur few can long refill the
torrent of opinion.

The Genoefe are extremely atten*-
tive to their religion, conflant at
.mafs, and engaged in many fraterni-
ties of penitents, for the purpofe of
vifitng the fick and burying the dead.
I never had much converfation on
this fubjed with my particular
friends, though I have occafionally
been aflced queftions about our £ng-
liHi church by other perfons. As my
only aim in any religious converfa-
tion is always to promote charity, and
foften antipathies, I conduced myfelf
accordingly on thefe occafions. Thofe
with whom I converfed infilled upon
the neceflity of confeflion. I told them
our church provided that confolation
for thofe who required it, and that
every fed allowed of fpiritual confulta*
6

tioD with minifters of the gofpel. This
however was not thought fatisfkfto^y i
for Catholics con£der confeflion as an
indifpenfable duty. I ventured to
hiht the mifchie^ that might arile
from corrupt confeflbrs, &c. They
would not allow that any could ariie«
for that fcarcely any confefTor had
ever attempted to violate his oath of
fecrecy ; and fomfc who had made this
impious attempt had been miracu-
loufly (Iruck dumb 1 What appears
moft abfurd to papifts, is oar king
being the head of the church; but
they forget no abfurdity can exift^
unlefs we have fome fixed point of
reafon to argue from» which all mufl
allow to be totally wanting here; nor
do Englifhmen underfiand any thing
elfe by the king being the head of
their church, than that the pope
is not fo. I allowed my Genoefe
friends therefore to make themfelves
as merry with this idea as they
pleafed. I really believe they felt
nothing toward me but charitable ^
pity ; and when I reprefented to them
the more valuable parts ofproteflanifin^
they feemed to confider me as almoft
a Chrillian; faying probably within ^
themfelves, * Would to God thott
wert not only almoft^ but altogether
fuchl'^

It is remarkable that the Genoefe
confider the Engiifh much in the fame 4
light as we do them ; a referved proud
people, afTociating together rather
than with ftrangcrs. 1 hey arc much
pleafed when anEnglifhman will en-
ter into their fbcieties, adopt their
manners, language, and fa(hions» or
admire the cnriofities of their town.
Our manufaiiures arc in high requeft
among them, though they commonly
follow the French in d re fs. Not-
withflanding it is fo very ufual to walk
in the ftreets, men feldom ufe any
other than a cbapeau de hras^ for it
would be indecorous to go into com-
pany witb the hair difordered by a.
hat«

THi

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

«?

tHR BRITISH MUSE.

Odb for the Nbw Yiaa.

By H£NRY James Ptb» Efq.
Poet-Laureat.

NURTURED in ftorms, the infant year
Comes in terrific glory forth )
£arth meets him wrappM in mantle drear>
And the loud tempeft lin^ his birth.
Yet *mid the elemental ftrife
Brood the rich gqrms of vernal life*
Frore January's iron remi.
And the dank months* ujcceeding train .
The renovated glebe prepare
For ffenial May^s ambrofial air.
For fruits that glowing Summer yields.
For laughing Autumn's golden fields^
And the ftout fwain, who(e frame defies
The driving ftorm, the hoftile ikies^
Wliil^his keen ploughfhare turns the flub*

bom foil.
Knows plentv only fprings the jufl reward

of toil.

Then if fell War*s tempeftuous found
Swell far and wide with louder roary
. If fkcm th* avenging nations round
Threaten yon fate-devoted fhore ;
Hope points to gentler hours again»
When Peace fhall re-aflumeher reign.
Yet never o*er his timid head
^ Her lafting olive (hall be fpread,

Whofe breaft inglorious wooes her charmsy
When Fame, when Juftice call to arms.
While Anarchy's infuriate brood,
Their garments dyM with guiltldb blood.
With Titan raee blafpheming try
* Their impious battle *g:iinft the fky,
Say fhall Britannia's generous fbns em*>

brace
In folds of amity the harpy race.
Or aid the fwora that coward fury rears.
Red with the widow^s blood, wet with the

orphan'd tears?—
But tho' her martial thunders fall '>«

VindiAive o'er OpprefHon's haughty creft.
Awake to Pity^s fuafive call,
She fjpreads her buckler o'er the fufiering

breaft.
From feas that rail by Gallia's fbuthmoft

fleep.
From the rich ifles that crowii th' Atlantic .

deep.
The plaintive figh, the heart-felt groan
Are waftkl to her Monarches throne 5
Onen to mercy, pronopt t6 fave.
His ready navies plough the yielduig w?ve,
The rutnlefs ann of lavage licence awe,
And guard the facred reign of Freedom

and of Law.

An EvsNiMQ's Contemplation.

ttO W fmooth that lake expands its am-
•*^ pie breaft.
When fmiles in foften'd glow the fum-
mer fky x
How vaft the rocks that o'er its furfacc
reft!
How wild the ftcnea i^ vending fhores
fupply.

Kow down the weftem fleep low finks the
fun.
And paints with yellow gleams the
tufted woods s
While here the mountains fhadows, broad
and dun.
Sweeps o'er the chryftal mirror of th«
floods.

Mark how his fplendoor tips with partial
light,
Thofe fhatter'd battlements ! that on the
brow.
On yon' bold promontory bui^ to fight.
From o'er the woods that darkly fpread
bek>w.

In the foft blufh of light's refleaed
pow'r.
The ndgy rocks, the woods that crown
its fteep I
Th^ illumined battlements, the darker
tow'r.
On the fmooth wave in tumbling beauty
ileep.

How fweet that ftrain of mehincholy
homt
That floats along the flowly-ebbing
wave.
And up the ^u^recedlng mountains borne.
Returns a dying clofe from echo's
cave.

But lol the fun recalls this fervid ray.
And cold and dim the wairy vilions
fail.
While o'er yon cliff whole pointed craggs
decays
Mild evening draws her thin empur-
pled veil*

Hail (hadowy forms of ftill expreffive
evel
Your penfive Graces flealing on my
heart.
Bid all the fine attunM emotions live.
And Fancy all her leTelieft dreams im-
part.
R AD-

130 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

AD DR £ S S TO TUB SUN. ' . A nwlanchol|^ fileiice^ O'frtheplain

^. ^ • ' ^ ' Dltad Hofts Toanf> *and iavagc terror*

[From * The Conqueft of Caaaan/ an reign.

5pV Poon*) And #heB iarf Antiinni k» tliy fiwe

. rttk%
/^ Thouy ¥4)0ft ^mrnkig beams in g1^ ' And happiec i-egwna bajl t^k^ onent fire^
^^ rife, High in the dorm imperious winter flies.

And fail, and brigfa(en» tbroughfinbeund- AM delbiaiion hddtM all the flctes.

cd (kies I But when once more thy beam the North

The woild'c great-^ai«fi«v)ieeTen'9exahed ai^en^f

' king ! Thy light invigorate and thy warmth tat^

Sole i^urco of gAbdj aioid Hfc*9 eternal tends;

fpring * ! The iielila rejfoice, the* grqives wiib traof^

All bail,.^ while clgthed [n beauty*s endlcls port ring,

ray. And boiifkUeft Nature haiSs the {ky-borv-

Thy face unclouded gives the new-born Spring.

dav. r, I . Norevenin Winter'e gloom, or Night**

Above all ibei\es h placed ihy heavenly fad reign,

throne ^ Darts the 'warm inAoenaa o£ ^y beaiii»>

Ere time b^gap,. thy fpotlefs fplendgpr in mio.

{hone : " Beyond the main Come fairer region )ies^

S<ihlime from eaft-to weft thy chariot rolls, Sofnte brighter lies beneath the foirthcva
Cheers the wide earth» and w^^ms tha (kies,

di(lant poles ; Wherecrimfen War ne'er bade the clftfioA.

Commancis the vt^otable race to grow^ roar.

The fruit to redden, and the flower to Nor fanguine biUows dyM the vem?!'

bi^vv. , m^r^-n

This world was bora to cliange : the band No thundering ft9rm the day*s bnght fact

of Time conceal s^

Makes and unmakes the fcenes of every No fununei* IcoFches, and bo (rolSt oost'^

cliarfc. geals;

The infeft millions fcarcethamprn fur- No dcknefs w9%% no grief provokes the

vivcj tesgr.

One tranfient day the flowgery nations live ; No tainted vapours blaft the cleoient year ;^
A few ihort- years compfete the humad Round the gLad dayftar endlef^ beauties

doom ; burn,

Crhenpaie JiNath^fbmnibw 1a the nacfow AAd crov^nM with rainbows, opes tk*^

tomb. ijnperiaX morn ;

LaOrd by the flood* the hardrocjcs^w^ A clear, unbounded light the ikies dif<-

away; play,

Worn by the ftorm, the leflening hilU dc- And purple luflre leads the changing,

cay 5 d^y.

Unchanged alone is thy exahed flame QV confcious (hades, and bowers of fbft

From endlefs years to eddicfs years the repofe*

famev ♦ Young brcezesiprkig, and baUnyfiagrance

Thy fplcndours with immortal beauty blows j

(hine, ' The fields, all wanton in fereneft beam^

Roll round th' eternal heavens, and fpeak Wake fairer flowers, and roll dxviaer
thy name divine. ftreams.

Wh^n thy bright throne, bcygad old Through the long vales aerial mufie
ocean's bound, roves,

Thiough nether flues pur(ucs itn deftin^d And nobler fruitage dyes the bending

round, groves.

Loft in th' extending darkncfs beautr llirough fpotle(s nations as the realm

fades. ' rcfin'd,

Through the bleak field, and through the Thy influence thereL£bb)imes th' immortal
woodkind fpreads» mind ^

• The author here fuppofes the Gibcomtts to be wjoffliippcrs of the Aiit, Tix^d to-
aildiTcfs that luminary as the Deitf himjeff'^ who is only (as ThonUbn beautifiBlly
cxprclTcsit) * the great J>/^a/€iIbiirceo1f life and righTP' * * . ' . -

lu

,^?OR -FEBRUARY, 1794.

Sts zEkift pinions fwift through nature

roam,
Ixxfe the low wQri4> iMtdaulla mbkr

home.
ITbeir .limbt of vuUdrlife with glory

crowned
^^kw youth imiMOvcsaAdgrowixig cbanaK

furniund.
•Pantile bler8*d (boffo^ thy fplendours b?e

to fliine,
Apd nnit thy ions <achhQ|ir to raptures

ttiort divine*
Then ccas'd the Ibund : the. harps «ie-

lodious ftrain - '
Join'd the ^Izd h)rmn, and charmed the

Kil'ning train )$
A fpariding joy each fpeaking face dif-

pbyd, . ,. .
Whik light expanding liefieq'dcyery ihade.

ADDRESS to iritg DEtTY.

X caonot |[o, where oniverTal loTt not ihiiles

TiI0MFS04.

.#^R^ ATBS r of Beings, fource of 12fe^
> ^*^ Sov'rcign of air, and earth, and (oLp
.All ns|(ure fiads thy pow>, and att
A iilent homage pay to thee 1

• Wak*d Hy thy hand, the morning iiin
^ Poiu-s forth to thee its earh'er rays |

And i'preads thy glories as it climbs j
Wbtle rapturM worlds. look «p and
praiie.

The nnoon to the d0*p (hades of night
« Speaks the mild luilre of thy name ;

VHitlc all the ftars, 'that cltofr the fcene.
Thee, the Lord of light, proclaim.

And groves and vales, and rocks and hills.
And ev'ry flow'r, and ev'ry tree.

Ten thonfand ereaturet »arm with life.
Hath each a grateful fong for thee.

But man was ibrmM to rife to hear'o.
And bleft with reaibn's clearer light :

He views his Maker through hi% works.
And glows with rapture at the fight.

Nor can the thoufand ibngs that rife,
Whether from air, or earth, or &a.

So well repeat Jehovah*s praifc.
Or raife fo fweet a harmony.

Subjra to wants, to thee he loofcs^
And from thy goodnefs feeks fupplies :

And when opprefs^dv^th guilt he mourns*
Thy mercy lifts him to the Ikies.
I

Children, whofe little minds unform'd.
Ne'er rais'd a tender thought to heav'n i
. And men, whom feafon lifts to God.
Though oft by paflion do'wnwarddriv*n

6l}ch fto^ 4irhd bend with age aend care.
And faint and tremble near the tomb :

Wh6, fick*ning at the nrdenr fcenes, ,
5igh for that better ftaa- to come.

Ally great Creator ! ail are thine :
All feel thy providsnttal care ^
And, through each varying ftag^ of Ufa,
. Abkethycofl^tfiityftare.

Aad, wbedier p^rief opprefs the heart ;

Or whether ;oy elate the firfeaft j
Or fife'i^ill keep its little coarfe;

Or,4eath invite the heart to reft i

All are thy meiTengers, and all
Thy fiicrtd plteiure,' Lorti, obty^

And all are training man to dwell
Nearer to blifs, and nearer thee.

Greateft of Seines, fouixe of life, .

^ov^eign of air, and evth^- and (ea^
AN nature (eels thy powV, but man

A grateful tribute pays to thee.

E1.BGY on the i)EATH of a Vqung

I F «¥er poet breathes a genVous fti*ain,
* If ever pity heaves tlS tend'reft fighs.
It is, when virtuous youth is doonrd to

pain J
It is, when blooming beauty droopa

and dies.

But if with ybuth, with beaaty were Com-
bin'd
The fweeteft flow> of genius opening
fair ;
The fofteft manners, and the piireft mind ;
Heroes might weep, and faints let fall^
a ttar.

Take then, oh earth t take to thy ciay-

cold bed,
. Beauty and youthi as rich as earth can

fend;
And take the tear, -tear fofter ne*er was
(hcd,
Of fatha-, mother, brother, fifter, friend.

But long thou muft not hold that beauteous
day J
That virtuous maid tnorc lovely flill
Aall rife ;
What^s born o4' heaven (hall fpring to end-
lefs day j
Beauty may fade, but virtue never dies.

R %

SHKHiFFS

132 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

SHERIFFS appobttii fbr tht Year 1794.

BERKSy Edward Stevenfont of Farley- SomerfttfliLre, Charles KnatchbuU, «f

hill, Babinjrton,

BedfordOiitt, Edward Nicbol], of Stud- Stafford Aire, Matthew Boulton, of SoIhh

ham» Suffolk, Charles Purvis, of Dar£bam»

Bucks,' Charles Clowes, of Ivor, Southtimptohy Henr^r-Bonham, of F^etcr{l

Cumberland, W. H. ^lilboume, of Ar- field,

mathwaite-Caftle, Sorry, Charles Bowles, of £aft*8heen»

Chefhirc, Dumviile Poole, ofLymm, - SuiTex, Samtiel Twyford, of Trotton^

Cambridgelhiit and Hnncingdonihirey Warwickihhre, Richard Hill, of Kineton,

Pqftponcd. . Worcefterfliire, Thomas Farley, of HaJ^-

Comwall, Edward Archer, of Trelafk, ton,

Devonihire, John Spunrl Pode, of Stoke- Wihftiire, Richard Long, of Weft-

Denierell, , Afliton,

Dorfetihire, £. Buckley Batfon, of Six- Yorkfliire, Thomas Lifter,- qfGulibouni*

penny Handley, efqrt. P^k, efqrs,
Derl^ylhire, Sir Henry Harper^ of C»ilk>

hart- - , $OUTH WALES. ^

Eflex, Janiw Hatch, rfClaybury, Caermarthen, John Llewcllin, of Caftie-

Gloucefterflure, Ifaac Elton, of Stapleton, pj^n jwuu ^ww««ii, »k ^wu^

^^Spafe!*""^ Leightonhoufe, of p^^ John Phelpa, 9^ Withy-Bui>-

Herefordiire, John MUcs, of Ledbury, cSiS, William Owen Brigftock, pf
Kent, Richard Carcw, of Orpington, Bla«ivwnL *»"5tt««*» u»

LeiceQerfliire,Ga>rgeMoore,of Appleby, ^j^^^,^^ \^ j,^^^^^ ^f Tytheg-

MHS&^^fflo^^^^^^ B«3|:; Richard Wellington, of H.^-

Northumberland, Charles John Claver- p^-^ * p:/.k««i Pri^- «f ir«:«*kffA««

ine, of Bitchfield, ^ ^^^' ^^^ ^"^^' ^ Knighton,

Northamptonlhire, Richard Booth, of ^ '

• No?folk,°"john Richard Dafliwood, of NORTHWALES,

Cocklcy-Clay, Anglefea, Hugh Jones, of Carro|,

NottinghamlhiiT, J. Bridgman Simpfon, Caernarvon, Richard Lloyd, of Tref-

ofBabworth, bcdlig,

Oxfardftiire, Sami^el Gardner, of Hard- Merioneth, Owen Ormfby, of Glynn,

wick, *Monigomery, John Jaipes, of Caftle*

Rutlandftirc, Thomas Forfyth, of Em- Cacrinion,

phringham, Denbighshire, Bryan Cooke, of Havo^y-

Shropfliirc, ,W, Y. Davenport, of Daven- wern,

port-houfe, Flint, Daniel Loo, o£Gwa(aney, cfqw.

f^vvic^s from the East Indies.

IVom the London Gazette, Feb. ?. P U P L I C A T E ^.

Whitehall, February 5. g;,, ^^'^ ^'' ^^'^^ ^'' '^' '793-

A Letter, of which the following is a a D VICE of the war with France

top, vfii this day leceived from the ^^ arrived at Fort St. George on the

Moft Noble the Marquis Cornwaliis, «d, and at Fort William on the nth' of

K.G. 6/ the Right Honourabic Henry June, from Mr. Baldwin, his majcfty's

Dundas, his Majefty's principal Sccre- conful at Alexandria ; and this gentleman

tary of State for the Home Depait- was lb anxious to promote the public fer-

tncnu t vice, and fo defirous to enable the cam-

• The original fcht by the Scorpioti, with captain Rraiihwaite, Is not yet anived.

pany*<

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

*33

nsiiy*s governments to derive eveiypoffi- garrifon obliged the governor to fDrfender
ble advantage from lus communication, tne forts i^^eral days before my arrival
that he declared himfdf refponfibk in bis and before the arrival of twelve companies

had embarked on

public character for the truth of the in-
tormation, and aflifred them that thqr
night a£t upon it >vith confidence | add-
fog, that all the Britiih and Dutch Veflels
in the ports of France had been feized. '
Upon the recdptof this intelligence a!l
the fmali faaorios bdong&g to die Freneh
on the continent df India, as well as their

of lafcars, whidi I
board of the Woodcote and three other
veflelsy which were likewil^ bnployed in
brining rice, on govemaieqt's ascount^
to this preiidency. , . ^ ,

' I fhall bqg leave to reftr yqu,'^ for^ttif
particulars of the operations ^gainft Pon-
dicherry, to the inclofed letter^ and th^

Ihips in our ports, wene taken poileflion accompanying pap^i-s, which I have re-

of } and the government of Fort $t. ceived from coIoAd Byalthwaite, and t6

Geoc^ proceeded immediately to mate his aid-dc-camp, captain Braithwaite, of

preparations for the attack of tlieimportaiiit 'the yzd resiment,, who will have the hq^

lortrefs of Pondkherr^, which plafie was nour of delivering to you my difpatches.'}

fai full as good a f^afe of defencrai when and who likewtiTcarnes to England the

it was attacked at the breaking out of the colours that were' taken frcmi the enemy;

laft war. '! I have %e honour to be, &c.

It was reported at Pondicherry Ait ' ; CoRHWAifUS*

confiderable reinforcements were expeflod Ri^t hon. Henry Dundi^, &c.

finom the Ifle of France, under die convoy
pf the Sybille of forty guns and three
fmaller Agates ; and we were in fome
ikMibt whether admiral Comwallis, who
blocked up the place by Tea with the
Minerva frigate and three Indiamen,
would haVe' been* able to prevent the fuC-
cours from being landed ; but the Sybille,
which was the only fhip of the enemy^s

To. the Moft Noble Marquis Comwallif,
K. G. Lleotenant General of his Ma-
jeilyy Forces, Comnumder in Chief in
India^ &c,

' My L6rd,
As foon as colonel Floyd, under whofe

rf f ^ command the forces moft contiguous were

that appeared during the ficge, went off aflfcmbled at Wallyabad, was in force iUf.
immediately upon being chafed by admiral ficient, I ordered 'him to march forward
Comwallisy and has notfince been heard and encamp within a few miles of P6n($-
ofon this coaft. cherry j and as I knew all the ground

I was very defiroits of giving niy per- well, from having fcrved as fecond Is
fonal afliftarce in carrying on the laft pif ce command at the lajt ficge, and from har-
pf iin^ice that was likely to occur durii^g ing commanded myfelf in Pondicherry

my fhiy in India, and embarked on board
a imail French vefTel, that had been feized
and armed in fier.ga), 'a!» foon as I could
avail mvfclf of the convoy of the Wood

fome months, I direfted him, as his force
increafed, to Occupy the pagoda of VII*
lenore, lying fouth- weft of the fort> and
the village of Arian Coqpang to thefou&«

cote Indiaman, which had been taking in ward, .which would prevent the garrifon

new malts at Calcutta, and without which
I did not think I could with prudence
hazard thp voyage, at leaft while I held
the office of governor general. The Tri-
ton Indaman, which admiral Comwallis,
and fir Charles Oakeley fent, at my ^-
queft, on account of the difficulty and un-
i;flrtainty in equipping the Woodcote, ar-
rived a few diys bctoi^ we failed and re*
turned with us

from drawing fupplies from ibofe paru of
the country From which they had been in
the habit oF drawing them chiefly, and to
difti-efs them as much as he could in that
way, but to g5vt ctywi, or prSteflion, to
the villages in the French diftrifts that ap-
plied for it, and Aewed any difjiofitioa to
aflift the army j I alio inrormed colonel
Floyd of the ground I intended |o take up
with the army, which, having become an

By the great and meritorious exertions entire foreft, I dire£\ed him to clear, and

of the government of Fort 8t. George, in forwarded a fupply of tools to him for

tranfporting tl^e ofdnance, fbres, &c. for thatpurpofe. •

ib confiderable an undertaking, and thofe- In the mean time the admiral in the

of colonel Braithwaite, and of the troops Minerva frigate, reinforced by three tn*

under hii command, in carrying on the diamen blockadcx) the port moft effectually,

attack, our batteries were opened againft and took a veftel from the iflands, ou

the place fboner than I expeoed ) and the board of which were fome (hot and fliells,

0uti|)ous and daibrdly copduft of the and gave chace to the Sybilje frigate,

which'

m

THE. UNIV^RSAl* ^Ij^GAZJNE

peai^ed tnore ^ the rottntiofi of tfais frigate*
^9 wc learned froni Tranquebar, was to
Jand firnieiuitUrr fu^piieCf and an officer
tf arti Ilery with' about 1 50. noon , and ^thf
preventing tEU wa» a (ervice ot muchiiQr
fwtancb,

3y mean's of the poft at Arian Coupang,
jlbi^tv is near i^e niQUth of the riV«c, and
Ipme V^ats ^niioed by Mr. Kentworthy«
^ felidcn^ gt £uddalore*, 'liic nieans oF^k
4ire^ and'fpcedy comlnumcatioa with the
^miral was tpfbai^^

*' While thcfc tht^g^ ^jftre dQing> our
jpreparadonc in the grdt^hce department
.vrent bri^ty on, ami ^veHiment took
taQ^a^lve. meafurep t^ Secure fuCEIeieot
tppplies^ by nuking. largp purchases of
>ke on Uie company^A acoimat, 9pd by
^]liog on bis higanels the nabob and the
Vajah of Tanjort^ both of whom* it k \mt
jufticetoTay, (hewed much aeid to for-
w^t\ the iervioe, by ibil^iqg off 9II cuT-
*tomary duties, and holdingoiit every cti-

COoragenftcnt to their TefJicAive toufttries
'ID fumiir Atppfiesto tbevrmy j and a& no

tax or impohtion of any kind was allowed

of in camp, the army was abundantly

Supplied.

navtn^ fecn every thing fo completely

trougbt forward, I joined, and took the
' imroec^iatc command of the army on the

«8thx)f July. The grand park of artil-
^lery from the Mount was W little behind
')j|he, ^ii^it pai-t of the (lores had arrived in
'ijcamp, and large depots of them well ad-
^vanced on 'the road, and arriving daily.
. . i immediatdy rode over ihc ground on

iwbicb t intended Co encamp, and had eveiy
^irrifon to be iatisficd with the progreU
^^'at Jiad been made in clearing it, as .it
^*as lieariy luiEcicntly cleared to admit of
^, our .eoc^mjpmpit. On the }oth, the grand

f)3>)c ;• of , artillery; under the conduft of
i^utenant-colonerGielSy halted a (ew.miles
^ la my rty j and^ on the >ift, I moved
J forward ^tth ' jlie whole, jind took up my
'ground on the Red Hills^

I thtn prej^ed a letter of fumrooo to .
, Ihe go^crnor^ colopel ProTpcr dc Cb6--
, ^oiUf >»'hioh 1 coiiimu'nitated {to riie »dv
^:miraj^ j^'oDoOpg that he (hould akb fum-
j'mon tbe'place^'j ;The admiral did me 6e
Jjonour ;:o apppvc my fummons, and re-
' turnol it to me, iiccompanied by one from
^jbimielf, both 0^ which 1 fent in with iu

unmedlatelj reconnoitred the fouth

• ficc of the fort, which I found, greatly

* improved and much cj^tended fincel faw
'. it^b^foi*, and that by tlvs cxtculion of it

rffry Jittle ground was left, 00. that 64e to
attack* it, on account of the contiguity of*
h br^noh o( thexivcr a^d Tome fait works^
and t)^a| that grouqd was nery low, and

iiaKIe t^be.flooded if any heavy rain (et
P ^ aj)d m this cmioioh ihs c^ief engineer,
iieute/lant -colonel Maule, concurred : I
however determined pppn n j»oft at a bouJe
fpd gajcdcii on the ba»k of the rivers a-
iiput.«>ioo yards frooatbe fort, which I
ielUved immttiiktely. to .occupy, and i^
ibme meafure. Autify> and brought fbr-
wd to it roajo^ PetriVs c6rpf^ ^Qoififtiog
'xt t}ie jBapk oompaot^ tot his majeAy->

E" I R'apd. ^th ^imient^ which bad berp
a^ioitcd ?t Arian. £oi«pan£^f where I ftaf-
tioned a .finail pahjJJBow^iUy fuffioicut
for "all i>ur purpbW |l_c^u(ed gabiow
and' Fafcinte to be' trougnt' down, to thje
.ntw 1x41, ii».thAt tbey could ))e fceh irom
•the fok, to decpve them mto an ide^ that
I .mcaau.tp Attack that Gdof and it- bad tbe
. t^t^ for they broughf )nore guns to that
Jactf and kept upi a continued fire, npt
but tbey ftill firjd in* every dlre6\i*n where
they iaw any body* expending leveral (hot
even at tndividuaU.^X eftabliihed pic-
aueUt detached guaixis, and patroles of
£brfe» which kept up an «nmterrupted i
' comnipnication between thefe poiis and
the main picaviet in front of the arm^«
which was weH advanced toward the VU-
lenore gate of the fort, under the cover of
a village and a large garden houfe. * Oo .
the iiext day I reconnoitred the north face
of the fort, which \vas. noi £0 (hone as
when 1 had fecn it before, ilic worlsS here
being much lower though otberwiTe of the
fame conArudlion as thofe we had dcllroy*
ed after the laft (iege, and I found the
ground contiguous rnoH favourable for
attack, a v<ry light (oil, and fo high as
convinced me it mud be perfe6lly dry,
even in a monfoon ; and I caufed two of
the engijxer corps to embark on a coun*
try beat, and reconnoitre the lea face, and
pttrticnhurly the ftockade and defences be«>
hind the N. £. angle baftion : and every
'thing cQacxtrring to. determine me, I ap*
provei^ with very little alteration, a plan
of attack of the north face, calculated to
work i-ound the N. £. an^le into the fort^
fuggefted by the chief engineer.

I eihiblilhed the engineer's park in the
iW of the village of ^ootalpcttah, on tbft
bank of a creek on the fca fide, under co-
vet.of major Vigor's corps^ confid'mg of
the flank companies of the honourable
compfmy*s (iiil and fecond.Euiopean bat-
talions, cauled tlie village to be travaftd
and every thing well kcured, and iipm

this

*OR FEBRUARY; 1 794.

*^

AisTextcnckdpkquets, guards »nd ptt^'
troles as on the rtglw, to keepuf» a com-
munication with the main piequet; and
thus the place Wa« romptetelf jnveded
fttim fca to fea. The engineer's poftwas
lb fituatcd as to land every thing moft con-
vtoiently from the fea, and was dtflin.
£ui(bed by a St. George's fiag, of which
notice was given to Madras and Cudda<k
lore, and Ia\-ge quantities of the rice pur»
chafed by goTemoient, and great fapplies
of fafcines and gabions prepared at Cud- '
dblore by the aftivity of Mr, Kentworthf
the refident> ' were fiM)nfrnt to ft» with s
fiipply of boats to ikcititaie Ihcir landing ;
dnd to thk end tiie governor of Madras
lAfo very politely ient me a further fupply
«f boats.

The ptonccTS we« pwt under the chief
•ngineer, and all the artificers and detach-
ments of vvorldng men fnmiihedffom the
different corp«» to the amount he defired,
fio collect and make npnaaierials, and the'
progrcTs was reported to me daBy ; and
<m the xoth, I fbund that we raifi;ht hegtn,
with a certainty that no want or materiafs
coold poinbi^ prevent us from followrag
up the attack ^M&k vigour. ' I therefore

^ tcfolved that night to begin a battery, on
the weft face of the fort, on a fpot prevf-
oufly determined : it was to conftft of
eight twelve-potindersandtwoQght-mch
mortars, and at a diftance of about 8c«

^ yards ; was well calculated to enfilade the
works of the nonth face of the fort, againft
which our attack was difcAed,.- and fo
keep down the fire of them ; and tn^er
co^rer of this battery, which I expeeted
« would be ready in forty^cight hours,.!
meant to break grotmd to the noahward j
but the fcite of this battery, pitched upon
by the engineer, to anfwer the purpoie of a
- complete enfilade, was in a low, moitt
ground^ and the foil ah "dbftinate, f^rff
clay: and thefe caufes, with the rains,
which unfortunately fet in at this time for
a few days,, occafioned the progress to h%
'Very Qow indeed, and gave the enemy fo
'much time and leifure to get the cxa4l
diftance, that we confequently fhiTenad
fbme lofs. I found it intpoHibte to ^ec on
*with this batPery with any degnee of e.-le-
rity.; andy as every thing was prepated
to commence the attack to the northward,
I*decenirined to'^THrit ground on the 1 »A
at night, and made- the neeeflary arrange-
ments ; rdievine' the flank corps from the
fbtions theif had occupied by other eorps,
■' and encampiI^g th*m on the left of the
; line, lb xrto<brmof^ ready-to feppoit-Hie
'attack* and. for. any duty { and appointed

a ftrong detachment, tot the parpott H
covering, and ordered down iieutoiiaaa*^
colonel MaxweU) who cowmiaoded the
leii wing, to make the proper di^fitioBS^
and to command the whole. during the
night, bur to retttrn- to camp io the nioro«
ing, leaving the whole mder the field of«.
ficer of the trenches. The diipofiiioasi
wwe made, wkh great judgment^ asd ib
very great wotIb was carried on widiout
interrujpnon ; for though the vmaxf (hiBW*
ed blue lights, and threw Averat/fire baHs^
probably fixmi hearii^ fooie iioiiir, k i*
evident fliey did. not difcovet the party, a»
they fired only a few (hoty and ttofe-verf
iti dire6^ed*f and their main fire and at«
tcntion was fliQ directed againft the en*
iilading battery and the pott totbe Autlw
ward, which they evideady wiAed to
diflodge, and where I had tte evening,
made more ihew«.

In the morning, however, they clearl^f
diicovered our iafeotioB, and bceaii to firr
very brifltly from all the worksr oa tfar
Borth face ^ the fort, on our approach^ ^
and this fire wm contanied^ and well dU
rented ; and we fuffered feme lol's from tt^
and particularly^ on the X5th at a^ht^
when the chief engineer watfkHled re^
tuvning fi»m;tbt trecchss, tiU the sddv
at noon, when I wot at hft able to opca.-
the enfilading baUery, agaiaft widefa the
enem^ had kept up a very inveterate, fire |.-
but frem the moment thait opened, itwaa-,
vifible their fire greatly flaokcncd, and
was To iitdire^led, that every (hoc pa&d^
confiderably over. They however con*
tinned to i^y the worka with fiielb §raa^
mortare^ covered bv epaulmenta, and tfacpc
fiiells were general^ well thrown.

On the aotb, in the courie of the nighty
(captain Trapaud, who was now at the
head of the engineer department, havings,
carried on the works with great fpirit) a.
battery, which I. had ordered to be etaiSb- .
ed to the right, and had called the royal
battery, was completed to receive fonrtem-
twenty-fbur-pounders, and I meant to
have opened the zxft ; but the eaDcrtions
of lieutenant-colonel Gids failed, and the:
guns could not' be got into it that nigfav-
On tlie aift, the enemy pW' it very
bdfltly with fhelle of. fourteen 'iachcs dia^
meter, and damaged two of the merlii|a
and tviro of ibe pUtibrms \ bvt thefe wt^
expediiieiiliy and well repaired: in the
co\trieof the night, the battery rendeied
veiy complete, and the guns got iiHo iti;
• and OD' the aad in the morning at *daj.
•bleak, 'I went down, and had, the Ui*
faction to iet it opened with great efieft.

The

^3^

ThE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

The teemy^s fiit was now ^iiite confufed,
and g;iin «ftcr gun was withdrawn, and
their embrafures filled with iaod-bagst
and after nine o*clock they fired no morcy
except now and then t gtin from the moll
diftant works to the north-eaft» and fome
&w (hots from the foutb-weft, intended
for the enfilading battery, and they threw
but few Aiells j while on our part, an in-
ceiTant fire was kept up, and about noon
a- mortar battery of four ten*incb mortars,
a^ a fmall difiance to the left of the roy^
battnj, was. opened upon the enemy, and
well ierved. At halt an hour paft four
hi the afternoon flags of truce were ex-
hibited on all the faliant angles of the fort $
upon which orders were given for our fire
lo ceafe ever J where, and the town -major
came out with a flag, and a ihort letter
firom the governor, defiring to capitulate,
and to be allowed twenty-four hours to
reduce the 'terms into form. In my reply
I refilled this, and demandod that the
fJace fliould be furrondend atdiicretion at
eight the next morning, till when I Aiould
ceafe to fiiT, but not to w«|rk j and I im-
mediately difpatched an exprefs to the ad-
miral, who was 0Dne to Cuddalore for
water, with copies ,of the governor's let-
ter to me, and my reply, which the ad-
miral did me the honour to approve. In
the night a deputation came to me from
the fort of the iecond in command, cokmel
Toufreville, and the town major, who
brought a fecond letter from the governor,
and they ftated the great alarm that my
anfwer hadoccafioned, and the univerial
dread of all clafles of people of the conie-
quences of a furrender at difcretion, and
conjured me to abate fomewhat of the ri-
gour ^ that determination, and hold out
iomt aflurancc of iecurity for life and pri-
vate prcqierty. Upon this 1 thought it
necefiary to advife with colonel Floyd and
iieiitenant-colonel Maxwell, whom I lent
> for, and finally dilated thofe terms, upon
fvhich the place furrendered the next day
to colonel Floyd and lieutenant-colonel
Maxwell, who, with deuchments of ca-
valry, artillery, and flank companies from
«very corps in the lines, entered the place
by the ViUenore and Madras gates. They
were punctually adhered to by the French
^governor, Co nr as he was able. The
;^ace was iurrendered and evacuated by
•all the troops, but they did not march out
in that order, or under that diiicipline I
had prefcribed t indeed, they were all
•anuch mtoxicated ; and the governor bad
-ibnt to prefs forward the arrival of our
_ , . 7 . .

troops, left the people in this fiate fbnuM .'
again have recourie to their arms, and
commit fome outrages, and our troops
haftened their march $ but nothing of the
kind happened, and great part fun-endereil
themfelves peaceably, without the gate,
to the party ordered to conduct them to
Arian (Joupang, and the reft were foon
coUeded and fent thither/ Much anarchy
and confufion fecra to have prevailed in ths
place, and the various depaitments appear
to have been latterly not ful^eCl to much
method, t have th» honour to inclofe
your lordfliip a copjr of a return of the
ftrength of toe garrdbn at the time it fur-
rendered, figned by the governor. Thia
comprehends the whole, except the ^des-
nationales, compoied of the inhabiunta^
armed, clothed, apd difciplined, and which
amounted, I am toId| to between two and ''
three hundred. Alio copy of a lift of the
ordnance and ftores collofted by our de-
puty commilTary-ipneral, figned by him-
ielfj but fome trifling articks have fioce
been found, and many chefts of fmall
arms ^ and more are ftili expelled to ba
found. The colours of our isth native
battalion,^ which garrifoned Cuddaloiic .
when it was taken laft war by the French^ 4
have been found in the arfenail ; and thele
I mean to return to that battalion x alio a
return by the cafualties in the amw I had
the honoor to command* The lols on tha
fide of tbe enemy was very trifling ; for, j
from the time our fire opened, theiv ap-
peared to have been but fSsw people on the
works.

I cannot moce fully .or firongly ex-
prefs my ientiments to your lordfliip,
with regard to the army I had the honour
to command, than by repeating, what J
iftlied in orders on the furrender of the
place, which I requeft leave to quote to
your lordfliip : * To thank corps or indi-
viduals, in an army Co fully entitled to his
warmeft thanks and approbation, cannot
be attempted. He thanks and approves
the whole with all his heart, and will nut
fail to fpeak thefe his fentiments to his fu«
periors.*

To your lordfliip, however, it is un-
neceiliiry, as you are fo well acquainted
with the characters which compoied this
army, to mention, that the zeal, unani-
mity, and fubordination, has been fuch
as muft lead to fucce{s.

This racket will be prefented to your
]or4fliip by captain Braithwaite, my firft
aid* de-camp, who has had the honour to
ferve under yonr lordflup, and whom I

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794^

W

beg leave to recomntend to your ]ord(hip*t
fKttnmage. I have the honout' ta ccmaiii^
mth great re^^* dec.

JouH Brajthwaxti.
FortSt.GcQtge,
S«pt»»Si J793-

AHftna. of the letum of the kiUec^
vponded, and raifling of the an&y oom*
naii^led by colonel John Braithwaite^ du-
ring the iiege of PoAdicherry» the place
having (ttrrendered on the 23d of Augiift
«79S-

Europeans.-— I lieutenant-eolonely t cap*
uin, % lieutenants^ 1 enfign, 1 ferjeant*
30 rank and file, kilkd { % litfuteoant).

s feijeants, 46 nnk asd file; woaodedi
t rank and Sk^ mifiing.— ^Tot^] It.
Katsvcs*— I jemedar, a drumm^ an4
^ikn, j3 rank and file, killed i a jcoie.
darSf I htvildar, 94 rank and Bk^
ffouDddd I 5 rank aod file miffing.**
TMal 159.

(Signed) B. Cl«OtB»

A4}utaat-gBBeral of tbe Army.

OFFXcBRt Katso.

Lieatenant^^^nel Maule, chief engj.
aeer, lieutenant Lane, captain Galpinet
enfign Todd, Ueute&aot htOttgotf lieote*
sant Cawdiorne.

WovMDBO. LieutnitotFenwick.

Proceedings if the Fourth Session of thi Siventeetb Parliament
of Great Britain^ Contirmi from f^o 75*

ON Thurify, January 13, in the
houle of lords, earl Stanh^, after an ec-
centric fjpcech, moved, * lliat this houie,
having ieen that the French nation has re*
nounmi every idea of in(erf^og in the
jnttmal a(&irs of other fhites, and has de*
dared herfelf the all% of every free people,
^ mott humbly beleech his majefty to reoog«
nixe the republic of France, that thereby a
foundation may be Aid for a lading peace
between the two natioi^s.* The queftion,
after (bme bbrervattons from the earli of
^ Abingdon, Darnley, and W^arwick, was
almoit unanimoufly negatived.

On Monday, January 27, m the houie
of commons, Mr. Dundas prelemed a
meflage from bis majeily, acquainting the
V hcuie, that he had ordered the landing of
thc.Hefltans at the lile of Wight and at
Portfinoutb, on account of ficknefs \ and
an addrefs of thanks was ordered to the
king for the communication.

On WednclHay, January 19, a mef-
jage, to the fame effect, was delivered by
ionl Grenville to the houft of lords. Upon
this the earl of Lauderdale wtflied to know
die number of the troo^ mentioned in the
meilage. Lord Grenville anfwered, that
he did not think himfelf obliged to explain
what the meflage dkl not mention, and
that there was no precedent of the houfe
entering into a debate on a fimilar meflage.
Lord Lauderdale replied, that if miniAers
would look back for precedent, they would
find, that, in ihe year 1746, a body of
Hdfllan troops landed, but their number
was particularly ftated being 6000. He
added, that the ( noble iecretary of fbte
would have the mer t of creating a prece-

dent for landing an unlimited number of
foreign troops, for an indefinite iniipofe|
a nneafure which he conceived highly dan-
gerous to the liberty of this countiv. A
converiation on the fiune iubyeft had
occurred the preceding day, in the houfe
of commons } hut as it gave riie, fime
time after, to a regular ddiate in that
houi^ we flull not notice it any farther
here. , • ^

On Wednefday, in a committee of fup^
ply, Mr. Fox cenfured minifters for the
very inadequate proieAion afforded tooor
tiade in the article of convey. This
frave rile to a long converfation, the par-
ticulars of which it is uoneeeflarv to re«
peat, as the fubie6^ was nfumed, knot
days afrer, in a regular debate.

On Fi^iday, Januarv 31, earl Stanhopt
inoved an addreft to his majefty, praying
him to defer the execution ot the fentence
of tranfportation pafled on Mr. Muir, till
certain circumftances had been inveftigated.
The duke of Norfolk was againft the mo-
tion, which the earl of Lauderdale advifed
hit noble friend to withdiaw. It was alfo
oppofed by the earl of Mansfield, lord
Thurlow, and the loid chancellor; the lat-
ter defending the oondud of the Scotch
judges, and oUerving, that the only me-
thod which had ever been adopted, and
thi only one proper to be adcs^ted by cri*
minals for obtaining a mitigation or thci
puniflunent, was to petition hie majelhr^
and that his m^e^ was always graciouil/
pleafed to confuler fuch petitions, and re-
fer them to the judges. Ob adivifion, tha
numbers were 4.9 againfi the motion^ and
earl Stanhope fingly for it.

« la

«38

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

In the houle of commonB, the fkoie rnidersd of courier if iipiucof&ful». the-

\lfry, the chancellor of the exchequer haf* king of Sardbia ^mmld- haitUy tiuok €^

ing moved to refer certain freatiet to che •dontinoinp the war, when he found bis

committee of fuppty, Mr. Fox rofe to ex- allies inckned to peace { at by fucb a coo-

preft his drfapprobatk>n of the treaty with duA he would; to a oertaiBty« be ibif t ^-

Sardinia. He faid, that the oompaft-wat )iis remaining pofleffions \ ib, in either

of fuch a naHu%, that Great Britain gave
every ti>ing} and gained nothing in return.
We engaged to pay an enorm9us fubfidy
to a prijice for umply defendinfi| his own
territories ; his fituation was fucn, that he
could afford this country no materia! afliiK
ance; and for whit was the fubiidy fiaid \
For doing what he mutV be naturally and
ftroAgly inclined to doi to defend his pof-
icfi^ons ! The treaty wai made at a period
when a confujerable portion of the Sardi-
ni'iin dominious were in the hands of the
French, and of courfe when he was vvaifnly
and neorflaiily etnbafked in hollilities.. He '
could fee no policy which could induce
.adminifiratlon to form. fuch a treaty j but
though he deprecated the prafufion* crea-
ted by fuch an Improvident raeafure, at a
period when, th<^ mod rigid economy was
. never mow neQef{»ry,. yet this was by no
means the woril ; the llipulatioOy vi^hich
he thought mud have the moft fatal ten-
dency of the whole, was.thftti:part of the
. treaty, by which we bind ourfefves not to
xiuike peace wliiie any part of the ^rdi-
nian teiTitories was in poHefTion of the
French, He no<iced the other ftlpulations,
as the obligation to keep a nrfpe^lable fleet
in the MediterrajDiean,

Mr. pQvi^s contended, that the treaty
was formed on prindples of the moil ne-
celfary policy, aiid made part of that fyf-
. tern by wliich we hoped to dieck the pro-
grefs.of the common enemy j the treaty
was formed on the preced^t, and on bet-
ter terms than moft othgs in which this
country was engaged 5 its ftipuiations were
of the fame nature as thoe made with
Sardinia in quren Anne'ft wars, and at
Worois, in 1.743, which laft was formed
by ibme of the molt able and upright
tiatefmen this countiyever produced.

Mr. Ryder alfo urged thefe two prece-

dents, alleging, that the prefenc treaty was

f much better, ui the teims of it, than cither

cafe, the argument againft tharptrt of tbe-
trettv oould not be laid much ftrefs on. '
Mr.. Grey contended, that neither of
the precedents applied to the prefent } at 1 A »
one cafe, . the view was to dc^h Sardinia
from the alliance, of France ; and -in tbe
other^ that pfiinoe was balancing to which/
iide he /houU^nclioe'S here be was de-
cidedly and neoeftrily boftile to France.

Mr. Canning, among other aiguments.
in favour of the treaty^ made this poiDtBd
obfecration:. ^'Lfit gentlemen go round'
and examine tbeir4 conftituentc, whether
'they would more cheerfully contribute their
mite to the raifing of thi&Xttbfidy, or iul>-
fcribe to zforce4WOh ^^ the mandate of a
proconfult lent here by the national cob-
vention V

The motion being earned, and the houfe-
rcfumed, the chancellor of the exchequer
inlibrmed the houfe, that he intended on.
' that night to (bte (bme ciitumftances rela- 4
tive to the propofed loan, but that he was.
induced to pofl}K>ni^ the communication,
on account of a circumftance of a moft ex-
traoixlinary natui^, which had been juft
communicated to him from authority, in-a a
commercial line, bur which he confidered
to be very good. It was, that the French
Convention had pafled a decree, by >yhich
all the piTipertyof natives in foreign funds, .
and pai'ticularly of this country, an J ^11.
bills of excliange on the fame, had been
put in ^ftate of lequifition, that is, that
tliey (hould be delivered up to tlie govern-
ment of that coun!ry, and that the hoidera
(hould take aflignats at pur in returi^) fuch
a proceeding,. hojirtver exti-aordinary and
unjudiBablfir was, ^ with die French, not
to be woiidered^t, for it was well known ,
that they would ftop at no'.hing. Ttie af-.
fair had rtiade ibme altei-ation in his iemi-
ments refpeflmg the loanj be would re*^.
volve the matter in his mipd, and would
tlierefore move, that the report of the come* .^

of them. He dwelt on the importaace of miitee of fu{>ply fhojuld be.,, received to-

having Sardinia as an ally inftead of an
enemy j as in the latter cafe, the French
would command all the northern parts of
Italy, a country which was ilie moft fruit*
ful in Europe, and would affU-d inex-
hauQible fupplirs of pjx)vifions. His opi-

morrowj which an-^ogement nvetiiig the
fenfe of the hou(e, was ocdered accordingly.
The next day, the chancellor of the ex-
chequer entered more fully into the nature
of this trania^ion, and gave notice, that
on the Monday following a bill would be

jiion with rcfpe£l to the grand objeiiionof . brought into the houfe, to counteract the
the right hon. gentltman was this \ if the injunous effefts which it was intended to
war was fuccefsful, Savoy wouCi be fur- produce in this country.

Accocdlngly^

FOR FEBRUARY,. 1754.

Acccrdingly, on Monday February 3,
\^ felieitor general < moved for icave to*
^bring io a bill» * To prevent che|»3m(ient^
'ibr a certain tinney of e&£ls or mooev^ in*
the bands of fullje^s of Great Britain,
the pnpaty of French fubjedla, to the oc*.
-dera, &c. of the persons exercifing the

ran of govcmraent in France, &c. and
leAorifig the iame-to the indjvdua^
owners/ The chancellor of the exchequer^
'fecooded the morioo, which meeting the
•twanimous. concunence'of the houfe, the
faSl was ordeied to be biought in acoord-
irgiy.

The iameiday, in a committee of lup-
piyt the iecretary at war moved for Am
"grant of 6o>s44 land forc^ for the en-
i'utng yeac This bvought on iome feveie
aniiMd^eriiQna on the conduft of the war
"onthe continent, fyom major Maitland»
-who was aofweied in oarticular by Mr*
Jcnkinftm. But what tpele gentlemen laid
on this iaiMt wa« but an antici|;Kition» as
it weie, of 9 ilcbate, in which it -under*
iwent a more full dUkni^oa on a fubfequent
-day*

• ' Ott Tuettiy, Febrqary 4, Mr^ Adam
wokp and oblervedy that in the coude of the
^ 'Jaft k&on of parliament he had thought
it his duty to propofe to biing in a bill for
^porpotfe of eftablifliin|r the right of ap-
peal from thecourrof )«lliciary in Scot-
-fand to the houie qf peen. The propo*
iition be now wiftied to fubmit to their
<oofideratioo> he biovght forward, after
. having duly weighed its importance. No-
ddling, thernbre, was more likely to eluci-
date the ful^eft than bis tracing its pro-
Tgreis in hb own mind, and the vanous
motives which had induced him to bring it
Ixfbre the hotire. It was his AfA bu^nefs
to advert to the period of tlie Union, and
' the change which were by that event intio-
dooed into the internal iituation of Scot-
land s bat what more immediately induced
4iim to oonfider the fubjeA, was, the appli-
cation of the bill for preventing traiterous
acorrefpondence to tbatj and he was more
jMBticohuly called upon to examine it,
fmin the circamftance of his having been
engaged in an appeal fiom the court of
juiii.iary 10 the hoofeof lords. In ufmi
the term appeal upon thts opcafion, it muft
appear obvious to the houTe, ihat he did
not mean fuch an appeal as lies from the
Englilb comts of equity, and the civil
courts in Scotland, to the boufe of peers,
in which qoeftions of fad, as well as of
law, were diicufled ^ but an appeal which
dioald lie in cafe of error of law only. In
the cak of Robertibii and Berryi who

were convicted of a mlfSemeanor in Scotl
Ippd, it bad been fuggefted by many noble
loixis) that though an appeal would not lie
in ca(<;s of capital offences, yet it might in
cafes of mifdemeanor. merely. The quef-
tion had been acconJingly argued by the.
lord advocate and hJmfelf, bfeforc the loitl'
diancellor, lord Kenyon, and lord Tlmr-
low; and by their folemn adjudication
2^1 nil the nght of appeal, the matter had
been fet cbmpletefy at reft f though the
lad noble lord had, at the fattie time, ex*
prefled his hope that Come legiflative re-'
medy mieht be applied to this defe^. But
though the cafes his duty compelled \\\rtji^
tb produce wcfc not of fufficient authority
to obtain a favourable decifion for his cli-
ent, yet theti' general principles might now
(>e brought forward as realons in fupport
of his motion. It would be found^ oii
turning to the i8th ailicie of the treaty oi
iinion, that though the civil rights, aAd the
rules for the regulation of property, were
preferved the fame as before; Vet t jicre wgs
Umple room left for the ncccFTary amend-i
ments in the criminal jurilprudence of
Scotland. In conformity to this principle,
the Jaws of treafon in the latter country
were brought to the fame ftandard wirb
thofe of England j ' and another inflance
would be found in the abolitioirof the
heritable jurifdi^ions in Scotland. Oh
thefe accoimts it could be very eafily per-
ceived, that there was no improp) lety iii
agitating the prefent queilion. fix>m any
confideration ot the articles of the uniotu
With refpefk to 1 he mode of proceeding
to cairy his projected, amendments into
effeA, }k would fay, that it was hi^ leading
object to afllimilate the laws of the different
paits of the united kingdoms j and as the
principles of the criminal law were the
fame in both, he wifhed that the fyftem of
redrefs might be bmuzht to' the fame
ftandard. In the law of England, a dli-
tin^ion was taken, between cafes of mifde-
meanor and capital felonies. In the one
cafe a writ of error was granted.by the at-
torney general, #x debilo Jujfitia, and as
of courfe t aod in ca es ofcapltal felonies^
fuch a writ was iffurd on petitbn to the
crpwn ex Jpeciali gratia. It ^as not his
defign to enier into any remarks on the
propriety or impropiiety of this didinelion ^
t)e fhouM content himfelf viith faying^
that in the cafe of mirdrmeanoi-s, or what
in the Scotch law were called Jeliffa, the
lard advocate fhould ilTue his warrant for
the allowance of an appeal ^ and m cafes
of Cffpital offences, the crown might be
empowered on petition to mike fuch allow-
S a ance

140

THE UNn'ERSAL MAGAZINE

antt alio ; wilh itTpeft to the drcomftance
of iemo?mg tbe record or books of ad^
journal, at they were termed^ it would be
caAr to remove tbe indi^hnent/the verdi£t,
W the jod||ineAr» b^ a writ fimiUr to tbe
Englifli writ of certiorari, or by a (xroceft
inmtuted for the purpofe undtr the great
leal. Having diui diicufled the mode of
effeftin^hii ^praoofed amendment, it would
be requifite, in the next place, to examine
into the prooriety of attempting to bring
it about. Had thit inconTemence been
known or confidered at the time of the
iinion, be was confident that the right of
appeal would then have been cranted, ahd
bis prefent application renderea totally un-
peceflary. That a^licatton, however, was
ibunded on the moft immutable principle
both of natural and municipal jurispru-
dence. That principle was, that no court
jbiefore whidi a qucnion was brought in the
^T& ih(bnce, mould have the ultimate
power of determining upon it. To this

trinciple the laws both of England and
^ cotland had paid the mateft refpe^ ; and
St was never deviated fiom, except in fome
particular cafts when the wifdom of par-
liament had interftred. Arguing from the
l»aIogy of the Scottifli law, wliat reafon
rouJd be afli^ed why the decifion of tbe
court of judiciary ihould be final, when
appeals from the court of feflion in civil
caufes were dau\y allowed, and the pro-
ceedings of inferior criminal courts wers
liable to be reversed by writ of advoca-
/tion i On the contrary, tbe fuperior pow-
ers with which the jiuSges of the court of
Jufticiary were invefted, and the natufe of
,the oflfences they were called upon to exer-
cife, rendered it neceifary to watch over
them more narrowly ^ thougfh in (6 laying
lie did not mean to infinuate, that the in-
dividuals at prelcnt on the bench would
abufe their authority. Though the Scotti/h
law had rgcfted the tnal by ju'y in civil
. cags i yet, in confcrmir^ ^ ihe law of
. England, this mode of trial had been pre*
ferved u^n criminal caufes. His bill
would, in its ultimate tendency, lead ro
[ accuracy, both in the mode of examining
' witneflet, proi]«>uncing fentence, and ma-
j king up the record. By it likewife the
lawyers of Scotland would be led to the
ftudy of En^liih croWn lavvem, fuch as
ilaie, Hawkms, and BlackAone, Ashe
had therefore no objefl of ufclefs innoya
tion, and as his bill was founded on the
^r^t'and undeniable principle he had men-
tioned, and tended to introduce To mate-
rial an alteration in the criminal juiihlic-
iion of tl^ pon^n part of the ux|itec|

kingdom, he would coBcrade bjr unMitiff^
that it (hould be Hrferred to the gnad (fawd*
ing committee of Jaw*

Mr. AnHmther paid fevcral compit*
meets to tbe hon: genilennain, opoB the
fair and can<fid manner in which he had
ftated this fitbfea $ but^t himfelf -bound
tooppole this motton, even upon tbe pns-
ctpies ftited by the learned gentleman hiia*
felr. He did not mean to contend, thatit
was not competent to any member of that
houfe 10 propofe a meafyrt for an altera*
tion in the law of either England or Soot-
land s but in makiitg fach a motion, that
houfe wdold expef^ very convincing argu*
ments to induce them to comply with it.
Now, the hon. gentleman bad «ot men^
tioned any one authority m the law «£
Scotland jnftifying fuch a peopofibon.
Since the eftabltfliment of the court of
juftidary, no one authority, no tntUBmrn^
could be piodaced, in which an appeal
from the conrt of jutticiiry could be lop*
ported: therefbre the ohvMUa^intentioiief
the learned gentleman was, to introdoce a
total innovation in tbe law,' and not to
reftore it to its antiont vigour* The ()iief^
tion had been folemnlyargoed in tbe honft ^
of lords, and there determined, thai «•
appeal lay. Under theft drcwnlbiioety
in order to indncc the houfe to atamd to
bis motion, the hon. gentleman fktanXA
have proved that the people of Scotland ^
were diflatisfied with the pvefent mods of
adminiftcring crimitial law m that counti;^.
The hon. gentleman could prove no fuch
thing} on the eontiary, he would ventiife
to afift, that there were no people in hie
ro:^fty*s dominiona who were more fiitia- *
fied with the adminiArat'oa of their hiwa
than the Scotch werp, and who would be
lefs obliged to die hon. gentleman for bia
motion. But the hon. gentleman had
ftated, that a noble and learned peer in the
other houfe (lord Thurlow} had inti.
mated fome difapprobation upon the went
of an appeal from the court of jufticiary $
or, in other words, that in criminal caire
there was no appeal in Scotland. Whether
the noble lord had declared fuch an opi-
nion or not, he could cot tell ; but if he
had, why had not the noble lord himfelf
brought forward the fubjeCl ? There waa
' no man who could have intivduocd it with
more weight than that noble lord \ be-
Caufc he had, during the whole courft of
the period in which he was chancellor, not-
withftandinr the various and imporuot
fubjef^s he nad to claim bia attention, in-
vefliigated the cafes which came before bim
ffofo Scotland with a degree of minmcncfs

and

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

mi wacfsncf^yMA cqiudly profed the
cxiettt of the nohle. loro*t . talents, tnd
leadftl to iBcijoiaie and impiDve the bw
of 8eotlaiKl. Tbe honwrable gemlemin
ktmed to wilh to affiroiUta tSe Jaw of
Scotkand with that of EngbiKl. Wo«tld
the karoed gemlcroan contend that then
was» in etery cditiinal cafe is the law of
£ngbnd» a xevifion of.the proceadiogs?
In capital caiet thefid^oEk in England had
a writ ni error* it waa tnia$ but it lay at
ike macf of the crown to grant or reraie;
and it waa not to be claimed as a matter
of right* and #jr dthitaii^ut j therefore
gBmlemea flieokl recoUect peecifely what
the law of England was, before thejr un-
dertake lo affimilate.it to the law of Scot-
land, In caies of mifikaeanor in Eng-
land, there waa only an appeal to the at-
eomey general f that is* that officer might,
If he pAeafed, refola tp grant the appeal |
therefore the advantages of aq af^llant
inrifiiidNNi were not ta clear in England
aa the ieamed gentleman had ftaied ; but
to obtain tfaefe advantfliges, Aicb avthcy
wcrey a fttbie6l of Scodand was to give up
l^il^gea which^he nndoubtedly pofleiTcd |
^teh aa the right of having a copv of the
•indiAniem given to him before the trial,
the naoacs of all the witncfles who are to
•appear Maioilhjm delivered to him fiftaen
days before the trial ) added to which, was
that tcry impoftant point, namely, the
right of prilbncre to be heard at length by
•tbeiff counsel. AU the^eadvamaget,.and
inportant they undoubtedly were* would
be loil, if the plan of the learned nntle-
man was ianfiiooed > becaoie the unimate
ohjc& of it was lo make th^ law of Scot-
Jaml in criminal cafes (iroilar to the law of
Eoglaod. tie bagged the learned gentle-
man to rrfle^l for a moment upon thccon-
«#ufion which muft be introduced into tbe
court of juHiciavy if this bill was penmit-
tcd to pafs, becauie the whole praJilice in
that court muft be changed. He (hould
have been ghul if the hon. gentleman had
lOpenly declared his intentionsi of making
the law of Scothind in every refpe^i the
fiune as the law of Enj^land} that would
have brought tbe )who!e queftion into ifliie.
and it m'ght have been fairly difcufTed. If
it was ablblutely neozflary that there ttipuld
be aa app^I from Scotland in criminal
calcs, the houfe of lords was not cxa^lv
the court for that purpofe ) bccanle, though
that court had the advantage of the higheft
advice in all matters whidi related to the
Uw of fogbuid, .yet ii (hould he recol-
JeSed, that in cafes from Scptland they
.Jkid no fueh advant^ei and thcicfoiei

Ut

upon the whole, he could not help aiA*
fidering this at an innovation upon ihf; law
of Scotland, not called for hf; the psoplo
of that country, not juftiM by the ne-
ceffity ofthecaC*, and not tobe|defended
upon any authority ox ^S^un to be finind
in any ScottiOi writer of eminence. The

Sntleroan had talked of opening to them
t treafures of Ha^Jcins and Sale | but
however refpeftable tboie wriren ifi^ighft
be in England, m Scotland they coMld ooi
tie of much advantage ^ hecaufe the prio«
ciples upon which they judged and wrme.
were fo different from thole adopted in
Sootlapd, that it would be perfe^ly liew
to thed) ; and therefore, in whatever poi^t
of view he confidercd this proportion, he
felt, himlelf bound to oppofir its even bang;
referred to a committee.

Mr* ferjeant Adair faid, h^ was iwidi
furpriiod to hear the, karoed gentlomui
who fpoke lad argue, that there was no
authority in the law of Scotland for thia
motion, becauie this was not propojed aa
a bill deciaraiory of what il|e law of Scot-
land is, but. to enad what the law of Scot*
land (hould be in future. Therefore $U
the learned gentleman's at^gumeyits abovt
the want of authority and JiSa muft fatt
$0 the ground. But the. argument v^hicli
appeared the mofi aftoni(hing to ^
learned ferjeant was, that no slteratioa
ihould take place in the law of Scwlainl
unleis the people of that cpuntry declared
themfelves diflati^iied with the pr<:(ent ^f.
jrem of law. This was a popoGtioa
which he had never heard before; and .if
that rule had been always obierved, many
eflentjal advantages wpuld have been lot
to tbe Britiih conftitution i (>ecauie uioft
of the improvements, which had taken

}>lace in it were from the wifdom of par*
iamenr, and not from any defire expreded
by the people. But the learned gentleman
had faid, that tbe people of Scotland were
perfeflly fatisHed with the pieient admi*
niftration of their laws : he bsggod tbt
Jearned gentleman*s pardon, if he did not
abfolutely believe th4C aHertiuOy hecaulb
that gentleman could not fpeak from per-
fonal knowledge upon tlM ibbje6>, having
lived for the la(l years of his life in ft»
countjy ; and therefore could only Iheak
of tbe fentimenis of the people in Scotland
by information ; and he was much incliiled
to think, that if the Icgifl^ture pa^fed an
.a^ to make the law*«f England and Scot-
land the fame, that the Scotch would not
.feel much refi:n^ment up-'U the occafion.
The learned gentleman who oppoled d)e
tnotion had (tatedy that the writ of error

1.4.2

THE UNIYHISAL MikGAZINE

in England in criminal cafes was merely
granted by the favour of the ibvereign t
iif this he totally diifared from him | be-
cauie, though it was true that a fubjefl of
England convi6(ed of felony could not de-
niand his writ of error as a matter of right»
,ex dehit9Juftiiue9 yet, if he could alfigil
any real errors, thofe who advifed his ma-
jefty would aft very unconftitutionally if
they counfelled hin to withhold that &•
'Vour.

The learned gentleman had averted, that
it would be better at once to alter the whole
law of -Scotland, and make it fimilarto
Singland, than to adopt this fpecies of
akeratbn. He mu ft again diflferifrom the
Itonourable gentleman, beca.uie he could
never think it advifeable to alter all at
ottoe the laws of a great kingdom. The
alteration ought to bt made aimoft imper-
•depcibly, and by regular gradation. It
was that which, in his opinion, gave fuch
% fuperiority to the laws of England, which
^re not brought to perfeftion all at once,
but reduced by regular degrees to tlietr
prefent ftate or unrivalled excellence. It
^was of the utmoft importance that a judge
ftbuld know that his decifion was liable
lo revifion, as well for his own fatisfac*
£on as for the intereft of the peribn tried \
becaoie, whatever the good mtentions of
Ihe judge might be, they could not be
leffened by the knowledge that his judg-
noent was liable to a folemn reviiion hy
other perfons. Upon the wh«le, he
ttiotight the meafure proper to be adopted;
M leaft it ought to oe lent inio a com-
mittee.

'^ The folicitorgeperal thought, that tipon
k point in which it was pr6pofed to alter
the' laws of a kingdom in fo^ important a
manner, it was ncceifary to lay very
ftrong ground before the hotife, which he
thought was not done in the prefent cafe*
He wiihed gentlemen to avoid that princi-
ple which muft be fo generally felt, name*
!y, that of wifhing to introduce our laws
^mon? other people, without confidering
9k>w far they may be adapted to their ha-
bits or cuftoms. He concluded with de-
claring, that unlefs ftronger grounds were
laid before them, he fhould vote againft
the motion.

Mr. Fox reprobated very ftrongly the
idea that no alteration (hould be made in
the law, unlefs that alteration was called
lor by the people ; becaufe no principle
could tend more to create riot and con-
iufion than tliat : but he conceived there
•was no fuch principle in the law of Eng-
land, becaufe every member was at libeity
5

to propofe whatever meafai^e'he thotigllt
for^the benefit of the poblic-^-He nx^g^eA
the«bfblutenecefBty, in every wdl-rcgu*
lated ftate, of having an appellant 'jM*
didion. No moa of a found judgment
and a phiiolbphic mind would, he cop-
tended, aiTcrt me- contrary ) beoaufeeveiy
man of that dcfcription mnft allow for t«
frailty of human nature^ which always
required reviiion. The hon. gentleman
had afeted, that there were no inflanoes
of an appeal from the court of jufUciar^
beforethe union : but, though there wa»
no appeal to the parliament of Scotland
before the union, yet there was an appeal
to the privy council, which proved, ttett
the idea of an appellant juriidt£tion waa
recognized in Scothind. Mr.'Fox then
afjgued much at length upon the neceffiCf
of an appellant jurifdi^bon in every cale,
in order to fecure the impartiality of tlK
judge ; and a<ided, that the Situation of
that judge vuft be miferaUe indeed, wh*
knew his judgments to be £nal.

Mr. Anftnither fiud he did not mem
«o fay, that there oueht to be a geneni
complaint of the peoj^e before any fkep
towsurd an ;tlt8ration took place; bat
that, in a cafe which was fupported by lao ^
other arguments, it might have been eap-»
pe6ted that at leaft the general wtfli of the
people would have been fiatad as an n^
duccment to the houfi:. *

Mr. ferjeant Watfon declared himfclf ^
againft the bilf.

The mafter of the rolls agreed with the
right hon. gentleman (Nfr. Pox) upon
the propriety of an appellant jiirifdiftion,
where it could properly be eftabliftied ; but
contended, that the laws of Engbnd an4
Scotland were fo eflentially dtffersnt that
it would be impoflible to attain that ob-
jea.

Mr. Adam then rofe, and repKed to
the various atguments which had been
advanced againft his motion^ and gave
notice, that if the houfe ftiOuki negatife
this motion, at all events he fhoold early
in March move for leave to bring in tiv
other bills of which he had given notice.^

Mr. Stanley faid a few words in fiwovr
of the motion, and Mr. Montague againft
it.

Mr. Drake fpdce in oppofition to the
motion, and concluded with the following
obfervation :

Nolumns Uges AngUa H Scoti^t muUari!

The houfe then divided,

Ror the motion • 31
Againft it • • it6
Majority » .—.^5 .
On

ITQR FEBRUARr, 1794.

H^

On Wbdnefday, Feb. 5, in a commit-
iMof w^ytsuMi means* ibt chancellor of the
exchequer rofe, to open the conlideration
o£ the Bmifgit* He would hy before the
coniBiltteey he faid, the difeent articles
«l national expenditure for the current
ywBr I a confiderabie part of which, he
obierved» had been incurred on account of
the critical iituation in which the natioa.
bad been placed, by the machinations of
an unprincipled enemy } and the greater
yvt ot whidi expenditure had akeady re-
cctved the lan£Uon ^f the houfe.

For the pvrpofe of a vigorous and ef-
iedualpcolecutiMi of the war againft fuch
an enemy, iJie milieu7 and marine efta.-
biiihinents of the nation, muft be confider-
ablc; and tbeie expences conftituted the
Inr greater part of the fupply j the pai ti*
oDku-s of which, as well as the ways and
meant for neeting them, it now became
his duty to ftate to the committee.

The article, generally brought forward
firft» was what related to the navy; of.
which he would obferve, that the number
:of 85,000 ieamen had been voted for the
.yrelcnt year—a number, which, in the
Iflcond year of the war, was coniiderable
tteyond {brmer precedoitj and of which,
be was happy to ftate, nea* 76^00 were
a£hially muftered, and between. 50 and
60,000 of the number had been lai/ed in
the cousie of die iaft mr ; which noani-
fcftcd a degree of aiTiauity in the (crvice,
beyond any former example. The ex-
pences relative to the ieamen, &c. he
fiated to be 4«4ao,oool.; the ordinary
expences of the navy, 558,000!. $ and
the extraordinary expences of the fame,
547,090!. i which conftituted the total
expence, of this eftabliihment to be
5,j;s5,oool. I but which fum was to be
coniidered as exduiive of the debt incurred
laft year» on account of the rapid increaie
o£ our marine force.

The next point was our military force,
and with refpefl to this, he observed, that
the iame exertion for rendering it refpeA-
able bad been manifefted, as in the cale of
the marine fervioe : this eftablifliment, as
tha exigencies of the national fituation re-
4|iimi it, was exteniive, and the means
taken in the laft year to render it fo, were
vigorous be]Fond any former example ; as

S means oft the recruiting fervice upward
^Ofooo troop$ were added to the army,
winch, including the lately railed fencible
r^gimems, and the national militia, con-
ftituted a ^Drce of near i'%9,ooo men | to
which mieht be added, between 30 and
40,000 i^raigti troops in jBritilh payt

The expences of the army, wet^
4,361,81 3I. of foreign troops, i,i6f ,oool,.
and the extraordlnarieg 8o8,ooq1. making'
the total 6,340,000!. ^

In the ordnance department the artillery- >
men had been augmented to about 6000 ^
and the total expences of tbb department
were 1,345,0001.

He then ftatfed d)e agsregalB number of
our marine and huxllorces. Which, in*
eluding the difierent fervices, the militia^
and foreign troops, conftituted a force it-
rpe6ka>le, beyond that of any former pe*
nod, amonnting to at leaft a co^ooo men-
The entire expences, therelore, of the
army and navy vtronld be found to be- .
x^,ix6,oool.

To tbefe expencea were to be-added fe«
▼era! incidental and enfbmary eKpencet;/
of the current year, the principal ofwhicb.
were the mifcellaneous fervices, which
amounted on the preient occafien, toe
aoo,oool. tlie deficienciei of the grants of
lafl year, 474,000!. the like in the land
and malt taxes, 359,000!. The fum of "
aoo,oool. which, !u the year 1791, liad
been voted m addition to me million veiled^
in the oommifiioners for reducing the na-
tionaldibt, and which operation was to>
be continued, notwithftanding the war*.
The fum necei&ry for the payment of ex-
chc<iuer bills iifued laft year, .and a fum»«
which he propofed to apply for to the
committee, on the fame principle as tbt:
vote of credit kft year, to enable his ma-'
jefty to take the advantage of any circum*
fbnces which may arift in the courle ofc
the enfuing campaign j the amount of thia-
could be afcertained only on conjefhuaH
eftin»te. However, he deemed, that the
fum of two millions would he found ade«
ouate for fu<th purpofe; thelc circum«.
. ftinces, added to the eftlmafes of the dif*-
ferent (ervices, as above, would conftitute
ar^ply of about 19,940,0001.

To meet this expenditure, the ordinary
ways and means, and the national re^
fources were to be .con(ideml.-«-The hrftz
article was the land and mah taxes, efti-
mated at a,75o,oQo4. It was propofed ta
raiie by exchequer bills 3,500,000!. From
the rcfourcfes which were fumiftied by the-
growiog produce of the confolidated fund.
For the year ending April 5, 1 794, by Aik—
furplus of certain taj^es, and die continu-
ance of others, the particulars of wbich'^he
ftattd in a complicated detail, a fum 'of
about 1,697,0001. would be found 'to
arife. To this could be added* 500,000!.
fumlihed by the Eaft-India company}
and which, ootwithft^dingthe temporary

derange.

144

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

JcrftDgemcnt of ik« ztbirt, on account of
tfaewah, tKere ww every pi^f]^ of its
aoDUal continuance. Tnde conftitMted
tbr ways and means of the prt&nt year,
aad amounted to about 8,947,000!. which
urould be found to fall (hort of the fupj^iv
In a Turn of ncarlv it,ooo,oool. which
deficiency, he would propoie, flioukl be
jproVKkd lor by a ban.

RECAPlTtJLATION. £.

Total of $ui>ply» as above, 1 9>94o,ooo
Total of Wi^s and Means,

ditto, ... 8.od.y.o-o
X)iffin«oce to be provided for 10,99 3 ,000

This balance, dating it in round num-
bers, at ekyen.millioos, as he before ob-
fcrvvd, was to be provided for in tiie way
.of loan, and toward niifing which be ex-
tnBd^bhnTelf to obtain the molt advantage-^
ous barcain for the public, at tlie fame
time with a liberal attention to the inttivfts
of the rubTcribers. He i^ated that, as ex-

KditJon in the buAnefs was necel&ry, be
d already clofibd with five gentieinen of
adequate refponfibility, for the loan. The
particular^ of which were as follows :
F'or every one hundred pounds jf . /. J,
. the public was to give tnecon-
traaors, lool. in the 3 per
cent, conibls. which was e-
ciualto - - - 67 10 o
Alio tsl. in the 4 per cents.

^hich was equal to • 91 o o
And a long annuity of 1 ts. 5d.
at twenty year*, and one-
eighth ot a year's purchafe,
which amounted to • 1 1 9 9

Thcfc fums matle - - 99 19 9
Which Turn the public actually gave
for tool, therefore the fraflional dinei^nce
was in favour of (he public.

In addition to the above deficiency, he
ftated that there was a conAderable debt
incurred in the naval department on ac-
count of the vei-y gi^t exertions which had
been made in the equipment of our marine ;
this he faid, wat'tbout 3^aco,oooI. and
which he could not think of fuilering to
Ue over and accumulate until the end of
the vrar ) a part of It, therefore, he in-
'tendtd (hould be funded immediately, and
the remainder he would propofe to be
funded or fettled for on a futureday. Mean
while he would conlider the whole as fund-
ed, wd a^ply for a grant for the inteneit
thereof from the prefent rime 9 a meafure
xvhicb be was induced to take, with a view
to put a Aop, as much as poflible, to the
ruinous pradice, which had obtained on
former occaiions, and laft Vcar, rerbefk^
i&g the diioott&ti}^ of kttvy bills s be^bert-
S

for pi-opoied that tho& bills in future ihouM
be made payable in fifteen moDUsfiroof the
day ifTued, and bear an imcreil of fostf
per cent.

The confideratioii which now came be-
fore the committee was, the provifioo to
be made for the payment of the iotereft of
the above Idan, and the exceeding of
the navy debt ; and toward fumifhtag a
considerable part of which intereft, he re-
gretted that it became his duty to point
out where an increaie of taxation Was moft
expedient: he faid the fum 10 be provided
for the intered, would be about 893,oooL
and which was to be increafed bjr the re-
peal of two forts of taxes, which were
equally galling on the lower orders of poo-
pie, andunproduaive to the nation. He
alluded to the glove dnties, and the taxes
upon births and burials, which oroduced
together no more than io,6ooi« This
would increaie the annual fum to be now
provided for, to upward of 900,000!. bot
a great part of which he was happy to
ftate, would be anfwered by the dilp€»fc-
able furplus of certain taxes, the nature of
which ne detailed to the committet^ and
ffcatcd that the amount would not be much
lefs than 400,000! • per annum. The re- ^
mainder, he was (brry to fay, muft be
furnifhed by increafed taxation, but on
fuch articles as were already f cry lightly
felt by the public, and were generaliy of
luch a nature, as the committee would con- a
cur with him, in dcemmg, to a certain
' degree, to be luxuries.

What he propofed viras, an adctitional
tax on BritiAi fpirits of one penny per gal-
lon, which, on a conje6hiral efUmafte, as
wei*c all the following, would produce a-
bout 107,000!. per annum, an additional
duty of ten-pence per galkm on brandy—
dinoon rum eight-pence per gallon, whtcb»
together, would amount to 1 36,oool««->
Ditto on bricks and tiles one fhiUisff and
fix pence per thouland, which would be
70,000!. On flates carried coaftwife ten
(billinga per ton.— On Itone di«o, two
ihillings and fixpence per ton $ th Jc toge-
ther were calculated at 30,000!. On
crown glafs, an additional duty of eight
(hiUmgs per hundred ; and on plate-glafs,
one po-und one fliiiling and fixpence, ditto,
5i,ocol.

The duties of exciie on paper, pafte-
bofluxl, inilboard, fcaleboard, and glazed
paper^ to ceale.^a^d. p^ pound cxdie
duty upon paper uled for writing, draw-
ing, and printing.-^ id. per pound upon
coloured and whited brown papers {ex-
cept elephant and cartridge.)— |d. per
pound Iw wrapping paper«<-*«id per

pound

FOR FEBRUARYS 1794.

Us

jpOond upon every other papers, (except
iheathing and button paper,)— ios«6ci..
per-hunoredy upon paAeboard, milboard>
icaleboardy and glazed paper* A draw-
back to be allowed on expoitadon.
. That the duties of aiftoms on the above
alio (hould cea(e.

. lod.. per pound on No. j, imported.—
ad. per pound on No. a, iraported.«»6d.
per pound on paper for hangings imported.
3od. per pound upon all other paper im-
portea.— aos. per hundred upon paile.
hoardsy 2cc« imported. Amount of new
duties 63,000].

La^v, an addttiona] tax upon attomies
(a ioua and geneiai laugh for fome mi-
nutes in all parts of the houfe) it was in-
tended to impoieon every indented cUrk
to this prafeflion 200I. and for eachoerfon
fworn an attorney, a further fum of lool.
This tax was eftimat«d to* produce no
more than a 5,000!. Tlie whole of which,
added to the difpofeable furplus above-
laentioned, would be found to produce an
anmud Aim, rather more than the intereft
required ibr the purpofes before Stated*
, He then moved a refolution, rebtive to
the granting of the loan to his n^jefty—
and the qiieftion being put,

Mr. Fox rofe to thank the right hon,
gentleman for his very candid and perfpi*
cuQus manner of ftating the financial con-
cerns of the country upon fo important an
occafion. He concurred with him in the
far greater part of his aflertions, and was
h^py to lay, that he approved of the bar.
gam concluded for the loan, which was
as much to be commended as that con-
cluded laft year was to be ceniured. He
likewiie applauded . the manly and truly
politic manna- with which the right hon.
^tlcman met the public exigences, by
hurljf looking them in the face at firft, and
meeting them with firronefs. He alluded
principally to the Mopofed meafures re-
fpefting the navy debts. The mod vi.
focous exenions we were capable of, he
would agree, were neceffary to be made
for proiecuting the war, but he could not
avoid lamenting that the taxes, notwith-
ftanding the way they were touched on by
the right hon. geatlemaa, would be felt,
and in ibme inihmoes feverely, by the
public s and in mott of thofe cafes, he
obfervcd, that the tax would be (hifted on
the confumer^ and he aflerted that, as in
the cafe of tlie ihop-tax, that now pro-
jelled on attpmi^, they would by their
ingenuity, find means* to avoid, and to
make theiF unfonunate employers pay it
for them. He aUb could not avoid fee-
iagi nor of courfe lanqcnting, the doraeftic

calamities of war, in the decay of (everal
of the moll.uieful branch^ of our manu-
fa6lures j and he particularly noticed the
declenfion of ihe funds, which in the
coune of eighteen months^ he aflerted,
had. fallen thirty per cent, a &N more ra*.
pid, for the time, than had taken place
during the American war.

Tw refblutioii was then put and agreed
to by the committee.

Rbcapitulation
Of the Supply, Ways and Means, and
Taxes, for the enfuing Year,
Supply. £.

Navy, - - - s>S*5>ooo

Army, including foreign troops 6,340,000
Ordnance, - * - - 1,34.5,000
MifcellaQeous fervices, > - 206,000
Addition to Sinking Fund, - ftoo/>oo
Deficiency of Grants, - 474^000

Ditto Land and Malt, - 350,000
Exchequer Bills, - • 5i50o,ooo

I9i940>ooo
Ways and Means.
Land and Malt, - - a,7 50,000
Growing Produce, - 2,697,000
Loan, - - . 11,000,000

Exchequer Bills, • - 3,500,000.

ij,947,ooo

Provifion for the additional Charge to be
incurred on tlie confolidated Fund.

Intereft on 2i,ooo,oool. bor-
rowed, and a pro|K>rtional in-
creaie to the Sinking Fund, 650,000

Ditto to be provided, and a pro-
portional increafe to the Sink-
ing Fund for 4,200,000! • for
Navy Debt, and future Navy
Payment to keep down the
Navy Debt, for the purpofe
of avoiding difcount on Navy
Bills, ^ . . «4d,x8t

Tax on Burials, and Glove Tax
to be repealed, - - 10,600

■

908,78 1

Taxes.

Surplus Taxes 1791, unappro-
priated, and of Scotch fpirits

1793» -

428,000

Bricks and Tiles, - -

70,000

Britiih Spirits,

107,000

Foreign ditto.

136,000

SbteandStone^

30,000

Glafs, . - - -

's^fpoo

Paper, . . - -

63fOoo

Attornies, - - .

25,000

[ To be continued. }

911,000
AF-

146

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

AFFAIRS OF FRANCE,
Cmtinuid from Page 65.

ON fh4 iA of Janmry» advices were
Kodved that general Hocke had obliged
the allies to raife the (iege of X«andau j
and further advices read on the jd, an-
nounced, that that general was ia'podef-
iion of Spire and GemieriheiiD,

Of'the fate of the royalifts in the weft of
France, the following is the horrid ac-
count as delivered by geocral Weftermann
at the bar of the convention on the 71b of
January. * Citiaens reprefentativesy a
wound which prevents me from all exer-
«iie on borfeback, is the motive of my
journey to Paris. I come to prefent to
the convention fome remains of the iacer-
dotal iJMils of the bUhop of Agra, fo fa •
aaous for the part whicli he a6bcd in the
late Catholic and royal army, I conie
alio to alfwe you» upon my head, that
of that army, which was ftill 90,000 men
ibt»ng while in the diftriA of Mons» not
a fingle combatant has remained. Chiefs,
•fficers^ f«ldiers, biihoos, countelTes, and
narcbioneiresy all periled by the fword,
by the flames, or by the waves! This
dreadful example is unprecedented in the
annals of hiAory ; and Eunope, aftoniihed,
will fee that a republic, wiiidi, l^e the
Everlafting Father, dilates its laws from
the fummji of a facred mountain, will he
sdbie to maintain itfelf,, and to reduce, like
La Vendee, every c6untry which (hall be
foolifh enough to form a plan of leftoring
royalty to Fiance.' The prefident an-
fwercd Weftermann, and invited him to
the honours of the littiftg among the re-
prefen'atives of the people, amid the
loudeft plaudits. And this officer, who
had been cafhieied and arrefteii, was or-
dered to be iiit at liberty provifionally, till
the committee to M'hom his condud liad
beeu referred, had made the report.

Among the numerous executions lately
was that of maiihal Luckner, on the 7th
of January^

Little of confcquence paflfol till Tuef-
day the aift of January, tlieanniverlaiy of
the execution of Lewis XVI, when the
Jacobin club of Paris appeared before the
convention, tocongratuhite the members
of it on that event \ when Chaumt-tie, tibe
narionahigem ot the, commonalty ot Paris,
read a Ij^ctch, which he terminated as
follows :

* Moujituinetrs, there is no happiaefs
a

with a lung ^ no faappmeis wkhout li*
berty and ec^uality. You have deftroyed
a kmg, and prochimed liberty ; you
wanted then liberty and the hs^pinefs of
the people : you have well deiinrved of the
country.*

Here all the reprefenutives rofe and
took the oath, Death to the Tyrants !
Peace to the Cottager.

On Wedneiday, Jan. «», Barrcre, after
announcine; many particulars of the late
fucceftes or the republicans on the Rhine,
by which the fieg^ of Landau bad been
railed, and the Auftrians had been obliged
to evacuate Fort Vauban, [Fort Louis}
entered into a long inveflive, which fully
difplays the temper of the ruling party
toward the Engliih in particular.

* In common wars,' faid he,* after fiic-
cefles fo numerous, peace has been fought
for and obtained. The wars of kings-
were only languinary tournaments, the
expences of which were defrayed by the
people, while tyrants inibiently aflumed
all the pomp to tbemfeltes : but in a war
for freedom, there is but one means, that
of exterminating dcfpots. When the
horror of tyranny, and the inftinft of
freedom, have armed the brave, they will
only ftieath the lwoi*d by dilating peace«
The coalition has harneflfed twenty-one
nations to the corps o^ de^ttfm, the int-
habitants of which ftill are flumbering :
the people of England, Scotkind, Ireland,
Holhind, Hanover, Brunfwick, Hcflc,
Pruftia, the Im})erialifts, Auftrians, Hun-
garians, Bohemians, Belgians, Ruftians,
Pledmontefe, Sardinians, Parmefans, Flo-
rentines, Romans, Neapolitans, and Syst-
niards. To enumerate, them is but to give
a lift of the vanquished.

* What campaign was ever ipore glori-
ous, prefenting as it does, the Spaniards
and the Englilh flying from Toulon, the

, Pruftians beaten at the Mozelle, the Auf-
trians i-cpafting tlie Rhine, and the Dutch
chafed from Dunkirk >

* Some voices however alre&dy ai-e
heard declaiming on the advantages of
peace. What man of underftanding^
what iincere patpiot will dai'e to mentiorr
peace, without dreading to comproniiie
freedom ? Who then wil (peak of peace ?
Thole who hope to adjourn the counter^
revoUiiion ibr tome months or fome years,

by

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.^

*4?

by giving foreign nations and tyrants
time to breathe to niul6l thdr people, pro-
vifion their magaxines, and recruit their
armies.-— Who is it that calls for peace ?
Brunfwick, CoIx)urg, Pitt, Hood, and
Kicardos.. The deceit is too groft, for it
is our cowardly enemies thcmfelvcs, who
induftriouilv difleminate this opinion, and
who have tne folly to hope it will prevail.

* Let our nopular focieties feize e\'ery
means of developing the crimes of the Bri-
tifc government, and of proving that its
minirtcr has familiarized national de-
fpotifm, and in a pompous manner has
fubftnnjiated tiie royal tyranny. It is the
forms of this government, which you
ought to deftioy.*

On Thurfday, Jan. 23, the national
convention decixxxi, * That a felfe witViefs
Ihall incur the fame puri'hment which
vrould have been incmred by the f>err6n
againft whom his falfchood was dire^leil.*

On Sunday, Jan. 26, Hurrerc, in "the
name of the comnfiittee of pubHc fefety,
iaid, that in ortfer to give effeft to the
very extraordinary exertions that were
rtaking in ail the ports of thercpuBlid, ft
was fit that alf mariners flioujd be fubje^
to the fame requifition as other citizens.
In cohfeqnence of this the affembly de-
creed, that all officers and.others, n6t em-
ployed in the marine, but engaged on
board merchant and trading (hips, or
otherwife employed in navigation, fhould
he at the difpofiiion of the minifter of the
marine.

Barrere .then called the convention to
coniider a moft fruitful canife of the evils
which diftreffed the republic— it was the
different idioms of iangdaga that prevailed
in the heart of France j by this difference
in language many parts of the country
were not only left in ignorance of what
was doing by the convent ioni but their
ineafores were mifreprcftnted; In this
way the infurre6tion in La Vendee had
been principally promoted, for the word
/«w/ was confounded with reiigioni and
in this way alfo, the inhabitants of the
departments on the Rhine had been ac-
cuttomed to confider the Germans more as
their brothers than the French j and in
this way too the Bafques, a free but un-
informed people, living in the lower
Pyrenees, were deceived by their neigh-
bours the Spaniards. The convention
therefore decreed, that a teacher (hould be
appointed in each dillrift, not a minifter
ot any relj^ous order, nor a member of
any heretofore privileged body, who ihould
explain to the pcopTeof both fcxcs, in

their native dialeft, the proceedings of the
convention, parricularly t|iofe relating to
agriculture and the rights of citizens, and
alfo to inftruft them in pure French.
The(ff teachers to be pointed out by the
popular Ibcieties in each diftrift.

A deputation itf Amerieanl was ad-
mitted to the bar, and the orator demanded
the pardon of Thomas Pii?ne, that apoftte
of liberty, who had b*n profcribed ih
England, and whofe arreft was a fpecies
of triumph to all the tyrants on earth.
His papers had been examined, and faf
from findiftg any dangerous propofitions»
the cotnnrrittee had traced only the cha-
t%dsen of that burning acal for Kbert^-*-
of t^iat ebquenoe of nature and philofophy
-•'and of thofe principles of public mora-
4ity, which had thmngh life f»rocured lifiii^
the hati^ of diffpots and the love of hit
fellow-cititentf. The]^ demanded, there;,
^re, with confidence-, that Thomas Paine
fliould be reftored to' the frat^nal cmbkw:e
oi hh felio^-cihzensr, andtheir oflRnr them-
fclves fureties' for hts condu^' during the
itort thner that lie ihonld remain in
France.

Thfe prefideitt, after a high compUiheirt
to the Amerrcan people, faid, 'Yon de-
mand from us Thomas Paine— you ^are
anxious to re-condtfl6t tb yoof Own fidei
the aflfcner of the Rights of matt. We
muft applaud this. genercMs devotion.
Thomas Paine !was bom in England-*
that was enough to AibjttA htm- to the ^de..
cree in the firit inftance, which our ftfm
Caktf demanded by ther^vokftionary Uwg.
The convention will ta^e into doniidera.
tion your demand/

Anothef.fpecimen of the extraordinary
ientiments and language of the prefent
French mlers was exhibited by fiarrere,
on Saturday, February i, in the following
part of a report of the committee of pub-
lic fefcty on the war.

* Our land forces,* (aid Barrere, in the
name of the committee of public fafrty,
* have made a glorious campaign ; and
our naval force will procure us an ho-
nourable peace. Peace has'been talked of^
you have been told that- you mean to fub-
je£t the Englifli people to yow meafures j
that you intena to tranfport Paris t#
London. Why will you laviih (b much
French blood ? The confederate powers
fue for peace. You wifli to dethrone all
kings— Do you wifh it fn* the purpole of
undoing the revolution, or, ar leaft, in
order to retard its beneficial confequences I
This is the common language ^ the mo^
derates!

Ta Tbe

X48

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

* The commit tee prepare a terrible war,
with the only view of obtaining a folid
peace. You deiiie peace j tlie leagued
kings do the fame; but mark; at what
price ! A diplomatic agent in a neutral
country faid the other day, • The confede-
rate powers are willing, provifionally, to
acknowledge the French republic.;—
(Bui-fts o* laughter)— Well, let us pro-
vifionally deflroy all tyrannical govern-
ments. (Applauded.) Do you know what
the coalesced kings are propofing to you ?
A -ceflation of Eoftilitics for two years.
,(* No ced'ation of hoftilities T was the ge*
ncral cry.) They offer you a two years
armiftice, for the purpose of eibblifhing
anwng you new Vendees ; in order to re-
cover their exbaulted fticQgthf to carry
off your merchandize ; to infeft the po-
pular iocieties by their agents ; to ftir up
newconfpiracies artHtfigyou ; perfidiouAy
to tak^ trom you your ftnns^ your pro-
viiions, and to give you at lait fonie royal
fcoundrel for a mafter. This is the cdTa-
t on of hoftilities whicli is offered you ; at
the term of its expiration they wiJl ^nnt
you peace, they fay ; and (his peace is to
-be ratified by the French fkeople* Can it
be forgotten, that a fa^ion^ wliofe in^
rention it was to deftroy liberty by this
ineansy made finiHar propofals ?

/ TJ|H).French .people define peace ; hot
an Honouritble . peace, . a peace iiich ad we
JOi^i be jeiuiir to iigh. The tyiantfl ol!tr
.you peaice,fbdcMife tbey have neither mo-
r^ nor foldiiersA A negociatpr laid lately
in $wiii«rlaiKl, ' but fuppdie it was in*
i^pded to.talk of peace, tp whom in France

flsould an application of *ihat kind be a<i«
dreflcd ?'— * To whom ? This is not dif-
ficult to be determined,* aofwered th^e
national agent | ' we have a hundred
thoufand negociators at the army of the
Rhine ; a hundred thoufand in the fouth ;
as many at the northern army.* (Burfts
of applaufe.)

* Why (hould the Fimch people not aft
as Rome did f Why ibould we not fur-
round all kings with the famous circle of
Popilius ? If the Britifti people wilh for
peace, why do thejr not fpeedilv detach
themfelves from their infernal ancl de^tic
government ? Let them ceafe to behave
like Haves, and we will grant them peace.
The kings, we are told, demand peaco-*
but what have thefe defpots hitherto done
to obtain k ? — Have they ceafed to -pro-
voke the neutral govemmetxts againft us^
and to dire6^ their perfidwus manoeuvres
againft a free people ? Arms and gun*
powder muft alone procure us peace.*

On Sunday, Feb. a, on the report of
the fame committee is was decreed, that
every captain or other officer of the navy,
who (hall ftrike, and furrender a (hip of
the line to tbe enemy, without having
fought a force at leaft double her owp^
(haU be declared guilty of trea(bn againft
their country.

The convention, wi(hing to be juft aa
well as fevere, decreed, at the (ame time»
that the Teamen who (hall capture an ene*
my's (hip of one third greater force than
their own, (hall get promotion, and aUd
be otherwife rewanka«

[To be continued.]

LONDON GJZETTMS.

, Fcom.the'London Gazette, January 15.

Madrid, January t.

iKltelligence has been reteiyed from' Bar-
celoiia, that on the 20tb uk. the Spapiih
troops,' which were at the Banuls de Mar,
attacjccd the town of Port Vcndre, and the
entrenchments on. J he heights behind the
place, and carried thein, after an obftinate
an^ bloody ^'pn, ^akiag jfix i>icccs of canl
non i diat ^ei*erai tuefta afterward di-
Wltd a fuddcn atuc|c upon Foit St. EU
^Oj, wbeijB the French had retired from
JPort Vtndre, and, notwithflanding ilie
inccflant fo-e kept up by the earrifon, two
bairalicns of Walloorts and fome other
corps gained the aJmoft inacceflible heights
by which the place is commanded, and
obliged the garrifpn to filrrendcr prifonere
of war J thaf the guns of the fort of St.

Elmo were immediately turned upon the
town of Collieure, wbidi was given up a(
difcretion the next morning i that on tbe
2ift .the marquis de las Amarillas, at the
bearl of three columns, attacked the flank
of the batteries and entrenchments in the
front of the Spani(h van-guard at Bolo,
earned three batteries, and obliged the
French to retreat to Banuls de Afpres;
that a folic attack was, at the fame time,
inade on the right of tbe enemy's camp by
a cblumin from Ceret, commanded by the
t'ortuguefe general Forbes, and another
on the left by aeneral Hurrigary, who
fell in with a column of looo men, on
tUir march from Perpignan to the camp
af Banuls de Afpies, which they charged,
killed 500 men on the fpot and in tlie
purfuit, took xoo priibners, and two
baggage- waggons^ with very inconiider*
/ able

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

•Ue Idd. It h computed that, In thele
Icfoal a6Uon8, the SfMoiiards hay? taken
70 pieoe^ of beavy anillery, a great quan-
tity of dothing and ammunitiooy and fix
months provifions far to,ooo men.

149

and the Quarter of Jerenite} and that the
Bnu(h flag was, in conftquence» flying
on aU the forts and batteries in the above-
mentioned pariflies.

From the London Gazette, January aS.
Li(bon, Jan. 1 1 . Accounts have been
received here fl-oro the head quarters at
Bollou, dated December 13, that at day-
httak on the aift the allies artacked and
carried all the enemy^s advanced lines and
batteries ; which fuccefs, together witli the
captuie of Port Vendre, Fort St. Telmo,
and Collioure, determined the enemy,
Vfhoie left and rear flanks were laid open,
to quit, in the courie of that night, all
tiieir camps and potts in front of the al-
lies, and retire into Perpignan, leaving the
Spaniards mafters of the country to the
irery gates of the town.

From the London Gaietie, Februaiy x.

Whitebait, Februaiy x.

Extraft of a Letter from his Royal High-
^ nefi the Duke of York to Mr. Secre*

tary Dnndas, dated Gent, January as,

^794-

I received yeflerday a report from lieu-
Oenant-general count Kinflcy, from Tour-
oay, tmiton Monday the enemy moved
ibnward. with 900 mfantry and 100 ca-
valry, from Waterloo, and attacked the
poft of Aelbecke, which at firft was ob-
liged to retire ; but the Auftrian out-pofts
^liaving immediately aflembled, attacked
the enemy in flank, and drove them com-
pletely back to the other fide of Waterloo,
Theenemv*s lofs was ai men killed, and
one fevereJy wounded and taken prifoner.
The Auftrians had only one man killed,
2U)d one wounded.

From the London Gatette, February xi.

Whitehall, Feb. 11. On Sunday the
9th inflant die right, hon. Henry Dundas,
one of his majefty*s principal fecretaries of
ftate, received dii'patches iVom the lieute-
nant-governor of Jamaica, dated the 15th
of Dmnber, 17 9), 'containing intelli-
gence, that major Grant, commandant at
Cape Nichola Mole, had acce|)ted the fur-
lender of the parities of St. Mark and
Genaives, in St, Domingo^ to his majeflyn
upon the lane term* and conditions which
bare been gran^ to Cape NicboU Mole

From the London Gazette, February 12.

Admiraltv-Ofiice, Feb. a 8, 1794. A
letter, of which the following is a copy,
frona the ri^ht honourable lord Hood, vice^
admiral of the red, atid commander in
chief of his maje(ly*s fliips in the Medin
terranean, was this day received at this
office.

Vidory,Hieries-Bay, Jan. aa, 1794.

Sir,

I hei^ith have the honour to tranfmit
you, for the information of the lords
commiflioners of the admiralty, a narra-
tive of the fortunate prefervation of his
nuQ'efty*s (hip Juno, owing to tl«e great
prefence of mind and zealous exertion of
captain Hood, his ofliccrs, and ibip*s com-
pajiy. I am, &c. Hooo.

Philip Stephens, Efq.

Juno, in Hieries-Bay, Jan. 13, X794;
My Lord,

I b^ leave to incloie your lordihip a
narredve of the fortunate efcape of hia
ma^y^s ihip Juno, under my command,
from the port of Toulon, after having
run afiiore in the Inner Harbour on tm
night of the zxth inftant.

The firm, fleady and quiet manner my
orders wei-e carried into execution by lieu-
tenant Turner, fupported by the able af»
fiiiance of lieutenants Ma ion and Webly
in their refpe^Vive ftations, the attention of
Mn Kidd, the mafter, to the Peerage, &c.
with the very good condu^ of every officer
and man; were the means of the ihip'c
prefervation from the enemy, and for which
I mii^ft requeft permifldon to gi?e them my
fttongeft recommendation. I have th«
honour to be, &c. Sam. Hooq,

To the Right Hon. Loid Hood,

Commander in Chief, Sec,

Juno, Hieries-Bay, Jan« 13, X794«
On the 3d inftant I left the ifland of
Malta, having on board 150 fupemume-i
rariesf 4.6 of whom are the officers ancf
private marines o^ his majefty*s (hip Rom«
ney, the remainder Maiteie, intended for.
the fleet. On the night of the 7 th, oaf fed
the S. W. point of Sardinia, and fleered
a courfe for Toulon. On the 9th, about
eleven A» M* made Cape Sicte, but fourd

a current

J

ISO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

a current hadfet ut fome. leagues to the
weltward of our expefbtion ; hauleci oar
wind ; but it bJowing hard from the eaft"
ward, with a ftrnng lee current, we could
but juft fetch toihe wcftward of the above
cape. The wind and current continuing,
we could not, till «he evening of the i itE,
set as far to wiadward as C:ipe Sepet :
having that evening, a litile l^ore ten
o'clock, found the fliip would be able to
fetch Into Toulon if I wifiied it, I did not
like to wait *till morning, as we had been
thrown to leeward, and having fo. many
men on board, I thought it my indiljxn-
lable duty to get in as faft as poilible. At
ten I ordered the hands to be turned up to
bring the fliip to anchor, being then abiraft
of Cape Sepet, entering the Outer Har-
bour. Not having a pilot onboard, or
any peifon acauaintcd with the port, I
priced two miafhipmen to look out with
night-glaffes for the fleet) but not di£-
covcring any (hips until we got near the
cn'rance of the Inner Harbour, I fuppofc
they had moored up th^re in the eaftern
g^le ; at the fame time freing one vefltl,
with feveral other lights, which I imag'ned
tP be the fleet's. I entered the Inner
Harbour under the topfails only j but find-
ing I could not weather a brig, wliich lay
a Jittle way above the point caHed the
Grand Tour, I ordered the forefaiJ and
driver to be fct, to be ready to tack when
we were the oth r fide the brig. Soon af-
ter the brig hailed us, but I could not
make out in what language : I fuppoied
they wanted to know wlwt m\p it was. I
told them it was an Englifh frigate called
the Juno. They anfwcred, viva; and
after aflcing, in Englifh and French, for
ibme time, what brig fiie was, and where
the Britifli admiral lay, thef}- appeared not
to underfbnd me, but called out, as we
|»fled under their fterr, luff, which made
me fuppole there was flioal water near.
The helm was inflantly put a Ice, but we
found the fliip was on fliore, brfore flie
gjot head to wind. There being very
little wind, and perfectly linooih, I or-
dered the fails to be clewed up and hand-
ed : at this time a boat went from the Ung
toward the town. Before the people were
all ofl" the yards, we found the fliip went
aflero very faft, by a flaw of wind that
came down the harbour: vrc hotlted the
driver and mizen Itay fail, keeping the
flieets to windward to give her Itern way
as long as poflible^ that flie might get fur-

ther from the flioal. The inflant flie Udt
hcjr way) we let go the beft bower anchor §
when (be tended head to wind, the sthat
part of the keel was agmund, ami we
could not move the rudder. I ordered the
launch and cutter to be hoifted out, and
to put the "kedge anchor, with two liavF-
ferif in tneiti, to waip the fliip fuitnLr
off. By the time the boats were out, a
boat came along fide, after Iiaving been
hailed, and v^e thought anfwered as if an
oflicer had been in her ^ ihe people were
all anxious to get out of her, two of which
appeared to he the ofliceis : one of them
fald, he came to inform me, it was the
regulation of the port, and the conunand-
iiig officer's orders, that I " muft go into
another branch of the harbour, to peribrm
ten days quarantine. I kept afli^ing bim
where lord Hood's fliip lay $ but his not
giving me any fatisfaflory anfwer, and
onis of the midfliipmen having at the (ame
inftant faid, * They wear National Cock-
ades,' -i looked at one of their hats more
ftedfaflly. and, by the rooonligtit, dedrty
diftrnguiflied the three colours. Perceiving
they were fufpeffted, and on my queflion-
ing them again about lord Hood, one of
them replied, * Soyet tranquille, les Af»g-
lots (bnt de braves gens, nous les traitmis
bienj I'admiral Anglois eft forti il y a
quelque ttitjs.'*' It may be more cafily
conceived than any words can expreji.
what I felt at the moment. The circuro-"
flance of our fituation, of courle, was
known throughout the ffiip in an inflant 5
and faying wc were all prifoners, the ofiicers
foon got near me, to know our fituation.
At the fame time, a flaw of wind coming ^
down the harbour, lieutenant Webley, ihe
third lieutenant of the fliip, faid to me^
' I believe, fir* we fliall be able to fetch
out, if we can get licr under fail.* I im-
mediately perceived we fliould have a
chance of faving the fliip ^ at leaft, if we
did not, we ought not to lofe his majefty's
fliip without ibme contention. I ordered
every peribn to their refpe£livc ftations, and
the Frenchmen to be fent below : they
perceiving Ibme buftic, two or three of
them began to draw their (ahres 5 on which
i ordereil fome of the marines to take the
half pikes, and force them below, which
was fbon done a I then ordered all the
Maltefc between decks, that we might not
have confufion with too many men. I
believe, in an intlant, fuch a change m
people was never feen ; every oflicer and

* Don't be afraid : the Englifli are brave fellows ;
admiral has been ^oe iome time.

we treat tliem well : the Bnglifl^

9ian

1

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794,

IS at his duty, and I 'do believe »
vidiin three minutes, every fail in the (hip
wu fety and (he yai-ds braced ready for cslI\-
ii^. The iieady and a£live aluftance of
Jieut. Turner, and.all the officers, prevented
auy confuljon ixoqi arifing in our aitical ii«
Tuation. As. ibon as the cable was torr, I
cxdeied it to be cut, and had the good tor-
tune to fee the (hip ibrt from the ihore }
the head-fails were iUied: a favourable
Haw of wind coming at the lame time, got
£U)d way en her, and we had then eveiy
|]rofpc£l of getting out, if the forts did not
<]Iiable us. To prevent our being retaixi-
cd by tlie boats, i ordered them to be cut
adrift, as alfo the French boat. The mo-
nient the brig iaw us begin to looie iaits,
vve could plainly perceive (hp was getting
her guns ready, and we alio iaw lights on
ail the batteries. When we had (hot far
enoi^h for the brig's guns to bear on. us,
which was not more tlian thiee (hips
lengths, (he began to fiie, alio a fort a lit-
t£p OD the ftsrboard bow, and ibon after all
of them, on both lidcs, as they could bring
tbeir guns to bear. As foon as the fails
were well trinunei', I beat to quarters to
^t our guns ttady, but not with an in-

15«

tc^ation of firing till we vstere fuit t>£ getdiig
out. When wis gota-brealt of the center
part of the land of Cape Seper, I was a-
fraid we (hould,liave been oblif^ed tc naakft
a tack, but as we drew near the (here, and
wei e ready, (he came up two points, and
j\i& weathered the Cape. As we paifed
verydoie along th^t (hore, the batteries
kept up as bri(k a fire as the wetnefs of the
wither would admit. When I could af-
ford to keep the (hip a little from the wind,
I ordered fome guns to be fired at a bat -
tes'jr that had ju(l opened abreail of us,
which quieted them a little. We thea
ftopped firing till we could keep her away,
with the wix^ abaft the beam, when, tor
a few minutes, we kept up a very bri(k
fire on the laH battery we had to pafs, and
which I believe mufi otherwiie have done
us" great damage. At half paii twelve,
being out of reach of their (hot, the firing
ceaied j fortunatelv we had.no perfon hurt.
Some fliot paiHfd tlu-ough the (ails, part of
the fbnding and running rigging (hot a*
way, and two French 36 pound (hot, ihsc
firuck the hull, was all the damage we re-
ceived.

Sam« Hood.

THE THEATRE,

y^N WetlnciUay evening a new comedy,
i^ called Love's Frailties, or, Pr^-
€ept agfiinft PraSlicef wa% perfoimed qt
Covent- Garden Theatir, the chara^t|S of
which were thus reprefented :

Mufcadel, Mr. Lewis 5 Sir Gregory
•^ Oldwort, Mr. Quick ; Seymour, Mr.
Holman ; Craig Campbell, ^Ir• Mundcii ;
James, Mrs. Farley i Paulina, Mrs. Ei*-
ten-; Nanncttc Mrs. Mattocks j La,.Iy
Louifa Comptcn, Mrs. Fawcctj Mrs.
Wilkins, MjTs. Piatt j Lady Faacourt,
Mrs. Pope,

* Tlus comedy is written by Mr. Hol-
croft. The main objett of the fatire
is, to hold up to ridicule that charafler fo
common in life, a man profciling the ut-
rood purity of morals, and rigidly audeie
opon thole who do not exa6lly I'quare their
condufl by the precepts he has etenial!y in
his muuth, although he is the ilave ot vi-
cious pafiions in private^ and lecherous in
the exirtme. SirGrtggry Oldwort is this
faypociitr.

The plot exhibits the diftrefs of a man
of family, driven to penury by the op-
preilion of a bi other, and obliged to turn
painter, in order to provide fume mainte-
nance for an only daughtei'^ and his faiti)-

ful fervant from Switzerland, who had
lived with him twenty years, nurfed his
child, attended his wi^: in her lait illneis,
and fharcd in all his misfortunes. A bro-
ther and iider of high birth are taken un-
der fir Gregory's roof, 6n being dderied
by their noble relations, when they loft
their parents, but this is done by fir Gre-
gory, not from motives of benevolence,
but out of mere oftentation. The filler
has privately married an officer in the ar-
my, and the brother h&s pledged his troth
to Paulina, the daughter of the painter,
who loves him wiih a mutual and equally
ardent paifior. Sir Gregory commands
tie latter to pay his addrenes to lady Fan-
couit, who, though flie had given Mulca-
del realbn to expe^l her h^nd, takes a vio*
lent liking to Mr. Seymour, the brother,
and hence a.iics all the interell created by
the emhai rulTment of the two lovers. La-
dy Fancourt hearing of Mr. Seymour's
attachmeni* goes to fee the painter's driogli-
ter, imagining (hat her high rank will awe
hc^r into a conipliance with her wi(hes, and
influence her to abandon all hopes of Mr.
Seymour, bhe is charmed with the beau*
ty and elegance of Paulina's perlbn, and
iiill mure by the excellency; of her under-

ilanding.

«5»

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ftandtng, the refioeihciit of her ftnttnwntfy
and the foundners of her judgment* Every
frefli interview adds to the impreflion, and
at laft the lady is wrought to confeft the
fuperiority of Paulina's mind. The pain-
tar, who has all the pride of high birth,
proves to be the bnMher ruined ami aban-
doned by fir Gregory, and fir Gregory
being detc^ed in his (ecret fins, they mu-
tually dilcUim theui former pr^'udices, and
a. general reconciliation takes [Aace.

On Saturday February 2a, was a6bd at
the fame theatre, a new opera, called The
Travelleiu in Switzerland, the
p'odu^ton iA the Rev. Henry Bate Dud-
tey« The charafUrt were thus repie-
iented;

Sir Leinfter M^Loughlin^ Mr. Rock ;
Sidncv, Mr. Munden^ Doriroond, Mr.
Johnftone \ Dalton, Mr. Inctedon \ Comte
Friponi,'Mr.Fawcetti Daniel, Mr. Quick ;
Robin, Mr. Blanchaixl \ Swifs Burgher,
Mr. Thomlbnj Serjeant, Mr. Richard-
Ion 5 Fiiberman, Mr. Towi»Jcnd.-<*Lady
Philippa Sidney, Mrs* Mattocks; Mifs
SomavillcMiis Poole $ Julia, Mrs. Clen-
dining ; Nerinda, Mrs. Maityr j ,Mar--
gery. Mis. Henley $ Shepherdeis, Mifs
Hopkins.

The Travellers in Switzerland are the
Sidney family, attended hy Dorinrrcnd, the
lover of Julia Sidney, habited as a Swifs
valet, and afterward by Sir ■ Sidney
himielf, difguifed as an Engliih guide, for
the purpofe of obfuving the condu6l of his
wife, and curing her, if poHible, of an ab>
furd paflion for lieraldry. Two oiher fui-
tors to the ladies appear in comte Friponi,
a coxcomical Aiarper, and Ar Leinfter M'-
Loughlin, an Irifh knight. Their ad-
drefles and contclh fuinifli the principal
matter of the two firft afts. The Travel-
lers in their courfe arrive at the cattle of the
fair reclufc, Mifs Somcrville, which in the
neighbouihood has the reputation of being

cadianted. Daniel, a cmriotK ienrant oT
the Sidneys, gets adniflion by making Ro-
btn, a domethc of the caftle, drunk, and
ptttttne on his livei^. Robin, to-panilh
the deifinqoent, calls in the Swife (bldicfy,
bv whom the caftle is for feme time befieg-
ed. The ciirumftancet are al length ex-
plained, the troops withdrawn, and Sidney
and Dorimond refome their chaiafters.
Lady Sidney profefles herielf reformed, and
the lovers of coorfe arc made happy.

From this floetch our readers will iee that
the author has not aimed either at artifice in
his fable or regular pnogreflion in his fcenes.
A lauE^able contraft of ch^After relieves^
and a lively dialogue connenl,(everal poe-
tic Ibn^ \ thefe have given Icope to the ge-
nius of Shield, whoip mufic in this opem j
will be found to furpafs even his ufual ricb-
nefs and vahety. The manager has fur-
niftied ibme beautiful views of Switzerland.

The lame evening, at theTheatit in the
Haymarket, a new comedy was produced^
under the tide of the Box lobby Ckal-

LENGB.

Young Grampus, a young blockhead
of fortune, is lent for to tovm, for the
purpofe of being launched forth on the
grand tour. He falls into the hands of ^
Fulibme, a porafitical author, and young
Crotchet, an' illiterate debauchee. The
latter makes , love to mifs Grampus, the
maiden-aunt, and fucceeils in cheating her #
out of her fortune. Crotchet infults, at
the theatre, Letitia, a young lady, under
the guardianihip of old Grampus, he «s
chaftifed by Waterland, a youn| officer,
and gives Fulfome^^ caixl. In his purfuit
of his antagonift, capt. Waterland gets in- V
troduced into the Grampus ^mily, and to /
Letitia, of whom he has become ena-
moured, and after the ufual difficulties,
obtains her hand ; and, at the fame time,
with what moral jo (lice, we know not,
Crochet and mil's Grampus are alfo united.

IRELAND.

Speech of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
to both Houks oi Parliament, January
21.

My Lords and Qfmtltmen,
T Have his majefty's commands to meet
^ you in parliament. Vou mull have felt,
with the higlieft fatisfaftion, tliat, by the
fuccefs oi his majtfty*s arms, and thofe of
his allies, the hopes of France, in their un-
pioyoked declaration of war, to impair the
liability, oi ftjake the conllitutiou ot'Gi^at
9

Britain and Irebnd, have been utterly dlf-
appointed.

The forces of his majefty and his allies
arc in pofleflion of many important fort-
refles which belonged to the French, and
many of their opprefiive and unjuft con-
quelb have been wrefted from them j and,
whillt the trade of tlie empire has been gc-
ncially protc6lcd, the refources which our
enemies derived from their wealthy feitle-
mcnts and extenfivc comniercc have been
almoft entirely cut off,

I have

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

1 bavc the fetisfaftion to acquaint you,-
that the fpirit of inrurre£liony which was
lor finxie time prevalent among the lower
orders of people, is in general iupprefled.
No exertion mall be wanting, on my part»
to Kring them to a due fenS of order and
fubordinatioD, and to^ prevent and punifli
the machinations of thole who may aim to
ieduce them from their accuftomea loyalty
into a£ts of fedition and outrage.

The law for rendering a militia in this
kingAom efie£lual| has been carried fuc-
oemally into execution. I am happy to
find that the people are at length fully re-
conciled to this mftitutioni which has al-
r^ady been attended by the moft beneficial
confequences, in producing internal tran-
auiility, and contributing to the general
firength and forces of the empire.

I am commanded to acquaint you, that
his majefty has appointed a commiflion
under the great feal, to execute the o$ce
of brd high treafurer of this kingdom, in
order that the pavment of the civil lift
. granted to his majefty, and a regular ap-
'propriadon of the revenue to diftin^l fervi-
cesy may be carried into execution in a
manner as conformable to the practice of
Great Britain, as the relative muation of
this kingdom will permit.

Gentlemen of the Houfe of Commons,

I have onlered the national accounts to
be laid before you, as well as eftimates
for the fervice of the enfuing year. It is
painful to me to obferve, that the exigen-
cies of the times will require a large fupply
and additional refources ; but when you
confider that this is a war of abfolute ne-
ccifity, and that you are contending for
your liberty, property, and religion, I
dbubt not that you will cheerfully contri-

15a

biite to [iipport the Honoilr of his nlajefty*8
crown, and the eflential interefts of the
kingdom.

My Lords and Gentlenoeny

The agriculture, the manufactures, and

C'cularly the linen manufacture of Ire-
, the Proteftant charter fchools, and
various other inftitutions of public utility,
have fo conftantly received the benefit of
your care and liberality, that I need not,
particularly, at this time, inculcate their
importance.

His majefiy has the fullefl reliance upon
the loyalty and attachment of his people of
Ireland. You are now, by the unjult ag-
greifion^ of France, involved in a conteft
for your religion, for your conflitution,
and for the prefervation of every princi-
ple which upholds fbcial order, or gives
iecurity to vour peribns or properties. In
fuch a caufe, his majefty has no doubt of
being cordially fupported, by the efforts
of all his fubjeCb, in refifting thedefpera!«
defigns of men, who are endeavounng to
ere^ tlieir own power and dominion on
the ruins of law and order, and to involve
every government of Europe in a genoral
fcene of confudon and anarchy.

His majefty*s objeCl is peace ; and he
will exert himfelf^ in conjunction with his
allies, whenever an occaGon fhall prefent
itfelf, for obtaining this deiirable end,
without furrendering the honour of bis
crown, or facrificing the prefent or future
fecurity of his people and of the 'reft of
Europe.

You may depend upon my faithful re*
prefentations of your fervices to his ma^*
jefty $ and I will aealoufly co-operate with
your exertions for the welfare and profpe-^
rity of Ireland.*

HISTORICAL CHRONICLR

January aS.
/^APT. Ljicas, of his maje(ty*s fhip
^^ Sphynx, captured on the nth inft.
off Cape Clear, the French national brig
La Trompeule, of 1 8 fix pounders and
105 lo^*

FlBRUAtr I.

The total amount of the French emi-
granis appears now, from the mutter re-
tamed to government, to amount to x 4.1(7 7
men, women, and children, brought off
by the Biitifh fleet firom Toulon.
February 2.

It appears by Llpyd*s Lifts, tlut from
the IS of Febimry 1793, to the sftof

Febraarv 1794., 316 fhips have been taken
by all tne allied powers from the French,
and that the French have taken from the
allied powers 410. The balance, thtre<«>
fore> of captures in favour of France, is

February 4.
Yefterday evening, a dreadful accident
happened at the Little TbeaUe in the Hay.
market. Their majefties had commanded
the play, and there was a gi^t crowd af-
iembled before the pit-door. A poor wo-
man having been thrown down, the people
kept pufhing forward, others were tnrown
down over hu,. and all vmx trampled
V upon

»54

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ikpon by thecmwd, who pafled over their knowledge of their majeftits till die yiaj

huJies into the h(»uie. The pit lies lower was over.

Exdufive of thefe lamented vidhns^

thnn the th>efhoUi of the door leading intp
it I thofc therefore who go in mull go
down a ftep, Hci% it was that the mC
chit f liap)iened : for the people who were
the unfortunate lufFcners, either not know-
ing any thing o' this i\cp, or being hur-
ried on by the prcfTiire of tlic crowd behitid,
fell do *n, whle ihoie who fol owed im-
mediately w«-i-, by the fameiireGiVible im-
pulle, hiin icri over them. The fcene that
en filed may be eafier conceived than dc-
fcrihed i the f<:Feams rf the dying and the
maimed were truly <h«cking j whiTe thofc
who were literally trainplipg their fcllow-
cieatures to dfa h, had it not in their

power to avo»d the mifdwcf thiey were do
' _ x> 1 1 /- _ It _ _ t I- .._j .1.-

who were all rcfpeflable and wealthy per-.
fonsy near twenty others fufiered mattflnal
injuries^ in bruifcsi broken 1<S*» uul
arms.

February 7.

Yellerday morning, the arrival of the
Swalbw packet at Torbay, with the mod
noble marquis Cornwallis, and port of
his (bite, colonel Rofs, private fecretarf^
and captain Apfley, aid-<iu-camf>» o»
board, was announced at the India Houle.

The Swallow left Madras the 10th of.
O^ober, and was convoyed by adooiral
Cornwall is to the foathward of tlie equa-
tor, arrived at St. Helena the 1 5th of

ktg. One co"'d fcarcely have believed that ceinhn'-, and foiled from thence the 19th,

/• .'1 1 l_ ' 1 -ll^i r_ I' l'^^\^ \STl -l._ O II l.r.. 1 1:- -tl aJ

fo many c< ii'd have been killed in lb fnv^il
a fpace. Seven bodies, completely lifelcfs,
were carried into Mr. Wynch^, the drug-
girt, next dcor to the theati-e, fome to the
(hops of oih^ medical gentlemen, and the
i^malnder to St. Martin's wa^ch-houfe, to
be owned. Medical aid was called in,
and every thing to reftore animation, if
it were only fwfp'nded ; but we are lorry
thtit Aiccefs attended the procefs in one
cafe only, \vhich was tlwit of Mr. Bian-
don, of Tooicyflrcer, in the Borough,
whofe wife and daugjitcr were both kilkd.

The following is a lilt of the pcrfons
who were trampled fo death :

Mrs. Fifher, fifter in-law to Mr. Br»Th-
dbn, of Tooley-lireet.

MHs Bi*andon, nicce of Mr. Brandon.

Mr. Brandon, h's ntphew. Mr. Bran-
dan himftif was can it d cut apparently
dead, bm was recovered

Wlien the Swallow left India, all the
prefidencies and . polTcdions of the com-
pany weie in an nnexampled ftate of pnof-
perity ;, five lacks of pagodas bad beeiv
fent to Bengal firom Madras, and these
were ftil' five lacks remaining in the tiea-
fury of Fort St. George,

Tippoo Saib had mitdcall hi» payiBcnts»
and, what is 1>'II better, giv«n the rooft
ample and decide:! opinion againii the
condu6l o( the Fiench, pledging hiinlelf
to have no conct^rn or alliance with the
convention.

The nabob of Arcot andrajab of Tao-
tcre had alfo ufcd the moft ardent and /pi-
rited exertions in fupplying^^our forces with
j>ix>v5fions, Sec on their march to Pondi-
cheny.

On Sunday laft the Swallow was cha'cil.
in the Channel by two vdTels, fup;to(ed
to be French frgates; on which account

Benjamin Pingo, Efq. Yoik Herald, of (he thought ri prudent to crowd all hcv

the Heralds College. Jails j and being a iTroarkably fwift Ijiler,

J. C. Biooke, Eiq. Somerfct Herald, of fortunately efcaped being taken, after a

ditto.. cbace of fix hours.

Mi-s. Willis, and. Maftcr WilUs, wife FeFRtTARY %.

and fon of Mr. Willis, attorney, of Gray's Laft night die duke of York arrived m

Inn. town from iHe Continent; His royal

Mr. Garbutt, late mailer of the 7 hree highnefs came pafienger in the Vettal iii*

S'tters, of Whitby. g:i'f«, whtch accomiMnted prince Adol-

Mis.Gwatkin^wife of Mr. Gwatkin, phus to Oli^d^ and landed at Ram%atfr

dancing mafitr, Bmlru's buildings.

Mrs. Sjwftccr, St. J.unes's market.

M'.fs Wijil^ms, Pall-mall, daughter
of Mr. Williams, Sho^-lane. '

Mr. Rohinibn> of Clerkenwell, fiin-'er.

Mifs Buftinell, niece to Mr. Norton, of
Bernets-ilrcei; and two gentlenien not yet
owned. In all feventeen perfons.

This melancholy circumftance was not
generally known in the theatre ttU late in

yeflt rdav morning, after a Aoit parage of
fourteen houi-s. The duke was accom-
panied to England by oolonal Hewgill of
the guards, and captain Crawfoiti, hia
ix)yal highncil' aides- dn^csmp.
Extra^ of a letter from Falmouth, Feb. 8*
The Anidopc packet failed from Port
Royal Nov. a?- On the Rrd of Decem-
ber, on the coalt of Cuba, not far from
Cumherland Harbour, ihe ^I m with two

the evening f and it was kept from the foliooneBS, apparently of fome force f the .

matter

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794.

ffndtr \)on op for Jamaica; the Ata-
laom, one of ihe prhra^rs, out- failed htr
conlbrCf kft her, continued the chace aii
day^ and ttU alx>at four P. M. when the
wind failing! flie loitwl up with the packet,
and having exchanged feveral Aiots, (hetred
<iff again. During the night jhc ire-
•qoencly bore down, and (hot wns fired on
both tides. At ^ve on Monday mom-
Vigf it being calm, (he rowed up and
ISrappled the Antelope on the ftaiboaid
.fide, poaring in a broadfide, and mad? an
attempt to tward, whivh was lepulicd with
^reat daughter. By this broadfide* un-
.tovtonatciy, the mafter, Curtis, who com-
siandedy fieU, as did the (hip's ftcwaid
and a French gentleman, aid- de-camp to
iDon(iettr ' Loppenos, a poflenger, and the
firft mate was (hcA through ttie body } the
conroand then devolvrd on the boatiWatn,
(for the iecond mate had died of the fever
aficr. their (ailing froio Port Royal) who^
with the £bw brave men left, nSiktd by
the pa(rengcrs, repulftrd repeated attempts
■<to board, during a confidei'^ble time the
veflels were along iide. The boatfwain at
Jnft obferving that they had cut their
^grappiiogs, and were attempting to (heer
off, ran aloit him(clf, and U(hed the pri-
.vateer's fquarelail yard to the Antelope^s
fort (hroixis, and inunediately pouring in
,SL few voUies of (mall arms, which did
great execution^ the furvivors of the
&hooner*s crew called for quarter, wiiich
was immediately granted them. The
prixe was taken poUcflTiun of, and carried
into Annotta Bay about eleven next morn-
ing-

The Anrelope failed from Port Royal
with %7 hsnds, but had loft *four btfbre
the aAion by the fever, and \hen two unfit
#br duty ; Co that- reckoning four dead,
two ill, and the doctor, who mull necd-
larily go to his quarters in the cockpt,
cfaey entered the engagement with only to
ment befide tjie pa(fenger«.

The At:i!anta was fitted out at Cbarief-
ton» mounted eight three pounders, and
carried 56 men.

Mr. Rodm, formerly in the navy, a
IKi^enger, (ignallxed h'mfclf.

Rfitura of the KilUd ami Wo^tnduL
Atalanta,
Killed during the atSliun - - )o
-Since dead - - . • 3

jFitft and (econd captam woundeil
defperatdy, the fiift captain (ince
dead ..... 2
Wo^ndcdy biiU living '- ^14

ANTSLOPK.
Curtis, the maftcr, killed
Ship's fteward killed .
Wounded, (incedead
Wounded, firft mate, Mitchell
W'oundcd

\ti

I
I
I
1
t

i^9

This appears to be the mo(l gallant ac-
tion during the winr.

The houfe of icprefentatives at Jamaica
have voted 500 guineas as a reward, 20 «
to be paid to Curtis* widow, 100 to
Mitcheirs, the firft mate; t,oo to the bostf-
wain, and too among the reft of the men.

FEBRUi^RY 10.

Vcfterday came on, in the court of king's
bench, the cal'e of Mr. Purcfoy. It W4S
Rated th^t a bill of indi^ment was found
a^ainft the prifoner by the grand jury fqr
the coimty of Keot, for the wilful murder
of H«rniy Roper J and that he not liaving
appear&l and pleaded to that indi^menr,
tlic piY>cefs of outlawry had iffued again^
htm, and in conlequence he fiood attainted
of felony and m»rder. He was theieforc
a&ed. What caufe he could (hew why en-
ecution (hould not be award .-d agatntt biai
according to law ? Mr. Purefoy piayfed
that a writ of error nighl be alla^e«i| on
the ground that at the time the p ocefs of
outlawry was awarded agaiott hMn, stnd
long before and afrer> he was in p nts be-
yond the feaS, to wit, at Tournay in
Flandi^rs, and that confequently he could
not furrender himfelf: and theri'fore he
prayed ih:it the outlawry might be revrrftd.
Mr. attorney general adm tietl tiie truth of
thai fscl. Mr. juftice A'.hhnrft fhcafoie
ordered the ou?l .wiy to lie revci^fe^, and
Mr. Purtfov t<> he rcitored to every thing
he had loft by the judgment. Mr. attor-
ney general theivohtr^intti a writ of proce-
dendo fo carry the indii^ment back to the
aflizes, in order that the prllbner might he
tried I'he lord chief julfce thsn jordeied
Mr. Purefoy to be remanded.
February i;[.

Yeftcrdaymoinlng early Mr. Mnir, un-
der fentence of tranrpoitationy was con-
veyed from Newgate to \^t pliice appointed *
for his emiarkatioQ to New Soufh VVales.
Mr. Palaier was lent off fomc days ago.
Ketwetn ten and «lcyen o'clock, about 60
female convi6^s w«^ie put on b •. rd a vcflcl
at Blackfriai's bridge dellim-d to the lame
voy.<^.

February ii.

Intelli^nce was yelterday recelvctl at the
admli-alty, thit the Incontbiu Frci>clf fri-
gate was r.tkcn in the Weil ^ndie«, by his
U 1 niajefly s

156

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ms^ft/s ihips Penelope and Iphigenia;
and that fir John Borlafe Wairen, of his
majefty's (hip Flora, in a cruiie off the
coaid cf France, had captured the Fi«Dch
national brig La Vipere, of 1 6 fix pounders
and 105 men.

February 13.
Information was on Monday received
at the Sierra-Lcone- Houfe, of the pro-
grefs of the colony at Sierra Leone to the
aoth of December laft. The natives con-
tinued perfe£lly friendly ; the neighbour-
ing chiefs ihewed eva7 defire of being
connected with the company ; Ibme had
lent their cbildr^ ^o be educated at Sierra
Leone, and many others propofed to fend
them in the enfuing dry leaibn. The
rainy fea(bn had pafied over without any
conhderable mortality ; and the Nova-
Scotia colon ifts had maintained their health,'
and appeared to have become well inured
to the climate.

The trade was become much more
bride i the cultivation was advancing both
in the colony and parts adjacent; and
there appears to have been no difficulty in
procuring the native labourers.

The nee, cotton, and other articles in
the company*s plantation, thrive exceed-
ingly, the fugar-cane excepted, which had
been hurt by the white ants. The fchools
pf the company contained between 300
and 4.00 children, chiefly Nova Scotians,
who appeared to have made full as much
improvement as is common in European
fchools under fimilar circumftances. The
fcolony had gradually improved m order,
and appeared to be advancing in evpry re*
fpca.

An unfortunate fixe, however, had ac-
pdently happened on board the company^s
ilorefhip York, by .which (he was entirely
conAimtd, together wiih all fuch articles
as l»ppened to be then on board, of which
the value, if edimated at prime coft, might
fit 8000I. or 9000I. ; feveral thoufand
pounds thereof 'being African produce,
which was on the point of being fcnt to
England. The whole lofs,' including the
value of the iliip and tHe eftiniated pi oHts
and charges to be added to the pi ime cod
of the goods, is computed by the eovef-
xior and council, on a rough calculation,
to amount to between 14,000!. and
i5,oool.

February i6.
The St. Euftatia prize caufe has, at
Jength, reached its termination, and the
agents are about to di(iribute 64,000!. of
the produce.

- February 19.
There never was a meoTure fo little a-

lansing and fb completdy effefiual» a«
that immediately proved, which was laft
year adopted by Darliarnent, for granting
aid to pnvate credit by the meaDs of ex-
chequer bills.

Though it was faid, that Qve milliona
vTOuld be a fum too fmall to be of (ervico,
and that nothing could ftop the tide of
bankruptcy ; yet of the 5,000,000!. of
exchequer bills that were allowed, there
were applied for, before the 5thof Auguft,
to no greater anoount than 3,714,8244.
of which were granted only x,ta9,aooL
The two firft payments of this loan have
been pQn£lually made; a fa6l which
proves that temporary relief only was
wanted, and to no great amount. The
alaciity of parliament to fupport the credit
of the country, was itfeJt relief. The
month of May 1793, was the epocli of
thegreateft number of bankruptcies ; th^
ereatly decreafed in June ; they decrealed
nill more in July ; they continued to cie-
creaie in Auguft -, and in September tRey
fell to be nearly on a par with the numbers
in September 1792.

The merchants in the capital received
fomething lefs than one million j at Man*
chefter, about 150,0001. at Liverpooi
130,000]. and at Briftol only 40,000!.
It appeared that mo(t of the bankruptcies
arofe from illegal fpeculations, and an
avaritious extention. of capital.
February si.
At the reilions-houfe in the Old Bailey,
on Wednefday, Mr. juftice Buller deli-
vered the opinion of the judges upon the
referved cafe of Jeremiah Reading, wiio
had been tried and convif^ at a former
felTions, of forging the acceptance to a bill
of exchange, purporting to be drawn at
Briftol, and directed to John King, of
Berkeley- fquare. It appealed upon ,the
trial, that no fuch perfon was to be found
as John King. The indi6lment ftated
the bill to be directed to John King by
the name and defcription of John Ring.
I'he judges were of opinion, that this de-
fci iption was erroneous, and repugnant to
the precilion the law required in the form
of indi^ments, and that therefore the
judgment ought to be arreftcd. The cafe,
' however, being of great public importance,
the judges were of opinion that the pri-
foner ought not to be dil'charged, as the
prcfecutor was at liberty to prefer a new
indiftment againft him. The prjfoncr
was of courfe detained in cuftody.
February 25.
.Ycfterday accounts were received in
town by the Minerva, fiom Bengal, for
pftcndj that the Princefs Royal E^ft

Jndi^-

FOR FEBRUARY, 1794;

«S7

Indmaoif outward-bound, on the 17th
of SqKember laft» near the Sunda Iflands,
fell in with three French frigates, and «n-
1 them for upward of one hour, when

^was obliged to ftrike to their fnperior

»• The carpenter was kiiled ; the
fixth mate and two ieamen wounded ; the
viale and one of the Teamen are fince dead
of their wounds. .

Yefterday came on, at the feilions-
I10U& in the Old Bailey, the trial of Mr.
JEaton the bookfeUer, in Ncwgate-ftreet,
£ar a Ubel, contained in a pamphlet, en-
titled « llogs Wafh, or Politics for the
People.* The libel charged was a ftory
told at a Abating ibciety, of a man who
leept a game cock. The indictment
charged, that under this fable of a Game
Cock the prefent King wa& intended, and
that it waspubliihed with a view to excite
d^&ik&ion to the king and the regal' go-
vernment of this country, and to ftir up
ledhion. The indaClraent was opened by
Mr. Fieldinff for the crown 5 Mr. Gur-
joey appeared as counlel for the defendant.
The )iny found the defendant, not guilty.

The &nie day eleven prifoners received
} judgment of death for tlie fevcral oflfences
whoeof they ftood capitally convicted ;
nineteen were ordered to be tranrported
beyond the ieas for the term of feven years,
fo to be imprifoned in Newgate, ux in
K Ckrkenweli JBridewell, nine to be pub-
liclv whipped, ten had judgment rcfpited,
and twenty-one were difcharged by pro-
c| imation.

John R'chards, of Brampton, efq. is
^ appointed to be (heriff for tlie countj^ of
Cambridgeihire and Huntingdonlhire ;
'William Clayton, of Alltycadno, efq. to
be iheriff for the county of Carmathen,
^nflead of John Llewellyn, of CaftlePig-
gin, efq. Seepage 132.

MARRIAGES.
TJ O N. captain Francis Gray, to mifs
*^ M^y Anne Johnfton, daughter of
the late major Johnfton.

Lientenant-colonel Jofeph Bukeridge,
to mifs Hotchkin, daughter of the late
Thomas Hotchkin, efq.

Edward Harvey, tfq. of Twickenham,
to mifs Harben of Lewes.

James Lockliart, jun. efq. of FaU-mall,
to mifs Coxe, daughter ot Daniel Coxe,
efq. of John-ftreet, Berkeley-fquare»

Brancis Bradfliaw, efq. to mifs Eliva
Wilmot, daughter of the late fix R. Wil-
mot, bart.

John Lee, efq. to mifs Maria Msin^
waring, daughter, of lady ifiye/

D E A T ITS.

Q t R Edward Boughton, bart.'
Henry earl of Pembmloe.

. The infant Ion of the maitjiUB oC

Worcefter. r . •

V Countefs of Abingdon.
Lady Eden, relift of fir John Edeni

bart. t

Benjamin Bond Hopkins, efq. M. P«
Admiral Mairiot Arbuthnot.
Hon. captain Seymour Finch*
Fnuicis Burdett, efq. only fon of fir

Robert Burdctt, bart. . :

Richard Burke, efq. recorder of BriftoL
Sir John Fenn, knt. • •
Henry duke of Newcaftle.
Sir Francis Drake, bart.. .'
General fir John Sebright^ bart.

PRE.FERMENT6.
T\ R. Spencer Madan, bifli^p' of Briftdl^
•■^ —Bifliop of Peterborough.

Dr. Charles Manners Sutton i bifh^ of
Norwich —Dean of Windfor. .

Dr. James Cornwallis, biftiop of Litch-
field and Coventiy— Dean of Durham.

PROMOTIONS.
TjON. William Frederick Wvndbam
'^ —Envoy extraordinary to tne court
of Florence.

William Jackfon, efq.— >Commiifioner
of excifc.

Major-general Philip' Goldfworthy***
Colonel of the firft regiment of dragogn
guards.

General fir William Auguftus Pitt,
K. B.— .Governor of Poitfinouth. '

John Hunter, efq. — Captain general
and governor of New South Wales. ;

Lieutenant-colonel his royal highnefa
prince William— a colonel in the array.

BANKRUPTS. From the Gazbtti.
January 28.

John Stribblehill, of Alderfgate-ifaect,
coppcrfmith.

Thomas Dodd, of Nottingham, jJaif-
terer.

' Samuel William Ryley,of Manchefter,
vintner.

Robert Giles, of Lyncombe and Wid-
combe, in Somerfetfhire; vintner.

Vincet Boare, and John Griffini of
Bow- lane, haberdafliers. ■>

John Jackfon, of Temple Sowerby, in
Weftmorland, banker.

Thomas PaTris, ot Chertfey, in Surry,
brickmaker.

Nathaniel Barlin, of Whitecrofs-ftrcet,
Crippkgate without, tobacconill.

Hugh

ijB THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

FlBAUARr f. Samul Berridge, of High Holborn,

Hu^hMollerai, ofBanbuiy, in Ox- man^s mercer.

fani(hire» linen dikpcr. Henry Prior Hunt, and Edward Huot,

MdiMl Milton* of Baft Hardwickey of Stratfeid» infiflex» coachmakers.

in Yorklhire, dealer. February it.

Thomas Dutton» and Jofeph Dutton, Thomas Hoade^ of Cfaertieji in 8txry,

«f Livcffiool, brewers. dealer.

William Hutchinsy of Giacechurch- John Coleman Hearle, of Plymeutll,

ttttttf oilman. linen-draper.

Thomas King, of Tewke(biiry, in John Lawrence and Thomas Yatei» of

GlouceftcrflHre, vintner. Manchefter, nrrchants.

" J>avid Bronfvclty of Sunning-hili* in Jonas F^, of HampAead, vintner.

^kZf plumber. Thomas Smith, ci Lawtr Thnroeo-

WilliaraDew, ofCranboum, in Dor- ftreer, viftnaller.

ictfliire, fhopkeeper. Tfwmas Robinfon, of Eim-covtt,

William Thomas, of Comtown» in Middle Temple, money -rcriveaar.

Glamorganihire, (hopkeeper. Thomas Palin, of Otoocefter, hrewev.

^ Sanniel HaikhuH^, of Liverpool, cbair-

Februart 4. ^ maktr.

SeA BttUy of Svdbwyi m Suffolk, Febrvart 15.

▼iauallcr. John Warwick, of Frida7lftitet,vrana-

Gcor^ Monks, of Great Bolton, in houfeman.

I^caflnrc, viauallcr. j^„ Anderfon, of Holborn, book.

Patrick Hunter, of Well's yard. Great lyj^,.^

Prrfoot.ftreet, merchant. William Peter Watfon, of Sclby, in

Thomw Love, of HounGow, inn- yorklhire, mercer.

^^^' « 1. . r n tt If Richard Boxall, of Duke-ftreet, Mary*

.JV*"^ SmaHwood, of Pafl-mall, bone, -viaualler.

W^mmfter, ftiopfc^pcr. William Pennington, of HalBwell, m

*- RobfftYates, ofSuNcots, mHnnt. Lancafhire, manufiaum-.

inKlonflure, draper. Thomas Liddiard, of Girat Pultney-

JohnBakcr, ofBath, taylor. ft^ect, Weftminfter, carpenter.

James Daniel, of Lamb-ftrcet, Spital- William Williams of Lambeth Buttle"

idds, hnen.drap«r. in Surry, bi-oker.

ITbomas Ry mill, of Middle Barton, m WiUiam Peariie, of Leiceftcr-fquare,

Cxfordlhire, dealer. hardwaremin.

.^>*^£m.?"* ^f JopAam, in Devon- Thomas Mofs, of Charing-crofr, tay-

ihire, Witbam Jeffery Dixon, of St. j^^.^

lohn-s, Newfbundbnd, Jlraes Jardinc, of j^^,, Freemantle, of Gray 's-inn- Una, '

Newton Abbott, mDevonmirc, and John horfe-dealer.

Dickfon, of Newton Abbott, mcixhants. i^jchard Watfon, of Upton Magna, in

JofiahWieelcr, of B.iftol, draper. Salop, iron-maftcr. ^

Peter Warner Hagen, ot Tottenham, '^ February 18.

^t-faaor. Anthony Calvert, of New.ftrcet, Co*

February S. vent-garden, glafi- feller.

Robert Thorp, of Beverley, in York- John Humphreys, of Webb-ftRCt,

fliiiY, common brewer. . Southwark, viaualler.

Robert Pinner, of Louth, in Lincoln- John Lawrence, Tliomas Yates, and

.Aire, cabinet-maker. David Holt, of Manchdier, cotmn-fpin-

John Evans, of Mansfield- ftreet, St. ners. , .

George's- fields, carpenter. Peter Morris, and Peter Morris the

Thomas Tant, of Little James-ftreet, younger, of Briftol, carpenters.

St. Andrew, Holborn, vintner. John Haywood, of Birmingham, brafsr

Hugh Fralqr, of Bafinghall-ftreft, mer- founder,

fchant. February aa.

Henry Potter, of Freckenham, in Suf- Daniel Sinclair, of Conduit Vale,''

folk, dealer. Greenwich, matter mariner.

Thomas Evans, of Wardour-ftreet, John Seller, of Garlick-hill, glafs-

Weftminfter, habcrdalhcr. feller.

John Bradley, of Stockport, inCbelhire^ Robert Capps, of St. Margaret*s-hiil,

.mufical-inltrumeat-makcr. Southwark, vintntu

Jlichan)

FOR FEBRUARY, i;^*.

>59

Hichard Roche, qF Bowr.ftrcet, CovcDt-
^ardch, haberdalber.

Humpfiry Clarke, of AuAqr, in War-
wickibire, maltfter.

Thomas Gray^ of CambcrwcUySuny*
malt-i^^lor.

Jorq>h Smith, of Stanbope-ftitcr, mo-
oey-fcrjvener.

Thomas Woodford, of Eath» liqen-
draper.

William Watts, ofBriftol, plumber.

John Tun, of Lower Brook-ftreet,
Grofvenor-fquarf, dealer.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

p L O WDE N s HiAory of the Britilh
* Empire, i79*-3> 8vo. 6s.

BeU> Anatomy of the Bones, Mufclei,
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Gray*6 Tour throiig:h Germany, Swif-
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Memoirs of Mrs. C<^hlac, written by
Herfelf, ivol. izmo. ys.
< A Gazetteer of the Netherlands, 8vo.

Williams* Poems, Lyric and Paftoral,
s vol. Tzmo, 1 es.
j Argentum, or Adventures of a Shilling,
vamo. %%»

Tour through the Ifle of Thanet, and
ibrae other Pans of Eaft Kent, 410. 16s.
boards.
^* • Symonds on Reviflng-the Epift]es,4to.
6s. fewcd.

Poems by Mrs. Robinfon, vol.2, iis.
boards.

Rohinlbn^s (Mrs.) Monody to the

\ Memory of the kte Queen of France, ^tc*
4s. 6d.

The Dupe, a Modem Sketch, a vol.

The Packet, 4 vol. 14s.

Merits of Pitt and Haftings, ts Mi-
sifters of War, confidcred, is.

Adams' Hiftory of the Principal Re-
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Evening Recreations, i imo. 3s.

iVlilns* ElTays on the beft Method of
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Cofens^ Sermons on uftful and im-
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8tovin*s Law refpefting Horfcs, is. 6d.

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4*0. ys. 6d.

Love*s Frailties, a Comedy, as.

Lettice*s Tour in Scotland, 179s, 8vo.
7s. 6d.

Barrucrs Hiftory of the Clergy during
the French Rcvolutiou, 8vo. 8d. 6d.—
The iaiue in French.

AVERAGE PRICES or CORN.

February 15* i794«

By the Standard Windieftcr Quarter of

Eight Buflielt. .

INLAND COUNTIES.

Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oati.
t, d, !• J* t. 4*

Mi4illdes

Suriy

Heitford

Bcdfoid

Himtiogdoo

Northampton

Rudand

Letceftsr

Nottingham

Derby

SuAbfd

Salop

Hercfiinl

Worcefter

Warwick

Wiks

Berks

Qiibnl;

Rucks

Brecon

Montgoftety

Radnor

47
48
46
4«
4»
S%
54
55
57
5<»
55
55
53
55
53
45
47
53
49
56
49
5»

a

6

Ji

S

5

%

6

S

o

%

a

043

040

S36

7

34
30 4

35 9

35 «*
34 7

:3l

44 to

116

»5
a6
»6

»1

aft

6 as

4*
443
37
844
►43'
3«
33
35
34
3»
37
3»

14
»5

»4
*5
»5

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430

%

%

6 aft

MARITIME COUNTIES

EHex

Kent

Suftex

Siiflblk

Cambridfe

Norfolk

Lfocoia

York

Durham

NorthumberUod

Cumberland

Weftmorland

Lancafter ^

Chefter

Flint

DcDbigh

Angkfeji

Carnarvon

Merionedi

Cardigan

Ptmbioke

Carmarthen

Glamorgan

Gloucefter

SomerfeC

Monmouth

Devon

Cornwall

Dorfet

Hants

|4«
43
♦»
45
44
44
49
44
'I44
43
Sa
5*
5*
34
49
57
54
56
55
50
43
5»
54
5*

5*.
53
5®

4^
46

30

3t

40
43

31 o

30 9

34 J»
»9
30
3»

30
30
33
31 10

S

29 2

36 zi

37 4

37
3«
30
34
3*

26 3

a6 11

8 8

Peck ladf ftf • <d.

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4

^ UNIVERSAL MA0A2li^E foT MaRCH, I794. l6l

An Jccount of Stanton Harcourt, in OxforcMhirc, the Seat of
Earl Harcourt : /F//A a btautiful Perfpe^live View of that venerable
Matffien^

.QTai^tok Harcourt, thcandcnt Mr. Popefecms no^to have beeti

0 feat of the Hardooxt family, is fo good aa antiqaary as a poet ; for
fituated in a parlfh of the fame name^ in one of his letters, he mentions a
about ^xtxa\t$ iK^ft of Oxford. It) pane of glafs in this apartment, as a
najellic remab^ exKil>Yt a venerable valuable antique, which, upon view-
pile of building ; and it is ' con- ing at lohd Harcoart's houie in town^
tinnail/ receiving the fodering aid clearly appears to be a forgery, as the
of its noble poflelTor ; who,* with a charadter of the letten and figures of
Imowlcdge of the modern elegancies the date, ' A<^ Dl? r. 3. 4. 7/ is evi-

01 building, and refinements of art^ dently more ttiodern. In the tower
is not Unmindful of the predous re- of this chapel, which is acceiHble by
mains of antiquity. The noble fa- a winding ftair-cafe, are j^hree apart-
mtty of the rlarcOurts, it is well ments ; the upper of thefe is dill called
known, are defcended from th^ Uar'^ Pope's room, from his having occu-^
courts in Normandy, who have been pied it as a ftudy; during a whole
in pofTeffioiv of (his maniion for niar wmmer which he pafled in this man-
fix hundred years. The firil barony jion. Here he finiflied his tranilation
wat granted to fir Simon Harcourt, of the fifth book of the Iliad, which
loni high chancellor, in the< reign of aircumflance he has infcribed, with a
queen Ann, who obuintd this title of diamond, oa a pane of red glafs,
baron Harcourt, of Stanton Harcourt. carefully preferved by earl Harcourt ;
The earldom was created in 1749; afiQ fimUe of which may be feen in
Much of^his noble flru£^ure was pulled < Ireland's Pidurefque Views of the
down by the late earl. The kitchen River Thames,' from which we have
of this building is of great antiquity y^ copied the annexed plate.

and iingularly conflru^ed; it is a In the pariQi church, which is ad«

fpacious fquare room ; andithough a joining, on a marble tablet is the epi-

kitchen T^hout a chimn^, beneath taph written by Pope, on the two

the eaves of the roof are ihmters con- Iover«> John and Sarah Drew, who

trived to give vent to the fmo^. It were ftruck dead by lightening in an

feems to be the opinion of the^arned adjoining field, during the refidence

in antiquity, that the wiQdows, from of our poet at this plate. Here like-*

their form, were inferteU about the wife are feveral very cdrious monu-

time of Henry die fourth. An old ments, one in the (outh aiile, parti-

writer obferves, < it is either a kitchen cularly deferving attention, of a Mar«

wtthin a chiamey, or a kitchen with- garct Byron, wife to fir Robert Har.

(^

out one.' .The infide of the chapel,
which is no longer in ufe, was a pri-
vate orator)^ for the family, and re-
mains with its painted and gilded or-
naments in the ceiling, in a tolerable
(late of prefervation. In the great

court, who was fent over to Rouen,
in Normandy, to receive Margaretc
of Anjou, queen of Henry 'VI, in
1441; ; and, for the various eminent
fervices rendered to his fo^rcreiga and
his country, received the honour of

hall, which joined to the chapel, was the garter about the year 1 463 ; he is

formerly much ftained glais, on which lying in armour, with the mantle of

Were depidted the different quarter- the garter thrown over him ; and by

ings borne by the Harcourts, andalfo him, his lady, who has likcwife the

the portraits and armorial bearings of mantle of the order, with the gar-

feveral perfons habited like warriors, ter above the left arm, with the

who were of this ancient family. This motflb, %

glais has been lately removed, to pre- . ^ . . , ^ ,

vent its deftrudion. ' Horn foit qui mal y penie. ,

Vol. xciv, X Mr.

/

\62

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Mr. Ireland ha^ given a fketch of
this lady's figure, which, no doubt*
tnud be highly acceptable to the^ ad-
mirer of antiquity, as there are but
two other inftances known of ladies
wearing the infignia of the garter ;
oiie of which is in the church of
Ewelm, in this county, of Alice,
daughter of Thomas Chaucer, wife
to William dc la Pole, earl of Suf-
folk ; the other of Conftance, daugh-
ter of John Holland, earl of Hunting-
don, and duke of Exeter, firft marri-
ed to Thomas Mowbray, duke of
Norfolk, and after, to fir John Gcay,
knight of the garter, in the reign of
Henry V, and earl of Tankervillc, in
Normandy. Her monument is in the

church of S^ Catherine, neaf A€
Tower, but quite defiurd.

At Stanton Harcourt is likewife a
handfome monnmental figure of fir
Robert Harcourt, who was ftandant-
bearer to Henry VII, at the battle df
Bofworth-field ; and aUb fheriff for
the county of Oxfbrd : in the fanae
reign he was made knight of the
Batn, at the creation of Henry, duke
of York, afterward Henry VIIL

Theie monuments are finely pre-
ferved, and have been lately reftored
with much care ; they are good ipe-
cimens of the monumental fculpture
of the times, as well as the peifonal
decorations and habiliments at thafe
pehod in ufe.

ji New Defcriptivi Account ;/* £d INBUROH.

The following Article isfileHedfrom ' Letters on a Tour through various Parts
of Scotland, in the Year 1792, hy J. Lettice, B, D.* The Author of this
Tour has been 'very fuccefsful in hii principal Aitiiy which he informs w, is to
carry hij Reader with him into enierj Scene be defcrihes, and to make every
Objea ntifibU to the Imagination, The Drynefs of mere Defcription, we may add,
is enlin;ened throughout ly a Variety ofplea/ing and judicious RefUilions.

LETTER XXVIIL

Edinburgh, 06t. 1792.

ON calling an eye over my mi-
nutes of obfervation, and other
materials, with which a fiay of ten
days in the capital of Scotland has
f jmifhed me, I find them (b numerous
and multifarious, that, as I mean not
to fend you in form, * a prefent flate
of the city of Edinburgh,' but folely
to give a flight and impreffive fketch,
and that within the compafs of a fingle
letter, I am under confiderable diffi-
culty how to arrange and generalize
my abundance of particular^, in order
to accomplifh my purpofe ; though I
am far from intending you a ' Ta-
bleau d'Edinbourg,' corredtly defign-
ed and coloured; yet I would wil-
Kngly attempt fbmething beyond tlie
meagre outlines of a map : fuppofe
my eflay then a fort of aqua-tinta
drawing: this, could I fortunately
touch 11 with due fpirit, might"" per-

haps be that fort of reprefentation,
beyond which a traveller's letter ought
not afpire.

The town of Edinburgh has, with-»
in thefe lafl thirty years, undergone
greater improvement, and received
not kfs addition, in proportion to it»
original dimenfions, than London it-
feHl

Our entrance on its weflem fide;
from Linlithgow, gave us an oppor-
tunity of comparing with each other
the nearer outlines and general ap*
pearance of the old, and new towns ;
the former lying on the right, the
Other on the left of a ffrand road,
carried in a flrait line for almoll a mile
betwixt them. The caftle, on the
naked rock, from its bold and exalted
fituation, its vaftnefs, domineering
afpedl and piflurefque irregulafxty of
parts, its battlements and towers, &c.
firft feizes the traveller's fight, and,
for fbme moments, rivets his atten-
tion. His eye next flidcs along the
/ antique

FOR MARCHj 1794.

163

Cv

II

aBtique and lofty range of baildings«
pvbiic and private, defcending e^-
ward from the cafUe, and impending
over a deep valley, called the North-
Loch. The whde aflemblage of ob-
jeAs toward the right exhibits, on the
uneven fcite ofthis towering rock, an
air of antiquity and uncouth grandeur.
Upon the left, and near the eye, on
level, bot high ground, runs a long
fine of modern houfes, built of white
ftone, upon an elegant and uniform
plan, facing the old caflle and the
town, already defcribed; and thus,
at once, giving and receiving the
happiefl effedl of contraft. This line
of building, called Prince's-ftrcet,
Ibrms the hrfk vifible fide of that mag-
nificent fuite of parallelograms, con-
ilituting the topographic plan of the
new town. The continuity ofthis
fine is agreeably broken by a fuc-
cefiion of handibme fireets^ ail redHli-

^ oear and running, if I may exprefk
it, inpcripe6liveacrofsGeorge-ftreet,
and Queen-fbeet, both lying parallel to,
and behind, Princes-f(reet. George^
ftreet, the middle one of thefe three

• longitudinal and fuperb di vifions of the
new town, is 1 1-5 feet wide ; Princes-
fbeet 100 feet, and'Queen-ftreet of
the fame dimenfions, each including
the pavement and funk areas. George-
ftreet is terminated by two noble

I fquares ; St. Andrew's, on the eail ;
and Charlotte- fquare on the wefl;
Princes-fheet and Qoedn-ftrect being
refjpedively continue pariiUel to the
north and fouth fides of the two fquares.
At the eaft end of Queen- fireet, fiands
the Regifier-office ; than which none
of the public-modern buildings of
Edinburgh, are more jullly entitled
to notice. The foundation of this
building, firft fuggelled by the late
carl of Morton, lord-regifier of Scot-
land, was laid with circumilances of
great ceremony in the year 1774;
and the edifice ereded upon a plan of
that diflinguiihed architect, the late
Mr. Robert Adams. This beautifiil
firi4£(ure, although one half of the
plan only is yet executed, is fo rna*
naged as not abfoiutely to appear ifk'
conpletet

The length of the fitcade is 200
feet ; the breadth of the building 1 20 :
a dome rifes from the center eighty
feet in height, and Mty in diameter.
In the middle of the front is a pedi^
ment with the arms of Great-Britain :
this projettion is fupportcd by fi)ur
Corinthian columns, including three
windows. On either fide of this, at
the corners of the front, is another
projedlion, each of them mounted by
a fmall cupola, and furrounded by an
elegant baluftrade of ftone. Thefe
projediions have each a Venetian win-
dow. Between thefe, and on either
fide of the three windows beneath the
pediment juft mentioned, are four
others, making thirteen in the upper
ilory of the buUding ; which is adorn-
ed from end to end with a Corinthian
ental^ature. The fame number of
windows, in the ruftic (lory belov^,
anfwers thofe firft mentioned.

The lord regifter of Scotland is^
you know, a minifler of fbte ; his de-
partment the cufiody of the records of
this country* and the diredion of
perfons employed in the office. The
moft ancient records of Scotland were
carried away or deflroyed by Edward
I, as teftimonies of the independence
ofthis nation, which it was his policy
to conceal or annihilate; a meafuref
adopted by Cromwell on the fame
views, with regard to thofe records
which fucceeded the firft. Thefe lat-
ter, however, were intended to be
returned by Charles II, but a con-*
fiderable part of them unfortunately
periihed in a wreck of one of the
ihips conveying them back again:
fhofe which arrived fa/e, in another,
are faid to have remained ever fince
in much confufion.

North-eaft of the Regt(ler-ofiice»
is St. James'-fquare, and fbme new
flreets about it; oneofthem» through
which runs the road down to Leith,
will ere long join Edinburgh to that
town^nd its port.

You have now a general idea of the
new towp, which, I ihould add, is
built wholly of ftone, and with grea(
tafte in architecture. Ovcir the whole
prev^s an air of lightnefst elegance
X Z 9nd

/

1 64

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

4nd fplendour, probtbly^not tobefur-
pafledj if equalleds in any other dcj
m Europe. The proipeds from
Frinces-ilreet * toward the caftie, the
o^ town, the hills, and the country
9n the eall and weft, are varied, An-
gular and ftriking b ah eminent de-
gree. Thofe commanded by Queen-
Ibret, on the oppofite quarter, com-
prehend the grand expanfe of the
Forth, the moving and lively fcenery
cf its commerce, its difierent iilands,
and the rich country intervening, or-
samented with villas, gardens^ proves
and meadows. At a iinall diilance
ueftward, are the earl of Murray's
Ipufe, gardens, and woods; from
^hicb, toward the Forth, runs a
charming planation-walk to lord Gar-
denfione's Temple of H^be ; the re-
^rvoir of certain mineral waters, faid
tp rcfemble thofe pf Harrowgate*
From thefe fcenes the eye is carried
to the numerous towns and villages
on the farther ihore of the Forth, to
the county of Fife, and, beyond it,
the mountains in the diftance ; alto-
gether uniting fuch an aiTemblage of
objtt^s, on fuch an extent of land and
water, as the fituation qf few (Ireets
ia any city can boaft.

The only prominent features of
George. ilreet, which Arike the eye
apart from its general beauty and
i^mmetry, are the Phyfician's Hall
aad St. And/ew's church,^ oppofite
«ach other : 1 cannot pafs the latter
without more particular notice. It is
of an elliptic or oval form : the tranf-
v^rfe axis or longer diameter is, with-
in the walls, eighty-feven feet ; its
conjugate fixty-fbur. Four Corin*'
thian columns fupport a very elegant
portico toward the ftreet : a (pire ^86
ffi^t highj beautiful in itfelf, but too
much beyond the other proportions of
the building, ftarts up into the air
between the dinrch and the portico ;
its fummit leaving them diflainfully

both £ur beneath. The OfdonmrneQ
of the interior is admirable ; the piil-«
pit, the feats and gallery being lb
contrived,* as that t^ preacher com-
mands every &ce in the congrega*
tion, and every face the preacher.
The pulpit is placed by the wall at
the north fide of the building* The
pews are all regularly adjufted to the
curve of the oppofite fide, rifing in
juft proportions one behind the other 9
a. gallery above them diredly froata
the pulpit. The fimplicity, neatnefsa
and intelligence, whidx clxaraQerife
the interior of this church, might
defirrvedly render it a model for imi-*
taticm. It may, perhaps, feem re-*
markaUej that the plan of St. An-
drew's church was defigned by a mili-«
tary man, major Frafer of the engi-
neers. The fpire was not part of tLe
original plan ; and has been erededk
{ome years fince the foondation of the.
church.

The prqjedor of the new town, and;
of the chief improvements in the old
one, which latter I (hall briefiy mea-
tion by and by, apd under whofe .au^
fpices feveral of them were finiibed,^
is faid to have been the lord provoft
Drummond ; eleded fix times chief
magifirate of Edinburgh, and fiill ce«.
lebrated for his patriotic virtues, fi^tt
this gentleman, too modefi to arrogate
to himfi^lf the honour of having, fug «»
gelled the firft ideas of thefe noble
plans, always afcribed them to the
duke of Y<>f^' James VII, ' who/
(ays a refpefkable hiftorian f of this
city, ' in a vifit to Edinburgh, had
the -penetration to diicover, at one
view, the improvements that might
be made ; and pointed out to the ma-r
gidratei, the cxtenfion of the city both
on the fottthern and northern fides.*
It feems oblervable enough, that, al-
though the original conception of theie
iplendid improvements is thus traced
up to the abdicated race, yecnodiin^

• The reader, in order to conccIVe clearly, how Princes-ftrcet and Queen's- ftrect,
rrentionid jufl af\er it, command the profpefls defcribed, fhould be tol9, that each
confifls but of a fingle line of houfes 5 the tormer fronting the fouth 5 the latter^ the
north.

t KIncaid.

can

FOR^MARCH, 1794.

165

CM be noM aqpreffive of loyalty to
Qor pyrefeot famUy on the thronCf than
the oamea of the ilreets and other
diftiBruiibed parts of the ne\¥ town.
Yes will here, recoiled George-ftreet,
mod Charlotte-fquare; to which I, may
add Hanover and Frederic- ilreets ;
and George-^nare, lately butlt on
the ibuth fide ot the old town. While
loyalty thus reij^s in the hearts of the
ctusens of Edinburgh, a well wiflier
nay l^e allowed' to augur, that the
pfCtTpeiity and beauty of their town
wiil go hand in hand, under the influ*
enee of this laudaUe aSedtion, and
both stay condnue their progr^ ta
diftant gener^ions.

I wiil now .attempt a iketch of the
old town in the ieweft worda I am
able. Thia c^efly occupies the hill»
on the fummit of which (lands the
catte; the middle and loftieft emi-
lyenoe of the three hills, on and about
which the whole of Edinburgh is buih.
The honfes of the old town crowded
very nuoEierottfly about the caftle hill,
to avail themfelves of the protefUon
of the fortreis. The hill keeps pretty
japidly defcending from the cattle,
apparently for more than a mile eaU*
y^udi covered with building aH the
way down the ridge, as well as on
either fide. The lower ftories of
maaiy of the hoiifcs built on its fides,
are excavated from the rock icfelf ;
affid# that the ground lying within the
protection of the caille, might be as^
much econqmiied as pofliUe, they feek
for (pa<;e in the air, by aicending fre^
qnendy to ^even and twelve ftories in
height, and fometimes ftill higher.
Thff ftreets were all originally narrow
6>r the economical reafon juft affign-
cda unevea and irregular from the na-
tuie of the ground.
. Hie fouthera hill is partly occupied
by the reft of the old town lyin? con*
tieuous to the ftreets alreadv ^ken
o^ and partly by fo much of the new
one as lies fonthward of the old ; which
laft confifts principally of Geor^e-
iqnare, and certain ftreets opening
into itjt all handfomely built ; but in
point of fiile, fituation, or extent, not

comparable to the iww town on tha
north* The whole of the olde'ty*
which muft originally have been both
ugly and inconvenient, as indeed much
of it remains at prefent, has aevet^
thelefs been greatly improved. Tha
bad parts are much concealed. Tha
foqth and ncuth bridges, ftoog from
one hill to another, and over fome otf
the ftreets funk betwixt them, now
Conne£^ both towns, and carry ona
entire and continued ftieet, though
bearing more than one name, through
the whole of the okl.town in a north*
^y diredion, terminating at the re-
gifter-office in the new one. This
grand line is crofTed, almoA at light
angles, by the High-ftreet aad Can«
noBgate, running in one direftion from
the caftle to the oppofite end of thft
town on the eaft: Thefe ftreets, which
are of great length, and confideraUo
width, have been in many refpefia
modernifed» and partly rebuilt; and
being difenqumbered of nui^inces, of
dtfagreeable and embarrafGng ofayeda^
now give* an air of neatoefs and ele«*
gance to the moft promiiient parts of
die old town, which leiTen that difinif*
litade between the ancient and modcra
diftri6ls, fufficientiy to unite the whole
under the idea of one large and highly
embelliftied capital.
, But thofe members, wluch contri*
bute more particularly to the embel-
liftiment of the old town, and add
even a (hare of ornament to the new
one, are the public buildings of Edin-
burgh ; which, as ftrangers, it is needi
lt($ to fay, we could not omit vifitn
ing. , As, however, I have neither
time, knowledge, nor inclination fuf^
ficient to aftume the bufy charader oC
a guide ; much lefs the important one
of an hiftorian i you muft hot expeA
irom me minute details or formal de-
icriptions of them. But to catch, at
leaft, a diftant and curfory view of
them, conceive yourfelf following me,^
with a telefcope in your hand, up to
Calton Hill, or Arthur^s Seat ; fitua*
tions, in the immediate environs fa
elevated, as with a glafs to command
aJimoft every confiderable objed in the

city

%66

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

dty with fome degree of difUn^hiefs.
As tach of the moil confoicuous edi-
fices happens, with or without order,
to fall within our ken, I will take no-
tice of its name at leaft» and fome-
times of its charaderillic circum-
ianceSf or defignation.

The caftle, placed on the fummit
ef that bold rock, and 300 feet above
its bafe, wants not to be named :
At the lower extremity of the ftreet,
the abbey and palace of Holy rood -
houfe prefent to your eye charaders
ef antiquity and grandeur, which evi-
dently announce them. That plain
large building oppofite the regifter-
office, is the theatre: in St. Andrew's«
^uare, a litde to the north-weft of
this, the excife- office, with its pedi-
ment fupported by Corinthian pilaf-
lers, and the two noble hoofes adja-
cent, one on either iide, appear alto-
gether with fine effed. In the quart-
er, called St. Giles', you fee the fine
oki Gothic church of that name, de-
dicated to the tutelary faint of Edin-
burgh. The Toll- booth church, and
the prifon, from the vicinity of which
k takes its name, you perceive not
^ftant from the former. On one end
of the ibuth bridge, yon. catch the
fl(iagnificent columns of the new col-
lege; which, when finiihed, will be
one of the fineft ftrudures in Europe,
dedicated to literature : on the other,
the royal infirmary ; extending either
wing 175 feet from the center of the
body. On the northern extremity of
Hunter's-fquare, and facing the High-
Hreet, you obferve the Tron church
and its ftately tower. The parlia-
nent-houfe, containing the court of
exchequer, the treafury-chamber, and
court of feifion, cannot efcape your
notice. The lad objefk within the
city, which perhaps you would wi(h
me to particularize, is Herriot's hof-

pical ; a ftru6lore, whofe numerous
towers and projeSting turrets give it
a very original air : th^ piece of ar-
chitecture is afcribed to Inigo Jones.
Jt was founded in 1628, by the per-
fon whoie name it bears, gotdfmith
to James VI, for the education, the
maintenance, and bringing up of the
orphan fons of freemen of Edinburgh*.
In our walk over Calton Hill, David
Hume's round, tovcer-like monument,
and the obfervatory are too n?ar us
to need telefcopic furvey. Our fe-
veral movements here, and our ftation
at Arthur's feat having enlarged our
horisBon at will, fo as to gratify us, in
addition to what we have already feen,
with views of the town of Leith and
its port, crowded with vefieis; with
a boundlefs command of the Germanic
Ocean ; and, on the land-fide, of a
vaft Grange over the cultivated, po-
pulous and beautiful plains of Lothian*
adorned with cafile^, elegant villas'
and othtfr rural habiutions of the no-
bility and gentry, furrounding at dif-
ferent diftancqs, their brilliant capi-i.
tal.

The baron Holberg, refie^ng on
his vifit to Paris early in this century,
has wittily faid, and, with reafon,'
according to a Parifian author, who
quotes the pafiage, * Qu' a Paris il
n'y a rien qui foit a meiileur marche
qu^ la raifon, ni rien de plus cher que
la folic* Mercier's whole bookf
proves the obfervation to have been
iliil more applicable to Paris about
ten years ago, when he wrote, than
it probably was when Holberg firft
made it. It may be queftioned, whe-
ther it does not apply, with too mock
fitnefs, to feveral of the primary capi-
tals in Europe ; but I am inclined to
believe, from my own repeated oc*
cafions of obfervation and comparifon,
to none (b aptly as to that of France.

• The principal public buildings no^ fp^cificd above, many of which we f^w, are
the fignct-officc, the exchange, the amphitheatre, the concert- hall, the public dif-
pcnfary, the high-fchool, the mint, the Englifh chapel, aflcmbly rooms, Watfon's
hofpital. the merchant's maiden hofpital, the tradci'man's hofpiial, the oiphan and
trinity hofpitals, &c.

t The « Tableau dc Paris.' The paflkge i0)ports> that * at Paris nothing is cheaper
dian wifdopi, or dearer than folly. ' '

Although

r"

FOR MARCH, 1794.

167

Altboug^h Edinbargh» whicfaj b pbint
of magnitude, or population, will rank
only among capitals of the fecond
onkr, is not fufiiciently advanced in
iblly and corruption to partake in the
reproach of Holberg's remark ; yet
an ingenioas and diicerning efUmator,
In his < Comparative State of the
Mamiers of Edmburgh at the different
periods of 1763 and 1783, and the

years fince elapfed,' has chofen a motto
for his fecond letter to fir John Sin-
clair upon this fubjc^l, which fpeaks
))ut little in favour of the prefent mo-
ral afpedt of this city :

Damnofa quid non imminuit dies f
.^as parentum, pejor avis, tulit

No9 nequiores, inox datorM
Progenkm vitiofkorem.
* HoR. Lib. 3 Oo£ 6.

Anecdotes ^/'Imperial and Royal Persokaoes*
Ta the Editor tf th^ Universal Magazine.

S I %9

I Have been juft reading ' A Dif-
fertation on Anecdotes/ by Mr.
D'Ifraeli> the ingenious author of
' Cunofities of Literature, in z Vol.'
He has placed this fubjedl in a va-
riety of interefting lights, (hewing the
tendency of Anecdotes to illufirate,
in particular, the hidory of manners.
I uke leave to fend an extra<5l or two,
as a ipecimen of the agreeable way in
which he writes.

Having given fome traits in the
chara^lers of Oliver Cromwelh fir
Philip Sidney, and fir Thomas More,
to fhow, that ' a Well-chofen anec-
dote frequently reveals a charadler
more happily than an elaborate de-
lineation, as a glance of lightning
will fometimes difcover what had
efcaped us in a full light, he thus
proceeds:

* We are delighted to attend Au-
guflus amid the embarraffing affairs
of government, into hb domedic re-
ceiTes. To fee him the preceptor of
his fon; to obferve him at fupper

feated between Virgil and Horace,
and to mark him with exquiiite wit
erafe one of his own tragedies. Virgil
was afflided by an afthma, and Ho-
race by a fiftnla lachrymalis. When
Auguftus was placed between them he
ufed to fay, not unpoedcally, * I am
now between fighs and tears.' This
lover of the art, afpired to become aii
artift ; he wrote a tragedy called Ajax ;
but' he had the good fenfe to perceive,
that if he was born to be an emperor,
he was not to be a poet. One day
he effaced with his fponge the whole
tragedy ; when it was enquired after,
he wittily anfwered, ' Ajax is dead,
he has fwallowed his fponge;* allpding
to a mode of death pra^ifed by the
Roman gladiators, who frequently in
defpair fwallowed their fpongcs. Thefe
little anecdotes ihew the literary dif-
poGtions of Auguftus, whom perbabs
(as other great monarchs who rel
femble him) a cruel fyflem of politics
alone had made a tyrant f .

Louis XIV. merits the love of
poflcrity.

* How time all wafting eVn the worfl impairs !
And each foul age to dregs ftiil fouler runs I
Our fires, more vicious e'en than thdrs.
Left us ftill more degenentte heirs.
To rpawn a bafer brood of monfter -breeding Tons !

BiSHOP LowTH's Imitation.

The Englifh reader ihould be informed, that the laft line of the originr\l imoorts
literally nothing more than fimply * a bafcr progeny,* and that the original only h
applied in the motto. .

t I fiiy politics alone compelled Auguflus to fanguinary meafures. We know thj^t
he would never caufe enqutrtes to be made after the authors of certain papers which hnd
been Mattered in the fenate, and which loaded him with calumnies. When Tiberias

wondered

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THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

podericy. The genius of his people, his majeHy was endianled> iid i

not his own, inTpired him with at- the poet repeat them thiiee. At tlisl

tempts inimical to the rights of man- momentj perhaps, he propofed Titiu

kind. When thii monardi is deprived for his model ; fuch was the focoe of

of that felle glory which his adalators poetry ! The next daf , he gare or-

have thrown around him, he will ap-
pear to advantage, placed in the fofter
tight of thofe hours, which he devoted
to the fociety of the great men whom
his fplendid patronage had formed.

ders for the war ; fiich was the power
of politics ! When the fatific ban^
for the firft time after the death of
Racine^ paid iiis refpeds to the icings
Louis received him with afitdioiu

Numerous anecdotes of this monarch. He fympathifed in the lofs ; and he

are eternal tefiimonies of his intei- added, in pulling out hb watch, < Re*

ledual powers and his tafte. He member, Boileau, I have an hour for

loved the converfations of Boileau and you every week.' ^

Racine. He was not a mere auditor I add one more anecdote, which

of their works ; he admired them with brings us into bis apartment. When

exquifite fenfibility, and animadverted the French AuguAus was one da/

on them with jult ciiticifm. We
know that he deteftcd feveral errors
in their works. The eye that could
catch a Boileau and a Racine tripping,
it mud be confefTed was of no ordi-
nary quicknefs. Several of thefe
royal convcHations have been record-
ed. It is honourable for the fatyrical
bard, that he had the boldnefs fre-
quently to fpeak his fentiments freely ;
and what Is dill more honourable, his
majelly did not diHike his franknefs.
I give the reader one or two of thofe
interefting anecdotes, which relate to
thefe two poets.

It is well known, that when Boi-
leau read to his majefly one of his
epitlles, in which are thefe fine verfes,
defcribing the emperor Titus,

* Qui rendit de fon joug runivcrs a-

moureux ;

* Qu'on n'alla jamais voir, fans revenir

heureux ;

* Qui foupiroit Ic foir, fi fa main for-

tunes,

* N*ayoit par fcs bienfaits iignale la

journee— •*

confined to his chamber, he fent for
Racine. The poet read with grace ;
and his majefly aflted him to take up
fome book. A life of Plutarch was
propofed. The king objcdled, bc-
caufe of its old French. ' Will year
majefty permit me to try a life ?*
faid Racine. The king confented.
Our poet took down a volume of
Amiot, and turned his obfolete \zn^
guage into a beautiful ftyle. Louis
was in raptures; he rofe> and em-
braced the poet.

It is with difficulty I can perfuade
myfelf, that Charles I, would have
been a tyrant. The Eikon fiafilike»
which I confider as the memoirs of bis
heart, abounds with fuch (brokes of
natural feeling, and fo powerfully ex-
cites our fympathy, that we cannot
eafily conceive how a tyrant could
.have a (Turned fuch a charader. The
following anecdote, which Mr. Malohe
reports from the memorandums of the
mailer of the revels, tends to prove^
that even in profpeiity, he would not
fuffer his people to be infnlted by the

wondered at his indifference, this great monarch anfwered, * You think like a young
roan. ^ Let them fpeak ill of -me, it is fufficient for me that I know ihey can do me
none.' Docs this condiift of Auguftus indicate hhn to have delighted in the effufion
of human blood > When lie had attained power, he fhewed the raott amiable diijjofition.
It IS laid of him, in comparing the commencement of his reign with its dofe, it ba4
been dcfirablc, that he had never been emperor, or that he bad never ceafed to be em-
peror. Auguftua is an eminent example of the force of the terrible genius of poli-
tics. • '^

• With whofe fway the world was delighted j whom no one ever went to fee, with-
out returning happy j who fighcd in the evening, ifiathccourfcof ihcday,his f<^tu.
xuue hand haU not conferred a kindoef*. ^» ^

* language

FOR MARCH, 1794-

169

langiiage ot de^xMifin. The follow-
ing lines were in a manafcript play of
Maffnger;.

Monies f We*I] raife Aipplies *wbat nuaj^

*wepUafI,
And ibrct you to fubfcribe to blanks, in

which
^^c*ll amia you as #e. (hall think fit.

TheCefars
Lb Itome were wiie» acknowledging no

Jaws,
But what their f*w9rds did ratify—

I canqoc do better than tranicribe the
wonb of fir Henry Herbert. * I have
CDfered thia, here, for ever to bee re-
membered by my fon, and thofe that
caft their eyes on it» in honoor of
king Charles, my mafier, who read-
inge over the play at Newmarket»y^
Jbis marki upon the-place with his oiVne
bande and thet words,

' This is too inibknt, and to bee changed.* *

This anecdote, with others which
night be given, and the whole of the
doqnent £ikon Bafilike, (hongly in-
dicate, that the indinations of Charles
were remote from tyranny. He was,
indeed, firmly perfaaded, that a king
had jnft powers, of which it was as
neceflary to be careful, as of the juft
rights of his people. Sach was his
convidion, that he preferred death,
to what he eonfidered to be ignominy.

I conclude this topic with an anec-
dote of the late unfortunate Low's
XVI» little known, but which forci-
bly charaderizes the difpoficions of
this monarch. In a converiation on
the fubjed of RouiTeau's works, he,
faid, that he wiibed it were poffihle
to annihilate the Emtlins, on educa-
tion; becaufe, in that book, the au-
thor attacks religion, difturbs the fe-
cnrity of fociety, and the juft fobor-
dinadon of dozens; it can only tend
to render men unhappy.— But the
fecial contract has alio a mod danger*
ous tendency, obferved a courder.— •
' As for that,' replied this moft exceU
leot prince, in words which muft not
be forgotten, ' it is very dififerent.
It only attacks the authority of yd«#-
rgigtu ; that is a fuBje^ proper to dif^
cufi. There is much to oe faid ; it iji
fdcepdble of controverfy •

It is impoffible to deny, that this
anecdote reveals the difpofitions of the
monarch* It is curious to obferve,
thttt Charles I, loft his head, becaufe
he was tenadous of his rights, and
LottU XVI, becaufe he was ever
prompt to yield them to his fubjeds.
A firiking teftimony this, of the mad
ignorance of the muldtude, who know
not either to govern others, or them*
felves.

RjtMARKs during a Six Weeks Residence in OxfordOiire ^nd
Gloucefterihire, in 1792: In a Series of Letters to a Friend.

LETTER* VII.
Cheltenham, Sept. 1792.

Dkae Sia,

SOON lifter finiihing my M let-
ter, I fct off with — - on a vifit
to this periodical feat of pleafnres and
gay delights. I have already noticed
that the road from Gloucefler to Chel-
tenham, is not the moft agreeable in
the whole county, and we were the
lefs di^fed to be pleafed with it on
the preient occafion, from the acci-
dental occurrence of a furious tempeft
of wind and rain, which pelted and

purfued us the greater part of the
way. The iky, however, became
ferene before we entered Chelten-
ham, and ' pardal evil,' became ' uni-
verfal good,' the reft of the day prov-
ing uncommonly fine.

You have heard muck of Chelten-
ham lately. A certain melancholy
event occafioned it tb be talked of al-
moft to deftruAion. I need fcarcely
remind you that to the operation of
its waters, was attributed that illnefs
which ' edipfed the gaiety of the na-
tion,' and for a time filled all mens*
minds with fearful prefages. For a
Y year

;1

.170

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

year or two after this affeir, Chelten-
ham laboured under a deplorable
icarcity of vifitors. Whimfical fafhion-
ables were afraid of becoming irra-
tional, and blockheads trembled for

mifes, I will venture to fay that itf
mod cafes where this has been done-jr
they will be unfuccefsful in the end*
For, independent of the confideration
that public liking is an uncertain \\i\n^

their undefrilanding. But the age of and Lefs to be depended on than any

prejudice is feldom long. The beft thing I know, the wind not exceptecf,

of men may for a time be deceived, it would always be good policy CO

and the worll may endeavour to keep keep up the notion that fuch a jplace

up the bubble, fed magna eft *veritas ei is fo amasUngly crowded, as to difap-^

frtvaUhit. Some well-timed informa- point thofe who have not been very

CK>n, and a little comimon-fenie re-«
ileftion foon convinced the public
that the Cheltenham waters could
have no more ef{e£i in) producing the
malady aUudcd to, than any other
waters. People began to recover
from their panic* and for the laft
two fcafons particularly^ the place
has been fo crowded with vifi*
toes, as to occaiion fpeculatlons in
building to a confiderable extent*
Some dealers in houfes projected a
whole ilreet, to lead from the priod**
pal ftreec to the fpaw, with. a cok>n«
xiade, under the (helter of which the
company might walk fafely the whde
' way in the word of weathers. But a
iew of thefe houfes only have been
begun ; the corner houfe to the ftreet.

early in their attendance, or in their
application for places, The public*
that is, the amateurs of amufements*
like 'vaflly to go to c^pwded places^
whereas a thin ^embiy or playhoufej
chillo and damps their amufement»
and even difpirics the performers.
Cheltenham ha» at prefent the good
fortune to pleafe, and perhaps it may
afford a few mpre lodgmg houfes, bat
no man can tell what may happen to
create a change in the public tafte.
Not to mention other caufes of fickle-
nelsi and inconftancy ; who can fay
whether in the conrfe of a icvi years>
men and women may not even be-
come fo wife as to think that the time
fpent in a watering place, may be as
profitably ipent at home, or in tra-

a mere (heB, was ofHsred for fale at veiling f-*But, I only fuppofe this /o/^

20Opl. ; but was obliged to be dif<
pofed of for half the Turn. The co-
lonnade walk is accordingly given
up; but that the public may be at no
lofs to underdand what a very fine
thing they have loft, propofals have
been iffucd for a print of it, as in-
tended to be finifhed ; and the modeft
price of one guinea ts afked for this
print. I queilion whether the pro-
prietors will be fo fuccefsfiil as Harry
Fielding was when he advertifed
'* Eurydice,' a farce, ai it nvas damned
at the Theatre Royal, Drury-lane.*

I have always thought, that our pro-
prietors of public places are guilty
of a very great error ii> overlooking
the whimfical and fickle caft of the
public talle. Becaufe a pubfrc place
IS occafionally crowded to a dcgrfce
of in<*onvcnience, and many perfons
cannot gain admittance, they imme-
diately tJiink of enlarging their pre-

2

fible% and I fuhmit it asr a conjefture
to he examined,, with the greateft
deference to the majefty of falhion. ^
Be this as it may, the company is
at prefent more numerous than can be
conveniently accommodated; ladies
of ton have lodgings over barbcPs
fhops ; and lords and dukes can with
difficulty procure temporary conveni-
encies at the inns. Every room, gar-
ret, and outhoufe is filled. In thb
date of affairs, the utmofl that a
dranger can expeft is a pair of^frefti
horfes to carry him fomewhere elft-
I mud obfeA'e, however, that not-
withft^nding this flow of bufinefs, ci-
vility, andtolerably moderate charges
are the order of the day, Thiis is a
circumdance which defervey to hte
mentioned, and I fhould deem it urt-
purdonable to omit it, efpcc'ally as I
am perhaps making too free with the
genius and- nature of waiering plac«i.

FOR MARCH, 1794.

'«r tx leaft, it is very probable I ihall
4do ib before I doie this letter.

Cheltenham is a town of fome anti-
quity, akhoagh there occurs little re-
markable in its hiftory. It confifts
principally of one ilreet, about a mile
jn length, well iheltered from cold
.blafls by the neighbouring hills ; a
great many of the houfes are built in
a genteel ftile, and the fronts of moft

i7t

iaid, that thefe are in ibme re{pe6t
meJicinal^ it may be anfwered, that,
if fo, they may be taken in London
to much better porpofe, the ingredi'^
ents being confeifedly of the fuperior
kind, and, I think, generally better

This medicinal fpring was firft dif-
covered in 1716, according to the
accounts one reads ; but I ihould fup-

of the public buildings bein^ to the ' pofc it may he traced farther back,
ftreet, is a drcumftance which adds from the following epkaph in the
x»nAderably to its appearance. The church • '

The

-church is built,' as many churches are,
in the form of a crofs ; the odtagon^
ipire is not only a capital decoration
to it, but forms a beautiful objed
•frem many diilant foots, which will
come to be mentioned hereafter. The
chur9hyard is one of the moil beauti-
fill I ever faw, and is agreeably fhaded
4>y double rows of lime trees. From
this, by an eafy afcent, through an
mvenae of tail elms, you approach the
^w, the waters of which have en-
joyed confiderable reputation for many
years. Above the fpaw is another
walk, called the upper walk, fliaded
by lime-trees, and well calculated for
thofc unlaboriousy?rtf//f v/hich fine folks
enjoy after drinking the waters.

Thefe waters, on which feveral
treatifes have been written, are im-
pregnated with falts, Sulphur, fted
and calcareous earth* and their vir-
toes are both purgative and refiora-
dve. In what degree, and in what
cafes they are fuccefsfiil, we feldom
Jeam. Anciently regifters of cures
fifed to be kept at fuch places, drawn
4ip by the phyfician, and fubfcribed
hy the parties. This is a circum-
flaoGe, Dr. Campbell iays, that ought
to be remembered and revived, at
•every remarkable fpring and bath in
the kingdom, for reafons fo evident,
Jthat they need not be enumerated.
You perceive, my dear fir, that the
Jeamed pditical fitr^eyort in the good-
•neis of his heart, imagined that the
majority of people come to fuch places
^r health. Alas 1 if this were the
cafe, what occafion have we for ball-
joomi and theatre;!? For, if it be

Francifciis Owen,

Herefordiae natns
Oxoniaeartium > , , .«

Cheltenhami«i«</,- J^*='«''**^- •
Hie mortale Aimn depofuir, OA. 9, 170S9
Expeftans refurre5tionehi futuri.

Now, I cannot find that Cheltenham
had any ludi, or am u foments, before
the difcovery of the waters induced
company to vifit the place. Perhaps
this gentleman was the firA who adted
in the important capacity of mafter
of the ceremonies.

The amufements here are much the
fame as at other places of fummer
vifiting; balls, plays, card parties^
&c. Public breakfafls have of late
been di fcon tinued . The prefent com^
pany of players is much better in
point of talents, than we meet with
generally in the country, and the
theatre is well frequented. I do not,
however, mention this as a confe-
quence of their merit, for if they were
the vilell that ever ' nature's journey-
man made,' the company could not
refrain from going 10 the theatre.
Time, that lively, perhaps I (hould
fay, long-lived and irreconcileable
enemy, hangs heavy in places of this
kind; and the vifitors are obliged to
a manager who will furniOi them with
a tolerable pretence for getting rid of
it.— -The mailer of the ceremonies is
fuppofed to clear 6ooi. a year by his
place, and I hear him mentioned as a
refpedable and deferving man. It is
rather fingular, if any thing were £9-
gular that depends on falhion, that
here and at Bath^ &€« &c. th.eii^iiler
Y 2 of

»7«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of the cereinoniet ihoiild poffefs ab-
felute power over thofe who, in other
-pltcea, will acknowledge no reftrainc
whatfoever upon the nature or dura-
tion of their amufements. Beau Nafh*
if I remember right, was among the
firft of this order of ma(lers> and no
prevalence of demccratic principles is
ukely to bring their foverei^nty into
contempt. I know not whether it
would be pra&icable to remove this
inftitution to the metropolis > but it is
highly probable that a fovereifl;n vefted
with abfolute powers, would be of
grea,t fervice in regulating our public
amufements, and prevent thofe infults ,
and inconveniendes to which the re-
patable part of an audience are ex-
pofed by proftitntes and profligates.

The lite Of thofe who vifit water-
ing places is fo very uniform, that the
journal of one day only may fcrve for
the whole feafon, at lead, with very
trifling variations. In the morning,
the company ailemble at the fpaw,
where they drink tlie waters, and con-
vcrfe with their friends on the aflairs
of the preceding nteht, and form ar-
rangements for uie bufine/s of the day ;
m general faunter continues here until
nine o'clock, when the company fcpa-
rate for breakfaft. While at the fpaw,
the company are regaled by a band of
mufic, confifting of five performers.
The learned and iirviting author of the
Cheltenham guide has a note on this,
worth tranfcribing, either for your
ufe, or amufement, which ever you
pleafe. ' Thb,' fays he, fpeaking of
the mufic, ' is an entertainment which
' generally gives great deliglit to per-
sons of all ages, and it is highly pro-
bable, that fuch an addidon to the
natural beauties of the fpot may cm-
tribute to the operation of the waters
with greater fuccefs ; for the fpirits
being put into motion, and mod agree-
ably touched by the harmony of the
' Inftruments, the feniible fibres become
more pliant, and the feveral organs
better adapted 10 the free exerdfe of
their different functions.* This is an
Edition to tl^e various powers aii:ribed
fp mafic. It can core the bite of a

venomous ihfed, lead an army on to
vidory, footh the favage breafl, fofben
rocks, bend the knotted oak, and—-
aflift the operation of purgative wa-
ters. The latter efled, however, I
am obliged to take for granted^ as I
made no experiments. A pojieriort^
therefore, I have nothing to fay, but
a priori i the talents of this band did
not appear to me to * touch the fpirits
Moft agreeably*

After breakfad, fome of the com-
pany ride out in their carriages, but
the greater part aflemUe at the vmri«
ous goffipping (hops, circulatine li-
brary, &c. or faunter up and £>wn
the ftreet until fatigue compells them
to return home. There are no walks
near town where one can enjoy the
furrounding fcenery of the country.
At length, drefs and dinner come op-
portunely to make a^ay with three
or four hours ; and the affembly, or
the theatre dofe the evening. #Th€
fame courfe is repeated * to-morrow, '
and to-morrow, and to-morrow.' I
leave you to judge of the mifchief,
which a day of rain muft occafion
under fuch circutnihmccs. The gloom
of the metropolis in November is no- ^\
thing to it. I have always thooghtf
my dear fir, that there is far more of
mortification than pleafure in the a-
mufements of fiilhionable people.
Idlenefs is in itfelf a punifliment fb
great, that it is wonderful fb many I
people voluntarily inflid it upon them-
felves. I fcarcely know any life that
is not -preferable to that of perfeft
idlenefs, and fuch, with very fe^ ex-
ceptions, is the life of thofe who fire**
quent watering places. Nor is idle^
nefs the only mordfieation to which
theyfttbjedthemfelves. They confent
to every kind of inconvenience, paU
try and expenfive lodgings, the ercSfleft
impofitions, and, upon the whok,, a
wafle of money, to which it is impofli-
ble to look back with any fatisfiioion.
What, for example, can be fo ridi-
culous as to behold men aad women
of rank and fenie, fupporting, with
eager profufion, that mo&. contempti-
ble of all juggles, a ri^f and even

talking

FOR MARCH, 1794.

ftdkingwith rapture of tbeir fuccefs— >
when they bawt an opportunity. This
jnorning, a young fprig of fafhion has
won a toy, and it forms the converfa-
tiOB of the whole place ! What efieds
watering places produce on the health
am be jndged only by the fick, who
bear a very fmall proportion indeed^
onlefs perhaps at Bath or Briftol.
Margate, Brighton and Cheltenham
are merely places ofamafement, and
the propriety or impropriety of vifit-
ing them can be feldom confidered
uniefswith that view. As diffipa^ion
increafes, and an imitation of faihion-'
wkAc life becomes more general^ theie
places will be crowded in proportion,
and the metropolis, for fome months
in each year, maft lie under the im-
putation of bcdng a peftilential place.

Where time hangs heary^ little
things will pleafe. Trifles in them-
iehret contemptible are important to
vacant minds. The company are at
prefent fredigioufy pleafed to flare at
a woman of fafhion, who diverts them
in various ways. She dances, and
every eye is fixed upon her ; fhe walks
to the fpaw, and all the world follows
her. Herdrefs is an objed of great
importance, not from its fuperior ele-
gance or tafle, but from its fingolari-
t^ ; habited as an Indian princefs, fhe
uiokes tobacco' in the true eaflem
fiile. The beauty of her £Ke, in pity
10 the beholders, is concealed undo-
a thick layer of paint; and her deli-
cate and well formed ancle may be
gnefled at only from the tightoefs of
her b^ots I They tell me that fhe leads
fhe fafhions, and that the place would
be nothing withont her, and that fhe
is charitaUe And gives a great deal of
money to the poor. Inis, indeed,
is an amiable trait of charaAer. Let
•as fay upon thb account, ' Woman,
thy ftis are forgiven.* I fhall always'
allow that he who nuikes the poor
lu^y, may be excufed when he
makes himfelf a fool.

I am afraid, my dear fir, that I
have dwelt kmger on this fubjed, than
certaitt friends of oars, to whom 1

know you will (how this letter, may
think juft and proper. Bat I cannot
eafily get rid of certain habits of think**
ing. I am no enemy to amufement ;
1 wi(h> indeed, occafionally, to partake
of moft of our amufements. But I
would have the amateurs of pleafura-
ble life remember that they are ra-
tional creatures, and that time was
given to us, not to teaze and torture
it, as children do kittens, from (heer
ignorance. —I could not but obferve
here, what, however, I have ob-
ferved at every watering-place, that
young ladies are very apt to acquire
a boldnefs of manner, which is un-
graceful and unbecoming. Aflbda*
tions between young people of both
fexes are here made on the mofl fia*
miliar terms : for a young gentleman.
^is, indeed, fo neceflary an appendage
to^ a family party, that unkfs fome-
thu^ very notorious is known of him,
he IS feldom nninvited, and unem-
ployed.

Tht fiafin at Cheltenham lails be-
tween four and five months, accord-
ing to the flate of the weather. The
company generally exceed fivehun*
dred. The inhabitants of the town
are about two thoufimd; fome new
hoofes are building, for which very
high rents are afked : the advantages
. of fuch fpeculations, as I have already
remarked, mnft depend oi? the quan-
tity oi faJhtM granted to the place
from year to year. The increafe of
population in a place fupported chiefly
by periodical flights from the metn>-
polis, mu6 at lad be flationary : the
advantages to be reaped from ftrang-
ers, being precarious, are not always
Y^ry defirable, nor always. conducive
to honefly in dealhig. This ^ remark
mufl be underflood generally. It haa
no particular reference to this phioe.
The only manufrdlure here is that of
cotton dockings, and the women and
children of the lower fort find employ-
ment in combing and fpinning wool-
len yarn for the clothiers.

I aoi, &c.

Observa-

»74

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Observations on the Ancient W Present State ^Rome#

The foUtnjuhg Article is feteffeJfrom ' Letters during the Courfc of a Tour
through Germany, Switzerland and Italy, in the Years 179 1 and 1792 ;
with RefieAions on the Maaners, Literature, and Religion of thofe Couq-»
tries ; by Robert Gray, M. A. Vicar of Farringdon, Berks.' In tbefi Letters,
Places that bave been frequently defer ihed by former Travellers are vieivedin a

, .JTariety of new andinterefting Lights ; and the judicious Obfer^ations inierjperfed
throughout f evince the Spirit of an intelligent and difcritninating Traveller*

works of ancient and modem times*
and almoft impoflible to difcriminate
between the characters of ancient and
modern (tiperftition. Houfes of re-
cent date exhibit the detached and
fculptured fragments of Roman baild-
ings. Chridian churches are eredted
on the foundations, and conftrudted
with the materials of heathen temples*
The ftatues of the apofiles are fup-
ported by the columns of the em-
perors ; and the remains of the pu-
teoli, defigned for the reception of
the vileft flaves, are loft in the la-
byrinth of the catacombs, now ho-
noured as the fepulchre of the primi-
tive martyrs. Could Rome, in itt ,
proud day, have forefeen that the
profeflbrs of the defpifed religion of
Jefus (hould, in future ages, thus have
dominion over the ruins of its Pagan
magnificence, how Would its haughty
creft have been lowered }

It is really incereftin^ to confider,
how papal Rome has n(en from the
afties, and iqvefted itfelf with the
pomp ofthe Gentile city 1 The church
of St. Theodore ftands on the ruins of
a temple ereded in honour of the in-
fant founders of Rome, on the fpoC
where they were febuloufly reported
to have been nurfed. The church of
St. Cofmo and St. Damian an£>lds
the gates of a temple, dedicated tD
the fame reputed founders of the city.
That of Santa Maria, fopra Minerva,
befpeaks its own origin : and without
going out of Rome ta find the walls
of the temple of Bacchus in the church
of St. Urbino, we need only obferve,
that the Pantheon, dedicated by A-
gripf>a to Jove and other deities, was
confecrated by pope Bonniface the
' fourth.

LETTER XXIX,

Rome, Dec. 10.

By what variety of features may
Rome be charaderized ! We are
confufed with the uaconneded di-
iTerfity of ofajefls which we have feen
in a iew days, under the direction of
the abbe Andre, a Cicerone, who at-
tends us upon reaibnable terms, and
is an economift in difburiements ;
who is an abfolute walking map, and
fufficiently intelligent in the hiftory of
the antiquities to which he conducts
us. We have already vifited many
of the fallen monuments of the hea-
then empire— the ihattered columns
of temples in which idolatnr triumph-
ed—the broken remains of aquedu£b
which conveyed whole rivers to Rome
•—the crumbling walls of theatres,
where gladiators were fed to bleed
freelv, and taught to die gracefully
ibr tae anmfement of unfeeling fpec-
tators, females as well as males -^ the
funk arches, through which captive
fovereigns were led in chains and ia-
fulted dignity.

Intermixed with thefe, we have
feen the proud dominion of papal
Rome — the palaces of its ambidoos
pontiiils — the mufeums, in which the
works of ancient genius are coUeded
together with the rival produdions of
modern times— the churches, in which
the ornaments of heathen buildings
are introduced with fplendid, though
often incongruous application.
- .It is vain to look for any features
of Pagan or Chriftian Rome fepa-
rately: they are ftrangely blended
and incorporated together. It is
Ibmedmes difficult to afcertain the

FOR MARCH, 1794.

ffs

fiiurth, to the Vii^ and hol7 mtr--
tyn, and by Gregory .the fourth to
9JI the iaints. The Corinthian brafs,
deipoiled from the portico of this tem-
plc» was converted into the canopy,
aupported by its wreathed columns,
at the papal altar of St. Peter's ; and»
the church of St. Paul is decorated
with marble pillars, drawn from the
maufoleum of Adrian.

The fupporters of the Romifli faith
were pleafed with the idea of convert-
' ing the fanftuaries of £ilihood and '
impiety to the purpoics of reputed
]K>tinefi; and> upon £mikir princU
fLet, they ereded the Carthuiian con-
vent over the baths jdf'Dioclefian,—
the church of St. Addrea della Valle,
on the place where ftood the theatre
of Pompey,<— that of St. Marcello,
en the iite of the temple of Ifis, fup-
prefled even by Tiberius for its in-
famy,— and that of St* Agnes over
ibme public ftews, from the (lain of
which the faint was imraculoi^y pre-
ftrvcdt as the elegant fculpture pf
Algardi te(li£es.

It would have been well for the in-
tegrity and reputation of the fuccef-
fors of St. Peter, if they had borrowed
only the external inaterials of the hea-
then buildings, inftead of adopting at
the^iame time the pagan rites, and
incorporating prophane ceremonies
with the punty of the Chriftian wor-
ihip. But unhappily the temples, de-
dicated to Chriilian faints, became
often as much the fcenes of idolatry
.as tboie which had been devoted to
£ditiou8 deities. The Hatues of he-
roes were converted into thofe of
martyrs, flill to receive adoration and
to prefide at confecrated altars. Thofe
who entered the church, like thofe
who entered the temple,, fprinkled
themfelves with the hidral water, in-
haled the perfumed incenfe, beheld
tiie lighted taper, and hung up the
votive tablet.

The continuance of heathen prac-
tices has fometimes been noticeable

in other inflances. The veOal vir-
gins revived again in the perfons o^
nuns— -proceffions of the hoft but mi-*
micked an ancient pattern— canonized '
faints fucceed^d to tutelary gods, and
licentious ceremonies, in honour of
indecent emblems, are flill remem-
bered *, The circumftaDces and ap-
pendages of the heathen worihip were
ibmetimes adopted, and probably in
confequence of the heathen reproaches^
againil the Chridians, for wanting
thofe things which mankind had been
accttftomed to reverence as moft fo*
lemn and acceptable to the divinity.
They ihould feem, at lead by theif
exad^ conformity, to refult from iaii-
tation on tlie part of the Romanifls,
and not, as the learned but fanciful
Warburton imagined, from the ge-
neral influence of fuperftition, pro*
dncing the fame ^ffcQs under both
fyftems.

Cuftoms long e(tabli(hed in religion
muil have retained fome power over
thofe who determined to relinouifli
their errors ; and however primitive
chritHanity might i:eprobate exiting
fuperftitions» tome things were re-
tained as harmlefs in accommodation
to prejudice, and ibme were infenfibly
received by that fpirit of imiudon
through which manners gradually
Goalefce^ wherever long intercourfe
previttls, as it is eafy, in civil matters
aUb, to trace fome lines of conformity
between the charadler of ancient and
modern Rome.

That the confequence of thisadap*
tation in religious matters has been
prejudicial to the reputation of pa-
pacy, and that the dodrine of the
Romifli church is, in confequence, ia
a great degree anti-chriflian, has been
fhcwn by many writers. The fpirit
of its correfpondent inftitntions was
often, perhaps, eood, but that fpirit
is now evaporated, and its vital in-
tention decayed, while the church is
loaded with an accumulation of barren
svnd deftrudive ceremonies.

• Witneis the proceiTions that exiftcd, within a century, in Sicily j the finger of
St. Co(mo, and the concha veneris worn by pilgrims.

One

i'f6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

One feature of parity, however,
dieRomtih church has prefentcd amid
all ici corruptions ; a fpirit of Chris-
tian benevolence to its members, car-
ried often to excefs; a fpirit, dc-
monftrated in every poffible difplay of
charity for the foccour of tw^ry va-
riety of difirefs ; and hence a (Iriking
ehara^r of diftin£tion may be difco*
vered between heathen and papal
Rome, in the numberleit inftitutions
which now exift fer the relief of bu-
nan mifery of every kind, and at-
taching to every age, from the cradle
to the grave, and in the provifion for
every want, mental or bodily, that
can admit of afitiUnce or remedy.
• At all times there has been ibm&-
thing of grandeur 'v\ the Roman cha-
rader: in all ages it has difplayed
features impofing, at leaf(, though
dangerous. In the periods of the re-
public, we cannot but admire, amid
military paffions and a rage for con-
qoefty an uncommon generoiity to
the vanquiihed, an invincible forti-
tude, a difinterefted patriotifm, pri*
» vate temperance, and integrity of
domeftic manners. Amid the cor-
^ * ruptioB that accompanied the increafe
of empire, we are ftill dazzled by the
difplay of genius and captivating li-
terature ; by a morality highly te-
fined and (plendid, though debafed
with inherent errors and mixed with
Yidous prindples ; by a vivid anima-
tion of eloquence and enchanting
graces of poetry. If the virtues of
the Romans htve been attraflivc,
their vices have been alfo great and
extraordinary : their corruption has
been vaft, their fuperflitions domineer-
ing and of extenfive influence.

The temper of the Romans ever
afpiring. dill often exhibits iu force
in the degenerate race of the prefent
day, in which we may notice a
cCKDmandiog prefence, ao expreffive

coontenance* an impofiog air, a fjt^
nius aad a vigour which need bot cd-»
conragement and diredion to break
through the fetters which reflrift their
exertion. If we would advert to the
munificence of the ancient dty» aa
difcemible in monoments Hill extant*
we moft confider, with aftonUhmeDt*
the grand, though half-dilapidattd
fabric of Coliflaeum ; the extent and
accommodations of the Imperial
baths, fpread out like provinces with
walks, porticos, and mufeums, eifr-
riched with every variety of decora*
Uon * ; the temples of the dty and
its obeli&s, its triumphal arches and
well-compaded roads, carried over
rivers and mountdns.to the extremis
ties of the remoteft provinces; ita
aqueduds, its catacombs, its tombs«
and its palaces f .

The remaining nonnments, ereft-
ed in the flooriihing times of the re^
public, are inconfiderable when com-
pared with thofe of its dedining fiate.
The Tiber ilill divides the dty, though
not with the x«9apov ^toy, * the dear
ftream' of which Dionyfios fpeaiu;
but how have the artifidai works oJF
men periihed 1

* Difce hinc quid poilit Fortuna, immota

hbafcunt
' £t quas perpetuo funt flnitiira manent.'

fays the ingenious conceit of an Ita^
lianpoet {.

Mark Fortune's power J fix'd monuments

dtcay.
And things which ever fluauate ever flay.

Of the Sublician or <£milian bridge
only fome piers are now left ; of the
capitol, the fite alone is known ; its
immobile Saxum has difappeared ; of
the temple, where Numa Pompilius
had his intercourfe with i£geria, and
derived bn^ions for his (alutary Uws,
nothing remains but a dripping grotto.

• < Lavacra in modum provincianim cxtni^a,' (ays Ammianus MarctUinus,
fijeaking of the Antonian bailis ere61cd by Caiacaila, which contained pritate baths
for 23,000 perfons, and wue yet fmaller than thofe of Dioclefian.

t In the time of Ccfir th^e were fourteen aqueduas which fupplied 150 fpouting
fountains and % 18 public baths, bciide water for the Naumachi«.

1 Janus Vital is.

2 ^1*

50R MARCH, 179^

mdi A Ubken Aaitfe ; «f ihc great
•work 9f ihe Clgaca Majcioia bvf. oak
Arch of g leiver 13 to be feen.

When an acquaiatance w\th the
works of Greece aad uther icoi^lTie^
produced % tafte for^he arts, thceoiu*
Jation of die cainiid^^s lor popular
fevopr, tnd the nvAUfaip mii inuni£-
xence. of imperial pitrontgc, filled the
cky lyith baiidiogs of useful or oite^-
tacknift ch^ader. The qpa/rjes of
^Syp^ y^^^ ioiporiedf ai^ the oiAr-
hUs of Aiia were ivorked up to Gre-
CAndeiigns. Unfortunately i; hap-
pened, that tbe temples erefled ia cto
earlier periods, and the edifices buik
Bear them i« Uw times, were fo
crowded together, ith»f they mad kAVfi
ioft half their efl'ea.

Rome N/as long l^Htnded by its
ieven hills, and rt&d vp its works on
« confined (cale. Wi^eo its domiAion
iocreafed, a predilection for the £eat
of empire fiiflrem^MT'ed ; ^d tbp ^cfs,
though ^oeraNy iiHrodaced, wcr^
cramped an their exeraons. The pe-
ceffity of fortifying a cjcy, of which
the inhabitants were engaged in con-
tional wars with lhe neighbouring
powers, required that the fireets flwuld
be oarrow, as diore eafy to be defend-
ed, and as occupying a hb /pace.
£ftabli(hed plan^ are not readily alter-
ed ; and the central part of Rome, for
many ages, mtift have been re!)ri£lcd
to its original dimenfions, which were
extremely confined, as we mayjydge
from the ancient plan of Rome difco-
vcrcd on a pavement in the church of
St. CoTmo and St. D jmian ; from the
dimcnftons of the ancient forum ; and
from the breadth of the Via Sacra, a .
principal ftreet of Rome, in which its
religious prjceffions were dtfplayed,
and in wh'ch Horace and other (pccu-
iative loiterers llrolled. Rome did
oot dilate into its open fpaccs till efta-
blilheJ profperity excited con64cno?
in thc! fecnrity of the capital.

Enough, however, of Rome re-
mains, to enable us to trace tic pro-
grcfs of its architefture from its per-
fcttbn, in the time of Augallus, to
Ui decay in the rime of Conftantine.

177

In y'mmg ^ rem.2^n^.qf the marble
city of itlie ibriper .eniperor, ^w.e j^v^
join with St. Aufiin in ^he wi(b to havie
- feen Rpme in ^ts /plendovr. i« be-
holding the arch of the latter eipper<)r
loiaded with the ornaments of g kfp-
pier period, we omft regret ^e de*
cay of th£ arts.

it is one thing, ho)vever, tocpn-
•tempUte Rome as an adnjirer of tl^
^ne arts, pjod another ^o view it ^ ^
philofopher. In the/^m^r cty^^l^r
we fia^^a he gratified fit every t/Ace of
exc41c|)ce, in the latter we moA bi-
Bkent tlvac pa.troq^ge of the ;u'ts ^bi^c^
diverted the auendonofth^ free-borp
fr^efiis of Rome .6/091 fcfec^jes fi^^-
verfiye of liberty, yvbich gr^u^V
94nHi>illered fp the corr<upjtion of the
people, and' rel^iusd f.he Hern virt^e^
that had eftabli/hjsd th^ profperky*

The pleafure received on behqldi^
the ruio^ of apcieni Roo^e^ of fvhat-
^ver iiatMre tjiey i^ay V^# auft be do
rived prio^pally from the re4e^>ie«s
which they fugged i generAlly fpfik-
i^g, the r<aiiis ha^re lictie b::att(v i^
their prefent 9ppeax9>ncie. An acc^i-
te4^> indeed, may ^udy ^c brokep
entabUtores of the temple of Jup>ter
Stacor au a grammar ; ft fculptor may
fpend weeks in Hudying the Toffo ;
and a painter may conteqaplate, i^s
pid^reique objects, the vaulted grebes
of the temple of peace i but the g^^
neral traveller mud derive his ^muie-
ments from recalling the hidory, coqt-
nedcd with the objeds which he fe^^,
4nd from following up the thoughts
which they fugged ; and the ruins of
Rome mu'i always prove int^refting
in proportion to our acquaintaoce wiih
their hidory and our habits of r^-
flcdion.

The common fpedator, who glances
over the veftiges of Rome merely as
objedts of ilght, is foon wearied ; l>vC
the intelligent -traveller, who dwcjla
w-ith improving meditation on the
changes wiiicii the city has fudaineu,
a-td on the moral caufes that have ef-
feited them, feels confiderable fatii-
fidJon in tlii= wonderful placj, aad
ffndi every objed pregnant with in-
'4 ftrudion.

178

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

il;ru6tion. The Coliffaeunij finking as
a beautiful ruin, does not fufficiently
arreft our attention, unlcfs we recoiled
not only the favage purpofes to which
it was generally applied, but that the
altars, raifed within its circumference,
are confecrated to faints martyred
there for a religion now triumphant.
The temple of Peace becomes more
intercfling, if we recoiled that in it
were lodged the fpoils brought from
Jerufalem ; that it was afterward
burnt, like the temple of which it re-
ceived the treafurels, and that its
riches flowed in a molten flream
through the ilreets of Rome. The
arch of Titus will exhibit proof^ of
the accompliihment of the Hebrew
prophecies, to him who confiders the
fcnlptured reprefentations of the fa-
crificial veiTels, the tables of the fhew-
bread and of the law, and of the can-
dlefHck with the feven branches*.
Our piety will be awakened to in-
Urufhve refledions, on remembering
that Titus entered through this arch
to clofe the gates of the temple of
Peace, in auipicious tefHmony of an
eftablifhed concord emblematical of
that Peace which Chriftianity, abo-
liihing the Jewifh polity, fhould finally
produce. The infcription on the arch
of Conftantine becomes really curious
to the reader, who, in the expreilion
of the emperor's having faved the re-
public ' by an impulfe of the divinity
and the greatnefs of his own mind f ,'
difcoyers an ajlufion to 'the dream
which hiftorians reprefent to have pre-
ceded the vidory over Maxentius :
and in traverfing the vaft trad which
was covered by the palaoe of Nero,
it is fatisfadory to recoiled, with
Orofius, that a building, polluted by
crimes, and from which Chriflianity
was cruelly perfecuced, was marked
out as a monument of deftrudion by
divine vengeance.

The edifices of the papal times*
like the ambitious projeds of the pa-
pal power, have been fcarce inferior
to thofe of pagan Rome; and the
confiderations which they fuggeft are
often as important and intereiting as
thofe which arife from refiedion on
the heathen works. The fountains,
and palaces, the convents, and church-
es, completed by the popes, have al-
mofl rivalled the labours of anti<piity.
The Vatican is faid to contain eleven
thoufand rooms, and with its gardens
to occupy a fpace equal to that co-
vered by the city of Turin. Twenty
millions (lerling had been expended en
St. Peter's in the time of Fontana,
and who that has feen it regreis the
coft?

The painters and fculptors of Leo
the tenth, were fcarce inferior to thofe
of the emperors, and they employed
their talents on much higher fubjedls ;
for, infiead of imitating the fierce and
turbulent paflions which charaderifed
the heroes of antiquity, the modern
artifls were animated to the higheft
emulation by the fublime emotions of
religion. Sixtus the fifth embellilbcd
Rome, if not as much as Augulhis,
at leaft, according to Voltaire, as
much as Henry the fourth did Paris,
though the national hiiiorian informs
us, with the vanity of a Frenchman,
that this was the Icaft boaft of Henry
though the greateft of Sixtus J.

The church, it is true, has had its
periods of tafte in the arts, and its
periods of decay. Its temples where
the graceful dome is fufpended, where
the breathing ftatue and the Jiving
pidurc are (hewn, are too often en-
cumbered with rich materials and ela-
borate ornaments ; its virgins drefled
out in trumpery, and its altars co-
vered with tinfel, are expofed where
we might admire the defigns of Bra-
mante, Raphael, and Michael An-

• It is well known that the Jew< have always (ludioudy avoided to oafs under this
arch, which reminded them o£ ihcir departed poliiy and pVofperi.y, forf!:iied agreeabiy
to ancient prophecy,

•f- * — Inftm^lu dlvinitatis et mentis magnitudine.'

J Sixtus reftored the fountain of MaflTa, of which the fonrce wis twenty miles from
Rome, near the ancient Prsentftc, andcoiidudcd it by an aqueuud of^i 3,000 paces
on arcades.

gelo..

FOR MARCH, 1794.

179

gdo. With fuch trumpery, how-
ever, itaany are as well pjeafed : and
ilrangers Aare with aflonifhznent, when
they are told of the value of the falfe
flones, and lack-luilre diamonds which
have been prefented by the Anaoias^s
of former times.

The prefcnt pontiff feems more dif-

and who is allowed lool. per annum,
beiide travelling expences, which is
fufficient. The funds, one fhould
have hoped, might have afforded to
fupport one in each department. The
prefcnt ftudent is Mr. H d, bro-
ther to Mrs. C , who intends to

expofe a very elegant defign for a

pofed to coUedl the productions of maufoleum, in the next exhibition at

former ^gts than to excite living ge-
nius. The Vatican is enlarged, and
its apanments are dailv alter»l for the
reception of the worlcs of antiquity
which are conflantly dug up from the
rubbifh of fuccelTive devaitations, to
iocrea/e chp coUedion. Scarce a pic-
ture of any value is allowed to be fent
away from Rome, as it is well under-
flood of what advantage the worlcs of
art are in drawing (Grangers to this
capiul; Mr. Durno with difficulty

Somerfet-houfe : perhaps the choice
would have been more attradUve, in
our country, if it bad been a defign
for a fenate-houfe. As his taHe and
execution are very good, one wifhes
his works to have every interefl that

may draw attention. Mr. H fur-

nifhed the defigns for fome additions
to Mr. P— n's houfe at S— .

Many individuals fludy h^e at
their private cofl, and do great credit
to our country, in painting and fculp*

pafitd out- a piflure of Parmegiano ture. Among thote in the former de-
uader the name of another painter, partment, deferveparticularly to be

though fir W. Hamilton paid 1500I.

to him for it for lord A .

But little encouragement is given
to modern artifls either by the pope
or the Roman nobility, who are con-
tent with exhibiting treafures of here-
ditary pofleifion ; and they, whofe
anceflors rewarded the labours of
Michael Angelo, now fcarce afford to
pay an artiil to copy portraits ; and
when they do, they chiefly encourage

mentioned Mr. Flaxman and Mr.
Dear, both of whom have a bold and
original genius ; and among thofe of
the latter, we were much pleafed with
the works of Mr. More, Mr. Head,
Mr. Robinfon, Mr. Gregnon, Mr.
Fagan, and Mr. Durno, and of many
others whom I hope it is not invidi-
ous to omit.

Thefe artlfls, with Angelica Kauff-
main and many others, refide at Rome
rather to gratify their own tafle than

foreigners. The French and Eng

liOi, indeed, are now the chief pro- in expe^ation of prefcnt patronage,

moters and pitrons of the fine arts. The liberality of the pope, however.

The French have hitherto conflantly is not to be diTputed : his tafle only

employed twelve fludents in architcc- does not lead him to the encourage-

ture, fculpture, and painting, fup- ment of modern fculpture or painting.

ported through a noble inflicution eila
blilbcd by the proud patronage of
Louis XIV, in which they are li-
berally fupphed with whatever may
contribute to the progrefs of the arts.
Many of them have difplayed great

excellence. I hope that the economi- Jittle piece of' the four Doves, which
cal arrangements of the modern re- Pliny admired at a villa of Trajan,
formers, in France, will not cut off Hill remains at Rome to rival the
the fupplies which the munificence of beautiful works in mofaic, which daily
royalty has furnifhed. The £ng1iQi increafe the collection at St. Peter's*

He expends large fums in promoting
the improvement of mofaic works,
which are well executed at Rome.
The works of antiquity in this line
have all nearly perifhed. Pavement
is occafionally difcovered; and the

academy fends bat one fludent every
three years, who is alternately an ar-
chite^, si fculptor, and a painter;

and which at a diflance, deceive us as

paintings of fi rft mailers. The pope's

general expences are not large; he

Z 2 has

I So

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

1X.IS the powef, thercfofc, to iiichilge
)Sis talle. His civ it eAabHihment Ex-
hibits fe^V att^dants at the vatrcan ;
and his mifitary appointment cor.iilts
of a few dotodlHc troops, wftttatppdar,
on great day^ \ti a motley dreU with-
antique helmets zAid bre&lt-pLttes, that
hang lobfely upon ihetn, and who

far; ifon CiviCa Vecchia, UrbiliO, and
erra a» with, perhap?:, a few bthcr
places, ^is holiaefs hza htcn com-
mended for attending to moire impoi't-
ant coilCerns Chan the pardiits of talle ;
and we join i\\ praiiitig him for having
drained the Pontine marflies, a worK
which bafHed the confol Cerh6gn$ an(f
the emperors of Rome, anid which h
row compleiely elfefted to the great
convenience of the trav^Ilfer.

His endeavours to encourage com-
jncrce have -been raOi'e Commendable
than fuccefsful. If he had* equally ex-
erted himfelf in other things ftift more
cflential ; if he" had encouraged* the
peafantry to fettle on the dreary waftes
of the Campania, had' given up the
preemption of itis produce which damps
all fpirit of induflr^, and by ta:^ rrg
tie land inftead of the produce, had
induced his fubje£ls to cukivaCte his
once fertile territory ; if he had fet
up a regular and find policy,, punifh-
ed* ind vidual a^ of revenge, and
cl1ablift»ed a fair and fpeedy Jidmini-
ftratiori of jufticc ; if he had roufcd
the nobility to ufeful fervices, abolifli-
cd monopolies, even that of corn now
pofTclTed by his own nephew ♦, and
reformed a vicious clergy to Chriftian
virtues, he would then have conferred
efTential cbligatiuns on his country.

and have fapported the 4edimg
power of the papacy wkich now coC^
ters t<> dteflfra£)&oft. We (ttotM ha^e
then feen his territories flourifii ; we
(Lould have feen his refidcnee not a
fjiit mixtfdre of magnificence and ^^t,
a icene of eccleiiaftical pomp and
wretched poverty, a city of ^Witual
pride and hideous beggary f ; where
ignorance triumphs in the fncredidity
&F the higher and in the fiiperfticittft
of the lower ranks ; where vice and
ijn of every Ifii*} predominate ; where
proftittrtion holds out its lores at every
wind'-'W ; where aflkdinattons' are dail^r
cotnmitted in the hcc of dayy and
known rturdercrs beg for chanter utt-
dcr the porches of every chvArch ; and
where a' cardinai, now is exile at
Genoa I, iKas condemned ibr attempt-
ing ta poifbn a brother of the coa^
clave.

To fitch lindfertfakings, howevdr^
under exifHng cblhicles, the prefenc
pope is nnequaK With good inten>-
tibns and fome exertions he aims not
at fucb arduous labours, but is CQ«r-
tented with publicl)r kiting; the fboc
of St. Peter with die zeal of a pil-
grim ; with officiating gracefully oa
the great days ; with improving his
mufcum, and with cultivating fiicred
literature, the caufe of which he has
{erved, by poblilhing in 17^4.1 a fine
edition of St. Mnxtmusy with a well-
written dedication tO Vi6tor Amadeasy.-
and by extending fome countenance
to men of diiringuifhed talents*

Many of his lubjefls, not fati^d
with fuch pretenfioiw to their favour,
feeih to feel Iktle regret at a paralytic

• Thofe who are inclined to confidcr the pope as antiehriJl, will rccolIe5l that St.
John foretold of tht bealt, • that no man might buy or leli, lave he ihai had the mai Jc»
or the name of the bcaft, or the njunb-.-! of liis name.' Rev. xiii. 1 7

t The mtfcrable wretches expoicJ 10 excite compafilon In the (heels of Rome, an
the molt melancholy and difgufting objects that it is poinbie to contemplate : they are
totally disfigured by theeffcSs oi vice and diltafe.—He who has feen tliem may fancy
that^

' Laniatum corpore toto
♦Deiphobum vidit, taccnirt crudcliierora,

* Ora, manufque ambas, }>opulataquc tcmpora raptU- •

* Auribus, ct iruncas iiihoncllo vuinere iiarcs*'

J Cardinal C^^*— i.

affeffiofr

FOR MARCH, <^94.

known 1o have formerfy entertained
all ftVangeri at his houfe with great
hbipitallty; but as bis revenues nrdm
France bavo beeiv withheld he now
receives coinpany only ot an evening.
The two aunts of the French king are
now with him. They were vifited oq
their arrival hy the pope, which is an
unufua]: mark of attention from his ho-
lineis. They confine themfelves to a
fmall fociety. The Englifli at thefe
houfes do hot intermix much witli th^
Romans. They are fomewhat re-
gardL'fs of etiquette, and they do not
often fpeak Italian with fluency ; and
the Romans diflike to ipeak French*
The two parties, therefore, like the
ft: earns of the Rhine and the Arve»
near Geneva, flow in the fame cur-
rent without mingling together, Al
the prince de Borghefe's the parties
are more fele^ and pleafant; but it
requires private introaudtion to be ad-
mitted to them. There are no public
amufements at Rome except auring
the carnival, a time of neceffary re-
la^cation, when the ancient difcipline
x>( the church was obferved. During
the reft of the year there are concerts*
indeed, in the churches ; che vocal
performers are Caftratos, who fhould
not be permitted to fing in iacred edi-
fices, efpecially in a countiy where
emafculation prevails to an extent
that requires diTcouraeement of every
kind. The Roman nobility are chiefly
the defceadants of the relations of the
pope's, and coniequently often of fo»
reign extra6lion. A few of them boaft
of being derived from the ancient
Romans. The two branches of the
Mailimi family daim a defcent from
Fabius Maximus, who, in the flourilh-
ing period of the fecond Punic war»
was the difinterefled pofleflbr of nine
acres of land.^ They certainly can
trace their pedigree to die tenth cen*
tury, when they were a powerftd fii-
mily. There are alio three branches
of the deicendants of Valerius PnUi*
colaf, whofe anceftor, withHerfilia»

^ See a ienfiUe Treatiie on this fubjea by the iogemout Mr. Dutenr fur L'Sgiife
duPape.
t ThePobMcoIas MdUx et Valcrii.

fffeOftd

afiefiion under whid^ 6e now labours :
sniefs, indeed, fiom apprehenfion^ that
he ttiiy not outfive the carntvaL Many
chink that the papal power will e^qpire
in &tm '^ and obferve^ with apparent
pieafare, that the niches in St. f'aul's
churcb arc now filled up, except one
dedtmed fer the reception of the por-
trait of Braic^. S^tre^ epigrams
are 6ften afExed on the ftatues of
Ntfarphone and Pafquin, on wliich the
libefs of antiquity were hikng^ DiP-
culSoR^ are common, in which the
fuppreilion of convents, in neighbour-
ing territories of Florence, is pro-
KMtnced to be deferving imitation ;
and the writings of the. reformed
church', in fpite of interdi^ons, make
their way« Let us hope that when
reformation ^gins, as begin it mu(l,
it may come gemly, that it may faci-
litate a re-union with the reformed
churches, a confumoMit'on devoutly to

I be wished, to which the church of
England is fincerely indined, and
bends with increafing favour; anxi-
ous onTy to fee- the caufes of lepara-
tion removed; and palpable errors
) given up, wliich may be thought, in-
deed, the more praAicable fincc many
of the Romilli' writers have almoft ex-
plained away the offenfive part of
aiany of their do&rines» indefcnfible
as they are, and often refuted as they

. have been *•

LETTER XXX.

Rome, Dec 20.

i^OMB is very fiiU of £ngli(h» many
of whoo9 are lodged near each other,
in thb Piazsadi Spagna. They aflb-
date much together^ preferrbg the
company of their countrymen to the
being, carped in crowds, under Mr.
j[enkins' protection, to concerts and
omverzationes, at the houfe of prin-
cefs Santa Croce, or the cardinal de
Bemu.

The cardinal de BernU is well

l82

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

cfie^led the reconciliation between the
Romans and Sabines, and who hhn-
felf joined with. Brutus in delivering
his country from the tyranny of Tar-
quin, and reconciled Porfenna to
Kome. The Urfini, the Colonna,
and the SavjIIi families, with a few
others, pretend aJfo a dcTcent from
diftinguiftied perfoiiages of the repub-
lic ; but their prctenfions are lefs fa-
tiifaftorily fupported.

Since I have lall written to you,
we have made an excurfion to Tivoli,
to which we drove, over e.ghi miles
dreary walle of the Campania, a
country once defer) bed, by Varro, as
an orchard, and excelling all lands in
fertility. The parts of it which are
DOW thinly inhabited, are laboured by
perfons who repair to it for a feafon
from Viterbo, Perugia, and other
parts of Italy : the Roman territories
Deing depopulated by caftration, ce-
libacy, and bad government. The
few tenants of the diftridl prefer the
pure air of the mountains to that of
the plains, rendered unwholefome by
the noxious vapours which afcend
from (lag nan t waters and a volcanic
foil *. Thefe, it is true, were ex-
perienced in ancient times, as we
learn from Livy, but in a lefs degree,
as the atmofphere was then corredled
by vegetation, and the breath Of herds
and men.

The volcanic nature of the country
about Kome tends to confirm the opi-
nion of thofe who, from tl)e language
of St. John, recollefl th^t Rome, like
Sodom, (hall * be utterly burnt with
fire,' that (he (hall < fink like a great
mill-ftone in the fea,' and ' her fmokc
rife up for ever and ever.' Burnet,
in his Theory of the Earth, a work
of fublime hncy and extravagant rea-
foning, attempted to fpcculate upon
the mode of this dellrudlioft ; and it
is curious to fee how a theorift gets
over difficulties that obllru£t his

fcheme. The ingenious writer lesittp
from the fituation of Italy, the fea
ihould be thought likely to extinguilh
the conflagration which he fuppofed
to take ^lace, imagines that the ocean
and Black Sea, from which the Me-
diterranean is fupplied, will fink in
their channels fo low as not to be ca-
pable of (lowing into the Mediterra-
nean at each end ; and thefe fuppiics
being cut o(F, it would foon empty it-
felf fo far, partly by evaporation and
partly by fubterraneous pafTages, as
to (brink from all its (bores and be-
come a (landing pool of water in the
middle of the channel.

I (hall not dilate in an account of
the Ponte Lucano, by which we pafifed
the Arno about twelve miles from
Rome ; of the Crater, of the extin-
guifhed volcano, and of the Solfaterra,
with its floating iflands of compared
reed and bulruih, not far from which
the unfortunate and ungenerous Ze-
nobia, the beautiful oatroneis and I
betrayer of Longinus, lived in an ele-
gant villa, given her by her conqueror
Aurelian ; and from the elevation of
a throne infenfibly funk, as Gibbon
tells us, into a Roman matron ; her <
daughters being married into Roman
families, and the race being continued
to the fifth century. Baronius fup-
pofes Zenobius^ bifhop of Florence in
the time of St. Ambrofe, ta'have been
defcended fiom her. i

The fcenery of Tivoli; the fine
ruins of the villa of Maecenas, of
which the arches llill difplay a great
range of front covered now with vine-
yards; the cafcades, fome of which
ru(h headlong from the ruins to fwell
the Arno; the hills, covered with
olives, among which the fancy may
trace veftiges of the villas of Caifar,
Ca/IIus, Lepidus, Horace, Quintilius'
Varus, Catullus, Propertius, Stadus,
andVopifcus, and compare their de-
fcriptions with exifHng fcenes ; and

• • Not many years ago fome perfons imitcd themfdvcs into a fociety, with defign to
ioftrua I he poor j)erfons who live in the worft parts of the Campania. They were
c Milled the PanTionllli. Their charitable intentions were frufti-atcd by the intcrterence
of goveroraent, which wiflicd to fave the lives of perfons fo worthy. The inter(ei-ence
was hue impolitic j it was benevolent in its intention^ but nut in its effe^s.
^--^ 5 the

FOR MARCH, 1794.

183

the elegance and projeding fwell of
the Sybil's temple, hangifig over the
grotto of Neptune, led ns on to a
fucceflion of the moil interefting con-
templations that ^could amnfe and de-
light the mind. Our refle£lions were
brought down to later times when we
were conducted to the villa Eftenfe,
near the town where Hippolito of Bile,
cardinal of Ferrara, « the great off-
fprrog of the Herculean line/ to whom
Ariofto dedicated hii Orlando Furiofo,
built np his taftelefs and elaborate
ftruflore, and gardens, and terraiTes,
and grot^s, and other artificial works
in face of the bold and uncontrolled
beauties of the neighbouring country.
At night, though I flept in a room
clofe to the temple of the Sybil, or of
Veibi as fbme think it, and heard the
wind roar through its time-injjred
columns, my tpind was fometinies en>
gaged in modern events, fuggefled
to memory by the name of lord P — e
and of B ■ written on the walls.

After feeing TivoU we vifited, with
lefi pleafure, Frefcati, where the mo-
dem Romans, as wesl as thofe of an-
cient times, pais a lew of thofe weeks
when it is moft unhealthy to remain
at Rome. The villas are (lately, the
^rdens large and adorned with water-
works, hydraulic organs, bulls, lla-
tues, &c. The prince de Borghefe,
from the villa Taverna, may con-
template an eilate of 60,000 crowns
per annum, fpread, as may be ima-
gined, over a vail extent of country,
£nce its lands are but little caltivated,
and few flocks, or herds, or cheerful
villages, or farms, are to be feen. If
I were to fpeak to you of the O.u-
pendous and intere^ing ruins of A-
drian's villa, of tl.e cndlefs fucceflion

of its buildings, of which t^e forms
and even ornaments are iHll difccrni-
ble, I mnH write a volume.

POSTCRIPT.

Rome, Dec. 2^.
I DID not clofe up my letter that
I might fend you a iLort account of
the ceremonies of this day, on whicii
we were prefent, by ten o'clock, at
St. Peter's, and faw the pope ofHciate
between two rows of cardinals richly
drelled. Their cloaks were covered
with the fined lace. The Latin and
Greek goipel and epiftle were channtw
ed by the priefls of the refpedive
churches. The frequent change of
the pope's drefs, between whioh he
was fometimes llripped to his flan-
nels, unfortunately fuggefled ludicrous
ideas, and difconcerted the mufclcs
even of fome attendant ecclefialtictf*
He received the communion in both
kinds himfelf, fucking the drop of
wine from the chalice through a golden
quill or pipe, a cuflom introduced a-
bout the tenth century, and foon dif-
continued, except by the pope. His
holinefs afterward adminiHered the
wafer to each of the cardinals. After
he had performed the fervice, he was
carried on men's ihoulders, wearing
the tiara. A large feather waved on
xeach fide of his chair. We were
ihocked at the oHentatious Hifplay of
grandeur in a weak morral, in a
church ere6led to the hoi our of God.
It was fomcthing, however, amid un-
meaning parade and ill> directed at-
tention, to fee an object almoll ido-
lized and lifted up to the highcfl pitch
of human vanity, only to proftrate
himfelf in voluntary abafcment to the
fuppofcd body of ChrilL

Reflections on the Treatment of Servants.

THERE is no complaint more
general than that of the ill be-
haviour and depravity of fervants.
Their negligenoe, idlencfs and extra-
vagance, are reckoned by many peo-
ple among the greatcll vexations of
life; infomuch^ that we frequently

hear gentlemen declare, that they
had rather wa't on themf^lves ir.an be
plagued with the llupidity or imolcucc
of their domefticks.

Now, as human nature is much
the fame in all ranks of life, there
mull be fome latent caufe of this

CXtCB-

i84

THE UNIVER^iiL MAiGAZINE

/extenfivt evil, either ij> die iUcr
jpf fenri^^e k&l/« 9^ in the exer-
cife of that aiithoritf ^h&ch c^ fii-
perior ftation of the mafter gives him
over the fervant: I am inclined,
frotfi freauent iMsrvation, to place it,
in ^ewrJ, to th,a accoi»nt of the latter

It 13 becQme4moft pro>erbia], thi^
' a good mafter make^ a g^pd Terv-
mt.' There 15 ne teijopen Jo .pbfttnaCe
fir ttQtrȣbi)le, 49 not to yield to the
£>rce of kiodnefs and humanity { aa» 00
^e other h»nd, thf re i« sq one (o
jneck or fiibipiffive za not to rtviok
«gaiiiftconctxtfialiil.urage and oppref-
&on. Of trath I fee daily inAat^OM;
«nd my two frieods, fubUas aod Pom-
I>iliu9^ will furmfli me with a recent
.example.

Puiillas had taken into hi$ fervice
the (on of an honeft aod indudrious
iCOttager, a fturdy lad aboiit fifteen*-
im age when iniqatcy begins to bud,
and, if foAered by idienefs, or noc
checked by wholeibme diiciplio^, foon
gets beyond concroul. His matter,
howeirer, kept him oonftantly employ,
cd, and treated him with a proper
laixtare of firidne& and indulgence ;
«nd 35 the youth had good principles
inftilled into him by hb parents, Petier
foon became an excellent fervant.
. Encouraged by his neighbour's foe-
cefs, Pompiiius took another Ion of
the fame induftrious &m!ly, who w^
a year younger than his brother, but
equally (lout, good tempered, and
'well- difpofed. Tom was highly plea-
ied with his preferment ; and as his
mailer lived in rather a more fplendid
fitle, and gave a more (bewy livery
than PufiUus, and alfo thinking it be-
neath him to give too minute ap at-
tention to his fervants, allowed him
at iirft more idle hours ; Tom exulted
a little over his brother Peter, and
excited in him fome degree of envy.
After a little time, things began to
wear a diiCerent afpefl ; and Tom fdt

hiffdelf AQtqm^ fpj^pp^yafi«tfifft
he e^pede^. His mfyu, by degree^
treated him with more haughtioeu
jmd ieverity; -bq^ only calkd him
fuufuf, but threatened hin^ with the
iiorie-wbip fojr ijavoluntary miilaJccM
u^de him w^t in the jftrcct. for
an iu>Mr with his horfes, caikd hin
away frof^ has fUao^r, .fent hin qa
erra^dc at unftafonable ho^n in the
fiigiVi 9r in rain or bpiff ; 9f^d afier
.aU, would reprobate lus ponduQ
without i^aibtv and wi^oot^ Q^ea-
ioft z whereas P^iiliAUi {aa any conii-
deraie mailer would ^g) qfya^ put
himfelf to fome little i^^fo^veniesce^
r^cr t^an expose his fjcrvfLxa, with-
/QOt ^b^I^e nece/Hty, p bardfliip pf
that kind. But what ar<s (erv;]UDt^
paid£)r? (cries Pompiliiw to Pafilks,
w})o would foi^etimes rpn^n^r^te widi
ham on chat head.) -^ Ob ; he ij a
fad imp^dcnt, ft)ip^ dog, (ad^s he)
4ind wiu never n^ake a (br vant ;* when
Tom pcrhap* had impcrfcdly exc-
CJjted what his ma^r had not conde- '
fcended perfectly to /txplajn.

In (hort, the mailer and man Teem-
ed to live 19 a ilate of perpetual hor
ftility : the mailer lying in wait for
an opportunity of vetuing his fpleen
on bis Servant ; who in his turn, atling
on no principle b<|t that pf fear, was
more ibiicitous to avoid his maker's
rjBpro^ches, than to execute his com-
ma/tds, and gain his good- will. Perm-
pilius iudecd never /;oJic* to Tom,
but to abufe iiim : and as iervants have
the ffime feeJL)^ and, where they ua.
derHand the p.onifes, reafon as jufti/
as their mailers ; how can we fuppoi'e^
that fuch treatment will not excite their
refeutment ? Accordingly Tom took
every opportunity of retaliating on his
mafter; and, as fellow- fufferers na-
turally fympathize with each other,
whenever Tom met with fuch a one,
that would adjourn to a neighbouring
ale-houfe, and vent their mutual com-
plaints : this gave his mailer more jull

• As an inftance that fervants feci the infult of a contemptuous filencc j lord Ab-
fon's brother had made the tour of the Eaft, and when he came to Aleppo, bis fervant
left him, and gave for a realbn, that his mafter had not ibok£n three vyo^s to4itm m
a lour of 3000 miles,

3 prcf

FOR MARCH, 1794.

t85

3

prAeaces to mproach him, and would feverity : they copy their vices, or

iboo alfo have brought on an habit of are feduced by the luxury and extra-

drioking ; but, on Tufferiog a violent vagance which too generally prevails

OBcrage from his mailer, Tom gave in fuch femilics, to oecome luxurious

him warning that he fhould quit his and extravagant themfelves : and to

place; who in his turn d fmiiTed him fupport their extravagance, when fet-

iounediately, and refufed to give him tied in the world, they become dif-

a chiu^^er : luckily, however, a gen- honeft, and abandoned *. And d uring

•tleman in the neighbourhood, who was their fervice, as they arc kept up ^

iHi no terms with Pompilius, took Tom great part of the night, to attend their

without i^ chara^er, and by proper mailers at the gambling- houfes, o^

tiracoient, has found him a valuable
ao^nifition.

Pufilltts' man Peter likewife im-
pTQves daily : his mailer calmly ilTues
«ut his orders ; inftruds "him in his
<duty ; and on every occafion, con-
vinces Peter that he has his intereft
at heart, as well as his own. Peterson
the other hand, from an ambition to
pleaie his mafter, does many things
■voluntarily, and without waiting for
his mailer's commands : and, as he
snakes his' mailer's buiinefs his whole

their ladies at their aiTcmblics of dif-
ferent kinds, Wv» cannot much blame
them, if, to make up for their lofsof
red, they fcek for amufenijent not more
innocent than thofe of the- r Ai^:rior».
Until reformation, therefore, takes
place in the manners and modes of life
among the higher circles, in vain
will the promoters of Sunday Schools,
Schools of Indutlry, ind other charita-
ble in (litu lions, labour to reform the
morals of the lower claiTes of people,
which are infallibly corrupted, in the

ftudy, PuiUlus often finds his accoMut firil faihionable family that takes thera
in confulting with his fervant, who, into their fervice.
as fsa as his capacity extends, ibme- 1 ihall clofe this efTay with Seneca!s
times judges, better than his mailer, excellent epiftle on the fubjed, which
In a word, Pompilius proceeds on the not only breathes a truly Chridiaa
tyrant's maxim, • Qderint dum metu- fpirit, but gives us too lively a iketch

of the enormous luxury and pride of
the Romans in that age: to which
ilate, however, we ourielves feem to
be rapidly advancing, and partly from
a iimilar caufe — the importation of
the wealth, the luxury and effeminacy

let thefn hate me, fo that they
fear me. Puiillus' maxim is the re-
verfe, ** Colant me potius quam time-
ant ;' let them reverence me, rather
than fear. me. ^ And they are requited
accordingly.

1 will not preiiime to interfere with

of the Afiatic nations ; who will pro-

theladies'/r^tf/«i^/i/ofyfr»i/i2«/j; under bahly revenge the unprovoked inju-
tbiir mild and gentle fway, their fe- ries which they have received from
oaale attendants are generally made the Europeans, by gradudly corrupt-
their friends and confidants, and their ing the morah of their conquerori, and
footmen fometimes experience more make them in their tur«s the prey of

^ than a fraiernal affedion : and I am
perfuaded that, in this afge; no fuch
capricious tyrants as Congreve's Lady
IVipftn^ or other characters of that
kind, now exiil.
Neither will I fay any thing of the

-fervants in the more elevated ranks of
life; as I am afraid, they J u fie r more
from the negle^, or from the jexam-

. pies of their mailers, than from their

fome more virtuous and more warlike
invaders.

Seneca to Lucilius.

I WAS much pleafv.'d to hear, from
fome of your neighbours in the coun-
try, upon what kii.J a id fiin^liar
terms you live wi.n your flavei. It
is no mo.c, inaceJ, ilian 1 ihould
have expelled from your good fcnfe

• The frequent burgiaries or lioufe- breakings in tiic mctrojols, arc gcKsrally con-
duced by the conniyancc of profligate ftrvancs.

A a and

J

i86

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

and enlightened under Aanding. But* (laves as if they were men ; hat abolb

arc they teally our flavcs? — No: they them, as if they were beafts of bor-

are men ; tbey are oar companions ; den : That when we fit down (o

our humble friends. Are they our ubk, one is employed lO wipe op the

flavcs ? No : they are only our fellow- fpictle ; another togathcr op the Icraps,

fervants ; jf you rc8e£k that we are all which dri>p from the drvnken gnefts;

equally under the dominion of fortune, one (tanda to carve the coHly fowls;

I cannot hot fmilc, therefore, at thofe and with certain artfu) floorilhes, car-

who woold think themfelves polluted, rying his flcilful hand roood the breal

if they were obliged to eat with their an^ the rump, {h^ts it at once, prt>-

fellow- fcn'^ants. pcly carved, into the difli^

But why fo ? Orlpr becaufe a moft Wretched mortal, who lives for no

iiifolent cuftom has made it neccflary other purpofe than to cot op craoK

for the mafter, as he fits at table, to med turkies! Though be perhaps is

be dtccndcdbyacroudofflaves iland- more defpicably wretched, who» to

ing ii.^jnd him. Re eats more than gratify his appetite, has this poormor-

his flom:ich can well contab; and, tal taoght fo frivolous an art; which

while he is thus voracioufly cramming through neceflity alone he fubmits to

his diilended paunch, his unhappy learn*.

ilaves dare not move their tips, or The fum of my precepts on this

utter a word The loweft whifpcr is fnbjefl is in (hort this:— That yoo

poniihcd with the lafii. Nor are the live in fuch a manner with your infe*

moft c^fual or involuntary circum- riors as you would u i(h to have your

fiances exea:ptcd from flripcs. To fuperiors live with you. Donotefti-

cough, to fneeze, to hiccup, or to in- mate men by their fundions, but by

tcrrupt the filencc of the company by their manners: a man gives himfelf the

any kind of iioife, is a capital . of-
fence.

Thus the poor (laves remain the
whole night fiifting and mute. Hence
it comes to pafs, that thofe who are
not permitted to fpeak before their
matters, take their revenge by ta k-
ing enough behind thtir backs:
wncreas xhofe flaves who have been

one; accident allots him the other.
He may be a flave in his pcrfbn, but
perhaps his miiKi b free. Shall it be
imputed to him as a crime, that be
is a flave ? Tell me, who is not fo*
One man is a flave to his appetites-:
another to his avarice : another lo his
ambiiion: and all of us are Caves to
fearf . Here is a man of confular

indulged in the liberty, not only ef dignity, who makes himfelf a flave
talking in their mailer's prcfencc, bat to a wealthy old woman. HerC' is »
of converfmg modellly with them, man abounding in riches ; he is en^

have often been found ready to facii-
fice their own lives, to avert any dan-
ger which threatened the lives of their
maflers. They talked in their con-
vivial entertainments ; but were im-
prepnably filcnt under the torture.

. From the fame abfurd arrogance,
arofe the provtrl/ial expreiTion, * A
man has as many enemies as he has
flaves.' Alas ! they are not yet our
enemies, but we m::kc rhem fo. ^

1 forbear to mention many other
cruel and inhuman pradiccs on this
That we do not treat cur

fubjcft

*. Some inftances of the abufe of their (laves are here omitted
f Th:<i Lain to allude to the fecial doctrine of the palFions,.

flaved to ?i fittJe artful handmaid.
Behold our young men of the firil
quality, the flaves cf aftrefles and
flnging. girls.

Now, what can be more ignomi-*
nious, than this voluntary ferviiudc?
Let not thefe faftulious fops, ihcn» de-
ter you from behaving with affability;
or at leal*, without any unneceflary
haughtinefs, even toward your flaves.
Let them love and reverence, rather
than fear you.'

' What, then, would you have M
give our flaves their liberty, and de-

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FOR MARCH, 1794.

187

jradc tljeir mailers from their fuperior
ladon?'

He that taUcs thus mud have for-
gotten that mailers ought to be con-
cent wkh what is fufHcient for the
gods themfelves: who arc only reve-
renced andiov«d. But love is incom-
patible with fear. . Moil: wifely there-
fope» in my opinion, do you ad;
who will not be feared by your flaves ;
who chaHife them with words alone,
and leave brutes to ,be governed by
feverity and firipes.

N. B. Cicero, Pliny the confol,
and all the bed and wiieft of tht Ro-

mans, fpcak of their flaves with the
fame tender nefs and humanity. If .
flaves therefore are abfolutely necefla-
ry for cultivating our i'ugar-canes ; let
us, for (hame, treat them with as
much humanity as thofe did their
flaves who were (irangers to the gof-
pel.

• But, as governor .Trelawny faid
(with a fcvcre irony) forty years
fmcc, ' What iignify the fufferiugs or
death of a few outlandlfh men, if we
can fend better goods to market ?'
R. O. S.

OujERVATiop^s m Pope's Essay on Criticism.
[From Dr. Aikin's Letters to his Son.]

TSHevGil It is for the moft part
a poor employment to endea-
vour to point out faults in a per form -
A^ice of reputation, and to diminifti
the adm- ration with which it has ufual-
ly been regarded, yet as far as inculca-
ting th6 true principles of literature is
of any confeqdence, it is important oc-
cafionally to difcufs the merits of thofe
works on which the public taile is
chiefly formed. And this is peculiarly
juft and proper with refped to fuch
piece* as are themfelves critical, and
written with the profefled intention of
cfl:ab;i(hing rules for compofing and
judging. Among worki cf this kind,
few are moYt difiinguilhcd than Pope's
Ejay en Critici/m . 1 f the cl rcumilance
of its being writtemin verfe have, on
the one hand ^ impaired its authority,
on the other, it has ierved to make it
more read, and to fix its maxims mnre
thoroughly in the memory. In fed,
f.*w pieces are more referred to in the
way of quotauon ; and after the high
praifcs it has received from fuch names
as Warburton, johnfon, and Warton,
its influence upon the opinions of wri-
ters and readers cannot be fuppofed in-
conuderable. Such commendations,
indjed, render it a hazirdous tafk to
call in quelHon its merits. But my
experience of jnen and books ha^ not
fcrved to augment mj conQdencc in

great names ; and if I csn give good
reafons for the obje£tions I iliall make,
1 fear not that you will regard my at-
tempt as prefomptuoos.

Dr. Warburton, at the dofc of his
commentary on this Eflay, ilrongly
calls it to the reader's recolkilion, that
its author had not attained his twen-
tieth year. This view of it as a ja-
venile performance is a very proper
one. It may juftly excite our admi-
ration of the early difplay of poetical
powers it exhibits, and fhould ru;;^e!l
every indulgence of candour to \\^ de-
fecb ; bat it ihould make us hcfitate
in attributing to it that comprehenfion
of view and accuracy of conception,
which were by no means the mofl llrit -
ing qualities of the author in the ful
maturity of his powers. It docs not
belong to my purpofa to point out the
impcrfedtions with which it abounds
as a mere poetical compofition. What
1 have to do with, are the falfe
thoughts and vicious principles, which
render it a very unlaf* guide in mat-
ter* of talle, notwith 'landing the large
admixture of maxims founded on good
fcnfe, and exprefied .with the aimoil
brilliancy of language.

With refpcil to the mthod of the

piece, as far as it really pofleifes a

method not forcibly held together by

the commentator^s chain, it m^y ^e

A a 2 af&rmed»

iSS

THE UNIVERSAL 'Magazine

affirmed, that the arrangement of mat-
ter i* Umplc and natural, but not very,
clofcly adhered to. Many oi the rule*
and remarks are biougut in with lit-
tle connexion with what preceded, and
apprirently might be trani'pofcd with-
out injury. And after all Warburton
ha$ done for Pope, and his difciple
for Horace, iti. cftain that the rea-
der oi each poet ivi.l f^-arcH^-, witnout
a previous clue, become fe?nrible of
more than a let of detached maxims,
connetted only by the general fubjeA.
Pope begins with an afTcrtion which,
if true, would render his work of very
confined utility, namely, that cr'tics,
as well a& poets, mult be born fuch.

Both mnft alike from beiv^a derive their

light,
Thefe horn to judge, as well as thofe to

write.

And he further limits the profeflioQ
of criticifm, by requiring" that both ta^
lenti (hould be united in the £une per-

fOD.

Let fuch teach others who themfelves ex^

eel,
And cenfure freely who have written welL

But furely both thefe are very falfe
notions; for nothing feems to be more
a matter of acquirement than the ha-
bit of judging accurately on works of
art ; and this habit appears from in-
numerable infl^nc^s to be perfectly
diftindl from the faculty of pradlifmg
the arts. Indeed they have much
pftener exifted feparate (han combined.

Thus in the fowl while Memory prevails,
The lolid power of Undci ftin^iing fails j
Where btaiiib ot wa: ni Imagination play.
The iVlemoiy's loft figures nicit away.

The beauty of imagery in thefe
lines, ftiould not ma!<e ub bliiui to the
want of jurtnefs in the thought. ' To
reprefent flrergth of memory as in-
compatible with folidity ofunderftand-
ing, is fo obvioully contrary to fad,
that I prcfume ihc author had in his
eye dnly the cifc of extraordinary me-
mory for names, date?, a". J things
which offer no ideas to the mirid ;
which has, indeed, been often dirplay-

ed in great perfbdion by mere idiads
For, it is diificult to conceive how dtt
fdcai'y of judgment, which confiih in
the c^mpari^bn of different ideas, aa
at all be cxcrcifed without the power
of fToring up ideas in the mind, and
calli g them forth when required.
From the f«cond couplet, apparently
meant to be the conVerfe of the firft*
one would fuppofe that he confidcred
the unde: landing and the tDuginaiiM
as the fame faculty, elfe the counter-
part is dcfedive. Further, fo far ii
it from being true, tlyu imaginatioo
obliter^es the itgures of memoryt
that the circumltance which caufes a
thing to be remembered is principally
its bring aJociated with other ideas
by the agency of the imagination.
If the Poet only meant, that thofc
ideas about which imagmation is oc-
cupied, are apt to^exclude ideas of a
di^erent kind, the remark is true;
but it flkould have been differently ex-
prefled.

One Science only will one Genius fit.

This maxim is as hUt, as it is dif^
couraging, and' derogatory from the
powers of the human mind. It is,
perhaps, generally true, that the ge-
nius is exduiively fitted for attaining
excellence in one of the great chffes
of mental acqui6tions, asicience, art',
invention, &c. but he who can make
himfelf mafter of one Jcince properly
fo called, may commonly with equal
application attain any other.

Fii ft follow Nature,

This trite rule can be of little ufe
without being opetied and fxempfificd.
It is pcrfc'jly obvious, that in all ttie
arta which are imitative or defrrsptive
of nature, the nuiit be the archetype;
but the proper manner of lludying na-
ture, and transferring its images to
eich particular Ipecie^ of the worlfs
of art, varioufly combined, comrafl-
ed and perhaps heightened and alier-
cd, is the great d-fukratum on which
their true theory and pradice-is ft)nnd-
ed. We fhaH icon fee, that Pope
cuts fhorr all dilcuSons of this khid.

by

FOR MARCH, 1794.

fSf

V rodueiiig hb zetrnfi proctpt ta the Sach zpc the incoaMsaciM of «
fii»glc pcadtical oure^ioo^ liiuuMe th« trsk^r whofbrnetiiBrs iittsrs mtiaiui
vuaeiKs. derived from reaiiiDg and tdncatioifj

MThmfirft young Mar©, &c. ibmetimca the fiiggeittonr. of iativ«

That ViVg'U not only iiuhis gene- 8*^°^ fenfe ! x . .
ml pbin, but in molt of the fubordl- Some beauties yet no precepts- caw declafei
nare parts, was a clofe copyift of ^^ **>«''«*« * happincre a» weJl a« caw.
Homer, is undeniable, whatever he If the meaning of the writer here
thought of the fuppofition that he fct is only, that rules will not ftand in-
cut with a defign of drawing from the ftead of genius» and that a peek's
Ibarces of nature, and was diverted grvated beauties are rather, the ficbit
from it by the. difcovery that • Na- of a happy flow of fancy, than the
mre and Homer were the fame.' careful parfuk of precepts, the trutik
The modern idolatry of Shakfpeare of the reniartc is inditpucable. But
has elevated h/m to the fame degree of i£, applying to the cricic, he means
aothoriry among us ; and crkics have t0 tell him that csrttun pocjiical Utatt*
not been wanting, who ha e confi« ties are insedocible lo raoonal piinci^
dently drawn from his characters the pies, and only to be referred to htci^
proofs and illu^lraiions of their theo-
ries on the human mind. Bjt what
can be more unworthy of the true cri-
nc and philofopHer, than fuch an im-
plicit reliance on any man, h'»w ex-
alted fOcver h s genius, etpccialiy on
tbofe who lived in the infancy of th^ir
art ? If an c^pic poem be a reprefcn-
tation of nature in a courfe of heroic
adion, it mu^l be fufccptible of as
much variety as nature hcrielf ; and
furely it is more dcfirablc that a poet
of o.iginal genius ftiould give full
Icope to his inven;ive powers, un^ier
the rertric^ions of fuch Liws only as

chance, a Sntve 4ij/hrdfr, and iiio&
other unmeankig- notions,' w« maj
aflen that he was. indeed young i:i cIm
phikfofby of criticifii' He appearsf
however, to have been ia the nghc
train, whan he i%ysy. that whar« the
lu^ licence anfwers its purpofe^
'—^— that Licence is a rule 5

but he confufes all again by the often^
quoted maxim.

Great Wits fometimes may gloriouAy of-
fend,
And rite to faults true nxt^m dare iMt

mend ;

are foundeT on ^natOrV, th^n That he ^o** ^\^^g'^\ rather to have concWed.
ihouM fetter hL-nlblf wi:h rules dcri- ^^ ^"^^^ fuccef.ful deviations frogi
vcd from thepraaice of a predeccflbr. coromon pradtice are not faults ; a;>d

When Pope p-aiics the ancient rules
for compoiition on the ground that
they were «dlcover'd not devisM,'
and were only *' nature methodizd'
he gives a juit^ notion of what they
ouffbt to be. But when he fuppofes
Virgil to have been properly 'check-
ed in his bold defigr^ pf drawing from
Nature's fountain.-.,* and in conie-
quence to have confined his work
within rules as ilridt
As if the Stagyrite o*er!6olc*d caoh' linc^

how can he avoid the force of his own
ridicule, where a*^littlc further in this
.very piece, he laughs at Dennis Lv

* Concluding aU were dcfperate fots and fools
Who dui-ft depart from Ariftotle's rules ?

S

that the true ciltic (hould enlarge his
rules to the com prehenfion of the(e real,
tho' unuiual, cxcelL ncies^ So much,
ii deed, does he perplex himfelf be^
tween vmeration for ancient rules,
and regard to the prafticc of eminent
poets, that the whole pa/lage is full
of contradiflions, which coll his com-:
mentator much fruitlefs pains to re-*
concile, and oblige him to talce fhet*
tcr in a coroparifon between the fub-
limitics of poetry, and the myfteries
oi celigion» s ibme of which- are
above rdafon* and foroe. contrary to
it.'

Pope goes on t6 obferve, that
though the ancients may make thi^
free with their own rules, yet tHa;

modern

190

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ciod^rn writers ihoold copy this in-
dulgence with caudon, and not with-
out ' their precedent to plead.' On
the contraiy, a liberal mode of rea-
foning would allow more, freedom to
the moderns, who poflefs fuch ftores
of new ideas, to deviate from ancient
rules, than to the ancients who made
and acknowledged them.

Thofe oft are ftratagems which errors feem,
Nor is it Homer nods, but wc that dream.

Either Steele or Addifon, in one of
his periodical papers, humouroufly de-
lires his reader, when* he finds him
dull« to fappofe he has a defign in k.
This dodtrine is here feriouHy incul-
cated with refped to the ancients ^
but its abfurdity is fo manifeft, that
we may regard it oiUy as the lively
iially of a young author who was fond
pf faying imart things, without being
foUcitous about their truth. , A judi-
cious poet may deiignedly smier-nuritt
fome parts of along work, or, rather,
he will find it impoflible to be every
where equally brilliant, but he will
fiever with defign write what is child-
iih and infipid, if he thinks it to be
iuch. ,

Hail Bards triumphant, bom in hfippier
days !

This noble eulogy on the poets of
antiquity is not to oe admitted with-
out many exceptions and limitations ;
cfpecially if it is meant to extend to
all that unequal and motley aflemblage
of writers known by the title of the
clajjta. Of thefe, many are valued
and read merely becaufe they are an-
cients; and even the mod excellent
afford fuificient fcope for manly criti-
cifm, which can never arrive at foli-
dity of principles, if it is obliged to
regard the negligences and defedb pf
great writers with filent reverence.

Tnic Wit is Nature to advantage drcfs'd.
What oft wa3 thought, but ne*er ib well

cxprcfs'd J
. Something, whole truth convinced at fight
weiind,
That give us back the Image of pur mind.

The poet in cenfuritig the ntlrcrar
and partial udes of fome eriiics, be*

gins with that for conceit, or a glic»
ter of dazzling thoughts rlfing^ one
after another without meaniD^ and
connexion. This is fal/d *tuit i as a
coniraCl to which, he gives a defini-
t'on of the/rK/, ia the preceding lines*
But he has evidently, by thi^ purpofe
of contrailing the two kind^* beeQ
led to a dcfcription which exhibits
none of the peculiar features of wit,
as other writers have represented it>
or a3 he hinWelf ufuaQy underJlands it*
By this definition, any jull moral fcnd^
ment, any cx^fl pidure of a natural ob^
ie£l, if clothed in good expreflion, would
be wit. Its teil being an agreement
with images previoufly exiUing in our
own minds,no other quality is reguiilcc
to it but trutb« Even uncommon ne ft
is not taken into the chara/fier ; for we
mud often have thought it> and be
able to recognize it at fight. Nor
has he given any diftin<ft idea of that
advantageous drefs which makes a na*
tural thought witty. No dreis can
fuit fome thoughts fo well a^ the moil
fimple. Exalte(i fentiments of the
heart, and fublime ohjeds in natcire,
gejierally Rrike moA when prefentoj
In language the leafi ftu4ie4- - Ipr
deed, he uies, within a few lines,
the very fame metaphor of drefs, in
^xpofing the finical tafle of thoie wh^
yalqe a work for the ilyje rather than
the fenfe ; and the fa6t certainly is/
that the mod (^onfefTedly witty writers
have often been little fojicitous as to
the n^anner of expre^ng their notions.
Pope evidently entertains a diifer-
eiit conception of wit from that pf
the definition above quoted, in the
)ines immediately following.

As fbades more fweetly recommend the

light.
So modelt piainnefs fcts off fprightly^wif .
For works may have inore wit th^n'does
then] good,
* As bociic's penfl| thro' cxcefs of blood.

Now, ' modefl piainnefs' is no.LiI
or contrad to wit as charafVerized in
tl^e definition, t^ecaufe it may be the

moil

FOR MARCH, 1794.

m

atfft 'advantageous dre6' for a
ikmght. Again, that wit which may
lapefabound in a work, mull be a
I dilferent thine from ' natural imagery
joined to good cxprcffion,' for in thofe,
what danger can there be of excef*?
He was certainly now recurring in his
waoQ to thofe brilliant fla(hes, which,
iboiigh often introduced vt'ith falfe
jodgment^ are ' not, however, faKe
wit.

The two chara^rs of had critic and
badp:et are grofsly confounded in the
pa&ge relating to poetical numbers ;
kt tiiough it be true, that Vulgar
readers of poetry are chiefiy attentive
to the melody of the vcrfe, yet it is
not they who admire, bat the fakry
verfifier who employs, monotonous fyl-
labiu, feeble expletives, and a dull
routine of unvaried rhymes. Aga'n,
ao ordinary ear is capable of perceiv*
ing the beauty arifmg from the found
hcing made an echo to the fenfe — in-
deed it is oae of the mod obvious
beaotieain poetry— but it is no eafy
taflc for the poet to iucceed in his at-
tempts to render it fp, as Pope has
fttfficiently^ proved by the mHerable
failure of (bzne of his examples in i^
kftfation of the precept.

The pow'r of miific all ©ur hearts allow.
And what Timoiheus was, is Dryden'
now.

Mafic properly fo called, and the
nelody refulting from veriiiication,
are dungs radically difEerent in their
nature and principles, though per-
petually confounded in the figurative
laogoage of poets and writers ui po-
lite literature. Nor» indeed^ do we
pefiefs terms by which theie two kinds
of pleating found can well be fepa-
ntcly deicribed. The names and cha*
raders, however, of poet and muti-
cian, are fufBciently difcriminate'd ;
and Pope has committed a grofs error
in confounding them in the prefent in-
fcincc. There is no refemblance be-
tween the manner in which Alexander
WM affe^ed by the mufc of Timo-
theps, and that- in which we are af-
Mcd by Aefoftty of I>rydffi ddciip-

tive of thaf event. The iSrft w9ls, as
dory relates, an inflance of the powera
of pure found, (kilfully modulated and
changed. The latter is a moH ani*-
mat^d pidlore of AiccefTive difplays bf
pa'flion; and much more refembles
the eilefl of a hiftory- painting, thaa
of a piece of mufic. The mere verii-
ficaiion is a very inferior point in
Dryden*s Ode, though it is a princi-
pal one in Pope's rival Ode on Sr»
Cecilia's day. Alexander's Feaft fet
to Handel's mufic may, indeed, be
paralleled to the performance of the'
Grecian ; but then Handel, and not
Drydcn, is the modern Timotheus.
It is ludicrous enough, that Pope'»
comparifon of Dryden to a harper^,
(hould come fo near to the idea form-
ed of Pope himfelf by a crowned head>
who is reported, on hearing the poet
greatly extolled in bis prefence, witk
a view of attradting his notice, to
have aikcd, if Mr. Pope were a fid-
dler.

Fools admire, but men of fenfe approve^

This prudifh fentence has probably
made as many formal coxcombs in li-
terature, as lord Chefbrfield's opinioa
on the vulgarity of laughter, has a«
mong men of hi^h breraing. As a
general maxim, it has no foundadoi^
whatever in truth. Pronenefs to ad-
miration is a quality rather of temper
than of anderltanding ; and if ic often
attends light minds, it is alfo infepa-
raUe from that warmth of ins^lna-
tion which is requiflte for the Sron^
perception of what is excellent in art
and natuse. Innumerable inflanws
might be produced of the rapturous
adrairation with, which, men ofgenitis
have been Druck at the view of great
performances. It is enough here to
mention the poet's favourite critic,
Longinos, who is far from being con-
tented with cool approbation^ but
gives free fcope to the moft^enn^*
tured praife. Few things indicate a
mind more uB^voyrably condituted
for the fine arts, than a flownefs in
being moved to the admiration* of ex-
ceHehGC? avd- it is censinly better

that

igi

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

that tins psfiibn fliould at firft be ex*
cited by oi^e^ rather inadeqgate,
than that it ihould not be eKciced at
all.

Afer propoply exhorhng bis crkk
^to candour and good- nature, the poet
18, howevier, indulgent enoi;^h to
poiirtM>Qt fome tbpios on which he may
be afr four and fevcre as he pleafes.
The fir^ fkuJt ^iven up to h»s rage is
Ohfoeniiy^i und doubtlefs, if the critic
think itv/orth hi« wfhile. to direft ^Ls
lotrinidabk artillery again ft iuch an
obvious violation ^of propriety* no
^iend of virtue and decorum wtU re-
train httn. .It was not, however,
fptrie9i\Y decern in Pope to expre6
iuch a rigid zeal on thi^ rubje(!i)> when
Several of his own juvenile pieces,
^ili prefer ved in all editions of his
-works, are i^ no means {rt^ from
the blemiih be iligmatizes.

The next devoted crime is Impiety.
^ow, a perfon may be very conver-
fant with the rules of poetical criii-
cifm, without being able exactly to
determine on the validity of a charge
T>f itnitety ; and there is good re&fon
-to iavptOi dot our yoiMg Jaw^iver
ffvms himfelf in tbis cafe. . He fay^.

The folbwing licence of a foreign reign

iDid all the dregs of bold Socinus drain ;

"Then unbclicvlrig.Prieiis reform'd the na-
tion,

And taught more pleafant methods of fal-
vttion.

Socii^ian is a very potent term of
abufe, and has, at various periods,
been applied with iingular advantage
by thofe who wiihed to render their
antagonids odious ; yet the religion
Socinus profeifed will bear compari-

fon, in point of fervency and purity^
with that of the moli faintly iMtine*
upon recofd.. Aa to the * more plea-
(ant methods of falvation,' we are
told by the right reverend armotator
(a much better authority on tbis fub-
jed than the poet) that they were the
duties of Chriiiian morality, which
fucceeded the doctrines .of grace and
•fad$fa^dion held i^ the preceding age.
Now, that thefe new divines ofiejred
falvation upon .eafier terms than tlieir
predecefibrs, by fubftituting pra^ict;
to belief, and a man's own eflbrts to
vicarious fatisfadiion, is not a veiy
obvious fadt : nor is it a neceflary
confequence of fuch tenets, that' vice
. Ihould find a flatterer in the polpit.'
* Such monfters,' whatever the poei
might thiak, are not to be fubdued
by the thunders of belles-lettres- cri-
x.cs, but by the adamantine weapons
^f found argument.

Here I clofe my remarks on this
performance. It would be no difficult
taflc to adduce from ic many more in^
ilances of (hallow judgment on hooka
«iid things, either incidentally men-
'tioned, ordeiigned as exemplifications
of his rules ; but my.purpoie was to
(hew you how little it deferves the
high edimation in which it has been^
held as a didadHc work. This, I
truft, has fufficiently appeared, from
the vague and inconfequent manner
ef thinking on fundamental points,
dtfplayed in the cited pa(rages. The .
xharatler of a confummate critic at
•twenty is what Pope may well refign,
'and (lill retain enough of juft reputa-
•tion to place him in the moil copfpi-
cupus rank of Engliih literature.

FarcwpU! .

Political Gharacter of tfje Prin'Ce 6/* Orange.
[ By T. GooAN, M.D. ]

IN the year 17S8, Ninieguan jwas
diitin^uilhed, and^ greatiy heaf-
fited by a^s becomii^ the occasional
Kfidence of the Stadtholdecian feoiily .
The prince and his hoDp^^pld bei^,
4U it were, rcj^pdiled fi^ 1^>liW96
4

.by the. violence of oppofition, waited
here with patience to try the cjfedsof

. negociatioos ; which however, could
dcm; t)e broaght to any anvicabie coo-
dufioa . Le t lae j uil whi^r in your

A2/M

offm

m m

ieriw.
Mil;

'\itli

rob
ids If

BIS.

1

1(1

FOR MARCH, 1794.

187

|Tade tl^eir mailers from^het'r fuperior
ftadon?'

He chat t2\ka thus mafl have for-
goaen that mailers ooght to be con-
tent with what is fufiicient for tbe
gods chemfel^res ? who are only reve*
reoeed and io v«d« But Jove is i ncom-
f2Cihle with fear. Moft wiCely there-
fnK, in my c^nnion, <io you ad;
who will not be feared by your Haves ;
wfaochaliile them with words alone,
md leave brutes to be governed by
irrmty and ilripes.

N. B. Cicero, Pliny the conful,
sad all tbe befl and wiieft of tht Ro-

mans, rpeak of their flaves with the
fame tendernels and humanity. If •
(laves therefore are abfolutely neceiTa*
ry for cultivating oar fugar-canei ; let
us, for (hame, treat them with as
much humanity as thofe did their
flaves who were Grangers to die gcf-
pel.

Bat, as governor .Trciawny faid
(with a icvcrc irony) forty ycar«
iincc, * What fignify the fufferiugs or
death of a few ootlandifh men, if we
can fend better goods to market ?'
R. O. S.

Os^ERVATior^s on Pops's EssAT ofi Criticism.
[From Dr. Aikin*s Letters to his Son.]

THoucrt ii is for the moil part
a poor employment to endea-
tour to point out faults in a perforro-
IMKC of reputation, and to diminifli
the adm' ration with which it has ufual-
hf been regarded, yet as far as inculca-
ting thi true principles of literature is
of asy confequence, it is important oc-
ahonally to difcu£i the merits of thoie
wocks on which the public taile is
ch efiy formed. And this is peculiarly
jail and proper with rcfped to fuch
piece* as are themfelves critical, and
wrinen with the pf-ofeiTed intention of
elhb.i(hing rules for compoiing and
jttdging. Among worka of this kind,
lew ire moh: difiinguilheJ than Popi^s
Efaf en Qriticifm . i f t he cl rcum ilance
of its being writteain verfe have, on
the one hand; impaired its authority,
on the other, it has ierved to make it
Buve read, and to fix its maxims more
thoroughly in the memory. In fact,
f.*w piece- are more referred to in the
way of quotauoa ; and after the high
praifcs it has received from fuch names
as Warbarton, Johufon, and War ton,
iu influence upon the opinions of wri-
ters and readers cannot be fuppofed in-
Goouderable. Stich commendations,
iod-cd, render it a hazirdous talk to
call in quetHon its merits. But my
experience of jnen and books has not
(ervcd to augment mj co&hdenc: in

great names ; and if I can give good
reafons for the objedions I fliall make,
1 fear not that you will regard my at-
tempt as prefumptuous.

Dr. Warburton, at the clofe of his
commentary on thia ElTay, flrongly
calls it to the reader's recollctflion, that
its author had not attained his twen-
tieth year. This view of it as a ja-
venilc performance is a very proper
one. It may juftly excite our admi-
ration of tbe early difplay of poetical
powers it exhibits, and (hould fu^^ci
every indulgence of candour to itv Jf-
fccb ; bat it (hould make us hefitite
in attributing to it tliat compreheniiun
of view and accuracy of conception,
which were by no means the mo ft firit -
ing qualities of the author in the ful
maturity of hif powers. It docj not
belong to my purpofe to point out the
imperfedions with which it abounds
as a mere poetical compofition. What
1 have to do with, are the falle
thoughts and vicious principles, which
render it a very un&fcr guiiie in mat-
ters of talle, notwith landing the large
admixture of maxims founded on good
fcnfe, and exprefled with the mmoil
brilliancy of language.

With refpecl to the nuthi^i of the

piece, as far as it really pofTeires a

method not forcibly held together by

tbe commentator^s chain, it m^y \^

A a z af&rmed.

*94

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

\)vks tJie'rtacMne of sMch the aniftejccd
plate Is a reorefentatioh. It plays,
oi twelve bells, the fevcn following
tunes; namely, ih'e 104th Pfalm ;
t^e Eafter Hymrt ; God favc the King;
Ah, fure "a Pair ; Rule Sritanftii ; Sir
Charles SeJley's Minuet; and HOw
fv\'eet in the Woodlands. Eacli i^inc
has an fccompani'm^t of fecond or
bafs. The chmics, of themfelves,
dhange the tune, at mldiay, while
playing, fo that two tunes are played
every day, at noon. The chiihe bar-
rel being compofed of brafs bars,'
leVen other tune's Wiajr be put on,
without the lea'ft injury to 'the 'barrel.
The Wheels are of brafs ; the pinions
are cafehardened ; and no part of it
can be Injured by the ringing Of the
bells.

ExPLAKATtON of thcpLATE.

,A. A ftrong iron frame.

B. The chime barrel.

C. The chime barrel wheel.
.D. The rope barrel.

£.,The ratchet wheel on the end of
the rope barrel.

F. The rope barrel whcd.

G. The large pinion on the fly wlfcrf j
arbor.

H. The fly wheel; |

I. "The Hv pinion.

K K K. The fly to regulate Ac ■»-

tion. ^ ^ ]

L. Aboxohiheflyarbor, contfflftBg

a fpring to prextnt the fadden iap-

ping of the barrel.
M. The locking bar.
N. iThe locking j>lttre.
O. The difchargihg rod comamor

eating with the clock.
1*. The fliift-ng Wheel.
Q^ The fnail.
"R. The key bar.
a a. Two coapKng braflbs in wW

the key bar tftoves.
h b. The keys.
c c. Two fri<iHoh wheels on wMdidie

key frame nrdves.
S. Tiie weight that kefeps the key

bar to the fnall.
T. The guide bar of the key frame.
U. The iron rods from the keys,

which are affixed to the leven that

^3w the hammers.

On the Ancient and Modern Theatre.

[ From the Italian. ]

IT -is a general opinion, that fome
inftrudlioh may be drawn from
theatres, and I am inclined to think
the fame; but it mull be by a mind
previoufly well- in ft runted ; the poiiti-
cal end in introducing them was fome-
thing very dilFercnt : there is alfo an
univerfal proverb, that idlcnefs is the
parent of all vrces.

All communities confift of the per-
petually employed, tlielcfs employed,
and thofe without any employment ;
the firft are the huthandmen and me-
chanics, whofe time is one continual
alternative of labouring, eating, and
fleeping. The fecond clafe includes
trade{men,andperrons in public offices,
who between the above three circum-
ihnce^, have fome intervals of leifure.
The third kind are thofe iniignificants,
, who, bred to no employment, know

not how-to difpofe of themfelves ; for
the relief of thefe, and partly of the
former, theatrical amufements ktn
to have been introduced. In a lei-
fure not enlivened by variety of ob-
ject Sj the mind is apt to dwell too
long on on 2 th'^ught ; thus a perfon
under Ibnie bodily ailment, feels it
more when unemployed, than when
bufy ; and by leifare alfo moral difor-
ders axe incrcai'ed and protrafled, as
is manifell from the lover, whofe ima-
gination in his retired hours fixes it-
^If more intenfely on the beloved ob-
ject : or in one under fome recent af-
Hidlion, as the lofs of a wife, a Ton,
a ihip, or a fuit ; his thoughts when
Morie dwell oa the misfonune; and
it is not uncommon for^thefe kifurely
imprelTions to turn to^ a downright
allu-nation of mind ; fo that i( behoves

thofe

FOR MARCH, 1794.

»54

%Iiole who tro thus aSfdled. \f their

differs will in any wife fubraic to it,

tg> remove frpm thofe perfons pr places>

thk^ ^ght of whom only renews grief,

^^ keeps alive the tormenting i^ame

oF paffoQ, Of this predicament are

likewiie they who ufe little or no ex-

^rfzite i a ifamionable life increaies the

l>ile beyond its due quantity » which

diHurbing th^ body» opcafions hypo-

okQodriacal lympiom^* and we fancy

purielves far gone in a iicknefs from

«fhich in reality we are entirely

free.

It having been obfervcd by legifla-
tiprs, that no method can be fet on
fboc for equally cinploying ajl men ;
^nd t)iat the hypochondriac, the fe-
dLeptary, and even the little employed,
^rc fiibjed to apolitical ft:lf-fu(Hciency,
jind that a knot of thefe laying their
brooding heads together, have thrpwn
the ilate into convulfions, they have
countenanced theatrical exhibitions as
9\i expedient againft thofe e\ ils ; for
Jic who goes to a play, gives himfelf
up to the influences of the genius of
J!W author; his own gloomy thoughts
being in the mean time perfedly
quieted ; from this effed thefe exhibi-
tions derive the name of di'verjions,
^s diverting the mipd from its own
ufual track, into one more diflipat^ig
^nd recreative. The Turks, among
whom the Mofche is the only exhibi-
tion, and that but feldom» and without
any pleafurable variety, are extremely
fubje£i to fuch maiignani diforders,
prompting them to plots and afFaffi-
Xiations, in which the fultan himfelf
has not bee^ fpared.

Some amufements have been in-
flitutfi! by the government itfclf, as
the Olympic games were by that of
Athens. Both the Greeks and Ro-
mans interuove (hows and games with
their religion, and accounted them of
fach importance, that the fuperintend-
ence of them was an ofEce of no fmall
dignity. Of all exhibitions, none ever
equalled a Koman triumph ; and be-
ing the reward qf eminent merit, it
likcwife tended to promote a martial
Tp^rit in the people. Plutarch ha?

given us fuch a defcripdon of that of
Paulus -^milius, on his overthrow of
the Macedonian empire; ^s £lis the
imagination vyith the moft fplendid
ideas. As for dramatic po:^, they
entered into the genius of the nation
whofe applaufe they courted : thus
Ariftophanes, the Athenian, obfeiv-
ing- the garrulity and wantonnefs of
his countrymen, ftufFed his pieces with
obfcenity and flander ; and Sophocles
underftanding their veneration for
oracles, fbmething more innocently,
framed his trsgedies fo as to anfwer
their predictions ; Euripides, ^fchy-
lus, and the whole poetic dan, ^ttrtd
the fame courfe to popular approba-
tion.

The Circus at Rom?, where va-
riety of games were exhibited, owes
its inllitution to Tarquinius Prifcus,
who, to bi ing the fenate into thil
meafure, told them it was the only
remedy to keep the people in a trad-
able temper, preventing or dispelling
thofe atrabilarious humours, which
rendered t^em fo turbulent. After-
ward, the theatre of Rome became no
lefs frequented, and confcquently as
polite as the Grecian ; but cruelty at
length was introduced ; the Queftors,
who had the management of (hows,
to humour the fanguinary difpofiticn
of that people, appointed men to fighjc
againft^ each other; and flaves and
malefa^ors encountered wild bealt?.
An a(loni(hing inftance of this is the '
hunting given by Probqs in the Cir-
cus, on occasion of his triumph over
fcveral German nations. Vopifcus'
Recount of it is, in fubfbnce, that
trees pulled up by the rpot* were
brought thither, and faftened to broad
thicK planks, and over thefe earth
was thrown. In this artificial forelt
were conveyed a thoufand oftriche?, a
thoufand flag?, 9 like number of wild
boars and hinds, bcfide as many of
other beafts, wild and tame, fts could
be procured; then the people were
let in, every one being allowed to
carry away what he killed; on the
next day, a hundred lions were let
loofe at once, and all deflroyed ; afte -•
B b 2 ward> '

196

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ward, for the particular entertain-
ment of thofi? who valued themfelves
on ih ir fkill in archery, a hundred
leopards, as many hinds, and three
hundred hares. The exhibition was
clofed by a gladiatoiial fight of three
hundred couple of the captive na-
tions. So infatuated were the Ro-
mans with thefe fhews and games,
that there was no coming at any of
the capital dignities but by entertain-
ing the people with them ; and the
virtuous Cato loft the conlullhip be-
caufe he would not humour the public
folly : whereas the. Greeks had no
gladiators, nor v\ild bealls, in any of
their exhibitions.

In Naples, where the rifible tade
is at its height, nothing takes fo
much with the aud.ence as Punchi-
nello, and fuch kind of jocular per-
fonages. In Venice, Harlequin and
Pantaloon are the favourite chaai^lers ;
the fpirited burlefque of the former,
and the phlegmatic patience of the
latter, under all abufes and misfor-
tunes, never fail to fend the houfe
away highly delighted with their en-
tertainment. For elegant comedies,
none come up to thofe of Moliere,
whofe equal in imagination and judg
ment, humour, and phrafe, has not
yet appeared. Corneille and Racine
have carried tragedy to its fummit
of perfedion.

Both the Roman and Grecian
theatres are handtd dovyn to us (as
the noblelt things are in their infar.cy)
very defcLlive, over-run with ribal-
dry, wanionnefs, and rough- hewn
raillery. They boih gradually mend-
ed in decorum and i"cn!e, though fo
very different the aCfors, that the
Grecians were pcrfons cf birth and
education, it being no difgrace for a
lady to tread the llage; wlicreas a-
mong the Romans, the aclors (though
iirft fent for from Tufcany, to recon-
cile the deities in a time of calamity)
were claflbd amon^^ flaves. LIvius
Andronicus reformed the Roman ftage,
504 years after the building of Rome ;
^and Arillotle, fome centuries before,
had laid down rules for the Grecian

poets ; which has been brought as am
argument to prove the good^>cfs of the
Grtxian temper beyond that of the
Romans. Tnefc Horace has tranf-
planted into his Art of Poetry, and
they have been the llandard of pocac
regularity among the Europeans.

One of the principal rules of thofe
celebrated mafters, efpccially concern-
ing tragedy, is, that its actions niaii
not exceed twenty- hours ; that is, that
all the tranfaftions of the play, which
are exhibited on the ihge within three
hours, may i»adily be fuppoied, in
their reality, not to take up above
twenty-four hours, and are rcpre(ented
as happening within that fpace. This
rellridion, not admitting of any very
intricate plotting, or deep-laid ar-
rangements, would not go down with
the Romans ; nor would they be tied
up to Ar:ftotIe's fcrupulous nicety,
which forbids any blood Ihcd, or fo
much as the death of a perfon tipon
the ftage. Their ferocity called for
poifoning, tabbing, 'and fighting to
he t penly exhibited. This of late is
become the talte of Italy, as it ever
was of England, and 1 believe of all
the northern nations. With fobmif-
fion to Ariilotle and Ilorac.*, I am fb
far from la)ing any gre.n Ifrefs upon
their pundlualities, that I ne^ er was
better pleafed than at a tranTgrefiion
of them in an Englifh tragedy, where
Caflius and Brutus openly murder
Cxfnr, and a few fcenes after fight
the battle of Ph lippi. However^ on
this head, I cannot uhoI!y excufs the
Englifa theatre ; it carries this to an
excels, there being few tragedies in
which variv»us kinds of murders aie
not openly pu-petratcd ; and'Hhis, I
conceive, dots not convey the beft in-
ilrudions to the fpedtruors.

I have already noticed, that theatri-
cal exhibitions owe their orio-in to
amufemer;:, and not to infti udion, and
that the main drift of the poets wns
gain cr applaufc, comparing their
ends by fl.ittcring the foibles of ths
fevcral nations vvherj they wrote ; y,«t
there ha\c not been wanting fome ho-
neft poets, who, humorously cxpoliug

tiie

FOR MARCH, 1794.

the follies and vices' moft in vogue,
have mingled inftruflion with enter-
tainment. This Terence did at Rome;
this Molieredidin France, and laugh-
ed a prevailing folly quite out of.
countenance, in a little piece of his
called Les Precirujts.

The Engiilh poets, one would think,
look upon dying cheerfully, or at leaft
an indifference about death, as the
moft "exalted heroifm. I'o lay down
one's life for one's country, for reli-
gion, or to prevent committing any
Sagltious aftion, or to die ferenely at
the fummons of Providence, deferves
to be honoured as the higheft pitch of
rirtue ; but to throw life away, to
part with it for a trifle. Or in a pet,
ts ingratitude to the author of it.
Some would even obtrude fuicide upon
the \yorld as magnanimity ; but the
falfity* of this execrable Rorion ap-
pears at firft fight from the motives to
that extremity, pride, delpair, and
impit'cnce ; and where is the viitje
bftnefe?

' Tiic Englifli, among whom, pofli-
biv from an cxcefs of hypochondriac
humours, fuidde \s more frequent than
IP a',y other nation, habituated to iee *
thH:: feigred deaths, which corref-
ppnd with their natural melancholy,
ar^l-d to inntaff/.thofe renowned ex-
amcles : and it ij no abTi::d conjecture,
that ma"y, who hcfitated under the
temptatioh, feeing a tragedy with
fomt illuUr o,us iniumcc of iuicide pa-
ra Icl to thtir own cafe*, U'Ve b en
determined by it. It is of no weii^ht
to fay, that there is not a fingle fpec-
tator who does net know rhofe deaths
to bL- no more than theatrical ] fmcfc
at a fpirited rcprerst^iration, iiiiprefli-
ble mind', and efpeci li'y if inclined
to the Ic-.u^r g p.i'i on vi the play,
forget the fiaion, aiid :i:e agitated as

197

by realities. Nor is it only the eafy, ^
filled by indulgencies with noxious
humours, who leave the world thus
abruptly, or rufli on death from no
virtuous principle; but the like is
feen even in the dregs of the Engiilh
commonalty; fo that mot of the
malefadtors meet their fate, if not
with mirth, without any dejedion;
however thefe things are a grief to
the fenfiblepart of the nation. As
in a quarrelfome country, nothing
more promotes that unhappy humour
than wearing iveapons ; fo in a na-
tion like England^ prone to fuicide,
the fanguinary fcenes on its theatre
mult naturally promp them to deftroy
themfelves, or to venture upon ill
courfes, though death be condnually
Itaring in their face •-

Mufic has been judged a proper
accompaniment of plays, in order to
ibftcn the foul, and render it more
fufceptible of external impreflions:
6\ which efteft I ihall only produce
this modern inftance. * Lully, our
countryman, was challenged to adapt
any affcdng mufic to thofe four lines
in Iphigena, where her murder is
mentioned, and which, being defcrjp-
tive, are not fo fufceptible of it as the
pafiionate. He ran to a harpfichord,
and immediately fang them out with
luch energy, that one of the Company
has feveral times pro:efted, they were
all overpowered with the imagination
of fuch a g ha ft ly fight, and that the
notes which Lully gave to the word.*.,
changed their ccuntcnances, and made
their hairs brillle up. "

The Italians, who are" carried to-
ward every thing of diverfion and
} leafure, with an impetuofity beyond
any other Europeans, have given the
preference to that dramatic perform-
ance which is accompanied by mufic :

* This U«thec«mnion opinion of all foreigners, wlw have treatftlof the Engli/h
•Aage ; tlK^XuppOitd the Eng'iili to be tond ot bIcKKiy exhibxrions. The French theatre
kaitd Its huocs Uhiiul thw Jia;^c,- out of rei|)c6t tor the aiuiicnce, but in order to be
coMvInctd ]ju*v greatly fuch sviittrrs have been miltaken, in nttributing a fanguinary
d;r^ofition to the Eugiiih, let ihc: condiu'T: of ihc Firnch nation lor the laft two years
be at'tniivcly conndcred, and the hcnror wj.h which that c< ndu6t has afL'fled the
Knf;li(h. At the lame time, it m:\y l>e doubted whether murders, cgnHnitteJ on the
iv%ii, may not have an improper ettecl on minds ot a certain texture.

198:

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

hence U ia that no petty town lets the
year pais without ha«^ing an opera in
fome part of it. In Naples they have
it all the year roua<)> and in motl of
the capitals at lead half the year.
Mofic has not only a very powerful
inBuence on the in nd» but it is alfo
uodeniable, that many have been re^
ftored from defperate diibafes by it.

But to return to the inftru^Bon tp
be reaped from theatres. Terence
may have writteo his plays with that
commendable view, and Molcre mny
have exploded feveraL ridiculoas af*
feda.ions in the French ladies, yet it
u my firm perfuafion, that there ii
more loft than gained by theatrical
admonitioni; they being inurmixed
with a great deal of alLo/> and the
mind naturally taking 6 re at tlie re-
preientation of a-'y paflion which has
the upper -hand in it, as in thecaleof
fuicide. Befidei, to e;chib!t virtue, and
imprefs it on the heart, requires a
tram of r^c&ions too long for a
traofitory fcene. X take the liberty
efpecially to ftiut the doors of the
theatres a^aioft thejiaw^ of both fexes.
Melanchdy h^vLg little ibare in
their compoiitions, they iland in no
need of fuch diverfions, neither is it
for thim that they are toleraud by the
governmeut : and fecondly, their want
of. experience and difcernmeot to un-
ravel the good, expofes them to be
eafily perverted by thofc alluring rc-
preiex^tations of the vices with which
the dramas are OufFed ; and thus that
depravity comes to break omt, whi^h,
unacquainted with fuch iocentives,
would have been either later in its
eruptions, or prevented by a fettled
}ife. But could youth be prefent at
plays without fuch prejudice^ difllpa-
tion is infeparable from them. The
f:hildreQ of fubftantial citizens never
ivant an education fuitable to their
lige aad oosdi^on, with which all the
inildners of their teachers cannot bring
them to be heartily reconciled : now,
every time this refra^bory tribe arc
carried to the theatrical cntertain-
inesu, they contrail them with their

tedious employqieatf at home ; ^C7 .
are enrapti^rod at fifcK diveffi^ed
icenes of pleafurei a«d become hard-
ened in their averfioq |p mcmal m-
provemeuti.

Since the general increafe of wealth,
and coufequently of fenfoa] gratifica-
tions, the cities are (6 over-run with
idlenefs and the hypochondria, chat
plays being fguod intuffideat to aa-
fwer ail the vacuities of tiau;, b^oie
div^rfions have been c^ed in to fup-
pjy their deficiency. Thefe pardy
confiS of balls and fead^, b^t gaming
if the principal amuiemont. Thus it
was with ancient Roooe: when iu
original poverty became igpopiiiuous.
gfuning wftf th<? j^eneral divtr^n of
the Roman nobility ; and Juvenalj in
hi« f^tire ^gsdnfi Ponticua, reads them
a feVf re lecture on fitting up all ni^fat
at dice. This mode of play, which
at firft was invented only as a relief
from the vapours, is grown to be the
bane of our pM^raJity, and the carker '
of our wealth ; inftead of foothing
melancholy* and aflwaginy the agitat-
tions of the mind, for which only di-
verfioQs were invented and ought to ^
be continued, it raifes in it the moil
violent hurricane, either of avidity to
win our fiieuds or relation's money,
or of rage at the lofs of our own : fnd
yet cheie, thotfgh fulBciently bad, are
but the leaft evils of thoCb gaming lb-
cieties ; theie peiHlential paftimes in. ^
fed the whole mind and heart ; from
the innocence in which the gamefter
made his firft eflay, lofies put him
upon iniauitous meafures to raife mo>
uey, or kt his wits tp work to cheat
with impenetrabl^dexterity : or if he
has a run of luck, his innocence equally
fuffers ; for, intoxicated by the ^den
flow of riches, he launches into all
Jcinds of excefs and diforder. Further^
this deilrudive pradice has been (o
eagerly adopted by the fair fcx, that
a good wife muft (land the mockerie9
of all the faihionable ladies, and even
fubmit to the inaresJaid for her, that
(be may be like themfelvcs.

M-

0'

FOR MARCH, 1794.

199

On fi&r Affectation 0^Ihf£riority, orlKtfi&TEp Aubitioh*

To thi Editor cf the Ut«iv£RSAL Magazine.

SINCE tbdfe agreeable days ztt
ovfer, whenVe were periodically
inilru^ed by Speftators and GuaT^i-
ans, Tatlers, Ramblers, and Idlers,
ic aflb'rds us tbme falistaaioti that the
oc'cafidnal lucubratioAS ' of humblef
^eAs, ca'n yet !ind an afylum in fach
p'oblicatidns as the Dniverfal Maga-
zine ; that they may depend upon a
• civil recejrtion, "that tbey have the
chance to he r^ad and commented
ai)>onby ibme tlioufands of critics, i(fO)r
tvcry reader is in a cfertain degree a
critic) and ihat there is almoft a cer-
taihty of tlifeir lilting under ihe in-
fpe^io'n of the very parties for whom
tbcy were intended. Viewing Ma-
gaaines in th*s light, I have always
conHdcred them as works of public

f lifeiFulners, and eijjecially as contri-

Isuting very largely to the public ftock
of inrormation and atnufement. They
record and maYk ^ thoie varieties of
chara£br and manners which dillin-

p guiih the progrc(s of a civilized peo-

ple ; and perhaps there arc few fo
callous as not to be awakened by their
reproofs^ or fo dull ^s not to be iu-
' ftrufted \)y their precejjts. But I for-
get that I am not writing a panegyric

^ on Magazines. My pen run on in-

fenfibly thus far> and I hope you will
not think that ' I am doing any thing
in the way of flattery to fecure me a
favourable reception, as it is the
cuftom to fee the porter before you
can get accefs to* thr great man, or,
as we applaud a roan yery much for
his unbounded generoiity, when we
have a defign upon his pocket.»-iliy
only purpofe is to point out fome ftHk-
ing peculiarities of character which
havp fometimes amufed and fome-
'times difgufted me.

Affectation, I need ibarcely tell yon»
IS of many kinds, but that whidi is
proper and legitimate afieQation is
very nearly al&d to pride. It is the
«fie6tati<m of faperior merit, virtue,
or talents. But there is another kii^d.

the very reverie of 'this, which con-
lifts in affeding to be inferior to the
ft^ of the world in fome qualification,
cither bodily or mentai. Firft, bodily;
how many very amiable young men
have of late affc^led to be very near-
sighted, if not totally blind. Whence
this blindnefs came, whether it arofe
^om fome new and noxious principle
in the atmosphere, or ifrom fomcthing
hi our diet, or whether it be come
upon ns like an Egyptian plague, I
cannot take upon me to determine;
but it is certain that the marrafaftmt
of fpedacles and opera- glailes is of
late years amazingly extended, and
what is hlindnefs in one part of his
ttiajeliy*s fubje6ls, gives vread to the
other. It is remarkable, that this de«
fire of being blind, afRidts us moft
when we are goit\g to any place whese
the perfed u& of fight would be moft
Convenient, at the theatres, for in-
fiance. The approach of a drflin-
guiflied afh^fs, or the opening of a
new foene operates like the word of
command, and a thoufand glafles are
applied * in the twinkiing of an eye.'
In my younger days, I remember
that blindnefs was accounted a very
great misfortune, andmentroned with-
tendernefs and delicacy. Tho(e who
were afHided with it, concealed the
diforder with as much care as pofii-
ble, pretending to fee where they did
not. But DOW, nothing is fd genteel
as to complain of a defisft in thoie
valuable orbs, and the produ^on of
a glafs is fuppofed to add more
grace and dignity to the perfon,
than total hlindnefscould poffihiy take
away.

Talking the other day to an old
friend upon litis fobjed, he repeated
the proverb, diat there are none fo
blind as thofe who wHi not fee, and
added,'that this blindnefi of modem
times viras not merely an /iffe^ktion,
as I was pleafed to think it, ^t m
political fchene^ which anfwered cer-
tain

200

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tain wife and important purpofes ;
'many more, Mr. OldilUe, (conti-
nued he) than you and J can difcover ;
lor now, when one wiihes to avoid a
diiagreeable perfon, fuch as a credi-
tor, a poor relation, or any other
bote, it is bat. pleading the weaknefs
of your eyes, and you come off with
a tolerable good grace ; formerly one
would have iaid, fuch a great man is
too proud to acknowledge his poor
friends, but it very much fofcens the
matter, when you fay he is only too
hlitid to fee them.' I am inclined to
think, Mr. Editor, that there is {o\\x^
truth in my friend's obfervations, al-
though, as he is fomevvhat of a cynic,
I would no: allow the. full extent of
his conclufions.

When once we have begun to part
with the ufc.of one valuable organ,
there is no faying where we may Hop ;
and 1 obferve that the ears are lately
become nearly as defcdlive as the eyes.
It is wonderful how many deaf peo-
ple one njeets with among the young
and healthell part of the creation ; but
here I am nearly as much difpofed to
be fufpicious as my friend is with re-
Ipedl to the cy^s ; for I think I have
more than once obferved that the
communication between the cars and
the inJiuatloii, has lately been much
more intimate than agrees with the
anatomy of the former; in other
words, a man feems to hear exadly
what fuits him, and no more. But
ill order to eifciflth's, a very ingeni-
ous contrivance hat. bce;i fallen upon.
J am forry 1 do no: know who was
the inventor, that 1 might do ample
julHce to his merit. ^o\w<. lay he was
a miniller of liate,andottierb a judge;
but as this is liale better than coii-
jc6lure, I do not mean to infer any
thing from it. The invention itfelf is
this ; a communication ii made from
the external part of one ear all the way
to the external part of the oiher, by
which means any thing that pafles m.
at one car, pafles out at the oth^r
witWit the lead hindrance, or flop-
ping by the way ; and 1 underftand
that, as it would be very iropioper
5

that this (hould always be the calbf
for then hearing would be of no fer«
vice, there are certain artificial valves*
by means of which any thing may be
retained that the perfon plealcs ; thefc
are moved by the njcill, and, it i^
faid, will lall a man's. life time.

Beiide blindnefs and deafnefs, which
are great calamities, there are others
of lefs confequence, which are very
much aJcSiid by perfons of a certain
dcfcription. A defeft in fpeech i$
confidered as very ornamental; io
much fo indeed, that the converfation
of many perfons' occafions a concert
of founds not much unlikf the chat-
tering of monkies, and good old Eng-
lilh.is clipped and deformed fo. as
fcarcely to be known. It is certainly
a very great improvement in tajitr,
when flammering, lifping, and an
uniiitellgible rapidity of tongue, are
confidered as genteel. — I might al(b
mention certain bodily deformities
and protuberances, which were very
lately counted graceful, but as they
have almoft totally difappeared, I
hope, never to return, 1 (hall pafs to
a fecond clafs of affeflatioris which
are, porhaps, Icfs pardonable than
what 1 have mentioned, and as the{«
are corporeal, thofe I am now to con-
fide r are mcniaL

The moit remarkable of thefe,
which I think muft proceed from an
excefi of humility, is the affeftation
of biiing far more wicked than na,ture
or inclination enables, or difpofes one
to be. 1 have known a man boafl of
drinivi.ig mere wine at a fitting,, than
he couU ci! ry on his back ; and ano-
ther talking verv freely of his amours
with b.dieb cfdidip^Tt on,*whohad not
impiideiice enoj^h to litcack a milk-
maid. Som-; wijuld make you be-
lieve that after a great debauch they
went home perfed^iy fober, wlien it is
W'.ll knoA'n that the leall excefs would
k 11 thtm, ; and others will endeavour
t^ p. rfuad^ you of their having joined
the Wind for hunt, who are fearful to
mount a horfe in a riding fchool. A
young fellow amufed a company lately
by an account of his having ruined his
laundrefs*

FOR MARCH, 1794. 201

Itandrefs' daughter, and of her now charaAer vrai a nsry di/graceful
being on the town ; his friends fmiiedy thing, and that we ought not to be
for they all khew the extreme tender- onJy as bad as our paflions and our
nefs of his heart, and that he would Situation may incline us, but thA
have been the * verieft miferable there is fomethins noble and dignified
wretch ' upon earth, had he even in in concealing all that is good, and
the mod difiant degree aififted, or magnifying and muhiplying aH that
eir&n conhived at villany. It was ia evil. I have faid that this affeSa*
but the other day, I reprefented the tion muft proceed from an excefs of
diftreis of an unhappy family to a humility ; and truly that man who ii
^arty of my acquaintances, and in- contented to be accounted infamous

muft be as bumhkt as he ought to be
contrite t if he really were fo. I, who *
hold fome antiquated notions, do
humbly prefume to be of opinion^
that the portion of wickednefs which
we cannot ea61y avoid is quite enough
to boaft of, if there be any merit m
the cafe, and quite enough to repent
of^ when we come to entertain difier-*
ent views of things. I cannot fee the
propriety of thinking ourfelves fo
contemptibly virtuous, that it becomes
neceflary for us to be reputedly vici-
ous, contrary to inclination and ab'-
lity. But I am aware that other

, ^ Ijeople confider this in a different

fum equal to all that I had gathered, light, and that feats of frolicfome life

>rmed them, that I propofed to raife
a fmall fum fbr their innnediate relief,
until fomething more fabllantial could
be provided fbr them. Moft of the
eompany gave me a contribution, but
Ned CareTefs declared with an oath,
that he would give nothing ; fuch ap-
plications were endlefs; as for the
woman and her brats, there was the
pariOi workhoufe ; • I wonder, Mr.
Oldflile, that you would difiurb the
conviviality of a company of gentle-
men by fuch ftuff.*— I dkl not refent
Ned's language. We all knew his
foible, and before parting he took an
opportunity to flip into my hand a

accompanying it with a fqueeze and a
flirug, < Don't let this go farther,
my dear OldfHle.' Ned has a coufm,
Sam. Serious, m young fellow who
is always crackbg jokes at religion
and the parfons, and may be feen
tv^r^ Sunday at—— church twice-a-
day, into which, however, he fteals,
as if he were doing a bad aelion.
Ned. I ought not to omit, has worked
bimfclf into a pretty bad charader,
and 1 am much at a lofs to koow how

are *uirtues in fome eftimation. It
would elfe be perfectly unaccountable
that any man (hould wifii to inform
his friends that he had made a beail
of himfel^ deilroyed the peace of a
fami!y, or killed a horfe in mere
wantonneis.

My name, fir, lets you partly into
the fccrot.of our family- Tht Oidft.Us
are now faft decaying. A few of ui
exift, the ruins of our former confc-
quence and grandeur. It was al-

he will be able to extricate himfelf ways a maxim in our days, that it

fiOm it. Nothing fatisfies him (hort was not neceflary for any man to ap-

of being the jiKr^ in all forts of wicked- pear worfe than He is, and that wheil

nefs and de^uchery. If one boalls he confefled his follies, he ought to

that he drunk three bottles at a fitting, do it with fidelity, and not caricaturi

Ned is fure to have drunk four; them into improbabilities. To do

when he goes afiray, it mufl be with
two frail ones at leaft; and where
another would have rade the fame
horfe fifteen miles without flopping,
Ned adds a mile or two for fuperiori-
ly^f fake.

One would reall^r think, Mr. Edi-
fOTj that Ac aoquiiiuon of a good

otherM/ife is, in the language of one
of our family, • an inserted ambition,*
and thofe who are guilty of it are not
true but falfi hypocrites ; a ftrange
exprefiiOD, but ftrange follies require
ftrange expreffions. The motive, faya
he, of this monllrous aifedtation, I
nke to proceed from that noble thirft
C c of

202

THE UKIVERSAL MAGAZINE

of fane and reputation, which is plant-
ed in the hearts of aU men. As this
produces elegant writings and gallant
adions in men of great abilities^ it
alio brings forth ^unouj produ8ions in
men who are not capable of diilin-
guifhing themfelves by things which
are really praife worthy. As the de-
fire of fame in men of true wit and
gallantry (hews itfelf in proper vor
fiances^ the fame deiire in men> who
have the ambiiion without proper &-
cultiesy runs wild* and difcovers itfelf
in a thoufand extravagances, by which
they would fignalize themfelves from
others, and gain a fet of admirers.

My advice to yOung men, who are
addi^ed to this in<verted ambiiion, is
to confider whether they really have fo
many good qualities, and virtuous dif-
poiitions as to expofe them to ridicule,
and whether it be really a fadl, that
fiich difpo itions do expofe them to
the ridicule of perfons, whofe good
ppinion it would be an honour to ac-
quire. I have many doubts on this
iubje6l myfelf ; I queftion very much
whether the young gentlemen of our

days be in danger of Ming into oanw
tempt, upon a&ount of the reditadc
of their condud ; and, as far as my
obfervatlon goes, I do aver, with ibme
earneilnefs, that I know of none whofe
faults, (imply and ^rly repreientftdft
are not quite enough to form ^(tjka^t
of charadtcr. As to the opinion of
the world, much may be (aid. If by
the wodd, we mean geographically
the whole earth, the majority, I be-
lie ve> will determine in favour of
goodnefs ; but I know that, in the
common acceptation of this word* it
means no more than the circle of a
man's acquaintances. If they be fach
as to be charmed with the exaggera-
tions of this inverted ambition* he
will no doubt gratify them with a
caricature of his foibles, but out of
that circle, 1 am afraid, he will lofe
more reputation than he wiD gain^
and will be accounted very infignifi«
cant and very contemptible, in com-
pliment to his having endeavoured to
be really fo. I am, fir, your hum*
ble iisrvant, ,

Oliver Oldstils.

InUnJling Anecdote df a cekbraHd Engraver.

{From « The Rhine: Or a Journey from Utrecht to Francfort; chiefly by
the Borders of the Rhine, and the PaiTage down that River from Mentz to
Bonni by T. Cogan, M. D.' 2 vol. 8vo.]

LETTER XIX.

DuffeldorfF.

Nothing gives us more fallacious
ideas of human natui'e, or mili-
tates with greater force in favour of
the opinion, that a very inconiidera-
ble portion of comfort is poffefTed by
mankind, than ^he pages of general
hiHory. We are induced,. I may fay,
fipduced, by the narratives of the hif-
torian, to contemplate the creation as
one great theatre cf vblence. Man-
kind are confidered as univerfally op-
pref&ve, cruel, unrelenting. In a
word, blood-fhed and devailation are
fuppofed to be the common lot of hu-
manity ; {o that even the compaflion-
ate reader is impelled to catch the

5

fpirit breathed in their narratives^
and tempted to curfe the fpecies.

But compaflionate readers would
feel themfelves more compofed, if they
recollected, that, by the perufal of a
few months, a feries of events arc
made to pafs in review before U8»
which required years and ages to be
put into execution ;— if they recoiled-
ed, that general hiliory is the maga-
zine of diftrefs, villany, and cruel-
ty;-that its pages are profeiTedly
crowded with extraordinary ind-
deats; — and that the intermediate
periods, palTed over in filence, are
filled up with peaceful enjoyment.
Of every army that has been cat offi,
the individuals that compofed it, muft
have paired through }cars allotted ta

growth

FOR MARCH, 1794.

203

j;rowth and maturity, before they
could be brought forward upon the
theatre of aftion : they mull have ar-
rived to a certain age, before they
were ripe for being ffiot through the,
body, or hewn to pieces in battle j
and, iince (landing armies^ and dif-
ciplined troops, hav« been fubftituted
in the place of irregulars, the largell
aflemblage of military force, is but a
coinparatively fmall feleclion from the
multitude. All cities mull have flou-
rifhed for years, and fome have for
ages, before difcord and tyranny
could have dcftroyed them. In ihort,
the hiftory of diflrefled countries, re-
fembles the hiftory of hofpitals and
mad-houfes : whoever takes a furvey
ofthefe, may be aftonilhcd, perhaps,
as weM as affefted, with their number.
3ut, excepting in occafional epide-
mics, or ia other particular circum-
ftances, this number of the iick and
the maimed, &c. does not ftrikc us
in the common walks of life, or they
appear in too fm^ll a proportion, to
excite a murmur. We are not to
form an eftimaie of the quantum of en-
joyment pofTeffed by oxen and (heep,
hy the bloody fcenes of a flaughtcr-
boufe.

We fhould alfo recollcft, that the
narratives of commotions and wars,
and great exertions, and great fuffer-
in^s, are highly p'eafant to the mind.
In hiftory, romance, and tragedy, it
is the plots, and intrigues, and cru-
elties of one party, and the diftrefs,
or intricate fituation of the other,
that render thcfe publications fo pecu-
liarly interefting. Our attention re-
laxes, when fufferings are at an end.
We drop the curtain, when the ftrug-
glcs of diftrefs are no more, and arc
contented with very c nfu/cJ an J ge-
neral ideas of the happincis which en-
fues, without being inquifitive con-
cerning the minuter circumftances that
compofe it. Tnus, after the m'nd
has been eagerly engaged in the con-
templation of all the component parts
of mifery, and dwelt upon tv^ry part
with minute attention, it draws the
fallacious conciuiion, that there is

fcarcely any thing in the world but
wrecchednefs. No, my friend, this
is not ^ir : there muft be a large por-
tion of enjoyment in the world, when
diftrefs itfelfis nude the fubjeft of in-
nocent, and even fublime delight ! .

Once more; vice generally adver-
tifes itfelf, by the great and immedi-
ate mifchief it docs; — vice, like poi-
fon, IS deftrudive in fmaller dofes;.
while the praflice of virtue, like the
daily ufe of nutritious food, is a ftill^
quiet, habitual procefs, fupporting
habitual health and comfort. Thou-
fands, and tens of thoufands, for
example, are daily nourifhed by the
ufe of milk, and no one rejoices at the
good; but, if this milk happens to
turn four in a brafs keule, and proves
fatal to a few individuals, the difafter
is in every public paper, and in
every mouth ; and we all ihudder at
the evil.

In this manner I love to contem-
plate human nature ; and it does^my
heart good. It has a triple advan-
tage. Ir infpires with more pious
fentiments of the divine govern-
ment,— with more kindly ideas of
our fellow mortals, — and it diffufes
a cheerful calm over the mind, which
the mind never can enjoy, without
being in tolerable unifon with every
thing around it. Yes, fir, I am
poiitive that there is much virtue in
the world, and confequently, much
happinefs. Innumerable would be
the inftances of virtuous condu6l, if,
unfortunately for the juftifkation of
the human chara£ler, virtue was not,
generally fpeaking, of fo filent and
refervcd a nature. As it moftly loves
to do good in private, we cannot aU
ways trace its fteps. It may work
infenObly ; but it works with efficacy ;
and fociety is kept together in tolera-
ble order, without its energy being im-
mediately perceived, or the links of"
its connexion being diftin£lly marked.
If all the good which has been done,
were as loudly proclaimed as the evil,
fure I am, th.it it would make noifi?
enough to ftifle the voice of com-
plai.it.

C c z When,

204

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

When* therefore, we are tbie to
draw oat of obfcurity, infiances of
noble fentinient and oonduft^ I beg
Jeave to confider thefe as the acciden-
tal diftovery of what is naturally la-
tent, and as fmall fpecioiens of the
mud) that remains behind, rather than
as unafual inftances of philanthropy.
"With thift view, I (hall proceed to the
Narrative promlfed you, and intro-
duce to your acquaintance a whole
groupe of worthiest co-operating to
cfFeduate the happinefs of an indivi-
f)ual.

Every one who vifits Antwerp, is
made acquainted with the hiftorjr of
the Smith, whom love converted into
an excellent Painter ; but every one
who vifits DuffeldoriF» is not inform-
ed of the hidory of a Baker, diang-
ed into ap excellent Engraver, Love,
indeed, was not the caufe, bat the
eonfequence of this change.

NAaRATIYE.

Some years ago, while profeflbr
Krahe was fuperintendant of the gal-
lery of paintings, he received a vifit
from a young baker of the town;
who, after a very ihort introdudlion,
took a book out of his pocket, which
lie prefented to Mr. Krahe, expreff-
ing a defire that he would purchafe
it. The fuperintendant found, upon
examination, that it was a prayer-
book, ornamented, in the ancient
8ylc of religious foppery, with a num-
ber of coloured figures and engravings.
ll was the one which the eledor Cle-
ment Augudus, of Cologne, had or-
dered to be publifhed, and was be-
gone yery fcarce and valuable. The
profefibr enqu'red whence he had it ;
«nd the young man aniwered, with a
snodeft blu(h, that it was a copy from
one he had borrowed. < By whom?'
1— 'By myfelf,* rejoins the youth.
Up6n a clofe eyamination, Mr. Krahe
could Scarcely diilinguiih the copy
from the original. He could not con-
ceal his furp rife, and aflted, why he
did not pradife engraving> rather
than continue a baker ?

The youth anfweredj that it was

the wifli of his ibol; but his fiiCher«
having a numerous family, could not
afford the expence of fuiuble ioftruc-
tions. * I defign to travel,* adds he |
' but, as m V father cannot faraiQi tho
means, and as I knew that yoa were
fond of drawings, J was emboldened
to make this application to yoa, in
hopes that you would purcba(e th^
copy, to furnifli immediate help, and
I mud cm ft to my indudry and goo^
fortune, for future advancement.'

'Call here to-morrow, wichoitt
fail,' fays Mr. Krahe, with an emr
phalis that manifefled pleafure and a^
HoniQiment.

Early the next morning, the pro-
fefibr called upon an intimate friend
at Keyferfwertb, a few miles diftanr
from Dufieldorfi^: of which place the
young man was a native.

This friend, with the power, had
the difpofition to do good. Krahe
told him the fiory, fiiewed him the
workmanftiip, and begged him to lend
the young artift two hundred crowns,
* He will, doubtlefs,' adds he, * be*
come, in a few years a diiti^guiibed
engraver, and be able to reimburfe
you. I will be fecurity for the pay-
meot.*

< I take no fecurity,' anfwered hia
. friend ; and he advanced three hunr
dred crowns.

Krahe returned to the aftonifiied
and tranfported baker with the money.
He quitted the oven, learned geome-
try and perfpedivc, applied to draw-
ing according to the rules of the artt
and acquired a competent knowledge
of hi (lory.

After affiduous application, for the
fpace of two years, the young man
had made fuch rapid progreis, that
Mr. Krahe advifed him to quit Duf-
fcldorff, where no further improve-
ment was to be expected, and vibt
Paris, promifing him a letter of intro*
dudion to Mr. Willes, a celebrated
engraver in that metropolis.

Schmitz (for this was the young
man's name) put his advice into exe-
cution ; and, in order to economize
his little ilore, he travelled on foot

from

FOR MARCH, 1794.

sog

ffont Dufleldorff to Parb. But un-
fortunately, he fell ill immediately
opoQ his arrival ; and, although he
npplied to a monafteryr where he was
hofpitably received, and carefully at-
Dendedy yet incidental expences» da-
ling an illneis of fome continuance »
bad entirely exhau^d his little ftore.
Upon his recovery, that delicate kind
oTpridey which fo frequently accom-
panies true genius, forbade his making
application to Mr. Willes, while he
muft appear as an indigent beggar.

' One day, as he was walking pen-
fively in the ftreets, his mind occu-
pied with his unfortunate fituation,
be was met by two foldiers of the
Swifs i^uards ; one of whom accofi;ed
Jiim with the enquiry, ' young man,
arc you not a German?'— * yes.'—
« From whence ?'— ' From Keyfer-
fwerth, near DufleldorfF.'— * You are
my countryman.— What do you do
here ?'«— Schmitz relates to him the
particulars of his hiftory; adding,
that a long illnefs had exhauAed a
large portion of his time, and all his
money ; and that he could not fup-
port the idea of being troublefome to
any one. The foldiers advifed him
to enlift, afTured him that the fervice
was not fevere, and t)iat he would
have leifore to follow the bent of his
genius. Schmitz accepted the pro-
portion, was introduced to the cap-
tain of the regiqient, was enlifted tor
four years, and (bortly after, was in-
troduced to Mr. WiJles, by the captain
ikimfeif. As much time was indulged
to him, as the nature of the fervice
could poflibly admit, to purfue his
favourite obje£l» under the diredion
of Mr. Willes. He continued in th^s
Htuation the four year?, when he re-
ceived his difmiiTion.

Finding chat he was in the line of im-
provement, he continued at Paris two
years longer, applying bimfelf, with
the utmolt diligence, to the art of
engraving : at the expiration of which
term, he returned home, with the
bed atteftations concerning his talents,
fnduftry, and moral conduft.

I^rofefior Krahe received him with

open arms, was charmed widi the
progreis he had made, and engaged
him to work in the cabinet. He coo«-
tinued to work under the infpediioa
of the .profeilbr, about two years, 9on-»
doling hjmfelf in fuch a manner, at
to gain upon the afiedions of his par
tron.

It was about this period, that tbf
profeflbr invited our artift to an eur
tertainment, where feveral of hii
friends were to be prefent. He wet
his friends, and was enterbg into thff
joys of convivial intercourfe, when he
was informed that the entertaapment
was in honour of a Granger. But
alas I this ftranger was the deftioed
hufband of the profeiibr's eklefl daogh-
ter ;— beantiful, in his eyes, as an
angel; and wife, in his judgment^
as a goddefs of wifdom. He made as
precipitate a retreat as decency wouht
permit, and left the brilk glais, and
jovial fong, to circulate among the
happy.

The next morning, he returned te
the cabinet with the utmoft dejeiiios
of mind and countenance^ This fudr
den change was noticed by his beoc^
factor, who inquired into the oaufe,
Schmicz, in confuted expreffions, an4
with faultering voice, confefTed. that
he had fallen S^ply in love with that
very daughter who was ihortly to be
in the pofleilion of another.

' Have you intimated to my daagh*
ter, the Hrengthof your afieAion/'

< Never,' anfweredthe noble youths
' not in the mo(l dillaot manoer* •
Could I, without title, fortune* or
preten/ions of any kind, be fo bafe a«
to fpeak of love to the daughter of
my friend, my patron, my benefacr
tor / I was contented to fee her, an4
was careful to condufl myfelf in fuch «
manner,^ that no fufpicions might ariff:^
to debar me of that happinefs $ an4
now» I learn, that I am fhortly to be
deprived of the only fatisfiidk>a Ce
which I dared to afpire/

The benevolent profeffor trie4 hii»
utmofl to fcothe and comfort him,—
a/Tured him of the (^rength of his af-
fedlion,— that beloved him as his 0H(a

c*iW;

ft66

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

child*— biic irarncd him to fubdue h^s
Ivre for Henrietta ; expatitting upon
ihe crininalityy circmnfUnced as tJicy
were, of inddging the pailion.

The poor young man admitted the
ibrce of the argument* and promifed
to obey. But the ftruggie was too
moch for his conilicution. He fell ill^
and continued in a dangerous (late,
upward of four months. Mr. Krahe
paid him CTery attention, and gave
him every confolation in his power.
But in all their interviews* the name
of Henrietta was never mentioned.
His lamentable 6cuation* however,
could not be concealed ^ from her.
iShe fy mpathized, and moft fincerely
pitied ; but, though ' Pity is fo near
«-kin to love,* duty and honour inter-
poled a barrier between them.

The intended hu(band returned to
hb parents ; and it was not diSicult to
peiceive, from the tenure of his let-
ten, that certain objections wtre
fkauncd by them to the union. Al-
though he dared not to eirprefs his
own fentiments fully, ujion this occa*
fion, yet Henrietu divined them,
«nd gave him full power to follow the
cennine bent of his own xndtnat'Qns,
renouncing every claim upon his pro-
mifc. The anfwer w as corrcfpondent
to her expeAations ; and, allowing a
Ihort interval for the fuppreflioo of
that« chagrin which the injured pride
of every young lady muft fuifcr in fuch
delicate (ituations, (he permitted the
fuffering of Schmitz to engage more
of her thotights,— generoufly indulged
her compaifion, until flie found it
blended with afie^lion, — and, finally,
addrdfed her father thus: <fir, I
know it has been your wi(b, to have
• Schmitz for your Ton- in- law— Every
obAade is removed— Tell him, that
Henrietta will be his, if (he can pro-
mote his felicity.'

The joyful father informed him of
this declaration in his favour. But
the good news was as like to have
proved fatal, as his defpair. Reco-
vering from his emotion; ^ad lean-
ing on the arm of his benefa6lor, he
^a& condtt^d to the geueroua objed

of hts paiGon; and, by paiSng the
evening in her company, be was
dieared, comforted, and renored.

But, how great was the furprife of
crcry one, when they learned, the
next morning, that the lover had left
the town, in a carriage with four
horfes, and had carried his plates and
drawings with him ! — What aflonifh-'
ment to Krahe!— What a thunder-
ftroke to poor Henrietta !

7'hi5 wa5 fo apparently the aSt of
a difordered brain, that his return was
dreaded as much as his flight was la-
mented ! Nor did they receive a fina-
gle line in the interval, to remove
their doubts. On the ninth day, he
returned from Munich, with an order
for a penGon of fix hundred florins
per annum, to be paid to Schmitz,
by the treafurcr of the Palatinate

He had been to throw himfelf at
the feet of the eleAor Palatine. He
difcovered tohim his love, — hi* fitna- ,
don, --ihewed him the certificates of
his condud, and the fpecimens of his
workmanlhip. The heart of the elec-
tor was moved, and he gave him
the penfioo.

*Now, fir,* fays the generous-
heartfd Schmitz, <I am more wor-
thy of my Honriftta.*

'This event took place in the year
1782. The particulars are extradited
from a puj^hcation, in high repute,
entitled, Mufeum fur Kiinfller, und
fur Kunftliebhaber ) or, Hiftory of
German Artiils. I am very forry,
thxt my total ignorance of the anec*
dote, when at DuiTeldorfF, prevented
me fVom making thofe 'inquiries*
which more than curiofity would have
dilated, relative to this worthy cou-
ple, or the prefent flate of our engra-
ver.

See there, my friend, in one fhort
hiftory, the eulogium of numbers!
—I bcfeech you to make due "com-
ments upon the excellent charadter of
our artift, the hero of the piece,
—upon the benevolence of the pro-
fefTor,— of his friend* Keyferfwerth,
— the monks in the convent, -the
two loldiers, with their captain,— the
engraver

FOR MARCH, 1794.

!I07

engraver Willes,— the ele&or Pala-
tine,—rand the amiable Henrietta;
and then revert to my propofition^
that the private hiftory of individuals,
^ould in general, give us more fa-
vourable ideas of human virtue, and
of human happinefs,' than tho(e are
apt to imagine, who diredl tbeir chief
attention to the ambition of the great,
and the fubverfion of empires. Num-
berlefs are the in(lances« where indi-
vidoals emerge from obfcurity, and
a£t a cxmfpicuous part on the theatre
of life. We behold, and applaud the
ador, without adverting to the dif-
ferent liases through which he mull
have pafTed, before he was prepared
for this honourable jg^bition, and
how far he muft Ila\te bfe»^{led,
in each flage, by thofe around him.

Goto> ye libellers o^ your fpecies !
ye defamers of God's moft perfedl
worlcmanfhip below ! ye tha( delight
to (ketch out figures with charcoal,
add horns, a tail, and cloven- feet

to your (ketch, and call it human!
Man is naturally a friend tx> man*
Adventitious circumflances may fup-
prefs this kindly temper, until the
moft contra£led felfi^hnefs is deem*
ed, a fyflem of genuioe pmde^ice i
Tyranny may deprefs the mind, until
it be rendered incapable of our viv-
tuous exertion! Falfe theology, by
reprefen ting the heart as naturally vi-
cious and depraved, may deiiroy the
choiceft fprings of a<^ion, — may pcr-
fuade us, that to afl the knave or
fool, is merely to ad in chara&rr
whereas, a confcioufnefs that we are
capable of doing miich good,— a con-
vidHon that we are naturally difpofed
to do good,— that the in(Hn£l was.
given us» that we might become the
active inibruments of the divine bene-
volence,—an inftind (6 lirong, that
it is deemed inhuman to flifle its im-<
pulfe, — thefe are admirably calcubited
to quicken the difpofition, inprpve
the habit, and extend the eficdb.

Local Curiosities.

TH E indifference with which even
^ the crime of murder is regarded

among the lower clafles of the Itali-
ans, is remarkably illullraced by the
following anecdote. A gentleman of
N Naples, in palling occaiionally before
the king's palace, had frequendy no-
ticed a man of fingular appearance at
^ work. He was chained to {ome others,
and alHfted in removing rubbiih, and
bringing ftones for a new building,"
the foundation of which had juH been
laid. The man> by having often
feen im» pafs, recoUeded his perfon,
and always took off his hat, as he
found an opportunity. The gentle-
man, not knowing how to account for
his attention, was induced, one day,
to inquire the caufe of his civility and'
of his chains. To the firft part of the
query he anfwered, in the Neapolitan
flyle, that it was ' iljuo dovere, his
duty ;' and to the fecond he (aid, that
he was in that predicament for una
auttcb'tonenat a trifle.' * Ho ammaz^

XAta fclamenie una dmna^ {'soA he; 'I
have only killed a woman.'

Necessity is the great prompter
and guide of mankind in their in«
ventions. I'here is, however, fucb
inequality in fome parts of their pro-
grefs, and fome nations get To far the
Hart of others in circumllances nearly
fimilar, that we mud afcribe this n^
fome events in their hidory, or to
fome peculiarities in their (iiuatios*
with which we are unacquainted*.
The people in the iHand of Ouheite.
in the Southern Pacific Ocean, far
excel mod of the Americans in the-
knowledge and pridice of the arts of
ingenuity ; and yet, when they were
firft difcovered by captain Wallis, it-
appeared, that they had not invented*
any method of boiling water; and
having no veiTel that wonld bear the-
fire, they had no more idea that wa-
ter could be made hot» than that it
could be made folid.

Mario-I

2oB

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Meteorological Jourhal, Fcbruaqr 1794.

[ See the ExplanatioD, Vol. 92, Page in.]

H
26

29,60
29,61

»9»73

30,01
30,11
3o»ii

30,14
30,11

»9*23
29.89
30,02
30,02

3o»«3
30,22

30,20
30,11
30,11
30,05
29,71
29,69
29»7i
29,81
29,79
19,65
29,67

49»5

20,56

»9»5»
29,60

*9»''»
29,6s
29,81
29»89

*9»<;7

^9,93
*9»75
29,65

»9»5S
»9.S«
29,76
19,63

»9,4a
29.42

»9*49
a9»5»
29,66
•9,64
*9.97
30.C5
3o,2^

}0»20

»9»79
»9,75

r.ottt
47

T.in
4«

Hyg.C

:. wiiur.

63 .

S2

s»

5»

59 "

S3

46

50.5

5? ^

Si

50

53

11 \

^ !^

44

5»

Si

47.5

54

53 a

Si

38

47

57 a

S 1

44

51

53f5 3

S 1

41

47

57 3

SSE 1

45»5

50

55 4

SB 1

4»

47

60 5

S£ I

45

so

61 5

SE I

41,5

48,5

6a>5 ^

SSI I

45

50

64 5

S 1

44

SO

61 5

Wi

49

5',5

61 4

Wi

46

5»

62 3

W I

50,5

54

C9 2

W2

45.5

SI

60 2

WSW2

48

5*,5

5' »

Wi

41.5

49

57 h

W 1

47

51

63.5 5

SW I

5*

S3»5

60 5

W2

50

54

59 4

WNW2

5a.5

53

60 s

WNW I

50

54

57»'; 5

W2

5«

54,5

59.5 3

W2

S'

56

57 3

w»

5»

57

58 3

W3

'55

57

50 3

Wi

46

54

bi 5

WSW2

ShS

55'5

54»5 5

WSV/2

43

5*

6u s

SW 1

48,5

55

56 5

SW I

44

50-

57 5

N I

45

5a»5

56.5 ^

NE 1

41

4^

57 5

ESE I

47

51

^4,5 f

SSE I

46.5

5»>5

59 ^

Si

5*

54

61 5

SSW2

5a»5

55

SW3

55

56

^ SW3

s«

55

SSWi

54

57

66 i

S3

47»5

54»^

62,5 1

SW2

53i5

57

S" ^

SW2

50

55»5

H 5

; SW 2

55

57

63 4

i SW2

53

54.5

63t5 5

SW2

55

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1;

r:

L SW2

w ,

47»5

53

50 J

NW t

41

$0

57 f

W 1

48,5
45

53»5
5»

ir^ 2

Wi
S2

5015

53»5

5^.5 3

Wi

Weather, &c*

. cloudy night s fiae
( more cloudy
. lictle rain, fine aight
; cloudy* fine

haxy

• more cloudy ere

hasy

hazy

I gentle nia

chiefly gentle rain

. lefs cloudy

basy
hazy

. gentle rain

lict'e rain, more wind and little nfn

chieflf rain : lefs cloudy

> more clondy and rain at timet
. little wrt

: fine

. cloudy and little wet. windy night

• cloudy night t little rain

> littk r^in

drizzling but chiefly lair
. litUe wet at times

k little rain

little lain

, little wet at times

chiefly dr zzling or t»\m

little wet. fine anj lefs wind ! drizcling

drizzling ac times and more wmd

little wet: fine

. little rain, fine : little raift
iictte wet at limes

> drizzling

. c.«>idy and little %vet : fine

hazy, more wind

• fine : ha«y

hazy, c'oudy nigJiS « little raia

little r^in : finp

. cloudy tad Uttic rain. Hur night

Obsbk.

FOR MARCH^ 1794.

*09

OfSERVATIQNS m tie DISEASES in Fchruzvj XJ^^.

THE boopiag poqgh bncAOne quite epidemic^ not ovly in |aQi)4on, but
in th( Qeighbouriog villages; its rympconas were rzxhcx f^ver^, and it
frequently proved fkcaL An occafional vfe of emetics, with « frequent
change of air, was confidoired as tbe noft efficack)i)t «eafoa of reliewiog tlfe
violence of the cough, and (hortening its duration ; but when fever came on,
or peripnqaaionic iympt#ms appeared, recourfe was had* to more efficacious
remedies; blcedipg then became neceflary, -which was frequently repeated while
thofe fy mptonu continued^ together with the ufe of Uifters and antimonials
in (mall dofe». Various remedies have been recommended as fpeciiics in this
jdiieafe, but none feem to dei'erve ;hat app^latipn : e^trad of ^mlock has
been giyen^ and a decodtipn of bark with tin6l^re of cantharides have been
highly extolled ; but frequent change of air, with the ufe of emctfcs and
|>urgatives DOW and then, as belbre noticed, prove more generally nfcfuU
A few cafes of (barlet fever occurred, bdt no other diiuie worthy of notice*

THE BRiriSH MUSE.

ODE TO THB SPRING..

£From Poems by George Dyer, M. A. J

T O ! where the rofy Sping is foen

*-• Dancing forth in hrigj^t array,

^ lithe as an eajtem hncUl qi^BCO,

To wed the lord of day.

And lee e}(ulting nature homage pay,

And all h^ hreathwg inccnfe pour along !

The gentle breeze, the nightingale's ftft

lay,
The dream *s clear murmur, and the poet's

fong;
All, all are thine! earth, air/ and fca,

and fljpy,
AH wake for thee, fair Spring, their

fwcetefl minlhreliy.

J too the vernal infiycnce feel, *

And join the rapt'rous choral fong,
M"fing frnooth numbers, as I ftcaJ,
Oh Cam ! thy banks along.
Though on thofc banks no myrtle breathes

perfume,
No rofc unfolds itsbhilhing benuiies there,
^o tulip ihci-c difplays its.gaudy bloom,
' ^o ftaiely li)y decks the gay parterre \
Indos'd wi hin the ganien's fair domain,
Tbdc all in fultan pride ftiil keep theii*

fplcndid reign. *

Vet wild flow 'is o'er the fimplc fcenc
Warm'd by the touch of gentle May»
Spring up to life, a numerous tiain,
Softly fwcet, and neatly ^y.
fo me the violet hath a balmy fwect.
To me tlwi kingcup icatters goldtn h*ic»,
Ev'n in the primrofe niodett beauties meet,
E'en the mee)^ daify can iQlirud ibe mule \

Roving wjth filent eyes flw lovct ^
ft.and, ^ *

. And e'en in field- flow'rs views a matter's
matchlefs hand.

' And (eel the g|ov#ing ^n-beuiK pbyr
Dancing on the crilped Ihe^m i
While tbovfand iiife^ls, llgKt and gay, *
Svtift o'ei- the furiace (kim.
Nor does in vain the fwan maj4'(!Ic fail.
Nor ftri*vid bees rove on the flow'ry brinfc,
Nor fiftvss doMm the Hlver curient ftcal.
Nor littk (bngiiefs on t})e margin dn'nk :
Then wild with blifs Ihiver tjbe panted

wing, ,
Or to their feather 'd loves their fwcctf 11

wiid notes {iT\f^,

Oh Spring L I love thy gentle rei^ «
Yet I will leave thcc, gentle Spring,
Whtit time his wiidom (hall ordain
Who fits the fov'reign king :
Yes ! all thy clouds, and fties of iilver

hues.
Thy hills and vales, foft gajcs and glq^fly

bloom,
ril leave them ajl, though friendly to (be

mufe.
And uncomplaining wait the chcerlifs

gloom i
Where death's coldiinlon tbill& the po^'s

tongue.
Nor fhall the fylvan muie e'er wak« ihc

vernal iojDg.

What though I love thee, fpi*ing tide

fair,
Yet thtre's a brighter fpring above }
Gay lai!ghs the lun the live-long year.
And s\\h light and love,

D d There

tio

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

There gskt immortal fweetndt bmtlie

around s
There grow fiur fluDing fruitoy and golden

ilow*ra,
Cheriih*d Itt^riant on the laughing

ground*
With hav*n'ft own dews, and pore am-

broTial (how'rs i
There happjr beungs reft» their conquefts

won,
And weave from beaVnly trees a never*-

with'ring crown.

Odk to the Imagination.

[From The Advantages of Education,
a Novel, a vol.]

Y S pleafing phantoms, ibothmg forms,
-^ Who people Fancy's (winy beams,
When hope the buovant hotipm warms j

And joy Inspires the raptur*d dream $
Ye, who the fancied laurels wreath.

Which animates ;he brave to dare;
ye who the foft enchantments breathe.

Which (pready perfeflion round the fairj
Ye echos of the world's acclaim,
Ye vifionary (hades of unfubftantial fame !

Deluders of the mind 1 I o«rn

Xife owes to you its happieft hours ^
High feated on your elfin tnrone,

X e riytil nature^s plafbc powers |
For ye can o'er preation throw

Cnarms which reality denies |
And boa((, supid the polar fnow

Arcadian groves, Hefperian (lues ;
ph I crown me with your thomlefs rofe,
iph waft me to thoie iflesy where joys ^ull
current flows.

Benignant to a wretch diftrefsM,

For vfie your magic riniples ciiH j
And when remembi-ance ilmgs this bread,

With opiate charms, ray feelings lull :
Bid theft dim eyes no longer mourn.

The faithlefs friend, or lover \oA }
And to its bopeJefs, joylefs urn

Confine afFeflion's wailing shoft ;
Bid meoiory drop her ufelefs hoard.
Of vows that cou'd not^bind of looks in
vain addr'd. ,

ph, from a heart too^much deceived,

BaniOi the hill, the lawn, the grove, .
Where fon^ credulity believ'd.

Where nlfehood wore the maflc of love j
. Ne'er let it paint the form divine,

Where every virtue fecm'd to dwell j
Or tell how fiiom his lips benign

The hony'd accents graceful fell j
Oh let not his idea reign,
E'en if my vacant heart no other form re-
tam.

_ 5

Come— bid the fenic of honour rife |

Let female pride, and female fhaine
Di(per(e in air thofe guilty .(ighs.

That heave but at a traitors name %
Who all my confidence and tnith

With undefenred wrong repaid^
Who for my unfufpicious vouth.

The artful fnare of ruin laid t
Oh bid me a juft vengeance take.
Bid this heart ceafe to love, or In the
(Iruggle break 1

ODE

On the Confolations of Affliction.
[ From the Same. ]

WHEN Sorrow barbs her murd'roQS
dart.
And Nature's undefended heart.

Receives the fatal blow.
No more the fyren Pleafure charms }
With lan^id head and folded arms.
The pennve mourner fkands to brood on
curelefs woest

Fancy, who oft in happier hours.
From her clear mirrars magic poWers

i(efle6ted pleafing forms ; t

Invited now to s^ve relief.
But multiplies the (hapes of grief,
Obfcurea the gathering night, and iftag-
nifies its ftorms*

She darts into the fever 'd braiq, i

l(een burning arrows of di(Uain| >

Sneers o^ illiberal mirth.
She fills with horrors not its own.
Sad Want's reverberating groan,
^tkd deepens love's regret, by height*ni))g

beauty*^ wortji. I

Say, (pns of forrpw 1 have ye e'er,
When fummer breezes fann'd the air,

A (jportive inCtSi fecn j
Balk in the fun| or fip the dew.
Or fpre^d its wmg; of golden hue ;
Yet foon the triflcr flies, vfhen Winter's
blaft grows keen ?

So with Profperity's warm gales.
The foft enchantrefs fancy fails.

In elfin (piendour fair ^
Gay in her own Arcadian reign.
She builds a viiionary fane.
And bids deluded man adore the pliantoms
thci^.

More certain aid, more (aib'ng fires
Adverfity's dim night requires,

Its horrors to relieve j
When love lamenti its oaths forfworn.
When Friendftjip's rofy bands are torn.
When Meckncfs muft accufc and fin'n-
cyd Patience grieve.

Yet

FOR MARCH, 1794.

211

V«t thcA) e^en then» Defpalr fliall fly.
If Confcience, with approving rire.

Views Memory*! guildeft icroU |
If fummon'd to Trutb*s awful bar.
No prood revengeful paiEonsjar,
But only venial faults accuie the unpleaded

7bough Innocence unhappy fails

To ihield the breaft, which wrong aflafls.

Or eenerous feelings prefs j
Yet the kind guardian can beftow
A firmnefs equal to tbe blow.
And teach th* exalted mind to ibar above
diftrefs. .

As Daphne^s plant unchanged can meet
The wmter liro^, the fummer heat.
The Kght'nings blaftmg gfauv {
So Innocence, a feraph mild.
Though fieur'd by an helplefs child.
Braves with its naked breaft the arrows of
DeTpair,

Nor fliall the wretch, whofe heart forbni
Feels aching guilt^s corroding thorn,

. Each future hope forego j
Though Memory flurinking and aghail,
Turns from the record of the paft.
And owns that former guilt pipduc*d each
preTent woe*

Though all around the horizon lours.
Though fummer friends no more with

flowers
Bedeck his falling flirine }
ThoQj^h confcience, faint and lifUefs long.
Now rifes like a giant ftrong.
And thunders in his ear the threats of

wrath divine.

Still weeping by the (inner^s iide.
Repentance ftands, his fieps to guide,

To mild Religion^s bower $
Mercy, infpirer ot the ffa-ains.
Which echo through th* ethenal plains.
Gave to misjudging man that kind in-
ftru^live power*

She lulls regret, flie humbles pride.
She bids the doubts of fear fuoiide,

'And paflion ceafe to jar j
The fiends of defperation fly
The clear -effulgence of her we.
As night's dire fhades avoid the radiant
folar ftar.

ODE TO CHARITY.

[ From the Same. ]

OH Charity 1 thou radiant beam,
Refleaed firom that light fuprepie^
Creation's suardian eye $
Beft fymbol of & power who reigns
In perfeft blifs, yet gracious deigns.
To bend his pitymg ear to Sorrdw*s lowly

The heart in which thine ardour glows.
No more is chiUM by felfiih woes.

Or feds unfocial joy ;
Direfbd by thy light divine.
To griefs, which while they pain, refine.
To griefs which quickly end to bliA with-
out alloy.

Such blifs the generous patron fham.
When riiing at an orphan's prayers.

He vindicates his right { ^

Such blifs is o*er their boibm (bed.
Who cheer with hope the fordid bed.
Where poverty ana pain in deadly bonds
unite.

Nor only with the affluent train.
Who open Fortune^s golden fane,
Dofl thou thy bleflings fliare i
Alike to all thy Totaries lund.
Where'er exiftsthe feeling mind i
Thou giv*fl fofk Pity's iigh, andFrieod*
ihip^s fbothing care.

If feated in life*s humbleft vale.
Whene'er they check the flanderer's tale^

They honour thy bequefl: ;
On them thy pureft pleafures wait.
When vigors of revenge and hate.
They vindicate or aid an enemy diihefL

Thou dofl a nobler fyflem teach.
Than ftoic vhrtues e^er could rea4:h.

Or pagan wifdom fcan t
DifFufive as the iblar ray,
Which lightens all the ecliptic way.
Thy holy laws pervade, and fill the foul
of man.

Oh ! fource of each connexion dear.
Of gratitude, of truth iincere,

Of candour, patience, peace)
Oh! worthy of the flarry wreaths.
Which immortality bequeaths.
To crown thy hallow'd toils with joys that
never ceafe.

When Science dims her borrowM fires.
When Faith in certainty expires.

When prophefy fliall fail j
Uninjur'd thou furviv'll alone.
Immortal as th' eternal 's throne.
While all the harps of heaven thy glorious
triumphs hail.

To A VIOLET.

BE N £ A T H a ^reading hawthomc't
fliadfr.
Deep hid within the fylvan glade, '
In i^me fequefterM hedgerow's fide^
Hiy Biodeit head thou lov'ft to hide^
No gaudy knts thy leaves difplay.
No painted tulip's rich airay i

z'ia

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

« And drefl in qo fiuAU^tic ifoj^
Thou fti iv'ft to draw admiring eyA j.
BtJt dreft in pur|^i« fobcr hue»
KpfijSng frotan thcforwjNrd view,
Wirhin thy mantliiif leaves oHmta,
ThoM feem'fl to wifh to live unicxn*
Bin ah ! (he fcents that zephyrs bear,
Diffufire ijiro' the ven\n\ a4r.
To all t!ie fweet iweTs difrlofe.
From whence the hahny fragmwe flo^ws ;
And the ft«rp. pointed thorns around,
A|l cnlTJmce hdj- and threat to wotmd }
The (Wain cnainonrVlof t^iyfi^vet*,
The hoftilc points undaunted tnettv j
The well defended cnttrance tries, .
Nor.rcfts w\ ihou art made hfs pirt j
While ciimfon drops that trickle down,
DiJplay t!ic toil W'i undcigonc.

Ah ! would tl» to tiKfe ttvfl» diftcrB»
Ffom tliet this xMnX teflbn kai^ |
The trifling arts of (Msdc^ii^
And woman's trucft knowledge prize ;
Spurn tyrant FaAimA frippVy bsnds ;
Rejtra falfc Tafte's fi'prtmc commands j
C.inrful addrn the pliant mhd.
With love of troth, and fenle rcfii.M.
Then would they ftiine divmc!y fair.
Arid worthy of our utmdt care ;,
Then would our heairts a pafiion own.
Not fpruflg from outward charms alone |
A double chain would bind us faft.
And make our kindaffe^n laft.

£us£Biua.

To a Bov.taking a Bird's Nest.

pORMAR, thmightlcTs boy, that vile
* plunder forbear !

Don^ deiH'iire the poor birds of their
young!
see their dam, apprebeniure, ftcs trembliog
with fear,
-And her mate has fufpendcil his fong.
Ere thy hand its unthmking intent has

Paufe a while, and ^rt ear to a friend i
Let pity now plead : if thy heart be not

. ileePd,
^ To its foftcr emotions attend.

Remember, parental afi&Aion is ftrong

Ev'n in birds, tlio' 16 trifling they Ictm ;
With anxious attention they watch o'er

their young,
* Whom to lofe a misfortune they deem.
With how much aflSduous labour, the

Of Afch {Imple malerlais they're made j

To line if, they pluck the toft down !^om
, their breaft.
That (heir brood hk and warm mar
belaid. ^ '

Tho' home yoi^ convty them, and feed
them with care,
Yet your care all their wanti cant fiip-

Their dam*« d«wny pinkme wiU ae'er
flitde them ifc«re,
And far warn of her «urfw« iIky'II
die.

Perhaps you may rear them-i.but ho true

Or joy M their «»^ will be heard;
Since the birds art |>reveRtcd firon taking
their flight.
And thejpkafum of fiecdooi debarr'd.

While the iyrens triumphantly iingof tbev
loves,
ftefponfive from eVery bough ;
How fxrert, from the buihcs, the wood^
lands, and grotes.
To bear the wild melody (low !
^Tis the bkffing of freedom alone eait
mfjiire
True pleafures nnmrx'd with alby ;
'Tis froedom «nlav«ns the iweet warhiing
choir,
And tunes all their mafic to joy.

£ii6EBnrs»

On the Thmats of a French In-
vasion : From Tasker's Ocfc to the
Warlike Genius of Britain •.

tMmortal Power ! to whom by He»-

* ven

The care of Britain's warlike ifie is gives.
Whether thou fport'fl upon tlie waves.
While voMnd her cliffs old ocean raves.
Whether thou guid'ii the ftoi-m of night
Or rul'lt the lightning's rapid flight j

Behind thee ftar arsd dire dilinay,.
Before thy face while terrors fly,
Blackening With gloomy clouds the iky.

And mark tliy dreadful wav :
What (hall thy near approach withlbnd,.
When vengeance arms thy red right hand ?
When (every wheel iftltina with war)
Forth liRies thy unpettftoos car.
Which, whirling mpid thro* the flcica,
(From motion kindbng as it flies)

• Sucamir^, like meteor, to the trouhlei
^air,»

Ob angry pinions, fiery dragons bear.

• This fpirited ode was written in the year 177^^ when this natloB was tliraieaot
(aiaiprdem) withaniuvaiion, , *

Behold!

iroft. MARCW, 1794.

2«r

BelioU I mXh Joy thy imtivc plaint
Where ittanitl fjfMrit prcfudly reigns 5
Freeddm— GoHdtfs heav'nly hrtght
Agnin preparer for ▼igorous fight r
IVliifeofGhDry? Clio fing,
(Let freedotti found from every ftring)
And trace her binh from the great fouroc
of light.

GeAiui (s( Bvitain I view tin piaint
V/h«e military Vhtoe reigns*
Pallid Ft» her vain alvmt
14ly ftreed .—While Glory warms
Th* imrepMl idol with far cekflial
charms,
TIm ftandard rears, mti calk t»
arms.

Y« Tons of Britain hear I
ppcm her refalgent §gbtrt

Aloud &t ffiouts,— land opcis tfar bright
abodes
Of heroes, and of deroi-gods |
On feats of burntfh'd gold,
Where Arthur— Alfred fat of oldi
The great examples fire—
' To d^thlefs deeds infpire, —
The fons of Freedom rife— they claim
Their birthright— <he reward of fame t
They catch, the bla«e of energy divine^
As from their poliOiM arms, the fnn-
beams brighter Ihtne*

Oallia*siNtle Genius ftands agfaaft^
(The liiies wither in iier h»nd)

Her fleets receive the fovouring biaftp
Btit dare not f*k the advciiflftndi

On £iigland*s rough and rocky fliorei -

She bean th' awakcn*d tion roar.

pROCSEDiNcs ofth Fourth Session f the Seventeetith PsrRtumf
of Great Briuin* Oonttnuci from page 145.

ON" Fridwy, Feb. 7. Mr. Wilberforce
moved Shat a bill to piYvent oor fup-
pdyin^lbriiign poffeflioas with flaves iro«
poned in Bridifli bottoms, be referred to
a comaofRM. On a divifion, the numbere
iPHore ibr the motion <s» ^ig»nft it 40.

On Monday, Fd>. 10. Mr. Grey rofc
to move, « That the employmcat of fo-
reigners in fervices of military truft, or
bringing fbrcrgn troops into this king-
dom, wiifaout the c^nfent of parliament,
is contrary to iaw.— As this iubjeA gave
yile K> debatts at a fiibfeqitent period, we
ihall only cbferve here, that Mr. ferjeant
Adair (coAlidering it as a fiibjeft too de«
licarre for dHcuflion) moved the previoos
queftion, s^ch, was carried vby i§4 to

In the houfc of peers, on Friday, Feb,
14, the eari of Moira rofe to take notice
of ixDt obitrvations that had been thrown
#ttt by on honourable gentleman (major
Maitiand} in another houie, on the ex-
pedition which he had the honour to com-
mand. His lordlii]) explained ^ general
•utiines of the expedition; the views^of his
majefty's minillers, and the communica-
tions which had taken pbce with the
foyaliflsontheiubje^ He had been ient
ibr by his majefty*s minifters on die 17th
•f Oadxr, and informed by them of the
liscconrs with which it was intended the
rojFalitta (hould be furniihcd. He did not
hefitate to undertake the cxpedttion pro*

Gfed, nor did he decline that refponfi^
lity whiek he confidered as attached to
k. 'S!\fe MyalMt hJhl rtnnanainl a .««••

tain force to co-operate with them, and
minifters had appointed a mticb greater
force than they had requefted s it <>nlv re-
mained, that a point of Jun^ion fbould be
fixed ; and before that coukl be efl^ed,
fome fignais were 9gre0d upon, and fome
frigates fent to repeat thoife (ignals > but
th^ were not anfwered by the royali(b*
On the loth of November, Ibme peribn*
were fent to concert meafures with them,
and a different ijpot for knding was fixieil
upon. Tl^ royalifts had required artiU
hry and artillery men, as thev bad (carce
any one who nnderftood theuie of cannon*
His lordfhip bad reoetiented to mihifters*
wito had entnifted nim with a diicretion-
ary power on this expedition, the neceifity
•f^ bringing ibme perfons firom Flanders^
who were acquainted with the manage-
ment of artillery ^ and. as he lioped to
have formed an immediate jutT^lion with
the royalkts, lie had appointed two French
officers, of great merit, his aides-du«camp»
and another as his fecretary ; becaule be
conceived, the jun6lIon once made, his
little army was not to be grafted into that
of the3x>yalills, but was to forma part of
that which be bad the honour to com*
mand. In theie ctrcun^bnoes, he tl^ou^ht
himfelf julUfied in making the appeint^^
ments on whkh fuch ammadverfions bad
bean made. After having brought .offi^
cers at a great expence from Fbuders, be
could not a6l otherwife { but if it ^ould
be thought th^ he had done wrong, he
was wilhng that the whole expence attend*
ing ttot iMS^ure Ihould i» .deduQei out

214

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

•f the appotnlmniui which were amehed
to the command with which he had been
honoured. He could not make known
the namet of the officrriy bacauie tbey had
fhiUrcn and friendi in France, to whom
iuch a publicity mMt be fatal. Biit»
fiud his lonUhip» whatever dificrence of
opinion men may entertain of the French
revolution, God knows they have fofiered
enough. It is now a common caufe, and
it is alfo the cau& of humanity. He con-
cluded by faying, that he took the whole
rcT^nfibilitv upon himfelf, becaufe his
majefty^s mmiAers had fiilly approved of
the appointments he had recommended to
them.

Z«ord Lauderdale role to juftify the no*
tke that had been taken in the houTe of
commons of thele appointments. Had
mini iters been as candid and exp^cit as
the noble lord, it would have been deemed
iatisfa^^ory s but they had obftrved a
fdllf n filence, and had not even deigned
to give the Icaft explanation on the fub-
jea.--No one had ever doubted of the
propriety of the appointments, and of the
punty of the noble lord's intentions in
making them ^ but their illegality was
evident j and as the otiier home particu-
larly had been ever jealous, and laudably
fo, on that head, he tliought the honour-
able gentleman alluded to was juftified in
what he had done.

Lord Grenville faid, that what had
hlka from the laft fpeaker did not deferve
any notice. After the open, candid, and
manly manner in which lord Moira had
OKpreffcd himfelf, he could have little to
add : he would only differ in one thing
Irom that noble lord, that his majefty*s
Diniiiei-$y after having fo fully approved
•f what his lordlhip had done, would (hare
the refponfibilit^ with him.

In the boufe of lords, on Monday,
February 17, the mafqitis of La'nfdowne
begged leave to trouble their lordihips
wito ibme obfervations previous to his
propofed motion for concluding a peace
with the French nation. He nmtted
that a motion £0 neceflary, and to juft,
neither a^uated by perfonal interell, nor
influenced by paitv, bad not been admted,
it it ought, by his majeft^'s miniiUrs.
He had long tegarded the war and all its
circumdances, proQie^s, and dfi^» in
the moft impartial manner, and did not
heiitace to pronounce it unjoft, impolitic,
mtd fa^l. Whatever was the neceflity
urged at the onftt, nothtt)g but danger
oecutred in the purfbit. The allies had
lelkwcd fflcaTurea htthcrfo tincKamplcdj

and they had gainad nothing by fhtm»
Two campaigns had elapied, and nothing
efie^lual nad been yet oUained : a third
was approaching, and nothing cfieftual
could be hoped tor. It might be uiged b
fupport of the necefHty of our jotniiur the
league, diat the French were pofleOed at
that time of the Low Countries, and threat-
ened the immediate invafion cf Holland |
and that by our interference Holland had
been refcued, and the French fubdued hi
turn. This, hbwever, was notdeeifive.
He reminded their lordlhipa, that it waa
merely the cafual and precaribtts chance of
war i that by a battle the Netheriands
were loft, by a battle reflored, and by a
battle might be conouered agam.

He was aware alfo, that a foreign offi-
cer and engineer, general Mark, of ex-
treme fcience and erudition, and of ac-
knowledge (kill in military taftics, bad
arrived in this country, to pcopofe a new
plan of operations, from wnich the moti
profperous fuccefs might be anpired. Not
to difcredit the counfel of this fcientific
gentleman, nor to iniinuate any mifap-
prehenHon of the utility of his plans in
particular, he would be bold to declare,
that he difapproved of any reference to one
individiul for the advantages of war { nor
would he depend on any fingle jperlbn,
however boafted his abilitiea, for the pro-
bability of fuccefs in an a^^ion fo complex
and uncertain. The fyftem which had
been adopted from the commencement of
hoftilities was extraordinary, dangerous,
and unexampled. He meant the inrafion
of France. To open an inroad to die
heart of France, was not only wild and
impolitic, but directly contrary to com-
mon fenfe, and to the opinions of almoft
every general or author, ancient or mo-
dem. He did not fpeak ab(b*a6Udiy on
the fubjcft : his opinions were neither fpe-
culative nor ungrounded. He had con-
futed the bed authorities, and oonfenvd
with the abled military men ; and he had
the moft indifputable te(Hmony, that of
h&. What was the Erd objeft of the
allies? To march their armies dirough
Champagne. This expedient waa inef-
feaual. What was the next objea ? To
enter Prance by Lifle. This was alfo in-
efie6lual. Then thejr attempted Dunldrk.
llus was equally mcffedual $ and thus
might they perfift, to their own ruin and
difgrace, and flili the projeft be vaiiu
Did not the duke of Marlborou|g;h foretell
the futility of attempting to pais the froa-
tiers ? Confult every officer or audior firora
marfhai Schomberg to general Lk^d, who

FQR MARCH, 1794.

««5

wast be befieved, the ltd that had written
on that fubjefly and they have all main-
tained that it would be obftinate, extra-
ira|[ant» and expenfive, to meditate Aich
a icheme^ or endeavour to carry fuch a
projeft into execution. Their aflertions
were exemplified in the operations of tht
two laft campaigns. Already laviih of
money and blood to no purpofe, hefeared,
in a future campaign, the arms of the al-
lies would be attended with the fame un-
fortimate fuccefs. Thirteen millions were'
now voted for the fervice of the war, and
inftead of making a ttnSt examination in-
to the pipers and treiities on the table, in-
Aead of weighing the advantages and dif-
advantages of the war, and determining
upon the policy of its continuance, he was
iomr to obierve, that they had only c^uoted
foflages from a pamphlet upon the mten-
tions of the French republic, and made an
examination into fome of the characters of
its pafi and prefent rulers. It iiould be
recoUdled, that the deiijps and intentions
of to-day, may be frumated or refigned
to-morrow, and that rulers follow each
other in quick fucceflion, as various in
/chara£ler as different in principle. What
occaiion'was there for any abftraA reafbn-
ing on BrilTot's pamphlet ? His party was
no loneer in power, nor did any part of
his fyftem exift. But the nation ftill re-
pained firm and emboldened, ddjperate
and refolved. Inftead of fubmitting, as
had been prefuppofed, to the offers of the
allied armies that advanced againft them,
they oppoied augmented numbers, and
flung the gauntlet of defiance.

Seven years would foon elapfe, in which,
according to the relations of hitfory and
the experience of other nations, we (hould
find frefli legions haftening to the combat.
At the dole of every fevcn years, upon a
fair and eftablifhed calculation, a new j;e-
oeration fucceeds, able to bear arms and
dilate laws. What then was to be ex-
pelled, but that the war might be cairied
pn till the children, who at the commence-
ment of the war were initiated in the fenti-
ments of their fathers, and the fame ardent
love of liberty and thtir country, fliould
follow thtii example, and move with
greater and accelerated force. N6 perfon
could deny, however violent his detefta-
tion of the French and of the French go-
vernment, but that the nobteft a£lions had
already been performed, and exploits that
reflected immortal honour on toe agents
fmd their country.

Regard the undaunted courage, hardi-
hood, and patnodfbi of the Fitnch foldi-

ers : i^^P^ *^ aAhrtty, iMMieace, and
fcienceoF their eenerals. Menofobfbire
,origm prefnmed to rufli forward { bv per-
feverance and praftice, difplayea ca-
pacities that aftonifhed roankiiid ) and
triumphed over heroes, redoubted for birth,
education, rank, experience, and know*
ledge. Although tne convention mig^
'be abhorred, yet the(e inftances of intre*
pidity and valour certainly de(crvcd com*
niendation» and proved that our prejudica
againft individuals (hould not extend ua-
juftly to a whole people. When he pre-
dicted what might happen from what had
happened ; when he ieleded, compared*
resuoned and dednced, he could dechue^
that, in his opinion, the French prevail*
itig fyftem was a fyfbm of a^ion and re*
action, of produAion and re-^oduftion ;
though perpetually flying off in pardclei,
yet never exhaufted ; though continually
diminifhing, continually renewed.

He proceeded to the examination of the
treaties on the table^treaties which fur-
prifed him, as they were devoid of any
fixed principle, and deftitute of any bcae>»
ficial compact.

Pmflia was the firfl that attrafbd hia
notice. ' With Pruflia there was no other
natural alliance that had ever before exift-
ed, or feemed requifite, than the peace and
fafetyof Germany.— Whenever tmy part
of Germany was attacked by the reft, the
kine of Pruflia reftri6led the invader, and
prelerved the balance of power.

He took a retrofpeft of the policy that
formerly fubfifted in the courts of Vienna
and Berlin, and reflected on the wars be*
tween Jofeph the fecond and Frederic the.
Great. He then compared the conduA of
the ancient government with that of (he
pre(ent. Behold, faid he, the jealoufy of
the two courts is removed, and an alli-
ance formed,, which, for its oftenfible ar«
gument, is made to refer to the rtftitution
of peace and monarchy in France, but
which, it is to be fuipeaed, fecretly aima
at an extended and^ ahnoft illimitable au*
thority.

Auftria was the next diftinguifhed, for
a cabinet the moft fyftematic and ambittoua
of any in Europe. For a feries of years,
though emperors of difterent families, ha-
bits and complexions, had fuoeeeded to the
fceptre j though her armies had triumphed
or retreated, and though her generals had
continually been changed $ the fanne coun-
fel, had invaiiably been given, and the
fame plans purfued. The real obje£l of
Auftna was the a^^andifement of power,
and that aggrandilemcnt which the other

ftatea

a<4

THE UNJIVERSAL MAGAZINE

^iatn of Xurape hid hopetofixe (b con-

itamly apd orefuUy pcevtnted, was now

in ^t effe£led f fava^ia was completely

iubjeibd to the Auftri^n yoke, altWgh

lioiuded by a fair but faiiib appearance of

)icr ancient liberty : this artifite was ac-

fompijfhed ua<ier the fpecioqs pretext of

^jpcduciog France to monarchy and order.

.He ditcourfed at lai^ u(x>n this bead, and

,€oncl\ided with his reprobation of the

. treaty with the emperor^ bccauk it neither

guaranteed us» nor feemed to lead to any

tavourabie ifliie.

Ruffia, that Coloffus of Europe, next
^-a^ed his attention ; he juttified himiielf
^ in calling that vaft and unbounded empiic
* the Cblouus of Ewope, by furveying her
conqueH of Poland, and htx extended ter-
ritories into Tyrl^y. Rufiia was a power
' fb enormously gigantic, and of fuch terri-
^c afpd^, as to he viewed with awe, and
giiarded againft with the lutmoft dread.
. The ceflTion of Oczakov^jbe confidcrcd as
extremely wrong, and inimical to die in-
terdl and faiety of Europe. Kutfia now
.poflfeflcd the unlimited navigation of all
the rivers that flow into the BUck Sea
. /buth of the Danube. Her incrcaiing
power wa« fatal to the induftry, to the
^nfumption, to the prosperity and im-
portance of every other pow/er. Already
j^yur inanuladures and confumption had
been leilened by her thrift and circum-
ipe6lion, and our induiby been greatly
chf^cked } not did he dopbt but that in a
. iiort period they w4>uld fu^er by her
iDeaps a general Uagnation.

He deicaiited on the imprudence and
dangei* of permitting this alarming aggre-
gation to proceed To rapidly | and by way
of illuftrating how rich our merchants
were, and how much they derived frtm
theindnftry and commerce of this country,
. he relatt:d, (hat one ot theip had afluml
him, while in the treifuiy, that if he
jnrere willing to allow a large and appa-
fently exorbitant {alary for all his con-
pn&St he never vyo^ld or could allow him
^ proportionable falary to the income be
. feoeived tliertfiom. It therefore the wealth
and trade of one merchant was fo immenfe
and boundlefs, how much caution ihould
be uled, left the trade and wealth of a
. great body of merchants of adequate crti-
ipation become fubverted and ruined by
pur narrow prejudices.

Referring to Spain, he conceived the
treaty oppofite to every arrangement of
Juiy former period. He reviewed the
tjcaty of 1686, and the treaty of Worms,
wliic^ a^ |tatt:ixnen hod concuircd i;i.
. . ' 7

calling the fundamental cftablMrnKSt of
Europe. Wlien be compared the condo^
of adminiftration with that of thole tlbf-
trioiis peribns who iigned th«: treaty of
Worms, he lameoted that they were nei-
ther direAed by the fame motives, nor.
guided to the &me efiea. What wcle
the dcHres of Spain he did not imagine dif-
ficult to difcover ; and then, in a firain pf
adnurable irony, expatiatK^d on their dif-
content at Toulon, their defeated hopes of
gaining the Fiench navy, their mortifi-
cation at thepreteience which the Touionefe
pvt to the knglilh. and finally the roo^
jealoui'y and animoGty that roufi ca-
fue. He commended the noble, gravd,
and individual chara^er of the Spaniard,
but cxprefled his difapprobation of the
S{>ani(h government, as founded upon the
principles of a dark and myftrrioy s policy, .
and a jealous and ambitious enterprize.

His lord(hip next commented on the
treaty with Sardinia, and animadverted
on the conunanding tone we had affuoied
toward the grand duke of Tuicany and
the Qenoefe i;ppublic, to compel them to
reootmce the neutrality. He maintained,
that this imperious manner, however con -
ijftent with the pommon behaviour of ad-
minillraiion, was impi-oper, and might
heicaftcr he injurious to our intereA*
What muft the feelings of tbegi-and duM
be, to find liimielf treated like a Have,
and thrtratened into obedience f His lord-
Ihip read the various ftate papers that
palkd between lord Hervey, his majcfty^
Charges des Affaire^ at Vlorencc, and M,
de la Fk>ttc, the fecretary of ftate to the
gi*and duke. From theie he infeiTed a
variety of conclufions, all deiogatory to
the dignity and piide of Tufcany, and
degrading to the ulual magnanimity of
Great Britain.

When I firft penned thefe papers, faid
his lordftiip, I was indujrcd to believe that
the noble lord at the court of Florence,
dcfcended from a family of high rank a«4
fituation, might have been induced by the
confcipufncs of his own fupcriority, a^ul
the animated zeal for his country, to aT-
fume this lofty language ex *voiuttiaUji
but from a fubleouent paper, it is evident,
that tlie high infutting menaces denounced
again It the grand duke, in ca(e of his neu-
tral pcrfeyej-ance, were dirtaied by tlie
3rltiin cabinet ; and confequi:ntly the qo.
blc lord js exonerated froi^i any imputa.
lion erroneoully thrown out agamft him.

Let us, however, confider whether fuch
language was juftiftable. Let us remem^
her who |lje grand du)^ ia, how augot^

hi%

FOR MARCH, 1794.

217

his peribn, how nobl3r related, and what
hereafter may be his fituation ! Brother to
the emperory and by the fudden revolu-
tions that have lately happened ip that
family, and which may happen ag^in,
perhaps, heir to the Imperial throne : the
time may foon arrive when he may feelc
the opportanity of revenge, and have the
itieans of it. The late king of Spain never
forgave the bombardment of Naples when
he was in it ; and it mav be equally pro-
babie, that the grand duke ot Tufcany
may never forget the diftionourable ftation
to which we ra(h]y endeavoured to reduce
him. Do toinifters beh'eve that there is
no virtue, no fenfibility in royalty ? Do
they fiippofe, that among other (enfations
of which mankind are deprived when they
ii^equent a court, that they alio lofe their
memory ? Whatever may be their fenti-
ments on the prefent occafion, there may
be a moment in which they or their fuc-
cvflbrs may unavailably i-epent of their
pi-ide and temerity.

Befide a multitude of other reafons for
reprehending die treaty with Sardinia, one
particularly occurred, which was, our
raihnefs in entering the Mediterranean in
an boftile manner. It had been frequently
Dated, that as we could have no neceffity
ever to pafs the bar, it would be madnefs
and impolicy tm do it. This argument
was (lengthened by others 5 fuch as the
natural alliance that might again take place
between France and Spain, to the preju-
dice of this kingdom, &c.

His lordlhip then made fome brief ob-
iervations upon the fame dictatorial lan-
guage we had ufed tpward Swiflt^rlind,
Denmark, and Sweden. The manifei^oes
which pafled between lord Fitzgei-ald and
the Canton of Bern he recited, and de-
dared that fuch treatment toward a go-
nernment Co wife, virtuous, and well re-
gulated as that of Bern, was defer ving of
the ftiarpeft rebuke. He pronounced a
panegyric on that government, and de-
clared, that if all the world were inundated
with folly, wifdom would leek rehige in
Bern, would there raiie her temple, and
ibU have adorations offered at her Oiine
from the pure and iimple but enlightened
Swifs.

From Bern his lordfliip turned to Den-
mark, where the condu£l of adminidra-
tion was equally noble, laudable, and juft.
The reply of count Bcrbnftofffe to omt re-
monftmnce^ he averred, was one of the
boideft, vr'Mkf and motl honourable re-
plies he h^ ever read. It was a ibte
paper that flkould be kept as a model fbr

every cabinet in Europe— a paper which -
was coniiftent in all its parts, and which,
the more it was ftudied, would be the
more admired.

The next aucftion was, what was the
propofed objcCT of the war > and the reply
■ was, the reftitution bf the aid govern-
ment in France. Could any thing be
more abfurd ? yet even in this^ reply, as
in every thins* elfe, there was no con-
fi(tency ; for all the allies appeared to a6l
upon difierent grounds, and have feparate
views. Some demanded the reftitution of
the wretched, worn-out, deftruftive fyftem,
while others aflftd for the conftttution' of
1 7S9. The allies had proceeded alfo upon
different grounds, and all with the fame
folly and mconfiftency. Firft, he briefly
recapitulated the duke of Brunfwick'g
manifefto, that fupreme mafs of abfuixlityy
and exculpated the duke by a reference to
his former charafter as a fovereign, a po-
litician, and a general, as a man of an
enlarged mind and excellent heart. Hif
charafler had. however been latterly render-
ed odious throughout Europe by the pub-
lication of this very manifefto, and hid
fubfequent retreat ; though this invafion
of France was nothing more than a mad
and vain attempt, and the whole he be-
lieved planned and commnnd^d by the ca-
binet at Berlin. The retreat, though Cq
difhonourable to the duke in the public
eftimation, was applauded by every mi*
litary man, for the time, who had the ma-
nagement and execution of it. If blamo
attached any where, it was to the inva-
fion I for when the retreat was found ne-
csfl'ary, it was condu£led in the wifeft and
beft manner. After him, other general*
had introduced thcmfclves in the wide field
of politics and armed exertions. He ineant
the prince of Saxe Cobourg and general
Clairfayt, the one 'of exalted hiith, and
the other of afliduity and experienced vi^
lour I yet neither of thele had fucceedeJ
much better than the Pruiiian prince,
though ihidied in the moft a6live icrfobl of
war and pohcy. The fame inconfifteney
was ftill manifwil, for upon the defediou .
of Dumourier, prince Cobourg firft
publi/hed a raanifefto, wherin the virtue,
reftitude, an4 mcalures of genei-al Du-
mourier were highly extolled $ and in
about tour days after, the fame general
pubiiflied anorhcr maniftdo which contia-
dialed all that he iiad formerly aflerted*
Adverting to the declarations that had tin-
ceafingly been made by the allies, refpeft-
ing &.t\r detei-mination not to intermeddle
wiik the ' ix2ter.ial government of France,
£ e nor

ai8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Mr to proceed with any intent of conqoeft,
be ihould prove ho«* firmly they adhercii
to thcfe determinations by the manifefto
<5t' general Wurmfcr when he entered Air
face, by the capture of Valenciennes in
the name of the eniperor, and the furo-^
mons of Dunkirk in the name of Great
Britain.

On theTe topics he enbrged with mi'<-h
force, thongb not much novehy of argu-
ment. He maintained, tliat the evacua-
tion of Toulon, wiib all its confccutive
eviU, was a jutt reward for Our breach ol
faiih, and our pit)cecdtng in an olFenfive
war. While tlte FiTnch toufined them-
felvet within th^ir own irontici't they were
fuccefsfiil ^ but the men who at that time
foueht like heroe*;, loft ail their energy
ana refolution when ilefccnding into Ger-
many. So it wa« with the Germans, on
the other hand, in the fame manner, and
fiich woidd almoft always be Aie differ-
I'Hce between an oficnfive and delenfive
war. The reaibn in one degne, too, was
obvious, why a defcnfive war fhould he
attended with better fuccefs. The men
were infpirited by familiar obie6ls, and by
obje^s mort thrar to them. Whatever was
. wanted for the ufe of the atrmies could be
more cafily obtained, and could be paid
for by aiTi^nats, or other paper or mode
of circulation among themklves, without
any niateiSal di^vantage. When mili-
tatin{^ in a foreign country, they wtrs
divining '4heir own refources to enrich
ftrangei^Sf and obtiged to expeud their .
^xscie.

He was well aflitred, firom the moft
CKdihle authority, that the fiege of Mentz
created more diflati»fa6lion among the
^piilace of Paris, than any other circum-
bance during the whole campaign ; and
that perpetual were the complaints at the
expence of tranfporting provitions und
anillery beyond the Rhine.— After this he
compatTd the declarations of lord Hood at
the lyiTcnder of Toulon, with what had
recently happened, and inveighed vehe-
mently againtt the violations oi fahh, and
the propoled reititution of a government fo
weakenetl, diikbled, and worn-out, that-
it could no longer ftand. He rtmembtred
that lie had been at Paris about fixteen
vears ago, and upon his return to Eng-
land, in a private converfarion with tiiat
bte worthy and able politician lord Chat-
bam, he was aficed his opinion of the
FVeitch nation and French monarchy. Ue
repUed, that he ftippofed the French mo>>
utrcliy in the zenith of its glory. *• Ahv
y<ou are a ycwg man, replied lord C^tiaw

hftm, but I coald teach fdn 40 MA
oCherwile, for fo £tf it the Freock rk>»
narchy from the xenith of its gfaryt <^
I fufpe£l it has declined fo imicb as foam '
to iet in night.* By way of cpfbtcing
this opinion, lord Chatham nefatted, that
wlien at Dijon he had read a piochmation
of the king which was pofted tip on one
fide of the nreet, and on turning abo«it lie
read a proclamaiion of the poriiaroentcoiB*
tradi^lory in every article pofted on tfaa
other. Hence he refloEied on the <1»*
deofion and fall of monarchy in France.

After a variety of oblervatioos of tba
fame tendency, the aoble marquia re-
marked, that we were perpetually blar»-
ing the v blent language which was cdcil
againft Great Britain in the French coo-
veution, while in our own afiembhet wa
were no lefs giiiity. If wc branded tkeir
pi-oceechngs with the opprobrious title of
anarchy, we mufl expect to have our go-
vernB)cnt marked with the fcomfiiriiarac
of tyranny. It was now high time tbar
we fhould adopt a nobler behaviour, and
become ourfelves a great example. Let
England hold her lumd out in amity to
France, and he would pledge hinnfidf tfaat
France would come forward more than
half viray to meet it. It was ulelefr to
think of reducing France, as had been
allerted in a very excellent pamphlet, and
written too by an avowed arilioccat, aad
a man well approved of by moft o( the'
allied powers ^ he meant the pamphlet of
, M. Mallet Du Pan, from wliich he ii!-
Ie6^ed a few extra^s $ and concluded his
fpeech writh the fotiowing motion.:

« That an humble addrd's be preiented
to his majefty,

^ To reprefent to his majefty, that the
events of the laft campaign have demon-
ftrated the exQieme improlubility of con-
quering France, even under the finguhur
circumllance of a general confedoracy
formed againft her :

< That the duration of an extenfive
confetleracy, neceflarily How aiid iii-com-
bined in its operations^ is not to be de-
pended on from day to day, and formed,
as the prefent is, with powers, who, it is
to be apprehended, trom the exhauftod fbte
of ttieir finances, wafted by p^ofufion and
war, can only fulfil their engagements to
us by being fubfidized, the great burden
of expence and odium muft ultimately fell
upon Great Britain and Ireland :

< That were the war to be ia £uture as
^eeefsfiil, as it has hitherto prowdMl*
verfe, it ought not in found |K»li€y to be
contiaucd, becauf^pa acqutfitiOMofi ttf*

ntpry

FOR MARCfer, I ^^4-

titDTf a^n be of realy and much lefs of
adcqiMfe. beiiefit» at the rifqae of prolong-
tng the prefent, and laying the lotindation
••f futorewrars:

' That a loft to the nation incaktiUMe,
ftnd almbft beyond imagination, inuft M^
kiw from the diminution of produA and
^onfmnptioB ; the ftagaation and deftnic*
tion of capita), and ilie general decay of
trade, which have ariien m the place of
that rediiAion of debt and taxes, which
we were taught to expeft, and which i$ fo
cflcntial to our external independence, antf
jto our internal tranqoiJIity and happinefs.

* That the dirniembem]ent<of Prance, if
Attainable, fe far from fecurin^ the ba-
lance of power in -Euiope, muft endanger,
if not overturn it ; as it cannot f.iit to
augment the ftrength of the greater Eu-
xopean powers, who, from their ambition,
«nd the poftcy w^ich they have lately
adopted of aAing in concert, already
thf eaten the extindlion of the independent
liates of the feoond and third order, upon
^'hofe prefervation the libeities of Eui'ope
iBlTentially depend.

' That opinions and (entiiMnts otice
afridely difleminated cannot be controlled
by arms, and tberefiore it behoves every
government, which would guard againft
the pronds of democratic principles, to
void the evils which gave birth to them
in France*

* That the obedience paid by the Fivnch
aaiion to its provifionary government,
wtien in the a£^ of oppoftng a confederacy
attempting to control its interior, though
a ftrong proof that the prelrnt war is more
likely to confirm than to deftroy f^h a
government, yet is no proof that the
Frcaph nation will continue tliat obedi-
ence to it, provided we fuffer them to re-
turn to aiftate of external peace, while it
noay be yet time for the national good fenie
to operate p

* That experience has demonftraied the
futility ot every attepipt to interfere in the
intonataif^rs of France, even if the in-
juftioe of it were problematical, and that
wemuft deferve the efcepeft reproach which
a nation can incur, if, to Itrrve the mere
occalionai purpofes of the confederacy, we_
encourage further revdts in that country,
where we find that we are unable to fui^l
our promifes of prelent fu^iport, ortt) fave
thole who have put a confidence in us
|rom ruin and extermination.

* Thexefore, to implore his majefly to
dtelare without delay, his difpoAtion to.
make peace upon fuch dtfmteretted and li- •
teral teri9S as aie beft cai^alated to render

aip

the peace betwana any two aations bfting i
and to commtinicaiK fuch declaration to
bis allies, that an imoKctiate enri may be
put to tint daUy elFulion of human bIood»
which, if fuflmd to proceed, mud change
the charaf^er of the aations of Europe^
and in the place of that improving fpirit of-
humanity which has till lately ditiingutilt*
ed modern times, fubftitute a degree of
£ivage ferocity unexaaapled in the anaalt
ofnunkind.'

EarlTitzwiUjam faid, that the peopit
of the country confidered this war on our
part as a dcfenfive war. It «ras evident'
the French meant to give law to all £a«
rope, and to carry their principles into
the heart of eveiy >other cocmtry ; princi*
plet which, if propagated witbout opposi-
tion, muft be tremendous to every other
part of tla; known world ; and of the in*
tenti^n of the French to pnmsgate then
there could be no doubt, for tbnt waa
confirmed by their a£ls.. This was iltuf-
trated beyond a doubt by many fa£)s, and
aumifefled from the authority of BrifTot, .
who was the firft advifer of the declai-ation
of war by the late king of France agaiaft
the empeior. Briflbt had finoe declared
that this war, on the part of the French,
was not a war for conquet, in order to
gain territory merely, cur ambitiQa onhr,
hut a war ot defiru^ion to every lawful
government. His lordihip obierved, tliat
althcaigh he regarded this war on our part
as a defenifve war, yet it did not thenoe
fallow that we (bouki not be vtrf a^ive in
our mtsfuiTSi The obje£^ of the motion
n<Kv before their iordihips a])peajTd to be
hiehly obje^ionable, to call on liis mar
jciy to make a didinA fpecification of the
mode in which the war was to he carried
on, and in dire^) violation oi all the
ti'eaties by which be is engaged, to call on
him to abandon the common caufe, with-
out coofultarion with any of the other
powers. This appeared to him to be
highly improper i ior we fiioukl at all
times pay a high regard to the fpirit of our
treaties, and w^were bound in honour by
the prdcnt treaties. With regard to
peace with France, we liad no hopes of ic
•under the preltnt fyilem, unlefs we were
prepared to (acriHce every tlung that was
dear to us $ for we had lately been told by
one man in the national oonventton, tiiat
we may have peace it we plealie, but be-
fore we have it we mull: give up our con-
fliiution. What after this was to be faid
of the ho|oes we bad of obtaining peac^i
under the pref^t fydem of government
iji France } What were we to txpedlt, if
£ e a wa

S2d

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

we were to wkixlraw from the prefent
league, or to become paflive ? The beft
way to anfwer that, would be found by
looking at the conduA of the French when
they invaded Savoy. They openly de-
clared they attacked Sardinia, becaufe he
was too weak to defend himielf. It was
now ao avowed principte in France, that
the wraknefs of a power was a reafon for
attacking it.— Would^ we propoTe terras
of peace with France, we muft diiband
our army, or quit the territories of tlie
republic, and then what fecuhty had we
that any honourable terms would be al*-
fented to on their part ?

The duke of Grafton iaid, that there
might be feme who thought that it would
avail nothing to fupport a fide of a queftion
againft a great fuperiority : he confdTed
he was not difmayed by that coniideration j
for he was old enough to remember, and
to fee a fmall minority^a minority flan*
dered by addrefles to his majefty from difi
ferent part> of the kingdom, and by other
productions, and all this foradvifing peace
with America j and yet fome of the very
perfons who were Co angi-y at firft with
this advice, adopted it, and the imall mi-
nority grew up into a large majority in the
kingdom. -What then was to be dreaded
in this, any more than had been encoun-
tered and fubdued in that ? Nothing.
The motion was calculated to promote
the real welfare and profperity of the peo-
ple of this country j and he believed that
if right meafures had been taken fume time
ago with regard to continental affairs,
, hundreds of thoufands of the Jives of our
fellow-beings would have been faved ; and
he faw nq reafon why fuch fteps ihould be
proceeded in. He had fome time ago
heard indeed, that we ouglit to I'tytoCo a
confidence in minifttrs : but wli^ fo
much blood and treafure were to be wafted
by their fchemes, and that too unnecefla-
rily, confidence in minifters was a new
doctrine to him } and he vt.'as fure it was
entirely unconftitutionai. There were men
who were intercfted in continuing the
iyftem, theeffe^s of which were fo heavily
ielt. But he believed not many of their
lordfhips would den^, that, vei-y alarming
confequences might arife out of that con-
tinuance. We know very well, that we
were two years ago in a fbite of great en-
viable prolperit) $ perhaps as few wquM
doubt we were tremcndoufly fallen fince
that period. For this there muft be fome
caufc J and he was inclined to think there
might be two, each would operate in its
way. The caufes he alluded to were—
Either the building itfelf; although not

rotten at the heart, is in a ftater of danger-
ous decay ^ or minifters were corrupt in
the difcharge of their duty, and by in-
efHcient, ill-judged, or unwife mcalureSy
had brought us to our prtCcnt condition,
from which, unlefs timely prevented, ibme
ierious calamity would betall us. Either
of thele caufes was enough to bring ua
into a fituation, which, unlefs fome re-
medy was immediately adopted, might
end in our total ruin i and he was iure
that a combinatbn of thefe cau(es was
enough to do fo, and perhaps that com-
bination was now working to ihat end
moft rapidly. . They would remember that
about two years ago, the right honourable
gentleman who was at the head of hia
majeftv's cabinet, had, in a fpeech de-
livered with that matchlefs eloquence which
diftinguiAies him, told the pubUc the very
thriving condition of the finances of this
country, the growing produce of our re-
venue, and above ail, the probable prof-
pe£l we had of continuing to ourfelves the
bieiTings of uninteirupted peace for the
fpace of fifteen years. That was in Fe-
bruary 1792 ; the minifter had a£lualiy
calculated our finances upon thatiprofpe£i,
and on it he had built a plan for the ii- ~
<}uidation of our enormous debt. At that
time he could not be deceived as to the
affairs of France, for there was not a An-
gle emigrant from that country that was
not a friend to the old govemmenr, and
from whom he could not have received any
flattering details of the good diipofiijon o(
the then ruling party in France j and yet
with all this advantage from infoimation
that could not flattei* hitn, he was pieafed
to hold out to the public a prolpeci of the
blefTings of peace for- htieeii years toge-
ther. What did this teach tvu y man of a
reflt6ling mind to infer ? Eiihci* ih.«t \he
minifter was infincere at the time he held
out this language, or that the lyftem on
our parr with refci-ence to the politics of
the continent was changed : the firil was
an uncharitable, the fecond a fair infer-
ence. He would take ii then that we had
changed our f^ftem, and that we were
now to iniift on a particular form of go-
vernment. On this he muft own he had
no idea of our fuccefs ; nor did he fee
juftice in our mterfering at any time in
the internal government of France, or of
any other country. He had heard indeed
that the French infifted on altering oui'
conlbtution, before they would con-
lent to be at peace with us j but be be-
lieved that if there were wii'dorn in our
councils, and proper terms were offcitd
for peace with the French, our ccnliitAi-

tioi^

FOR MARCH, 1794:

tiQo would not be in any danger- He
had heard much i^id againft the violence
of the French, and the defperatiqn of their
cauie, as maniiefted by their debates in
the convention ^ and much reliance was
placed on the pamphlet of Briflbt, to prove
thav the French are determined on the
ddftru6lion of ail other governments : he
owned he did not agree to fuch a conclu-
fion* We had in our houfes of parlia-
ment faid as hai-d things of them and their
government^ as they could fay of us $ all
this was nothing but haftinefs, and would
foon be fet aiide by opening a train of ne-
sociation, which hacl been too long neg-
le^ed ; indeed, fuch iteps had been taken
as had tended much to mfiame the whole
of the French people. One of thefe was
the manifefto of the duke of Brunfwick, a
performance which had been the cauie of
much ihedding of blood. It was but juft
that the public of this counuy Should
know whether our cabinet knew any thing
of that publication. It' it did, he was
forry th^ did not proteft againft it. If
they did not, it was infolent in the cour-t
ot Vienna to conceal it from us, at a ino*
t ment when it mult have been in tlieir con-
templation to bi'ing us into the league ^
and while we reniained dlcpt on that fub-
je€t, the people of France would confider
the ientiments contained in this manifeilo
as the (entiments of the king of Great Bri-
} tain. The iame obfervation was applica-

ble to all the other manifeftoes and decla-
rations of the alHed powers. He con-
cluded with obferving, that with regard to
himfelf minifters ought to fee by looking
at his condu^l for years, that he was ac-
tuated by no motive of perfonai hoiiility
^ to tliem. But on this occafion he felt
himielf bound to a£l the part he did. He
adltd fiom tiie fenfe he had of his duty to
his king>- to his country —and to himlclf ;
and viewing all thefe as he did, he found
hlmfelf bound mod folenmly to declare it
to be his opinion, that from our continu-
ing the prefent fyllem, the throne itfelf
may be in danger— the country may be
ruined ; and he ihouUl feel it a matter of
internal reproach from his confcience,
fuch as wouid far every dcltroy the tran-
quillity of his mind, Ihould be conceal
irom their lordihips what he now felt with
regard to the prefent momentous con-
teft.

The earl of Carnarvon thought the mo-
tion DO lefii than a direct acknowledge-
ment of the French republic. The noble
pcribns who urged this motion, had in-
deed talked of peace withFrance, but they

12 1

had not told their lorddiips how. it was
polTihle for this country to obtain any
peace that could be honourable or lafting.
H^ had heard it aiked, what was the ob«
jea of the war ? To which he anl'wered,
the objea of the war was explained by the
decree of the national convention of the
1 6 th of November 1 792, which if we fuf*
fcred to pafs bv in filcnce, we muft aHow
tlie French to legiflate for us, and we mull
give up our conftitution. The obje^ of
the war was— to defend this country and
its government againft the confufion, anar^
chy, and violence of the convention, and
againft the infamous fyftetn of the present
rulers of France — to obtain i-eparation for
the paft, and fecurity for the future. He
maintained that thac was no inconfiftency
in the conduct of the allies, who were now
contending againft France, under all the
circumftances with which the war had been
attended ; and particularly be maintained
that the coiiduA of lord Hood at Toulon,
was pcrfe^ly i-egular and proper. He
here read i5art of the declaration of lord
Hood to the inhabitants of Toulon, and
the fubfcquent proceedings. From thefe
he drew concluhons totally different ffxnn
thofe of the noble marquis who made the
motion j for fo, far was lord Hood from
infifting on any form of government in
France, tliat he left the inhabitants to
jud«,e for themfclves ; they were to declare
in favour of monarchy in France, and
lord Hood undertook to prote& them, and
piTcftTve that place, as well as others that
might follow their example, in iruft tor
Louis the XVII, Ibn of Louis the XVI,
he only ppmiled to Iccure to them, as far
as circumftances would admit, the iorm
which they adopted for ihcmlelves. A
noble lord (Stanhope) h;»d on a former
day alleged liiat France had, by Iwr con-
ftitution, given up all idea of interfering
in any govcriimeni but her own. A con-
ftitution it was called, but it rcl'cmblcd
more a collcdlion of maxims than a con-
ftitution, and luch as it was, it had no
fuicc, for it .was ftrangleil in its birtlj |
and even if we wxrs to conclude a peace
with the French under that authority to-
morrow, there was no iecurity for the
continuance of it for a moment, for the
ardour and enthufiaim of the Rights of
Mun would put an end to all tranquillity,
and endanger all the conftjtutions in Eu-
ro|ie, as they ha.1 been endangered, for
tile French might again take it into thtir
heads to plant the tree of liberty in their
neighbour's foil : in ihort there was no
fecurity whatever to be had of the French

for

sts THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

far the panfttnl obAnranceol ai^ of thdr peaces temie they ^vcre filkd wMihmtb

cngagunenls. They had no idea of the of thi« codiitry» and with dedaradoiis of

nature of national hofioiir« national faith, ronky to it. Such exprefiena on one

or the binding force of a national engage- fide tvoold he retra£led» on any ftevr of

nient^ and tnereibfe he v^onld not enter a difpofition for peace m the <mier; aad

into any agreement with then). To illuf- it was our psut, bv removing the obfta-

crate what he had now Aid, he would re- elei which were tinder our own controaf,

ftr to the common couWe of proceeding m to oontribute what was exprftly whbiit

•courts of juftfCe : when any witness was our power» towaixl the fparmg ot human

called to be examined, and when his in- blood. Another difl^l^ in the way of

S^ity or capacitf were doubted, he was peace was ftated to connft in the treatiea

ualiy afked, * What idea have you of the upon thetable. He would not then enter

" ation of an oath ?* If the anfwer was into the quet^ion, how far any trtariea

iniuScient, the court would reftife to ex- cofHAd make it unprooer in that houfe to

amine him j precifeiy to was the cafe here difcufs topici in which the general iwteitft

->the French had no idea of an Jgieeineni was concerned^ and to carrf to the throat

between one country and another, and no fiht refpt^ful expreflion of their o^nioii

reliance could be placed on their promife, upon them. If the motion would lead

IbppofiBg their judgment to be corrtf^ the country into any breach of rreaties« be

upon that fubjeft. Indeed all the ties of flioaldbe the laft to fiipport it ; but it i

nofal obligation were loofened. There certain^ that no departure from them was

was no relip;ion, no morality, no honour, implicated in it.

|M virtMc m France ; there was nothing It was next alked-^with whom couU

in Prance to be dependtd upon in which we treat iiv France ? and the qtieftion was .

civil ibciety was intcrefted. The Deity tKrays intended to fhew, thar no treaty

by name they had degraded ; denied his with Prance could be fecure, on accautc(

lexiftenee ; then tolerated htm j then ad- of fhe ambition and treachery oj^ the wr»

mitted him a member of the jacobin ehib. fons who hold the government there. But

All A^t infamy, bhUjphcmy, and folly, had the ancient government of that coun*

was the effe^ of defpair* What con- try no ambititn-^no treachery f and wcn|

meSlion could be held with fuch peribni f our treaties with that ijovemment alwaya

Their fyilem was to let £tirope in a flame, held to-be fecure ? I^uis XIV had 1

as had been expreiled by Briubt ; and aU by his wars and intrigues, an infatiablc

though he fell, his opponents dif&red ambition ; yet the jieace of Ryfwick was

from him in tli^s point, only in point of advi(ed by the minifters of England. A

time I they a||;r0Hl to the principle of fct- peace with any fort of government in

fim Eufnpe m a flame, tDt matter of ne- France, the noble lord believed, would be

cefllty for the prefervation of the French as iecu« as any treaty that had been con*

republic. J^fides, we were lately' told eluded with Louis XIV. To foppoie, in-

fiom the jacobin chib, and from the na- deed, that the ancient government of that

fional convention by Barrere. that £ng. country was favourable to the tranquillity

land wifhed for peace : that England ihall of Europe, was tu revoke the declai*ations

have peace, Ijut it muft be by facrificing of our anceftors, and to coniradift the ejf-

her coiii^itinion. Let the noble marquis perience of ages. One of the laft mani-

pegociate upon ihefe terms, and ht would feftoes of the laft war declifiped, that the

alk him if he was willing to pay the price ambition of the French ntonarchy had not

which was afked— the facrifice of the <fon- ceafpd to diAurb the peace of Emrope.

ftitution ? It was a price which lie was Tlie argument, that the war was need*-

fure no man in this country would confent fary to the prefcrvation of our conftitution,

to pay. his lordihip oppoied, by contrafting the

The marquis of Lanfdown read the de- happy iituation of the peafamry of tMn
i:laration of lord Hood at Toulon, and country with the wretchednefs and op-
maintained it fully warranted the com- preflion of thofe of France under the M
ments he put upon it. government, aud by ftiewing, that the

The earl of Damley repeated pearly the former v^ere not likely to be mified into a

iame arguments againft the motion as lord difrcfpe^ of the conftitution, wliich had

Carnarvon had done. fo longjprotefted them, by the eftabhii-

Thc earl of Guilford obferved, that u ment qf any form of government in

noble lord had quoted fpeeches, made in France. Tbe ftnreft noode of giving ad-

the convention and in the jacobin club of ditional fecurrty to our conftitution, waa

Paris, which he held to be obftaclea tp by lig;htening the bnrdens4)f die po»ple i

$ anuxki

FOR MARCH; 1794.

* «Mde» mlAA ted hmpily c«miiwiced»
and was •im in Come torwardnefty hnt
-mhkh was nonr iatcmipted by the war.

IVdakeiof Leeds laid, that bethought
aN war Moeffiury to the prefervation of ail
^te ifaa dvar to ua at home* as well as to
cnr honour abroad. The condiift of thia
country toward France, fublequandy to
the revdation, had been ta hr frooi wear-
ing a conplcjuon of hoibiity, that be had
himlelf communicated to the powers there^
by meant of his majefty*s arobaffador at
P*arts, theparticiilarsofa very dangerous
<onMeracy> which he knew to be medi-
tated againft them* This was in one of
tlie iirft periods of the revolution^ and
ought to have been a fufficient teftimony
to Prance of the iendments of thia country
toward her.

Lord Sidney (aid» that 10 agree with
the morion would amount to iMthing left
than a declaration to the throne* that we
dittruf^ed-our arms, our reiburces» and
^be iaith of our allies. His loidfkip-no»
tioed the condud of the French convention
toward Geneva, wjhicliy he faid, was ren*
«iei*ed littie left than an epitome of
» France.

Lord Kinnoul iikewiie fpoke againft the
motion. 1

TTie earl of Lauderdale began by ob.
ftrving, that it had almolt become im-
^poflibfeto deliver opinions in favour of
peace, without being reproached with ,ta-
cobinifm, or to mention the liberty which
Ihould be the pride of Engiiibmen, with-
«ttt being iiTpeSed of favouring the anar-
chy which pcevaDed in Frajice. To fuch
)t height had the arts of mifreprefentatioii
arrived in this country. Yet the perfoos
who propolcd the means of peace» vrane
thofe who oiiered additional ftrength 40
the conlKtmkm, and who, to far from
endeavouring to excite difcontentSy were
taking the fnreft method to prevent them.
Uisiordlhip then congratuhtted the noble
duke ^ho leconded the motion, upon his
'having left the retirement in which he had
eUerved lor ibme time the courfe of public
nffairsi to add his kfluence upon the pre*
ient oocafioiiy to a moft aeceMary and fa-
lutary propofal. While his experience
gjave weight to. bis opinionsy the pAirity of
Sis mettvesy who had long abandoned the
piide of public AattoD» and wh^ now
could have no iiitereft which every ho«
fifeil man m the country might not Aate,
rendcnd him an objea of public ooni*
4ence*

Sam^wuiMXi bad been es^cetHdy tnaty
«f 410 iBMMil changa bad a*aih^laioa m

«2J

affairs £nce the fubjeft bad bifen kft agi-
tated in that hoolcy it IhouM fo feon b^
renewed.. Though the pre&nt diftuflion
difiered confidcrably from that which had
taken pkice noon the addrefsy he wotrld
not appeal to that difference for its juitifi-*
cation, but would thank his noble friend
for an opportunity even of repeating ar-
guments formeriy uied ; for the repetition
muft be attended with good dfeds' upon
fix minds of men> who all fincerely de»
fired peace, as he believed their lorcUhipa
did, aitbongh feme might difler as to tha
mode of rendering it honourabte and f^
cure. During the American war, a very
fmall nunority had peffevered, till reafoa
had, at Icngrh, prevailed, and faved thf
country. Upon the fubjeft of the public
avowal made by mmifiers, relative to tho
origin and continuance of the war, hia
lordfhip contended, that their declarationa
bad gone further than it might be the in*
tentioD of our allies to proceed. Spaia
could fcarcely be confidered as having
thrown off all poffihility of treatiiig wito
the prelent miniliers of France, (incc a
minttterfrom that court bad been accredit*
ed in Paris, after the evoits which led to^
and woe pait of the preient differences*
Holland defired only fecuriiy in future^
and indtimnity for the pall expences of th»
war. It was unneceffary to fay anv thing
of Pruflia, and, as to the fubfidifed
princes, the circumftance of their receiv
Hig money to accompany us in the war^
was a proof, that negociation between
them and l^raoce had not been entirely
impoffible, for.it was to be fuppofed^
that, if the fubfidy had not b^n granted^
they could not havetaken a Ihare in hofti-
lities.

' Hia lordfliip then noticed the circum«
ftaaccs of the laft campaign, and delivered
bii opinion* that upon the whole it had
been an unfucceicful one. No event had
bad taken place in it to make this m
fplendkl period in the Britiih hiftory. It
bad added the annual fum of -^00,0001.
to, our taxeS) and, while the oomnwrce,
which was to defray thefe, was dimtniih-
ing, the meaiure whicb had been adopted
for reducing the national debt, and of
coarie for ledenine the fnihtix taxes, had
been coontera^ecT by (be efieft of cot
iroitlefs campaign.

With refpcft to the provocation thrown
out in FVench fpeeches, there could be nm
end to the war if the two countries wera
to hold fuch circumllances to be gronnda
fer its continuance. Might not the French
tind-jl) «|ie <vi|itmgs of » gentleman, ih^

friend

s^

THE. UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

friend of feveral noble lords, vicJences as
Bumcroiis and conrpictious againft them,
as Barrere or Brilhit had written againft
this country ?

The eail of Carlifle oppofed the mo-
tion.

Lord Grenville took a review of the ar-
guments in fupport of the motion. The
endeavours of the prefent rulers in France
to interfere with the internal affairs of this
country had been doubted by Tome nbble
lords ; but he would repeat what was no.
torious, that, during every moment of
M. Chauvclin's ftay here, no art, no la-
bour had been fpared to produce the dif-
content, which would have been favour.
able to the views of the Frendi govern-
ment ; endeavours, which were iifcd not
by him only, but by numberleis. otlier
agents. It was the nature of that govern-
nient, indeed, if government it could be
calkd, to demand revolutions in others,
an4 ihh had been avowed to be one of its
principLf by M. Briffot. To infure the
permnneiicy pf the republic, he hud faid.
It was neceffary to light up the four corn-
ers of the world j the fecurity of the re-
public had demanded war, and the}' had
therefore declared it. The fpceclics maoc
in the French convention and in the ja-
cobin club, had been faid to have been too
' often mentioned in that hoafe ; but it was
not only in looli? fpeechcs, thafcvtlie ma-
lignity of tlie French againft this country
wan to be traced ) it exifted in their writ-
inp, and not only there, ^ut in the formal
rcjwrts, made by the committee of pub-
lic fafcty, which exercifed whateverrihere
was of government in France. And was
It not certain, that the difcontented per-
fons in this country were continually dif-
feminaiing French principles ? Did they
not evci) proftl's to imitate the Frenclv in
their iMajimers, their apfKllauons, their
drds, and their mojk tritiing articles of
dt'coration ?

His lordlhip have urged thefe confidera-
tions for fomc liiTie, advened to the .men-
tion made by a former noble fpeaker. of
•ur allies, and obferved, that, tliou^ it
\yould not become him to fpeak in detail
upon fuch a l'ubje6t, he could affirm, that
only one fpirit animated them all, that of
fupprcifing the anarchy which endangered
every branch of civiliacd fociety. He was
extremely forry lO hear a report thrown
cut, or alluded to, that the war of the In^
dians againft the Americans had been ex-
cited by fliis counuy. Such reporu, not
thrown out in a uivial place, or by trivial
perfons^ but iu dat Iwufe i>y a DobleinaR

of great confideration» became of iaioii#
import, and were likely to do moch inif-

chicf. He could, however, affirm, that
not only had the war of the Indians been
carried on without the afiiffaace of this
country, but our offices had beea tendcicd
for putting an end to it, and even whea
not Accepted, had been employed. , The
condu£l of our public officers in Upper
and Lower Canada had been uniformly
cificumfpe£l and judicious. The whole
report was entirely without foundation.
A charge of inconfiftency had been
brought againft a right honourable per-
fon, who held the chief office in admini-
ftration, bccauiie in 1791 he had held out
a profpe£l of peace, which in 1793 bad
not been realized \ but did not the dificr-
enc«^ between the two periods fufliciently
account for the difterence in bis conduct ?
In 179 a, the late unfortunate Louis XVI,
had begun to exercife the fmall power al-
lotteikto him by the new conftitution, and
bis Brft efforts were for tranquilliztng his
own kingdom, and for prefenring peace
without. — Had the endeavours of tlxat
monarch been fuffi^red to proceed, peace
might have been preferved. But the re-
publican party perceiving, that, if he was
fuffered to aecomplifti bleffings for his peo-
ple, he would become popular, and over-
throw theij' defigns, declared the war, and
thus produced the difterence between the
views of the minifter in 179s, and his
conduA in 1793. *.

The noble lord here argued at confider-
able length upon the internal fituation of
France, which, hcrcontended, was incop.
iiftent with any vigorous or pemuuieiit
maintenance of the war. By the opera^*
tions of the forced loan, the incope of no
nian in France was permitted to exceed
two hundred pounds ; every merchant was
obliged to fell his commodities at a price
tvifo-thirds lel's than that which they bore
before the fixing of tlie maxinuira ; the
farmers were unabie to till their. lands,
their fervants being torc-d into the armies |
and the generals were liwn raifed ftom the
raiiksi without merit, to be the. .viGlims
eidier of the jealuufy which their fuccds,
or of the diicontent which their misfor-
tunes would excite. They were raifed I
from the halbei t to the truncheon, and !
palled from tlie truncheon to tlie guillotine. '
If the French mode of .diftributing private
property could for a moment be coolly
(ynlidered, or be fuppofed ppflible her^
what would become of the great landed
eitate of the noble marquis, or of the
CTQVirn graau of the noble diuke i l£ pco-

paty

FOR MARCH, 1794.

•^

(en/ w«i once to be iovaM« it wt%
perbaM, not diffinilt to know which
would go firft. When he heard that a
lAotion for peace was. to be ma^ aad
ftconded hj fuch meh as the noble mar-
^it and the noble duke^ who had iiUed
the firft fituationt in the covntrf, who
v«ere, of coOife^ confpkuous to the pub*
Ik actcntioa, he had espefled to find it
Apported by &e argumenti of ftatefmen i
bat he had heard none fuch. The tcrmt
of the motion ttfelf were alfo fo indefinite,
that ther could afford no tnftrufiion { for
the conditions of peace, which were liberal
at one time, might be injudicious at ano-
ther, according to the circumftancet of peace was accordi
the period. *-9^?a^-- ^ .

fits lordfliip inquired, with whom were
we to tieat in France f The convendon,
who might he expcAed to mention them*
fdves, bad faid, that they had a hundred
thouland n^Ociators on each frontier. Or,
if it was iettled with whom we fliould
ti«at, who would accept the office of ne-
gociator f His lordihip here ;ioticed the
opinion of another noble fpeaker, that the
campai^ had not been a fuccefsful one j
and ob/erved, that the brave and fuccetf-
fill efibrts of an illuflrious prince for the
t>roteaion of Holland, would mark the
laft year as a brilliant period for this
country.

As to the barriers of Prance, which
had been called hnpenetrable, his lordjQiip dexterouily they might be packed^ did not '
obierved, that the duke of Marlbortogh iole their weight, and there was a point
bad broken thefe barriers, and bis career beyond which tfee packhorfe could n^t be
was interrupted, nOt by the enemy, but loaded. That the French had coniented
by their intrigues in foreig^n courts, and to apply all private piupeity to public uJe,
by a difunion among the allies, iimilar fo which the noble loid had mentioned, was
that which would be efie^led irthe preient a difadvantaee to, this country, fince it
motion were carried. He corcluded a proved bow £voted they were to the con-
ipeech of nearly three hours, hy fome ob- teft. Property in this country was hap-
iervations uoon the ftate of this country, pily fecure, and he hoped it woul J always
the traiie ot which had been vtry (lightly be To much id, thai neither the noble lord,
affe^ed by the war. nor any of his aflcciates, fliould be able to

His lordfliip here c^ntended^ that the touch it. The rendering perfons of all

wntiath tmUmuSsg it might almoft be uom*
smied the (ame peribns had delivered them.
1 he fittie ibrt of teprelentations vrete fie»
quent then, the fiune aflertions of d»
wtakneTs of our antagonift, the fame
doubts as to whom we could treat with»
and the fiime difficulties arifing from the
declarations of the Americans. But par-
liament, by two (hort Unes, had removed
all thefe diflicultiers when they declared*
that tbevdid not iee a necelfify for a fur-
ther odenm war with America, they
virttially aiinulled all thefe harih dechra*
tions of the Americans, and, the two
countries being inclined to make peace*

ace was accoiHin^y very foon had.

Mtnifters fpokebrtbefloarilhing cod«
ilition of this country and of its r£urces
for war; but did they know the fenti*
ments of the merchants and nmnuia^.
rers ? He had a letter in his pocket firm
Birmingham, which mentioned, that 4000
perfons had been added to the poor lifta
there during the war ) and even the ra-
pidity with which our armies bad been
raiied and fleets mamied ^ke the decay
of our trade ; for, whence came our Sol-
diers but firom our manu&flories, or 6ur
ieamen but from merchant flups ?

*The true mode of ^ving a Jditional fe-
curity to the conftitution of the country

wis oy prefarvtng, or increafing thebld-
fings or the people. Burdens, however

law, v^hich forbade, under pain of death,
any Frenchman to propolc peace, while
an -en^my (hould remoio in the eighty-iix
departments, of couric demanded that
Savoy and the Netherlands fliould be ceded
to France, fince tbofe countries were de-
creed to be among the etghty-fix depart-
ments at the paffing of the decree.
The marcfuis of Lanidown (aid, that

periuafions contented with their treatment
was another mode of defending the confti-
tution ; and, fince the catholics had hap-
pily been emancipated, why were the poor
diuenters, in theie times of rumoured
danger, fuflcred to remain in difcontent t
Why noteatend the trial by jury to Scot-
land ?
Miniftert enquired with whom we could

bis reply might be the flrortrr, beca^& treat in France ? That was a fuitable ob

nearly all the arguments ufed ag:<b)ft bis je^ ^or their enquiry, whofe bufinefs it

notion, elpecially thofe of the noble J^ would be to trea^ when negociatio&

who fpoke laft, were Co iimilar to thpic flioUid be^upioved'^of, and there was no

oHered during the American war, whj^h douSr that \fe proper peribns might eafily

bad beta iina^y refuted by cveata, 'thft' b* fisond. .His iordflup pqid faanjr com-

t f ptiset^te

THE UNIV£il?AL MAGAZINE

plimcnts to rtie noble duice who iwui
i'ccundcd the niotiun ; andfuld, that^ hav-
}^^g ccmt: down to the liouie to vote againli
the Amci ican vvai-, fupportcd ouly by four
perlbtis, who had hnally fuccetded in oh-
tainlnq: pracc, he did not doubt to fee die
lUiaJl baud, which w.ii now united and
new Tcouted as vuudi as the ioimcr had
been, (lerleveiing. wirhout a fingle de-
kiiion, nil ihey iud fiually accompUHicd
thJ hu;>py objedl.

TUc houlc divided, for the motion 12,
pioxy I -J againil it 86ipioxics 17, ma-
jority 90.

^ In the.hoiifc of commons, otiTucfday,
Feb. 1 8, Mr. Fox rofe to bring forwaid
his promifed mutioo on thefubjedl of<on-
voys* He ohferved,4hat t)ie great failures '
in the important ttrvicc of convoys, may
not he foiely imputabi<: to the negiigtnce
of government. They might as well aiife
from the want of iicfourccft. 7'h« objoft
e^his motion, which was for an enquiry
into the hufincfa, could bed determine the:
pfifit. It vvcw^d go to txculpate.admjni-
llraiion viFcre it innoc£<n4 ) to hxtbeliigm;^
of ctnAirc,. were it guilty, and thereby-
a^md fiich a leHbn- as vvouid. compel go-
vernment to profit by.^perienee, and en*
fi.u« a proper attention to tlie^onvoyfei**
vice in future.

The firft point he touclied oirwa» tbe
Nawfoundianid and Canada trade. Thi$> .
he.^tU^edi in both the inftance$ of home- '
wsrdbokmd and out-ward-bound, had
iiiffi red* to » coniuierable 4legree by the
culpable iMglet^ of the admiralty, in not
providing ciuiy and adequate convoys.
With vci'pt§t to t^ie Baltic fleets, he con*
feUJcd that he was, in what lie averted 00
a iorn^r night,. .to iotxie degree m if- in-
formed, as well in the circumiiancet» of
the cale, as in the numbtr of vtffeh cap-
tuiied. However it; appeared, that feveral
/IJps of ihait fleet Iiad bctn taken, which
might be attributed, in a ^rtain degree jii
Jcaiir to the failure of convoy. The Afri-
can trade liad- b<i<:D oor.fidtii^bly injured, on
the.iiime accounr^.whidi being convoyjrd
to-*^ certain latii-itde, vvas kk to purlue
thf red of its vpyiige UH:rtfured and un-
proteiUed.

jl'hc t\3de to Germany, hut jnofe. par-,
ticulariv that of Italy and the iouthcrn
pi)|-ts of Kurope/ nej(t engaged hh atten-
tion. I'he.lormer, principally with what
related \o the Hjinbufg.h bufincfv, was dtr
iayed lo long a& to injure conliderably
thQie ^onceriiicd in that tra£c j but with
re^ft to:iheM«diwrranean trade, it fuf-
fcii^d- Very nmcii indeed, - .Tbc grew- d#?- ,

tv , ' *S ' .1

lays which it experienced for want of am*-
voys, fird in the infiance of the^ vcflef*
leaving England,^ and then wh^ they ar-
rried at Gibraltar, being conllgned to a
certain degree to the protection of lord
Hcod's fquadron, operated (o moch to it^
difadvantage, by bemg too laie ibr tbe
great fairs of Salerno and Sen^alia in
Italy, as that the loik' would be long/eit.

The moft important of all, the Weft
India trade, botb homeward and outwsrd-
bouad, had by the fame reafons, he a].
leged, fufifaed in a c^nfiderable de^gree.
The delays experienced by the outward-
bound (bips were near three months, aiuf
t'le inadequacy of the convoy of the borne-
waid bound fleet, eilimated to be wortb
four millions, was (hameful to thofe who
had the ordering of thefe matters j and
alfo the Irifh victualling ihips, upon whofe
anival the well-being of the Weft Imlia.
I (lands depended, had been confiderably
embari-aflld and delayed fpr the want of
convoy.— The Levant trade did not efcape
hu» animadveifion ; the negle£l| with re*
i^-Si to this verv important traffic, did.
not fall (hort of all the foregoing.

In fupport of thefe alkgations, Mr-
Fpx brought forward feveral documents^
which were handed to him, hc^ obferved,.

, front perlbns deeply enjp;aged in the feveral
trades, and whofe lofles were confidera-

. bl^ ^ he alfo read feveral. exti«As from

■ letters from perfons .of the fame defcrip-
tiot), as well as memorials prefented from.
different bodies of merchants, at fundry
puiods, to the admiralty, rcfpe£ling con-
voys : his objeft, as he before observed,
was for an impartial and minute enquiry,
the i^fult of which would be jn every point
of view produflive of beneHjt.«-He then
mov wd, * Tliat it be referred to a com-
mittee, to cnquh'e into the pioteftion Which
the trade of his majeily^s fubje£\s had re-
ceived from convoys during tbe prefeat
war.'

Admiral Gardner obferved, that in oj>-

, polition to tlie voluminous detail now ad-
duced,, be wouki put in a general way the
united and publicJy avowed fentiments of
tht'gixiit mercantile body of the kingdom*

^uhich were, unanirnous in aiTerting, il»t

. upon tlie \yholc, the ti-adc to the ditferent ,
.quancRs had ne vet received f»ch eifeftual.
protodtiun, as during the prefent wai'.
^ 'In fupport of this, the hon. admiral-
brouKbt K>rward feveral extra6ls from of-
fici^rdocuments, whprein were fet forth
•the feveral applications which had been
mode by difierent mercantile bodies for

^^cv^nvoys^. with their datps, {^aiticulars^of

the

FOR MARCH, 1794.

0.1^

Mie nieafures taken by the admiralty in
jconfequence, the different Ihips difpatcbe<>i
on the convoy fcrvlce, the dat^ of iheir
failing, the unavoidable delays on account
of weather, want of men, and the pro-
craftination of the (hip owners themfelves;
from all of which he deduced concluftons
very diflfcrent from what had been drawn
by tlie right hon. gentleman; and de-
nionftnited, fecmingly very much to the
fatisfa6\ion of the houfe, that the condufl
cf the bo£9^ of admiralty was fuch, as in-
liead of cea&i^t^ ^^rved the thanks of
the mercantile intercit.

Alderman Ande^ion fpokc in fMpport
of the oblervations of the lait fpeaker ; he
aflerted, that in confequcnce of the raoft
minute enquiry he could learn, that ©nly
two (hips, which had failed with convoy,
had been taken ^ and that at no period
-whatever a moi-c effe6lual protci^ioy had
been extended to our trade ; as an inftance
of which, he adduced the amount of in-
furance laft year. With refpciSl to the
right hon. gentleman's fa6ts relative to the
Baltic fleet, he obferved, that they were
O'roneous.

Major Maitland fpoke at fome length,
and with his ufual warmth, in fupportin^
what had been advanced by his right hon.
friend, and infjfted on the neceifity of an
inquiry.

Alderman Curtis faid a few words in
defence of the condu^ of the admiralty.
He fecmcd of opinion, that the rate of in-
iuiance was a fufBcicnt criterion of the
compai-ative degree of prote^lion afforded
to our trade m the prefeiu and former
wars, and which he faid v/as decidedly in
favour of the piefent.

Mr. D. Scott offered a few details in
f;ivour of what the foregoing fpeaker atl.
yanced.

Mr. Pybus obferved, that the right
hon. gentitinan*s propoiiiious were lefs
calculated to inform the houfe and the
public of the real (late of the convoy fer-
vice, than to embarrafsmen in i he offices
concerned on the occalion. Had he pre-
viou/ly informed them what his objections
vvere, and ilated the particular meafures
in wliich he thought them culpable, they
could have come toi-ward jwcpared to an-
fwer, and to^refiite what had been ad-
vanced, and not as now, obliged to f.U
low him through an indefinite and uncon-
nefted raafs of alleged fi£ls, fupplied by
unknown perfoos, and in fome inflances
^rom unknown quarters.

He cntctcd into 4 juilificaiion of the

condufl of the admiralty, and allow,
cd that many applications for convoys
had been refufed, partly from iua*
bilitt on account of exilling and univ-
vqidable circumlhnces to comply with
them, and partly on the obvious fcore of
inexpediency, in which cales the requLTi..
tions could be complied with only to the
injury of the other branches of the n.ivol
fervice. However, on the wholc^ he ob^
ferved it was Sufficiently obvious, from
the united teftimony of the mod refpe^la-
ble commercial men in the kingdom, and
paiticularly of all of thofe, with one foli-
tary exception,, who had the honour of »
feat in that houfe, that the trade of tlic
country had jaever genaally been bcttqp
prote6\ed.

Mr. Pitt faid, that .-rfter what had fal-
len from various gentlemen who had op-
pofcd the morion, particularly the hon,
admiral, he did not think there was vitx^
great neceifity for hira to trouble the hoii(^
much, if at all, upon this queftion : h^f
he conceived it to be a queilion of fo miicii
importance, that he felt himfclf ij refirtiblf
impelled tp trefpafs a fliart time upon their
attcnildn. Though the proteftion of thf
trade of this country was of very great
importance, there were other objc6ls tha{
called for the attention of minllby, wliich
were ftill more important iu their confo
quences. A variety of offenfive mcafure^
were to be planned and executed ; larg^
fl(;eis were to be kept in certain places^
and upon particular thuions, without
which convoys would be but of fmall uic.
The miniiler of this coujitiy would con-*
fult very little indeed the inttrell of t^w
people, if, for the purpofcof prolefling
tndc, he was to frlitcj* down and fubdi-
vide the naval force of the country into
convoys, inllead oi' employing it in tlM
great and important objcds of the war,'
Tlic natural confeijuence of luch condu^
mull ir.evitably be the dcilru6lion of thai
veiy commerce which they had afte6kd t«
proteft. The fair quelilon, thciefore, tpi
put to that houle wjs, whether, xronfij-ter-
it\g the great and numerous objefts whicl^
preffed u{>on the attention of inini%n^
fince the commcnccmLnt of tfie war — whe*»
ther, conlulcring the defenceicls (compa-
ratively fpeaicing) fituation of the country,
when the French ib fuddcnly and fo uu-
jnflly declared war agalnll us, and conli-
during alio the peculiar nature of the war
iifclf— whether, having i-eflciSled upon ^\\
thule pomts, nnd then looked to the de-
gree of proicdijn which the trade liad ac-
^ i 1 \ tually

aoS

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINfi.

tiijJly rteuftdf anj ftnout Usme eould
be imputed to tdmmiftntion f '

The rifht hon. nadcmtn hac^ ^r^to
an exammatkm of Lloyd^t bookti (bted
ti^ nuinber of EngliOi ihips captured by
the enemy (ince the commencement of the
war, to be ft 1 7* If he (Mr. Pitt) were
to eftimate the nombery he ihould make
it rather lamr, and ftate it at %%&. The
number of ibtpa which had been taken by
dieEnglift from the French^ amounted
to 133 during the fame periods When
gentlemen rcflttlfd upon the great and
widely extended commerce of this coun-
try, icattered over every part of the world
^-whrn they recoIle£hed ^ circumftance
mentioned by the hon. gentleman who
fpoke Mf that %$o went to and from the
|>orts of Newcaftle and Shields every
month, employed in the coal trade, the
mod dangerous and the larreft of all our
coafting trade—and when they found that
only %^6 had fallen into the nands of the
enemy in the firft year of the war, the on -
Iv ientiment in the houfe and in the king-
oom muft be that of furprife that fo fmaul
a nurobor had been captured.

In the appointment of convoys, many
dH&rent circumftances hsppeocd, arifing
liom a variety of caufes, which rendered
it necefTary (broetimes to delay, fometimes
to alter, and even fometimes entirely to
flop the failing of the convoy. Thotk wlio
fit)>po6, that when an application was
made by nnerchants for a convoy for a fleet
to a j^ven place, that when the Veflel was
appointed for that purpoie, the whole dif-
ficulty was over, were much millakenj
between the time of the appointing and
the fiiling of a convoy, it might happen
that the enemy had alteird the iituation of
a part of their force, which might render
it the duty of the admiralty to give 4
larger convoy, or perhaps to prevent the
fiuliog of it } therefore it might frequently
liappen, that what appeared to the mer-
ebants as negle6^ and inattention on the
part of the admiralty) mi|;ht be the ftrong-
}ft proof poflable of their care and vigi-
lance $ and they could not in all cafts
((ommunieate lo the merchants the caufes
which influenced theif condu£V, without
letting them into their councils, and ftatine
circumftances which perhaps the intereft
of i*ie country called upon them to con-
ceal. To illuftrate this aipiment, he
wdold mention a calc which had occurred
in the prefent war, and which he might
now date without impropriety.— A con-
vey had been appointed for fome merchant
ihips into the Meditcnaccan $ Uiat coxi«

Toy bad been apporatod wKier toe sdcg
that lord Hood would arrive before it la
that iea. It fo happened, that it became
necefTary to take a ^ oJF the fleet which
was to hate gone with lord Hood, for tba
purpofe of fending it to the Weft Indies v
it was thererore necenary to prevent too
convoy finom (juling, as it would probably
have fallen into the hands of the eoemj
when it arrived in the ^^taranean, as
it was impofTible for lord Hood's fleet ta
be there in time to proteA it.

Gentlemen had talked about convoja*
as if it wasjpofTiblc to (end one with every
trading veffel that (ailed. They would
not furely contend, that inilead of form-
ing the tforee great fleets he before alluded
to, k woul4 have been more proper to
have employed all thofc (hips as convoys x
it would not be aflerted, that it was im^-
proper to have a refpe^bble channel flee^
which while it prote6lfd the coail of thia
country from infult, a6ioally defmded th^
trade in a more cfTe^lual mannef'thao con*
voys 1 it would not be cont^deda that if
was wrong to fend one to the Weft Indiea^
and one to the Mediterranean s to the latr
ter it was peculiarly neceflaryi in order fo
give the Spaniards the means of exerting
their force $ becaufc, though Spain, wheal
completely armed, is a very formidable
naval power, yet (he has not the moms oC
calling all her powers into aAion ima«N.
diately. If, then, it was admitted tha^
the condufl of the admiralty in this point
was juftinable and prudent, with what
propriety could they be aecu(^ of neglc6l<«>
ine'the trade of the cAintry ?

rfut the right hon. gentleman, and thoie
who fupportra him, had relied with much
abpearance of triumph uDon^foine memo*
nals which had been preiented to the board
of admiralty by merchants who conceived
that eoqvoys had not been appointed with
fuflicient expedition. The right hon,
gentleman had commented upon fbme
warm expreffions ^ich were contained in
fome of thefe me morials, and had faid that
the board of admiralty ought to have felt
indignation at fuch language being held to
them. He was fure that the admiralty
would feel no indignatior^ : he had ieen
thole memorials betore, and had fdt no
fentiment of that kind, beca^fe lie made
every allowance for men acting under the
impulfe of difappoiutment and of lofs, but
thcfe few folltary inflances could not out-
^■eigh the general tcdimony which admi-
niftration had received in favour of thrir
conduA. Members of parliament, as re-
fpe£lable for the private worth of their

FOR MISRCHj t794«

«*

dorfAtn m Ibr iMr fci|^ c<Anmcrcial
filttatioot. had come fftfvrvd, aod given
the Qwft Oiftinft and uni^vocal proof of
their appv^tion of the mcalbitt adopted
V]r the admiralty ; but that erideiicc which
tRPtot beyond ul other, was that of M
tale of rofarance«->thit wak a teftimony
which could not err. If he was ibonded
in all thofeobfer^tipnst which he thought
p: wasy it w<6uld not be neceOary for &m
to go into a detailed aniWcr to the rij; ht
hon. ^entieman^s arguments about par-
ticttbr branches of t& trade. A few ob-
KTvationsy however^ be would noaJt^**
The firif branch of trade which the right
kon* gentleman had alluded to, was that
to the Bahic Upon that fubjeA be had
iftrith the utmoft ^dour and frankneil
avowed^ that be wU completely mifin*
formed $ at the fame time, however, that
he mroved of the ii^ hon. gentleniaix*s
eantknir in maldnx that confeflion^ he
could not help hoping, that the othier af. ^
^tions which he had made upon this fub-
jeft were not upon the fame authority
which had to complefily mi/led him with
refpea to die Baltic fleet ; but even if they
were upon other authority, the right hon.
gtntleman nmft forgive tne hou(c, if they
frh ibme little inclination to doubt the au-
thenticity of his information, after having
bepi encff" fo completely miftaken in one
point. With rd^ to the Quebec trade,
Mr. Pitt iaid, he was ft«e to confefs that
kmt nary important flatements had been
laid before government by the Canada
merchants, rehtive to the diflerent arti^es
which were demanded in Upper and Lower
(Canada, and as to the tigie which they
fhould be there, in order to be in time for
the Indian fain. He certainly could have *
wiOied to have been able to tuve afforded
a larger convoy } but under the circum-
'flances of the period, ainl the general preC-
fure which there was upon miuifters for
great naval exertions, that convoy could
not be given as he wiibed ; that was, with
refpeA ^ the outward- bound fleet. As
to that coming home, the veiiel appointed
to meet them at the lAe of Bique, for the
purpofe of convoying thtxw to this coun-
try, did go to the appointed pbcc of ren-
dezvous within the time appointed, and
was there informed that the trading veflels
|iad failed fbme time before, without con-
voy.

The next branch of trade mentioned by
the i-ight hon. gentleman, was that to the
Wert Indies. Here alio be wai^ ready to
fldmit, that if it had been convenient, he
/bouhl have been glad if the great Weft
}udia flee( had hai a larger convoy j But

as things were at that time fituated, it
was impoflible.

Thetradt to the Mediterranean had alp
ib aflbrded fcope for gentkmcn to make
obfervadons— R was true, that in conft-
quence of fbme unavoidable delays^ tho
trade def^ine^ to the Italbn and Spanifh
f^irs had been Iofl<«-No man lamented that
circumfbnce more than he did $ but, at
the fanu tim^ could the blame be artriT
buted to the board of admiralty > Thf
Mt delay was occafioned by the reauel|
of the merchants thcinfelves, becaufe tome
of the fbips from Bxeter had not come to
the plaot of rendtzvous. Another delay
of ibme wed&s was cauled by contrary
winds i and after they had failed, a re-
port coming to lord Howe, then reflttinf
at Torba^, that the enemy*s fleet was
out, he lent immediately to order back
this convoy, left they fhould fall into tha
bands of the eneoly. All thefe delayi
were unfortunate undoubtedly, but cer<^
lainly were not th«/filuk, of government*
It had been fiiid that thefe merchants wtre
|p much diflatisfied with government, thft
they wopU not prepare goods for the fiurs
this ye»r, lefl they fhould meet with 4
fiilkifair diftppoii^tnteist* Such might have
b«m the .language of thofe merchants
when glvinff way to their immediate feel,
ings upon their lofs'i but fince then they-
had fmled with the board of admiralty .
refpe^mg their convoys for 6A yeai*, and
fuch arrangements bad been made as
would, he hoped, prevent the repetition of
(jmilar misfortunes. He had now taken
a view of the various branches of ou»
trade} and thou^ j^.^j^ ^^^ contend
that on no occauoi) individual lolTes had
not been fuHained, yet he hoped he had
ihewn that thofe loftes could ix>t be im-
puted to tlie neglc£l of the board of ad.
mii'alty I they were partly from accident,
and partly from the impoflibility of our
exerting our whole force at fb eaxly a.
period of the war j but now, when the ^
navy eflablifhment was fo nnicli increaArd, '
there was every reafon to hope that eveii
thefe fmall lofTcs might be avoided.

Mr. Fox infilled, that there were fufii-
cicnt grounds, from the letters which he
had produced from Leeds, Norwich, an j
Exeter, for the parliameiitary inquiry
which he urged.

Mr. alderman NcwnUam declared', that .
he muft vote for the inqgiry.

The houfc now called for the queftion |
upon which a divlfion took, place, when
the numbers were, for the i2ioiiun4S{
agaiiifi it aot ; majority 1 54*
[To be continued.]

LONDON

*SO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

L O ND ON.<;jZETTgi.

fto^L the London Gazette, of Tudciay,
March ii.

Whitehall, March if.
TT appears by difpatchet which were «.
, * ceived yefteiday by the right Hon. Hen-
ry Dundat, hit majeftyV principal iecrc-
tary of ttatc for the home dq)artn»nr, from
Vtce-admiral lord Hood and Iteutenant-ge-
neral David Dundas, dated St. Fiorenzo
in the ifland of Corfica, the tift and zad
of Febniaiv, 1794, that the tower and gar-
rifon of Mortella funendered on the loih
pf that month; that the itrong redoubt
and batteries of the conv£ntton were taken
by ftorm on the 17th, after a fevere can-
nonading of two days ; that the lame night
the enemy abandoned the tower of Fomel?
•nd two conljderable Jea batteries dependent
upon it : that on the 19th they ivtreated
from' St. Fiorenzo to Baftia j that, previ-
ous to their retreat one of their frigates was
funk, and another burnt in the gulf j and
diat the town, foits, and porf, were taken
poflefTion of the fame day by hb majefty's
land and (ea forces.

The loft of the Britiih confifts of 13
killed and 39 wounded, befides fix failora
iof the Fortitude killed and 56 wounded,
lirom the fire of the fort of Mortella,

From the London Oaxette, of Match ^5.

Whitehall, March 15.
. By difpatchcs, received on Thurfday
• laft by the right hon. Hcniy Dundas, his
Diajeffy's principal fecrctary of 'ftate for the
home department, from lieutenant go-
vernor Williamfoo, dated Jamaica the
. 19th of January laft, and fiom ipajor
iGrant, of the fame date," froifn Mole St.
Nicolas in the ifland of St. Domingo, ft
app^rs, that the united parifhcs of Leo-'
gane, and the pari flies cf Arcahaye and*
Jean de Rabcl, in that ifland, have fur-
rendered to his majefty, upon rhe fame
terms which had been granted to Jeremic,
Cape St. Nicolas, and St. Maix ; and
fhat Mirebalais, near Port-au-Prince, had
ibliciled leave to hoift the Briiifti flag,
which bad been complied with.

AdmiraliyOffice, March 15. The fol-
lowing is an extraft of a letter, received
on ThurHiay laft, from commodore Ford,
commander in chief of his majcfty's (hips*
at Jainaica, to Mr. Stephens, dated Mole
St. Nicolas, the aid of JanOary 1794. *
• I have the Honour to acquaint you, for
the information of the lords cominiHioncrs

of the adnuralty» that die pantea of Jeaa
Kabel, St. Marc» Arcahayc and fiotic^ai
on the norths and Leogaae on die b&k
fide of the Bight, are in our pofleffioD, by
capituUtion, and the Britiih flag flyii^
thereto s anfd, aa our poft at Boucaffin a
wiihm twelve or fourteen mUea of Port*
au-Prioce, 1 proceeded, without I06 d
time, with the iquadion under my com*
mand, to the neigbbourhood thereof, inor*
def to gvve countenance. and pracediaa.
according to the exigenor of the cafe $ and
findmg, 00 jny arrival tbc|e, that the Spar
niardshad taken poffeflioQ of Boi^iic,Oor«
nahives. Petite Rivieine, and Vctset^ I
proofed off Port-au-lVince, in older 10
uiduce a capitulation to the king 9iy maf-
ter J and accordingly fent captam Rowley
of the Penelope, on the ad iaftaat, with a
flag of truce, to the civil commiflEuy Sao-
thonax, offering the lame capitulation which
the mhabitanrs of St. Marc had voluntas
rily accepted, but which hcrefufed in tottw
As I found that intrtaty had no cflfeft, I
determined to eftablifh a blockade, whkk
has continued ever fihce, and not a yaflU ot'
any defcription entered.

From the London Gazette of March i^.

Whitehall, March 16.
Extraa of a Letter fiom Major General
Adam Williamfoa to the Right Ho-
nourable Henry Dundaa, dated King*a
Ijpiife, Jamaica, Feb. 9, 1794.

I have the honour to fend herewith an
exXnSi of a Mter from colonel Whitelockc,
with the parti.culars of the capture of Cape
Tiburtjn. The bufinefs was fpirited ancf
well done.

This poft isof theutmoft importance}
it fecorts the paflage, and, wkli Cape ffi-
ehola- Mole, commands that fine extcnfiVc
bay. (

It ha» alfb drove the Brigands as far
back as Aux Cayes, which leaves the pi-
rifhes of the Grand- A nee in the molt pcr-
feft fecurity.

The trade between this ifland and St.
Domingo is ah^ady pi-cdigious ; and the
quantity of pixxluce brought heie, will, I
hop^ on its arrival in Great Britain, add
confiderably to the revenue.

txn-aft of a Letter from Lieutenant Colo-

"nel Whilelocke, of the 13th Regiment^

commanding at Jeremie, to Major Ge-

, nti'nl WilHamfon, dated' Europa,oflrri-

buron, Feb. 3, 1794.

••Th<

FOR MARCH, 1794*

Tfie eommodoFe and his fquadron called
»t Jeremie on thf'inoniing ot the ixdult.-
the troops were iromediateiy embarked,
and the whole £iiled in the evening;

We did not arrive oft'Tiburon till the
■rmng of the id, when three fngatevan

650 blacks and a«o n^ulatfoes and ^
very firongly pofted. About 150
furrender^* tbonfelves, and remain,
unde^nd 50 of them were killed and
wouuded.

I have oflly to add on this ful^ea, tbat^

chored near to the ihcve, in the Ance du the condo£l of major Spencer was ^igfalf

Ivlrtau. honourable to him, and tie was handTome*

The enemy were ftrong, and Teemed to Iv fupporied by the ofioers and men of tlte

wait our landing} but, atier a few broad- flank companies*

fides from the ihtps, the beach appeared to I hava left lientenanftBaikerfieldto oom«

he cksu-y and jvft before dark I onJered the mand, with 50 men of the 1 3th} the cokx^

fiaiik companies to land, and take poflef-^ nial troops, and Jean KJno^a corps from

(ion of a nouie about 1 50 pace* from the Iroos,

beach, and well fituated for defence, and
to protect the landing of the whole.

Major Spencer commanded the Aank
companies, and was not annoyed till the
moment ll^ boats grounded, wheiv the Br-
gasds appeared in line on the beach, and
tired 00 the tiDOps, who, by the major's
cirders, were on mose in an inftant, cbaig-
ed, and in a minute routed the enemy, and
f«p-ounded the |ioil.
. I landed at day- light with the i^th and
20th, the marines, and Britiih legion, and
found that the Biigands had evacuated all
the polh, and efcaped toward Aux Cayes,
by lue moimtain road, without burning or
deftroyhig property, of ^any defcription.

1 be numbers of the enemy ^ej» about

The poft of Irob being no longer necef-
iary, 1 have diref^ed it to be difinantled.

The' enemy are now fliut out of our pof-
reflTions, there being no poft of confequencer'
within 60 miles of Tiburon.

Total return of killed and wounded at the .

attack of Cape Tiburon, Febmary 3»

1794«

Three privates killed ; z captain, x fuh«
altern, i volunteer^ x ^eant and 7 pri-
vates wounded.

N. B. Hon. captain ColviU of the xjth
regiment, wounded flightiy. in the legS(
lieutenant Dana of the t>3th light infantry^
woimdei in the hand but not dangerouily ^
volunteer Dolpbfna,dMigeK>ufly wounded^

CONTINENTAL ADVICES.

\Qennay Feb. S.

A Shock of an eartb^ike was verjf fen-
fibly felt in this capital .on Thurfday
lali, at about one o'clock P. M.— iMb^
GasutU.

Copenhagen,. March «• On Wednef-
day evening, about iive o'clock, a di^d-
f ul fire broke out in the royal place of
^Chril^ianbonrg, which communicating from
the hereditary piince's apartments, where .
it began, to the itll of the building, in the
f^e of feven or eight hours reduced the
whole to a heap of a/hea. The royal fa-
mily have happily efcaped without accident,
but the greater part of their valuable ef- .
fefts have been a prey to tlie flames. It
is not yet known what number of lives
have been loft, but it is to be hojped, con«
5denng the rapidity of the conflagratio/i,
which was incieafed by a very Aroiu; wind,
that the number is not gi'eat. This pa-
lace, one of the moft commodious and
moll fumptuouily fui niihed in Europe, was
buik in the reign of Chn(tian VI, and is

laid to have coft (in baikiine only) consi-
derably above a miliwa Aer£ng i it (eem» .
tberefisie not ai^ exoibitant caictilatkm tc
fuppofe that, with the loftfuftained by tbr.
handles of individuals bywhomitwa^
inhabited, the whole damage mayamouni
to two millions fterling. ft is famt con- .
folation, in lb great a difrfter, that the
royal library, coniifting of between Uf^.\
and three hundred thou£tnd volumes,
which ftood detached from the principal'
pile, has been fortunately faved. Dunn^
the. whole of this diftreisful (bene the gar»^
rifon and (the citizens were under armt^
and evexy effort wa$ made, both by the
military aad the iaitors, to pievent diroidec
and pillage. .1

His Banilh.majdlfy is lodged isr. tke '
prefent in an apartnnent at count Bom*'
fleriPs, and the reft of diexpyal fanaily axt •
difperied in different <}uarters of die town,
where they will fcnuun till bouies proper ^
for their reception can be got leady.— 1>0»»

... . .. AFFAIRS.

HE,UN!VEBSAt MAOAZINE

!*FAIRS •T FRANCE^
dntimliUfrm Page 148.

^€6. ), the eonveatiAii
ke number of thdr coU
. J mulatto, andawhitr,
wIm were xtcehrdl with the chrie kift firom
the prefidenty and acknovrfedged a^ tbe
fvpFtfentativct of die cokttiy of 8t. Do*
mmgo.
: On Tuefday, Feb. 4, the white coIo*
nift, admitted yefterday to rnrefent St«
0omingo» drew the picture of the a^ual
fuuation of that ifland. After enumefat-
ing thofe paiticuUre which are alueady
Icmiwn, he proceeded to flaic the burning
of Cape Fran9oisy and the exjNdfion of
Ga]bot> the jirieml of Dumoiirier, who,
iii Cortjun£lion with tlie rich inhabitants,
pfoje^ed fo driver 6p the illahd to the
Englifli and Spaniards. He ftatcd, that
theblackt, with the patriots, had fought
agatnftthole traitors} and that the civil
conimiflfioners, to reward the blacks, had
prtxiairoed the liberty of the flaves
tlnrottgbout the lAandt that the blacks
had fworn perpetual allegiance to Prance,
aod the moll vigorous reliilance to the
Englifli, if tliey ibould dare to oedetn^e
•into the interior parts of tlie ifland.

The oi-ator concluded his report by
proving, that the rick piaulers, the ex-
nobles, emigraob, and rich merchants of
St. Domingo, had proieaed to give up
that ifland to the Engiifli*

The national oonventioa then paflid the
following important decree 1

The nationai convendon decrees, that
flavcry is aboliflied in all the French colo-
nies.

It decrees in coniequence, that all the
inhabitants of the I'reiKh colonies, of
whatever colour, are French citizens, and
frdm this day forward fliaU enjoy thofe
rights which ace fecured to them by the
dsclaration of rights and by the coolftitu-

Danton moved tbatihe mode of its cxe-
ctf^on be rcfeired f thu amusitiee of
public welfare, which was adopted.

: A motioil for the Mmolment of tha de-
dttofinnft agftinft Pohrenla&d Santho-
tiffc, who am^itliDrs of the proclamatioa
of Auguft 19, grantoig liboty » aU the
bh^ks of St. DomiAgo, waa referred 10
tbtf Ame opmmittee.

On Tnefilay, Feb. ti, a depataiioft of
the inhabitants of the diftriA of Mont-
Wliard, formerly befongkig t» the dukt
3

of Wirtember^,came to danadd that dlot
dMrift be united with France, to enaibk
its inhabitams to march againft the de-
fpetSi

Prefident-t-' I eottg;ratdlate yon tipon
the fentiments which unites the people of
Montbeliard. W)e have <xm(ccrated the
principle of acknowledging as friends and
allies all the nations which fliall join oar
holy league df liberty againft tyt^nny.*
Here the preTident gave them the avic kifr »
and referred their petition to the conmh-
tee of pubKc welfare*

' A citizen of Mpndidier announced, in
a letter, a method to prevent the weevils
getting among tHe corn in the granaries.
This procefs confifts in cleaning morou^-
ly every granary or bam where this vofeCt
introducoi itielf, to air them for fevecad
months, and to rub well afterward cImb
pbnks with green leeks, which are to re-
main ibme time before they are tdcen
away ; the com is then to be poured .io, *
and to lie thick enough on the floor, .to
pi-event, by its fmell or tafte, the return
of the weevil. In thofe granrries where
no com has been put, the fame procefs is
to be oblerved to prevent the intioduftion |
ofthatinle^t.

On Sunday, February 15, in conie*
quence of a report of St. AnA'e, thecon-
ventionpafled the following decree t

z. The maritime flag decreed by tlit
national conflitoent aflembhris flippefled.

s . The national ^ag fliaU henceforth be |
formed of th^ thrte Yiational colours, dif-
pofed in three equal bands, put in a ver-
tical direfiion, in foch a manner that the
bkie be aflixed to the ftaffof the flag, the
white in the middle, and the red floating
in the air.

3. The flag called the Jack, and the
fla^ on the flern oi the (hips, fliall be dii-
poied in the fame manner, oblerving the
ufual proportion of ftze.

4. The flreamers fliall likewlfe be formed
• of three cofours ; of which one fifth fliall

be hhie, one fifth white^ and three fifths.
' red*

.5. The new national flag fliiall be

hoifted in all the fliips of the republic oa

the aoth of May { and the minifter of

marine fliall give the neceflary orders for

^ that purpoft.

On Saturday, Feb. at. Carrier, re*
tmAcd from his miiSon into the rebeUious

dcpttt-

FOH MARCH, 1794.

435

^parttt>ents,aiade» generil report oa the
unhappy war of La Vendee.

* We were long umcquatiited (ftid he)
with the number of the banditti. When
the patrklfcs encountered at Saumur, or
any other place, ten, tweDty> or thirty
tboii£uid» they imagined it was the whok j
but they were groTsly <kceived{ fiaoe
there were fixteen diftrias in full revdt>
and the inhabitar)ts of the whole country,
between the Loire and the iea, from Pain-
boeuf to Saumur, a fpace of more than
Ibrty fqiiare leagues, inannji.

* The rebels were divided into ieveral
columns. Whenever they wanted rein-
forcements, the^ founded the alarm bell,
apd let the mills a going, whoie ikfls
Served for fignals, and immediately a vaft
force was collefled.

* In this hrge traft of country, every
inhabitant was provided with a gun and a
labre, with which he armed himulf on the
iirfi fignal. When the danger or the a-
hirm was over, they returned to their oc-
t:nparions, and the cultivation of their
Jand, fb that the whole of the country in
revolt is (own, and nroniifes a rich har-
veft I but it is only by republicans that it
will be reaped.

. * In the month of Auguft laft, the re-
bels had 150,000 men in arms j but the
victories of Montagne and Chollet were
ib iatal and de^ru&ve to them, that I
have paflfed oyer fourteen leagues of coon-
try cncrely covered with the dead bodies
-of the Mels, heaped to the number of
twelve, one over the other. Their eene-
nl de Elbie acknowledges, that the battle
^Montagne alone coft them 10,000.

* After thefe defeats, they repafled the
JLoire, to the number of '50,000, reckon-
ing old men, women, and children, that
ibliow them i and in the diftrias of Laval
and Vine, they picked up a great number
jof recruits.

* Tbefe new reinforcements .feemed
likely to prolong their exiftence 5 but «ur
•repuuicanir ibon reduced their number j
all that fought refuge on the right bank
«f the Loire, inftead of fafety, found a
grave.

< On the left fide of the Loire ftill i«-
Tnained Charotte, with an active army in
the heart of La Vendee. The generals
Dutnijr and Uaye were charged to purfue
him without remiiiiGin, and they obtained
tpver him fifteeq.lucceaive vl6loi-ies.

' At length the force of that traitor was
reduced to 1000 men, when the column
arrived from the army of tlie nqrtH. Ge-
neral TuresM put himfelf at its head }

and took upon hioifelf the talk of clearing
the upper part of La Venldec^of the ban-
ditti, and to drive them to Che kiwer party
where he had left the command to Dotruy
and Haye, and thus to put them between
two fires. Tureiu fucceeded lb far as to «
deftroy hx thouland of the infurgents |
but one mifcfiief arofe from the execution
of his jplan—^he rebds finding them(elves
prelTed on all fides, fallied froni their hid*
ing pbces, and increaled the force of Cha-
rette to about 6 or 7000 men.

* The detachment under La Roche Ja-
quelin was alfo increafed, and this a6^ive
young man kl\ upon Chollet, qf whjch
he got a momentary pofle(fion, fomc
daftards having abandoned the brave ge*
neral Moulin ) but an hoiir after, arrived
general Corddier, who retook that town,
after a dreadful flaughter. La Roche Ja«
qnelin, neverthelcfs, was not difcouraged*
but returned to the chaxge, and attacked
us again at Beaupreauz, where he waa
again beat. It was fiud that he fell in
this adioa, but on this head there wcm
difftrrent reports.

' There is now no longer any oolleCled
force, befide that of Stc^ compoied of
800 men, and that of Chai-ette, which ia
computed to be 3000. Do not, however*
imagine, that thofe are the only banditti §
there.aremorein the forefts, on the moun-
tains, and in other hiding places, to tht
number, according to the i^ore accurats
calculation, of 10,000 men.
* * Away then,' continued the reporter,
* with that hlk humanity, into which thejr
would fain infpire ^oii. In that country
all are equally criminal, and all ought
•to fall under the axe of the republicana
and the law. The women, would 70U
belifve it, are our moft fsrbcioits enemies.
At Chollet, when our troops began to
give way, and the rebels were thought
victorious, the women with knives in their
hands fell upon our brave defenders,. whom
they maHacred without pity. Childrro of
twelve yrars alfo carry arms agai'nft us |
children of more tender age lerve as (pies
for the rebels $ and whenever our ibldiers
are found alone, they^are aflh^&nated*
Judge from this whether' we ought to ui«
clemency, and who thofe are, that fpeak
to you or pity 1 I declare to you, tlot I
know in La Vendee no other patriots tlan
tho^% who have fied from that impurrfiMl
to range themfelves under our colours^
and to combat with us.

« The reft have only ferved to inakn

known to the rebels all that waa oping oa

i;^ our armies^ and to acquaint them with

Og att

a|4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

all our proje3» y the city of Nantes #at
tl)c priiKipal rribrt of thdc traitors ;. in
tlut towuy which I call the bcad-cuia^-ters
of La Vendee, the rich merchants hirni(h-
c.l oui- cocmies wkh provifions and war-
like tlores } but Toon a^ter my arrttal I
tooiw fume very (evene meafures 'againft
took traitors v ^u^ it >s only €nce their
su rclt^ that the Catholic aimy has cxperi*
caccd a waut oi i'ubiideDce*

< NcvcrthdeTs, do not bdieve Hiat thh
war is terminated. A conatry foil of fe-
c^fts, and covered with high brufli wood,
affonfts ionuroerable retreats to the rebels;
At the bottk of Montagne» 4.o»ooo of the
banditti were concealed behind fonse of this
brufhwoody and we paffed by without
perceiving tliem/

[ To be continued. ]

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.

FPBKUAty 28.
'T* H IS, day came on to be tried in the
^ court of cotnmon pleas^ an a^ion
for damages, of confiderable importance
to authors ?nd reviewers. The plaiofifF^
Mr. Swimon, poblrnied in tlic year 179*,'
a work entitled,. ' .Travels into Norway,
Denmark, and RufTia, m (he^ears 1788,
'7^9» J790> 3nd 1791.' This work was
reviewed in the monih o^ July 1792, in
the Critical Review. The plaintiff alleged
that In this review of the book, it wa.sjn-
finuated that he was one of thole writers
of travels, * who are fcarcely ever out of
their clofets :' the work in other rcl])c£\s
was roughly handled, and he conceiving
that he had been injured both in his cha-
ndler, and in the (ale of the book, brought
the prefcnt a^ion againft meflrs. Robin-
fons, bookfellers, who arc the venders of
the Critical Review,

The chief juftice explained to the jury,
that this was a cafe very different from
common libel caiVs ; in his opinion, it
was. a cafe of crrticilm, which if not left
fair and open, the grcatell injury would
accrue to Htevature. The plaintiff had
made out no cafe of lofs or damage what-
ever j and as to its being intintiated that
he had compofed this work in his clofet,
the public might perhaps be as defirous to
read the book, as K he had a^lually tra-
velled. Tliey might be deilroiis to know
how well a man can write fiflion. His
lordfhip mflanced two books, with which
be prefumed the jury were well acquaint-
ed, and had been often delighted — GuUi-
vcr*8 Travels and Robinfon Crufoe. He
did not conceive that the plaintiff had
firovcd any lofs from the review, which,
nowcvcr, the jury might j^d and coniider,
and if they were convinced that he had
been iniured, they would no doubt afford
a compenfation.

•• Tli^ jury, without going out of CDtirt,
%Avc a verdifl for the deti^ndants.

,... ■•'■■■-■■ 5 ; •

March i.
. Yefterday was tri^, in the court of
kink's bench, an ȣlion for cnminal con-
vermtion, brought by Bernard Howard^
cfti. f rd'umptive heir to the, duke of Nor-
folk, againlt Mr. Kngham, Con of the
carl of Lncan, for feducing the aflfe6^ions
of the plaintiff's wife, lady Elifabcrb How-
urd who was daughter of the c?rl of Fau-
conbcrg. j

The counfel for the defendant adm'tted,
that Mr. Bingham had lived in habiti; of
intimacy with lady Elifaheih fince the time
of the fcpaiati^m, which took place tbfr
»4th of July I793v

The counfel for the p'iiinu|F produced
fevcral wltneiles to (hew the ^ctaX attention
of Ml Bingham to lady ElifahetH previ-
ous to the feparation, by which be was
deprived o( the affc^ions of his wife, and
which was the caufe of her fcparating from
him. The proper and conjugal wfpeft
paid by Mr. Howard to his lady, was alio
fully proved. .

Mr. Eiflcine, for the defendant, ftated,
that Mr. Howaid married lady ^lifibetli
on the 24th of April 1789. He had ifllie
by her the izth of Auguft 1791 i and be
vas happy that it was univerfally allowed,
that this iffue was the child* of Mr. How-
ard, rhe pieCumptive heir of the duke of
Norfolk.* The parties bad feparated the
z+thof July 179;, and no ; evidence pro-
duced madeagainlt his client, but cohabi-
twtion fince the feparation. He obfervedy
tha' this unfortunate woman was dragged
a viftim to the marriage-bed, without hav-
ing the lead love for Mr. Howaiti. He
lamented the little attention paid to matches
among the nobility. He wiflied they were
concluded by the di£laif s of love, and not
by the regard of foruinc ani connexions.
It was'tooofen the cafe, tliat the objv^ of
matrimony among diera was, to.blend die
efcutcheon of one noble houfe with that of
apoilier, and eaialt ili^ unibrtunat^ couple

ta

FCMl MARCH, 1794:

to imagtiMry confequence at the Cacridcc
0i private happintls..*— He would proVe,
ihat the priviiege of a.hofl»nd was defied
Jvlr. Howard for mootht^ which itiUy
Ifaewcd her lootrd avcrfian to Mr. Howard*
He iaid, that damages could not be xhf ob-
iefl of the plaintiflF ^ to graofid a divofve
wat what cauied him to look for a vcf di^ ;
he faid that he would aUb (hew. thi; court
clearly the noble tfo«du£l of his clirnc in
endeavouring to fubdue hfs pafTions, by
withdrawing bimfelf from the objeA of his
lave and adoration ; to whom he paid un-
remitting attcntkm previoui to her marriage
with Mr. HowatiQ.; and concluded with
only remarking as. to the damages, th:«t it
would jiQt be creditable for the jury to give
what it would be dilgraceful to the plaintiff
Co receive.

Tlie following witnefles were then cadled
tn behalf of the defendant: Mrs» Biihop
depoledy that (he was attendant on lady
Elifabeih $ was with her in her own cham-
ber the morning (he west to be mairied |o
Mr. Howard ) that that morning (he cried
very much, and appeared 'extremely un-
happy^ The marriage was celebrated in
lord Pauconbeiv*s drawing-room* After
the fenrice was nnifred> they left town ) the
yntnefs had left town before them^ to pm«
' pore things for leoeiving them. On their
arrival in tb^ country, they b^th went into
the room 1»here the wiincft was : when
Mr. Howard left the room» lady ElifabetH
cried much : (he attended lady Elifitbeth to*
bed that night ; ihe again wept, appeared
diftre(red, and trembled extremely. Ludy
Elifalieth was young and very beautiful^
and about the fame age wiih Mr. How?
ard. When (br was qtutting the room,
Jady Elifabeth defired tlie wi*nefs to cad hrr
early the next morning. The witnefs call-
ed her at^ine o'clock. On Mr Howard's
quitting the« room^ lady Elifilnih threw
herlUf round ihewitnefs's nh:k, cried hit.-
terly, but faid pothing. The witnefit put
her to b)ed the lecond night, but lady Eltfa-
beth continued in the dm^ fnuatlon for a-
bove a fonnight. They remained in the
countiy three wctks, Lady Elifabeth then
rtr'tirncd to b*j prefented at Si. James's : .
when ihey came to town, (he retuiTied
home very late, fometimes at three or four
o'dodc* Ml*. Howard constantly retired
tor bed liefbte ladv Elil^beth : when they
came home, fhe often crieil, threw herfelf
in a chair, often went tp (leep in it, and
with dtfficulty was prevailed on to go to
bed.. On the witnefs'i Silking her otice to
go to bed, (he (aid (he would as foon go to
llew^atc. The witoeis recollt^s lad^ Eit*

*35

(fibeth*s nmirving-fivm w^lkin^ in iCoiw
iington gardens : when (he came home,
Oie appeaitxl extremely unhappy. On a(k-
ing what ailed her lady(hip, (he replied;
* that (he had feen Bingham, but that he
turned .up his nple and frowned at her.*
Thc.witneis fpoke onoe to lady Elilabctli
about her wedding cbthes, but lady Elifa*'
bctb anfwercd, ♦ Indeed, Polly, when I
had thfm m9de» Z did not mean to marry
Mr. Howard.' The witnefs remembera
' Iddv Elifabeth leaving her huiband's bed,
pd going to>(leep with, b^r fifter, who waa
in the f^tme houie. She never hearcl that
the leaft animofity fiibii(led between Mr.
Howard and lady Elifabeth, nor ever heard
that they had ^y. woals. On her croft*
examination, die laid, (he did not know
Mr. Btnghami nor ever heafd any diicourft
in the family about Mr. Bingham $ noK
ever heard that Mr. Howard had ptopoied
maniage to lady Elifabeth at the <luchcfa
of Devonfliire's ball. The witnefs con-
cealed every thing which pafled between
lady EliiabctK and her. The meeting at
Kenfington was in the firlt yea*- of het
lady (hip's marr^ige,

Mr. Greville depoC«d, that he was fuvi-
ly perfuadfd that tDe love an.<i ;fttachment
oif lady Eh(abeth and Mr. Binglwm wei^
reciprocals He-weH remember^ the mar^
riage $ the ciFe6l it pixxiuced on Mr. Bing«
ham was the impairing of his health. Mr.
Bingham, in o|ider to forget ludy Eliia*
beth, went to Bath and Cheltenham be.
fore the marriage, an 1 did not fetum to
London for many monti)s.

Mark S.ngleton, cfq. depoffcd, tliat Mr.
Howard fttqu^atly complained of his wife^s.
want of affection, and had told him, in
particular, that, for two months together,
(he h<id refuled hm.ilw prvilege. of a huf*
bandf

I-ord Kenypn interruji:*! this evidence*
This, faid his lordi]iip,< )s a very inelan^
choiy cale. The plainttif has beep unfor.
tunate in not having the affe^lions of the
woman he eipoufed, but jus treatment of
her has been no wiiys imprc^per. He wiih-r
ed the coun(el woujd (as a vcrdi6l muft be
for tlie plpintiif) leave the afceitanlng the
damages to him ^nd the juiy.
. Mr* Er(kin^ faid, he wiOj^ to Heaven
his being an umpire could have prevented
this bufinetx from coming iiuo a court of
ju(lice, but that his clnnt had fcveral^it-
nelTes to produce, which would fully exv
culpate him in the eyes oi' the jiu-y.

Lord .George Conway faid, he knew

Mr. Bingnam before Mr. Howard patU

hisaddfeiles to lidy Elifabeth, His im«

G g a prcflioi.^

%^s

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

l««fittn «»m, fta lad^f BttObeA nd
Mr. Biogham woe mdch attached j and
1» knew, d»t iromediaieiy fQUeqmnt to
dlemarriige, Mr. Bingham avoided Sadr
Eiifiibcth aa much ai ooflible.

Chariea Morris, dq. waa iWomi whom
Mr. Erflufie interrupted, by fitytng, I am
fiNty, my lord, it has beoa neoeilary to
liear ib much of thia caulk 9 ^our lordlhip
fiea the nature of the evidence I mean to
pcodoce $ I have Ibme of the moft nob-'e
charaAera in the country ^ I muft alfo be
<4)liged to introduce ibme <^ the near tela-
tion&y whoTe frelingt I wtfli not to wound.
I will reft on thofe I have «oduoed> and
will leave the aftertaiamg the damagea to
your lordfliip and the junr.

Lord Kenyon. Gehtlemen of the jury*
you are now to give your decifion on thia
mdancholy ca(e. Since the time I have
had the honour of prefiding over this court,
1 have endeavoured to make, the laws of the
land Aib(ervieat to the laws' of morality ;
and siCo, to enforce the facred precepts of
leligion. I have often had the happinefs
of nndlng juriea going with me^ by giving
heavy damages, punifliing the Jtbertine
who violates the law of God, of focial
duty, and religion. Sometines, plaintiffs
bave procured finell damages, and at other
times lai^; but, gentleraai, (aid he, em-
phaticatly, this is a moft unfortunate atCt
--70U do not heceobfeve the plaiotiffma.
king ufe of the defeodant> friendfliip, and
introducbg htni tnto the afife6lion of hia
wife } or, what is equally criminar, being
privy to their illidt amour ; but, alas I it
has appeared that the plaintiff never had
the zikAioti of this woman x her love was
^gaged, and though the objefl abfented
him(elf for a time, yet when they met, the
unextinguf(hed flame Itgbied again. The
defendant it is true, ufcd his endeavours
ibr (bine time to bridle his afFeAion— he
letiied 10 the countrr. The husband has
not, I fear, been defm'U€d\>f his wiie^s
Ibciety $ for he appears never to have poT-^
fefled it. I think, gentlemen, the da-
mages can neither be great, nor at the fame
time nominal. This youug man Teemed
to withdraw himfelf from the foare into
which bis pafFions had led him.

The jury, without retiring, found a ver*
dift of loool. damages.'
March s.

Yeflerday, the royal alKrttt was given to
the flEmtioy a£l, the aA to preferve French
property, the ajfts to repeal the glove tax
aQ> and the duties on births, %• and the
aft to indemnify fuch perfons as have o-
fnitt^ to qualify for /offices and employ-
manta. .

Mauch 3.

John WiWams of BoddiewUdafi^ d^
ia aypoinied lh«iff of the ooumy of FHtit»
iniicad of Daniel Leo, «f Gwa^ney, elq.
and bis noajefty has been pleafed to wA/t
the following amendraam on the lotts
John Itofe to be fteriiF of MonmomMhiveg
inilead of Jbha RoUs, of Doffiw, dq.
See f£^e i ja ami i sr*- •
MAR.CH 4.

Yefwrday, an officer at uvea, at loni
Grenville^s ofliee with letters (inm Francis
Grofe, cfq. lieutenant-governor of Botany
Bay, and from captain Gfidky Kjag*
lieuienant-goflremor of Norfolk Iflandt
which mention that the cdoniea were in a
ilourifhing 6tuation through the induftiy
of the convifts, &c.

March S.

A decree of divorce was iaft week given
out from the commiffitry (oreeclcfiallical)
court in Scotland, at the infhDce of Imx
grace the duchefs of Hamilton, againft tlie
duke of Hamilton, formal, rcas. by which
the marriatge ia diflblved, and either of d«
parties may marry again, with cettain re*
ftriAions as to the after- marriage of the
duke^ laid down in the laws of ocodaod,
following the Roman law in this le^edt
which is different to the laws of England*
We underftand that tbefe reftviftbna prohi*
bit the perfbn who is divoroed finom mar*
rying the perfen with whom he or flic had»
by & judgment of the commiflaries, been
found to have cohabited.

March 1^5.

A free pardon was 4ately' (ent to New.
gate for Jeremiah Reading) who was ooan*
viaed in Seiitember (effions Iaft, for utter^
ing a foiged zdA counierfeit note, purport*
ing to be drawn on John King, efq; with
which be had defrauded Dalby and co. h*
nen-drapers, in Biiliop(gate-ftteet.'
March ^,

Yefterday the tenders for the next Eiw«-
Itfii lottery were made to Mr. Pitt by the
folbwing gentlemen :

Per Ticket.

Robarts, and Co.

Lottery Committee,

Sprott, and Co.

Angerftein, andCtf.

Wood, and Co.

Cope, and Co.

Ntibit, and Co. '

The ofter of Meffra. Robarts, and Cob
being the bigheft, was doled wkb»

BIRTHS.
T ADYoff»rJohnDryden,bart. afonw
4-* ^oumefs^Bevcckf, a (on.'

LadyArden, a Ton.

' MARRI.

t' s^ d.

14. 16
'4 5
14 a

13 13
13 11
13 IS

fOR MARCH>4M^

137

MAKRIAQES.

JAn^ H. Blake, eiq. brothfir to fir
Patrick Blaise, barU to mift Gage,
Utter tm vifcoont Gage*

Edward earl of Oxford, to mifs Scog
daughter of the Rev. Mr. 8cot| of Rich-
BBOod in Yorkiliirt.

R. BnideDel, eiq. equerry to the QsNen,
to mifs Cook of Holles-ftnet.

William Wvodharo, efi}. of Dintoih
Wilts, to mito Popham, daughter of
Alexander Popham, eft). M; P.

JOttkbof AdMl, loladyMKrleed^ftilia
ofloidMadeod.

Lord Befanocc, tomiTs CakUnOlt

D E A T |i S«
^Quntds of Digby.
^^ Lady Maria Eardley.

Lady Mary Wedey, fiAer Co (he earl
ofMomington.

8ir Heniy Gould* knt. a juftioe of the
court of common-picas.

Lady Jai« BuUer, fiftef of earl Bathuft.

Charlct Ambler» cfi). attomey-gCDeral
to the <]ueen.

Hon. general Jan^et Murray^ cokmel
of the ]7thrr^poient of foot, and uacle
ta the duke of Athoft*

Lady Charlotte ^ladau, wife of the
bifliop of Peterhorougb, and filler to mar-
i)uiaConlwaUia»

PRO.MOTIONSu

Richard Byron, efi).— Gentleman u(ker
of the privy-chamber.

Edmund Armftroiig, efi}.— 'Groom of
the priTy- chamber.

George earl of Ponbrokc-^Lord-lieute-
nant of Wilts.

John Aycinfiin, eiq.^Somerret herald.

George vifiunint Macartney— ear( of
Macartney in Ireland.

Charles vikouot Loftus— earl of Ely in
Ireland.

Souldm LawtWKC, efi^— « juftios of
the common-pleaff and knighted.. .

Gcoi^ Naylor, dq.-«york herald«-

BAKKRPPT8. Pram the GAZtTTi.
FeBauARY »5.

John ^andiers, of Chiplb^ in Surry,
coal- dealer.

RichanlLkpyd, of Lewes, in Soflex,
draper.

Stephen Moorthouft, of Aber^Nd, in
York (hire, mercer.

Charles Gilbcit the ekier, Charles Gil-
bert the youngv* and* Wllfiain Atkins,
«^ St. GeorM'^-Mda, backniakers.

Thomas Shifiway, ofHostOP^ fta?c»»

.TbonuM RajnniQM, cf V4Nioiiiiipii>n^^

ihipbuilder. .

Hammoitd Micfaolb» of Cantcrtraf y,^
watchmaker. •

John Lyhaa, of High4bser, m th^^
Borough, Southwark, hattsfh

Thdmai Weater, of Oreen-ftrset, Ox^
ford-ftreetf carpenter. ^

William Mafim, of Holbeck, ki Yorkv
ihire^ tannest

Mauch 1.

Thomas Chambrt, of Abergavenny^
in MbnmoQthfhire, moMy-lh-iirener.

Stephen Carter, of Whtte-hoiie-yarda
Drury-lane, wooyen-draper.

Janote Bell the young^ , of Thomtoa
in Craven, in Yorkfiiire, dealer^

John Conrad Tfeiby, of Orad Ruitel*
ftreet, Covent-garden, habmiaihef.

Wittiaih Giite, ol Brt Mi bttvttsn

James Fktcheri of Uatterlley, in Min^'
chefter, cottan-mamiftfhirer.

Richaid Pentley, of Manchefter, coN
ten-jfeMnufe^ltirer.

John Smith, of Birmingham, m^i
wrignt.

Joleph Boardman Orme, of MancheT^
ter,, hard wju vmau •

William Wliituker, of Manehefter)
merchant. . • r

WUliam Line, of lisyfi^, in Derby.-
ibire,. cotton -f^inner.

.John 'Carriagci•^ cf MkntheAer, ihalt-
iler.

James HuUey, of Hurft Brook, m'Lacii
caAiire, coit0B-manutaftufei .

Thomas James, of O^elirey, in Shrop^
'ihire, grocer. '

Edward Jones, of Bridgend, in Gla^
morgan(hnne^ fiuitflr. .

March 4. *

Edward Harvey, and John Dye, of St.
Martia^s-ie-grand, wai^ioaieman.

Edward Thomplbn the younger", of
Cambridgt, cabinet-maker.

Thomas Holgate, of Rochdale, Lan<<
caiiire, fadler.

John Kayley, of Griadkton, York-
fliire, malliter*

Thomas Lloyd, of Brofelcy, in Salop,
dealer in coals.

John Tanaat, of Ramlhury, in Wilts,
inidiolder.

William Bvi^, of Bath, money*
fcrivcncr.

Mauch t.

Charles Johnfon, and John Lyon Tom*
linlbn, ofOxford-lh'set, linen-drapers.

Willia^Pagc, of Erdmgton, ne*
Bflrmingham> bntcher.

Thomas Babbs, of Finchil^fiekl, It
"Efkxp tanner.

Thomas

438 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Thomas Jooes, of Catntoa-fbeety wait- Charles Pitt, of Paradife-ixcet, Mary-
bouianan. bonei mafon.

Jacob Hall, of Newcaftk^pan-Tyney March tS.

hatter. William BayieTa^ of New BreBtfwIf

John Jackfim, of Upper Berfceky-ftreet, ifinholder.
Marybone, apothecaxv. Daniel Stephensy of Stratfird>apoii«

Jacob Mcndet Da CoAa, Richard Mat- Avon, in Warwiclcflure, and Williaffi
foUf and John Bible, of Thames-ftreet, Parifli, of Birmingham, horfe-dealors.
^(t%» Gecn|;e Multins, of Walcott, in So-

nnit Howard, of PeterboRiiigby (hop- meHetOiire, mafon.
keeper. Danid Birketr, of Li?erpool/ joiBer.

WiUiam Charter, of. Braraham, in Mahcb at.

Yorkftiire, maitAer. Jamea Stephens, of Wood-ftita,

Edwin Humphry Sandya, of Kingfton^ Cheapfide, wholeTale hofier.
in Kent, attorney at law. Batce Bye, of Mtle««nd, fiilefman.

Richard Warenhali, of PaU-mall, wax- Thomae Mauie, of Surry.place, South-
chandler, wark, merchaot»
. John Lingard, of Rathbone-place, ht- Richard Woodward, of Whitecroft-
berdaflier. ftroet, vifhialler^

Thomas Ward, and Richard Claxton^ Ben^min Mellows Hadden, of Clif-
of Bixx>k-ftreet, St. Pancras, carpenters. ford*s.inn, fcrivener.

William Zachary and Samuel GlaiAer^ Thomas Afpinwall, of MancheAer,
of Shereditch, brewers. watchmaker.

John Bellingham, of Oxfcnd-ftreet, Thomas Paddifon, of Madh-chapdf
tinplate-worker. in Lincolnihtre, jobber^

Richard Phillips, of Little St. Ma^'s- James Somerfield, of Billion, in Staf-
lane, Long-acre, poal-merchant.' fonUhire, vidualler.

Jefle Marchant, of Burwafli, in SuQex, Jonathan White, of the Strand, hatter,
carrier. John Parker, of Brampton| in Cum<-

MasIch xf. bcrland, Shopkeeper.

Mbfes Taylor, of Waliall, in Staffordr March 15.

ftire, plater. James Woollen, of - Sheffield, ironr

William Cox, pf Bath, haberdaflier. monger. •

John Sykes, of Newport, in Eflex, John Cockle, of Lincoln, tanner,
maltfter. Thomas Ormfon,' of Stockpoit, inur

Stephen Young, of Buiferd, Oxford* keener,
ftjire, fcUmonger. Thomas Brookholding, of Worccfcr»

Richard Bounfall, of Long-acre, ric- fcrivener.
tuallcr. . Cordall Smith, of Crowle, in l^ncoln-

John Clofr, of Paradife-row, Chdfea, (hire, (hopkeeper.
cabinet-makcj*.

March 15. NEW PUBLICATIONS.

John Slack, of Market-ftrect-lane, in ,_. , ^ ^ a •

Mancl)cfter, cotion-dcaler. oTEDMAN's Hiftory of the Amencan

Edmund Taylor, of Newton, in Lan- ^ War, % vol. ^to. il. los.

cafliire, tanner. . S*»*^'» J[r*;r^f ™^» *^''- ^^k ,„«

William Duncan, of Ncwcaftie-upon- Huef s Cafes on the Annuuy Aa, 8 vo*

Tyne, cabinet-makcr. 5*« * r » n

Peter Scfton, and John Sefton, of Prieftley's Heads f J^c^""* «J *

BUckbunie, in Lancafliire, cotion-ma- CoiiHeof experimental FUilofophy, 8vo,

nufaaurers. js^d. boards. . kt,>-^

Richard Aoftec Sheppard, of Bath, Tables pt the new chymical Nomen^

rooney-fcrivcncr, clature, 410. 6s. fcwed.

Jo(HuaBroadhcad,ofMancheftei-,iron- Haunied Prioiy, a.Romaoce, Imall

""Tamw Laman, of Leadcnhan.ftrfct, Emigrants,aGialiic Tale,» vd, ismo.

'^cSi^les LeCaan, of BankJMJa, South- Bryfon's Sermons, on the Chriftian's

wark, coal-rocrchant. H .Charaa«T, &o lamo. 4s. .^^. ^

lohn Arnaud, of Greek-ftrcct, Soho, Newton's Trcaufe on Come Seawr^s*

coifcaioner. , 4to. 4». 6d, (twcd. . . ^^^,^

FOR MARCH, 1794.

439

B^rrow*8 ])efcription of a Cafe of Ma-
thematical Inftnimcnts, js.

Monro*s Experiments on the Nervous
Syitem, 4to. ss. fewed.

Falconer's Trafts on Natural Hlftory,
from Writers of Antiquity, 4to. 78. 6d.
fewed.

The Widowy by Mrs. Robinlbn, s
vol. 7s.

Cavern of Deaths itmo. 33.

Bidlake's Poems, 4to. 8s. 6d. boards.

Hett*s Occafional Poems, 3s. fewed.

Obfervations on the Duke of Richmond's
Plans of Fortification, 8vo. 8s.

Payne's Epitome of Hiiftory, 8vo.*6s.

Knox*s Lerer to Sinclair on a new
Method toextinguifh Fire, is. iSd.

Cogan*s Rhine, or Journey from
Utrecht to Firankfort, i vol. 8vo. il. is.
boards.

Box -Lobby Challenge, a Comedy,
18. 6d,

Travellers in Swii&rland, a Comic
Opera, is. 66,

Ruggles' Hiftory of the Poor, * vol.
SvO. 12s. ^ '

-Hawker's Sermons on the Divinity of
the Holy Ghoft, 8vo. 7s.

The Purfc, a Muiical Piece, in one
Aa, IS.

Eilhy on Novels, a poetical Epiflle,
18. 6d.

Wade's Nature of Emetics, Sec. m
Hot Climates, 8vo. 7s.

Ford's Qbfervations on the Difeafe of
the Hip Joint, large 8vo. 12s.

Pugh's Treatife on Mufcular A6don,
large 410. si. 73.

Wallace's Intereft, 410. xos. 6d. half-
bound.

Mode of playing Faro, and Rouge and
Noir, as. 6d* ■

Polyoenus' Stratagems of War, tran-
flated from the Grec^, by Shepherd, 4to.

li. IS.

FeriAita's Hiftory of Dekkan and Ben-
gal, by Scott, a vol. 4to.'al. los.

Whitaker's Courfe of Hannibal over
the Alps afcertained, 1 vol. 8vo. 14s.

Pope's Works, with lUuftrations by
Wakefield, vol. 1, 8vo. 6s. boards.

Medallion, aNovfci, 3 Vol. los. 6d.

Morell's Notes and Annotations on
Locke on tHe Underftanding, 8vo« 3s.
boards. ' .■

Whitehoiife's Od<fe, 4to. 3^. I6d. *

State Papers relative to the War againft
Fianoe, 8v6. ios,"5d. boards.

L\h and Adventures of ChcvaliR' df
FaubUs, 4vSl.j^nao. ]6s.

The Tocfihro? Ahfiu Bfcl! «f Bfi*
tannia, li*

AVERAGE PRICES ot CORN.

March i5» i794*

By die Standai-d Winchefter Quarter of
Eight Bufheis.

INLAND COUNTIES.

Wheat. Rye. Bailey. Oais,
d.
S

4

I

</. u d.

d. I.

Mi^aiefts

Surry

Heitiord

Bedfoid

Huntiogdoa

Northamptoa

Rutland

Leicefter

Notun{bam

Derby

Staflbrd

Saiop

Hrreford

WoTceftcr

Warwick

Wiles

Berks

Oxford

Bucks

Brecon

Montgomery

Radnor

51

49
49
49
50
5»
55
5*
55
54
53
5*
5»
$5

031

'\l

43 JO
49 6

33 II

35

37 1035
33

o '

3& so

46

40

38 4

£6

.»7

026

ab

4
6
o

5

2
6
6

10
6
6

' 3

3a 10
35 *

34 'o
32 10

38 5

35 4

aj 10.

a3 4

24 o.

»5 5

24

23

»4
*S
»5

3<>
l^

25 »

2» II

i« 4

'^ \
21 o

21 10

9
5

o

5
10

%

MARITIME COUNTIES.

EfTcx

48

0

34 0

34 8
11 0

Keot

47

0

Suflez

44

6

-—

30 0

Sufiblk

48

2

31 6

33 8

Cambridge

46

5

29 6

31 10

Norfolk
Liocotn

tl

2
'5

30 10
36 0

30 7
33 8

York

43

11

37 9

30 7

Dwhara

43

4

"——

30 7

4*

S

33 8

18 4

Cumberland

53

3

42 0

Wellmorland

5»

I

42 0

V" I

laocafter

57
5*

6

— •■•-

34 8

Chcfter

7

Flint

57

7

— — -

38 4

Denbigh

56

9

-— —

38 0
30 0

Anglei'ea

5*

0

Carnarvon

5»

%

40 c

3' 4

Merioneth

55

5

41 4

33 4

35 4

Cardigan

49

8

26 2

Pembroke

4*

3

26 9
29 0

Carmardten

5*

7

GUm^rgaa

55

2

— —

30 4

Gloueefler

5'

6

37 4

Somerfec
MonsDoath

5»

6

93 7

36 11

54

I

Devofa

5'

%

-«M»

29 0

CornwaU

5^

5

•«..

26 5

Dorfec ^

Hams m

45

7

—

30 7

47

0

-— ^

3» 4

3

^

4
7
5
4
5
7

I
S
6

14 so

14 6

Peck.Uaf9 «l* <d«

21 xo
*5 %

Pmc^i

lillllllllllllllllllllllllll

l).y."|

1

c^.

tOi^/lMf

ay.

^a/m^^y.

r^Li^

lie UsriTtRS/iL M Ap^2!]i^£ fir Af Kitty T794. it^t

^ t>£scRipfipN of tbi mapnfcsra CBNOTArH* iTiSted in Weft-
oiinflef Abbey^ 70 ihe Mefhory tf ihi Cdpiaifis Ldrd Kobeft Manners^
Bayne, ami Blair z f^iib a beAutifki Rtfr^imakm tf U^ efigpatei
i^TooEey.

Jl placed in the north aiflc of Wcft-
sninfter Abbey* next to that which
rhe King and Parliament of Great
Britain cauled to be ereaed, as a tefti-
mony of nadokal gratitude, tb the
jneiDory of the late illuHrtons' ftatef-
inan and fenator WiUiam Pitt, eaiiof
Chatham. The background is a no- .
ble pyrasud of Uack marble reined
v^th white. A rofhated column of
m\i\xt marble fupports a figure of
Fame, with the wroath of vidory.in
her ri^ht hand. Lower down, a Ge-
nius 15 holding three medallions, br-
ing the portraits in relievo of the three
gsdlant officers who fell in the fendce
of their country; that of captain
Bayhej at leafl, being a very ftnldn^
likenefs. Round the fi/ft and hi^heS
medallion it infcribed ' Lord Rdbert

Manners, aged 24 ;' round the fecond,

i William Bayne, aged 56 ;'

liiird, ' Captain William

roi

BliflR^^^4iV On the right hand of
this^ emmn» in the foreground, it
the figure 6f .!$iitannia9 With a Hon ;
and, on th^dSSbr fide, is Neptune,
with a feahof^ On the baft is the
Ibllowing infcription :

Captain WiUiam Bay^^

Captain William Blair,

Captain Lord Robert Manners^

Were mortally wounded.

In the courie of the naval BngaeemeotSf

Under the command of Admiral Sir

Geor^ Brydges Rodney,

On^ IXth and Xllthof A|inl 178s.

In Memory of their Servfcct,

The King and Parliament of Great Britain

Uafe caufed this Monument to be cce^tod*

Oo each fide of this inscription, in
relievo* are naval emblems and tro-
phies.

This monmnent is the prodti£Hoa
•f the celebrated Mr, NoUekens^ and

VoL« zctv^

Beiiis: placedi as before fkitetfei, V
the fide of the earl of Chatham's mou
tiument by the no lefi celebhited Bai
con, the conildi^ur has an opportu*
nity of comparing together fonrie of
the moft capital performances of vw6
artifta that have been loiig atl orna^
ment to their country. Coafidered as
a whde, Mr. Notlekens* monamen^
has a grand and impreffive eiFed ; buif
finne of the parts, it has been ob-
ferved« niigbt have been better. Hii
figure 6f Neptune, in particdlstr, ma/*
be more claffical, but is not in fo dig-
nified a ftyle as Mr. Bacon's Thames^
The left arm and hand are inimitabi/
executed ; but the rights eQsecially neaf
the ihonlder, is feeble. The Bri-
tannia has been thooght by fome id
be very (tiff'; but the Lion is in thd
very firft ftyle of art ; sbid the man-^
ner in whidi all the figures are &U
pofed, does great hbnodr to the ge-
nius^ tafte, and talents of the fciup'i
tor.

It b rtmarkaUe^ that althoogh thit
monument was adually completed^
and ere6bd in its prefent fituation^
fome years ago, it was not till up-
ward of ten years after tfa^ giorioui
naval vidory it commemohitesi that
it was opened to the infpedfdn of thd
public* And tHe reaibn alleged fot
this extraordinary delay is not leis
remariuble than the delay itfelf j
namely, that the infcription was not
cpmpofrd*

To a perfim fond of cotitemplatiitg
the military glory of Great Britain^
the fituatson of mis national ihonn^ ^
meat of gratitode is particularly in^*
tercftine ; it being next to that mUM
moft iUaftrioas waf minifter of thi^
country, the earl of Chatham fi and
behind it are the mcmmnenu of fit
Eyre Coote and admiral Watfim*

Hb

iTKlC^

*4i

THi: UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

smicrvnEs on words of course.

« \T70 R DS M ofttnuTed with*
▼ ▼ one fignificacion. Befide the
knperfedion mat u ottoral io bm*
gaage« and the- obfcurity and con-
tofiOQ that is fi> hard to be avoided in
tbs ofe of words, there are ieveral
wilful &nlts and Degle^» which men
#re guilty of, in this way of comma*
oication. The firA and mod palpable
abufe is, the ufing of words, wichoat
clear and diftiirdi ideas ; or, which is
worfe, figns ^dthout any thing figntfi-
•d. Another mat abufe is, incon-
Ibncy in the me of words.* — Efa^f on
$ti Human VmierfioHdin^.

So faith the learned Mr. Locke,
and bis opinion may ferve as a text
for a diilertatioQ on 'words of eourfe^
Words of couri^ are, either wonla
ufed without any meanioe at all, or
words, which are intended to convey
9 very different meaning from that
which they properly admit of. At
every wora m the Englilh language,
and perhaps in all ouer languages,
Kas a meaning, the firft part of my
definition may feem incorred; but we
•nght to remember that the wo'-d
^hich is ufed without it^ meaning,
may be faid to be a word that has no
meaning. Money can procure all the
heceflanes of life, but money locked
up in a mifer's cheft, or buried in the
earth, can no more procure the ne-
ceflaries of life than fo many pieces of
wood. It b a maxim in law and lo-,
gic^ * de non apfanntihuSf et de non
exiftentihus eadem eft ratioJ* Words
may be abufed either by wholly neg«
k£Hng their meaning, (a pradice very
common with parrots, and chofe whofe
underilanding rifes no^rglier than that
of parrots) or by affixing to them a
meaning which u cootraty to etymo-
logy, or any other rule of expiana^
tipn. Words thus ufed without a
meaning, or abufed to a wrong mean-
ing, are to to be confidered as 'luardj
tfcowrft^ and received accordingly.

Words of courie occur both in
/peaking and in writing, bat chiefty
%

in the former, tbere being fewwrit^'
in^s which admit them, imlefs tbe
pnrate memoirs of public men, or tbe
firieiuUjf and affi^Hoimte epiiblaiy Qor<«
reipondence of men of theworlcL No i
(enous work admits them. Indeed
the very buiinefs of hiOory and phUo-
fophy i< to reftore words that have
been f}>ufed to their proper meanings
and to prevent poAerity from being
deceived into falfe notions of men^
and falfe views of their tranfatf^ionj ;
and upon this account it is that hif*
tory is rather difficult, andphiloibphy
Ibmewhat fcarce and unpopular.

Among words of courfe, C0fs/^f«nr#
holds a very diftiugaiflied rank. Cbn- |
fcience has been defined (and is ftill
believed by thofe who look to defini*
tions) to be the knowledge or facdty*
by which we jud^ of the goodnds )
or wickednefs ot our own a£tions;
and I have no doubt that this was the
original meaning; At prefent, how-
ever, by that revolution tx> which
kingdoms and ftates, and words of
two fyllables are (ubjed, we find it '
ufed only as a kind of gentle oath ;
and in this refpe£i, it is perhaps pre-
ferable to any coarfe oath of the St.
Giles' manufailure. The ufe of this
word is pretty general all the year
round with a certain dafs of people,
particularly thofe in trade, who find
It extremely nfeful in fdStng; al-
though it be faid, that it is not quite
of fo much confequence in buying,
being one of thofe words, which can-
not be employed by two people at the
fame time. If two men ride on horfe*
back, Ihys the celebrated Dr. Frank-
lin, one of them muft ride behind.
There is another dafs of men, who
never ufe this word above once in
feven years, and then in a ibrt of
prayer, petition, or ejaculation. At
the return of this feptennial employ-
ment of confcience, it may be beard
from one end of the kingdom U)'tiw
other; not, indeed, alone, hot in
company witb its ^iiarda or-fatel-

litei.

FOR APRILt »7j^

H3

litts» commonly caUed its deiivadves.
£veiy worthy gentleman then ads
^xpoq CQfi/Je/icg ; he is confcUus of the
parity of his intentions i he has di(-
oharged his duty confcientioujty ; and
lie fcorns to demand any thing that h
wiKc^nfcionahU. ' Even if unfuc^ersfuf*
^e boads of a con/cioufne/t within,
^vhich &pports him under aQ trialtj
and confoles him in all lofles. Befide
thefe, thero are other limes when
€cnf:ienci is of great fervice, fuch as
in caies of vacancies in public oflicesj
or odier fituations depending on po-
pular choice* As m a churchyard,
W9 find nothing but aft^onate huA
bands and tender wives,' fo in fuck
cafes, we can difcover nothing but
€iinfcientiom candidates, and confci'
entUui voters. I know not, bow-
.ever, whence it comes, but the faft
is, that when we fpealc of this ufe of
confcienoe ferioufly, and with Ibme
degree of confidence, our mouths are
generaUy (hut witl), ' Pngh ! pagh I
m^ dear fir^ thofe are only words of
€oitrfi.

, Hanomr is another word of this clafs;
and perhaps no word has fo many
meanings, all at variance with the
real one. Indeed, of late, cwfcUnci,
except in the caibs I have mentioned,
ba0 tallen into a confiderable dejjree
of contempt) and few men will ufe
it, for fear of being laughed at, or,
which is the £ime thing, thought b
cameft. Honwr is the lubfUtate, and
'is a much genteeler, and prettier
founding word, and is confe^oently
11^ nniverfal nie. That it has its tifes
is very obvious ; for if we wer^ not
jUffured t^ Imour of the contrary,
we (hould often be tempted to fufpeS
chat we were impofed upon in the
purchafe of goods, deceived in the
jromifes of gr^t men (a fpec^es of
property very ^u^uacing] and mofi
cgrcgioufly miftaken in mod of the
common appearances of men and
things^ But an implicit confidence
having once been obtained, if we
ihould happen to t>c deceived, whkh
is not abioiii^y impoffiblei we havte
tbe fupremf coofi^ion (tax we hwn

not been deceived by the contrivance
of others, but by our own ignorance,
And by our having taken for granted
certain profeffions of fincerity, which
are merely ^ords of cQurft.

In polite corrclpondcnce, nvcrdi d^
cour/e arfe exceedingly mnltinlied, al-
though fetdom productive or any veiy
ereat miiiafce, onteft in the cafe of
'!gnorant«nd barbarona country peo*
pre, who have, by the unhappy pre-
judice of educaUoo, bevn tai^ht to
ufe words according to their old 0gDi«
fication, to fpeak as they think, and
to give t^try thing its proper name.
A^en a perron of Rifbion fays to ano-
ther, that * (he will be glad to fee her,'
trery well-bred lady knows that the
meaning is, * Ihe defiret diat they
ma^ be as far feparated as pofSUe;
or if (he fays, * ihe is glad to lee her,*
it only means that * &e is pecoKar^
unfonunate in meeting with her, and
lon{^s fbr a feparation as fbon at the
rules of good-Weeding wiQ permit*'
The(e are words of courfc ; no per-
fon in the free exercife of reaibn, that
is, no perfon of a proper education,
and who has feen the world, can for
H moment miftake or mifepply foeh
expfeifions; Some may thimc an in-
jury is done to the Ungoage by fucb
a u& of words, t^ut this is another fuw
happy prejudice ; for it m aft be ac-
knowledged that a word which is
made to bear two meanings inftead of
one, has its powers enfamed, and is
juft twice as ufeftii as. bdfore; and if '
tendemds and animofity, rel^eft and
diifike, can be cxprdSed by one and
the fame words; a Very intportant ob*
jed is gained.

As it is ignorance done which tan
induce anv j)er(bo to miftake words ^t
courfe, lb It fs to that fame ignohmce we
are indebte^d fbr a ktiowlem of «t«ri//
ofcourji. It is indeed, and he is not
afhamed toconfefs it, to repeated con-
ver&tions with ij^omit men, and to
a recolle£tian vf his own errors that
the author of thefe ftrlAures is in-
debted fbr that information, which he
now humbly attempts to difjplay. The
IbQawing aneidote, will explain hew
H b s • ' ignorast

f44 THE tfNIVERSAL MA(^AZINE

igDor«nt perfons tboBotdru Kqiiire in )ow cMCiiiiiftances» and keird dut
|oe knowledge (be/ are enabkd to fiidi ji fmall plaee was- novir Yacaat»
tmpan to otherson this rubjeft, Xt it tod in his grace's gift* therdbre lie
Ulceh from the l^fp pf John, Dnl^e took the Ubenx to beg that Us graoe
.of Aigyle* a ftatefman who was pm- would pot Jiim into it. The demand
tioas nojt tp deceive any by layifli was fo nncommoOf tluu his grace
pron^fes, or to )e^ ;h^ tQ. ^oh made him repeat it again before he
' vain expedations. ^ gavc.anv anrwer; and then he faid*

A yovog gentliem^ of North 6n* * Sir, I know your ftndly very weD,

^ ^ Dvog gentlem^ ot XNortp pn* * oir, i know your tamilv rtry i, _,

^in, liberaUy educated, tnd epdi^d Vut don't ^tter yourfelf with that \

ivi;h a large Ihare of natural narti* take for anfwer that I win not g^ve h

ffia (ent up to London fav his father, you.* The young gentkman replied*

jvho had feveral o^her children, ai)d * Cod Hcfs your grace, tUs exadly

}iad ady4o^ iiis ion, for thjs ezpedi* anfwen the chara6ier I have heard of

lion, fa mnch as ^e poidd fpare with* yon/ Thefe Ui words a Httle fnr-

pQt beggaring his f?mily« H^ had prifed the dake, and he defired th^

iconiente^ tP this journey of his jgn VQung man to explain himielf; which

pn the repeated promises pf a certain he did by fftying, that if another peer

peer of tb^t country, tp put hi^i iutp l^ld been io honourable ^s to make

ji kuidrpme way of bread; his re}}- him jhe fame anfwer, upon his fird

§nc^ on this nobleman's faith made application to him, he (hould bavp

him ftretph ^. poin( to fnmifli his Ton, been npw in a condition to liye, with-

j(ince he looked uppn that as beftowed out making fo odd an application as

}n prder to fettle him for life. ^ his preiOng neckties obliged him jofl

f 1^)1 of pleafing hopes of immediate then to m^e to his grace. His grace

^refc^ment, our young .adventurer ^t- recoUefting fome circumllances he had

rived l^ 1^* petrpti^ houfe, wh9 re* fi)rmer)y heard of the connexion be-

peiyed hfo^ wuK open §tn^ «nd p, |ween this young gentleman's famihr

ihouiand proteflations of /erra^ hiin i i^nd his j^rmer patron, was much aN

))ut fevem mpnths pafled pver, an^l fedted with tj^ unhappy youth's cafe,

nothing bu^ promi&s cftm^ f years A^er 4 (hort paufe, he direded him

|ven^ ^way ip the fanie einpty mat)- to caO %t his houfe ne^t day, and in left

ner ; every next month prpinffed h^ni than threp days provided fbr him be«

jiappinefs, but ftjU it was as barren 4s yond his expectations. I (hall ofier no

fheUSt* The youi^ gentleman ))^ pth9rob(ervatiQnonthi^i|neodote,tha|}

paid }evee to this little ilatelinan till tbft it is very fingylar that fuch amali

pe )ud exh^ttftol #11 hu p^tcimon^, as the iliullrjous Jp^n. duke of Argyl^

, and ^.earied all his relations, yet fhli 0iould have been fo depIoraUy detid*

)ie was enjiHoedpadenpe and prpmUfi ^t in wordf qfcqurji / efpecially as ^

; fnoun^fdns. In the thir4 or fourth little petty peer of the lame country

[ 3rear of diis attendance, this young feems to have been fo amply pfoyide4

gentlemipi was walkiiy yery ipelan- with them. Put to proceed :
fchply fn iiyip^jgfxl^f when he fpied Great ipen, by which expreffion I

the d.^ke or Argyll ^ght from his wpuld not be thought to mean only

foach,. in prder to ^Ice ^ walk. A men enjoying high o%es in the ftate,

thojigbt (Iriick into his head to addr^is but all, from the prime ]|i|niftfr down

^he <|uke, though ^n utter granger to to the pewropener of the church, who

\iimM foff a place in l^s grace^ dif- have j^aces and favours to beftow,

so&J, in the ordnance, depending on agree in being remarkably ex|»ert in

his humanity &r f^cceis. . . / '. the qfe pf 'wordf of ctmrfi. Their fki||

He 4CO)ittd l^s gface^ tpld Bim he in this refped aJrifes not from inde^

a gentleman of his country, of fatigable ftudy, or from previous de-

a name an^ ^X^l \ tha( he was figa, (fbr at the' Ufne they firft be*

FOR APRIL, 1794.

HS

come great men* tliqr are as ignorant
of tworJs of courfi as any other men)
f>ut from a land of neceflity impofed
upon them to be afiable to all. Now»
the very eflence of what is called af-
fability confifts in a happy and funi-
liar adaptation of 'unmrds of nwr& to
all times and circamftances. IfT ^
example, a place b vacant, and there
are twenty perfons defirous to fill \U
St is piam that twenty ti^^ether
cannot fill it ; nor can it be divided
among twenty, becaufe it is as pkun
that none of the applicants wonki think
fuch a dividend worthy of acceptance.
Whatahen i& to be done? Words of
ccurfe here prefent themfelves very
0i'fropQt. Thit great man amnies 1SI
with them, while he gives the place
to one only.

When the manager^ of a theatre,
who in his own opinion, as well as in
the opinion of all who apply to him,
Js the greateft man on earth, b ad-
AttScA by an author with an hamble
^ipequeil to read his play, and give him
lui anfwer whether it be fit for the
. fla^ ; the great man, difdaihing that
plain and (hort road which the duke
^ of Argyle, and three or lour more,
would have chofen in fuch cafe, af-
fures the author that hb play is ea^-
ceDent; that, perhaps, in fomeiinall
reipefb, of no great confeqoence,. it
night admit of alteration ; bat that
upon the whole it b admirably adapted
to the ftage* and ihall be brought for-
ward early in the feafim. The author
cannot bat rejoice to hear fuch a fen-
tence pronounced ; but time ekpfes,
and he hears no more, and applies
again, when he is told, that the play
is certainly a good one» but will re-
quire very confiderable alterations to
)Bt it for the flage, and it is recom-
mended to him p revife it, take the
ppinion of his friends on the propriety
'of the alterations, and bring it again
to the manager, as foon as he has
inade them. When this b complied
with, and he begins to be femewhat
impatient, he makes a third applica-
iion, and is now informed, that the
play, 4ltho(9|b, to be fare> altered

ibr the better, b yet rather defident
in ffatge qualities. If it has plot, it
ift devind of cktrader ; if it has cha-
rade, the plot b ratiier thin; if it
poilefs both, the language b not well
fuited to the eafe of dialogue; or if
the language be u good as that of
Congreve or Sheriaan, there b a want
of buftle and bufinefs ; and when all
thefe combine together, there b a de-
fe&ofientiment; or, to conclude, if
it poflefs all the requifite good quali.
ties, the feafon is rather too hx ad-
vanced to produce it thb year, but if
he will reconfider, and retooch par-
ticular paffiiges of it, he mav depend
on its being brought forward the vtry
firft play next feafon. After a year
pr two of thb agreeable interchange
of civilities, the author, who thoa?hc
himfelf wife and witty enough to in«
taoSt and pleafe the moft polite and
crowded audiences, finds that he was
fo deplorably ignorant of language ^
not to underihnd mere words ofcwrfi.
See thb fubjedk illoftrated at great
length in the hiftory of Mr. Metopoyiv
in Roderick Random.

But njiiords ofcomft are not confined
to great men in high ftations. In the
common traffic and bufinefs of life*
they are in very jfeneral ufe. Veiv
few payments are made, I mean, ON
fered to be made, and fcaroely any
money can be borrowed withoot them.
Every man who wants to borrow, de-
clares that he wants the fum only fbr
a week or a month, nndl remituncet
come from the coontr^, until certain
peHbns who have di&ppointdl him
iball learn to be a little more pundual*
or until he has time to draw out cer-
tain bills, which he purpofei to do
direftly, and fend theot where he it
fure tl^ will be paid. Ontheother
hand, every man who does not want
to knd, but who b applied to in the
chara£br of a lender, and who might
deferve the charaQer in its moft li-
beral fenfe, if he thoaght proper, ia
at prefent rather out of ca(h, has lately
been egregioofly difeppomted, but
hopes in a week or two to be able to
accommodaite l|b fiicnd; he ia alib

9.46

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

rtry (erioufl/ convinced bow (carcc
money is> and how bad trade is ; for
bis part* h« knovu ooi whsrc all the
JBoney k gone to, unlef^ it be buried
under ground, or melted into air, or
locked up fome how or other ; and lie
never experienced a time when taxes
were higher, buiineG To flack, and
i^och diffieulcy in getting in one's bills.
Both parties perfedly underiiand thefs
words of courfe, although, by fame
ftrange znifconception, they fuppofe
each other ignorant of them.

But, after all the ufes to which
words of courfe have been applied,
and the great advantages which ibme
people find in them, may it not be
doubted whether we are not greater
lofert than gainers, by uking from
words their proper fignificatioii, and
giving them a meaning perfe^y arbir
uary^ which, when it is underilood«
contributes very little to the charader
of the fpeaker, and very grievoufly
to the difappointment of the hearer ?
It is certain that illanv men, who
have gone through fosary offices of
'great truft and coniequence, and who
Save acquired a didinguiihed rank in
lile, have found in the courfe of a*
longexperience, that fincerity is the
molt valuable mode of communication
between man and man, and that in

order fie receive it from others, «^
mull learn to give it to them. Sixi?
csrity, fays a.i author of confiderable
celebrity, is not io much a ficglc vir-
tue, as the luilre and glory of all the
rell ; and thai from which they derive
both their being and perfection. It
is that excellen'. habitude and temper
of mind, which gives to virtue its
reality> and makes it to be what it
appears. What the foul is to the fe-
veral parts and members of the body*
whidi it actuates and unites, iiocerity
is to the virtues ; their eflential Ibrnu
their vital and uniting principle, bjr
which they are knit together, imd
from which they have all their fflOtk»
and vigour.

Men who hold fuch c»iniona as
thefe may prohbly be miltaken and
deceived, but theit fyHem is founded
- upon principles acknowledged by %he
wife and good of all nations ; and it
feems to bk much preferable to that
which depends upon the caprice of a *
few individuals, and ultimately de*
Uroys that confidence between man*
kind, without which life is a feries
of Irauds, and fociety afbte of treach-
erous hoflilitjr. Such at leaft is die
humble opinion of one who has al* '
ways attempted to a£t as

A STaAlGUT-FOaWAltD>MAK.

Chakactea of GiORGS II : tyith a Ftewo/tbi State of Literatuie

in bis £eign»

[Prom Beliham*8 Memoirs of the Kings of Great Biituo, of the Hboie of

Bronfwic-Lunenburg.]

DXJrisg his long reign, George
the fecond had experienced
ynanv viciiGtudes of fortune ; but he
Jived to fee himfelf the mof! fuccefsful
pi all the English monarchs. And,
j^fter %he dark and lowering afpc£i
which hi. political horizon occafionally
iixhihii, his fun fet at lail in a golden
cloud.

The chara^er of this monarch it
jj^ nof cafy ^ulier to miftake or to
mifreprefent.' Endowed by nature
with an under^anding by no means
fCfrnpfeheaCve^ lie. had taken litde

pains to improve and expand his ori-
ginal powers by intdledual cultiva-
tion. Equally a iiranger to learning
and the arts, he few the rapid increaie
of both under his reign, without con-
tributing in the remotefl degree to ac-
celerate that progreflion by any mode
of encouragement, or ev^n bellowing,
probably, a fingle thought on the
means of their advancement. Inhe-
riting all the political prejudices of
his &ther— prejudices originating in
a partiality natural and pardonable
-^he W9S never nble to extend his

vic#i

FOR APRIL, 1794;

«4r

views beyond the adjuftment of the
<^erfnanic balance ef power; and
refting with unfafpitiGttis (kmfidicm
in that fydem, iifto which he had been
fHLiiy initiated* he never roTe even to
the ccmception of that fimpl^ digni-
^d, and impartial conduft, which
it is equally the honor and intereft of
Great Britain to maintain in all the
complicated eontefts of the continen-
tal ftatet. It is curious to remark,
chat the grand ofcjedtof thetwo conti«
nental wars of this reign were diame-
trically oppofice : in the firftj England
fought the aggrandTzement-— in the
lecokidy the abafement of the Houie
of Attilria, And in what *md Je the
confeqaent advancement of Pruflia,
mtanexpence to England fo enormous,
to the rank of a primary power in
Europe, has contributed to the efla-
Uifliment or prefervation of that po*
iitical balance, upon the accurate
poize of which many have affirmed*
and perhaps fome have believed, that
the ulvation of £ng|land depends, yet
temains to be explained. In the in-
ternal government of hb kingdoms,
Chif monarch appears, however; to
much greater advantage than in the
contemplation of his fy (Tern of foreign
politics* I'hough many improper
CQDceffions were made by the parlia-
hient to the crown during the courfe
of diis reign, it maft be acknowledged,
that no violation of the eftablilhed
laws or liberties of the kingdom can
be impttted to the monarch. The
.merai principles of his adminiilra-
tion, boU) civil and religious* were
liberal and jnft. Thofe penal (btutes.
which form the diferace of our judi-
cal code, were, in his reign, melio-
rated, and virtually fufoended, by
the fuperior miidneis and equity of
the executive power. And it was a
)vdl-known and memorable declara-
tion of this beneficent monarch, ' that,
during his reign, there fliould be no
perfecution for conicience fake/
Though ftibjedl to occafional Tallies
of paffion, his difpofition was natural-
ly geneious and e$^y pklcable. On
vinous occafipn9, he Ittd given fi-

lial demonftratjon of peribfutf bravery i
nor did the general tenor of his cotk*
dud exhibit orooB tefs Ibiking df hit
redHtude and integrity: and, if h«
cannot be ranked anM>ne the gr|eat«
eft, be is at leaft entitled to be cial^
fed with Che moll refpodlabic princei
of the age in whkh be lived, and lot
memory is defervedly held in hatiomd
efteem and veneration.

The general ftate oTfitertture and
the arts during this reign, it triiay bm
thought improper to pafs over mtliK
oat a fpecific, howH^er tmniieiic^
nrentton. tn the early p«t <f( H» ^
fhadow of royal pn>teAi<)n' md eh-
couragemeut difplayed itfetf ta dw
countenance given by quetn Care*
line— -a princefi of an excellent onder«
ftanding and much liberality of fea*
tiroent — to feveral learned men, witk
whom (he loved freely to converfe;
partlculariy with Dr. Samuel Clarke*
fo famous for his theological and mm*
uphyfical writings ; andffhofeipee«*
lative opinions, in their full ^tent^
the queen was believed to have deep«
ly imbibed* Hoadly, the friendaf this
illttftriotts phik>fopher, wis advanoed,
through a long teries of promotions,
to the bilhopric of Winchederi and
Dr. Clarke himtelf was, it b laid*
deftined, had not his death prema*
turely and unexpedledly incervoMd,
to the archbilboprc of Caaterbimr*
Thefe great and celebratod eocle»->
aflics, die brighteft ornaments and lu*
roinaries of the EnglKh church, wer«
anxiouily folicitous to advance its tr«t
intereft, as well as honor, by afibA«
ing a farther reform, both of its dif-
ctpline and dodrine, on the genuine
principles of proteftantifm. But the
political caution, and not the religi-
ous bigotry, of the governing powers»
unhappily prednded the attempt.

The prince of Wales aMb, at a Tub-
fequent period, (hewed a difpoittion,
though retrained in the abttiiy, to be «
come a munificent patron of Ktera*
ture: and Mallet, Thomfen, and
Young, are (aid to have been parti*
cularly diftinguilhed by bis bounty*
The SaafOM, and the Night Thoughts,

are ^

t4«

THE LfNlVERSAL MAGAZINE

«r« poemft of higb aad dderved cde^
brity. Bat the noil truly poetical miiA
of this reign wasuDqudhoMbly Oray*
bad bb powers been fully expauHrd
by the fttufliine of popular and court*
ly encoumgemeiit. The Bard and
Church-yard Elegy are mafter-pieces
of fuUime eathxiiuifm, and plaintive
degaaoe. In the drama no taagedies
appeaired which oould ftand even a
monieatary competition ivith the ad-
viied pathetic productions of Otway,
or evcQ the elegant though lefs im-
paflSonedMrforfliaocesofRov^e. In
conedy, Coogreve, Vanbrugh> and
Farquhar yet remained unrivalled.
And €f the far greater purt of the no-
neroQs dramatic pieces of this period*
It may be affirmed in the v^ords of
Drydeu, * that the tragic mule give
imiles^ the comic fleep.'
^ In one fpecies of hterary compofi-
tiott, however* and thajL of the high-
eft importance* the reign of George
II,' aaay boaft a decided and indifpoca-
Ue fuperiority ; and in the province of
biilory* the names of Hume and
iU^bertfim will ever claim the higheft
rank of eminence. Taking it for all
in all* Hume's Hiftory of England
nay perhaps be juftly regarded as the
greateft effort of hifloric genius whi<^
Uie world ever faw. His philofbphic
innpartiaUty* approaching indeed oc-
cauonafly the confines ofindiHerence*
bis pix>&und iagadty* his diligence
of zefearch, his felicity of feld^ion
nnd arrangement* the dignified ele-
ganoe of ms flyle* which yet rarely
nfpires to elevation or energy— all
oomlnne to ftamp upon this work the
charaderiftics of high and indifpa table
excellence. With foch happineis*
and with touches fo mafterly, are the
principal perfonagesof his hUlory de-
uneated* that a more clear and per-
fect idea is frequently conveyed by
Mr. Hume* in a few lines* thai^ we
are able to derive from the elaborate
amplifications of lord Clarendon*
whofe hifiorical portraits, though
drawn certainly with ^reat accuracy
and dofenefs of obfervation* are fioilh*
ed lather in the Style of the Fkmifti
I

than the Roman ichooL - Widrre^iaft
to the Hiaorian of Charles V^ it it
fufficient to (ay* that he has been often
highly* but never too highly praiied.
From a rude and indigefted chaos of
matter he has feleded tnofe fads i% hich
are truly and permanendy interefting^
and which alone it imports pofterity
to know* conneding them with ex*
quifite ikill* and adorning his narra-
tion with all th^ graces of a fimple^
pare* and luminous didion, whoQy
frie from thofe meretricious orna-
ments, that tumid pomp* and gaudy
difplay of eloquence* by which later
writers have been unfortunately ambi-
tious to aiquire reputation, \

In nKtaphyfics* Hartley eftablilhed
a fyftem adourable for its fimplicity,
for the extent and importance of its
pra^Hcal application* and its 'perfeCt
correipondence with all the a&oal
phenomena of human nature* upon
the firm and immovable foundatioa (
of Locke. '

Id theok>gy, amid an hoft of great
and refpeflable names* it cannot be
deemed invidious to beftow the high*
eft applaufe on that of Lardner* who^
unamited by the advanUffts, and unar i
domed by the honors ot oor national
feminaries of educatioa, compofed a
ftupendous work on the Credibility of
Chrittianity, no lefs to be admired for
iu caodor* impartiality, and fagaci-
ous fpirit of refearcb* than its ama-
fing extent and depth of erudition ;
and it is not without reafon that he
has been ftyled* by a juftly celebrated
writer* who cannot be fufpeded of
partiality either to the cade or the
advocate* ■* the prince of modem di-
vinps,' Fofter* Lelaud, Chaodlert
Abernetby* Duchal* and many other
eminent names* not of the Eftabiifli-
ed Church* maintained alfo* widi
diftingttiflied honor to themfirives* fay
their variaus learned theological and
philofophical writings* atonoe the re-
putation of their ieparate commnnioa*
and the authority of that GCMamon
faith which all denomination of Chrif*
tians are equally conceiacd to fup*
port* In the pale qf the EftaWiJh^

mcn^

POtL ApRl^i t794A

449

nieht, the venerable Lowth diiHn- ;of the church at that peribd, and par-
^uiOied himfelf above all his cotenipo-/ ticolarl^ of Herring* archbiftiop of

ranes, by adomine the profoundeft
difquifitions in facred literature, with
all the charms of claflic elegance.
And the excellent Jortin, in the jud-
iiefs and comprehenfion of his views>
the dearnefs and accuracy of hfs rea-
ibnings, attained to high, perhaps
unrivalled pre-eminence. His Re-
marks on Ecclefiadical Hiftory abound
with the moll candid and liberal fen-

Canteroory — a prelate eminent for dif-
cernment, candour and benignity, and
who had declared to Dr. jortin that b^
would be to htm what Warham had
been to Erafmus. It was^ howfever^
late in life before the extraordinary
merits of Jorttn attracted that atten-
tion to\^hich they were fo well incitled :
and he himfelf truly and feeling!/
fpeaks^f the patronage faid to be

timents : and his Life of £rnfmas afFordeGgto literature by men of rank

diicovers a mind perfedtly congenial
with that of the illuftrious fcholar,
whoie portrait he has delineated -^the
fame ingenuous iimplidty, fame urba-
nity, wit, and poliihed keennefs of
iatire-^in redlitude equal, in fortitude
Superior. Had Erafmus flouriOied in
our days, Jortm would furely have
been his favourite and chofen friend ;
for we know ihat his admired and be- '
loved Colet was but the Jortin of a
former age. 'For the famous and in-
comparable preface prefixed to his Re-
marks, he is fakl to have been me-

and fortiine, as ' a Mileixan fabi« «f
a fairy Sle.'

Before the concluiion of this reign^
Reynolds in painting, in fclilpture Wil-
ton, began to rife into fiime : and th^
exquifite mniical comptoittion^ of Han't
del were vigoroufly emulated by ArnH
and Boyc?, But fo whatever degree
of perfeiflioh fcienee, literature, and
the arts, arofe during eren its lail
fplendid at)d memorable period/ the
fole and exclufire honor of patronage
appertains — not to this court — not td
to any Maecenas or Dprfet of the age;

naced by the high church bigots of —not to the encouragement derived

his time with a legal ]5rofccution } but from aeademical honors or premiums

this threat was rendered inefiedual -^but to the tafte, difeemment, and

by the moderation of the governors generofity of the nation^

ON Dt/ELLINO.

WH E N we are difpofed to
pride ourfelves on that fuperior
degree of light and knowledge which
we enjoy, our vanity might be very
feafonably correi^ed, by our refled-
ing at the fame time, that, in many
refpeds. we; have not conquered the
moil abfurd of all prejudices, and have
by no means profited by our light and
knowledge, as we might have done
had we given fair play to reafon and
common-fenfe. I might enumerate
many inftances wherein we have come
very far fhbrt of the expeded and na-
tural fruits of the koowtedffe and ex-
perience of fo many centunes; but it
IS fufficient for my prefent purpofe to
|ive onl]^ one, in which men of very
found minds and upright intentions
eontiDoe to indulge a barbarity of

opinion^ more befitting the fbt^rteentfa
than the eighteenth century : I mean
the ptadice of duelHng, which fre-
quently occurs* and the principle of
which feems to be deeply engraveni
on the hearts of aH men who efleem
themfelVes, or would be thought, men
^honour. That men of good cha^
rafters ihould be of opinioTi that duel-
ling is necefiary^ mnft feem wonderfuly
becaufe it is contrary to the laws of
God as well as of man ; and thcat men
of reputed wifdom ihould' juftify thef
praflicCi is no lefs wonderful^ becaiufe
ft is. in its nature a grofs abfurdity.
Thefe two portions nuy be eafily
proved.

But I Ihall firft obferve that duel'

ling is a modem practice. It can

plead neither antiquity qjdi aniverfali-*

I i ty.

150

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ty. AmoDgthe ancients, there is not
one infUnce of doclling according to
(he now received pradlice. The anci-
ents undoubtedly cheriQied thepaflions
of anger and revenge, and entertained
a h'gh fenie of honour, but we have
no example among the Greeks and
Romans of two peHbns go*ng out pri-
vately, deliberately, and coolly, to
fettle a perfonal quarrel. We read,
xndeed» of iingle combats, boc they
were performed by lawful authority,
before judges, and ia the open face
of day, fometimcs as a juri4ica] (rid,
and fometimes as a trial only of fkill.
The gymnaftic exercifes were of a
barbarous kind, fuitcd to tliC manners
of the times* but none of th^in bear
any refemblancc to duelling , In lat-
ter ages, we read of tilts and tourna-
ments, ordeal duels, and oth^r modes
of executing public juftice, but thefe
were all conduced according to the
laws, and had the iaodtion of public
.authority. Duels, on the other ha:. d,
are contrary to aU known laws, both
of God and man. fiefides, in the an-
cient tournaments,, the public good
was intended, or propofcd. which
cannot be faid of private duels.

The connexion bec^veen modern
duelling and anc entt Iting, or rather
the pe^/^rre of the former, is thusin-
genioufly traced by Montefquieu*

« If an ac:uicr began by declaring
before a jud^e that fuch a perfon had
committed luch an a^ion, and thrit
tlie impleaded had given him the //>,
the judge gav% bis order for a duel.
Hence arofe the cuflom, that when-
ever a man received the lie, he was
obliged to challenge the offender ta
combat with him, for having dared
to offer him that gro6 aiFront. When
a perfou had declared himfelf both
willing and ready to combat, he could
not evade it afterward, if he even at-
tempted it i and he incurred the pe-
nalty annexed to fuch a recreancy.
Hence the cuilom was ellablinied, that
when a man had once given hb hand,
the law of honour forbade bis reced-
ing from it. — Gentlemen encountered
each other on' horieback» and with

arms : Plebeians fought on foot, zni
with a iUck or quarter-fla£F. Hence
a flick is confidered as a difgxacefLl
weapoi), becaufe whoever had been
beaten with it, was kx>ked upon to
have been treated as a plebeian.
Plebeians only fought with their faces
uncovered, and were therefore alone
liable to receive blows on the face,
and to have it disfigured. Hence it
has followed, that a blow givea on
that part can only be wafhed away
with the blood of the offender ; be-
caufe he who had received it was
treated like a plebeian/ - From this
we fee, that if duellifls wilh to deduce
their pra«^ice from aqcier.i times, all
that can be faid in their favour is,
that, what the good (enfe of mankind
abominated and diicontinued, they
adopted and now pradife. ' It woukt
be rather too much to fuppofe that all
the legiflatiires^ who have enabled and
continued (eve re laws ^gainfl duelling
were delHiate o^ honour,

I have faid tiiat duelling is in its
nature a grofs abfurdity. This will
appear, it we confider that the ooly
purpofes it is intended to fervc are
thoie of punijhment or reparation. Per-
haps I ought to (ay, that theieare the
only ends which common fenfe can
difcover, t^»at duels are calculated to
ani'vver. An injury is committed> or
i'uppofed to be committed. AU in-
jarlcs demand puniQinient or repara*
tion, which in one word amounts Co
jaiisfaSion. 'But duelling (fays arch-
deacon Faley) as a punilhmtnt is ab-
furd, becauie it is an equal chance
whether the punifhment ihall fall upon
the offender or the peribn offended.
Nor is it much better as a reparation,
it being difficult to explain what the
facisfa^ion confifls itr, or how it tends
to undo the injury, or to aiTord a
compenfation for the damage already
ftt(^ained.'

That it is abfurd as a puniJhment
is a pofition fb clear, as to render it
unneceffary to offer any illuP ration.
Punifhment, in order to be eile(5^ual,
muil be inflifted by a fuperior upon
an inferior^ but duelliib generally are

and

FOR APRIL, 1794.

451

«od tlway^ouy be upon a level ; and
in order to be iuipariial, it mull be
inflidled by one who ha^ no concern
with the parties oiFendingor offended.
A judge ^about to inflidt the puni.fh-
menc of the jaws upon a convi6t» would
appear in a moW ridiculous light, were
he to enable the convid to infiidl tiie
(ame punilhment upon himfelf. Lat,
however abfurd tliis may" fccm, if we
confider that- in all. cafes of irijurvj
anger and, revenge are the paf&ons
firft excited, we ihnll be convinced
that the idea of //^////'iwj- hi^ advcrfary
is the Jirfi which occurs t ) the mind of
a duelliil;. And if it fo happens that
in infiiding this punifhm^np we fub-
jcdt ourfelves to the very fame, at.d
give our adverfary an opportunity to
efcape and triumph over us, nothing
more need be faid to prove that duel-
ling as a fufjipmeat is a very grofs
ablurdity. Experience confirms this,
for in the cafe of many duels, which
have occurred in the memory of every
perfoQ who may read this paper, ic
happened that the injured party was
killed. Now, however, we may look
back upon former ages with a degree
of contempt, for their barbarous tilts
and tournaments, and with a confciouf-
nefs of our fupcriority.; it muft be
confeffcd by every #iprejudiced think-
er, that in this rcfpedl, at leaft, we have
not advanced one inch farther in juft
and proper ideas of the mode of i:e-
vcflging injuries.

* Nor is duelling much ♦etter^as a
reparatiait'. Men are always apt to
differ when they eOmpare their no-
tions of injury. Every man thinks
himfelf of more confequence than any
other man or body of men think him.
When he receives an injury, real or
fuppofcd, and does mv choofe to ap-
peal to the la AS of his country, he
weighs that injury in the balance of
felf-conceit, overloads his own confe-
qacrce, and almoft always, tranf-
greifcs the bounds of juftice'. There
are a thoufand fpecies of injuries for
which the wife (I men cannot cer-
tainly fay what fatisfidion ought to be
^iven; a^ heQce a fair and ei^yial

law is appointed to . which, all fbfh

msiy be referred," namely, the opinioa
of tw<?lve men unbiailed and uricon-
ne-Hcd with' the parties. Tijat this
niode of decilicm is jull, appears fHcJoi ^
this circumftance; that the ' dedffon ; ^
of a jury (with very fe^ eicce^tions)' '
gives fdtisfe^Uon to every pcrfon, un-
lefs the party again (^ whom the 'dc- •
cilion is given. Perfection is not the '
attribute of man, and juries may err, '
twt this is an occurrence (o e^ctremely '
rare, that this tribunal may be, with- '
out hazard of coriVradidlioti. "p)ro-.
nounced the mdflfperfeft that the iviT- '
dom of man has ever invented,* or
ever can inve« c ^

Farther we may fiy, io this view
of the matter, that reparation cati
never be made accoVding to the ftri^-
and immiitable laws of jtiftlce, if"*'
man is allowed to v«ft in his own- per-*
fon the dirtindt ofEces of accufer and
judge. In no nation, advanced the^
1 mailed degree in civilization, do we*
find that it is permitted to any maa
to be his own avenger, or as the
phrafe is, to take the law into his
own hands. That this bught not to
be fo, is confillent with the ttioft tim-'
pie and natural principles of juftice^
and it is a conviiSion imprefled On the
minds i)f all mankind. Were it once
allowed in a civilized nation, that
every man (hould avenge his ownf
caufe, what would be the cOnfe-
quence ? That nation would fooo be
involved in a ftate of barbarity more
hideous than ever flained the page of
hiftory. We may from an mllance
form feme conjeifture of theprogrefs of
fuch a fyflem. A. receives an injury
from B. and kills him. C. revenges
the death of B. by killing A : D. re*
vcnges thfc death of A. by killing C^
— and fo on throughout a numerous
circle of friends, relations, and de-
pendants. The obvious reafon why
all nations, and particularly civilized
nations, have refufed to mdiviJuals
the privilege of revenging their own
injuries, is, that no man can fairly
judge of the quantity of injury he has
received, nor of the punilhment that
I i 2 ought

Hi

THE UNIVERSAt MAGAZINE

pught td be ipflifted. Refentinent Jlmv o/hottour f ^'herthdmhw

is a pafliOD which excludes reafop%b)e to be found f In what (enatc wais it

enquiry ; and hence it is that inen afe enabled ? By the confent of what peo-

ieleAed as judges of injuries and pa- pie? Is it of man^ or an emanation

|itihments» whg c^nnpt be fuppofed from the Deity ? In what age of the

to ^ lender an^ influence that in- world did it originate^' aoa in what

tprferes with ftnd impartiality and books are we to find it ? A flprt cha-

jaftice. Were not this the cafe, I
do not Q^y thac }n iHl inftances juftice
yfo^id be a iperp farce, but I will iay
that the decifion in almoft every in-
duce wQuljd be a primtf. The life of
pan is too facred 4 thing to be the
(poTi of refemmcnt or anger.

iThus far, due]ling has been con-
fiiered as a mode f^f puni(hinent, or
reparation. ..That it is contrary to
the lav^'s of God and mani requires no
proof; it is only a matter of furprife
t}iat thpfe who will allov^ that it is
perfcdiy Dlegal, cannpt prevail upon
themfelvc^ to aft agreeably to a con-

rafler of it is to be ibund in Paiey,
and I will tranfcribe it fpr the in-
formation of men of hofWMr, that they
m«y know what glorious provifioos
this law h^^ made for the welfare of
fociety.

' The law of honour is a fyftem of
rules conftru^bed by fiofle of fafinoa^
and calculated to facilitate their inter-
courfe with one another ; and for no
other f orppfe. Confequently> nothing
is adverted to by the law of honour*
but what tends to incommode thb in-
terccurfe. Hence this law only pre-
icribes and regulates the duties ht-

yi<ftion of fo much importance. They tvaten equaU ; omitting fuch as relate
l^iay, perhaps, think, that the Ifws of to the Supreme Being, as well as thofe
aiif b^Ing merely political regulatiosis which we owe to our inferiors. For

which reafon, profaneneis, negled of
public wOrfhip or private devoiaoo,
cruelty to fervants, rigorous treat-
ment of tenants or other dependants.

I

or a numerous fociety, may be in cer-
tain urgent cafes difpenfed with, and
that the prefent fecret mpde pf oon-
du^l^ng 4 duel* whije it anfwers its

purpoies, preferyes a refped for ffich want of diaritv to the ^oor^ injuries
regulations. But were we <ii(pofed to dpnp tp tradeunen by mfolvency or
grant this, we have ^t over only t^e delay of pa^ment^ with nunaberleia
lefTer difficulty^ and it would be wail- examples of the lame kind, are ac

tng words tb prpve that a man has
npL dpne a vef y wife or a very gppd
a^n, who IxnUls that he has eluded
th^ laws of his coi;ntry« and defpifed
thofe of his God.

But we (hall l^ tojd, that neither
punilhment nor reparation are intend-
ed bv ^duelsi « A law of honour,*
fays the excellent author above quoted.

counted no breaches of honour; be-
caufe a man is not a \itfy agreeable
companion for thefe vices, nor the
worie to d^ with, in thofe concerns
which are ufually tranfadled between
one gentleman and another. Again,
the law of honour being cpnftituted by
men occupied in the purfuit of plea-
fure, and for the mutual oonveniency

f having annexed the imputatiqn pf of fuch men, will be found, as migh(
cowiyrdipe tp patience under an affront, be expeded from the charuiitr and
fhallengrs are given and accepted, dtfign of the law-makers, to be, in
with no other defign than to prevent molt inftances, favourable to the ti-
er wipe off this fufpicion; without centious indulgence of the natoial
ipaliceagainft the adverfary, generally paifions. Thus it allows of fomica*
yvithbut a wi(h to deflroy him, pr any tion, adultery, drunkennefs, prodl-
concern but to preferve the duellifb gaiity, duelling, and revenge in the
owp repptatlon and reception in the extreme; and lays no ftrefs upon the
WOfld.' Such is unqueftionably the virtues oppolite to thefe.'
language of dueliifts, and fuch is the Such is the law of honour, if that
defence they fcf up. really deferves to be called a law,

whid^

FOR APRIL, 1794,

vrtikh in h& is the eapricipos confe&t
of a certain defcription of peopfet to
fet atide the laws of God in their petty
qHarret^. It is a law (for I muft Kill
ufe the word) which naturalizes and
legalizes the pafiions of pride and re-
ientmenCy and gives a fandion to
murder, which takes from it all that
Jiorror with which it would infpire a
good mind. It is eafy to perceiye,
that whoever wifhes to take away
another's life has only to provoke him
to a doel^ in which from fuperior ikill
he may fecure the advantage. And
that duelliib, in general, are regu-
lated by this law, and no other, will
appear, if we confider the hiftory of
fuch duels as have come within our
knowledge for the laft thirty years,
who were the parties, and what the
fdbjeft of the difpute. it woukl ap-
pear invidious to enter too minutely
into this confideration, becaufe there
may be a few cafes, in which one of
the parties may have been implied
to give a challenge, in compliance with
this law of honour, and contrary to
hb own fenfe of duty. It remains for
foch to confider, whether, to preferve
a man*s reputation* he has the right
to take away the life of another ?

To this the anfwer wifl be, no;
becaufe this is forbidden by the laws
0f boiven and eardi $ but if the anfwer
ihottld ^be in the affirmative, it will
only ferve to introduce another ab-
furdity in the genius of duelling.
Talf ing away a man's life will not in
fed anfwer this purpofe. It wiH not
preferve the feputation of htm who
takes it away. For example, if A.
has committed a crime, and to fereen
if, tells a He ; he challenges B. who
gives him the lie, and kills him. But
all who know the af&ir know that A.
did teil a lie, and therefore all the
fetisfedion he gets is, that he has
now the reputation of a murderer
added to that of a liar. Suppofe that
B. was wrong, and that A. did not
' tell a lie, wul the reputation of the
latter be better preferved by fighting,
0r by proving that S* was in the

wrbng ? How comes it that tejltng a
lie, which may after all arife in a
iniRake, is to be puniihed with death,
aAd all the crimes enumerated by
Paky, are not confidered worthy of
pnnifhrnent by the laws of honour ?
Is it poffible to enteruin the fmallelt
de^ee of Chriftiah faith or moral
principle, and lillen with patience to
fuch abfurd pretences, as a law of
honour pareLmount to both ^ If a man
commits all thole crimes, is not hit
repuutibn tami(hed? Will not all
who fpeak, call him a villain,^ and
will his refpptation-be reHored, and all
the foulneiTes of his diarader be done
away, merely by hb havin? the
courage to fight a duel ? As well may
we fay that it is impoffible to think ill
of a man who has a good conftitution,
or to blame the chancer fA him, who
is infenfible to fiiame or forrow V

Let us now confider fome of the
arguments which are nfjd to defend'
duelling, u a pubBc good, for firange
as it may feem, fuch have been offer-
ed. It is feid that it has been of
great ufe in the dvtfization of man-
kind, who in great fodeties, would
foon degenerate into cruel villains
and treacherous (laves, wtre honour
to be renioved from them. This is^
an argument not lefs extraordinary
for the manner in which it is exprefled,
than for its beb^ totally contrary to
fad* Duelling, if encouraged, muft
in the very nature of things produce
that cruelty and treachery, which it it
faid to prevent. Take away from men
the re&raints of divine and hnman
law, and you make them the worft of
barbarians, t,vtrf man avenging hit
own quarrel, and in his own way*
But the aifertion is totally contrary to
hiftorical evidence ; for no fooner did
men begin to be dviiized, than they
enafked laws againft duelling, and
every remains of the andent combats.
On the other hand, it does not anfwer
the purpofe of dvilization, for duel-
ling is more common now than ever^
and yet, I prefume, it will not be
faid that we are retaming to the dayi

Pf

*S4-

THE UNIVERSAL MAGilZINE

ofbirbanty. Ifweere, I havelit^e.

•dpubt that duelling mu(i very fiOQ-
idcrMy accelerate our prQ'j^Kis,
AnocbeF argument is, tluic if ever)^.

, iUbred fellow. might ufe what language
hepteafed, with unpunityy^ncl continue
oSen^ve, becauie entrenched from v e«
fear of ^ing called to an account for .
it» then all 'converfation u ould be ^
f]x>ile4- — ^t bas aXfo been faid, aii4»
if I niiilake not. Dr. Robertfoih the
hiilorian, w^ of the fam^^.opii} oa»
that duelling tended to produce good-

.breeding. But 1 »n very igTlbrant
of the dodrifie of cauies and efleds»
if ever fiich a caufe produced i'ucn an
cifedl. Fear is the worftinftrument
that c^n be eqaploycd in ^orrecling
the intemperance of tlie human mind.
Fear may keep a man fivun perform- .
ipg ^eruin overt ads, bat fear never.
made a good man, and to teach a
roan politenefs, under t^e penalty of
death, wouk* be nearly as raiioAaJ as
to teach t\im dapcing at the mouth of a
cannop* But )iere the fad will bear
%» through. I appeal to any obferver
of liie and manners, whether good-
breeding has increafed with the fre-
quency of duels. Vifit pur public
places of amufement, and judge whe-
ther good- breediag is more cultivated,
iince box-lobby challenges became
common, whether rudenels and bruu-
Itiy arc repreiFed by the mutual threats
of profligates, or men of honour, ai
they alFedl to be called. With refpedt
to ill-bred fellows fpoillng converfa-
tion, it is an occ&rrence that cannot
happen very ogen. The company of
ill bred fellows is feldom courted;
whereas there u no more eifcdual way
\p fpoil converfation> and to repre^
the brilliancy of wit and genius, than
to introduce that pettilh humour, that
minute attention to harmlefs words,
vvhich occadons a jealous watchful-
fkcfs, and a difpofitioQ to turn every
3

innocent expreffion ibto i designed •

aiiironc.

Theoely Englilh author who pre-
tends to write in fa 'Our of duelling,
concludes. with the following words,
for which I (hould be glad to fubfti-
tttte others, if i could fiod any others
as happ'ly arranged to exprefs my
feotiments. ' Tne mo t cogeQt argu-
ment, that can be urged againft mo-
dern honoiir> and its favourite prin-
ciple the fpirit of duellings is its being
(o disMBetrically oppoiiie to the. for-
giving meeknefs of Chriftianiiy The
goipei comn^ands us to bear injuries
with a religned patience : honour tells
us, if we do not reieot them in a be- i
coming xpaai^r, we are unwortliy of (j
ranlcing in fociety as mcn> Revealed j
religion commands the faithful to
leave all revenge to God ; honour bids
perfons of- feeling to .truH their re-
venge to nobody but themfelves, even
where the. courts of law«y.by the in-
terfering of juilice> might do it for f
them. Chriitiaoity, in exprefs and
poTitive terms, forbids murder: ho-
nour rifes up in barefaccfd oppoiition
to julUfy it. Religion prohibits oar i
ihedding blood upon any account
whatibever: puodilious hoi-iour com- i
mands, and eggs ns on to fight even
for trifles. Chriilianity is founded
upon humility; honour is created
upon pride.'

The length to which this letter has
already extended, obliges me to poft-
pone the farther confideration of the
fubjed to another occasion, when it
will be proper to make fome allow-
ance for the cruel neceiSty impofed
upon t^at ufeful body of menj the of-
ficers of the army and navy. This
necefUty it is which forms the only
excufe that can be made for duelling ;
hovv^^ far it is a fufHcient one* will be
confidered hereafter* '

ElKSNOS.

Ci:SAN'.

FOR APRIL, 1794.

^55

GLEANINGS.

Sfar^a collegi.

A Good author Should have the flyle
and courage of a captain, th;
integrity of a dying^man, andfo much
fenfe and ingenuity > as to impofe no-
thing, either weak or needlefsj^n the
world. /•• Y •

The bcft of authors are not without
their faults, and, if ihey were, the
world would not entertain them- as
they deferve. Perfection is often
called for« but nobody would bear it. '
The only perfect man that ever ap-
peared in the world was crucified.

The man whofc book is filled with
quotations, may be {aid to creep along
the ihor« of authors, as if he were;,
afraid to trull himfelf to the free
compafs of reafoning. Others defend
foch authors by a different alluiion,
and aik whether honey is the worfe
for being gathered from many flow-
ers ?

A few choice books make the befl
library : a multitude will confound us,
whereas a moderate quantity will alHll
and help us. Mailers of great libra-
ries are too commonly like book-
fellers^ acquainted with Uttle clfe than
the titles. . .

He who reads books by extrac^ls,
ipay be faid to read by deputy. Much
depends on the latter, whether he
reads (o any purpofe.

Satire is the o ly kind of Wit, for
which we have fcripture authority and
example, in the cafe of Elijah ridi-
culing the falfa gods of Ahab.

He that always praifes me, is un-
4!oubtedl/ a flatterer; but he that
fometiines praifes, and fometimes re-
proves mc, is probably my friend,
and fpeaks his minJ. Did we not
£^ttcr ourfelves, others would do us
no hurt.

Men are too apt to promife accord-
Tng to their hofifs, and perform ac-
cording to theiry^tfrj.

Secrecy Lis all the prudence, and
none of the vices either of emulation,
or diiiifflulacion.

When a man Is difpofcd to reveal
a fecret, and ixpciX that it fball be
kept, he (bould firft enquire whether
he can keep it himfelf. This is good
advice,' perhaps a litde in the Ir^
way.

All the wildom in the world will
do little, while a man wants prefence
of mind. He cannot fence well that
is not on hii guard. Archimedes loH
his life, by being too bufy to giv^aa
anfwer. ,

Notwithilanding the difference of
ellate and quality among men, there
is fucli a general mixture of good and
evil, that, in the main, happinefs is
pretty equally diftributedin the world*
The rich are as often unhappy as the
poor, as repletion is more dangerous
than appetite.

, It IS wonderful how fond we are of
repeating a fcrap of Latin, in prefer-
ence X J ths fi^me fentiment in our own
language equally weilexprefle J. Both
the fente and words of Omnia 'vtncit
unor (Love conquers all) are wonhy
o;>Iy of a fchool-boy.and yet how
often repeated, with an afic^tion of
deep vvifdom !

Re-verge, (peaking botanically, may
be termed ot/'/c/ jufticc, and ought to
be rooted out, as choaking up the
true plant. A firft wrong does bit
oijend the lavv, but revenge puts t\c
law out of office. Surely, wheij go-
vernment is once ellabliftied, revenge
belongs only to the law.

For more than a century, has Bil-
ling (gate b-'en proverbial for the
coarienefs of its language. -Whence
is this ? What connexion is there be-
tween frefh filh, and foul words?
Why fliouid the vending of that ufe-
ful commodity, and elegant luxurv',
prompt to oaths^ execrations, and
every corruption of language, more
than any other ? And to think that
the parties concerned are of the fair
fcx-Ofye!

Keafon has not more admirers than

there

2j$

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

there are hypocrites. Hypocrites ad-
mire only the fr^^fits of wifdoiD» and
approve juil io 'much of her, as is
agreeable and Serviceable to their
ends.

Man IS not more fuperior to a
l>rate, than one man is to another by
the mere force of wiidom. Wifdom
is the (die deib'oyer of equality, the
founuin of honour, and the only
mark by which one man, for ten mi-
nutes together, can be known from
another.

Were men always ikslful, they
would never ufe craft or treachery.
Hiat men are to cunning, arifes from
the littleneis of their minds, which,
if it can conceal itfelf in one place,
quickly d' (covers itfelf in another.

Cunning men, like jugglers, are
only verfed in two or three little
tricks, while wifdom excels in the
whole circle of adion.

The cunning man and the wife man
diflFer not only in point of honeUy,
but ability. He that can pack the
cards, does not always play well.

I have a right to hold my tongue,
and to be filent at all times ; but if I
fpeak to another, I have no rieht to
make him anfwer me jud as I jAezCc,

To reform others pcife^ly, is as
impoflible, as vain. What have we
to do then, but to defpile aU little
capricious humours, and to amend
ourfelves ?

Meeknefs needs no praife ; meek-
neis is the moral paradife ; the only
cement to the faults and errors of hu-
manity. What can we do without
bearing with one another ?

Pious frauds are the only oious
things forbidden in fcripture, which
will not let us hpld the truth in nn-
righteoufnefs. We may not do ill
chat good may come of it. If my
purfe^^.fufficient to relieve the wants
of a highwayman, has he a right to
take it from me? And* yet relieving
wants is a good aflion.

Authors ought not to regard mere
unqualified abufe. We cannot fay of
a garrifoned town, that it is taken,
merely becaufe the enemy have thrown
filch upon the walls.

2

An honeft haoghtineft of huim!,
which (corni to floop below the dig-
nity of homao nature, is the fpring
of iioneft and hoaooniUe nndercak'
ings; it is what the old moralifts
meant by a reverence tor ourfelves ;
rewards and pnnifliments being only
the crutches which men have fcood
out to fupport virtue, where this no-
ble temper of mind is wanting.

Self-Jove makes us crave after
pleafures, and look upon all calamities
as wrongs done to us. Hence mor-
murings, and impotence of mind. We
feel our ill fortune in proportion to
our felf-love, entirely overlooking the
interelts of others, and the general
good.

7*he fame pride which 'makes us
defpife the poor, makes us too fi^-
miffive to the wealthy. It is founded
upon the over- valuation of riches. ^ A
true value of merit makes us ddpift
the vic'ous and highly efleem the
virtuous.

He who is vexed at a reproach,
may be affured that he would be very
proud, if commended.

We ought not to truft the judgment
of others concerning ourielves ; for
mod people who judge a man, take
very little trouble in examining him,
and depend entirely on outward ap-
pea*^ances. Few phyficians will pre-
tend to know exa^ a patient^s caie»
njcrely by kx)king at him.

'One opirtion on hypocrify. Is, that
the hypocrite hurts nobody but bim-
felf; the libertine, the whole fociety.
Hypocrify is a more moded way of
finning ; it is a fort of homage paid
to virtue. Another opinion is, that
the hypocrite, by palling for what he
is not, deceives many; the libertine
appearing in his proper colours, hurtt
ibciety lefs. [ would lean to the
former of thcfe opinions ; all the de-
ceptions of hypocrify can hurt a man's
pocket only ; the praaices of the li-
bertine are infe£Hous, and render fo-
ciety immoral.

Good and bad times, are only mo-
de II, expreifions for the condud of
good and bad men in pablic employ-
mcnti.

FOR APRIL, 1794.

i$1

it js commonly fald, that in fome
cafes men make a virtue of neceffityi
^nd I think always fo ; for all virtu-
ous inclination is grounded only upon
the nece/Iary fubmifiion of the wtU to
the diredion of the underflanding.

Uuiverfal confeat isvnot always a
Ibtiicient reason to fotind our belief
upon. There was a time when all the
^orld, except the Jews, agreed in
idolatry; andTometimcs the Jews
agrt-ed with ihem.

Greit reading, without applying
it, is like corn heafedy that is not
Jiirrsd : it grows ttiul^y.

The wife of an angry mai IhouM
fay little, but rather write dovvn her
anfwcrs, that her hulband may cool^
while he is reading. ' .

Abfence IcfTens fmall paiGonf^ and
.iTicreafes great ones; as the wind ex-
linguilh'es taptrs, and kindles fires.

tt is impoiSble that an ill-natuKd
man can have a public fpirit; for
hov7 (bodd \it love ten thoufand'meny
who never loved cfne ?

Some "men mean {% very weH td
therafelves, that they for^ tof meait
well to any body elfc.

Thofc are thought to hate rteid
much, who fpeak of it often ; which
is only a iign of not digefting whai
they read : juft as a mun^s bringing
up his tapper ii a proof of eatingf
bat a very difagreeable one.

We eftecm things according to their
intrinfi:: merit ; it is ftrange that man
fliouM be an exception. We prize a
horfe for his ftrength and courage, no<
his furniture. We prize a man for
his fumptuous palace, his great trains
his vaft revenue; yfct thefc are hij
furniiure, not his mind.

^. \^i V/*

yfo Account of the Pentrqugh, irrjcnteilr} Gcofge Quayle, Xfq, fclr
the equalizing of the JVater falling on Water-whuls ; IVith a Repre-^
fentation cfthefarne m a Copper Plate.

OF the important Ufes of the Pen-
^ trough above-mentioned, for

which Mr. Quayle received the pre-
mium of a filver medal, from the So-
ciety for the Encouragement of Arts,
Manufadures, and Commerce, the fo!*
lowing Account is qxtraded from his
Letter to the Secretary of the Society :
• In all mills worked hy water,
ibme inconvenience is found to arife
from the irregularity of fpeed. occa-
iioned by the variaticfti of the head of
water at the Pentrough. The fpecific
weight being oeceilanty proportioned
to the perpendicular altitude of the
water; its velocity is increafed by a
gre3tcr,«nd diminilhed by a lefs head.
No accurate judgment as to the quan-
tity reall/ admitted, can be formed,
fi-om the pofition t>f the (battle. T:ie
fpace only is fegulated by this ; but
the quantity of water pafTmg through
that ipace depends on its fpecific gra-
vity, in proportion tQ which its courfe
18 accelerated : befides , where the rac«
it Qfi any conf]d«rable length, the

•*^

rain-water which falls into it, and that
which gains admiiuon from the ad-<
joining kind3, baffles all calculation,
as to the quantity really paiung into
tiie dam or refervoir : and the (huttlea
at the dam head are fubjed to the fam^
evil. Any irregularity in the head
of water falling on the wheel u of
courfe communicated to the interna}
machinery ; froni whenfi^'much ir>
conveniende mud arife ifi all manu-
fadories where p.'-ecifion in the move-
ments is requiuie; and particuhrly
thofe of filk and cotton.

The giving an even, regular motion
to water-whJels, appears therefopc a-
deiideratum in hydraulics. It caa
only, I conceive, he obtained by*
equalizing the quantity of water
falling on the whecil; but while th#
ufual (y%tm is purfaed, of delivering
it from the bottom of thtf Pehtrough, ' '
it docs not appear eafy to fuggeft
means by which all irregularity catt
be prevented.

in ordtr to remedy this inconveni->

l^i

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ence» and infure a con ftautl/ regular
fupply of water on the wheels it ap-
peared to me, that means mi^ht be
devifed of regukttng the quantity de-
livered* by a floaty and taking the
whole of the water from the lurface. <

After fevertl experiments, the ma-
chine of which I hare now the honour
of (ending you a fitetch and defer p-
tion enclofedy and of wh ch a model
accompanies this letter, bids fair to
anfwer the purpofe.

Another advantage attends the ufe
of this Ihuttle : rdom may be faved in
the extent of the dam, as the water
may be fufFcred to rife to a greater
height, without the inconvenience at-
tending the increafed velocity of its
difcharge. In cafes alfo of temporary
dciciency, the water which remains,
will, by this means, be worked to
the greateil advantage.'

Section of the PENTtovcit.
Figure I.

A, The cntranct of the water.

B, The float, having a circular
aperture in the ccnire ; in which is
fuipended

C, A cylinder, running down i.i
the caie E, below the bottom of tlie
pcntrough. This is made water tl/^ht.
ttt the bottom of the pentr6urjb, at l\
by a leather collar placed Iwtween two
plates, and fcrewed dowa to ths
bottom.

The cylinder is fecurcd to the float
fh as to follow its rife and fall ; and
rne water li adrtiiited into it through
the opening in its fide^, and there,
pafTmg throngh the box or cafe E,
fifes and ifl'ucs at G, on the wheel.
By thi» n»ear.«, a uniform quantity of
water is obtained at G ; which quan-
tity can he increafed or diminilhcd by
the afTiIlancb of a fmall rack and
pinion attached to the cylinder, which
'will railc or deprefs the cylinder above
or Under the water line of the tio.ii ;

and, by railing it up to the top, it
ftops the water entirely, and anfwen
the purpofe of the common fiiuttle:
This pinion is turned by the handle
H, fimilar to a winch-handle ; and is
fecurcd from running down by a
ratchet wheel, at the oppoijte end of
the pinion axis.

K and L are two upright rods, to
preferve the perpendicular rile and
finking of the float, running through
the float, and fecured at the top by
brackets from the fides.

M, A board let down acrofs the
pentrough, nearly to the bottom, to^
prevent the horizon tvil impulfe of the
water from diilurbing the fk>at»

FlGUKE II.

A crofi feAion, ihowing the mode
of fixing the rack and pinion, and
their fupporu, on the float. The
rack is inferted into a piece of metal
running acfo(s the cyliudoo near the
top.

7'hat the water may pafs more
freely, when nearly cxhaulled, the
bottom of the cylinder is not a plane,
bat IS cut away fo as to leave two feet,
as at C, fig. i.

The fioat is alfo kept from lying on
tiie pentrojgh bottom, by four fmall
feet ; fo that the water gets under iK
regularly from the firfL

Figure HI.

An enlarged view of the cylinder,
fliewing the rack and ratchet wheel,
with the click, and one of the open-
ings on the Mt of the cylinder : the
winch, or handle, being on the op>
poiite fide, and the pinion, by which
the radi is raifed, indofed in a box
between them.

The fcale of the model is one inch
to a foot.

The annexed figures are' reduced
to one ftxth*

Hoa«

FOR APftlU 1794^

259

HoRTBNsiA, or /Af Wisdom o/" Explanation; a New Moral
Talty by M. di Marmontel.

HORTENSIA de Livcrnon was
endued with qualities, whicK
are often found united in the female
mind, although they are generally at
variance with^ each other. She was
born with a virtuoas mind, a tender
heart, and a giddy imagination. Shfc
had alfo received two incompatible
educations: one under the eye of an
excellent mother, who-was conftantly
advifing her to be prudent and modelt;
and the other before her glafs, which
told her, every morning, that (he
was handfome, and formed for uni-
ver(al conque(l.

She was married to the marquis de
Vervanne, in the bloom of beauty,
and lived with him three years with
uninterrupted felicity. ' The only
thing they were reproached with, was
the being too attentive xo each other
ia company.

By imperceptible degrees, howe\'er,
tlie fondnefs of the hufband was lefs
confcious ; and the wife was obferved
to be lefs indifferent to the admirers
that encircled her. When either of
them was not pundlual to the appoint-
ed hour, it was remarked that the
other looked \t{i frequently at his
waxh, aod no longer appeared fo
very abfent. * Now, indeed,* faid
their friends, ' they arc becoming ra-
tional. It is highly proper that after
the firft bbze, fuch an ardent paffion
fhould cool. Their company would
\kVf^ been iniupportable if foch cx-
ceflive fondnefs had contiodeli.'

But though a crowd of admirers
furrounded the youthful Hortenfia;
and thouith, without diflinguifhing
any one, fhe did not appear to dil-
dain their homage ; although the mar-
quis moreover, on his pan, no longer
befet his wifi^with thataiSduity, which
renders a hufband io troublefome in
the eyes of an admirer, yet every
thing liill befpoke the moll happy
union, and fix years had elapfed with-
out t^e leaft appearance of a doud>

when, on a fudden, the public wa>
informed that they were fcparated«
and that Horcenfia had juil been fenc
back to her mother, to the old ca^le
of Liveraon« which that lady inha-
bited in a diilant province.

This news gave rife to a thoufand
conjectures ; . bat no one could tell
what to' think of thi« unhappy event.
Hortenfia, aatu rally gentle and gccd-
natured, had been forgiven for her
beauty and happinefs ; and neither
the malice of her fex nor the licentious
tongues of the men could impute to her
a f<fious error. Even (uppofmg that
fhe had inadvertently made a falfe
ftep, a huiband who had himfelf ie«
fumed his former gallantry of man*
ners, and who was feen the prote^or
of rifing talents, behind the fcenes,
could not be entirely free from cen<«
fure. After all, Hortenfia had bc«-
haved Mth fuch propriety, that be-
fore this event, fhe had never bcttD
detected in any thing.that couki excite
the flighteil fufpicion. But what fub*
jefied Vervanne more particularly to
reproach,, was the hard^efs of heart,
with which, they faid; he had denied
his weeping wife, the confbiation of
her only daughter's company in her
exile ; and, accordinelyf from that
moment, the fafhlonaSle world con-
fidered him as an unnatural monfler.

To Vervanne, what might be faid
in a world in which he was longer,
feen, and of which he would no longer
make a part, was immaterial. He
was diftraded by. a hx different an-
xiety ; that of banishing from hi« heart
the idea of a woman he had loved fe
loiig.

The infidelity imputed to her bore
too much, alas! the appearance of
irrefiiiible evkience ; and it would have
been the ex<;e6 of weaknefs to feek
an excufe where none could exiib
* How can I doubt her guilt,* would
he fay, * after having Htrprifed hejr
in the arms of a perfidious friend,
K k a who

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THE UNIVERSiO- MAGAZINE

yvho Iavi(beci (6 much .compIatfaDce
Ufk)n me, with no other view than to
rob me of my peace. With the de-
^eUable arts of adulation in which he
(excels, he no doubt (educed the un*
bappy creature, who iiftened to him
^nnocendy, perhaps, without perceiv-
ing the fnare to which ihe was c:^-
p(&d. What a" bane tp ibciety are
pofe wretches who t&us fport with the
honour and pe^ pf a whole family !
^Tis the vanity of wofD^n^ their fifly
coquetry, and thoogbtleis credulitVi
^hat ruins them. But we, who fpcnd
pur youth in inventing arcihces to
triumph over their weaknefs, with
what feierity do we puniAi them* if
^ey unfortunately yield to fedudion !
How much do I myfelf deteil in ano- .
tbet, a crime of iVhich I have b^eo
(equally guilty 1 And wi^b what ri-
gour do 1 puniih a weak wom^ui
inach leis culpable than I am ! Yet,
alas 1 after having adored her, 1 (1^1
)ov0 her enough to pity her, a^d to
lament her fali But, by anirreiifti*
ble impulfe, I fe<:l myfelf fet agaioft
her ; and i( would be unpoffible for
my heart to fympathize ivith hers, i
have nAver ^ep wanting to my plightr
fd faith to her. She alone h^s broken
her vows, and has deceived me. Did
1 even adore her, I would never fee
lier again : it woold be diilra^ton to
ine ; I ^old behold her Aill in the
nrms of a rival. That image; is in*
delible, and will haunt me while I
Jive.'

Then reoolkd^g her deceitful
csitfiffts, find the tcndernefi of her
language, even in the prefence of ihe
perfidioos D'Onval, whom ihe loved,
* No, no,? he exclaimed, < neyer will
fhe recoUe^on of h^ treachery he
fpSaced from my mind; and the image
• of my rival is like a frightfiil fpe^rc
that will fof evev ftand between us.

f'le defires fier daugher l—No^ my
aoghtcr is no longer hers, ^he has
forfeited all fight to her ; nor ihall
m daughter go to learn the art of
fUttering and bttraying a top credu-
lous hiilband.'
The inco|ifolat>le Vervann^ remaia-

ed thirs, for nine long years, ioGtary
and inacceffible. His daughter, who
was carefiiliy educated in a convent,
was at liberty to write occalionally id
her mother ; but her letters were- fob-
jedt to the infpeflion of the lady ab*
befs. The marcliioneis, in her an-
{wcr$9 expre(fed only, in general
terms, her regret at their reparation ;
but the maternal heart was relieved
by a thoufand ciFuiions of tendernels ;
and among the wife counfels with
which her Tetterii were replete, rcfpc£|
to her father, anfl fubmiHion to his
will, were conllantl^, recommended aa
the mod facred dunes.

Vervannc, to whom his daughcer
cpmmuoicated thc*re le'.ters, read and
returned them in filence. But when
he was left alone to his^refiedions, he
would often exclaim with a iigh :
f Heavens 1 how mauy valuable qua-
lities has a moment .of weakness dif-
honoured ( How much guodnefs,.au4
even virtue, perhaps, have been de-
graded by a thoughtlefs pa£jon.'

Hortcn^ in her letters, fpoke
little of herfelf, and feldom p[isntione4
her bealtn. I^wever, as Sylvia earn-
eilly a(ked for £bme account of it, (he
could not but confefs, that ihe fe^c
herfelf en&e.hled. This was rather
concealing than' acknowledging thp
decline into which ihe had fallen.

To her exCiellent mother it was too
apparent. Madame de Livempn per-
ceived the progrcf$ of the difeafe, and
endeavouf ed to find a remedy. * Ah !
my dear mother,' (aid Hortenfia, '!the
remedy, or rather the relief, woul4
be the iight of my child.' Three days
^fter, Vervanne received from ma-
dame de Livemon a letter in thefe
words : ' I can no longer forbear to
acquaint you, fir, that my daughter's
l)ealth is ferioudy impaired. She is
^nxiouily deiirous to fee her child,
in the Hate tp whif:h ihe is reduced^
you cannpt have the cruelty to refufe
her t])is coniblation. Soon, aUsl ihe
will leava you the prey pf long aivd
unavailing regret ; for your heart is
good, and will at kfl: be ju^. Spare
you^felf ^t leaft the bitter lefleftion pf

having

FOR APRIL, 1794.

i€t

faving denied a mother the iatisfafiion
of embracing herdaoghter> and bid-
ding her farewell, before (ke I

cannot write that *cruel word. I an
a mother, and perceive the moment
when I (hall be one no longer. ' Grant
us, £r» this la:l favour : 1 a(k it on
my knees. In a month, you fhall
h^ve ycur Sylvia again.'

On the perutal of this letter, the
heart of the unhappy Vervanne was
torn with grief. ' Is there nothing/
faid he> 'is there nothing then but
death that can expiate in my eyes' the
fault of a weak mortal? To pani(h
her, I have fuffcred her to remain
Dine years in exile, to pine away with
grief; and at this moment, when,
perhaps, (he is expiring, I do not
haden to tell her that (he is forgiven.
Yes, my heart forgives every thing,
;ind I would give my bell blood to
prolong her life ! But what an inter-
view^ and what torture for her 9$ vi^ell
as myfelf ! Shall I go and overwhelm
her by repcoachfui filence ? ShaU I
go, and in a heart exhaufted by for-
row feek for fentiments, not of love
(for the bare name of love mnft be
for ever hateful to us) but of ge-
nerous and fmcere good* will. Ah !
if mere friendihip (friendibap, of which
eileem is the pureft e(rence) could
unite us, I wopld go and throw my-
felf at' her feet. Bui, can the hnf-
band, who(e afped cannot be borne
fvithout a b]u(h» and the wife wbofe
ihame he rouft inceflandy endeavour
to ibrgefi» ever be friends ? No, com-
paflion bids me never fee her more.
But, at lead, let me not refufe her a
laft con&lation. Injured love has no
right to commit an OMtrage on na-
ture.'—The next morning Sylvia, ac-
companied by a faith fal fem^e fer-
yant, (a oS for Livernon.

Alas ! with what angnilh was min-
gled the joy which this amiable girl
felt OB feeing her mother ! She rc-
nnembered U> have Teen her in all the
Splendour of beauty, and now could
hardly recoUeA her. inllead of the
rofes thflft once feemed to bloom upon
1^ coimteo&oce> a bwning red^in^de

its way through the palenefs of hct
en^aciated cheeks ; and the fire of 4
Ibw fever which confumed her*
fparkled in her eyes that were hollow-
ed by grief. But had (he been mj^ro
altered llill, her tears, her emotion,
the heaving of her bofom, and the
cry of jof (he uttered on feeing her
dajighter woqtd have announced tho
mother. A mother alone, indeed, can
feel and exprefs thefe inimitabfe emo-
tions. Every thing is indifierenoe
compared with, her teoderne(8. Every
thing is cold, compared with her heart.
As loon as (be could prefs her dear
Sylvia to her bofom, all her misfor-
tunes were forgotten.

Her nights were dreadful ; but when
the morning reftored her daughter (o
her, nature feemed to grant a fuf**
penfion of her fulFerbgs 1 and Sylvilt
thought flie had juft afifen from a
peaceful dumber. Near a montli
elapfed in the efFufions of mutual ten-
derneii, the kindeft irttimacy, and*
moft i^e^ng converfetbns. The
leiTons which Hortenfia gave her
daughter breathed nothing but vir»
tue; but in thefe conveHations, in
which the fiulir was named at every
indant, the ^^^uu/ was fcarcely ever
mentioned; nor refpefting him did
one. complaint efcape from £fr whon
he was killing with affiidion.

At length, in fpite ^f the illnfion
in which this tender mocker endea-
voured to keep her daughter, feelinig
herfelf exhaufted, and thinking (he
had bnc a few days to live, (he re-
folved to fend her home ; either to
fpare her the forrow of feeing her
breathe her laft, or to render the mo-
ments of dlflblttdoo lefs painful to I»r-
felf.

« Go, my dear child,' £dd foe, * re-
*tum to your father. You foall C^pnA
the winter with him; and in the ipring,
if 1 live till then, yon (ball prevail oit *
him to permit yon to come back. Say
to him every thing that is tender in
the name of your mother, by whom
he ever was, and ever will be beloved.'
Then mingling her tears with^chofe
of ksc wcefHPg child, fte prefented

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THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

htt With ataiflket, of which (he gave
her the key, requiring her» ac the
lame time, to fwear noc to open ic till
file (hould be no more. Sylvia pro-
nounced the oath (he required* aud fee
off with a heart full of grief.

Vervannc waited w»th painful im-
patience for the return of iiis daugh-
ter. * How dillreffing/ he would
fay, *to behave with the fcverity of
a hatred that is not fjlt, and to be
cruel with a feeling heart I Ah ! if
to retlore her to life and health, no-
thing were wanting but to flifie all
my refentment in her arms ; if (he
had the courage to de/ire it, jealous
and offended love, nay, even honour,
unpityin? honouri would attempt to
ilop me in vain : I uT>uld go and fee
her, I would go and fave the life of
this unhappy woman.*

Thefe feelings, (b natural to a good
heart, and yet fo uncommon, acquired
new force, when his daughter told
him in what (late ftie had left her
mother, and repeated th^ tender words
ihe was charged to fay in Horteniia's
nime. • Ah I my dear father,' added
Sylvia, weeping, * how is it pofiible
that (o virtuous a woman, a woman
who adores you, who has never ccafcd
to lo^'e you, who never fpeaksof you
but wrtii the hi i^ heft efteem, who has
told me a thooiand times that my fir ft
duty w;is to revere my father, to love
him. and- to make him happy ; how
is it poffible that Ihe (hould languiOi
and die at a diilancc from her huf-
band ? You have long ago infifted on
my filence with relpcd to this myfteri-
ous fepa ration ; and I have ever re-
fpc£led the prohibition ; but — .* At
thefe words her father interrupted her :
• Daughter,' faid he, * tITere are fa-
mily lecrcts, which at your age, it is
proper you (houid be ignorant of.
Your mother cxpreflcd no defife to
fee me, did (heT * Why, no, not
flbfolutcly.'— * Well I be fatisfied then,
that between a man aUd wife, who
retain lb much etieem for each other,
there mull be fome motive for fo long
a feparation, which their children
(l)ct^d qot be folicitoiis tp know/

Sylvia, b obedxnce to her father's
commands^ forbore to urge him any
further on the iobjed ; but as foon as
Die was alone, tears and figbs caoie to
her relief.

The fervant who bad accompanied
her on the journey, had feen her *v ep
over the cafkef, whicn (he kept care-
fully on her knees. She o Terved
that (he was taken up with the fame
objed in her folitude, and that, with-
out opening the caOcet, (lie kept her
eyes mournfully fixed upon it, or
kifTed it with the moft afle^ng ex-
preftions of tenderncis and refpect.

Uncafy at the caufe and the eitedl
of this continual afiiidion, (he thought <
it htr duty to mc: .tioif ic to the father ; '
and (he gave him an opportunity of |
furprifing his daughter at the inilanc» !
when, looking at the caficet with a
tearful eye, (he was repeating thefe
words: ' Muft I then remain ignorant
of her fecret, till (he (hall be no
more ?*

' Daughter,' faid the marquis,

♦ what is this little treafure, the fight
of which produces fuch emotion ?'—

* This treafure ! fir,' (be anfwercd,
' yes, it is indeed a treafure ; and I
pray heaven that 1 may never be per-

^mitted to make it known. I promifed
my mother not to open the box tiU
aftt^r-^.' She could not6ni(h : tears
deprived her of utterance. • Have
you the key?' faid Vervanne. — ^Yeu
fir, I have; but I will never betray J
my mother's confidence.'—* Girls at I
your time of lite, Sylvia, are apt to
be curious.'—* Oh \ no, fir ; at leaft,
I dare anfwcr for myfelf/ « You
could, with ftiU greater certainty,*
faid h;, * by leaving thecafket in my
care : the key (hall remain in yours.'
Sylvia, yielded and obeyed ; but with
that reludance which we feel when
we part with whatever we h<^d moft
dear.

Jn any other (ituation,' the marquis
would have thought himfelf bound to
keep a fecret thui confided by a mo-
ther to her child, for ever inviolable.
But with what irrefiilible force muft
the temptation of knowing the con-

teni?

FOR APillL, 179+.

a6j

t^nts of the ctlket impel him ? Affurcd
that i: could be nothing but a kind of
will, and lail communication, what
an interell mufl he feel in knowing in
what manner the foul of Horccnfia
would difplay itfelf to the eyes of her
daughter, and what were the truths
ihe would not reveal to her but from
the grave I What regret might h« jiot
cxpcricuice, one day or other, for hav-
ing delayed to of^tain this knowledge !
It was impofuble for him to believe
his wife innocent i but it would fliil
be plcafmg tO find her lefs criminal ;
and although the concern for having
been unjuft might be painful, yet he

would hav^ drfired nothiRg more
earnedly than to be fuble to fuch an
accufation. Flo hcfitated long, h»'
ll. ugglcjd with hirr.leif, he endcavOur-
«d 10 overcome this reprehenfible in-
clinatiori, pulhing the cafket tWenijr
times away, r^nd endeavouring to
come to a rcfolur'oii to return it to
his d.iughter. Bgt h s hand", in fpite
of himfelf, obeying a laft impuife, he
broke the lock ; and it then became
impoifible for him not to read the.
fcroU written by Hortenfia hsrfclf,.
and contained in the caO^ec.

[To be concluded io our next.]

Remarks during a Six Weeks Residence in Oxfordfbirc ani
Gloucefterfliire, in 1792: In a Series of Letters to, a Friend.

LETTER VIII-
Glouceller, Sept. 1792.

Dear Sir,

I Ought to have added in my laft
letter, that in the prefent dull fea-
fon, (for Gloucefter at this time has
no public amufements) the vicinity of
Cheltenham affords the inhab tants of
this city a temporary afylum from the
xniferies of uniformity. Excurfions
are frequently made by parties, for a
day or two, to partake of the amufe-
ments of Cheltenham, from whence,
^ without encountering the ennui of a
watering place, they return with ad-
ditional faci^fadion,

'< «— To reafon and their fliop,*

or, if you pleafe, for I am not li-
terally fp'jaking of ftiopkeepers, to
their accu domed habits and old ac-
quairitances. There is one defedl in
Cjloi.cedei' .vhich is, in my mind, not
calily compenfaied ; there are no pub-
lic walks ; yet there are man^ b;;auti-
ful iituitions capable of this, improve-
ment. The city is, upon the whole,
rather ^;rr.ve, there being few public
amuftn?' T.is, and thofe few to be en-
joyed* only for a fniali portion of the
year. The, theatre, I ahi told, is a
iinall, but elegant and ccmmodioas

building, and the performers, in ger
ncral, of the better kind. It is th^
faOiion to think contemptibly of coon*
try players, and fuch a faOiion xnight»\ -
perhaps, be. confjilent, if we could
forget the names of Siddons, Jordan^
Dodd, Edwin, Wilfon, and manjr
others who, on thefe defpifed boards,
attained that perfeflion which recom-
mended them to the London audi**
ences. I cannot help remarking herc»
that the return of thefe players to theic
old fuuations, has been attended wiih
circamdances of peculiar hard(hip to
their former brethren. When a per-
former has received the tt^-wnjlamp^
and is invited, at an exorbitant falary,
to play a few nights in the country*
he eats up the profits of the feafon^
and monopolize.^ the whole atteatioa
of the place.

The Jo:iety in this city is very a-
greeable, that is, it is much to my
tafle,, You meet with men and wo-
men of well informed minds, eafy,
communicative, and hofpitablc. 1 o
be received into one family is to be
received into all. T|iere is a'.fo Jefs
bigotry and il liberality than one gene-
rally meets with in cities, which a o
tlie feat of hierarchy. I have heard
Dr. Pricftley acknowledge the li-
berality of the clergy and inhabitants

of

264

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

6f GIouce(ler» and his opinion I hold
to be good authority in. this ca(e, few
men being lefs difjpofed to fpeak at
random of churchmen, or to fing the
praifcs of a dean and chapter. — I'hcre
are numerous fe^s here of all per-
fuafions, dii&i>c:ersj mechodifts, Jews,
&c. and I cannot find that ' difference
of opinion keeps them afunder.' The
nod diftinguiOied churchmen belong-
ing to the cathedral, are the venera-
ble dean. Dr. Jofiah Tucker, whoTe
ttomerous publications will hand him
down to poilerity,^ 33 no fmall con-
tnbatof to the welfare of his coun-
try; and Dr. Jofeph WhttCi com-
monly called Bampton White, whofe
volume of fermons, preached at that
leftttre, have never yet been exceed-
ed, either for matter or manner, al-
though men of undoubted talents have
been appointed his fncceiTors. ThQ
controverfy they gave rife to, re^ft-
ing their originality, is now forgotten.
He is himfdf to blame that u ever
took place. That he watf aflifted by
Mr. Badcock, and by Dr. Parr, and
perhaps by others, no friend of his
win deny, nor did he ever deny it
himfelf, although he did not think it
incumbent to thark every paflage with
the name of him who wrote; qr fug-
geiled It* But ic certainly moil be
regretted that he did not acknowledge
his obligations to his learned friends,
in the preface, which he might hdve
done in very gener^ terms, and
fileoced his enemies for ever.-*- 1 need
femDely teU you that the people here
ipeak of dean Tucker, as thinking
Irim an honour to their cathedral.
His pallJabours, and his great a^e en-
title him to particular lefpeet. He
was made dean of Gloucefter in July
1758; he was then one of the pre-
bendaries of Briftol, and ^eftor of St.
Stephen's in that city. He rcffgnerd
the prebend, but, if I miilake not,
holds the rcdlory. Dr. White is like-
wife a favourite, and would be more
ib, if he would preach a little oflener;
they think himfomewhat lazy ; I ihould
think himfelf of the fame opinion, for
he contradifls it neither by word n^t
3

writing. His prebend was given him
by his patron lord Thurlow, and is I
believe worth about 300I. a year, cx-
clufive bf a houfe in which he now
almofl conftantly refides. His father
was a weaver in* this place, and never
in c* rcu mflances of alflue • itc. J ofepb
was ^educated at the public fchool, and
has ever proved himielf a moll afftrc-
tionate Ton. An anecdote tf bim
which was roenponed yellerday ii>
company, does him much honour.
When the-cereiTiOny of his in^albiion
in the cathedral was over, and the
clergy and gentry were addreiCng
him in terms of congratulation, he
fingled out his father from the crowd,
went to him, and embracing him af«
fcdlionately, prcfented him to his
dignified friends. This was all ap
affair of the hearty for J)t. White has
not an atom of dramatic fiH>w, and
never, I am certain, woMiaAe tht
troabk to pra^life afiecbtion.

The population of GlooceHer has
not been laceiy afcenained. It is fup-
pofed to be fomewhere between fevea
and eight thoufand^ From mere con-
je&ure, on viewing the city from the
tower of the cathedral, and other cir-
curaftances, I fhould fuppoie the num-
ber to exceed eight thoufand. The
houfes are about eight hundred and
fixty. Thefe muliiplisd by five, which
is Dr. Price's mode of computation,
would give us no more than four thoo-
fand three "hundred inhabitants, a ct-
cumilance which has ]ed me to diC-
truft computations of that kind. What*
ever i^e. population is, ic i^ certain
that it has been increafing, though
perhaps not in a degree proportionate,
to that of other cities more ravourabif
fituated for trade and manufadures.
1 here arp fevera! houfes now build-
ing m the fuburbs, which ieem neat
and commodious* the bricc particu*
larly good, but the building rathcf
flight, not much unlike the temporary
accommodaooosofSt. G6orge'ft fields,
that eternal difgrace to aa opident
city.

There are a great many Jews ^
Gtoucefter, who hsive a fymgogne-

They

tvOR APRIL, 1794-

2^5

Tliey travel firom BriftoU and other
' placeSj vending thofe kinds of wares
' which^ from prices and quality (the
former rifing as the latter dccreafes)
are expfrimentaiy known by the i|^.me
oSJewf* *wares — The methodifts are
vtry nnineroDs, both of Weiley's and
Whi^efield's perfnaBon; the latter
gentleman^ I believe I mentioned in
a former epi(Ue, was a native of
Glouccfler.— There arc (even churches
belonging to the cftabliihmenr, none
of which 'have any thing remarkable
in their hiftory or ftnifture. The re-
mains of religions houfes in and about
Gloucefter are confiderable. What
is leic of Lanthony priory, about a
sniie from the city, is incerefting to .
antiquaries. It was founded by [^i'o,
carl of Hereford, in the year 1 1 36, .
and dedicated to the Virgin Mary and
St. John fiaptiO* for the Black Canons
of Lanthony in Monmouthlhrr e, . who
' werf* expelled from their habitations
by the Welch. What remains of it
belongs to the duke of Norfoll^, and
is inhabited by a farmer.

Without troubiine you with a detail
of the general cooftitution of Glou-
cefter, its being governed by a mayor
and aldermen, 5ec. I muft rtrmind
you that it boafts an honour more ex-
dulive: It was here that Suhday-
fchools were firft inftituted. You
know my fentiments refpecting the
mature and utility of this inftitutioa*
I trull that it wiil in tinne bring about
the only re'volution I ever wiib to fee,
a revolution in the morals of the
tnillion. That it muil be attended with
the betl confequences to focie ty^ is not
more obvious, than it is wonderful, that
n '(bould not have been thought of
fooner. f dined yefterday with the
Worthy inftiluior, Mr. Robert Raikes,
and, as Dr. Johnibn would £1^, we
had much talk on the fubjed. There
are above ikytt hundred fcholors in the
feveral 'Sunday fchoolf here, and the
- change which has taken place in the
outward appearance of things, finpe
this inftitution, is vtry conhderable,
and very encouraging. I was lately
ihown a letter in a maga«ine, where

an attempt is made to deprive Mr;
Raikes of the honour oF having fiftt
inftitnted thefs fchools, and to confer
it upon a reverend Clergyman of 'this
place. The diibute may be eafily
accommodated. Neither Mr. Raikes,
nor this gentleman, are candidates for -
hoxiour}; they have ever been mutual
affiftants in perfoding the plan, and
are rivals only in their afiiduity to
promote lU farther progrefs. — There
are in the whole coupty thirty -iix of
tfaefe fchools^In the whole kingdom,'
the number of fchouls .is eight hun«
dred and three ; and the fcholars ex-
ceed fifty two thoufand.

Obj<>dions have been Oarted again ft
this plan, the principal of which is'
that we (hall make gentlemen inllead
of Jervan^s, of the child en of the
poor. As an obje^ion to Sunday
ichools, this is perfedly futile, and
fcarcely deferves an* aniwer, becaule
one of the chief objeds of atteniioni is
to inculcate on their minds humility
and obedience to their fnperiors. ' As
an abi{ra£l propoiitioni tending to dis-
courage all education in the cafe of
the poor, .this objection is barbarous
and difgracefoi in the age wclive in.
The diifufioa of knowledge among
the lowf r claiTes of people, is. a doty
incumbent on thoie who are able to
'communicate it, and cannot be at-
tended with any hurtful confequences,'
becaufo it is an acknowledged h&i
that more than half the vices of the
poor arife from iheer ignorance;
Ignorance, indeed; is fy generally tha
parent of vice, meannefs, and every
fordid lent iment and a^Hcm, chat we
never ihert With an illiterate opulent
tradefoian, who is not generally mean/
fehift and illiberal. Knowledge, Ike-
wife, if we were to grant that it tend-
ed to maKe gentletMH of thefe poor
fcholars, is not given in fuch larga
portions, as might produce the efFedt.
It goes no higher than to be able to'
read, and iTnderftand the duties enjoin-
ed by God and man. This,I conceive,
would be accounted, in police circles;
but a Uxii^ foundation for SLgeMtliman,
a poor ftock in trade Co b^in with.

s6$

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Will a poor lad be more incliaed to
dirobe(iience» becaufe be is taught to
pf>fyi or to vice, becaufe it is early
ioculcated that honedy and induftry
are facird as well as civil obligations ?
On the contrary, will not a know-
ledge and convidlion of this imprefs
on his mind the neceiiity and pleafore
of virtue^ in fock a manner as to naake
him a confcient'OUft fervanCy and his
« fervicc frrfrdfrte^mV It has not
been thought amifs u> inilradt the
Indians whom we retain in ilavery.
Shall we [be leis attentive to pur na-
tive fervants^ whoTe minds are better

prepared to receive inftrudkm ? In a
word> the queiipn is thos fimply—
A religions education » or none ? Can
any thinking man helitate in giving
the preference, where experience bas
always given it ? *

But 1 muft conclude— An excarfioo
has been propoied a little way inta
Here ford (hi re, and I am much mif-
taken.if it will not be prodadtive of
matter for a longer letter than the
prefcnt. We fet out an hoar hence,
and 'I have barely time to repeat that,

I am, &c.

OH IMUODERATE GRIEF.
' Some grief Ibows much of love.

' Bat mvch of grief ihows flill fome want of wic*

THERE is no paflionxu- a^s£lion
of our minds, more difficult to
be analyzed or underftood than grief.
It ij of the mod mixed kinid, lead-
ing, ifwe attempt to examine it, into
^ thoufand confideratiotis, refle^Uons,
and we may add, perplexities of opi-
nion. It appears, when uken in one
view, to be rational, affedbpatc and
juil ; when taken in another, to ap-
proach to madnefs. cruelty, and ab-
furdity. it 'differy from every other
pafllon, by' producing more fevere,
painful, and lafting etFefls, and by
intcrroptirg the happtnefs andbufinefir
of life in a greater degree. . We aiike
ihme the total ahfence, and the ex-
cefs of it, but upon very difi^i'^nt
grounds. The degree proper to be
indulged is known to few, and where
known cannot he praaifed ; becaufe
it will always operate according to
the previous Hate of wcifiijefs or tirm-
nefs, effeminacy or manlinefs, thought-
leirnef's or icrroufneft, in the general
difpofitign.

The chief caufe of gritf, of that
grief which is attended with the moil
violent c/feds, is the death of fome
betoved friend, or relation. Grief
tot the misfortunes of others, ^itiay
T,.(jre properly be termed fympithy.

Shaksfeare.

and differs from whAt we are ((^ealds^
of, by .exciting ui to'fuch' a£tive mea- \
fures as may alleviate the mislbmue^
or entirely . leoiove it; whereas the
other, and all its operations, are
merely an aiFedion of the mind of the
fucvivor, and are wholly onavatliog
to any uf^fvil purpofe. Indeed, it has |
its ufes in the general fy llem; it is
part of that aifeftion which conneds
us together, generates kindnefs, and
mutual forbearance ; and the total
absence of it we confider as the iiga
ol an unfeeling mind.

The death of a friend of long-tried
and reciprocal affeclion is undoubt-
edly one of thefe afflidlions, againil
which we in vain oppofe the firmneis
of philofophy, and the corfolations of
Chriuianity. The courage of man is
weak;nafs9 when inclination is averfe to
become a party. Of all lofles, thofe
widch are irreparable are the hardeft
to bear, and of all fuch lofles, the
death cf a friend whom we have loved,
and who has loved us, cannot be an-
ticipated without horror, and can-^
not t^e experienced without anguiOi.
Friendihip is the richeil, the moii pala-
table, the moll innocent, and tho moll
wholefome ingredient in the. cup of
life. When tt is goae« we think all

EQH APRIL, 1794.

267

is gone» or tK&t what remairvs is ' I^ale,
fiat and nnprofiiable.'* The fflincl' be-
comes defola^e in fociety, aloncHn a
crowd, i^dplefs, thougji furrpunded
with fuppon; its bell fupport u» no
more, a>id it abandons itfeif to. the moil
poignant reflexions on pa(! evenu*
and to defpair of future happinefs.

This grief for the lofs of a friend,
however great, is iHIl capable 6f be-
ing heightened by being united with
the tendernefs of relation ftii p. The
friend loft, may be a favdurite child,
hufband, wife, brother, or other re-
lative. In fuch cafe<(, tlie lofs is the
inore irrepaiable, becaufe, in all good
ihinds, the relative aiffedlions are the
Arongeft ties of friendlhtp, and once
diilblved,' can no more be renewed ;
whereas it is not impollible to acquire
iKends in adt^anced life, perhaps equal
to thofe we have lofl. But when
grief arifes from an union of love and
relative affe^on, it may unquefiion-
ably be expedled to appear in its moft
violent forms.

Many inftances occur daily of the
fatal tffe<5ls of violent grief. In ibme
it produces a ftupefaftion and t6tal
fufpenfion of all the faculties^ which
foon ends in death. In others. Where
it gets vent in tears, artd expreffions
of angailh, it Hill continues to prey
on the mind, to drink up the iiream
of life, and to precipitate the unhappy
objed into an untimely >grave. la
others, it produces immediate diftrac«
tion of mind, from whrch a recovery
is fometjmes doutftful, and- fometimct
iDflantly prevented by an aft of ddpe-
ration. It is Aielancholy' to xvfleft
that fucK are the confequ^ces- of an
extreme of virtuous attachment. The
general fenfe of mankind is favour-
able to the memory of fuch nnbappy
mourners. To fay thai ctit died of
grief, is to excite a mixture of the
tendereft efieetn and veneration.

The degrees of grief, in t^ery
cafey depend on certain circamftances
of mental or bodily conftitution. Wo*
men, in genefal, are oior^ liable to
grief than men, partly from a greater
degree of tctidcrnefi in the conftitii-

tion of their minds^ and of weaknefs
and irritabil.tyio that of tJie r bodie'^.
They are, indeed, more fubje^ to an,
excefs in all the virtuous paluons than
men. 'J he robuft hea.tn, firmncrs of
mind, and ever- varying avocatiou*. of
the latter, prevent them jrom dwell*
ing too conilantly on any one idea.
They can go abroad into the aiSlivc
and tumultuous world, enter into va-
rious engagements and purfuits, which
employ the mind, and difiipate among
a variety of concerns, that attention ^
which, dire^ed to one oby:^ only*
might lead to diiira6lion. Women
lave not thefe advantages, and can-
not avail themfelves of that chapge of
place which briugs a change of ideas.
Perhaps, too, women, confined by
the duties and obligations of the fex
to a more contra<£led circle of plea«
fares, may place a higher value on
friendfliip than men, becaufe the
confolationsof friendfhip are moft ne<.
ceiTary la a ftate nearly approachinj;
tt> that of foKtude. We are likewiic
certtin* that in all the relations of
daughter, fifter» wife, or mother, their
attachment! areiironger than tWe of
men. To thc& remarks there may
be fome exceptions s it is not meant
heretoeftabliib a rule which cannot
admit of fiich ; nor is it necefiary to
compliment die fex at the expence of
tnith ; but it is pr^futned^ that what
has been {aid will apply to woman-
kmd, ia geneialv which, if conceded*
is itiffioient for the prefent purpofe.

Gr'niit toe, will vary in its degree
accoidiDg to age* The ^;ief of chil-
dren is trasfitofy ^ that of young peo-
ple more keen and violent, butcapa*> '
ble of alleviation. * in the decline
of life,' fay* Dr. Johnibn, ^ grief ia
of Chort duratk>n ; whether it oe that
we bear eafily what we have borne
long, or that, finding ourfelv^s in age
lafs regarded, we le<s regard others;
•r that we look with flight regard
upon affli^ons, to which we know
that the hand of death is about to put
an end,'— But although, in old p)>r-
fons, it is fcldom of long duration, it
muft be allowed that ii is very often,
L 1 2 in

t68

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

in fuch cafes, fatal. The nntimcly
death of a profligate fon, or his life,
if It be fpent in a repetition^ of
crimes, without hope of repentance,
has brought the grey hairs of many
an aged parent with forrow to the
grave. In this latter ioflance, how-
ever, it is to' be obfervcd, that grief
is probably mingled with feniiments
of a difi«rcnt kind, with indignation,
horror, wounded pride, and bMed
hope.

Difference of difpofition will giver
diflerent degrees of grief Gay, un-
thinking people, are feldom fafceptible
of this paffioQ in any very great de-
gree, or, it. may 'be added, in any
very amiable degree. Their gjricf
may be violent, bat this is merely an
affcftion of the nerves arifmg from
the gloomy apparatus of a death-bed,
and the view of a lifelefs body, that
lately was all joy, ■ aftivity, and plea-
sure. It wears off very ibon, cafily
yields to more pleafurable ideas, leaves
jery few traces behind, and feldom,
indeed, any kindly remembrance of
f he deceafed. Impious and profligate
perfons, and thofe addiQed to the

1)urfait of fafhionable pleafures, arc Ibll
cfs Ka'ble to fufler by grief The ef-
Jence of grief is a love for the de-
ceafed^ which fuch perfens generally
ihow by fe^om' vifiting them when
(ick, and by removirg as ibon/ and
as far as pofible from tHcm when dead,
that rhey may avoid every thing
which tends to interrupt their plea-
fures, by reminding them of • that
which is appointed t6. all men.* As-,
from pcrfons of this deicription, it is
impoflible to expeCit real friendftiip, Co
' it is as unavailing to hope for iincere
grief' ■-

The degree and permanence of
grirf, will much depend, perhaps aU
uays, on the degree of weaknefs or
(Irength in 'the mind, independent of
c very other con fider ation . The grief
bf a wife man is as different from that
of any other man, as his anions would
t>e in a cafe of difficultv. People of
good hearts, but weak heads,^ are
jjreat fufferers by violent and Ainrea-

fonable ^rief. We all know bow S3^
ficult it IS CD '

< — Adminifter to a mind diieaied-
Pluck from the memory a rooted ibrrow^'

and we feldom attempt it^ with any
hopes of fuccefs, (cnowiDg that in fuch
caies, .

* The patient mud adminilter unto him-
lelfj' • ^

and that it is iropoffifaJe to ' charm
ach with air, or aeony with words ;'
but if the afflifled perfoa has no in-
gredient within to corred the exober-
ance of grief; if he can neither look
back with pleafure, nor forward with
hope, if he cannot be brought to coo-
fider the matter in either a Chriftiaii
or philofophical light, we muft leave
his cure to the operation of time, and
to that decay of memory, which is
wifely contrived to lighten the load
o/ human calamity.

Menj on the contraiy, of fim^
minds, who have confidered the na-
'ture of affliction, the purpofes it ierves^
and the hand which chailens, whq <
know hpw to ellimate human liii^
and balance its joys and forrowf, do
not grieve, * as thofe who have no
hope.- Their grief is iincere, yet
manly; 'permj^nent, yet fubmiffive.
They mourir in iiJence, without ar--
raigning the decrees of heaven by
outrageous complainings. They think
with the tendereil regret on him who
u taken from them> perhaps in 'the -
midft of health, of honours, and of
nfefnlnefs ; yet they indulge the hum-
ble hope, that he is gone but a day's
journey bcforo them, and that erf
long they fhall meet to parpK) more.

I'he grief of perfons oifweak mbds,
generally leads to extreme violence
of voice and adtion, to intemperate
exprcffions bordering on impiety, and
to a condtt^ which is as vexatious and
tormenting to tbemfelres, as it is un-
pleafant to their friends, and difre-
fped&I to the memory of the deceafed.
lliey lament for all alike, without
discriminating between thofe removals
which are among the kindeft of hea-.

ven'i

FOR APRIL, 1794^

269

ven*s dirpeofadons, and thofe more
infcrutable and fudden chailiieinents>
which are accompanied by circom-
ftancea.of diibefs, and oerhaps dif-
ghice to the furvivors, betwten the
peaceful bed on whkh the Chrittian
has, breathed his laft» and the igno-
jninious fcalFbld on which the haraen-
ed conyi6t has expiated his crimes,
betvveen the lingering departure of the
well prepared and cheerfully refigned
foul, and the fudden «nd of him who
is fnatched away in a moment, ' with
all his imperfe&ons on his head/

Time has been faid to be the cure
pf grief, and perhaps it will anfwer
in moil cai'es. It is certain, that un-
. }efs grief has produced fome bodily
ailment, men ieldom feek for' any
other remedy. But where this paiCon
has tal^en deep root, time may render
it more mellow, and more regular,
yet a thoufand little circnmilances
will occur to keep it ative» and to
promote its hurtful e£re£b. A better
remedy, however, may be found in
Chriftiantty, io the obligations it en-
joins, and the confolatlons it affords.

Let us confider, in Ae firfi place,
what grief is; that,, with great love
ibr the deceafed, there is mixed a
yet greater (hare of felf-love, prompt-
ing us to regret his death, more upoa
our own account than his. 'iia per^
ibn, I truft, «ill fay, that there is
any thing to be lamented in the death
of a good man. Why then all this
forrow preying upon the fpirits, de-
droying the healu», obfinidUng the
t>uiinefs of life, and rendering us averie
to its active dutjes I We cannot be fo
ignorant 'as not to ^now, that fuch
jsxcefs of gfief is unavailing toward
the dead, and unprofitable toward the
living. The deceafed has gone to the
place appointed for all men to re-
ceive the reward of a 20od and vir-
tuous life. He is noiV tkr beyond thie
i:each of all afflidlioof , and of all the
afperities which encamb^r the pro-
£refs of human life. He .has pailed
through the painful trials of ficknefs
and forrow^ with piety unabated, and
^nfidence undiminilhed. What is

there in all this to joffify the exceft
of forrow? Exceflive grief for fuch a
man approaches to envy of his happi-
nefs. • Would you recall him, if it
were in your power? Would you, for
a moment, harbour the thought of
removin|r your friend fropa his prefent
to his former fituation? Or if you
think yonrfelf JuHified Jn indulging
fuch a ^prepofterous wiOi, of what
mighty importance are you in the fcale
of human merit, that the decrees of
Providence mu(l be altered for you ?
You are a Cbrillian, and you profels
*the fentiments of a Chriftian. In
whofe hands then would you wifh to
place the difpoial of q;^an*s happinefs ?
Rather think, out of whofe hands yoa
are now wifliing to take thiat power.
Tremble, that you have approached fo
nearly to the murmuring of the im-
pious, and the arrogance of the blaf-
phemer. Tremble, that yon have dared ^
for a moment to repine at thewifdom
of him, in whom yoq proofs to live
and move, and from whom ^oa have
derived your being.

But, at may be (aid, that the moH
poignant grief may fubfift for the lofs
of a friend, without any fnfpicion or
intention of impugning the wile dif-
penfation of Provid^Ke in taking him
away. It may (6, and you may tie-
fend it, by faying that you have loft
a friend, fuch as the whole world can-
not again fiimiih ; that you are young,
and knoiv not how to find fiich a
friend ; that the experiment is danger*
ous, and the fevourahle refult next to
impoffibie ; or that you are old, when
it IS too late to form new connexions ;
and that you are doomed to confume
the evenii^ of life in a mournful rcr
col]e6Uon of happinefs, which can no
more be yours.

Are yoa perfedly certmn that all
thb is as you have Hated, and muft
be as you predid ? Did you mono-
polize all that exided of fnendfliip ;
or is the world fo infeniible, and fo
hardened, that no attachment remains
for virtuous old age, no connexions
which can make the lail itate as happy
as the firfl ? Thefe are mere illufions.

270.'

THE UNIVERSAL' MAGAZINE

more .complimentary to the memory
of the deccafed. than confident with
the order of thi'^gs in the moral world.
You know little of yourfelf, if you
think that all your happiocfji is buried
with your friend, or ihat the happi-
nefs of any peribn muft depend en-
tirely upon another^ • With regard,*
fays an eminent writer, • to the
Iharpcil and moft melting forrow, that
which arifes from the lofs of thofc
whom we have loved with tendernefs,
it may be obferved, that fritndihip
between mortals can *bt contra^ed on
no other terms, than that one of them
mud, at fome future period, moaro
for the other's death. And this grief
will always yield to the farvivor one
confolation pix)portionat6 to hi^ affix-
tion ; for the pain, whatever it be,
that he himfelf feels, his fridnd has
cfcaped.

In the clofc of life, we begi.i to
abilradl ourfelves from the pleafures
connedled with it, and the indulgence
qf grief may contribute to a purpofe
ib eifential. . But at an early period,
to indulge excefs of grief, from the
idea that all your happinefs is baried
with a friend, and that you can never
obtain fu:h another, is at bellapariC-
gyric on the dead at the cxpence of
the livirig. There may, perhaps, have
bcei in your friend, fome qualities,
u'liich may not be eaflly found in ano-
tl)cr, but rt colled what they were,
whether abloluttly ncceflary to your
hap^'iricii, or only contributing to your

plcafurc ; whether in regret! ng ihem
you arc not felfifli, and whether iii
being without them you are really a
lofer ?

Submi^ion to the divine will b a

rational obligation upon all mcD ; and

joined to a proper eitimate of human

life, cannot fail to remove all that b

truly painful, and all that is improper

in grief. Whatever tlve lofs may be

by the death of a friend, it does not

aoiblve as from the remaining duties

of life. Par lefs ought it to dcpmc

ue of the remembrance, that human

life is made up of joy and forrow,

tliat it is therefore a time of trial, of

fufpcncL', of preparation, a prelude to

fomething of greater confequencc. '

The frequent recoUcaion of this need

not abate the proper refpeft we owe

to thofc who have been neareft and

deareft to us. Grief is not to be dif-

pellcd hafUly, or to yield to the cold

and upfceling fentimentsof a comfort-

lefs phUofophy : on the contrary,

when we view the death of friends in

that light which Chrillianity affordSf

our minds will acquire the due balance

between excefs of tendernefs and of

infenfibility. * THe known (hortncfs

of life, a$ it ought to moderate our

paflions, may likewife, with equal

propriety, contra^^ oiir defigns,* and

teach tts that what we enjoy, we ought

^0 enjoy with moderation, and that

what we defire fhould never pafs the

bounds of humble hope.'

<?» Friendship: J Qmverfation*
[ From Tl^e Hilbry of Philip Waldegrave, 2 Vol. lamo*-]

WArDCORAVF, Mr. Grantham,
and Charles Rainsford again
.mounted their horfes, and arrived at
(Jloucellcr in the evening. T^ey met
.V.'ith a very cordial reception from
Mr. Hanfcombe, and from his family,
^vhich confilled of a wife and two
/laughters. This gentleman was of a
very amiable character. He was
jncek, modeft, and pious, of llridl
integrity, and of £reat benevolence.

He was of a difinterefted temper, and
abundantly more ready to follcit fa-
vours for others, than for himfelf.
The f%vectnefs of his difpofition, and
the general prudence with which be
conducted himfelf, added to his know-
ledge and his learning, which were
not inconfiderable, had recommended
him to the notice and elLexn of die
moft difcerning and worthy per&ns in
his neighbourhood*

Mr

FOR AI^RIL, 1794,

lyt

Mr. Hanfcombe had invited two
friends, who were refklent in Glou-
cefler, to fup with hiix), on the fame
evening in which he expedled Mr.
Grantham and his tA^o younger vifit-
»nt3. Oneofthefe gentlemen, whole
pame was Fletcher, wai a barriller at
law ; and the oiher was Dr. Aihby,
a pjbyiician of confiderable praflice.
They pafled a very cheerful and fe-
cial evening' together ; and, in the
^courfc of their converfalion, among-
other topics,. a variety of obfervations
were made on the fubje^ of friend-
ihip.

ic was remarked by Mr. Hmf-
combe, that two country gentlemen,
in the neighbourhood of Glouceder,
v^ho had long been infeparable com-
panions, and remarkable for the
warmth of their friendship, had lately
Kad a difference, which originated
from fome' trifling difpute, but had
ended in a total feparation, and an
abfolute renunciation, on both Mts,
of any future intercourfe.orcommohi-
cation.

Mr. Fletcher obferved, that as few
things in ' human life were more
pleafing than inftances of real friend-
ihip, it Was always to be regretted,
when long friendfhips were inter-
rupted or terminated. But, in fome
perfons, he added, the fame warmth
of temper which may occafion the
commencement of a hiendfhip, may
alfo naturally produce its termina-
tion.

• • We are often led,' faid Mr.
Grantham, * to the choice of friends,
by a fimilarity of tafle or of manners;
and fuch friend (hip is increafcd by
mutual fcr vices, or by the plcafurc
leciprocally taken in each other s
converfation. But there can be no
folid friendfhipof which virtue is not
the ba fis. There may be occasional
confcderades and aflbciaiions of the
wicked and theproHigate; but good-
nels of heart is an indiipenfablc rs.--.
quidte in the ^^rmat'on of a iiccere
and gecui^e friendlliip.'

' it is diificult for a man even o'"
virtue aud fentiment,' faid Dr. A(h-
by, < to meet with a .lleady and iin-

cere friend. I am apt to flatter my- ^
fclf, that I have a heart formed for
iriendQiip, and capable of the moft
laflirg attachments ; and yet I cannot
boall, that I have been able to form
with any mm, that peculiarity of in*
timacy, which is necefTary to confti-
tute the higbett degree of friendlhip.
When I have met widi a man, with
whom r thought I could form an in-
violable, friendlhip, fomewbat of pride
or caprice, or unftcadinefs, has al-
ways intervened, and prevented the
continuance of fuch frieadfbip, or at
leaft leflened its ardour.'

'Perhaps,' replied Mr. Giar.tham,
'friendlhips are more cafily aiid fads-
factorily contraded between men of
moderate abilitiL^s and attainments*
than between men of fuperior ta-
lents. Wherever there is genius,
there is generally pride? and thia
may jiaturally occafion fuch differ^ .
ences between two men of talents, as
may prevent a lading frien4(hip»
though they may have a real efteem
for each other. M,en of eminent abi-
lities quickly diicern the faults of
others; and yet are thcmfelves not
free from faults. Their perff.icacity
may enable them readily to fee the
errors in condud, or behaviour, of
other men; and yet may not lead
them to fufHcient caution, in avoiding
themfelves fimilar improprieties. A-
mong: men of this clafs fomewhat of
rivallhip may. alfo naturally occu''>
which may be unfavourable to the
growch or continuance of friendlhip.*

'When I meet with a man,* faid
Mr. Fletcher, • who to a good heart
adds a good head, in whom is united
a love of virtue, and a love of litera-
ture, r am glad to embrace that nrian
as my friend. No man is \vithout
his foibic) ; but where ( meet with
thefe valuable qualifications, i am not
inclined to quarrel wi:h a man for
irifles,'

' la forming friandOiips, we (hould
remember,* laid . Mr. Hanfcombe,
* that in all human beings thtrc is
imperfe^ion. If our friends, there-
fore, do upon the whole poflefs clli-
mabie qualities a.:d hav^ a real «t-
. tflchcic:::

27*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tachment to us^* it is not wiie» or rca-
fonable, to break with them for (mail
cauip. •* He," fays bifhop Taylor,
'* that is angry with every linle fault,
breaks the bonds of friendibip.'* If
we mean that friendibip ihould be
lafting, there muft*be fome degree of
mutual candour and indulgence. He
who expe^ that his friend, though
N wife and vinuous, ihould never be in
the wrong, forms an expe^ation chat,
from the weaknefs of human nature,
muft be produ£dve of difappoint-^
snent. Horace thought very juitly
upon this fubjeA :

• — — Vitiis nemo finenafcitur : optimus

•ilk eft,
^i minimis urgetur.* Amicus dulcis, ut

jcquuin cil.
Cum roea compeniet vitiis bona ^ pluribus

hifce
j[Si modo plura mlhi bona funt) tndinet^

amari

Si Tofeti hac kgej in trutini ponetar^

eadem.
Qui, ne tuberlbiis propriis offendataim-

cuni
Poftulat ) ignoicat Tfrnicis ilUus : acquum

eft,
Peccatis . veniam pofccDtcm, reddor

rurfui/

None without fttolts is born, and the bcft
Is he whofe life W fpottcd with tlic Icaft.
The candid friend, who balances my

good
And had together, as in truth he fliouldy
It h^ply my good qualities prevail.
Inclines indulgent to the (inking fcak.
For like indulgence let his errors pkad.
His merits be with eoual meafure weighM |
For he, who hopes his bill: ihall not of-

fend,
Sh<tuld overlook the pimples of bis (kicnd.
And even in juftice to his own defers.
At kail ihould grant the pardon he cx^

peas.

Francis* .

On Cards: J Converfation^
[ From the S A M E- ]

AS Mrs. Afhton, andmoftofthofe
who vii&ted her, were of a lite-
rary turn, their converfatioQ was often
lefs infipid, and more tnftruaive, than
that which prevails in many genteek
focieties. Cards were feldom intro-'
duced; and they were particularly
difoountenanced by Mr. Grantham.
One afternoon, fome debate having
arifen whether they ihould be admits
ted, that gentleman faid, « With rc-
ipefl to cards, I entirely adopt the
opinion Concerning them which is
given by a celebrated modem writer,,
when he fays, " ThSy are too trifling
for me, when I am grave; and too
dull when 1 am cheerful.'* I do not
cooiider it as an immorality to play
at cards, if too much time be not
waded in it, but I diQike it for its
extreme infipidicy. It not only is
unattended with any intelle^ual ad-
vantage or improvement, but it is to
me altogether unproduflive of plea-
fure. And I think the enormous
T\'a(le of time that many people make,
4-

iii this paltry, though fefhionaUe
amuferoent, is a great evil. In che
deleft company which can almoil be
conceived, from a communication of
ideas fomethinfi^ may frequently be
learned ; but I know of nothing that-
we can be taught by caixxis, except ic
be felfifhnefs or avarice. Indeed, I
conGder the confummate ignorance,
that I meet with in fome of my ac-
quaintance, as refulting in a great
degree from the time they fpend at
cards. They could hardly, other-
wife, contrive to be fo totally unac-
quainted with every thing that ia
worth knowing. If perfons find time
hang heavy on their hands, the plea-
furesof converfacion, of reading, and.
of mufic, and other amufements which
might, be introduced into polite fo-
cicty, are fo much fuperior to that of
cards, that I am furprized pleafanter
methods of killing time, if it mju^ ^
killed, are not adopted or invented.'
The company at this time at Mrs*
Afbtoii'i was mofe numerous than

ufyaii

FOR APRIL, 1794.

i?i

iifliid ; and ihty did not all agree in
Opinion with Mr. Grantham. Among
thofc who were prefent, were Mr.
Ainfley^ a barrift^r at law, his wife,
and Mr. Mainwaring, the vicar of a
tieighboarini^parifh; Ic was remarked
by Mr. Ainiley, that an ineenious
foreign writer has maintained, that
the aniverfal tafte for card-playing,
which prevails thrbughoatalmoft every
^art of Europe, has produced a con*
iiderable change in the manners of
0ien; and that this change appears
to have been for the better. Before
the invention of car*is, there was ]e(s
eeneral imercouHe between the fexes ;
that i$> they were lefs together^ lefs
in fociety or company : but the per-
petual intercouife between them,
which card-playing has occafioned,
has greatly tofcened and civilized the
manners of men, and rendered them
]efs inclined to daring fchemes of
vidence and ambition than at former
periods, in iion, the invention of
card-playing, the progrds of this,
amofement, and its univerfality, hav^
greatly contributed to change the ftate
of manners in Europe, add to bring
ks inhabitants from their ancient fe-
rocity to their prefent degree of civi-
lization.

< I am far froth thinking,' faid Mr.
Grantham, * that the pre^nt civilized
manners of Europe can be fairly at-
tribated to fo flrange a fource as the
invention of card-playing. This
change of manners may certainly be
nruch more naturally luid reafonably
accounted for by the abolition of the
feudal fyftem, the invention of the
art of printing, and the progrefs of
the aru and fciences. But, if it .
ihoukl be admitted,' that the inven-
tion of card-phtying might be of ufe,
in foftenin^ the manners of men, at
fnch a penod as that in which the
feudal fyllem prevailed, this diverfion
can hardly be thought of any ufe for
any fimiiar purpofes now. We are
at prefent, I believe, fufiiciently fof^
and effeminate. And I remember
that the foreign writer, to whom Mr.
Aiafley refers^ acknowledges, that

the fedentary life, to which this eter-
nal atnufement reduces the two fcxrs,
is calculated to weaken and enervate
the body; and alfo, that if we do
not fee fo many great crimes as fbrni-
erly, we fee few^r inftances of the
great and fplendid virtues. A gene»
ral frivolouftiefs of manners tiai talceti
place, a propenfity to luxurious 'tri-^
fling, which has a tendency to dif-
qual fy the mind for any great, or
valuable, or manly purpofes.' '

Mrs^-AiSfley remarked, that (he
thought one advantage at leaft re-
fulted from the u^e of cards. A9
they made people talk lefs, of courfe
they talked lefs fcandai than thcf
otherwife would. Mrs. Afhton re-
plied, that, in her opinion, the pro^
j>agation of .fcandai was not much
prevented by the pradtkre of card-
playing. The attention required by
theni might be fufficient to prevent
any very rational converfatidn ; but
intervals were found adequate to thp
communication of whatever &(hion-
able icandal might be in crculationr
Thofe who are difpofed to deal in
defamation will not be prevented froiii
doing it by the ufe of cards.

* 1 have fomewhere read,' faid Phi-
lip, * that the inhabitants of a very
dreary part of the- worlds in whidi
one fhould not expe& to nieet with
much knowledge or civilization, I
mean the inhabitants of Iceland^
fpend thmr leifure hours in a more
ratioBal manner,^ than the generality
of (hofe who live in the poHter parts
of Europe. It is faid even of the
Icelandic peafants,' that, when they
meet together, their chief padime is
reading the hifbry of their own
country : from which cuitom it arifes,
that it is difficult to meet with a pea-
fant among them who is not well ac-
quainted with their hiHory. Another
of their amufements confiib in^ recit-
ing verfes to each other. They ap-
pear to be well inflruded in the prin-
ciples of religion ; and are an honef^j
obliging, and well-intentioaed peo-
ple.'

Mr. Grantham coniirmcd what Plu-
M m . Up

*7*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

lip had adVaaced in favour of the
Icelanders, and of their Ufte for li-
terature and for rational amufements.
He added, that at an earl/ period
poetry Hourifhed very much in Ice-
land ; and that many of the Icelandic
peafants could repeat the works cf
{pmc of their poets by heart. Before
this iiland became fubje^ to Norway,
it was one of the few countries in
Europe in which the fciences were
citeemed and cultivated ; it appear^»
from their ancient chrdniclei, that
its inbabitHBts pofFefled no inconfidcr-
able degree of knowledge in moral
philofbphy, natural hii^ory, and alho-
nomy ; Tome of their wri tineas in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries have
been printed; and many of their
manufcripts of that age are dill in
being.

Mr. Mainwaring faid, that he had
always confidercd one of the bed ar«
guments for the ufe of cards to be,
the utility of havine fome amufement
in which perfons pf different tempers
and chara£lers could readily join, and
in which all perfons could at once
anite, without any previous acquaint-
ance, and u ithout knowing any thing
of each other's difpoOtions. * Ra-
tional converfation,' faid he, * is cer-
tainly preferable, more inilru^tive,
and more pleafmg; but how often do
you fall into company who are totally
incapable of any thing that can juitly
be called rational convcr(^'it>on t In
fuch a cafe, cards are a relief; and
though, as I readily admit, you pafs
your time with a very fufficient de-
cree of iniipidity and dulnefs> yet
among ftrangers, and perfons who
are not much in the habit of thinking,
and who have litde ta(te for litera-
ture, you would) perhaps, be more
aukward, and more dull, if the ufe of
cards were precluded.
3

* I can by no means think,' replied
Mr. Grantham, * that* becaufe yen
often meet with company too doll and
tafleleis, and too dellitute of know-
ledge, to afford any very xnllniQive
converfation, that therefore a fSL&aism
ihould be introduced and counte-
nanced, which renders all company
alipoll equally dull, equally ilu|»d,
and equally infipid. It ^vould be
much better to endure fuch company
IS were incapable of aereeable coo-
verfation, when one had the znlsfor-
tune to fall into it, with as much pa*
tience as w^ coul ^ fummon up on the
occaflon, and to colledl fuch ideas as
they were capable of convey io^> ra-
ther than perfitl in a pradice %vliich
puu all company upon a level. Buc
fuch is the effed of fafhion* that I
have often known cards called for in
companies, who were extremely ca-
pable of fuffaining an inftrudive and
interefling con verfation* This h a
much greater triaV of my patienca^
than the occa'^onal endurance of the
con verfation even of the moft ignorant
and thoughtleis. One is fometimes
divened by their abfurdities; bat
cards afford to me as little amufen»eot
as inftruflioQ. And I cannot but re-
gard it, both as the interest and the
duty of perfons of taite, and fend-
ment, and knowledge, to take every
opportuoity of dilcountenancing a
fpecies of faihionable amufement^
which is only adapted for the propa-
gation and perpetuation of ignorance,
which occafions a (hameful waffe of
that time which might be much more
beneficially, as well as agreeably em-
ployed, which is equally ui'elefs to the
body and to the mind, and which is
bed calculated lO pleafe thofe perfons
of both fexes, who are the mod de-
void of ?enius, and the inofl infigni-*
ficant and frivoloas.'

"Memoirs

FOR APRIL, 1794.

a75

Memoirs oftht Lifb anJ Writings of Mr. RoBEitt DonsLErV,

an eminent Poet and Dramatic IVrker.

[ From Biographia Britnnnica, Vol. V. ] .

RObert Dodslev, wafi born at
Mansfield, in Nottinghamnure.
in the year 1 703. The'humble fiiua-
tio 1 and circumliances' of his parents
pr^'cluvlwl hifu from the advantages of
a liberal education ; and to his mii-
forcuns in this refped he has alluded
in one of his poems :

O native Sherwood! happy were thy

bard.
Might theie his rural notes, to future

time,
Boaft of tall groves, that nodding o'er

thy plain,
Rofe to their timffnl melo'^y. But ah !
Beneath the feebie eflfbrts of a mufe
Untutored by the lore of Greece or Rome,
A lirafi^to the fair Caftalian fpiings,
Whence happier poets jnfpiration dmw,-
Artd the fwoct magic of perfuafive fong,
The weak prefuniptiony the fond hope, ex*

piles.

When he grew up to manhood » no
better mode of fubfiftcnce offered it-
(clf than that of entering into fervice ;
and therefore he became a footman to
the honourable Mrs. Lowthcr, in
which ftation his good conduft and
abilities foon brought him into notice.
Several poems were written by him,
which excited fo much attention that
he was encouraged to publiih them ;
and this he did under the title of
* The Mufe in Livery.' The col-
lection is> BOW little known ; but the
writer of the prcfent article remem-
bers to have feen it above fihy years
ago ; and, as far as his memory fervcs
him at fo long a distance of time and
upon a (ligh; mfpcdion, the work was
printed m large i2mo. or what now
%vould be called crown o^vo, ha4 a
handfome lift of j^bfcribery prefixed
to it, and waa dedicated to Mrs.
Lowther.

• What contributed flill more to Mr.
Daddey's reputation* was his writing
i» dramatic pitco c^cd- ' TKe Toy-

fliop,* which being fhewn in roanu*
ftript to Mr. Pope, he was (b well
pL'afed with the delicacy of its fatire,
and the fimplic:ty of its def«gn, that
he took the author under bts pro-
te 'Jion ; and thoueh he had no imme'*
diate connection with the theatre, pro-
cured Aich a powerful interefl in hisfa-
vour, that his produdion was brought
Without delay upon the ilage. It was
afled at Coven t- garden in 1755, and
met with great fuccefs; and when
printed, it was received with much
applaufe by the public « The Hint/
fay the writers of the Biographia Dra-
matica, * of this elegant and fenfible
little piece leems built on " Randolph's
Mufes Looking-Glafs." The author
of it, however, has fo perfedly md-
dernized it, and adapted the facire
to the peculiar manners and follies of
the times he writes to, that he hat
made it perfcdlly his own, and ren-
dered it one^of the jufieft, and at the
fame time the beft-natured rebukes
that fafhionable abfurdity perhaps ever
met with.*

The pecuniary advantages which.
Mr. Dodiley had derived from his
firft publication, and from the foccels
of his dramatic (attre, were applied
by him to a very wife and uieful pur-
poie. Inflead of adopting the pre-
carious iituation of a town writer, he
determined to engage in fome profit-
able buiinefs; and the bufinefs he
fixed upon was happily fuited to his
literary taile, and favourable to his
conne^ons with men of learning.
In 173 5 » be opened a bookieller^
(hop in Pall-mall ; and in this ^tion,
fuch was die efFed of Mr. Pope's le- •
commendation and affiftaoce, and of
his own good chara^er and behaviour,
that he foon obtained not only the
countenance of perfons of the firft
abilities, but alio of thofe of the firft
rank ; and in a few- years he rofe to
M m 2 great

176

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

freat jeminence in |u5 profeffion. Mr.
>odfley's employmcDC as a bookftller,
did not, however, prevent his pur-
fuing 'tlie bent of his genius as an au-
thor, in i73$-7> he produced npon
the flage, at Drurylane theatre, a
farce, entitled ' The King and the
Miller of Mansfield/ which met with
k fuccefs not inferior to that of * The
Toyfliop.' The plot of the piece is
built on a traditional ftory in the reign
of king Henry the fecond Cf this
iftory Mr.Dodflcy has made a very
pleafing u(e, and has wrought it out
into a truly dramatic condufion. The
dialogue is natural, yet elegant ; the
f itire poignant, yet genteel ; the fenti-
mental parts are fuch as do honour
both to the head and the heart of the
^iter i and the cacaflrophei though
fimp]e> is afTci^ting and perfefUy jiut.
The fcene lies in and near theMiller'^
houfe in Sherwood Fore$ ; and Mr.
I)od(|ey had probably an additional
pjeafufe in the choice of his fubjeft,
from the connexion of it wi^h his na-
tive place. In 1737-8, he brought
forward another farce, entitled € Sir
John Cockle at Court.' It was aded
at Drmy-)ane, and is a fequel to
•The King and Miller of Manf-
field.\ The milleri newly made a
knight, comes up to London, with
liis family, to |)ay his compliments to
tie king. This pi^cc is not, how-
ever, equal in merit to the firll part:
for though the king's difgnifing htm-
felf in order to put Gi John's integrity
to the teft, and the latter's refilling
every temptation, not only of bribery,
but of flattery alfo, is ingenious, and
gives an ooportunity for n^any ad-
znirable ftjcokes both of fcujimpnt and
iatire, yet Acre are a fimpUcity and
a fitnefs for ;iie dran^a in the ftory of
the former produ^n, which it is
fparcety poifible to coipe up to^ in the
^rcunmances that arife fro^p the incl-
dents 6t the «sir John Cockle at
Court.* .

Mr. Dodflcy's nea^t ^dramatic per-
formance was * The bjind Beggar of
^ijinal Green^' a ballad farce, which,
according to Mr-Vjaori w^s aOed.

at Drory-lane, in 1739* (meaaii^
without doubt, 1739-^0) but ttie
writers of the Bi^aphia Draimtica
fay, in 1741. Tnis piece did not
meet with much fuccefs. In I74S»
Mr. Dodfley was the author of * Rex
et Pontifex,' bein? an attempt to is*
troduce upon the ftage a new fpecies
of pantomime. 1 1 does not, however,
appear to hav^ been reprefentcd.at
any of our theatres. Jn 174.8, oer
ingenious bookfeller ^ coDe6led toge-
ther, in one yolnme, 8vo. the (cveral
dramatic productions we have men-
tioned (and which had all of theai
be^n feparaiely printed; and poblifli-
ed them under the modeft dde of
'Trifles.' The treaty of Aix-la-
Chapelle alForded to Mr. Dodfley
another opportunity of difplaying his
poetical talents^ in conjundion wid|
his loyalty. On this occaiion, he
wrote * I'he Triumph of Peace,' a
mafque, which was fet to mafic by
Dr. Amc, and performed at Df ury-
lanc, in 1748-9.

Mr. Dodfley, in the year 1750*.
was the concealed author of a fmal)
work, which, for a fliort time, had a
^^fy great celebrity, it was publifh*
ed under the folbwtng title ; * The
Economy of Human Life, traoilated
from an Indian manukript, wrictea
by an ancient Bramin. To which is
p.'^fi^ed, an account of the manner in
which the faid manuicript was diico*
vered. In a letter from an Englifli
gemleman, now refiding in China to
the earl of ••••••.' According to

the pretended hiHory of the iaid let*
ter, as dated, from Peking, on the
I2di o^ May 1749, the efnperor of
China,. * vtry curious of ieazching
after the writings of anti<}uity,' com-
mifltoned pne of the Hanlini, orl>oc-^
fors of the iirfl order, to go on a kind,
pf embafly to the grand Li^na, or im-
mortal high prieft of Tartary, the
chief objeA of whi^h was .to obtain
fome of thofe ancient books, which
were fuppofed to have been for many
ages fecreted from ptiblic infpedion.
Me fucceeded fo far as . to .procure a. '
numl^crof valuabfc.piw9 oUntiquity^

among

FOR APRIL* 1794.

«77

whicb» k^wever^ none had
the preference, in point of age, or me-
rit* to this fydem of moialityy written
in iheknguage and charader of the
ancient Gymno(bphifb», or Bramins,
and tranflated in a ftyle remarkable
£or its energy of didUon, and ihort-
ne& of the ^ntences, and which the
(ranflator judged came the neareft to
the force of the original, fieiide this
apocryphal introdudlon of the book
into the world, it derived fome atten-
tion from Its being elegantly printed
on a £ne paper, with a fmall page,
and a very large margin, after the
French manner. Bat what chiefly
contributed to the popularity of' The
Economy of Human Life/ was its
being univerfally afcribed to the earl
pf Cheflerficld. This idea was
ftrengthened by a letter that had been
addrdlTed to his lordfhip by Mrs.
T^refia Conlfanria Philips, in which,
to the no fmall furprife of the &(hion-
able circles, (he had complimented
him on being the author of * The
Whole Duty of Man.' ' She had pro-
bably heard an acooont of the earl's
letters to his fini. However this may
have been, the notion that ' The
Economy o£ Haman Life ' was writ-
ten b^ lord Chisllerfield procured it
a .rapidity |ind extenfivenefs of fale,
. aflid a height of applaufe, which it
would not have oteuned, if it had
been knowp that .it came from the
humble pen of a bookfeller. The
Mon^ily Revievyers, though they gave
to the work the praife which it de-
ierved, were not carried away with
iht general report, bnt expreifed their
doubts concerning its anthenddty.
Uppn the whole, ■ The Economy of
Human Life,* is not without a con-
iid^rable (hare of merit. The fubjeds
are M^ell chofen ; the advice is good ;
the ftyle is fuccinfi, and frequendy
nervous.: bat the work, in general,
is deficient in that ftrength and eneigy,
^hat vividnels of imagination, and
that luminonfnefs of meupfaor which
pervades thofe parts of fcrip^ure that
were intended, to be imitated, and
lyhjch* ocaiur in many pf the gcnoiae

oriental writings* Tkt popidarity of
Mr.Dodfley's performance produced
a number of imitations. There
4>eedily came out ' The Second Part
of the Economy of Human Life ;*-
and great pains were taken to per-
foade the worid that it was the pro-
dttdion of the author of the former
publicatKHi. Nay, this was pofitively
aflerted in the ritle page, though the
writer of the firfl work had advertifed
to the contrary ; and' indeed had re-
peated his public difavowal of making
any additions whatfoeyer to the pieot^
Another pamphlet was intended as a
kind of a burteique on * The Economy
of Human Life.' It was entitled
- The Economy of a Winter's Dxy ;*
and though a Ihort and haily pro-
liuddon, contained fome pleafant
ibokes, and fome ienfible remarks.
Next followed ' The Economy of
Female Life;' by a lady, as was
pretended ; but the work was too duU
and too iniipid to have come from a
female pen. Concerning another pub-
lication, which appeared abont the
fame time, it may perhaps be quef*
rioned whether it aifumed its title
folely from a principle of imitation.
It was entitled, < The Economy of
the Sexes ; or, the Dofbrine of Di-
vorce, the Plurality of Wives> and
the Vow of Celibacy freely examined ;*
and was a fen£Ue and judidoos per-
formance. We have been«the longer
in our account of Mr. Dodfley's * Eco-
nomy of Human Life/ as, from the
extravagant applaufe given i( for s
rime, founded opon the fuppofidon of
its proceeding from a celebrated no-
bleman, it words an infbmce of the
power of literary fofhion ; the hiftor^
of whichv as it hath appeared in van-
Otis ages and conntries, and as it hath
opera^ with refped to the diftrent
objeds of fcience, learning, art, and
tafte, would form a work that mi^hr
be highly inlb'udlive and entertain-
ing.

Our author's next appearance in the
world was in his poetical capadty.
Thefubjeawas < Publk Virtue,^ aqd^
Vas intcftded to be conpiifed in three

books^

*78

TrtE UNIVERSAL NfAGAZINE

books, indudipg t . Agriculturf . 2.
Commerce, 3. Arts, The firit book
kowever, which waspubl ihed in4Co.
in 17 S4* ^^ ^1^ ^^^t w^' accociplilh-
cd by Mr.Dodiley. Jc is probable
thAt the reception and I'slIc of the
poem did not encourage him to com-
piet<: his delign. Indeed, to write a
iruly excellent Gcctrgic is one of the
kll tffbrts of the homAn mind. Per-
ietlly to fuccced in this fpecies of
poetry requires a Virgil's genius,
judgment, exquifitenefs of ta()e, and
power of harmony. Wiih regaid to
iVJr. ijodlley's prqdu^ion, there are,
amid lis imperfeclions, a number of
beauties in .t defcrving of applaufe.
Jt contains ftvcral exalted fcntin^cnts,
and the deicriptions are often delicate
aad well cxprciled. Uut, at the fame
time, the dittion is frequently too
profaic; many of the epichets are.iu-
adequate; and, in fome places, a fuf-
fic'.ent attention is not paid to the har-
mony of the verijfication. The fol-
lowing addrefs to the genius of Bri-
tain is jpleaiing :

Genius of Britain \ pure intclh'gcncc f •
GtTardian, a)>poimed by ihc One Supreme,
With inttwential energy benign.
To guide the weal of this diltinguiihed

i'l« ;

O wake the bieaft of her afpiriog fon j
Iniorm his nnrobers ; aid hi* bold defigji.
Who in a daring flight prcfumes to mark
The glorious track her monarch ftiould
purine.

In die year 1758, MK Dodfley
pnbhihfd * Mclpomefie; or the Re-
gions of Terror and ?ity. An Ode.*
f bis piece we rmrd ^s one of the
bappiejl effivts of hi« mof^. It ^an-
not, indeed, be compared wkb the
odes of a Dryden, an Akeniide, a
Mafon, or a Gray ; but it ioontains
ieveral ftrxking and beautiful palFages.
The two iirft ftanzas will furnilh no
onfavoorable fpecimen of the poem,

Queen of the human heart! at whofc

command
The fwdling tides of migftty pafRon rife,
^1elpolnene, fupport my ventrous hand,
yVnd aid thy fuppliant in bis bold eraprife.

Frona the gay fcenes of pride

po thou his fpotHeps guide

To nature's awful courts, where* norsM
of yore,
Young Shakfpeve, Fancy's child, ^of

taught his vaiious lore.

So may his favour d eye explore the iburce
To few reveal'd, whence human ibrrows

diarni 1
So m:»y his numbers, with pathetic force.
Bid IVror (hake us, or Compaflton warm.
As different Itrains contioui
The raovuneRts of iJk: ibul,
Acl'uft its pafTious, harmonize its tone.
To feci for others woe, or nobly bear its
own.

It was in the year 1758, that Mr.
Dodfley brought upon the ftagc his
principal dramatic produdHon^ which
was 'Cleone,' a tragedy, afted at
Covcnt-garden. This play wras of-
fered ftrll to Mr. GarricK ; but it waa
rejected by him with Ibnic degree of
contempt; priucipally, aa it "flioald
ieero, becauie there was not a cha-
rader in it fufficiently adapted te the
diipiay of his own peculiar nleuts*
NeYerthekis, when it came to be re-
prefented on a lival theatre, he be-
tiayed a jealoufy concerning it which
added no honour to his repatatioR.
To prevent its fuccefs, he himfelf ap-
peared in a new part on the firft night
of its bdng aftcd, Ihis fcheme had
no eiFed ; for the tragedy rofe above
all oppofition, and had a long and
crowded run; which, however, was
not folely owing to its intrinfic merits
but was denvcd, in a great degree,
if not principally, from tlie cxquiiite
performance of Mrs. Bellamy, who
played the charadcr which gives
name to the piece. . The prdogue to
« Cleone' was written by Mr. Md-
moth, and the Epilogue by Mr.
Shentione«

An imperfefl hint towaid the fable
of this tragedy was taken from the
• Legend of St. Genevieve,' written
originally in French, ,and translated
into EngliOi, in the laft century, by
fir William , Lower. Mu Pope,- in
his very early youth, had auempted
a tragedy on the fame fubjea, which
be aftenvard bnrnt; and he it was
who had advifed Mr. Dodiley to.cx^
ipud the plan (0 fivt ads. The cir-
C»inAanc«

FOR APRIL, 1794.

179

cuitiOance of ' Siflfiroy^s ' giving his
frknd diredions concerning hi$ wife
bos rome<degree of fimilarity to ' Poll^
humus' orders/ in Cymbeline; In
tlie two iaft ti6k$f the author appears
CO the greatefi advantage ; Cleone'&
madnefs, in particular, over her mur-
dered infant, being highly pachetic.
This tragedy ha^ lince^ been revived
by Mrs. Siddons; bat fo (Irong were
the feelings which her exquiiite per-
formance of the charade r of Cleone
excited on the £rft night of ading,
(h.it the houfe was thin on the fecond
night, and the play was dropped.
The minds ef the audience were af-
fc^cd with fuch real diflref«;, that it
overpowered the pleafare ari/ing from
dramatic fidton and theatric repre-
fentation.

In 1760* Mr. Dodiley publiihed
hi- lall iepartte workt and which added
greatly to his reputation : we mean
h s < Selea FaUes of £fop and other
Fabul'fts. In three books.' This is
indeed a dailical performance, both
in regard to the elegant iimpHcity of
the llyle, and the propriety of fcnti-
znents and chara'^ers. The firft book
conuins ancient, the fecond modern,
and the third original. Fables. Un-
der the laft head, the ftories are
wholly invented by the author and his
friends.; and the third part will not
be found to be in the leall inferior to
the two iirft. There are two ferther
circumilances which give an advan-
tage to the work over every former
coUedlion of the iame kind : iirft, a
' Life of Efop,' by Monf. Meziriac;
a very learned and ingenious French-
man j and which is the only life of
Efop that is coniillent with common
fenfe; that of Planudes bein^ a ridi-
culous medley of abfurd traditions, or
equally abfurd inventions. The fecond,
IS an 'EfTay on Fable ;' in which
rules are delivered for this fpecies of
compoiition, drkwrr from nature'; and
by which thefe fmall and pleafing kind
of produ^ons, that were thought to
have little other ftandard than the
fancy, are brought under the jurif-
didion of the judgment. The efiay

eonfiders the fable regularly ; firil,
with relation to the moral ; fecond ly»
the action and incidents ; thirdly, tiie
pcrfons, charadlers, and i'entiiucnts ;
and, laRly, the language. Our au-
thor, before he committed his Efiay
on Fable to the prefix, fubjedted it to
the revifal of hb literary fiends, and
cfpecially of Mr. Shenllone. When
that ingenious am] amiable pott's
works were publ.ftied in 1763,' Mr.
Dodfley prefixed to them a (hort ac-
count of his life and writings. A
foecimen of Mr. Dodfley's talent at
imaller pieces of poetry inay be feen
at the clofe of the third volume of bis
Colledion of l^oems, by diiFerent emi-
nent hands. By this colledion, which
was exiendt-d to fix volftmes, 1 2mo.
he performed a very acceptable fervice
to the canfe of genius and talte ;* as it
has been the means of preiervirg fe-
veral produAions of merit, which
might otherwife have funk into obli-
vion. Another plan, which was form-
ed and executed by him, was *A
Collcdion of Plays by Old Authors,*
in twelve volumes, of the fame fize*
This appeared in 1744, and war a
valuable acquifition to the 1 terary
world ; but it has been highl / im-
proved in the fecond edition, piib-
liflied by Mr. Reed, in 17S0. In the
new edition, befide Mr. Reed's exr
cellent preface, fome plays, before
inferted, are rejected ; and others, of
greater merit, are introduced in their
room. That eminently ufeful fchool-
book, 'The Preceptor,' ought not to
be forgotten ; the defign of' which
was framed by Mr. Dodfley, and the-
execution of which was accomj^liOu d
by feveral of the diHinguiflied writti*
of the age.

In the courfe of his profeilion Mr.
Dodfley acquired a very handfome
fort^une, which enabled him to retire
from the adlive part of bufinefs. Du-
ring the latter years of his life, he was
much troubled with the gout, to which
he at length fell a martyr, while he.
was upon a vifit to his friend Mr.
Spence, at Durham. He was buried
in the Abbey chuxschyard of that city,

and

I

280

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

and the following infcription was en-
graved on kis tomb-iloBe ;

• If y<«i have any refpeft
for uncommon induniy and meriti
regard this place,
in which arc depofited the remains of

Mr. Robert Dodsley ;

who» as- an Author, railed himielf

much above what could have been cxpeded

from one in his rank of life,

and without a learned education i

and who, as a roan, was fcarce

exceeded by any in integrity of heart,

and purity of manners and converfation.

He left this fife for a better» *

Sept. »5, 17^4,
In the 6 ift year of his age.

As all author Mr. Dodfley is en-
titled to confiderable praife. His
works are recommetuled by an eaie
and elegance which are fometimes
more pleaiing than a. more laboured
and ornamented manner of comjpofi-
tion. In vcHe, his numbers, if not
fablime^ are flowing ; andhisfubjeds
. are well chofen and entertaining. His
profe is familiar, and yet chafte; and
in his dramatic pieces he has always
kept in view the one great principle,
iitUSMJufo parittrque menetuio* Some
general moral is conflantly conveyed
in each of his plans, and particular
inilrodions are difjperfed in the parti-
colar ibokes of faure. The dialogoe,
at the fame time, is eafy, the plots

fimple, and the catafbopfae iotereiiBg
and pathetic Mr. Dodfley's Eflay
on Fable will be a datable wionament
of his ingenuity. With regard~to \^
private charadler, he is equally eft-
titled to applaufe. As a txadefmaa
he preierveci the greateft integrity, as
a writer the moft becoming homility.
Mindful of the early encoaragemcnt
which his own talents met with, he
was ever ready to give the iaxne op-
portunity of advancemefit to thofe of
others; and on many occafions he
was not only the pi^fiier but the
patron of genius. There was no dr-
cumftance by which he was more dif-
tingui{hed, than by the gratefbl re-
membrance which he retained^ and
always expreffed, toward the memory
of thofe to whom he owed the oblij^a-
tloQ of being iirfl taken notice ot in
life. Modeti> fenfiUe, and humane,
he acquired the eileem and rcfpe^l of
all with whom he -was acquainted;
and it was his happineis to pais many
yeai^ in intimacy with men -of the
brighteft abilities, and whole names
will be revered by poftericy.

In 177 a, a fecond volume of Mr.
Dodfley's works was coUedtad toge-
ther and publifhed, under tbe title
of ' Mifcellanies.' The volume con-
tains * Ckonc,* * Melpomene,^ * A^-
culture,' and the ' Economy of Hu-
man Life.'

Anecdotes ^ Louis XI, King $f Vrznce.

ABouT three leagues to the foath-
weft . of Orleans^ is the fmall
town of Clery, once flimoas for the pil-
grimages to the church of our Lady
of St. Clery ^ Here is to be feen the
tomb of Louis XI, in which that liion-
fler is made. to perfbfiate both the
faint and the patriot king. He is upon
his knees between four children, who

rofary, his hand of jullice •, hisfcep-
tre, and his hat, in which appears the
little image of our Lady . Nothing' is
wanting but the infamous ihHrument
of his cruelties, the provoft Triflane,
in (oiAje devout attitude. The whole
is in white marble. It is remarkable,
that this king never kept an path he
made, unlefs he happened to fweaf by

might be taken for angels, and per- the little image before-mentioned, and

haps for loves, if their wings had not then it would be inviolable. He was

been udbrtonately lopped^ olF. At fo religious^ that, at one time, makiqg

his knees are his prayer-book and a no€larnal vifit, every night, to^tbe

* A kind of iceptre, which the late kings of Prai^ce bore, duru^>4he Cerenaony 6^
the coronation^ and fo called tiom having a kan.! ui the end of it.
S . ,' * wife

r^-

281

h a one as our Howard, who'
^y a faint, if unbouoded
^Id procure canoniza-
Htaly on pur-
moment to^
'^ala. ! aU
\ faint nor
wretch-^
's in-

THE UNIVr

and the follow Jug Infcripti^'
graved on his tamb-itoi

\ -

fOR APRIL, 1794.

281

Wife of a Dobleman^ and being obliged
to crofs a churchyard, in which was
an image of the Virgin, he never
failed to proUrate hiralclf before it,
that he might then fin ijoith cam/art.
He hit upon an admirable expedient,
in his lalt moments, to repel the blow
of the grim tyrant Death t he covered
himfelf all over with relics ; and St.
Vincent de Paul (who was truly a

iaint> fuch a one as our Howard, who'
was certainly a faint, if unboundec^
beneficence could procure canoniza-
tion) Was fent for from Italy on pur-
p6fe, and not permitted a. moment to'
leave his chamber. But, ala>. ! all
would not do ; neither the iaint nor
the relics could avail • and tr>e wretch-^
ed mon »rc.*i expired amid horrofs in-
expreiiible.

Jn Account j^Shropshire: JVith a neat and accUratd
Maf of that County.

SHROPSHIRE, or Salop, a county
of England, bounded on the north
by Cheftiire, and a detached part of
Flintlhire; on the eaft by Stafford-
/hire ; on the ^o^th-eaft by Worccfter-
ihire ; on the fouth by Hereford (hire ;
on the fouth-weft by Radnorfliirc, in
South Wales ; and on the weft by the
Wellh counties of MontgonSery-and
Denbigh. It extends about fifty miles
in length ffom north to fouth ; is al-
xnoft of a circular figure, with iriany
indentations and proj^i^tions ; and is
divided into two nearly e^jual p^irts
by the river Severn. It is pardy in
thc^iocefe of Lichfield and Coventry,
and partfy in that of Hereford;
contains fourteen hundreds, fixteen
market towns, and 170 parilbes; and
fending twelve members to parlia-
ment; namely, two for the county,
and two each for Shrewlbury, Lud
low, Biihqp's Caftle, Wetilock, and
JBridgenorth. The air is falubrious,
and not very (harp, except on the
hills. The foil is generally fruitful,
cfpecially in the northern and callcrn
parts, which produce plenty of wheat
and barley. The fouthern portion,
which was anciently a pari of Wales,
partakes of the mountainous chara^er
of that region ; efpecially the fouth-
weikrn angle. In the northern por-

tion there is a confid-rable part flat,
though it is not without high! hills**
particularly on' the borders of ^ ales:'
The noted mountain, the Wrekin,'
is in this divifion, not far from the
centre of the county. There ar«
mines of load, copper, iron, lime-
ftone, frccttone, pipe-day, and ia-.
e;;Jiauftib!e coal-pits. Over mo'l of
the coal li.-s a ihatura of a blackifli,
hard, porous fubllance, containing'
great quantities of bitumen, which'
being ground to powJef in horfe-
milU, and boiled in coppers of wa-
ter, a bituminous matter fwims on
the fiirfacc, which, by evaporation,"
ii brought to the confidence ofpitch;'
or, by tpe help of an oil diftilled
from the fame fubftance, and mixed
with it, may be thinned to a fort
of tar: both thefc fubftances ferve
particularly! for caulking of fljips,'
as well, if not better than pitch and "
tar, they being lefs liable to crack.
The wool of many parts of this coun-
ty is remarkably fine. The princi-
pal rivers are the Severn and the
Tend. The Severn is navigable in
its whole courfc through t!ii» county,
which has moreover,- the advintag*
of that noble canal, called The Grand
Trunk, the StafFordQiirc Canal. Th#
capital is Sfarewfbory.

MSTS^'

t82

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Meteorological J

0 u R N A L, March 1794.

1

7 1 19.9a 37

T.m

50

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30,38

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haty

»S 7

3o.«6 43'5!S»

68 f

NEi

orizzllnt fog

*

30,22

5 3-5 154.5

64 4

^ NEi

hazy, fine

26

m

30,15

43

5J.5

64,5 h

N I

.fine

30,12

55

56,5

50.5 2

NE I

*7

30,12

40,5

5»

60 h

NEi

.fine

30,09

50,5 55. f

59 a

N I

. cloiidleit night but foggy below

28

30,06

39

49.5

6f f

No

. fine

30,05

52

54

50.5 «

Ni

. foggy ntght

»9

29,85

48.5

53

61 5

Si

29,80

5^.5

55.5

6**5 5

■ S I

. fine, cloudy : little nio

30

29,80

46

54.5

59 4

SWi

.fine

29,80

ii

57

50 1

w»

V

29,80

5a.5

59 4

SSE I

..Aowerti fine

29,67

51

55

57 3

S2

• fliowers. dear night

Obssi*

FOR APRIL, 1794.

aSj

Observations f*n the Dis^a^es in Marph 1794.

THIS month. proyed more than ufaally healthy, and till the 2Cth, when
the weather became colder and the wind changed to the northward,
di/ea(e wa« rarely met with ; foiie few caies of pi urify then occurred, and
iuduration of the glands became common, which frequently terminated by
fupparation. — The hooi:ing cou^h llill continued to prevail ) and there were
a few cafes of fcarlct fovrr. Erylipelas likcwife was occafionally met with,
but conftantly with in!lirama^ory fymptoma, which required the it\it ufe of
the lancet, and ialine purgaties.

Curious Particulars of the Chy ^ Paris, and of the French
Nation, in the Years ijS6 and 17875 with Inter efting Reflexions
on the fubfequent Re^poiution.

[From Dr. Smith's Sketch of a Tour on the Continent, 3 vols. 8vo.]

OF al! thcfe fine things [the curi-
ofities in the Garde Mcubb]
ftnd, alai 1 of the noble monuments I
have defcribed at St. Denis, we can
now only fay they w^r?— the admira-
ble 'ftatue of Henry IV, on the Pont
Neaf, that too is no more ! In la.
menting their downfall, and the con-
comitant events, much as we may ad-
mire and venerate the arts when con-
fee rated to virtue, it is not merely the
d^iira (ion of fuch monuments that
we deplore ; it is khe vaft wreck of
human happinefs that engrofles * every
pnng of fyrapathy* — the innocent coa-
founded with the guilty— the difper-
(ion of families«^the diiTolution of the
fweet bonds of fo:ial intercoarie.
£ven the chaibfements of unbonoded
vice and depravity arc become fo ter-
rible, that we ftand appalled at their
irrefiftible unrelenting feverity, even
till compaffion arifes for their abjed
vil^ims. The world impatiently
waits to fee Frenchmen atone for all
this. If they finally obtain a good
^orcrnm«.'nt, its ^reatett merit will
h.' that oK rend* ring inpoinble for the
future fuch a£t:ons as ihall have led to
its eftabliihment.— But 1 mean not
yet to enter on this fubje£l. Some
previoas remarks on the French na-
tion are neceflary.

It was curious to remark in the
fummcr of 1786, a very prevalent
tlihioD of wearing one folitary carna-

tion, of an uniform pale red, doie
ftuck in the button-hole, in the place
of the ribbon of St. Louis, which
thefe flowers cxa'iUy refembled in
colour, and rarght at a dillance be
midaken for it. Although I may in-
cur cenfore for charging even French
vanity with fuch a foible, I cannot help
believing the imitation was deligned.
A Frendiman might retaliate upon
me by noticing a &nilar fafhion, very
common in London not long ago, of
encircling the coats-of-arms upon
carriages with an ornament lookii^
as like a garter as it dared, and this
was more X particularly prafiifed by
thofe who were fartheft removed from
all poffible chance of a real garter.
Human nature is every where much
the fame.

Paris began at this feafon to. grow
\^Ty dirty and difagreeable, on ac-
count of the almoll perpetual wet.
The want of footways in fo large a
town is a glaring defed; in confe-
^ttence of it the general ftyle of walk-
ing about Paris in dirty weather is
only flepping from one great flippery
ftone to anoth^, and perhaps iliding
into the ditches of mud between. ^ To
thefe comforts may be added the per-
petual danger of being run over by
all forts of carriages, rattli.ig and
whirling along without either rear or
dexterity in their drivers. In no re-
fped is this natioa more awk^vard
N n 2 than

2^4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

^han in all the tackle belonging to car-
xiagea. Their rope harnefTes, and
^lumfy yokes, are To unmanageable
it is impoflible to drive their carts and
.waggons \Vith any accuracy ^ and
their prepofterous axletrecs, projcdt-
jng half a yard farther on each lide
than they ou.»ht, feem purpofely cal-
culated to take hold of all the pofts
jthey can find, or, like the faulchions
of the war chariots of old, to fwcep
down every living being that comes
in their way.

No wonder then accidents were fo
frequent. To be run over might be
reckoned a fort of natural death in
Paris. I have heard that about loo
perfons generally made this kind of
,€xit every year. Many a time, as I
have Oirunk into a corner to avoid thefe
form dable axletrees, have I thought
of the fate of poor Toumefort, who
was crufhcd by one of them fo fe-
vercly, that he acquired a fpitting
pf blood, which in time proved fa-
tal. 1 faw no figns of their being
more mdined to fpare one botaniil
^han another; and when I happen-
ed to be in a carriage, I felt little
lefs apprehenfion for thofe who were
then at the mercy of my wheels. For
not being one of the noblfffe^ thofe re-
fined ornaments of fociety, I could
not drive through a crowd carelefs
whether it were age or infancy that
might be crulhed in riiy progrefs. It
}s incredible what a happy tranquillity
perfons of any figure had acquired on
this fubjet>. I have a<5lually feen a
poor old man run over by a gentle-
man's carriage with the moil wanton
jcareleflhefs on the part of the coach-
man. Not being able to re il rain the
indignation natural to an Engl (hman^
« Why,* faid I, ' is not the carriage
ftoppedf apd the fellow fecured V A
ihnjg and a flare were thepnly anfwer.
f Was it not the fault of the coach-
man ?* * Affuremnt : C*eft Utn/oiture
de qnelque fcignenr / --^CerJahilj : It is
Joffic nohUfhun^s carriagt /*
• No one that has not been in France
can imagine how far this ariilocratic
influence extended. The liveried

fiaves of a perfon of the leaft rank or
figure, might behave with any degree
of infolence to the mod refpedable
tradefman ; nor were blows even to
be always refented.

If a well 'dreflfed perfon in England
has occafion to enquire his way, or to
aflc any other querfion, of a fentinel,
he thinks he pays fufEcient reipe^ in
treating him as a fellow-citizen, and
calling him friend. In France none
of thefe gentlemen were ever addrcf-
ifed without Monfieur and a refpe^^ul
bow, and it was then ten to one whe-
ther or not Monfieur would deign to
return a civil aniWer.

But above all did the tyranny of the
higher powers (bine out in its native
glory with refpe£l to game. Not to
mention innumerable inilances beiTdes,
I remember taking a walk with a
friend and his family out of the gates
one evening, in a place about as
much trodden as the moll public part
of Hyde Park, or St. George's fields
before they were fo much covered with
buildings. A fellow in rags, with-
out any infighia of office, though -with
all the infolence of it, came up to vnj
friend and told him he muft not walk
on tRe grafs. ' Why not V Becauie
of the King's game, f There can be
no game of any kind here, nor within
fight, and every body does walk
here.* This fignified nothing; and
as we could not tell but this migbt be
a game- keeper, though he might pof-
iibly be only a ruffian, who not dar-
ing to attack and rob fo many of us,
gmtified his fpleen by this pretence to
interrupt our recreation, we were
obliged to comply ; elfe we might
have had a chance of being lodged in
the Bicetre, or fome other of the
* King's caftles at Paris ;* mt till our
cafe had been fairly judged, but till
we had made intereft with fome great
man to get us out, by as little atten-
tion to law as we had been got in.
None but poor unknown villains, un-
connedled with greater ones, ever fut
fered from fo obfolete a thing as the
law.

In walking over the Prince of Con-

de'^

FOR APRIL, 1794.

285

S
3

ics grounds at Cbantilly, with the
perfon appointed to fiiew them, we
came to a very low wall, with a little
wicket which was locked. - After
waiting fome time, and calling to no
purpofe, I propofed ftepping over'
the wall, which ^was not three feet
high ; but our guide liaaed with hor-
ror, and told me I fhould cejtainly be
iliot bp the game-keeper. I inquired
whether my appearance as an Engliih
traveller, thb man's prefence, and
the errand we were evidently come on
jto fee the grounds, would not proted
me. He anfwcred in the negative ;
which the game -keeper, when he
came, very feriouily and pofitivcly
confirmed.

The infolehtairs of all thefe fervants
and hangers-on exceeded imagination,
but they were proportionably fervile
to all who they had reaf^n to think
had any intereil with their lords.
Not that they were capable of the
manly attention, the generous relpefl-
ful benevolence, which be.tms from
the countenances of honed EngliOi do-
mefUcs, on all thofe whom they knew
to be valued by their good mailer ;
the cringing of a Parifian was ever
precifely the fame in all ranks, from
a (hoe-black on the Pont Neuf to a
Duke in the drawi/ig-room.

The moft truly refpedlable people,
as Mercier well obfervcs ir. l.is Tab-
leau de Paris, were thofe of the mid-
dle ranks of life, people of trade or
profeifions. Among thefe was to be
found a gr^at deal of principle, and
XDfich domeilic felicity, with fome
ihare of information. Thi^ rank was
the moft free from the geneal ipirit
of arti6ce and chicanery wnich made
a ftriking part of the Parifian cha-
racter. But it mu 1 be con ft (Te J that
among this order of men originated
that fpirit of enquiry and ju.igmenr,
and the confequent indignation, that
have led to the yonder ful convuliions
which now engage tjie attention of
Europe, and which have run to the
lengths they have, in confequence of
the loweft orders of fociety not being
proportionably informed or virtuous.

I cannot help offering a few remarka
on the fubje^ oi this great revolution,
though with that diffidence which fo
unexampled a phsenomenon requires ;
more efpecially as I conceive ipeda-
tors, and ftill lefs the parties con-
cerned, are by no means cool or difin-
terefted enough at prefent to judge it
accurately or impartially.

1 was furpr.fed, on being introduced
into various Parifian circles in 1786,
to hear much unreferved political talk,
and that of a nature which I had fup-
pofed would infallibly lead to the Ba-
iiik'. lis prevailing tenour was, that
neither the finances nor the authority
of government could long be fupport-
ed ; that the people would not long
bear the exceffive taxes and exceflive
opprelfion under which they groaned ;
and that the French in general were
ardently defirous, and llrongly flat-
tered themfelves with the hopes of
being, in a very few years, governed
as . we are. This was the converfation
of people of conGderation and proper-
ty, even connected with the court*
and ihining in the elevated walks of
lifo. • The prevailing fentiments of
moft ranks were much in favour of the-
Englilh, as the wonderful adoption
of our tables and faftiions of late years,
and the avidity with which our pub-
lications were n^ad, abundantly evince,
I conceive the works of Mr. Mercier,
efpecially his Tableau de Paris, have
contributed to the prevalence of thefe
fentiments more than moft books.

lnO£lober 1787, the public fenti-
ments began to be greatly agitated.
The baniihment of the Parliament of
Touloufe was much talked of; and
when people's tongues were once let
loofe, they began with one accord to
hunt out all per(bnsfu(pe6led of being
fpies of government, and to treat them
with juft indignity. One of thefe peo-
ple being in the Caffe de Chartres
leaning his head and arms upon a
marble table, was known to a gentle-
man, who believed him to be Jiiftening
to the converfation of the place, and
without any ceremony gave him a
violent blow on the back of his head,

^hick

3S6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

which drove his nofe againft ihe table,
and fcnt him bleeding oucof the room.
The company ihrting with furprife
and indignation, the perTon who gave
rtic blow coolly faid, * Ce ticfi qaune
moudc,* It is but a fly. Alluding
to the term m-uchard, by which fuch
people were diiiiiiguilhed, from their
manner of blowing the nofe as a iig-
nal to each other. Upon this the
company were perfe6liy fat-sH d, and ^
the poor m'uchtrd never returned.

Such occurrences however were but '
trifles compared with what happened
in the next and the following years.
I'hofe events it would be fuperfluous
to detail. Their great featured are
fufficiently well known, though a little
distorted one way or other by party
mifreprefentation. They exhibit, 1
conceive, in the beginning, one of
the nobleft fpedtacles the world ever
beheld. A great, rich, and powerful
people, burning indignant from their
long-oppreflive chains, with a iincere
defire to learn to be whit God and
Natnre intended they (hould be.
Such I doubt not v/as their prevailing
impulfe, and fach, I will dill Tarthy
venture to fay, was the aim of the
firft leader* of this vaft andenaking.
I am authorifed to think fo by the al-
moH unaninious declarations of betted
judges than fiiyfelf, who now fay,
that if the French had contented
themfclves with the conilitmion they
firit eilabliilied, nobody could have ob-
jcv^ed CO it, as they had an undoubted
right to amend a government which
wanted it fo much as their old one
did. Such perfons indeed did not
make this declaration in 1789 or
1 790. They inveighed then again ft
every thing that was doing in France,
as much as they do again tt all t^e fuc-
ceeding horrors. But 1 ipeak of their
judgment, not of their confiftency.

A much more refpcdiblc fet of po-
liticians think the French revolution
is nothing more than the rcfolt of the
I'chemes of a fet of defigning men, who
for the lad thirty years have been de-
liberately undermining all principle
whatever; firft preaching nx^e-fpun

fyflems of morality and {eocnent ;
then gently infmuating that fuel* fy-
ftems wanted not the aid bf reHgioa,
or at lead of revelation; and in d&e
end finally aiming to overturn all fnb-
ordination, all regular govemmeuw
and it ftfems all regular fbciety, aloag
with every thing mankind had hither-
to held moll facred. Accordingly the
ingenious perfonage who faid in a
public afTembly • there is no God/
was a legitimate defcendant of others
who had fome time before faid it « in
their hearts.* Heaven knows hov
many pretended philofophers may
have come under this defcnption !
but Heaven forbid that all who have
endeavoured to inftrucl mankind, and
who have notwithftandlng been mi^-
ken in fome points, Ibould be branded
with it 1 Thofe who live in a country
of free diicuffion, under a tolersmt and
rational religion, can form but inade-
quate conceptions of the indignant
ftruggies of a manly and honefl mind,
labouring to (hake off ihackles rivet-
ted on in early youth> whofe mifchiefs
are interwoven with adl the |Mivate
vices, and all the public abofes coa-
tinually before his tyt^. Who (hall
fay for himfelf he could in fnch cir-
cum fiances difcriminate truth from the
multiplicity of falfehood fo artfuHy
conncdicd with it ? Who could truft
his mind, when fo mifled from die be-
p;inning to perceive and to love truth
itfelf when difcovered ? It furely be-
comes the friends of true chrifHan
piety to have great indulgence far
thofe who have not been ^voured
with candid rational inflrudlion, like
themfelves perhaps, but on the con-
|rary have always been furrounded
with perfons evidently impofing upoa
others more than their own hearts oe-
IJei'ed, while their manners cUfcredit-
ed every thing they pretended to re-
verence. The mofl honeft and faga-
cious enquirer might not always be
able to avoid fuch « flumbling- blocks.*
A fincere lover of truth, firm in fais
own principles, will refpcft thofe who
honellly feek it, whether they meet
his concloiions or not^

ft

FOR APHIL, 1794,

287

It isliard aiul ancbridian, therefore,
to fappOfe that all who have oppo-
fed and fatirized corrupt religions and
obrrupt governments are e^mies to
true and good ones ; nor can one* in
that point of view, dearly fee what
end thefe fobvertcrs of eilabliihcd
opinions propbfed to themfelves . Not
profit nor worldly honour, for thefe
lay in a contrary path. The love of
£ngqlaricy is faid to have been their
aim ; yet their opinions were in ge-
neral too prevalent to be called fingu-
]ar. It is rational to imagine their
efibrts would not have fucceeded» had
they not attacked what was in many
points weak ; and as to their motives,
thofe might be various in purity, it is
not for us to judge them, fiappy
would it have been if the parties at-
tacked had difarmed their adveriisiries,
by adopting their advice when good,
and refuting it when erroneous ! It is
ft range nobody has yet tried fuch an
experiment any where for preferving
peace and good order !

A moR; remarkable feature in the
prefent revolution is that change from
/blfome loyalty in the French nation,
to the moft ferocious antipathy to
their fovereign; but I believe this
change is more apparent than real.
This people originally loved their
kings ; and the national loyalty, along
with its pride, was carried to a degree
of enthttiiafm under Louis XIV. But
as it is not in our nature to love what
has nothing amiable about it, .the ti-
tie oiiveU^ehved given to Louis XV,
was little more than * mouth honour/
like the title ofjujigmn to the pal-
try Louis XIII, becaufe he was born
finder the fign ofLt^ra, the balance;
and the one nick- name was as wife as
the other. The profligacy of the
court under Louis XV, nr exceeded
chat of his predeoeflbr ; and while the
puHes ofhisp^le were drained to
liipply his extravagance, and their
families ranfacktd for new vidlims to
b's luO, fuch a father of his people
night be feared, but not loved. Not
even the * Corinthian pillars of the
poiiAied focieiy' irf* which ha was the

head, found it very eafy to be the
pandarsof his Sacred Majelly, though
tnat was a principal rood to honour.
His fated appetite required aimoft
every day a fr e(h fupply ; and the fit-
mous Madame du B**** is faid to
have fecured the duration of her do-
minion, folely by alTuming, or rather
pra£tiiing, at her introdudion, the
direSt contrary behaviour to virgin
delicacy and rcfcrve. All die coardy
pimps were aftouidied to find them-
felves week aficr week, and month
after month, dellitutc of employment,
and were obliged to lay afidc rh Jr|L I.
trade to pay their devotions to the fa-
vourite fultana.

The unfortunate Louis XVI, one
of tht; bci'umeaning prin^fs that ever
< It on the throne ofF«ance, or any
gitncr, was welcomed on his accefiioQ
as all princes arc ; jl'ir the peopl.; .ire
always fond of a new fovcrclj 1, ex-
pefling he Ihould be fiee irum any
failings his predecviibr might, have
had, and never drcanung that he may
have other and worie faults, in this
cafe hoivever they vvoiiki not hava
been difappointed, had he been bkft
with abihties to execute his ^ood in-
tentions, or rather had not douelHc
chagrin led him into hab!.j frjal to
the employment of ihe abilites lie pof-
feiTed. I have heard it aflertcd, be-
fore this revolution b:^an, that Louis
XVI, was by no means a weak man ;
an a^ertion which his lad behaviour
furcly has amply verified. But what
could his ipotkfi) example alone do -to
reform the manners ofa court, already
almoil paft reformation, while firen
pleafure and lavilh profufeneG, under
a moft attradive form, led the too
willing crowd a contrary way ! Th»?
benevolent monarch, and the too par-,
tial hufband, rciigned himfelf to indo-
lence, and tried CO find comfort in
apathy, from which however he was
occafionally routed by infulc or nee-
led. The readinefs with which he
liftened to a fcheme of reform, ihew-
cd how uneafy he was at the date of
his government. Had he but been a
4^tanillaus, to have joined wiidom and

firm-

aSS

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fimmeis with refiittidc^ he would
neither have defer ted nis honour and
his people, nor they perhaps have Jif-
appointed him ! Interelted and feroci-
ous parties would in vain have tried to
tarn the popular tide agaicli hi:n, had
he not, ac (o critical a period, beea
induced, by evil counfellors^ to for
felt the confidence of his fubjeols, and
ieparaie their interet from his own.
But how dearly has he paid for the
guilt and folly of others ! How de trly
has the partner of his fate paid or her
£iults, let them have been what th. y
would ! May the error > of t :i: moit
wretched princis be remembered 6n\y
as a warning ; and may her fuller. ng.>
have corrected and atoned f'jr thciii !
Of her political faults, during her
profperity, 1 prefuoie not to form v\\
idea; for who could dive into the
intricacies of one of ilie moll intrigu-
ing of all courts? Her iubfcquent
condud, her plots as they are callfd,
her trea/on agai.lt her oppreflbrs,
none that can put themfelves in her
iituation will wonJ.^r at or blame.
Her private faults I will not palliate.
They were but too well known when
fbe was in a iituation that mi^ht be
fuppofjd out of the reach of all julHce,
except the divine; but they vull not
feil now to be blackened, no doubt,
where that can be done. Let it how-
ever be remembered, that the Hate
prifons revealed no ferrets to the dif-
honour of this unfortunate Queen, no
vidtims of her jealoufy or rclentment,
though they were often hiied with
thofe of the worth lefs midrefles of for-
mer kings. The canting Madame
Maintcnon fpared no pains to entrap
and to confine for life a Duxh book-
feller who had expofed her charader ;
but Marie Antomette took not the
lead vengeance of the moll abu five
things written and publiQied by per-
fons within her own power.

The French appear to have a great
many faults of their own to purge off
before they are capable of fctding in-
to a well-regulaced {late^ faults which
I am ready to allow in a great mea-
fare origiaattdfrpm their farmer bad
6

government. It has of late Ixefl M
ftvourite idea, borrowed from one of
their £uiritb, that a Frenchtmn is
like an animal begotten between m
m Oil Key and a tygcr. If this illiberal
refledion were jufl, could it be ex-
pected tliat fuch an animal, havio^
been long chained up, go^ided, and
half-ftarved, ihould f>ot be a little un-
ruly when he had broke from his con-
finement ? Nor would the goaders de>
ft rvc a great deal of pity if they felt
his fangs, riis wounds indeed are
dreadful, and no wonder hone It John
fiu'li^k eafily m:iie to believe him as
bad as a fiery dragon, and to brand Uh
his horns a little in his own dcfer.ce ;
but when he Ihall find this monitcr
keeps at home, and has perhaps cha.-
fed and fretted himfelf a-Aeep, or,
which is rather to be hoped, has laia
down quietly^ defiring only to eat
and drink in peace widioui a chain,
his own gtnerous nature will furelf
not grudge fuch comforts, even co hu
pretended * natural enemy,' but w^ill
rather regret that the poor animal has
found hi in fc If obliged to take fo much
trouble to obtain them» He may alio
thankfully learn from this example, tt>
eat his own grafs in quiet, without
rutiraiji^ at any body that does not oN
f^nd him, but to beware of a chaio«
even though it were of filk or gold.

To drop allegory, let us, as I have
unawares been Ted fo far into this fub-
je6l, confider a litde the applications
to be made from it. I have always
wondered at thofe who made the cade
of the French fo much our own, whe-
ther they thought our government
wanted a reform, or not. It f^ms
more peculiarly injudicious in the lat-
ter clafs to have done fo, as the ne-
ceffity for the French to aqiend their
condition was undoubted, and we had
long held them in contempt for not
attempting it. Exd^piations of dan-
ger to ourfelves from their attempt
(fo long as they kept ^o their own af-
fairs) implied therefore a confoioas
weaknefs and error at home. On. the
contrary, I believe fome of the firlt
Engiiihmen who exulted with manly

epeiH

Pok April, 1794.

289

•pennda at the tieginiilrig of the
French retrolutioif, neirer thoagbc of
^ny daogerou application here d}i it
had been made for them ; and when
that application was made, all the
really turbulent and defigning fpirits
were glad to flielter themfelves under
fach refpe^able banners, while the
truly good and honeft bore all the
cktium, and their enemies gladly took
advantage of it. . A hellua multoptm
€apituyn, a < fwinilh multitude* of all
ranks, is always ready at hand to be
diredbrd by one party or another, now
agafnl^ Catholics, now again ft Dif-
femers, according as it may happen
to fuit the politics of the day.

I conceive the public mind might
llave been with more certainty kept
quiet from the beginning by tempe-
rate intelligible publicattoiis, com-
mending the zeal of our Deighboura
^(a liberty, and encouraging the hope
that by their obtaining a rational go^
'▼en)ment liks ours, inilead of the cyi
rannical and intrigtiing one th^y had
before, a lafKng aJfiance might origi-
nate between us without fearof thofe
'Uoodv wan, in wh^dt fo'tnany h«-

^uan beings have been iacrificed at

'the whim of a favonrite or a coortt-
zan, and without the bulk of either
nation knowing why they were under-
taken* Jf alarms had arifen at home,
it might havf been fugge(led.that we
had already gone through what the
French wantra, a revolution in gb-
yemment and a reformation in reli-

'gion; and whether wt had reached
■perfe6)ion or not, pradence required
waiting at leaft till our neighbour cx-

.AriWtti. When that vigorous ilep

> was fet, of aboliihiog all nobility, in- '
Aead of chikii(h declamation and la-
aentations, it would have been more
to the' purpofe to have (hewn what

\ the French nobility as a body really
W6re« how infinitely numerous, how
abfurdly privileged^ how proud, idle,
and dimpated ; farely it was a great
it^uflice to onr own nobility, who are.

. kgiflatort, or a determinate part of'
the government, to confound them
widithofo of France I Whatever the

latter mifi^ht have been origfnally;
they hltd Ton^ loft all beneficiu pow-(
ers and privileges, for which the
court had compeafated them, at the
estperice of the nation, hj alowbg
them all manner of noxioos one i
fuch as no manly rational people
ought to bear; On this fiibjed I can-
not refer to better authority than Mr.
Arthur Yourtg's Travels, to prove
the mifchief of thefe privileges rela^
tive to the importiht article of agri*
culture.

As to the order of nobility, in it-
(elf abf^ra^tedly confidered> mbch may
be iaid for and againft it. When it
has no pernicious powen, ixxlependent
of thole great ia«^s of a ftace, by
^whach even fovereigna are bound, it
has many advantages. It ij an eco-
oomica) way of towardin^ merit, an<^
•its very exillence at a thm^ of value
depends n. on its not being mad^
cheap. It is at its own peril too that
it debafes itfelf by any means, an<l
the main intcreft of the whole orde^
jointly and feparately confiftt in' its
.members not difgracing their rank. I
fpeak of nobility now as a thin^ whde
fole value depends on of^mon, atf
mere titles. . When exemptions from
law are connedcd with thefe^ the
cafe becomes different.

Difputes about forms of govern-
ment coo are endlefs. Some are un-
doubtedly bad, as an abfolute mOnar-^
chy; but that a limited cfn« (hould
therefore be iiad, is rery hx from the
treth. At firft iight an faeredtury
monarchy of any Jtmd appters ineli^
gible; and perhaps fo much fo, that
human reaion might nevtfr have con-
trived it. O^ thi& ground xX has been
cavilled at, and the cavillers jtofwer-*
ed over and over again ; for it is 4
fuSeient aofwer that this plan n founcf
to be attended with fewer inconveni«
ences in midi€e» than majnyothart
more fpeaotw in appearance. Upon
thefe fiibje^ thbking men may fpecu-
late, and their difcaflioni be ai txtt as*
atr, that the world may profit, as it al-
ways muft, by the exercile of reafon. It
ill becomes thofe who difier b opinicrr

290

THE UNlVEfeSAL MAGAZINE

•0 idcend to the illtbenlkxor frnaUct*
•od call one another names. Neither
ft it advifeable for them to force their
cxperimeotuipoQ sunkind. Ratipn*
•I Mn{i iboold be guided by reafoa.
'When a new goirerament is reoom-
ttcaded, or an old ooe defendedt
let the arguments be bid down
plunJy and fairly, void of all deda-
macioD, fiitire, or * wit. The one
fchjpme is not 8D be tried becauTe it
is new, nor the ocher retained be-
caoie it is old; but if the fermrr be
evidently aoiich better than the exit-
ing ftate ofthtngs, and therefore wonld
Tomnenfact for the great difficulty and
tifiuole of a cbange, then alone could
it deferve any attention ; or if» oa
the contraiy, the old ftJHfclMhmenr
fiiottld appear «> anfiucr its parpofo
weU, or to be oapaUe of ameadiagit*
{<e^f, the bttard of iupplaatiag k by
'another is by no^means adrifewe*

A few plain fober coniideratioDS of
'the above coa^xioB, fiee fiom alt
poKtical cant, loperflitioa* party ag-
grarattons, ajad tnterefted deceptions,
wooU* I wm p«rfuaded« have kept
•old Ettglaad f&HeStiy fafe from the
beginni^, wtthoot having recowie
*to dsB^erous palUaiives» fuch as las-
fing a horror of innovatioa^ and op-

pofiagthc rage of party againft putj*
and fe^ againfl fed, which haire.ib
often been cried with fuch rcry bad
and even fat4il^ fucceis. And weQ diey
may, for they are only making nfe of
thtfilliij of mankind. lVhac a rr*
Moach is it open our fpcdOi, tkac «re
lb often addreis ooHelves to Aele loU
lies, rather than to our nobkr £icul-
ties and principles 1

I little thought I fhoold ever bave
written fo much upon any politicai
fubjedli for the fmall benefit i have
always perceived' to be derived to the
wifUom, h^ppincfs* or hooetty, of
thofe who incerefi Aemielves modi m
thefe ouitun, has railier detored me
firom t&p ilody of partial polisio* The
general great int^efts oTtrutb and bo-
manity are indeed a worthy and ex-
ailing eiMiuify« if ift9ryr as it fervcs
c# devolpe thefe, is a nobfe A«dj;
and a good man may b fome m^nmt
be i^deflMi&ed fir bdlying Vs diind
with dK oanterafibBiipo oi.coitrt in-
trigues, and wearvittg hit patience widb
the fipmbbles df nooes, 10 (eara why
aU his fUkMv crcauirei are not happy,
and how they oiay have, a cbanoe of
becoming fo, even in QAe of their
own miihkin cadeavoon.

AFFAIRS ow F-R A N CE,

' CmtimudfroM Pagi 234,

AT the^fitttnf of Sunday, Feb. s], a
• ftngiihr inckknt occurred c

A yonog fiemaW cittseut who fcrved in
the arAy, demanded to returni and join
her colours. The prcfident aufwmd,
' Be a wife an<l a rooiW.*

OnWedneiday, Feb. 2^ appcarsd be-
fore the convent^, the ciew and flfieers
ofriie frigate la Survdlhnfe, wboMlified
' tbeir approbation of the decree which con-
. liimns to deatbever^ commander of a Ihip
of war who fhidl luiTcnder his veHel to
Mc enemy. They fwore that their fr isate
ibould never enter an Engllfli port, while
ihrv dioiild be ftatioi)ed on bo6ird her.

The fame day, St. Jo(^, in the name
of the coomiitteai of |)uhlic iafety and ge>
xieral welfaiv, made a report on the means
•adopted by the two comiuitlees, as a re*

. medy to die impriiboment of perlons who
call thcmitlves patriott,^

, In the courfe of a very doqueot fpeech
St . Juft met with many tokens of apphuJe.
He dwelt whh particular farce on the hi*
mentations of the ariftocratsy who cry out
fateouily at the ponUhuKnt M thdr rtls.
tions, whikr the death uf patriots is a
matter «f poied indifetnce m thMa.

* Tberean^' ^^^ * in Euiopt four
mtilions of prifimcrs, of whom yoit do liot
hear a word \ and we leave at luxlTty cav
iMBt deltrmined enemies. Louis XfU
cauled to pcrtfh, in 17S7, at Parish m Ae
Arcets St. Hypolite and Melee, more thin
ei^ht diottiand FRochmen, and the cah^
may was fcarcely mentioned, Uadcr ihi
monarchy 400,000 men were takep up
cvriy year, and tjao fmuggkrs wot

h?ffgrdi

VOBl APRIL, 17^

kanged. l^der tbat odious gonrn*
iDcnt eacli fuccefTIve year lavi^ about 3006
men broken upon the wherl ; and t^f rr*
voluTionary tribunal 19 cahnqniatecl fyt
having cofKkmred ro death, in the cdKirle
of one yenr, 300 mi(creantt.

• Th6fe who arc for ihc libcrfy of arifto-
crats are againft fhe retmUic. We -are
called upon to be indulnnt, and we om-
4u€i ourielves as> if we had ncter faciii be-
toayed.

* Our obM ihould be to preveit any
perfon hratn ill treatment, and ef ery pa-
fhot throtighoot the whole repubMc, froa
perfecHtion.*

After this preamble, St. Ji^, m the
name of the two committcety jprbpo^»
and the ronvention decreed, aa fallowt t

I . The commtttee of genial iafety it
inveftcd with the poww of idling at H*
berty arrefied patriots •

9. All who require to be f t at liberty
ftail be obliged to give an acdiunt of their
conduct l|pce T7S9.

3. Thc*»>pcrty of patriots is £icred
and inviohmi.^

•4 Th^ foodt of thofe t^ho fliall be
found enemies to the republft: (hall be lif-
queftrared for >he'iife of I he republtc}
their perlbns ftaH be detair «d till the end
of the war, and (ben they /hall be baniOi'^
rd for ever. .

As thi proceedings 0^ the comrention
arc not always of equal Importance, many
fucpe^ve days will ofWn contain nothing
fufficiently inteitfting ilir narratibil. But
about the middle of M^rch, all Paris was
fjimied with the rumf un of a confpiraqr
to eifcA a cpimter-iinrolution, Hebeit,
Konsin, Vlacefit, Marooro, and othcrit
all heretofore di(lingt»ithcd as papular cla*
ra^rs, were f^iddenfy arrefied hf order
of the committees of ipuhlic fa^y aikl ge*
neral welfare, oo a | hargc of being con*
cerned ifi this coofi^raeir. The reaolv.
cibnarf tribunal wa| %evvi(e ordered to
proceed lmh)ediately to the trial of Baeire,
Chabot, Jplitn of Touloufe, Fabi« d E^.
hniine, ami Delauny^f Angers, arrrttsd
ioHM time hfibre, on th^ charge of ^/rv.j**
friferrtd thsir prf^HHf i/tttT^Jf ig I^Cje*^
Mira/ 'wrijarf ^* (hf repui»iu\ N%/thinjJ
can be more imicftnite than this chaise ^
and there are numerous courtiers atidic.'.a-
tors, no doubt, in etfry country, who
would trrmble. if, un filch »<|)ar(te,thev
' were liuhL to be expoM to the m^T An-
ous conicquences which attend fvdl, an
, accuGitiu • in France.

In the followiniz deciae^ bowerer, which
ihc convention paikd on ^uaday, the &(ih

of Maf«h» ifarcrimiiiiBMeK! !• Chaba«

and hb eallMWi ai

ftMdi ^^

t* * Tbt wtioiial
hetrd the laport of hs oommitttta of fabf'
lie ^nvilba and general Jafoy, neanfta
Odbot^ Dehany of An«r«» jnHcn «6
To«hm(^ a>4 yi»w fyaiirin^ iu

Btiii(( tna atftfi^fi and acoonnlMai wi tte
AnNpvenda todMnncaCMNi of tha dbont
ofjbe y of OMy hfc n/SfiBjia^m

ing tile tale dM^whscb hv Nan d*.
pfiiad iMdi fte tmmiam «f iw SnU
Jetinf*

a. «TM^nal cobfentM nmiAa
mmbK Or kaviag been pc^^ ^ ^he nfflem
of cormption, Sf wlri^ Chdbor, Juliea
of Toolode, f ahre dXglantine, ami Oo*
launy of Angers, bpcamr t|ai tools, aa4
.of having alio become their accomplic8s»
by not revtaling it,

3* '* The national convention dectaes,
that all thole indtviduals who have been
mentioned «n the two pieceding articlos cf
this dbcree, be arraignal^efors the lavo*
luiiooary tribnmdiL to be judyd hf daa
coocleoflaw/ \

Alter this dcerep had p^lcd, Coodion
thus addreflcd the convention t ^ (, an-
nounce to Yoo a hdi which may nosr be
lavcaied wtthont libgif, as moft of the
confpicaion are in irons* The flattar at-
%enipied to convey so tte ion of £apet, in
•llw Temple, a letter, containing fiftr
Wis d^ors, to cmMe him to BHifce htt
cftap) lor it was the infiention of tholo
villains to give a new maier 90 Feaact,
and to proclaim Iting the M mole off*
%ring of the fadi of oor tyrants.* «

On Wedncfiiay, Mfaeth 19, the com*
monsof FtfisappeaNAat thebar-af tha
convention, and thttr mMam laai tha

« JUgiHatarB I

* A horrible oonlpkncy cxilbd s ita
beanehcs mannecr nom one end of tha
republic to tha ofhert apart of the coa«
ttitvtcdauthoritias* aacorafaig to the re*,
port of yoor coonniilBC of public latatf
opnainMedwithit. We thacght it our
dttty to remam at oiirpoft, and to wai^
till the accomplices in this infimRl pint
were diftosared. Now thai we are con*
vincc»l that the nooipiramrs ase arrefteJ,
and thdr l^onuilicas placed in .ccurity,
wc.prctat ^rfelvta blibre y^ «« 'om.
gratalato yoa nfoa tte ^J^t viiri! \ .*

yl?** , anl|4a}ed

S9>

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tmkjpihj fM to mmJ thewtnceoTm
ot the enemies of the public weil. lU-
^IM im at yoar pais aM the authofi-
tict of Pvk coQJtire jou to dp fo» in .the
MOn of 4^ public Mftt7» M the oaaie of
theooHnt|:y»iiitb«naipeof lihcftjr. With
v^ptA to the comnuoe, it again C^^mn
'pevnr to al|fMHkNi tou^ J(o4 tp AM thrift
(rfmof Wood Ibr hxrtx and eMaiify;*
- The preSdeat fofwerfed, wm ^ the
M thr^'cbyt t^ hiU oif ^ ceatcntion
bad'flCModad with Iha coi^gr^tula^ions of
ptm goodfKppie qftammd t|^ aqgh.
^irbood.

f The mnio^ai tomfnim*^ laid Pfii-
ton» * being fupported bythe people, ^U
^oi^aft v/try pjot, Xha ]|ft bas been .
aomplctely avotedi and the coovfotjon
mid the people w)!) tajpe pare that all con-
^nton be' brought to puajOioMrnt. Fcafr
iiothing, frenchmen { i)eir^ Vas the re-
public ih great and gkvjoiis. Tbii it the
time appointed for its triumph. Nlcn
jHTtli novr judge ibr what thejr v^ made t
^iiftin^lbnt will no longer impoTe upoi>
them. I am cooYioced^ that the great
inaioiity of the flaembera who fCom|»& the
founcil general of the pommoos ot Pana
are ardent patriou. Tbey have my

f f deipand that 9II cinaeiit who have
•07 thins (o dii^lofey and pcQpolf relative
to the ncyv confmfheft do concpt with
ihe comroitteies o^ publfc fidety ai)d geoe-
pil weUare, wh,o wjll giye aa account
thereof a« ibon at po(fible. ^myfetf^ 4^

4ixirf my tiiimfi i-^lt who proftred to
yau the revohitionary government wl^ich
youadopted^ and whu;b addt t^ all' tl)e
.pfompiituile of other TOvcrnmentt, the
tranknefi of liberty. %«^ l«t u^ leek to
.fertfethcifpHhlic* f dgiiand that tyory
thing be relttrred to the cofpipitfci^ of
public fafcty and general welfaiie*.*
' On Friday, March ii, fevera! of the
jeAionty cogeiher W^ih the coinpafitet of

Sinei't ^nd gunnert of Parity congntu-
ced the convention o^ (be dificDvery of
tbo cwnlpiracy. The cannoneert of Ant
\ then ikd tlirougb the hall, congratuiaied,
the convention' on itt vigijiuice, fwor^

ctornal attachment to it, and jiifimiliiil di^
the acmt» pbced in their hands, fltould
never be ufed by them, but for the ffclenca,
of thp republican government. Tbcj of-
fered at a gift 9ae dayTt pay.

7lie iaipe mornii^, at nine o'clock, m
cm^ftquence of the verdi£k of the rev«lo«
tionary tribunal given vefterday. the fel-
Ipwii)g jperibnt were braa^t from tb«
brifdn of the CoDciergerie to the Place de
la Revolution, where they fufecd under
the axe of the guillotine, vii« Hobert,
Roniio, Morporo, Vincent, Du Croquet^
Kocq a Bmchman, cobnel Laumur, Bour^
poit, I^sud, Ia Booreau, AncaH,
Le Clrrc, Proly, Ddfieio,. Anacinrfio
Cloots, fiqreiia, FIorent» Armand, ]>£.
fombet, aad Cubnton, convi^ed of be-
mf the autliort and accomplices of a con.
ipiracy wlijch exitied agamft the liberty
i|nd iatety ^f the peoule, and againft the
exerci^ of the ^wful authority, teikding
to tiouble tlje ^te by a civil vrar, by ann-
jng the citiz«nt ai|^|ift each other, die ob-
jett of whjdh wat to dii&dve the national
pppRMptadofi, to al|affinafe itt roeiBbtn
nid the p^tr^, to deifanoy the republican
govcmmenti to fej aa u^ the fovcre^ty
of the people, and ti» nve a tyrant to the
^ate. f^ebert^ had peen nrocureur ge-
neral of the cqpnmqn^ of' rauit, and had
been (extremely '^ive a^nft^ the late un-
{brtune queen ^ Konam ^t general of
the tevolutionary army i and ^nacharfit
ploott wa« a Prpflian Biux)n, a kind of
ma4maD, who called him'ielf the orttv
of the human iace| and who had been ex-
pelled, from the convemioti with Mr.
^hoipas Paine, oiithe iaine account, that
of bqng f^ foreignef'.— At the tria) c^ the
confpuators, one only, 'wat acquitted.
At loon at he wat liberated, the pnifide^
of the tribunal embraced lum, and placeil
him at hit fide,, wliile the l^all refouodcjf
wiih applau(et. 'Hioie who fulEnxd diT*
pjayed each a dtiTefent chara^rcr. Hehcrt
m^inced much weakod't{ Monrooro wat
firm i Ronzin infolent ; Ancard tmpeti|-
out I and Vincent calm and refigncd.
,Th^ denounced Pache, the cf-di^mjt
mayor; Henriot, the ' commahdant-gie-
ncral $ ; and Chaumett6, the procurator
fyndic. Lullier, the' propratgr-gener)|I

* Pne of the pacit papers hat t)ie foUowiqg reriiarkable pamgraph : Robdpient
and the <;oiqmi^t(5es of public iWety and welfare carry all their mearqres in triumph';
iad pafttpn, in the convention, averts. ' that the people ought to Have full confidence
jo tl^m, ^ jf)}e buly njeans ^f fayini; the republic. ' They have hitherto fucceeded to
the utn)ol^QF ther'^jx:£lat|oot^- ~ Wb^ c^iild imagine thnt^tHr triumph of l^antoa
Ct\yt i^rfoni of inoft conrcqucnce in the convention, next to iCobeipierre} (hould have
Lcha mckincboly tcrnliQaiioa as wIH a^peaiTn the'lcquel ^ ' ' •

FOR APRIL, 1794.

fl9J

«f flit dcpiiitrocaty is iakl not to bave
been implicated in the plot» but to l)av(
been put under arreft merely on account
ef hif havinj^ inferted in tne lift of the
jvran for cnminal caufet, the names of
ievcral furpcded pcHbns. The execution
of the nineteen criminals lafled eighteen
minutes onty.^

. The next day» a large body of the
armed force of PWis filed throiign tfa^ hall>
with their commandant Hennot at tbctr
1kad> who ^okc as lollowi :

* Citiieos lUfivfentativcSy

< Yoa fie bcfere yott a part of tht armed
ibrce of Paris t it will n«vcr Separate from
the peopfa^nefer from the convention*-
nor will it ever ferre any faction. The
fteel with which it is armed (hall be em-
ployed to defend the republican govcrn-
"mentf of which the convention is the ioul
and the centre. (Loud applaulb) Con-
tinue to labour for our good ; punifli
crimes, tytantt who are the enemies of
the people, and ftretch your hands toward
pcrucutcd patriots. Our love and our
fratitude (hall be as eternal as liberty, equa-
lity/ and the republic.* (Honouiabk
mentions)

On Tuefdayt March 15, Le Bhiac«
after having reminded the convention that
the Britiih admiral Anfon, bad loft eighty
men through the unceruinty of a point of
aftronomy, prefented a work calculated to
corred and nmplify the art of navi^tion,
and Sam-Cuhttff the a^nomical (cience.

On Thurfday, March 17, Barrcre pro-
pofed the fuppreflion of the- revolutionary
army. ' It has been found,* (aid he,
5 that the revolutionary army is a danger-
ous inftitution, on account of it^ being
^sore immediately within the power of the

El of it.^t iffemblet the army of
veil, ^ the ufurpcd power of a
You want neither p«torian bands
nor janizaries.* The fuppreflion was ac-
-4pordtogly decreed.

On ^onday, March 30, Barrere ob-
served, that t^ recent conlpiracy was
eonne£)ed «-iih religious diiturhanccs \ to
excite which, ajj eHbri was inaiie to dcltroy
' everjr moral' principle, and to inculcate
• iitlieiftical do(6trine9, through the extrav».
gant enterprizes of Cloots, Chaumctte,
Hebert, ^c. againft tlie liberty of wor.
&ip. . The committc^^ laid he, is em-
ployed in an extcnlive plan of generation,
' the refult of whiph will be at once to baai^
immorality and prejudices, faperltition
and atheiln) ; and to found the republic
•Q good principles aiid moi'als.

On Monday, Mareb %u Legendre ia-
formed the convention, that four of their
members had been arrefted by order of tho
committees of public fafoty and general weU
&re. « The celebrated Danton,* fald he, j
' is one of them ; I know not the names of*
the other thive. If they are guilty, I will
bf the £rft to call for their pumihment $
but you ought to hear them. I am pnra,
and I believe Danton to be as pure as my-
felf.' '

He was interrupted by noife — A mem-
ber called to the pi*efideot to keep order*
The pivfident faid, be would not fufter
freedom of i^ieech to be infHngcd $ that
this day would be glorious to liberty |.
and that the people and pofterity ihould
judge the reprdentatives 6X the people.

Legendre refumed. He feared thatpri-
▼ate aoimofities were going to ^cnfice
men who had rendered great ferVices to tho
ravolntioo. He fytAut of his own eon-
neAions with Danton \ of what Dantoa
bad done in 1701, when minifter of juf*
ttcej and concluded with moving that tba
deputies arrefted laft night ihould be beard
at the bar. This motion was received
with fome applaufes.

Payau thought there ooght to be. no
•xcej^ion to general rules j and jthat the
lawa ought, to be the fame for Danton as
to other Oofons. Men were to be tried
by the wlioleof their condu6^, not by their
conduA at particular periods. The com.
raictees were bound to report the caufes of
arreft within twenty-four hours, and there-
fore he moved that the par^ aqrefted
fliould not be heard.

Robefpierre then rafe. * Frcm thcfe
difturbances,* iiud he, < for a long time
unknown in this aflembly, it is evident
that a grand intereft is in. queftton, viz*
Whethor certain men ihall be more power*
fill than their country f Why d^ is tfait
motion, which was reje6bd when made
by Danton in iavour of Chabot and.
Bazire, now applauded by fome indivi-
du^s^ I tepesit it; the ^ueftion is, whe-
ther or not certain ambitious men ftiall be
ftronger than liberty > What then I fliall
Mfc have made fo many facnfices, only to
Mi under t?ie yoke of intriguers? Little
do I regard the eulogies which people be-
ftow on themlelves and their friends. No
mort do we a(k what a man has-done at
this or that period | we a(k what has been
bis conduct during the whole of his poli-
tical career. Legendre pretends not to
know the names of the deputies arrefted.
Knows he i^t that Lacroix, his friend,
is of the mimber? HeatfeAs ignorance,

becault

994 'THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

becaufe he knomi. thtt he canMt ffo-

scnince ^e name of Lacroix but with
fhaipe. He choofes raiher to (peak of
Danton, the intimate friem^ of Lacrot]^
b.'caule the name of Danton Is le^ oScn*
^v€. We (hn!l now fee whethei- or no|
the conventipn can briak in pieces an idol.
Could not nil that is fatd of Danton l)e
faid of BrilTot, Hchcrt, and Chabor ?
They were, at certain periods, the de-
tenders of IHaerty. • Why then fhwUi
Danton be allowed a privilege which wai
denied to bis companion Fat>re d'Egltn*
tine.

* Attempts are made to alarm you o»
the abufe of power. What have you done
Nvhich you have not done fretly, w^*^^
has not contributed to the (alvation of
jour country, which has not drawn down
upon you tlie blcffings of the people ? It i»
feared that indiriduals may oe facrificed*
Do you then diftruft that jufttce which
eunftitates the peopled hope ? I declare th:|C
whofoever tumbles at thU crifis is
juihy.

* Me too fhey hare tried to iptlmidatc.
The iiittnds of Danton have written, t|»at
if Danlon bt ovetlhi^own, I mull vonijn
vnder the ftrokc af the ariilocratv. Th^
liave irnagined that conncfliona might ii\*
d'lce me to difert the covrie of /oftice*
What (igrilfied to ipt dangat that may
threaten K My Ufe is my conmry's, xxn
hiturt h.fret from leproach, and above alT*

' from ftar, .

' 1 was alfb the fi iend of Petion, of
Kolanda 0^ Briltot : they betrayed their
country, and I declared ^^nit theau
Dnpfon wslbcs to t^e theiir place { Dan-
^ T(>n» in n»y Q'rf , is only the enemy of his
roi>9try*, 'Iiit guilty arc uot fo nuuKrot^s
as t^iey would liave us bdieire. The mofk
' crimiiml are tliolt who would ratfe up idols
~And doniineg-rers. To propofe a couric
.with foine members, not allowed in behalf
of others, .is an infuk to liberty. The
caufe o^'tlic guilty can be pleaded onl^ by
their accomj^ices. X move the previous
^u2lHon on Lcgendre's motion.

Barrere reprejented the neceflity of hav-
ing only one Qig^l'ure for the punifhment
yof traitors. If the deputies arrefted were
.to be heard at tlic b:ir, .the convention
(Would fK only an arifiua'-.u fenate. Such
yciTitility of principle w^ijld \}e-^ dirt^l
cenfart: of all their former pt-oceediags.

The previous quedion was put aod
,a»rritd.

Sc. jutt, in the names of the coinmittoes
/jf public iiiftiy and general welffirea i?e-
j:ur.eJ on all tlie punlpi'racies that hayc
. ^3

fuceeflivdy agitated .tbr r^bli^ mI^V
had for ttieir objefl to redore royally aM
annihilate liberty. The revolution, fok}
he, depends upon the people, not upon
the renown of particular men. fn tbc
facred love of our country there is foma.
thing terrible, which facrifices even our
afl&Aions. Vour committees have cfaaiged
me to demand juftice oq men who were
the accomplices of 6rleans, Briflbe, and
Hebcrt, and whof^ objeA was to confound
the republican government. He enterrd
into a detail of the fevci-al fa^ions that
have folioffcd ia iucceffion iinr five years.
The Oilcans party was the firti, and that
to which Di^iton and Lacroix continued
fii-mly attached. He llated Danton^s BrCt
connections with Mirabeau, who got bian
appointed one of the admioifbitiors of de-
partment. He developed the immorality
and hypocn(y of Danton and haawM^
^ho had been always (be friends of Du*
moarier. Danton dircfled tiiela-e 5>b.
noxious writings of Camille-Deimoulma*
PtiillippeauX) who wrote againft Marat in
favour o^ the appeal to the people on tha
l:iag*s fenttnce» was the mtn-umcnt of
Fam% d'Eglantbe and Danton. He con-
cluded wiU) propoling the following. de-
cree i *

' The conventmi decrees accofiRkai
againft Camille-DefiiioiHins, Heraolt Se-
chelles> Danton, Phiilippeauac, and I«a-
croix of Eure and Loire, charged with
having been accomplices of DuiDouncry
d'Orleans, and fabre dTghmtine, and
with having been concemsd in the con*
^Nracy for re-cAablilhing monarchy 9 and
oiflblviMf the national reprefentatioii.
They fall be trkd along with Fabcc
d*£glantmw

The convention adopted the decrpe
unaniinouny* and ordered the i-eport of
the eo/nmittees to be printed, and copi^
of it (ent to the departraenu* J^ aniucSf
and tliepopular ibcicties.

On Tuefday, April t, the ferm of t|ie
decree for abohfliing^ the dave-trade, hav-
ing been rerared to the connnittee or piw*
lie fafety, was prefented and paHcd in the
following terms <

* The flavery of negroes is aboliflied.
In confequenccy the convention decrees,
that all the inhabitants of the colooics»
wliatever be their colour, are French cid*
zens. Thev (hall ei^oy alt the rights be*
longing t.o this title.*

Sevei al coQUBunes in th^ neighbourhopd
of Paris, congrat^Uatcd the convention on
the n«w dticovcrtBSjcd^dUng tlie^QuQ)!*
racy againll libeitiu

The

FOR A?RIL, 1794.

49J

' 'the jprdSdent thut addirefled them t
< Be aflured, citizenty that there ncvei-
^lil be in France» Icing, dictator, t^ium•^
Virs, nor protoftors. VVc each wear a
poignard to be plunged into tKe heart o£^
the firft dominator who (hall lay a parrU '
cidal hand on the ifotue of liberty. Vimie
and probity are not Idk words. There
are hypocrites in virtue as well an in pa-
trlotilin ) but they fhall be unmaikjed. It
Is not to men that wt mud attach our-
iblves, but to principles, which are in-
variable* Let every man in public tnUL
^iiowy that he h^ only to choofib betweeii
a civic crown and the usdbld.*

Camo then called the attention of the
eonrention to a very important ubjc£l«
* In iIk name,* faid lie, * of the contmit*
tee of public Pafety, I propo(e the aboli-
tion of the executive council, wiiicb you
have "Allieady felt to be inconfitlettt with a
republican government/— Tlie hall re-
ibundtd with applauics. After Explain*
ing the inconveniences of this remnant of
mooaj-chy, a fyftem, of which the follow.
ing are tlie principal articles, was pro-
pofed and adapted as the form of revolu*
tionary govertroent till peace :

L The jiro visional executive council if
fuMNtrfleiiy at wdl as die fix miniAers
Vliu compole ft. Their fua£)ions fliaU
ccafe on the firft Plorcal (April soth)

II. Its place fhatl be fupplied by twelve
commitrions^ viz. xit, one of police and
courts of ill nice, charged with printing
and pubKfliing laws, auid with tlic feal.—
ftd. One of public inftru^ion, charged
with libraries, with the fuperintendanoe
offchools, weights, meafuits, fpe^acles,
and national iieUivals.— 3d, One of Agri-
culture and arts, chargtfd with rural eco-
nomy and mechanic ar:s.«-4th. One of
commerce and provifions, cliarged with
Shtcrior circulation. This commiiTion
alone (hall have the right of pre-einj>tiua.
«— cth, One of public wojks, chaj;ged
with making and repairing roads, monu-
ments, porU, &c.— 6ih, One of public
fuccour.<— 7th, One of finance, charge
with domains and contributions.— 8 ili,
Oneof tranilports and pofts, charged with
military convoys, &c.— 9th, One o^ move-
ments of land forces, charged with the
levy of troops and the dii cAion of armies.
— loth. One of marine, charged with the
Itvy of fcamen, colonics, &c.^ 2 ith. One
of arms and'gunpowdtr.— lAth, One of
foreign affairs and cutioms.

III. Eight of thcfe ihall con(i(^ of two
. coanniflioners and an aiFilbot each, the
^ latficr to do the duty* of fecreury and

archivift, Thtf commi(!ions of polices-
public inllru^ioti, and foreign affairs, to
conijil of one comminiontr and an aflKlantv
Tliat of finance to coniitl of five com-
niifliontrs and an afHflant.

IV. The national treafury ihalt coo*
tinue under the management cf the con«
venrion and committee of public liilety i»:
ufual.

. V^* The members of thele comroifltons.
fliall be noniinatrd by the convention, on
the prdiuitatioa of the committee of public
fafety. The (alary of commiflioners ftuJI
be 11,000 livres, of afSltaiUs 8,000 livres^
and of perfoQs em|>Ioyed under them ikH
more than 6,000 livres.

VI. Theie commiilloners Ihall give av
account of their operations, day hy day, *
to the committee of public faitety. Thet
members fliall be nrponfible individually^
Perfons employed under them fhali be
iippointed in the name of the convention*

On Friday, April 4, a deputation from
the popular fociety of Cctte was adimned
to the biir. < Le^lflators,* fiud the fpoScef*
man, < tivafon ftillwiihes to raife itielf bj
raifins monarchy. I.«c us nufe it 10 thf
fcaflold. L^ators, make death ih»
order of the day. Marat laid, off wttb
300.000 heads, and liberty is fecured for
ever. If, nuire atteptive to the voice ot
their friend, the people had then caerted
their omnipotance, they would have cmflied
the feeds of La Vendee, of Fudi-ralifm,
and of a war that will devour millions, of
men.. But wo were weak^ and iiberty
tottered.'

To this the pre£dent anfwered s < Kot
death, but juflice is the order of the day«
The national convention has provtd that
It will fpane no confpirator, no enemy of
liberty ; that it will even fearpb for ^Kh
in its own bolbm. When wt find a coa«
fpirator, it is not to dnxh we fpod hfttif^
bwt before a tnhunal, formkUble, ic is
true, 10 the guilty, but juft to the accufed|
that gives confideuce to the good citisen^
attil to innocence opprefled. In cxerdfiaf
thefe a£ts of jatt (everity we difchargc the
duty which the tnift rejiored in us by the
p^ple, and our confciesce» impole upon
us . But to the obduracy of the li^flator,
fucceed the feelings ot the man. Wf
weep over the pcrverfenefs of oar fellows.
The languKge you have uttsred here if
unvtronhy ot republicans; and ths eiti-
zer.s who fill our galleries, have provnl
by their murmurs that, they ihare oot i%
your lentiiuents : no 1 -rFor they ara
Frenchmen, republicans, that are julfc
and hamahe ! And in fpite af tbc^ft who
/ W9ul4

J

29^

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

woold mnibilaif all publk ami prmtt
TiftWy never (hall we be brought to de-
light In f uman blood j for Tirttiey. pro-
tMty, and juftice, 9xt the order of the day*
'Report this anfwer to tboie who feot you**
ThU was applauded.

* No inviution to the honours of the
fitting !* exclaimed the members from all
parts of the ball» and the deputation was
filmed out*

* He who prc(ented ftich a (anguinarj
petition/ faid La Planche, * muft be a bad
citizen. It imports the juftice of the con-
tention to order emjuiry to be made re-
fi)eft]n2 the man who has dared to ad-
drtft tSe repcdcntativet of the nation as
an aflSmblage of executioners. I move
tint he be iimt before the committee of
general fidety.*

Breard thought it would be fuAcient to
infbnn the committee of public fafrty of
the addrefsy and to in(ert an abftrad of it,
and of the preiident^s anfwei' in the bulle-
tin. This was ordered.

The fame day, St. Ju% in the name of
tbe committee of public and general fatety,
anadc a report on the prrfent circumftances
«f al&irs. Hefatd» that the wife of Ca-
nitlle Defmoulins had received money to
caufe the patriots and the revolutionary
tribtinal to be maflfacred. He compared
the fituafion of the convention to that of
the Romanienate, and afterward propofcd
the following decree :

I. * The revolutionary tribunal dull
continue the proceedings againft Danton'>
Lacroix, Chabot» and others, implicated
in the fame confpiracy.

II. * Theprefident of the tribunal (hall
employ aH the means commit^ to him
by the law to make the authority nipeAed
with which he is entrufted.

III. * Whoever (ball mfvlt the national
JaRkt, fhall not be heard, but be tried
sounediately.*^

Billaud Varennes then faid t * Before
this decree is pafTed, I demand the con-
vention (hould hear t))e reading of a letter
Kcdved by the committee^ from the ad-
miniftration of police. It will fee how
liberty ts threatdied, and the intimacy
which fubfifts between the conl'pirators
BOW before the tribunal and thofe in the
priibns. The following letter was then
read, dated .

* Cbmmune of Paris, April 4.

< We, adminiltrators of the department
•f police, in - confequence of a letter re-
ceived from the keeper of the Luxemburg
prifbn, went thith^, where th;:re appeared
leibre tts, (itiien La Fiotte, toriilerty
7

tnintfler of the npoblic at Floraer, «te
declared to us, tmtVing in the ctanlbcr
of Arthur Dillon the preceding evening'
the latter told Uoi, that Dantoo, Lacroixs!
and others, bad that dardedaraf bdbcv
the revoltttioiMry tribunal, that they would

anfwer no qoeinons but in the prefence of
Robefpierre, Barrere, and $t. Ju(t, tbeir
accufers; that the people were much.
pleaied with this determinattoa 1 that the
junr was embarraffed how to proceed t
and that it wai feared the committee of
public iafety wonld order all the priibnera ^
to be maflacred for ftrar they Qiould create."
an inlurreaion. Dillon added, that h^
had concerted means with Simon to brifpe
the keepers ; that the wife of Dcfmoulftis.
was to diiiribvte 1000 crowns to the ^ob>
to furround the revolutionary tribunal |^
and, in fhort, that a popular infur^6tioia
was to be excited in order to relcAlJe tfie
prifimers. La Fiotte added, th:^ Diilpa
wiihed very much that he fhould dnter into
this confpira^.* This declaration was
figned by La FlotUj af^er which the de-
cree pttvpofcd by St. juft was adopted.

Robefjpieme moved, that t^ letter and
report oi St. Juft be fent xf the revoliw
tionar y tribunal, and read iloud in opett
court. This was adoptc()l

On Saturday, April ^, Conthon thua
addrefled the cofivtdti<|D t < We are her«
to give you ibme p/dcafauY refpeaing
what happened yt^lbtidaj bcfove the revo-
lutionary tribunal, where Vadier and t
were preient vmbout bang iSsea. Tfaa
cottfpiralors faid^ that nothing was mote
glorious than tgrconfpire vaiaft a govern-
ment which QDnlpires. Danton even bad
the audacity to fling litde balls in the
face of the judm. Meanwhile, Simon,
Thouret, and Dillon, in the priibn of the
Luxemfaniigh, efcorted by their militaiy
fellow •prifoners, were waiting the mo-
ment to break their chains, to leise dft
avenues tb the committees of public w«4.
fare and general fafety, to butcher tbdr
members, and to inHift the HMne barbarity
on the patriots of ^arii, and on the revo-
lutionary tribunal ; then, taking the Ion
of Capet from the Templ^ th^ were to
have put him into the anns or Danton,
who was to prefent to the people their new
defpot.' ^

* They calumniate your coramittee,* find
Vadier, < they fpeak of arbitrary powe^,
and of a diAator. We can anfWer this in
a few words. Examine the whole tenbr
of our life, and pronounce. For my part,
I fwear h^, that if there were a member
who would ufurp but for an inftant the
' lbvc«ei|a

POR APlllt> t794i

^99

iov^rcign power, though old. age has
chilled my vig<)ur, yet would I Uab him
in this haU V

Coutjion movttlj that every deputy be
bouml to give an account ot his former
and present fortune, and tliat each ^)rthein
dechre that the national Vengeance do
ilrike his head if he impoies on the na-,
tion.

Thi$ motion was vnanimouny decreed,
amid loiid bur (Is uf applaufe.

Couthon airp propofed to renew the
irropoiiiion already conf^crated, that every
freetnan who (hall make an aUcmpt upon
the rights of tjj^e people il}a]l be put to
4eath by freemen. This was applauded.

The proceedings againft Fabre dEe-
lamlrte, . Dantoo, and the reft of the
acxufed deputies, having laiied three
daya^ the prelident of the revolLktionary
tribunal read the decree of the conventioiij
yrhich ordains tlie closure of all proceed-
ings, if the jury should declare ihemlelves
latis/kdwitl) a dircudion of three days.

The jury accordingly deciarbd, tliat
. ihey would retire to their apaitmeSt to de-
liberate upon a verdi^.

I)ant6n) and the reft of the acciifbd,
made' a long defiance on tl^e 4xh, but as
foon as the]( beard what the jury had an-
(wered, they grew ^quite riotous aod re-
fra^^ory, and indfted upon being heard.
Weftermann and Danton, in particular,
became va y turbulent. The prefident of
the tribunal therefore ordered, that thtic
delinquents be taken from the bar, and
^arrifti back to their dungeon.
. Soon after, the jury returned into court,
^nd declared that they werefuiticiently fa*.
tisfied with the evidence which had been
given.

The.public acculer now put th^ jury in
mind of the audacity and. impudence
which th;: accufed had manifelted all the
while their trial lafted. He recapitulated
the outrageous infults committed by them
againft national juftice, and the grins,
railleries, and threats which they had

made durtng the whole of the i
He reminded the jury ^f the decie^ whrch
the convention had paflM refpe£TTng the
treatii>ent of thofe who ihould infult the
preiident of the revolutionary tribunal.

The tribunal, with due deference to the
remaiks of tlie pv^lie accufer, then paiTed
fen fence of death upon Da)>ti;;u, Cam i Hi:
Dcimoiiiins, Phjlippeaux, Herault of St>
chelles, general Wclteimann, Fiibre d'£g.-
laniine, Drlauny of An^s, Chabo^
D'Efpagnac, jQnins and Emanudl Frey f
X>ietrichen, a Dane} and Oufman aSpa*
ni.ird j and they were left for execution
the fame day.

On Saturday, April 5, at fjvc o'clock," '
Dan ton, and theothei' cc^ndemned pcrfont^
were convtycd in three tarts fron< the
Concicigepe to the Place de [a Revohv-
tion. In the firft cart, were Damoi^^.
Chahot, Lacroix, Fabre d*£giahtir:e, 21^
Hcr^txit de Sochelles j in the fecoiul, Phil-
lippcaux, Dtbuny of Angers, ^ Baxire^^^
and Camilie Defoioulinsj in tlie third, '
Wefterrn^nn, axid the reft. Tliey ail be-
haved with intrepidity except Lacroiji,'.
Dat)ton> in particular, who waa executed
laft, flievi'ed tile utmoli contempt of
death.

Thefe executions pailed without the leaft
difturbance. ' We have at Ipngth,. iay/s
one of the Paris papers, • reached tlie
happy epoch when thegovemqKnt triumplvi
over eveiy fa£Uon. Regeneration is on
cveiy fide ihs greater order of the day j
and the members of all. the municipal
bodies, and indeed of all the/conftituted
authorities, are paiTmg under the purify-
ing fcrutiny. Conftant fear^s, which
terminate as regularly in the arreft of fe-
veral individuals, are ftiU made in the
gaming-houfes,. the taverns, and drink-
ing-houfes, the ,ci-d4<van( Palais Royal,*
and the tlieatres. |n the midft of all thefe
movements, the people prefcrve a folemrf
^lence. The number of prifoners amotm;3'
to 7063. ,

[To be continued.}

Proceedings of the Fourth Session if the Seventeenth Parliament
of Great Britain : Continued from Pa^e 229.

ON Friday, February ti, .the earl of
Albemarle, in a maiden fpeech, opened
the ftate of the bufmefs for whic^ be bad,
fnramoncd their lord!Qkip«. He laid, that
|« meant to move the firft reading oi a
bill to indemnify minifters foi* permitting
a body of Helfian troops to land in thi«
kingdom* He i^taik not, in any maa-

ner, to adfert to the expediency of their
being in this kingdom,, but merely to the
legality. The queftion was not new ^ it
hadwn often agitated, and pfteif dieclare^
to be iUegaU He quoted tlie Bill of
Rights, which, he faid, was a declaratory
bili, the fpirit of which went to prove,
lb#t the intrp4«8i9flvftf J<Wise ^«^P^ ^P'
P Pj ««

ft9S

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

to thif kingdom was contnry to tite con.
fbtution. AHudtng to the hoctir of Hef-
(iins fomneriy landed at Gibraltar, and
tbe debate therron, he mentioned wh;tt the
htc marquis of Rockingham had adranceci
when the fubjeft was agitated before their
lordihips. That noble lord infifted, that
the crown was not; by its prerogative,
vefted with any fuch power }'and that he
could not confent to any hill, which fhculd
contribtite to^ake it legal in any cafe
whatibever. Lord Atbrmarie faid, he did
not mean to go ib far ; he wifhed merely
to (hew, thkt, without tbe confent of par-
liament, foreign troops fhould not conti- •
one in this country ; and, by paiFing a
bill of ipilenmity, the honfc would at
onoe declare, that the matter was ilicr?),
I^ir that they were willing to exontrrate
tniniftcrs, bn account of the needruy of
the meafure, and tbercbyiremove all doubts
which had been entertained on this fub-
fe&. He hinted, that minifters had here-
tofore been afraid to meet the queftion on
eiemftitimona) grouncf i and decMird, that
lie confidered ftich a prerogative in the
O^own as of a dangerous tendt-ncy j as
throwing toO much power into the hands
of any' niture prince of an arbitriny or
ambitious inclination. To confiderthis
matter properly, their lordftiips ought to
Ttfcr to the Hrh piinciples of tne coiiftitu-
tion, and thofe priiKipks were, that the
Intfoduflion of foreign troops was oppo-
/ite to the real fj^irit of thole general laws
by which we were governed. He conclu-
ded with prefenriDg \he bill, which was
read a 6rk time j and on motion fM* the
fecond rcarding, earl Spencer iaid, that he
perfs6tly coincided if> thofe points which
alluded to the unconfHtutional do^lrine of
#right to introdtsce foreign troops in time
of peace into the country without the fanc-
tion of parliament ; but this was not the
piiefetit CJ&. He was ^lad the meafure
was brought forward ; it muft ultimately
tend to produce a decided opinion on-<he
queftion ; not that he by any means meant
to iniinuate, that it was legal to introduce
iiw*ekn troops. Xcgftlity was one thiag i
necciuty was another. He thought it
beft, therefore, at tbe prtlent crifis, that
the bill flwuld be reje6led i chiefly on the
^uiid that it would make no precedent
ior miaiflers hereafter, wbofe intentions
might lie fraught with roifchief. Tue
Bill of Rights clearly did tiot interdiA the
landing ot forrign.troops in time of war.
To coucetvc otherwife, was to go out 6£
the principle, to fubltantiate tl^ letter.
Toe aft of fettleuatt had bo panicokr.
3

reference to the prcfent cafe j die HefSans^
at this momcnr, were not cxercilin{r any
a£l of military tntft ; and thr prrcedents
quoted were not in point. He ^d, bs
always was, and ever would be, ready to
allow, that the prerogative of the ctonph
never did, nor ever ought toextefjd to the
employment of fomgn' ausnUarieSy wirii-
out the confent of parliament. It ^^as bit
bounden duty to oppnfe all idfcas that had
for their objoft fueb a do^hine ; ami be
wouM at ail times/join ifi bringing for-
war^lan impeachment againft any ivrioi-
fter who durft pri6Ufe foch a clo£lrifie.
The prelent cale, however, was widely
diffa^nt ; he (ho<ild therefore giro bis iie«
gative to the fecofnd reading.

I^ord Auckland oppofed the bill on thr
eround, that, under the prefent ctrcaai-
ftancet, the introduction of thoie troopa
was perfefVly legal and conlHtutional.

Lord Romiiey thought it heft' to
the previous qtteftioR.

Loi^ Grenville faid, he was for
ing the ||iie(Hon faiiltr : he oonfofled, that
he was ci^Hyofoptnkm the'ciown had
no right to call in the aid of fore^n troops
without tbe confent of parliament ; and \
that in time of pence jt was contrary to the
coniiitution to land them iti^ the Britifll
dominions } bm that, in time of war, and
partial lariy at Hits moment, when, we
were defending aH that was dear to us, the
introdiT^lion of foreign troops was not a-
eiintt the hw, pariiam'tnt having received
due notice of tbeir landing, as was (he caie
at prdent. The Hefltans were not a ftand-
ifi'c^ army in this country, conformal)ie,to .
military idea 5 for they were not difci-
plmed according to the Hrittw command,
they had no quarters legally aliotted, nor
means of payment regularly pit>vidcd.
The two great points to be confidord
vpere the expediency, and the danger of the
meafure. The Mt could not Ix contro*
verted—- the firft could not be controvert-
cd«»che fecond had no exiftence in truth.
He concluded with laying, that this was
00 time for new theories.

Lord JLaudeivlale iispportod th» bill*
He exprefled his aifoni fitment at the doc*>
trines laid down by the noble fecnetary of
ibte, and declared it was impoifible for
any fa6l lo be more clear tbin that tbe in-'
tixxhiAion of foreign troops into this CQun*'^
try, with-it' confent of parliament, was
illegal. He therefore thoughf the aA of
indemnity neceflary toexpref^t the feni^sf
parliament on the lubje^. He interpitt.
ed the bill of rights, though mentioning
•ttly time of peace, 10 txtem^ to «M tirqes««

Hi

FOR APRIL, 1794.

t99

He «!(• nfhnd to the aA offettkinent/
^rhich provided that* do foreigntr fliould
hold any place pf tnift undrr the govern*
ment. The officers of^tbe Hetfian troopt
lasdcd in thift kingdom', he declared^ held
a place of military truft, which noi even
aaeuralitation couM render^lavfbl. The
mrpimtnt, that though the king. nsight
Jaad fx^ap troops, the parliament only
couU commue thoiir he iaid, woukl be of
little f»eigbt } for if 30,0000 men ihould
once be landed, parliament would icarce
4are to withhold their aflent.

Lord Hawkeibury declared hmnlelf as
ready at any noble lord could be, to afet
that the employing foreign troopi in thi$\
couAtry was illegal ; but the prcfent aft
.4ad not amount tathat $ miniftqrs did not
fed the fhiaUeft appreheniito trom what
they had done, confequeotly did not wiih
lor an inderanilication. •

Lord Stanhope fpokc iq fupport of the
bill, and remarked on the inconfiAency of
(bme of the former fpeakffs i^ainft the
bill— fome of whom had veiMurKl to aflert
the pcerogative to extend to landing fo-
feign troops s while others had dedaied it
Ui^ in the abftraA f though they united
in oppoTmg the prefent bill of indemnity.

Lord Oimarvon exprefled himldf a*
ninft the introdudion of abftraA que-
Sions. The prefent bill he confidcred as
ipcarely ridiculous j fince it went to ioipote
Wame to aainiftcrs for a piaile-worthy
a^ioD.

' The Duke of Portland declared it a],
waje to have been hia invariable opinion,
4hat the bringing fbreigii troops into this
country was at all times contrary to the
oonilitution | but be was free to confeis,
that m^the pident cafe, 00 danger was to
be apprehended, or the fmallett degree of
blame incurred . He fliould therefore give
bis negative to the bill.

Lord • Guilfoni fupported the bill)
^ ipaiuuined the illegality of the proceed-
ing $ and infifted, that every precedent
upon the journals warranted that conclu-
lion.

The mar<)tiis of Lanfdown (aid, the
*necc<Iity or numbvr lA the troops landed
lie coiilidcred ;is ol no Ctinfeouence— as a
pretence ntight ealiiy be railed to intro-
duce a few foreign troops, which might
be afterward auj^mented. He folk»wed
Urd Lauderdale m the fuppofition that if
30,000 Heflians, 30,000 RuiTians, and
" 3o,o<« Prufllaos were landed, parliament
might not' think it prudent to withhold
Iheir conlai^ to any Applies they might
Ikipicd*

Lord Mansfield <fid not tbmk any thing
had been faid m juftify a deciiion on the
general queftion.

Lord Orenville, in expl^inatioo, frkf,
that in fuVih difcuiBons as the pi^elcrit, en«
deavours were frequently ' ufed to lead
minilters into the delivery of ahftradt opi-*
niofts upon conftitsAial points ; endea-
vours, which he thought ihould be fpared,
for certainly it was fuAcient for minidera'
to ihew that their practice was cbnftitii-
tiooal,''without commtttmgthemfelves up«
on quefttona not connected with it.

■ Yet, though he fiw no necedtty, in ge»
neral, for the delivery of iucb epinioos,
and had no wiAi to make diftin^ions be-
tween his and tho(e of other perfuns, hr
woald lUle his (cntiments as to -the intiro*
duAion of forei^n^ troops into this coun-
try. He was ot opinio*, that the oonin- .
trnance of a forngn army in this country^
whether duiing peace or war, without tba
coofimt of parliament, was illegal ; that
when f JTCtg^ troops were introduced widi*
out the previous confent of paiiiamCDt,
the legahty of the meafure would depend ,
upon the neceility of it } and that it lay
with . parliament, by confenting to tM
mtiifttre, to fanAion the legality of it. ^

The didie of Bedford wa^ for the k^
cond reading of the Inll, which he confi-
dcred as a very proper and neceflai^ naea*
fore. The introdoAkm of the Hefliano
m^^ he neoslTary i of that his mafefty'a
miniders were able to judges but cer*
tainly it was an infringement of the con-
ftiiution of the country, to kind them,
without the coiffent of parliament.

The houle now divioed on the motfon
for the iecond reading of the bill on Mon-
day,

For the iecond leading - 11
Proxy .« . « .. • I

— le
Againft the iecond reading 68
Prorjes - . - - %i

«9

Mi^it^. againft the hill -•-T?

Lord GrenviUe moved, * that this bill
be rejected ;* but on its being urged, that
the deciliou upon the mieftion tot the &»
cond reading of 1^ bill was a fufficient
reje^liofi of it, lord GreuViUe withdrew
his motion.

In the hottfe of commons, on Monday
Pebrua^iy a4, Mr. Sheridan having inti-
mated that^he ihould prelent to the houfe
a petition from Mr. Thomas KWcIkj ^*aU
mer, who was at preient Ondcr lenience of
tsanfportation, complaining of itic ilicsa-

yn

THE UNiyERSAI; MAGAZINE

Iky of the'ieteaee 'pr6tiaync9& ftgniiift
IttflDy and craviag fuch ivHef from in
confrquences as pariiimept cmxU adK>rd»
fpM cooTcrfiitkNi enfued, the- rd'ult of
which wM, thkt thtfubjpa (hould ftaod
fpc confideratioii on t^ 1 hurfday loikiw*
pg.

Mr. Whithitad, Jan.- then. moMd» that
M addreis • be preiented to hk vnajeftyy
prating that the exocutioa ci the icniencc
agaiaiil Mr. Maimer be poftj^ned tiU alccr
Thur&iay neat. This praduced- a. am-
vcrfauoQ and a diviiion, when* the num-
bars wtWi' for the malion j^; agamif it
104; ma^'ortty 70,

Pn Thurfdayt, Maixh 6v Mr. Main,
iraruig, after Anting ievarai impFopneties
vhfch bad obtained re^mAing a due nb.
iervatioo of the iitbbaiht cwiay:.0D \kc re*
laxatton &r tnad 'qoacy at thciaws relariiig
thereto, pardcuiafiy in tha uiUaoce of the
^nEkice of jonmeynico bakers » which pnit
of bis propofed aseafiirc wouid ^ .to te*
firain from hiking on a Sunday* except
(row the hours of ten cUI one inciuhve^
Viuved for leave to bring in a bi^i to ex-
iibin and ama^d an aS paiTed inr the
l^ntywnindi year of the.rttgn of Jcing
Cbiirjes 11, Thr motion was^a^ceed to.
, Mr. Pitt then moved fm- lenveto bring in
a bill for augmcmtng the militia. After a
^w wordt from ibmc gentiemeii, who re»
(jpt^ivtty {feferrcd the hiU delivery of thein
kntinientsto a fitture llageof thebill, tba
n>otion was agrted to.

After thi&y Mr. Whitbread rofe and
iaid, it was no; his intention to call into
quefiion the ri^t of his majcfty in the
9Mking of treat ics witl) foreign po\«crs (a
ijC^ht which wasiaeontefiiUy ve^ in the
ciown) but to call the confidcration of the
Lottie tp the grounda pn which thofo trea-
ties had l)een made, and the uiiimate db*
jc6W they had in view. The topics on
which'thiey h»l l«en defraded.were at all
times the {kme j and the fame diigracefiil
epithetft wiih which the enemy had been
loaded, weie fuch as on former occafions
had been applied tb great nations and to
great men. They were fimilar to thoTe
which wire applied by Philip II, the ty-
rant, to the prince o^ Qraoge, when he
was aOVrting^he' liberties of his country«
1 be manitetioes which have been publi/b-
ed contaiiied the fame tone of calumny and
vrproath, and the Fi^ench n^ion were lin.
juiiiy libelled. Inftted of a condua fo
unbecoming, Co incompatible with the
teehngs ^mi honour of a vitat jiation, had
minilters availed themlclvcs of tlie high
fituaiion which they then held, they might

havn a^ted the horfortf m wvf aoil tncT
king and ^een of France might now bave
been iafe upon their throne. He then ad«
netted to the treaty of Pilnict, from which
be woidd peoee the vbhSi of the confedo-
raqr* which was,, on the part of the £«•
ncfiaaA powers, tqrciuOi tlic ItWerties «f
Fraoot. The tn^aty of h>rd Ucnd had
pledged this cmmtry to ftipport thr conlb-
ttitinn of 1789, and grnerai O^Hnra'a
rpeecb had confirmed, t hi s Meaty, wirh tba
moftiKvad affiiiance of faith and protec*
tion. Vet it «igis obvious^ that tbe ailiea
never meant to acc^t this confticvtion*
which geon-ai Wurmlcr diftinguilhcd by
the nametpf fi^iuwHf. it was aifo mani-
kik that Prudia. waa avarfe to it, and no
Jdronger proof of this averfion cowld be
given* than t.'R malevolent condu6^ wtth
whieU La Fayette bad-been finrfued (th« ,
defender of the conftitiuion of 17^) >
conduct which was not Inrpaied by any
of the tyrants' of Heme. Hchher RufliV
nor PniiTia, h^vrasfriiv, would nccrpt it»
from their common league aga:nft t be li-
berties of an equitable and mikl govern*
mcot, which they fubvertod and trampled
under foot. Neceilky may impo4e even (
on a good roan, as the inftrnmentof pre.<
icrvation, a murderer 3 yet forely ha would
be extremely hippy to get rid of him at
Ifxm as he could. He compaj'ed the com-
banntaaoof powers to the expedition of th^
cntfada, where a .^11 remifiion<of guilt
was to reward the pk>us adventurers. '

The* niumption by miidttov, that it
was a war for a general defence of focietyt
waa contmdi^ed by the Ibies of Europe
and -of America, which ft ill preftrved
theirntutrality; and if vi^ry wein to
crownonr ho^of conquef^) a vfar with
the other poviers of Europe would be nn-
avoidable. There would be n quarrel for
the ipoils, and habits of plunder and ra*'
pacity would urge them on to war and
violence, lie eonfidered it then to be the
intereft of tbe country to make peace witir
the republic of France $ which even under -
its preiimt odious tyranny, would IbU be
pteterable to war. Fof, thot)gh be would
no m6re confide for a ftable adhei^nce to
treaties in the faith of Jcings, than in thofe
who were in the enecutive government of
France, yet the change of men may no
more atfeci liich a treaty in one cafe than_
in the other. He therefore, on thofe cod*"
fideratioiis, wouid movey

' That an humble addrefs be preiented
to his majelty, to reprefent to his inaie(ty»
tliat his faithful commons having takcii
into their fcrious conlideration (he varioui'

engage-

FOR' kmiU 1794^

sot

€rtg>gcufeB»> wliicli hUve, \>y his maiefty's
doinmand, been laid before the houfe,
cannot forbear to exprefs thirir deep con-
cern that his majefty (houM have been ad-
y'kkd to enter into engagements, the terms ,
of which appear to this houfe to be wholly
ificonipatiblc with thtf declarations repeat-
cdly-madi; to this houie from t)ie throne,
nrlacive to tlie profciTed objefls of the pre-
lent nnfortunatcjwar.

« To rtprcfeitt to hh marcfty the afflic*
tJon and aiarm of his laitfa&l commons,
that his majesty fhouid have been advi(ed
to aiakea ' common caufe/ with powers
whofe obje^ls are-unavowed and unde-
ftnei, but from whole condii6^ his faith-
ful commons- have too mi*ch ground to'
^read to carry on war ibr the ptirpofe of
dilating in the intemal affiiirs of other
countries j views whkrh have been refieat-
cdly and foiemnly difavo^ved by hjs ma-
jelly and his minifterSy and which are ut-
terly abhorrent to thofc piinciples upon
which alone a 6ee people can with honour
engage in war.

•lo reprefent to his majefty, that if
the preient war, had been what his ma-
jefty*8 meiTage in the laft feiTion of parlia-
ment dated it to be ; a war of aggrcflion
Ml the part of France, and of defence on
the part of Great Britain j that by a treaty
nreviouily in cxiftenoe between his ilia-
jefty and the king of PrunTia, the co-ope-
fstion and afliitance of that power were
•nfured to this countiy. . -

* That it does not appear to this houle
that the foccours iiipulated by the defenfive
treaty of 178S, have been required by his
inajetty, but that a convention has been
entered in^, the ftipulations of which
have m> other tendency than the involving
lis in ichemes as fdreign to the true in-
teretf , as they are repugnant to the natural
feelings of .Engliflimen j and of irnpofm^
a reOraint upon hi» majefty's known dif-

* pofilion to avail bimielf o£^any circum-
Ihinces which might otherwiie enable him,
confiftenHy with the honour of his crown,
and the welfare and fccurfty of the coun-
try, to nelitrve his peo{>4e from the prefent
^orthenlome and CAlannrous war.

* To rtprrlcnt to his majeffy, that the
irruption of the French info Savoy, and
tlieh* poiTdlion of that part of the domini-
ons df the king of Sardinia, did not ap^
.pear to his ntatefty fo far to endanger the
, balaoee of power in Europe, as to induce

his majeify on that account to commence
koihiities againd France. 'That his faith-
ful comment do t4ierefore e^tprefs their
cliiapprobatipn of that part of the treaty

recently concluded between his majefljr'
and the khig of Sardinia, by which hit
majefty is bound not to lay down his arms
until the reftitut^ion of Savoy (hall have
been accompliihed j a fpecies^ of enga|;e-
ment which it can at no timc^ (excepting
in cafes of the greateft emergency) be
fither prudent or proper to contraft j and,
much lefs for an ohjc^ which was not
deemed in his Inajetty's wifdom to be con-
ne^\tti with the intci-cfts of this country,
fo as to occafibn a declaration of war, and
wM^ch cannot now be confidered by hit
faithful coitmions as of fufiicient import,
anceto bcmade the indifpenfable condition
of |>eace.

* To reprefoit to his majefty, that it.
appears to bis faithful commons to be the '
jrenei-al tendency of thcfc engagements to
involve us in connexions of undefined ex-
tent, foi' objef^s which we difapprove and
have difavowed, and this with powe^ on
whofe principles of equity and nioderation
we are infti'u6led by experience to have no'
reliaoee, and whofe complete fiiccefs may,
in our opinion, prove fata] to the librrtief
of Europe. "

* To reprefent to his majefty, that hav-
ing thus expivifed our fentimems on the
^gBgements which his (najefty has been
adviled to contrail, we fed it ourbounden
duty moft humbly and earneftly to implore
bis majefty to confider of fdch meafuret
as to his royal wifdom thall ieem adapted
(confiftently with that national faith' which
in common with his majefty we deiire to
preferve religioufty iifviolate) to extricate
bimfelf from engagements which op)>o{b
fuch difficulties to hia majefty*s conc]udin|^
a feparate peace, whenever the interefts <3' '
his people may render fuch a meaf^re ad-
vifable, and which certainly countenance
the opinion that his majefty is ading in
concert with other powers &r the un-
joftifia}>le purpofe of compelling the people
of France to IMimit to a form of govern-
ment not approved by that nation.*

Mr. Jcnnbnibn faidj the hon. gentle-
man who had Juft fpoken, fo far fi-om en-
tering into the particular merits of the
treaties which wonld have made the fub«
jt& of bis motion, had ranged through %
wide field of matter unconnected with the
motion. The difcuiCon that ftiould atife
was, whether the conduct of this country
to other nations was juft and true f Should
a niotion be regularly made forpeace^Jhe
would explbCl an adequate fecurity would
be pointed out for its- ftability. He jufti-
fied the propriety and nectiflity of both'
Atiftria and Pruftia e&tedng i|ito a war

againft'

sot

THE UNiyERSAL MAGAZINE

[ France, and infiAcd^ that on the
nirt of France, it was a war of aggrc(7ion.
The convention of Piiaitz, he iatd» couJd
not be confidered as an aA of provocation.
]t Is true, it declared to fct the king of
France free, and to enable him to form a
juA and rational government. ^

He here entered into a defence of the
treaties, to prove it to be tiie intereil of
Great Britain to foAn as many good alli-
ances as ihe could j maintaining that (he
was not under a neceflity of continuing
the war to the extent that was defined by
the honourable gentleman. Situated as
PrufTia was, theie was no likelihood that
ihe would lole any of htr towns ^ and
with re/jpeA to thofe in the Netherlands,
the lofs of them, as forming the barrier
of Europe, was a matter of no lefs, im-
portance to Great Britain than to the em-
peror. With rtlpe£l to the treaty of Sar-
dinia, if it produced no other cSgcI than
preventing her alliance with France, and
coiD^/elting the Fi^ench to keep up a Ihong
force in that quarter, where (fyt was at-
tacked, it \yas beneficial.

Mr. Fox faid, rhat there was no com-
mon ohjoB. to which the confederate powers
dire^ed theif attention. He combated
the aflertion, that the French were the ag-
greflbrs againft Auftiia and PruQia i and
maintained, that although the ^mperor
bdd out pacific meafures, no one beheved
fuch were his intentions, and ttiat in point
4»f fa^ he was continually interfering with
the internal government of France. In
rcvie-iving the copdu6l of the allies toward
France, he infiftcd, no inftances of perfidy
could be lb glaring and deficient in good
faith, as thofe which they had fent into
the world. Witnefs the proclamations of
the prince of Sstxe Cobourg. When M.
Pumourier firft deferfcd th^ caule of the
French* the proclamation called him a
wife and virtuous' man i but no Iboner
was it difcovered that his defeflion ^as
merely perfonal, and not attended with all
thofe advantages to the combined arms
Which weref expe£led, than immediately
all his wlfdom and viitue fled with his
power } and he remained to wander a (b-
litary, unnoticed exile— no longer re-
{ft^Mc when he no more contin^jed
fonnid:ible. What next followed ? In
iffOr days after ifTuing the firil prodama-
tioii^ a fecond made its appearance, re-
tracing every point offered by the former,
and ftating as reafons for fucb condu6V»
that the people of France had negie61ed to
expreis tneir willingness to receive the pro-
poiltions held 'out by the prior one ; an(^
%U this in'tbe fpace of four wy^s ^ben

it was impoflibie that ' the grealB^ part ^
the kingdom could have any kncnrkc^^of
the event • To (hew that. we eotertaioed a
different obje^ 6vro our coniederatef, he
adduced the declarations made to the Ton-
lonefe. Wc pjioroiied tbem to prateft
the conditution of i7S9» and took pof-
feffion of the place In the name of Lovs
XV If, Kinpr of; tl)e Frenchf^and not ufing
the ftyle of the old monarchy. King (2
France ^nd Navarre. Xet au turn our
eyes and obf<;rve v^hat was the condiia of
our ally the king of Prullia, to the ima
who had been the founder of that cgnAiiii-
tion— M. La Fayette, What was his
fituation ? He who had become the volon-
tary martyr of the confiauuon. of i7S9»
was Included from lifs» dragging a mtlcn*^
hie exigence ipt the bon'ors of a dunceogi,
loaded with iroos^ and iutfering al cbe

Eangs that could be infli^led by the iron
and of defpotifm. He. was die vt^tioi
which our auies facrificed for his condoft
in that jx>int that vv^ etteemed meritorious.
The court <$f Pioitiia had afTerted, that La
Fayette v«:as not their prifoner, l^t the
prifbner of the combined powers, and that
they of themielves had no power to liberate
him. He n^eutioned .thisy not that be be-
lieved this country was ai) accomplice in
fo black an a£l, but becaufc they ought
have the opportunity of publicly difavow-
ing it. At the moment aUo tk^ we were

/Hating our intentions, to the people of
France, by means of our conoexion ^h
tite poll ot Toulon, to go oj^y to the re^i*
tution of the conftitution above men-
tioned \ at the fan)e tiine oor other atliest
the Aufbians, were in pofTcffion of AUace^
where, with a conduct diametrksdly op-
pofite to ours, they were deibK>ying all
the authorities conftituted fmce -the revo-
lution, and inttodttcing the old dcfpodfin
to its full extent. From thefe points be
adduced the inference, that the object
which our allies propoied to themielves,
were different fiom tWe which we htd
fhtted to be ouf s. Our obje^ might U
to reilore order and peace to the kiog^ilom

, of France | but be infifted tbc box in&r-
ence from the conduct of our allies wait
tint thev 'meant to. difmember the coon*
try, and indemnify themfelves by pttm-
dei' \ unjuftly. appropriating .the nuns of
that unfortunate kingdom to their own ad-
vantage. He deprecated fuch an ev^
which he was fure, iar from giving us
even delufive repoie, would be a bone of

' contention to the now combined powcfti
and prove the feeds of many future de-
4ruMive wars.
The chancellor of the exchequer faud,

tbttf

FOR APRIL, 1794.

30J

there was one leading princi^ which
cbani^leriied the whole of the' argumetits
of the igentieiiieii on the oppofite iide of
tlie houfe. The principle he meafit wns,
that we hati voKmtarily entoned into this
war, Mid coiild conchide it whenever we
thooght proper. Btit the hR notorioully
was, that .it was a wnr of aggreffion, ana
vnremtticd provocation, on the part of our
enemies. This he thought unneceflary to
«nrer into long details to prove, becaufe
be had the hoiiour of feeling that a great
majofity of. the honfe thought with him
upon that fnbie^. The real queflipn was,
whether thev had ftrifictently attained thofe
points #irhicb they hod deemed necefTtry to
peace, even at the liazard and ex pence of
a war. Confideiing the drcumfhncei, he
thought w^ had made as much progrefs
as. could be expelled ; but even if fhnt had
not. been the cafe, the prefcnt contclt was
of that magnitude, and involved To many
^ cf our deareif rights, that our heft exer-
tions as men were due to fecure our pro-
pofed obje6^. If we did not fucceed, our
lives^ liberties, and property were all In-
lecure. Here was the fundamental differ-
ence betw^n them and the gentlemen on
the oppoiite fide : if they thought the war
was not a war of neceflity, they might
propofe meafoies of peace, confident e-
nough with their fentimtnts 3 but until he
was convinced there exifted fome better Xe-
curity for* its obferwance than at prefent,
be would contLDue to oppofe them. They
might argue, that the French were willing
to treat, . and would religioufly obferve
their contrails ; and that, confequently,
we might fafely throw down the bai rier
ei-efted by our treaties. Ytt the houfc
would not readily truft thofeencmies, whom
*' - they had already feen endeavouring to tle-
Agp^ the fbcial order of all Europe. He
did' not think it was juft to di-aw infcr-
ence^, of its being the intentions of our
allies, to proceed to fuch lengths as had
been foied, or that they had any unjuft
iiiodves for wajging war againft France,
iroin X few particular afts.

The right hon. gentleman had a(ked> if
laft year was included in this ftatem<rnt of
the great pfofpen'ty of the country ? He
would iay that no one felt more for the
diftreiles which war occaHoned than he
did, but confidering minutely the circum-
ftances that'hnd occurred laft year, be
thought they gave the ftrongell and inoft
unexampled proofs of the great refouras
of Ihis country : no one that knew that to
b«^the cafe, could argue that wc were un-
rcjuai to carry on the waj*; btiitlts, it/

had been allo^ved even by the right hon-
gentleman hilnfelf, that the prelTui^ which
affefled manufacturers and the lower order
ol'the people had not proceeded from tnis
country engaging in the war, but from'
the exiftence of the continental vrar, and
would have happened whether we had
taken any (hare in it or not. And it
ought to be retollefled, that in proporriot*
as the power of ■ France on thvir priiT-rt'
fyftem was extended, the liberty and tl«
commerce of all European nations inuft
be endangered, two bicflings of which
■ Great Britain of all others ponefled by far
tlie largeft fliare. He next alluded to the
Ihock which commercinl credit hadr\ilbiu<«
ed teft year, and its being in a .d* rce fo
temporary gave one of the greateft proo^
of the relburces of the country. We had
feen that it cea.'ed in a few months j and
he thoui^ht on the whole, that in the cir*
cumftances of the hft year, though ti.ejr
were not equal to the fplendid profpejity
of the preceding years, nothing had iiap^
pened that ought to induce us to yield,
wbife weconlider oudelves eng^^ -in a
worthy caufe j on the contrary, every ap-
pearance afforded the gi^atett encourage-
ment to proceed. It iecnied to be t^p
wifh of thofe who wcreencnies to the war
from the firft, to bring oref to thcjr way
of thjnking the friends to it j and thcw
left nothing untried. They had argucl
the probability of our not fuccecdin^
finally .igalnft France, and the defti-u£\ion,
even if we did fucceed, fro;n the certainty
of future wars, fo hurtful to us and to
all Europe ; an argument which he (hougljt
was not tenubleupc;n any rational groundf.
He replied to Mr. Fox's allufion to (he
laft campaign, and the comparative fitua-
tions of this country and FraiKe in the
month of Auguft laft, and at the moment
they were fpeaking. He <}enied that this
country, though (he do not interfere with
framing an internal government for France,
was bound to accent as a governntenr th«
preient anarchy of France, merely beoaufe
the French people willed it. The currenit
of no war had ever been uniform ; hut .
coniparing our fituation at the beginning
of it, with the prefeot moment, lie afftrtbd
it to be very encouraging, and agiT»d
with the fentimenu expreAed in the
king's rpeech on this point, from a coo*
iideration of the politivefircumiiances*^
the fortretfes gained, and the barriers paife^
by the combined powers, with ouj- afliii^
ance. We certainly had iiaen, and wa»
now feeing, very, great prtparatjps» in
Vrance, but we likewife iaw that they arc

noc

304

THE UNIVpRSAL MAGAZINE

not niade wkh ^afe, nor were even th* re-
fult of natural caufea, profperity, or in*
tcrnat weaith : in proof of thiS| he referred
to their mode of raifingy recruiting, and
conveying their military force^ their re-
irenue, their finance^ and theip expeadW
tore ; all of which exhibited no reioiirce»
but extortion keeping pace with prodign-
Lty. Compare then- colis in the prei«iu
war with thofe of our allies and ouiielvtrs,
and any one mull be led to Ibink tliat
theie wae mucb more probability tliat
France would fink under the preflttre of
tbewar^ than the combined pow«rs« He
lamented as much as any man thefufferings
cf La F'ayette, but never could allow tlu^
bis fate was at the difpcfal of tbik country.
With regard to Poland^ he completely
dlfapproved of the fy ttem puribed by Ruflfta
and Prnifia ; but while they admitted in-
juftice in particular inftanccs, wonlJ they
not advert to that univerfal injuitice witb

which tbe Freocb fyAem thrcateiM aO <hF
world ? He next ai gucd, that it waa io^
neccliary to a(k x^v^^ious aboiH tb< parti-
cular views of confederate powers, but
difcUimed every intcmipn 19 ini|)ole tbe
aocient iyCtpnx f>f delpot)6n as a govcnn
inent for France* Ha coi^cluded, lliat bv
taking a gencv^ v^ of tbe ^tmtion ^
Europe now, and ,coi»pani»g it to what k
was in the beginning ot^be^pr, we migbz
fairly augur fuccelk 40 our eadeav<iur&.
He defended tt)e alli^nQCSt by ^bfervii^
that as wewered; iv«Q into the war> we had
a iuit right to avail otirfeivet of the afljft*
ance €^ thofe nowcrs whom we found «i-
rtjuif engaged as- Qppotsents.to oareiir-
roies.

After a fow words, in tcfilyt hom Mr.
Whitbread, the baiOiedifiJed^lDrvthe vl-
di-isls a< I againft it 1 3S ; minority 1 1 a.

[; To be condnUedp }

LONDON GAZETTES.

From {i\t London Gazette^ April 3«

Whitehall, Marcel 4.
A Letter, of which the followh>g is an
r^ extrafl, was yeftcrday received by the
;*i^ht hon. Henry Dundas, his maje(ly*s
principal fecretary of ilate for the home ^
department, from his royal highnefs the
duke of York, dated St. Amand, the ill
of April 1794 :

* On Saturday morning, the enemy at-
tacked the advanced polts of the prince of
.Cobourg*6 army, near Cateau, in con-
iiderable force. At fir ft they obliged the
Au (Brians to retire, and to abnndonthreb
villages in their ii-ont ^ but upon the bat-
talions appointed for the fupport of tlie
out-pofts moving foi*ward, the enemy
were beat back, with the lofs of ui>ward
of 500 men killed, and fixty pri loners,
ipvith five pieces of cannon. The lofs of
the .Auftrians, in killed and wounded,
amounted to about 1 zo trnen. Since tliis
e ;ery thing has been quiet.*

from count Walrooden, that ttie enemy,
having fuccceded in fiirprifir.g the Heffian
ports at Tenbrcuil, between Werwick and
Ypres, got behind the Hanoverian pickets*
and cut them off. Succour, however,
havinji arrived from Mcnin, the enemy
wei-e dt iven back, and forced to re-crols
tlie Lys, and to deftroy th^ bridge which
they had made. Our lofs was one' man
killed, one officer and fevcn men wound*
•ed, and three ofRcers and 143 men taken
priioncrs.*

From the London Gazette, April ji.

Whitehall, April la. A 'letter, of
which the following is an extra^, was
yefterday received from his royal highnefs
the duke of York, by the right hon.
Henry Dundas, his majefty^'s principiU
Acretary of fhite for the home department.
dated St. Amand, the Sth of April 1794:

' X Iwve received this morning, a report

From the London Gazette Extraordinary,
April 17.

Whitehall, April 16. A letter, oT
which tlie following is a copy, was this
day received by the right hon. Henry
Dundas, his majefty^s principal tecretary
of (late for the home department, from
general fir Charles Gi'ey, K. B. dated
from Maitinico, the 16th of March 1794.

Camp before Foit Bourbon, liland of

Martinico, March 16, 1794.

Sir,

In my difpatch of tlie ad ultimo, I

hsd the honour to acquaint you, that the

force, defined for the expedition, was

then embarked, in Carlifle Bay, at Bar*

badoes ; and^ having failed veiy early in

the morning of the 3d, t have now the

fatisfa^Vion . to add, that we are in poflef-

fkm of the (vhole idand of Martinico, ex-

o^fng

FOR APRIL, 1794.

305

tepiifi|r Forts Bourbon and Royal, which
I ho!d complete^ and elofely befiegedj
the latter beings however, entirely in our
power to deftroy at plcafure.

Having made difpofitions for three (qia-
rate landings, diftant frovH each otfaer^ not
^nly for tiw ptirpofe of dividing the ene-
my's force and Atention, buf to alarth
htm in every quarter at' the fumt time, I
hm the pleaitire to fty they -aAl faccaded,
via. at La TrinitiA by a ditifmh nnder
major general Dundot . and - commodoft
Thempibn, on th^sjih aiMl €th of Febnr-
iny ; at Ca\§t 6t Navire, to kewafdr by
mnoiher, under' odiond fir Charles Oor«
Ami» affifted by eoioncl Mytts, and c»pk
ininRogert'of tfa^navy, on the 8th fol^
lowing; and near Trois Rivieres, ^U
LuoTi Col ik 6k Marin,- ivherelicfttte.
mm ecnehd PrdcoC ind I svem.- AH
theft ttrvices were nreouted with great ipi*
rit and ability by the officers, v^ho (eve*
rally commaikkd, and were well fupport-
ed bvthetfoofM.

Major general Duntfas immediately ad-
iranoed, with colonel Campbell of the 9th
&iot, iieatenam colonel Coote of the 70th,
and the I ft battalion of light infantry; and
carried Mome Le -Hi^un, linder a h^vy
ftre of mufquetiy, on the 6th ; and ixh
ftantly detaching lieutenant colonfcj (^rad-
docic With the id battalion of grenadiers,
and major Evatt with three comparnes tif
Kght mftntry to attack Trinit^ Fort, the
enemy fled, and our troops got poflUBon
of it, with the cannon, Itores, ^: Du-
rir^the fahie nlghr, Belfig;ir'de, the po-
pular leader of the mulattoes and blacks,
evacuated the fort bearing hfs name, and,
leaving his ariilery, &c. fet fire to the
town of Triniie ; great parr of which was,
however, iaved by ihe aiViviry bf tsptain
Sitliibury and the Ikrmtn Pro^etding
to the Gros Morne, he g lined rbafpolt
by twclv^ 'o'clock at night of the ^tfi,
ma[|or Skerrett being Jcft to command at
Tiinit^ Foit. Pnih ng forwai^ aeain,
be leized Moine Bjruneau at noon 0^ the
9th, the enemy rtttr;4ring at his approach j
and detachmi; lieutenaut colonel Craddock',
wirh three companies of grenadiers, he
took poneflionf of Fort Maliide, which co-
veicd a good bflding wit*)iff two miles of
his left. The lorh folio wing, he de-
tached colone> Campbell, with five com-
p'lnies of .light infintry, who feizcd Cukm
> during the night. Lieutenant colonel
Ciadiiock being reinforced the ihme.even-
m^ at the poft of Mattlde» with iha ))d
company of grenadier*, wat, however, at^
l^fced, an4£iiihuitd foin< loft during that

night (among whom waa eaptam Mac- -
kewen,of the 38th grenadiers, an officr of
imich naerit) by B Ueg4irde and a cunil*
dciable .number of & enemy ; b^i, on
being charged with bayonets hv the grena*
diers of iha 9th legtment, headed by lieu-
tenant colonel Craddocky diey were totally
repulled. Calend Campbell being rein-
fofood at Colon on the jith by lieutenant
ouJooel Coote and four companies of hghc
infaotrjr, he took poSeSum of the ftrong
fwft ot Ltinaitrey leaving the 65th regip
ment at Colon, which was three times at*
tasked during that night, and jepulied tfan
fimmy siath giaat fpint.

That part of the amty whieh landed
with ma near. Troi& Rlviots the 6th of
February, arocetded the lame evening to
Rtvifere Sal€e^ getting dai troops under
cover in the viUsgci of that name at iisven
oclock the laaie evening, having detached
brigadier general Whyte, on this day's
march, wSb thc^d battalion of light in<-
fantry, commanded by lieutenant colonel
Clofe, and two Amuzettes, to force the
batteries of Cape Solomon and Bouiigea,
in order to get poiFeHion of Pigeon Idand^
4is'our /hipping could not go in«'o the har«
boiu* of Port Royal, which was even daiv-*
^10118 for the boats in fopplying the army
«i Saiee with provilions, till that might bn '
acoompiifhcd. The following djy, the
7th of Feb. he took two ImsJl pieces of
oannoo, loaded, at a village in the bay of
d'Arler, 150 midattoes havins fled at bis
approach; and marching to the attack- of
me two baitinias abovementioned, they
fitt rendered at diicretion, not having tlic
means to eftape. In the mean time 1 had
nceived intelligence of the enemy^s landing
troops, and tScing polt on Mome Pied,
to cut off the communication between bri-
gadier general Wbyte and head-^uarteta,
at Sal^ and ordered the' 70th regtment,
wil;h two h<'witzers. to march the l:tma
night and diliodge rhem, which W4s »««-
cuted with great (pint, and thr pott taken
pofleiTion of eitly in the moiniiig of ihc
9th, umler the good tondu^l of the ad-
jutant general col. Dundas, the 7aih le-
giment being commaniied by liruttnuHt
colonel Johnion, and the eoe>iiy oomplcCQ-
ly defeated at the flrf^ charge. Bngaditr r
general Whyte^ bring reinforced with a
dc'aoiment of the loyal »n tilery, lb)ne
ordnance, ro<i«tari, Itc. colonel Symes,
and two companies of the 4 {ih i-.-gmt-Dt,
aoo ft-amep armed wiih pike» md riil(4s
from the ^miral, alcer.ded 'lie h?it(li s on
the 9rh, and, aided bv the oiieqii;.ll<^ ex-
artioni of th^ laafneo undsf iieutennnis
0*3 R^tn

$06

THE UNIVKtSAI* MAGAZINE

Roger* md JttMkvfdrd, got poftiCon of
'Meuat Maihuitne, w^kh cooEWuirdt Pi<*
geon Ifland, at the dilitnoe ci about 400
yards, where he erased battvries, M§t&d
cy the leal mri adkiviry of colonel Symea.
1 he two 5} inch howHstn, brought by
the 70th regimtnc horn bead^uancnt
heing Boi^ -placed 00 .the hstcery, ie aa lo
lake (he tfland in jrarerie, snder the dU
lc6l-on o^ captain de Rowfigneof ihe foyal
gctiiJtry, whoie ottiduA was conipicuottT-
ly tnert4ori««s and oebnel Dumfmif
chief enginear, haviag mU^ jpin^d vtitk a
cbmpany of arritem* the harterict mmm
CDcnpIecd during the pigbt of the lodi*
Imd opened m die nievniag of the ijftb,
Vnder the condtid of an .qcceUent ofiker,
capiaio Maniev, who kept tip To toceiant
and well-diff^M a Bm, aa to fofee the
pKTif^ to fthfce their oolturif and fiir*
vender at difcRtion m Httk mu» tnan two
4iou»» r5 being IsilJed and «| weonded*
and having coniidQd of ao) wben our bat*
terits o]«n«d. The higbeil encomiums
an due to all the officers, Ibidiers and
4eaintn of this dtvUion* parttculariv to
'brig.tdier general Whyte and oolonal
€yn)^» whofr good conduA and cxertiaos
aould not be excelled.

The i5tb regiment^ led by msyar
Lyon, and comnoanded by captain Pan*
imer, furpri(ed fevcral hundred of the cne-

7, v<Ty ftiongly poArd on the heights
Le GiSDdSioucui!ttt the islfa foliow<>
ing, killing ievoraif and taking all their
•rmsi ammtmitioo,. cattle, &c*

I have mentioned beibee that cokmel fir
Charles Gordon, affilbd by colonel My-
>crs and captain Rogets of the navy» had
Janded to leeward, on the iide of Caiie db
Navire, on the 8th. The rneniy being
inalier of the Great Road and the heigbS
above it, be i^ude a movement toward the
-niountatnSt and turning them, unper*
^ceivtd, with part cf his force, gained the
moft comrounding point in fhat part pf the
country, by day*, break of the 9th. Co-
lonel Myers deto^Uing t\^ heights, took
pofleOldn of I«a Cha^jdle, and a poil eib-
bliAteJ by the enemy above it j and re-
tui ning td the. column, it proceeded through
the moil d.fficult gtxxinid IR the heights of
'jieiney.abuvr Hance |^a Haye, the enemy
alratxloning the batt«'rcsi of Cayman, and
fetting fire to the village, kecprag a con-
dant fire 00 hirp from tlie bHttery of St.
Catharine's, . He then took a pofition,
which gave hiqi an eafy communication
with the nanfports, when, on the jtth,
he ob&nred the battay and works at St.
C'atharin&'», and die po(l& which eidud^i

the firft revinea, wme abandoaerf bf tk%
enemy, of which he took po0eiQon, wlnlt
cqI^iwI Mycfs, with Bve compapiea of
grenadiers, and the 4.3d regiment, crafled
tour ravines hijgber up, ieizmg all the bat-
leries hat delcoded them} whick

ment was completely furcfftful, the 1
flying OB evei7 fide^ and our troops 1
fion m poflctflon of ttte iive bauenea be-
tween Caiie de Naviyie and Fort RojFa2«
He then proceeded, and occupied the polta
of Ocntilly, La CoUe, and L'Aicbet.
The gpod abilities ai^ opnd>i& of coland
6r. Chaiies Cordpn and cornel Mytr* ac^
eBainentlyjnanifetted thtougbout tbis<ljf^
ficult itrvics^ and all <ibe troops of that
divifum have pei^wmed their 4aty QMft
meritM'iouilyt

As the bay and harbour of ?on Koya|
had been coippletcly opeo^ to oix ^p*
ptng hy the c pture of Pigson {Hand, I
moved forward with the troops from Ri«
vi^ SaJ&, to the polt of Btuneau, anJ
joined lieutenant general Pieilot the i^|
and having pct'vioufly canoerted the aback
q( the town of St. Pierre with major gene*
lal Dundas, be marched the Cubic eveii'xq^
on that enter prize witb the fccond batta*
lion of grenadiers, the ^jjd and 40tii light
companies, and the 65th i^mcint, f»
Gros Mome, from whence he detached
ook>nd Catnpbell, dirough the woods bf
Bois le Buc, with the two light companiea
and €5th regiment, to reach Montlgne oB
the morning of the i^di, proceeding him*
ielf toward the heights of Cnpot and Ck<-
labafle ; they were evacuated by the ene-
my i and| from the latter, lie (aw oolo*
ttd Canopbell at Poft au Pin» half a mile
fliort of Montigne, aUacked in great forces
and, under a heavy fire, from five or fix
hundred of the enemy ftroogly potted | the
major j;entral pufited forward uisadvanccit
guard, confillingof 63 men, nnder com-
mand of tbe hon. captain Ramfay, of the
queen's, who^ gainii^ the fummit by ex-
traordinary ea^eriions, fited on the enemy
who wei% engaged with colonel Campbell
and filenced the r firej and, when joined
by the ad battalk>n of grenadiers, the de-
tachment of the queen> took polledion of
Montigoe, wlieie \l was reinforced with
two companies of gienadiers, taking poft
jiimielf pn Morne Rouge j and then vifiu
ing colonel Campbeirs column, fimnd he
hM been attacked at half paft nine o'clock
ill tj^ Horning, and the enemy being
within twenty yarda of the 4joth light
company, had charged tliem with bayonets
at the hlad of it, when he was killed i and
in bfla hi| l^jeftyi ^iop. lpi«s a a^

FOR APRIL, 1794.

307

€]cceltent officer tnd a valuable man, jaft-
ly lainenited by the whole army and navy.
Major general Dunda< now obfervetf large
bodiei ^f the enemy moving tovrard bn
froiit at Morn^ Rouge, and forming un-
der a fmaH redoubt near tbat poft; he
therefore haftcned back, and was inftBnily
attackecf by five or Hx hundred men>
which laftfd about twenty m<ntttes, when
the fire ccafed, and the enemy abandoned
tfie redoubt t^ front duting the night,
fcaving two field pieces, Bcc. At &y-
break, the 17th, tnefe two columns ad-
vanced/the rirfit to Le Teune, the left to
the co!oniaf redoubt, and on the march he
itc«ved s letter from the commandant of
St. Pierre^ to which he returned an an*>
fwer by a flag, but the commandant was
not to be found : in the mean time, colo-
hel Symes had landed, and was, already in
the town, who, agreeable to the p!an I had
originally concerted for the co-operatton
witn ma)or geneial Dundas, had embark*
td with three light companies, and major
Maitland, with a detachment of the 5Sth
regiment, to land north of the towr. ) five
companies of the lit battalion of grena-
diers, and five companies of the %d batt:^-
lion of light infantry, under colonel My-
ers, having alfo marched from Camp La
Cofte for the fame purpofe of co-operating
with major general Dundas; which gene-
rars ability, good condod, and a^ivity,
lirit in penetrating through fo difficult a
country from La frinit^ to Biuneau, and
afterward to the capture of St. Herre, do
him the highed honour, and merit his ma-
jefly's notice in an eminent de^i-ee.

As Fort Bourbon, where Kochambeau
commands, «ould not be cloirly invefted,
without the pofieffion of thoie heights of
Sourriere, and this pott was (litl 'occupied
by Bellegarde, with h confiderable number
ot mulattoes and blacks, I h^ fixed one
o*clock in the morning of the 19th of Fe-
bruary to force him with the bayonet from
my camp at Bruneau; bur at noon the
preceding day (February xSth) a mod: for-
tunate event anticipated my wifttes and his
ruin. Bellegarde, with ptart of his troops,
defcending the heights, attacked my left,
toward the landing-place in a veiy danng
and Ipirited manner ; to which part lieu-
tenant general Prelcot led a reinforcement
with great judgment, and in good timc^
checking and chargins the enemy. A-
vailing royfeif of this favourable moment,
when Bcllegarde*s camp waa weakened,
I ovdtred from my right the 3d. battalion
of grenadiers, commai.dttl by lieutenant
aolMd Bttcknidgei and luppomd by dtc

I ft and ad battalions of light infantry un-.
der lieutenant colonels Coote and Blun-
delt, who attacked his camp upon the left,
in fuch a fuperior Aile of fpint and impe-
tuoiity, as to prove imefiftible ; and I got
pofleffion of it and his cannon, with in-
confiderable 1q6{ which might have proved*
very different if my attack had not taken
place till oneoVlock the nextmorning* aa
was previouily concerted, and if if had.
been proJMrrly defended by him, being
therein fuch hsrcc with- cannon and num-
bers, and the fituation (b eniineotiy llron^
and difficult. My admiration of the gal-
lantly of thofe corps who performed this
iervice, and the officers, who commanded
tliem, is inexpreflible, and their condu6t
is above praiiis; nor did I ever feel more
highly farisfied with thefuccefs ofanyen-
terprize in which I have been conoemid.

Immediately after forcing Bellegarde,
and getting pofieffion of this poft of Sour-
riere, on the iSth of Febiuaiy, I held Fo: t
Bourbon befieged } but making a new
road, getting up cannon, monars, 8cc. and
making batteries, took np the time tili the
yth iiili. when the battenes of my ^^ pft«
rallel opened.

Otuhe light of the aSth ult* Belkgarde^
the giTat and popular leader of the mulat-
toes and biack^, with his fecond^ Pelocque^
and 300 of their followers, finding their
fituation too perilous outfide of their forts,
and expoliKl to our attacks, furrende.ed;
the two fotvner being fent to Botlon, oni
condition of never carrying aims againft
his maje(fy*s forces $ anid their foUowerSf
as nrilbners of war, are ieot on board hia
majerty's (hips.

Major-general prince Edward johied thia
army the 4th intt. and commands a< Camp
La Code, with great fptrit ami afttvity*

I have erefled the batteries of my ft-
cond parallel, at the difbnce of 4'or 500
yards, vi^hich I expefl wi'l be completc^^
and re^y to open by the soth inltant, al*
though the late rains retarded our progrefsf
and are unuibal at riw time of the yeaf.

It i% ]u& five weeks fincc the lal^ divifion
of this army lamlcd, under colonel ftf
Charlet Gordon; and I hope it will ap»
pear to his majeily there is no reafon to be
difiatisfied with the progne(s we have mad4
in that Ihon fpace of nnu, with inconfide*
rabie lofs.

The (pirit, itnaaimity, and perfeveiaocf
of the aimy at:d navy, never were more
confpicuous, npr has nhire'< o<dial cooper
ration ever been manitdled between his
majtRy^s naval and land forces. In a
wosd, the general) and all the field officers

3©a

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

•9 well at »ll \he commanHjng officers of
corps,- have "let fiich an examiJe of z»"al,
fft'vi^y and animation, cm this lervicc,
ivhich hiS oecn fo laudably Im-taifd bv all
the officers and foldiT« of rh-s litrk aiiny^
/fhiit they mciit thf g:realP(t nraile.

Admiral fir John Jcrvi*' profeffional
knowledge never (hone with more liiflrty
or ever was exceeded ; nor can I fuffici-
ently extol the promptne fs with whicSi he
has aided the land-forces on every ooca-
iiony and his unremitting exertions to pro-
mote the honour of his pna}e(ly''s arms and
the interelb of his country i in which he
ha» been (6 eminently iuppoited by the
abilities and exertions of all tlie officers
and Teamen under hts cpmmand | to whofc
ftivices { am indebted for having the fiege
in Tuch forwardneliy having brought the
eannon and mortars, &c. for fev^ral miles
to thefe heights, although it apjieai^d aU
'tnfii^ im{}oflibie.

The arrival of the Roebuck hofpital
fhip, with niedicines, &c. for the fick. is
^ leafonable lupply; a number of whom
are comfortably accomniodated at St.
Pierre's, in an excellent hofpital.

"The Peggy tranfport being ulfo arri vc<!
from Lifbon, with the. light companirs of
the 44th and 5 ah regiments, without any
fick, and in the bigheft ordec, is a fortunate
re-enforcement, although a fmall one, and
the fick left at Barbadoes are recovering.
The troops are in the higheli fpirits,and
. generally in good heahh. -

Enclofed, are returns of killed, wound-
ed and miffidg, from the tirne of landing
in Martinico to this date. A returft of
•rdnance and (bres taken is alfo enclofed.
I have tbt; honour to be, &c.
Charles Grey.
Head Quarters, C^mp at Souriercy

beforef^ort Bourbon, Manmico.

By the general return from the 6ih of
February to ilic *5ih of March, the total
were 71 killed, 193 wounded, and 3
nining.

Nainc^ of Officers killed.

Colonel Campbtii, of the 9th rcg. Cap-
tain Mackewen, of the j8ck ditto.
Worfndf J.

Royal artillery, C^^ifain Hope, captain
Whilvfronh, an.i lir utenant Thornhill ;
jjd rcg. lieirenam Keating J 4.4th, lieu-
. tenant Holland } 43^, lieutenant Gra-
liam ; 6oth, licutenanf Sclmeider; 9th,
lieutert int Stopford 5 8th, cnfign Toole ;
ill b.tita:ion grenadiers, vohinteer Colli? }
2d butt. I on diMo, v lunteer Latouchc j
iftlight infantry^ volunteer Pavis.

Whitehall, April x6. A letter, of
which the following i? anexrra^. vpas ibis
day received f pm inajar-general WiUiam-
fon by the rght hon. Henry Dundsi^i h s
majdiy's principal lifcretary of ftai^ for ihe
home depart menfy dated iCing'*s Houte»
Jamaica, March », 1794.

It being judg*^ that the poll of L'Acal,
Sf. Domingo, about fix miles from Lett-
gane, at the extremity of the pUin of Leo-
gane, (bould betaken, lieutenant- colonel
Whitelocke made a very proper ili(ix>rtiion
of his troops, and on theniglitof cbe iSth
ult.detacheil 200 colonial troops, with oije
field -piece and fome of the Britiih artillery ^
tlicy were embarked on board two tranf-
pons, andjfvcre to land at five o^clock la
the mornmg.

Lieutenant-colonel Whitelocke marched
at four o'c ock in the morning of the 1 9th9
wlrh the fl ink companies, artillery, two
howitzers, two lield- pieces, and about 50
of the colonial troops of all cokmrs. Cap-
tain'Vincent, with tlie flank company of
the 49th, and 120 colonial troops, took a
mountain rQ^d, which led to rbe oppoSte
flnnk upon which the detachment ot cok>«
nial troops was to commetice the attack*
. X.ieutenant*coIonel Whiteloclft advaiH
ceil with the main body jn(l within cannoft
ibot of the fort, to co-operate with the de*
tachment, but from ihe mifmanagement of
one of the tranfports, and unfav^wrabie
wind, the troops could not land.

Lleutenant-coloncl Whitelocke drew bit
artillery back a little, which the enemy
pcfrceivii^, a heavy fire of mufquctry com-
menced fiom a wood on their nght, which
was infbntly lilcnced by a corps com*
manded by in.»jor^pencer. All this tme
A>ur guns filed inccfT^ntly Yibm the foft,
but fortunately did little execution.

Lieutenanucoloncl Whitelocke finding
that he coiiid not have any affiflance from
the troops that were euiharked, determined
at once to dorm the ^xiiK He ordoed
ibme refrefliment for the men> and fent
away the howi-zers.

At half paft four P. M. major Spencer
Vras ordered, with two flank companies^
to join captain Vincent to advance» and
Are on the fon, which he did according to
a fjgnal given, and lieutenant^ol. White-
locke advanced in front under the iiie of
two guns loaded with grape, and a heavy
fire of mufquetry. They alcendcd the
hill, which was rendered as d.fficult as
poffible by trees placed in all dire"* ions,
gallantly puflied on with fixed bay nets,
and diove the enemy fixm .heir wor'<.s.
Many of the enemy w^e kiU-dj 9nd

had

FOR APRIL, 1794.

309

)ur! the calonial trosps been landed, rot a
man wciiM have dcsped. The gnrrifon
waft ruppofcii toconUlt of 'about 600 inen,
commandeil by a white man. of the name
oF De Lifl-, vvl)o had ferved in. the late
king*f time, ami is faid to have murdered,
or caufe to be murdered, near 300 white
pei Tons.

Lieutenant-colonel Whitelocke fpeakt
in tlie higheft terms of both '<>fiicere and
inen» and pftrtkniarly of major Speneer,
Captain Smith of the royal artfllety^ and
licutrnant M*Kefns of the engineers.
• I have the honour to lend here^iifo re-
turns of ftorea* and of thtkdlcd and «»eiin<-
<led i &nd ( k tve to lament the death of
captain Mi/rfiiead,' who gallantly entered
the woik, and was blown up by a quan-
tity of oomboftible matter, which was iet
firs to bj one of the brigands, who alfe
perifhed m the explofion. Captaio Mor-
ibead had received a wound jn ihe body
before, but that did not prevent his going
'on.

The attack was fo fpirittd, that the gar-
ffifim had not time to carry off any thing.

X Total killed and wounded 31.

Names of Officers killed and wounded.

Captain Morihead, of the light company
id battalion of royals, killed^ captaio
.Hutchinibn, xft battaliitt of royals; lieu-
tenant M'Kerras of the engineers $ lieu-
tenant Timlin of the aoth grenadiers ;
lieinennnt lord Aylmer of the 49th light
infar.try ; and lieutenant Cauldfield dP ihe
iad reg. wounded.

From the London Gazette Extraordinary,
Tuefday, April la.

Whitehall, April »i. Major Grey ai*-
rived this morning at tde office of the tight
hon. Heivy Dundas, hi« maictty''s piinci-
pal iecrrtary of liate forthe home depart-
ment, witn.difpatches fitmi fir Chailes
Ctrey, K. B. .of which the ioUowing i& a

Fort Royal, Martintco,

Sir, March 25, 17 94*

I have the hnpp'nefs 10 acquamt yru of

(he complete coiiqueft of this vti y valuable

iflmJ. ih" lalt and mofl imponant fortress

of Fort Bourl)on having m rendered to bis

iri.ijf'tty's aims at four o'clock in ihc :ifrcr-

p 'M. c'f the %id inli. at v^hich time hs

'TO' I iiigbnr-fs princQ. Eil-vaid, m jor jje-

T' I .) ^t Ins ma.efty's foices, took pofif-

fioji of b'»rh ^iiies with the fiiit aiul thlid

b^itaiions of gisnadfers, and the Hril and

third light infantry i and I ^are the ho-
nour to tianfmit to you the articles of ca-
pitulation, together with a lilt of the killcfl
.and woundtd, and a return uf the ord-
nance, S(c. taken iince my dil'p 'tch of the
i6th inih in which I communicated the
rrnnlli^icns and pi-bgrefs of this army to
thu period. The retAjrn of ordnance
tak*m in Fort Royal is Hgned hy the com-
manding officer of BritHh artiikTy ; b«ic
thar of Foit Bourbon is the French ac-
count of it, as there is not time to make
an exaft return ar prefent, which ihall bo
fenr by the next opportunity.

Having concerted meaiures with the ad-
miral for a combined attack by the naval
and land forces upon the fort and town of
Fort Royal, and the batteries of my U"
cond piraliel being ready, thofe on Mome
Tortenfen and Carriere kept up an inccT-
fant fire upan Fort Royal, and all the
other battei'ies on Fort Bout boo, doriog
the day and night of the 1 9th inftant, ao3
on the morning of the aoth foilowingy
till the ihips deAined for this fervke had
taken their Iftationa. Ths Afia of 64.
euns, captain fit owne, and the Zebn
uoop of ) 6 guns, captam Faulknor, wiik
captain Rogeis, and a body of feamen in
flat boats, . the whole under commodore
Thompfon, compoTed the nival fonaef
and the land force confifted of the firft
battalion of grenadiei^, under lifuteoant
colonel Stewart, and the third light infan-
try, under lieutenant colonel Clofe, from
prince Edward's camp at La Cofte ; with
the third grer.adietb, under lieutenant co-
lonel Buckei iJge, and the liHl light in-
fant! y, umler lieutenant colonef Coote,
from lieuenanV general Prelboc*s camp at
Soururie.

The navy acquitted themfelves with thdr
ufual ga Ian try (particularly captain Faulk-
noi, whole condu6^ juftly gained him the
admirat-on of the whole army) Carrying
the fort Hy efcalade about twelve o*clock
of the loth inttant, under the abl^ conduft
of comm<.dore I'liompfon, whole judicioua
dilpofiiion of the gun ^iid flat boats, nfCifltcd
by 'hat fpiritcd arid a^ivc officer captain
Rogers, Cl^nt^buted matciially to our fuc-
c- 1^ ; at the fsme time thit the land forces^
commanded by that excrllent officer colo-
nel Syme*., cptic^lly advancing with equal
ardour, forced and entered the town trU
imiphantly, hoiftvd the Britifh colount,
and chrtn^inj; the naiin- to Foit Edward.

Immec^iatriy afttr this geneial Rochara-

be. u, ^^ho commanded in tort Bourbon,

ient Uk aide de camp with a fiagt offering

to lurrtnder en capuuiatioO} and the terms

1 ymz

3IO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ymt finally adjufted and agreed to on the
ssd inftanty by three comroiiTioncrs on
e^ch fide^ the ratificaiiont thereof being
figned by the conima;ider8 in chief, on the
»3d following ; and the garrilbri, amount-
iDg to 9O0 men, marched out thit morn-
ing prifonert of war, laying down their
arma oo the pararle of Port Royal, and
were embarked for France immediately.
His majei^y^a n-oopa luiving marched in,
ftnick the French and hoifted the Bntifh
coloiiray and changvrd the name from Bour-
bou to that of Fort Georee.

I conlidcr myfelf under zreat ohliga.
tiona to lieotenaat general Prefcot for the
seal and ability with which he has afli(^rd
fne thrtraghout thit arduous fervice, now
brotight to (6 fortunate a conclufion, and
to alltbe genet ala and other officers. Co«
lonel Domfordy with the corps of ensi-
neers) and lieutenant cbiontls Patcdon
and Soweriiy and major Manley, with the
royal artillery,, have al(b a claim to my
warmeft approbaton, for their exeitions
in placing and conftru^tin^ of the batte-
nesy and the well direfted fire of the ar-
Iilla7. The bravery, regularity, and
good bebariottr of the troops on every oc^
cafion hat been moft meritorious and ex-

rorts Boorbon and Royal have fufl«red
greatly fiom otir fire during the liege, and
we are ditigently employed to put th^m in
a proper ftate of defence, effi[;£iual?y to fe.
cure this important aoquifition of territory
to the crown of Great Britain. I am re*
Koring order as fafl as poflibley from the
confufion naturally occationcd bv a fiege^
and have the pleafure to obime that every
thing m the forts is aa tranqtiil and welt*
fi^ulsted as could be expefled in the time.

I iball not loft a moment in embarkhfig
ordnance and ordnance ftores« with troops^
&c. to profecute with vigour the execution
of fuch other obje^s and iervices as his
imyefty has been pleaied to entmft to me ;
and hope to be enabled to proceed befoic
much time can efcape, after regulating tlie
garrifims of thefe forts* nnd all fuch other
matters as require immediate attention.
Major Grey, (feputy quarter- malter gene-
ril» will have the honour to deliver this
difpatch, and can communicate any otiier
particulars or information yoo may wiAi
to liave. I have the honour, &c.

CttARLEs Grey.

P. S. At the commencement of the fiege,
the^mfon of Fort Bourbon confifled of
about laoo.

I lend five (httid of (Colours, laid down
by the garrilbD» together with the two co-

lours of Fort Bourbon, to be pitleoled (•
his majcftv.

The gallant defence made by general Ro.
chambeau and his garrifon was. ftrongly
manifefted on entcrmc: Foit Bouibon, as
there was fcafce an inch of groui d un-
fovichf d by our fhot and fhells ; and it is
but ju(!ice to fay that it does thetH the h'gb-
eft honour.

{Here fvUow ^ articles of capitulatioB*
By tbeie it ia ftipulatad« that the garrifon
fhould march out with the honours of war s
afterward to> Uy down their .arms at a
piace appoiiKedk and- nor to ierve againt
Df s Britannic majeHy^ or hit siiiiei>> daring
the prefent war* That they (hoald be for*
niAied with (K*|)a t» carry thaaft to Prance :
and that the cmigrams, who had* return^
td to MartioiqiK) Aionld not be preient
when the ^^rrilbn lai4 down their aims, or
embarlied.l

Total of the killed and wounded from the
1 6th to the aid of Match, 1 794^ indu-
iive. ' ,

3 raokand filekiUcd | 11 rapJt and fik
wounded.

Admiralty. office, A|aril£iy 1794*
Captain Henry Powlett anrivcd this
mornin^y with dil^tches finom vice-ad-
miral br John Jervis, K. B« commander
in chief of his majefly^s fllips and veflefs
at Barbadoes and the Leeward Iflands, to
Mr. Stephens, of which the following are
extra£ls and copy*

Boyne, Fort Royal Bay, Martin iqiKy

March i5» ir<si4.

Sir,
My letter to yoo of Ae i6th9 by the
Roebuck oacket, a duplicate of which is
endoTed,. haa made the lords commifiioiN
era of the admiralty acquainted with thi
operations of the ^tgt until that date ; I
have the pleafure to communicate, for
their lordfliips further information, that
the battery on Point QrHere, Wfcrich forms
the eaA-hde of the entrance of the Careen-
age, open at day-light oa the 17th, and
with the gua- boats kept an inceflaot fire
on Fort St. Louis, wtiile the gim and
mortar batteries on the heiglits played on
Fort Bourbon } lieutenant Boweu of ths
Boyne, who had commanded the nig;bt-
guard and gun-boats for a confidenbfe
time, perceiving a favourable moneot*'
pushed imo tlie Careeaare with the row*
ing boats 6f the guard, boared the Biea-
venu French frigate, and brought ctf tbs
captain lieutenant, and about twenty men

FOR APRIL) 1794.

wbo mm on boar^ ber, under a foart
£re of grape (hot and muiquetry from tbo
raaparti. and pnrapet of the fort. The
fijccefs q£ iim gailaut a^ion detei*mlned
the general and noe to attempt the fort and
tov»n of Poit Royal by aflault, and I di-
re^ed forty fcaling ladder^ to be made of
Bamboo and fmall fti'etched cordage* from
^enty to thirty-fijc feet long* andordenrd
the Afia and Zebra to be heki in readineft
to enter the Careenage, in order to batter
the fort and to covei* the Aa^ boaM, barges
and pinnaces, under the command J
commodore Thompfon, fuppoited by cap-
tains Nugent ami R<o«i, while the grena-
diers and light infantry from the camp at
Soiu-ucie advanced with field pieces aioog
the fide of toe hill under Fort Bourbon,
toward the bridge, over the cand, at the
back of Port Royal. This combination
Aicceedcd in every part, except the en-
trance of the Aim, which failed for the
waj3t of preciiion in the ancieot lieutenant
of the port, moniieur de Tourd cs, who
had undertaken to pilot the AGa. Captain
Faulkner obferving diat (hip baffled in her
attempts, and the Zebra h^iviiur been ud«
der a (bower of grape (hot foe ^JF^"^
kngth of time,^ (which he, bis ofScers
and (loop^s companT, ftood with a firm-
ntCi nor to be defcnbed^ he determined to
undenake the fervice alone, and be exe-
cuted it with matchlefe intrepidity and
condiiA, running the Zebi-a cfo(e to the
wall of the fort, and leaping over hoard,
at the head of his (loop*s com^ny, a(railed
and took this important poft bdFore the
boats could get on (bore, although they
rowed with ul the fbice and animation
avhich characterizes £ngli(b (eaaoen in the
lace of an enemy. No language of mine
can exprcfs the acritof captain Faulknor
upon this occafion ; but as every officer
and man in the army and iquadron bean
teftimony to it, this incomparabk aAioa
cannot fail of bebg recorded in the page
of hillory. The gienaditrs and light in*
fantry nuuie good ufe of their field pieces
and mui^iueu, and, foon after the fuxren-
der Qf the fort, took potrdFion of the towi^
by thr bridge over lUc caual at the back of
it, while a Jirong detachment from the na*
val batulions at Point Negro, undei' the
commandof captains Rogers, Scott, and
fiayntun, ra flat boats, ^rges, and pin-
r.aces, approached the beach in fi^nt.
Monf. Rochambeau did not loie a mo-
ment in requeuing that commi(fioners
might be appointed to confider of terms of
furrender { and the general and I named
f»ti|iiK)dogr TbompfoPt colonel S^mes^

3"

and captain Coii«n|^| to meet three
pcrfbns named by him at DiUon's fhnta-
tion, at Dine o*clock on the atlk, and on
the aad, the terms were concluded. Tha
rapid fuccefs of his ma^efty^e arms has
betn produced by the high courage and
peiieveran^ of his o/Bcers, .bidicrs and
leamen, in the moft difficuu and tuii.bma
labours, which nothing (hort of the per.
fea unanimity and afBr^lion between theai
and their chiefs could have fui mounted.

Commodore Thompfon conduced tha
enterprile on the fide of La Trinit6 like an
able and judicious olBcer. Captain Henry
cai ried on the bufinefs at Ance d* Arlet
with great energy, and has beso indefatU
gable in forwarding all the operations ha
has had a (hare in. To captains Brown^
Nugent, Uarvey, Markham, Faulknor,
Sawyer, Carpenter, and Scott, 1 am gready
indebted for the manner in which they
conduaed the attack againft St. Pieiw.
Ca|itains Harvey, Kelly, Rogers, Saiif.
bury, Incledon, Riou, kird Garlics, Car*
penter, Scott, and.Bayntun, have gained
great reputation in the army by the con<«
dua of the naval battalions, and worki^
parties under their eommand. Captain
Btj'keley (^nce the arrival of the Ai&ir-.
ance) has furni(hed a powerful reinforce,
ment of men from that (hip. CaptatR
Pierrepoint has been very a£iive in the
(ervices allotted to the Seaflower. In
captain Grey I have found the experienot
of age joined to the vigour of yootb. The
captains of the forty- four gun (hips anned
en liute, of the itore(hip and hofpMal lhip»
have done welk

For other particulars> I beg leave t*
refer their khdOups to captain Pdwlet,
wbo carries this di^alehv and to captain
Markam of the Bkmde, who conveys him.
They ii^nred with commodore iWnpibn
at La Triaiie, and armed on the (buth-
fide of the iilaad in time Cobave n (bait
in moft of the tranlaaioBs there. I have
the boaonr to be^ &c.

L JBKTIS.

P. S. Inckifed aUb is a lift of the killed
and wovaded bekmginjg to the ftpiadroii
under my command, ahb a letter I re*
ceivcd from commodore Thompfon.
Total of the killed 14, and wounded ay«

Niunc of the Officer killed.
Captain James Miiu^ of the Avenger,

Names of the Officers wounded.
Captain Sandtord Tatham, of the Drome*
dary } lieutenant Thomas Henry VVil*
fon, of the Boyne j lieutenant Thomas
Clark, of the Veteran j Mr» Robert
Lindiay, fur^^ of the Q^c*

For^

3«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Sir»

FortRoyaly March ao^ i794-

I have the plesK\ire to ncquw^nt you, '
Aat the only ]ol*s we ftave fuilahied lA the
capturr of Fort Royil Is the pilot oT the
Zebra kitted, and four feainen h^fonging
to the fame ihip wounded. So* foon as I
perceived ftie cftufd fetch in, I gSaytf* orders
to captains Nug^t and Riou, who com-
roandcd the flil boats, which, with the
men embarked in ihem, were laying upon
•their oars, to pufh in, and mount the
walls ; when 'every exertion was noade,
and the boats ieemed to fly toward the
fort. Captain Kaulknor, m the mean
time, in a moll fprrited and galla)it man-
ner, entered the harbour thf6ugh the fire
©f all their batteries," and hicf' his floop
along -lide the walls, there being dlcep wa-
ter cTofs to ; when the eneitiy, terrified at
his audacity, the flat boats full of' feamcn
pulling toward thero, and the appearance
•f the troops from all quarters, ftruck their
colourj to the ^bra. A well dircAed
and ficady fire from the gtin -boats under
lieutenant Bowen, as alfo from our bat-
teries, was of great fervice. The alacrity
and fteadlnefs of the officers and Teamen in
general under my command was fuch,
that 1 ' had not the leaft doubt of Yucccrs'
again IV 'the whole fotce of the enemy, bad
they di(Jrtited our entrance.

The fort h full of ammunition and
ftores of al! fjrt?, but the buildingjs arc
in a miferable condition from the eff^^of
our r n^**, the g-.in-bcr^-, ard batteries.
,1 Xavc the honour to be, &c.

C. Thompson.
Vice-adnMral fir John Jervls, K. B.

From the London Gazette, April a a.
Wh«haU, Apiil %%» . Captain Clin.
IOO9 aid-de-ctaip to itia royai> iiigbocTs
^he dukfi pf York, arrived this moming
at th« office of the right bon. Heory Dua«
<las, bia majtfty's principal (ecretary of
fbteibr the bon^^iepartinrnt, with a dif-
patch from his myal hi^^oCs* of- which
tbc following it a aqpy*

Sir, Catea^, April it.

It is with the grcateft fatis^arfwn fhiri
have the pleafurc to acquaint you, for his
majefty's inforvnaiion, with thciignal fuc-
cefs which ha? attended the general attack
made yeftcrday by the armies of the com-
bined powers.

According to the plan propofed, the
Auitrians, B.irifh, and Duich armies af-
^bled on the i6xh, on the heights above
9

Cateaa, in order to be reviewed hf hfi
Imperial mjtjefty ; afrer which the Aufbiafl
and Britiih armies oaiTed the Sc^let , and
encamped in fro4totthts town, Wliiie the
I>tttch formed their camp tmaiodiaitclj n
itf iiear. .• ♦ • •

At nin* ^ck)efc ditjt^frdiy morn'n%t
ilie tbrec arinies moT«d forward ra cigbt
i^olomns. The firft^ e^ttmn, compdcd of
Auftrian and* Dutch troops, under the
conamand of prinbe CM^iliah of Hc§t
parmftadf^ advanced upon the vili:^ of
Catilloni wtrich Was ftSrctd after ibme re.
ftftance, M wMch tte enemy loft four
pieces of cannon, *and*from ibence pro*
deeded acrt>r9 the Sailibri, and took a
polkion at Favril, betweaik flife Samhre
and tbePeHte Metp6; fo ai lb iblreft Laia-
drtcies on thar fide.

The iecond tdlomnr, ' cmHUBiidltd by
Keiitenant-geiieral Alvmtce, and confift*
iiig of the referve of the AulhiaA army,
moved foi^wsrd upon Maritoguer, aiid
Kdvfng ibrcfd the efl(«cy'*^ntKndbi&eiit
M that ptacfv' aB wcM aa ar 0'i£f, pro*
ttieiied'to Ndiivion, find took pdlfeflion
this momifig of the wb«lfe ^Kfood coiled the
PoKft'of Noavion,

* 'The ttani- ciotumn^ n^itfr C6iifift6d oT
the main body'<^ tho Attttritri army, and
with which hte Idiperiai tmjcfty and the
prince of Oobotirg went ihe^iffi^vcii» jpro-
ceed«d abng the liigh rdtid leading from
Cateau toOuile, end, aftd* mfrryivig^ the
two rilhtgee of Ribouv ille and of Waffig-
ny, where t^ eoertky wttt trongiy en*
trenched,' decachod' tlK adiraiK:cd cuard
forward', which took pfil&ffibfk * of the
lieightt called ibeOrand and Petit Blocos,
atra puihfd f&tw&vd this mornhig as far as
Henappev. -^

Ttie foutth and flfrlr cohanfts were
fonnad of the armv under mv command.
Of the (kk^ thr<^ f took tne dhrcaion,
having tteucenam-geneitd Otto under me.
]•teutefnlll^ge^eral fir Witlilm' Bribne
commanded theotlter coltMTi&i' .
' My colaiao'was iaieadbd ton attack the
redoubts and villages of. Vaut,'^ as well as
t6 render itfelf tnafler, if pofible, of the
yrood called Bois db Bohbuily which- the
enerfly had Arongly entrroclied.

In confeciu^co of the rery ^^reat defiles
ai)4 raviiics, wbidi we. fbtnd on our
march; iTty^column war not able to arrive
at the point of attack tiH one o*clbck in
theaftemoom • . .

A* foon as the cavah*y of the advanced
guard appeaiT.l Q|ion the height ; ttie ene-
my bcg^in a-'Vtrry irvcrt^caunonadr, from
the eife^is of wkicb>. althpugli very Dear,

4b?7

FOR A?RIL, 1794.

VS

tbcy however were enabled, in < great
rtieafure^ to cover (h^nirelves by the na*
tural inequalities of the ground.

Having examined the enemy^s pofirioD^
aind finding it very ftrong^ I determined
to endeavour to turn it by their right, and
^r^this purj^fe dfiered the whok of<»tbe
Column to move forwaiid, under cover of
the high grcAind, leaving only a fufficient
quantity of cavahy u|ion the heights to
occupy' the enemy's attention. Strong
^tteries Ukewife were formed, which kept
up a fevcre Bre, and pFQt«£led tbe move-
menti very conliderably.

As Toon as the troops had gained futi-
ciently the enemy's nwnk, tlK advanced
guard, under the command of major-ge-
ueral Ahercromby, was direfltd to he^hi
the attack, and two companies ot'tbe light
a>q>$ of Odonhel, fu^rport^J by tho two
grenadier\companies of the firft regiment
of guards under the commaod o( colotoel
Stanhope, (iormed and took tbe Star Ke*
Jouht, ahoVe the village of Vaux> while
the three battalions of Aufirian gnena-
4ier»i Jed on t»y mi^oc-g^ntral Petrafli,
4it tacked the wood, and made themfelves
tnalters of the .Works which the enemy had
cohftni^ed for it« defence.

The eneqdy's fire at ttdt was very ft-
vere, but wbeA the troops approached they
, began to retreat on all Hdes, aod^ were foon
put to flight, I immediately detached a
part of tlie cavoli-y^ cunfiftiog of budars,
and.o. e fquadron of the 16th regiment of
light dragoons, commanded by major Lip-
pert of the foKHKT <orps» round tbe wood
to the right, who comlpJetely fucceeded in
cutting them off, took /our pieces' of can-
non and a howitzer, with a conGderable
ioTs of men on the part of the enemy $
while the cavalry of the advanced gus(rd
on our left, under the comiMnd o? co-
lonel Dcvay, of the regiment of arch-
duke Ferdinand*^ huflart, pnrfued them
through tbe W9ods, and drove them into
tbe village of BohaiD, which they evacu-
ated immedtaicly.

Sir William frOune was equally fuc-
Cifsful with bis column, which was in*
tended, by tbe vi{lagea of Marete and
Pi-^monty to turn the wood of Bohain, in
order to facilitate my attack. He met
with no refiiianca f3l lie arrived at th^ vil<
lege of Pr^mont, wWe he found the
enemy ftrongly pofteil ; he immediately
forninl his line, and having detached the'
brigade of fijitiih infantry and the Auf-
trjan rtghnent of cuiraHiers of Zetchwitz,
with four fquadrons of Britiih light dra-
goonsy lUMkr tbe command of lieutenant-

general Harcourt, th order to Airii ihif
pofition, he attacked it in front with three*
battalions of the regiment of Raunltz,
/bpported by a well d]re6led fire of \ti
Aultrian and Bridlb artillery of the re*
ferve, under the command of lieutenant-
cblonel Congreve, and Aicceeded com-
pletely in driving the enemy from the i^-'>
doubts, where he took two pieces of can*
,non, and a pair of colours, lie froin'
thence proceeded to turn the wood with a
part of the corpa, leaving the reft upoa
the pofitiOn at Fremont.

The fixtb, feventh and eighth eolumnt*
were intended to obftrve the enemy on the
i?de of Camhray, rhe firft of thefe ctm-
pofed of Auftrians, and commanded by
major .general count Naddick, puAied for-
ward as far as thi Village of trevecoeur, "
and detached fome light troops acrofs the
Scheld, without meeting with any re(Ul«
ance.

The fevehth columti, confifling of Auf- ^
trian$ and Dntch, under the hereditary
prince t>f Orange, moved forward upoit
the high road leading froth Cateau to »
Camhray, and'advanced l)eyond Benuvoft
with the eighth column, composed chiefly
of Dutch troops, commanded by major-
general Geylau, covered ihe hereditary
^ince of Orange's right flank, and moved
forward in front of St. Hilaire. Neither <
of thefe laft columns Were in the leaft en-
gaged ; but this morning the enemy ac-
Ucked the printe of Orang^e't advanced
guard, who repuKed th^ with givat ^
eaie.

The (igiial iuecefe which has atrendtd
thefe extenfive and complicated opcraiionsy
has determined his Imperial majefty to bc«
gin immediately the fiegc of ^ I^odrecies x.
and therefore the hei-edita^y prince of
Orange, who will have the dire^ion of
the fiege, has movc»l this evening with the
greatelt part of his camp from Beauvoit,
and taken a oefition fo as to complete the
inveilitiu-e oi^ that fortixfs j while his Im«
pcrial majefty, with the grand army, co-
vers the operations of the liege on that fidk
of Guife, and that under my immediata
command does the fame toward CambraV.

What adds greatly to the general latif.
fadion upon this occalion is, the incon«
fldcrable lofs whicu the combined armiet^
have fuftained, while that of the enemy
has been very great. J he Sritifli, in
i^'ticular, have been peculiarly fortunate*
Thehon. capiain Carkton,* ot the royati,
a young oflicer of prdtnillng nKrit, is th«
only one we have to icgret j iior has any
one officer been wounded } of privates we
Kr ba4

V*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

bad thi-ce men killed and Gx wounds Much praiie is given to the beBavToor of

The enemy has loft in thcfe various at-
tacks upward of thirty pieces of cannon,
of which nine wsre laken by the column
under my command, befidc the two which
were taken by lieutenant- genei-al fir Wil-
Gam Erflune.

I have equ?l {atisfoflion in reporting,
from my own obfcrvation, and the ac-
count I have rcccivetl from .fir William
^rfkine, the fpirit and go<n\ condu6) of
ill the 6fRten and men nnder my com-
mand ,' but I have particular obligations
^o lieutcTiant-generals fir WiUiam Erfkine.
and Otto, as well as to major- general
Abercromby, who commanded the ad-
V3nce4 guard of my column, to colonel
I>evay, major Lipp^a' of the Auftiian
l^ufifars, and to lieutenant-colonel count
jtlerfeMt of the Auftriaii ctut n>0**r.,

I cannot help likcwift mentioning the.

food conduct and bravery of lieutenant
^'age of the BVitlfh arlille'ry, who dillin

the Auftrian and Dutch troops upon that
ciccalion.

• According to the original plan, adopted
before the bait fe of* th*- lyih, it vrZfi de-
termined to withdraw the dctaclied coitjs
of each army as fi>on as th« pofi^ioii for
the in^eftiture of Laodrecies, was properly
fecured"; and, in confec^uence, the orders
wtre given the night before Jaft that thefe
corps Ihoiilvi retire as this jnormng.

But yt-fterday the enemy attacked t\ro
detached corps of the prince of Cobourg*s
*rmy at GrandBlocus and Nouvion, un-
der the command of ma^or-general Belle-
garde antl lieutenant- general ^vintzy.
The prince* of Cobourg fent to defire me
tO^ fopport the former, and X ovircbed im-
mediately, with five battalions of Auf-
trians and major-general fir Kohcit Law-
ric*s brigade of Britiih. cavak^'. 1 did
not.' however, aiiive till the affair was
ovcf, genera! Bellegarde havitt|t repulfed
the enemy with great daughter, and hav-

gui(hed himfclf very much by the (kill and "-K /akcn four pieces of cannon and onc^

aaivity with which he direfted one of the howuztr.

batteries. As the enemy appeared in great force

'fhis difpatch will be delivered by my on general A Ivintzjr's front, the prince of

aid-de-camp, captain Clinton, whom I Cobourg did not thmk it proper to fupport

beg leave to rccomrnend to his majeJly,
tiis conduft upon every occaljon having
^ncrited my fulleft approbation.
I am, fir, your's^

Frederick,
Riglit Hon. Henry Dundas, Sic.

a polt which was of no importance to him,
and which was at any rate to be abandon-
ed that n'rght : general Alvmtay was
fbercforc ordei-ed to retire id his p9fition in
the line, whrch he did in great order, and
with vciy inconfidcrable lofs» although
expof^^'d to the enemy's cannonade.

■- "'^' ' ^ I this mortiing received a report from

V ^ .L r J r> ^ A^ -i /L Keutenant- general Wurmb, who com-
From the London Gazette, ApnJ 26. ^.^j, ^ j^^^^^^ed corps of tlie army at

' Whitehall, April a6. A letter, of Denaing, that the enemy attacked him in.

ifrhich ths following is a copy, dared gi*eat force on Satiffday 5 that at lirll his

Cateau, April 24., 1794, was received oi\ advanced pofts were obliged to retire, and

Thurfdaylafti by Mr. fccretary Dundas that the enemy had already got poiTeflion

from his loyal highucfif the duke of Vork, o^' the village of Abfcon, and of cine of

tlTC redoubts on his front ^ but, upon a

Sir, reinforcement coming up, the enemy were

On Sunday moming-, the hereditary corftpletelv driven back, with great lofs.

prince of Orange made a general aiiackr The Hemins, howicver, fuffered confidcr-

upon the pofts, which the enemy ftill oc- ably, having loft five officers; and fevcnty

cupicd.in the front of Landrecies, and .men killed and wounded.

fccceeded in getting poffeflion of them all, General Wurmb exprcffes hiinfelf high-

and in taking by ftorm their imre;ich«l ly fatisAed with the beVaviom of the di-

cirap, and a xtry ftiong' redoubt wliich vlfion'of the Aultrian hulfars of Leopold

they had thrown up at the village of and the Heflian Dragons de Corps. I

Eloqucs, within fix hundred yards of the — ^" '"

place. He took advantage of this fedo\3l)t

to cover the left flank of the trenches,

which were opened the fame e\'enir)g.

3

fir, &c.

fSigned) FREDEarCK,

Right Hon. Henry Dijndas, &c.

HISv

FOR APRU^ 1794'

3»5

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.

. March 31 , lord-mayoi-, accompanied by a &kSk com*

ADVICES have been received from mittee ot the corporation of London, pro-
"^^ John Hamilton, tfq, the BntiOi con- ceedcd from the Manfion houfc to New
iul at Norfolk^ Virgiha» dated the i<^tb Burlington- ftreet, the refidence of marquis
pf February laft; that the Prejfich have in Comi^iis, attended by the cjity marftiali
Hampton Roads, two line of battb flups» onhorfeback, mu(ics and colours^ to pre-
fix fngates, and four Hoop^, and that they i^nt that nobleman with the freedom of tht
captured the Scorpion packet from Madras city, elegantly embelliQied with emble*
tlie 1 3 tb of January la{(. The foUowiog
genderaen were paiTengers on board die
Scorpion : captajn Braithwaite, (on of
colonel .Braithwafte, to whom Foodi-
chei-ry'wks farreoderedy and who ha4
charge of the colonrs of that fortrefs;
captains Cakes and Manmn|r, lieutenant
Mackenzie, and Mr. Dakj^ late third mate^
and only fur^iving officer of the Winter-t
(on. Mr. Hamilton ^yas tidng hisJbeil
endeavotirs to obtain the releafe of the
above senllemen, but when he Tent his
difpatms off it was quite a matter of lui

matical 'ornaments, and curiouAy wrote
by Mr. Tomkins> indofed in a gold bos
of one hundred guineas value, a^neeably
to the order of comoion council fom*
months ago. ...

When the gold box was delivered by
the chamberlain, the lord-mayor addrcflvd
his lord/hip in a very liindronrte fpeeck.

Xhe marquis returned bis thanks to tbt
lord-mayor^ for the very, flattering man«
ner in which the freedom had been pr^
Tented. The committee then returBdl*
accompanied by the marquis and hit

^ertamty. The following panicutars of friends. The populace took, the hor(ea

the wreck of the Winterton Baft India-
man were tranfmittcd by Mr, Dale^tp Mr,
Hamilton, and by him forwarded to his
inajefty*s mibifters : diat the Winterton
was wrecked off the iilond of Madag^fcar
On the 20th of Au^uit 1792} that 1^0

^m his lordHiip's carriage in Pall-mall^
and drew it to the Maniion boufe.

The lord chancellor and the (peako' of
the houfe of commqns joined the tomniittee
at Temple>bar. On their arrival at tW
Manfion houfe, the marquis took the oatti

of the crew and paiTengers were (aved ; of a citizen. After Which Mr. chamber<
they were feTcn months otf the ifland^ and lain Wilkes addreiled the noble cititen oa
during that time they loft more than half his meritoridus conduA in-tb^ eaft.

their number by ficknels, moit of the paf-
fengers, the captain, and evefy officer but
himlelf ; at the c;cprnition of that time,
they proceeded for Madras, but were taken
by a French privateer ; that be and tv^enty
more were put on board the prlvatirer,^ and
the reft lent to the Mauritius ^ the priva-

A very magnificeiit entertainment was
provided by the lord* mayors The tat>les
were decorated with a ntimber of emble*
matical «rnamenU) from triumphant
archn, warlike trophies, and diftercnt
figures, &c. were fufpended. At ttM
principal table were two hillorical piAures

teer. .vas afterward taken by a Putch ihip, in^^anegated faiuling, of the delivery of

and he arrived at Madras about twelve the hoftagea from the Sultan to marquif

months from the time of the virrec)c. The Cornwallis, and in the key ftone of ai|

Scorpion being then under difpatch, l)e pmamental and very el^nt arch, the

look his palfage on board her,, and was arms of his lord (hip united with the arms

again taken by the French fleet abovs^ and fupporters of loiHlgn. Bvtry thing

mentioned. ' that the ftafon coukl afford, or that art

April 3. could contrive, covered the tables, with

Yefterday the drawing of /the lottery the greateft plenty of the choiceJi wines.

ended at Guildhall, when No. 3i>ooo« The front of the Maufion houiie was iU

being the iaft d^awn, was entiiled to luminatod in a iupeiior way to what it has

1000 1. ufualiybeeni aivl in the centre, betweea

APRI.L 5. the two coiumnat was introduced a rvj

Ml*. Walker, of M.uichefter, who wa« large and exquiiitely well -painted tranl^

)ndi6led for iediuon .at Lancafter affices, parency, of Um delivering of the two (bn$^

was, on Wednefday laft, honourably ac-
. Quitted. One of the witneftes for the pro-
Kcution was committed for perjury.
April 7.
On Saturday^ about tiro o*clock^ the

of the fultan, by the ambaftador, .to thv
marqujs, with ievcral figures a^. large as
life, executed hy Mr» Singleton, under
the dire^ion of Mr, poweU, OQe of tlio
cooimittec.

It r » April

|i6 THE UNIVERSAL, MAGAZINE

Ama 17.

On MoixUy, the tdal ef Mr, Ptn^*
which hat been ib long the fiitile^ of con-
verfation^ for running away with miiii
Cteikt, the heireis^ chm on bcfone tiia
Mcta-dcr of Briftol . Mr. Erikioe apfaar^
•d M his principal coiinicl. • After many
vHtncffet were examined en part «f the
prolfrcution, Mrs. Forry waa called, whidi
was oppeied b^ Mr. N. Bewl, on the
pso-t of rhe profeaition. Mr. Erfliine f»>
fiieU, he wmtld fit in CMtrt tiH the d»y of
« teiurredion, unleft rhey would albw Mrs.
Ferry's evidtnce. Tliis matinr of right
was at langth wkntd to the rsoopder, who
4eMtmioed that, uadir 4ri]. the cireum*
Ibnccs of ,thc cafe^ the evidence iiouht be
idniitted. Mrs. Petty then deciarcd, it
was her ow« wHi and aA to go olF with
Mr. Perry} that ile contrived it, fw Am
Kked his ptfibn and address 9 and ihath^
made her a very aivAionate hulbMid*
AAfT this evideaac, the jury brought in ■
Veniia of-rNot guilty t Mr. and Mt^.
Perry wens than condtiAed to the Bufli
tnn$ where a very elegnnt dinner wae
prepared.— TIic mob cheered theni| and
drew the coach along.

Api^K, s5«

Yeflrrday, at- a cmirt «| aMenncn, Md
tt Guiidh'flly Mr. alderman Clarke intro*
4uced the report fnarn a conmiHtde ap-'
pointed at 4h« laU court to confider what
i)ep6 ure recefliiy to l%e tBkcfi far the de-
fence of fhe city j iccomfMending the rai-
fibj^ of a regiment of infiBtry, and for
thai purpofe that ipoJ»i. he Jubfcrihed |
■t the fame time diciaring it their unani*
moiis opinion^ that the miUtia of the cit)r
nre its piioper aniiitary-clefeBce, and t4iae
the conn •of hetnenaaey be r«quei(?d to
|>ot thtm upon a plan eiTentiat lor its in*
feryal ia^y. He thrn moved the'court to
ftgrire wiA tihe commfttbt in their re*
port.

Mr. Lambe 4nov<|d, that after the word
# Rcpmt' the following be added : ' So far
jis rdaces to the Lonitoii militTa, and to rr*
coiTuntt the confidt ration of iuch addi-
tional aid as may kiem meet to be adopted
for the deience of this city { when the
determination of thtt co»nRiiirioners of
lieutenancy fliaH have been aicertain<>
«d.*

The quelKon on this ameltdnitnt being
pnty was carried in the affinnative. The
4)tM^ion was then piit for agreeing with
tihe repert ib ^ as relatts ift the linden
fnlKtii, See. whi4|i vr^M tlfo ^arrie4 in the
•$ fflative.

April a6.

YeQi^y a court «f .li^tenancy vat.
held at OuridhaH, at which wese prcfeot
the lord mayort 1% ak^siiiieniL and »4
commiflioners. ' The brd ipatjcof- laid
bcfofe'the conrt the piD^ediitf^ of al|i^
comt of common councii, wtereby thqr
rM|ileAed the cotnt of Kentmancy to put
the milhia of this etty on thenftoft refped-
Me footing, and tht Ame were ordoed io
lie u^d the table-.^The i^llowhig ua-
flont were then propofed. by MMhev
Wllfon, efq; aixi adopted, vis.

That a committee be appointed » to con-
fider of .the mcdc of an applictttiop to par-
liament, to enlarge the powers of Uie com-
mi^toners of tiauteitancjr refprAing the
city rtiilhia.

That ft be referred to thefiime commkr
fee, to confider whether any mcaibre can
or *»"ght to be adopted id get a temporary
tn!.*tary ibfce in r^c tity of London ; to
atbertam ^at nnmhers Ibch military force
#ioiild coniift of J and under what rcgoia-
tion if Ihould be efttihlifhed.

Y^erdiy, Thomas Drivtr, * \a cheap
baker^ 10 Brick Krni?, SptaHieidty vras
ftnnmoned before the fitting rt^giftratc, at
the police-office, Lambert -ijrcef. White-
chapel, by the mafler a^fid wardcAs of the
bakers* company,' charged iwirh cxpofing
Utr fale three faaff ped; loaves, wbicn
were deficient in weight fixteen ooqces.
He was convi^ed in the penalty of thr^
ibiUings per ounce.

He was likcwifc conviAed in a penalty
of ten pminds, fpr having a quantity of
allum in his bake-bouiev
April 28.

Advices were received on Saturday at
the Admiralty, that op Wednefday ]aft«
the ioikwsng irigates, tlie Ploi-a, 34 guns,
Commodore Sir J . fl. Warren j Ttie Are*
thura> 36> Sir Edvmrd Pellews te Con-
corde, 36, Capt. 1\ WdU ; Melampa9»
3^, Capt. Coffin $ La Nymph» 36, Cap-
taiti Murray ; iieing of the Seven Iflands.
near Uftiam, i^l in with iour French fri-
gates, and an engagrment inomediately
commenced^ which laAed three hours.

The Ar«thi4ia and the Flora were prin-
cipally enfifaged. The Pomona, cf 44
guns, and Le Bete, of 2»ffitns» at length
iiiinndercd to the brave cSprta of capts;
Wan^n and Paiew. The two French
frigates captain^ hove loft upward of 140
men killed and'woonded. The Arethufs^
had three men killed ^nd the Flora ene|
i^re were not more than five wounded 00
board our t^wftiiof^

FOR APRIL, 1794*'

s»y

The other two French fngatrt, on fee-
ing .tbf fate of their colkagurs, heippk
thtinftlvcs to a ninntng ftght with the
Concorde an4 tbe Melarapus. The La
Nympbe wa« bearing^down on them alio
at faft »s poflible.

I R E L A N P.

Speech of the Lord Lieutenant to both
I)oiifn of Parittoienty on Tuelcl^y,
March 45,

. Nfy Lords and Gentlemen^
The importtm objefb whicb engaged

Jour attention being concluded, lamena^
ifd to relieyt yo« 6rpm lunber attsbd-
ance in paj'liament.

I have ^a inajjefty^ft copunands to ex-
yrpf% hi^ looft entire iati^a£|ioa in the zeal
and unanimity which have governed your
proceedings during;* the pccfent refrion,anU
the cheeriulnc^ with wKicb yuu.have p^o-
vided for the extraordinary emcvgeitciet of
the (btc. This conduA, fo honotuable
to yourfi^lvcs, nouft efltotiaMy tend to pre-
^ve \hf in'tei'nal tranquillity of your coun-
try, to maintain that free conftitution un*
^tr which you enjoy inch indtijnabie
bleflfmes, and.is highly beneficial to tb6
gnienJin(Cf«(l» of the £mpise» and to ^
^onunon canfe of ]^4r«pe«

Gentlemen of the Bovfe of Commons^
I am diie^ed by hit majefty to return
yoo his thanks for the very liberal fuppliet
YOU have voted for the public iervicc.
Vou maf cely on their fiuthful applicarioa
IQ the purpo£et for which tney were
l^ranted.

My Lordt and Oentlemen,
Htt'najefty feels, with the moft cordtal
ploifure, the loyalty of his people of Xre-
knd» and the ai!r<^ionate dcterminatioa
tbev have always ftewn to ftand and fall
witn Great Britain. In the conteft in
which we aiv engaged by the onjinovo)ced
asgrelfion of Fiance, mcafuretolthemoft
vigoroat nature continue to be muiiitej
ajra his majefty will perfevere in ht« ex-
ertions, in coniunAion with bis allies^
againft the oommbn enemy. Under the
iSivine Providence, on the juftice of bif
cau(e/ en the diiciplined valour of his
fleets and armitt| and thtf united effort t
of all his liibjedt, hit noajefty relies for a
favoOrable W\x to a war which, cAi the
part of our encmief> it waged j^aiaft the
envied liberty of theit: kingdoms, and the
c^bliAied government of every ftatc id

I applaud youf wVion in pafling .an
aB for preicrving the property within this
Idngdoin of per(bnt reodent m France .
from becoming the plunder of thp(e who
have.ufurped the government of that un*
happy country. It is peculiarly ourdntf
to fuppotf the fecurity of private property,
and to maint^n the principkt of juftiot^
when do^rines have been advanced, and
attempts endeavoured to be carried iott
execution for the deftru^ion of both#

I am forry to inform yoti, that in (boie
parts of thecoimty of Cork the pet^^
deluded by the artifices of wicked and de«
figning men, have aiTembl^ in numeront "
bodies, apd h^ve compelled many to take
unlawftlf oaths. The timely exertions of
the maeiftrates, aided by the (pirited con-
du£l of his majefty *s regular and militia
forces,^ have nearly fupprefTed tho(e dif-
tnrbances. No attention ih^ll be wanting •
on my part to the pratefiion of the peace*
able and tnduftriout, aild to the punifli-^
ment of oftendert againft the htw, and
dpeclally of thoCt wl^ have inftigated the
ignorant t» the coro^itflion ef iiich dan-
gerous crimes.

* The early conclafion of theieflioo will
enable you. in your refpefUve countiet, to
enforce a due obedience to tha lawt, an4
to inculcate thatfpirit of loyalty to the
king, and attachment to our happy con«
4itution, which hat fo eminently diftin-
guifhed your condufl. |

I am truly lienfible of the repeated tefti-
monies I have received of your confidenct
and fuppoft^ for which t ret^im you ny
moft (inceiie thanks, and (ball eodeavonr
to enfure their continuance by employing
every ppwer with which I am invefled ibr
the maintenance of the public tranquillity^
9fld liie advanttge of this king4om» and
by faithfully repreieming to hit majefty
yoor unmnitting attention to the welfare
of Ireland, and your unanimout exertiooa
lor the general cavfe ^the eii^Mft«

BANKRUPTS. From tltt Oasitt^*
March a^^

A&thar Waller, of ^uodwidi, in Kent,
teedfman.
Thomas ^Dooeypf Manchtflor, dealer^
Thomat Cam, of Ro^borough, Glou^
cefterfliire, clothjer.

Jstmtt MiUt and Kenry MiiUy ^ Man*
cheftcr, muilin-manufa^lurert*
. Ralph pone, o£Manchefter» dealer*

George Afttton, of JUverpopl» Uvcry^
ftable-man.

Joseph Yatet, of Warp&rd«coiiit, i«
Thit>pMtoo-ik«t| BKrchmt.

3«*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

AFRit 1.

' John Rice, of Hampfiear!, vl£lu.illcr.

Catharine Thofley, of Manchcfter,
dealer in ctiina.

JohnPanton, ofj^udgate-ftreet, woo]-
Irn-clraper.

' John Richardfon, of Kidderminftcr, in
Worcefterfhire, liicn-dr:»pcr.

John benfon, of Kingh/rear,'in Dcvon-
■fiiii-e, merchant.

Jofepli Howdt, of Fetter- lane, Holborn,
carpenter^

Samud Booth, of Adam- ftreet, Mary •
bone, pinfter.

ApRtt 5.

Willbni Kenry Parker, of Hereford,
bookieiler.

Jofliua Janfon WaddJngton, of Rat-
difte-highway, hatter.

Andrew Webb, of Tower- ftrccii Lon-
Am, Ihlp-brokcr.

John Harding, of Bakbampftead, io
Hertfofdffiire, fhopkeepcr.

Henr>' Andrews, of Elftead, in Surry,
mealman*

Thon:»as Roberts and John Roberts, of
RbTs in Herefordihire, (hopkeepers.

Robert Grayfon, of Derby, mercer.

James Lawlon, and Andrew Tomlin,
ef Manchefter, merchants.

BeFJamin Hafelwood, of Wolverhamp-
fon» ioStaffordftitre^ fteel-manufa£lurer.

Jclm Lawtoin Salmon, of Nantwich, ip
fchefhire, cbeefe- factor.

Richard Spnngfofd, of Hari-ftreet,
Crof«cnor-fquarc, coachmaker.

Thomas Searle, ot Bridge- ftrcct, Lam-
lietb, . riftvaller.

April S.

Thomas Roberts, of Rofs, in Here-
fcriiihrre, ftaymaker.

Benjamin Cotton, tif Weybread, in
Sttflblk, brickmaker.

Jacob Stanton, of Wej'brcad, in Snf-
JWk, miller.

Lewis Richards, of Dovcr-ftreet, St.
George, Hanover- fquare, perfumer.

wTiliaro Cunnington, of Sloane-ftreet,
ChtKea, builder."

Tiyomas Croome, of Lamb's Condurt-
ftrrct, Holborn, haberdaflier.

John Frt^man Jones, of Swinbrook,
m Oxfordlhire, dealer in cattle.
April 12.

WrlKam Throfl'eH the elder, of March,
witlwn the Ifle of Ehr, cai^enter.

Robert Bctfon, of Birmrngham,faftor.
■ James Betts the younger, of Ipfwich,
iff &n€blk, . (hip-builder.

John "lioward, of Little Hayficld, in
Perbyihirr, whitefmitht

April 15.
Charles Hay ward, of Lineola, haber*
daffier.

Janie^ Atkinfon, of Tlieddletbiope» is
Linco)n(hire, jobber.

Jvini Hanfon, of Seropting, in Sudex*
corn -chandler.

John Robinfon, •f Liverpool^ ikii-'
maker.

John Heaid, and Richard Torner, ef
Manchefter, ftaypakers.
• Robert Allen, of Weodon Beck« ia
Noithampfftmdiire, (alefman.

Thomas Shave> of Ipfwich, £ickifig«
mamifafhjrcr.

Humphrey Httrophreys, of Liverpool,
flax-dreuer.

Thomas- Gibbs, c{ WorceHer^ butcher,
|ames Giffard, of the Deviaes^ ia
Wittfllire, apotliecary.
' April 19.

John Thomas, of FalUmall, specbe-
cary.

,|ohii Butler Hal), of Beaufort-bdild-
ings, Strand, violet fi>ap.nianufa6lurer.

George Spurgin, of Ruoitbiid, in ElTcz,
innholder.

William Kendall* of Manchefter-ftreer,
Mancbdler-fcjuare, buiMer.

James Lewis, of Ifltngton, wheelwrigfat.
John Carter, of Stockport, in CMbin,
timber-merchant.

Aprix 41.
Parrenelle dc la Maybe, of Edward-
ftreet, Maryl>onc, dealer.

John Newcorabe, of Sti Philip and
Jacob, in Worccfter, comfaRor.

- WiUiam Gibfon the younger, erf" Tidcf-
well, in Derby ihire, eotton-manufiafhjrav
John Milk, and Edward Mills, of
Mtncheftcr, colton-manufa6turcrs. .
April a6.
WiUiam Buck, of White- ftreet, in the
Borough t)f Son thwark, vjftoaller.

J6hn Prilchahl, of Peterborough, in
Northamptonihire, fadler.

Richard Glover, of Leiccfter, vi£^ualler.
Samuel Stone, of Nottingham, cord«
wainer.

'triiomas Crouch, of the Strand, milli-
ner.

Thomas Winter, of Bedwardine, «
Worcefterftiire, gloT&-manufa£^ur?r.
P*«ilip Weeks, of Brirtol, vi^uallcr.
John Frith, of Halttead, in Effex, inn*
keepr;-.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

CUli van's View of Nature, in Letters to
^ a Traveller among the Alps, 6 v^l'
|?o, al. %%,

thincan and P9ggy» & vol. x'xmo.

7s.

Ducima, a Comic Opera, i s. 6d.

Gallic of Andalnfia^ a Comic Opera^
as. 6d,

Wild Oats, a Comedy, is« id.

Maid, of .Noimandy, a Tragedy*
IS. 6d.

Lectures oi each Chapter of the Gof-
peU, i%mo. 48.

Johrr(lon*8 Commentary on the Reve-
lation of St. John, % vol. Svo. x«9.

Newcomers Vievv of EogU^ Biblical
Tranflations, Svo. 9s.

j^reibn's Poetical Woi^ks, « vol. Sw.
i»a. ,

Seymour and Molly, ximo. ^b. 6d.

Confeflaons of J. 4. Coa^ea^is % vol.
lamo. 9s.

^ilen, Counters of Caftic Howvll, 4 vol.
laiDo. 14s. •

Piozzi^s BritifhiSynonomy, a voU Svo*

Hutton^s InvtfHg^atioi^ of the Princi-
ples of Knowledge, 3 vol. 4to. 3U 1 58.
boards.

fiimter*8 Confiderations on the^Cauitw
and Zfk&z oi tfaa ppefent War, ^a.

The Former and Preient Stale of the
principal Public Offices, 35. 6d.

Haunted Cadle, a Norman Romanoe,
a vol. isnio. 6s»

Shrine of Bertha, a v^. 1 2 mo. 7s.

Frederic Rifbcrg, a vol. izmo. 7%*

Throiby's Hit&ry of Leictibr, 4(0.
il. xxs. 6d. fewed.

Fontainville Forcd, a Pla^, ifi. 6d.

^ihthorp*s Floni Oxoiueniis, Latin,.
Svo. 7«.

Howard*8 Every Tradefman his own
Lawyer, Svo. 3s, fcwed.

Lord Hawktibury's Difcourfc on the
Eftahhihmcnt of a National and ConAi-
L* tional Force in England, %$, ^

Account of the Method and Ex pence
of cultivating the Sugar Cane in Bcugai,
38.

Bi7ant*8 Obfervations upon the Plagues
«f Egypt, Svo. 8s.

Courtenay*s Pr^ent State of the- Man-
tiers, &c. of France and Italy, in Poeti-
cal Epiiiles, zs. 6d*

Foot*8 Life of John Hunter,^ Svo.
6s. 6d.

Aihr^mures of Henry Fitzh'erbeit,
xamo. 3s«

P'-rtcus' (Bifliop) Sermons, vol. 2, 6s.
oards.

Roberts' Correal ions of Var.ius Paf-
fagfS In the 0. 1 Tcliamcnt, Svo. 6s.

Beirs Treacifc on the H>droct;le, kt.
9vo« 5s •

FOR APRIL, 1794. 319

AVERAGE Prices or cork<,

April 19, 1794'

By die Standard Winchcfter Quarter of
Eight Buflieis.

INLAND COUNTIES,

Wl^eat. Rye. Barlty. Oks.

1. J.

«. ^.

t. d.

s. d.

'Mi4dle|ex

\^i '»

3« 7

•5 5

Surry *
Hereford

51 ^

5' .*

34 * a »5 4

1^ S 9. r -^

49 5

34 °

-J ■■'

Bedford

49 I'

--- —

" !

*5 "

Huntingdon

47 4

.——p.

ji 8

»3 4

Kortbamptoa

49 »*

}6 0

3» z

S3 0

Kud«nd
Leiccllcr

5» 0
54 4

H t

23 4r

24 7

— -.1.1^

N.idngbain

55 t

40 a

36 0

24 »

Derby

55 9

• — ^

lit

«3 9

Sfafl'ord

56 I.

« ■«—

H 7

Satop

53 3

48 a

40 624 a

H:rcford

S« 7

40 c

37 1

^i "^

WorcefTcr

S3 ic

56 a

40 0

Warwick

57 6

^9 *

Wilts
Berks

44 ^

50 10

33 0
33 4

-—*.-.

Oxford

53 ^

-i ..»

33 »

Bucks

5« 4

-i....

33 »

Brecon

54 4

44 « 3» '«>

4» 3

36 to

Radaor

50 1

34 1

maritii

AZ COUNTIES.

EHcx

49 4

33* •

33 »

!! ♦

Kent

47 5

3^ 9

? 2i

Suflcjc

46 3

-— •

32 a

»s «

Suffolk

48 $

29 c

SI >

»s •

Cvmbridge •

46 7

-— —

30 I

» J

Norfolk

4<; 8

30 8

18 10

*^ 7

4« II

41 c

3» a

»o 1

York

45 «o

36 S

30 II

*« I

Durham

43 <5

30 so

«9 ,

Northumberland

+3 8

35 0

26 c^

»9 '

Cuinberlaad

56 4

43 4

28 IC

i» s

Weft/T'orland

55 a

42 c

31 0

*« 3'

CheOer .

56 9

34 1*

i» 0
»» s

JO 0

~* ^^T-

Flint

53 *

..^-^

38 4

*2 s

Denbigh

Angldca

5A 4

— —

40 10
3a 0

14 »

49 ^

t}«iniarvi>n

54 0

40 c

30 0

>« 6

Merioneth

56 6

42 S

40 c

»o ,

Cardigan

Pembroke

Carmaribea

49 3
46 2
56 c

34 2

iZ a
18 3
36 c

•3 >»

't *

GiaffKngan

5» 6

-._

^1 I

1 6

Gibucefter

$3 «>

— --«

}6 b

»» >

Suoierlet
Monn»outh

5» 7

-—

33 '«

35 -

1* «

54 9

Devon

53 »

--—

^9.H

1 »

Cornwall •

53 4

'7 5

<6 ,

Durfet

47 a

-—

50 -9

*i ^

bancs

47 5

—

J» 5,

i? .4

Peck

Loaf«

lf.^<

i.

ParcKt

Illlllllllllllllllllll

4

t4 m

II

H It M C«

it

O

CO

CO

(4

1

II

Ml
II

t^

9 j5 o c 0*0* I o

iI'lBebooooooooooob

Ittt

liilM

i^lll

II

1-
I-

OC OO OO OnOC 00

rt « « -' - t^ cj -^ « «w

o

- - tt m

ilj

l^t

III
lU

■♦ * 4A«".|«» »^^.^*^■^'■»< Hi» t>r»HrM»

«4(« t^t^ I H«

I

3

I^ays"

M On M M cl m *<#■ lO C^ W 3N O » c« ^ •^^ r»5pO 9< - c» m ^ *rv>£>

ll._

•C ^

il

-^

i|

«««
II

'U

•£■-«
^*

If

si
'I
it

^;

Tbe Univbhsal Maoazinb for May, 1794.' 311

ObsBR VATioNS on the Cmarac^-er ^^HenRV iife Fourth o/Fiznct^
JljUd the Gredtt IVith a begutiful Copper- Plate npr Renting a au^
morahk Incident in the Life rftbat tUuJhrioui Prince. '

THE French natioiit befere tbe
Itte rerolution* were remark-
able for a veneration for their fove*
rcigiu, which bordered upon idolatry.
It feemed iufficiedt to be a monarch
to be entitled to all the exprdCons of
admiration which adulation could in-
vent. Poets, fidorians, and men of
lettery., were as much diftrngniihed
for this Jndifcriminating homage as
the lowed perfoxis i^oug the vnlgar.
To be virtuous was out of the quef«
tidnrf.to be oAentatious and fplendid
waifafficient» in their eftimation, to
render their prince great and glorious ;
nor &\ they fcrupfe to invell him with
the nobled attributts of wifdom and
nugnanimity; and>almoft with oroni-

^ potence, Lewis the fburteenthy a
weak and profligate ingot, who ruined
\!^ country hK hu intolerance and
prof^on, aiw" by his foreign in-
trififties and witrs, took for his device
a iun illaminatin^ the globe, with this
motto, < l^u fZerihus /m^o;'— Equal
to more worlds than one.' The cele-
brated Bouhours, in his ' Entretiens
d'Arifte&d'Eugene,' thus cxpreflcs,
not merely hb own fentiments; but
that of the nation at lam, on this
arrogai)t device: * It muf be allow-
ed,' faid Eugenius, * that none but
our auguft monarch «ts entitled to af-
fujpie this heroic device.* • Indeed,'

* ^nfwered Arilius, • this great prince
could not poffibly have taken a more
iDuftrions fymbcl, nor one more wor-
thy of him, than the Sun : that htau-
tiful lumiHary is his real portrait *
Can any thing be more fulfome than
this flattery? Yet the national vanity
of the French, inllead of ^b&fng dif-
gufled, was highly gratified by it.

Henry the ^urth, hoWevcr, dc-
fcrvedly ftylcd the Great, was long
and judly the obje6i 6( their vcnera-
llon ; and nothing lefs than a refcla-
tion, which at once fiibvencd the
cbrore, the churchy and the ftate.
Vol. xciv.

could have thrown down the tfatae of , .
this illttflriotts monarch, which ,wa«
once the ornament of the Pont Neitf
%i Parii. Nature had bedowedl all
her advaougcs upon him with the ut-
moft profu&n. His flature was fo
happy, and his limbs formed with fuchi
proportion, as conflitutet not only
what is called a well made man, bqc
indicates ftrength, vigour, and aco.
tivity. His complexion was ani-*
mated : all the Ibeaments of his fitca*
had that agreeable vivacity, which
forms a fweet andhappy phyfiognomy,
and ^itsitQXy fnited to that engaging
eafmefs of manners, which, tiiough
fometimes blended with majefly, never
loft the graceful aflability, and.eafy
gaiety* fo natural to this great prince/
He was candid, fincere, grateful, com-
paffiobate, generoas„ wife, penetran
ting; in a word, endued with the
greatefl and moil amiable qualities.
He loved all his fcbjedls as a father^
and ^ whole |bte-^as the ffead of a •
family; and this d^fpofitidn it was,'
that recalled him, even from the mid ft
of hir pleafures, to the care of ren-
dering his fubjedts happy^ Hence
proceeded his teadinels in conceiving,
and his indullry in perfefliog, a great
number of the moft ufeful regulatipns*
In fine, there were no condit;on9|[ *
employments, or profeilioDS, to which
his refledtions did not c5ctend ; and
that with Ach dearnei^ ^d penetra*
tion, that the changes lie had pro-*
je£^u*d could not be overthrown by the
death of their author. ' It was his,
Az^rt,^ he faid, * that glory mightf
influence his laft year$, and mako
them, at once, ufe^uI to the worlds
and acceptable to God.' His was a
mind, in which the idels of what was
great, uncommon, and beautiful, .
ieemed to rife fpontaneoufly . . TheP^
great qualiti^, however, were con-
trailed by great faults. * Thefc,* fay*
his celebrated miniller^ the duke of
SV SttDi

lirt.^

^ia

THE UNIVERSAL MAGA

Sully, in his admirable memoirs,
« were his paflion for women ; his
attachment to gaming; his gentle*
ncfs, vkhich often carried him to
weaknefs ; and his propeniity to every
kind of pleafure. 1 have neither dif-
guifed the faults they made him com-
mit, the fooUQi expences into which
they led him, nor the time they made
him wafte ; but I have likewife ob-
ferved, to do juitice to both fides, that
^\l thefe have been greatly exagge-
rated by his enemies. It he were,
aa they fay, a ilave to women, yet
they never reenlated his choice of
miniUers, decided the deftiny of bis
Servants, or influenced the delibera-
tions of his coancil. As much may
be faid in extenuatior^ of all his other
fanks. In fine, what he has done is
fufHcient to ihow, that the good and
bad in his charader had no propor-
tion to each other ; and that fmce ho-
nour and fame have alw<iys had power
enough to tear him from pleafure,
we ought to acknowledge them to be
bis great and ruling pamons.'

The annexed plate reprefents a me-
jnorable paflage in the life of thu

prince. He had feduced the daughter
of an officer at Rochelle, whidi had
difgraced a worthy family, and given
great offence to the people of that
city. Juft before a battle, wbea
prayers were going to be read in front
of the line, a proteftant minifter, hit
chaplain, took the liberty to remon-
Arate to him, that he could not ex-
ped that the Divine Being wpuld fa-
vour his arms, if he did not previoofly
afk pardon for this offence, and re-
pair the fcandal which he had given
by the moft public fatisfadion. The
king heard this renonftrance vath the
greateft humility, fell upon his knee,
implored forgivenefs of God, and de-
fired all to witnefs his contrition, and
his folemn aft'urance chat, if Provi-
dence fpared his life, he would re.
pair, as much as poflible, the injury '
he had done. All who were preient
at this uncommon fcene, were melted
into tears ; and there was fcarce one
who would not have devoted his
life for a prince, who thus evinced
fuch inilant readincis to do juflice to
his inferiors.

jt New Description of the City ^Glasgow:

Philofsphical Refli^ions.

With interefling

[From Letters on a Tour through various Parts of Scotland, by
J.-Lettice, B.D.*]

. LETTER V.

Glafgow, Aug. 18, 1792.

LEAVING Hamilton, we pro-
ceeded to Glafgow, through a
well cultivated and pleafant country :
of its beauty/ however, too much has
been faid by fome travellers. At the
diflance of only two miles from the
town, our view of it was interrupted
by iarge plantations of £r. Having,
at length » paifed them, and a multi-
tude of Alnking brick-kilns in black
fucceflion, for half a mile farther, we
afterward traverfed a dirty flrcct,
430nfijlHng of brick-makers cottages.

* See our lail cumberi page i^,

and crowded, at the moment, by thefe
ufeful manufkdlurers. Before we had
advanced far beyond this unpromifing
fcene, we were fuddenly farprifed by
a coup a*af/io(hie lofty houfes, wide»
and beautifully paved flreets, many
of them running to a great length till
their fides meet in perfpeftive, and
others at right angles to thefe;
the whole crowned with turrets and
fpires of churches, and of public build-
ings, rifing lightly and gracefully into
the air. , The throng and movement
of the numerous and bufy inhabitants
of Glafgow, wonderfully animated the
fpcdUclc, as wc went forward.' At

lengthy

FOR MAY, 1794.

S«3

kngth, miking oar way through the
* flrepitumque ac flfata viaruin,' we
fouhd ourlelves under the lofty tower
of the Tolbooth $ and alighting at the
piaz;pa which joins it, fupported by
handfome columns, we entered the
tontine hotel behind them ; a houfeof
public acconunodation, vyorthy of this
magnificent city. Its name imports/
that it was built by fubfcriptionj r^ifed
on the modern fcheme of furvivor-
ihip: and no fmall fum muft have
fumced to carry this eflabliihment to
its prefent flate ; although the new
Aables, and (bme dthers of its append-
ages, are yet incomplete, or remain
to be^ ^dded. ' Several apartmentSj,
confifHng of large dining*rooms, bed-
chambers, ice. neatly Srnilhed, and
£t for the reception of the moft dif-'
tsnguifhed travellers, occupy a con*
fi^erable portion of a large court ;
removed backward from the noife of
the ftrect The reft of the houfe
branches out in different dire6Uons ;
and contains an infinit)' of rooms and
offices on the feveral flories. But all
were nearly full, or elfe previoufly en-
gaged on f)ur arrival, yefterday after-
noon; and we were uncertain, for
fomc" Jiours, whether beds could be
found us within the precinds of the
hotel. But an unexpeded departure,
or two, toward the evening, fortu-
nately made room.

We had time this morning to exa-
jnine at leifare an important member
of our hotel, which had, yefterday
evening, excited our curio tity, as we
contemplated it from our dining-room
window oppoiice. A grand bow,
fighted by five lofty faihes, projeds
into the court of the hotel: all we
could then perceive through them, was
a fpace apparently confid . rable, with
9 number of figures fitting. Handing,
or walking about. On entering, we
found a room of fevcnty or eighty feet
in length, with correfpondtng di-
penAohs of height and breadth ; hav-
ing another vaft window on one of its
fi<KS, mingling its auxiliary light with
thofe of the b^. This was no other
fhai^ ihe ^reai f^bfcription ^xM^

room; fupported by certain annual
contributions of more than fix hun-
dred of the principal citizens of GUf"
gow, and memtx^rs of the unlver£ty^
Half the newfpaDcrs of London, and
Gazettes from Ireland, Holland and
France* and a number of provincial
journals, and chronicles of ScotIan4
and England, be/ide reviews, magar
zines, and other periodical publica*
tions, are . objedb of the fubfci iption» '
At the daily arrival of the poft, ^a-
more ftirring, lively, and anxious
icene can hardly be imagined. Bat
no part of the dav pafies without fome
concourfe of fubicriber<, or of ilrang*>
ers at the hotel, whom their liberality
permits freely to partake the benefit^
of the room. At thofe hours, wh^n
the news of the mbrning. may be faid
to have grown cold; the monthly
publicatioDS claim attention in their
turn ; or people meet for the fake of-
looking up their acquaintance, or of '
engaging in cafual parties of convert*
fation.

As foon as breakfaft was over, wt
haftened to the college, with a letter
from one of my friends in London, to
Dr. Patrick Wilfon, profeflbr of aftro-
nomy ; to wliofe pohte attentions we
were much indebted during our vifit
to Glafgow ; and particularly for his
having made us known to the cele-
brated Dr. Keid, profe/Tor Cummins,
and other literary charaders of merit,
attached to, or educated in that learnv
ed feminary.

The college is a venerable build-
ing, much in the ^y\c of the more
ancient ones at Oxford. Its gothic
ornaments, toward the ftreet,. have
an original aid impofing e^6t. The
college confiils of three courts, and
has a large garden, in which is lituated
its obfervatory, en a riiing ftation*
This college, which forms the. uni-
verfity, was founded about the midr
die of the fifteenth century, uncjcrthp.*
aufpices of James II, l)ut w^^ built
4nd endowed by TurnbulJ, bi&op of
G lafgow. Few of the young ft udeiits
refide within the myalls i, but coro^
every day daring the fcilioni, from
S I :^ their

$H

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ihdr lodgings in the city, to attend
'the le^ofes of the prof^Son; for
wholfe accommodation the private a-
partments are chiefly deilined ; as the
public are for their lediire rooms^
^eir library, the council chamber,
^d repofltory of their philofophical
apparatas, and natoral hiilory. t
liave ieen no repoTitory of this kind in
gay nniverfity. either at home or a-
IfToad, toiore abundantly furnilhedwith
\ Snathemarical, mechaniptl, and opti-
cal inftrumeuts, and every fore of ma-
chinery, or model, requifite for the
iHnftration of fcience; nor any fo
iKgiveably and conveniently arranged,
as this In the c6lIeVe of Glal^w. It
15, inde^dj a fplchdid colle^oh ; and
few, perhajps, have been rendered
xnore focceftfully (uhfervient to the
pnrpofes, for which they were de-
iigned. Several of the profclfors hold
'diitinguilbed rank in the republic of
ktters; and, by their enlightened
Views of feience, and readv addrefs in
applying It to the bufinefs of life, to
Its avily commercial, and economical
klRairs; they have long had the repu-
tation of contributing, not lefstib tlie
•general intcrefls of fociety, than to
*thofe of the literary world in particu-
lar. ' The celebrated Maclaurin, who
received his education in this feroi-
liary, w&s one inflance, among others,
c$f this Happy faculty of adapting th^
profband theories of Icience to the fer-
vice of common life.'. This he did in
cl)nilrdcHi)e, artd perfecting vanous
imachibes for the working of Aines,
br the improvement of man ufadlurcs;
For the conveyance of water, and the
execution of other public works. Nor
Ihould we forget his calculations, to
eftabliQi anhmtiej, in ^Scotland, for
the benefit of widows, on the annual
paynfent of certain fums,' by the pof-
lefibrs of ecdefiaitical Benefices, pro-
{eflbrfliips ^d other life-ioeomes.
'• Profeflfor Wilfon had the goodnefs
to (hew us. amon^ many other acade-
. biical objeAs, the obfervatory. Which
h UHmediatcly within his own depart-
ifaenC'^'All the inore ufeful, or at
leaft; ncbeflar;^ inftrajncots, as £»•

tants, mural ^uadr^ntSi traDfit-|^
Sec. you win imagine cannot be want-
ing here ; but t&t which be wiflie4
store particularly to give as infpe&ioo
of. was a noble telefcope of Dr.
Herfchers conlYrudlion, of ten toti in.
length, and o^as many inches in diar-
meter. He obligi ngly expiainen fome
of its principal pomts of fuperibiity
above thoie invented by former aftro^
nomers, fufiiciendy to impreis a verr
high idea of its merit. As a'plate o|
the telefcop*, and al(b many teclini*
cal terms, would l>e ne<(e{(ary to coa-
vey his obfervations, I muft poi at^
tempt to be more particular.— Th^
Itand, on which ic was placed, in-
vented likcwife by Dr. HerrcKd, dit
played much ingenuity ; being (b con-
trived as to move, or to fix the inltru*
nient, in any direction required,* bj
tlie ealieft and fimplefl means. Dr.
JKerfchel, as 1 underflood the pro(e£b^,
conftrufli his telefcopes of thefe par-
Cicular dimenfions^ including the ex-
ter'nal machibcrv, for two hundred
pounds. That, which he has been
fome years making for his majefty, it
to be fbrtv feet iii length, and will be
calculated to colled a much greater
quantity of light than any fbnner in-
ftrument of the kind; and this, in^
deed, is fuppofed to be one of the
chief objects and advantages propofcd
in its extraordinary dimenfions.

Mr. profeflbr Cummins favoured as
with a fi^ht of the ononumental Hones
taken chiefly from the £uiioas wall,
Extending, according to Camden, from
the Forth to Dumbiutou ; which Fonnr
ed the limit of the Roman conqoe&
in Britain, in the reign of Antoninus
Pius. ' They were found, k great part
of them,' not many years ago, by the
workmen employed in the grand junc-
tion of the Forth and the Clyde.
They are carefully pre&rved in Cafes,
in a place fet apart for them within th^
precmds of the cbUege, As a fmaO
book of engravings his been made
from them, in which the figore of
each is reprefented with it) infcr^
tidn, ypn will diipeniewith aminater
account. I^ia enongh for me to havq

FOR MAY, 1794.

^ntjed aoji bv wi^at m^mp^ ca4ofitT
^aiy be gratified^ reCpediDg tbefe
curious and valuable rehques of anti-

. <iuity. Now I am (peaking of works
of art, I cannot help mentioning a
medal&ou of Dr. Rcid^ ^hich was
Jhewn us by Dr. Wilfon, in^mediately
after he had introduced us to that
eminent metaphyiictan. It is well
executed ^n the ftyle of the Roman
profiles upon ancient medals, and wUl
hereafter be fondly regarded by his
inany friends and difc^ples' as a me-
poriai of the venerable prot^r,
when that and his works alone iball
remain to tell, how he looked* or
what he thought* The celebrated

. original has now feen upward of four-
score years, and flill retains a re-
ijpedlable command of all hb faculties ;
his fenfe of hearing excepted* His
inetaphyficat character and opinipn;^
are well known from his works ; par-
ticularly his difagreement with Locke«

, on the fubjefl of innate ideas, and his
fubltitution of pertain inftindive prin-
ciples or faculties, through which he
^ould derive them, in order the bet-
ter to combat the fcepticifm of Hume,
and the ideal fyllem of Berkeley.
That he was^ formerly profdTor of
fnathematics in one of the Scottifli
liniveriities, and a moil diftbguiflied
adept in that fcience is lefa known of
him in England. That his charader
as a man is very amiable, I infer
from never hearing him fpoken of,
but with aAe6tion and eDeem.

From the college we went to viiit
^he cathedral, faid to be the only go-
thic church remaining entire in North
Britaui. It is a buildine of great
magnitudes fituateon an ekvatedicite
to the north of the old towii. Its
length llrikes the eye more than its
other dimenfions. It has a fine fpire,
which, having been rent by l^btning,
is in feme parts held together by
cram^ of copper. The hoLd and
lofty arches of the interior edifice,
ibrmed by the concurrent raar»ification|
of oppofiCe columns, would exhibit a
perfpeftive of the mofi magnificent
^ffip^ were it oot abnoft ctefkroyed

S«5

by. a oartition, which dWides the oU
church into two. The &ats and gal*
leries in each help alfo to conceal, or
deform th^ original defign. To carry,
this parfimony of fpace,, uis fi^r as it
vould go, and diat^ whatever facri-
£pes he o&red in di^is temple« thetf
may be npne to the pride pf the eye,
lU ancient vaults have been converted
into a third church;. the windows of
which, being nec^flarily ne^r the
ground, admit, according to the poet's
expreifion, with doubtfeis propriety
9tpp2ic^ble i^ere^

« Naught (ave a dim religious light.*

The crowd of pews below, and g;al«>
leri^s hanging from the f^pukhral
arches above, confiderably aid the
native gloom of the [.lace. . Into this
lower region it i^ that the young
clergy ofGlafgow often modeitiy de-
fcend to make, not the firil di^lay^
but the firil trial of their' talenu. Thp
young divine n/?eds certainly be undei^
no apprehenfion of fafiog a^ j^ojigre* .
gation, whom he can^ibt lee, aiwl whp
cannot fee him. In a place peculiarly
deftined for the communication ' of
light oi&e can hardly «(oi)<ler at the
obiervation of a wag* who faid, < It
was rather odd, to find both parties
here fo much in the dark.' How far
it may bs needful fo .tenderly to con-
fult the diffidence of novices, where
the clergy, though well trained for
the fimdions of the miniftry, are ex-
pend to preaqh. without notes, they*
are bed able to judge, who have
adopted this arrangement ; but I con-
fefs, that in dcfcending into this fub*
terraneous, church, fo peculiarly cal-
culated to give effefl to a funeral ha-
rangue, 1 could not but imagine, till
otberwife inform^, that it was pro-
bably deflined folely to this mournful.
uTe. My refpedable friends at Glai^
gow, or any other of its worthy citi-
zens, who may happen to read this
letter, will candidly account for the
imprelhon made upon a Granger, by
the present economical humiliation of
this once magnificent edifice oonfe*-
Gcated to the worihip of.God^ when

they

3»^

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

they recollect the «dininitioQ unWer-
fttty excited in triTcUers by the beauti-
fbl and exptnhvt ftrchitetittit of their
new dty in fabfervience to the pur-
pofes of men*

The citizens of Glafgow ftiH con-
dnne to bury thdr dead in the coeme-
teries, which farround their churches ;
an inconvenient and pernicious cnftom
in populous places, and which one
conkl hardly have expeded fiill to pre-
vail, in a town of fuch weU regulated
police, as Glaigow.

We (aw workmen very bufy in pull-
ing down a grand ruin near the ca-
thedral; the remains of the epifcopal
palace. But this will occafion you no
forprife ; as every body knows how
little partiality the inhabitants of
North Britain entertain for the epif-
copal order, and all its appendages.
The demdition of this ancient build-
ing, happens, however, to have ori-
ginated m the prefent cafe, not in
any bigotted prejudice againft objeds
of this nature ; but folefy in the in-
tention of the magifirates to render the
materials ferviceable in the ere^on
of their new hofpital; the plan of
which is very compiehenfive, and
meant to unite all the conveniendes
in point of conftru6tion, and advan-
tages, with regard to the accommo-
dation and treatment of patients,
which the moll approved hofpitals
hitherto founded, have been known to
pofiefs.

The old town lies on the dedivity
of a h'^1, chiefly beneath the cathedral.
Its uncouth and antique appearance
give the fame advantage of contraft to
the new one, which a beautiful yOung
woman receives from (landing neit

her great grandmother. The olct
gentlewoman, in the prefent com-
parilbn, feems worn and flirivcllcd
with age, and probably occupies Ida
ipace than in the days of her youth ;
while the blooming beauty of this laft

feneration, with her hoop, her train,
er airs, and ornaments a la mo^'r,
like a birth-day figure at court, is
fwollen out to the moft important di-
menfions, and would as we &y, make
three of her .aged relative on the
hill.

The commencement of the new
town is to be dated foon after the
onion of the two kingdoms. It has
kept gradually defcendin^ from the
old one to the river ; the iource of its
bring, its commerce and its pro(pe-
rity. Having at length reached the
Clyde, it has continued fpreading
eaftward along its banks to a breadth
of three quarters of a mile on the
right; and now taking in the village
of Anderton, extends upward of two!
miles in length from its andent wef*
tern boundary, where we firft Entered
it. Every part of this large fpace is
not equally covered with houfes at
prefent; but probably will be in a
few years. For the rage of building, .
which perhaps out- runs the increafeof
inhabiunts, now computed at 60,000^
is greater if poflible than in London.

Inftant ardentes Tyrii ;-pars duccrc ma«

ros,
■ et manibus fubvolvcre iaxa,

Piftrs optare locum te^io —
Fundainenta locaiTt alii, iramanefq} co-

lumnas
Rupibus excidunt.

yiRG.L4i3. «

[To be conduded in our next. ]

Jn InUriftlng Account of the Behaviour of two Esquimaux Inpiaks,
who Wire brought to London^ in the Year 1772.

THE following Account is taken work, contains many intereiling par-

firom * A Journal of Trai&fac* ticulars, both of the country and its

tions and Events, during a Refidenoe inhabitants, not hitherto known ; and

of nearly fixteen Years on the Coaft the fdlowing account gives a very

of Labrador, by George Cartwright, -Jiatural, and, at the fame time, vtrf

EfQ. in three TQ^umes Ato.' This Qai|oQa a^cooi^ gf the ideas of a fa-

ya^«

FOR MAY, 1794.

J«7

vagc mind on the firft view of the
%orks of his fpecies m a ftate of re*
inement and civilization :

•Dec. 1773. Friday 11, to Sun*
day 13.— At three o'clock this after-
noon we came to an andhor io the
Oowns, and took a pilot on board.
We failed from thence the next morn-
ing, and in twenty- four hours came
to an anchor in Gravefend road; I
landed with the two men, and fet off
for London in a poft-chaife^ where we
arrived at three in the afternoon.
' 'Monday 14.T-I went down the
river this morning, met the veffel in
the Pool, and brought the women on
fliore. They were greatly aftoniihed
at the number of (hipping which they
iaw in the river; for they did not
fuppofe that there were fo many in
the whole world : but I was exceed-
ingly difappointed to obferve them
pafs through London-bridge without
taking much notice of it. I foon dif-
covered that they took it for a natural
rock which extended acrof& the river/
They laughed at me when 1 tdd them
it was the work of men ; nor could
I make them believe it, till we came
to Blackfriars-bridge, which I caufed
them to examine with more atcencion ;
file wing them the joints^ and pointing
out the marks of the chifels upon the
ftones. They no fboner comprehend-
ed by what means fuch a ftrufture
could be eredled, than they expreiTed
their wonder with' aftonilhing figni-
ficancy of countenance.
* * On landing at Wcftminfter-bridjrc,
we were immediateiy furrounded by
a great concourfe of people ; attradV
ed notpnly by the uncommon appear-
ance of the Indians who were in their
feal-Ccin dreffes, but alfo by a beauti-
ful eagle, and an Efquimau dog ;
which had much the refcmblance of a
WolF, and a remarkable Vildnefs of
look. I put them all into coaches,
with as much expedition as poflibi?,
, and drove off to the lodgings which I

had prepared in Leiceller-ltreet.
! ' In a few <days time, I had fo

I many applications for admittance to
I fee the new viiitorsj that my time was

wholly uken up in gradfyin^ the,
curiofity of my friends and their ac-
quaintance; and the numbers who
came made my lodgings very incon-
venient to the landlord as well as to
myfelf. . I therefore refolded to look
out for a houfe. I foon hired a fmall
one, ready furnifhed, for ten guinea*
a month, in Little Caftle-ftreet, Ox* '
ford-market> and removed thither.

< Being willing, as far as lay !■
my power, to comply with the incef-
fant applications of my friends for a
fight of the Indians; and finding ic
impoflible either to have any reft, or
time to tranfa£l bufinefs, I appro-
priated two days a week to that pnr-
pofe, viz. Tuefdays and Fridays. On
thofe days, not only my houfe wa*
filled, even to an inconvenience, but
the Itreet was (b much crowded with
carriages and people, that my re-
fidence was a great nui&nce to the
neighbourhood.

* As their (kin dreiies had a dirtf
appearance and an offenfive fmell» I
pEOvided a quantity of broad-doth,,
flannel, and beads, together witK
whatever elfe was necefTary ; and the
women now having leifure to work*
and being excellent taylors, foon
clothed them all anew; preserving,
their own faihion in the cut of their
^garments.

* I once took the men to the opera
when their majeflies were there, and
we chanced to fit near Mr. Colman,
the manager of Covent-garden theatre,
who politely invited all the Indians
and jnyfelf to a play at his houfe.

He fixed on Cymbeline, and they ,
were greatly delighted with the re-
prcfeniation. But their pride was
moft highly gratified, at being re-
ceived with a thundering applaufe by
the audience, on entering the box,
The men foon obferved to their wives,
t'lat they were placed in the king**-
box, and received in the fame man-
ner as their majefties y^ere ' at the
opera: which added coniiderably fo
the pleafure which they felt from the
tout e/i/mble. Never did I obferve fo
yoyng a child pay fuch uoremitting
.attCQiioi^

jaS • THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ftttentioa to die whole reprefeotationy
as little I eke una : no Tooner did the
fwords begin to ck(h» in tlie fighting
ftene between Poflhumus and ladiimo,
bat fhe fet up a moil feeling fcream.

^ About a fortnight after our arri-
val in town, having provided great-
coats, boots, and hats for the men. In
order that they might pafs through the
fireets unobferved, I took Attuiock
with ttkt and walked beyond the
Tower. Wc there took boat, rowed
up the river, and landed at Weft-
ninfler- bridge i from whence we walk-
ed to Hyde Park corner, and then
home again. I was in great expec-
tation, that he would begin to relate
the wonders which he had fcen, the
inflant he entered the room; but I
found myfelf greatly difappointed. He
immediately fat down by the fire-iide,
placed both his hands on his knees,
leaned his head forward, fixed his
eyei on the ground in a llupid flare ;
and condnued in that poflure for a
oonfiderable dme. At length, tolling
im his head, and fixing his eyes on
the ceiEng, he broke out in me fol-
lowing foliloquy : '< Oh ! I am dred ;
here are too many houfes ; too much
fmoke ; too many people ; Labrador
il very eood ; feais are plentiful there ;
I wifh r was back ^gain." fiy which
I could plainly perceive, that the mul-
tiplicity, and variety of obje£U had
confounded his ideas ; which were too
much confined to comprehend any
thing but the inconveniencies that he
had met with. And indeed, the longer
they condnued in England, the more
was I convinced of the truth of that
opinion : for their admiradon increafed
in proportion, as their ideas expand*-
ed; tin at length they began more
clearly to comprehend the ul'e, beauty,
and mechanikn of wliat they faw;
though the greater part of thefe were
as totally lofl upon them, as they
would have been upon one of the
brute creation.

'Although they had often pafTed
St*. Paul's without betraying any great
alloni(hment, or at leaft not fo much
as all Europeans do at the'firtl fig^c

of oiie of tbofe fti^iendoiis iflaDds at'
ice, which are daily to be leen near
the eaft coaft qf their own country,,
yet when I took them to the top oJF
It, and convinced them that it was
built by the hands of men, (a drcnm-
fiance which had not entered the
l)eads before, for they had fuppoled it
a natural production ) they were quite
loll in amazement. The people be-
low, they compared to mice; and in-
fixed that it mufl at leafl be as high
as Cape Charles, which is a moan-
tain of coniiderable aldtude. Upoa
my afking them how they ibould de-
fcribe it to their countrymen on their
return, they replied, with a look of
the utmofl: expreffion, they fhould nei-
ther mendon it, nor many other
things which they had feen, left they
fhould be called liars, from the feem-
ing impofiibiiity of fuch adonifhing
hc\s.

' Walking along Piccadilly one day
with the two men, I took them into
a ihop to fhew them a colledion of
animals. We had no fooner entered
than I obferved their attention rireted
on a finall monkey ; and I could per-
ceive horror mod flrongly depided in
their countenances. At length the
old man turned to me and faltered oiit»
« U that an Efquimau?" 1 mufl con-
feCs, that both the colour, and contour
of the countenance had confiderable
reiemblance to the people of their na-
tion ; but how they could conceive it
poffible for an Efquimau to be reduced
to that diminudve fize, I am wholly
atalofs to account for; nnlefs they
had fixed their attention on the ooon« .
tenance only, aifti had net adverted
to any other pardculars. On point-
ing out feveral other monkeys of dif-
ferent kind^-, they were gready di-
verted at the miftake which they had
made ; but were not well pleafed to
obferve, that monkeys refembled their
race much more than ours«

' The parrots, and other talkadve
bird^, next attra£led their nodce. And.
it was a great treat to me, both then
and at all other times, to obferve their
diflerent emodons, much more hra-

FOR MAY, 17^4.

bly exprefled in their coantenances»
than 13 podible to be done by thofe,
wboCe ftelings are not eqaally ge-
nuine. Civilized nations impercepti-
bly contrad an anificial cxprefCon of
countenance* to help oat their languid
feelings ; for knowledge, by a com-
munication with the world and books,
enlightens our idfas fo much, that
they are not fo liable to be taken by
furprife, as the uninformed mind of
the fayage, who never had the lead
hint given him, that certain things
arc in cxiftence ; coofequT.tly, they
brcdk upon them as unexpedodly, and
forcibly, as the fun would do upon a
man who was bgrn deaf an J blind, in
cafe he (hoold fuddenly be brought to
ijght on a clear day.

' Being on a dining vifit, with that
excellent furgeon and anatomift, the
ingenious John Hunter } in the after-
noon Attuiock walked out of the room
by himfelf, butprefently retarned with
fuch evident marks of terror, that we
were all greatly alarmed, fearing fome
accident had happened to him ; or,
%hax he had met with an infult from
one of the fer van ts. He feized hold
of my hand, and eagerly prefled me
to go along with him. I aiked the
caa& of hib emotion, but could get
nothing more from him than ** Come
along, come along with roe,*' and he
haftily led me into a room in the yard,
in which flood a glafs cafe containing
many human bones. *' Look there,"
fays he, with more horror and con-
Iternation in his countenance, than I
ever beheld in that of man before,
<'are thofe the bones of £fquimaux
whom Mr. Hunter has killed and
eaten ? Are we to be killed ? Will he
eat us, and put our bones there ?" As
the whole company followed us, the
other Indians had alfo taken the alarm
before the old prieft had finilhed his
interrogatories ; not did any of them
feem more at eafe, by the reft of us
breaking out into a fudden and hearty
laugh, till I explained to them that
thofe were the bones of our own peo-
ple, who had been executed for cer-
tain crimes oommitted^by them, and

3^9

were prefcrved there, that Mr. Hun-
ter might better know how to fet thofe'
of the living, in cafe any of them
fhould chance to be broken; which!
often happened in fo populous a coun-
try. They werelthen perfcdly fatif-
iied, and approved of the praftcc ;
but Attuiock's nerves had received
too great a fhock to enable him to re-
fume his ufual tranquillity, till he
found himfelf fafe in my houfe again.

' Faffing through Hyde-park in ouil
way to Holland houfe, and obferving.
hi« majefty looking at the regiment of
Old Buffs, which were th^n g ing to
Plymouth, we got out of the coaci
and* went up to the front ; where T
explained to them the ufe of thatbbdy^
of men, and of the evolutions wh ca
they were performing. After his ma-
je:ty v.eive J the legiinent colledlivcly,
the recruits were drawn out at a fe«^
paces diflant from the left flank, thatf
he might examine them fepar^tely«
So gfeat a crowd had gathered foMnd
us, as incommoded our view of the
troops, and attradled the notice of thi^
king, who then fent general Harvey
to order me with the Indians/ into the
vacant fpace between the regit^ent and
the recruits. Here his raajelty rode
flovvly palt them, and condefcended
to falutc them by taking off his hat;
accompanied with a gracious fmile^
honours which they we/e highly
pleafed with, and often mentioned
afterward with great exultation. Nor
were they in the leaft'difpleafed that
his majefty did no$ fpeak to them t ,
fince I had previoufly told them not to
expeft it ; and they obferved that htf
fpoke to none but the commanding
officer, and one or two of thofe wh6
were in attendance. —
^ • The face of the country did not
pafs unobferTed by them, and their
expreffion was ** The hnd is all
made," for they fuppofed that we had '
cut down the woods, and levelled the
hills. In the former fuppofitioti they
were certainly right; and I do nof
wonder at the latter, lince they would
naturally fuppofe that all the world
was like the fmall part of it whidr
Tt . ^/

3SO

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

they had formerly Teen ; and which
h alrooii ao entire colledion of hills
covered with thick woods. As they
bad never before fcen any culcivated
land (except a few fmall gardens,
which they obfervcd were dug with
a fpade) they formed an idea of our
immenre numbers, by being able to
till fo much land and confume the pro-
duce of it in a year; exduiive of the
animal food with which they faw cur
tables and markets abour.ded. Ho\y
the inhabiunu of London were fup-
plied w;th food, I could never make
them fully comprehend, any more
t)ian I could the number of people by
which the metropolis was inhabited.
Their arithmetic goes no higher than
the number twenty -one ; therefore,
the bed 1 could do, was to tell them,
that a certain number of large whales
would ferve them for one meal only.
Nothing furprifed them more, than
to meet with a man who afTured them
he could not (hoot, had never killed
an animal, nor feea the fea in his
life.

' After my return to town, by his
majedy's permiiTion, I took them to
court; where their drefles and be-
haviour made them greatly taken no-
tk:e of. They were alfo at the houfes
of feveral of the nobility and people
of faibion ; and I omitted nothing,
which came within the compafs of n^y
pocket, to make their liay in Eng-
land agreeable, or to imprcfs them
with ideas of our riches and flrength.
The latter I thought highly ncceilary,
as they had ofter^, when in Labrador,
ipoken of our numbers with great con-
tempt, and told me they were fo nu-
merous, that they could cut off all
the Englilh ivith great eafe, if they
thought proper to colled themfelves
together ; an opinion which could not
fail to produce m me very unpleafant
reflc^Uons. But they had not been
long in London before they confcfTed
to me, that the Efquimaux were but
as one, compared to the number of
the Eo^liih.'

, Having purchafed a brig of eigl ty
Mr. w'. began to ppcpare lor a
3

fecond voyage. He was accompanied

by Mrs. Selby, his houfekeeper, tlie
Indians, Mr. John Williams a fur-^
geon, whom he had engaged alio to
Krve in the capacity of a clerk, bis
wife, a maid fervant, z. cooper^ two
apprentice boys, a brace of grey-
hounds, a terrier, and fome tame
rabbits.

The pleafing profpefts which he
hail indulged were of a Oiort duratioti.
On the evening^of the 13th of May,
Caubvick, a female Indian, com-
pliiincd of great iicknefs at her Ho-
rn ach, which daily grew worfe. At
Lymington, her diforder was declared
to be the fmallpox ; and, as it was in
vain to expcA that the reft fiiould
efcape the infection, preparative me-
dic nes were accordingly given to
them. On the ^id, Caubvick ap-
peared to be out of danger. At the
lame time, Ickcongoque, another In-
dian, began toilckcn. On the apth.
fo dreadful a llench pervaded the whole
veiTel, that there feemed reafon to ap-
prehend that they would all be foon
attacked with a pellilential krcr*
The Indians were all ill, and two of
the (hip's crew were already indif.
pofed. Mr. C. therefore ordered the
mailer xo carry the veflcl into Ply-
mouth, although he forefaw that foch
a meafure would prove an injury to
his voyage. Having bargained for a
houfc at two guineas and a half per
week, Mr. C. removed the Indians,
and procured for them every medical
afliilance which Plymouth afforded:
yet, melancholy to relate ! Caubvick
alone recovered. On the i6th of

uly, Mr. C. fsuled for Labrador.

^he hair of the Indian woman being
much malted with the fmallpox, it
was by no means eafy to prevail on
her to part with that which (he re*
garded as a principal ornament : nor,
when cut off, would any intreaties,
nor feprefwntaiions of the danger to
which ihe would expofe her country-
men, induce her to throw it over-
boani.

On the 3 1 ft of Auguft, they reached
the qoa^ of Labra£)r« The report

of

i-i

FOR MAY, 1794.

33^

of their arrival brought the three
fouthernmoft tribes of b,rquimaux, a-
mountiDg to aboat five hundred, to
receive their long-expeded friends,
and to hear the wonderous l^ones
which they might have to relate. —
We (hall give an account of the af-
fediing fccne of their difappointment
io the words of the author :

' I placed myfelf upon a rock near
the water-fide, and Caubvick fat down
A few paces behind me. We waited
for the landing of the Indians with
feelings very different from theirs;
who were hurrying along with tu-
multaous joy at the thoughts of im-
mediately meeiing their relations and
friends a^ain. As the fhore would
nor permit them to land out of their
boats, they brought them to their an-
chors at a dillance ofF, and the men
came in their kyacks, each bringing
two other perfons, lying flat on their
faces ; one behind and the other be-
fore, on the top of the fkin covering.
On drawing, near the fhore^ and per-
ceiving only Caubvick and myfelf,
their joy abated, and their counte-
nances affumed a different afpe^. fil-
ing landed, they fixed their eyes on
Caubvick and mc, in profourrd, gloomy
fiience. At length, with great per-
turbation and in fjiuhering accents,
they enquired, fjparately, what was
become of the relt; and vs/cre no
fooner given to underft^nd, by a
filent, forrowful (hake of my head,
that they were no more, than they
inflantly fet up fuch a y:*!!, as 1 had
never before heard. Many of them,
but particularly the women, fnatched
up ft ones, and beat therofelvcs on the
head and face till they became (hock-
ing fpeftaclss ; one pretty yoan^ girl
(a fifter to the late two men) give
ber/clf fo fevcre a blow upon the

cheek bone, that (he bruifed and cat .
the iietli fhocki'gly, and almoil bt'at
an eye out In fhort, the violent,
frantic expreffions of grief were fuch
as far exceeded my imagination; and
I could not help pariicipacing widi
them fo fzT, as to (hed teara moll
plentifully. They no fooner obferved
my 'emotion, than, miftaking it for
the appieh^-.fions which I was under
for fear of their refentment, they in-
flantly feemed to forget their own
feelings, to relieve tno(e. of mine.
They preflfed round roe, ciafped jcy
hands, and faid and did all in their
power to convince me, that they did
not entertain any fufpicon of my con-
dttdl toward their departed friends.
As foon as the firit violent tranfports
of grief began to fubfide, 1 related
the mela'^choly tale, and explained to
th^m, at well as I could, the diforder
by- which they were carried oft"; and
pointed to Caubvick, who bore \Qry
flrong, as well as recent marks of it.
They often looked very attentively at
her, but, during the whole tune, they
never fpoke one word to her, nor (he
to them. As foon as 1 had brought
the afflicling (lory to a conclufion,
ihey afTured me of their belief of every
particular, and renewed their decla-
rations of f:it*ndlhip. Their tlay af-
terward was but Ihort; they prefcnily
reimbarked, weighed their anchors,
and ran acrofs the harbDor to' Raft
Ticlde, where they landed and en-
camped : the reil of the afternoon and
the whole of the night was fpent in
horrid yelling, which were confidcr-
ably augmented by the variety of
echoes, produced from the multipli-
city of hills furrounding the harbour,
till the whole rung again with founds
that almoil petrihed the blood of the .
brig's crew and my new fervanu.'

LETTERS OF SWIFT.

THE following two letters of
Swift, were never before pub-
Ji(hed. The originals are in the
hands of a gentleman of Ireland, who
}iai permitted this copy to be taken.

The dean was thirty -one years of a^e,
when he wrote the firft of them. The
fecond letter was addre(red to the fame
gentleman, after an interval of thirty-
;hree years ; and in terms of nn-

33*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

abated friendQiip. He was then ia
liis i\xiy fourth year. The lady he
alludes to under the naitie of Eliza,
was probably mifs Warring of fielfaltl
The Mr. Windar, to whom the' letters
are addrefled^ waf, it b believed,

i' Tand father of lord Macartney, and
ucceedcd Swift in the prebend of
Kilroot.

For the Rev. Mr. Windar, Prc-
* bendary of Kilroot— to be left at

Belfaft, in the county of Antrim,

Ireland.

Moore Park, Jan. 13, 1698.

I am not likely to ble fo pleafed
with any thing again this good while^
as I was with your letter of Decem-
ber 20th ; and it has began to put me
into a good opinion of my own meri's,
or at lead my ikill at riegociacion, to
find I have fo quickly reflored a cor-
refpondence that I feared was declin-
ing ; as ic requires more charms and
iaddrefs in women to revive one faint-
ing flame, than to kindle a dozen new
ones. But I afTure you, I was very
far from imputing your filence to any
bad ca'ufe, (having never entertained
one (ingle ill tjiought of you in my
life) but to a cuflom which breaks off*
commerce between abundance of peo*
pie, after a long abfence. At fir ft
one omits writing for a little tvhilf,
and then 'one iUys a 'UMe longer to
confider of cxcu&s, and at laft it
'f^TQw%J(fperatef and one</o^/ not write
at all. At this rate I have ferved
btb.TS. and have been ferved myfelf.
* I wiib I had a lexicon by me, to
find whether your Greek word be
ipilc and accented right, and am very
ib ry yoj have made an acutum in
uiitna, as ifyouUid the greateft lire fs
Upon ths worll part of the word.
However, I'protell againll your mean-
ing,' or any intcrpretapon ypu (balj
^ver make of that nature out of my
letters :' If I thought you dcferved any
bitter words, I Ihculd either deliver
them plainly, or hold my tongue al-
together; for I edeem the cuftom of
conveying one's refentments by bints

w- ihiiuendos, to be a fign of st^ce or

t/ • . . , . . ** - " . . . .

fear, or of too little fincerity ; bot T
have told yoo, coram et ah/ens, thai;
you are in your nature more (eniiblc
than you need bi-, and I find it is with
reputation as with all other polTefBoDs,
that thofe who have the greateft por-
tion, are moft covetous of it. — 'Tia
hard you cannot be fatisfied with the
cfteem of the beft among your neigh^
tours, but lofc your time in regard-
ing what may be thought of you by
one of my privacy and diQance. I
with you could as cafily m^ks my
elleem and friendQiip for you to be of
any value, as you may be fure tQ
command them.

1 (hould be forry if yoo have been
at an inconvenience in hadening my
accounts, and I dare refer you to my
letters, that they will lay the fault upon
yourfelf; for I think I defired more
than once, that you would not make
more difpa^ch than flood with your
eafe, becaufe I was in no hafie at all.

I defired of you two or three times,
that when you bad feht me a catalogue
of thofe few books, you would not
fend them to t)ublin, till yoa had
heard' again from me. The reaiba
was, ' that I did believe there were one
or two of them that might have been
ufeful to yoa, and one or two ax>re
that were not worth thiq carriage. Of
the latter fort, were an old mafty
Horace, and Joley*s |x)pk. Of the
former were Reynold's Works. Col-
lection of Sermons in 4to. Stitling-
fleet's Grounds, &c. and the folio pa-
per book,' very good for fermons, or
a receipt book for your wife, or to
Iceep accounts of mutton, raifins, &c.
The Sceptis Scientflca is not mine, but
old Mr. Dobbs's ; and I wifli jt were
reftored. He has a Temple s Mifl
cellanea inllead of it, which is a good
book worth your reading. If Sceptis
Scienrfica comes to me, TU bum it
for a fullian jpiece of abominable ci^ri-
ous virtuofo il^ifF. I'he books miffing
are few and inconfideruble, not worth
troubling any body about. J hope
this will come to your hands .before
you have fent yaof cargo, that yoa
may keep thofe books yoa mentioo«

and

FOR MAY, 1794;

333

mnd defire yoo will write my name
ftnd £x Dono before them in large
letters. I dcfire'my humble fervice
to Mrs Windar, and that you will let
her know I (hall pay a viiit at Car-
money (bme day or other^->how little
foever any« of you may think of it;
buc I will, as you defire^ excufe you
the delivery of my compliments to
poor //. Clemeifts, and hope you will
have much better fortune than poor
Mr. Davis, who has left a family
that is like to find a cruel want of
him. Pray let me hear that you grow
\ery iich> and begin to make pur-
chat es. I never heard that H. Cle-
ments was dead, I was at his mayorall
feaiV. Has he been mayor iince, or
did he die then, and tytry body for-
get to fend me word of it ?

Thefe fermons you have thought
fit to tranfcribe, will utterly difgrace
you, unleis you have fo much credit,
that whatever comes from you will
pafs. They were what I was firmly
refolved to burn, and efpecially fome
of them ; the idled triflioc ftiifF that
over was writ, calculated for a church
without company, or a roof like our
— ~ at Oxford. They will be a
perfect lampoon upon me, whenever
you look on them and remember that
fhey are minf •

i remember thefe letters to Eliza ;
they were writ in my youth. You
might have fealed them up, and no-
body of my friends would have opened
them. Pray burn them. There were
parcels of other papers that I would
pot have loft, and I hope yon have
packed them up, fo that they may
come to me. Some of them were
abdrads and coUcAiont from read-
ing.

ypu mention a dangrrous rival for
ah abfcnt k*vir. But i mull take my
iForiune. If the report proceeds, pray
inform me ; and when you have lei-
ifure and humour, give me the plea-
jfure of a letter from you : and though
you are a man full of faftnlngs to the
world, yet endeavour to continue a
friendihip in abfence : for who knows
|)Ut fate may jumble us together again^

and I believe had I been — ^ of your
neighbourhood, I ihould not have been
fo unfatisfied with the region I was
planted in. I am, and will be ever*
entirely yours, &c.

J. Swift.

Pray let me know fomething of my
debt being paid to Tailer, the inn-
keeper of I have forgot the

name of the town, between Drombra
and Newry.

Tothe Rev. Mr. Windar at Belfiift.

Dublin, February I9» 1731-2.
Sir,
I had the favour of yours of the
6 th inilant. I have been above a fort*
night confined by an accidental flrain»
and ^n neither ride, nor walk, nor
eafily write; «lfe you fhouJd have
heard from me fooner. I am heartily
fbrry for your diforder, and am the
more feniible by thofe I have myfelf,
though not of the fame kind, but a
conitant difpofition togiddinefs^ which '
I fear my pr«fent confinement, 'with!
the want of exercife, will increafe. I
am afraid you could not light upon a
more unqualified man to ferve jtm or
my dearell friends, in any manner^
with people in power* For I have
the mi&fonune to be not only under
the difpleafure both of the king and
queen, as every body knows, but
likewiic of every perfon both in Eng-
land and Ireland, who is well with
Hhe court, or can do me good or hurt.
And although this, and the two laft
lieutenants w6re of my old acquaint-
ance, yet I never could prevail with
any of them to give a living to a ib-
ber, grave clergyman, who married
my near relation, and has long been
in the church, fo that he fBll is mj
curate ; and I reckon this prefenC
governor will do like the reth I be-
lieve there is not any perfon you fee
from this town, who does not know
that my fituation is as I defcribe. If
you, or your fon, were in fiivour with
any biOiop or patron, perhaps it might
be contrived to have them put in
mindj or (qlicited i but I am no way
. proper

334

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

proper to be the firll mover, becaufe
there b not one fpirituai or temporal
lord iq Ireland, whom 1 vifit, or by
whom, I am vifited ; but am as mere
a monk as any- in Spain; and there
is not a clergyman on the top of a
mountain, who fo little convcrtes with
mankind, or is fo little regarded by
them, on any other account except
Ihewiog malice. All this 1 bear as
well as I can ; eat my morrel alone,
lUi a king ; and conllantly at home,
when 1 am not riding, or walking,
which I do often and altvays ahnc.

I give you this piiflure of tnyO^f,
out of old fricndfhip ; froai whence
you may judge, what ihare of i'pirii^
and mirth are now left me ; yet 1
cannot read at night , and am there-
fore forced to Scribble ibmetfaio^,
whereof nine things in ten are burned
next morning. Forgive this tediotzf-
nefs in the pen ; which I acquire hj
the want of fpending it in talk. AtA
believe me to be with true efleca
and friend (hip.

Your moft obedient^ Sco^

Characteristic Anecdotes*
To thi EixiTOR rf thi Universal Magazine.

S 1 a»

TH £ anecdotes ) fent to iiou in
March (Page 167) had a par-
dcalar tendency to illuftrate the cha-
raders of fome celebrated perfons.
Others may be feledled no lefs defcrip-
dve of manners at difierent periods,
and different places. Thus Mr.
D'Ifraeli obferves, that if he had to
ftetch the fituation of the Jews in the
ninth century, and to exhibit, at the
lame time, the character of that age
of darknefs, he could n6t do it more
efFeidually than in the following
anecdote :

• A Jew, of Rouen in Normandy,
fells a houi'e to a Chrillian inhabitant
of that city. After fome time of re-
sidence, a ilorm happens, lightning
fells on the houfe, and docs confider-
able damage. The ChriAian, unen-
lightened, villainous, and pious, c'tes
tne trembling defcendant of Ifrael
into court for d^inugcs. His eloquent
counfellor hurls an admirable philip-
pic againfl this detellable nation of
hcrretics, «nd concludes by proving,
that it was owing to this houfe hav-
ing been the interdicted pro^^erty of
an liraehtc, that a thunderbolt fell
iipon the roof. The judges .(as it
inay be fuppofed) were not long in
terminating this fait. They decreed
that God had damaged this houie as
a mark of his vengeance againft the

property of a Jew, and that therefbnc
It was jud the repairs fhould be at his
coil.

* Perhaps ills to be acknowledged,
that the judges were merciful, aud tlie
Jew fortunate. To be condemned to
rebuild a houfe, is better than to be
burnt with fome of its old wood.'

A curious anecdote, il.'uflrative of
the fame fubjeA, is iiftrodured by Dr.
Smith, in his * Tourt>n the Continent/
Speaking of a picture, at Venice, of
a child OB the crofs, called St. Simon-
cino, or St. Simon the lefs (a child
faid to have been cruci£i*d by the
Jekvs) the dodtor thus exprefies him-
self; ' Nothing was more common in
pretended chriftian countries, above
five or fix hundred years ago, when
a plea wjs wanted for robbing or
murdering the Jews, than to accgfe
them of fome adtion of thi> kind.
Our king John, a more ho«.eil villain
than fome of his compeers, inipiifoned
and tormented them profeiTcdly that
they might ranfom themfelves with
money. Stowe fays, every one of
them loft an eye at leaft, and he tells
of one who, • being tormented many
waies, would not ranfome himfelfe,
till the king had caufed evcrie daie
one of his great teeth to be pulled out
by the fpace of fevcn daies, and then
he gave the king loooo markes of

Slver,

FOR MAY, 1794.

335

« (liver, to the ehd ihcy fliould pull out
no more ' One cannot help wifhing
that fome modern rcformtTS had had
times like thofe to work on, and thetf
their tafie for plucking up things by
the roots, as king John did this Jew's
teeth, might have been juftified on the
principle of retaliat on. Happily fuch
remedies are now fomewhat out of
£?afon.

Mr. DTfraeli having obferved, that
it is by anecdotes alone that the ge-
nius of an nge or nation is thoroughly
to be underflood, prefents the follow-
ing anecdote as a ilriking example of
the national character of the French,
before thtir late fmgular revolution :
'Mole, a favounte a£lor, falls ill,
and is' confined to hib chamber ; when
this is announced from the (lage, the
gaiety of Paris fuddenly lours wi-h
gloom. The next day his door is
befteged by enquiring crowds; his
healtn is the converfadon of all com-
panies. It appeared as if Scipio lay
confined, and the virtuous Romans
pafTed their hours in melancholy
anxiety, for the life of their proteClor.
The phyficians find Mole in an ex-
haufted fbte, ai^.d prefcribe a free ufe
of wine. This prefcrip'.ion is foon
known in the circles at Paris ^ and
Mole finds two thoufand bottles of the
iineft Burgundy fchit to his houfe
from various quarteis. Mole at
length recovers; all Paris rejoices,
and ruihes to his benefit. Such was
the public ardour, tHat it produced
him the amazing fum of 24,000
livre9. Mole gratefully receives the
valuable tribute of their applaufs ; he
ivas in debt, and the benefit formed
all b's fortune. How then does Mole
apply his 24,000 livres ? An Engliih-
xnan would havepurchafed an annuity,

• It was faid of Mallet, after he had given the life of Bacon, and who pretended
^o be employed on that of Marllx)rough, :hat, as he bad forgotten that Verulum had
iieen a phik>fopher, he would probably forget that Marlborough had been a general^
He did better. He took 500I. for hii life, and never wrote a rage of it. By theway,
ahis has been no uncommon pradice among authors. Some have publifhed a variety
of titles of works, as if they were ready tor the piefs ; but of which the titles only had
been written. PaTchal, who was hilloriographer to Francis I, forgecTfuch titles, that
the penfion which he received for occupying himlelf on the French hiftory might be
continued. When he died, ail his hiuoiical peiformances did not eacceed nx pages !

19

or perhaps have paid his debts. Mole
runs to the jeweller, takes his amount
in brilliants, and gives them to his
mittreO}, who boafts that (he wears all
the honours of the public

* This fervcs to difplay at once the
frivolity of the nation, and of the in-
dividual. All Paris is concerned for
the indifpofiiion of an aftor, and all
terminates in giving diamonds* to an
impudent brunette.'

Of the various anecdotes which
M. p'lfraeli has related, to illnftrat^
the interefting article of litcrar/bio-f
graphy, what he fays of Milton is
particularly affcding.

* When Kichardfon, the fether,
gave the life of Milton, he did not
compofe it in the ordinary flyle of
biographers. If we take away fome
of iiis excentricities, his manner it
adnirable. It is very poffible to write
the life of a poet, a lord chancellor*
and a general, a] moil in a fimiiar *
rtyle ♦. What is the confequence of
fuch idle biography? With muph
trouble we find, at lengdl, that th^
pcnius of either remains yet to be '
known . One poet is made to refem*
ble another; and, what is worfe, a
po;t refembles a lord chancellor.
Richardfon, a Miltonic enthufiaH, was
betl qualified to give the biography of
Milton an enthuhall. He did not re*
main facisfied with coUeding the in-
formation which indttilrious enqairjr
produced, but he (liidied to give ^e
charader of Milton from his own de*
fcriptions. He connedbed, with ail
ardour of rcfearch, for which pofleritjr
(hould be grateful, from all his works,
in verfe and in ptofe, the minute cir-
cumftances, and pecoiiar fexitiments.
which our fablime poet had recorded
of hiffifelf.

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

33^

In reading this flcetch of the man-
mtrs, and the genius» of Mihon» we
feem to live with him ; we participate
in the momentary griefs which af-
Aided him« and the momentary
triomphs in which he exqltcd. We
join the old blind^ bard at the door of
hu hooTe, near fiunhill- fields * ; we
fee him fit there ia a grey coarfe cloth
coat> in the warm funny weather,
breathing the freih air. Hi-: houie.is,
indeed, fmall, (and what true poec
ever poflefled a large one?) It has
bat one room on a floor. Up one
pair of ftairs, hang in rufty green,
£ts John Milton, in an elbow chair,
in black clothes, yet neat er.ough.
Pale, but not cadaverous ; his hands
goaty.

' And what does Milton fay on his
bltndnefs, when his enemies reproach
bim with it as a crime ? Thefe are his
words, taken fi'om his fecond defence
of the Englifli nation : " I prefer my
blindnefs to yours," (he addrefles his
adverfaries) ** yours is funk into your
deepeil fenfes, blinding your minds,
€o that you can fee nothing that is
(band and folid. Mine tai^cs from
jne only the colour and furface of
things> but does not take away from
the mind's contemplation, what is in
thofe things of true and conftant.
Moreover, how may things are there
which I would not fee ! How many
which I can be debarred the figbt with-
out repining ! How few left which I
much deiire to fee ! Vile men I who
mock us ! The blind have a pro-
tection from the injuries of men, and
we are rendered sdmoft facred. To
this I impute, that my friends are
more ready and officious to ferve me
than before, and more frequently viilt
me. They do not think that the
only worth of an honeil man is placed
in his eyes."

' Richardfon wpuld have confidered
bimfelf as fortunate, had he been ena-
bled to add another lively fcene to the
domeiHc life of Milton. This has
^n obtained by the late laureat.

who, in his fecond edition of his ju-
venile poems, has given the nunca-
pative will of our poet. I gather
from a mafs of the barren fuperHuiues
of legal information, thofe inicrcfting
ftrokes with which tvery man of fen-
iibility and tafle will fympathizc.
We muft. recoiled, that at the period
to which they relate, Milton was no
more the fecretary of the common-
wealth, and his friends were de-
ftroyed or difperfed. Thefe liiile fadb
dcfcribe more forcibly than the modt
eloquent declamation, thofe fecret
miferies wftch preyed on the be^rt
of Milton, and which mail not only
have disturbed his fublime contempla-
tions, but impeded the vigour of his
fancy, and the corredions of his cri*
tici.m.

' It is here we learn that his chil-
dren combined to cheat and to rob
him ; to embitter his hours with fcom
and difaifedion ; and far from fblacing
the age of their venerable, their fub- '
lime parent, they became impatient
of his death. He had

* No fond companion of liis helplefs years.'

GOLOSMIFH. «

The name of Milton mod be added
to the melancholy catalogue of the
unhappy learned. Behold the great
Milton, blind, decrepid, poor, and
folitary ^for folitary he mall then have
been amid thole who now furrounded
him) fcated by a little fire in his
kitchen, crying to his wife, with a
voice of patient grief, " Make mach
of me as long as I live." — When hb
meat is brought to him, becaofe it is
made agreeable to his tafte (for he
was delicate though temperate) he
exclaims with grateful pleafure to his
wife, •' God have mercy, Betty, I
fee thou wilt perform according to thy
promife, in providing me fuch diihes
as I think fit, while i live."-«Sach is
our own domeftic language, and fuch
was the domeflic language of the fob-
limeft genius. Genius is not above
the little confolations of humanity.

• Moft of the following paiticulan ars given in the lively expreflion of Richardfi>n.

FOR MAYi 1794.

Let me refledb a moment on, the
icene that occupies my imagination.
Men of genius ! the refledion is ad-
drelTed to yon. Milton had perhaps
ivandered in the fields of fancy, and
confpled his biindnefs with liilening to
the voice of his nation, that was to
have refounded with his name. To
Virgil, and Taflb, and Ariofto, not
bis mailers but his rivals, their coun-
try had not been angrateful. One
had baflced in the funlhine of a court ;
the other had feen the laurel wreath
prepared for him at Rome ; and the
U& lived to hear his name repeated
in the ftreets» and fainted as the poet
of his nation. Milton had enriched
his national poetry with two epics-—
what were his rewards? Mihon con-
fidered himfelf as fortunate in having
one female who did not entirely aban-
don him; and one obfcure fanatic,
who was pleafed with his poems be-

331
WSai

atuf6 they were religiods.
laorelsl What felicities i'

Jc lis Ics noms des poeres fameiK ;
On font Ics noms des poetes heureux f

Gres^ET^

^ Thefe reflexions, and this quota*
tion from Grelfet, are certainly jufi*
We read, iodeed» the names of ceie«
brated bards ; but where can we find
the liH of thofe who are happy i But
what a pity that our ingenious and
entertaining anecdo.ift (hould fully his
page by an illiberal refieilion ; that
he ihould apply to the worthy Elwall^
the appellation of om obfcure fanatic^
merely becaufe he was a quaker! In a
poetical fenfe, he might be an en-
thufiaft ; but a fanatic he coijd not
be, who, for the fake of improving
his mind, could delight to aiBft, ia
his biindnefs, the iliuArious Milton.

CURlOSVff*

ON INFIDELITY.

THIS fubjea, duly confidered,
wiil excufe any attempt to decry
it> even after the laboui-s of fo many
fuperior pens ; its malignity is fuch,
that it cannot be too h-cquently at-
tacked. Infidelity, by which I under-
iland a rejedion of all religion, or at
leaft, of all revelation, is now grown
fuch an epidemic diftemper, that un-
leis things go from bad to worfe, the
eighteenth century may be di(lingui(h-
ed as the age cf infidelity^ in imitation
of other epochas ; as the iron age,
the age of the relloration of litera-
ture, &c. Whatever brilljant advan-
tages this may boafl of, or adualiy
may have attained to beyond others,
yet they will not preponderate againlt
the turpitude of irreligion ; this will
tranfmit it to poderity, loaded with
difgrace, unlefs they (hould run into
more monitrous extravagancies, of
which byt too many fy mptoms ap-
pear. For, after all, let the mod
ingenious diicoveries in fcience, the
mod fpirited produdiom in liieratare,
thepetfedion of feveral foundations
of real iifefulaefs« let all thefe be ba-

lanced with the decay and kind of
extindion of religion, and what at
bell does it reprefent, but that we are
like a man, who for the fake of
figuring in a new tinfel fuit, willingly
fu^'ers a corrofivc which eats to his
very bones \

It being the infidel's common boai^«
that religiofi ebbs as knowledge rifes^
and this. being one of their moft in-
fidious fophifms, it is worth while to
attempt to invalidate it. Religion
mighc indeed very naturally be thought
.no more than afi:iion, if every noble
mind, who, inteot.on its cultivation,
and penetrating into the fan^uary of
fcience, had there difcovercd evident
marks of the falfity of the fa£b and
dodkrines which conflitute religion^
but it is the moil hardened effrontery to
fay that this, or any thing like it, is
the cale. Let but that feparation ht
made, which we have every reafon to
think will one day be made ; on one
hand draw up the wicked, and on the
other the good (1 fpeak of the writers
and champions) and that clafs which
attacks religioo« will in general be
U tt ibttnd

«3«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ftond the irep, tkt cmuufff of tiie
repttblic of letten, or who, if ocher*
wife of any repatation, are noted for
foch irregolanties at manifeft howr
flBiich it concerns them, that religion
^oald not betme; or for chimeras
nd c^ctravagancies, and illogical de-
dndkions in other points on which they
were for difplaying the imaginary
profondity of thar judgment; I take
upon mi to aver^.that £ere never was
an argiiment more eafy to nion than
tfiat now before me* So far from
being difcoimeed or carried away by
Aedoadof achreHaries who have at-
iKked Chriftianity^ it is bat vievying
diem foDBdly, and getting a joft idea
of the charader of i&k vaunted
ehampionii to be the more confirmed
Ib the fiutlu Yoo cannot bnt be con-
tinccd> that it is the nobleft» Che beft
of feienoes^ finee, to goabout to iap
the fonndaddns of it» one mad be of
a caft with perfons whofe minds are
ignorant, and whofe manners recoil
oj^n themfehres. It were greatly to
vviihed, that voung perfons ftepping
into the world, were upon their guaiS
againft their firft impreiBons, and coold
|)erccive that the books and men moft
in To^e, are thofe which often the
leaft oeierve to be fb, the moft fbtile,
the moft ihallow^ and moft flagitious ;
but fiich a difcernment, as a ienfible
French author obferves, is fcarce to
be hoped for from an age in whofe
eyes all that flitters is gold» when
infoience is fpint, levity amiablenefs,
^and reafon is abforbed in pafiion. So
that it is no more than natural, that
when once the word u given out, the
fervile herd of imitators fliould adopt
it.

But if the officers be fach» and fnch
they are, what arc we to exped of
the foldiery ? There is nothing more
difguftful to good fenfe than the con-
fident rattle of a raw libertine ; infalt-
ing the moft facred things, and ima-
gining he carries all before him by
mm of a jeft or two, which he has re-
tained from his fagactous teachers:
fudi examples may indeed excite a
ioncem at the ^^ad and daringnefs
3 ' '

of Isoentioufbels, bat dw
things is not affofted by them ;
(hoald create no difcottragemenr
die defence of, much left any preju-
dice againft die inTiolable rirbts «if
truth ; the beamy of divine trvtS ut mm i
appean more lovdy, its fapeiimaay
more refplendent, than when rrw-
pared with the extravagancies amd
turpitude of Its wietched oppolos.
Thus, in certain cafes, pcnfooa src
anddotes to themfUves.

But to omit nothing which
leave a fofpicion on the beft of cai
and totally to deflroy the aflerticMi*
that infidelity and knowledge go band
in hand, and their increafe is pro-
portionable, let us a little exanisK
thb proportion. If we may believe
fbme philofophers. ours is the age of
wonders, every thing has aflomed a
new hot, and every day brings fbsdk
fbme rare difcovery; bat thia ia
fbetching beyond foa. The perfec-
tion to which fbme inftmmenu have
been brought, isackno^edged greatly
to verify obfervattons and complete
experiments on feveral minute parti-
culars, of which before fooie wcse
unknown and others undetemmied;
but what ftew idences have been ftruck
out? What new fyftems, elucidating
the elementarv queftions, witfaoa
which'all theories are defedHve^ ille^
trate this refearching age? Since
Defcartes, Newton and Leibnitz,
who, from the date of their works,
may be dafted in the former century,
what has been done, (a few exceptbnt
admitted) bat fifting, and generally
vitiadng, the principles of thefe great
men f i3hould things condnoe on dm
footing for any time, there mml be a
decienfion inftead of any improve-
ment, and the century preceding may
then juftly be ftyled^ the ne pirns mitrm
-^Efocha, jthe term of the laftcfibro
of human genius. But whence does
our age derive this appearance of
knowl^ge? From a mere ignis fatma.
Readers and writers fwarm beyond
any tfa^ing ever known ; to be, or feem
acquainted, not with the fcieiioes,.tfaofe
are left to- pedantic gowafiiMD^ bat

with

FOR MAY, 1794.

339

with the IHeratu^ in ▼ogii«, is the
iaihionable delir;e. Now this litera-
ture is a filthy ftream, the furface
vofling aiong all manner of tnfli and
ribaldry, the pitiful prodadions of
men equally unacqaainted* with re-
flexion and virtue ; yet Tone drangbu
of theie waters are faid to convey loch
Stt extraordinarjr Ught into the foul,
that the tiliths in which our poor in*
fiincy was trained up, it clearly difcems
to be only fo many fidry tales, and that
to believe in the ion of God, is ;a
weakneis like thatof ^ving credit to
conjurors and apparitions.

Soch is thb proportionate increafe
•f knowledge and incredulity ; it is
€|aite in the^ order of things, fbfiies,
kke truths, have their connexions, and
while one of thefe kinds of lolly pte*
vul, the other will oonftantly be at
itt fide. Reclaim men to folid think-
ing* to attention and meditadon ; re-
quire of them only that they ihould
have principles^ and by this you wiM
recover them to religion. Thus
things are very fofrom being fo deC>
perate as is given out ; were the iiv-
fidels double or treble the number,
ftill wonkl their icale be light, weight
^ing to determine the queition and
not number.

Whoever has feen or read one infi-
del author, may, gcnenkllv fpeaking,
be (aid to have ieen or reaa them all;
a like carriage, a like procedure, hem
the higheft to the loweft ; all the dif-
ference lies in the greater or fmaller
portion of that uuent, which they
dignify with the appellation of wit,
m which indeed might have led them
to iblid acquiiitions, but which they
now moft perniciouny abufe. Wit,
with them» is the art of palliating im-
piety, and giving a fedu^ve air to
• ahfurdity ; and though in every other
refpea very (lightly armed, with this
they very confidently enter the lifb,
and furioufljf dei|) about their blows,
but always in the air ; thoush foiled,
wounded and nnhoHkl, and the de-
rifioa of impartial fpe^tors, they
have no fenfe of their ignominy, and
felebcate the ai£^i^ with Iq f^fam.

the giddy ciowd bellowing ic as a
chorus. Yet ifi powerful is truth»
that it is not often an infidel arrogates
to himfelf a decifive triumph $ they
deal 6nly in ambufcadcs, iaUies, and
(kirmifiies ; there u no drawing them
into a pitched battle ; k)oie thoughts,
ftolen fragments of philoibphy, vague
jefts, and profiine poefies, are as it
were their (hot, which when they
have fired, they make ofl^ without re-
turning to the charge.

Whether fnch writings (hould not
be prohibited, and the civil arm bo
made ufe of to eiBtirpate them, is a
qneftion of fiidi nicety, that a oontrai
of the inconveniencies of the affirm*
ative and negative cannot be mifplaced
in an eflav of this kind. The two
moft weighty pleas againft the inteiw
di^Hon of dangerous books are, firit
that their autkurs triumph in it as an
efiPed of terror in their adverfaries*
and of inability fiuriy to cqfte with
their vidorious reafons. The other
ia ftill worfe, which is, the public
fbndnefs for what is forbidden ; that
bookfelleii^ have ibmedmes procured
the interdiction of a book, in order to
get it off their hands ; the virtnofi
who deal in fuch. rarities by them np-;
no ornament to a ctofet like a ftt{s-
preiled book ; h is lent from hand to
hand, and read with the fiiiisfkdtion
of being intrnfted with what the le-
^ilatare has cenfured ; and thus in-
fection ^reads more than it would by
allowing a fifee coorie to trafli, and
many pieces which naturally feem con-
demned to grocery, by being pro-
hibited,, have rnn through an edition
or two.

However, in order to a right jodg-
ment of this queftion, let us place
ourielves in the proper point of view,
in the legiflative ftation. Either go-
vernment Jias no end, dignities are
an tmmeming caprice, withogt any
tye, and the mighty of the earth may
aflat pleafure; or, if divine eftablifli-
ments, they who are invefted' with
them are bonnd to oonfnlt the honour
of the Deity^ and tbe-welfiure of iia*
cietyw This is the tme cad of power ;
o u a deri^

340

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

^rived from God, to him it is to

be referred. So far then from being
a queftion, whether rulers may em-
ploy tl^eir power tofuppreis writings,
by which vice and impiety arc pro-
pioted, and the king of king> infultcd,
the pome is not in their choice ; it is the
pla^n duty of their ibtion. How would
Xhey like f -ch remiiTnefs in their ge
jieiaU cr anibaiTadors : would they
think iuch officers had aded up to
their characters, if they heard any
retiediioo upon them i^itbout a de-
fCbured relcntaient ?

Further, although refped to the
Creator (houkl properly be the crea-
ture's leading motive, it ought to be
con6dered» tnatwere the honour of the
Diity no mqie than a theoretic idea,
an incpnfeqaential tlmy, ftill would it
be iofinitely cnminai, though sot fb
^arprifing, that it fliould be laid afide,
and our attention confined to other
views, imagining them to be more
important, and more immediately re-
}i:ive to the welfare of ibciety. But
far be Iuch a mitiake from us. The
I^OQOur pf the deity is clofely con-
nected wirii the felic.cy of mankind;
the fun and moon are not more infe-
parable.' Men cannot be any farther
hap^y than a# th<.y know and reve-
rence the Deity, tbab as they model
their condu^ by his precept?. Void
of this principle, every focicty carries
death in its boiom ; adfcititious caufes
may g:ve it a fplendid appearance,
but how ibort will fuch ludre be.
Infidelity naturally begets licentiouf-
i)ef£>, and ch^fe two evils muft fpread
a fatal gangrene througb every part
pf the conllituton.

This is a truth which is not un-
known to the ir.ndel orators, and ^n
yvould ti;ey elude its force, f Turn
the deaf ear,' fay ihey,. f to thofe
iair.ts, thofe enthuoafts, thofe (enfeleis
bigois, wicii wnotn rt;ligis."n» forsooth,
is the bafiis of iociety, and the fource
of thofe advantages, which are much
betrtr j)r(>curtd by the refourccs of
policy, by luxury circulating the wealth
of a natioi^, by military difcipline,
god fuch rational methods. They are

frtaebers, and (o ev)en let them IbUow
their trade, though if they couki be
filenced, it would be much the beft.'
This, dofed with a fmart wicticiOD,
which is already Hudied, iinks to the
bottom all dodnnes in defence of re^
ligion. But v^benoe do thefe iages
knoA that we are for governing itates
without policy, that we are fbr fop-
prelTmg commerce, that' we make no
account of fcienoes, execrate irtilitzrj
dilcipl ne, and decry the prudent ar-
rangements and iniiitutions of. hum^
wifdom ? We difdaim the reveries of
a few fanatics; let them fhow aar
thing which looks that way ia die
gofpel, or the books written on that
model.

Religion is the love of the dest^
and of our neighbour ; duties of a
natural obligadon, but enforced uiik
new motives from God ; fo that tab
religion away, the love of God and
the love of our neighbour fink ok
courfe; felf will be the leading pxis-
ciple of our adlions, and recotK:iie oi
to the moil flagitious oourfes^ wherp
infamy or punilhment may be pre-
vented. Now, let us fet out on this
fcheme, form a fociety, ftrike oat
other ues to conned the ieveral pans,
make what laws you pleaie, take
every meafure which human fagadty
may fuggeil, and fee what a happy
ibciety will ari(e from fuch materiak
But happy it cannT)t be ; not in the
individuals, they being lofl to that
only pure and lively joy ariiing firoB
the thought, that the tyQs of the re-
warder of virtue and avenger of gsilif
are over us ; nor in the difierent bo-
dieis fubordinate to the fyftem of tht
fiate ; intereft and fear being now tht
only motives to duty; no matual
complacency between the coUcagna
in ofiice, no real fidelity to the fove-
reign who has promoted tliem ; nor
in the general fyllem, whidi being
new like thofe figures in which wires
fupply the place of nerves and fincwsi
mult be upheld by art.

Let it now be determined, wb ether

a well modelled government can alkwr

of the fale of infidel or corrupt books

/ of

FOR MAY, 1794.

341

of any fort. Is it poffible, that with
fttch contrivances and precautions a-
gainfl ail infedion from the air, food
or cioches> that perfons or goods mnfJt
perform a ikn€t quarantine, and yet
all avenaes left open to a mental pef-
tilence ? fL^refs and regreis are al-
lowed to thofe who vitiate the mind
' and heart, diiFeminate principles which
dry up the iprings of private joy, and
fap the foundations of national prof-
penty and glory, and who, without
exaggeration, may be charged with
^ellroying generations yet in the
womb of nature.

The numbor of fubjeAs born to obey
being greater, beyond allcomparifon,
than of thofe who are ra fed to goyem-
ment, it is worth while to coniider
what is -the d«Ky of individuals in op
poiition to the progrefs of infidelity.

The firil duty, and which Wes with-
in the verge of the moil abjed con-
dition, is example ; we owe it to Our*
feives« and fociety requires it from
its. A found and upright mind will
not be brought by any exigency to
wear two faces, to create a fufpicion
that it fides ever fo little with a de-
pravity of mind- and heart. The trite
common -place of falie honour I omit,
as a difpofition which does more mif-
chief than the delufive caufes which
infpire it. The lead would not be in
bad hands, if many peribns who are
deftrou^ of being good men, and who
fee all the ridicule and turpitude of
the other iide of the qoeftion, had a
firmnefs anfwerabie to thtir difpofi-
tions ; but their weaknefs draws out
the cold remains of virtue and reli-
gion in the heart. Things here are
quite reverfed : a man, who would be
irreproachable did he dare to appear
what he i&, is out of countenance, and
faulters before a volatile adverfary,
for fear of a banter, or b awed by
tide and rank ; whereas he who (lands
Kighefl in thefe merely externals,
(hould blufli and drop his cyt% before

« well-principled ardlan. We fail in
fetting the example, and juft at the
moft feafonable jundure, and when,
I perfuade myfelf, it would not be
entirely loll.

The fecond duty of private perfons
is, with their whole force to keep off
the approaches of this evil from their
doors ; and if it has infmuated itf'ilf,
to hinder its taking root; Unable,
and perhaps having no call to be
auxiliaries every uhere, watch over
your ov^n little flate, ye friends to
truth and virtue : let your light fliine
through your tamily : tenderly fortify
your offspring to the utmofl, that they
may not be carried away by the tor-
rent, of which, even after a careful
education, and provided with all helps,
they will be extremely in danger,
when, left to themfelves, they (lep
into the world. This, of all branches
of education, is the moil important ;
but is the leail attended to.

Thefe are the duties of the gene-
rality of private perfons; but there
are of this clafs, perfons inveiled with
pubKc functions ; appointed, and not
without a recompence, to confirm and
proclaim the facred trliths. Thefe,
as guides to others, it is to be hoped^
are penetrated with a fenfe of the du-
ties of their office ; that they are not
to violate the refpe£l due to the fu-
preme powers, to intrude where they
are not called, belye their preaching
of peace and mutual love by fa^ious
and turbulent praflices ; but, at leail,
to preach firil by example, exerting
ali the eAbrts of which human nature
is capable, againd vice and error f
never to difguife truth, nor weaken
any of the proofs on which it is found-
ed, and whenever they are called 16
it, ileadily to adltere to that maxim,
than which there never was one more
juil, • It is better to obey God than
man.'

F. Y.

Hoa.

34«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

floAT£KsiAy 9r thiWnnoH $f Explanation; aNku Jdbrsl
Tali^ hj M.ii Mannoatel : Concludeifrvm Page 280.

'IT is my wi(b, mj dear daugh-
ter/ fiud Horteniiay in the paper
which ihe had entrufted to her care,
* to give yoa a verjr important teflon
at my death. I die difiowwred^ but
I die innocents V have been accufed
qS a cri$ae, while I have only been
goilty 6[irrors, which I thiiJc deferve
of pardon. But thefe errors, trifling
in themfelves, were ferious^in appear-
ance, and deceived your father. Do
aoc cenfnre him : his miftake was in-
evitable: my iirft fault was the not
taking of pr(^)er meafures to guard
bim againn it. I thought I might
defpife thefe dangerous appearances : I
attached an empty importance to what
was of none at all» and flighted that
which was of the utmoil coniequence.
Proud of the virtuoos fentiments I
cheriflied in my heart, I was certain
that the eileem of the puUic, and
that of a worthy hulband, would never
fiviake me. Free from leproach in
nyowneyeSf I flattered myielf I was
even above fu^picion; and without
doing any thin^ to render me really
eontempiible, 1 mcurred the contempt
both ot my huAiand and the world.
This contempt, m^ dear daughter, is
the flow poiion which confumes* and
wifl foon bring me to the grave. Lift*
en, meditate, and never forget what
was the ruin of your mother.

* At nineteen, I married the man,
whom I thought, of all hb fex the
moft^amiable and eftimable. Unfor-
tunately, I could boafl of fome beauty.
Inmyprefentfituation, I may fay this,
alas ! without vanity. This danger-
ous gift of Nature, feconded the care
I took to pleafe the hufliand I loved,
whom I have ever bved alone, and
whom I fliall flill love when I breathe
ny lateft flgh. But though this fenti-
ment would have been alone fufficient
lor my happinefs, 1 had not good
lenfe enough to fee that it was fi^ci-
ent foit my glory. My vanity made
pe look tor other txiumphi in the ac-

oompIUhments natural to oay a^. I
allowed myfeLf toaim at platfio^, end
while I referved for my hH^band afl
th^ afledion of my bearc» I let my
tranfient beauty innocent!/ enjoy the
homage that waa paid to it* Not that
I was credulous enough to lay mack
flrefs upon this homage ; for I knew
it was frivolotts, and often infinceie ;
my mother had taken catc to tsack
me its true value, and all tbie julmiia"
tion was, in reality, of litde import-
ance to me* But feeing^ that tke
young women of my own age^ with-
out efteeming it any more than \, took
a pleafure in it, notwithflandin^, as
in the Only triumph, they fometimes
faid» that nature and opinion had af-
forded them, 1 fuflered myfdf to be
flattered like them. Yoer father was
neither furprifed nor jealous. Our
mutual tsnderaefs had aflTumed a cb^
ra£ter we thought unalterable ; yoar
birth had made the union of oor beavti
more virtuous and more intimates
and a fentiment which, though of a
peaceful kind, was not dcflcieBt ia
flrength, had fubflituted the fereni^
of content to the intoxication ef love.
* Thus was I in full poflefiion of my
hufl)and's efUem. I made no fecret
to him of the attentions paid me by
'the gay and agreeable part of the
youthful drdes; and they were ro-
ceiyed at his own honfe without fitf-
{Mcion. My mother alone took the
alarm: not that flie had any doubt
of the virtuous fcnuments of my
mind ; but a prudent fbrefight made
her apprehenflve of her danghter*s
fuflering both from the doubtfuT light
of appearances, and the falfe oolottr-
ing of malignity.'

' Yon are well fatisfied, my dear
daughter,' faid flie, * of the tranquil-
lity of your hulband's heart : like me^
he fees into your foul. But are yoo
equally fecure of the joflice of the
world? no you think that envious
vanity^ and that ^onfiderate malice
' ' ' "' ' '^ wh^h

FOR MAY, 1794.

343

.which Vnakes a fport of throwing pot-
ibned darts, will do no mifchief to
Yhat hoDOOo To tender, and fo eafily
woanded, which you imprudendy ex-
poie?' I anfwered, that the iimccence
of ray condad was fo e^dent, that no
perfon could attack it, without ren-
dering himfelf odions.
- ^ And, indeed, as there was in
" my anions, in my converfation, and
in the ingenooufnefs of my difpoficion,
nothing like the artifices of coquetry;
and as I thought of nothing more
than being amiable, without taking
any pride in making conquefts, ill-
nature itfelf was pleafed to fpare me.
My hnfband, it m true, fet the ex-
ample of the confidence that was to be
placed in my virtue. Without indif-
ference or inattention, he permitted
jne to enjoy a liberty^ of wh'xh he
was very certsun I fliould not make an
ill ufc ; and, in return, I faw without
alarm, the liberty in which he in-
dulged himfelf.

^ < The Jove of literature, and cfpe-
cially a tafte ibr theatrical entertain-
ments, had enrolled him in a circle of
<onnoiireurs ; and a friend, whom I
accufe my felf of fdj)e6ting of perfidy,
the chevalier d*Onval, had been his
introdtKer. This fociecy made the
reftoration of the French theatre its
conftant pleafuie and occupation. It
offered encouragement to the pofle^rs
of fifing talents, who were admitted
to frequent fupper- parties, at the
houfe in which the fociety held its
meetings.

' I well knew that young beauties
there met with the attentions of gal-
lantry ; but perTuaded that my huf-
band loved. me, and that he could
love nothing but what was worthy of
efteem, I fhould have bluflied at
thinking him capable of yielding to
any fedudion.

« D'Onval, his friend, however,
who alfo called himfelf mine, aficed
roe, fometimes, if thefe little theatri-
^ privy-councils, and tranfadiont
behiiod the fcenes, gave me no alarm,
offering to perfuade his friend Ver-
vanne to reoott&oe all fucb comsc-

tions, if they exdtfli^ in me the leaf

uneafineis.

*D'Onval, perhaps, had nothing
in view but my tranquillity ; perhaps^
he himfelf might wiih to deftroy it,
'Tis afufpicion I difdaim, but which*
fince my misfortune, has recurred
more than once to my mind. ** So
little," he would often fay to me, ** u
wanting to difturb the happinefs of a
heart endowed with'fine feelings like
yours! A Ihadow of fufpidon, the
flighted c^oud over the condud Qf my
friend^ however virtuous and honour*
able he may fef m to me, makes me
tremble for you both." — Alas! my
dear daughter, it was I who removed
thcfe ideas, by afiaring him, that my
effeem for my hufliand was unalter-
able, and that I never could deicend
to the fear of fuch rivality. I 'heard
my hufband himfelf praife the talents,
the perfori, and the a(5compU(hnients
of the a6lre/res; but as he did not
dwell mu^h on the fubjedl, my heacc.
admitted no kind of jealoufy.

* At length, this ineiUmabfe tran^
qutllily was diffurbed by a circum-
ttance which I can ftill hardly credit*
after having *fcen it with my ow&
eyes.

* My hufband had laviflitd upon:
me all thofe ornaments of luxury*,
which were once (6 much in faihioii»
I had diamonds of uncommon fize and
water ; and in my bracelets, earrings*
egret, and dazzi'^g necklace, thefk'ili
and ufte of the artift was ftill more
admired than the richnefs of the
ftones : hqwever, after having for a
few years enjoyed, I at laft negleded
this frivolous amnfement of youthful
vanity. After your birth, the cha^
ra&er of mother having given a little
more folidity to my di^ofition, I fel*
dom attended to the advanuges of
dreis: I referved for my dear girl
the diamonds that were become ufe-
lefs to myfelf. But one day, looking
among my trinkets for a ring, which
D'Onval alked me for, as a pattern*
he faid, for one he was gomg to have
fet, I moved the cafe of my diamonds :
I perceived it was grown light; I

■opened!*.

344

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

openedf and foand it empty. I was
inftantly alarmed : fucb a robbery, in-
deed^ was well calculated to alarm
me. I faid nothing of it» however,
in the houfe ; but 1 was in the greateft
perplexity ; and uncertain whether I
ihould haRen, or delay, to make my
haiband partake of my uneaiiners,
I confulted D'Onval on this oc-
cafion.'

" No," faid he, ** do not mention
it to bim : it would afflid him to np
purpoie. Unlefs the robber fhoold be
cautious enough to have them un(et,
they will be recovered. The police
has the eyes of a lynx ; and I will un-
dertake to throw fome light upon its
refearches/' I gave him all the par-
ticulars of which the police could want
to difcover my jewelsj and truited en-
tirely to hu care.

' The next day, he came with a
imiling countenance. *' Good news !"
iaid he, ** your diamonds are found."
My &r1k fenfation was that *S joy. I
had not flept the whole night, not
doubting that the robber was an in-
mate of the houie, but not daring to
fufped any particular perfon. '* Ah !"
cried I, *' tell me inftandy in wHofe
hands they were difcovered."—
•* That,*-' iaid he, •* is what you will
never know. Were I to tell yoa» it
would afflid you to no purpofe ; and
perhaps, after all, the crime is not
io great as you may think it. Be
fatisfied with the alTurance that they
will be redored to you ere long : that
is the moil effential part of the buii-
neis." " No, fir," faid I, " it is not.
I am tormented by fufpicion and
anxiety, and till the robhier be known
to me, I (hall be afraid of feeing him
in every one that approaches." ** No,".
faid he, fmiling, *' the robber is not
dangerous, and I will be anfwerable
for it, that he is able to make reiti-
tution." I infiRed; and at length
gained my point. "J am going
then," faid he, " to quiet your appre-
henfions. But give me your word
that this adventure (hall remain an
inviolable fecret between us.'' Thefe
words operated on my mind like a
3

fudden ray of light. " Sir," (aid I
'< what you (ay, and the manner c
your iaying it, make me think it is mi
hufband. What has he done wid
them ? You need not be afraid to in
form me : 1 (ball make no complaiot
He has perhaps met with a great lot
at play." — " No, you are naii^aken,'
faid he ; " my friend is too pruden
to play for Aims that would redao
him to fuch an expedient. Yoq
diamonds are not fold ; nor are the;
in pawn. I believe that the ufe bt
has made of them is more pardonable
However, it is poilible I may be de
ceived ; and I deiire you, to (ee witl
your own eyca whether 1 am miltakeo
A fier that, your good feafe will i&
llrucl you not to conlider as a crine
what is, perhaps, no more than ai
indifcretion, a caprice, a fancy, oi
perhaps, a moment of admiration a:^
enthufiafm for youthful and uncom
mon ulents."

* At thcfe words, I felt my hear
(brink, the blood congeal in my vdns
and my voice die away on my lipi
but I contained my grief, and faid u
him, with as calm an air as it mi

r){rible to affume : *' How» fir, cv
afcertain what you fay with my o$n
eyes?" *• Nothing is more eafy,'
replied he : " it was ye((erday ia
Meiania appeared for the firft time ii
a part that requires great fplendouro
drefs. She was fuch a perfeifl blaai
of diamonds, that the public wa
ftruck by her appearance ; whUe 1
in confequence of the information yoi
had given me, thought that I reool
levied your fpoils. To-morrow (b
will play the fame part. Go, and (e
her, without being feen yourfelf : ba
once more, fair and tender Hortenfia
let me advife you, even after you ar
convinced of the weakneis of nr
friend, not to manifeft any conoeni
An explanation would diliurb for eve
the repofe of your houfe, and embitte
your whole life. Believe a (incen
friend: gentlenefs, indulgence, an
feeming ignorance of a hu(band's in
fidelity, are the (ird qualities of i
wife; for when (he reproach is jul)

i

FOR MAY, 1794.

(6 far from healing, it only, ferves to
envenom the wound."
- ' Vervanne had often fpoken of this
Melania in my prefence, without the
lead referve, as of a young and charm-
ing adrefs. Thefe expreffions were
not effaced from my memory ; but
although all appearances agreed, I
could not perfuade myfelf that a man
in whom I had ever witneffed fo much
delicacy, would abafe himfelf lb far as
to purloin my diamonds to gi\^' them
to an adlrcfs. I ipent twenty-four
hours in anguifh. I was obliged to
collet all the little remains. of my
fortitude to afk madame B -'— for a
Icac in ihe back part of her box ; and
thither I repaired.

* The fear and jcrembling with wh'ch
I waited for the drawing up of the
curtain, was like that of a vidim in
cxpeftation of the fatal blow. My
agitation increafed till Melania ap-
peared. When (he came upon the
Hage, I recolIe£led my diamonds.
My eyes inftantly grew dim ; a uni-
verfal (hivering feizedme; and as I^
perceived I was about to faint, I
begged to be taken into the air. I
was led out of the theatre ; my fer-

' vants were called ; I ftepped into my
carriage, and returned home, to give

' vent to my grief. What completely
overwhelmed me, was the having
ieen your father, with his eyes intent
upon the new aftrefs, and feemingly

' much affeded by all the fentiments
her part exprefled, applaud her with
the mod rapturous tranfports.

* When I was alone, in my dref-
£ng-room, half reclined upon a fofa,
and in the diforder of defpair ; "It is
all over," faii I to myfelf, " my
hufband's heart is irrecoverably 'lofl.
Cruel man ! how much has he de-
ceived me !'*

< While I was thus lofl in heart-
breaking reflexions, D'Onval came
in, and found me all in tears, ^ale,
defpairing, and difordered. •• Hea-
ven !" exclaimed he, "what have 1
done ! To what a fituation has my
imprudence reduced you ! Forgive
me, madam, forgive mc, I entreat

345

you, for all the forrow of which I am
the caufe. I am diftrefled at it be-
yond imagination." ^

' At thef'e words, and with a look
of afflidion, he took my hand, and
prefled it to his lips with the iirongeft
appearance Of fy mpathifing forrow.
Alas ! I was far from fuppofing that
there could be any thing in his com-
paffipn ofFenfive to decency. But he
who alone engaged my thoughts at
that inftant, your father, came fud-
denly in, and thought he had fur-
prifed his perfidious friend in my arms.
" Traitor,*' faiJ he, rufhing upon
him fword in hand, " this was then
the reafon of your leaving me I Be-~
gon-j, fince you are unarmed ; be-
gone, your bafe heart is unworthy of
my fword. Go, and die by the hand
of Tome wretch as infamous as your-
felf." D'Onval endeavoured to ipeak.
'•• Begone," repeated my hufband,
" and ceafe to contaiuinate my houfe.
And you, madam," faid he, with a
bitternefs that went to my heart, and
that has prt^yed upon it ever fince,
" was this then tlie fainting fit that
obliged you fo fuddcnly to leave the
theatre ?"

« Indignant at this infult, T was
going to anfwer, and to load him with
reproaches ; but he did not give me ^
time. " Come, come, madam," faid
be, "pride ill becomes the diforder
you are in. In ten minutes the horfes
will be put to. Go, and drefs your-
felf decently to return to your mother.
*Tis in her arms, that you muft in
future hide yourfelf."

* A woman pofTefTed of more forti-
tude or more temper than I, would
have renjained in her own apartment,
and waited for him there : (he would
have borne the firft affront, and witli
the calmnefs of innocence, at laft have
obtained a hearing. But 1 was hally
and imprudent ; 1 felt nothing but the
outrage, and faw nothing but the
contrait of my honour calumniated,
and the unworthy behaviour of a man
who, after having betrayed me, durft
condemn me, upon flight appearances,
without allowing me time for jui^ifica-
X X tion.

346

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tioD. I retired to my mother's, re-
folved never more to fee the inhamaa
tnd perfidious wretch to whom I owed
my diihoDOur.

'My mother^ after hearing me,
endeavoured to prevail on me to
write. «' What," faid J, " defcend
to explanations he would not believe,
and court the eileem of a heart un*
worthy of mine ! No, madam, iince
lax years of irreproadmble conduct
have not induced nim to have fome
doubt of my guilt, nothing would
lead him to believe me innocent. Ac-
cuflomed to fee vile and corrupted
minds in the focieties he frequents,
lie fuppofes me equally bafe ; and ca-
pabk himfelf of the moft infamous ,
proceedings, he judges me by his own
Aeart. Let him give that heart to his
Melania. It is as unworthy my re-

rt, as the vain ornaments of wluch
defpoiled me to give (hem to fuch >
la woman." My mother endeavoured
in vain to foften me : I was inflexible.
She wrote to him, however; but I
made her promife that in her letter,
ihe would only affure him, I was free
from reproach, and that giving up all
daim to my fortune, I siflced for no-
thing but my daughter.

' In his anfwer he pafled over in
iilence what he thought of me; a
£lence more cruel and contemptuous
than his very infults ! and refuHng
me my daughter, he reftored me my
fortune only. Thus, my dear child,
was our rupture completed.

' It was my wi(h, that at the age
when made acquainted with my mif-
ibrtune^ you (hould not be ignorant
of its caufe. Wrong not your mo-
ther, your expiring mother, by think-
ing ihe impofes on your credulity. 1{
I had been guilty of the crime of
which I am accufed, I (hould either
have deplored it in iilence, or I would
depofit in your bofom my confeffion
together widi my repenwnce. But
the real fault of which I accufe my-
illf, and which I wifli to guard you
agijnll, was that indifcretion, that
imprudent and prefumptuous con-
£dcnwc, which depending upon the

teftimonv of my own conlcienoe, made
me thiuK I had nothing elfe to con*
ciliate. This is what ruined yoor
mother. I have already faid, thiat I
fpent my youth in receiving the bo-
mage of a crowd of admirers ; and
yet I could fuppofe myielf to be is
no daneer from calumny. As proud
of pleaung, and as v;dn as thofe who
finilh by being weak, I expeded to
be alone reputed exempt from weak-
nefs, ^n the mid ft of the rocks that
furround«d me. From the poflefiioQ
of my hufband*s efleem, I deduced a
right to his unalterable confidence.
Even wh^u appearances were the moft
againll me, I difdained to deftioy
them. Thcfe, my dear daughter, were
the errors of my life. I have not
been able to conceal your father's firft
fault ; but it is to me that you ought
to attribute it. If I had been leis
fond of diilipation, if I had been more
attentive to pleafe him, and if 1 had
not given his defires time to ftray, he
might never, alas ! have loved ano- i
ther. Profit by my faults, and for-

fet his. Love him as amdi as if he
ad always loved me ; and when yoQ i
(hall become a wife and mother, le- ^1
member that it is decreed by the eter-
nal laws of Nature, that the glory,
the peace of mind, and the happinda
of a woman are infeparable ^om her
duty.*

It is not difficult to imagine the
impreilion which the perufal of this pa- i.
per made upon Vervanne. Diilrefled
beyond meafure at having fb ill ap-
preciated fuch a pure and virtuous
mind, overwhelm^ with the regret
of having embittered and fhortened
her life ; relieved however from the
reproach he had made her, as from a
dreadful burden ; 'impatient to go and
expiate his fault at her knees"; and
begging of heaven to let him fee her
at lead before her death, of which he
was the caufe, he kifTed a thoufand i
times over the characters traced by
her hand, which infii£fced fo nuny
new wounds upon his heart, but which
cured one worfe than aD of them to>
gether; and amid thife emotions,

what

FOR MAY, 1794.

347

what was the indignation he felt, when
in Hortenfia's narrative he difcovered
all the dark dealings and villany of
the perfidious D'Onval ! ' Ah !' faid
ke, * it was then I whom heaven
avenged, by bringing him to fln ig-
nominious end/ He fpent the night
in tears, begging heaven to give him
time to make reparation for his in-
juitice; and the next morning, he
fet off with his daughter in a poft-
cbaife for Livemon.

The furprife and joy of Hortenfia's
mother were extreme, when (he heard
that Sylvia had brought her father
with her. But when (he approached
to receive him, (he begged him to '
fparp'the fick perfon, and to give her
a few moments to pi-epare her for the
meeting, left fo fudden an emotion
ihould put a period to her exiftence.

' Ah ! my dear mother,* faid Hor-
tenfia, when apprifed by degrees of
her hufband's arrival, ' I am worfe
than I thought I was ! Let him then
come to uke a lalt farewell, and for-
give me the forrows with which I have
embittered his life/

Vervanne was fcarcely in the pre-
fcnce of his wife, when he caught
hold of her hand, bedewed it wich his"
tears, and implored her forgivenefs.

* You muft be very generous,* faid
flie, withalookof tendernefs, ' iince,
believing me guilty, you—* — « No,
I no longer believe it ; I ought never
to have believed it ; my elteem for
you fhould have better enabled me to
refill deceitful appearances. But all
-is now explained. 1 was guilty of a
breach of truft to my daughter; I
opened her caflcet ; I read, and my
breaft was no longer a prey to any
thing but remorfe. But that Temorfe
does not accufe me of the inhdelity of
which you fuppofe me guilty. 'Be-
lieve, biy dear Hortenfia, in the fm-
cerity of a man with whofe heart you
ought hot to be unacquainted. As
foon as you have llreneth fufficient to
hear him, yon will find him innocent,
and ftill worthy of your love.'

The emotion of his wife on hear-
ing thefc few words was fo powerful.

and the fobbings of tendeme(s and joy
they occafioned fo ^violent, that it
fcemed as if all the weak ligai^ients
of her foul were giving way together, ,
This crifis was her falvatidn. The
abfce(s, which was the feat of her
di{i?afe, breaking fuddenly, difcharged
itfelf ^ from her breaft ; and when (he
recovered from the fwoon into which
ihe had fallen, Ihe felt as if (he had
renewed her exiflence. llie iranf-
ports of joy, at this happy event,
knew no bounds in the cafile of Liver-
non, which re-echoed with tliankf*
givings and vows to heaven. The
attentions of maternal love, with thofe
of a daughter and of a hufband, were
united to complete the cure ; and, in a
(hort time, the patient was in a (late
of rapid recovery.

One day, (he faid to her hu/band,
with a charming gentlenefs of man-
ner : ' You have then ever loved me?
To this delightful idea is attached all
the'pleafure I feel in my renovated
exiftence.*

* You will be able to judge your^
felf,' anfwered Vervanne, ftiewing her
the cafe that contained her diamonds.
* Here are your jewels, that were pro-
faned for a moment without ever ceaf-
ing to be yours. Liften with calm?
nefs and (ilence ; for it is not to you»
but to this excellent mother that I ad-
dreff myfelf.

* There was a time,' you well know,
madam, when diamonds were con-
fidered as an indifpenfable part of
drefs. This time did not laft long ;
for virtuous women, on feeing the
richeft of all ornaments debafed, laid
them afide in difguft. As early as
the third year of our marriage, Hor-
tenfia had bidden adieu to her dia-
monds. They were coniigned to this
cafe, and forgotten.

' The difeafe of pretending to wijt
was epidemical at that time, and I
myfelf had not efcaped the contagion.
I was one of a fociety which thought
that it prefided over literature. The
theatre, in particular, feemcd to bt
our department. We were the coun-
fellors and the patrons' of a^iors ; but
Xx 2 the

348

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

the motl difli;guiiiv-d favour was re-
ferveJ for ilie kCtreifes; and more
than one of u-> pid tlKm affiduous at-
tention. ] was njver of that number :
the youthful hwiloand of an amiable
woman lUlf younger than myfclf, I
iic'.er felt, ihajk heaven,' the leall
dcljre to be unfai hful.' My tade for
the the;^tre was the only attiadion
that earned me thither. One of cur
connoillcurv, the chevali.T D'Onval,
had fo well availed Jiimklf of h's fup-
p'.e dlfpolii-ion, tliat I had contraded
with him what is called friendthip.
He had wit, lalle, a cultivated mind,
and a fontiinental philofophy of which,
he made a grtai difplay. Having
perfuaded me that w'th a portion of
gallantry and libertiniim, he nevcr-
thelefs retained a fufficient flock of
honour, 1 fuiFered myfelf to be taken
in his toils. He came often to my
houfj ; and as he did not feem more
forward to pay his court to my wife
than decency permitted, I entertained
no diilriill of him, and ftill lefs of her.
Bi2t what, a fnare did the villain lay
for us both ! '
, ' At one cf thofe fuppcrs to which
our focicty admitted the poflefibrs of
theatrical talents, one of the moH ce-
lebrated aflreiTcs brought and recom-
mended a young and handfome can-
did'ate for public applaufe, whofe firfl
appearance was announced. This
young woman's name was Mel^nia.
She was to appear in a part, the
cijlume of which was faid to require a
fuit of diamonds \ as yc t (he had none ;
and {he felt the want as an humilia-
tion. Thofe of her friend were known ;
and (he would not have it faid that
her jewels were borrc.vcd.*

* i'his delicacy is noble,' faid the
chevalier D'Onval to her in a half
whifper; * but if a friend were kind
eno'igh to lend you di.-.monJ.s never
ifecn upon tlic ftaoe.?' - « Certainly,*
f.id Melmia, * 1 Q.oi.lJ be very fen/i-
ble of tne obligation.' ' Marquis,'
faid the chevalier with a careleis air,
* you c^n do us that favour : your
wile's diamonds lie forgotten in their
cafe ; and it is ealy without her know-
ing it, to borrow tlivm for five or fix

day^. I will be anfwerable for their
being faithfully reilored.' I had the
wca'icnefs to confent ; and was guilty
of the ilill greater fmlt of making u a
fcc.et to my wife. Hence arofe the
misfortunes of which we have been
the two innocer;t vidims.

* Vou l^no'.v \^hat iuipreffion the
fight of her diamonds made on Hor-
tei.fia's mind; you know with what
addrefs the artful villain had prepared
for her this diflrcfiing piece of Itage
clFcd. His eyes were upon her ; he
faw her leave the theatre ; and he left
me with a view of feducing her, while
fvigning to offer confolation. The
fainting of a lady in the boxes had
occaiioncd fome dilb.irbance. 1 heard
her nan ed by thofe about me ; 1 left
the theatre, and went home with all
the anxiety of the moil tender affec-
tion. Judge of the revolution that
took place in my mind on entering
her clofet.* ,

' O heaven ! what a fcenc of vil-
lany !' exclaimed Hortenfia, * and
what a horrible charafter have you
cxpofed to my eyes !* — * I am aveng-
ed,' replied Vervanne. * Known for
an adventurer, (lighted, and tired of
his ex "flencc, his infolence provoked
the cha'-ifcment he defer ved ; he bore
it like a coward ; and died as he ought
to die.

< But, my dear Hortenfia, what a
world of foirows would a few words
of explanation have fparcd us I With-
out the moil intire confidence, and a
confidence that bani(hes all refcrve,
there is no fuch thing as unalterable
efleem, even for the moil congenial
hearts. Sufpxion and anxiety lurk,
and difFufe their poifon n file nee :
if the obmplaint he iliiied for a while,
it acquires greater biiternefs. The
roots of till mifunder Handings mud be
eradicated, the moftient they fpring
up ; nor has it been faid^ without rea-
fon, that the fetiing fun ihould never
leave a cloud betvveen a wedded pair.*
• 1 hope, my dear,' faid Hortenfia,
giving him her haiid, * that you wijl
adhere to this excellent maxim ; for
my part, I promife to obferve it, in
future, to my latefl breath.'

on

FOR MAY, 1794.

349

ON DUELLING.

AT the conclufion of my laft letter
on this Aibjcdt, I obfcrved that
the cruel necelliiy impofcd upon the
officers of the ari^y and navy, pro-
bably formed the only excufe that
can be made for duelling, and i pro-
mifed to con fid er in the prefcnt let-
ter, how far that excufe is a fufficient
one. Into this conGderation I was
about to enter, when a fiend obliged
me with fome oblervations on thefub--
jfft, written by an emine t literary
character nearly thirty years ago, and
communicated in a letter from France,
which, as far as my fii.nd knows,
was never pub'ilhed. 1 feel myfelf
fo much inclined to think with this
gentleman, that 1 Ihall dwell princi-
pally, in this letter, on his feiitiments,
rcferving my own for a future oc-
cafion, becaufe, in fettling the dif-
ferences of men of honour, it becomes
necef&ry to ufe their own weapons,
and confider them merely as men of
honour. In treating every fubjeft,
there are lights and ihades, and per-
haps this is no where more remark-
able than in the prefent cafe.

Speaking of France, this gentle-
man fays, that a lad of a good family
no fooner enters into the army, than
he thinks it incumbent upon him to
ihew his courage in a rencounter. His
natural vivacity pro0*pts him to hazard
in company every thing that comes
uppermoft, without any refped to his
feniors or betters ; and ten to one but
he fays ibmething, which he finds it
neceilary to maintain with his fword.
The old officer, inltead of checking
his petulance, either by rebuke or
filent dilapprobation, feems to be
plcafed with hi^ impertinence, and
encourages every fally of his pre-
fumption. Should a quarrel enfue,
and the parties go out, he makes no
effort to compromife the difpute ;
but fits with a pleafing expectation to
learn the ififue of the rencounter. If
the young roan is wounded, he kiifes
him with tr«nfport, extols his bravery.

puts him into the hands of the fargeon*
and vifits him with great tendemefs
every day, until he is cured. . If he
is killed Upon the fpot, he fhrugs up
his (boulders, fays, quelle dommage!
c ttoit un aimahle enfant! ah! pati"
enci ! and in three hours the defun^l
is forgotten. In France, duds are
forbiii, on pain of death ; but this
law is cafily evaded. The perfon
infulted walks out ; the antagoniif un-
derllands the hint, and follows him
into the (Ireet, where they joflle at
it by accident, draw their fwords, and
one, of them is either killed or dif-
abled, before aiiy e^e^ tual means can
be uied to part them. Whatever
may be the iil'ue of the combat, the
magidrate takes no cognizance of it;
at leail, it is interpreted into an acci-
dental rencounter, and no penalty is
incurred on either fide. Thus the
purpofe of the law is entirely de-
feated by a moil ridiculous and ^ruel
contrivance. The mereft trifles in
converfation, a raih word, a diftanC
hint, even a look or fm.le of con-
tempt, is fufficient to produce one of
the(e combats ; but injuries of a deep-
er dye, fuch as terms of reproach,
the 1-e dired, a blow, or even the
menace of a blow, mult be difcufled
wiih more formality. In any of thefe
cafes, the parties agree to meet in the
dominions of another prince, where
they can murder each other, without
fear of puni(hment. An officer who
\9 ilruck, or even threatened with a
blow, mull not be cjuiet, until he
either kills his antagonill, or lofes his
own life. A friend of mine, who was
in the fervice of France, told roe, that
ibme years ago, one of their captains,
in the heat of paffion, ftruck his lieute-
nant. They fought immediately : the
lieutenant was wounded anddifarmed.
As it was an affront that could not
be made-up, he no fooner recovered
of his wounds, than he called oat the
captain a fecond time. In a word^
they fought five times before the com-
bat

350

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

bat proved decifive ; at laft, the lieute-
nant ivas left dead on the fpot. This
was an event which fufiiclently proved
the abfardity of the pundilo that gave
rife to it. The poor gentleman who
was infultedy and oatraged by the
lurntaiity of the aggrefTor, found him-
felf under the necelTity of giving him
m further occation to take away his
Hfe. Another adventure of the fame
kind happened a few years ago. A
French officer having threatened to
Mrike another, a formal challenge en-
fued ; and it being agreed that they
ftould fight until one of them dropped,
each provided himfelf with a couple
•f pioneers to dig his grave on the
ipot. They engaged jult without one
of the gates of Nice, in prefence of a
H^reat numberof fpedtators, and fought
with furprifing fury, until the ground
was drenched with their blood. At
length one of them ilumbled, and fell ;
vpon which the other, who found
iiimfeif mortally wounded, advanc-
ing, and dropping his point, faid,
ye ti dowu €€ que tu nCas otij * I five
thee that which thou haft taken from
me.' So faying he dropped dead upon
the field. The other, who had been
the perfon infulted, was fo danger-
•uiiy wounded, that he could not
rife. Some of the fpediators carried
Lim forthwith to the beach, and put-
ting him into a boat,, conveyed him
l>y fca to Antibes. The body of his
ancagonid was denied Chriftian burial,
as he died without abfolation, and
every body allowed that his foul went
to hell; but the gentlemen of the
army declared, that he died like a
saan of honour. Should a man be
]be Tiever fo well inclined to make
atonement in a peaceable manner, for
an infuli given in the heat of paflTion,
or in the fury of intoxication, it can-
not be received. £ven an involuntary
trefpafs from ignorance, or abfence
ci miod, mull be cleanfed with blood.
A certain *noble lord of our country,
when he was yet a commoner, on his
travels, involved himfelf in a di-
^suna of this ibrt, at the co^rt •f

Lorrain. He had been riding out,
and, ftroUing along a public walk, in
a brown lludy, with bis horfewhip in
his hand, perceived a caterpillar
crawling on the back of a marqais,
who chanced to be before him. He
never thought of the/^/// maitre ; but
Hfting up nis whip, in order to kill
the infcdl, laid it acrofs his (houklera
with a crack, that alarmed aU the
company in the walk. The marquis'
iword was produced in a ntoment^
and the aggreilbr in great hazard of
his Hfe, a:> he had no weapon of de-
fence. He was no fooner waked finoin
his reverie, than he begged pardon,
and offered to make all proper con-
ceffions for what he had done through
mere inadvertency. The marqius
would have admitted his excufes, had
there been any precedent of fuch an
affront wafhed away without blood.
A conclave of honour was immedi-
ately aflcmbled ; and after long dif-
putes, they agreed, that an involon*
ury offence, efpccially fiom/uch a kind
of many might be atoned by coo-
ceirioDs. That you may have fame
idea of the fmall beginnings, ftom
■which many gigantic quarrels arife,
I fliall recount one that lately happen-
ed at Lyons, as I had it from the
mouth of a perfon who was an ear
and eye witnefs of the traniiaion.
Two Frenchmen, at a public ordi-
niry, ilunned the refl of the com*
pany with their loquacity. At length
one of them, with a fuperciiious air,
aflced the other's name. * I never
tell my name, (faid he) but in a
whifper.' ' You may have very good
reafons for keeping it fecrct,' anlwer-
ed the firft. « I will tell you/ re-
fumed the other; with thefe words,
he rofe, and going round to him,
pronounce^i, loud enough to be heaid
by the whole company. ' Je m' ap^k
Pierre Pav/aH ; et vout efes un imperti-
nent,^ So faying, he walked oot;
the interrogator followed him into the
ftreet, where they joftled, drew their
fvvords, and engaged. He who afked
the ^ueftion w«j» run through the bod/ ;

but

FOR MAY, 1794.

(MOt lib reladons were fo powerful,
that the vidor was obliged to fly his
country. He was tned and con-
demned in his abfence; his goods
were confifc'aced ; his wife broke her
heart ; his children were reduced to
beggary ; and he himfelf is now flarv-
ing in exile. Jn England, we have
not yet adopted all the implacability
of the pundilio. A gentleman may
be infulted even with a blow, and fur-
vive, after having once hazarded his
life againfl the aggrciTor. The laws
of honour in our country do not oblige
him, either to flay the perfon from
whom he received the injury, or even
to fight to the laft drop of his blood.
One finds no examples of duels among
the Romans, who were certainly as
brave, and as delicate'in their notiQns
ofhonourf as the French. Cornelius
Nepos tells us, that a famous Athenian
general, having a diipute with his
colleague, who was of Sparta, a man
of a fiery difpofition, this lail lifted
up his cane to llrike him. Had this
happened to a French petit m/utte,
death muft have enfued ; but mark
what followed. The Athenian, far
from refenting the outrage, in what
is now called a gentleman* like man-
ner, faid, ' Do, ilrike if you pleafe,
hut bear me* He never dreamed of
cutting the Lacedemonian's throat;
but bore with his pailionate temper
as the infirmity of a friend, who had
a thoufand good qualiticitf to overba-
lance that defedt.

I need not expatiate upon the folly
and mifchief which are countenanced,
and promoted by the modern pradice
of duelling. I ne^d not give exam-
ples of friends who have murdered
each other, in obedience to this fa-
Vafge cuftom, even while their hearts
were melting with mutual tendernefs;
nor will \ particularize the in (lances,
which I myfelf know, of whole fami-
lies ruined, of women and children
made widows and orphans, of parents
deprived of onl/ fons, i^nd of valuable
lives loft to the community, by duels,
which had been produced by one un-
guarded expreffion^ uitered without

intention of ofFence, >
difpute and alterCati/
infill upon the hard/
man's being oblig
felf to death, '
tune to be infulted by^ ^
a druftkard, or a main ^
will I enlarge upon this iide^f^
abfurdity, which, indeed, amonntt
to a contradidlion in terms ; I meaa
the dilemma to which a gentleman in
the army . is reduced, when he re-
ceives an affront; if he does noC
challenge and fight his antagoniil, he
is broke with infamy by a court-
martial ; if he fights and kills him»
he is tried by the civjl power, con-
vidled of murder, and, if the royal
mercy docs not intcrpofe^ he is io-
fallibly hanged : all chi;>, exdufive
of the rifk of his own life in the ducU
and his confcience being burchened
with the blood of a man, whom per-
haps he has facrificed to a falfb
pundlilio, even contrary to his owa
judgment. I will make bold to pro«
pole a remedy for this gigantic evily
which teems to gain ground every day | .
let a court be inlhtuted for taking
cognizance of all breaches of honours
wiih power to punilh by fine, pillory*
fentence of infamy, outlawry, an^
fxile, by virtue of an a6l of parlia-
ment made for this purpofe ; and all
perfons infulted, ihall have recourfe
to this tribunal : let every man who
feeks perfonal reparation H^ith fword»
piiloi, or other inilrument of death, be
declared infamous, and baniihed the
kingdom: let tvtry man. convided
of having ufed a fword or piftd, or
other mortal weapon, again ft another*
either in duel or rencounter, occafioned
by any previous quarrel, be fubjed 10
the fame penalties : if any man b
killed in a duel, let his body be hanged -
upon a public gibbet, for a certain
time, and then given to the furgeons :
let his anragonift be hanged as a
murderer, and difleded alfo ; and iom^
mark of infamy be fet on the me-
mory of both. I apprehend fuch xe>-
gulations would put a flop to the
pradlke of fluclling, which nothing

bttC

350

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

bat p/^c ^<KAr of infamy can fupport :
nap/ I am perfuaded, that no being,
^pabie of refledtionj would profecute
/ the trade of afTaflination at the rifque
of hit own life, if this hazard was at
the fame time reinforced by the cer-
tain profpedt of infamy and ruin.
Every perfon of fentiment would in
that cafe allow, that an officer, who,
in a dud, roba a deferving woman of
her hulband, a number of children of
their father, a family of its fupport.
and the community of a fello^v citi-
zen> has as little merit to plead from
expofing his own perfon, as a high-
wayman, or houfebreaker, who every
day rifques his life to rob or plunder
that which is not of half the import-
ance to fodety. 1 think it was from
the Buccaneers of America, that the
£ngli(h have learned to abolilh one
folecifm in the practice of duelling :
, thofe adventurers decided their per-
fonal quarrels with piilols ; and this
improvement has been ' adopted in
Great Britain with good fuccefs ;
though in France, and other parts of
the continent, it is looked upon as a
proof of their barbarity. It is, how-
ever, the only circumftance of duel-
ling, which favours of common fenfe,
as it puts all mankind upon a level,
the old with the young, the weak with
the ftrong, the unwieldy with the
nimble, and the man who knows not
how to hold a fword, with the fpa-
daffin^ who has pradtiied fencing from
the cradle. What glory is there in a
man's vanquiibing an adverTary over
whom he has a manifeft advantage ?
To abide the iffue of a combat in this
cafe, does not even require that mo-
derate ibare of refolution which na-
ture has indulged to her common chil-
dren. Accordingly, we have feen
many inftance-* of a coward's provok-
ing a man of honour to battle. In
the reign of our fecond Charles, when
duels Houri(hed in all their abfurdity,
and the feconds fought u^hile their
principals were engaged, Villiers,
duke of Buckingham, not content
with having debauched the counteis

of Shrewlbury, and publidnng bcr
(haihe, took all opportui(ities of pro-
voking the earl to Angle combat,
hoping he (hould have an t afy con-
queft, his lord (hip being a puny little
creature, quiet, inolFeniive, and eVery
way unfit for fuch perfonal contefis.
He ridiculed him on all occafrons, and
at lafl declared in pubUc company,
th.it there was no glory in cuckolding
Shrewlbury; who liad not fpirit to re-
fent the injury. This was an infult
which cou!J not be overlooiicd. 1 he
earl fent him a challenge ; and they
agreed to fight, at Barn-elms, in
prefence of two gentlemen, whom
they chofe for their feconds. All the
four engaged at the fame time : the
firft thrull was fatal to the e^l of
Shrr wfbury ; and his friend killed the
duke's fecond at the fame inftant.
Buckingham, elated with his exploit,
fet out immediately for the earl's feat
at Cliefden, where he lay with his
wife, after having boafted of the mur-
der of her huiband, whofe blood he
(hewed her upon his fword, as a tro-
phy of his prowefs. But this very
duke of Buckingham was little better
than a poltroon at bottom. When
the gallant earl of OiTory challenged
him to fight in Chelfea fields, he croiled
the water to Batterfea, where he pre-
tended to wait for hi^ lordihip, and
then complained to the houfe of lords,
that Oflbry had given him the rendez-
vous, and drd not keep his appoint-
ment. He knew the houfe would in«
terpofe in the quarrel, and he was
not difappointed. Their lordihips
obliged them both to give their word
of honour, that their quarrel ihould
have no other confequence.

^There is, I am perfuaded, much
cowardice at the bottom of modem
duels ; but yet the queftion recurs,
* How can an officer of the army or
navy refufe a challenge V An attempt
to difcufs this point will form the
fubjed of my next letter.

I atb, fir, yours,

EiRENOS.

J»

,1,4,11;,/

m

i

I

FOR MAY, 1794;

353

An Account of DovebriUge, in Derby (hire: With a hautifulPer'-
fpe^live View £/*Dovebridge Hall, the Seat of the Right Honour'^
Me Sir Henry Cavendifti, Baronet.

DOv B B R I p G E > Doveridge, or Da-
bri^e, as it has been vanoufly
written, is a village of Dcrbyfliire,
dclightfally fituated on the barjks of
the river Dove, in the hundred .of
Appletree, about halfway between
Sudbury and Uttoxetcr. At the time
of the Norman furvey, there was here
a church, with a prieft. The Iving
is a vicarage. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Cuthbcrt, aiid was given
by Henry, earl Ferrers, to the priory
of Tutbury in Stafford (hire. The
duke of Devonfbire is the patron : its
value in the king's books is 1 2I. 2s. id.
and the yearly tenths are il. 4s. lid,
Dovebridg^ was held, at the time
of the Norman conqueft, by Edwine,
the ninth and laft earl of Mercla. But
thie nobleman having been betrayed
and (lain, it was given to the fore&id
Henry earl Ferrers, whofe wife Berta^
according to the fuperilttion of that
age, had founded the priory of Tet-
bury, and endowed it with the lands
of coniiderable value in Dovebridge.
When this religious houfe was dif-
folved in the time of Ed ward the iixth,
' thefe lands were granted to fir Wil-
liam Cavendiih, knight.

In the year 1695, the number of
I the inhabiunts of Dovebridge amount*
> ed to five hundred and fix, as appears
from L poll-tax book. But, in the
yckr 1783, this pariih contained one
hundred and forty-five feparate dwell-
ings, and (even hundred and hfty in-
habitants. Ofthis number were three
hundred and feven heads' of families,
€fiy two men fervants, and forty- five
women fervants; one hundred and
fifty-fix male, and one hundred and
fixty-nine female children, and eleven
boarders :- fo that population has in-
creafed here two hundred and forty-
four perfons in the Ipace of eighty-
eight years.

, In this parifli is Dovebridge Hall,
the feat of the right honourable fir

Henry Cavendifti, baronet, a privy-
counfellor of Ireland, and member of
the Irifli parliament, who is fuppofed^
by Mr. Filkington, to be defccnded
from an illegitimate br^anch of the fa-
mily of Cavendifti duke of Devon-
•fhire. The fituation of this feat is
excellent: it Hands upon a rifing
ground, and commands a view of the
town of Uttoxeter in Staffbrdftiire, of
the river Dove, the rich paftures
which extend along its banks, and of
a range of diftant hills on the oppqfite
fide of the valley. 1 he houfe is mo*
dern and handfome. The foundations
of it were laid on the 6th of July
1769.

In this parifti alfo, in the liberty of
Eaton Dovedale, is Eaton Hall, which
was the refidence of fir Thomas Mil-
ward, knight, chief jullice of Chefter,
who entertained king Charles the firft.
This houf« is now in ruins. Over
the door is placed the following in-
icription : • V. T. placet Deo fie
omnia fiunt, anno Domini I576»
Junii 12.'

The river Dove, on which thit
village is fituated, is diftinguifhed by
a great variety of the moit beautiful
fcenery ; particularly, by Dove Dale,
which is juftly celebrated for its wild
and fantaftic appearance, and is fituated
about three miles from Aihbornc, and
one from the road leading thence to
Buxton. The fides of this valley are,
almoft in every part, fteep and craggy.
However, there is a tolerably gcod
defcent into it, near a high hill, called
Thorpe-cloud. When the traveller
arrives at the bottom, he finds him-
felf inclbfed in a very narrow and
deep dale. Raifing his eye up, he
obfervesi on the right hand, many
craggy rocks, placed one above ano-
thi r to a vaft heif'ht, and on the lefc,
a iieep and almoft perpendicular af-
cent, finely covered with wood and
herbagf.

Y f ' Mbmoirs

554

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Memoirs of tbehirt and W^irivos of Mr. Edward FAHtFAX^
a cekbraUd Englt/h Poet.

Among the new Lives in the fifth Filume of the Piogn^bia Britaxnica, tot

percei*ve nxitb Pleajure^ thct of Mr, Edivard Fairfux ; a Poet, rewutrkahk

for the Eafe and Harmcny of his Ferfification, at a Period comfarati'veij rude^

andtvhen our Englijh Poetry had attained to a 'verjfUnder Decree of Eiegaate

and Refinement, It is written fy Dr, Kippis.

EDward.Faxrfax, an ingenious
poet, who flour ifhed in the reigns
of queen Elifabeth and king James
the firft, was the Tecond Ton of fir
Thonas Fairfax, of Denton, York-
flure, by Dorothy his wife, daughter
of George Gale, of Afcham-Grange^
efq. treafurer to the mint at York.
In what year he was born is not re-
lated. The family from which he
fprang was of a very military torn.
His father had pafled his youth in the
wars of Europe, and was with Charles
duke of Bonrbon, at the lacking of
Rome, in the year 1 527. His en-
gaging in this expedition is fald to
bave eiven fuch offence to fir William
Fairf£c, that he was dilinherited. But
this is a fad to the truth of which we
can by no means give our ai)ent. He
might incur for a time the difpleafure
of his father ; but it is certain that he
fucceeded to the family eftate at Den-
ton, and tranfmitted that eAate to his
defendants. It was in 15774 or,
according to Douglas, in 1579. that
he was knighted by queen Elifabeth.
This was when he was far advanced
in years. The poet's eldeil brother,
Thomas, who in procefs of time be-
came the firftlord Fairfax of Cameron,
received the honour of knighthood
before Rouen in Normandy « in 1591.
for his bravery and good behaviour
in the army fent to the affi/laDce of
Henry tJie fourth of France ;*and he
afterward iigniillzed himfelf on many
occafions \\\ German/ againft the
houfe of Au tria. A younger brother
of Edward Fairfax, fir Charles, was
a cap rain under fir Francis Vere, at
the bauleof Nieupott, fought in 1600 ;
and in the famous three years iitg<t of

Odend, commanded all the EngliOi
in that town, for fome time before it
furrendered. Here he received a
wound in his face, from the piece of a
ikull of a marfhal of France, killed
near him by a cannon ball ; and fooa
aftet he was himfelf flain. This event
happened in 1604. '

W}iile his brothers were thus ho-
nourably employed abroad* Mr. Ed-
ward Fairfax devoted himfelf to a
ftudious courfe of life. That he bad
the advantages of a ytty liberal edu-
cation cannot be doubted, from hit
intelledual acquirements, and the dii^
tin^ion which he foon obtained in the
literary ,world. Indeed, his attain-
ments were fuch, that he became
(qualified to fill any employment* either
in church or ftate. But an invincible
modedy, and the love of retirement,
induced him to prefer the fhady groves
and natural cafcades of Denton, and
theForeft of Knarefborough, to the
employments and advantages of a
public flation. Accordingly, having
married, he fixed himfelf at Fuyiflone,
as a private gentleman. His time
was not, however, inadively or in-
glorioufly fpent. This was appaxent
in his poetical exertions, and in feve*
ral compofitions in profe, the mana-
fcriots of which were left by hini in
the library of lord Fairfax, at Denton.
The care and education of his chil-
dren, for which he was fo well quali-
fied, probably engaged fome part of
his attention. We are informed, like-
wife, that he was very ferviceable» in
the fame way, to his brother lord
Fairfax ; befide which* he affiled him
in the government of his family and
the management of his afiairs. The

con*

FOR MAY, 1794.

355

confe^uence of this wzs, that all his
fordflup's children were bred fcholarsy
and well principled in religion and
virtue ; that his houfe was famed for
its hofpitality/ and> at the fame time,
his eftate improved. What Mr. Ed-
ward Fairfax's principles were, ap-
pears from the character which he
fives of himfelf, b his book on
^aemonology. < For myfelf,' fays he.
* I am in religion neither a fantaftic
pdritan nor a fuperftitious papift ; but
lb fettled in confcience, that I have
the fure ground of God's word to
warrant all I believe, and the com-
jnendable ordinances of oor,£ngliih
church to approve all I pra^fe : in
in which courle I live a faithful Chrif-
tian, and an obedient fubjeft, and fo
teach my family/ In thefe (princi-
ples he perfevered to the end of his
days, which took place aboat the year
i6p. He died at his own houfe, -
called ^Newhall, in the parifli of
Fuyiilone, betweei^ Denton andKnare-
fborough, and was buried in the fame
pari(h. A marble done, with an in-
Kription,. was placed over his grave ;
but he deierved a monument near
Godfrey of Boubgne, in the temple
of Jerufalem.

Such are the few particulars that
are related concerning the private life
of Mr. Edward Fairfax. But it is as
a poet that he is principally endded
to attention ; for, in this refped, he
33 held in juft reputation, and deferves
to have his name tranfmitted with ho-
nour to pofterity. His prime work
was his tranflation of Torquato. Taflb's
heroic poem of ' Godfrey of Bologne '
out of Italian into fmooth an^ excel-
lent Englilh verfe. What adds to the
merit of the work is, that it was his.
firft effay in poetry, and executed when
hp was very young. &n its appear-
ance it w^ dedicated to queen Elifa-
beth. The book was highly com-
mended by the beft judges and wits of
the age in which it was written, and
their judgment has been fan^oned by

the approbation of fucceeding critics^
King James valued it above all other
Englilh poetry ; and king Charles
ufed to divert htmfelf with reading it
in the time of his confinement. All
who mention Fairf^LX, fays the writer
of Gibber's Lives of the Poets, do him
the juilice to allow chat he was an ac*
compliihed genius ; but then, it is in
a way fo cool and indifferent, as (hews
that they had never read his works,
or were any way charmed with the
melody of his verfes. It was impoifi-
ble that Dryden could be fo Uind to
his beauties. Accordingly, we find
him introducing Spencer and Fair^
almoft on the level, as the leading
authors of their times; nay, tacitly
yielding the palm in point of harmony
tothelaft; by aiTerting that Waller
confeffed that he owed the muiic of
his numbers to Fairfax's Godfrey of
Bologne. ' The truth is, this gen*
tleman is, perhaps, the only writer
down to iir William Davenant, whp
needs no apology to be made for him
on account of the age in which he
lived. His difUon is fo pure, ele-
gant, and full of graces, and the turn
of his lines fo perfedly melodious,
that one cannot read it without rapv
ture ; and we can fcarcely imagine
the original Italian has greatly the
adv^antage in either : nor is it very
probable that, while Fairfax can bie
read, any author will attempt a new
tranflation of Tailb with fuccefs*.
Without difputing the general truth
of thb eulogium, (which, however,
might ibmewhat have been foftened)
It cannot fail to be obferved, how
much the biographer has been mif*
taken in his concluding conjecture*
A new tranflation of Taflb has net
only been attempted, bat executed,
by Mr. Hoole, with ret^rkabie fuc-
ceis and with diftinguiflied excellence ;
and indeed in fuch a manner, that, in
the opinion of Dr. Johnfon, Fairiax's
work will perhaps not foon be re-
printed. Of Fairfax a periodical cri«

• Gibber's Lives of the Poets, vol. I. page 223. %%^,

tic

35.6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tic thus fpeaks : * He had the po vers
oFgen:us and rancy,and broke tnrcugh
that Teriile cullomof tranflation which
prevailed in his time. His liberal
elegance rendered nis veriions more
agreeable than the drynefi of John-
fon, and the dull fiJebty of Sandys
and M37; and he would have tran-
flateJ TaiB with fucc».*fs, had he not
unhappily cho en a fpecies of verfifi-
cation wuich was ill adapted to the
Englifli language •.* Mr. Hoole, in
affjg..ing the rcafons for his giving a
new verfion of Taflb's * Jerufalcm
delivered/ has exprefled himfelf as
. follows : ' I may be toU, indeed, that
there is an Engliih tranflation of him
already, and therefore that an apo-
logy js neceilary for a new ouc. To
this I anlWer, that the only complete
tranflation is that of Fairfax, which
h in ftanzas that cannot be read with
pleafurc by the generality of thofe
who have a taile for Engli(h poetry :
p{ which no other proof is neceflary
than that it a* pears fcarccly to Have
been read at all. It is not only un-
plcufant, but ir» Tome, ii fuch a degree
as to iurniount curiofity, and more
tha I counterbal ince all tic beauty of
cxprellioa and fentiment, which is to
be rojnd in that work. I do not
flatter myf«!lf that I have fxcelled
Fairfax, except in roy meafure and
vcrfific.tiion ; and, even of thefc, the
pri. ci^»al recomm epilation is, that
th:y ar- more modern, and better
adapted to the ear of all readers of
Engili poetry, except of the very
few wno have acquired a tafte for the
phrafes and cader.c-es of ihofe times.
When our Verfe, if not our language,
was in i:s ruj.mcn s.' Jt uas not
neceifary to the juftihca.ion of Mr.
tioole's n-w veri'on, that he ihould
pafs fo fc^ere a cenfarc on Fairfax's
meafure. To Ly that * it is not only
unpleafant, but irkfome, in fuch a de-
gree as to furm^unt curiolity, and
piore than cojnterbalance all the
beauty of expreflion which is to be
|pund in the work,' appeals to us to

be very unjnft. The writer of the
prelent article, though fcnfibic of Mr.
Hpole's fuperiority, has lately read the
whole of Fairfax, not merely without
difgufh but with pleafure. Hie pcr-
fpicuity and harmony of his verixiica-
tion are indeed extraordinary, coq-
fidering the time h whicn he wrote ;
and in this refpeft he ranks nearly
with Spcnfer. Nothing but a fine
fancy and an elegant mind coald have
enabled him, in that period, to have
made fach advances toward per-
fedVon.

Since thtfe remarks were written,
we have had the pleafurc of finding
that Mr. Hume*s fentiments are not
very different from our own. * Fair-
fax,' fays that hiftorian, hastranflated
Taflb with an elegance and eafe, and
at the fame time with an exadlnefs,
which for that age are furprifing.
Each line in the original is faithfully
rendered by a corrcfpondent line in
the tranflation. Harrington's tran-
flation of Ariofto is not likewiic with-
out its merit. J t is to be regretted,
that thcfe poets fliould have imiuted
the Italiars in their ftanza> which has
a prolixity and uniformity in it that
difpleafes in long performances. They
had otherwife, as well as Spenfer,
contributed much to the polifliing and
refining of Englifti vcrfification.' "Ma-
ny, if not molt of our readers, have
feen a fpecimcn of Fairfax's meafure
at the end of Dr. Johnfon's life of
Waller.

Mr. Fai fax's poetical exertions did
not end with his tranflation of Taflb.
He wrote the hiflory of Edward the
Black Prifce, and a number of ec-
logues. No part of tiie hiilory of Ed-
ward the Black Prince has, we be]ie\'r,
ever been laid before the public;
which is the rather to be regretted
as it might hence have more di^inAly
been difcerned what were our poet's
powers of original invention. The
eclogues Were compofed in the firft
year of the reign of king James, and,
after their being finiOied, lay negled^*

f Monthly Review, vol. XXXI, pageio5.

FOR MAY, i794v

ed ten years In the author's ftudy, un-
til Lodowicv duke of Richmond and
Lenoxy defired a fight of them, which
occafioned Mr. Fairfax to tranfcribe
them for his grace's ufe. That copy
was feen and approved by many
learned men ; and Dr. Field, after-
ward blQiop of Hereford, wrote verfes
upon it. The following lines were
addrefled to our poet by Wilfon^
Scoto-Britannus :

^ £t Phcebum, caftafqne doces, Fairfaxes
Soi'ores
Salfa verecundo verba lepore loqui ;
Ulla nee in toto prurit lafcivia libro,
Pagina non minus eli quam tibi vita
proba.*

• Chaftc is thy mufe as is a veftal nun.

And thy Apollo fpotlcfs as the fun 5

>lo wanton thought betray 'd by word or

look,
As blamelefs is thy life as is thy book.*

But the book itfelf, and Dr. Field's
encomium, periihed in the &rc, when
the banqueting-houfe, at Whitehall
was burnt, and with it part of the
duke of Richmond's lodgings. Mr.
William Fairfax, however, our au-
thor's fon, recovered the eclogues out
of his father's loofe papers. Thefe
eclogues were twelve in number, and
were compofed on important fubjeds,
relating to the manners, characters,
and incidents of \he times. They
were pointed with many fine flrokes
of fatire; dignified with wholefome
leflbns of morality and policy to thofe
of the higheft rank ; and fome modeft
hints were given even to majefty it-
felf. With refpedl to poetry, they
were entitled to high commendation ;
4ind the learning they contained was
fo various and extenfive, that, ac-
cording to the evidence of his fon,
>vho wrute large annotations on each,
no man's reading befide the author's
own was fufficieni to explain his re-
ferences eScAuall^, The fourth ec-

S57

logue was printed, by Mrs. Cooper,
in * The Mufes Library,' publillied in
1757. It is fomewhat extraordinary
diat the whole of them (hould never
have appeared in print. If they are
fHll in being, it might not, perhaps,
be an unacceptable fervice to give
them to the public.

None of Fairfax's writings in prof«
have ever been publiihed. They moft
of them related to the controverfy of
religion with the church of Rome,
and are reprefcnted as having afforded
fignal proofs of his learning and judg*
xnent. The perfon with whom the
controverfy was carried on was one
John Dorreil, a Romifh prieft of no
ordinary fame, at that time a prifoner
in the Caitie of York. Between him
and Mr. Fairfax a variety of letters
pafTed, relative to the moil dillin-
guiftied tenets of popery. A copy of
our author's Treatife on Dxmonology
is in the poiTefiion of Ifeac Reed, e^.
It is entitled, * A Difcourfe of Witch-
craft, as it was aded in the family of
Mr, Edward Fairfax, of Fuyiilonc,
in the county of Yoric, in the year
1621.* FairfaiX left feveral children,
fons and daughters. William, hia
eldeft fon, b.fore mentioned, was t
fcholar, and of the fame temper with
his father, but more cynical. He
tianflated Diogenes Laertius out of
Greek into Engiiih. This gentleman
was grammatical tutor to Mr. Stan-
ley; the celebrated author of the Hif-
tory of Philofcphy . It is aflcrted by
Mrs. Cooper, that the greateft pait
of that work, as well as the notes oa
Euripides, truly belonged to Mr.
William Fairfax, though his modefty
and friendfhip declined the reputation
of them. To fuch vague aiTertions
little regard, we apprehend, is to be
paid. It was not Euripides, buc
i£fchylus, that was publiihed by Mr.
Stanley.

35*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Jin Account of fome remarkable Improvement in Agriculture^

in Scotland.

J» 1 ccnfidcr a Tiujhaftdman as one of the moft ujfful Chara&ers^ / havt fViT
read, tuitb particular FUa/hre, the Accouns rfjuccefful Imfrwemtnts under*
taken and completed ly GentUmen on their own Ej^utes, e/pecially, 'when te^ey
hteve not only terminated in toe ^ateft Advantages io tbem/dvest bnt hann
augmented co^tfiderahly the Competence and Comfort of their Tenants, ^lua
Inflancts of this Kind I extraS Jrcm Sir John Sinck.r's Statidical Accoanc
of Scotland, and am perfuaded that you ca^mot prcfent to your Readers a mere
f leafing nor a more interefiing Article, I am. Sir, ^c,

COLVUBLLA.

THE firi! inftance alluded to above
is ielefted from the third volume,
and was communicated to the patriotic
baronet hy the Rev. Mr. Clawfon of
the pariih of Dalziel in Lancafhire.
It is as follows, ia his own words :

• The late Archibald Hamilton,
cfq. the father of the prefent proprie-
tor, enjoyed the eiVate during the
couiie of a lod^ life. His father had
began to plant a little, and this branch
of cidtivation he profecuted for a good
part of his life, with great judgment
abd perfeverance, pUmting all kind
of trees known in this country, adapt-
ing each to its proper iituation and
cxpofure, and covering and adorning
a country which before was flerile and
naked, with extenfire forefls. His
fuccefs was equal to his attention. His
plantations were extended to 150 acres
of forcft trees, which are the admira-
tion of all who have feen them ; to
which his fucceilbr has added about
ten acres more, beautifying the coun-
try, at)d fhcltering the neighbouring
£elds from the cutting blalts, by which
alone the fertility of many of them is
greatly incneafed. He had the good
t-irtune to live to fee trees, which he
had planted after he appeared as a
lawyer at tMe bar, grown to twelve'
ftret in girth, ^e pleafed himfelf
wich having the furniture of his din-
ing-room made of his own wood.
And for T^veral years fince his death,
more t.mber of his planting has been
ib!d in one year, tnan the value of
ibe yearly rent of the efiate, when he

entered into the pofleffion of it ; and
yet the trees arc itill fo crowded, at
to want room to expand their branchcj.

' He was no leis attentive to tiae
orchard than to the forcfl. Upoa
doping banks by the fides of brooks,
&c. he planted apple,pqar, and plumb
trees, from time to time, to the ex-
tent of twenty acres ; and for a long
time pail, iince chefe have grown up,
the fruit has been fold, in good years,
from I col. to 167I. Of all thefe
twenty acres,' not fix were worth fix-
pence an acre, except for planting
foreft trees ; but from the variety of
cxpofnrcs which thofc orchards enjoy,
and the tall forefb which embofom
them, fo many of them are fecured
from the Injury of blights and mil-
dews, as always to enfure a crop of
fruit, if there be fruit any where in
the country,

* Nor was he lefs fuccefsful in pro-
mpting improvement in agriculture,
by cberifhing and prompting the in-
dnftry of his tenants. He 'convinced
them, by the whole of his condudt,
that he took an interefl; in their wel-
fare. He and his family madcthem-
felves iniimately acquainted with their
condition, were ever ready to hear
their talc, to take part in their trou-
ble, or to rejoice in their profperity.
If any of his hufbandinen were borne
down with the prcffure of incidental
misfortunes, he raifed them again by
his bounty and forbearance, never
difmifling any of them who were will-
ing to continue in their poU&ffions;
' ' ' ^ t>uu

FOR MAY, 1794.

BS9

bat, at die end of ever leafe, pre-
ferring thcjn or their poflerity to a
new one^ at a reafonable rent ; and
this has been fo uniformly the pradlice
of his family, that there are tenants
who can reckon their ancellors in the
poiTeffion of the fame farm, previous
to the period at which this family be-
came proprietors. He incloicd the
fields with hedges, and (bettered them
with planting. He aboli(hed the feu-
dal cullom of exacting carriages and
other fervices from his tenants ; and,
in ihort, did every thing to turn their
attention folely to the cultivation of
' their own farms. Under tiiis mild

and benevolent treatment, the pea-
' fantry, finding their induftry tended

! ^ as much to their own and their pof-
I terity's permanent advantage, as to

I that of an indulgent landlord, profited

I by every lefibn and example. They

began to fummer fallow their fieids,
\ s^ 10 ilreight their crooked ridges, to
carry lime, and make compofls;
1 and the benevolent fpirit of their land-

lord fpreading among them, every
^ one is ready to aflift his neighbour on
^ all emergencies. And thus has the

value of the elUte rifen to nearly five
times the yearly rent, which it yield-
ed when th^ fame gentleman firli fuc-
ceeded to it ; and at the fame time
the condition of the tenants, with
their moderate farms, and plain man-
A ner of lif;;, is perhaps as happy as

any to be met with.'

*— Thisparifli is indebted to its
late propria, tor for another impor;ant
improvement. AH along the high-
ways, he gave leafes and feus of i'uots
of little value, for building. On thefe
there are now upward ot fifty hand-
fome cottages eredled, filled wiih in-
duiirious inhabitants, having neat lit-
tle kitchen gardv-'ns around them ; by
which he not only improved and
beautified h's own eflate, but fet an
example, which has fince been follow-
ed by others.'
% The fecond inftance was commu-
nicated to fir John Sinclaif^ by the
Rev. Mr. Johnllon, of the pariQi of
Moncquhitter^ in Abcrdeenlhire, in

the following account of Jofeph Cu-
mins, efq. late of Auchry :

' Nature had endowed Mr. Cnmine
with an adtive and vigorous mind.
Cool, fagacious, penetrating, he con-
nected a found judgment and correct
tafle, with unfhaken reiblution and
unwearied applicalton. Slow, but fure
in planning, he was prompt and ar-
dent in executing hts defigns. When
he afTumed the management of his
edate, in 1739, it yielded 150I. fier-
ling of rent, of which he could only
call 60L his own. The heath ex-
tended to the back of his houfe : in
front, an cxhaulled mofs and a mo-
rafs, fed by the water of Auchry, of-
fended the eye : and the whole of his
farm, deftitute of a garden, confifted
of a few acres dignified with the title
of Place Croft. He gradually baniih*
ed the heath ; —reduced the river to a
regular channel ; converted the mo-
rals, \«hen drained, into a next gar-
den and inclofures ;— and, at various
titnes, took from the adjoining landa
200 acres, which he converted into
an elegant farm, inclctfed and fub-
divided; where the ufeful and the
pleafant, blended by the' hand of a
mader, command the refpe^ of the
critic, and excite the delight of the
traveller. He accompanied his other
improvements by a fuperror breed of
cattle, whereof, by judicious manage-
ment, he gready encrcafed the fize
and the value.

« As his cftate was extremely well
accommodated with mofs, he gra-^
dually fubdivided large farms. He^
ilriA!y prohibited the abfurd prafUce
of paring and burning the moAy foils :
he made trads, to improve by water
thofe fields that could be commanded
by it : he bound his tenants to drive
annually from quarries, feven Scotch
miles diilant, a prefcribed quantity of
limeftone, which he taught them to
break, burn, and apply : he obliged
them to fow a certain proportion cf
their land with turnip, fiax, and grafs
feeds : he encouraged them to rear
their own cattle, inftead of .wailing
their money in buying expenfivQ fets :

he'

3fo

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

he frequently walked or rode through
his efUite« freely converfing with ms
tenants , roufing tfarm to ioduftry by
motives fuited to their rcfpeflive
tempers, aad particularly diilingttiih-
ing the faeacioua and adive : and, by
the united energy of popular virtues
and folid fenfe, he triumphed over
every oppofition from foil, climate,
and prejudice, gradually introducing
the principles olrational farming, and
laying the foundation of progreilive
improvement.

' Obferving that his tenants were
frequently at a lo(s for a market, be
determined to eftabli(h a permanent
one on his own eilate. For this pur-
pofe, he planned a regular village, con-
tigu JUS to the church, upon the moor-
lib part of a farm, which in the whole
yielded only i il. a year. For a while,
he felt in filence the fneers of his neigh-
bours, who reprobated this fcbeme as
wild and impracticable; but thefe
temporary fneers ibon gave way to
lasting eileem. He prevailed on a
&w to take feus : he a(E(led the in-
duftrious with money ;— -obtained pre-
nuuffls for the manufadurer; — de-

cided evtry difierence by bis arbitra-
tion,— and animated all to their nt-
moft exertion by his countenance and
counfel. Settlers annually locked to
Cumineftown, (the name aflignedto
the chief of the clan) and the village,
built of free (lone, ibon ailumed s
flouriihing appearance. In connedios
with fome neighbouring gentlcmea,
he ef^ablifhed m his village a linea
manufacture;' and though, for parti-
cular reafons, the fcheme was dropt»
yet, by introducing the (pinoirg of
linen yarn, and fixing the refidence
of fome capable weavers^ its conle.
quences continue to operate for the
public good. In ihort, a feries d
fenfible management fixed upon Mon-
quhicter feveucy-five feus, dccupied
by a fet of honed, indudrious, SLoi
adive feuars and their tenants, who,
in (lead of iil. (lerling, the origioal
rent, produced him annually froa
120I. to 150I. a year. Mr. Cumir^
during life, was an object of genera/
efteem; and. at his death, had tbe
pleafure of leaving to his heirs as
annual revenue of more than 600I.

Observations on a celebrated Pajfage in Shakspeare.

THERE is a fmgle word in the
celebrated paiTage in the Tem-
peft, infcribed on the* monument of
Shakfpeare, in Weftminflcr Abbey,
which has aiR)rded much fcope for
critical conjecture. Frofpero fays :

* Thcfc our a6lors,
As I foretold you, were all fpirits, and
Are melted into air, into thin air :
And, like the bafeiefs fabric of this vifion.
The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous pa-

laces.
The folemn temples, the great globe itfelf.
Yea, all which it inherit, (ball diiTolve ;
And, like this infubilantial pageant faded.
Leave not a rack behind.*

Aft IV. Sci.

On this word Mr. Malone's opi-
nion has been very different. In his
firft explanation he thus exprcffcs him-
felf ; • Rack is generally ufcd by our
5

ancient writers for a inxfy »/ citiJt
failing along ; or, rather, for the csvr^
of the clouds when in motion. S^ JB
Anthony and Cleopatra :

* That which is now a horfe, even witb k

thought
The rack diflimns.'

' But no inftance has yet bcenpi««
duced, where it fignifies 2ifingiejmei
feet ing cloudy in which fenfe only ^
can l^ figuratively applied here. I
incline, therefore, to fir ThoiD«*j
Hanmer's emendation, though I havli
not^ dillurbed the text.' This cmcnj
dation was, by reading track inflcw
of rack^ which may be fupported bf
the following paiTage in the firil fccol
of Tithon of Athens :

' But flies an eagle flight, bold, and ixiA

on.

Leaving hq traS behind**

Ml

FOR MAY, 1794.

?6i

r.

a.

BT

:^

'It-

ir

!««

■hi*

^ Mr. Stevens has explained the word
rack, by calling it • the lail fleeting
veflige of the highctl clouds, fcarce
perceptible on account of their diflance
and tenuity ;' and he adds, that
* what was anciently called the rac/k
is now termed by Tailors, the /etui.'
But neither rack nor yTW denotes the
airy, thin, iinfublfantial nature of
Kght and diftanc clouds— but, as Mr.
Malone obferves, their met ion ; or,
as Mr. Pennant expreflcs it, the ^rio;-
inj cfthe cloudily tempefls* If rack,
therefore, in this pafl'age, be under-
ftood in the fame way as when we
apply the word to the clouds, the
fenfe m\A be * leave not a cloud-like,
tcmpcft-driven motion behind.' This,
however, will not fuit the place, and
Mr. Malone's fecond opinion (name-
ly, that rack means a foattered frag-
ment J fccms to be the molt probable :
' 1 am now inclined to think,' hys
this ingenious commentator, * that
rack is a mifpelling for nxrack, i. e.

ivreckf which Fletcher has likewife
ufed for a minu e broken fragment.
Sec his Wife for a Month, where we
find the word mifpelt, as it is in the
Temped :

* He will bulge Co fubtiily and fudtltrnly,
You may fnatch him up by parcels, Jikje*
fia-rack,^

* It has been urged,' continues Mr.
Malone, * that objeds which have
only a viiionary and infubftantial exift-
ence, can, when the vifion is faded,
leave nothing real, and confequently
no 'Wreck behind them. But this ob-
jeAion is founded on mifapprehenfion.
The words * leave not a rack (or
ivreckj behind,' relate not to * the
bafclefs fabric of this vif;on,' but to
the final deflru^ion of the world, of
which the towers, temples, and pa-
laces Ihall (like a vifion or pageant)
be diflblved, and leave no vellig^
behind.'

Jn Hijtorical Account of the Habeas Corpus Act.

OP writs of Habeas Corpus, for re-
moving prifoners from one court
into another, for the more eafy ad-
minifbation of jufticc, there are va-
rious kinds. But with rcfpedl to Faife
Imprifonmeni, the great and eiHcacious
writ is the writ of Habeas Corpus ad
fubjiciendum, which is dire<5led to the
perfon detaining another, and com-
manding him to produce the body of
the prifoner, with the day and caufe
of his caption and detention, ad facien-
dum, fuojiciendum, ei recipiendum, to
do, fubmit to, and receive wbatfbever
the judge or court awarding fuch writ
(ball copfider in that behalf. This
is a high prerogative writ, and there-
fore by the common law iiTuing out
of the court of king^s-bench, not only
in term-time, but alfo during the va-
cation, by a/«r from the chief juftice,
or any other of the judges, and runn-
ing into all parts of the king's domi-
nions : for the ktirg is at all times in-
titled to have an account why the li- '
berty of any of lii$ fabjedls is rcfiraia-

cd, wherever that reflraint may be
inflided. If it ifliies in vacation, it
is ufually returnable before the judge
himfelf who awarded it, and he pro-
ceeds by himfelf thereon ; unlefs the
term (hould intervene, and then ic
may be returned in court. Indeed,
if ihe party were privileged in the
courts of common pleas and eyche-
quer, as being an officer or fuitor
of the court, an habeas corpus ad
fuhjiccendunt might alfo have been
awarded from thence; and> if the
caufe of imprifonnient were palpably
illegal, they might have dilchargeJ
him : but if he were committtd for
any criminal matter, they could only
have remanded him, or taken bail for
his appearance in the court of kind's-
bench ; which occationed the common
plsas to difcounten.ince fuch applica-
tions. It hath alfo been faid, and by
very refpeftable authorities, that the
like babccu corpus may ifluc out of thcf
court of chancery ii .vacation 1 but,
upon the' famous application to lord
Z 2 NottinghanC

3^2

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

^.^qtt]nghaln by Jenks, ootwithftand-
ing the mod dUigerx fearches, no pre-
cedent could be found w4tere the
chancellor had iflued fuch a writ in
vacation ; and therefore his lordihip
rcfaled it.

In the court of king's-bench it was,
and is ftill, ncceffary to apply for it
by motion to the court, as in the cafe
of all other prerogative writs (c^^
tiorarif prohibition, manJa/nus, &c.)
which do not ill'ue as of mcrt courfe,
without (bowing fome probable caufe
why the cxtracruinary power of the
crown is called in to the party's affift-
ance. Fui*, as was argu;:d by lord
chief jullice Vaughan, ' it is granted
on motion, becauie it cannot be had
of courfe ; and there is therefore nO
necejjity to grant it: for the court
ought to be fatisfied that the party
has a probable caufc to be delivered.'
And this feems the more reaibnable»
becauf^, when once granted, the per-
fon to whom it is directed can return
n<y fatisfadory cxcufe for not bringing
up the bovly of the priibuer. So that,
if it is ifTued of mere courfe, without
ihowing to the court or judge fome
reafonable ground for awarding it, a
traitor or felon under Sentence of
death, a foldier or mariner in the
king's fervice, a wife, a child, a re-
lation, or a domeftic, co? fined for ia-
fanity or other prudential rcafons,
inight obtain a temporary enlarge-
ment by fuing out a habeas corpus^
though fure to be remanded as foon as
brought up to the court. And there-
fore fir Edward Coke, whun chief
jullice, did cot fcruple, in 13 Jac. I,
to deny a habeas cot pus to one confined
by the court of admiralty for piracy ;
there appearing, upon his own fhow-
ing, futncient grounds to connne him.
On the other hand, if a probable
ground be ihown, that the party is
imprifoned without jud • caufe, and
therefore has a right to be delivered,
tke writ of habeas corpus is then a writ
of right, which < may not be denied,
bat ought to be granted to every man
that is committed, or detained in pri-
6nj or otherwife xeHnuned, though
3

it be by the command of the kiiig,
the privy-council, or any other.*

The perfonal liberty of the iiibjed
is a natural inherent right, which
cannot be furrendered or fo< feited oii-
Icfs by the commiffion of ibnie great
and atrocious crime, and which ooght
not to be abridged in any cafe with-
out the fpecial pcrmiilion of law^. A
dodrine coeval with the fir (I rudiments
of our confiiiution ; and handed do«a
to us from . the Angk>-Saxons, not-
withHaftding aJl their ilruggles with
the Danes, and the violence of the
Norman conquefl : afierted afterward
and confirmed by the conqueror him-
felf and his defcendants : and though
foror times a little impaired by th«
ferocity of the times, and the oc-
cafional defpotifm of jealous or ufurp-
ing princes, yet eltabliihed on the
finpeft bafis by the proviuons oi magma
churtat and a long fucceifion of ibi-
tutes enadcd under Edward HI. «To
aflrrt an abfolute exemption from im-
prifonment in all cafes, is inconfifleot
with t\tiy idea of law and pol.dcal
fociety ; and in the end wotdd deilroy
all civil liberty, by rendering its pro-
tedUon impolfible: but the glory of
the £ngli(h law confifts in clearly de-
fining the times, the caufes, and the
extent, when, wherefore, and to what
degree, the imprifonment of the fub-
ject may be lawfiil. This it is which
induces the abfolute neceility of ex-
prefling upon evtry commitment the
reafon for which it is made ; that the
court, upon a habeas iorpusy may
examine into its validity; and ac-
cording to the circumfiances of the
cafe may difcharge, admit to bail, or
remand the.pnfdner.

And yet, eaily in the reign of
Charles I, the court of king's-bench,
relying on fome arbitrary precedenu
(and thofe perhaps mifunderfh>od)
determined that they could not upoa
a habeas corpus ^ either bail or deliver
.a prifoner, though committed without
any caufe affigned, in cafe he was
committed by the fpecial commaiKl
' of the king, or by the lords of the
privy-counciL This drew on a par*
Hamentaiy

FOR MAY, 1794.

363

liamentary inquiryi and produced the
petition of rights 3 Car. I, which re-
cites this illegal judgment, and enadls
that no freeman hereafter (ball be fo
impri(bned or detained. Bat when,
in the following year, Mr. Selden and
others were committed by the lords of
the council, in purfuance of his ma-
jelly's fpecial command, under a ge-
neral charge of ' notable contempts
and flirring up fedition again 'I the
king and government,' the judges de-
layed for two terms (including dfo
the long vacation) to deliver an opi-
nion hov far fuch a charge was bail-
able; and when at length they agreed
that it was, they however annexed a
condition of finding iureties for their
good behaviour, which ftill protrafted
their imprifonment ; the chief jull ice
fir Nicholas Hyde, at \he fame time
declaring, that ' if they were again
remanded for that caufe, perhaps the
court would not afterward grant a
habeas corpus^ being • already made
acquainted with the caufe of the im-
prifonment.' But this was heard with
mdir^nation and aftoniibment by every
lawyer prefent; according to Mr.
Selden's own account of the matter,
whofe refentment was not cooled at
the diflance of four and twenty years.
Thefe pitiful evafions gave rife to
the ftatuce 16 Cha. I. ch. 10. fee. 8,
whereby it is enafled, that if any
perfon be committed by the king him-
felf in perfon, or by his privy council,
or by any of the members thereof, he
(hall have granted unto him, without
any delay upon any pretence whatfo-
cver, a writ of habeas £orpus, upon
demand or motion made to the court
of king's-bench or common-pleas ;
who ihall thereupon, within three
court-days after the return is made,
examine and determine the legality
of fuch commitment, and do what to
judice (hall appertain, in delivering,
bailing, or remanding fuch priibner.
Yet ftill in the cafe of Jenks, before
alluded to, who in 1676, was com-
mitted by the king in council for a
turbulent fpeech at Guildhall, new
f|iifU and devices lyere made ufe of to

prevent hjs enlarg^ent by law; the
chief juflice (^s well as the chancellor)
declining to award a writ of bi^eas
corpus ad fubjiciendum in vacation*
though at laU he thought proper to
award the ufual writs ad diiberandior,
&c. whereby the prifoner was dit-
ch arged at the Old Bailey. Other
abufes had alfo crept into daily prac-
tice, which had in fome meafure de-
feated the benefit of this great confti-
tutional remedy. The party impri-
ibning was at liberty to delay his obe-
dience to the fird writ, and might wait
till a fecond and a third, called an
alias and a pluries, were iffued, be*
fore he produced the party: and
many other vexatious (h fts were prac-
tifed to detain ftate-priloncrs in cuf-
tody. But whoever will attentively
coniider the Enelilh hidory, may ol>-
ferve, that the flagrant abufe of any
power, by the crown or its miniflers,
has always been produdiveof a ftrug-
gle ; which either dilcovers the excr-
cife of that power to be contrary to
law, or (if legal) rcftrains it for the
firture. This was the cafe in the pre-
fent indance. The opprcflion of an
obfcure individual gave birth to t^e
^mous habeas corpus a^, 31 Car. II,
ch. 2. which is frequently confidered
as another magna charta of the king-
dom ; and by confequence has alfo la
fubiequent times reduoed the method
of proceeding on thefe writs (though
not within the reach of that ftatute,
but ifTuing merely at the cdmmon law)
to the true ftandard of law and li-
berty.

The ftatute itfelf ena^s, i. That
the writ (hall be returned and the pri-
foner brought i^, within a limited
time, according to the diflance, not
exceeding in any cafe twenty days.
'2. That fuch writs (hall be endorfed,
as granted in purfuance of this a6l«
and figned by the perfon awarding
them. 3. That on complaint and re-
queft in writing by or on behalf of
any perfon committed and charged
with any crime (unleis committed for
treafon or felony exprefTcd in the war-
rant, or for fufpicion of the faote, or
Z £ 2 as

364

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Rs accdTary thereto before the fadl,
or convicted or charged in execution
by legal procefs) the lord chancellor,
or any of the twelve judges in vaca-
ton, upon viewing a copy of the
warrant, or affidaMt that a copy is
denied, (hail (unlefs the party has
* segleded for two terms to apply to
any court for his enlargement) award
a habeas to piu for fuch prifoiier, re-
turnable immediately before himfelf
Or any other of the judges ; and upon
the return made fhall difcharge the
party, if bailable, upon giving fe-
xuf ty CO a; pear and anfwer to the
accufatioii in the proper court of ju-
dicature. 4. 1 hat officers and keep-
ers neglecting to make dae returns,
or not delivering to the prifoner or
his a;ent within fix hours after de-
ni.ru a copy of the warrant of com-
initnjent, or fhifting the cuftody of
a p Hit I fioii-j one to another with-
out fuiiici.'nt rt .;!» n or authority (fpe-
ciiiv.. in the act) fliall f r the firlt of-
fenc> forJcit ic 1. and for the fecond
offeree 2Col. to iho partv grieved, and
be difabled t. h. LI his olHce. z, . That
no pcrlon, or.ce deJivi red by habeas
corpus, ftiall b^' recommitted for the
fainc offence, on penalty of 500I.
6. I'hat every perlon committed for
treafon or felony (hall, if he requires
it the firfl week of the next term, or
the firft day of the next feffion of oyer
and terminer J be indidled in that term
or fcffion, or elfe admitted to bail ;
Unk'fs the king's vvitnell'es cannot be
produced at that time : and if ac-
quitted, or if not indifted and tried
in the fecond term or fefHon, he ihall
be difcharged from his impriionment
for fuch imputed dffence : but that no
perfon, after the aflifes ihall be opened
for the. county in which he is detain-
ed, 111 J I be removed hy habeas corpus »
WW alter the afTifes are ended; but
Ihall be left to the juHice of the judges
of affife. 7. Th?t any fuch prifoner
may move for and obtain his habeas
corpus, as well out of the chancery or
Exchequer aj> out of the king's-bcnch
or common- pleas ; and the lord chan-
celh r or judges denying the fame, on
iight of the warrant, or oath that the

fame is refufed, forfeit fevcrall/ to the
party grieved the fum of 50^!- 8-
That the writ of habeas corpus {hall
run into the counties palarine, cioqae
ports, and other privileged plates,
and the iflands of Jerfey and Ouem-
ky. 9. That no inhabitant of Eng-
land (except perfons contracting, or
convidls praying to be traniported ;
or having committed fome capital of-
fence in the plaue to which they are
fent) fhall be fent prifoner to Scot-
land, Ireland, Jerfey, Gucrnfey, or
any places beyond the feas, within or
without the king's dominions : oa
pam that the party committing, his
adv.fers, aiders, and afTiilants, ihall
forfeit to the party grieved a fum doc
lefs than 500I. to be recovered with
treble coils ; (hall be difabled to bear
any ofSvC of truft or profit ; iball in-
cur the pc cities of pntmunire ; aod
(hall be incapable of thc^ king^s pardon.
This is the fubHance of chat great
and important flatutc : which extends
(we may obferve) only to the cafe of
commitments for fuch criminal charge
as can produce no ii. convenience to
public juilice by a temporary enlarge-
ment of the prifoner ; all other cafes
of unjuil imprifonment being left to
the habeas corpus at common law. fiot
even upon w.its at the common law
it is now expected by the court, agree-
able to ancient precedents and the ipi-
rit of the aft of parliament, that the
writ fcould be immediately obeyed,
without wailing for any alias or pluriesi
othcrwife an attachment will i^ue.
By vvhich admirable regulations^ ju-
dicial as well as parliamentary, the
remedy is now complete for removing
the injury of unjutt and illegal con-
finement. A remedy the more ne-
cefFary, becaufe the opprefTion does
not always arife from the ill-nature«
but fometimes from the mere inat-
tention, of government. For it fre-
quently happens in foreign countries
(and has happened in England daring
the temporary fufpenfions of the (la-
tute) that perfons apprehended upon
fufpicion have fuffered a long impri-
fonment, merely becaufe they wer«
forgotten.

THE

FOR MAY, 1794:

3«^

THE BRITISH MUSE.

FROLOGVEtoFONTAINVILLBFORE&T

Written by Mr. James Boadbn.
Spoken by Mr. Mjddlbton.

TH E Prologue once^ indtedy in days
of old,
Some previous fa^ls of the new drama

told :
Poinfed yonr exp6>ation to the fccne.
And ciear'd obftru6tion, that might iotef'

vcnc :
Poffe^s'd you with thofc aids, the author

thought
Were requihte, to Judpfe him as you ought.
The moderns, previous hints Uke thefe

defpife,
Demand intrigue, and banquet on fur-

prife :
The Prologue, notwithftanding, keeps its

ftation,
A trembling Poet's folemn lamentation*.
Cloak'd up in metaphor, it telis of ihockt
Fatal to (hips new launched from hidden

rocks {
Of critic batteries, of rival ftrife,
« The dcftinies that flit the thin-fpun Ufe.'
Our autlior choofes to prepare the way,
With hnes at leaft fuggefted by his play.
Caught from the Goihic treafures of ro-
mance,
He frames his work, and lays the fcene in

Fiance,
The word, I fee, alarms— it vibrates here.
And feeling marks its impulfe with a tear.
It brings to thought a people once refin'd,
Who led fupreme the manners of mankind |
DepravM by cruelty, by pride inflamed.
By traitors madden'd, and by Sophifts

fliam'd \
Crufhine that Freedom, which, with gentle

Iway,
Courted their Revolution's infant day,
£re giant vanity, with impious hand»
AHaiPd the facied temples oi the land.
Fall'n is that land beneath oppreiTion's

flood ;
Its purcii fun has ^et, alas, in i)lood 1
' The mii-.ier planet drew from him her

light.
And when be rofe no more, funk foon in

night :
The regal fourcc of order, once deftroy'd.
Anarchy made the fair creation void.
' Britons, to you, by temperate Free«

dom crown*d.
For every manly ientiment renown^d>

The Stage can have no motive to enforce
The principles that guide your gloriou*

courfe J
Proceed triumphant— 'mid the world's ap*

piauie.
Firm to your King, your Altars, and your

X»awt.

The Occasional Prolog vb, writfien
by the Right Honourable Maior -Gene-
ral Fitzpatrick, and fpokcn by Mr.
Kemble, on opening the Theatre
Koval, Drury.Lane, with Shak«-
PEARE's Macbbth, Monday* April
»'# X794'

A S tender plants, which dread the
*^ boillrous gale.
Bloom in the Ihelter of a tranquil vale.
Beneath fair Freedom's all-prote6ling

wing.
The liberal arts, fecure from danger.

Through ravag'd Europe now, while Dif-

cord reigns.
And War's dire conflicts deiblate her

plains,
O, left they perith in this boafted age,
Once more the yi^lims of barbarian rage.
Her ihield to guard them let Britannia

rear.
And fix, in fafcty, their afylum here !
Here, where mild Reafon hokls her tem-
perate fway.
Where willing fubje£ls eaual laws obey.
Firm to that well-pois'd fyftem, which

unites
With order's bleffings Freedom's facred

rights.
'Mid wrecks of empires, England, be it

thine,
A bright example to the world to (hine»
Where Law on Liberty's juft balis rear'dj
Of all the iafeguard, is by all rever'd.
And Hems alike, when clouds of difcord

lowV,
The ftorms of Fa^ion, and the ftrides of

pow'r.
Hence have the mufes on the lifts of Famcy
With pride recorded many a Britifli

name;
And on their votaries. In this lov'd abode^
Bright wreaths of never-fading bay$ be-*

ftow'd s
True to the caufe of ev'ry Engliih bard*
*Tis your's the juft inheritance to guard*
What, tho' his vaunting Pegafus difdain
The ifii'vik check of too iisvere a reign,

Like

S6S

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Like untaught courfcrs of the Arab racr,
He moves with ' freedom, energy, and

gnicej
With caution, then, tlie gencroas ardour .

tame.
Left, while you chaften, you reprefe the

flame;
Some licence lempcr'd judgment will per-
mit
To Congieve's, Wycherly's, #r Van-

burgh's wit j
Kor^ for an ill-tim*d ribald jVft, refufe
A tear to Otway's, or to Southcrn*s Mofe j
But chitf, with reverence watch his hal-

low'd bays,
To whom, this night, a monument we

raifc ;
Beyond what fculptur'd marble can be-

ftow—
The Client tribute of furviving woe—
Beyond ihe powVs of undecaying hrafs,
. Cr the proud pyramid's unmeaning mafs j
A fnrine more worthy of his fame we give,
. Wi^ie, unimpaired, his geuius ftill may

Jive J
Where, though his fire the critic's rule

tranfr^refs.
The glowing bofom (hall his cairie confefs.
Where Brkain's fons, through ench fuc-

ctedine age.
Shall hail the founder of «r EngUJh Stage ^
And, from the cavils of pedantic fpleen,
Defend the glories of their ^Shaicfpeare's

fcene.

EPILOGUE,

Written on the fame Occafion, by G.
Col MAN, jun, Efq. and i'poken by
M'ls Far RUN.

r^/ HAT pnrt can fpcak-0, tel! me,
" * wliik I greet you—
W«at charai^lcT exprefs my joy to meet

you !
But feeling fays, no chnra61er aflTumc ;
Lf t rmpollediitate, and the foul have room.
Tamf glides the fmoothelt peem ever fmig.
To the heart's language, gufhing o'er the

tongue J
Orld tlie addrel's the able ft fcholar drew.
To tlie waim glow of crjing — Welcome,

yx)u !
Welcome! thr-ce welcome to our new-

rcar'd itage.
To tbfs new era of the drama's age !—
(Tcnhrs of ^hakipeare , as m air you roam,
Spread your broad wmgs exulting o'er our

dome!
Strsdc of our Rofcius, view us with de-
light,
A-.i hover, fmiling, round your favourite

icitel —

But to our piirpo(e here-^fbr I am CetA.
On deeds of import, and of deep intent.
Pallion has had its fcope, the burft is palE»
And I may /ink to Charaiier at la(i.

When fome rich noble, vaip of his virtu.
Permits the curious crowd his houle to

view.
When piflures, bufts, and bronzes to dif-

He treats the public with a public dar.
That all the woild may in tbdr minds re*

tain them.
He bids his dawdling houlckeeper expiain

them 5
Herfdf, when each original's infpefled.
The greateft that his lordlhip has col«

Icdcd-
A houfe now opens, which, we truft, en*

furcs
The approbation of the Amateurs r
Each part, each quality,— -'tis fit joo

know it—
And I'm the houfckeeper employ 'd to (tyam

it,
Onr pile is rock, more durable tlian braXsj
Our decorations Coffamer and Gas ;
Weighty, yet airy in effe5^, our plan.
Solid, tho' light— hke a thin Alderman ;
.* Blow wimi, come wreck,* in ages yet

unborn,
* Our Caftle's ftrcngth fliall laugh a ficgr

to fcom.'
The vej-y ravages of fire we fcont.
For we have wherewithal to ptit it out.
In ample rcfervoirs our firm reliance,
Whofe ftrcams fct conflagration at defiance.
Panic alone avoid, let none begin it—
Slwuld the flame fpread, '

nothing in it ;
We'll wndenaice to drown y

a minute.
BchoM,' obedient to ih? Prompter's bell,
Oui tide flull flow, and real waters fwett.
No river of meand'ring paikboard raade>
No gentle tinkling of a tin cafcade 5
No brook of broad cloth thall be let io

motion,
No fliips be wreck'd upon a wooden ocean ;
But the pure el.-ment its courle ftiall hold,
Rufti on the fcene,|and o'er our Stage be

roil'd.
How like you our aquatics ?— n'eed we fear
Some Critic with a hydrophobia here,
Whofe timid caution caution's felf might

tire,
And doubts, if water can extinguiih fire?
If fuch thei'c be, ftill let him refl fccurc ;
For we have made * Aflurance double fine.*
Confume thu femes, your fafety yet is cer-
tain,
Prefto ! for proof, let down the irti cur-

taitf

And

inn^griirion ai; ucnancc.
let none begin it— <^
■ead, fit (till, there's I

irown you all in half I

FOR MAY, 1794.

Ami yc, who live in ihis our bi-a7en age.
Think on tliccumfcrts of an iron ftagc ;
FencM by that mafs, nopeiiJs do environ
The man w\io calmly fitsbcibrit col J ironj
For thole who in the Green Koora lit be-
hind it.
They e'en mull quench the danger as thej'

find it :
A hu/d file would do no harm, we know

''»
To modern Aftor, nor to modern Poet.
But Beaux, and ye plum'd Belles, all

perch 'd in front.
You're fafe at all event-?, dt-pend upon't :
So never rile like flutierVl biids togeihcr.
The hotteft fire Qian't linge a fjDglc fea-
ther J
No, I aflure our generous bcnefaftors,
1 would only burn the Sctftery and the*

Here ends, as houfekcepcr, niy expla-
nation J

And may the boufe receive your appro-
bation I ^^

For you, in air, the vaulted roof we ralfe ;

Tho' firm its bale, its beft fupport your
prailc. ^

Stamp then your mighty fcal upon our
cat lie !

Give us, ye Gods, a thunder of applaufe !
The high decree is paft— may fjture
age,

When pondering o*er the annals . of our
Stage,

Reft on this time, when labour rear'd the
pile,

In tribute to the Genius of our lilc j

This School of Art, with BriiiOi lanftion
gi-ac'd.

And worihy of a manly Natron's tafte I

And now the image of our Shakjpcare
view.

And give the Drama's God the hononr
due.

3^7

Prologue to the Comedy of The Jew.
Spoken by Mr. Palmeiu

QUR Comic bard, before wholir roving

eye.
Kingdoms and ftates in magic vifion lie.
Sweeps o'er the map, and with a partial

fniilc,
Fixes at length on his beloved ifle ;
He views her dcckM in all her natural

charms.
And wrapt in peace amij the din of

urms.

'Here, here, he cries, on Albion's foftcr-

ing breaft
Tht arts arc flicker'd, and the mufcs reft j

Here w.Il I Innld my ftage ; by moral nik
And icenic meafure, here ereft my fcbool :
A fcbool for prejudice. Oh 1 that my

liroke '

Could ftrip that creeper from the Britifli

oak !
Twin'd round his generous fliaft, tho

tangled weed
Sheds on the undergrowth his baneful

leed.'-~
This faid, he bids us ftrike the darline

blow *

That lays his feme, or this dcfiler, ^ow.
And now our Prologue fpeaks-in

former days
Prologues wcie abftraas of their fcverai

iiut now, like guilty men who dread their

doom,
We taik of every thing but what's ta

come.
As for our fable, little Ml unfold.
For out of little, much cannot be told.
Tis but one l'peci,:s in the wide extent
OJ prejudice, at which our fliaft is ient 1
Tis but this finiple leflbn of the heart—
Judge not the man by his exterior part :
Virtue s ftrong root in every foil will grow,
K.ch orts he buried under piles of fnow.

It to your candour we appeal this night
For a poor client, for a lucklefs wight.
Whom bard nc er fevour'd, whoTe fad fate

has been
Never to /hare in one applauding fcene ;
In iouls like your's there fljou'd be found

a pi jce
For every viaim of unjuft di.'gi-ace,

EPILOGUE.
Spoken by Mifs Far hen,

'p R U T H has declar'd, and qucftion it

none can.
Woman was once a rib of lordly man j
And fome perliaps wou'd rifquc a littl«

pamj
To hitch that rib into its phce again :
i-or Jet the heart-ache, or what aught be.

tide, .

They're fure to trace it to the peccant

fide, "^

Till fixt at length, they center all tlie

blame
In that one rib from whence the woman

came.
Now this is downright prejudice and

«»teen,
A plea for thrufting us behind the fcene 5
And there we flood for many a longing

Nor let 10 ii^al one foot upon tiv: ftage.

Till

S68

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Till now, whtn all their tyrant arts are

palt,
Curtfymg we come, like Epilogue, at

laft;
And you Co little are inclinM to rout u«.
You wonder how your tatherii did without

us.
Sure we can lightlier touch thofe feeling

parts
That twine about the region of your

hearts;
Pafllon, that fronj the lips of woman flows.
Warm to man's Ibulwith magic fwiftnefs

goes I
And though the fphere be fmall in which

we move.
Great is the recompence, when you ap-
prove.
While Nature and your candour hold

their courfe,
So long our charter will remain in force,
Nor will you grudge the privilege you

gave,
Till we forget to fraile upon the brave.
SUll in the Uippery path that brings us

near
Forbidden precin£is, we muft tread with

fear.
Never forgetting Nature has decreed
A certain limit, we muft not exceed.
Does my weak caft in tragic pathos lie ?
Why then fo diJraal, gentle poet, why ?
In mirth oft times the nuptial knot I have

But never was till now, a mourning bride,
if to my ihare forae moving fpeeches tali.
Look in my face and they'll not move at

all.
Yet nqt to drop at once Elifa's ftile.
One word in earneft, and without a fmile.
Thro' all the charaaers of varied life,
All the fond cafts of parent, chiW or wife.
What part foe*er om author hath aflignM,
To that we muft fubmit with patient

mind,
So at the drama's dofe when we appear,
We may obtain a parting plaudit here.

A PRISON.

• £From The Advantages of Edocation^
a Novel, % vol.]

APPROACH, oh mufe, who bidft
the plaintive harp.
The flow of melting melody prolong ;
Who guid'ft the lyre with cadence bold
and Iharp,
Through all the maies of oichanting
fong.

Leave for a while the veHe ittfprrmgmm
And Helicon*s green bank bemiig'
with flowers ;
With me throngh mifery^'s horrid' dungeo
rove.
Where ^ncy marihals all bcr hideoa
powers*

How foul-appalling is the profpc& that;

Rebellious difcord fcornful clanks k

chain ;

Loud hif6 the fnakes in her difbevd'd bs^

While keen impatience aggravates k

pain.

There care in fombre veft deipondts*
fighs;
Here guilty fear anticipates his doom.
And while death's dceadful image mUiL-

Slies,
irieks re-echo through the nighr!
pale gloom.

Am I deceiv'd, or does thine eye ben^
Beam foft through mild coinpaflio&'i
glittering tear,

To fee the wretched unaffifted pine.
To fee the captive left to penih here?

He droops, he . languiflies, as witbna{|

plants
Languifh beneath the fun-beam^s j
tide glare ;
By fever fcorch'd, in agony he pants.
No tender confort iboths his mortii
care.

TirM of oppreflive woes continual wa^
He calls on death to clofe his weary
eyes 5
Anon his infants leek the iron grate.
And break the mournful iilence by didb
cries.

Thefe fcenes of anguUh fuit not thee, CwoA
mufe ;
To paint thefs horrors, I no mot
afpire $
In fome cool grot on verdant mead I
choofe
To court the zephyr, and to firike tk
lyrc# *

Thb advice.

C T I L L fliall delighted tafte revere^
^ The peaceful groves to fdenoe dear ;
The plain, the b«ch, the olive's Ibade,
All (acred to the Athenian maid i
With theie the Heliconian bay,
Infpirer of th' immortal lay I

The happy few who here refide.
Safe from th' opprelTor's wrongs abidej
ToDpen

FOR MAY, 1794:

3^9

Tcmpcfts of pflflioti or of fate
"Msky (hake the manftons of the?reat |
Yet fhall the facrcd laurel guard
The ftudious &ge, and raptured bard.

The mvrtlo Paphia^s queen bequeaths,
Nlay boaft £iir flowers^ and fragrant

wreaths j
But can it like the bay defv
The rigour of the wintry flcy i
Or, as Minerva^s olive, bear
Rich fj-uitSy as well as bloifoms bear t

Oh I gather in life's early prime
The produce which defpifes time )
Wafte not, in pleafure's Toothing bowers.
Youth's irrecoverable hours j
Thofe hours in folly's book enroH'd,
Or ftampM by wifdom's feal of gold.

Oh 1 feize the time with happieft aim i
Awake exertion's powerful flame ;
Kow bend to reafon's calm controul
£ach rebel paffion of the foul :
And from th' approving ^s demand^
Immortal glory's ftany band.

Mr. Taskeil*s Oob,

Addreflfed to the Spirit of Alfred.

(Intended for the late Inftallation at
Oxford.)

OMufe 1 difpel the miftsi which time ,
Hath fpread round glory's lucid dime!
While to the mental viQon bright
Ethereal obje^s {f rike n^y fight i
•Rapt in poetic extafy,
Alfred ! thy princely form I fee,
*Mid heroes, fages, patriots old.
Who, (rifing from their f«it8 of gold)
To thee fupreme, their gratulation pay,
While choral harps around attune the
grateful lay.

My humbler fong, immortal Alfftdl

hear.
If fuch weak ftrains mtfy rearb thy po*
liih'd ear {
Reftorer of the facred fane I
Expeller of the cruel Dane !
(Hark 1 with applauie the diftant regions

ring)
Hail, legiflatof, wile, hail wanior^ pa-
triot-king.

Thy mighty mind, O fage revered I
The BhtiOi Gmlftitution rear'd $

A wide^bas'd fabric, towering high
With fpires, that met the bending (kyi
When Ircc-born Britons ihed the'crimfoix

flood,
The walls' Arm cement was heroic blood.
High on each trophicd arch difplay'd;
In tints of heavenly hue pourtray'd,
(Mocking the fculpture vain of Parian
ftune)
The facred Triad of the l*id.
King, Peers, and People join'd In unu
on's band
Exulting Freedom fawj with fmifes he^
features iLone.

Still fball the glorious bulwark rife.
And nations view with envious eyes."

The Genius Of thy favour'd ifle^
AH clad in adamantine mail,
(White Itornis of an^trchy affail.
And fa£^ ion's tumults idiy roar
Like waves .ig^iritt the rocky fliore]!
Shall, with a flaming fwOrd, ddend
the pile I
Preferve its ftrengtb entiit, and pillar'd

height,
*TiIl fades the doifie of Hoaven^ and etVy
orb of light.

Such, Alfred I tfiy fubllmer deexls 1
Nor did thy foilering hand dildain td

bring
From Acadeinus* grove^ to Ifis* fpring,'
The fhoOts of fcience, and thofe am#

feeds
Whence rife the plants atnd tftes of

fame,
Which confecratff Oxoftia's nanie.
The .trees, beneath whofe clafltc (hide.
Each* mufe her chofen bower has made 4
While loftening wiiUom'sfterner frown
The milder graces guard thy own

Athenian town.
Thus, Alfred ! thy renown (hall fpread*

ing grow.
While thefe (Irong towers fliall ftahdj qit

His' Atcaim ftiall flow.

Nor to thy generous aim tmtriie,'
Shall fientinck d6w thy fb-uflur^

view i
Nor, to the voice of f ime unjuftj
Receive the delegated ti uft.
From thee, behold I co'ng^iiial mfluenc*

dart,
That circling decks hh head» and wanii#
bis liberal he^t<

tA

i^BTB^

370 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Meteorological Jourkal, April 1794.

D.

H.

29,40

T.out
40

T.in
55

5;^

c.

Wind.

Weather, Sec

I

S:>VV I

a9i47

5*

54

5

W2

29,6c

44

5*

^:i5

SW I

. ctnudy and little rain at timet

»9»57

5»

54,5

5:i

S 2

. Htt.'c tain at times

»9»S4

S»

57

'i

SW 1

chiefly dfiz^ling and rainy

29,46

55,5

55.5

■Jr^

SSWi

. chiefly rain and windy night

29,03

44

■54*

>■ f^:

5>W4

rain' fine : {Howe 9

29,30

53

?4

1 'i

W3

. tiiuuder and iliowcr?. leii wind, clear ai^ht

29,65

50.5

5^»5

-, ■ ' "

W 1

hazy

»9.75

53,5

5:),5

4 -.5

Ws

. cloudy night : rala

29»5»

48

53 5

--

S 1

. (howeis

2PHt>

53,5

•^S'S

0

SSW2

. much gentle rain

29,01

49.5

53,5

:.5

-

f 5

chiefiy gentle rain

28,93

51

54 .

^ '

S3

fliowcis and \e(% wind : fiat

8

»9»»3

43»5

5*»5

S^

SSW 1

. (howcrs

»9i»7

49,5

53

T ■

S2

. fine : cloudy

9

»9>37

4^,5

SI

> "

NN\V2

. fljowsrv and fine

chiefly ctuudy and rain at times

»9»5o

47

53

NNW 2

ic

7 «

i9>83

42

51

^

NNW 1

. chiefly rain

^9*95

51

S^

Ni

. chiefly ciojdy and little rain at ^OMtB

II

S0>>3

44

5»

•/■

N I

. wind W and lefs cloudy

30,12

50

53

"^'O

SWi

. fine night t liitie rain

12

30,02

45^

5»»5

5j

SSW J

rain, left cloudy

^

30,12

50,5

54,5

i"

S2

.fine

n

30.14

44,5

5*

5^

N J

30>o«

5a^5

54

5-^

N2

74

jo,oi

45.5

53

5^15

W I

.fine

30,03

55,5

56

4^

Wi

. fine : more wind and Mtt raui

'5

29,83

48.5

lis

C'J

SSW 3

. chiefly fine

F

a9.94

5!

4S

W 2

. calm and hazy eve

16

30* M

♦f'5

53,5

5^^-S

Wo

haay

•

30,22

58,5

57

44^5

W I

17

30»37

47

55

5 *5

W c

haxy. foggy : more bright

30.37

5«

58

4'

SSE I

hary

1.8

30»29

46

54

4^tS

NNE I

hazy

30,20

53

57

>-

E 1

hasy

'9

30,04

43

It

5"

So

. more bright : fioB

30,01

59

4>

SW I

20

30,03

47,5

56

5'*5

W I

: more cloudy

'

30.05

5»

59

4'^

4'

W 1

21

30,09

47

5*

S^

Wi

. fine : cloudy

30^

«»,5

6r,5

4''

NNE I

. wind £

22

30,02

50,5

58

4-5

ENEo

.fine

19197

66

61

41-^

Si

,

*3

29,91

54

60

5-

So

haxy. more dovdy

29,82

69

64»5

4^

SSE I

. fine night

M

30,04

54

59

4''5-

W I

30,16

68

63

4'

Wr

»5

30,3a

5*,5

59

4^

WSWi

haaj

J^»*7

67

62,5

41

S2

.

26

30,22

51

57

^5

S 1

hazy

30,19

68,5

64

17

S 1

: fliowfr

'27

30,18

58

l6i

47

3'

Sx

. fiiower

30,09

7Z

66

1 ■■'

S2

*8

.30^10

'^^

61

41

Wi

hjzy

30,02

6%

62

4-^

SW3

. Jefi win«

29

30,04

53,5

60

46

W,

. iels cloudy

N

30>05

60,5

61,5

4^

W I

. fine

30

^

2SI,94

29,87

53,5

58,5

4-*5

. SW2

• fine

»

60,5

61

3>>S

SSW 3

. left wind

THE

fOR MAY, 1794.

371

THE THEATRE.

i^N Tuefday, March 25, was pcrform-
^^ ed at Covcnt-garden theatre, a new
play, written by Mr. Bowden, calhd
Fo N TAIN VI LLE Forest, the charaflcrs
of which were thus reprefentid :

Mai-quis of Montauit, Mr. Farren ;
La Motte, Mr. Pojie ; Lewis, Mr. Mkl-
d!eton5 Peter, Mr. Hull— Hoi tenfia,
Mifs Morris ; Adeline, Mrs. Pope.

The piece commences v.-ith the entrance
of Hoi tenfia, the wife of La Motte, into
a part of the Abbey of Fontainville, in
which they have taken fhelter from the
perfecutors, who drove tliem from Paris.
5oon after La Motte enters with Adeline,
tvhom he had been compelled to receive,
during an evening waik, from fomc per-
(bns, who choie this mode rather than
murder, of removing her from thuir prc-
L fence. The marquis of Montanit, the
owner of the Abbey, is afterward driven
by a temped to feek flielter in it ; and,
finding there La Motte, by whom he had
been robl>ed but a few hours before, is
about to deliver him to hisfervants, when
the latter intreats a private interview, and,
in this, confents to deliver Adeline to the
marquis, who had become enannoured of
her. The refiftance of Adeline obliges
the marquis of Montauit to purfue herl)y
an honourable fuit j but in ifie interval,
(he learns from a manulcript, that her
father, the brother and the anceftor of tlie.
prefent marquis, has been murdered by
his order in an apartment of the Abbey.
The marquis aifo, foon after, difcovers
her to be his niece, and, forgetting of
courfe his former paHTion, is folicitous only
for her murder, which La Motte j^wmifes
to perpetrate, but avoidsj by removing
her from the Abbey. Adeline, however,
is intercepted and brought back to the
Abl>ey, where the marquis is exulting
over her and La Motte, jult as Lewis re-
turns from Paris with a decree for apprc^
hending the murderer of thelate ^narqnis.
MontauU thusaccufcd, andhavir.j: hstorc
him both the manufcript lamentations cf
his brother, and the accomplice who was
ordered to deftioy his niece, ftihs hlmfeif,
and dies, after a confcflion, that hiseftates
belong to Adeline, who concludes the
piece, by giving her hand to Lewis.

On Fridny, April 11, wis performed
•at the fimr theatre, a now OiHri-aiical
Farce, called Netley Abp.ey,' the cha-
fgflers of which were thus reprcfcnted :

Oai(landy Mi'tMunUcu} cap t^iij) Oal;-

land, Mr. Incledon ; M'Scrapc, Mr.
John/lone ; Gunnel, Mr. Fawcett j Jef*
fery, Mr. Blanchardj Sterling, Mr.
Powell ; Rapine, Mr. Cubitt 5 Charles,
Mr. Clermont.— Ellen Woodbine, Mrs.
Mountain ; Lucy Oakland, Mifs Hop-
kins ; Catherine, Mrs. Martyr.

EHen Woodbine, the heroine of the
piece, and her widowed mother, appenr
to have been difpoflcflTed of their clhte, by
the fraudulent condu6l of Rapine, their
ftevvard. The family manfion having
been deftroyed by fire, and fcveral writ-
ings of value fuppofed to have periihed in
the conflagations. Rapine releales himfelf
from all the obligations to which he was
liable by thofe writings, and becomes th<5
opprcffor of the family he formerly ferved.
Ellen Woodbine, in this reverfe.of for-
tune, reforts to Oakland, father of captain
Oakland, an officer in the navy, and ac-
quaint <; him that the captain bad honoured «
her with his addreflTes, and as, from her
lofs oi property, (he might not be con-
fidered fo approveable a match for his fon,
begs his interpofiiion to terminate the
cou^tfhip. This Oakland endeavours to
efFe£l, but is foiled in his attempt by his
daughter Lucy ; and M* Scrape, an Irifh
iidler, who, befides, follows the occupa-r
tion of Village Barber, affifts in the plan, .

Captain Oakland, thus adifted, prevails'
on Ellen to ejive him. an interview, near
the ruins of Netley Abbey, to which place
flie is conduced by Catherine, the wait-
ing maid of mifs Lucy Oakland, who
artiimes on the 9ccaiion a jacket and trow-
fers. Here they arc furprifed by old Oak -
land : bur his anger does not long con-
tinue } as the brother of Catherine, who is
iuJl returned from a cruize, relates that he
hsd [y^tme lime before been iiYs^ flciff, which
was c.lft away under the cliffs of the Ifle
of Wight, and that his two {bipmafcs,
feeing curtain death at hand, confeflTed
they had been the plunderers of Mrs.
.Woodbine's dwelling j and that, although
the manfion was deltroyed by fire, to pre-
vent fufpicion of the robbery, the pro.
pcrty rtiii remained concealed in thtf're-
CL^n'jt? of Nstley Abbey. In confequence
of this dilcovery, the writings of value
an-i other proj>cr'y are recovered. Mifs
Ellen being rcilored to her fortune, no
longer ft-eU a fcniple fo admit the ad-
drefles of captain Oakland j and th; «on-
fent of his father in confjcjucncc is readily
granted.

• 3 A * 0*

r*

THfi UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

On TT^wrfday, May 8» was pCTformed
^t prury-lane theatre, a new comedy
called The Jew.— I'hJs comedy is re-
sprted'tp come^oip the pen of Mr. Cuoi-
perland. To conquer the illiberal pre-
judices of niaftikind, and level the i-epulfive
«nd uncWitable dift^n6iions of fVcl and
bfcountry* have been pbje^s which be
)ia8 nobly aimed at, and in which we have
|>leafure in admittipg he has npt been
without f\jcccfs. Of^this amiable nature
IS his motive in majcing a Jew the hero of
i& modern comedy. This is a character
which has always been drawn in one harOi
and difcordjpt colouring upon the Eng-.
)ifli ft^ge t it was ' reierved iFor the mild
land nia^erjy pencil of Mr. Cumberland
to givf him thofe fine tints of nature whjch
<lothe him in the dignity of a man. The
Icharafters were thus rcprcfcntcd i

Sheba, (the Jew) Mr. Baonifter, jun.
^ir Stephen Bertram, ^Ir. Aickin j Frc-
acrick Bertram, 'Mr. Palmer ; Mr. Rat-
cliff, Mr. Wroughton; Jabel, (Servant
lo the Jew J Mr. Suett.-Mrs. Ratclifl;
^rs. Hopkins ; Eliza Rntcliff, Mifs Far-
icn; Dorcas, Mifs Tidfwell. ' ' *

(heba, the Jevir, Has the charafler pf
being an ufurer and a mifer, whHe in fad
|iis heart is feelingly alive to every nob|e
ebullition of philafithropy. He is ever
ieeking occafions of pei forming charitable
aflions by jlealjh. He is the broker of
fir Stephen, a rich merchant, who wiflici
to marry his only ion to a lady ^ith a for-
tune of i 0,0091. k<Ir.' RatcliflF is jhe heir
of an anciciit family, whofe father was a
lucrchant in Spain ; but, recjuced in cir-
cumftances, and having a ^mother and
iGiler to provide for, he is obliged to en-
gage hiiTifel^ a$ fir Stephen's cieik. Fre-
dtrrick and he become warm friends ; and
the formerj adiT.it:ed on terms of lami-
liai ity into his family, |)ecorties enamoured
6f Eiizdi who privately marries him. Fre-
derick applies to the Jew for money, upon
any to ms, io relieve the diftreis of Mrs.
katcliff and her family. Sheba Jiot only
lends him money in the moit liberal man-
ner, but, uhderftanding that his father
jud turned him' out of his houie on account
of his niarrying a beggarj generoufly re-
folves to make up Etiza*s fortune to the
ium which ^r Stepheh expected with hjs
Ion's wife.— This is m:idc knowp to the
©Id gentleman by Sheba himfdt, in the
hioit natural and intere'lling manner. §ir
Stephen goes to the lodgings of his fon,
whom he 'finds shlent, in confajuertce of
a quaircl Uiih Mr. Riitcliff, whofe pride
was injijfcil at his clandeftinc marriage
with his liltcr. Frederick and RdtciSf

fight at a tavern, whither they are fbUcrar-
ed by the benevolent Jew, who has inti-
mation of their mii\inderftanding» and
^atcliff is wounded in the hand. ' While
fir Stephen and Mrs. Bertram ane cx-
preiTmg theii* apprehenfions, in confisquenoe
of a letter writiep by Frederick to his fa-
ther, upon the fuppofition of a fatal ilTae
to his quarrel, they enter 3 and after mu-
tual explanations and congraculaiiops,
Sheba is brought in, who difco^ers ia
Mrs. Ratcliff the widow of the man whq
|iad once fav^ h'im from the inquilitioD,
as Ratdiff had recently doae^ frotn the
bmulity of a London mofail The piece
ends happily with the regonciliation of ail
parties, and the determiz^ation of jthf^ Jew
to leave Ratcliff his heir.

The above, which is but a very rudt
outline of the fable, can convey no idea
of the merit and beauties of' a drama in
which human nature is ' reprefented in the
mofi amiable colours, and in iRrhich the
mod forcible appeals are mornentarily
made to the heart. Tears are involun-
tarily forced in many places, by the EmA
touches of philanthropy ; while thd mini
IS very artfully relieved by occafiooal
fcenes of humour from the chara^er of
Jabel. ' '

Op Monday, May 19, ^ piece of three
a£ls, intitled. The S^egB of Meaux,
was performed at Povent- garden tlieatre,
for the firl) time. It is the produ^ion of
Mr. Pye, the poet-Iaureat, and is drawn
from 'a period in the hiftory of France,
when an anarchy partially prevailed in iba(
country little fliort of that which at pie-
ifcnt defoiatcs it ypivafajly. This fiir-
nifties an opportunity for introducing the
intej ference of England, to the honour of
the Bi i;ifl) character. The play was re-
ceived with applaufe, well afled^ apdgivei} |
out for future reprefcntatlon. .

The prologue was fpoken by Mr. Mid-*
dleton, and the epilogue by Mrs. pope. '

Ou VVedntTday, Mayai, a new mufi'«
£al Drama of two a6ls, was performed at
the fame theau-e, called The Specchlcss
Wire, faid to be written by a ladyi
founded on Gray's well-known tale of th6
Wiihes ) on which an opeia, called Bd-
phegor, was founded, and pertbrmed at
^iriiry-lane about fourteen years ago.

The three unguarded wilhes of the
woodcutier aie here made—-* for a bowl
of punch,* — * that his talkative wife might
be dumb,'— and « that flic might lecuver
her fpccch.* The bufmefs of the piece
having no great fliarc of intereft, it wa^
not ^uyoural>lJ received by; the audience.

Pro.

FOR MAY, 1794;

373

Troceedincs of the Fourth Session of the Seventeenth Parliament
$f Great Britain : Continued from Page 305,

ON Friday, March 7, in the houie of according to law. The queftion turned
commons, the order being read for the on (everal propofitions. Firft, on the le-
lioufe going into a committee, on the bill ^lity of the ftntence, and the crimes fet

to prevent the fupply of the foreign colonies
with (laves by Britifh fubjefls, and the
queftion being put for thefpcaker*s leaving
the chair,

Colonel Tarleton oppofed it, ftated his

^ifapprobation of the bill in ftrong tei-ms,

and laid he deemed it his duty to take the

^^feoii! of the houie on the bill ; accordingly

.^^; divifion took, place, and thci-e appeared

in favour ot the bill being committed, 40 ;

! againlt it t% $ majority ix.

J The houfe tlien went into a committee

I en the bill, lord Moncafter in the chair.

[ The dilfferent claufes and provifions of the

forth againft meffrs. Muir and Palmer^
which were chiefly, according to the tech-
nical language of that part of the king-
dom, leafing making, or uttering words,
and publifhmg matter, tending to fow di«
viGons between kin(r and fubie£^. Second-
ly, that by the ancient law of Scotland^
the p'lniftiment of tranfportation could not
be inflifled for the above crimes, and that
even by the a£l relating tWreto, pafled in
1704., banifhment only was the highefl:
punifhment which could be awarded. And
thir'dty, that the accvfation, as fet forth
in the indi6tmeRt, could not be legally

bill were, in the courfe or a ^reat deal of conftrued into a charge of the above na-

converfation, agreed to by the committee, ture.

The houfe- was then refumed, received the
report, and ordered the bill to be re-com-
mitted on this d^y fe*nnight.

On Monday, March 10, Mr. Adam,
purfuant to farmer notice, rofe to bring
forwai-d the fubje£l of the fentences pafled
in Scotland on Mr. Muir and Mr. PaU

Re{pe5ling the flrft and fecond pro-
pofitions, he took a minute view of tho
accufations as fet forth in the indi6lment.
Comparing thofe with his con(h-u6^ion of
the rcfpeftive proviiions of the Scotch
laws, and alio of fuch Britiih laws as re-
lated to Scotland, he drew the concluiion

mer, who had been conviAed in that of the illegality of the fentence, and was

country, upon a charge of feditious prac- of opinion, that the punifhment of tranf-

tices. It was certainly Nght, he faid, portation was not recognized by, the law

that theie tranfafiions ihou Id be examined of Scotland, as was evidently (hewn by

according to the principles of the laws of the a£l of 1704, which' he contended

that country. The objefl of his prefent
motion was to have certain parts of the
fecords of the trials of Mr. Muir and the
Kev. Mr. Palmer, (the former of which
took place bctore the judiciary court at
Edinburgh, and the latei before the cir-
cuit court of julticiary at Perth") produced
to the boul^. Of both thefe caies he would
propole to have the indiflment, the plea,
the verdic>, and ttie ientenc4^ laid before
}he boule $ and alfo one or two matters,
which regarded only the cale of M>'. Muir,

ihould be literally conlhnied, and which
ordained the punifhment for leadng mak-
ing to be fine, imprifonment, and banifh-
ment, the difference between which and
tranfportation, he fhewed in a ftriking
point of view 5 as the former, he obferved,
banifhed the culprit from his native coun-
try only, and left him the reft of the
world to range, and the latter confined
him to the limits of fome diftant, and not
unfr<?guently barren and comfortlefs foot
for lire, for a certain tei'ra of years. The

as the objection made by him to certain of provifion of the a£l of the fixth of his pre-

tlie jury, the warrant oV the commitment lent majcfty related only to matters of^po-

ofawitnefs, oftbe naineof WuiiamMuir, lice, and did not apply to ftate ofi^nces ;

iand the fame of another witnels, John and fix>ro the very origin of the court of

KufleJ, and »lfo the notes, 6cc. ot the jutliciary down tothe 31ft of AuguR 1793,

court relative to parts of the tuftimony ad- the puniAiment of tranfportation had not

duced, as well by Muir, as by the crown been adjudged by it, except for capital

jigainft him. It was his intention to found crimes.

pn thofe papers an addrefs to his majtfty Kefpe£ling the third propofition; he

in .favour of the unfortunate perfons in contended, that were the powers of inter-

^ueftion, praying for an extenfion of the pi^etation fo unlimitedly confined to the

foyal prerogatrve, and reprefenting tliat judges, or if the arbitrary power of ap-

IheifintcDceMlIiB^ODttiemwas not Sridlly portjooing punifhmcDts was given to

J I

37i

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tbem, there was an cnt!, m no.incon^Her-
able degree, to the libci ly of the fubjeci in
that country, aiid obicrvcd, that their
court was as danj^crous as was ever tlie
ftsr-chamber in iW\s part of the ifhnd.
H.TC Mr. ActT:n toucheil upon livcral
particulars oi ih- tiiril, as the refufnl to
sdmii Mr. Muii's ch«<JIer.ge of certain of
the jury— the mode of trciting two of his
witucfi'es, Muir and RuilLl, the former,
who refuicd to take the osths from con-
fcicntlous motives, and the latter being
prevented from appearing on hthalf cf tlic
prifoner, on account of an al egeJ incom-
petency. The conduft of the court, in
both thefe inftanccs, he cenfurcd in iirong
terms, as an arbitrary and uniudifiah^
eMteufion of the power of the judzs,-^.— On
the whcin, he was clcc'ilcdly of opiTiioii,
and he hoped the houfe, when it had im-
partially coMfidcT'jd the matter, wtfuld
agree with him in tliinking, that there were
fufficient giouiuls for a new trial, psifi-
cuiarly to Mr. Muir j and the c:;fe was
fufBciently ftrong to juftify the interference
of the hoiife, in intreating the extenilon
©f the royal prerogative.

In concludl.ig,, be expatiated on t^e
leverity of the lenience, and obfcrved,
that if even th^ author of the book, Mr.
Paine, which Mr. Muir was principally
accufcd of circijlatiug and caufing to be
read, were iu the )K3wer of the lawi^ of
this country, the iitmoft punilhment he
T/o!ild receive would be fine and imprifon*
mtnt, and perhaps not even the pillory.
But the unhappy gentleman in qudtion
v.cie doomed for a long nei iod of years to
rxiil in a dillant ifianJ, the voyage to
%vhifh was long, irkfcmc, and dangerous,
tinfoil luril, and of fuch a caiuje, that
Ihe uimo'J exertions of thi.> country can
with difiiculty fubfid the wretched colony
v.ho are doomed to refi'le th':re ; and,
above all this, tlie cruel refii 3ion lo thole
jyntkmcn, that tiiey ai-e dritined lo fpend
xh:* rema-nJcr perhaps of th^^ir lives in the
/)."'e!y of a fet of hardened wietchf<?, coti-
\i'\cci f^'Ior.s, the deiu vcd o'utColtN ot fo-
cicty. Wliat '{] firer o\\'t\ tit^ c.ui l)e con-
ct'ued to t':C' tc.iir.;;a of m -u ot ftnfc, edu-
c:;:;on, jx '!.i:i;>!r, r.nil humanity, than Inch
a tl' .l"ny ? buca a ftretch of aibiir:»jry
l^'r.vfi :uir! lu.n.c'.fiviiy cjutity, abfiru.ilcd
ii »ir» t'.h.* i'A. I jil'.y of th : picri.vdiiik:, was
f'ich as ninit .;lujn) evv.iy wcll-wi(hcr to
tr.c cGiii^iiti'ion, exciie the in.ll;;:i:iti(.n of
every man of fvc;l;r.ij; or Iiii.ii.inityf nud
<j'. fail Cad foi ti.c inieiicrenee of that

ik inca '4;ovul, *. th"»l llif'rv be laid be-

fore the hoTjfe a copy of the indiSmes*,
warrant of cotnmirtal, pica, &c. veitikd
-and llntence, pafled the ^iftofAugut
«.793> on Thomas Muir the jpoungcr, «f
Uunicrihill, &c.'

Mr. Fox having feconded the motiiR,
the lord advocate rofc, in order to vindi-
caie the part he had taken i^i thrfc profe*
cutions. In thefe, he faid, be had fotknr.
ed the ftri^t, fair, and only cncxie ibat
was pointed out by the criminal law or
Scotland. He (hould cot go upon tk
characler of rhe judges in the court of
jufticiary, further than to fay,. tbt^T wot
men ..ho hnd made the ftuJy of die lav
of their country almoft the only ihidy of
tlieir lives, in which they had "acquirei
the highett reputation. But if they were
wrong ip their decifion on this iuS*:3,
the}' weie without excufe ; for k had btia
argued before thera over and over again,
and they had periifted in the opinion wbkk
they originally gave. He admitted the
j'.'tlncfs of the general principles of ?'"«'
leajned gentleman whom he was about ta
anfwer, but differed almoft totally frogi
him in the application of thofe principles.
He mufi be permitted to fay, that ik
whole of the ipeech of tbe learned gcf>ik«
man was founded on a complete mifre*
prefentaiion, mifconception, or ignovaiKC
of the- law of Scotland, and of the pra&ice
of the courts of law there j and he im&d
that the houfe would not permit a court cf
jufticc to be attacked in its charaf^cr a&d
dignity upon Qight grounds 5 and he inaft
add, that whatever Ibme pcrfons migitt
fay about a^Timilating the laws of Sc<*.
land to tlje laws of England, he was fure
that much mifchief had aiifen from tbe
ignorance and clamour with which iht
proceedings of the courts of Scotland had
been accuild. Tbde praftices might, if
rot projierly oppofed, tend 19 bring the
judges, boA/ever high their charaiShrr, sod
the iaw of Gotland, however wile and
jiiii, nuo difcrcdit with their countrymen^
a (l)ing which he trufted that houie wouM
diicountenance. The learned gentleman
h:id niirunderftood tbe nature of the law
which was applied to the cafe of mefifs.
Muir and Palmer: he had apprehended
th'j law on Icafing-making •nly had been
applied to tlieir cafe. That was not fo.
1 tjey were tried upon a charge diftin^
*ron» tliat, which he vrould endeavour tp
explain to the houfe. From various cir-
c^mitanccs it became his duty, for about
ievcntceu months, to look particularly at
the law of Scotland, and to look, at that
put of it wiii^h bad ilept in j>eace tor a
C^n'.ury I

FOR MAY, 1794.

^entbry; anci until very lately no roan
thought it woitld have been neceflfary to
call it forth in the/ manner it hnd been j
jior would it, but tor the a£l8 of men who
feemed to be endeivouring to fee how far
they could - go with impunity. In this
iituaiion, it became his outy to look into
all the old ihtutes upon theie points, from
the time of Robert III, down to the pre-
lent time, and to infpe£l every a£l of par-
liament in that period that applied to the
q<ie(^ion to be determined bj thcfe trials.
They went over the whole niftory of the
country, and the a6l of 1503, was parti-
cularly under their confideration. The
refult was, that they were decidedly of
opinion, that the h&. proved agninft Mr.
Muir was not fuch as came under the
imaning of leafing-making, but was fe-
parate from that \ for leafmg- making was
that of telling lies of the king, and fo
fonb ; but the offence of this pcrion was,
I that of exciting perlbns to aAs of itdition
I againft the king and the conftitution, and
he found he could not indi6l him for leaf-
I ing- making. If he had, and he had
I found that upon that fubje^ he might
, hare been liable to tranfportation, or any
. Icverer penalty than upon tl)e charge of
r icditfon, fie wifhed to know the motive he
could have for doing (6^ but he (hould
, make it clear, that on a convi6(ion of the
. charge of leafing-making, he would have
I been liable to have the punifhment of
, tranrportation initialed on him, as well as
I in that of which he was convicted.
I He proceeded to examine the meaning
df the word bamjbment^ in the definition
I of which he diifered from Mr. Adam. He
, did not think that it meant the flighter
, part of lending awav from one place, and
, to the excluiion of another, which was
, called the ievere part, but that of fcnJing
, to a certain other place. He defined ba-
nilbment by the law of Scotland to mean,
that of fending to any part the court ihall
think fit, and that troMjportation was only
' the means of carrying banifhment into
eflc6l. This doftrioe he maintained to be
fupported in the preamble of the a^ bf
parliament of 1503, fomuch relied on by
the. learned gendeman. He maintained
air6 that this principle was recognized by
the different a^ of 1600, 1604, 1661,
and all the a£ls from that period down to
the aft of 1670, under the authority of
which feverai perfons had been fentenced
to be tranfported to the Welt Indies and
other parts beyond the fea» for l^fing-
fnakmg. He drew a concKiiion from
thefe prea(t]fes> that the. judges who pit-

375

fided at thefe trials could not have afled
otherwise than they did, and could not
have infli£\ed on thofe defendants flighter
punilbments, and anfwer to their country
for the duty they owed to it, to their King,
and to God. This was the cafe « x>a
trials for leafing-miking tn inftances tod
numerous to mention in the courfe of thit
debate. He could cite above fifty of
them, fbme of a very old date indeed |
for he believed' that above two centuriea
ago, when Shetland and the Orknies be<*
longed to the crown of Denmark,- perfona
were tranfported from Scotland thitheiv
being at that time the only places to-
which tranfports from Scotland could be
fent. Indeed, by the i-egular practice of
the courts of law of Scotland, thefe points
vvtre arbitrary, and in the difcretion of
the judges; and by arbitiary power, by
the law of Scotland was meant, a power
to inflict what puniihmsnt the judgei
ihould in their difcretion think proper^
ihort of death. Among many caies h*^
alluded to, he mentioned one as very ftrik-
ing. It* was the cafe of David' Bailey^
which was tried on the 24th of February
1704. This man was accufed of leafmg-*
making, of faying that the dukes of
Hamilton and Q^eenfberry had fupported
the pretender. He was convi^led of thi»
charge— What \^3 the fentence pro-
nounced upon him ? They declat-ed biiii
to be infamous ; they baniflied him forth
of Scotland for ever ; ordered that he be
tranfported to the Weft Indies, to be im*
ptifoned till he was tranfported, and to be
iet upon the pillory at eleven o^clock iit
the forenoon on fuch a day as the court
fhould appoint. He wifhed to know whe^
ther any cafe could be itronger than this»
or how it could "be explained away ; for
this was only eight months after the a£l
of 1703, on which fo much fbefs had
been laid, and jullly laid, for that was aa
important a^. This was after the decia*
ration of grievances, and the claim of
rights, and the rights of queen Anne*
Wonld theprivy-council whopronounced
this fentence have dared to pronounce it,,
and to have banifhed this man for ever at
(bch a time, if that had not been a legal
a6l ? On inquiry he foimd theie privy-
council were the firft men at that time in
Scotland, five ofwhom were judges. But
this was not all, for he maintained that
even the learned chai^a^er to whom the
learned gentleman had alluded, and to
whom mankind were fo much indebted
(fir George Mackenzie) had defined fe-
dition in has treatiiie on the laws of Scot*

iand^

1

S7fi

TUE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

land, and had warrant^ the conclunon of
the court of ju(liciary and circuit courts
on the prefent trials. That great lawyer
had conlidered (edition as a common law
ofience. Indeed fedition was a crime well
known to the law of Scotland.

As to the objection taken to the hiry-
men, it arofe in this manner i the pannd
objected to them, hecaufe they were mem*
. bers of the Goldfmiths Hall aifociation.
Some of them were fo, ihty had united
for the defence of the conftiiution. If
chat was to bt allowed as a ciifqiialiHca-
tion, they would object to the firlt cha-
Ta<$ttr8 in the country. Th-y miiyht as
well fay, they wo\ild not be tried by any
friend to the conftitution, or by auy but
thole who thought as they did. This
nuft be the cafe if this obj<;£lion wa!^ al-
lowed, for if we feai ched the whole coun-
try over, there would be found but two
clafles of pei ions — thofe who wiOied to
fupport the conilitution, and thoft: who
wimed to deftroy it, and to introduce all
the confuGon and the anarchy of France.

He then took notice of the cafe as it re-
fpefled the witnefs RuQel, to whom the
ufual queftions were put before his com-
petence was allowed by the court, and
Aiaintained that the anfwers he save a-
jnounted to prevarication, according to
the diftin£tions of the law of Scotland,
and theretbre he was committed. He
maintained alfo, that the pannel loft no-
thing for want of the teltimony of this
Vritnefs, for that he only came to prove,
vhat twelve other witneflcs had fworn on
the part of the defendant,— that he fre-
quently defired the populace to behave
peaceably, and fo on.

As to the foundnefs of the difcretion of
the court of jufticiary, he found himfelf
bound to defend \\ under all the circura-
fiances with which it was attended. Upon
this fubje6l he entered at length, and ob-
ierved that he had heard much of the fu-
perlority of the law of England over the
Jaw of Scotland; but for his part, he
thought that in this particular caie the
law of Scotland was fuperior to the law of
England, and much better adapted to
fupprefs fedition. He maintained alfo,
that tranfportation was the moft piudent
difpofal that could be made of peribns who
iiad been guilty of fuch atrocious offences;
lint the nerfons convicted, if they had
t)een fined, would have had their ilnes
paid by others ; as to imprifomnent, they
ivottld have borne it wrth triumph, and
would have fown the feeds of fedition
fOBODgpooTj illiterate^ and heedlefs peo-
7

pie.— What might be the eflfea of the \
pie of England having among them ludi
men as Skirving^ Mugarot, and Ge-
rald ? .

Mr. Thompfon called to order» and
thought it highly improper to bring for-
ward the name of Mi*. Gerald, who was
notvct tried.

The lord advocate made an apology,
and then entered upon the general iubjc€k
of the trials, maintaining their legality
and the foundnefs of the- difcretion of the
judges, who, he faid, had done nothing
moi% than the Uw commanded them to
do.

Mr. Sheridan took notice of all the ar-
guments of the lord advocate, and nsam-
rained there was a fallacy in the whole
tenour of his fpeech ; for he confounded
two things eflentially diitinfl, that of
leaiing-making and fedition. All the
caies he had brought forward applied to
lealing-maklng only; and the queftioa
did not involve that coniiderarion, but
related merely to fedition, upon which isot
a fmgle cafe was to be found. He ridiculed
the stflcrtion of lawyers fram Scotland tel-
ling the houfe they were not qualified to
judge on a point of common fenfe, a&illug
out of the hiftory of the country. He
reprobated the obfervation of the lord ad-
vocate, that there was no middle dais of
people in Scodand, between thole who
wiihed to deliroy the conftitution and in-
troduce the horrors of anarchy, and thofe
who applauded the proceedings of the ONirt
of jutticiarv. The a(&rtion he believed
to be as faJfe, with r^ard to the peoplt
of Scotland^ as he knew it to be falie of
the great body of the people of England }
he knew that in England there was a cLds
between republicans and levellers, and
aflbciators and alarmifts j men» nioch
more honourable in their views than eitberi
men upon whom the falisty of this king-
dom might depend, and to whom eveiy
honed man might look up with confidence |
men who had too much fpirit to crouch
to power, and too much candour and in-
tegrity to ftoop to mean artiBce, to gaia
the momentary applauie of the unthinking
part of the community. He expreflfed his
nidignation at the idea of the nobk lord
preferring the criminal law of Scoibuad
to that of England, and faid that fuch
aflertions (hould never be fufosd to pafs
unreprobated. He took notice of the
conduct of the court with regard to the
witnefs Ruffel, offered on the part of Mr.
Muir, and maintained that both the lord
advocate and the court had pAed lU^aiiy

tt^Olt

t?OR MAY. 1794.

'^\ipon tliat flibjed; that their conduft
^irould not have been agreeable to any
principle of law in any civilized fociety,
for that the witnefs had faid only, that
he did not recoiled what no perfon in
tcourt could prove to be faife* He applied
many pointed obfervations on the reJFuial
of the court of jufticiary to allow the ot>-
jedion of Mr. Muir to the jury, as hair-
ing prejudiced his caufe in the aiTociation
of the Goldrmiths Hall Company. This,
be iaidy confounded two things efTenttaliy
tit vartaoce with one another in the admi*-
ni (Oration of juftice in every court where
juftice could be known—- that of the ac-
cuser being a judge, which was the cafe

* on the trial of Mr. Muir. He ridiculed
Jtbeeffea of the refearches of the lord ad-
vocate, who had ilndied the Jaw of Scot-
land for eighteen months, and had only
bropght forward, k. law which bad ilept

'« for a century, which, when he broognt

• it, turned out to be only a law upon le^-
ing-niRking, whereas the fubjeft to which

- he applied it, was {edition. He obferved,
that It was rather remarkable, that the
learned lord could not find in the hiftory
of Scotland any law for fedttioB in die
courfe of a century, although vn'thin that
time it had produced two rebellions. It
was extraordinary, that the -noble lord
fliould never have ftumbled on the cafe of
« Mr. Dundas (he thought his name was)
of Arnifton, who was accufed of diftri-
buting medals, which a wicked woman, .
called the duchcfs of Gordon, had given to
bim : on thefe medals were the head of
the pretender, and fomething very ledi-
tious on the other fider^and of making
ipeeches recommending the protecting of
the pretender. It was extraordinary that
this circumibnce had efcaped thebiftorical
vigilance of the learned iord. He took
notice alio of th^ charge laid againft Mr.
Muir for diftributing books, tlie w6rks of
others, and of the neceflity therewas of
tranfporting him for fourteen years for it,
as a thing perfeftly new, in that the noble
lord had never heard of foch a crime as of
calling on the people to a(k for a pariia-
mentary reform. Pbrhaps the noble load
had never heard of fuch a thing as a re-
folutxon figned WilKam Pitt, duke of
Richmond, and others, calling on the
peopie lo do the very fame thing. (Here
he read the refolution of the Thatched-
houlir tavern, entered into by Mr. Pitt
and his parry ia 17 81) Perhaps the noble
lord had not known any thing of the late
publications of Mr. Burke againft popular
rights, which however agreed pi-euy wdl

with die fpeeches of the noble lord at theiie
trials, for every fcntence and almoft every
word fcemed as if borrowed from that ad«
mired performance. He then took notice
of the cafe of Bailey, and maintained that
the privy-council exceeded their power to
a fhameful degree in that cafe. He mMD*
tained that the lord advocate had mifcon-
ftrucd the whole of the opinion of fir
George Mackenzie on the fubjeft of fedi-
tioo i and he infifled that the queftion for
the l^ouie was, whether they would agicc
to the motion, in order to clear a point
that was at leaft extremely doubtful. He
warned thehoufe againft the public danger
of laying down a precedent which would
go to the length of telling the people o£
this kingdom that the houle of commons
will never inftitute an inquiry into the
tondu6l of juftice upon any thing ihort of
illegality.

.Mr. Whitbread the younger, aftpr
fpeaking in terms of the higeft refped and
•alfefSlion of his father, informed thehoufe
that he had the honour to be acquainted
with Mr. Palmer, to whom he paid the
moft handfome compliments for under-
flandlng'and virtue* He then took notice
of the fubjtSi before the houfe, and de«
cbrcd he tliought thefe ievere fen tenons
were dangerous to the public welfare and
tranquillity of the realm.

Mr. Windham defeadtd the legality of
the trials, on the precedents which appear-
ed to him to have been quo^fwl. He was
of opinion that the law of England might
be altered and aiTimilated to the law of
Scotland, if it was found adeqijate to the
purpofes of fuppreflling fediiion,

Mr. Fox faid, he confidered the quef-
tiofi to be of a Aature fo alaimingly im«
portant, that he couid not ilt filent after
hearing the arguments that had been
brought forward ; and he could not help
obferving with indignation, the manner
in which the learned lord exprcffcd a wifli
that the law of Scotland, as he expounded
it, ibould be introduced into England*
inftead of thofe iwife and falutary laws
under which fo much had been fecured to
this country ; and wh^n tlie karqed lord
roundly afierted, that the Scotch criminal
law was preitrahle to the Englilh law,
and that he could wiih to fee them the
fame, he was ikruck with the violence and
boldnefs of fuch a do^rine. Were they
extended to the full length diat the learned
lord, and a right honoui able friend of his,
iieemed to wiih, he (aw no fecurity that
he, or any other perfon had, that they
might not be fent to Botany Bay, as it
3 B placed

3>«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

|>1aced them completely in tYie power of
the.executive government. His right ho-
nourable friend bad gone far intfeed, ify
iaid be^ the laws were inadec^uate, they

' ought to be made adequate in this country.

' Kow, whether he thought that they were
adequate, or the contrary, be muft aik
the right hon. gentleman, if he was reai^
to lay that the Scotch law was fo mudi
better than the Englifb law, that it ought
to be adopted, as if the exifting laws were
not adequate to any occurrence that might
take place. ^ In his opinion the laws in
both countries were adequate, and under
theft, as they exifted> there was no fpecies

. of crime to which there was not a faitable
puniihment. ^Jn the prefent cafe, he
thought die Scotch judges had exerciied

. their diicretion to a degree of impropriety
that wa^ not juftifiable, or if it were juftifi-
able, by any law, it was full time, from
the enormity of the cafe, that fuch law
ftould be repealed, and the people of
Scotland put upon the fame footing with
Ihofe in England. He thought that houfe
had ihewji a degree of fiftfe delicacy about
calling for the record on this cede, and

' reminded them of the petitions *in the
reign of Charles I, which, though Tome
of them came from people of exceptidn-
able charader, were properly attended to
by parliament. With regard to the a^
of 1703, it certainly was a limiting a^,
and under the word baniihment, never
could mean tnmfportation i and being a
mitigating a^^ ought f beconftnied mild-
ly : he then came to the a£l i^7«9 which
fpecifies, when tranfportatlon is the mean-
ing, that fome of thofe convicted under
that law were to be tranfported to the Weft
Indies, at^d in other cafes forth of the
realm, which is no more than banilhment
from thdr country, without any direction
where they are to be fcnt. He coniidered
the negative evidence ^givcn by his hon.
friend who made the motion, as entitled
to much weight, as nothing had been faid
on the other fidei his hon. friend had
proved that there was no one inftance, ex-
cept for capital crimes, of any peribn
being tranfported, after fentenceof baniih-
ment bad paffed, and no inftance, of any

, trial for fedition in thejiiftory of Scotland
to be found. In one a6^, indt^ed, thei-e
w^ words which went farther on the fub-
jeft of puniflimcnts by banifbmeni to places
ipeciiied, and added, * or otherwile ;' but '
certainly no man would fay, that this
Ihould be z&td upon by conftruing tb<:
Jaw with a latitude from thofe words to
the injury of the fubjcft : confidcring

therefore the principle of this law, atfd <jt
all mitigating laws, he was clearly of opi-
nion that the Scotch judges had either
mifundcrftood or mifinterpreted the law.
As to what happened in 1704, and which
had been dated as a precedent, it was only
necef&ry tp fay, that thofe proceedings
were ruled by the privy-council, at the
time the rooit reprobated [of all the tribu*.
nab that could poflibly be mentioned.
Indeed, in this opinion he had the high
authority of a great lawyer in the other
houie, who had faid from the woollack
kft year, when the precedent of the appeal
to the privy-council of 1704 was flated,
* You mufl not mention that j you can-
not argue 'from it } it is no precedent.*
They had ihewn their contempt for the
law ^iled only eight months before, but
had ra the m^ unwarrantable manner
added to the vigonr of the (entence by an-
nexing to the puni(hment pillory, and
being declared infamous, for which there
was no fhadow of law. His hon. friend
had fo hr forgot himielf as to talk of re-
peated inftances, though not one could be
ftated, nor was attempted to be ftated by
the learned lord, for tne beft reafon in the
world, becaufe not one that paflfed in 1704
was to be confidered as a precedent of a
court, but an aft of privy-council, in
contempt of the exifKng law at that tinv.
The learned lord had taken pains to ex-
plain what leaiing-making was, but he
had likewife been obliged to own that
there were other crimes which had been
puniflied as fedition, that did not precifely
come within the defcription of telling falfe.
hoods between the king and the people ;
fuch as the cafe of his anceftor and otiierf
in the rdgn of Georee I, fuch as drinking
the pretender's healm, refiiiing to ring tfat
bells at Dnndee on the king*s acce&o,
and others, which had not been followed
up by tranfportation $ and would any
man compare the criminalitv of thofe cafes
to the criminality of the prelent cafe, which
was merely delivering opinions favoor-
able to a parliamentary reform ? He
treated with irony the argument of the
learned lord, that he was lb much at a
lofs to find out the proper way of puniih*
inff fedition in Scotland, that he wai
obliged to look into laws that had been
dormant for a century ; but if there was
no fedition in Scotland for a centuiy, was
there none in England he could look to f
That there fhould be none in Scotland
was the more extraordinary, as within
that century there had been two open re-
bellions. By the learned loid's ai-gumeot,

fedijLioB

FOR MAY, 179*:

379

lotion was a good thing, for they bad it
in England, and had no rebellion there,
ihcy had none in Scotland, and there were
two rebellions. He treated fir George
Mackenzie as the apologift of all the ty-
ranny that difgraccd the latter part of the
rei^ of the Stuarts, and as fucn confider-
cd It humiliating to quote as an authority ;
as far as it went, however, if would be
found againft the learned lord. He came
next to difcufs the manner In which the
evidence had been conduced at Mr.
Muir's trial, of which, he faid, the bare
llatement muft make the blood run cold of
every one who heard it. He argued the
impropriety of bringing forward Apn
Fifher, Mr. Muir*s domeftic fervant, to
prove that he at fomc time or other had
abufcd the proceedings of the courts of
Scotland. If fuch unwarrantable pro-
ceedings were encouraged, where was the
man who cotild Cay his chara^er, pro-
perty, or life was in fafety ? His right
hon. friend and he, with manv others,
vrho were united in the fame fentiments
againft the American war, might have
been fent long ago to Botany .Bay j in
ihort all were liable to he accuied of fedi-^
tion who oppofed adminiftration at the
time, and the whole country was at the
difpofal of the executive government. The
whole of the proceedings on this trial were
difgufting to every lover of jufticc and hu-
manity. He faw a great firailariiy be-
I tween the prefent proceedings and fome of
the deteftable proceedings in France. As
to the crime, the learned lord's fedition
would there be termed incivifm ; and as
to the punifliment, to a man of fenfibility
there was little difference between Botany
Bay and the guillotine. » The learned
lord having no ftatute law for fedition,
had recourfe to common law ; but where
can it 6c found there ? The common law
could only exift in three ways— on prac-
tice—on authority— or on the general rea-
foning of eternal juftice 5 but none of
thofe could anfwer the purpofe of tlie
learned lord. He contended, that the
court had been equally wrong in admitting
inr.propcr evidence for th« profecution, and
rehiiing competent evidence for the defend-*
aAt, alluding to RuHcl's. He laid it
down to be the right of the jury to judge
of the credibility, the court could only
judge of the competency. He then enter-
ed into the queftion of challenging fuch of
the Jury as had aiTocIated and offmd a re-
gard to convifl Mr. Muir, as well as re-
filling to admit him of their focietv. This
tballen|e in England would have been ad«

niitted, and be knew no reafon why it
(hould not be fo in Scotland, becaufe by
their condu^ they certainly had prejudged
Mr. Muir. He was porticularlv fevere
upon the manner in which fcveral of the
judfi;es gave their opinions. If there were
no law, or no example from their anceftors
to direft them, might they not have look-
ed for precedents in this country ? Here
he thought himfelf bound to pay a juft tri-
bute of praife to. a leai-ned gentleman op-'
pofite (die attorney- general .\ In his offi-
cial capacity, he had to prolecute to con-
vI£lion : the fentence was fine and impri-
fonmentj hut in the execution of that
fentence, the gentleman, Mr. Winter-
botham, a minifter, who had been con-
viAed of preaching two fcditlous fermons,
found himfelf thrown into jail among fe-
lons who had been guilty of every for\
oi; crime ; but no iboner did this come to
the attomey.generaPs knowledge, than
he, with fentiments of honour, juftice, and
humanity, faid, * God forbid 'that a per-
fon of the defer ption mentioned (hould
for a fingle day be confined in fuch fo-
ciety J* and he took fteps, in confe-
quence, that would do him immortal ho-
nour.

The chancellor of the exchequer faid^
the grounds of difcufTion yf rt fimplej
and, in his opinion, ^n inquiry into the
bufinefs would lead to the conclufion, that
no doubt could be entertained, either of
the legality of the trials Under review, or
of the propriety of the manner in which
the lords of jufticiary have exercifed their
difcretion upon the occafion. Upon a
general conhderation of the various afpefls
under which the queftion had been con-
fidered, it would ap))ear that the legality
of thefe fentences would depend on the
conftru^ion and operation of the a£l of
1703, by virtue of which the court of
jufticiary was empowei-ed, under the ge-
neral term baniftiment, to pronounce .fen-
tence of tranfportation. By arguing upon
the prefent cafes, as cafes of leafing-
makmg, his learned friend (the lord ad-
vocate) .did not mean to affert, that even
for that offence judgment of tranfporta-
tion might not be pronounced ; but had
only remarked, that, in his opinion, it
was moft j)roper to prefer indi Aments for
fedition, which made the delinqtients lia-
ble to incur arbitrary puniflinienr, accord*
ing to the Scottifli law. Preinous to the
palling of the a£t of the reign. of queen
Anne, leafing-making, under various
modifications, was made a capital ofRence
by different a£b of parliament. The ob-

^ 3B» jcft

^d

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

jA of Aat ftatxite was to take away the
capital ]>art of the criniei and to fubfti-
tute fine, imprifonment, or banifhmcnt, or
any corporal punifliment, in ' its ftead.
Upon an attentive confideration of the
ftatute, to which h« begged leave to refer
the houfe, it would however appear, that
\ the term banifhment h<'.d not been ufed as

pointing out a particular way in which a
ptinifhment was to be inflifled, but had
only been dated as one among the many
other modes of arbitrary puniihments
which the court of jufiiciary were by that
ilatute empowered to fubftitute, in lieu of
the capital cne which was formerly ufed.
If, therefore, the punifhment annexed to
thcfe crimes was arbitrary, the legiflaturc
mull certainly have meant to inveft the
judges with a difcretionary power ; and
as the parliament had frequently fpecified
the exercife of the mitigated mode of ba-
nifhment to which fome gentlemen had
alluded, it would follow, that where no
fuch fpecification had been made, the ge-
Sfieral power of banifhing, accoi-ding to
the utmoft extent of the term, was meant
to be given to the judges of whom he
fpoke. From a variety of precedents which
had occiinied from the year 16S7 to 1754,
it would appf<ir that the term banifhment
had been uiea in the fenfe put upon it by
his learned friend, (the lord advocate) and
that the fhtute of Anne had adopted it in
the fame manner. Having fbted the dlf«
. ferent precedents, Mr. Pitt proceeded to
remark, that in all the inftances which he
•^ had adduced, the fentertte of banifhment
had b^en followed up by orders for tranf-
portation. The whole, therefore, of an
non. gentleman's argument proceeded on
his having confounded the di(lin5\ion be-
tween capita] and arbitrary punifhments.
An additional proof that the ftatute of
Anne meant to beftow upon the judges
the power .of fubftituting the latter in heu
of the former, would appear ftill more evi-
dent from the cafe of bailey, which hap.
pened foon after the fiatute was puffed. In
order, however, to evade the force of this
precedent, a violent attack had been made
upon the privy.coiincil by which the fen-
tencc was pronounced. For fome years
previous to the revolution, efpecially du.
ring the reigns of Charles and James the
fecond, he admitted that the proceedings
of tha; body WC11C juftiy obix»xious to tlie
people. But after. the revolution, that
body was not fuppofed to be inimical to
the progrefs of civil liberty j but, on the
conn ary, during the reigns of king Wil-
liam and queen Anne, the members ot it

were always deemed the moll
friends to the freedom of the natic
had been argued againft the authc
this precedent, that the parlianie
deliberately fufFcred the law which i
to be violated by this privy-cou!
another pu nifhment had hkn ac
thofe which had been pointed out
aA. This argument, however, \
ed upon a mifconffruAion of the
quedion : the punifhment was ar)
and it |being fo, the pilkiry migt
peradded to it without any violatic
Jaw in queflion. At this difiance
it was impofTible we could precifc
the obje^is which the fentence agai
ley had in view j but the pref
ought now furely to be, that the
was legal, and that consequently t
had the power of fupeiadding corr
nifhment and infamy to fine, 11
ment, and banifhment. It mis
haps be contended, that all thefe
on leafing- making were fuperfiui
caufe the prefent offences had be
as inftances of fedition { and the
tlemen had been pleaicd to concli
they w^re not at all punifhabte
exifting law of Scotland. But if
be ferioufly alTcrtcd, that no pa
was by that law provided for the e
clafs of frimes which in England
nifhed either as mifdemeanors or
that law was fo defefiive, and
upon that fubjeft fo filent, th
cicty, of which we were memb
right, through its magiftrates a
to declare wherein fedition
offence which was permanent |
ture, however modihed by ch
times, and feafons. On the]
however, he conceived, that 1
mon law of Scotland, all of 1
which were not included witi
flatutes againll leafing-makin
dition, and confequently lialj
arbitrary punifbment. Th
fedition were made treafon by I
and that afl continued in
year 1707, when Scots and ]_
fons were afTimilated to each!
thus, according to the argu
gentleman oppofite, in the
iween 1703 and 1707, the
tained in the afl of 1 5S4 ^
duced to non. entities, or <
leafing- making or fedition.
ftated as a very Hngul^r ph
no recent inllance had

practice with regard tol

tiuid^ and yet there had be«n i

FOR MAY, 1^94:

3«i

21

in

in that coantiT. But whoever had con- that circumftatice be zny ftrious caufe of

£dered the political agitations of that part challenge to a jury compofed of its mem-

of the united Icingdoin, muft have feen bers ? This whole trinra6lion had been

the ftruggle there was for the higher ex- reprefented as moft oppreilive ; but, ftrip-

frcifeof power and prerogative in a cer- ped of all party escaggeration, it would*

tain family, and not for the propagation appear that the queftion with regard to '

of principtesi which, by exciting difcon- Flower*s book had been waved, that in- '

tent and infurre^on among the loww or- ftead of ranfacking the a6^ions of Muir'a

dcrs of the community, had a tendency to life, none but thofe of the three laft months

promote (edition. The authority of fir of it had been inquired into j that his ex-

Oeorge Mackenzie, which Teemed to be culpatory witnefs, James Ruflel, had not

pretty much relied on, even by thofe who been examined, from his own mifconduc^j

moil warmly cenfured him, in a palTage in
his commentary on the ftatute 10 James
VI. ch. 10. enters into a minute defcrip.
tion of fedition, which muft be an ofience,
• ^^^ ^ varying according to particular afts, times,
. ^^ ■/ and countries, but which, upon the whole,
toM*' tnuft in Scottifti jurifprudence have ever
tcflisp ^ixen eileemed a diftinft and fpecific crime.

and that the circumftances which he was
called upon to prove, were unequivocally
admitted by the lord advocate. When he
had no doubt of the legality of the fen-
tence, he would not be difpofed to enter*
tain furmifes to the prejudice of the judges,
on account of any midaken expreflions
they might ufe ; nor would he thmk it at

j, ^^. the attention of the houfe to the circum- bufinefs, nor of his own behaviour in tho

r waf i^ ftances o'f the trial, a$ ftated by the lord queftion of parlianjentary reform 5 and

ofeicfi^' ^vocate } and without inquiring whether laftly, he thought that the judges would

didosi^ the country was exactly divided into aflb- h^ve been highly culpable, if, vefted as

ilea^tD^ ciators and r^ublicans, he muft remarkp thev were with difcretionary powers, they

t aii !^ that the jurv having belonged to the Gold-
otlaii^' MVniths Hall AfTociation, could be no joft
f^^ ^^'caufe of challenge, as they might ftiU a£l
ro^itkii^^vrith the moft impartial juftice toward the
licb io^i^libeller, however they might hate the libel.

haa not employed them for the prefent pn^*
nifliment of delinquents, and the preven-
tion of the fiituiY diifufion of their doc-
trines.

Mr. Fox explained ; denied that he had

Q,f(}cflKa^:>V right hon. gentleman (Mr. Fox) had ever countenanced profecutions, and moved

3S

Ddil
)0S.

that the bill of rights might be read,*which
was done accordingly.

Mr. Adam fpoke in reply. After '
which, the houfe divided, when there
appeared, for the motion 31 ; againft it
171 i majority 139.

[To be continued.]

j^ft,^ uttered a panegyric on non-aflbciatoirs,

j'^^ieft^lind yet he had himfelf become an affo-

^ „^iB^^iator, and, if be miftook not, encouraged

^2£J^'prorecutions ; fo that in his opinion it was

(g^0t <^innocent at l^aft ; and though the Gold-

giji^^fipiths Hall Aflfociation did .not chufe to

by^adnut Muir of their number, yet could

:c.v«d,^, LONDON GAZETTE

inclw^^prom the London Gazette Extraordinary, the Pomone and La Babet,

tailng-"^ April »8. gates captured by the fquadi

^"^^ ^Tv ^ . • I ^rt« AM iinder his conmiand.

^,. TJ^ Admiralty-Office, April »8, 1794- The Concorde and La Nymphe arrived

e trcalJ^ "^rp HE letters, of which the following are yefterday evening with L*£ngageante, ano«

la'oufl* ^j, J- extrafts, were this day received from ther French frigate, captured by the Con

French fri^
fquadron detached

Scots »3iJK^r-admiral Macbride.
lied to <^

the ^ M'uwt^ur, Plymouth Sound, April ft6,

h,:t'i Sir.
c\d»t<' Be pleafed to acquaint my lords com-
V flf cf^ffliifioners of the admiralty, that the Echo
'"redititfi' ^oop arrived here yeftcrday morning,
^ ijr phsi^ringing with her a letter from iir John
'^/^^^jWariw, of his roajefty's (hip Flora, who
|Lj vi^^"^ ^ ^^* pHOaj^e to Poniinouth, with

corde. Incioied are trie letters from the
captains, fu* John Warren and fir Richaid
Strachan, to me on the occafion. The
I^efolue, another frigate that was in com-
pany, efcaped, by her outfailing the Me-
tampufi and La Nymphe, who chaled her
intoMorlaix. lam, fir, your moft obe«f
dient and moft humble iervant^

John M'Brpb.
F, $tephens^ Efq, ,

f loraj

38«

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Sir,

Flora, at Sea, Aprii %$, 1794.

In purfiiance of your orJers, I pro-
ceeded with the (hips iiruncd in the margin*
to cruile on the coalt of Krance ; and on
the sjd inftant, from vaiiahle winds being
in iljc wcftiward of Guernfey, Rock Do-
▼cr bearing E. by S. four or five leagues,
the Severn lAamk S. S. W. four or five
leagues, Gucrnfey N. £. half eail feven
oc eight leagues, I difcnvered, at four In
tlie morning, four fjil, (landing out to
ka. upon the larboard tack, tne wind
S S» W. and, as the morning began to
bt eak, I faw from their manoruvres and
firing of guns they were foms of the enc<
jny*5 fliips of v/ai-. They foon afterward
appeared in a line of liattlc on the larboard
tack, and as our (hips, from having
chaied, wtre not colle^ed, I made the
fignal to form jn fucceffion. We croiled
each <%heion contrary tacks, and the ene-
my began an action at a confiderable dif-
tance'j their {lemmoii (hip having paiTed
ever, they again tacked j but the wind
dunging two poin^ in our favour, I per-
ceived it was impoflible to weather them,
and therefore made the ligna] for -the ihipf
to engage as they eame up, fo- as to pre<-
%ent the enenoy gaining their own ihot«,
and to oblige them to come to a dole
a£lion : I am happy to (ay we fucceeded
in this obje^i.

The engagement bfleJ nearly three
k>urs, when two of the (hips ftruck : I
then made tlie fignal for tliofe who were
coming up to purCue and engage the ene-
wy, as, from the fituation of this (hip,
Kaving led the line into a£)ion, (be was
uicapal)^e of continuing the purfuit.

I am much indebted to fir Edward Pel-
few in the Arethufa, who was my lecond
afiern, and to the other officers and (hips
wider my command, who exerted them-
fclves in engaging and purfuing the enemy.

The French fquadron confifted ot
X*£ngageante, 36 guns, iS pounders,
300 men, monlisur Defgarceaux Chef
I>'£(carde; La Fomone, 44 guns, 94
pounders, 400 men ; La Relcflue, 36-
guns, X S poundeis, 320 men | La Babet,
9x gims, 9 pounders, 100 men : they
£iiled from CancaJe Bay the evening be*
&>re we met ihem.

I owe every obiigatioa and acknow-
Icdgemetit to the officers and crew of this
fliip for their zeal and exertions upon this
and every former occafion in the fervice of
ibeir king and country, apd trud you

nill recommend them to their loidihips
notice and prote£lion.

Enclofcd are lifts of the killed and
wounded, and alfo of the (kips taken from
the enemy. I have the honour to re-
main, &C.

John Borlasb War.r£ii«
Rear Rdmiral M'Bride*

A lid of the killed and wounded on board
his majefty*8 (hips Flora and Arethufa,
on the i^il of April 17^4.

Flora. I leaman killed, ^ ditto wounded*
Arethufa. i roafter^s mate lulled, a iea-
. men killed, 5 (eauien wounded*

A lift of the killed and wounded on hoard

the conventional frigates La Pomone

and La Babet, on the s 3d of April

1794-

La Pomone, Betweea 80 aqd 100 killed

and wounded.
La Babet. Between 50 and 40 Jdlled and
wounded.

[Accenting to fir J.B.\^UTcn*ii ac-
count. La Pomone was of 44 guns, 94.
pounders ) 400 nnen } 143 fleet, keel;
4sfeet,beun$ r 100 tons ^ five vears old,
and fuppofed to be the fineft fngate they
had.— -La Babet, 2% guns, 9 pounders s
200 men.]

La Concorde, Pfymondi Somid,
AprUas, 1754-
Sir,
1 have the honottr to acquaint yon of
my arrival here with his majefty's (hip un-
der my command, with a French fngate,
which we took in the afternoon of the 1 jd
inftant. The early tranfaflions of that
day have been detailed to you by (ir John
Warren ; but as the Ftora was at too
great a dtHtince to obferve my proceedings
m the afternoon, I beg to relate the parti-
culars of my condu6V frwn the time we
pa(red the Pomona after die bad fiirreiMier«
ed. About eleven A. M. we were near
enough to receive and return the fire of
the enemy's two frigates, which were'
wiaking off. It was ray intention to en-
deavour to dilahle the (lemmoft, and leave
her to the (hips of his roajefty, which were
following us, and pu(h on to attack
the leading (hip ; but in this I was dif-
appointed, for the leading (hip bore down,
and doled to fupport his fecond, and lay-
ing herfelf acrofs our bows, foon difabled
us in our fails and rigging fo much, that
we dropped afttrn*

* Aipthufa, Melampus^ X«a Nymphe, Concocdc^

Wf

FOR MAY, 1794.

3H

' Wc foon got our fails on the ftip again,
and I purpofed to keep the enemy's two
ihips in cheque till ours arrived, as the
^nfy means of taking them both 5 but
iinding the day far advanced, and little
probability of our being afliftcd, as our
<hip$ rather dropped, and cxpefting our
main-top maft, which was (hot through,
to go every minute, knowing that if our
maft went, both the (hips muft efcapc, I
•determined to fecure the one I was neareft.
She was a(rifted £ar fora« time .by her
lecond, but, changing fides in the fmoke,
it.pr«veiited him (ram annoying us. Slw
was defended wiih the greateft bravery
from twelve till a quaiter before two
P. M. when being filenced, and totally
. unmanageable^ they called they had fur-
. rendered. She proved to be L'Engage-
ante, o( 34. guns, and four carranadtS;
with 300 men.

. The other frigate, La Refolue, after
firing a few (hot, ftood on, and our (hip,
much cut up in liei- fails and rigging, was
not in a condition to follow her. The
maft of the L'Engagcant, in the evening;,
as we attempted to tow her, fell, and ex-
peaing ours to go alfo, I availed myfclf
of feeing the Nymph and Melampus, re-
turning from tha chafe of the Reu>lue, to
make the figns for affiftanoe. The Nymph
joined us at night, and we fteered for this
port.

I ttkutt requeft you will plcale to infonn
their brdrtiips, that the rcalous, cool and
fteady condu^ of the officers and (hip's
company was highly meritorious in the
a£lion ; and their efforts in refitting the
fliip, after the fatigue they had experi-
enced, exceeded any exertion I ever faw
before. As the fir(t lieutenant, Charles
Apthorp, was mollly with me,, I had an
opportunity of oblirrving the (pirit of en-
• terprizc which pervaded Itis condu^, and
I mult acknowledge the great afiittance he
w^s of to me from the able manner in
wnich he performed the various duties I
employed. him upon i and am convinced
alio of the good condu6l of lieutenants
Boys and Evans, who commanded on tlie
mam deck. I inclofe a report of the da-
mages and (hte, of the (hip* And have
the honour to be, &c.

R. Strachah.
Rear- admiral M^Bride, &c.

From the London G&zette Exti-aordinary,
Wedncfday, April 30.

Whitehall, April 30. A lcitcr» of

which the following Is a copv> 4al«l
Cateau, April 15, 1794-i was laft night
received by the right hon« Henry Dtind»s^
hb majeflfy's principal fecretary of (late
for the home department, from his royal
highncfs the duke of York,

Cateauj April 15, 1794^
Sir,

In confequence of a requeft from tht
prince of Cobourgi I fcnt, the day beftr^
yeftcrday, a detachment of cavah-y to re-
connoitre the enemy, who wert reported
to have aiTembled at the Camp de Ofaf«
near Cambrai. This patrole, with which
general Otto went bimfelf, found tlie one-
my in great force, and ib firongly pofted
at the village of Villers en Couchie, that
he fcnt back for a re-enfoi cement, which
I immediately detached j it confifleil of
two fquadroDS of the Zctchwiiz cuirafllers,
major-general Manfel's brigade of heavy
cavalry, and the iitfa rcgit^ent of light
dragoons.

As they could not arrive tTll it was
dark, general Otto was obliged to delay
the attack till the next morning, when jt
took place foon after day-bi*eak. He thtn
ordered two fquadrons of ihc 1 5th regi-
ment of light dragoons to charge tiic
enemy, which they did with the grcateft
fucceb I and, finding a line of infantry
in the rear of the cavalry, they continued
■ the charge without hefitation, and Ir/oke
them likcwi(e. Had they been properly
fiipported, the entire dcllruflion ot the
enemy muft have been the confequence {
but, by fome miftake, general Manfel's
brigade did not arrive in time for that
purpofe.* The enemy, however, were
completely driven back, and obliged to
retreat, in great confution, into Cambrai, '
with the lofs of twelve hundred mey killed
in the field, and three pieifes of cannon.

The gallantry difplayed by thefe troops,
but particularly by the 1 5th regiment of
light dragoons, does them the hi^hcft ho*
nour ; and,' coniiderin^ the danger of
their lituation, when left without fupport,
thi lofs they experienced is not coniider-
ablc. The only ofjicer wounded was
captain Aylett, of the 15th regiment, who
had the misfortune to be feverely wounded '
by a bayonet in the body.

Inclofed I traniinil a return of the kill-
ed, wounded and mifftng upon this oc-
cafion.

The firft parallel at Landrecies is in
fuch forwardnefs that it is intended to>>
night to convey the cannon into the bat*
terics, which arc to open to-morrow. The

cnuny

3«4

THE UNIVEftSAL MAGAZINE

«fiemy attempted this morning to make learnt, from hie Imperial roajefty, ^Ytat
two (orucs, but wfcre driven back with general count Kingiky and major-general
confulci-abk lofs. I am, fir, &c. Bellegarde, after having repuifcdjthe ^

Frederick.
Kigbt Hon. Henry Dundas, &€.

Total return of the killed, woimded, &c.

in the a6lton on A{»il 2^ i;94*

Men, 58 killed, t 7 wounded, 7 miiT-
tng, Total S2, horfen 68 killed, 23
wounded, a miffing. Total 93.

my with great Aaugbter from Priiche^
had purfunl them as far as day- light
would permit, in the dire^ion of CfapeUcy
and hava taken twei^ty-two pieces of can^-
non ; fo that we are already in pofle^Goa
of fifty- (even pieces of ordnance takes
from the enemy this day. I am, &c.

Frede&ici^

From the London Gazette Extraordinaryy
April 30, T794, P. M.

Whitehall, April 30. The lettta-s, of
which the following are copies, were this
morning received from his royal highnefs
the duke of York, by the light lion. Henry
Pandas, his majcfty's principal fecreiary
of ftate for the home department.

Heights above Cateau, April 2 6> 1794*

Sir,

It is from the field of battle that T have
the fatisfailion to acquaint you, for his
niajerty's information, with the glorious
luccefs which the army under my com-
mand have had this day.

At day- break this morning the enemy
attacked me on all fules. After a fhort
but Icvere confli«5l we fucceeded in lepulf-
jng^ them, with confidcrable (laughter*
The enemy *y general, Cbapuy, is taken •
prifonei-, and we arc mafters of thirty- five
pieces of cannon. Tlic behaviour of the
Britifti cavali y has been beyond all praife.

It is impoifible for me as yet to give any
account of the lofs fuftained by his ma-
jefty's troops. I have realbn to btlie\e
that it is not confiJerable.

The only o'fficers of whom I have any
account as yet, and who I believe are
all who have fallen upon this occafionj
are, major-general Manfel, captain Pi^ot,
and captain Fellows of the third dragoon
guards.

The army under his Imperial majtfty
was attacked at the fam^ time, and the
only particulars with which I am ac-
quainted at prefent are, that the enemy
were like wife repulfed with great lofs.

I fiiair not fail to fend you a more full
account by the firft opportunity. I am,
fir, &c.

FR£DBRICK.

Cateau, April 16, 1794*
Siri
In addition td my letter, written imme-
£attly atter the engagement. I have juH
i

From the London Gazette, May 3.

^ Whitehall, May 3. A di^tch frooi
his royal highnefs the duke ot York, gf
which the following is a copy, was ycfter-
day received bv tlie ri^t hon. Henry
Dundas, his majefty's principal Cccrexsay
of (late for the home department.

Catean, April a 8, X794.#
Sir>

As I tlionght his rostfefty might wiOi to
be informed, as loon at poflible, of tiie
fuccefs which the combined troopa under
my. command had on the a6th inftajity
I difpatched my aid«de-camp, captain
Murray, from the field of battJe, .and
take tlus opportunity c€ gtring you fixne
fuither details cottccning the a^ion.

It appears that the attack of the enemy
was intended to be general, along tht
.whole frontier, from Treves to the fea-

The corps which attacked that under
my command, confifted of a column cf
eight and twenty thoufand men, and ieven-
tj-nine pieces of canron, which marched
out of Cambrai the preceding night at
twelve o'clock, and a fmalltr one, whofi:
foKc I am not juftly acquainted witht
which moved forward by the way of Fre-
mont and Mvircts. The enemy formed
their line at duy-break in the morning,
and, under favour of a fog, advanced to
the attack of the villages in my front,
whi«.h, being occupied by light troops
only, they pofleli'ed themTdves of witluMit
much refittance j and advancing, formed
their attack upon the village of Troifville,
into which they had dct\iaily enteit^ti, but
were diflodged again by the weU-dirc£ied
fire of grnpc (hot from two Britith lis
pounders, under the command ot lieute*
nam -colonel C^ngrevc.

Their movements being no^ plainly
fc^n, and their left appearing i6 be un-
protc^ed,. I determined to det<K:h the ca«
valry of the right wing, confilUng of the
Aultrian cuiralTicr regiment of Zetch^itz,
of the blues, ift, ^d, ^th dragoon gaards,

and

FOR. MAY, 1794.

38^

ftnd royals, vmler the command of Heute-
nant-gcncial Ottj, and to turn them on
that flank | while, by a fevcre cannonade
from oiir tront» I endeavoured to divert
their attention from this n>ovcment. So.).t
light troops likewifc were diiie6ieJ to turn,
irpoffible; their right flank } but having
received a very fevere fire from a wood,
which they imprudently approached too
near, they were obliged to retire j they
however immediately rallieJ, and after
driving the enemy back, took from them
two pieces 'of cannon.

General Oito completely fiicceedad in
his movements. The enemy w^re at-
tacked in their flank and rear ; and a I-
though they at firrt attempted to rcfift, they
\rere foon thrown into confufion, and t!ie
flaughter was immcnfe. Twenty- two
pieces of cannon, and a very great quan-
tity of ammunitiun, fell into our haj;ds.

Lieutenant-general Chapuy, who com-
manded this corps, ui h 350 ofhcers and
privates, were taken.

While this was pafTing on the right, we
were not lefs fortunate ou our left.

The cavalry of the left wing, having
moved forward to oblcrve the enemy's
^dlumti, which was advancing fram Pre-
jiftorit'and Marcts, the 7th and 11th regi-
ments of light dragoons, with two ibua-
drons of archdu)^ Ferdinand's hulfars,
tmder the command of major Stephanitz,
attacked their advanced guard with fo
much fpirit and impetuoflty, as to defeat
them complctelvi Twelve hundred nwn
were left dead on this part of the field $
ten pieces of cannon, and eleven tumbrils
£lled with ammunition, were taken.

I cannot fufficiently exprefs my thanks
to lieutenant-jjeneral Otto for the manner
lit which he fotaduCled the movements of
the cavalrv of the right wing, as well at
to prtncc Sebvvartzenberg and colonel Vyfe
(the latter of whom commanded the two
brigades of Britiflt cavalry after general
Manfers death) for the feint and gallantry
with whith they led On the troops.

The coolneis and courage manifefted
by all the officers and fokiiers of his ma-
jefty'ft troops, demand my higheft ac-
knowledgements I and it is a duty I owe
to them, to dcGre that you will lay my
bumble recooimendation of them before
bis majefty.

EndoTed I lend the returns of the kiHed
and wounM, which 1 am happy to find
are not fo conliderable, as, from the fe«
verity of the a^bion, might have been ex-
pelled.

T6tf enemy* in thrie coIuommi attacked

likewife the army under his Imperial ma*
jeliy I they were, however, repulled witl^
confiderable Ibfs, and driven back und4^
tht cann6tt of GuTfe. lam, fir, your'sj^.
FR,iiD'iRici;.. '

P. S» Fro/n the reports which I had.
received wh^rn I dilpatched captain M^r*,.
ray, I mentioned captam Pig^ot as killed s
but it is with finguiar {atisia6iion j^hat I,
find, that, though leverely wounded, ho.,
i^ Itill alive, and not without hopes of
recovery.

Tot;al of Killed, WouijdeJ,' and Miffing.'

Officers, a kilUd, i. wounded, i mliSing*
(^arter-mafters. i killed, 1 wounded*
Serjeants, z killed, S woj^ndod.
Rank and file, 5s killied, 87 wounded/

5 miiDng.
Horfes. 135 killed, 91 wotuvded, twa

taken by the enemy, 65 imlTinj^;

Offcers' Name^;

Major genera] Manfef and lieutenant FeW
lows, killed. Cautain ^igott, lieute.
nant Moore, and litutenant Froom^
wounded. Captain Manfel, mi£ng*

Whitehall, May y. A letter, of vvhich*
the following is a copy, was yeflefrday re*
ceived from colonel Craig,' adiutant-ge-.
neral to his royal higbnel's the ddke of
York, by the nght hon. Henry Dundas;
fiis inaje(ty*s princ)p«il fecretary of ftate ibr
the home departiheAt.

Deynfe, April 30, 1794.
Sir,
General Walmoden*s aid'-de-can^ ia
this inftant arrived here with tfie difagree* '
able news, that yefterday the enemy at-
tacked the poftat Muncron, wlier«-gene«
ral Clairfayt, with fome battalions of Auf-
trians, had joined the Hanoverians, add
that, after a long and fevere action, fhey
had forced our people to retire with the
lofs of fome cannon and tumbrils. Menin
ilill held out late lad night } but this event,
by rendering an immediate iuccour im-
poflibie, obliges us to look up to the lofs
of that poft as an almoll neceflary confe-
quence. I have the honour, &c.

J. H. CftAlQ.

Whitehall, May i. Mr. Timms, one
of his majefty'i meflcilgtfrs, arrived this
morning, with a letter from his royal
highnefs the duke of Yol-k, to the right
hon. Henry Dundas. one of his majsfty's
principal fccretary rf ftate, dated Cateau^
April 30, 1794, of which the •following;
iaacopy,

1 G ^ffrf

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

.Sir,

It it with peculiar fatisfHAion that I
fcate the pleafure to acquaint you with the
(nrrender of Landrecies.

^ At ten o'clock this morning the town
ttkftd. to oiptti!iate, and remiefled a fuf-
peofion <^ arms for forty-dg^t houis» to
arrange the articles ; • but this was abTo-
Ititdy vcfvfedi and they were aHowcd only
half an hour to come to a determination,
wliicht opon a iecond reqtteft, was ex-
tended to an hour. Before however this
cime was eUpTed, the deputies of the town
came out, and, after a very ihort confer-
ence, agieed to deliver up the place this
evening at five o'clmk, and that the gar-
rifon ihouki be prifonert of war.

This fortunate event, which was not
expected to happen fo foon, makes up for
the difngreeable inttlKgence which we re-
ceived thi« day of a check, which general
Clairfayt had had at Moucron. This poft
had been retaken from the enemy by a
corpt of Hanoverians under the command
of major-general count Oenhaufen, the
night before ; but the enemy having in a
ibanner furrounded it, gencxal Clairfayt,
who bad joined the H^overians with Ux
battalions of Auftjians, was at laft obliged
to retreat, and had taken up a new pofition,
in order • to cover the high nxui firom
Toumai to Courtrai. ^ , ,.

In con^uence of this inteliigence the
emperor has dedred me to maixh this
cvenins, as quick as poflibie, to St.
Amand, and from thence^ if iwcdfary,
to Toprnaiy to the afiiftance of general
Clairfait. I ain> fir, your*s,

FREDEHrClC.

From the London Gaxctte» May 6.

Whitehall , May 6 . A letter, of which
the following is an extras, dated Bu
Aroand, May a, 17^4., was yeftcrday
received ftom his royal highnefs the duke
of York, by the right horn Henry Dun'-
das, his majefty*s principal fccretary of
ftatc for the home department.

In confequence of the emperor's re-
queft, which I mentioned in my letter of
tlie 30th, I marched at twelve o'clock the
night before laft, with all the ttxjops under
my command, from the camp near Catcau,
and proceeded here with part of the cavalry
ytftcrday evening ; but, from the cx-
ccTive heat of the day, and a fevere florm
which laAcd the whole night, the infantry
^'as not abie to arrive till this morning.

I vvent over by appointme&l to day to
I

Tournai, to meet general Clairfayf, ra
order to conA)k with him upon the neceT-
fary operations for coraiiclling the enemy
to retiie from Plunders, and had, at th^
fame time, an opportunity to enquire nxire
fully into the Unfortunate affair of the

Gi-ncral Clairfayt told fr.e, that theene-
my had taken the advantage of his abience
at Denain, to attack and catry the poft of
Moucron, ami cor.feqiiently Coiirtray it«>
fcIF, which was inculpable of defence.
That, with regard to the affiir of the X9th,
it had been his intention to attack the ene-
my as fuon as fix battalions of Auftriaa
infantry, wliich had been fent to him from
the emperor's army, were arrived 5 but
that the enemy bad been beforehand- with
him, and began themfelves the attad^ ;
that his troopb behaved with much courage
and refolution, from eight o^clock in the
morning, wlienthe attack began; till four
o'clock in the afternoon ; but that, as
fooD as the order was ^tven to retreat.
from the intricacy of the country, ihey
iell into a confuiion, from which it was
impofliblc ever to rally them.

I have not as yet i^eccived the returns
of the lofs upon this occalion $ but I fear
It is pretty confiderable^

The brave garrifon of Menin, under
th^ command or major-general Hamuier-
ftein, after fufbining the attack for four
days, iindiog no probability of fuccour,
gallantly determined to force their way
through the enemy, which they effeflect
without any great lofs, though continually
harraffed in tndr march.

This garrifon confifted of four batta-
lions of his majefi^^s Hanoverian troops^
and four companies of the loyal coii-
grants.

I am forry that, from ibme recent
changes in the diilribution of the troops in
FlaiKiers, I have it not in my power to
name tlie regiments which have diftin-^
^iflied themfelves fo much. They re-
tired to Ingelmunfter.

The enemy has not as yet made znj
attempt to penetrate into the country.

From the London Gazette, May xo*

Whitehall, May xo.' A letter, oC
which the following, is a' copy, was this
day received from his royal highneft the
, dokc of York, 1>y the ri|;ht hon. Henry
Dundas, his majefly^s principal fecretary
of fkate for the home department.

SlTt

FOR MAY, 1794.

3S7

Sir, Toiirnay, May 6, 1794.

Since my arrival Ihtic wiih ihe troops on
Saturday, noibiog paiticuhr has happenetl
ID this part.

The day b?fore ytfterday the enemy at-
tacked the |x>il of R«ufrebtr» whci-e colo-
nel Linlinghen w?s cantoned with one
Iqnadron of tlie H.inovrrian regiment du
corps, and twolquadrons of the loth r^.-
ffiment of light dragOf)n8. Thty were,
nowever, re^Mjiled, with the lofs of three
pieces of cannon and loo mm killed.

Colonel Linlinghen, thinking the poll
untenable without infantry, fell back in
the evening to Thourout, and from thence
to Bruges } but, having received a rein-
fcrccrment, he will aga n move forward tt>
Thourout. I am, &c.

FrED£RIC1C.

From the London Gazette Extraordinary,
May 14..

Whitehall, May 14.. The difpttch, of
which the following it a copy, was this
morning received from his royal h'ghneTs
the duke of York, by the right hon. Hen-
ry Dundas, his majefty's principal iecre?
tary of ftate fur the home defartment*

Sir, TTou may. May ^ 1 , 1 7 94.

The enemy having attacked me yefter-
day in different columns, to the amount of
30,000 men, I have the fatlsfaflion to in-
form you, that, after a (harp enslavement
which lattcd five hours, we repulfcd them
with great lofs, having taken from them
1 3 pieces of cannon, and above 400 pri-
Ibneis.

The attack began at d.)y- break, when
the enemy attempted to turn my left flank,
t)ut were driven b:ick by the Auftrian re-
giment of Kaunitz, which ,vsas polled in a
wood to civer us on that fide

The enemy then directed their next ef-
forts againft my center, upon which th^
advanced, under a heavy cannonade, with
great reibUition ; but a favourable oppor-
tunity prtfenting itfclf, ot attacking them
•n the r right flank, which did not fetm
to be proiccled, h'enienant-generaf Har-
court wa^ detached for that porpofe, with
fixteen iquadrons of Britifli cavalry, and
two of Aultrian huflart. General Har-
coiSit, having (ucceeded in gaining their
flaoky attackixi them with (6 much leibla-
tion and intrepidity ilwt they immediately
Jipgag to retreat } \n the courle of which
they .were foon b^t, and' liifiei)id cgmiU

While this was pftfllog in th* corps ua»
der my particular command, thit of the
HiinoveHans on my right was attacked
with equal vigour : This, however, after
a levere conteft, teniiinated to the advan-
t.'ige of the Hanoveiians, who mat&taiDcd.
their poft, and repuli(:d the enemy with
great loff .

EndoTe:! I f^ the zctum of the Kl\ti
and wounded

I have mmy thanks to ivtum to lieute-
nant-general Hircourt, as well as Co ma*
jor general Dundas aod fir Robert X.awiie»
for the courage and good condu^ whic&
they Ihowed upon this occafion. The of-
ficers and men of the troops which theT
led meiit a1(b every commendation, having
well fuppotted the reputation which they
h:id alrmdy acquired by the-r condu^ oa
the i6di oflaft month. I am, Sec.

Frboirick.

Total Return of Killed and Wounded on
the loth of Mav.

One f^afF officer and 5 officers wounded,
I ferjeant killed, 4 wounded, jo rank
and file killed, 73 wounded, ii mi(|ng,
90 horf«a killed, 108 wound'ed, 3a mif-
fing.

Officers Wounded.
Major Clinton, aid de- camp to hts royal

highne(s the commander in chief.
Blues. Comet Smith.
6th dragoon |;uards. Cornet Bond.
»d dragoons.' Lieutenant Jones.
t6th It^ht dragoons. Captain Hawker

and lieutenant Archer..

Prom ttm London Gazette Extraordiinry,
May 16.

Whitehall, May 16. A di/p?tch, da-
ted St. Lucia, April 4, 1794, of which
the follow.ng is an txtnfl, was this day
teceived f om general fir Charles Grey,
K. B by the ri^ht hon. Urory Dundas,
his majefty^s pincpil i'ccrctary of ftate for
the home dep:inment.

' In my difpatch of the %$ih uU. I had
the happ-nefs to acquaint you of the fur-
render of Port Bott) bon (now Fort George)
and the ifland of Manintco, on that day;
and that I would not lole time to embark
troops, ordnance, &c. to profecute vigo-
roudy fuch other obie^s and fervices as
bis majeity had been oleafed to entruft me
with the escecution of.

I have now the honour to acquaint

you with the further fuccefs of his majef-

iy*s arms, in the conqueft of this fine^

%C^ Uhndi

J88

THE UNIVERSAL MA(SAZINE

•flands the French garrilbn, tinder che
cominanil of general Kicaid, in the works
'on the Morne Fortun6e, ha?inz marched
out and laid d >wn tlieir arms this moi-ning

Sninc o'clock 5 at which tmie kit roy^*!
jhneis priiice£(1w9iT)^ with his biigade*
of ftrcna'diers* and major- g;eneial Dundas.
w.u his biigatk of liebt infantry, matched
ID aitd took pofTcfTion: On ihe 30th ult.
ihe brigade of gnnadicrs, commanded by
his royal highncfs prince EdA«aid; the
hrgadeof light infantry, by major jgcne-^
lal Dundas I and the 6ih, 9th, ana 43d
I'eclmehts, by colonel fir Charles Gordon,
with engineers, &c. under colonel Duin*
/ord, and a detaclhment of tlie royal artii-
fery, ' wi(h (biiie li^ht oidnatKe, under
lieutenant colonel Pater fon, embarked on
Board'hts ma}efty*s fhips ihihe b^y of Fort
Koyal, having left iRc (irahrports and heavy
artillery,' at' Martinico $ and alfo left there
Xbe 15th, 39'h, 56(h>'5|thi W^9 •nd
70th regimem>, artillery, &c. as a garri-
ibn, ^oder lieutrnant-geiyeral Piefcott,
brigadier-general .Whyte« and coione)
Myers } )>ut that day proving very ramy,
)iazy,)and ca)n}, we did not fiul till, the
titt, and reach^ St. Lucia the tft inH,
Every nec^ry mMtef bffing Jncviouflv
(onc^rced and arranged with the'adroicafy
we pi^oceeded, ami eitV^tcd three diff;Tent
)ar>aiBgt with little n&dipct, and no lofs,
viz. major^geaera) Dundas* divii^on, con-
ififting of the '3d baitalion ti^ht Infantry
under lieutenant -oolonei CloW, and con.,
dii^ed by capniin KtJly and lord Oi^rUes
of the navy, at Ance D» Cap ; and ihe
a J light intotty^'Wdef JiaMtamnt-colo-
iic! Blundell, conducted by commodoie
Thompfbn, at Ance Du Choc^ ^bo Were
oidervd !o join, talking the enemies batte-
ries is rcvei le, and to occupy a near pofi-
'tion for the purpofe of itiveltmg the woiks
of Morne Fort im6e, on the fide of Care-
n:<gr, which was executed with the ufual
fpiiif and ability of that miijor-genfraf,
fnA I he flank bartalion^i His royal high-
ifjeft prince Ed wjird's divifion, the i ft and
td ^n:nadier5, diicmlnrked at Mangot des
Kolsmiix, imiYitdtaielyundcr the admirars
CvK'n direction, alTifled by captain Hervey,
and immeiiiately pi-oceedtd to co-operate
With '' iifu|icr general Dundas, to inveft
J^loine Tort uh«e. Lieut. -coloiiel Copt^,
with ih^ il( Ijattalion of Ijglu infantry,
d'd noie difemhavk titl ftven cTclbck tlie
fameVvrnin^ from the Boyne, and lanJed
At Ance die la Tocque, proceeded to anil
toolL the fbiir-gun bttery of Ciceron, in-
VelFing Momc Fortunee on that fide, at
- ^^ iamc time cotefmg CuPdc Sac or Bat-

. From the London Gazette, May 17* .

■' Whitehall, May 17. A letter, thteil
Tournay, May 15, 1^94, of which the
' following is jn extra^^, was yeAerdav re-
ccfv^l from his* royal hlg^nefs the duke of
York> by the right bon. Httttf 8aiidA»

W '

nngton Bay, for onr fhipping, whidi an-
chored there next morning, th« id inflanf .
The id grenadiers, and colonel fir CharJes
Goi'don*s .brigade (the 6th, 9th, and 4,^^
legimcnts) were kept in referve on beard
ihip. About feven o*cloc2c in the evening
of the sd inlhr.t, licutenant-cclonel Coot*,
with four light companies^ ftorined a re.
doubt and two batteries by ipy order, dole
to the enemy^s piinclpl works on the
Morne, killed two oi)icers ami near thuty
mtrn, made one pi-il&ner, and releafcd oiic
Bririih tailor from captivity, Spiking fix
pieces of cannon. The ability and meri-
torious conduit of that excellent officer
colonel Coote, on this enterprize , are f orh
as do him the hig;heft lionour, and cannot
be furpaflfed, in which he was fo well fup-
ported by the whole detachment ; pgirticu-
iarly by major Evatt, captain Buchanan,
Crofbi, Welch, J. Grey, auledu camp
to the <;oKnniandcr in chief, and Stobin ;
and by major of brigade Viflcher, with
lieutenant Drozier, and the detachment of
royal aitdlery, who fpiked the guns.
' The exemplary good condua of die hrV.
gade of grenadiers, under the immrdiate
command of his royal highrefs prince Ed«i
Ward, aiid of the bt ^ade of light mfantry,
under m^or»genera) Dundas, and, indeecii
ot all the troops, affords me the bigfaeft
iatiifaflibn. '

When his royal hjghnefs prince £dwac4
h^d hoifted the Brv^m colours on Mrame
Fotliin^, the name of it wat changed to
Fort Chai-loftej arid the entire conqudt of
ttiis ifl<ind has been eftV^ed without the
lofs of a man, although thtre has been a
good deal 6rcann6na(f.'ng from' tbeenemy^s
batteries and works.

r tranfmit the c6Iotir», to be pivfenced
to his maWtj)r. Captjiii Finch Maibn,
one of my aides-ducamp, will have the
honour of prefenting this di^pa'ch, being
an officer well qualified to give any further
.infotmation that you rnay defire p v^
^ivc.' • • ' ; ->

" Then follow general returns of the ord-
nance and ftoies found in the fort aiKi de-
tachcrd works of Morne Fortun6e, and oa j
the b4terits on tlie coall of the iflaocL '

FOR MAY, 1794.

38^

Kit majefty^s principal (ecrctiry of fiate for
the home department.

Since my laft letter no attempt has been
made by the enemy to harafs or molefh any
of my pofts. On Sunday momingy how-
ever, f hey attacked in great force general
Clairfaytns corps, which had the night bev
tbre crolTed the Heule. The adion lafted
irom one o^ciock in the afternoon till eleven
at nighty wlien general Ciairfayt fucceeded in *
completely driving them back intotbetown
of Courtra, but, not being able to take
poflcirion of the phtce, he ivtreatod firft a-
.crofs the Heule^ afterward behind the rivef*
Mandel; but being ftill very ctofelynur-
fued by the enfmy, he found himfelf un-
der the necefTity of continuing hit march
to Thielt, whei« he hat taken up a pofi-
xion in order to cover Ghent, Bruges, and
Oftend. His lots, I am forr^ to lay, hat
been very conHderabie.

From the London Gazette Extraordinary!
May to,

Whitehall, May iS. A difpatdi, da*
ted Pointe i Petrej Guadaloupe, April
It, 1794, of which the folloiwing it an
cxtraA, was thif day iccdved from general
fir Charges Grey, K. B, by the right hon.
Henry Dundas.

Having left colonel 6r Charles Gordon
to comnuind in St. Lucia, I re-embarked
on the 4.th, and rctunwd to Mnrtmico the
5th inth where we took on* board the heavy
t>rdn4nce, ftoret. Sic. and failed again in
the morning of the 8th. The admtral de*
iachtng optnin Rogert of the Quebec,
captain Faulkner with the Blanche, cap*
tain Indedon w^th the Ceres, and captain
Scott with the Rofe, to attack the (mall
iflands called the Saintes, which they exe-
cuted with infinite gallamry and ^ood coh-
da£^, having Undra part of their ieamen
and marines, and carried them early in the
morning without lofs. The Boyne, fai
which flailed with the adiiiira!, and the
Veteran, anchored off this place about nocn
|he soth, and fome inore of the fleet in the
iDOttHe of that afternoon j but n frelli wind
and lee current prevented moft of the tranf-
iportt from getting in till yefl'erday, and
• Ibne uf tl>em until this day.

Without waiting, however, for the ar-
pval of all the troops, I mvafs a hmding
at^Gofier-Bay, at one in the morning ^
tfie 1 1 th, under the lire of F<»t Gofier and
Fort Fleurd*£p6e, with part of th« sft
i|nd«d battalions of grenadiersy one com-
pany'of d» ^%d regimenti and 500 iea-

men and marines, dctadsed by ^ admi«
ral, under the command of captain George
Grey, of the Boyne $ the whole under the
conduft and command of Lionel Svmes |
and the landing was covered By lord Gar«>
lies in the Wmcheifin, who placed his fliip
Co well, and laid it fo clofe to their batte«
ries, that \hey could not ftand to their
gems, which'werefoon fifenced:

la effei^n^'thit eflfential fervioe» loni
Garlics wat (liehtly wounded 2 we did not
fuifer maitriaUy in juvf vther • vefped.
Some more of the troopa being arrived^
and perceiving the enemy m eonfidersiblA
force and nuinber at the (trong fituation of
Fort Fleur d'£p£e, I determined that no
time fliould be loft in attacking them, ami
carried tho& uofit by ftorm at five thif
morning, 'under a heavy fixe of dthnoft
and mu(^uelry, ahhoufch^tkey were jfooncf
infinitely ftrong, and changed the' name df
Fort d*Ep6e to that of rort Ppnce of
Wales } our troopf^ being ordered, iShic^
was ftriAly obeyed, not to fire, but td
execute every thing with the bayonet.
'The troops were in tfaiee drnfioii^ one ,
of which wat under tfie command of prince '
Edward. This fervice, which ^ efTee- :
tually performed, puts us in pofielBon oif
Grande Terrej and we (hall ule out' u^«.
moft exertions to get in pofiTefiiott of Bafle*
terre alfo, with all Mffible expedi'tkm, to
complete the conqueft 'of this iuand. '

Total of killed, wounded, and mifling*
15 rank and file, killed; a captains, a
lieutenants, 1 ierjeint, and 39 rank ana
file, wounded ; % rank and file, roifling,
Namet of Oflkers wounded.

Captain M'Donald, aift reg. captain
Robinf, 6otb reg. lieutenant Erlkine, ift
battalion royals; lieutenant Thong, Ctll
ivg. lieutenant Gunthorpe, 4Sth reg.

From the London Gaxette, May to. t .

Whitehall, May so. A letter (ct
which the following is an cxtraci) froni
his royal highneft the duke of York, datM. .
Toui'nayy May 16, 17949 wat yefierday*-
received by the right hon. Henry DundU,
his majefty't principal iecretary of ftate iuc ^*
the home department.

* When 1 fent my laft letter the enemy '*
had fucceeded in forcing the poflage of tlie
Sambre, and had comequently obliged
general Kaunita to retreat, and to tike up
a pofition between Rouicro^ and Bindi«
in ordar to cover Mont, in which, the '
French having attacked him the day bef^^
yefteidayi he had the good fortune to re*

<«•

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

yulfc tlicm (Miplcicly, md to dn've them Ugbt inf*ntrj» be forctd Icrenl very (fif-

beyoivi the Sambrew The coen^y's lofs Is ficuh palti of the enemy during dtz o.^m

cooipulBd at 5poo men* aod thice pieces I made a dirpoiitioo for tlie attack of the

#£caiiiv>ii. * enemy^t rcdouhi d*Arbaud, at GranJe

* TbU fueceia baring peifc^Iy fecurod Ance, and their battery d'Arnet, to be

tbit part df tbe tounuy, his Lnpcjcul ma* executed during that night ; but at e^fat

jelly jremedialely derennined to march to tn tiic evenine they ev..ciMted the fonner.

my M&MMDtf and atrived bere^c&crday The attjck of the Uccr was welt executed

bimftlf, leaving his brother, the aixh
fUke Cbarks» to conduft bis aiipy to
Ocbias/

by litut. coL Cooie and thejiift Vgjtst i
of it

m-
faniry, who were in poflefli >n of it by
day- break of the iSib, having killed,
wounded, or taken every one of tho(e wha
weiv defending it, without any lofs. At
twelve o*cIock on the night of tbe i^tb
I moved forward, with the firft and Iccml

Fm the London Gazette Exuaordtnary,

May ai.

Whiteball, May ai» A letter (of battalions of gitnadiers and the fird light

which tbe following is an extra^i) from infantry, from Trois Rivieres and Grande

Jr Charles Gtvf, kT. B. dated Baiteterre, Ance, and took their famoos poft of Pal-

Gua4aIoup^ Aprils a, 1794* wssyeftcr- mi(it, with all ibeir hattcriesj atday-bicak

4sy received by tbe rigU hoo* lienry of tlie soth, eomcnanding Fort St. Charles

Pundas. . and BAi&tcrre j and communicating with

Sk, major-general Dundas^s divifion on ihe

,In rov dirpateb of (he tsth inibiit, 1 morning of the aiit, who had made his

tal tbe honour to ac(}uaint you with tbe approach by Morne Howel $ after which

capture of that part ol tlie illand of Gua- general CoUot capitulated, furrendernig

4bioupe denominated Grand Terre. The Gaudaloupe and all its dependencies, conv-

4}d regiment beinz landed to garriibn Fort piehendiog the iilands of Marigalaaie,

^nee of Wales (late Fort Ffcur d'Epce}
-the tvwn of Pointe a Petre, &c. and tKe
ctber troops it-ernhnrked, at tweUe o'clock
the a4th, the Quebec, with feveral other
frigates and fome tranfports, dropped
down oppofite to Petit Boutg^ with gre-

nadicn and light iiif:miy» commanded tiih forces or their allies during tbe
By prince Edward, and bfgan landmg at * • . ••

five in the aftenK>on» at which time Z
joined tbefn» ani was received with great
dinDontfrations of Joy by the French ppo-
^)e on inarqM't de Bouillie's eilatej a^^d

Beiinda, tbe Saintes, &c. on the (ane
terms that were allowed to Rnchambeais
at Martinique, and Ricaid at St. Jmo^
to march out with the honours of w.r,
and lay down their arms, to be lent to
Frartce, and not 10 ierve againtl tbe Bri-

Accordingly at eight thi; momiag iht
French garrkbn of ^tS'. '^'

Charles march-
ed out, confiding of 55 regulars, and
818 national guards and others; prince
Edward, with the greniders and ligbg

I returned on beard the Boyne at ten tbe infantry,* ukio|f poiVcilioa, immediately

£ime evening* At day-break io tbe morn hoitling the Bir.ift colourf, and changing

ing of the 1 5ih I went to St. Mary*s, the name of it to Fort Matikia. The

where F found lient. ro!. Coote, with t^e conqueft of Guadaloupe and its depe»-

£rft light infoAtry,. having got there befoe dencies being bow completely accom-

day, from Petit Bourg $ and the fecund pliOied, I have placed majoi-general Dua-

batiaiion of grenadiers joined at ten o*cIcck. das in the conimaxu! of this ifland, wuh

Tbe ti4K)ps advancing, tbe 16th, reached a proper gaixiibn. To the unanimity awl

Two ChxtOf which tbe enemy bad abao- cxtraotdioary exertioos of the navy and

doft^d, and before dark we baited on die army on this fervtce, under fatigues apd

bigb ground over Ircis Riviere's, whence difficulties never exceeded, his mafcfiy niMd

law the enemy*! two recfi»ubts and dieir country are indebted for the rapid

fuccefs, which, io fo (hort a fpaoe of tinary
has extended the BritiQi empire, by adJii^
fo it the valuable lilinds of Mai^nique^
St. Lacia^ Guad^doupe, the Saintts, Ma«

their Aiong poll of Palmifte. I intended
to have attacked the enemy that night, but
the troops were too much fatigued. Ma-
• jor-^sAfaral Dundas laiuicd at Vicox Ha-
bitant at eleven o'clock in the night of rigalante, and Deieada.
|Ae a.7tl^ with ihe third battalion of gre- Total kiDed, wounded, and mifling,
ttadicia, and the fecood and third batca-
iionaof jigjS jioiantry^ wjth Jittla oppofi-
ttQ»ami no loTi^ taking pofleffionof Moffie
JM^gdaline. 'fheo detaching linut. fipl.
^Jimdell> with tbe ftcond bat&lion of

the attack and capture of Fon St*
Charles, the batteries and town of Baf-
letene, &c.
Two rai^ and £le killed, 4 rank a^ file
wounded $ 5 rank and file miding;

Frosty

FOR MAT, I7$4.

59«

Prom theiLondon Gfizette Cktnordinary, l>oth of men and cannon* The refiftanot

May A3. veis propoaionabty llroiiger, but equatl/

Whitehall, May 23. A difpatch, of Qnavailing, as the enrmy ibon fbunil

^hich the following is a copy, was this theinfelves compelled to retirej which tfaej[

coorning received from his ro)'al highnefs did toward Moucron.

the duke of York, by the right honour- Having at this time no 'intfni,gence«f

able Henry Dundas, his majefty^s prirci- the two columns on my rght .and Jeft«

pa! iecretary of ftate for the home' depart- tiofwithftanding I had made every effort to

ment : ^ obtain it, I did not think it prudent t9

Sir, Toiirnay, May 19, 1794. advance any further, but was refolved ^

In my laft kttcr, I mentioned to you have left my advanced guard, under the

lits imperial majeily^s intention of making command of Iteutenant gtrderal Aber*

a gentral attacks with his whole force, in crotnby, at Roubaix, and, wi{h tlie re^

order, by a joint co-operation with the mainder of my corps, to have taken ft

troops under the command of general pofition on the he'ghts behind Lannoy,

Clan fay t, to compel die enemy to evacuaie Tliecrilas for this purfjofe were given^

Flanders. ^ but having acquainted nis im|)irial ma-

On the 16th, at night, the army moved jefty, who bad advanced to Lanno), wiiji

iJDrward, for this purpofe, in five columns, my intention, the necefllty of co-opetatinjf

The two columns on the left were in- with genei'.^I Claiifiit Induced hit mfyei^

tended to force the paffigcs of the Marque,
■nJ, by a vigorous attack on the enemy's
ports along the river, to cover the opera-
tions of the three remaining columns:
thefc were dcftincd to force the enemy's

polts by Roubaix, Watcileo, and Moo , ^ ^ .

cron, thus to favour general Claiifayt's having cannonaded it for'lbme tim^, fbg
paflage of the Lys, and then, by a j«inc- good countenance of the flank 'battalion <jf

to diie^ that I fhould pi^ocv^ to, the at-
tack of Mouveaux,

I accordingly dii^efted the atHck fo "be
made by lieutenant general 'Aberp-omtW
with the four battalions of guards. Hp
found' the enemy ftrongly intrenched-; but

tidn with his corps> to have cut off the
communication between Liile and Cour-
tray .

Ui fortunately, the two columns on the
left forced the p'flagc of I he Marque fo
late, and were fo much fatigued by the
length of thfcir march, that they were not

guaids, who advanced 10 dorm it wjok
the utmoft order, fupportcd by iTie firft
battalion, and feconded by the 7th and
i5tb light drag'^ons, under lietitenanl-
cblonei" Churchilf, compelled the' enemjr
to retiie, ,wi(h the lofs of thite pieces of
cannon, ahtj'bf a conliiderable nuqiber of

able to p.ccompllfh the remainder of tlie men j who were cut down by the fight

pro|K)ied plan, vvhich the cilumn on the
right, unJer general Bulche, finding the
<nrmy H Moutron in much greater num*
ber^ than had l>ecn ex}>e^ed, was under
the ncce/Tity of rclinquilhing its attack,
and of retreating to its former pofition at
Waicoing.

Litrutendnt-gen«i*al Otto proceeded with
his column though Lpcis to Waterloo,
from whence, after fome refiltance^ he
drove the enemy, and pufhed on to Tour-
coing.

dragcons in the pm Aiit, which was con-
tinued as far a^ Bouderes.

Upcn maturely confidenng; Ihe nattife
of our fituation, I dlre£led Ueutenant-
general Abercromby to remain at Mo^«
veaux with the four battajiops of guards^
and having pofted four ' Auflrian batta-
lions to cover Roubai^, J det:\ched the
fecond brigade of BritTlh infantiy, under
the command of major-general Fox, to
take pofl on mv left, on the great rosftl
leading from L'fle to Roubaix-* The d*

My column confided of ftven batta- valry was divided with thefe Tcveral corpf»
lions of Britifh, hve of Auftrians, and for the purpofe of patroline ; the natulre
iwni of Ucjifi^nsi with fix Iquadrons of of the country not admitting of their be-
light dia.;oons, and four of huffars. We ing of any other ufe. My advanced pofti
moved f nward from Templeuve to Lan- communicated with thofe of general Ottp,
noy, which we forced the enemy to eva- on my right, who I now found had gpc
cujte Litrci a fhoit cannon-^dei in which poflcliion of Turcoing.
I hai! t!u JTHiforiune to.loic major Wright, Early the next morning the cnenpr *t-
or ih' ) y.'.] jj tillciy, a brave and deieiving tacked the poft of Turooiag in great Jtorc^,
olli"" . and I received an application . from colo-

Ha-in^ lef: the two HeflTian battalions nel Devay, who corotnanded there, t»

ftt L iR' /y, I proceedcJ to Roubaix, wlicrp make a diverfion in hi»-fsvour $ fbrwhi^h

we fouui the enemy in great (trench, purpofe I'ic&t twp battaligut of Atfftfians,

gmng

^94

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

civisg them, exprefs direAion^ if tbey
ftould be prefled, to fall back upon ifne j
but, by fome miftake, ipUead of doing Co,
fhcy JQined colonel Devay. Prom th s
circumftance an ooening was left on my
hghty of which tne enemy availed him-
filf ID tfie attack upon my corps^ which
took place loon after i and, by fo doing,
obliged me to employ the ohiy battalion I
liad left» to fecure a point which was of
tlie utmoft confeqiience to us.

At thit period a very connderahle co-
lumn of ibe enemy, which we have fince
•learnt amount^ to 1 5,000 men, appeared
advancing from Lifle, whilft another corps,
baving forced its way through general
Otto^t polltion by Waterloo, attacked us
on the rear. The few troops that re-
mained with me, fcon gave way before
fiich fuperior numbers i nor was it in my
power, with eveiy effort I could ufe,
aflifted'by thofcot the officers who, were
ibout me, to rally ihem. At that mo-
ment the advanced parties of the column
from Lifle Avowed themfelves alfo upon
the ro^ between Roub;iix and Mouveaux $
'and I found it impoffible to fucceed in
the atteinpt which I made 10 join the
brigade or^ards.

Thus circumlhnced, I turned my at-
fention to joiA general Fox*s brigade, but
'upon proceeding to Roubaix for that pur-
pofe» 1 foimd it ih the poflcijion of the
- enemy*

. Thus completely cut off from every
'part of my corps, nothing remained for
me to do, but to force my way to that of
seneral Otto, and to concert msafurcs with
him to finee my own troops.

This I eflf&led, accompanied by a few
drains of the lith regiment, with great
dimcultyj but 'the project of marching
upon Laiinpy, to which genera! Otto bad
consented, as a meafure which would
ma^ty facilitate the retreat of my cor])s,
being given up, upon finding that the
Heffians had been obliged to abandon that
place, I found royfelf under the painful
necedity of continuing whh general Otto's
'column the remainder of the day.

Previous to this, I had ient ordeis to
general Abercroroby to retire from Mou-
veaux to the heights behind Roubaix^
. %here it was my mtention to have aflfcm-
' bled my corps ; and the Coldltream bat-
talion hjid been pofled to cover the com-
munication till ho effef^ed his retr^t. In
conieqtience of thefe direflions, general
Abercromby began bis ittreatj and on
' bit arrival upon the heights at Roubaix
. Itndipg himlelf fuiTounded upon aU fides
9

without a po^Tibility of afle^bling^ ibe
corpf, he determined to coniinue it nt
Lannoy. l^his he effefted ain:dfl the re-
peated attacks of ihc enemy, who potired
upon h'liU from all parts. Gcr^eial Aber-
crombv found Lannoy alio in the poScC-
fion of^tlie enemy, but he avoided the tows
by marching round it umier a very bcavy
fire, and foon after reached Ttmpleuvjc-

Mm] 3r- general Fox, after lullaming,
with great rtfolurion, a vciy vigoious ait-
tack from the principal part of the co-
lumn which came from Lifle, began hk
retreat alio ) and finding himitlf cut off
from the brigade of guards, ami Lannoy
occupied by the enemy, he dire^ed his
maich 10 ihe village of Leers, at which
place he joined the column of lieutenanc-
geiirnil Otto.

I inclofe you a return of our lois upon
this occafion. I regret that it is fograti
but when the nature of the aflion is cod-
fidered, and that it was conducted in a
country the moft favour^iible to the views
of the enemy, that they couid have wifhed
for, while- their perfect knowlct^e of thde
parts enabled tliem to take every advantage
of it, it might have been expected to have
been ftill more confiderab'c. Fiiom the
badneis of the roads, the Ipfs of the horlcs,
and the timidity ol the drivers, tbe leav-
ing a part of our artilltiy became ioefi-
Uble,

I am to deGre that you will a/Ture his
majefiy, that the officers and men fbewed
alt the firmnefs aiul refolution on this oc-
cafion that could be expected from them j
and it would be an injustice donr to ibe
reft to diftinguiih any particular corps.
The abilities and coolnefs with which
lieutenant-general Aberciomby and major-
genei-al Pox conducted their different corps,
under thefe trying circumftanets, requite,
however, that I fhouM pariiculailj notice
them.

It is a peculiar coniblation to me, that
the column under my command executed
to the full extent their intended part of
the operation j and that in the check which
they afterwards fuffained, the conduct of
tbe Briti/h tix>ops has entitled them to the
warmeft expreflions of eratirude and ad-
miration on the part of nis imperial ma-
jefty. I am> &c.

Frederick,
Right hon. Henry Oundas, &c.
Killed, wounded, and mifling.
t furgeon, 4 fcijeants, and 53 rank and
file killed {to officers, i quarter-maflcr,
1 furgeon^s mate, 8 ferjeants, i drum-
mer, and 185 rank and file wounded i
4officer«»

FOR MAY, 1794.

393

4 officers^ 17 (erj«:intt, 9 dnimmera^

atul 538 rank wad file milling— 132-^

47 hories killed, ^z horfes wounded,

117 hor:es miiiing 1 96.

Officers killed, wounded, and mifline.
Aitillcfy— rtiajor Wright wounded, fince

dead; lieut. Boger wounded; lieut.

Downman miflins.
Flank battalion of the guards— •l*eute*

nant-colonel Ludlow, lieutenant-colonrl

Manners, capt. Drummond, wounvied.
14th fool— Hnajor Brown wounded and

niiiCng,
37th fuot^-*iieutenant Murray, lieutenant

Cunningham, wounded} captain Cook,

lieutenant M'Kenzie, miffing.
53d foot—- major Scott, captain Briibane,

enfign Pierce, wounded j lieutenant

Rynd, milling.
15th Keht dragoons — furgi^n Bradfey

kilted, and Airgeon*s mate wounded.
N. B. Some of the men returned inifltng,

are hourly .coming in.

From thfe London Gaiette Extraofdinary,
May 25.

Whitehall, May 15. A diipatch, of
which the foDowmg is a copy, was re-
ceived this afternoon from his royal higb-
tiefs the duke of York by the right hon.
Henry Dundas, his majefty^s pcincipol fe-
cretary of tlate for the home department.
Sir, . Tournay, May 13, 1794.

I have the fatisfa^ion to acquaint you,
for his majefty^s Information, that ycftcr-
day rooming the enemy. Slaving made an
attack upon the combined aimy under the
command of his Imperial majeiiy, were
xepulfed, after a long and obllinate en-
gagement.

The attack began at five o*cIock, but
did not appear to be ftnous till toward
nine, wh^ the who!e force of tl^ enemy
(confifting, according to every account, of
upwards of one hundred thoufand mcik)
was brought againft the right wing, with
the intention of forcing, if pofliMe, the
pafTage of the Scheldt, in order |o inveft
Toumay.

At firi^ they drove in the out-poftv, find
obliged general Bufche*s corps, which vras
|)ofted at Elpitrres, to fall back upon the
main army ; but ut>on fuccour being (ent,
general WalJmoden, «vbo, though vtiy
vnwrll, had retaken the comm-.in4 of the
Hanoverians, maintained hspufit ion. The
enemy, by conilantlv bringing up frcfli
troops, were enableu to continue the at-
tack, without ioterroiiTioOy till nine o'clock
»t nighu

The troopa of the right vf ine being
greatly fatigued, it became necenary to
lupport them from ihy wing i for whicK
purpbfe. befides feven battaJfQns, I d»*
t-iehcd the fi^nd brip^ade of Britilh, un-
der thr command of thajor-grneral Fox*
Nothing could exceed the fpirit and gal-
lantry with which they' conduced theih-
ielves, particularly in the ftonn of the
village of Fontich^D, which they, forcel
with the bayonet. The enemv iomiedi*
ately hepn to retreat, arid during the
night witlidrew all their pofts. and, ac-
cording to H!«ry ioforinatioiiy have fallm
back upon Liile.. . f

Seven pieces of cannon find ab^nit 50Q
prifoners have fallen into bur hands, and »
the eneray*s lofs, in k lied and woundedj,
is faid to amount td little (hart of twelve
thoufand men, which is by no means im- ' |
probable, as they were expofed to ap in-
ceflknt fire of cannon and mufquetry £ot
upwards of twelve hours.

The manner in which general, Fox coo«r .
du8ed the brigade of v Britilh infantry of
the line ments mv warmeft appfpolxition.

Inclofcd I fend the returns of tW killed
and wounded of the Britilh.

lam, &c. FucDEUCK.

Total Return of Killed, Wounded, and

Miffing on the »td of Ma^, 1 794,
Seven officers wounded ) % lia^eants killed^

7 ditto wounded; li rank ai)d file

killed, 77 ditto wouifdcd^ 19 ditto nit-

fing.— «i horfe wounded.

Officers Wounded.
1 4rh reg.^Maior of brigade Cockran. .
37tb reg.— Captain Spread, lieutenants

Mitchell <«nd M'Lean.
53d foot.-s-Lieotttiants Riigira iod Ro-

benioDj and enfign Pearce.

C. Cratifurd, dep. adj. gen*

t'rom the London Gazette, May 27,

Whitehall, May xy. A letter, of
^hich the fallowing in an extfaA^ wall
this day received by Mr. fecretaiy Dundai
from vice*admiral loid Hood, dated Vic*
tory, olFBiltitf, Aj^ril a 5, i794-

Bal^ia ftill hokl« out, although our ba^«
teriesi have had a powerful ette^. A lur-
geon, i^ho came out of the towA, report^
the enemy to hate loH a great number of
ihen, aikd that there were then in the hof-
pital near three hundred. Our lofa hae
been inoonfiderablei as the incloled returns
will Ihew.

Return of Troops killed and wounded
fince landing at Pietra Nera.

Total, a killed, iz wounded.

a D €apt«i«

3^4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Captain Ctark» of tht (9th rtglroent*
wfuruied, exclufjve of the ahiovc
XSigped) Wm. a. Villbttbs.
Ueiit. coi. commaDdiiig U-oops
bcfoic Biiitia.

Return of killed and wounded Seancn be-
tween the 4.th and 25th of Apiil.

Total. , a killed, 9 wounded.
(Signed) Horatio Nelson.

-Campy A|sril as, 1794.

•Bruflalit, May aa. A meflenger has
juft brought an account that |Kefierat tnron
deB€attlieu, having marched into the duchy
* of' Bouillon on the 18th inftant, defeated a
body of French who covered that canton ;
and having killed twelve himiHcd, taken
betweeil two and three hundred prifonei-s,
fix pirces of cannon, and feveral caiflTonf,
betook pofleflion of the town of Bouillon,
and fummoned the citadel to funendar,
^i^hfeh was refuftd.

The inhabitants hainng fired upon the
Auftnani> the town was given up to be
fffiaged*

From the London Gazette Extraoidiiiaryy
May %$t 1794-

WhkchalU May aS, A. dirpatcb, of
^ich the fc^owiog is a copy, dated Tour-
nay the a6th of May, i794» «•« ^^'^ ^*y
teseifed froni his royal higbnefa the duke-

of York, by the right hon. Henry Dosd^Sf
his majedy's principal fecretary of tlate for
the home department.

Sify

I have thfr pleaTure to infonn yoo, tbat
his luiperiiii maie(W has leoeivcd, this nsom-
,ing« intelligence from general count Kau-
nitz, that, on the 24.rh inttant, h^ attacked
the Frruch «iTny which had pi^^Icd the Sam-
bre, and had taken a pofition with its left
to Rouveroy, and its rght to Fontaine TE-
veque ; and that he had corapletrly defeat-
ed thcai, and obliged them to retreat in
great confulion ov:r the river, which he ia-
temlcd to pfs with his aimy to-day, in
purfuit of ilirm.

The enemy has loft near fifty pieces of
cannon, and above five thoufand nmn, thice
thoufand of whom aie prifoners. The \o&
of the Aiilb i.ms has been very inconfidera-
ble, as (hey in a manner fa'prifed thtra.

Accounts were likewife received to-day,
tbat the enetny hafi made an^ infoad into the
duchy of Luxembouxg,. with an army of
fo«ty thoufand men, and has taken poiSer-
fion of Arlon, which has obliged general
Btaulitu (who had moved forward wkh
the tioops under his conmumd, ami bad
taken the town of Bouillon by ftonn) to re-
tixie^ and to fall back on Maicbe, in onkr.
to cover Namur. ,

Jam, &c*
(Signed) Frede&ick* '

Right Hon. Henry Dundas*
&c. &c. &c.

CONTINENTAL ADVICES.

AusTRiAM Netherlands.

Brufiels, April 19.

THE emperor returned to this city on
the aitt inft. and,the inauguiati^^n of
Ilia imperial raajefty took place on the-
%^df when bis msgdly in peifon tcpk the
oaths as duke of BiBbant.

The ftatesy confining of the high clergy,
the Boblef , and a deputation of the tiers
etat, preceded his majeily in proceiUoo.
ID the cathedral, wbete a Te Deum wa^^
cdebtated by the bilhop of Antweip.
• The expreffion of joy was oniverfal
throuah ail ranks of people, and was
manifeiled by a general and briiJiant il-
lumination.

His majefly and the archdukes Charles
and JofinJi left this place early this mom-
ing for lue aimy.— Lor^ Gasim

Italy.

Lcghoin^ May i. A conijiiracy ha*
lately been difcovercd at Napies. The
ptot was, to. deftly the royal family and
ail the. rocmbeis-of the governmcDt, ia
the night of tlie aSih ult. A paper was
found, containing a lift of above icoo of
the confpiiators, and a fubfcripiioo c£
70,000 ducats to defray the expences of
the expediiioQ. The conrpiratoia wexe
compoled of all ranks ; all the llreets and
public places were inftantly lined with
ibldiers, and feveral hundied pertons ha^
beea taken up.

HIS.

FOR MAY> 1794.

395

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.

May 7.
-y^l^i^crday, the lellions ended at the Old
** Bailey, when ten prilbners received
judgment of death, 16 wei-e ordered to be
traniported for fcvtn ycais, and one for
14 yeais j 1 9 to be imprifoned ip Newgate,
II in Clerkcnwell Bridewell, five to be
publicly whipped, two lirn^d 18. and dif-
charged, ana nine whofe judgments are
refpited until next feiTions.

The feflions are a^liourned until Wed-
nefday, the 4th of June next.
May 10.

This day, Mr. William Stone, of
Rutland-place, in Thames-ftreet, coal-
merchant, after feveial examinations, on
different days, before the privy- council, .
was committed to Newgate^ on a charge
of treafonable pra£lices.
May iS.

Whitehall, May 17. The King hav-
ing been pleafed to order that the colours
taken at Martlnico, which were lattly
brought to the palace at St. James*, fliould
be depNofitcd in the cathedral of St. Paul i
and this day being appointed for that pur-
pofe, proper detachments of horfc and foot
guards.wtre ordered to parade at St. James'
at ten o'clock, and march before his ma-
jelly, who was pleafed to fee thempafs by
in the following order :

A Ci^ptain and Forty Life Guards.

A Serjeant and Twelye Grenadiers.

Mufic of f he Firft Regiment of Guards.

Twenty-nuie Serjeants with the French

Colours.

Four Companies df Grentdiers.

A Field OfRcer, and One Hunditd of the

Life Guards.

In this manner they proceeded to the
weft gate of St. Paul's, wliere tlie colours
were received by the dean and chapter,
attended by the choir $ iA>out which time
the guns at the Tower and in St. James*
Pai'k were fired.

May so.

Befide Mr. Stone, ieveral other perfbns
have been lately apprehended, and ex-
amined lid'orc t!ie privy>council, fix of
whom were this day ^niinitted to the
Tower ; nameW, John Home Tooke,
efq. the Rev. Mr. Joyce, fecretary to tfarl
Stanhope ; Mr. Thelwall, a poliiical lec-
turer i and meifrs. Bonney, Kichtec^ and
Lovett. Mr. Adams, fecretary of the
Conilitutionai Society } Mr. Hardy, le^
cretary of the London Correfponding So-
ciety i and Mr. Saints, I'ocretary to a (b-
ciety at Norwich, are (liil in cuilody of
the meflengeit.

May 24.
On Monday the 1 ith inftant, Mr. ie-
cretary Pundas prefented to the houfe of
commons the following niefiage from bk
-mafefty :

' GeoRCE R<

' His majefty having receivad informa^
tioft, that the feditious praflices whi^
have been for ibme time .tarried on by
certain ibcieties in Lond6n, in corref-
pondcncc with focieties in different piria
of the coimtry, have lately been piirfued .
with increaied aAivity and boldnefs, aiM
•have been avowedly dwelled to the objeft
of aflK:mbling a prevended general convetj-
ttofn of the people, in contempt and defi-
ance of the authority of parliament, aiM
on principles fubverfive df (he exilliiijg
laws and conftittirion, and dire^ily tend-
ing to the introdu£lion of that (yftem of .
anarchy and confufion which has fatally
prevailed in Prance, has given dire^lions
for feizm^ the books and papers of the
laid focieties in London, which have been
idzed accordingly t and thefe books and
papers appearing to contain matter of the
greateft importance to the public intereft,
his mafeft^ has given orders for laying
them before the houfe of commons ^ and
his majefty reconi mends it to the houie to
confider the (ame, and to tike fuch mea*
fures thereuf)on as may appear to be nc-
ceffary for effe^Uially guarding againft the
further proiecution of thele dangerous de- ^
figns, and for prefervinjg to his majefty*s
fubje^s the enjoyment ©r the bleffings de-
rived to them by the conftitution happily
eftablilhed in theft kingdoms.

G. R.'

This me^Tage being ordered to be taken
into confKieration the next day, the chan.
celk>r of the exchequer, after having
moved the cudomary^ addrefs of tliani^s
(which was unanimoufly carried) moved
alio, that the papers Ibiied be referred to
a fccret committee of twenty-one memt
bers, to be chofen by ballot.

Tbefe were chofen the next day, ^nd
coafilled of the following members t

The chanceilqr of the excheqoery Mr,
Secretary Dundas, Mr, W. Ellis, Mr.
Wyndham, the attorney -general, tlw fo-
licuor-zencml, the lord advocate, Mr. T«
Grenvilie, Mr. Steele, the maimer of the
rolls, Mr. jenkin fan, fir H. Houghton,
lord Upper Offory, Mr. Powys, lord '
Mornuigton, lord Mulj^ve, Mi*. H.
Browne, Mr. Aollruther, colonel Stanley,
Mr. C. Townlhend, Mr. Burke.

3Da TV

%

39^

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

The report of this committee having A M E R I C A«

been ncti\ v6 «nd rnd on Friday the i6th, The following are the refolutiont which
the chancellor of the exchequer moved for were pafled in congrefs» on tbc s6th sf
leave to bring in a bill < to empower his March 1794.

tnajtfty to fecure and detain all luch per- < Refolved by the fenate ami bcmie of
fons as he ihall CafyeB are conrpirlng^ a- reprefentativea of tlie Upired States of
'gatnft his perfon and government** After America, in congrefs afllinbled« that an
t icng delate, thii motion was carried by embargo be laid on all Oiips and veflck fa
%oi to 59'i aAd the Hill being' brought in, ports of the United States, whether al-
wat re;«d twic^, committed, and ordered ready cleared oat or nor, bound to any
foi- the third reading the next dajr i not, foreign port or place, for the ^erm of
however, without &veral other diviiiona, (hirty diiyss and that no clearances he
all of whrch terminated equally in iavour liirnifhed, during tlie period, to any fhi^
of the .minifter.— The next day, the biU or veflels, except under the imnnediatr di-
was pafled by n £mUar majority, and or- reAioii of the pf-efideot of the United
dered t<^ be carried, with the report of the grates be authorifed to give* fuch inftruc-
^ret ^mmittee, to the lords, tions to the revenue officers of the Uoiied

On Monday the i9tb, Lord Grenville Stites, as (hall appear better adapted ibr
prefented 10 the lords a ineflage fimilar to carrying the faid reloiution into full eSA.
that lent to the commons) when their *Febdbilicic Muhlbnbehg,

lordihips, in like manner, agrce^l to ballot Speaker of the Houle of Repreicntativcs.
f^r a (etret committee, to confift of nine. < John AdaMS, Vice-pretident of the
This took place the next day, when the United States, an4 Prefidcnt of the Senate.
ioMowinff noblemen were chofen I Approved M-^rch ^6, 17^4..

The £>rd chancellor, the lord privy- " ' < Geosgb WASuiNCTON»

feal, duke of Leeds, duke of Portland, Prefident of the United States.'

earl o Hardwicke, earl of Carlifle, earl Two Britifh fhips failed from New-
'of Carnarvon, earl of Chatham, and earl York on the sith of March,* and a ir-
lof Mansfield. ' * . ^ ' venue boat was 'difpatcbed to bring them

Thefubjea hein^ refumed on Thurf- back,
day the' axd, the bill fi-om^ the commons " '

Mras read'il firft and fecond time, and com-
mitted s' but the thir4 reading being o^-
pofed by lord Lauderdale, tte lioufe 4i*
vided, for the third leading 95, againft it
7. The bill was then pafled, and yefter-
dSy received the royal aflent.
'■•• ' May siy.
Pvefentt of 500I. each (for which the
king has figned warrann) have been given
to the Under-mentioned oficer* : to capt*
. Powlett, and liaiienan( -colonel Grey, who
brou^bt difpatcbes of the furr^nder of
Martinique} and to major Murray, who
brought difpatcbes from the duke of York

MARRIAGES.

qlR Charles Style, 'batt. to roifs What*
^ hian,' daU^ter of James WhaCmas,
efo^

rThomasGoodricke, efq. to mifs Good-
ricke, daughter 6f fir Henry Goodrickcb
bart.

William R. Cartem, efq. of Aynho
Hall, Noithamptonihife; to the hon. n^
Maude.

• Thomas vifcoont . Weymouth, to tha
hon.'mifsByng, third daughter of vilcoufit
Torring[ton.

Vifcoont Belgrave, to the hon. mift

of the defeat of the French in the neigh- Egertort, daughter of lordGrey de WiT
twurhood of Cateau. . . 1 .. ton^

May 18.

Yeftcrdav, at a court of common -coun-
cil at Guildhall, Mr. aliicrnnah Cooibe
tnoved,* that the thanks of the com t be
given 10 fir = diaries Grey, K. B. and lir
John jervis; K. B for their gallant con-
du£V in the Weft Indies, which was
feconded by Mr. alderman Pickett, and
Unaninioufly agreed to. The freedom of Catholic majeftie^.
the city was voted uiianimoufly to each of * Lady dowager Vernon,
the (aid' commifnders, in a gold box of
bne hundred guineas value, and the lord-
tnayor wis re^ueftcd to tramfmit copies of
the laid refolutions to them. •• •

Major-general Bertie, to Mrs. Scrope^
of Obiby,- Lincolnfliile.

John Cotes, efq. of Woodcote, Salop^
to lady Maria Grey.

DEATHS.

RIGHT hon. Hercules Langford
Rowley.
Don Philip, the youngeft Son of their

John Stephenibn, efq'. M. P.

Charles earl Camden.

General Robert Dalrympk Horn £!•
phxnfton» coJootl of the 53d regiment.
: Countdt

FOR MAY, 1794.

397

Countefs of Guilford.

Lady Caroline Hoine» filler of the earl
of Home.

Sir Thomas Hay, bart.

Lord George Cavendiihy M. P. for
Derbyihire.

Sir John Guife, bart.

James Bnice, efq. the celebrated Abyf-
doian traveller.

^ady Crawford.

Nathanael Smith, efq. M. P.

Hon. David Murray, M. P. brother
to lord EHSank.

Mrs. Hufley, filler to earl Beaulieu.

Lady dowager Nafmyth.

Sir Thomas Dyke Ackland, bart.
^ Lieutenant-general TowniheDd*

Thomas earl of Hadington.

Hon. mifs Mary Pelham.

At Madrid, aged ai» the duke of Ber-
wick, the Jaft male defcendant of marihal
Berwick, natural Ton ot James II.

At ValencienneSi of his wounds, cap-
tain Pjgott.

PREFERMENT.

RE V. Reginald Courteoay, LL. D.«-
Bi/hopofBriftol.

PROMOTIONS.
T ORD St. Helen**— Ambaffador extra-
^-^ ordinary and plenipotentiary to the
ibtes general of the United Provinces.

Sir Morton Eden, K. B.— AmbaiTa-
dor extraordinary and pknipotentiary to
his Catholic majdly.

Thomas duke of ^ewcaille— Lord
lieutenant of Nottingliam(bire.

Colonel his highnefs prince William of
GlouceftePi'Colonel of a regiment of in-
fantry to be forthwith raifed.

Earl of Eufton— Ranger and keeper of
8t. James* and Hyde Parks.

Henry Hamilton, elq.—Govemor of
Dominica.' '

]^ANEJtUPTS. From the Gazbtti.

April 19.
A Mbrofe Harrilbn, of Fore-ftreet| Spital-
*^ fields, tjjlow-chandler.

George Cooke, of Old Ford, baker.

Charts Clarke, of Sbrcwlbury, wool-
len-draper.

^ John Lowther the elder, of Walcott,
in Somerictihire, mafon, and John Low-
ther the younger, of Bath, carpenter, and
^partners.

Robert Shout the younger, of Sunder-
land, grocer.

John Jewell, of Stoke, in Kent, iliop*
kener.

Mat 3,

Robert Woodrow, of New-(beet^ St.
George^s-fields, plumber.

David Valentine, of Church-ftrce^
Spitalfifclds, merchant.

William Bigg the younger, of Strat-
ford-la-Bow, butcher.

David Williams, and Jofeph Jacobs, of
Shad-Thames, Soutbwark, brewers.

William Bradley, of Bromfgrove* ia
Worccfterfhire, miller.

Francis Richardfon, of Horncaftk^ is
Lincolnfliire, linen-draper.

James Street, of Coventry-ftreet, Weft*
minller, hatter.

James Burn the younger, of Prittlewell^
in Eflfex, brickmaker.

Patrick Fitzhenry, George Packer
McCarthy, John rower, and Robert
Walter Vaughan, of firiftol, merchants.

Edward Mvers, of King-ftreet, Ox.
ford-ftreet, tallow-chandler.

iamesTurpin, of Old-ftrect, turner.
)aniel Mac Gillivray, of Rotherbitbc-
ftreet, in Surry, vi6luailer.

May 6.

James Deaken, of Birmingham, milk-
man.

John Hames, of Stamford, in Lincoln*
(hire, ftone-mafon.

Thomas Dadley, and Sufanna Palmer,
widow, of Birmingham, dealers.

Samuel Bowring, and Samuel Tnft, of
St. Mary Magdalen, Milk-ftreet, haber-
, dalhers.

Robert Bilbee, of Greenwich, in Kentr
Ihopkeeper.

George Gardner, of MoncktOD Combc^
in Somerietfliire, mealman.

Charles Phillips, of Shafteibury, m
Dorietfliire, vintner.

William Atkins, of Great Wakering,
inEfleK, Ibopkeeper.

Thomas Williams, of Alfred-place,
Soutbwark, (later.

William Stark, of Priace*s-ftreet, Loth-
bury, broker.

Thomas Parting, of Tottenham-court-^
road, vifiualler.

James SImpfon, of Red-Iion-ftreet^
Holbom^ vintner.

May 10.

George Wilibn, and Edward Priddl^
of Fenchurch-ftreet, wine- merchants.

George Mitchell, of White-lioii-yard,
Oxfbrd-ftreet, carpenter.

John De Lafons, of Threadneedle*
ftitct, ckKk -maker.

Alice Beaufoy, of Knowle^ in War-
wtcklhhre, butcnor.

398

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

Jofeph Chapman^of Portfeay in Hants,
fakfoKin.

James Watfon, of Newcaftlcupon-
Tyiic, vintnei-.

David Jaekibn, of Kendal, in Wcft-
aiorland, xlryialter.

John Hames, of Stamford, in Lincoln-
Ihire, ftone-ma/on.

Thomas Genge, and John Wright, •f
Veovil, in Soniorfrtfhirc, glo.ers.

Robert Hutchinfon, and George Crou-
ton, of GateOiead, in Durham, grocers.

Charles Johnfon, of Poiifea, in.Hant«,
grocer.

John Wefton, of Xincomb and Wid-
combe, in Somerfet/hirey builder.

ThomasOverton, of Manchefter, Jiouft^
builder.

Thomas Andeilbn, ofH^lIotvaj, bow-
Riakor^

May tj.

'William Galliers,of £arUftitet,Bbck-
friars, dealer.

Gecfrgc Brothers, of Birmingham, to^-
makar.

William Hawkridge, of Pllton, in
Devon (hire, grocer.

Thomas £oftock, of Nottingham,
dealer.

Thomas Spencer, of Hales Owen, in
Salop, dealer.

lobn Landey, of White-borie-bDe,
Mile-end Olo-tewn, carpenter.

Chiide Coup, of New Bond-ftreet,
-jHitter.

James Maiden, of Kochefter, -in Kent,
Den -draper. '

Ifaac Thomafon, of Warrington» in
.l.&ncafYhire, vt6lna)ler.

Richard ChorUon and John Crompton,
^f Mandhet^er, ftfftian-mBnufai6lurers.

Thomas Pindcr, of York, ceai-nier-
clixnt.

Richard Flight, of Barton Sod, in
GloucefterfViire, clotbiei.

Eljfabeth Watfon, of Leicefter, mjfii-
ffier.

Edward Norris, of Mancheftcr, cabmet-
mafccr. ,

Edward Spencer, of Hales Owen, in
Salop, dealer,

John Terry, of WimWedon, in Sim^,
bricklayer.

George Barnes, of Caribaiitoa, Surry,
blackiinith«

May 17-

Henry Law, of Great St. Helen's, nnr-
fhant.

William Dench, of Sprin^^field, in
"Plkx^ common brewer.

Nathan Beetham» «f •Sloax)e-ftreet>
^Chdiea, fmith.

William Giibertfon, of Oxford-ftreet,
.linen-draper.

John BurJer, of Fore-ftrcct, Crippk-
gate, tallow-chandler.

George Piit, of Oxford- ftrect, haber-
da/her. #

Anne Winter, of Stoiirbridige, In
Woi cefterfhii*, Yhopkeepcr.

John Wink field, of Turn ham -green,
'Carpenter.

Thomas Morrell, of Eaft-ftreet, Red-
lion -((juare, woollen -draper.

Job Hoare, of Tottenham-court-road,
builder.

Thomas Smith, of the Strand, vintner.

William Parfons, of Briliol^ iiocn-
draper.

May fto.

John Boucher the young^^, of BtnxMng-
ha»), grocer^

John Anderfon, of Liverpool, dealer.

James GarHde, of Whitehilb, Derbj-
ihii^, cotton -roanufa£luiYr.

John Snape, of Ringley, in Lanca*
ihire, timber-merchant.

James Hill, of Saltfard, iu Somoriet-
ihire, dealer.

Robert Adams, of Xubexiluun, in
Leicefterilure, gi-aGer.

May 34.

George Dalton, of Broad-ftrset, Car-
naby- market, grocer.

Samuel Arnott, of Comhill^ £lk-
mercer.

WilKam Jardine, of Towerlcy, Bucks,
ihopkeeper.

William Boden, of the Borough Hoad,
Southwark, jeweller.

Samuel Pt^yton, of LeadenhaU- ftreet,
tinman.

John Bickley, of North -place, Gray'W-
inn -lane, whitLfmith.

James Carter, of Biihopfgate.i(icet»
ntoncy.fcrivencr,

George Bayley, of Liverpool, corn-
merchant.

Edward Edwards, of ShrewAitry, in
Shrc^fhire, ftioemaker.

Chrillopher Thorley, of Kiqgfton*
upon- Hull, merchant.

Jofeph Cole, of Loman*s-pond, South-
wark, colour and varni lb -maker.

Chrrllophcr Bartholomew, of Idingtcn,
vintner.

John Wnilam Bilbec, of Greenwich,
in Kent, grocer.

Philip'Grifriths and 'Edmund Ludlow,
of Biilbol, linen-drapers.

Richard Smith, oz Caftlc-court, Blrch-^
in-lane, vffluallcr.

William Bellamy^ of Rofs,' in Here-
ford^ amercer,

NEW

FOR MAY, 1794-.

399

NBW PUBLICATIONS.

SO T H E B Y*» Tour through Parts of
Wales, large 4.10. il. iis. 6d. boards.

Buchanan's Defence of the Scots Highi
landers, '&c. 8vo. 6s.

Eiadoirs Arithmetical and Mathematical
Repofitcryi vol i, 8vo. 6s.*6d. boards.

Alexander's Trcatiie on the Croup, 28.

Latta's Syftcmof Surgery, vol. i, 8vo.
7s. boards.

WalfiiVBagatelles, fmall 8vo. 4s. 6d.

Angeline, or Sketches from Naturei 3
vol. ismo. I OS. 6d.

Myfteries of Udolpiho, a Romance, 4.
vol. iimo. 1 1. 4s.

Forfyth's Botanical Nomenclator, 8vo.

7s.

Kinderfley*s Specimens of Hindoo Li-
teratui^ 8vo. 8s. 6d. '

Bland's Obfervations on human and
compai-ative Parturition, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
boanis«

Ethic Eprftlet to the Earl of Caernarvon,
2 2mo. 6s.

Nares' ScrmoiM at I^aacelo-' s Iah, Svo*
7S.

Moifes* Treaciieon the Blood, 8vo.6s.

Hamilton's Colk6UoB of Engravings
from Ancient Vales, with Remarks on
each Vafe, vol. i, 3L 3s.

Andrews* Hi (lory of Great Britain,
vol. I, 4to. 1 1, xs« beards.

Tranfa^lions of the Linnean Society,
vol. a, iL 5S. boards.

Six's Conftni^ion of a Thermometer
for fltowing the Extremes of Temperature,
8vo. 39. boards.

Blair's Sermons, vol. 4, 6s. boards.

Domeftic Anecdotes of the French Na-
tion during the laft Thirty Years, 8vo. 7s.
boards.

How.ird on the Venerea} Dileafe, vol. 3,
6s. board f;.

Adventures of Hugh Trevor, 3 vol.
saroo. I2S.

Jernin{;ham'sPoems,vol. 3, 3s. fewed.

Kemaijcs on Ibme Divines andPhiiolb-
pher& of the laii and prcicnt Age, 8vo.

7«- .

Crolby's Modern SoDgfter, lamo. 3s.

In^. j.itodc, a Novel, isfno. 38.

Hi lory of the Reign of George III,
tol. 3, 6.>. hoards.

Barry's Familiar Letters, fmall 8vo.
6$.

Scottifh Songs, with the genuine MuHc,
a vol. ismo. ixs.

Walker^s Treat ifc on the Conic Sec-
tions, in fiveBooifs, Book i, 4(0. izs.
boards,

f octical Farrago, an AAemblage of
Epigrams, &c. a vol. lamo. 9s* ^
3

AVERAGE PRICES p* CORN.

May 17, 1794*

By the S^a~<arH Winchefter Quarter of

Eight Bulhds*

INLAND COUNTIES.

Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats.

d. «• d^ '> Jt,

S«rry

Hertford

Bedford

Huntingdon

Northampton

Rutland

Leicefter

Nottingham

Derby

Stafford

Salop

H-refbfPd

Worccft*

Wa-wick

Wilts

Berks

Orford-

Bucka

Breeott-

Montgomery

Radnor

I** 'i-«
50 10 a&

46

4«
5«
54

5«

4^-
6

3S o
o

5

40

55

54 5
56 II
43- o

6-

)3»-
oji

33

30

30 10 aa.

35

\S

37
— 40

6

50

640

6-

444 io[lt

4
10

14

H
*5

21.

)4o
o j6

24 IK

aa

^^

H

»3
24 10

»7 i»

7
I-

IT
O'

o
<r
5

MARITIME COUNTIE.S.

Eflex

Kent

SuOex

Suffolk

C^nobridgt

Norfolk

Lmcolo "

York

Durham

Northumberland

Cumberland

Wcftmorland

Lancailer

Chdler

Fliat

Denbigh

Anglefea

Carnarvon

Merioneth

Cardigan

PeTibtoke

Carmarchea

Glamorgan

Qlouce^r

Somcrfet

Monmooth

Devon

Cornwall

Dorfet

Hanu

Peck Loafi tti fid*

FmcBt ^-

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The UniVbrsal Magazine for June, 1794.' 4or

Memoirs 0/ tha hirt and WRif ings of M. Rapin de Thoyras :
With a fine l^ortrait of that cekbrated HiftoriaH.

y

PAuL Rapin db Thoyras, an
iiluftrious Frenchman, to whom
England was long indebted for the
niott complete Hillory of this Coun-
try extant, was born at Callres in
Langucdoc, in 1661. His family was
originally from Savoy^ and is fop-
polcd to have removed into France,
upon embracing the Proteftant re-
ligion. Philiberc de Rapin, his great
grandfather, fell a martyr to his zeat
for proteflantifm ; which cxpofed him
fo much to the indignation of the Ro-
man catholics, and particularly to that
of the parliament of Tooloufe, that
his head was flruck off in 1568, b/ a
ftrntcnce of theirs, at the very time
that he came by the king's- order to
have the treaty of peace regillered
there. Father Daniel, indeed, paHes
over this fadl in filcnce ; and his rea-
fon is fuppofcd to haye betn, that he
might make the more odioiJs the dif-
turbances raifed "^ay the Huguenots
afterward in the country about Tou-
Igufe : whereas, what they did was in
revenge of Philibert's death, as ap-
peared from the foldiers writing with
coals, on the ruins of the houfes they
had burned, ' Vengeance for Rapin's
death.' James de Rapin, lord of
Thoyras, was our audior's father.
He applied himfelf to the (lady of the
law, and was an advocate in the
chamber of the edi6l of Nantes above
fifty years. Thefe chambers were
courts of judicature erected in feveral
towns oif France, in behalf of the
Hu£uenots ; the judges whereof were
half of the Reformed, and half of the
Roman catholic religion. Jane de
Peliflbn, hb wife, was daughter to a
counfellor of the chamber of Callres,
and filler to George and Paul PeliiTon :
which lady, after having been con-
fined a good while to a convent, was
at lail fent by the kine's order to
Geneva, where fhe died m 1705.

Our Rapin was their youngeft (on.
He was educated at firlt under a tutor

Vol. xciv.

in his Ather's honfe, afterward fent
to Puylaurens, and thence to Saumur.
In 1679, he returned to his father^
with a defign to apply himfelf dofcfj^
to the law : but, before he had made
any great progrefs, he was obliged,'
with other young gentlemen, to com-
mence advocate, upon report of an
edid foon tffter publilhed, in which it
was ordered, that no man fhduld have
a dolor's degree without having
ftudicd i^y^ years in fome univerfity.
The fame year the chamber of tlid
edidl^was fupprefftd, which obliged
Rapin's fkmily to remove to Tou-
loufe : and the flate of the Reformed
growing every day wbrfe, with his
father's leave he quitted theprofelEon
of advocate for that of arms. He
had before given proofs of a military
.difpofition : for he had fought a duet
or two, in which he had acquitted
himfelf very gallandy. His father
at firil did not grant his rcquefl, but
gave him fuch an anfwer, as fervcd
to prolong the time. However, he
pleaded one caufe, and one only;
and then applied himielf heartily to
Aiathematics and muilc, iu both which
he became a good proficient.

In 1685, ^^ father died ; and two
months after, the cdift of Nances be-
ing revoked, Rapin, with his mother
and brothers, retired to a country-
boufe ; and, as the peri^cution in a *
ihort time was carried to the greateft-
height, he and his youngeil brother,
in 1686, departed for England. He
was not long in London, before he
was vifited by a French abbe of dif-
tinguifhed quality ; a friend of Pclif-
(bn's, who introduced him to fiarrillon
the French ambalTador. Thefe gen-
tlemen perfuaded him to go to courts
aflfuring him of a favourable reception
from the king ; but he declined this
honour, not knowing what the conie-
quences might be in that very critical
itate of affairs. His fituation, indeed,
was not at all agreeable to him : for /

3 E • h^' '

/

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THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

^

he was perpetually prefled, upon the
fubjeSt ofreligion^ by tlic French ca-
tholics then in London ; and efpecially
by the abbe, who, though he treated
kim with the utmoll cc mplailance, al-
ways turned the difccurfe to contrc-
verfy. Having no hopes of any fet-
tlement in England at that time, his
ftay there was but lliort: he went
over to Holland, and lilled himfclf in
a company of French volunteers, that
was at Utrecht uudvr the command
of Mr. Rapin, liis coufin-german.
Peliflbn, the fame yc.;r, published his
* Reficdlions on the difrcrcnce of Re-
li^;ions,* which he Tent to his nephew
Rapin, with a llrirl cha'^^^c to give
him his opinion impartially of the
work : and this was accordingly done,
although nothipor of this kind was
found among his papers. He did not
quit his company, till he followed the
prince of Orange into England ;
where, in 1689, he was made an en-
fign, and went, to Ireland with that
commifuon. He diftinguilhcd himfelf
fo well at the fiege of Carrickfergus,
that he was the fame year promoted
to a lieutenancy. He was prefcnt at
the battle of the Boync ; and, at the
fiege of Limerick, was (hot through
the fhoulder With a mulkct-ball. Th's
wound, which was cured very ilowly,
proved very detrimental to his in-
lereft ; for it prevented him from at-
tending general Douglas into Flan-
ders, who was very defirous of having
him, and could have done him con-
• fiderable fervice : however, he had a
company given him.

He continued in Ireland till the end
of 1693; when he was ordered for
England without any reafon afligned :
but a letter informed him, that he
was to be governor to the' earl of
Portland's fon. Having never had
any thoughts of this nature, he could
not imagine to whom he owed the re-
commendation, but at lafl found it to
be lord Galway. He immediately
went to London, and entered upon
this charge ; but quitted all hopes of
thofe preferments in the army, which
fcvcral of his fellow-officers foon after

attained. All the ^voar fliewn Utt
was, that he had leave to refign ini
commiiGon to his younger brotber,
who died in 17 19, after having bcea
made lieutenant-colonel in a regioieDl
of Engliib dragoons. Indeed the Idog
gave him a peniion of i ool. per aon.
* till fuch time as he fhoald provide
for him better,' which time never
came : fo he enjoyed this peniion dar-
ing the !;ing's life, after which it was
taken from him, and a poft of fmafl
value given liim in its Head.

While the carl of Portland was am-
baH'ador in France, Rapin was obliged
to be fometimes in that kingdooi,
fometimes in England, and oftea in
Holland : but at length he fettled at
the Hague, where the young lord
Portland was learning his excrcifes.
While he refided here in 1699, he
married : but this marriage neither
abated his care of his pupil, nor hin-
dered h'm from accompanying him in
his travels. They began with a tour
through Germany, where they made
fonic (lay at Vienna: hence they west
into Italy by the way of Tirol, where
marefchal de Villeroy, at that time
prifoner, gave Rapin a letter for the
cardinal d*£trces, then at Venice.
Their travels being finifhcd, wh'ca
put an end to his employment, he re-
turned to his family at the Hague,
where he continued forac years ; but,
as he found it increafe, he refolved to
remove to fome cheap country ; and
accordingly retired in 1707 to Wefid,
in the duchy of Clevas, in Germany,
where he employed the remaining
years of his life in writing the * Hif
tory of England.' Though his con-
flitution was flrong, yet feventeen
years application (for fo long he was
in compofing this hiftory) entirdy
ruined it. About three years before
his death, he found himfelf ezhaulled,
and often felt great pains in his fio-
mach : and at length a fever, with an
oppreflion in his bread, carried him
off, after a week's illnefs, in 1725.
He left one fon and (ix daughters. He
was naturally of a ferious temper, al-
though no enemy to mirth : he loved

muBOf

FOR JUNE, 1794.

403

as we have
efpecially

ihuHc, and was (killed,
faid, in mathematics, eiprcially hi
the art of fortification. He was mailer
of the Italian, Spanish, and Engliih
languages ; and had alfo a very com-
petent knowledge of the Greek and
Latin. He fpent all his leilbre hours
in reading, and convcrfing with fuch
ai led a regular life, and loved to
reafon and reflefl on things.

He lived to publifli the eighth vo-
lume of his hidory which ends with the
death of Charles X. The two remain-
ing volumes, which bring the hidory
down to the proclamation of William
and Mary, came out in 1724. They
were printed at the Hague, in quarto,
and have twice been tran dated into
Engliih i by the Rev. Nicholas Tin-
dal, ^. A. firll in 8vo. then in folio;
aod by John Kelly of the Inner Tem-
ple, cfq. in two vol, folio. Tindal
has given a continuation of Rapin*8
hiftory to 1 760, and added ufeful notes
to the whole. When Rapin fir ft fet
about this work, he did not think of
writing a complete hiftory of Eng-
land : but curiofity and much leifure
led him on from one ftep to another,
tHl he came to the reign of Henry II ;
and then, when he was upon the point
of flopping, an unexpe^ed aftiftance
came forth, which not only induced
him to continue his hiftory, but to do
it in a more full and particular manner
than at firft he intended. This was
Rymer's * CoUeftion of Public Ads,'
which began to be publiflied at the
expence of the government about
1 706. In ! 708, fix volumes in folio
were completed, which were after-
ward increafcd to fevcnteen, and then
to twenty. Lord Halifix, a great
proTiO:cr cf this noblj work, f^nt the
yolunics, as ihey came out, to John
Le Clcrc ; who gcneroufly lent them
our author, as long as he had occafion
for them. That he did a£l adually
ufe this colledlion, appears from the
pains he took to abridge the whole
fcventeen volumes, except the firll,
which was done by Lc Clerc : in
which abridgement we have all the
important atts pointed out, a iiveli«

connedled feries of events to which
they relate, and the ufe to be made
of them in clearing up the hiftory cf
England, This Ab.'ira-a lies fcattercd
up and down in the feveral volumes
ofLeClerc's <Bibliotheque Choifee;*
and has thence been tranflated and
publiflied in Engliih. Rapin alfo, to
let us fee. what a thorough knowledge
he had of our parties and fadions in
England, publlhed in 1717, a little
treatife, intitled, * A Diflertation on
the Whigs and the Tories 5* which is
fubjoined to his Hiftory, and has
likewife been tranflated and publilhed
in Englifti.

Vpltaire has obfcrved, that « Eng-
land is indebted to Rapin for the beft
hiftory of itfclf which has yet appear-
ed ; and the onl) impartial one of a
nation, wherein few write without be-
ing aduated by the fpirit of party.*
It was eafy to exceed all the hiftorians
before him; fince, befide the advan-
tages in common with them, which
he did not fail to make the ftrideil
ufe of, he was fupplied with a new
and rich fund of materials from Ry-
mer's * Foedera.'

But wliatever be the merit of Rapin
as an hiliorian, neither his accuracy
nor his impartiality have appeared to
compcnfate for the imputation of tedi-
oufnefs and prolixity. Hume is now
the faftuonable hiftorian of England s
and yet, perhaps, while the reader
finds a greater pleafure in ftrufing
Hume, he will confult Rapin with in-
finitely more fatisfadtion. However,
we Ihall refer, for the merits of both,
to the fine charafter which Mr. Hay-
Icy has given of our principal Engllili
hiftorians :

« Hail to thee, Britain I hail ! delightr
ful land !
I fpring with filial joy to reach thy

Ihand :
And thou I blcft noqriflicr of fouls, fub»

lime
As e'er immortallzM th?ir native clime.
Rich in poetic treaforcs, yet e^culc
The trivial offering of an luimble mufe.
Who pants to ad<l, with fears by love over-
come.
Her mite of ^lory to thy countlefs ftim !
3E a With

404

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

With vary'd coiours, of the richeft die.
Fame's brilliant banners o*er thy offspring

fly:
In natix'C vigour bold, by Freedom led.
No path ot honour have they fail'd to

tread :
But while they wifely plan, and bravely

dare.
Their ov.ti atehievemcnts arc llicir lateft

caie.
Tho' Camden, rich in learning's various

ftore,
Sought in tradition*8 mine truth's genuine

ore.
The waftc of Hift'ry lay in liftlefe fliade,
Tho* Rawldgh's piercing eye that world

furvcy'd.
Tho' mightier names there call a cafual

gJancs,
They fccm'd to fauntcr round the field bj

chance.
Till Clarendon arofe, and in the hour
When civil difcord wak*d each mental

power,
With brave dcure to reach this diftan^

gcal,
Sti*ain'tl all the vigour of his manly foul.
Nw truth, nor fitedom's injur'd jxwers,

allow
A wreath unfpottcd to his haughty brow :
Fricndfliip^s firm fpirit ftill his fame ex-
alts,
V With fweet atonement for his Icfler faults.
His pomp of phrale, his period of a mile.
And all the maae of his bewildei'd ftyle,
lUum'd by warmth of heart, no more of-
fend:
IjVhat cannot tafte forgive, in Falkland's

friend ?
Nor flow bis praifcs from this fingle

fource ;
One province of his art difplays his force :
Xli^ portraits boaft, with features ili-6ngly

like.
The fcft prccifion of the cleai- Vandyke ;
Tho', like the painter, his faint talents

yield.
And fink embarrafs'd in the F,plc field.
Yet fhall his labours long adorn our Ifle,
Like the proud glories of fome Gothic

' piie :
They, tho' conftrufted by a bigot's hand.
Nor nicely finifli'd, ncr correctly plann'd,
Wiih folemn majtfty, and pioiis gloom.
Ah awful influence o'er the mind aflTumej
And from the alien eyes of every feft
Attra6l obfcrvance, and command re-
fpca.
In following years, when thy great
name, Naffau 1
Stampv-thc hkfk deed of libzi ty and law j

When clear, and guiltlefs of opprcfljoiTs

rage,
There rofe in Britain an Auguftan age*
And clufbr'd wits by emulation bright,
Diffus'd o'er Anna's reign their menial

light 5
That conlielhtion fecm'd, tho' ftroog its

fiame,
To want ihe fplendour of hiftoric fkine i
Yet Burnet's page may hfling glory hope,
Howe'cT infulted by the ipken of Pope.
Though his rough language haSkc and

warmth denote,
With ardent honeiW of foul he wrofe ;
Tho' Clitic cenfures on his work nay

(hower.
Like faith, his Freedom has a iaviog
power.
Nor fhalt thou want, Rapin ! thy wc»I.
eam'd praife ;
The fagc Polybius thou of modern days I
Thy fword, thy pen, have both thy naine

endear'd j
This join'd our arms, and that our ftorj'

clear 'd :
Thy foreign hand difcharg'd th* hiftonan's

trult,
Unfway'd by party, and to freedom juft.
To letter *d fame we own thy fair pretence.
From patient labour, and from candid

fenfe.
Yet public favour, ever hard to fix.
Flew from thy page, as heavy and prob'x.
For foon, emerging from the Sophia*

fchool.
With fpirit eager, yet with judgment oool,
With lubtle fkill to Heal upon applaufe.
And give falfe vigour to the weaker cauiej
To paint a fpecious fcene with niccft art,
Retouch the whole, and varnifh tveiy

part ;
Graceful in %le, in arg^iment acute j
Mafier of tv&y trick in keen difpute f
With thefe ftrong powers to form a win-
ning tale.
And hide deceit in moderation's veil.
High on the pinnacle of fa(hipn plac'd,
Hume flione the idol of hiftoric tafte.
Already, pierc'd by Freedoni's fearching

rays,
The waxen fabric of his fame decays.—
Think not, keen fpirit ! that thcfe hands

preltime
To tear each leaf of laurel from thy tomb!
Thefe hands ! which, if a heart_ of hu-
man frame
Could ftoop to harbour that ungenerous

aim.
Would fhield thy grave, and gi^e, with

guardian care.
Each type of eloquence to flourifh there f

But

FOR JUNE, 1794.

405

But public love commands the painful

talk.
From the pretended fage to ftrip the made.
When his falle tongue, averfe to freedom's

caufc,
Profanes the fpirit of her ancient laws.
As Alia's foothing opiate drugs, by

ftealth,
Shake every flacken'd nerve, and Tap the

health ;
Thy writings thus» with noxious charms

reiin'd;
Seeming to footh its ills, unnerve the

mind:
While the keen cunning of thy hand pre-
tends
To ftrike alone at party's abjeft ends,
Our hearts more free from fadlion's weeds

we feel.
But they have loft the flower of patriot

zeal.

Wild as thy feeble metaphvfic page,
Thy Hift*ry rambles into iceptie rage ;
Whofe giddy and fanuftic dreams abule
A Hampden's virtue, and a Shakf;«;are*s

mufe.
With purer fpirit, free from party ftrife.
To foothe his evening hour of honour*d

life.
See candid Lyttelton at length unfold
The deeds of liberty in days of old I
Fond of the theme, and narrative with

He winds the lengthened tale thro* many

apagej
But diere the beams of patriot virtue

ihine }
There truth and freedom fan£lify the

line.
And laurels, due to civil wifdom, ihield
This noble Neftor of th' Hiftoric field/ -

Extract from a cekbrated Author, illuflrative of the prefint
State ?/" F RANGE.

To the Editor of the Universal Magazine.

S I R,

HAppenmng, the other day, to
look into Butler's Remains, I
was fo much flruck with the relation
between the following palTage, and
the events of a neighbouring country,
that I determined to tranfcribe it, in
order to its being more generally
known through the channel of your
M-piizine.

* Governments, like natural bodies,
have their times of growing, per-
feflion, and declining ; and accord-
ing to their conflitutions fome hold
but longer, and fome decay fooner
than others ; but all in their begin-
nings and infancies are fubjedl to fo
mahy infirmities and impeifedlions,
that what Solomon faid of a mo-
narchy, \ Wo to that kinr^dom whofe
pr'nce is a child,' may be more juflly
faid of a new republic', and we may
with as much reafon fay, ' Wo be to
that people that live under a young
go^trnment j* for as both muft of nc-
ceffity be under tutors, protedlors, and
keepers of liberties, until they can
give the world an account, that they
are equal to the government of them-
felves (which a trince docs in fewer
years than a republic can in ages) the

people always fuEer onder fb many
lords and maflers ; and though a
foundation for liberty be laid, the
fruition of it is for after aecs, like
the planting of trees, whofe made and
fruit is only to be enjoyed by pof-
terity. For what prote£lion can a
nation have from a government that
muft itfelf be proteded ? That muft
maintain guards and armies at their
own charge to keep themfel^ves in obedi-
ence, that i^Jla'very, until in procefs
of time, by flow degrees, that which
was rugged at firft becomes gentle and
cafy. Eor as that which was tyranny
at firfl, does in time become liberty ;
fo there is no liberty, but in the be-
ginning was tyranry. All unripe fruit
IS harih, and they that live in new-
built houfes, arc apt to catch difeafes
and infirmities. Nor is it pofiible to
fettle any government^ a mzdeU that
fhall hold, as men contrive (hips and
buildings ; for governments are made,
like natural productions, by degrees^^
according as their materials are
brought in by time, and thofe parts
of it that are incongruous in their na-
ture, are call oE

C.

4o6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

SELECT PASSAGES FROM SHJKSPEARE.
Number JCXIII.

KING RICHARD 11.

Judicial Impartiality .

King Richard. Old John oF Gaunt,

tiinc-ljonoai'd Laiicaftcr,
Haft thou, accc4-(iing lo thy oath and

band (bond).
Brought hitlier Henry Herefoid, thy bold

Ton J
Here to make good the boifterous late ap-
peal,
Which then our leifuiie would not let us

hcar»
Againft the duke of Norfolk, Thomas

Mowbray ?
Count, I have, my liege.
Kittg Rickard. Tell me, moreover, haft

thou fotinded him.
If he appeal the duke on ancient ma-
lice;
Or wonhily, as a good fubje£l fliould.
On fomc known ground of treachery in

him ?
Gauitt. As near as I could lift him on

that argument, —
On fomc apparent danger feen in him,
Ami'd at your highncis, no inveterate ma-

Itce.
Ki^i^ Rickard, Then call them to our

prelencc : face to face.
And frowning brow to brow, ourfelves

will hear
The accufei- and theaccufed freely fpeak.

The charaftcr of king Richarfd here
appears in a very amiable point of
■view; iblicitoujf, without favour or
aiic'fiion, to adminiftcr impartial juf-
iicc> and defirous, on this account,
to be perfefily fatisfied that the accu-
sation rcfultcd from principle, and not
flora malice, or any other unworthy
rooiive. Jii ail criminal caufes, this
attention to the motive is (Iridlly re-
quiute, in order that the credit of the
telVunony given may be duly efli-
maicd. The concluding line exhi-
bits an excellent feature of our Eng-
lilh law, which judges not from ie-
cret evidence, but confronts to each
other both * the accufcr and the ac-
cuibd/

Confcious Honour *

Norfolk. Myfelf I throw, dread fore-

reign> at thy foot :
My life thou (halt comniaud, but not my

flianie;
The one, my duty owesj but tnj i£r

name
(Defpight of death, that lives upon my

grave)
To d^i'k diOionour's ufo thou ihalt doc

have,
I am difgraced, impeach *d^ and ba&ei

here ;
Pierced to the foul with flander*s veDora^i

fpear $
The whirh no balm can cure, but hss

htart»blood
Which breath'd this poifon.

King Richard, Rage muft be witbftood:
Give me his gage : lions make leoparJa

tame.
Norfolk. Yea, but nor change their

(pots. Take but my fliame.
And I redgn my gage. My dear dear

lord,
The pureft treafure morul times afibrd
Is fpotlefs reputation : that away.
Men are but gilded loam or painted cby,
A jewel in aten-tiraes-barr'd.up chcft
Is a bold fpirit in a loyal breati.
Mine honour is my life \ both grow m

one ;
Take honour from me, and my life is

done :
Then, dear my liege, mine honour kt

me try j
In that I live, and for that will I die.

The duke of Norfolk had been ac-
cufed by the duke of Hereford of
(landerous expreffions again il the king;
in anfwer to which th:s fpeech feeois
to evince an exalted fenfe of innocence
and rcditude. It does not appear,
however, that the conduf^ of the
duke of Norfolk was at ail corref-
pondent to the noblenefs of thefe fend-
ments. • The duke of Hereford,* fays
Hume, * was certainly very little dc-
liccite in the 2)oint of h6nour; when he
revealed a private converfation to the
ruin of the perfon who had entruHed
him; s^d we may thence be more

inclirxd

FOR JUNE, 1794.

407

inclined to believe the duke of Nor-
folk's denial, than the other's afleve-
ration. fiut Norfolk had in thefe
tranfa£Hons betrayed an equal negled
of honour, which brings him entirely
on a level with his antagonift. Thmjgh
he had publicly joined with the duke
of GloQCeftcr and his party in all the
former a6ls of violence againft the
king ; and his name ftands among the
appellants who accufed the duke of
Ireland and the other miniftcrs ; yet
was he not aOiamed publicly to im-
peach his former aflbciates for the
very crimes which he had concurred
with them in committing; and his
pame increafes the lift of thofc apel-
lants who brought them to a trial.
Such were the principles and prac-
tices of thofe ancient knights and
barons during the prevalence of the
ariftocratical government, and the
r«ig« of chivalry.* Vol. IV. ch. i.

The beautiful panegyric on reputa-
tion in this fpeech will remind tlie
reader of the celebrated pafTage in
Othello, where the villanous lago ex-
patiates on the importance of a good
name:

Good name in man and woman, dear, my

lord,
Is the immediate jevvel of their Ibuls, &c.
Aa III. Sc. 3.

Ancient Cafths,

Ducbefs. Bid him — O, what ?
With all good fpecd at Plalhy vifit me.
Alack, and what ihali good old York

there fee.
But empty lodgings, and unfurnifliM

walls.
Unpeopled ofiices, untrodden ftones ?
Aod vvhat hear there for welcome, but

my groans ?

This part of the melancholy fpeech
of the duchefs dowager of Gloacefler
in taking leave of the duke of Lan-
cafter, is defcriptive of a cviftom in
thofe ages; when, in our ancient
iiaftles, the naked (tone walls were
only covered with tapeftry, or arras,
hang upon tenter-hooks, from which
it was eaiily taken do«vn on tstty
3

removal of the family. Mr. Malon^
fays, * the lordfnip of Plafiiy was ft
town of the duchefs of Gk>uceller*s in
Eflex.' But this is not quite accurate-:
Plaftie}', now called PUjheyj is a vil-'
lagc, feven miles from Chelmsfoi^.
It was the feat of the lord high con-
ftablc of England, from the earlieft
times of that oiBce to the year 1400;
and from his refidence here, in 1 397,
Thomas, duke of Gloucefter, was iiw
fidioufly enticed by bis nephew, king
Richard II, to accompany him on
horfeback to London, was waylaid
on Epping Forcft, hurried to a vcflel
that was ready in th& Thames, con-
veyed to Calais, and there privately
murdered. On the fite of his caftlc
(to which the duchefs was then going
to retire) is now a brick farm-houfe,
called the Lodge, and near it the re-
mains of (bme ancient fortificatioiM*

Allegiance indiffUuble,

King Richard, Swear by the duty that

you owe to Heaven
(Our part therein we banifli with your-

fclves)
To keep the oath that we admipifter.

The king having fentenced both
fiereford and Norfolk to exUe, exafls
the oath here alluded to from each of
them ; namely, not to be reconciled
abroad, fo far as to confederate againft
the flate of England. Upon the fecond
line above Dr. Warburton has the fol-
lowing note : * It is a queftion much
debated among the writers on the Law
of Nations, whether a banilhed man ht
ftill lied in allegiance to the ftate which
fent him into exile. Tully and Cla-
rendon declare for the affirmative;
Hobbcs and PufFendorf hold the ne-
gative. Our author, by this linp,
feems to be of the latter opinion.'-^
On this note Mrs. Griffith thus ex-
preffes herfelf : ' I agree entirely with
Cicero and Clarendon. The under-
going any penalty of law cannot dif-
lolve either the moral or the political
duty we owe our country. Socrates,
by rcfufing to efcape out of prifon,
ihewed^ that he thought his obedience

anci

4o8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

and fabmiffion to the ftate continDed
to be obligatory^ even tboogh the de-
cree was unjaft* and the fentence
death. And under the oftradftn,
which impofed banilhment upon men
ibr their very eminence and virtue*
we do not hear of the illuftrious
exiks either fpeaking» or a^ng, as
if they deemed their allegiance to be
cancelled. Nay* Ariflides carried the
fubmiilion of a good fubjed fo far, as
to think himieu obliged in duty to
write his own name on a (hell, at the
requeft of an illiterate citizen of
Athetu, who voted againft hicn on
that very law. And Themillocles,
though baniflied through the fpirit of
fii£kion» not that of the laws, and
kindly entertained and preferred in
the armies of Perfia* choie xo fiv allow
poifon rather than march againll his
country.— -It is sot the community
that banifhes a man, but the laws
which govern it.

< Xt is the law, not I, condemns your
brodier.

Measure for Mbasur£.

• Thefc furcly are no objects of rc-
fentment ; and to rife in arms againft
a nation, becaufe one of its flatutes
had fallen heavy upon us, would be
juit as radonal as to fet a forelt on
fire, becaufe we had received the baf-
tinado by a cudgel that was taken out
of it.' — We agree with Mrs. Gfiffith,
in preferring die opinion of Tully and
Clarendon on this queftion; but we
cannot think her illuAradon of it very
happy. The cafe of Themlilodes
(that of bearing arms againft his
country) feems to be the only one in
point; and we cannot imagine any
moral or political obligation that could
prevent Socrates from efcaping from
the unjuft fentence of death j or that
could compel Arillides to condemn
himfcif to the equally unjull fciiicnce
of exile, at the requifition of an illite-
rate and deluded citizen. On the
contrary, the gieat law of felf-pre-
fcrvation may, perhaps, authoiize
even a guIUy man to elcape, if pofli-
blc, from tha fatal ciFefls of a fentence
that has been juftly paiTed upon him.

Confolatkn in Exile,

CauKi. All places thzt the eye of Lea-
ven \ ifiis.
Are, to a wiic man, ports and happy
havens.

The duke of Lancafier, by way d
comforting his fon under the fentfooB
of baniihment, thus paraphraies ibt
old £ngli(h fentence, * Every place ii
an hone it man's home/

Similar to this i& a paflage in fir R.
Fan(hawe*s Palior Fido :

All places arc our country, where wt'it

well )
Which to the wife, is whereibe*er thcv

dwell.

Aa V. sc. I.

Bolingbrokc had before expicM
himfelf to the king, to much the (aox
effeft:

Your will be done : This mud my coa-

fort be,—
That fun, that warms you here, fttf

fliine on me ;
And thofc his golden beams, to you bos

lent,
Shall point on me, and gild my basl&-

ment.

But one of the moil fublime mo-
tives for confolation in exile is in ck
condufion of Thomfon's Hymn totk
Seafons :

Should f«tte command me to the fartbel

verge
Of the giieen earth, to diihmt barbanai

dimes,
Rivers unknown to fong j where firS tk

fun
Gilds Indian mountains, or his f«ttia$

beam
Flames on th' Atlandc ides $ ^tis tm^

to me :
Since God is ever prcfent, ever felt.
In the void wafte as in the city full ;
And where He vital breathes« there tmk

be joy,

Fancj incfftSualto mtigate AjgiiBi$^

Bolingbroke. O, who can hdd a fiftii
his hand,
By thinking on the frofty CaucaAis ?
Or cloy the hungry edge of appetite.
By bare imagination oTa feaft ?

FOR JUKE, 1J94:

br wajlow flaked. in Dccc^nbcr fnavr,
iy thinking on fantaftic fummerS heat f ■
Oy no t the apprehenfion of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worfir t
^ell forrow's tooth doth never rankle

more
Than when it bites> but lanceth not the

fore.

The duke of Laoc^ller bad con-
tinued .his cQnrpla^oiy refledtioos on
his Ton's exile* by the following de-
clamation, in the Hyle of the floic
philofophy :

Teach thy neccQity.to reaibn thus ;
There is no virtue like neceiTi^.
Think not, the king did baniu tiiee»
But thou the king. Woe doth the heavier

fit,
Wbere.it peroeivtsjt is but fiiintly borne.
•Go, £iy—- 1 fent thee forth Jo purchafe

honour.
And not— the king exiled thee : xx fup-

Devouring peftilence hangs in our air,
And thou art flying to a ircflier clime.
Look, what thy (M holds dear, imagine

it
To lie that way thou go^ft». not whence

thou com*ft :
' Suppofe the tinging birds, muficians ;
The grafs whereon thou tread'ft, the pre-

fence ftrcw'd ;
The flowers, fair ladies ; ^nd thy fteps,

no more
Than a delightful meafure or a dance :
For gnarling forrow hath lefs power to

bite
The man that mocks at it, and fets it

light.

To this fanciful eiFuiion Boling-
broke impatiently replies, as above,
in a manner psrfedly natural to the
unhappy: for it requires lei/ure to
grow wife ; nor is this ever eflTe&ed
by oar becoming better able to bear
mbfortune, but by our feeling it lefs,
from ufe and habit.

* The prefence ftrew'd,* in this laft
Quotation, alludes to the cuflom, in
former times, of drawing the pre-
ience-chamber, in our royal palaces,
with ruj^ejf as related by Hentzner.
in his account of the prefence-cham-
ber in the palace at Greenwich, in
1598.

4P9

Si^^eriifr EJia of Deatb^hed JjUmom-
tionu

Gaunt. Will the king come, that I may

(breathe my laft
In wholefome counlcl to his unftay^d

yoiuh ?
York, Vex not yourfclf, jiov drive nbt

with your breath 5
For all in vain comes coupfel to his ear.
Gaunt, O, but they fay, t^e tongues of

dying men
Enforce attention, like deep harmony. '
Where words are fcarce, they are feldom

ipcnt in vain 5 *

For they breathe truth, that breathe th^ir

words in pain.
He, that no more muft fay, is liftcn*d

more
Than they whom yopth and cafe haye

taught to glo(e j
More are men*s ends mark*d, than their

lives before :
The fetting fun, and nradc at the c1q(c»
As the laft tafteof fweets, is fweeteft laft $
Writ in remembrance, xaort than things

long paft :
Though Richard my life's ceunfcl would

not hear.
My death's (ad tale may yet undeaf his

car.

. The weight of perfuafion which the
admonitions of a dying perfbn are ape
to imprefs upon the mind are well
exprefled in this paflage. The dr-
cumftances of the time imprefs us
with an awe, which imprints the ad-
vice more ftrongly on our memory,
and gives it additional authority. Xn-
deed, the laft words of our dying
friends, if the impreflion (which, is
but too often the cafe) be not merely
momentary, are of incbnceiviible im-
portance; an importance, which is
thus finely e^qpreifed by Dr. Young :

Smitten friends
Are angels fent on errands full of love $
For us they languifli, and for us they die :
And Ihall they languiih, (hall they die^ in '
vain?

Night III^ »9«, .

England.

Gaunt, Methinks, Iamaprophetnew»
infpir*d$
And thus, expiring, do foi^ell of him t
3 F Hii

p

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

410

Hit rafh fierce bltie of riot cannot Uft \
Joe violent fires foon burn out thcmfelves {
SnoU fiiovvcrt laft long» but fudden ftcgrmt

arc (hort 5
He tires betimes that fpurs too feft be-
times I
With eajjer feeding, food doth choke the

feeders
Light vanity, inlatiate cormorant,
Confumine means, foon preys upon itfetf.
This royal throne of kings, this fceptcr d

ifle,
This earth of majefty, this feat of Mars,
, This other Eden, demy paradife J
This fortrefs, built bv nature for herfelt,
Ajpunft infeaion and the hand of war 5

camftance of the )mig%\kiwk%/arwud
the nadoDil revenue to the cail of
WiltOuie:

We areenforcM to farm our royal realno %
The revenue whereof IhaU fbrailh us
For our affairs in hand.

The laft line in the ftbove fpeedi
allades to the great foins raifed, in
thu rdgn, upon the Engtifli fubjefis»
by loans and other exadiaQs, as lord
Willoughby thus tella the earl of
Northumberland:

And daily new exaftions are devis'd.

Asainit mteeuon ana tnc nana 01 w<» 1 rum aaiiy ijcwc»«;uwi« «re «.»" »
This happy breed of men, this little worUi As Uank«, bdfcvolenccs, and I vrot not

This precious ftone fel in the filver fca.
Which ferves it in the office of a wall.
Or as a moat defenfive to a boufe,
A«ainft the envy of lefs happier lands ;
TCs bleffed plot, this earth, this realm,

this England j
This nurfe, this teeming womb of royal

kings,
Fcar'd by their breed, and famous by then:

birth.
Renowned for their deeds as far from home
(For Chriftian fervice and true chivalry)
As is the fepulcbre, in ftubbom Jewry,
Of the world's ranfom, bleffed Mary's

ion J . ,^. ^

This land of fuch dear fouls, this dear

dear land.
Bear for her reputation through the world.
Is now leas'd out (I die pronouncing it)
Like to a tenement or pelting (paltry)

hxm\

what.

In the whole of this qnoUticMi, the
critic will not fail to notice the multi-
tude of circumlocudons which oar
bard has made the dying John of
Gaunt pour out to exprels Et^laadi
fuch a multitude, as never was, nor,
perhaps, ever will be, met i^th again*
Some of them, indeed, found veiy
finely ; at lead, in the ears of an
EngliOiman.

Fonhodings,

Bufy. Madam, your majefty is
too fad I
You promis'd, when you parted with the
king,

..«„ . ^ ,- ^^ To lay aiide life-harming heavineft,

hem s And entertain a cheerful difpofition.

Engfand, bound in with the triumphant g^^^ Topleafe the king, I did j 10
fea. pleafe mylelf,

I cannot do it ; yet I know no canie
Why I ihould welcome fuch a gueft m

Wbofe rocky (hore beats back the envious

ficge
Of watery Neptune, is now bound m with

fhame,
With inky blots and rotten parchment

bonds.

' The latter part of this fpcech,'
fays Mrs- Griffith, « fccms to be as
prophetical as thefirft, if we compare
It to the ftate of our national debt—
to our ftocks— by which we have long
fince become ttnants to foreigners. '-r-
This is a very odd remark ; for it is
not very conceivaUc how the com- ^ ^^^^^^

paiativcly fmall part of our naupnai yj^^^ ^^ |-^^ g^j^f j^^^ y^^^
debt which is due to foreigners can ^ ,

makj lis be confidcrectas their tgnants. por forrow's eye, glazed with *-
Shakfpeare alluckd only to the cir- tears.

grief.

Save bidding farewell to fo fweet a gueft
As my fweet Richard. Yet again, mc-

thinks.
Some unborn ibrrow, rqpe on fbrtunel

womb.
Is coming towards me \ and my inwaid

foul
With nothing trembles : at fomething it

grieves,
More than with parting from my lord tk

king.
Bu/by* Mch fubftance of a grief hath

twenty (kadows.

are not

blinding 1
Divkla

FOR JUNE, 1794.

Divides one dmig, entire to many obje£lt ;
Like perfpeftlves^ wbichy rightly gazed

upon.
Shew nothing but confufion 3 evM awry,
Diftinguiih fonn * i fo your Jweet ma-

Looking awry upon your lord^s departure.
Finds (bapes of gri<fy more than himrdf,

to wail I
Which look'd on as it is, is nought but

ihadowy
Of what it is not. Then, thrice-gracious

queen,
More than your lord's departure weep not 5

mail's not feen x
Or if it be, 'tis with fidfe furrow's eye.
Which, for things true, weeps things

imaginary.
^fM. It may be fo ; but yet my in-
ward foul
Ferfuades me, it is otherwife. Howe'er

it be,
I cannot but be fad s fo heavy iad»
As (though, in thinking, on no thought

I think)
Makes me with heavy nothing faint and

(brink.
Bufy. *Tis nothing but conceit* my

gracious lady.
S^en, Tis nothing lefs : conceit is

ftill deriv'd
- From iome forefather grief $ mine is not

fo;
For nothing hath begot my ibmethmg

grict i '
Or fomething bath the nothing that I

grieve :
*Tu in re^erfioH that I da p(^efi 5
But what it is, that is not yet known j

what
I cannot name \ 'tis namelefs woe, I wot.

As the grief the queen felt was for
fome event that ha^ not yet come to
pais, or at leali yet come to her know-
ledge, (he exprefTes this by faying,
that the grief (he then adually po(^
iefled was IHU in reveriion, as (he had
no right to feel the grief until the
event (bould happen which was to oc-
cafion it. In the whale of this quota-
tion the involuntary and unaccount-
able depreffion of the mind, which
every one has fometimes felt, is wtty
forcibly defcribed ; and the following
remarks, by Mrs. Griffith, will be

• Alluding to a method of drawing, call'd innferted perjpeiiivif among the :
thematical recreations.

4"

thought partkulariy firildi^ by alb
who, bjr their own experience, or
that of their friends, have^tany time
known tbefe forebodinn : ' There
are undoubtedly,' fays 6ur f^ com-
mentator, ' certain notices, or pre*
monitions, in the order of Providence^
which mankind have been frequendjr
fenfible of; fometimes from dreams^
at other timet from unaccountable
impreflions, foreboding particular mif-
fbnunes of our lives, let philofbphjr
reafon againft the notion ever v^
wifely.

* Indeed^ there app^m one aijga*
ment to oppofe this opinion, whicht
in any indifferent cafe, might be
thought fuffidently al^e to overthrow
it ; which is, that fuch hints rarely,
if ever, have been found to anfwer
any other purpofe, than to render us
unhappy before our time.

' But matter of hOi is not to be
controverted by fyllogifm. The ob-
je6lion only ferves to refo^ve it into
a myft^ry, and leaves it ilill unin-
velHgable by human fcience. The
more of fuch inexplicable feciets of
Providence which fidl under our ob-
fervation, the better; as they may
ferve to roufe the atheift from hu
lethargy, and afibrd the deift occafion
to fufped, at leaft, that what he calls
Natural Religton, is not the iotire
fcheroe of the Divine economy with
regard to men :

There are more things in heaven and

earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your phikifbphy.
Hamlet.

Hcfe.

NortbumberUmd. And hope to joy, is
little lefs in joy.
Than hope enjoy'd.

Hope has been often tensed die
ajfuager of •ur gritf\ but Shakfpeare
has juftly railed it to a higher cha*
xader, by making it alio an augminu^^
tion to ourjtys*

3F J

Frog*

^-^

4^!r

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

ProgHofiics of War, .

Captain, The bay-trees in our country
are all withcr'd,

And itieteois fright the fixed (hrs of hea-
ven ;

The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the
earth,

And lean-lookM prophets whiijper fearful
cfiange.

Klcb men^look fadf aud rttffans danct and
Ieaf>i

The one^ tnfear to lofe luhat they enjoy j

*the other f to enjoy by rage or ttuir :

Thcfc fipis forerun the death or fall of
kings.

Thb enamcrarfon of prodigies is
10 the hagheil degree poetical and
fUiking, Some of thefe are found in
Hollinlhed : * In this yearc, in a man-
ner throughout all the realvxeof £ng*
}and> ol4l>aie trees withered, &c.' —
Of the three lines in Itolic a wretched
exemplification may now be found in
no very dillant country.

. Faaity of Regal Pomp and Power.

King Richard. ■■■ Within the

holluvr crown.
That rounds the morul temples of a king,
Keeps Death his court } and theie the

antic fits.
Scoffing his ftate, and grinning- at his

pompj
Allowing him a breath, a Ijtde fccne
To monarchiic, be fear'd, and kill with

took*;
Infufing him with felf and vain conceit,
Asif thisfleih, which walls about our life.
Were brafs impregnable j and, humour 'J

thus.
Comes at the lad, and with a little pin *
Bores through his caftle wall, and ^fare-
well king 1

Shakfp^are, in this pafTage, and

in the whofe of the fpteA, has sot
only exhibited the frequent infeBcity
of princes, and the vanity of all ter-
reltrial power, boc he has likewife
perfouified death, and its operatioos,
in a manner fingularly fancifuL

Confolation reje&ed.
KinffRuhard, Beflirew thee, coufin,
which did lead nSc forth
Of that fwcet way I was in to deipair !
What fay you now ? What comfort ban

we now ?
By heaven, VW ftate him cverlaftingly.
That bids me be of comfort any more.

This fentiment is drawn Arom na-
ture. Nothing is more offeniive to a
mind, convinced that its diftre^ is
without a j'emedjr, and preparing to
fubmit quietly to irrefiftible calamity,
than thofe petty and conjeauied
comforts, which unlkilfui officiou^
thinks it virtue to adminUler.

Ficious Conneaions.
King Richard, The love of wicked
friends convens to fear ;
That fear to hate } and hate turns one or

both
To worthy danger, aod deferved death.

Thofe who recoiled the momentarj
triumph, and ultimate deftrudion, oi
fome of the principal perfbns who
have figured among the reigniog
fadions in a neighbouring country,
will perceive a very finking propriety
in this p^ffage. May Bntons long
be fenfible of their happinefs, and
long enjoy what no fanciful theoretiad
perftdion cfan enfure, the folid blcf-
fings of ' kind equal rule, the govern-
ment of laws.*

J New Description of the City of Glasgow: TVitk intere/llng
Phikfophical Refections : Concluded from Page 326.

L E T T E R VI. and its pubKc and private buildings,

Glafgcw, Aug. 30, 1792. \Z1 '''Ti?''"' '''a'^^a ^ y''^'\ i '^'

An -rp D 1, • • L L , ^^^^^ * the grand and original fourcc

FT E R having with much plea- of its profperity. This river, which

%e contemplated the various runs on the footh fide of the to^rn,

and abundant proofs of the flourishing rifes in Annandale. and taking a long

fiate of this city,,n the beauty, fplen- north weftcrly courfc through Clydef

^our^and conyeniciice of its greets, dale, and paffing by Lanefk, Hamil-

ton

FOR JUNE, 1794:

ton and Glafgow, falls into the Firth
of Clyde between Greenock and the
I He of Sute, and theiice meeting the
iea in the north channel of Ireland,
communicates with the German Ocean '
and the Atlantic. The ftre?.m at
Glafgow is of coif^fiderable breadth ;
its channel indeed being too wide for
the quantitjr of water flbwing through
it. Its navigation too was formerly
much incommoded by a number of
ihoa!^. The acceflbry waters, brought
up even by the ipring -tides, do not
add above three feet, nor thofe by
the neap-tides above one, to the pe-
riodical depths of the (Iream. Great
inconveniences were experienced from
this (ballownefs of the river; and
lighters in feafons of drought, were,
many weeks together, detained at a
diflance from the quays of Glafgow.
An able engineer fome years ago un-
dertook to deepen the channel at
Broom y-law quay ; fo as to command
feven feet o^water, even at the neap-
tides. The removal of fome of the
Aoals was anothe/ objefl of this im-
portant undertaking; and veiTels of
feven ty tons can, at prefent, approach
the town.

Two bridges, an ancient one of
eight arches, and a modern one of
feven, crofs the Clyde, and open a
communication between the city, the
county of Renfrew, and all the co :fl
on the left (bore of the Firth. ^ The
new bridge appears from its fcite to
have been a projefl of ant-icipation
with regard to its ufe, or neceffity;
as we can hardly fuppofe, its main
objedl at the time of building it, to
have been the convenience of the vil-
lage of Anderton. This bridge is the
work of Milne. It has, between each
of its feven arches, but fomewhat
higher, a circular aperture to carry
off an extraordinary rife of the waters
in great floods. Inllcad of baluflrades
on its two fides are parapet walls,
pierced with an open work in fmall
fquares, not unlike the pigeon holes
of a dove-coc. This fancy is meant
to given an appearance of lightncfs to
(he upper part of the bridge, and the

4ir

idea fecms at leaft orig'nal. At a
diflance the effcft is perhaps not bad ;
but it fuggefis, at all points of view,
rather an idea of caprice rhan of
beauty. We were not furprifed' to
have feen no imitation of it elfewherc.
Under the circumftances, which have
been mentioned, nineteen thonfand
pounds expende<3 on the conftruftiod
of this bridge, was furcly a very con-
fiderable fum for the confiderate in-
habitants of Glalgosv. This bridge
and Jamaica- ftrcet, though the Litter
did not exiil at the building of the
former, lend to each other an efFeft of
pcrfpedive mutually advantageous.

In our walk from this bridge wcfl-
ward, between the river and the town.
we pafTed the great glafs-works, the
ropery, and others of ihofc vail and
numerous eftablifhments of manufac-
tures, which, by means of the Clyde,
make their way into every part of the
world, and are returned to the citi-
zens of Glafgow in all the various
forms of wealth. At no great dif-
tance from the water are fituatvd their
tanneries, their fadleries, and tvcry
fort of leather manufafture. Thcfe
furnifli great exports to America and
the Weft Indies. Their fugar re-
fineries, their potteries, which rival
thofe of Stafford fhirc, their flcne and
iron manufactories, not to mention
their woollen looms, their fabrics of
cotton, linen, lawn, and canr.bric, are
didributed in various quarters of the
lower town. The letter foundry,
for prining types, deferves particular
notice ; a fpecies of manufadlure at
Glafgow, allowed to be executed witl\
fupcrior neatnefs and intelligence.

The a6ive inliabitants of Glafgow
partake alio in the filhcries of Nortl^
Britain; but their concern in this
branch is chiefly carried on at Port
Glafgow, about twenty miles diftant,
a; the head of the Firth of Clyde.

The firft benefit, which this town
derived from the union, was the large
fhare it took, with England, in tTO
Virginia tobacco trade. Since the
American revolution, this article of
commerce and manufa^ure has greatly

declined

7"^

4H

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

declined throaglioiiC the whole king*
do:n ; but i was inforfflcd* that* in
1772, out of 90,000 hog(head^ of
tobacco, imported from Virginia to
GrAt fiVitjin, the town of Glasgow
alone, engroiTed 49,000. Fhe vigorous
i^irit of trade, and nianual cratt, en-
nged in importing, and workia^ up
io abundant a quaniity of ihat arti-
cle, has fince been luccer^fuHy turned
to new objects of commerce; lb that
there is reafon to b lieve, that, were
an accidenul iailure to happen in any
other bran(;h, in the ordinary f/fiem
of bufinef^ at Glafgow, the ingenuity
and indtt^ry of the inhabitants would
ibon fupply the chafm.

Faffing now by the old bridge, and
ftili keeping the Clyde on our right,
we pro .ceded to feme extenlive open
sieadow grounds, known by the fol-
lowing names, the Low, the High,
and Gallowgate Greens. They all
communicate, and are bounded, from
the north-ucil to the fouth-weft, by
continued avenues of lofty trees, w,ith
agreeable wal .s benea h them. As
we were making our way to c:ieir at-
tra^tivft (hades, after the warm vaik
which we had bee:i taking, our cu-
rioiity was excited by a novel kind of
icene upon Low Green : for which
you rauil allow me to invent the ap-
pellation of the * WaQiery ' of the
whole city of Glafgow. The refpec-
table companion of our walk, with
fome heiitation, led us to the door of
a large reeking edifice ; from the
threlhold of which, we beheld fome
hundreds of females, within the in-
dofure, all in i^t bufy adlscf rub-
bing,** fcrubbing, fcouring, dipping,
and wringing all forts of linen clothes,
accompanied by a loudncfs, volubi-
lity, and confufion of tongue*, which
fcurned to wait each other's motions,
for the tiifling convenience of b?ing
undcrflood ; and fuch ?.s naturally re-
called the polyglot of Babel,

Amant alterna camoenae x

But thefe were no dabblers in Heli-
con. Wc ventured not a ftep beyond
the entrance ot this dpme of general

purification; and thought owfelTCi
well off, to have made cor retreat,
precipitate as it was, withoat having
oeen liie objeds of any of that deli-
cate wit and raillery, wiuch difiin-
guiOi the place ; and from which, we
were told, few ilrangers lb fortanately
efcape.

Thefe ladies from the'r condnoi]
hab ts of bodily a^ivity, and unre-
flrained exercife of the underftandingp
in their common converiations, ac-
quire a vigour of body, and freedoa
of fpirit, which fometixues render
their (mion formidable. An inilaxc
occurred, not long aeo, of the r dif-
fering in opinion from the mag^
trate, in the d«ftributioa of jufike;
and of their fucct*fsfully undertakiar*
in a body, to deliver, from the hands
of the beadles, a culprit, whom th^
were conducing, according to hat
fentence, to be publicly whipped.

We at length (cached the walks to
which we had been tending, and weie
rather furprifed to find OdWelves, ob
a Very warm day in Auguft, the only
party, two ladies excepted, who had
reforced from the hot-preis of this
populous town, to enjoy the luxury of
a refreihing (hade. This circum!iance
gave occafion to fome difcourfe on the
lictle propenfity to pleafure, or amnle-
ment, which the inhabitants of this
opulent city have hitherto manifefbd;
and my mind was from thence, as
you will fee by and by, led forward
through a rapid train of refleftions, oa
the progrefs, perfe^ion, and decay of
all civil communities.

Thefe walks, I learnt, are at no
time much frequented ; although little
feems wanted but company, and the
removal of linen, expofed to drf,
\shich conceals ihe verdure, to make
them very pleafant. Wild fcenes of
wood^ remote from human abodes;
afFcdl the imagination moil agreeably
from their natural rtate of undifturbcd
foiitudc: but to fee public avcnoeSt
long, fpacious, and handfomely plant-
ed, like thefe, in the vicinage of a
fine town, meant pvirpofely to aflem-
ble the rich, the young and gay, thus
ncglcftcd

FOR JUNE, 1794.

4*5

iiegle£ted and foHorn, excited a fen- man meets his friends, or his acquaint,
iktion of dtfappointment, ta which a ance ; here he learns whatever is nevir
ibaneer does not immediately recon- or interefting at home or abroad, in
cile mmfelf. But the citizens of politics, commerce, and o^en in li-
Gbfgow, as 1 was goi'.g to tell yon, teratare. His mind recovers, orac-
Ihew little difpofition, at prefent, to (quires htre tone and tla(hcity; and
many of thole lodal indolgenc'es, to each returns to his family or his bufi-
which moft populous towns, whether nefs with new ideas to apply, to ex-
rich or poor, are generally bat too erciie, or contemplate, according to
much indioeif. They can fcarcely his purfoiu, or his humour. Here

keep open their play- houfe during the
courfe of one month in a year ; and
their daneing aiTemblies are on foot
only in the winter feaibn.

The better ranks of women appear
little in the ftreets; indeed fcarcely
any where lefs, being laudably en

then is centered the principal aniufe-
ment of the place, while the only
luxury indulged at Glafgow, is the
palliOB for elegant building. Will
this city ever be better, or more in-
nocet tly amufed, or indulge in t
luxury at once more fplendid and

ga^ed at home in the education of creditable ? The manners of fodety,
their children and the economy of however, can never long be flationary
their families; while their hufbands at their mod rational point. The

aire employed in their fobrics and
counting-honfes on the means of eila-
blilhing the next generation folidly,
or at eafe in the world. They, whofe
greater affluence enables them to Tub

fucceeding generation wUrfind many
idle means of fpending, what the
prudence, and induftry of the pre-
fent, have been treafuring up. And
as every thing wrong, has commonly

Ititute deputies in the more laborious a defender in him, who pradifes it,

provinces of their vocation, are pro- the good fcnfe of the prefent day,

perly occupied in the higher offices of will yield in time to a kind of fo-

themagiftracy, the police of the town, phiftry, which will ingenioufly re

or the chambers of commerce and ma-
nufiiftures. One would almoft con-
ceive Glaigow to be unacquainted
even with the name of idlenefs. The
dreaming oidtancy of a fet of beings.

prefent the worfe ilite as the bet-
ter. He nee the prog re (Five corrup-
tion of moral . principles, and the
beginning of decfcnfion in fodal
happinefs. A remoter race will be

continually in quell of (bmething to re.,ned into fomething. worfe. As
do, becaufe they can never reiblve to mechanical improvements \^ili multi-
be a^ually doing, fo common in moft ply the ufelefs and imaginary conve-
towns among thofe at their eafe, is niencies of life, religious habits
unknown here. Every man, and will lofe ground : while the former
every woman have each their objects Orengthen man's confidence in him-
of purfuit ; and they mnft, at leall, felf, they weaken his dep<>ndance on
be negatively happy, who have not the Providence of God. Riches will
leifnre to be miferable. A dilh of increafe with the extenfion of com-
tea ; a party of converfation ; a quiet merce : . vanity, vice, and idle luxuries

game at cards, without the poignancy
of high play, are the ordinary amule-
ments of an afternoon's vifit at Glaf-
gow. The men are not averfe to
prolonging converfation after dinner
over a bowl of fmall punch ; the fa-
vourite beverage of thor more i'ocial
hours. But the pleafure, moH regu-
larly indulged, i^ their daily call at
the tontine coffee-room. Here ty^ry
z

will make proportionable progrefs.
Morality and religion will become too
auilere for good company: external
decency, however, will, forfome time,
preferve their fembUnce, till a yet
remoter pollerity, uiider the pretence
of farther melioration, w 11 fee no
neceffity foi even the appearance of
any principles, religious or moral.
This will be ca.lcd a uate of the mok

perfect

CT)

416

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

perfedl liberty ; the raoft refined phi*
loibphy. Ihe multitude will (bon
underhand in it a right to govern
themfelves accordiug to their will .and
caprice* I'lce the philofophers above
them. Picachers will arile from a«
mong the lower order, who will bring
the fashionable philofophy down to
the Ijvel of their ideas. Nothing is
iboner learn c» than that every man
may do as he pleafes. Grown, in
their own ^ocies, now as wife as
thofe, whom they lately thought
wifer* and who once, indeed^ poT-
feiTed the moft real fuperiority* they
^ill foon proceed to take the manage-
ment of their country into their own
hands, as being the ftrongeil party ;
will infill next on the equality of all
conditions ; overthrow all orders and
diftinclions ; deftroy property; dif^
ibive all the ties of iociety ; murder
and roaflacre each other; become
barbarians and favages; and living
in this Ibte, till the miiery and horror
of it becomes quite intolerable* they
will, at length* humbly lillen to the
voice of rekfon> which in a few in-
dividuals will have remained fafe and
entire amid the wreck of every focial
good ; they will be tauglit to fee the
necelfity of perfonal fecurity, peace
and order, to maintain but the loiyefl
degree of human happinefs, and will
diicovcr, at length, that thefe can
only be procured by religion, morals,
publ c law, a delegated force, and
the reprefentative wifdom of com-
munities, brought into the narrow
compafs of aQemblics and councils,
under theTule of one, or of few, to
Amplify the execution of the common
force and wifdom ; nor is it probable
that mankind will ever difcover any
thing better or wifer ; perhaps I might
fay, any other poflible means to give
Ilrength* confiftence, and duration to
governments, than the old inditu-
tions, religious and moral, privileged
orders in Iociety ; diftindHons of me-
rit, rank, and office ; inec^ualities cf
rich and poor, which have more or
leis fubfifted, hitherto, in every go-
vernment in the world.

Cities, ftiXsSf and kingdoos, hne
their infancy, their childhood, their
youth* their maturity, their old m,
their decrepitude* their death, m
the indi viduals of mankiod ; bat com-
munities have the advantage of fprio^-
ing again, like the phoenix, from d)dr
own a(hes. The civil death of*
neighbouring kiog^^i. the defboc-
tion, which we haveVjjn of all the
belt principles of ibciety^4|]* under
providence* produce a renewed order
of things : the grand leading piinci-
ples of focial and civil happineis vill
all return* under (brae variation, per-
haps fomc new modification of tbe
ancient forms, and a renovation of io
former glory and fplendour will fiowlj
rife into exiilence; although, after
the lapfe* we will hope, of ouny foe-
ceeding generations, many fiiture ageti
but to fall again by the natural pro-
greis and viciflitude of human things*
into corruption, decay* and ruin, io
thb rotation revolves the fate of aH
the kingdoms, empires, and flaxes of
the univerfe. The principal di£er-
ence between them, is in the floveii
or more rapid, the more or lefs aoi-
form motion of the wheel, which iel-
dom ccafes, however, abfoli)teI/ »
move on, and the motion of whidi
is* perhaps* never retrograde.

We now quitted the public walk*
in which nothing had occurred to io-
terrupt our converfation on the ilatcof
fociety and manners in Gls^ow ; fiO0
whence you* perhaps, will allow the
preceding reflcdiuns not unnatorallf
to have fprung ; and ihortly we I^
entered the town.

The mifcellaneous nature of a tra*
veller's letter is continually maki|l
violent tranfitions .neceflary from on
fubjed to another, of a fpecies totaI(^
different. Wonder not then, if froi
moral refledlions* I lead you to tin
fcene of a market. This fort of oh»
]e6i in cities, regulated like Glafgoi
by a good police, may be oftcn/oul
worthy of a Granger's infpedion. i
the markets* at Glafgow, may i
reckoned among the ornaments of i
place* fomc account of one of tbe^

FOR JUNE, 1794.

4*7

wore peculiarly deftined for the con-
venience olihe new town, may, per-
Kkps, amufe \ou. We were rather
furprifed to fee a circular building, in
form of a tbeatre, wiih a handlome
glazed rotunda* to enlighten it, and be-

neath that,
hogany,
ning roun
afford
butche
lovv, and

ant galkrles of ma-
"by columns, run-
ole ; and all this to
for the ihanibles of
'ch occupy the area bc-
>ps of grcen-groceis,
made in certain receffes, comicuni-
cating witu the galleries. Water, I
underilood, ii ingenioufly conveyed
through the columns, in order to waH
the meat- flails, &c. and to keep the
whole place clear of oiTenfive odours.
'Ihc portals of entrance, into fome of
thelb theatrical markets, arc hand-
fomely fculptured, and embelUiliwd
with Jirdureftural ornaments.

I antcijdCe your ideas of incon-
gruity bciween the elegance of thefe
icenes, and the ufcs to which they
are applied.

A humcurif! of the herd of Epi-
curus entertained different notions of
this matter, who iad, that as the
bulinefs df butchers and green-grocers
is peculiarly adapted to the gratifica-
tion of tafte, he could not fee, why fo
much of the intelledual kind of it^
difplayed on the repofitoty of their
articles, were out of place. As cri-
t'cs had not difdained to borrow the
name of that d.fcernlng fenfe in arts
and morals from thofc, whofe voca-
tions were wholly concerned with
fcnfvjal tafte and appetite, it was fairly
to be fuppoied, that there cxidcd a
natural alliance between eating and the
fine arts, alid that to infill upon a
total reparation argued nothing but
fqueami(hners and aitedtation.

Whatever ingenuity you may allow
to this way of viewing the fubje£t,
the cafe, I underiland, was partly
thus : that fome novel attra£tion was
found requifite, to induce the butchers
and green- grocers to relinquifli their
ancient cuflom of keeping market in
the aptn flreets. And, in fa6t, all
the elegance and convenience of their

new ma'ket-houfes, proved at firft,^
Scarcely powerfuLenough-to overcome
the inveterate prejudices of habit..
jSut another reafon, founded in the
good fenfe^of the raagiftrates, princi-,
pally operated in the refinement I art
ipeaking of. This \^as to contrive an
agreeable inducement for the good
hjufewives of better ranl^s, to con-
tinue their econonrcal and laudablcf
p aclice of parchafing, themfelves^'
ihe prjviliuns of their houfhold.

This town, among its other public
firudlures, pofTcfles a fpacious grana-.
ry, and two hofpitals ; one called the
merchants, and the other Hutchin-
fon's ; charitable cftablilliroents, of
peculiar benefit, in this populous re-
fort of maniifaftures and comcperce^
The exchange, the guard- houfe, ana
the toll-booth, the latter containing
the city prifpn, and tribunal of juHice;
merited m'c^re particular notice than
our time all6;ved.us to give fhem."
An infcription, on the front of the '
toll-booth, conveys its feveral ufes
and dcfigns, clofcly compreffcd in the
following diflicl^ :

Hcec domus edit, amat, punit, conicrvat,'

honorat,
Nequitiam, pacem, crimina, jura, probo««

After fome panfe of rett, we af-
cended the high ground, on the north'
fide of the town, for the gratification
of infpedjng the aquedu£t- bridge ; a
newly finiffccd, and important work.
By means of this bridge, and its ap-^
peudarit locks and bafons, Glafgow
e? joys a communication with the ce-
lebrated canal, which joins the Fonh
and the Clyde. Tnis work forms i
new cut, or canal, of fome miles in
length, reaching from the great ori-
ginal one, and on fimilar dimenfions
of width and depth, till it terminates
in a fine new bafon near the 9ityi
called Port Dundas. This magnifi-
cent aquedudl carries the water over
two lofty rocks ; tlie rocks thcmfelves
ferving for the abutments of the two
extreme piers. The length of the
bridge, or aqueduft, is 250 feet ; ic
is feventy feet high; its channel eight
3 G i^t

4i8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

feet^eepi and fifty-feur broad ; con* .
ftruded upon four cylindrical arches »
each fifty feet in ^an. You will
have fome idea of the magnitude of
the undertaklngy from the time and
labour found neceflary for it$ accom-
pliflunent. On an average, ;oo men
were employed on each half mile, for
the fpace of three years. VefTcls of
ninety-iix tons, and upward, conveni-
endy pafs this noble canal; and we
had the fatlsfadlion of feeing one of
confiderable burden, navigated into
port, foon after our arrival at it.

Glafgow has alfo the benefit of
another canal, running about ten miles
eaftward, to the village of Airdrie.
Thb navigation is of the utmoft con-
feqnence to ^is place;, as it conveys
from the ooal mints, at which it ter-
minates, the enormous quantity of
that article, equally requifite for do-
meftic \t(e, and for the confomption
of the fabrics of the city.

A moment's retrofpcd on the united
advant^es refulting from fuch a com-
mand ofnavieable water, and on the
ability and induftry of the inhabitants,
in turning them to the beft account, ex-
plains, without difficulty, the Jiouri(h-
ing and opulent condition cl the city
of Glafgow.

As we were ctefcending from Ha-
milton Hill, on our return from the
''aquedu6l bridge, with the profpe^l of
the town fpread out before us, a train
of pleaiing refle^ons pafTed in my
mind, on that fam of focial happinefs
and profperity in its adbal pofTeilion.
Feeling warnily defirous, that the pre^
iervacion and fecurity of fo much good
ibould be protra£(ed to the longeft
term, which the fluduating ilale of
human affairs may admit, there was
no fabjeA, on which, before our de-
parture, 1 more anxioufly wilhed fome
icformacion, than ihe government and
police of Glafgow; for, on the influ-
ence of thefe, co-operating with a
zealous and regular inculcation of re-
ligious and moral principles from the
pulpit, and in the fchools of educa-
tion, depend the duration of welfare,
and the flourishing flatQ. of any city.

or community. As, howerer, sy
letter is fweJling to greater extent
than I defigneil, I will give yon, as
l)riefly as I can, only an oatline-
(ketch of the municipal fyikcm of
Glafgow ; without enteringr into a de-
tail of the feveral officers ; whofe dif
tindt powers, it would takie mnch nnie
precife!y to define; and even whole
titles would be kzrcSy, intelligible
without refearcbes into arttiqaity,niore
proper for a difierution, than a txa-
vcllcr^s letter.

"The corporation, comprifin^ the
civil magiliracy of Glafgow, and
whofe more immediate office, is the
adminiflration of juftice, through the
medium of the public laws, and of
their own particular roles of police,
conflfts of a provofl, certain afieiibn*
and twenty-five council-meB« Tlieir
jurifdi^ion is of neaHy the fame na-
ture and extent with that of the great
corporate towns of South Britain. But
there are differences refpeding ^
continuance of the prindpal oftcen in
their fun6lions, and their manner of
eledlion, which you woM not think
fttfficiently interefting, ti> demand par-
ticular notice. The lords of feffioa
make their regular drcoits, for the
trial of capital oAences, and all dril
caufes of greater magnitude ; and
confequently, fupercede the municipal
juriididlion of the corporate body, ia
all fuch matters, as the judges of
affize dq with us*

A fecond conporatebody, cdled the
merchants-hoBie, is compofed of forty
members ; defied yearly, oat of that
order of citizens. Their prefident,
the dean of Guild, with eight afief-
fors, as his coundl, form a weeidy
court; who take cognizance of aU
difputes relating to commerce, and
before whom the litigadiig parties
plead their own caufe, without the
afliflance of lawyers^ An appeal lies
from thb court, to that of me great
council of the magiftracy, firft men-
tioned. The dean of Guild admits
burgefles to the freedom' of the dty,
impofes fines, exads forfeitures ; and
can, with the confent of his coandl»

tax

FOR JUNE, 1794;

tax the commanity of Guild-brethreo,
to a ceruin funi, for the afliilance,
or fupjport of diftrelied perfjns^ cod-
ne£lea with their own order. The
fcratiny of weights and mearures* and
the punilhmeut oF defaukere in chefe
articles, fail under the jurifdidion of
this officer. And his competenccy
likewife, extends tt> the determina-
tion of boundaries { the prevention,
or removal, of ail encroachments, or
nuifances in building ; to the uking
down of old hou/es, which appear in
a ruinous condition ; and evcn« it is
faid, to the difpofaU by audUon, of
the ground on which ihq^ floods ^if
their proprietors, within three years*
ihall neither have rebuilt them, nor
have removed the old materials.

I'he laH of the municipal bodies,
which fhare the government and po-

419

lice of the city, is the trades-houie^
conHiiing of fify-^x delegates from
the incorporated trades of Glafgow^
A deacon convener prefides over this
court : whofe province ii to adjufb and
terminate difputes, ariiing amonjg iho
different orders of tradefmen andme-
chantcs, whom they reprefent; and
to colled and diftribute particularly
thofe funds, which are railed, in cer-
tain proportions, by the more opu-
lent, (ok the maintenance of their
poor; not to mention feveral other
matters of inferior concern.
^- Under the firm and upright admi*
n'.ftration of thefe three bodies, amone
whom, are many able and enlightened
perfons, the peace and order of th#
public are faid to be as well preferved,
as can poflibiy be expeded in (6 po-
pulous a city.

Thf Flor£Nti.nb Mother; a TaU.

THeresa Balo'ucci, a lady of
a noble Florentine family, had
not been long a widow, before (he
beheld her two fons, the inheritors of
an ample patrimony, independent of
her. To a tnather endued with every
virtue, and awake to the niceA touches
of maternal fenfibility, the ind^nd-
ence of her fons, expofed by their
very opulence, to all the varieties of
temptatioft, muft have been extremely
alarming, even if their difpofitions
had appeared, at their outfet, to be
the moil happy and promifiog. But
what mull have been her anxiety,
what her terrors, when all Florence
ibon diflinguiihed them as fbremoft
among the profligate and abandoned.
In vam did the repeat the moft earnefl
expoftttlations ; in vain have recourie
to entreatxs, or give vent to her ago*
ny in tears. Her voice was no longer
heard i nor did the alFe^ng ef-
fufions of maternal grief make the
ilighteft impreffion. Her elded fon
continued at Florence, while the
youngeft left that city» in order t(^
make the tour of Italy.

One evening, this difconfolate mo*
. ther being alone» now loft b thought.

and now weeping at the recolleAion
of the licentioufnefs of \iet fons« ihe
was furprifed, on a fudden, with the
appearance of a Aranger, with a
bloody fword in his hand, and pale**
neis,, di(lra£Uon, and terror on hit
countenance. Terrified at this un*
expend and frightful objed, fhe en-
deavoured to retire. The flfanger
haftily followed her, and threw him-
felfat her feet: < Ah !' faid he, < have
pity on an ndfortunate man. I am
a Roman. I have been in this city
two days« and- having fini(hed the
bufinefs which brought me hither ; I
was going to my inn, in order to
prepare for my departure, when a
perfon, pafling by ne, kicked me
with great Srutaiity. On remon*
ftrating with iiim againll this incivi-
lity, iK' addec! infult to outrage. On
refentinj^ thi^ treatment, he grew
more abuiive than before, and threat*
ened me with fueh infolence that I
could no longer contain myfelf. I
drew my fword : he drew his, and in
an inftant fell, pierced by my firfl
thruft. Heaven can witne^ my grief
at this invduncary murder. Dillra6t-
ed, (carce feniibk of what I did, not
3 G 2 knowing

42P

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

knowing whi.hcr to fly, I have ven-
tured to feck an afylum in your houie»
tbe door of which i found accidentally
open. Oh ! madam, pity an un-
liappy man. Permit me to take re-
fjge heie till the purfuit is over, and
the dariin^fs of the night may allow
toe to retire wiih fafety.

At this recital, the good Thcrcfa
Balducci trembled with horror. An
unaccountable prefentiment Elled her
mind \vith a thoufaifd cruel appre-
heniions. Neverthelefs, attentive only
to the fuggeiHons of companion and
humanity, flic conduced the ftranger
to a clofet, in which ihe caiefuily
tonccalfd him.*

The forebodipgfof this unfortunate
mother were but too well-founded.
In a little time, fhe was again flruck
by a fuddcn buftle and noife. Pale
and trembling, Ihe hailened to the
hall, and there beheld (what a fight
for a mother !) her eldeft Ion brought
before her, pierced by a deep wound
in his breait, and weltering in his
blood. She uttered a dreadful Qiriek.
Utr fon. almoft lifclcfo, perceiving
himfclf juft expiring," made a laft et-
fort^ and turning to his mother*
* Alas !* faid he, ' ycu behold in me
an example of thejull puniihraent of
i-Ieaven. I have deferved my fatel
JLct.my death fcrve, ^t leafl', as a
warning to my brother.' If the per-
fcn who killecf me is apprehended, I
'ifentrcat you to undertake his defence.
O my njother \ he ir innocent : 1

•lone am [he aggreffor.'

At the feiwords, he expired. The
tinhappy mother lunk fenfelefs on the
body. Her attendants, at laft, forced
her from the bloody corpfe; uncer-
tiin, however,'for a long time, whe-
. i.ier fh6 were yet living, it was .with
tie grcateft difiicuhy Ihe was brought
to herfeU. Her anguifli muft have
\)^cn "infuppo'i table, but that it found
Vent, at lalt, in a flood of te:rs.* She
hept calling ^very moment for her
f >n ; (he repeatedly inhllcd upon fee-
ing him again ; and it was fiot with-
out violence thart fhe was removed
f i oiu tlie (hocking /?ght.

What, in the mean t'me» moft have
been the grief and conftcmation of the
young ftra'iger, who, frotn tbe place
of hi^ concealment, heard the whole
tragical fcene of which he had been
the caufe 1 in the di drawling iJea that
he was the author of the calamity of
this relpe^table mother, he regretted
that he had not fallen under the fword
of his adverfary. On the other hand,
the fear of being difcovered chilled
his blood at the leail motion, or at
the flighted noife.

He remained in this perplexity tiS
about midnight. All being quiet
then, and the firfl emotions ot mater-
nal grief having given place to re-
flcdion« Thcrefa went to the clofet:
ftie opened it; the young man prct-
tratcd himfeif at her feet : * 1 call
Heaven to witnefs,' faid he, that I
would give my blood.'—* Rife,* (aid
Therefa; ' you have made me the
moft wretched of mothers ; but 1
know your innocence. My fon has
charged me to proted you, and it is
my duty to do it. A carriage will
be here prcfeutly, and one of roy fcr-
vants ftiall condudt you to the fron-
tiers. This purfe will fupply your
wants. May Heaven grant you that
peace of which you have deprived
me/

The young Roman, inexprefiibly
affecied by th.s exalted inftance of ge-
ne roHty, felt a deeper imprefiion of
grief: * Alas,* faid he, * I can never
lorgive myfclf for having involved io
miiery fuch a mother, fuch an excel-
lent woman.* He poured forth a
thoufand wiihes fbr her welfare : he
kifl*ed again and again her bene£ceot
hand : and he left her all in tean.
refolved to feize every opportunity
which fortune might oiFer to prove
hid regret and gratitude.

Nor did he long wait for this op-
portunity. When he had pafled Vi-
terbo, he beheld a young- man at-
tacked by two robbersi againfl whom
he defended himfeif with diflfculty.
He leaped from the carnage, and fleo^
tq^his aflj Dance. The robbers fied;
but the young man was wounded.

FOR JUNE, 1794,

4*C

He took him into his carriage^ and
returned with him to Viterbo. For-
tunately, the wound was not danger-
ous : it was foon healed ; and a thou- *
fand times he thanked his deliverer.
But whd can defcribe the confolation
and joy which the young Roman felt,
when he found that he had faved the
brother of the very man whom he had
killed at Florence ! He embraced him
afFedtionately. ' What thanks/ faid
he, ' do I owe to heaven, which has
thus gracioufly afforded mc the means
of acknowledging, in fome meafure,
the goodnefs of your adorable mo-
ther I It will be impreffed for ever on
my heart. Haflen to fee her once
Hiore : your prefcnce is neceffary ;
fhe impatiently expe(Sb you. Tell
her, that the roan whofe life flie prc-
fervod, has had the happinefs to ex-
pofe it for you; and that it isflill his
ardent wiih to employ the remainder
of it in the ferv.ce of both.*

Arrivt 1 at Fiorencerit was a pain-
ful furprife to young .Baldacci, to
hear from his mother an account of

all that had happened. He could not
recoiled, in the fame perfon, the d?*
flroyer of his brother, and his own
deliverer, without feeling the moft con-
tradidlory emotions. But the proofs,
which he had of his innocence leiTened
the horror with which he at firft re-
garded him ; and the gratitude he had
felt for his own prjeiervation, refumed,
all its force. While he deplored the
death of his brother, he was not lefi
afliduous to take CYtry meafure to
procure the acc^uittal of the young
Roman.

In the mean time, the death of hii
brother, and his own imminent dan*
ger, made a deep fimppreilion oA
young Balducci. -He perceived aJJ
the perils to which youth is expofe4
from a ra(h and inconfiderate condud.
He entirely changed the courfe of hif
life; and by a virtuous and ex-
emplary condud, from that moment,
he confoled his excellent mother, at
lail, for the gre^ lofs fhe had fuf*
tained.

LfiTTBRs cf Geo. Bubb Dodington, afterward Lord Mzlcombz,

[Now firft printed from the Original.]

To tbi Editor £/^/i&fUNiv£ESAL Magazine.
Sir,
STAtf inclofid are Copits of two Letters ^ the OrigisuiU of which are in «y FoJfeJ/umt
from George Bnbb Dodington,- Efy, afterward Lord Mdcombe, (whoft
celebrated Diary was fublijhed fome Years ago) to the Re^, Dr, Gregory
Sharpe, Mojler of the Temple . /> s 710th ng of this Kind has been communicated
to the Public^ which conmeys fo much of the CharaSer of Lord Melcombe, /
fiatttr myfelf that what 1 fend will be no unacceptable Prefent to jour,

c.

Readers* J. am, Uc,

L E T T E R I.

Pall Mall, Feb. f, O.S. 1752.
Dear Sir,

LL your letters came fafe and

thcr ornament ^or ufe, and now worn
to a ragg. I write to you from a Mc
})oufe. Poor Mrs. Dodington has a
fitt of the gout in both feet, kindly '

AL L your letters came fafe and enough, I think, and goin^ off ; bac
welcome, and while thev brinff the pain has thrown her into a de-
jection of fpirits, that I know to be
worfethan all bodily fuflerings. This,
I confefs, affei^s me in the moft fenii-
ble manner. I. have not philofophy
enough to be fuperior to the fenfatiODs
le poor remnant of ftoff, fit for nei- of humamty, nor am I fine gentleman

enooghr-

welcome, and while they bring
news of your health always will do
fo.

I thank you for the — and the
yafe : but beg you not to put your-
felf to expence about me. I am but

422

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

enough, to defpife the tyes of duty,
gitititude, and affection, or to lay^^h
at the impulfe and anxiety of focial
paffion. fiut» 1 ti-uft, all will foon be
well. Poor as I am, th^re fs one
great overfeer, that will take care of
me ; and if he pleafes to order me
home, through painfull roads, and a
ftormv evening, yet I truU, be will.
one day, wake me to a chearfull
morning. When J refie6l how much

food J have received, and how little
have done, resignation can hardly
be called a duty, and humiliation lofes
its name.

Letters of rfcommendation to the
king's minifters, in favour of gentle-
men of known names, inferior to
lord Baltimore, are totally ufelefs.
Tis the duty of a traveller, imme-
diately, to waic on his mafter's mi-
nillers, and they are, all, fond enough
of ihowing their own importance, and
conciliating the good will of &milies
at home, at the expence of being
bow'd tOt and admir*d by young gen-
tlemen, to whom every thine is new,
and appears magnificent. I mall take
care of yon, at Florence, and at
Rome, which are the two places much
jttcfi • wqrth your day, in luch a way,
that 1 hope yoa will meet with no ob-
ftru<5tion for want of language, or na-
turalization, but be received accord-
ing to your meritt, which is, or
ought to be, the only ftandard, and
univerfal language. Yoa fhall have
your leiters, time enough, without
/ail ; 'tis probable, while you are at
Paris, but certainly time enough. In
truth, I am not always in a di^ofidon
to write. Brother John groans about
your expence : I faw him the -other
liight, at councill; he told me that

with much ado, he got the chancellor
to allow you i ^ool. per annono, that
you had already 1500I. remitted to
you, and that you had ipent 1 ;od.
before yoa fett out— I told him, I
thought he ought to rejoyce at foch
an iiiitance of a youig gentleman's
abilities, that could contrive to fpend
3 cool, out of an allowance of 150CI
He flar'd at me, and thinks me %
very bad arithmetician.

I agree with you about poor Thom-
fon f . Terence, (peaking of a ^
mily ingenious in workiog its osn
deflrudion, has, fomewhere, an ex-
prefHon, like this— Hanc ^amiliam,
if/a non poteft krvzTt/aius, 1 doi^
whether any body coold have fav*^
him, but certainly, the lofs of yoa,
at this critical period, has (eal'd his
doom. Providence, I fear, has not
thought fitt to putt into all his friends
hands, half ^he power, and aQivitj
to help, that vre plac'd and exerted,
in his, to hurt him. Brother { Joihia
has, indeed, undertaken his affairs,
but has never lett me fee him, or (est
me any account of any pro^rels iha|
is made in them : the Dx. will nevo
tell me any thing that can be de-
pended on: I fear, therefore, littk
progrefs is made: Bro. Jolbua, it
would be highly indecent for me to
importune, perfonally, as I am no^
aa»]uainted with him, and as what-
ever he does, be it more or le(s, is
from generoiity and compaiEon. The
debts, juft and opprefiive, I really
bel'cve, do not exceed iiool. and if
they could be compounded for half,
(which by a willing, and able hand,
I cannot but think they might) I do
not, at all, defpair, but that we might
raife the money.— Bat upon the whok

* In tranfcribing thefc letters, no alteration is made in the fpelltng. All nouns ait
written with a ca^Htal initial, according to the then noode both of printing and writiog.
Tii-it is here omitted as unneceifary.

f Di-. Titoinfun was a phyfician, of (hort lived reputation*^ The earlieft of hb
pi-adice was sunong men of eminence. Pope and others. He was a great politician,
and of indolent, carelcfs habits. He enjoyed the favour of lord Mclcombe, and was
|Tf-ote£>ed from arrefls by living in his houfef ^For a farther account of him, fee Haw-
kins' Life of Johnfon, p. 337-8-9. Edit. 77, prefixed to the woiks.

{In thcfc letters feveral p(*rforts are called irothert probably from belonging to fbac
^lub, like that of which Swift was a member^ with the great men of his time,

: V 3 •^ I<^

FOR JUNE, 1794.

4^1

I io deTpair, and in the mean time
am, mylelf, dunn'd to death, by his
creditors.

I am furprized that you have not
heard from Arlington-ftreet, I often
mention you there, and it is aWays
cntertain'd, and returned, -in a moft
friendly manner ; I do Jiot perceive

at\d anxiety, fpr the fate of it : in the
mean time, lett us endeavour to en-
joy, as chearfully as we can, thole
dom forts God has given us, in this
wretched degenerate country, in fuch
a manner, as to hope for a better,
which nobody can take from us.-^
Mrs. D. Mr. Furne(e, Ralph *, an4

the leajd alttration of kindnefs,. either Thompfon, thank you for your re-

in the lord or lady. You know I
love them and wifh them well, and in
truth, I heartily pity their fituation,
tho* my own is AiU as difagreeable
(but I am old, and gone, and it fig-
niiies nothing what becomes of a can-
dle burnt into the fockett.) I really
fee not one ftepp, in human prudence,
to be taken, but to unite with their
family : every thing eife, is only lay-

membrances ; they bid me fay, they
love and efteem you, and will never
be aiham'd of you, ' as long (as
Flucllen fays to . Harry the 5th) as
you are an honeft man.' —From an
accident that has happened lately, I
could laugh at you, and poffibly make
you laugH, about your — — , but I>
won't.

Take particular notice of Mr^ir

ing in food for future uneafinels, and Furnefe in your letters, for, he has a
iixing the prefcnt ; but I fee no pro- great eflcein for you, and it O'J
fpedt of fuccefs, tho' 1 watch all op- irienddiip worth cultivating — Belie

portunities to promote it* The treatife
on the militia, is publiihed. It is,
indeed, a very meritorious perform-
ance : it has been lucky airo,#and is
much, and univerfally edeem'd. I
fent it to the duke of Dorfet, but ivith
leave, and being cautious to fay no-
. thing to each other, of each other,
but what both fides (hould know, 1
Ihow'd them a copy of the letter I fent
with it, by which means you have
one, on the other fide : I have not
had an anfwer from the duke, write
again to Arlington-ftreet,

a

Believe

roe, dear Dr. my prayers and poor

wilhes are yours, and i am very af*

fedlionat^ly and truly.

Your faithfuU friend, and fervant,

GfiO. DODINOTON*

I write in ibiio, and without a
cover, to fave you pofbge.

Lbttfr to the Duke of Dorset,
(mentioned in the above.) '

My Lord,
About thirty years ago, your grace
may remember, there came out a

I think I have almoft wrote myfelf performance of yours, which you
out ; and though I have wrote to you prevail'd upon the dutchefs to keep

only upon very private topicks, yet
pombly it may be what you chiefly
defire to be informed about ; at leaft
ic is all that I am moft conyerfant in ;
and heartily wifii, that I could ahfo-
lutely confine my mind, from ever
once wandering farther than a few
books, and a very few friends ; I am
fure, when it breaks through thofe
bounds into a furvey of this country,
and the treatment 1 have mett, and
do meet with for endeavouring to fcrve
it, 1 bring home nothing but difquiet

by her, 1 believe, three quarters of a
year ; and when it forced its way into
the world, you would not put your own
name to^t, but publifhed it under the
namejof Middlefex. You may re-
member, alfo, that notwithflanding
all thefe precautions, it had fo much
of the Aerling, Dorfet grace and fpi-
ric, in it, that every body knew who
was the author.

Now, 1 fend you a work; that is
the confequcnce of your Grace*s, and
ought to go under the fame name ;

• Mr. James Ralph, a political wri{er, auUior of a voluminous Hiftory of Eng-
land, the cale of authors by profeffion, the Reiaembrancer, a periodical paper, and
other works. He is immoiuhzed in the Dunclad,

but

4*4

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

t>atthe author cut of the fame mo-
dedy, though wichouc the leall rcalbn
to be albam'J cf his performance, not
having yet got any body, whofe name
•he tnay make ufe of, has been pleai*d
fo publiQi it, with no name at all.

For my own part, I profefs par-
tiality to you, and like your work,
better than bis, becaufe, I believe, I
fhall never fee fuch another ; for, tlio'
I know you have a pruvilion of the
tkmtp fine paper, by you, (and 1
liopc you will long preferve it) yet,
I iin afraid, the types are a little too
much worn, to make an im pavilion fo
fair, as that, of the firi\ edition.

In fliort, my lord, the effay on the
militia, which 1 fend you, is wrote by
lord Middlefex * ; and this t will ven-
ture to fay of it, that, url.*fs your
•grAce (hould turn to writing, inltcad
6f adiing (which, from public fpirit,
I hope, you will not) J do noc'be-
lievfc there is one man of his rank, or
near it, in this country, that can
write fuch another*
* I .will conclude with wifliing, from
the bottom of my hean. Chat you may
live to receive fuch another piece, of
a grandfon*s writ'mg, by the hand of
a friend, and iervant, as truly affec-
tionate, and devoted to yon.

lam. Sec.

G. D.

[The above were diredled, a Mon-
•fieur, Monfieur Sharpe, Gentilhomme
Anglois, ches Moniietir Le Chevalier
Lan^bert, fianqaier, a Paris.]

LETTER II.
f LaTrappc, April 13, O.S. 1752.

Dear Dr.
I have the favour of your letters,
and fent that inciofed in your lail to

iady M . She ah^ays exprcffcs

Kerfelf with great kindnefs for you ;
and I really think has a fincere eliecm
for you. I am fond of her ; and her
ittaation, in prefcnt, and in profpefl.

gives me reall pain. I believe tst
loves me better than any thing bn
her duty ; and yet i koow cot whs
to propofc, and if I did, how to pr^
pole it, t^ith any p'ofpc^ of focceis.
indeed there wants much finsiLetk,
and duftiucy both, to retrieve f:?
mifmanagem'ents that the poifonM da:!
of misfortune has infla:ii*d : (he 1
think has both, but the priccipd
fp rirg of adion, has, 1 fear, b^i:
one.

I am not furprizcd at any chi:^
that has happened to you, as to yoc
f:tuacion ; 'tis always {o, where v^
tail dire^ the head, which I take Cd
be, pretty much the cafe of your prt-
fent expedition. For, tho* the ca-
tions of the ferpent (who is recktas
ed auiong the wifcfl) proceed hoa
thence, it is not always fo fucce^fiil a
guide to other animals. I hear bro-
Sier John has fent you an exceEec:
perfuiifion to ceconomy. — And b, bi2>
lelf, the great fublime he draws.*I
thank* you for thinking a little cf
yoUrft^lf, and your own el!abIi(hmesL
It docs not leffen my attention ltd
concern about it, but it flatters se
that you Joyn with me, in havisg
fome little regard for a man of merit;,
and thinking that he has (bme liule
pretentions to cat, as well as if bs
were fitt for nothing clfc. What w21
do, 1 don*t, as yet fee : but what yos
mention, will not do: the (peaks
can have no new chaplain this parlia-
ment, and what will be the Aiapeaod
complexion of things, upon the choke
and fetting down of a new one» is Er
beyond my infight into futurity.

I fhall fay nothing to you aboiS
your Italian voyage, till I am furc
you are to make it : I am not verjr
folicitous you fbould, but if yon 60,
it will be niuch lefs difagreeable to
you, than your prefent fituatioo:
tho' throughout the whole, yoa wUl
find full employment for all your ima-
gination, and clafEcal curiofity^ to

• At this time there appears to have been a family difference between the duke of
• Dorfet and his ion, which is frequently alluded to in thefe tetters.

f A name tor his villa at Uammcrfmith, now the re&dencc of the Margrave ti
Anfpach. See AmbuUuori art. Brandcnbur^k Houfe^ . > •

tbkjUNE, 1794.

4*5

fuppi/ the ylace of reality. Florimcc,
before the Lorrain reien, had men,
as well as things, to boafl ; now, I
fear, its value is narrowing daily, and
it will fibortly owe all its meritt to the
eye only. How long the homanity and
elegance of a German government,
will fuil'tr even that, to laft, in^ iu
prefent ilate, may well be a queflion.
Rome roTe upon the ruins of the
world ; now it fubfiils upon its own,
and like its books of the ancient
Sybylls, grows more valuable* the
lefs it contains.

I have read your la^l phyfical letter
to brother Phill: which 1 like ex-
tremely, but can't getc acquainted
with the patient, tho' I have offered
to cure him. He ihnns me, for the
fame reafon, I believe, that people
do Dr. T— , for fear I fhould cure
him without expence. Write him
back this ftory of Dr. Conqueft, who
was own fsLtnWy phyfician in Charles
lids time, and who had a young pa-
tient much like bro. PhiU: only he
was affiifled with the idlenefs of a
better eftate : the Dr. felt his pnlfe,
but was at a lofs for his diilemper,
and afked hb complaint^He was de-
jeded, and liiUefs, and oat of order
all over; have yoa any appetite?
Yes— at dinner and fupper— out he
check'd it, and feldom eat between
meals— Did he fleep well?— Why
no; he was generally troubled widi
dreams, fix or feven hours together
after he went to bed.— Did he love
wine ?— Yes ; but feldom ventured on
above a pint at a meal. Was he
married? No; but had frequent
temptatipns which always left a lan-
guor upon him. — Did he keep much
company with young people? No;
he was afraid of his health.— Well,
fays the Dr. we mull begin by varying
thefcene, alittle«^ Gett half a dozen
of the gayeft young fellows pf your
acqaainunce, to dine at Rigby's,
(the then falhionable honfe) befpeak
a crawfifli (bupe, a barrell of oyHers,
a good hamm and chickens, a couple
of^ild ducks, and two or three fuch
things, of light digellion; eat as

heartily as ywtr jSddBn^ appcdte will
let you ; be fare yoa drink nothing
ftronger than French wine, and ap
firft, three pints will do, if you can*t
gett down any more. By that time>
the play will be^tn, which I woulcl
by all means ^vife ; and then, as it
will be too foon to go home, fup at
the tavern with yourrriends, and take
two or three young women with you,
from the play, that are not regular
houfckcepcrs ; 'twill be charity to
them, and amufemem to you; they
will fing French fongs to you, and
keep you from drinking too much|
for r would have you eat, only of two
or three ragouts, and not drink above
a bottle, juft to lay the fumes that
emptinefs mav occa.ion, \>/hich caufe
dejedlibris and watchfulnefs, to guard
againfl which, alfo, you muft take
the young woman you think the moil
difcreet, and deferving, home to bed
with you, that you may have ibme-
bod^ to talk to, and kfep up your
fpints, in cafe you Oiould wake, and
find it difiicnlt to re-compofe yourfelf*
This regin^ep I would have you fol*
low for a fortnight, in the mean time

I But Dr. dear Dr. Pray,

fir, give me leave ; lett me finilh my
prefcription—- Nay, but dear Dr. for
God's fake— Well, fir, if you will
interrupt me— Dear Dr. if 1 am to
lead the life you prefcribe me,^ what
would bec6me of my poor foul, in the
mean time ?— Your foul 1 D— n your
foul, what is it to me, what becomes
of your foul ; I prefcribe to your
body, I do not care fixpence what
becomes of your foul.

One phyfician leads to another, and
confequently to Dr. Thomfon, whofe
affairs are fliU in the fame indecifion^
and perplexity, by nothing more en-
tailzied and neglefled than by him-
felfT You a^d 1 have a mailer, that
permitts us to be interefted in his fer^
vice; who bidds us obey his com-
mands with an avowed view to the
reward; who fays I love to beflow
happinefs, 'tis of my eflbnce, but I
cannot, and be juA, if you difobey
me; defervc then, as much as you
3 H can.

426

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

can, and I will give you more than
you can deferve, 1 love to give. Had
we not iuch a mafler, (whom f (cTve
and love from the mod animated fel-
fiOmefs, but whom* if I durlt» [could
love without interefl) there are fome
people, that would wear out benevo-
lence itfelf ; but fo it is, that the Dr.
in his di drefs, has met with fuch an
impenetrable phalanx of friends, ready
to cover him, with ihields of the fame
metal of the Macedonian ones, fo
particularly adapted to take oS the
edge of his adverfary *s weapons, chat
I think misfortune itfelf, if he did not
add his own ail conquering adiflance
to it, muft give way to a better prof-
pe£t.*-You know he had commenced
a procefslong iince, againft one Saxon,
an apothecary, at his oracle, Field-
ing's • iniHgation, for defamatory
words. This flept; he was bullied
by his apothecary, and unaflifted by
his friend, defcried by one attorney,
ilnd betrayed by another— according
to his vocation— and on Fryday, the
17th O. S. his tryal came on in the
King*s-bcnch. You will obferve we
are at Hammerfmith, and the Mon-
day preceding he acquainted me with
ft. On the Wednefday I was in
Pall-mall, and at twelve, going out
^ town, we parted, in the hall, I
for Hammerfmith, he for Well mi n-
fter hall, to find councill to plead
for him, having been either diiap-
pointed, or negledted to fecure any,
till then. When this necelTary point
was fettled, he was to fee, and fum-
mon all the people of quality that it
was neceiTary to produce to his cha-
ra6ler. Some, very much again (I
their will, were ordered down to
Wcftminfter hall, at four o'clock in
the afternoon ; fome, I know not
why, he indulged till fix. Lord
Middlcfex and I, were under the iirft
rigid diipenfadon. We came into
the haU without any dinner, exadly
at four, the coldeft afternoon I have
felt thefe three months : at the gate
we learned that the chief juttice did
not come down tilt fix ; fo that, you

may imagine, that oar time hvog

pretty heavy upon our hands, as there

was nolx)dy in the h«>]I, but a few

boys playing at raw, and not fomnck

as a oiillincr, ora lempflrels, to kad

QS a hand, to help it o£F. At length,

the court fat, the Dr^ prov'd bis words

fully, and call'd to his repatatioa. i**

the following order, viz. Duke of

Roxborough, earl of Mlddlefcx, Mr.

Dodington, Mr. Lcviion, fir Frands

DaQiwood, fir Francis Eylcs, Kr.

Drax and Mr. Fielding. There wer?

feveial other gentlemen sttendi:.|.

whom it was net thought necelTary tc

call. They whom 1 have named,

fpoke in a mann^ r that even furprizd

me: as to his fkill, in their opinio!:

and the good he h<id done them, I

e^peviied ir^ but the honeft, ditan-

tereAed man, that they wifhed for as

a friend, to live with, clleem'd, looked

upon his acquaintance, and friendthip

as a happineis, &:c. This affedioD3fie

treatment, really, I did noc expefi,

and I am confident, it furprizM and

afFe6led the court, as you will fii:d,

by and by. ~ Our lives are checqaerU

there are Aiades, as Wi^Il as lights, is

all true pidlures of humainty. — After

the viflim was thus dcck'd, his boru

gilded, and interwoven with fe^loom

of flowerb, that merciicfs executioner,

H — C — 1!, cut him up — w th a

butcher*s knife— abu fed him for above

an hour, with the mofl illiberal bv

Billingfgate, (6 ftrongly, that the

poor Dr. who fate very near hia.

was forc'd to fiy the court, and take

Hither againfl the llorm, either b

heaven or hell, I know not which,

being; both, you know, in the neieh-

bourhood, but which you will be we

to afcertain, if you confult th&princes

of Pot-hookki, the Rabbins, upon the

tendency of men of his profeilioa:

when the tempell abated, he emergM,

and the jury gave us a veidid, and

acl. damages, which I really thnk

would have been ico, if not 200I.

had we been a licentiate, which very

few are, but thoie of the college;

and yet the want of it, is, it feems, a

* Henry Fielding, the celebrated Noveliil, wIk> took every opportunity to befiricBd
Tlu>mfoB» in his writings, and by his recominendatiou. >

gfCStt

FOR JUNE, 1794.

4a7

great itfdEt in Jaw. However we jaftice> wlio hyi he will fpetk m
were very well fatisfy'd, aifd all things mach in bis favour^ as the great peor
confideredt 1 think with reafon. pie that appear'd for him, &c. and

But now comes a furprizing event,
which is true, though ( have it chiefly
by hear-fay, for tho' the trial was on
the 17th, chat I have not feen him.

with all thisa be will contrive fomt
means to kick it do«n» and you will
find him at yoar return (if you do not
meet him running away) the fiini9

till yeAerday when he came llaring ragged ferpent you left him,

in, for half an hour, and then run
back to town» will not to yoa appear
farprizing. Lord chief juHice Lee,
who try'd the caufe» has a wife, who
has been declining, thefe three years »

i fuppofe yoa have read lord fioUng*
broke's laft publiihed works, which
are leners upon the method of ftudy'
ing hiftory. Monf. de Voluire baa
fent me his. Siede de Louis 14.— I

of a diflemper the phyficians have have read the firft volume* 'tis ver/

never thought proper to give a name well wrote, a great deil of brilliant

to, but by ihe ignorance and load of and ingenuity, on y voit, par toat»

medicine fhe has fufier'd under, is, in la main da maicre, bat the. £ngK(h-

their opinion, become defperate ; and man, is, by far, the greater man,

lor thefe two months paft, they have and the greater fcholar* Tho' he too

fent her to dye at Keniington Gravel- difcoven fuch ihlins of weaknefs, and

pitts, where ihe keeps her bed, and oilentation, particularly rdating to the

it is not expelled ihe will ever leave fcriptures, that we of the lefler, and

it. The day but one, after the trial, far inferior daiTes, may comfort our-

^ou will hardly believe, that the ch« felves, with this humiliating tnith to

juilice Ihould fend his fbn, and one of the fuperior, that man is vanity* and

his nearefl relations, to fubmitt all perfection is only to be attempted,

lady Lee's prefcriptions to Dr. Thorn- not attain'd.^Jf I could, or ihoald

£[>n, and defire his opinion ; you will find an opportunity to fend you lord

yet lefs believe, that the Dr. was Bolingbroke^s book, I would, tho' I

found; and leaft of all that be not
only was found, but found above-
ground, where he ought to be, de-
cently, and in his own lodgins. In
fhort, he has been with the chief jnf-
tice, has ventur'd into his lordfbip's
coach, which, contrary to all ex-
pedation, carried him to Kenfington,
mftead of Ludgate. He has feen lady
Lee, thinks he has found her diftem*
per, and can cure her : has told them
fo: I fuppofe, tho' warn'd againfl
it, has done her fbme ff^rvice already.

fuppofe yoa maft have had it ia
France.

God preferve and blefs you, and
fend OS a chearfull meeting in healthy
or where there is no more (ickoefs,
I am, dear fir, your mott afediooatc
friend and humble fervant,

Geo. Dodinoton.

P. S. You are ir^ great odour of
fan^ity with Lady Shannon, as well
as Ly. Middlefex.

A Monfieur, Monf. Sharpe, anx
Soins de Monf. Le Chevalier Lam-

given much fatisfadion to the chief bert, Banquier, a Paris.

Extraordinary Account df Don Balthasar Orgbio, a aUbratei
Jew of Spain.

DON Bahhafar OroUo was bom
at Seville, in Spain, about the
beginning of the feventeenth century.
He was c arefully educated in Judaifm
by his parents, who were Jews, though
they outwardly profeifed tbemfelves
Roooin catholics; abtlaining from
|hv (>r4fUce cf their religion in every

thing, except only the obfervation of
the faft of the expiation, in the month
Tifis or September. Orobio iludied
the fcholaftic philoibphy ufual in Spain,
and became fo (killed in it» that he
was made ppofeilbr of metaphyfics in
the univerfuy of Sahmanca. Afcer^
^ard, however, applying himfelf to

4^»

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

tlw fhidr of phyfic* kc pnffifed that
art Mt SeviDe witk focoe^, tiU, ac-
cttfed of Judaifm, be wi$ thrown into
ttit inquUition, and (b&red the moil
d^eSdfal crueUieSy in order to force a
confeffioo* He hiffifelf ttlls oa, that
!ba was pat into a dark dungeon, fo
fbait that be cou!d fcarce turn nimfelf
in it ; and fufiered ib many bardOiips,
that his bra n began to be difhirbed.
He ulked to his^elf often in this wav :
« Am i indeed that don Baltbalar
Orobio who walked frieely about in
ScviUe, who was entirely at eafe* and
bad the bleffings of a wife and chil-
dren?' Sometimes, fuppofing that his
patt life was bot a dream, and that
the dungeon where he then lay was
his true birth-place, and which to all
appearance would dto prove the place
of his death. At other times, as he
iud a ?ery metaphyfical head, he firft
ibnned arguments of that kind, and
then itlblyed them ; performing thus
the three different parb of opponent,
svfpondent, and moderator, at the
ftme time. In this whimfical way he
lunofed hi0ielf from time to time, and
oonfiantly denied that he was a jew.
After having appeared twice or thrice
pefoTC die inqiiifitprs, he was ufed as
MkiW : at the bottom of a fubterra-
aeous vault, lighted by two or three
^al! torches, he appeared before two
jpeHbns, one pf whom was jndge of the
inquifidon, and the other feaetary ]
who* afldng him whether he would
fonfiefa the truth? protefted, that in
cafe of a piminalfs denial, the holy
office would not be deemed the caufe
of his death if he ihould expire under
the torments, but that it muft be im-
puted en^rely to his own obilinacy.
Then the executioner ilript off his
clothes, ped his feet and hands with a
](lrong cord, and fet liipa upon a linle
liool, while he psSkd ^be cord through
feme iron buckles which were fixed in
the wall; then drawing away the
itool, he reniaiped hanging by the
cord; which the executioner flill drew
' harder and harder, to make hiih con-
fefs, till a furgeon affured the court
^f examinantSj'that he could not poiB-

bly bear more withoat ezpSrisg.
Tbefe cords pot him to exquiite tc^*
tures» by cutting ^rto the flcib, acd
making the blood borft from under
his nails. As there was cenai*<jy
daneer that the cords would tear off
hisflefh, to prevent the worft, care
was taken to ^ird him with fbmc
bands about the breath, which how-
ever were drawn fo very tij^ht, that
he would have run the rifle of oot be-
ing able to breathe> if he had not held
his breath in while the executiooer
pot the bands round hjm; by which
device his lungs had room enopgh to
perform their fundions. In the ic-
yereft. extremity of his fofierii.gs, he
)vas told that this was but the be-
ginning of his torments, and that he
would better confefs before they pro-
ceeded to extremities. Orobio added
further, that the executioner, being
on a (mall ladder, in order to frighten
him, frequently let it fall againft the
ihin-bones of his legs; (b that the
ftaves being (harp, created exqnifite
pain. At lafl:, after three years coa-
finement, finding themfelves baffled by
his perfeverance in denying his reli-
gion, they ordered his wonnda to be
cored, and difcharged hi|n* Aa fboa
as he had got liberty^ he refolved to
quit the Spanilh dominions; and,
going to France, was made pro^sfEir
of phyfic ^t Thouloufe. The theib
which he made as candidate for this
place fvere upon putreftd^oo ; and he
in^ihtained them with fo much meu-
phyfical fubtlety, as embarrafied all
his competitors. He continued in this
city for fome time, flill outwardly
pr^effing popery : but at lad, weary
of diffembltng, he repaired to Am-
ilerdam> where he was circumcifed,
took the name of Ifaa^, and profefled
Judaifm; flill continuing, however,
to pradife phyiic* ip. which he wa^
much efieemqpl. Upon the publica-
tion of Spinoza's book, he dcipifed a
fydem the falfenefs of which he quickly
difcovered ; and when firedenboor^fs
anfwer to it came to hin hands, Oro-
bio, bejng perfuaded that the writer*
\tt refuting Spinoza^ had alio phmtted
^ ■ • ^ f9ipc

■ A

FOR JUNE, 1794.

429

Ibtne piindples which tended to
^theifm, took up his pen agamft them
both, and pubhlhed a piece to that
purpofe, intitled, Certcftun philofiphi'
€um ad'uerjus J. B, Princifia, But
the difpate which be held with the
celebrated Philip Limborch againfl:
the Chriilian religion made the great-
^ft noife. Here he exerted the utmoft
force of his metaphylical genius, and

carried himfelf with great temper.
The three papers which he wrote on
the occasion were afterward printed
by his antagonill, in an account which
he publiOied of the cpntroverfy, under
the tide of Arnica Cdlatio cum JtuiteOm
I'his extraordinary man, who fuficred
fo much under the horrid cruelties of
the inquiiitidb, at Jail ended his days,
in die year 1687.

ON DUELLING.

LETTER III.

AFTER having in my two laft
letters reviewed the various
i|ae(lions, which have been agitated
on this fubjed, it would be qmte fuf-
ficient to ciofe the whole with a re-
capitulation of the prindpal argii-
inenis, which tend to prove ^hat duel-
ling is exprefsly contrary to the laws
of God and man, and not only to, but
in itfelf a very abfurd pradice, and
incapable of producing the efie^ pro-
poied by it, either as a mode of fatij-
iaftion, or of revenge. With refped
to its being contrary to the laws of
man, it is obfervable, that it is al-
moft the only crime which is prohibit-
ed by equal penalties and punilhments
under all the governments of Europe.
In France, during the reign of Louis
XrV, when the point of honour was
bettt r undcrftood, and more flrongly
conceded, than}n, perhaps, a: y king-
idom of Europe, we find a moft fevere
\x9f given at St. Germain's, and re-
giOered in parliament, a^nft dnel-
ling, and which remained in full force
until the revolution. Th< preamble
of this law is exprcfled in the follow-
ing fingular terms :

* As we acknowledge that one of
the greateA giu vvhich we have re-
ceived from God ibr the government
and condud of our dominions, is that
ilead&jbiefs which he has been pleafed
to give us to maint^n the ftatutes
agamft duels, and private combats,
and feverely to ponifh thofe who have
ofeoded againU laws fo juft and ne.-
jpelTajy ibr the nrefefyation of our

nobility and gentry; we are firmly
refolvM carefully to cheri(h fo fingu-
lar a grace, which gives us ground to
hope that we may be able, during
om* reign, utterly to abolifli that
crime^ &c. &c.'

Thefe are remarkable words, aa
coming from the court of France in
the year 1 679, and it is ilill more re-
markable that a ^rz&xce ftipnat^
by fo many laws in all countries,
ihould yet be confidered as the pre-
{tTV2XLVt of honour* — But enough has
been &id on this part of the fubje^.
At the conclufion of my laft letter, I
promifed to make fome obfervationa
on the cruel neceiEiy of duelling, im-
pofed upon that ufefiil body of men»
the ofl^rs of the army and navy.
This merits our moft ferious confider-
ation, yet it is to be feared that mere
confideration, mere argument only^
will avail little, unlefs the ilrong hand
of power be raifed to crulh the moft
diigraceful enemy of thefe liberal pro-
feflions.

That the neceffity of which I comr
plain exids, it is not rtquifice tQ
prove ; but what remedy (ball we
appfy to remove it ? It is eafily de*
mondrable that any peHbn, not in
the army, can haye no regular call to
fight a dnel, becaufe the honour o£
other peribns is not conne6led, even
in idea, with courage. Some filly
apprentices, arid puppyifh tradefmetr,
have lately called one another oat,
but fuch duels are obje^s of' ridicnle^
and 1 queilion whether any man has
yet arrived at fuch a 'degree of ab-
foidity as to give credit to a mail

merely

4J®

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

jnerely becaafc he has foogbt a duel, kinds, ftrJoMol and memial ooangt*

It is otherwife in the army. It is The former is Dothing more than i

there fuppofed that hoMCur is intimate- contempt of lift ; which we fiitd a-

)y connedbd with perlbnal courage, mong the vilell of mankmd, and to*

and that pcr'onai courage means no* deed, perhaps only amon^ fiicb. The

thing more than a cheerful accepunce latter embraces every ▼irtue of ^

of a challenge, and an undaunted ap- head or hean« which go to compote

pearance upon the field of adion. fie true fortitude and dignity. If ve

that performs this, has eftabli(hed his l^k into private life, ive meet widi

hoaoor, whether the coniequences be
faul or otherwife. And this b the
ground upon which oflicers proceed;
at leaft it is the only rational excufe
we can form for their endeavourbg

many virtaous peri<»s wbofe tempcn
incline them to be fretful* and aiuaoB
about what the world fays of thca;
as if a virtuous adion, or an a&oa
done with a virtuous intent, which is

to kill one another, upon account of jail the fame thing, could dot Aad
private i&fults, xnftead of reierving by itfelf without the batticfi of go(>

the proof of their courage to the dapr
of batde, with the enemies of their
country.

Now if we examine this excufe we
ihall find that it is liable to many ob«
jedions. In the firft place* it is lia-
ble to all the general objections to
duelling, which have been fiated iu
my former letters. And fecondly, it
vnA admit of fome which are peculiar
to itfelf. it is fuppofed that to ac^
cept a challenge and fight a duel is a
proof of peHbnal courage. But this
niay be doubted, becaufe the only
propelling motive is Jbamtt and that
we Icnow in all cafes is fo Itrong as to

fiping opinion. Among^ the
whom this letter prindpaHy reeaids/
we find thp fame anxiety, and maDd-
ed on no better principles. An bb*
guarded exprefiion drops from ik
mouth of an officer, in a moment of
levity ; the perfon to whom ituwi'
dreiTed, or on whom it ia ibppoled to
refleftf has too much fenfe to refctf
whift was either not meant to injoze,
or if meant could not produce the cf-
fea. But the byilanders inlift dOL
he (hall call the fpeaker out. This is
the general provocative to duels in die
ariTiy, provided the parties happen
not to have irafcibility fufficdent n

drive men of the mod placid tempers challenge each other, without Atdi is-

to defperate a6is, and to make brave tervention» which, however, they

men of cowards. Shame, or the fear moftly have, becaufe to require t

cf contempt and reproach, is almoft hint of the kind is in itielf confidered

irrefiflible; no reafoning, nor argu- as a deficiency in courage. .Hcit»

ment, no duty, nor principle can (land therefore, is no room left for the ope-

again 1 it. And as it is the only mo- ration of reafon or common ienfe-

tive for the acceptance of at challenge.
Of for giving one, it is evident that
we muft drop entirely the confidera-
iioo of perfonal courage, and look
upon a duel as nothing mure than an
expedient, which has been invented
to difpel the fear of fliame and re-
proach.

I know not that any other definition
can be given of a duel; and if we
admit it, we (hall be led very foon
into various abfurdities and contra*
dictions. If, for example, we con-
fKkr the nature and genius of courage,
WP fiudl A^4 ^t ^ cQpfiUs of tWQ

Long eflabli(hed prejudice has deter-
mined the mode of a^on, and it inoft
be adopted, although nothing can be
fo barbarous and irrational as fi>r i
man who has devoted his life to tbe
fervice of his country, to expofe it
merely for an idle word, or an Id-
pertinent jell. Such men, inllead of
being deemed men of courage, oa|bt
to be marked with indignity, as be-
ing very valiant where no courage is
required, and flinking from tbe onlf
duty which their country requires of
theni.
But prejudice, al^s I is ftrong» zni

no

FOR JUNE, 1794;

431

M pi^jttdice (b ftrong as that which
exiib from generation to generation
by a common and hereditary confent,
independent of law, or reafon. It is
a prej^ioe which xnuft ever be la-
mented. It muH be lamented that
men of fenfe, education, poliihed
manners, and genuine bravery* are
Ihackled by a law fo rejpalfive to prin-
ciple and daty, to continue a prai6Hce
which always threatens, and often
has deprived them of life, before they
knew Its value, and their country of
fervices, which might have been re-
corded with honour to the lateft pof-
terity. That the pradice'x^f duelltjg
18 repugnant to the principles of every
man of fenfe in the army, I am fully
perfuaded; for that which will not
bear the tefl of argument; no man of
lenfe can pretend to vindicate. It
may, therefore, be prefumed that there
is a great majority againft it, and why
it (hould neverthelefs remain an ^
frohritm to the profeffion of arms,
cannot eafily be accounted for. Thofe
who drew up the articles of war, cer-
tiunly confidered this matter in its true
• light. For, at the fame time that
they ena£t the punifhment of death
for cowardice, which is underftood to
mean cowardice in the exercife of
their profei&on, (and it would be diff-
icult to fuppofe any other) they alio
added the following daufe in the
nineteenth article :

* Nor (hall any officer or foldier up*
braid another for refujing a challenge ;
fince, according to thefe our orders,
they do but the duty of (bidiers, who
ought to fubje£t themfelves to difci-
pline : and we do acquit and difcharge
all men who have quarrels offered, or
challenges fent to them, of all dif-
grace or opinion of difadvantage in
their obedience hereunto : and who-
ever ihall upbraid them, or ofiend in
this cafe, ihali be puniQied as a chal-
lenger.'

But it ha^ been iaid, that it is better
that young otficers ihould be allowed
^to indulge a prejudice wtiich tends to
make them careful of their words and
adlioos, and enteruin a proper fenfe

of honour. Undoubtedly, in ikc 1
ral world, we are difpofed to wink ac
certain prejudices, and to leave it to
the &rther progreis of reafon and phi*
lofophy to diffipate them gradually ;
bdt thefe are generally harmlefs pre*
jndices; whereas the prefent, as it
afFeds life, cannot be confidered in that
fight. Nor is it very refpedkful to
fuppofe that men belonging to a li«
beral profefllon, and generally pof-
fefled of education and fenfe, ought to
be treated like children, and Save
their own wiil oonmry to all reafon
and argument. Far leis is it proper
to eftablilh a prejudice which tends
immediately to emancipate a whole
body of men from obedience to the
laws of God i which mull, however,
be the cafe, if we defend, inftead of
oppofing, the common pradice of
fighting duels upon frivolous pje*
texts.

This laft is a confid^ration which^
it is hoped, will not feem unimport-
ant. The title of CMftianfiUier is
not a contemptible one. I know it
would be in vain to reprefent the folly
of indulging groundlefs prejudices;
or to combat them bv fuch arguments.
as thefe, that a mind confcious of its
own reditude is the only foundation
for true courage ; that fonfe and un*
derfbuiding fhme the more confpicu-.
ous for being aflailed by impertinence
and ignorance, and that he who per*
forms his duty has little to fear m>m
the reproaches of the world. But it
may not be an improper confideration«
at the prefent time, that, as from the
infatuated condud of a neighbouring
kingdom, we have been induced ta
make more open and zealous prQ*
feflions of religion, it becomes us to
vindicate our regard for it, by fome-
thing more impreflive than wordk
To retain among us, by connivance^
a barbarous and abfurd cuflom, for-
bidded by all laws human and divine/
fandioned by no arguments, and de«
fenfible by no proofs of adual ati]itv»
is a forry fpedmen of our seal Un
that religion, the defence of which k
odr profeiTed obJcAr

IM

432 THE UNIVEItSA|- MAGAZINE

I a^ aware that mach of this may
be coniidered as a dlgreffion* aad
more of it a& totally ufelefst fince they
for whom it may be fuppofed to be
intended are fUceJJarJi obliged to
conform to culloms eilabliihed before
tlieir lime. It may, however, )neet
the eye of ibme whofe power may be
au great as their ihcHnacion. Certain
it IS J that notliing is wanting to ac-
compliOi the di^race of duelling, bat
a cmnbinatio^ among the fupenors of
the army to diibourage it, by erecting
a tribunal of honour ir am which there
ibould be no appeal* and the oppoii*
tion to which would incur public in*
famy. Death, fays Addifon, is not
foHicient to deter mep, who make it
their glory to defpife it ; but if vitxj
one that rought a duel were to ilaad
in the pillory, it would quickly lei&h
the nnmber of thefe imaginary men
«f honour, and put an end to fo ab-
furd a praftice. The fame author
oUerves that, when honour is a fnp-
podt to yirtoous principles, and runs
paiallel with the laws of God and our
country, it duinot be too much cherifb-
ed and encouraged: but when the
diftates of honour are contrary to
tho& of religion and equity, they
are the greateft depravations of hu-

man nature, by rinng wroc|» as
bitious, and falie ideas of what is goo
and laudable ; and (hould tbndb
be ext>loded by all goTermneau, ai
dri\ en out as the bane and f4i^ i
human fociety.

I may conclude this fnbjed,«iditi
introductory remark to my firillettt
We furely cannot boaii much of i
degree of light and knowledge, wti
illuminates ihe clofe of the eigbtea
century, if the wifed among ss co
tinue to foder a i>rejadice, for wU
nothing caa be faid, that cannot I
fud with equal propriety in favour
every prejudice, that has beac
pclled iince the dark agesj sad
gaind which nothing has ever be
advanced, but what is perfcdljce
iiftent with the acknowledged pnii
pies of reafon and rel^on. 1 doK
therefore, prefome to have ad^
much to the flock of 'inforraatioBi <
are ah-eady poflefledbf on the fiibje
but if I have placed any coiyiooi
pic in a new light, or contnootcd
remove part of the veil whk^co
ceals the deformity of ^idfe honov,
ihall be more than repaid for hsfii
dedicated fome hoars to the contt
ation of duelling.

EiRISOS.

Rmarkahk Anecdotes of the French Nation, bfere /A^Revolutw
indicatory of that great Event.

THE national levity was infenfi-
bly dedining about the Ameri-
can war. In 1 78 2, a writer defcribes
the ladies as being all Anglomanesi
and, indeed, about this time, after
the fplendid victory of Rodney, the
fafhionable female Pariiians wore
bonnets a la Rodney. For the van-
quiihed, voluntarily to exhibit the
honours, and thus to rejoice in the
advantages of the enemy, is a curious
fa^ in the hiftory of human nature,
and an inftance of the moft iingular
levity. Indeed, about this time, the
French were gradually m^amorphof-
ing themfelves into Englilh manners;
and an idea of the excellence of th?

Britifli government was rapidly p
pagating among the people. 1^
£nglilh maxims were, for a wiii
tolerated; as the court confider
them only as temporary levity
the nation, which would pa6 h>(
former ones. But liberty was io^
fibly acquiring a form and a voic
and the bonnets it la Rodntj ^
that though the infant firft appof
in fport, its ilrength and gron^l
thered tiU it rofe with a gig^Bi
force.

This is apparent by the foBowi

anecdote. The influenza fpread sbo

this time; and that alfo was cofl^^^

into a falhionable drefs ; the bsnt^

booiK

i?OR JUNE, 1794. 433

bonnets qf the fri volon* pari fiaiw, were — The cour*! dc Ver|enne9 was grcat-
Ml influensuis. The count dc Vcr- ly embarrafTed at this cfFufion* Thi»

^ennesy in a converfaiion, was de-
K:nbing the fingularhy of this epide-
mic diibrder, and faid, it was called
ie maJ Ruffcy becaufe it firft appeared
iit Peter (burgh.— We arc threatened,
obferved aduchefs prefent — iVith ano-
ther malady^ which ixiill come from
jimerica, — What is that madam ?, in-
terrogated Vergennes,— The Indt-
fendanxa, replied the fstir CaiTandra ;

miniiler had formerly perfuaded him-
felf, that the ieparation of the colo-
nies from the Mother Country, and
the war of France, would ever after
have a fatal influence on the future
cxiflence of England. But our coun-
try Ihewed refources of which our
enen^ies appeared ignorant.

The government, on this occaflon,
lowered itfclf even to interfere and

I am informed, that our troops in that, tyrannife over the fafiiions and glory

country, are delighted ih finding that
every ibidier may hope to become a
general, if he fhews any talents fOr
war; that the Americans acknow-
ledge no diilinftion of nobility and
rank, ''and that all men are equal.
This infinitely pleafes the French ; in
their return home, they will dwell
v/ith rapture on thefe events; they

of the fair fex. In 1777, a cceffure
was announced of an allegorical na-
ture, called aux infurgens ; to the in-
furgents. This drefs, however, never
appeared, as it was immediately for*
bidden by government ! But, to prove
the inconfiSency of this volatile admi«
niftration, fix months afterward a po*
iiiical engraving was advertifed for

ivill tell their relations and frierfds all- by fubfcription, in Which their triumph
they have feen, and in what manner was celebrated, and called < Ameriot
men become independent ; they will Independent*'
teach here what they have learnt there.

An Account ^ Someirsetshire: With a lieat and dccurati
Map of that County.

S0m£R8Etshire is t)ounded oti the
north-weft by the Bridol channel;
on the north by Gloucellerfhire, from
which it is divided by the Avon ; on
the eaft by Wilts ; on the fouth-caft
by Dorfet(bire ; and on the fouth-weft
by Devonshire.' It extends, from taft
CO wefl, iixty-five miles, and from
north to fouth, forty-five; It lies in
the dioceffcs of Briftol and Bath and
"Wells; contains forty- two hundreds*
three cities, thirty-one market^tOwns,
flnd x%^ parifhes, and fends eighteen
tnembers to parliament. The air, in
the lower grounds, is uhiverfally mild,
and generally wholdbmc. The foil is
various. The north-eaft quarter is
r generally flony,. and poflcfles a lofty
jnineral traa called the Mendip Hilh.
Toward the centre ^of the county,
where its principal rivers unite, are
fens and marflw moors of great extent.
On the weft fide is the ridge of tbtf
Quantock Hills, with many downs and
•pen heaths; and, in the north- weft

quarter, ftands the bleak and fteril
region of Exmoor. The fouth part*
toward Dorfetlhire, is high, but wel^-.
cultivated ; and, throughout the coun-
ty, efpecially in its fouth- weft quar-
ter, vales of the greateft fertility 2Xt
interfpcrfed. The principal rivers
are the Parret, Ivel, Thone, Brent>
and Avon. The Mendip Hills aftbrd
abundance of coal, lead, calamine,
copper, matigancfe, bole, and x^
ochre. Chedder is celebrated for its
ch^cfes. Cattle, nearly equal in ^t»
to the Lincolnftiif e, are fed in the fine
meadows about the head of the Parret.
The beft goofe feathers for beds come
from the Somerfetftiire marihes. Ci-^
der is a common product of this
county, and it has a confiderable
ftiartf in the woollen munu^dtures.
Briftol is the capital with refpe^
to population and commerce ; but
Bath is the great mart for health and
plcafurc.

1

31

Mirso.

434 THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

TKORoiociCAL Journal, May 1794.

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£

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Weather, Ac

. gentle nin

. liteie wet : lefs cloud/

. fine, clear oight

haxy

. little rain and chirfly cloody
little rain. lets cloody at tinkts
. lefa cloudy at timee

. more cloisdt

. lefs cioody And more vriiMi

i little run

much gentle rnn. fine night

ihowers; much raiti
imuch rain» Unt ni^^hc
hazy, more «»ioU : ik>vier
. ihowery night
! \iAzy
'baxy. wind SE

s c'oudy
fhowera and chiefiy cloucfj
h^il and much rain, lei's cloudy <

haiy

I . Cloudy and wind W

. ihuwer ai^d chief!/ cloudy

. cbudy eve

. fine and w nd W

leG cloudy
. fincijfglu: little wet
rain, lefs cloudy

hazy, chiefly cloudy

fine : little rain

led cloudy, clear night

rain at eve. £ne
little rain
nin at tixnea

li'tlc rain atete: fine
I ji little rain
2 1^ Hrtir wet : much rain
I c-^ntinual rain

I
I

I
I
2

continual rain, fair night
. Ids cloudy at times

..drizaling rain at night
hazy, fioe

l.|hazy. clbody

lefs cloudy

i|« fine
i-i* clear cv«

Obsi&*

\

FOR JUNE, 1794. ^2S

Observations oh the Diseases in April X794.«

CATARRHS and coughs were cxtrcmdy frequent; perfons adranctfd
in years were pecnllarly liable to them, and in confumptive habits they
were accompanied with fpitting of blood, which fpeedily proved fatoh
Eryfipelas Continued to prevail, with inflammatory fymptoms fimilar to thofe
of the laft month; pleurifies and flight rheumatic affedlions were'likewife
common; in fhort, all the difeafes which were met with had an inflammatory
tendency ;* inflan^mations of the throat and fauces, accompanied with fever/
afl^efted more particularly thoTc who rcfided near the river ; they were iikc
wife more liable to ophthalmies. Scarlet fever now and then occurred, but
not fo frequent as to be confidered an epidemic ; fmallpox was rather rare.
None of thefe difeafes were accompanied with any peculiar fymptoms, (o as
to require any deviation from the ufual treatments'
#
..Observations en the Diseases in May 1794.

INTERMITTENT fcvert wcre common, particularly toward the doCcoftht
mont*i; they were pretty conftantly accompanied with a large fecretionof
acnd bile, which was frequently abforbed and carried into the drculatipn,
producing yellowncfs of the (kin, &c. As none of the prevailing comp)aij[it$
bad a putrid tendency, large and repeated evacuations were admitted of, and
the difeafe was removed without the ufe of bark. Several inftances of fudden
death occurred, from apoplexy principally, and to old perfons. Rheumatifai
continued common. Smallpox was rather freqaent, but chiefly originating
from inoculation, and in almoft e^cry inftance mild and perfedly di(titt£
Meafles were likewife frequent toward the end of the month ; all the fymp* .
toms were moderate, the coogh and peripncumdnic fymptoou rarely fevcre.
Several inftances of croup occurred, which in general, as is ufual, terminated
fatally.

Remarks during a Six Weeks Residence in Oxfordfliire and
Gloucefterlhire, in 1792; In a Series of Letters to a Friend.

BETTER IX. curfion into Herefprdfhlre, a eounty

ri««^*4-n Q.,.f ,;/.• well -dcfcrving the notice of travellers^
Clottceilcr, Sept. 1792. ^^^ ,^^3 ^^^ j^, ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^jj^^^

DiAt Sir, than for the many fublime profpccls it

AS, fincemylaft, I have made fe- affords. We left Gloucefter in the

veral ihort excurfions into the morning, paflilig through Weftgatc,

neighbourhood of Gloucefter, where the only remaining gate of this ancient

grariofity was often reprefled, or, at city ; from the bridge upon which wa

Jeart,^h€gnitification of it interrupted now were, you have, on the right,

. by the hofpitable allurements of coun- an extcnfive meadow covered with

try amufements, you are not to expedl cattle, and interfered by the Severn,

from me the regular dtteil of a gco- On the left, this river forms a kind

graphcr. I can only promife a few re- of ifland, Called Olnev or AIney,

^arks which I fnaiched fuch oppor- where, it is faid, the angle combat

. tun]ty to make, as an almolt inceffant between Edmund, king of England,

variety of agreeable objefts would per- and Canutns, king of the Danbs, was

inJt. fought, todtcide the fate of the king-

Jfctout, after writing my laft let- dom, which had been convulfed by

ter, with oar friend Mr. T— and his bloody wars ; it ended in a divifion

fcPi withf vkw ^<? make a little ex- of the kingdom, neitl^er of the com-

%l Z bauniB

1

43!5

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

batants being victorious. The inha-
biunts of Walton, a few miles north
of GIoucefter» afTert that jthis combat
was fought at Oleneay, an ifland in
that pariih. It is inconvenient to
(lop at prefenc, to fettle this differ-
f^nce ; and perhaps, as converfation
fometimes flags in country villages,
k were a pity it ever fhould be fet-
tled. ■■ • ' '

About two miles from Gloucefler,
we came to Highnam Court, the re-
iidence of fir John Guiie, bart. which
we vifited. The houie is a plain, bat
}n fome refpedls an elegant building,
from a defign of Inigp Tones*. The
rooms are fpacious ; and the pleafure
grounds are laid out in the modem
tafte.* The park is of great extent,
^n.d commands fome charming prof-
peds of the circumjacent country.
On regaining the road, and looking
back, we were not a little furprifed
to find the view of the hou(e ob.
ilruded by the awkward fituatM>n of
the church, an objed in itfelf not
difagreeable, but certainly placed

nature, the mind is enlaiged, td
men are infeniibly accuftocoed \oiai-
fufe them to thofe around iSotm}-r
There are few men, I believe, os
whom rural profpe6^s do not prota
a moral effect, temporary, pexk^d
for vifiUe objeds can producs m
more ; and if thofe whde itsam
afFopds conflant opportunity of nzni
contemplation are little a£k6ed ^
them, we may juftly fufped that tk
fault ^es in a grofs iareii4bility, v i
perverted tafte.

The church of Churchan, c;
Church-hill, which wrpafledoBM
left, i^ lingular for having the kid
of pews which were ufcd bcfoit i
reformation, low and open hcoM
where the parifliioners fit wiihoot«
diftindion. Many ioconveniciies
might be avoided, if all chfude
were built in th^s manner; be^
know not bow it could be reooa/M
to the pride of feuntly in the cm^
and to the more ridiculooa parade s
having the pews kept for parifli pii
in the metropolis, where they oficDS-
main empty durbg the whole iam

certainly
ihere without any refped to the good

pleafure of the curious traveller, whom while the scealous hearer is allovedil
jt deprives of one of the moft favour- ftand upon the (lone floor, aodiit
able views of the houfe. I fhould religious owner is efcorting his b^
have mentioned, although I cannot to White Conduit houfe, qr Bagi^
ifpecify them, that there are many
good pictures ieit Highnam Court.
The predeceflbr of the pr^fent worthy
owner, general Guifc gave away,
from his family, that colleftion of
pidlures which are to be viewed in
Chrill church college, Oxford. In
doing ^Oi the general did not deprive
his family of much. He was a liberal
coUedoi' of paintings, but there are
few cohnoifTeurs who have not called
his tafte in queflion.

From Highnam,' we rode along a

woody and pidurefque country, where ^ , ^ , ^^ „ _

the eye is diverted by a variety of th^ through an ampbibioui road, if 1 ■>!

inoll agreeable objects, producing an ufe the e^preflion^ to Bill Mil \

efFcdl upon the mind, not much ufed " ' ^ - -

to fuch objedts, which is more eafily

felt than defcrlbed. * Rural life,* a^

agreeable writer qbfervcs, ' naturally

infpires fentiments pf benevolence;

^^ contiauall]^ receiving the gifts of which, in the'improvemat «if

' ' ' \ ' " " ' ' '

Wells. I

We entered Hcrefordfliirefocmife
palling Lea Brook, about twelve b^e
from GlouceJder^ and were (cac^
arrived at (he borders of the 'Ui^^
cider,' when we had to remaikji^
^>adnefs of the roads . They aje, ii^
deed, proverbial, and are fuch. ^
a late writer, • as one might txj^
to meet with in the marches of V;
land, or the mountains of Swit^eiW
From the foot pf May-hill, an objei
by the bye, which is every ^
grandly confpicuous, we had to s^

which we turned off from Weftcu^sj
where our £ril deftination was. 1^
4epth of water in many places <
three fcet. The fao^e is obferred^
many other part^ of tlHs.

FOR JUNE, 1794;

■437

is a century 4>fliiikl any other county
jin the kingdom. When a road is bad
from ineqoalities, from a flony^ or
rocky forface, it is fome comfort that
^t is dry , but that comfort is denied
here in moil parts of the year, and in
the rainy feaion, they muil be quite
impafTable to carriages. Why they
are fufered to remain in this ilate> I
know not. The gentlemen of the
county, who are othfirwife encoura. ers
of cultivation and improvement, can-
not furely be ignorant how much the
valne of land is increa(ed by conveni-
ent roads, and how much all the f<4*
.vourable circumftances attending the
intereft of a county are encoura<;^ed by
an eafy communication from one place
to another. What becomes of th^
trade of agriculture, and what can
the beft produce of land yield to the
owner, when it requires fix or feven
horfes to Mrag a load of corn to
market f Qur friend T— fuggefled,
in bis <iv^', that the road we were
now upon might be rendered navija-
hU at a very Anall expence ; perhaps,
if left to itfelf for fome years, it may
become fo, without any expence at
all!

But, forgetting the roads, the
country through which we now tra-
velled, abounds in pidlurefque feenery,
fometimes broken and irregular, (bme-
times parts only of a fcene prefenting
themfelves, but often they have all
the correcl properties of the true pic-
turefqne. — Bill Mill, where we ar-
^ved to dinner, is fituated iu the cen-
ter of a hollow, (brmed by rocky
and woody hills. riling nearly circular;
and gives an idea of rural folitude*
an abilraction from the fbufy hum
of men,' which I have rarely feen.
Fronting the honfe, built by Charles
Bonnor, efq. the owner of this eftate,
at the top of a i^eep hill, are the
ruins of Pennyard Cafile ; behind,
the hill rifing with a deeper aibent,
and fringed with wood, we found a
great n^any hollow caverns of folid
JtKk, admirably cakulated for fhe
folitude of an ^nohorite^ ^nd fome of
ihem with lu^tu^^ arches, rude and

terrific. One of thefe we named the
Druid's Hall, and agreed to invite
you and fome other friends' to a
Druidical repad — bat of that here*
after.— The valley is watered by a
fmall (beam, which rifes into confe-
quence fuificient to turn a paper mill.
1 was fomewhat furprifcd to find fuch
a manufa^ure in this folitary fpot.
There are many fuch, however, in
this part of the world. They roana«>
faelure chiefly the coafer papers, and
find a market at Hereford, Briftolt
and thence to Ireland.

In the afternoon we fet out to view
Goodrich Caftle. Although you per-
ceive this fublime objed towering
high, long before you arrive at the
banks of the Wye, on which it is
fituated, yet it is when you come there
that it ftrikes with the greateit force*
I was fo powerfully afFetted by it, that
1 determined it jhouU be the proudeft
obje^ of the kind in the kingdom^
and you may judge of the pleafure I
received, when on my return the foU
lowing paiTage in Gilpin's Tour was
pointed out to me.

' After failing four miles from Rois^ -
we came to Goolrich CaiUe, where a
grand view prefented itfelf ; and we
refted on our oars to examine it. A
reach of the river, forming a noble
bay, b ipread before the eye. The
bank on the right is fieep, and cover«-
ed with wood ; beyond which a bold
promontory (hoots out, crowned with
a caftle rifing among trees. This
view, which is one of the grandeft on
the river, I fhould not fcruple to call
corredlly pid^urefque, which is fel«
dom the charader of a purely natural
fcene.'

For the hiHory of this cafile, I
mufl refer you to Grofe ; he has. given
views of it, but they are, the plan of
his work admitting no other* merely
portraiu of the ruins. Gilpin hat
given an outline of the fcenery, but
1 know not that any thing has appear-
ed which can convey a juft idea of
the grandeur of its utuation. Leav*
ing our hoHes at the ferry-hoo4« we
S(f^;eade4 tl^ hill i^d examined the

«»

438

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

itninst £nQi^h rtixMnns to convince
AS that Goodrich caAIe rouil have been
once a pkce of .great flrength tnd
comaaand. Onebailion is altnofl en-
tire; b4it the ikone, friable hy age,
15 fail roooldefii^. The views from
the top of the hill> and foch parts of
the caftle as we could afoend with
lafcty» are of ra(l extent* and ^ the
ikiy began to depart, every objed de-
livod AA additional importance. The
lolenin ftilinefs of alt around ns, in-
fcrrupted only by the deep murmurs
of the Wve beneath, siud the local
ctBOtions ini'pired by a contemplation
of this venerable pile, all contributed
to an cnthufiafm which for a whUe we
enjoyed without commoDicating oar
thoughts* which we knew to be in
nnxlbn. I experienced the trstb of
tot exquifite paiTage in Dr. Johnfon's
Tour, , as I had o^en before admired
its eU^ce. * To abfb^fl oor minds
^om a!l local emotion would be im*
poffible, if it were endeavoured, and
would be fooliOi, if it were poffible.
Whatever withdraws ns from the,
power of our fen fes ; whatever makes
the pail, the diflant, or the future,
predominate over the prefent, ad«*
Frances us in the dignity of thinking
Ibeings. Far from me, and from my
fiieiKls be (ach frigid philolbphy as
may condud ns indifierent and on-
moved over any eround which has
been dignified by wifdom, bravery, or
virtue. That man is little to be eiw
vied, wbofe patriotifm would not gain
fjrce upon the plain of iVIarathon, or
whofe p*ety would not grow warmer
among the ruins of lona.'

Who, that is not fiupid, felfi/h, and
infcnfible, docs not pntertain .fcnti-
in«Rts Hke thcfe, in furveying thef
vuinj of ancient valour, or piety, ai«
thaagh he may not be able to exprefs
iiis feelings with n dignity (b fuitafale
to the fut(jcwL ^y the bye, it is
worth your while to read the above
pail^e in fir John Hawkins* Life of
'johnlbn, u here you will find die
knight bewildering himfelf in a ieries
of crtticifm upon it, the moft ftupid
and bar barons that ever was QOmmit-'
jf^ W inoff&nfive paper,

The greater par( of next day, «c
roved among the hills and dales nesr
Bill Mill, and after dinner fet oat for
Guns Mills, fituated in the £an& of
Dean, Gloueetlerfliire. My oompa*
nions feemed fo well acquaimed widi
the various roads in this fbreft, tbit
my own ignorance gave me no ib-
eaftnefs. Hut I fooo found that a maa
may forget die road in daylight, and
not be able to find it in the dark. We
had not rode above two miles b this
vaft ejtpanie ot fbreft, when T— be-
gan to hint that he was not quite cet'
taint whether it might not be vaj
poffihU that he had miflaken the wsj.
—A little farther on» his doubo a-
raounted to ceruinty ; bat as we faai
not above an hour's ride, and neady
as much day-li^ht remaining, the im^
take, we thought, might yet be rec-
tified. At this time, ii^eed, 1 thought
it rather fortunate, as it obliged ustQ.
ride up to the fwiUUrnefsj a (ax A»
called, belonging to Maynaid Col*
cheller, efq. fituated on an eminencCf
from which the eye caii trace moie
than twelve counties, and we enjoyed
this fcene, wlvle T— was making tk
proper, enquiries.

■ Again fetting forwstrd, in full con-
fidence of being in the right nod,
another demur took place ; we cane
to two roads, mod perplexingly bid
down, fo that it was not eafy to de-
termine which belonged to our ront^
nor was our decifion rendered noft
fpeedy and abiblute by a circiunftanoe
which young T— difcovered, nanelyi
that there was a third road, andfroa
the judgment of the eye, thb bid as
fair to be the right one as any of
the others. The fun was niiw de-
clining very faft, and we had only o
confider that the time loll in delibera-
tion, might be as fatal as the decito
itfelf. T — , however, was fbrtunacdf
infpired by a fudden recolle^on, and
aliused us that the middle road was
ours. Jt is probable that medip tutij-
fimtis this came into his head, for ^
had not gone on above a mile, when
it becanKs pretty evident that he had
not advifed us upon the ytrf heft
^^hgrity. It w^ now nearly darlc.

FOR JUNE, 1794. I 439

Si more caution was neceiTary in our notbing bat experienoe» undertook 10
ling ; for the road often narrow and be our guide once more. He had
iggcd, frequently overhung a coal- very foon occafion to jperforjn one of
k on the one fide* and a quarry on the principal duties ot that oJfice» by
te other. Darknefs furrounded U8» ordering us fuddenly to halt> and in«
ad no opening profpe^ appearing, forming us that we were now on the
re alighted to walk our horles down brow of a very fteep hill, or the ytt^
fieep defcent. Having performed of a precipice, he could not pofidvel^
lis without danger; we ftopt, and fay which; and that we muft again
ftened, if perchance we could catch alight The blacknefs of darknefii
ny iounds indicative of habiutlon. partly difeovered, ahd partly hid o«r
The meaqeft qf hu majefly's fubjefU danger from us. Here we again called
(^oald at this time have afforded us a council, the debates of which were
aore fatisfaftion than all the treafures long and ferious. Various opiniona
»f modern and ancient lore, but no were given, and very bold conjedures
laman being was traverfing this part ftarted ; having never been here be-
>ftheforeIl. Moving on a little far-, fore, I confined myfelf to abftraft
ther, we perceived a ligHt, but alas \\ reafoning ; at length we arrived at
it was only the laft ray of the weftern one conclufion, from which there was
fu0..^VVe heard a noife, but it was no diircnting voice, namely, that we
too di^nt to be dillin^t, and what
W7L% wo.fe, we could ^t determine
whether it was before, or behind us«
on the right hand or on the left.

Here then, my dear fir, behold us
in the midd of a foreil, twenty miles

had loft oar way, and that not one of
us had the leall idea how to recover
it. We now longed for that happy
art, peculiar to novelifts, of extrica*
ting their heroes from perplexities
like ours, and began to think that we

in length, and ten in breadth, for ^luft pafs the night in a Qnixote-like
' aught we knew, near no habitation^ manner..

and inacceffible to all help. What a To make (horter, however, and
' figure would not this make in a novel, eaiier of our journey upon paper than
eipecially ai&fted by thunder and light- it was in reality, I muft tell you, that
' ning, or^he ' pitylefs pelting' oS a after wandering in this manner for
' temped ! Eut we were not in the hu- three hours, almoft worn out with
I mour of admiring on the *very Jfoi, fatigue, and our courage a little da-
! thofe incidents which appear fo charm' maged^ deliverance came when we
inglj terrible in relation. Yet our leall expedled it, and without the in^
courage did not fail us, although we tervention of any fupernatural beings.
' could ftiow it only by Handing ftill. A (hout of joy from our guide ar*
! To go back was as impolfiUe as 10 go nounced that he had difcovered a light
forward, and as to moving to the glimmering through foroe trees ; the
right and left, we had already fuffici- barking of a dog confirmed the joy-
ently bewildered ourfelves by that ful tidings, and we made boldly- up
kbd of motion. After, however, to this iign of habitation ; it was a
gravely determining, that the road
we were upon, little as we were ac-
quainted with it, mull \t^fome<wkere^
and that whethA- we took the length,
Or the breadth of the forell, we mult
get out of it by keeping on in a
firaight line, we remounted. T —
who had hitherto preferved rather a
£i^ourable opinion of his fkill in the
geography of the place, and againtt

cottage, from whence, upon our calU
iflued a venerable female, with whom
we determined to take up our abode«
if it fhould be likely that we were too
far from our deitined abode to reach
it in proper time, it was a greater
fatisfailion, however, to learn that we
were without two hundred yards of-
Guns Mills, wheie a hofpiuble it*
ception, and a comfortable fupper

whoiDi 1, you know, could oppoic readared ail our paft wanderings an4;

fufierings.

440

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

iiiferings the khjcii of the moUt
pleftfmg recollection.

.Here we remained the greater part
of nextday^ and viewed lome part of
the fbreft. On the hill, above the
mills* 19 a well called St. Anthony 'a,
the water of which haa (bme mineral
qmditieay and is of exquiftte cooloeiii.
The bottom of a fqaare done bafon
into which the water fiowi» ^as. co-
Tared with crooked pin«« a mark of
that fuperftitioa which mutl be ex-
pcded to haont the minds of the pea-
iaotry* in one (bape or other, for
many years, notwithltanding the boaft-
- cd iUumioation of the eighteenth cen-
tury. If youlofeyourhorfe, or your
child, or any thing elfe vou value, it
is but throwing a crooked pin into
this well, and wilhing to recover what
jovL have loft, and the buiineis is done.
While we were tailing the delicious
water of this well, a fervant came to
inform me that my horfe had walked
out of the ftable, and could not be
found. Here was a time to try the
virtues of the crooked pin, which we
depoiited with due formality; but I
regret that the experiment was in one
relpedl imperfect. On our deicend-
ing to the fiablesi wc found that it
was not my horfe, but another, which
had walked off*— confequendy, I loft
this opportunityof adding my tefti-
mony to the amazing recoveries effedl-
ed by St. Anthony's well.

Theibreft of Dean, with fome ac-
count of which I (hall conclude' this
letter, is fuppoied to contain about
thirty thouland acres, but fo many
parts have been lately cultivated, that
what properly defcrves to be called
/ore^, is every day decreaiing in ex-
tent ; many towns and villages have
been built in it ; but it was once en«
tirely covered with wood, and the
bell oaks in the kingdom were taken
from thence for (hip-building ; what
remains now of oak is reckoned fu-
perior to any other ; but the quantity
remaining is comparatively triBing;
thedecreafe of oak timber within forty
years, in this quarter, has been eftir
i^ated at four fifths, lu hills aboood

in iron ore, and iron worksare came
on with great advantage ; it has beo
obferved that there as dill more th
appearatice of a ibrcft preien ed hex
both in the (ceoery, and in tbe jur^
didion, than in almoft any^ other paz
of the kingdom. The fcencrv i
moftly natural and gnttd $ srt hm
not been employed here as in Wai
for foreft. The laws of fbrefts, obb
fo great a fource of opprefiion, azc
now fcarcely known; fock »s czif
are either allowed to (leep, or areptf
in force very gently. The deer flf
the foreft ot Deaki are not very oa-
merous ; and the peaiantry, kaov-
ing how eafily a theft may be deted-
ed, will feldom meddle with diea;
but in the ftealing of trees^ eves cf
vaft magnitude, thtj are wonderMy
expert. They lop off the braxiches
and bury the itank for (bme time m-
derground. removing it afterward ia
the^ night by piecemeal. Theie thefis
are pretty generally known, but they
are, perhaps not improperly, winbd
at.

When we confider the vaft import-
ance of our navy to the very ejdflence
of Britain as a commercial natioB,
we fhall.be furprifed to hear freqaect
complaints of a general neglaft in the
growth of oak; and we (hall be mae
lurprifed to find that fuch coraplaiots
are not without foundation. Mock
more of this as well as bur other fb-
refts ought to be endofed, and made
again into what they originally were,
real forefts. I (hall condude with a
few remarks from an author whom I
have already frequently quoted.

At prefent, fays Gilpin, even the
veftiges of moft of our foreft trees are
obliterated. Of a few of them we
find the fite mark in old maps ; bat
as to their fylvan honours, (carce any
of them has the leaft remains to boaft.
Some of the woods were deftroyed ia
licentious times : and many have been
fufiered, through mere negligence, to
wafte away — the pillage of a dtfhodeft
neig hbo urhood . The pi&arefque eye,
in Sie mean timr» is greatly hart witb
the delbttftion of all thefe fylvu

ioeock

FOR JUNE, 1794.

^4)

ccnes. Ndt that it delights in t con-
tinued forefl; nor wifhcs to have a
IV hole country covered with wood. It
delights in the intermixture of wood
^nd plain ; in which beajity confifb.
It is not its bufinefs to confidcr matters
of utility. It has nothing to do with
the aiiairs of the plough, ^nd the
fpade ; but merely examines the face
iof nature as a beautiful obje^. At
tbe fame time, it is more than proba-
ble, that if at lead fomc of our ancient
forells, in different parts of the king-

dom^ bad been preserved, the ends of
public utility might have been anfwer-
ed, as well as thofe of piflurefqu^
beauty. This was at leaft the opinion
of cjr enemies. We arc informcdi
that in the intended invafion of 1588,
the Spaniards, among other roifchieiF
that was meditated, had orders to cut
down ail the forefts of England, which
they could meet with ; panicularly
the foreft of Dean of Gloucefterfliirei
1 am, (ir; yours> &:c.

THE B R IT i S H MUSE,

,0DE for His Majesty's Birth-Day.

By Henry James Pye, Efq. Poet-
, Laureat.

ROUS'D from the gld«m of tranfient
death,
; Reviving Nature's charms appear,

, Mild zephyr wakes with balmy breath
, The bcauiies of the youthful year.

The fleecy ftornl that fioze the plain,
' The winds that iwept the billowy hiain.
The chilling Wall, the icy rtiower.
That oft obfaii-'d the vernal hour,
And half dcform'd the etheri^l »jrace
That bloom'd on Maia's lovely face;
Are gone— and o>r the fertile glade
In nunhood'^ riper form array'd, .
Bright June appears, and from his bofom

throwsj
Blufhingwith hue divine^ his ovtn am-
brofial role.

. Yet there arc climes where winter hoar

Defpotic ftil! ufurps the plains,

Where tbe loud furges hQi tbe (liore,

And dreary Desolation reigns —
While at the ftiivering (Wain defcriei
The drifted mountain round him rife,
Thro' the dark mift and howling blaft.
Full many a longing look is caft,
To Southern realms, whofc happier ikies

detain
'the lingering car of day, and check hit
golden rein.

Chide not his ftay— the rofcate Spring
Not always flies on halcyon wing :
Not always ftrains of joy and loVe
Steal fweetly thro' the trembling grove*
KefleAing 5oi*s refulgent boams,
I'hc falchion oft lerriflc gleams \
And louder than the wioiry tempeft's ronr,
Tbe battle's thunder ihakcs th* affri^hled
ihoft4— *

Chide not his flay— for in the fceres

Where Niture Hoafts her genial pri*Ic,
Where forcfts fpread their leafy (Icreens^
And lucid dreams the painted valei
divide ^
Beneath Europa's mildeft clime,
In glowing Sumrr.er*8 verdant prime.
The fi-antlc fons of Rapine tear
The golden wreath from Ceres' hair^
And trembling Induilry, afraid
To turn tfit war- devoted gladc,
Expdfes wild to Famine's haggard

eyes,
Waftes where no hopes of future har-
vefts rife j
While floating corfeS choke th' unpurpled

flood,^
And every dewy fod is ftain'd with civic
blood.

Vanifli the horrid fcene^ and turn the
• eyes
To where Britannia's chalky clifTsi

arilc.
What tho' beneath her Rougher air

foil wcjtlaie ;
' ler brighteft day

;j,iii* -lij^: u;<.\ .lorm, and flirouds the

lobr rsy :
No pufple unSyTe tho* flieboatl,
NqwIi/c iJiLiJe rnir ruder Coad, . ^

Vet hcrt iniTr^uiial Frerdom reigns.
And Law protedts whJk ^Labour gains j
And as her manly fons behold
The cuhur'd form, the tccniihg fold.
Sec Commerce fpread to every gale.
From every (hore her (A-elllng laii.
Jocund they raife the c^ornl lay
To celebrate th' liulbicious day.
By heaven lele£ted from the laugliing

year,
Sacred to pa^ript ^«tb, to patrist Ui2^ ns

dear.

S K OPC

442

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

O0E TO ENVY.

FELL niiric cfdarlc Kvengefal
hate,
On whom vindii^ive furies wait^
Thy baleful arts do well demand
The angry bard*s corre^ling hand.
O I was that hand-with power arm 'd,
As with the wiQi his breaft it warmM,
Where dire PJilcgeron's fiery torrents

rOSHT,

He'd chain thee faft to vex maskind bo

more.—
FriendHiip's foft bond, or Lovc*s cn»

dealing tye.
No more by fympathetic influence bind
If thou intrude, then Love and Friend-

ihip fly,
To fullen paflions leave th' infeflted

mind.
Thy blood- fliot eye darts peililenflal

fire,
IDefti'oya the genuine ofifepriag of the

heart.
The wi(b benevolent, the kind defrre.
The friendly intereourfe devoid of art..
Away 1 to dark Cimmerian regions fly !
In kindred glooms, rcvelve thy baleful

haggard eye.

Where merit (bines in honour bright,
Thou lov'ft to dim the radiant light ;
Where beauty's charms difelofe tdeir

powV,
Thou lov'ft to blad the blooiiiing

flowV ;
Wherever excellence is found.
Thy ready fangs delight to wound j
And what to all ihould give fupreme de-
light,
Degraded fmlw, and withers in thy

fight'.
Swift at th>; touch Painaflian laurels

fade.
And wreatlis triumphal on the warrior's

brow;
Thou can 'ft envelop virtue in thy (hade.
And o'er her charms malignant daiknefs

throw-^
Yet know, bafe paflion. Truth's un-
erring ray.
Spite of thy arts, can dlflipatetHe gloom ;•
Place injur'd' virtue fair in open cby^
A,nd hid the laurel with new vigsur

. bloom J-
Refcue from thee each juftly hononr'd
name.
And give to modtft merrt its due place xa
fame.

«a 1 make thy dark unbleft abodr.
Hid wjih the iwi ir^ht-Ioving tdid }

Black, pimpled, loathfome. Hike totio^
Refembling pair ! ye maft agree*

Yet ah ! the toad, detcftcd thing.
Has neither pois'nous tooth, nor fitog.
Thou, work than vipers^ can'& di&±

around
The deadly venom, and the liv-id m^sjA.
Beneath thy fteps tbc verdaat hcrb^

dies.
Thy with'ring blaft de&ioya tbe op'ni^

flow'r J
Swift from thy fight, each fiutt'ia;

fongfter flics.
And ftreams roll refluent Drom tsr

hated pow'r ;
The charms of beauty, and tbc g^acecf

yauth
Fall to thy unrtrlenting hate a prey ;
And all envenom'd by thy cjok^o^

tooth,
Fair reputation blafted dies away.
Malignant paflion ! thy p: imc blii b

to deftroy t
Tl)y grcatett curfe h t» behold s miTs

joyt

All vile and hateful as^ thou art.
Thou dwelled in the liuruan bearr.
What charm or magic can'fl thou s^
Thy vile coutjtgion to infuie !
And thus pervert his native n'»'-*^,
From open, gen'rous, free, and kmi, j
To dark fufpieioa's cloudy itl^ '

ftate.
And all the fullen angry ^loom i

hatst
No peace the fad infe^led bolbm kno«t»
Nor heeds' the liglu that all en]iv'iiie|

(hiues.
But brooding o'er its lelf-creatcd woes,
Deep hid in joylefs fbades/ dqcdd

(Hues.
The lecret poiibn on hrs vitals preys^
Corrodes the tender root of ibciai iovc^
Contaminates each hope would nab

his diys,
Replete with joys, in' bright fOcceflkt

iDM'e.-—
This— this is all thy votVics' meed, if
heft.
To live m woes UBpitied> and to dse ns*
bleft.

Avaunt invidious batefbl powV (
No more int'eft the genial hour 1
No nwrefnmv human hearta remove
The gen'rous feeds of focial lovej
Forbid foft pity's tear to fiow.
Or teach<^<to imile at other^s woe.
Let kind benevolence extend atouod
. Her wUh bumanei and heal the vrr<^,*^
wound,

Tb«i

FOR JUNE, 1794^

44J

Thou Foe to peace, content^ and harm-

Icfs joy,
To generous friendship, and comroutual

love,
Who doft tiic fource -of etVy blifs dc-
* ftroy.
What heart can harbour, or what

thought approve ?
Ahs 1 "by far too many of our kind *
Indulged, thou rul*ft the luUen rmhlefs

hreaft j
Smother (I each warm emotion of the

mind.
And reign'ft fupreme, by jealous hatred

dreli.
O'er me, ah 1 never wave thy fombre

wing,
^or in this neart. Infix thy iife-empoFft'n-

ing ftin^.

eusebius.

The moralist.
(From Mrs. Robinfon^s Poems, Vol. II.]

TJ A R K ! the hoUow moaning wind
'^^ Sweeps along the midnigltt air,
Sullen as the guilty mind }
Hiddea fource of dark dtrfpair.

'See, tlie death-wing*d lightning fly j

Defolation marks its way !
fatal as the vengeful eye,

Fixing on Us deftin'd prey«

Preadful thunders, threatening roll,
Viewlefs, *midll the turbid clouds !

<So, the fieice relentlefs foul

Uate*s empoilbn'd arrow flirouds*

Sec, the billowy ocean's bieaft,
Sway'd by evVy wav'ring wind,

Rifes, foams, and Anks to red.
Fickle as the human mind i

Sweetly blooms the rofe of May,
Glittering wi^h the tears of mora ;

So infidjoiis fniiles betray,

Wlii|e they hide the treachVous thorn.

Mark gay fifmmer's glowing prime,
ShadowM by the twilight gioom i

So the ruibUrfs wing of limc
Bends thei'4ire(t to the tomb.

Moralift! wliew'er you move.
O'er vaft l^ature's varying plan,

^Vy changing fcene (hallj>i]9ve,
A fad epitome of man i

To NATURE, "

OH, Nature 1 cUniverfal queen.
Though miodlefs of th^ power di'i
vine*

J

I long have left thy bowers ferene.

Gay folly's vagrant band to join 5 '
Who wanderM from thv fimple fane.
To follow phantoms falfe and vain.

Behold, with pure devotion warmM,
Again the vagrant feeks thy grove ;

I trace thy winding rivulet charm'd,
Encranc'd I hear thy linnets love {

And as each touching charm I fee,

I challenge art to rival thee.

But (bould'^ftthou a(k what potent caU
Has wak'd the latent fenle of wrong.

And bade me at th? attar fall,
Of her whom I negle£l«.d long 3

Truth ihaJi compel .my lips to own.

That love conduds me to thy throne.

He blends with thine Marian's name.
Congenial charm in each I trace {

She perttfft as thy faultlefs frame.
Thou lovely as her angel face ;

Thy dictates pure her bofom warms.

Like thee fbe fmiles, like thee (he charms.

Airs, in the New Opera of Loooiska,
performed at Dn»ry-I*ane Theatre.

C W E E T bird, that cheer'ft the beav/
*^ hours

Of Winter's dreary reign,
O, dill exert thy tuneful pow'rs^

And pour the vocal Ih-ain I

Go not to feek a fcanty fare

From Nature's frozen hand.
While I, with gratitude, prepare

The foo:l thy wants demand.

Domefttc bird, with me remain.

Until next verdant fpring
Agaio (hall to the woodland train.

Their grateful tribute bring.

Sweet Robin, then thou may^ft explore
And join the fcatherM tlu-ong.

And ev'ry vocal bu(h (hall pour
1 he energy of long.

Y E ftrcrm?, that round my prifon creep.
If on your moflTy banks you fee

My gallant lover Itanrl and weep,

Ob, murmur this command from me ;

Thy miftrefs bids thee halte away,

And (hun the broad-ey'd, watchful day.

Ye gales, that love with me to figh.
It in your breczjr flight you fee •

My dear Florciki lingering nigh.

Oh, whiftJer this command from me—

Thy miftrefs bids thee hafte away.

And (hun the brgad-ey'd, wauhful day.
3K. . . , ^'

444'.

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

The R^TOtrs from the Commttef of Secncy affainttd by the Houfh of Lards ^ tw
injpzd f/'f Report, Original Papers, \3e. deli'vercd on hUttday tb& \tyith bf
May, by a Mejfagt f rem the Commons : fFifh tbe Appe 29 Dix, containimg tb^
importiuU Papers therein referred to ^ and a Reprffentatiou of tbeVuL^^, §r
Spear Heads, found in Preparation at Ed inburgb.

Tue two Rrforts that follow of the Honfe of Lards, contain, in SuhJIaitce, the tohoU
of the Riports of the Houfe nf Commons, which are more .'vobimunus than the others,
on account of the Vouchers of great Length with which they are filled, Ibefe are
neceJJ'ary only in Poir/t of mere Formality : hut the Reports of the Lords, <usiih the
important Papers in their Appendixt ure fujicient to give our Rcadirs a fuU Uea
of this momentous Subject •

The First Report*
Ordered to Report,
rjr H A T the comralttec have met, and,
-■■ having carefully compared the fald
report with the original pnpers rcfen ed to
ihcm, havjcome to ah unanimous refolu-
tlon imn:cdiately to report to your lord-
ships, that they rfre fat iified and convinced
by the evidence contained in thjfe papci-s,
that a traitorous confpiracy hatii been
formed, and a^s done in purfuahce there-
of, by certain focieties and perfons in dif-
ferent parts of the kingdom, for the fub-
Verfion of the eflablifhed laws and cohfti-
ftiticn, and the introduction of that fyftem
of anarchy and cor.fufion which has tatally
prtvailed in Fnnce.

The fan.e evidence contains ftrong in-
dications that meailires have been rL*cently
takt:n, and are ftill continuing, for pro-
vidln;:: arms of the mo(t pernicious fort to
be dillributfd amtnf; tlie hvoiuerg of this
conl'piiacy, for tftV61uatinir, hy open force,
tlie |»urfK>:es foi* which tltcy have con-
faired . — The cnmrnitlee have therefoi^
th;'ii.<.,l»i i: tlS.ir duty to continue t!te fur-
xYrtY fx.Tmmation or tfie matters tt^t-ii^td
ij ihc.;j, and to fubmit to tlic cor.hdera-
tjun of the ho'*!c, whttlur it miy not be
jic)>cr t!iat il.cy lltould be enipowcrt-d to
ieiid K)r j tifSns and pnp.'r.a, ax\<\ to re-
cti ve fucli comnumicaiir.r.s as may be
n.j. 1c to thtm by Ihs mnwtly's order?', or
by \\\c couHniirce of fecrccy appoinl^l by
ti.e hoTt of commons J whoic vigilance
a \d aitivit^' in providing for the public
fuftty ranriot f-il to excjte a proportion-
a ^le 7tiil ar.ct tinujatlon in your lordlhi^s
fi)r d t-6\ing this fcene ©F iniquity, and
jherthy aveuir.g the calamities in which
tlie further progrel's of inch a confpiracy
pight have involved the nation.

The Second Rsfort.
Oitia ed to Report,
'J'hat your comnaictce has proceeded in

the farther examination of the books agd
papers itferred to thcmj and, in purfii«*
ancc of the powers given to them by the
houfe, have alfo taken under their confi-
deration the depoiitions and exanni nations
of fevej-al pcrIon», papers found in the
cuftody of thofe who have been apprehend-
ed, and intelligence comnDuntcared to them
by one of his majefty's fecretarits of ibic-

After a diligent invefiigation of aif
thofe fources of information, the concht-
fions they had formerly ftated to the houfir,
and the tia6)s and propofitioiis contained in
the report of the fecret committee of the
houfe of commons referred to Ihem, ap-
pear to be incontrovertibly cHabUihed.
The extent and danger of the extravagant
and fatal dcfigns entertained by a number
of difatfe^led per^ns, and tlie rapid pro-
grpfs lately made in the raealures taken ro
carry fuch defigns into execution, are il-
luftrated and made manifcft in as latil*.
fa6lory a manner as circumlbntiai cti-
dence can admit.

The firlt objefl to which the attention
of your committcse hath been dine^edj^ wat
the preparation* of i-vms, ixrfwred to in
their firlt report, of wiiich they were then
only authoi ifcd to fay, that ftrong indica-
tions had apiK-ared. The evidence which
they have fmce examined, as well as fub-
ftiquent difcovciits providentially tnadc,
have brought tl»at important part of the
cafe more fully to light.

But in order to place that objef^ in its
juft point cf view, and to illu(^i:ate its con-
nexion with other parts of the gcnci-al
confpiracy for the deltruXion of the coa-
iiitmion, it has appeai-ed to your commit-
tee that it would be fit to (late, in the fir^
place, the circumftances which preceded
that preparation of arms, and thole under
which it took place.

From authentic and public docnnnentt
it appears, that, fubfequent to the ioftpri-
ibmpcnt of the late French (uog, the abo.

FQR JUNE, 1794.

445

lit ion T>r monarchy, and the cftabliihinent
x>£ a democraticai and revolutionary go-
vernment, in France, a direfl and avowed
covrefpondence was earned on between the
convention in France and certain pcrfont
in his majefty's dominions, for the undif-
giiifed purnrfe of an Union of principiei
and condod.

The addreflb fent to the French con-
vention in the month of November 179a,
and the anfwers returned to them, tore
matters of public notoriety. The com-
mittee, refierring to the ftatement given of
thern by the report of the fecret committee
of the houfc ot commons, have furthei- to
obrerve upon theie addreiles, that it now
^ appears that the idea was firft conceived
after the maflacres at Paris, in the begin-
ning of September 179a, was drawn into
form after the invafion of the Netherlands,
and that it was not tlic fudden aft of a few
individuals, or even of one particular fo-
ciery, but was long ynder deliberation,
communicated to other focicties in differ,
ent pans of thfe kingdom aflembled under
various names, and the common pretext
.of parliamentary reform, adopted by
many, and finally tranfmittcd as a decla.
I ration of the leinimenta of a majority of
J the Englifli nation.

The committee has beftowed a particu-
lar attention to inveltigate the proceedings
of tliat foiciety which aflumed the name of
the London Corrcfponding Society ; be-
I ^atife, from the charafter, habits, and
condition, of thofe who compofe it, com-
pared with the ttyle and language, as well
as the method and contrivance difcoveied
in their proceedings, it is molt probable
that it muft have been guided by perfons
of a fuperior education, and more- culti-
vated talents, than appear among tl)e
mcmbci-s of this fociety. For thc*diiieft
and avowed conne6\ion which took place
in tl)c beginning of April laft between this
fociety and the fociety for conllitutional
information, and the plan of co-operation
then eftabliflicd between thtm, the com-
mittee again refer to the report of the iccret
commit :ce of the houfe ot commons uow
before the houie.

The London Corrcfponding Society, in
the firlt formation ; which was about
January 1792, appears to have been plan-
ned and directed by leading members of
the fociety for conftit,utional information,
and in the courfe of its fubiequent pro-
ceedings, the meafures they puifucd were
jn many inltanccs privately concerted with
• perfons of the fame defcription. The
iittinbcr of perijpns firft aflembltd did not

exceed two hundred. In the ootirCe of a
few momhs, their communications with
fimilar focieties in various places became
very frequent, and they began to aflfume a
form and method of proceeding by fub«
divilions and delegations, which have t9
them an appearance of confequence, and
of increaiing numbers. They were the
oftenfible promoters of the addrvTs to tht
French convention, preiented in Novem*
her 179a, and the inftruments to carry oa
the correfpondence upon it in the country |
from whence tliey have taken every occa-
fion to extend their communicadon with
thefe other focieties which they have in-
duftrioufly drawn to a dole, intimate, and
dependant conne^lion.

The war, commenced agatnft his tna«
jefty by the perfons exercifing the powcra
of government in Prance, fupprefkd tbfe
open communication with the French cor*
vention} but neither that ctrcumftance^
nor the repeated declaration of parliament^
had any effe6l to retrain the avowal of
thofe do6b-ines which had led that conven*
tion to ail thofe exccfTes which have proved
fo deftrudive in Fiance to the principlea
of focial order, of religion, and of mora-
lity.

In the courfe of die year 1793, a plan
appears to have been conceived, and in
fome degree brought into a regular fliape,
for uniting the different meetings, formed
by the artful dilTtmination of feditious
publications, inviting men to follow the
example of France, into fuch a body at
might be brought to a£l to one given ob-
je€tf and be fubje^ to one general direc-
tion. ^

The moft marked effe£l of this plan
was, theaflemblingof a body under the
name of a convention, which made its firft
public, appearance at Edinburgh on the
a9th of O^ober 1793. *

The defign of this meeting had been
known and concerted for fome time with
focieties in England, particularly with tbf
Society for Conftiturional Iniormation^
and the Lonc^n Correfpondin^ Society.
Two delegates to this meeting were cholen^
and fent from the London Coirefponding
Society ; a regular allowance for their
journey and expences, at a rate very con-
fidcrablc in rcfpc^ to the apparent funds
of that fociety, was voted for tlKir fup-
port, and aflually paid : thefe delegate^
were Margarot and Gerrald. They ap-
peared, by the fequel, to have been, m
elfe6^, not only delegates but condu^ors
of the affairs of the intended meeting ^
and deriving a coofiderable confequence

. ' ' ^ fropi

44*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

from the fuppofed reprefrntation of the
focieiy whicli fer.t thtm, and other {o^
Cicties in En?!.*rvi, from which they after-
ward prckluccct fomnviTions. Two dcle-
frates were ahb choft.n from the fociety for
Gonftitution.ll inform:^! inn— > Sine lair, and
« per ion known under the name of Yorke.
Atfcr (iTtin^ four day 4 in expeflation
•f the Eni^Iirii delegatts, the meeting,
^which h-'d-cjniifitrd or about 150 perfons
finom diffcrLnt^^arrs of Scot land, Tepar^tcd,
1)ecanfe the Erglifh delegates had not ar-
rived. In two days afterward they came ;
m ckic ^ate from SlieBielJ alfo arrived ; and
Sinclair, one of the dcle^x^tes from the
fscicty tor confti:utiorial information t Mr.
Hflmitori Rowan and Mr. Simon Butler,
itxtinf^ themleives to come on the part nf a
Ibcicty called the United Irifhmen, but
liavinp^ no commirtion, maJe their a^ipcar-
ance liLewIll*, and wei'e all introduced to
a general committtc of the convention,
and received a» delegates.

A tneetmg of the convention, which
IsKi Icparated before the appearance of t hdl-
|Krfons, was imntcdlately iiimmon.'d by
iikirving the fccretary, and Sy public sd-
«crtiU::ntnt, for the 19111 of Nvjvcmbcr, on
which diy it was licld, and conHilcd ot'
aboiTt x6o perfons.

The firtt four day« of their meeting
wTi'C empioyed in fettling forms, and in
au cxa:Qination of the coinn>ifiions of the
«leIeoatc:!^ liippc'fed to be given bv meetings
of the inhabitants of the places from which
ffyy weie datetl, but which meetings were
in vei-y few places known to have exifted,
4X to have bc^n called for any fuch pur-
|>orc. Ail ilicfe commiflions were of courie
aftowed to be v;:lid. On t!ie tzd day of
November, t{\U meeting voted itlclf 10 be
the Briitih Coiucnijon, and alfunied that
ftylfi 151 tl^u' minutes and other proceed -
ifij^^, which were dated ♦ in the rirlt year
«at Hie BririJh convention,* and in fome
•rtlbncr*, ' in the firft year of the Britifti
convention ofie ar.d iud:<v'tfibU ,"

The meeting thus formed, proceeded
to a -ft Yd exRct imitatiS^of tiie French
convent i«ju, adopting ail it?f jrms, pin uks,
and movies of proctrrding, foimlngtom-
mittees ct osjtanii'atian, of inltrutlion, of
fnance, ok Icciecy, decreeing iionours of
th* iitti:v^. h'jnuur.^bir mention of fcrvices,
»u:l \\\\X may nuM it more Icrio'is atrcn-
tirri tiuM the yffe^Utiun of this l^^'le, at-
Icopri;;; \o inititiitc primary loci«ties,
p*iiv)iwi.d alllmb'ies, ^wCi drpirtmenls m
tfiC roTi'i'.i V. On tho zSih ot November,
IIkv ca.»..- tu :i rdblutioji of dccl.ircd op-
pi':i;.!j;i ar.d icij.ltnsc to :h: auihoiity uf

parliament, under a referre that it flwjtj/
not be entered on the minutes till the cki6
of their fittings.
After this, the fptrit and aflivltj of t^

magi (Ira tes were exerted to iiifperie tin
convention ; and on tlie 5th of Pecanbg
1793, the ringleaders wrrc ^^^ir^bcoABit

th.ir papi.r5 frized, and fome oSf tbem hite
fiiice been tried and convicted of the ciiaies
laid to their charge.

Kotwiihlbnding the juft and landibie
eicrtions of the civil authority to fuppreu
this enormous dilbrder, the rnifchitt in-
tended has been in part effectuated, fer
there has CKitied a meeting formol on the
modclcf the French convention, affumrg
the name of the Britifli convention, whki^
fiom the i9ih of November to the 5 eh <£
DeccmlxT 1795, has been exMHited a
this kin[!;dom, with an open piihlicatioe
of all its tnmfa^licms, in a new£i;>apsr
conducled by one of its me;nbers, to fene
as a pattern of the form and method ia
which a future ooovention might procarf
to aff .

It alio appears finom tlie feqwcl th« thee
fliii remained a committee of Iccrecy aad
emergency formed in that meeting, wlik|
bad continued to conduct fabletjucnt op^
rations in Scotland.

The committee have thottght it iai-
portant to call the attentioa of the bodb
to this tranfaflion, becaufe it appears, bv
the evidence produced to tlicni^ to have
been concerted at leaft, if not direfied, bf
the difaffeiSled focietits in England, vA
to hare a moft intimate connxdiion wkh
the fcquel of the confpiracy carried €i
here.

From the time of the meeting and dtf-
perfion of the convention at Edinbargfai
t!ie focieties in England be^an to a5l «kb
increal'cd vigour and a£livity« Their le-
folucions expreflcd a warm approbation of
the proceedings of the convention at Edin-
burgh \ Ib'ong declanitio.^s wrre madeia
l^hilf of tlioTe who had been hroaghtH
trial and convi6led \ fubfcri prions entered
into for thcii' eiKouragemrnt and fapporti
Hnd fome projects appear to have been en-
tertained tor their rcicue.

The London Corr^fponding Society bid
continued to extend its corref'pondence,
and alio its influence with the other ixy-
ftctii: difperfed in the country, and had,
in tne month of February lait, adopted 1
reibliition to arrange the members into
divii^ons of ihirty> compofed of thofe wbQ
livet\ nedreil to each oil ler, that they miglt
e.AtViy be aflembled togeihtr upon any
cinuvcncy. They had aub ptocurcd about

FOR JUNE. 1794: 447

Aak time a plan of a ccmftitution to be vate meetings had been held twice a week»
formed* which was printed and circulated in varieus places of and adjoining to the
among the foveral diviilons, by fomc of metropolis:, for the pUrpofe of inltru6ting
which it had been approved, and at the men in tht ufe of ihe firelock } th<; places
time when the fecretary was apprehended, of fuch meeting were changed to avoid
vras about to be referred to the general dete^ion } and wtje cho(cn by a com*
meeting of delegates for its iinal fan 6) ion. miuee. They exeixifed ch;eBy by mgiit|
By this plan, l^fide the (e^ions of thirty, and no perfons were admitted but by a
clafled Co as to be ready to come forth at printed ticket, with the inrcription, * Li-
the fame time, there were to be iecondary oerty to iliole who da;e to be fiee/ The
ie^ ions of ten each, under the reprefen- number of fit clocks afiually provided, as
ration and diredion of a tyihingmsn. far as it has been difwovcrcd, may icent
There was alio a general committee of inconfidei able for the execution of any de«
correfpondtnce. figii, al hough, for the purpose of teaching

This committee, m fa£V, appears to have the exercile, it had a niott dangerous ex-

cxifted for a confident ble time, to have con- tent j but in iefpe6l oftlw circumHances

£Ued of a number not exceeding five, to of the peiibn who purchafed, or fubfcribed

have tranla6\ed and dh^ected all the Itcret for the purchafe, tlie number is an obje£fc

bufmefs of the fociety, and they were au- of fonie confideration ; and it appears that

thoi iiWi to communicate to the lai-gef meet- the aitillery houfi*, and ibir.e gunlmith fliops

ings only fuch matters as they thought in various parts of i\k metropolis, were

Iklviieable. looked to as furnfhing aieady refouic^

It ftrems almo^ unneceiTary for the com- upon occafion, and as the means of pro*

mittee to point out to the oblervation of Tiding an abunaant rup])]y of aitns to

the houle, that a fociety (whatever be tlx: perfons already inftru^tid in the ui'e ^

condition of the individuals who compoie
tr) fo organ iftd, the iifhrafe they adopt in
their pi intcd plao, and fo connected with
other Ibcict cs in various parts of the ifland,
is capable of giving the immediate tf£ct\ of
an united operation to whatever meaiures
may be propoled by their leaders, elpc-
cially when the recent example of France
'affords lb finking an inllance of the de-
ftru8ive effect of loch a combination. The
committee mufi at the fame time remark,
that this conftitution (as it is called) in

them.

The committee has fiatetl the nymfaer^
fo far as already difcovereJ, to be inconfi*
derable ; but they mui\ add, that after
they fuppofed their inquiry to be ciofcd, a
recent diicovery communicated to tiiem haa
added largely to the numlnrr. ^

The uie of pikes formed a flill rootis
coniiderible part' of the intended arma-
ment. The e£feA of this weapon has of-
ten been difcuffed at meetings, and a cor-
relixjndtfice had been entered into with

the declaration of principles by which it is peiiuns at Sheffield for pro\iding 9 fupply

introduced, the teits required of the mem- of ibem. The piice foj' the iion wovk

bers, and the general frame of the pro- was fixed fo low as a fhilhng f and if

vifions, evidently (hew that the mode) en the colt exceeded that anoount, (which it

which it is formed is that which has leti to appears it mull have done) the overplus

lo the annihdation of all legular govern- was to be paid by a perfqn at She&ld,

ment in Fiqnce, and to the del'potilm of a who was to be reimbuifed by the fociety*

few demagogues through the power and In purfuance of this plan, letters, dated

influence of the clubs. the t4th of April, weie fent from Shef-

Under this flate of things, and when ail field to the corref pendent ibciety, and, un«

this arrangement hid been previoufly form- der their cover, to another foctety of Nor-

ed> the proje£> of procuring arms was wich, advertizing them that the pikes wcse

brought forward. 1 he preciie date y^htn in a toi^vard liatc of prepatation, and lix«

it to k pkce cannot be afceruined, for it ing the teims on which they were to be

appears to have been conducted in molt delivered.

places with prculiar fecrecy and caution. The committee think it proper to fob-
So early as the time of the meeting at join a hand bill, printed in April for the
Edinburgh, the facility of pi'ocurmg arms, London Correlix)nding Society,, and dif^
particularly pikt-s, the ufe and efiicicy of Iributed at a meeting :
ibero as it had been piored in i'Vaiice, had " Counlrj'msn, you are told by thofe
been difculTed at fbme of the diviiion meet- who are in office that you are in danger of
ings J but no fpccific meafuie to this cfFe£l a French invafion ; you are told by ihode
had been taken till a much Inter period. who are out of office that you an in dan-
' Aboyt the month of Ma| cb 179^, pri- ger of a Heflian or Hanoverian, invafion :

448

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

in eiilier ca(e arms will be of ufe to you.
i^gi'ee ftmong youifelvcs. Get arms, and
leaf n the ufe of tbem/*

At Sbtfileld, the iDeafure of arming
witb piketi after th^c example of the Frendiy
was more openly purfued i it had been
recommended in April Jaft, io public

refpefl to the otber pam of the cA, wl«d
was to flare the gen^zal icfuk, aisd oa
the particular ctrcumftanees.

On the nooii ddiberale cooiklcnims fi
all the evidence before tbeno, it spptai
to the committee, that tkere are tke imft
convincing proofs not o(dy of a pba

harangues^ by a person whole* name often formed in tbeoryf to precorc, by kpl
occurs in the courfe of this con|piracy» means* (bme prtial coange of the laW
but w])o has not yet been apprehended* iy which ih's kin^cSooi has bem happij

to great numbers of people* as well as
by band bills dilU'ibuted, exciting thtm to
arm. The pikes were made under tlie
orders of that per(bn, who particularly
direAed the form and fixe of thttn. Se-
veral peribos were employed in the ma*
smfiiAure* which was makirg a confi-
derahle progrefs* bcfoie the alarm given

governed* but of a fonned coolptfacy ti
aflembte* under the name of a cooveittis^
a number of perfons aHuminz 10 be oe
repreien:atives of the naiioiiy icr the s«
piefa p'irpoic of making their rdblniioBi
to Us law, and of fubverting, by i&a
authority* tlie whole francie of tbc^
ment* and the oonftitution of tlits

by the apprehcnfion of the lecretaries of Its monaixhy* its parlianenty and its fiis>

the two tocietiei in London. Beiidet the damental laws.

P^kes* another (on of inlbrameat was pro- That, to c£^uate the porpoCe of tik

duoed at Shc/Beld* the uie of which was conrpiincy, mcafures had been a^uaily ta»

(as explained) to be thrown about b tlie ken for an arrangement aad dtftribunoa

night on the road, (01- laming the men of the perfons ieduoed to engsige in it^ 1

snd the borfes who might be employed to concert and communication etkabUibed ts-

^udl any commotions. tween different bodies of men in diffrmc

In the progreft of the examinations into parts of the country* to sflembls atiboe

this oon^racy* an accidental dilcovery was certain time and place* by fome fecret ooe-

ftttde in Scotland* .which has more fully cert and dire^ion* confultations heU of

explained the extent of the danger* and &e ads to be done for the furtherance 4

' the ample range of the whole defjgn. this conrpintcy of the moft traitetous »-

From the narure of the proceedings car- port* and arms prepared and picpaiicg £«

ned on in Scotland* in coniequence of that tupporting* by force* the fudden eaeeeoas

difcovery* it was impodlble for the com- ot tbefe daring and deljpecate dcGgm%t ibt

ntttee to examine particularly into the
evidence of it ; they have therefore tian(^
mitted to the houfe rhe information com-
niunicated to there -on this head* in the
form in which they have feceived it* and
odded it an appendix (o the report. Ail
theoblcrvations they are authoriied to make
upon it is* that the evidence which they
have examined* clearly proves* ifi. A de-
cided purpofe cf formmg anotlier Britiih
convention in fuch central place as (hould
be afterward communicated, ed. Mea-
ilires concerted* and in pan a£lually'taken*
for aflembling that convention. 3d, A
preparation of arms to oppofe and with-
Hand any aitempt to difpcric fuch a roect-
jng, ^tb. A continued connexion snd
correfpondeuce between thofe focieties in
England, by whofe co-operation theli: mca-
fures ^«re to be executed* and the le-ad-

/uccefs of which* if they could have iacp
ceeded, muft have produced the totaj fiib-
verfion of t.he cocftiturion* with the <»
ftruAion of his maiefly\ perfon, hw£s
and government* acd Cbe annihilatioo tf
our laws and lifaeities* and the mere at-
tempt of which* though we may yui^
conclu'ie, that by the loyalty of che ki^
dom it muti have been defeated* wouSi
have involved this country io all the kcr-
rors of infurreflion* from the calamities of
which we have now, by the divine |Hon-
dence, been happily exempted.

The committee muft fanlier oUervi^
that there is alfo as ilrong a degree of evv
* dfnce as the nature of the cafe will admiti
that the aim of the leaders in this co*-
i piracy extended to as complete a revolo-
tion in this country, as that v^hkh UA
taken pbce in France fince the month d

Ing members of the former Britiih conven- Aueutt 1792.
lion* which a6lua!Iy held its meeeting at Their adoption of the principles and opi-
Edinburgh ir November 1793* nions of the French convention ; their io*
Upon the fubjed of the prepantion of ceiTant exertions to propagate the fame doc-
arms, the committee have been forced to trines here ; thdr attachment to the in-
enter into more detail than was confi^nt terells of the French revolutionary govttfi-
wiih the. general plan of their report in meotj t\M perfuafion that there wAssa

FOR JtJNEi 1^94.

44^

iDtimate connection between the caufe they
nurant to lerve and the fuccefs of the Freoch,
and even their hope of deriving alHllance
from the French aiin$» appear not by \oofe
talk, but by the deliberate and advifed
difcourles held at their meetings, by the
^Hrritten coirefpondeoce of ibme ot the
tnoft a6live members, and by the com*
munications between the differeot fbcieries ;
emilTaries alfo have been ftnt by them
among his majefiy't troops, and papers
circulated in the vain hope of reducing
them frbm their loyalty $ and projefls of
the moft defpetate and flagitious nature,
reijpediing the members of t>oth houfes of
parliament^ and even the Hifety of his ma-
jefty^s moft facred perfon and of hj^ royal
family, have not merely betn uttered, but
entertained and difculled among them.
The oftenfible object of tlie feveral meet-
I ings whoie members were to be the foU
lowers tn this confpiracy^ namely, parlia*
I ffi>entary reform, is a pretext that could
impoie on none but the moft credulous,
ignorant, and unwary 1 the only reform
I they ever profefled was the eftabliftiment of
Universal Suffrage, and Annual Repre-
I ii^ntatton j tbeie they bad aflumed and de-
clared to be theirs by inherent and unalie-
nable right ; a right not to be reltnquiflied
but with their lives, and which none but
, thieves and traitors could wifh to ^itb«
, hold from them.

I The afiembling a convention was evi-

,^ dently not for confulting upon the fttnefs
of the meaftire^ but to be itielf the means
of obtaining it ; and they had previouily
^ diJclaiined, in the moft exprefs terms, the
«ily legal means of obtaining any change
of the exifting laws by an application to
the legiflature, declaring that they muft
depend only on their own /liength and
courage, for obtaining of what they termed
their rights. .

The oecriflTury refult is, that the appli<»
cation of ftrength and courage imift have
been the obje£t for which fuch an aftembly
was to be called, it not being the fwrpole
of thoTe who formed it to obtain laws from
any other authority but their owns ha-
ving, not only in the privaie meetings,
but public declarations, openly profcftcd
that they were to (iitk. rediefs from their
own laws, and not from the laws of tho/e
they tehned their plunderers, .enemies^ and
oppieflofSa

The accomplifluDeitt of fuch a parpofe
neoeflfarily implies the Overthrow of all fub-
ordination in the fl«e, the abolition of tlie
eibiblilbed form of parliament, together
with the deftnidion of hereditary inonar-
diyi ud the fubvaiioD of every ftfeguard

which the wifdoni of ages hu eftabliftied
in this happy country tor the peace and
welfare of lociety^i for the encouragement
of indodry, morality, and religion, for the
protection of innocence, and the punifli-.
ment of vice, and for the iccure enjoy-
ment of property^ of liberty, and of life '
itielf. Under the circomftances of theft
defigns, deliberately entertained, openly
avowedj and on tite very point of being*
attempted to be executed, your committee
feel that they have executed their duty in
laying before your lordfhips the important
refult of their inquiries ) and that it be-> •
comes them to leave it to the wifdom of
your lonUhips to conHder what fttps it
may be pmper for this lioule to take in
order to manifeft its abhorrence of this *
wicked oonfpiracyi its defire that every
proper meafure may be exened in order to
give, energy and vigour to the execution of
the laws by which the fuhjef^s of this
realm are proteded againft thefe criminal
purpoles s and its readinefs to affoid to
bis majetty every degree of aififtance and
fuppoit which is due ft om us as loyal ard
afteiclionate fubjefts, and as men deeply
imprei&d vrith a fenfe of the value of the ^
blciTings which we enjoy.

APPENDIX^

NVMBEtL L

Letter from the Right Hon. Mr. Secretary
D^undas to the Lord Privy Seal, dated
Whitehall, May 19,' 1794, inclofmg
Four Drafts of Pikes, or bpear Heads.
Whitehall, May 19,* 1794.

My Lord,

I H A ▼ E received this tnGrmn^ froai
the ftieriff depute of the county ot Edin-
burgh, authentic information of an acci-
dent^ diicovery, made on the 15th and
i6:h ult. ) the general report of which I
feel it proper to ftate to you, as it fcem.s
materially connected with ti)e inquiry iii"
which the fecret committee of the houle of
lords is now engaged.

The cred.tors of a bankrupt having re-
ceived information that part of his goods
had been embezzled, and were (ecreted in
the houfe of aI^ individual, the ufual war-
rant was iflued authorizing a fe'arch to be
made in the fufpe^led place $ and, in car-
rying it Into execution on the afternoon of
the 15th, the officers difcovered in a pri-
vate place, where they appeared to havel
been concealed, twelve pike or fpear heads
of the conftiu^ion and ^imenfions in the
iftdofed draught. The proprietdr of the
3 L >. b^ulo

4SQ

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

liooie, w1k> ' bappcQei] to be from home
at the time, was loon thcreafttr taken
imo cnftody ; and, on being carried be-
(arc the proper magiftrate for examina-
tion, refuted to give any account of thefr
weapoDC, to whom they Itelonged, or for
what purpoies they were in'.enoed. On a
more narrow (eareh, tltere wat likewife
difcovetcd in a private and concealed part
of the houfe, two other pike or Tpear
head*, fimilar to the others) two battle
axcfy of the form and dimenfions deli-
neated in the tncloied paper ; and a (haft
or pole with a fa-ew on the end, fitted for
receiving either the fpear liead, or battle
axe.

Immediate inouiry being made nfter the
peribns with whom this individual had
lately been feen in company, and two black-
imitba being mentioned among them, their
houfet and ibopa were immediately fearch-
ed I one of the two was alfo taken into
doftody, the other efcaped and ablconded.
-—In the ihop of the firft of ihefe men were
found four pike or fpear heads fioiflied,
fitted with (crews and fockets, and ready
to be fixed on fliafts ; eight battle axes,
aUb fitted and finked j aiut twenty blades
■lore not quite finr&ed, but nearly fo.

In the ihop and dwelling houle of the
other who had abiconded no fuch weapons
were found ) but the apprentices, on being
examnsed before a magittrate, acknowledged
that the pike or fpear lx:ads firft difcovered
had been privately manufa^ured in their
mafter^s (hop during the courfe of this fort-
night paft, and carried privately to his
bouCe as foon as completed i

The battle axes and blades app^r alfo
to have been manufactured within this fort-
night paft ; and were intended, as the
Biaker of them faid, for the purpofe of
arming the people ihould an invafion take
place ; but it appears that to his appren-
tices) whom he bad employed in aliifting
bim to make them, he pretended they weie
meant for a gate : an acconnt obvioudy
ibille, as be could not point out any gate

for which the(e weapons were mtcwAJl
nor name any peHbn who bad orderrd fatal
to frame a gate of 6f porticuLs' m cob-
ftnidion.

Tbeic circumftances have induced die
magiftrates to commit all the |ictfoew ooa-
cemed for examination ; and the icfidr ai
the inquiries which are at prdent carxjm^
forwaxxl I cxpe6l will be r^ularl j ccs-
municated tome. It is proper aUo loinr-
form your lordfhrp that all the perfixs
chiefly concerned appear to have fxsea wtua-
brrs of the Britifli convention whicb «nct A
Edinburgh laft winter, and fince cbe d^
pcrfion of it have continued the moft ac-
tive and leading peribns m the fbcie^iei
whole delegates compofed the peindpei
part of that meeting ; who 'ppear at p«-
fent taking mrafures for calling anothtr
convention of the feme nature, v.»hich they
expef^ed is to take pUce foon in England ;
and fome of whom have ackno-vrltrdged,
that the propriety of the indiTiduais coo-
pofing thefe focieties arming thctnlBves
with fpears and pikes has, within thde
few weeks paft, been the fuHieft of coo-
verfation among them, and lleps taken for
carrying that purpofe into execution widi
caution and fecrecy.

The filence of one of the perfoiis, the
inconfirtcnt and conrradiftory account or
the other, and the fliEht of the thtd,
throw a very ftrong fuipicion on the pm-
pofes and intentions of thejrartics con-
cerned in this tranfaAion. The flieriiT^
in the courfe of his doty proceeding to is-
veftigate the matter more accoratdy : beC
I confider it neceflary and pr^>er to com-
municate, through yoor lordlhip to ifae
committee, information lb intimately con-
nc6"ted with the objeA of inquiries, bof»»
ever imp^rfeft that information fbll iii
but which I have na doubt will iaan be
comj^eted.

I have th^ the honour to be, &c.
Henry Dvkaas.
The m^ft noble the marquU of Staffud.

DRAFT OF THE PIKES.

FOR JUNE, 1794'

4Bi

SXPLAHATION.

Number I.

Referred to in Mr.'lfecretary Dundas^
letter, dated Whitehall, May i^, 1794*
contains the dunenfions of the head of a
pike or fpear ; fourteen finifhed ones found
in the houfe of Robert Watt, merchant ;
two- finifhed ones were alio found in the
houle of Robert Orrock, fmith, who ac-
knowledged he made ihem ; eighteen un-
liniflied ones weie alfo found in the houfe
or ftop of Orrock. — A. The blade 9}
inches.«-B. Socket for the infcrtion of a
lUfF.

Number 11,

Contains the exa6l dinicnfion? of one
^w^cstpon found in the pofilfTion of Robert
Watt.— A. Ten inches,— B. Six inches.
•— C. Screw, 6{ inches. The fcrew is
adapted for a female fcrew , on a ft»ff 3 J
feet long. The other fcrews arc of ihe
fsofkt dimenfions.

Number III.

Contains the exa£l dimenfions of ano-
ther weapon found in the poliedion of
Robert Watt ^ alfo of an iron verral for
uutting on the end of a fiaff or pole.-^A.
Twelve inches*— B. Eight \ inches.— C.
Two inches.

Number IV.

Contains the exa^ dimenfions of a wea*
pon found in the^ workshop of Robert Or-
rock, fmith, at Dean, near Edinburgh:
nine others of the fame kind were alfo
found in the /5me place.— A. Ten J inches.
f— B. Nine inches.-— C. Eight inches.

Number II.

tetter from the Right Hon. Mr. Secretary
Dundas to the Lord Privy Sea), dated
Whitehall, May aj, 1704, inclofmg
Copy of a printed Paper, iited Dundee,
;^piil 11, 1794..

Whitehall, May 23, 1794*

My Lord,

I Have i-eceived this morping farther
accounts from the iheriff depute of Edin-
burgh of the tranfa^ion (luted in my laft
letter, 9nd the lefult of the inquiries fince
m>de bv that magiftratei and w>hich are Itill
going rorward, appear to me of fuch a
nature as to deferye the particular atten-
tion of the feci-et committee.

0«^ of the individuals mentioned in
my f^rmsr letter b^s lince made a diiclo*
fMie ) and a periop fince taken intocuftody,
and who appears to have been privy to the
whole tranla(ition, has confeffed that thefe
Wf*{^?)* ^^ ^^ &'4 9f a veiy large num-

bei5» and quantity aftus^ly ordered to. b^
made, and intended to be pivately dif-
peHW among the members of the virioua
focieties throughout Scotland^ ftylingthem*
fclvcs friends of the people, and who ap.
pear to be at prdent employed in taking
meafures for calling together another Bri-
tifh convention of delegates to be held in
England. An order has been given from
one town alone in Scotland tor a large
quantity of weapbns of the nature de-
ftribed ; no lefs a number than four thou-
fand has been mentioned, fend more Mt
intended to be diliributed in Edinbuigh«
Emifiaries appear alfo to have been dif- .
patched withm this fortnight or three weeks
paft to the manafiiAuring towns in the
weft of Scotland, for the parpofe of found-
ing the inclinations of fuch of thk inhabi-
tants there who arc known "to be Wiemben.
of tbefc focieties 5 and there is reafon to
believe, from infortttttion received from
various different quarters, that thefe jper-
fons have by no means been unfuccefshil.

Paiiley is in particular alluded to at
being in a ftate of great readinefs ; and
there has been pofitive information received
thiwigh other channels, that within thefe
thiee weeks, perfons of that defcription
have aflcrabled themfelves to a Very confi-
derable number in the night time for the
purpoie of praftifing the ufe of arms. The
particulars of this information, and the
extent to which thefe m*tings have pro-
ceeded, are at prelent matter of inquiry
with the proper magiftrates of the place^
but the refult has not yet been received.

The formation of this plan is now tra-
ced, home to certain perfons, (bme of whom
are in cufto iy, who appear to be entrufted
by thefe focieties in Scotland ^ih the moft •
unlimited powers in directing their future
pioeeedin^, carrying on their correfpon-
dence, ami who aA as a committee of fe*
atcy confifting of a certain number of
perfons the ptincipal and moft a£live mem-
bers of the Britifli convention. The choo?
firtg of delegates to the expelled convex*
tbn in England, the place of whofe meet-
ing is not yet divulged^ and the railing
of contributions among the various fi)cie-
ties throughout Scotland for defraying th^
charges of fuch dele|;iites, appear to be the
material part of their ])refent employiqent,
atid in wnicb it would leem they have made
ibme progrefs; and it is the fame com-
mittee who have for thefe fom« weeks paft
been ^onfulting and taking meafures for
arming themfclvcs and the members of thf
various clubs with pikes and battle axes,
and who have employed the pcHbnsabove-
3 J. » wePVioped

45*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

mentioned in roaniifafturing them. The
fcbeme appears to have been firft propoied
and agreed upon ahoiit a month ago ; to
have been fince carried on with the utmoft
fecrecy and caation ; and the weapons, (o
far as has yet been difcovered, nianiifac->
tured by fuch perfons, in fuch froall
quantities, in fuch circumftances, and
under i'uch pretences, as not to render the
pro^rcTs of the work probably liable to
fufpicion or dete£lion ; and it was brought
to lieht by the very accidental and Angular
incident which I mentioned in my former
letter.
. I have the AtisfbAion of obfervingy
that the magidrates and officers of the law
in Scotland have been and ftill conbnue
a6^ive in the fearches and inquiries making
at the different fufped^ed places within their
refpe^ive juriidi6bons. In Perth and
l^undee nothing has been difcovered which
can lead me to believe, that meafures have
been taken in either of thele places for
rnaking arms, the manufa£lttre of which
Icems to have been confined to Edinburgh,
and irrtended to have been gradually dif-
pa-fed from. thence to fuch places" as re-
quired them. No fuch weapons have
been difcovered at Paifley or in its nei|;h-
bourhood, though the intention of Winning
and holdinflr regular nightly meetings are
perfe^ly akertained.

Information has alfo been communi-
cated, of the autlienticity of which there
is no room to doubt, that a confpii^cy
has been formed, as foon as a proper
number of thefe weapons were difhributed
among the friends or the people in Edin-
burgh, to fcize in the night the pcrfbns of
th: principal magiitrates and ofncers of the
law, the bankS) the public offices, guard;;,
and pri:ot], and after intictng the foldtery
from the caftle, by kindling a fire in the
nuddie of the city, to intercept them on
thdr retumi hy means of different aripcd
parties to be properly fbtioned for that
purpofe.

it appears likewife from indifbutable
fa6U, that the moft fecretand artful means
have been and art Mi ufmg with the fenci-
ble i-egiments in Scotland to excite them to
dflbbedience and mutiny. The printed
najwr which I herewith tranfmit, has been
Itjduftrioufly circulated for that purpofe.
1 have the hotiour to be, &c.

Henry Pundas.

Marquis pf Stafford,
f The words in Italia are in large letter; in the printed copy*

Indofed in Mr. Dandas* Letter to Jjord
Privy Seal, dated May a 3, tj^^
(Copy.) •

Friends and Bremren,

It is with the grcateft pleaAire tbat yoor
countrymen are informed, that fuch is
your attachment and love to tbcm, ami
to your native country, that you maofnlly
and firmly refolve not to leave it upon amf
terms contrary to thofis upon which yoa
were firft engaged. Your countrymea
love you j and their hearts would be ss
much wounded to part with you, as joors
would be to be feparated from them. They
well know that they are fafe updcr the
prote6^ion of xheirfatbent thdr Jims, their
brothers in arms \ and they neither wift
nor defire any other defenders. ^Tbey
hope and believe thatj^ovr hearts are fiUed
wilh the fame fentimcnts.

The great mafs of the people fcooi
among whom you have inliftedy have bees
reprefented to you as your ciianies ; ^be-
lieve nor the aflertion ; they have been
taught to coniider j9u as ioik j but they
do not fear finding friends among dieir
bpethren*

Their caufe and yours is the fame.-*
They are poor, but they have hoocft
hearts; hearts which fympathife injmr
cavfe^ they look for tKe~fame friendAup
and the fani^ fympathy mjosu They re-
joice to hear that you are becoming daily
more convinced of the great truth that tise
Urw ought to be the fame to the HM^
lander and to f hvwUmder\ to the nek
and to the foor \ and that no man can be
€9mptUed to take vp arms, by tm^ «b.
thor^ *wbatfoi*ver^ unkfs bu cwtf imc&i
nations prompf bim/o to do.

This truth h^s bfen hitherto carefully
conc^ed from you^ but it is not Jefs cer-
tain. The will of your laird cannot ivitb»
put your own confentt fqarate you from
your families and friends, although many
of you may have experienced the exertiont
of fuch a power, however unjuft, and
however contrary to law.

We refped and admire the principle
which induces yon (though neceffitv has
compelled you to take ujp arms) ftill lo
perfitl In remaining to derend your friends !
at home ; and not to qnit a f ountry whidi
holds pledges fo dear. ' 1

When j?0M are gone, where is their de-
fence ?--They may be either left 'witbtn$
frotedion, or may foon lee their couctrv

Pf*

FOR JUNE, 1794.

453

r>-ruii by fereigu troops ; fuch as in
«3nie paft have already fiied the blood of
your anceftors without provocation^ and
M^ithout remorie; and who would fieel
pcarhaps as little compunftion in ihedding
tSeirs,

Prepared for every deed of horror, thcfe

foreijgn mercenaries may violate the cbafii^

ty 01 your wives, your fifters, and your

daur.hters, and, when defire is fatiated,

cruelty may reTuoie its place in their

hearts, as experience has too well and too

fatally (hewn ) and friends, parents, cbil-

1 dren, brothers, may be involved in one

coiDmon flaughter. The cruel maflacre

I of Glencoe cannot yet be forgotten; —

I Are there not among you whofe forefiithers

1 peri (bed there ?— Their hearts, throbbing

■with kindnefs and hofpitality, were pierced

I vrith the diggers of their treacherous

guefts J and the fcaft prepared by the hand

of unfufpe^ling friendihip viras clofed with

I a fceneof blood I— ^uch is the return for

kindnefs and hofpitality !— Such the pro.

I te6lion which your families have to ex-

, pea ! I!

j How will they then look around in vain

iwyour protecting care, when perhaps
I you are fighting at a diftance in a foreign
land ?— But they hbpe you will not fbr-
, fake them.-'Stay, <Ji fhy, and defend
I your families and friends \^^far that pur-
I pofe ekm ym 'were w/Jff</.— They are
. ready to come forward {or you in the vin-
I dication of jour rights,

Tboufands join in the fame fentiments
wiih yo», and ardently wifh for your con-
tinuance amon^ them.— The circum-
fiances which might reqnhr you to quit
your country have not jet taken place,'^
No invafion has yet happened.— You
cannot be compelled to go.—- Leave not
your country.— Aif<^rt your independence.
—Your countrymen will look up to you
^s their Proteilort and Guardians, ahd
will in their turn lift up their arms to prq-
%t&. and aiTift jfotf.
Dundee, April is, 1794^

U.i I ■ •

NUMBCH III.

Letter from the Right Hon. Mr. Secretary
Dundas, to the Lord Privy Seal, dated
Whitehall, May 14, 1794.

Whitehall, May 24, 1794,

My Lord,
I have received no further accounts of
the refult of the inquiries going on in
Idinburgh ^ but I am forry to ilau thnt

I have received information from the fheriff
of the county of Renfrew, confirmed by .
letteirs received from other refpe^lable per-
fons ) in Paifley, that the magifhaies x>f
that place having, in the courfe of their
inquiries, committed on the afternoon of
the X9di, a man to cuflody for further
examination, a confiderable number of
perfons (feveral hundreds aflfembled in tW-
evening, and after choofmg a prefidentf
whom they addreffed by the titieof citisen.
prefiient) voted a number of refolutiona
to the following put'pofe s

That a national convention fhonld be
immediately called, to which they would
fend delegates.

That they fhould not petition parlia-
mebt, as it was to themfeives ak^ne, and'
to iuch convention, they could k>ok fbr
redrefs.

Th^y then proceeded to confider the
conduct of the fheriff and magiftrates in
comraiting their brother citizen, as he was
termed x and after much difcuflion as to
the propriety of immediately releafmg him
by force, the majority feemed inclined to
take mild meafures firft, and to fend a de«
putatior) to a(k his reieafe ; but the ma--
giftrates having received information of
what was intended, and difmifled the maa
from cuftody, the mob difperfed with three
cheers, having been previouflv inftru^ttf
by their prefident to abftain ttom further
tumult, and to obferve a peaceable and
orderly conduct.

The authority of the civil magiftrate ia
in the mean time entirely fuperfeded, and
until aoroper force is fent to protect them
in the future execution of their duty, which
has been anxioufly required by the fheriff
and magiftrates, they dare not proceed hx-
the common courfe of legal and judicial
inquiry againfl any of the perfons wh»
are fufpefled of being concerned in thefd
violent and tumultuary proceedings. But
it cannot efcape the obfervation of thel
committee, how accurately this inlelli*
gcncc correfponds with, and confirms'the
ipformation yefterday communicated, aa
to the (late of the minds of thefe people in
that neighbourhood, the alarm which thdr
leaders fed as to the refuU of the legal ia-'
quiries at prefent depending, and the re*
guhr fyflematic conncaion between them
and the leaders at Edinburgh, as disco-
vered from the yet unfinilhwl and hafty
examinations taken in that city. I have
the honour to be, &c.

HBNay DuN0A9«
f he mod^ noble tlie Martjui^ of Stafford,

454

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

KVMBER. IV.

Ixttw finom tlic Right Hon. Mr. Secretary
Diindas, to the Lord Privy Seal, d.it^'d
Whitehall, May zy, 1794..

Whitehall, May 27, 17 94.
My Loi-d,
I have this morning received farther in-
formation from Scotland, which appears
t9 mc proper to be communicated to the
committee.

The perfons in whofe cuftody the vrea-
poofi fonnerly dcfcrilx'd ^mere found, ap-
pear to have a£^ed for fome time paft u oder
the name of a committee of ways and
mciDS appointed by the British conven-
tion f and to Itave been empowered b/ the
irvrious focieties throughout Scotland to
direct all their future proceedings, by
means cf emiiTaries privately difpatchied to
difiirrent parts of the country. The com-
anittee has fignified to, and pi'cpared a
smmber of the ibcieties for the appiioach-
Sng convention in England ; many of
whom have chofcn, and all, as far as is
yet known, az^reecl to choofe dcleg;ites to
attend it, and iubfcribe for their expences.
The time and place of meeting wa& not
divulged j and were to be communicnted
£(011) Edinburgh, in proj>er lime, Uy in-
dividuals to be fent from thence for that
jiirpoie, whofe arrival vt^s daily looked
ior by feveral of the different focieties.
One pf the members of the late conven-
tion at Edinburgh ap|)ears, within this
fortnight pad, to have been difpatched,
and to have aflmlly performed an exten-
Hve tour through the weft part of Scot-
land; to have vilitetl, in his progrefs, the
towns of Qufensferry, Falkirk, Stirling,
St. Nirims) Kiliyfh, Kirkiiuuloch, Cam-
pric, G.ai-row, 'and Paillcy ; in a 1 of
which places he appears to have met with
the 'principal pen on s concerned in iheic
ibcieties ; to h?ve left with them and the
mcnbers of the focieties copies of a circu-
lar letter from the ccmjinitee of Edin-
burgh, and inrtrufled thtm in what man-
ner ihey were in future ro cany on their
corref})undence ; and to have fnggelted to
them the propriety of turnilh|ng them-
filvcs with arms for the ptirpotcs of de-
leace, un^ler the pretei^ce of defending
tbemieivcs again ll foreign t,ioops.

An attempt has Ixen made ro diftribiite
ibme ot the wc:ipor.s lately difcovered at
Sdinbtit-uh, by means of jjerfons privately
lUfpatched to the country for that purpofc,
and which icems only to have failed in its
eaccutiun from the tinjidicy of the perfons
foiicited to Jo lb.

An individual of the fame deicrrptM^
has been taken into cutlody in the couo*
try, who appears to have commUCwntd,
and ad^ually received from England ibcne
mulkets and bayonets : on being quedioo-
ed by the proper magillrate, be has re*
fufed giving any explanation fkfttier tiian
that he commiiTioncd them in the wraj o£
his bulinefs.— But it does not appear tkat
he ever dealt in fuch articles beibre ^ po
perfou appears to have commiflioned bina
to procure any fuch, and there (eienis to
be full evidence of his having tkAicited
othtu-s to purchafe what they of thenaiei vcs
were not thinking of, or wiihing to pro-
vide.

He admits having correfponded with tbe
London Correlponding Society on tbc
fubje£l of a convention, and that tbe £>•
ciety, of which be is a leader, bad agreed
to fend delegates to it as fi)on as the csme
and place of meeting (hould be divulged.

A requifition has been made by tb« ma-
gi (hates and principal inhabitants of Paxf-
ley for a military force to prote^ them in
the execution of their duty, aud io i hor
perfons v^d properties, which has been
duly attended to. It is with much iaiil^
faction I inform your lord(bij», that the
gentlemen of edatc aud character in tbe
county of Renficw have voluntarily itep-
ptd forward, and determined to fuppott
the authority of the civil magtibau;* I
have the honour to be, &c.

HbMRY DUNPAS.

NUBMEK V.

Letter from the Right Hon. Mr, Secretary
Dundas, to the Lord Privy Seal, daied
Whitehall, June a, 1794*

Whitehall, Junes, i794«
My Lord,

The information I have received this
morning irom Edinburgh, enables me tq
Itate to the committee, that the traiifac-
tions communicatee! ip my former letters
ape facthcr cleared up by tbe inquiries
which have fince taken place in that city.

Some of the perfons who abfcpnded on
the firlt difcovery of the arms conccakd
in certain houfes have been difcovered and
apprehended ; and the refult of thcic far-
tlicr it:c]uirit8 confirms, jn almplt every
particular, the account received from other
quarters, and the import of which I have
already laid before thp committee. ' The
eltablifhment of a iecret committee a^
Edinburgh, invelted with full powers .tQ
dii^Cl th^' future operations of the focieties

FOR JUNE, 1794.

45$

4lirot)ghout Scotland ; the regular correr-

pondence privately carried on by means

of emilTanes difpatched to the different

towns J the afccrtaining the cxatl number

of perfons in thefe focicties, who were di-

re6^ed to provide themfelves with arms,

and to hold themfelves in readinefs for any

meafure which the fecrct committee might

in due time communicate, are confirmed

by every account and information which

the magiftratcs have received ; and an

individual, who has been lately taken into

cuftody, has confirmed the account re-

' ceived from a different qnarter of the dan-

' gerous defign, planned by the Edinburgh

committee, of effecting a general infur-

' reflipn as fbon as they wei-e ready and

' prepai^d for carrying it into execiit'on,

Dy the feizure of the principal m?gi(lrates

•nd officers of the law at' midnight, and

poffeffing themfelves of the pnfons and

I public offices, as Ibted to your lordfhip

in my letter of the a 3d of May, and then
communicated through a different channel
from that ihiongh which the prcfent con-
firmation of thel'e clrcuinlianccs has been
received. The plan feems not only to
have licen dircufleii and deliberated on hf
the ringleaders at Edinburgh, but to have
proceeded a certain degree in its fleps to«
ward aftual execution, which appear to
have been condufled with the uf molt cau-
tion } and there is reafon to believe, that
the execution of the plan was not to be
confined to Edinburgh, but was meant
to uke place in fome of the moft confidcr-
able towns in Scotland on a certain day,
and at one and the fame time. Tlie proper
and ufual Heps have been taken for bring-
ing the offenders to trial ; and thofe againft
whom the information chiefly points, are
detained in cullody. I have the honour
to be, Sec.

Henry Dundas.

AFFAIRS OP POLAND.

, Wariaw, April t.

I A N infurre6HoD has broken out in this

, **' country. General Kofciufko, at the
head of the infuigentt, has made himfelf
, mafler of Cracow, which he is putting into
, a fiate of defence, and ii forming a con-
^ iiderable army to oppofe the Ruffians.

Cracow, April 6. On the 30th ult.
I general Kofciufko left this city, taking
the route for Warfaw, hit army of re-
gulars and artillety having been reinforced
by 4000 peaiants, armed with pikes, fithes,
&c.— On the 4th inf^. at a village called
I Kaclawica, about feven German miles from
I Cracow, 00 the road to Waifaw, he met
with a body of Ruffian troops, confining
of about 6000 men, with a park of heavy
' artillery, who were marching againfi Cra-
cow for the purpofe of reducing it. They
were headed by the Ruffian genei:al Tur-
mansow, and advanced in three columns
to the attack o£ the Poles with gieat im-
petuofity.

Some fquadrons of the Polifh cavalry
were defeated at the fir (I onfet ; but iheir
infantry, led on by general Kofciufleo in
pcrfon, and fupporteJ by the whole body
o£ the peaiasts, attacked the Ruffian ocn-
tre with fuch fpirit, ihat the line was im-
nediately.brokeD^ and a dreadful carnage
of the Ruffian troops cnfucd, the.peafantt
relufiog to give any quarter* The Ruf-
fian corps de referve then attempted to take
the Pbftt in flank $ but this plan was ren»
docd sdMTtive by the vigilance and cool-
' %

nefs of general Kofciufko, and it was like^
wife completely dcfeaioJ, and the whole
Ruffian army d if per led.

Colonel Wcronzow was taken prifbner,.
Upward of 1000 Ruffians were killed upon
the field, while the Po!es loft only 6^0 men
in killed, and about So wounded. The
Ruffians likewife loft 1 1 p eces of heavy
cannon, and all their ammunition.

Warfaw, April i8. Yelterdaywas a
tremendous day for this city. Some daya
before that, th« Ruffian general Van IngeU
ftroom had Tent hence all his cavalry, to
reinforce the troops del^inetl to a^ againft
Kofciufko, fo thai there were only three
battalions of infantry left here.

Early in the morning of the 17th Hi
d.fturbance broke out, of fo ferious a na*
ttire that general Ingelftroom affembled the
three batraiions,' and gave notice to the
king of what was paffing. Tlie king fent
for anfwer, that he already knew what had
happened, and reqnefled the general, in
order to fpare the effuficn cf blood , to jend
his men out of Warfaw till the minds of
the people were a little Quieted,

In the mean time, general iRgelilroom
had fent general Baor w*ith a detachment
to the atfenal, to take poffeffion of it, but
he came too late. The citizens had al-
ready made themfelves maflers of it, and
taken out the arms. They immetliatdf
made- general Haur and his whole detach*
mcnt prifoners $ after wiiich the citizens
anocdand aflembled, acdobl'gcd a bat.

talio»

'4S6

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINET

talion of Ruflian infantry to quit the city.
The two other battalions, with general
Ingelftroom at their head, took poife^on of
Catharina-flreet, aiid defended themfelves
"With the greateft bravery, notwithftanding
the citizens fired upon them from all the
liouies: in (bort, after a bloody conteft
of thirtv-(ix boursy in. which the Ruffians
loft half their men, they got away, and un-
der the command of generals Ingelftjtx>nH
Apraxin, and Subow, joined tlve little
corps of Pruflians under the Pi-uffian ge-
neral W^^'^X? 2boiat two miles off*.

The inhabitants, in order to drive the
Kuflians from their pofts, had fet feveral
lioufes on fire in the diftiifl where they
were quartered.

^ As foon as the RuiHans were' out of the
city the Poles attacked all the houfes
where the Ruflians had been quartered,
plundered them of the camp equipa^s of
the generals, &c. and raurdereci ^1 the
Kamans whom they found in the city.
The magiftracy was affembled during the
tumult, but were not able to do any thing
towaixl reftoiing tranquillity- Every thing
£nce~ has been to all appearance (all and
quiet.

The Poles have fcnt word to general
Kofciuiko that there aie no more Ruilians
sn Waiiaw, and have defired him to come
iirom Cracow to that city.

Warfaw, April a i. Therifingofthc
f>eop]e in this city was accelerated by a
note delivered by the Ruffian ambaflador,
general baron Ingelftroom, to the king
and permanent council, on the i6th, re-
quinng that the arfenal at Warfaw fhould
be delivered up to him, the Polifli military
difarmed, and that twenty perfbns, moftlv
of coniideration, fhould be arrefted, anci,
if found guilty, puniftied with death.
The king and pernmnent council remon-
firated with M. Ingelftroom upon the
iubje£t, but to no purpofe ; and when the
chancdlor, prince Sulkowfky, was fent
to the ambauador upon the fame buiiners,
baron Ingelftroom ufed fuch violent ex-
preilions to the prince as threw him into
a fit, of which he ftiU lies ddngeroufly ill.

All this fpread rapidly througli the chjf
and during the night of the i6th, every
thmg was prepared for what followed bf
all the inhabitants and foldiers in Waiikv.
The Ruffians, of whom there were 6oco
in the city, and a number in the nei^
bourh«od, thought they fhould fboo put
an end to the difturliance. They at-
tempted early on the morning of the lyiE,
to get poflelTion of the ar&nal, and to dif-
arm the foldiers in it. A deputation flew
immediately to tbecaftle, and requefbxi the
king to rcven^ fuch an infult offered C9
his troops in his capital. His naajefly as-
fwercd, * Go, tuid defend jaur bensarr*
They immediately took the loaded pkce
of cannon which ftood before the caftk,
and marched direflly to the palace inha-
bited by the baron Ingelftroom, who was
in it. In the mean time the people took
pofleflion of the arfenal, armed themieivcs
drew out the cannon, and aflembied to
the number of ao,ooo, foldiers^ citiaens,
and inhabitants. The contcft iinnicdi-
ately bcj^un, and was very (harp, in ds
palace inhabited by baron Ingelfhtwa.
It was worthy of remark,that the Ruffian^
when beaten back here and there, todk
fhelter in various large pabces beloogiw
to different nobles, where they pmaid
everv thing for defence ; but, after bdug
fired upon for eighteen boars, they hang
out the white flag, and offbred to luntD-
der. This was accepted j but the Raft-
ans had the treachery to fire upon tk
people afterward, which inceiifed^them k
much that they killed all the Ruffiats^
and let fire to the palaces and places wfaot
they (heltered themfeives.

Among the Rnfiians flain are fonts ge.
nerals, viz. Prince Gagarin, generals
Milafzewica and Ingelftroom, brother to
the Ruflian ambaffador of that naoKu
Among the prifoners is general Baor.
The Ruffians were obliged to leave thdt
cannon.

Baron Ingelftroom is ftill at Zackroctini
where the Pruftian geneial WoUu is poi<*
ed with a corps of troops.

LONDONGAZETTES.

The London Gazette, June 3.
Whitehall, June 3.

ADifpatch, of which the following is
an extraa, dated Tournay, May 30,
1794, was yefterday received from his
royal highnefs the duke of York, by the
right hon. Henry pandas, his majefty's
principal fecretary of ftate for the home
department.
7

An officer arrived thia evening ftom
field-marfhal MoUendorff, with tbe ne^ps
that, on the a 3d, be compktely furpriietf '!
and lurrounded the French camp, at iCaj-
fers Lantern, killed about 1000 men and
took 1000 prifoners, beiide eighteen pitas
of cannon, and all the camp equipage.

Mayence, May 26. Marechal MbI-
len Jo. ffy oa the a4tb» furprifed the Ficnck

tOR JUNE, 1794;

in thciB entrenchments in the ncigbbour-
hoM of KaiferQautern^ and defeated thera
with great lofs. The force of the Fn nch
cotifiited of about ia,ooo men. They
were pofted behind the defiles of Oitcr-
bach, Hagrelfbach, and the Lauter. The
whofe of this country was covered with
redoubts and entrenchments 5 feveral dykes
had been cut, and the bridges were every
where deftroycd ^ while three fbongpoii-
tions were prepared, to facilitate their re-
treat in cafe ot accident. The Icfs of the
French amounts to toco killed, more than
1000 prifon^rs, eighteen pieces of cannon,
and two howitzers. Artcr the engage-
ment marechal MoHendorff eftabliflied his
bead-quarters at Winnweiller, and the
prince of Hohenloe-Ingelfingen took pof-
lefTion of Ncuftadt. ^ The advanced ports
of the PrufTian army extend as far as
Peux-Ponts aiid Carllbei^.

The London Gazette, June 7.

Admiralty-office, June 7. The fol-
lowing is an extra£l of a letter from
William Parker, efq. captain of his ma-
jefty^s (hip Audacious, to Mr. Stephens,
dated in Plymouth found, on the 3d inft.

I have the honour to acquaint you, fof
their lordfliips informarion, that> en the
»8th ult. in the morning about eight
o'clock, his maiefty's fleet, under the
command of the earl Howe, then in the
htitude 47 de^. 3 3 min. north, longitude
t4 deg. 10 roin. weA, got fight of Siat of
the enemy.

The wind blew (Irong from the fouth-
%ard, and the enemy *s fleet directly to
windward.

Every thing was done by his majefty's
fleet, fer fignals fiom the earl Howe (pre-
ftrving them in order) to get tip with the
enemy, who appeared to be formed in or-
der ot battle, fiut, as I apprehend, his
lordftiip confidtTcd their conduft bcpn
father to indicate an intention of avoidmg
a general a£^ion, at 55 minutes after one
o^clock he dire6ted a general chafe.

It was juft becoming dark, when his
majeily's (hip under my (Command arrived
pp with the rear (hip of the enemy ^s line.
I immediately commenced a very clofe
•6iion, which continued near two hours
without intermitTion \ never exceeding the
diftance of half a cnble^s length, but ge-
nerally dofer, and leveral tames b the ut-
tnoft difficulty to prevent falling on board,
which, as his laft effoii to appearance, at
•bout ten o'«i9ck he attanpted to efie^«

457

At this time his mizen-maft was gone by
the board, his lower yards and main top*
fail yard (hot away ; his fore-top-fail be-
ing full, (though flying out from the top-
fail- yard, the meets facing (hot away) he
fell athwart our bows, but we feparated
without being entangled any time. He
then direfted his courfe befone the wind,
and, to appcarr>nce, paiTed through or
clofb aftern of the (hips in the reai* of our
line.

When the enemy (eparated from athwart.
our bows, the company of. his ma'efty>
fhip under my command gave three cheers,
from the idea, taken from the people
quartered forward, that his colours were •
(buck. This I cannot myfelf take upon
nne to fay, though I think it likely, from
his fit nation obliging him to pafs through
or near our line : but certain it is he was
completely beaten 5 his fire (lackencd to-"
ward the latter pait of the aflion, and the'
laft broadfide (the (hip*s fides almoft touch-
ing each other) he fuHained without re«'
turning more than the £re of two or three

His majcfty's Ihip under my cdmmand;
at the time we fepajr,tcd, lay with her top-
fails aback (every brace, bowling, mod
of her (tending, and all her running rigg-
ing (hot away^ in an unmanageable (tate.
It was fome time before I could get her tof
wear, to ran to leeward from the French
line, under cover of our own (hips ;
which, by what I could judge by their
lights, were all pretty well up, and to-
lerably formed.

This being efie£led, I tiimed all hands
to the repairing our damages, to get into
readlnefs (if poflTible) to rcfume onr ftatiori
at daylight. The rear of the French line
had been engaged at a diltance by rear-
admiral Pafley*s divifion, and fome Cth^i*
(hips that did not fetch To far to wind-
ward, a confidcrable time before I arrived
up with them j and this very (liip was en-
gaged by one of his majefty's (hips, at
fome diftance to leeward, the time I did.

The ni^ht being very daik, I could
form but little judgment of the firuition of
our fleet with refpc^ to the French, in
point of diftance, other than, not hearing
any firing afier otir own Ccafisd, I con-
cluded they were fcai-cely far enough to
windwatd*

, Soon after daylight the next mcrningj
to our utmoft chagiin and aftoni(hment»
we difcovered nine liiil of the enemy's Ihipa
about three miles to the windward.

The Audacigus thcDi with her flanding*
3 M rigging

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

rigging hut way 'mdiSenvtly (coppered* the windy I confidered the endeafumfag

her fore-fail ana top-^Is unhenty ooin- to find the fleet again might put his tnm»

top fail in the top in the aft of bending* jefty*s (hip (in her defeftife Scaxt) to too

we pttt befiwe the wind, with the main and much rifque, and therefore judged it moft

fore top maft ftav-fails only* ill fet, from advantageous for the lenrice toprooeevf t9

the ftajs bcin^ mot away i hut, it bemg port without \ok of time to rent ; 'vrhich

baxy, with ram, and Ibon becoming thick* I hope may meet with their lordihips ap>-

we, for a time, were covered from their probation.

▼iew, and before, at I apprehend, they I muft bes you wfll be pleafed to v^qjR-

had formed a judgment of what we were, lent to their TonUhtps, that the coodutt of
Ths greateft exertion was ufed by eirery ' the lieutenants of his nsajelly^s (hip under

«ficer and man in the (hip to get the oiher mv command, during the a£Uon, mcntc

lbre-(ail and main-top-iail bent. The all the praife I can bcftow upon them ; as

Ibre-top-roaft being to badly wounded, alfo that of lieutenant Crofton^ of the

the (bre-top-fat) was of but little moroeDr; 6^th regiment, whofe alcrtoefs and aftivitj

however, tne people brought the damaged with bis men at fmsdl arms, in fupporting

ttl to the yard again, though it conld not the feamen armed to defend the boarding

be hoilled ^ but, before we got the fore- (which occurred twice during the aaion)

iail and main -top-fail (et, the haze cleared gave me perfe£^ fatisfadion.

off*, and we foon difcovsred ourlelves to be The condudl of my (hip's companj,

gbaShd hy two of the enemy's (hips. At alfo that of the foldiers ^ the 69th r^.

tfiia penod* we faw the (hip we had en
gara* without any maft ftanding, and
palled her at about a mile and a hsdf dif-

ment, exceeded every poUible expedtatiofi ;
in fn^, the whole of tne officers and men,
in their different departmtmts, behaved »

tance. The (hips coming up with us a moft exemplary manner,
^cry faft* our (ituation became Tcry a- *Tis wonderful, after fuch an a&io%
Tanning ^ until we got the main-top eal- that I have the happme(s to (ay, the whole
huit m* nnain-top-maft, and top gallant number killed and wounded are but 2s }
iudding fails (ict> when ic was- judged we three were killed oh the fpot, one died
nearly pre(erved our diftance. However, foon after, and the Hfes of two more are
from toe fore-mal^ being m a tolerable defpaired of.

fiate of (ecurity, at half paft nine we were TTie captain and forae of the officers of
about fettine a lower (bidding fiul, when a French coi-vttte, which we took pellef.
three fail, tbat had been difcoyercd to the (ion of and burnt a few roornia^ befiare,
caltward (bme time before, (viz. two (hips by the earl Howe^s orders, viewed the
and a brig), coming pretty near US| hoiftcd (hip we had eng^ed, whHe paiHng her io
'French ooloors. the morning, and were of opinioaihe it

The (late of our mafts did not admit of called Jua Kevolutionnaire, fianaerly thft
making aUeraiion in our courfe ; they ob- Bretagne.

lerving our fltattered (late, and two (hips In caie their lordlhips (hould hate amy
in chafe of us, (^ood athwart of i>s boldly enquiries to make further* I have di(|yatch-i
within fire, and (hot were exchanged f the ed lieutenant Jofeph Bijigham, my (enior
one a large frigate, and the other two cor- lieutenant on board*, wiui the cl^ge dT
vettes 3 but, as we had fo much Ml out, this letter ; who is a very excellent dSccr
'dieyfell aftern for aconHderabletime: at and an intelligent yoang man, and, I
length the firigate came within ftsot 0/ ua truft, capable of giving every requiGte iB«
_-ji ir.j-_. U-. ijrA __ formation.

again, and barrafl^ us, byadiftant

aonade upon the quainter, upward of an ^

Irour* bm widiout doing as any material

injury, we only' (iring (ome oi our after The London Gazette^ June low

guns upon each deck at her. She was Whitehall^ June 10. Aletter*of whick

obferved tt^ make a fignal to the (hips ^ following is a copy, was ire<md oa

aftero* andfoonaftcr, vir. aboutbalf paft guaday teft* from his royal highncfsdie

tweRre o clock, with the two corvettes* ^y,^ ^f York, by the i4ght hon. HeniY

hauled her wind y and* by lU becoming. Dundas, his majefty^s pScipal «»eiai7

hazn the whole xverc (boa out of fobt. of ftate far the home department.
Having been cliaied twenty-four leagues

dire6lly to leeward, and the crippled (bte
«f the bow^fprit being fuch as judged im-
poflible to ftand if the (hip was hauled to

Sir,

idepartmenti
Toumay* Jiin^6* 1794.

I have the pleafuse to-iofocsi ^i^ thaT

FOR JUNE, 1794:

459

•II tiM 3d, the combined armyi under the
command of the hereditary prince of
Orange, auaclped the entmy, who was
pofted at Fontaine TEveque^ in order to
eover a part of thtir forces, which was
befieging Charleroi, and compelled them
to raife the (iege and return acrofs the
Sambre, where diey now remain,
lam, &c.-

FKBDEHrCK.

Right Hon* Henry Dundas.

Whitehall, June lo* The difpatch, of
which die following is a cc^y, was re-
cetf ed on Sunday U^, from admiral lord
Hood, by the right hon. Henry Dundas»
oneof his.majefty*s principal fecretaries of

yi6iory, offBaftia, May 14* >794*

Sir,
I have the honour to acquaint you, that
the town and citadel of Baftia, with the
feveralpofts upon the heights, furrendered
to the arms of his majeily on the ltd.
On the 19th, I received « mefTai^e, that
the garriibo was deiirous of capitulating
upon honourable terms ; in coniequcnce
ot which I Cent the enclofed note on ihore*
This brought on board the Viflory three
officers, who informed me that Gentili,
the commandant, would aflemhle the of-
ficers of the (htrii corps, and of the mn*
nicipallty, if a truce took place, which I
ngrecd to, a little before fun.<et. The
next day I received a note from Gentili,
which 1 alfo encloi'e, and ient captain
Young 00 fliore on the morning of the
2 1 ft, who ibon returned to the vi^ory,
'with two officers, and two of the admini-
ftrative bodies, which, with Vice-admiral
Goodall, captain Young, captain Ingle-
field, and my fecrctary, Mr. M* Arthur,
fettled the articles of capitulation, which
were figned the following morning, when
his majelty's trooos took poflfeffion of all
the j)ofts above tne town, the troops in
each rethring to the citadel, from whence
they marched to the Mde Head, where
they grounded their ai-ms, and were em-
barked. You will rtccive herewith the
articles of rjpitulation, which I hope his
majcltjr will approve

coloners orders, are juftly entitled to my
wamM acknowledgements; their per*
(everine ardour and defire to diftin^iih
themfelves cannot be too highly fpoken off
and which it will be my pnde tp remem-
ber to the lateft penod of my life.

Captain Nelton, of h?s majefty's Aip
Agamemnon, who bad thecomnutnd and
direftion of the (eamen, in landing the
guns, mortars, and (lores i and captaSa
Hunt, who commanded the batteries.
very ably aflifted by captain Buller and
captain Serocold, and the lieutenants Qore^
Hotham, Stiles, Andrews, and Brilbane^
have an equal claim to my gratitude, as
the feamen under their management worki-
ed the guns with great judgment tod ala«>
critv. Never was a higher ipirit or greater
perieverance exhibited ; and I am happy
to fay, tliat no other contention was>ae
any time known, than who fl^ould h«
moft forward and indefatigable for pro-
moting his majefty^s fervice j for, altlxKi|^
the dimcuhies they had to ftrug|;le with
were many and various, the per&l har«
mony and good humour that univerfaQy
prevailed throughout the fie^ overcaioji
them all.

I cannot but exprefs, in the tteanget
terms, the meritorious condufl of captaiA
Duncan and lieutenant Alejcander Dun^
can, of the royal artiUery, and lieutenant
de Butts, of the royal engineers ; but my
obligation is particularly ^reat to captain
Duncan, as more seal, ability, and judg-
ment, were never Ih^vn by any office^
than were difplayed hj him ; and I take
the liberty of mentionmg him as an officqr
highly entitled to his majefty*s notice.

I feel myfelf very much indebted for the
yigilance and attention of captain WoUe^
ley, of the Imperieule, and of captaiii
HaJIowell, who became a volunteer wnere-
ever he could be uicfuf, after being fuper^
feded in the covimand of the Coura^nn;
by captain Waldegrave. The former
kept a diligent watch upon the iltand of
Capraia, where the enemy have magazinea
of provifions and ftores s and the Utter di4
the tame, by {;ittrding theharboqr^ mout^
of Baftia with gun-boats and launches
well anped, die whole of every niebt |
while the fmallcr boats w^re very judici*

I am unable tp give due praife to the oufly placed in the intervals between, an4

unremitting zenl, exertion, and judicious rather without the fl)ips (which were

conduct of lieutenant-colonel Villettes, n>oored in a crefpept juft QPt of the read)

who bad the honour of commanding his of the cneniy*s guns) by cajptain Young.

naajefty^s troops } never was either more pf the Fortitude, the center mip, on board

ponfpicuous. Major Brereton, and every of which every boat ailembled at fun-iet

9§cer nod fM^ un()er t^e {ieutenant- ior orders j an4 the cbcerfuloefs with

) M » whicfe

460

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

wihich the officers and men performed this
nightly duty, is very much to be admired,
and etforded me the moft heartfelt fatif-
fa£lion and pieafuie.

The v»ry grtJt and eflfe£lual afTiftancc I
received from vice-admiral Goodall, cap-
tarn Inglefield and captain Knight, a^
well a& from c cry captain and officer of
his majefty*8 (hips under my command,
liave a juit claim to my mod particular
thanks, not only in parrying into execu-
tion my orders afloat, but in attending to
and fupplying the wants of the little army
on fhore : it is to t^e very cordial and de-
cided fupport alone I had the honour to
receive from the whole, that the innu-
ipenble difficulties we had to contend with
were fo happily furmpunted.

Major Smith and enfign Vigoureux, of
fhe 25th regiment, and caotain Ridfdale
and lieutenant St. George of the i ith, not
cmbai-kihg with their refpc^live regiments,
ka^i^g civil employments on ftiore^ it is
to their honour I mention, that they re-
linquifned thofe employments and joined

£eir corps, foon after the troops were
nded.

It is very much my duty to inform ypti,
that I am extremely obliged to general
Petrccono, Mr. Fredlani, and all the of-
peers of the Cordcans, ferving wiih the
army, fur their great zeal, ardonr, and
attention, in forwarding the redvi6lionof
BilVia by c\'try mc^ns jn their pOwer,
who were of infinite fei'yice by preserving
good Older in the rroopf.

I tranlmit an account of the lofs on the
part of his majelty, in killed and wound-
ed, which, I am hajny to fay, is incon-
fjderable ; but the enemy fufFered much>
llieir hoi'pitals being full.

At the commencement of the Cege, the
number of the enemy bearing arms w^s
3000.

By the firft fhip that fails for England,
I fiiall have the honour of fending, to .be
faid at his majefty's feet, the fcveral fland
of colours taken at Bafiia.

Captain Hunt, who wa*^ on fhore in
the command of the batteries from the
hour the troops landed, to the furrcnder
of the town, will be ilie bearer of this
difpatch, and can give any further infor-
mation you may with to know rcfpe^ng
the fiege.

I have the honour, &c.

Hopo.
Eight Hon. Henry Dundas,

;, " ■ . &c,*&c.

His Britannic Maiefty^s flup 'ViA^rja
oiFBaflia, May 19, 1794^

In confidcration of the very gallant de-
fence the garrifon of Baflia has nuide, and
fjom the principles of humanity which
ever govern BritiOi officers, I am diC-
pofed to frive you terms ; and if yon wfil
fend on boai-d two or three ofiicers, pro-
perly authorifed to treat, I truft a capitis-
htion will be foon fettled, as honourable
to the inhabitants as can id any reaibn be
expefled.

(Signed) Hooo.

To the Commandant of the.GarriA>ii and
Mayor of the Town of Baftia.

TRANSLATION.

Baflia, the xdPriairial, fecond Year of tfie
French Republic, One and Indiviflbk.

The General of Diviijon, Commander iir
Chief of the Army of the French Re-
public in Corfica, to Admiral Hood,
Commander in Chief of the fcjuadixm
of the King of Great Britain, before
Bafti^l.

My Lord,
In confeqi.ence of the propoial whidi

you did me the honour of making in your
difpatchof theiSthofMay (OidSt^)
I have the honour of fending to you iwo

s^djutant-generals of the army, and tw^
members of the adminiftrative corps of
this town : who arc commifTioned to pn^
font to you the plati of a capitulation be-
tween the g:y-riibn and inhabitants of
Ballia, and you, my lord, in the name of
the king of Great Britain.

Thefe four commiflioners, vi^ho equally
pofTefs my confidence, and that of the
garrifon and of the citizens, have inftruc-
tions to arrange, with you, the fettlemeot
of air matters relative to this capitulation*
I hope that you will be iatisfied, and that
they will enable you to fulfil the views ycsi
have fignified to me, of putting an end to
the unavoidable confequences of the cala-
mities of vvar. Captain Young has bad
a lon^ conference with me : X was of opi-
nion that a reciprocal underftanding mig^
co-operate in thefufcefs of the niegociatioo
which occupied ourattention, and I hafc
requefled him to acquaint you with iny

' ingenuous and loyal intentions.
Greeting or health, (Signed)
Gbntili,
^ommasder in Chief,

FOR JUNE, 1794;

461

[Then follow the articles of capittilation
of the garrifoo and town of Baftia ) at
well as a return of the killed, wounded,
mifling, and dead of their wounds, of the
troops before the place, amounting in the
whole to three rank and file killra, two
captains, and 1 9 rank and file wounded,
four rank and file dead of their wounds,
and fix mifling. The two captains wound-
ed are Ridfdale, of the 11th regiment,
and Clarke, of the 69th. Alfo a return
iff the killed and wounded feamen, a-
mounting in the whole to feven killed,
thirteen wounded, and two mifling ; lieute-
nant Tuppcr, of the Vi6lory, killed j
and lieutenant George Andrews, of the
Agamemnon, wounded.

Admiralty-Office, June 9.

Extraft of a letter from Francis Laforey,
£fq. Captain of his Majefty^s fliip
Carysfort, of twenty-eight guns, to
Mr. Stephens, dated in Plymouth Sound
the 7th inflant.

On the 19th of laft month, being in lat.
46 deg. ^8 min. north, long. 9 deg. 40
min. weft, his majefty's (hip fell in with,
and, aft^r an allien of an hour and fif-
teen minutes, captured a French frigate
^late his majefty*s fiiip the Caftor) com-
manded by monf. L'Huiller, mounting
31 guns, and manned with zoo men*

She had parted company from the
French fquadron on the it4th| in chafe of
a Dutch brig, which flie had in tow when
we firft difcovered her, and which, upon
our coming up, was enabled to eSe£l her
efcape.

I have the fatisfEiAion of reporting to
their kirdlhips the uniform good condu^
of the oflicers and crew of his majefty's
Oiip I have the honour to command j and
J. feel myfeif indebted to lieutenants
Worfely and Sayer, for the fpirited exam-
ple tl)ey let to a new (hip^s company.

Herewith I tranfmit a return of the lofs
fuftaincd by his majelly*s ibip in killed and
wounded, with as accurate a one as we
have been able to obuin of that of the
enemy.

Carysfort— One feamnn killed ; five
ieamen, and one marine, wounded.

Le Caftor— Sixteen fe^unen, killed }
|>ioe ieamen wounded.

The London Gazette Extraordinary,
June II.

^drniralty-office, June i o. Sir Roger

Curtis, firft captain to the admiral earl
Howe, arrived this evening with a dif-
patch from his lordfliip to Mr. Stephens^
of which the following is a copy.

Queen Charlotte at Sea, June 1, 1794,
Uftiant, £. Half N. 149 Leagues.
Sir,
Thinking it may not be neceflary to
make a more particular report of my pro*
ceedin^s with the fleet, for the prejent in-
formation of the lords commiflioners of the
admiralty, I confine my communications
chiefly, in this difpatch, to the occurrences
when in preftnce of the eneniy yefterday.

Finding, on my return off of Breft oa
the 19th paft, that the French fleet had,
a fijw days before, put to fea i and re-
ceiving, on the fame evening, advices
from rear-admiral Montagu, I deemed it
requifite to endeavour to form a jim^ion
with the rear-admiral as foon as poiEble,
and proceeded in^mediately for the ftatioa
on which he meant to wait for the return
of the Venus.

^ But, having gained very credible intel-4
ligence, on the 2 ill of the fame months
whereby I had reafon to fuppoie tho
French fleet was then but a few leagues
farther to the weftward, the courfe befors
fleered was altered accordingly.

On the morning of the »8th, the enemy
were difcovered far to windward, and par-
tial a£lions were engaged with them that
evening and the next day.

The weather gage having been obtain-
ed, in the progrefs of the laft mentioned
day, and the fleet being in a fituation for
bnngine the enemy to dole a6lion the i(£
inftant, the (hips bore up together for that
purpoie, between feven and eight o'cloci^
m tne morning.

The French, their force confiding of
twenty- fix fliipsof the line, oppoied tohi%
majefty^s fleet of twenty- five nhe Audaci*
ous having parted company with the (lern.
moft fliip or the enemy *s line, captured ii^
the night of the aSth) waited for the ac-
tion, and fuftained the attack with theij;
cuftomary relplution.

In lefs than au hour after the clofe ac-r
tion commenced in the centre, the Frencl^
admiral, engaged by the Qgeen Charlotte,
crowded o£ and was followed bjr. moft
pf the fliips of bis van in condition to
carry fail after him, leaving with us about
ten or twelve of his crippled or totally dif*
mailed (hips, exclufive of one funk m the
engagement. The Queen Charlotte had
then loft hq: fore topmaft, and the main

^ tOff

46l

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

toDinaft fell over the fide very icon
aner.

The greater number of the other Ihipt
of the BntiAl fleet were, at this time, {o
much difaMed or widely f^reted, and
under fuch circumftances with refpcfl to
thofe (hips [of the enemy in a ftatc for ac-
tion, and with which the firing wa$ iWW
continued, that two or three, enen of the^
difinantkd fliips, attempting to get away
under a ipritfail fmgly, or fmaller fail
railed on the ftump <^' the foremaft, could
not be detained.

Seven remained in our pofleifion» one of
which, however, funk before the ade-
quate affi(bnce could be given to her crew |
Iwt many were faved.

The Brunfwick, having loft her mizen
maft in the adion, and drifted to leeward
of {be French retreating fbipe, was obliged
to put away large to die northward from
them. Not feeing her chafed by die ene-
my, in that predicament, I flatter myfelf
ibe may amve in fafcry at Plymouth.
AH the other twenty-four (hips ot his ma-
jefbr*s fleet re-affembled later in tlie day ;
and I am preparing to return with them,
as foon as the captured fhipsof the enemy
arefecured, forSpithead.

The (material mjury to his majeftv^s
iiipa, I underfbnd, is confined principally
to their roafls ani! yards, which I conclude
will be fpeedily replaced.

I have not been yet able to colleft re-
|(Ular accounts of the killed and wounded
JD the diflPerent fbips. Captain Montagu
is the only officer of his rank who fell in
fhe adion. The numbers of both de-
ftriptions I hope will prove fmall, the na-
ture of the fervice confidered j but I have
the concern of being to add, on the fame
iubje6t, that admiral Graves has received
a v^ound in the arm, and that rear-admi-
jrals Bowyer and Pafley, and Captain Hutt
pf the Queen, have each had a leg taken
plf: they are, however, (I have thefatis-
la£lion to hear) in a favourable flate un-
^ thofe mistortnnes. In the captured
fliips the numbers of killed and wounded
pppear tp be very confiderable.

Though 1 fhall have, on the CxihjtSk of
fhefe diStrrcnt aflrons with the enemy,
d'ttiinguifhed examples hereafter to report,
I prci'un)e the detecmined bravery ot the
ievcral ranks of officers and the fhfps com-
Mnies empioVed under my authorjty, will
have been af ready fufficicntly denoted by
the ctkt\ of their fpirited exertions j and,
1 trull, 1 thall be excufed for noftponing
tbj iiior2 detailed narratirc of the otfaef

ti^nfadions of the fleet thereon,, for hong
communicated at a future opportunity!
more efpectally as my firft captain fir
Roger Curtis, who is chrj^ged widi tins
difpatch, will be able to give the further
information the lords commifliontrs of the
admiralty may at this time require. It is
incumbent on me, neverthelda, now to
add, that I am greatly indebted to him
for his councils as well as condud tn every
branch of my official duties : and I hare
(imilar afTiftance, in the late occuneoces,
to acknowledge of ray fecond r=^p?ip| it
Andrew Douglas.

I am, with great confideration,
fir,
your mofl obedient fervant.
Howl.

P. S. Tlie names and force of the cap.
tured French fhips with the fleet is traiu*
mitted herewith.

Lifl of French Ships captured on the i ft of
June, 1794.
La Jufle - 80 guns*

Sans Pareille - So

L* America - 74,

L^Achiile - 74

Northumberland 74

L'Impetueux - 74*

Veiigeur - 74 funk al-

moik immediately upon being taken pofEf- *

fion of.

N. B. The (hip ftated to have bees cap-
tured on the evening of the atth of hi
month, is faid by the prifoners to be the
Revolutionaire of 110 guns*

Supplement to the London Gaxette Exin*
ordinary of the 1 1 th of June. Publiflh
ed June 14.

Admiralty Office, June 14, 1794. A
letter was received yefterday fiom admiral
earl Howe to Mr. Stephens, dated that
day, off Dunnofe in the Ifle of Wigk|
giving an account of bis fafc arrival witk
the fix captured French fhips of the fiat
mentioned in his former letter of the ad in-
ftant, and with 9 gi^cat part of his majefty'l
fleet undp: his con)mand, having fcnt tk
remaiml^r into Plymouth Sound. IV
following arc the returns of thfi killed tfl4
wounded on board his majeflv*s fliipsi*
the anions with the French ieet on *e
a 8th «nd a9th of May, and the |fl in*
ftant I and alio of the numbers killed wA
wounded on board the Fiench fliips capf
tin-ed and funk on \J^ laft mentioned day.

FOR JUNE, 1794.

463

A Return of the Killed and Wounded on
board hit Majeft]r*s Ships.

Sbifs. Kitted. WhtauL ToUd,

Caefar - iS 37 55

Bellevophon 4 ^7 )<

Leviathan 10 33 43

Sovereign 14 44 5«

Marlborough 29 90 119 .

Dafence iS 39 57

Impregnable 7 a4 31

Tremendous 3 8 11

Barfleur 9 aj 34

*Culloden ^ — ^

Invincible 14 3< 45

Gibrahar a i» * 14

The Charlotte 14 29 43

+ Brunfwick> parted company i ft of June jm—gg^^yg
Valiant - a 9 11 ^ *

Qucert - 36 67 J03 Barfleur

Orion • 5 a4 *9 '

Ramillics a 7 9

Alfred - — 8 8

RufiTel - 8 a6 34 (^Charlotte

Koyal George 20 7a $z Queen -

Montagu 4 13 17

Majeitic 35'

Glory - xj 39 5a

Thunderer none killed or wounded.
} Audacious, parted company in the *^"""
night of the a 8 th of May.

WOUNDED) an^ unable to come to Quartert.

Bellerophoa T. Pailey, Efii. RearAd-ofWh.

— Smith Cap. of Marines*

Mr. Chapman Boatfwaia.

Leviathan den Midlhipman.

Ro.SovexetgaT* Oraves, Efq. Admiral of Blue*

Mr. C. Money Cap. of Marines*

S. Mitchell Lieut, of ditto*
Marlborough Hon. G. Berkley Captain.

Mr. A. Ruddack od LieutenanC

M. Seymour 5tb ditto

Fltsgefald Mid(h]pmaa»

Shorland Ditto.

Linthorae Ditto.

Ciaigea Ditto.

M. Pardoe Mafter*j Mate*

J. Elliott Ditto.

Boycott Enfign, Q;^icg.

W. Boiler Lieutenant.

Patterllo Boatfwab.

Defence

G. Bowyer, Elq. Rear Ad.of^h.^
Mr. W. Prowfc 6th Lieutenant*

Fogo Midniipmao^

Clemens Ditto.

J. Holland Ditto,
ohn Hotty Ef^. Captain.

Tohr
Mr.

Grand Total

135

669 904.

R(yal George

Dawea
Lawrie
G. Crimes
Kianier
Stewart
KeUy
Douglas
J. Ireland

Montagu

Kamea of Officers Killed and Wounded on
board his Majefty^s Ships.

KILLED.
Sb'ipi Names, Officers Names, Slmirtties*

Ro. Sovereign WuUam Ivey MidlLpmao*

Marlborough Abra. Nelbam Ditto.

Defence Wm. Webfter Mailer.

Jo. Fitapatrick Boatfwahk

Impregnable Darid Caird Mafter.

Tremendooa Francis Ro& xft Lieutenant

The ChaHotteR. Rawlence 7 th Ditto.

John Neville Lt. Queea*s rcg.

<)geen Wm. Mitchell Mafter.

Royal George Geo. Heigham 8th Lieutenant.

John Hughes ■ Midflupmon.
Montagu J. Montagu, Efq.Capuin.

Glory Goe. Metcalfe Mafter.

David Oreig Midihipman.

^ By a (eparate return it appears that (he had two men killed, and Mr. Tnftraoi
WMtter, the third lieutenant, and four men wounded.

t The return, fmce (he came to Spithead, is as follows :— >Ki1Ied, t mafter*! mater
t BQ&Khipman, x captain of marines, 41 (eamen and marines.--^ Wounded, x captain^
t Meutenant, 1 middiipman,' 1 eniign of marines, x t x Teamen and marines.

Names of offieers killed and wounded.— Killed, Mr. Thomas Dalton, ma(ler>
smuc, Mk*. James Lucas, midihipman, captain Alexander Saunder^ S9th regiment.
** Wounded, Captain John Hervey, lieutenant Rowland Beran^ en(ign Vernon, a^th
regiment, Mr. Htn-dis,. midfhipman.

* t 'f ne return of the killed and wounded has sdready been publiihed in the Gazette of
Ibe 7tb iAfta&w

Th»

sdLu fince deaid

6th ditto.

Ading dittDb.

Middiipman*

Ditto.

Ditto.

Boatfwain.

ad Lieutenants

oalmbrough Mafter.
Boys Midihipman;'

Pearce Ditto.

HonJ4r. Bennett Ditto.
Mr. T. Mbore Ditto.
The fecood captain. Sir Andrew Douglas of
the Queen Charlotte, was wounded, but re*
fumed his ftation on deck during the further
continuance of the adion 00 the i ft inft.

HOWE.
Killed and wounded on board the French Shipft
captured and funk, ift June, 1794.
Le Juftc 100 kiHcd, 145 wounded.— Sans
Pareile 260 killed, lao wounded .-^L* America
134 killed, no wounded.* L* Achilles 36 kiU
led, 30 wounded.— Northumberland 60 killed,
100- wounded.— L'Impeteux 100 killed, yj
wounded. Total 690 killed, 5S0 wounded.
Le Vengeur 410 funk.
Le Jacobin, tank in a^on, not a man fared;

/

AH

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

fi^e of Charlerojy befoce whuji .diey hat
ahnady begun to open treAchcft.

The enemy^t Io6 k competed at aboaf
fevcn AouTand nen» as well as rweatj-

THe London Gazette^ Jane 17.

Whitehall, June 17, A letter, of which
the following it a copy, was laft night
recdved from major-general Alexander
Steward, by the right bon. Henry Ban- .

A,^ hU «,^,'. prindpal ft«««y of Z'V^^\:!^Z^1
ilate for the home deportaaent

Oftend,JuD€ 15, i794-
Sir,
I thiflJc it my duty to inform you, that
lieutenant- colonel Pitcairn, with the 8th
light dragoons and the jSth and the 55th
legiroents of foot, joined this garrilon
yefleidsy noorning.

Major- general De Hammer Aein, under

Steward, by the right bon. Henry Dan- ^ P«« ^f cannon, tfairy-five ammifi
--'---^••'^ ' ^ nition waggons, and a conbdcrablr num*

ber of horfes and baggs^e. Xhey re-
treated in the greaieft oonfufion acn>(a the
Samhre* I am, &c.

Frede&ick.

FiTNn the London Gazette Extraorduiaiy,
Juneai, 1794.

Admiralty Office, June 11 • A letter,
'whoie'command they were, had failed in of which the following is a copy, from the
•n attack be made the day before, on a admiral earl Howe to Mr. Stephens, fun-
very fiiperior force of the enemy, at Ghits. plemimtary to his lordOiip^s leitei- of tte
iUter the a6tion he retreated to Thorout, ad inft. publiflied in the London Gaaetie
and in the night, falling back himielf with Exiraordmary of tbt ixthj was receifed
the Hanoverians to Bruges, he ordered late laft night.

the 6nti(h troops to Oftend. In the extraft of the joamal heicwkh

Lieutenant colonel Pitcairn fpeaks vecy enclofed, the proceedings ol the fleet ace

favourably of the conduft of thefe regi- ftated ftcm the time of leaving St. Helen**

jnenU. Subjoined is a lift of the killed, on the «d of laft moiith to that of the £rft

mounded, and miiling. difcovery of the French fleet on the aSch

I have the honour to be, Sec. of the fame. For the ^rther informatioii

Alex. Steward, major general, of the lords comrojfiioners of the adai-

Commanding af OAend. ralty, I have now therefore to relate ^

To the Right Hon. Henry Pundas, &c, fubicquent tranfadions not already ooA*

Return of the killed, wounded, and
miffing of the firitifii troops, on the 13th
t>f June, 17H» «Ghitt.

muaieated in my difpatch of the id inft.
to be delivered by my firft captain, (ir Ro-
ger Curtis.
Early in the rooming of the atth, tbt

Total. 1 ferjeant and $ privates, kiU enemy were difcovsred by the advanced
led; a officers, $ feijeants, and 31 pn- ^gates, far d.lbnt on the weather'
vatet, wounded ; 1 3 privates, miffing.

Officers wounded. Capt. James Lumf-
<Iain, and lieut. Wild.

The wind then frefh fnym the 8 • by W.
with a very rough fea.

They came down, for (bme time, in a
loofe order, feemt'ngly unappnfcd that they
had the Britiih fleet in view. After hauling
From the London Gazette Extraordinary, to the wind wlien they came nearer, they
June ao, X794« were fome hours before they could oocd-

Whitehall, June ao. The difpatch, of P^^tely form in f cgolar order cf battle vp-
which the foHowing is a copy, was this on the ftarboard tack j the Bntifli fleet
momhig received from his royal highnefs continumg as before m the order of Ming,
the duke of York by the right honourable Jhe time required for the enemy to
Henry Dundas, one of his majefty's prin- I^fca ihts difjxjfition, had faalitaled the

cipal iecreiaries of date.

Toumay, June 17, 1794.
Sir,
It is with the gnateft iatisfaflion that I
have the pleafure to inform you, that »n their lear.

nearer approach of his ma|diy*s fleet to
them, and for the feparately appointed
and detached part of it, commanded by
real admiral I^Oey, to be placed mOre ad-
vantageoufly for making an impreffioD oa

officer is arrived this evening from the
heieditary prince of Orange, with the ac-
count that be yefterday attacked and de-
feated the Fr^ch army, which had again
{»afled the 6ambre,'and taken up a pofi-
lioo near JofTdios, in order to covec the
%

The fignals denoting that intention b^
ing made, the rear admiral, near upofi
the clofe of day, led his divifion on with
peculiar firmnei's, and attacked a ihim-
decked Ihip (the Revolutionajie) thaficoi-
moft in the enemy's line.

Makii*

FOR JUNE, 1794;

aH.

Making known loon after that he had
i top maft drCtbled, afTiftanct was dii-e6led
to ht given to him in that fituation. The
quick approach of night only allowed me
to obierve, ihat iord Hugh Seymour (Con-
way) in the Leviathan, with cquM good
judgment and determined courage, pufhed
lip alongOde of the threc-dcckeii French
Ihip, and was fupportcd, as it appeared,
by captain Parker of the Audacius, in the
• moft fpirited manner.

The darknefs which now prevailed did
not admit of my making any more accu-
rate obiervatiojift on the conduct of thofe
fliips and others concerned in the fame
iervicc ; but I have fince learnt that the Le-
viathan ftretched on farther a-heail, for
bringing tfic fecond (hip from the enemy'8
rear to a^ion, as foon as ber former ita-
tion could be occupied by a fuccecding
Britifh fliip> alfo that the three-decked
/hips in the enemy's rear as aforefaid, be-
ing unfuftained by thdr other (liips, ftruck
to the Audacius, and tiiat they parted
company together foon after.

The two opponent, fleets continued on
the Itarboard tack, in a parallel dire^ion,
' *ihc enemy ftill to windw.ird the remainder
of the night. The Britilh fleet appear-
ing in the morning of the 29th, when in
order of battle, to He far enough advanced
fur the (hips in the van to mrike feme
^ farthef impreflions on the enemy's i-ear, was
ta<;ked in fucceflion with that intent.

The enemy wore hereupon from van to
rear, and continued edging down in line
a-head to engage the van of the Britifh
fleet ; when arrived at fuch diftance as to
be juit able to reacK our moli advanced
ihip$, their beadinoft ftiips, as they came
fucceflively into the wake of their refpec-
t*ve (econds a head, opened with that dt-
(lant fire upon the headmoft Oiips x>f the
Britifh van. The fignal for pafHng through
tbeir line, made when the fleet tacked
|>efore, was then renewed.

It could not be for ibme time fcen,
through the fire iirom the two fleets in the
van, to what extent that (ignal was com-
plied with. But as the fmokc at inter-
vals difpeiied^ it was obferved that the
Cvfar, the leading fliip of the Britiih van,
. after being about on the (larboard tack,
and come abreaft of the Qiieen Charlotte,
had not kept to the wind 4 and that the
appointed movement would coniequently
be liable to fail of the purpofcd effe^.

The^Queen Charlotte was therefore int-

^ mediately tacked j and, followed by the

Belleroph'on, her iecond attem (and foon

after joined by the Leviathan) pafTed

through in a6lton, between ^he fifth ancj
fixih (hips in tht rear of the enemy's Knc
She was put about again on the lairboard
tack forihwiih, after tiic cneiny, in pre-
paration for renewing the a£^ioif with tbo
advantage of that weathermofl (ituation.

Tlie reft of the Britifh fleet being at
this time pafling to leeward, and without
the fternrooft fhip^, moftly of the French
line, the enemy. wore again to the eaft*
ward in Ibcceffion for fttccouH ng the difx
abled (hips of their rear ; whiA intention^
by reafon of the then difunited ftate of the
fleet, and having no more than the twq^
crippled fhips, the Bellerophon and Levia*
tfaaR, at that time near me, I was uoablf
to'obfli-u^l.

The enemy having fuccecded In that
operation, wore round again, after fume
dilhnt cannonading of the neareft Britifh
fhips, occafionally returned, and flood a^
way in order of battle on the larboard tack^
followed by the Britifh fleet in the fame
order (but with the weather gage retained)
as foon as the fliips coming forward to'
clofe with the Queen Charlotte were fuit^
ably anangeil.

The fleets remained feparated fomc few
milts, in view at times on the intermiflion.
of a thick- fog^ which lafted moft part o£
the two next days.

The comniander of a fleet, their lord-
/hips know, is unavoidably To confined in
his vie«r of the occurrences in time of bat-
tle, as to be little capable of rendering
perfonal tcftimony to the meritorious ier-
vice of oflic^rs who have profited, in a
greater extent, by the opponunitjes to dii-
tinguifh themfelves on.fdch occafions.

To discharge this part of my public
duty, reports were called for from the flag
oBicers of the fleet, for fupplying the de*-'
fefts of my obfervance, under the limited
oircumftances above-mentioned/ Thofe
officers, therefore, who have >fuch parti-
cular claim to my attention^ are the ad-*
miials Graves and fir Alexander tiood )
the rear*admirals Bowyer, Gardner, and
Pafley ; the captains lord Hbgh Seymour^
Packenham, Berkeley, Gambier, John
Harvey, Rfne, Parker, Henry Hacyey^
Prin^le, Duckworth, and Elphinftone^
Special notice is alfo due of the captahns
Nicholls of the Sovereign, and Hope of
the Bellerophon, who became charged
with, and well conduf^ed rhofe (hips»
when the wounded flag ofllicerjl, under
whom they refpeftively fervfcd therein^ werd
no longer able to remain af^ their pofts |
and the lieutenants Monckton of the MarU
borougbi and Donnelly of the Montagu^

466

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

in fireilar (itoations. Thcfe ieIeAiont»
bowcver, fliould not be cetoflmed to the
dtfiKlviAtage of other comm^nderty who
may hate been equally deserving of the
approbation of the lords coaimiiuonen of
the admiralty, although I am not enabled
to make i particular ftattment of their
merits*

To the reports from the flag officers are
added tboTe required from the feveral cap.
tains of th^fieet j wheieby their lordihipt

will become more panicabriy aoqnaiiilnl
with the mcntoiious iervioea of die fevoal
commandersi and animated iiirfiepidity of
their fubordinate officers and fiiips coaa-
panics ; to which the defeat of cbe cd^
my, with every advantage of fituBtkn wmd
circumfbnce in their fiivour, ia truly id
be deicribed. To the like mifport» I bc^
my tetflmoinrt <d beltalf of the offioera aad
company of every deferiptioa in die Queea
Charlo(te» may be aocepredb

An Account of the new Regulations in the Penny Post Office.

CO ME radiations, h'ghly beneficial to
^ the public, have recently been adopted
In the Penny Poft Office. In confeqiiencey
the fecretary of the General Poft Office
gave public notice, on the 7th of June,
that letters are now diipatched three times
••day to the following placer, viz. Peck-
ham, Deptford, Greenwich, Lewtffiam,
Loe, Eltham, Blackheath, Woolwich,
Bow, Stratford, Weft Ham, PlaHow,
Baft Ham, Barking, Ilf)rd, Leytonftone,
Wanftead, Walihamllowi Leytbn, and
Woodford.

And two deliveries of letters are given
to the places under mentioned, viz. Sy-
denham and Charlton, in Kent ; Bromley
and Old Foid, in Middldcx ; and Wood-
ford Bridge, Chigwell, and Chingford,
in Eilex.

Letters going to any of the above places
mnft be put into the Penny Poft receiving
houi3li in town by eight in the morning,
and two in the afternoon; or they may
be put in at the principal office for
Weftminfter (in Gerard -ftrcct, Soho) by
,half paft eight in the monring, and half
paft two in the afternoon j or into the chief
office in Abchurch-lane, Lombard- ftreet,
by nine in the morning, and three in the
afternoon 3 and fuch as aie intended for
the places firft mentioned, having three
deliveries a-day, muft, befide the hours
above ftated, be put in at tbe receiving
hou&s by five in the evening ; or into
the chief office in Abchuicb-lane, by feven
o^elock.

The rates of poftage for letters (eot by
the Penny Poft are now as follow :

For evWy letter or packet paffing from
any part of London, W»ftminfter> South-

wark, and tbdr fuburbs, to any otiwrpsit
of the laid cities or borough, &c. Om
retutf*

For every letter or packet pafling to or
from parts within, to or from parts beyond
London, Weftminrter, Soutbwark, and
their fuburhs, and within the diftriA of
the Penny Poft, fuch lettrrs or ptackets nee
paffing to or from the General Poft, T«9
?ente\

For every letter or packet polling ^em
any part beyond London, Weltminter,
Southwaik, aMI their fuburhs, and witlBD
the diftrift of the Penn^ Poft, to any other
part beyond the faid cities or borough, fc.
and within the faid difttift, 7w» Pence.

In any of the above cafes the poftage
may be ^id etdier at putting in or on de-
livery, at the option of the writers.

For every letter or packet put into the
Penny Poft, to be forwarded to the Gcse.
ral Poft Office^ and thence to he conveyed
by ttert Poft, One Fenny.

In the latter call* the pennj mufl be paid
at putting in, and is ;i^ left to the option
of the writer.

For every letter or packet, firft paffii^
by the General Poft, and then paffir.g by
the Penny Poft (over and above the Geoew
ral Poft) One fenny.

No letters or packets exceecfing ibar
ounces in weight can be (em by the Fenny
Poft, unlefs fuch letters or packets ffiall
firft have pafTcd by, or ftiall be intended
to JMfs by the General Poft,

A further extcniion of the new ngu-
Intions in the Penny Poft is intended, axd
(hall l)e noticed at fo^m. as earned iata
effea.

APFAIKS

FOR JUNE, 1794.

4^7

AFFAIRS OF FRANCE,

Continued from Page 297.

ON the S3th of April* a letter wa«
fcad to the convention from the repreTen-
tativet of the people at Coannunc Af-
franchie (late hyot\9^ in wliich is the fol-
lowing paflage : ' The rei^oIutiSaary juf-
tice is about to terminate itc career at
Commune Affianchie; i6Sa infaoout
rebels have Aifiered death i 1 6S4 prifoners
have been kt at lit>ert3r, and 16a fufpefl.
cd perfons are condemned to remain in
.priion until there be a peace/

On Monday Apm'l 14, the republican
Ibciety of St. Denis fent a deputation, de-
tnanding that the honours of the Pan-
theon £ould be granted to Jean Jacoues
Roufleaii, (hat celebrated defender or ft-
quality, who^ad refused to talce upon
him the education of a prince. The pre*
fident invited the convention to rile and
do homage to the grnius of the celebrated
defender of (he rights of nations. 6eve«
ral deputies fupported the petition, and
the convention decreed that the aOies of
J. J. KoulTeau fliould be removed to the
rantheon. The committee of public in-
ftru£lion was enjoined to present within
three days, a declaration, expreflive of
the cbnliderations of public interel> and
national gratitude, which have fwayed tlie
deciiion refpe^ling the grant of the ho-
iHnirs of the Panth^n to ]. J. RouiTeati.
. On Thurfday the lytb, Lakanal, in
the name of the committee of public in-
ftruAion, propofed that the nation (hould
acquit itfclf of its debt of gratitude to-
ward the citizens who had perilhed on the
ipemorable ior{} of Auguft. It was ac-
cordingly decreed, that, in the Pantheon,
a column of black marble Oioold be erect-
ed. On this ihould be infcribed, in let-
ters of ^old, the names of the citizens
vho penfhed in the defence of equality
on the loth of Auguft 1791. This de-
int to be fixed m pirfitm in the places

in which are held the fittings hath of the
convention, and of the conllituted aotho-
rities of tl\e republic.

Among the numerous executions for
Uivat time pad, we hav^ met with the fol*
iowinif name« : Gobet, late conftitutionat
arcbbifliop of Parts; general Arthxir
Dillon, the famous D'Epreraefnil, for-
merly coanfellor of the parliament of Pa-
ris{ De Maielherbes, ageH 7a, one of
the official defenders of Louif XVI, and
his daughter, a[*;ed 39 ; the famous ad-
miral count ^*£ftaign $ and madame Eli-
fabeth, the amiable and virtuous fifter cf
the Igte unfortunate monarch.

This ill-fated prtncefs fell a vvS^im to
the fangutnary fyftem of republicaoifm
on the 10th of May. She was followed
to the fcailbid by twenty -five perfons,
condemned at the fame time, but was not
fufllered to fall under the edge of the ax«
till the heads of all her fellow. fuffieren
had been i^nick off; and (he died the lad
of them all. Having afcended the fcaf-
fold, (be immediately caft up her eyes to
heaven, and, prolhate on her knees, and
wringing her hands, implored of the
King of Kings that fortitude which the
horrors of her filuation had rendered fo
neceifary. Having continued in prayer
til] the moment when (he was to fubmit
her he«d to the eolanguined inftrumcnt,
(he advanced with pcrfe^ refignation,
with a kinti of heroifm infpired by rclt-
gion, and pcrfeftly refigned to the decree
of Providence. Though (he bled the laft
amon^ her twenty- five fellow- fuferers,
Hyt displayed a conrage, jk fortitude, (m^
perior to them all. The i^eople, accuftoro-
ed to fuch fpe^kacles, (hw this fcene of
horror with great tranquillity, and at the
conclufien (bouted« Long live the repub*
Act

[To be continued.]

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.

May ay.

A Letter from Dublin, of the tid in-
'^ (tant, gives the following particulars
of a horrid maflacre at fiullinanaugh, in
the county of Cavan,

. This fatal event originated at a fair in
tjie village, where a Mr. Bigger was in-
volved lA a <|uarrei Wiil) lowc dnvnkea

country fellows, and icverely cudgelled*
Mr. Bigger happened to be a prefby terian,
his aifaiUnts Roman catholics, ot which
two feds the people of that country are
principally com poled.

News was brought to fome of Mr. Big-
ger's neighbours, that he was kilted by a
0iob of papilh, who were iodifcriuiinately
" 3 N ^ ' called

■4«8

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

galled defenders by tlie prcibyterians, who
hold them in the n\o2i implacable hatred :
about 50 of thefe neighbours armed them-
selves and went toward the fair. The
rioters were informed of their approach,
and came out to give their afTailants bat-
lie, armed with litcks ; they were 6red
upon, and numbers of them, as well as
pt the unfortunate fpe6lators, killed or
wounded. This fpreading through the
country, brought forward the friends of
the deceafed to revenge their fate, and va-
rious fkir^iihes continued for two days ;
on the third, the militia arriving, hred
.upon the mob, who were now collected
in numbers, and killed (everal. They
were fire I upon in turn, and two of the
light company fell j cxafperated by this,
they ru(hed with fury on the mob, fliot
above thirtv, purfued the remainder to the
devoted village where they took refug^,
and fii^ Ibmc (hots from the windows,
when the whole place was fet on fire;
every man who attempted to efcape was
bayoneted kuc (hot) the refl perifhed in the
flames ; and many of the unfortunate
peaceable inhabitants (hailed this fate.—-
r4eari6oare faid to have peri (bed, and
the confequences, it is feai^ed, will be
flreadful in the counti7. '

May 19.

The following particulars have been
received of the reception of lord Ma-
f artney's embafly to China :

His lordfhip arrived on board the Lion
man of war, accompanied by the. Jackall
brig, and company's fhp, Hindoftan, at
Macao, about the middle of June. His
lordlbip did not immediately land ; but fir
George Staunton, and his fon, a remark-
ably accomplilbed young man, and emi-
nently converfant ii) the Chrnefe language,
went on (hore j where they faw Mr.
Brown, Mr. Irwine, and Mr. Jackfon.
Xord Macartney afterward proceeded on
bis embafTy, and reached, without acci-^
dent, Limpo, on the coaii of Chiiia, a'
little to thcf6uihwardx>f the Yellow Ri-
ver. Two mandarins of the higheft order
went off to pay him the fir ft vifjt, an4
communicate the imperial welcome. His
iordihip returned thsir vifit on (hore. He
then proceeded with hl5 ftafF and fuite,
civil and military, in boats, up the Yel-
low River on his way to Pekin.

The forms of audience being adjufted in
the mod honourable manner for the Britifh
fmbaffy, his lordihip was received by the
fmperor with the higheft marks of dif-
^infljon and refpefl : and had the honour

3

of being (eatcd on the kft bnd of his ma-
jcfty. The prefents, which arc fupcrior
in value and variety to any that have ever
been known on fimilar occafions, wot
moft graciowfly received ; and the bufincfs
of the embafly was commenced, with the
faireft appearances of the moft favouiable
ilTue, and the eftablifhment of lolid and
extenfive advantages to Great Britain.

The Lion and Jackall bad returned to
Macao, and the Hindoftan was daily a-
peeled from the ifland of Chufan.

Lord Macartney was to come by land
from Pekin to Canton ; where a mag-
nificent hou(e was preparing for his rcccp-
tion.

May 30.

Ye^erday, the privy-council, after a
full examination, committed the following
perlbns to Newgate, charged with high
treafon : John Afhley, Jean Baptifte Roof-
fel, John Hillicr, Thomas Spencer, Rich-
ard Hay ward.

Dublin, May 24.. La(l night, alder-
man Warren, chief commiflioner oi tix
police, aOiiied by the high (heriffs, aod
Mr. Carleton, high cpnftable, and a num-
ber of peace officers, repaired to the Tav-
lors Hall, in Back-lane, and difperttd
the focicty of United Irifhmen, (eiicd the
books of their procet^lings, and a numfier
of printed papers add relied from the So-
ciety to the people of Ireland.
June a.

Ycfterday, in the houfe of peers, the
judgment given in the court of King's-
bench, in the cafe of Hunter- and Giblbn,
was affirmed.

Dublin, May 19. Yefterday cameon,
in the court of King*s-bcnch, the trial ot
John Rhab, printer of a i^ wfpaper calkd
the Northern Star, and twelve proprietors
of the fame, for publilhing a libel, uiKief

re form of an ackirefs to the jieople, from
focicty (tylin^ themfelves the jacobins rf
Belfaft ; in which it is affertcd, that there
is no national government in this king-
dom, and feveral other matters, with iflr
tent to excite fedition and tumult.

The ^ttorney-general called witneffcs to
prove the publication and the proprietary
of ths paper.

Mr. Curran, counfel for the defendantJi
fubraitted to the court," that the propricwf*
came not within the fcopeof theinf'orma- ]
tion, being refponfible only in civil ac4 ^
not in criminal cafes.

The earl of Clonmell was clearly of w
fame opinion ; and, as the law in this ca^
was on a crinunal (latute. laid he th^gr

J

FOR JUNiS, 1794.

469

y hig duty to cODtiQue it ftriftly^ cfpeci-
ally as that part which was mandatory on
the printers and proprietors of newfpapers
to fwear to certain fa£ls» and regilter the
affidavits, to iland in future as records of
evidence againli tbemfeivesy was cootra-
diftory to common law, which iays, * No
man (hall be obliged to give evidence to his
own crimination/ His lordihip, there-
fore, charged the jury to acquit the pro-
prietors, as no evidence whatever of pub-
lication appeai^ed s^nft them# In the cafe
of the king againi Topham, reported in
4Durniord and £alt, and cited by the
attorney -gcneial, his lordihip • obferved,
that fherc it appeared the proprietor had
taken a very aaive part in the publica-
tion.

The jury accordingly acquitted the
twelve proprietors | but found the prmter
guilty.

JtJNE 5.

Yefterday, being the King's btrth-day,
there was a drawing-room at St. James*
palace, which began at half paft twooclock,
and was not over till near fix o'clock.
The nobility and gentry were exceedingly
numerous, and nlade a moft brilliant ap«
pearance.

June 6.

Thi« day, at the Old Bailey, was
capitally convifled, John Sifterfon, for
felonioufly forging, countei-feiiing, and
publifliing as true, a certain order for the
payment of money, purporting to be the
order of Frederick Tuting upon Thomas
White, and Co. for the payment cf 30I.
to Mr. Wcbfter' or bearer, and dated
liondon, Feb. 4, 1794.

June 7.
Yefterday, at night, a fire broke out
in a room adjoining the laundry at Oat-
lands, the feat of the duke of York, which
burnt with great fury for nearly an hour
and ji half, when it communicated to the
grand armoury, where arms to the amount
pf upward of aoool. were deftroyed, and
had it not been for the a£livity of the
neighbouring inhabitants, the whole of the
bouie had Ixen levelled with the ground.
The whole damage is eftimatcil at about
5000I.. The duchefs was at Oai lands at
the time, and beheld the dreadful conBa-
pration from her fleeping'apartroent, which
|s fituatcd in th9 centre pf the manfion, and
from which the flames wei-e prevented
communicating by inftantly hewing down
a gateway,- over which the wing joined to
the hoofe. Her royal hjghnefs difplayed
' |1}C utmoft fbt tiiude on ttie eccaiipQ^ a^d

gave her orders with the hioft pcrfefi com*
pofure. His majefty vifited her highnefs
early oq Saturday morning, and eave the
neceflTary orders for ckraring the rums, ami
rebuilding that wing of the hou& which
bad been deftroyed.

Yefterday the charity children from the
numerous lemmaries in and round the me-
tropolis aflembled at St. PauKs cathedral,
according to annual cuftom $ when a fer-
moii was^preacfaeil, and hymas adapted
to the occaUon fung.

June t.

On Wednefday, Thurfday, and trF-
day, were illuminations in all parts of th^
metropolis, on account of the late glorious
ns^al vidlcury obtained by earl Howe«

June 9.
On Saturday, were capitally convi^led.

at the Old Bailey, James Reene and David
Watkins, for felonioufly aflaulting Fran**
cis Bullcr-Yard, efq. on the highway,
and extorting from him the ium of nine-
teen guineas by threatening totharge him
with a certain deteitable crime $ but an
objection arifing In iKHni of law, their
judgment was refpjted.

The fame day, judgment of death was
pafled upon two capital convi6ls, fix were
fentenced tabe tran/ported for feven years,
one for fourteen ^ears, eleven to be im-
prifoned in Newgate, one in ClerkenweU
Bridewell, four to be |Hiblicly whipped*
and twenty*eight were difchar^ed by pro-
clamation.

Jofcph Kirkham, John WhallejEt John
Cardin, William Canney, Ann X^ockhart,
Ann Lloyd, Charles Beailey, and Henry .
Boxer, capital convi6is, whofe execution
had been refpited during his majefty*s
pleafure, were pardoned on condition of
their being tranfported to New Soudi
Wales for life ; and Thomas Parnel, alio
a capital convi^, refpited as above, vrs^
pardoned on condition of tranfpprtatiofi to
New South Wales for icven years.

William Thomas, another capital con-*
vi£V, refpited as above, having refufed his
majefty *$ clemency tendered to him on
condition of tranfportation to New South
Wales for life, was remanded to the cells
in execution of his former judgment. This
is the fecond time he has retufed -his ma-
jefty's mercy on the above condition.

The ieflfigns being end^d, the (aroe were
actjoamed till Wednefday^ thi|^6th of
July next at the Old Bailey.

June \€., *
. On Saturday', the exchequer loan of
four inillions, which happily proved the

ij^lvatioa

47©

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

falvitien of maJiy opoknt md rcTpeAtble
indhriduaUy wat completely redMicd, the
hft fwymtnt hivhif bitn tiieii made, with*
•m a iiagli defaaliery aod with a pofirive
gam to govtnNMDt of aiaiij tftwMiraiMl
powMlty after tho payment of every ex*
peact ttttndipg the pragrvfe and cooie-
^iMMe of the cooceca. This advantage
mn/k horn the fufpl«it of inteveft, the cx«

whereby not only, the CoHtcans arp Q*.
ralrd from the tyranny of French anar-
chtib, but our fleets have acouired oom.
Biodious harbours in tfie MeiiitcrraDeaD.
^ * We have viewed, vrith a peculiar b-
tisfadion, the gloriao& exertiooa of our
brave coonti^meAy encovraged by the ex-
ample of their illuftiioiM coiiimjindei» and
other branches of the royal family oo die

chtqner biUe bearing an lAMtA of four continent | in which ^rour majefty*s poic^.
— whik the individuals who were nalfeelings moft have participated ~

paid the le«I intereft of
6ve per cent, for their lalpeftiva fums^

JVNB lo.

4]oiei immediattif ate tbe late atval
inAory* • fahfcriptian waa opened at
lMd\ for the widowa and children of
fht hriMFe mm who M in tjiat gloomaa
fngffgement. TltegoKMOt oJFit Qua day

WMh the mitayr

irenSiould dunk

tanee

^^^ , j0Nf ai,

ztftcrdayy the lord-mayofy aldenncAf
Iec. of London, mcTented the foUowing
nddreft to hii nu|jefty, at St. Janca*.

To the Ku)g*8 Moft ExceUent Majefty.

Tlie iMnUe Addkefs of the Lord Mayor,
AklenBen» and Commons of the dtv
^ London^ in Common Council at-
Ibnbkd. \

Moft Gradons Sovereign,^
* WE, your majefty^s moft dutiful and
loyd fabjeas^ the lord mayor, aldermen
and commons of the city of London, in
common conncii afTcmbted, humbly beg
l^re to approach Tour mj^eftr witti onr
warmeft congratulations on tne late glo-
rions fooDefTes with which it has pleafed
the Divine Providence to blefs your ma-
jefty's arms in dt^fcrent quarters of the
world, and more efpedally on the fignal
viAory obtained by the Bntifti fleet* un-
der tlie commfind of adminl orl Howe,
©itf the fleet of the French, on the firft of
this month*

« We have the ol^fiire of acktwwledg-
ing, with heart-ltlt fatisfaaion, that, by
tl)e reduftion of the principal iettlements
pf the French in the Eaft Indies, and by
the capture of their Weft India iflands,
the moft faluabte commercial acouifirions
have been gained by your majeity's fub-
jeAs, at the fame dme that the commerce
pf the enemy has been dfftrpyed in thofe
parts. And thefc advantages are greatly
enhanced, in our eftimation, by the a-
ioMzing rapidity and little bioodlied with
which they were accompfiftied. '

« We r^oice in feeing your majefty's

extraordinary degreci
* DeepI V fanpfeflcd
of thefe advantages, i
felves waatins; in the dtity weowe to your
•majefty, ondir whow mild goveromeat
vre deem it our grcateft happioeft to live,
were we to delay taking the earlicll o|».
portonity of teftiiying, at the foot of your
throne, our moft ai3cnt joy at the hte
iignal vidory gained by yoor najefty'a
fleet over that of the enemy j a vffiary,
perhaps, unexampled in the annals of the
3ntim navy | and which has materialiy
reduced the power of the French at iot
adding fecoiitv to our wide- extended
oommerce, ancl tranimitting a nioft bril*
Kant example of Britifti valour to the laicft
pofterity.

* And while we thus rejoice in the he*
ceftes of your majefly's arms abroad, wit
defire to exprefs our warmeft approboMi
of the vigilance and zeal of your majefty^s
mioifters at home, in rq»e(&ne tbe at*
tempts of the (editious, and ihok v^ho
wickedly aim at the fubver6on of your
majefty*s government; and aflfure your
majefty, that your faithfiil fubjeAsy the
citizens of London, will continue to exert
their nooft conftant and earneft mdeavooia
to prefe've to themlelves and their potted
rity tbe (ecure and permanent enioymest
of the invaluable bfeflings of the gloriooa
conftttution as eftablifticd by law,

« May thefe brilliant events convince
yonr majefty's enemies of the juftice of
your majefty^s caufe, and thereby the blefV
lings of peace be reftored to theft king*
doms, and to Eiux}pe, on a (afe and per«
manent foundation.

Signed, by order of Court,

WitLIAM RlZ/

To which Addrefs his Majefty was picaied
to return the following moft graciDW
Anfwerj

* I recei^ie, with great &tis&dion, this
dutiful and ai&aioiiate Addrefs. The
expi^ions of atuchment from my faafhivi
city of london ar^ at aU times highly ia-

FOR JUNE, 1794;

47*

^bftory to met and peculiarly 011 tlie
yaOml conjunAure. Their cordial con*
gramiations on the bite glorious vi&sffi
obtained by my fleet mlder earl Howe,
and on the fignal fucceflet which have
dttended mjr arms in difierent quarters^
«nd the (bionable afllirances of their uni-
form attachment to our inraluabie Qonfti-
tution, prove how fenfible they are of the
importance of the conteft in which we are
engaged, and of the numerous blefliogs
for the piefervation of which we have to

< Tbe city of London may at all times
rely on the continuance of my favour and
proteflion/

They were all received very gracioufly,
and had the honour to icils nis majefiy^s
luind«

BIRTHS.
A T Florence, Lady Bruce, two daugh*
•''*' ters.

Lady Sufan Thorpe, a Ton and heir.
Emprefs of Germany, an arcbducbeft.

MARRIAGES.
TlEV. Qeorgc Talbot, brother of the
*^ late earl Talbot, to the hon. mifs
Ann»Beauc1erIc. /

Hon. Mr. Bingham, to lady EUiabeth
Bellafyie, the divorced wife of Mr,
Howard.

Charles Edmonftone, cfq. fecond ion
•f Gr Archibald Edmonftone, bart. to
mifs Emma Wilbraham Bootle, daughter
of R. W. Bootleg efq. of Sathom Houfe,
Lancalhire.

• Hon. Mr. Stewart, ekkft Ton of lord
Londonderry, to lady Amelia Hobart.

DEATHS

T ADY of lord Carleton,' lord chief
*^ julUce of tbe common-pleas in Ire-
land.
- • Counteft of Egremont, lady of count
Bruhl, the Saxon envoy.

William vifcountNewhaven.

Reigning duke of Mecklenburgh Stre*
litz, brother to the Queen of Great Bri*
tain.

Duchefs of Portland.

VticounteTs Mayo, widow of the kte

John vifcount Mayo.

Anne lady Ravenfworth.

Counters of Deloraine.

prancis marquis of Hertford.

Rev. fir Henry Vane, prebendary of
Durham.

John lord Kilmelne.

lion, general James Murray, colonel
of the royal North Britiih iiifilerr:.

Vifcottntcft DiDon, voMn of die pct^
ictit viTcOniit. '

Siir Robert Boyd, K. B« goveraor (jf
Gibraltar.

l^kOMOTIOWS.

JOftph Smith, efo. igent and paymafle^
to the out pennoners at Cbelfea boil
pttal.

Henry dufce of Bucelettgb«-Ki^t of
tbe garter.

Hon. rear admiral lir Keith ElpMnlldii>,
and captain fir John Borliie Warren, bart*
—-Knights of the Badi.

BANKRUPTS. FVom the GAtrrrs^

May ay.
T Oats Jees, of Cheries.fti«er> Weft-
*^ minfkr, money-fcrivener.

Richard Bedford, of the Kent-road,
In Surry, viaualler;

Samuel Lufcombei of Exeter, dealer.

Thomas Evans Gray, of Hattiey^ in
StstfibrdHiire, woollen -draper.

John 8iffipfim» MancheAer, hat-iMhiu-
faSurer.

Thoaiit Broadhurft} of Macdesfieid,
joiner.

John Henfliawi of Nottingham, tanner*

William Green, of Crooked-bne, ware*
houftman.

Thomas Holmes AOcock, of Newport»
Salop, tanner.

Philip Turner, of Jewry.ftreet, Aid-
gate, wine-merchant.

George Mayors, or Stockport, Chemuv
innkeeper. p

. William Robkb^ of TbornhUl, York-
fliire, maltfter.

Benjamin Pearkes, of St. Nidiolta^ In
Worcefter^ tea-dealer.

Mat 31.

James Shat^, of Wakefleld, in York-
fliire, grocer.

Richard Dates, of Penryn, in Cbrn-
wall, dealer in porter.

Robert Robinibn tbe elder, of Lincoln,
innholder.

Robert Railton, and John FildeSy «f
Manchefter, iit>nmongert.

James Portefcue, of tbe Curtain -roiMIt
Shoieditch, wheelwright.

Abel Cock, and Henry Cock» tf
Oknicefter, drapers.

Marchant Rufliell,, of Doyntotf, ia
Glouceflerlhire, dealo*.

Sanud Gktcrt,of Kingion-Opon-HulU
linen-draper.

Richard Dransfield, of Riterhead, in
Kent, yiflualler.

Ricjiard Johnfon the younger, of Don*
caflcr, in Yorkfliire, butcher.

He^pr

f

47*

THE UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE

X _.

Henry Haymaoy of Cliertiey, in Sunyi
^oach-maftcr.

Geor^ Lewtasy of Leach*]ane, in
Lancaimre, dealer,

JUNB J.

Jamei Hance, (partner with John Finch
snd Jofeph Colderiniy of Caftle court.
Budge-row, merchanta) cvrving on trade
under the firm of Hance, and company.

John Crew, of Piccadilly, plumberr

Thomas Peach, of Loughhorougby in
Locefterfliire, boiier.
* Thomas Exler^ /of Newington-caufe-
way, in Surry, cooper.

William Watfon, of Lyncombe and
IVidcomQ in Somer(et(hire» builder.

Lawrence Fielde, of Bath» architeA.

Thomas Moxam, of Lawrence-lane,
faaor.

JUNB 7.

Edward Stretch, of Calne, in WilU»
flTocer.

John Harris, of Tiptooj in Sta^rc^-
Ihire, fpademaker.

Joifeph Cooper, of Manchefter, inn-
keeper.

Thomas Gray, of HanJey, in Staffbrd-
ihire, woollen -draper.

Wilfiam Morris, of Brick-lane, Spital-
£dd8, fmith.

Jafper Carter, of Weft Drayton, in
^CddleTex, nyealman.

Samuel Payne, of Chelfea, coal-mer-
cbant.

James Bate, of Birmingham, dealer.

Jofeph Menetone, of Ratcliife-crofs,
ftipwright.

JU|i« JO.

Willikm Ridctt, of Green* ftrcet, Grof-
vcnor-fquare, dealer.

June 14.

Thomas Cottle, of Bath, foapbciler.

Thomas XValhbourn, of Pewiey^ in
Wilts, ihopkecper.

John Burton^ of Shaddlewortb, Vork-
fcire, money -fciivencr.

Theodore Campbell, of Forcrftrcet,
Cripplegate, broker.

John Broad, of Bath, dealer.

William Boardman, of Mancheftei',
merchant. '

William Giles, of Stoke-^ewington,
(oaUmerchant.

June 17.

William MarOf, of Lincoln, machine-
maker.
» John Depear, o^ Whapioad, in Lin-
coln(hire, linen-draper.

Anne Meakin, of Whitchurch, in Sa-
lop, flioefa^or.

Patrick Daly O'Shangnefly, of WTut-
comb-fbeet, Weftminfter, bootmaker.
« Thomas Midford, of ShadwcU, w^
toaller.

Juhb 11.

Charles Edwards, of EyTe-ftrcet-btll,
Holbbrn, (hoemaker.

John Finch, of CannoA-ftreet, pin-
maniifa£lurer.

John Jenkins, of Rathbone-placcj gro-
cer.

Robert Stealing, of the Strand, audi-
oneer. ' •

Thomas Gill, of Crickladc, Wlltlhke,
money-fcrivener.

Willlarti Hail, of the Stones iEi»d in the
Borough of Southwark, dealer in Stafford-
ihire.ware.

Jacob Ifaac, of Cox^s-(quare, SpitaS-
fields, filverfmith.

John Pitman, of Milbome-Port, io
Somerfetfhire, Iinen-manufa6lurer.

Chriftopha- Hewaitfon, of Newbiggea,
in Cumberland, dealer.

Rol>ert Tripp, of Briftol, {ale{rnai&.

Edward Mitchell, of Horlham, xa
SufTex, higler.

James Partington, of Bafinghall-ftreet^
wareboufeman.

Charles Day, of Alderi^atc-ftrecr,
ribbon-manufaflurer.

Thomas Gubbins, otherwi/e Thoma*
Edmunds, of Newgatc-ftreet, haberdaflisr.

William Hay, of Perihore, in Worcci^
terfliire, ihopkecper.

June 14.

James Mendenall, ofBathwiclc* inSo-
merfetfbire, vintner*

John Froft, of Bath, linen-draper.

John Duken, of Lothbury, babor-
da/her. '

George Cariin, ofSelfton, in Notting-
ham, bofier. -

Edward Turner Meredith, of Tewkd-
bury, in Gloucellerftiirc, fcrivener.

James Doxon, of Manchcfter, mer-
chant.

Francis Chefiiam, of Walworth Tff-
race, in Surry, prinifeller.

John Greaves, of Workf<^, Notting-
ham, money- fcrivener.

Charies Lambert, of New Bond-ftrttt,

■ lianover-fciuare, haberdaiher.

NEW P.UBLICATIONS.
Y\ ARWIN*s Zoonomia, or La^s of
^ Organic Life, vol. 1, 4x0. xL 5».

■ boards.

Withers' Treatife on the Errors and
Defefls<^ Medical Education, as.

Viaiia

FOR JUNE, 1794; 473

ViainiofPa^n,3Vol. ixmo. los.did. AVERAGE PRICES or CORN.
Leigh's Inquiry into Revealed Religion, . j^n^ ,^^ ,754..

/JWPhail's Treatife on the Culture ©f By the Standard Win«hefter Qoamr of
the Cucumber, 8vO. 9s. « ^ - - ^

Things as they are, 3 vol. iHmo. 12s,

Eight Bufliels.

INLAND COUNTIES.

Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats,
t. d, *• d* s, d» »• tf*

50 9
50 10

48 .3

46 o

45 »o

47 6
50
54
54
57

5^

54

36

4«

Denbigh
Angiefea
Carnarvnn
MerioDcdi

Dorfet
Hanu

43

49
5«

49
54
59
54

46
46
47
47
44
45

46

49

46

57
56
55
53
55
59
5*
55
01

50
43
50
56
5*
50
57
5»
5»
46

46

aS

4«
40

44 10

30
31
3»

24 10

25 o

30
30

36
34^

43
39
3^
35^

30
3«
33
3»
3»

3*

6 93

-*5

o
8

o

4

o

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6

24 X
24 II
a4 S

»8 7

a8 s
24 -S

26 I

27 4
16 o
18 10

20 'z

*9

17 7

18 10
37 o

4»

30
33
44
45

4
6
oa6
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4»
45
34

CIS

»3

Nichols* Methods for d^creafing the
Confumption of Timber in the Navy, as.

Carolme de Montmorenci^ laroo. 384 .,.,„ ^

6d. . MiJdlefex

Fawcctt's Sermons at Cambridge, 8 fro. jj*^ .

*Paley'. View of the Evidence of Chrif- Hu^S*)-

tianity, 3 vol. lamo. las. Northamptaa

Stillmgfleet's Sermons on the Do£lrities Rutland

of Chriftianity, 8vo. 5s. Uiccfter

D*Oyly's Hiftory of our Saviour, 8vo. Nottio^ham

8s. 6d. Derby

Dio's Defcription bf Dunkirk, 4to. &s. Stafford

lewed. Salop

Buchanan's View of the Fifliery of Great Hcrefoni

Britain, 8vo. 6s, IS^^^u

Andcrfoh's Treatife on Peat Mofs, 2,?,"!^

S..^ .. Willi

^' ^ ' Berka

Anderfon^s Account of the Sheep in Oxford

Ruffia, 8vo. 6s. B„cka

Hurdis* Tears of Af!e£lion, and other Brecon

Poems, 2S. 6d. Montgomery

Henry Stukcly, or Effeas of Diflipa- Radnor
lion, 3 yol. iimo. los. 6d. m# -«•-.. .»4 w r* ri it m t i f ^.

Brltifli India analyzed, 3 vol. 8vo. MARITIME COUNTIES*

ll. IS. 'Effex

Muflblini's Friendly Advice, 8vo. 3s. Kent

fewcd. Suflcx

Price's Effay on the Piaurcfqne, as Suffolk

compared with the Sublime and Beautiful, Cambridge

8vo. 6s. Norfolk *

Memoirs of General Demourier, 8v04 I-'ncoln

8s. and xamo. 3s. 6d. X^'^

Richler's Medical and Surgical Ob- P/**™ . , ^

fervations, 8vo. 68. CumSd

Siege of Meaux, a Tragedy, is. 6d. ,^^,^^

Stoever s Life^of Linnaeus, by Trapp, Lancafter

4to. ll. 5s. Chefter

Hiltory of all the real and intended In- Flint
vafions of England, 8vo. 4s. boards.

Moor's Narrative of the Operations of
the Mahrattas, &c. againft Tippoo Sul-
tan, 4to. il. 5^

Life and Adventures of J. M. Hobart, Cardigan

.alias Lord Maifcy, &c. 2 vol. iimo. 7s. Pe'">>'oke

Monk*s Agricultural Diaionary, 3 vol. ^armanhen

8vo. ii. 4*. ^ ^ ' SiSr

Lord Fitzhenry, 3 vol. 1 amo. 11s. Somwfet '

Perplexities, or fortunate Elopement, Monmouth

3 vol. lamo. 128. Pevon

Watfon's Treatife of the Law of Part- Cornwall
nerfhips, 8vo. Ss. 6d.

Edmunds* Solicitors Guide in Exche-
quer, 8vo. 7s.

Fifher's Treatife pn Copyhold Teourej
Svo.75. 6d.

o»9
26
28
29
31
14
»7
23
20

30 II

a8 o
37 3

38
37
33
33
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INDEX /^ the Ninety-Fourth Volume.

ACCIDENT, fatal 153
Adams, Mr. Secretary to the Con-
f^itutional Society, apprdiendeii 395 ^
Affe6lationy Characters of 93, 95, 199
Affli<5lion, Confblationsof, airOdeiio-^

. Fancy inciFe6lual to mitigate 408
Agriculture, foiprovements of, in Scot-
land 3^S
Aikin^ Dr. Extra£^sfrom his Letters from

a Father to his Son 25, 1S7
Aliniek, or the Purfuit of Happinefs, an

Arabian Tale 87
Ambition, inverted, Eflkyon 199
America, Congrefs of, lay an Embargo on
all foreign Ships 396. See Wafhington
Amiability, the beft focial Quality 1 17
Ancients, ai^i-onomical Difcoveries of the

596
Anecdote of Louis XIFI, 4.3— of the Ori-
gin of the UniverCty of Leydcn 4.7— of
the Emperor Jofeph II, 1 *5— of Racine
x6S~of M. Schmitz, a celebrated En-
graver 204 — of a Murderer 107— of
Dr. Jofeph White 264— of Louis XI,
«8o— of Bigon-y and Injuftice 334— of^
King John of England 334— of a
French A6lor 335 — of David Mallet
3 3 5 — of Pafchal 335 —of George Vilii-
ers, Duke of Buckingham 352
> Anecdotes of Dr. Young's Night Thoughts

47— of Louis XIV, 43, 167— of Louis
XVI, 42, 169— Henry IV, of France
46, 321— K)f Imperial and Royal Per-
fonages 167—- of AuguftusCefar 167—
of Charles I, 168 — Charaftcriftic 334—
Domeftic, of Milton 47 —of Duelling
349— of the French Nation 43 >
Anger, an Enemy to Beauty ^4
Anthony ^8 Well, St. fupcrftitious Cuftom
at 440
e Antis, Mr. his new Spinning Wheel 41
•> AHiIey, John, committed to Newgate 46 8
Agronomy, Difcoveries of the Ancients in

Augullus Cefar^ Anecdotes of 167
Auguftus Frederick, Prince, his Marriage
with Lady Augufta Murray 77

B.

Ballinanaugh, Mai&cie at 467

Barometer, gieateft, leaft, and mean De-
gree of the, for 1793, 19

Bsyne, Captain, N^onument ^o hit Me-
mory 241

Peauty, natural and artificial 10— 'Female,
, tfue ineans of pro^Doiing 9i*-*A|)^r an

Enemy to 94— Source of Beauty in the

Mind 95
Beljham, Mr. Extraf^sTrom his Memoirs

of the Kings of tlie Houfe of Brunfwick

246
Bigotry and Injuftice, Anecdote of 334
Bills, royal A flentgiverr to 236
Bingham, Hen. Mr. Vcrdi6l again il, for

criminal Converfluion with Lady Eiifa-

beth Howard 234
Biographia Britnnnica^ Vol. V. Extracts

from 275, 354
Biography, Modern 38
Bird's Nert, Verfes on robbing- 3212
Birth, Prejudices oP 1 1 8
Blair, Captain, Monument to his Me-
mory 241
Bolingbroke, Lord, fuperior to Voltaire 427
Bonney, Mr. committed to the Towtr 395
Bon Ton, Reflefiions oii 120
Box Lobby Challengers, a new Comedy

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of,

his atrocious Guilt 352
Burford, Account of 21
Burke, Mr. his Chara6ler of Mr. Jloward

lOI

Burnet, Biibop, poetical Chancer of 404
Burnet, Dr. Remarks on his Theory of

the Earth 182
Butler, Mr. a PafTage in his Remains, iU

luftrativc of the prefent State of France

405

C,

Camden, William, poetical Chara^ler of

404
Campagna of Rome, Remarks on the 18 «
Cards, a Conversation, on 27a
Caroline, Queen, Charaftcr of 147
Cartwrigbt's Account of Labrador, Ex«

traftfrom 3x6
Charafler, a lingular female 173
Charafter of Pope Pius VI, 179— of
William V, Prince of Oi-ange 192— of
George II, 246 — of Queen Caroline
»4.7^of Bilhop Ho?dley 247— of Dr.
Clarke 247— of Mr. Gray 248— K)f
Mr. Hume 248, 404— of Loixi Claren-
don 248, 404— of Dr. Hartley 248-^.
of Dr. Lardner 248«-of Biihop Lowth
a49— K)f Dr. Jortin 249— of Archbiihop
Herring 249--K)f Louis XVI, 2X7— of
Richardfon, the Painter 335 — of Cam-
den, the Hiftorian 404— of fir Walter
Rawfoigh 404 — of Btfhop Burnet 404
*— of Rapin^04-»of liord L^ttelton 405
} Q » Charitfi

THE INDEX.

Charity^ Odetotii

Chuice, Mrs.berlEliftor7S6

Charles I, different Caul'ts that brouglit

him and Louis XVI to the Scaffold 169 ^^Theatre in Drury-Lane 366
ChelteDhsa), Account of 1(9 T 36

Chitnesy at St. Giles* Cn]>plegate» Account

of 193
Chuicbam, Smgulariqr in the Church of

436
Cibber, C. G. bis Works in Statuary 81
Cibber, Cbllcy, Memoiisof 81
Cibber, Theopbiluf , Account of S6
Clarendon, Lord, h<s Chirafler %^%y 401
Clarke, Dr. Charafter of 147
C<^n, Dr. Extrads from his Rhine 19^9

Comets, Opinions of the Ancients con-
cerning 117

Commerce, Advantages of 117

Commercial Loan, Application of the 1 56
—its happy Effe£^s 469

Cppflitmiooal Society, Books and Papers
of tlie, feized 395. ^r/ Parliament

Copenhagen, Palace at, burnt 131

Copeni'ans, bis folar Syftem 6

Cornwallis, Marquis, arrives in England
1 54^entertained by the City of London

Cumberland, Mr. his new Comedy 37O9

Curiofity, on impertinent 13

Dean, Account of the Foreft of 440

Death- bed TVdmonitions, foperior £fie6l

' -of 409

Deity, Addrefs to the 1 3 1

Defpair, fine picture of 41 1

Difeafes in December 1793, 19— general

' Obfervaticns on the Diieaies of that
Ycnr ao — Difeafes of January 121— of
February 209— of March 283— of April
and May '43 5

Dodfley, Ml*. Memo'rs of 275

Diivebridge, in Derbyshire, Account of

Duelling, Obfeivations on 949, 349, 429
byer, Mr. Geoige, his Ode to Spring 209

Earthquake at VIpnna 231
Eaft Indies, Advicrs from the 154
Eaton, D. I. his Trial foi a Libel 157
Edinburgh, new DeTcription of 162'—
, Arms fotmd in Preparation at 449
Pgotifm and Perfonality^ Piftei^nce be-
tween X|7

egy on ihe Death of a youn^ Lady 131
>;land, invincible, if unanimous iJ<—<
7anegyric op ^09. See Great Britain

tbe
otbeje*

Enfliam, Account of «•

^vy. Ode to 442

Epilogue, on the Opening of*

367 A

Efquimaoac Tndtans> Behaviour of t«ra^ fi

London 326 ,
Euflatia, Sr. Prize Caufe detennincd 1$^
Exile, Allegiance indilfoloble in 407-f

Coniblation in 408
F.
Face Painting, Obfcrvations on v i
Fancy« inef&lual to mitigate ASSSSSem

408
Fairfax, Edward, the Poet, Miemoin ct

354-
Fire at Copenhagen 23i->at OstiaiMis469
Fird Sight, on the Prepofledions of a J05
Foniainvillc Forefl, a new Play 37»—

Prologue to 365
Forpbodings, Thoughts <m 4.1 1
Forefls, Englifh, Obfenrations on tfae44A
Fox, Mr. compared as an Orator widi

Mr. Pitt 37
Francis II, Emperor, inaagurated at Bfvf-

fels 394
France, Rcfleflions on the Revolotioa m
3, 29, 2X3-^DeploFab]e Situation of tbe
Inhabitants of Lyons 63, 46 7— I>ecfee
of the National ConventioD lefpec^ing
Genoa 63— and Toulon 64— Foie^neis
excluded from the Convention 6^-^
Royalifts difpericd 6 5-- Recapture of .
Toulon celebrated 65— Execution of
Marihal Luckner 146— Anniverfiify of
the Execution of Louis XVI, celebrated
146 — Invedive againf^ tbeEngliih 146
—Decree againft Perjury 147— Decree
fubjc^ing Mariners to Requifition 147
—Decree refpefting the difierent Idiosns
of Language in France 147— Anfwer to
a Deputation in Favour of Thomas
Paine 147— Decree on the Subje^l of
Peace 147— Severe Decree conceining
the Marine 148— a Black, a Mulatto,
and a White, admitted as Deputies from
^t. Domingo 23 a— Slavery aboUihrd
a3a» 294— new maritime FJag decreed
232 — State of the War in La Vendee
146, 232— Singular Incident 290—^
naval Decree 290-«-Anecdotts of the old
Government 290— Decree concerning
Arrtfls 29i'<Conrpirators arrefted 291
remarkable Spetch of Danton 292—
Refleflions on it 292— Conipiratorsexe^
Cuted 29Z— Revolutionary Anny fup*
pi^fTed 293— 'Danton arrefted 293—
Executive. Council fuppreiTed 295-^'
Commiflions inftituted inftead ibereof
29 5— Anfwer of the Prefident 10 a iao-'
. gulnary ^ech 295— Behaviour, rf

DantoD.

THE INDEX.

iHntoni and others^ on their Tnal 196
—their Execution 197— Honour of the

- Pantheon to J. J. RouReau 467— to the
citizens who perilhed Auguft 10, 179S9
467— Madame Elilabetb^ and others,
their Execution 467

France, Progrefs of the War againft:
SuccefTes of the Spaniards 51, 14S—
T«ulon evacuated 6o«— Siege of Landau
raifcd 51, i46<— Chandernagore, Pondi-
cherry, &c. taken 6o« Allies defeated
at Haguenau, &c. 64-*Fort Louis eva-
cuated 146— Operations in Flanderd
'49> S*>4» 31a— War in St. Domingo
149, 130— extraordinary Efcape of tie
Juno Frigate 149— Captuieof St. Fio-
renzo by the Englifb 130— ^f Martinico
304, 309— and of L* Archie in St. Do-
mingo 309— "French defeated at Cateau
31a, 383— French Frigates capiuirxl
$Si, 460^-Hanoverian Poft at Mou-
cron forced 3S5, 386— Landrecies re-
duced by the Auftrians 386— Coutray
taken by the French .3 8 6— the Fi^nch
defeated near Tournay 387— St. Lucia
taken by the Englifli 387— and Guada-
kupe 389, 390— the French defeated
by General Kaunitz 389, 394— the
Duke of York defeated 39 1 —defeats the,
French 393— Bouillon taken, pillaged,
and evacuated by the Auftrians 394—
the French defeated at TCayferflauienj
456— and at Fontaine TEveque 459—
Baftia taken by the Englifh 459— British
and Hanoverians defeated at Ghits 464
—French defeated by the Prince of
Orange 464— great naval Viftory ob-
tained by Earl Howe 457, 461, 464

French Nation, curious Particulars of the,
prior to, and indicative of, the Revolu-
tion 183, 43s

Fcefcati, Account of 183

Friends, often infupportable in Adverfity
118

Friendihip, a Gonverfation on 270
G.

Gaming, an Enemy to female Beauty 94

Genoa, Deicriptiopof laa

George II, CharaAer of 146— State of
Literature in his Reign S47

George III, his Speech to both Houfes of
/ Parliament 68

Gilpin, Mr. his Obfervations on the Fo-
refts of England 440

Glaigow, new Defcripiion of 312, 4it«>
Philofophical Reflexions at 416

Gleanings 255

Gloucefter, Account of 13, 163 — excel-
lent Regulations in the Gaol at 104

GloucefterOiire, Remarks on a Journey
through 169, 263

Ciizy, Mr. die Poet, kit Chara^er 348

Gray, Rev. Mr. ExtraiEls from his Tnyelf

Great Britain, poetical Panegyric on 40;
Grief, Dignity of 113, 116*- Maternal

1 1 5— immoderate 166
Guadaloupe, taken 3^9, 390
Guardian Angel, No. XV, 98
Guilt, Timidity of 114

H.
Habeas Corpus Aft, Htflorical Account

of the 361
Hamilton, Duke of. Decree of Divorce

againft 236
Hardy, Mr. Secretary to the London Cor-

rcfponcllng Society, 'appiehended 395
Hartley, Dr. Charafler of, his Syftem 248
Hay ley, Mr. his Charafler of the princi-
pal Engliih Hiftorians403
Hay market Theati^e, fatal Accident at 1 53
Hayward, Richard, committed to Newgale

468
Hed(br Lodge, Dcfcription of 1 7
Henry IV, of Prance, Anecdotes of 479

321 ,

HerefordihireyBadnefs of theRoads in 436
Herring, Aicbbifhop, Chancer of 249 '
Highnam, Court, Account of 436
Hillier, John, committed to Newgate 468
Hood, Lord, evacuates Toulon 60— takes

St. Fiorenao in Coriica aso^—and Baftia

459
Hcod, Captam, his extraordinary Efcape

»49 . ,

Hope, charaftenzed 411

Howard, Mr. Chaiafter of, by Mr. Burke
101

Howe, Earl, his great Vi£K>ry over the

French Fleet 457, 461, 464
' Human Nature, favourable Views of 20s.

Hume, Mr. Chara6terof 248, 404

Hygromeftr, greateil, leaft, and mean De-
gree of the, for i793> '9
i.

Idlenefs, RcfleAionson 17a

Jew, ihe, a new Comedy, by Mr. Convj
berland 370— Prologue and Epilogue to

367

Ill-nature, an Enemy to Beauty ^3

Imagination, Ode to 210

Infoiuriiy, on the Affe^ation of 199

Infidelity, Thoughts on 337

Injuftice, tYmaikable In(iance of 334

Inquifitiveneis, improper 1 3

John, King of England, Anecdote of 3 3^

Johnfon, Dr. how ti^eated by his Biogra-
phers 39

Jortin, Dr. Chara^erof 249

Jolrph If, Anecdote of t2r

Joyce, Rev. Mr. commiitcd to the Tower

395 '

treland. Speech cf the Lord Lieutenant of

«5*j 3»7 ,

THE INDEX.

KTn^ John, Obfenradons on the TngeJy

of III

Kings, RcfU^icns on X17

lying's Btrtb-day, Accouot of the 469

ftrdocr, Dr. Charafter of 24S
LateHout&, injuii'.us to female Beauty 95
Lavarer, Mr. Icndency o( lis Woiks 106
I^tttfr ft cm Seneca toLiiciiius 1JI5
Inters, two oii^inal from Dean Swift 331
— and from Lord MtrlccniSc Regis 4a i
Lettice, Mr. Extra^s tiom his Tour

through Soitl-.m! 162
Leytlen, Oiit^in of the Univerfity of 47
Litcury Crjijciiin, Trial of an A^^tion for

Damngis on Account of a 134
Local Cui infilled 207
Lodoiika, Aiis'in the new Opera of 443
Ix>ndon, City of, entertain ^Iaiquis Corn-
wallis 315— Mcafures tahen by, for the
Defence of the City 316— vote their
Tbank-S a pel Freedom to fir John Jeivis
and fir Charles (Jney 396— Subfcnption
of the Merchants of, for the Wi Jows and
Children of the Seamen kiiied in the late
naval Vi<5^oiy 470— A ddi els of the Lord
Mayor, Sec. to the King, on that Oc
cafion 479 ' '

London Coacfponding Society, Books and

Papers of the, feized 395
J^ngcvityr principal Caufes of 48
Lottery, J3:irgain for a 236
Lovers Frailties, a new Comedy 1 51
Lovett, Mr. committed to the Tower 395
Loughton, in Edex, Account of 97
Lou's XI» Arrecdote of 180
Louis X III, Anecdote of 4a
Louis XIV, Anecdotes of 43, 1^7— -Cha-

rafterof 287
Louis XVI, Anecdotes of 42, 169. See
- Charles 1.

Lowth, Bilhop, Chara£ler of 249
Lucia, St. talcen 389
^yttchon, Lord, poetical Charafter of 405

M.
Macartney, Lord, his EmbafTy to China

468
Mallet, David, Anecdote of 335
Manners, Lord Robert, Monument to 241
Maria Antoinette, Queen of France, Re-

fle£lions on her Fate 288
Margarot, Maurice, convI£led of Sedition

76
Marmontel, M. a new Tale by 259, 342
Martinico taken 304, 309— Colours of,

depofited in St. PauPs 395
Malculine Manners, the Affeflation of|
'in Women, ceufiued 95

Melconibc, Lordy two origpitM Lrtten v

Memoirs of Cdlcy Gibber Si*«f Mr.

Dodfley 275— of Mr. Edward Faiifei

354— of M. Raptn de Xhoyras40i
Men of Genius, difiercnt Fate of ^37
Meteorological Jammal for December it—

for January i2o<— for February »oS—

for March 282 <— for April 370— f;«

May 434
Milton, afte^ing domeftic Anccdoaes d

336
Mollendorf, Marih^b defeats the Fiadb

456
Monarchy, Reileflions on 2S9—
MoralKl, the, a Poem, by Mrs. Robbfin

443
Murderer, Anecdote of a %oy
Murray, Lady Augofta, bcr Maniage

with Prince Auguftus Fiederic 77
Mufkc, ludicrous Powe^ aicribed to 173

N.
Naples, Conrpii-acy at 394
Netley Abbey, a new operaticai Farce 371
New South Wale<, Advices rtt>fD 236
News Telles, Sbakipeaie'sDelcriptioa of 4

"5
Nobility^ Rene£lions on 289
Northleacb, Account of 21

Ode for the New Year 129— to the Spnng,
by Mr, George Dyer 209 — to the Inn-

, gi nation 2x0— on the Coofolatioiis of
Afiii^lioD z I o^-'to Charity z i i-^^m the
Threats of a French Invasion 2x2— n
the Spicif of Alfi^ 369— ^or the Biftii
Day 441— to Envy 44a

Old Bailey, Proceedings at the 76, 15^,
j'SJf 395» 469. See Readmg

One's Self, on too high an Opinion of 34

O/o^bio, Don Balthaur, extn^rdinary Ac-
count of 427-

OtahSita, Natives of, remarkable Circim«
ftance concerning 207

Paine, Thomas, excluded from the Fitnck
Convention and arretted 65

l^alaces, Royal, ancient Cuftom in 409

Paris, curious Particulars of the City of|
prior to the Revolution 283, 431

Parker, Captain; his Engagement wiA «
French firft Rate 457

Parliament, Proceedings of, on thefci»g>
Speech 68— on a Motion for Peace 1371
fti4-^on the Landing of the Heffiaa
Troops 137, 213, 297— on the CoH"*
voys 137, 226^on the Sentences paftd
on Msfliem-8 Muir and f^maiVy

I

THE INDEX.

*99> 37 S*'^'^ the Treaty with Sardinia
1 38— on the Decree of the French Con-
vention to put all the funded Property
cf Natives in a State of Reqnifition 138
«*-K)n a Bill for eftablifhing a Right of
Appeal from the Court of Jufticiary in
Scotland 139— on the Biidg^ 143— on
a Bill to prevent the fupplying of Fo-
reign Pofieflions with Slaves at 31 373
i^on Lord Moira^s Bxpedition 213-—
on the Treaties with our Allies 300—
on the King^s Meflage, refpe6ling the
feditiousDeiign^f certain S^ieties 3959
395— Reports of the Secret Committee
of the Houft of Lords on that Subje^

^444

Pafchal, Anecdote of 335
Paul, SirG. O. his Opinion of the Quali-
ficatioBs of the Chaplain of a Prilbn 103*
Peeviflinefs, its £ffe£ls on female Beauty

^94

Pentrough, Accoxmt of the 257
Perfumery, odd Defence of 1 1 7
Perry, Mr. Trial of, for ftealing an

Heirefs 316
Phyfiognomy, on the Science of 105
Pitt, Mr. Companion of his Eloquence

with that of Mr. Fox 37
Pius VI, Pope, Charafterof 179
Plantagenety on the royal Surname of x 1 1
Pleafures, on cheap 15 -
Poland, Revolution in 455
Politcnefs, Oblervations on 117
Pondicherry taken 60', 13s
Pope, Mr. Critique on his Eflay on Cri-

ticifm, byDr. Aikin 187
Pofterity, Infatuation of 1 1 7
Pride, a Caufc of UglineTs 93
Prifon, Verfeson a 368
Prifbns, Reflexions on Confinement in los
Prodi gjes, poetical Enumeration of 41a
Pi ologue to Fontainville Foreft 365— at the

Opening of the New Theatre in Drury

Lane 365 — to the Jew 367
Purefoy, Mr. his Outlawry reverfed 155
Pytliagoras, his Knowledge of Attionomy

Qi'aylc, Mr. George, Account of his Pen-
trough »S7
Queen Elifabcth's Lodge, Defcription of
'97

R.

Riictne, Anecdote of 168

R.^kes, Ml. Rol>ert,iheInrtItiUofof Sun-

'day Schools 165
Rapin, Philibert, a Profeftant Martyr 401
Kupin, the Hillorinn, Memoiisof4oi
Kcruling, Jcieiniab, Pardon graotcd to 236

Regal Power, Vanity of 41*
Religion and Superftition, a Vifion 9S
Reports of the Secret Committee of the
Houfe of Lords, refpefling the i*editiou»
DeGgns of certain Societies 444
Richardibn, Ij/ir. Charafter of his Biogii,

phy 335
Richter, Mr. committed to the Tower

Roberiibo, Dr. Charafter of hii Hiflocy

. H»

Robinfon, Mrs. Extraft from the fecotid

Volume of her Poems 443
Rohians, ancient, their enormous Luxury

and Pride 185
Rome, Obfervations on the ancient and.

prefent State of 174 ^

Rouifeaui ]. J. Account of his Widow

43— his Chara^er 45
Rouflely Mr. committed to Newgate 469
Rural Life, EfFcftsof 436
Rutlandihire^ Accoantof lai

S.

Saints, Mr. Secretary to a Society at Nor-
wich, apprehended 395
Schmitz, Mr. a celebrated Engraver,

Anecdote of 204
Scotland, Improvements of Agriculture in

35* ,
Seneca, his agronomical Prophcfy 97—

his excellent Letter to Luci.'ius 185
Servant*, on the Treatment of 183
Shakfpeare, SeleA Paffages from 11 1,

360, 406
Shame, the Ideas of, regulated by Cuf.

tom 117
Sheriffs for 1794, 132, 157,136
Ships captured 153, 154, 156
Shropfhire, Account of 28 1
Siege'ofMeaux, a new Play 372
Sierra Leone, Advices from 75, 15^
Sinclair, Sir John, Extrafts from hi* St»-

tiftlcal Account of Scotland 358 ^
Singularity of Manners 1 3
Skirwin, William, convifted of Sedition

76
Smith, Doaor, Extra^s from fiis Tontf

to the Continent 41, 122, 283, 322
Somerfctfhire, Accoiftit of 433
Sorrow, diiFeient Effefts of, under differ-

,ent CircumlUnces 113
Speechlefs Wife, a new muCcal Drama

Spence, Thomas, committed to Newpatc

468
Spinning Wh^l, a new one defcribed 41
Stanton Harcourt, Defcription of 161
Stone, Mr. WiUrani, eommiticd to New-
gate 395
Sun, Pottical Ad^refs to the rjo

Sunday

X r\ Cj I n u r4 j%..

tiindsy Schools. Account of the ^(5—

Qbje6lions to, refuted 265
Swifr, DciXit two original Lettcn fj^oin

Talc* ! Alimck, or the Purfuit of Happi-
neft, an Arabian Tale S7»Hortenria,
or the WiTdoro of Explanation, a new
moral Tale, by Marmontel 259, 34X"->

The Florentine Mother 419

Theatre, on the ancient and modern 194.

TfaelwaU, Mr. committed to the Tower

395

Thermometer, greateft, lead, and mean
C^reeof the, for i799» 19

Tivoli, fine Scenery of i8»

Tooke, JohnHohie, £iqt conumtted to
the Tower 395

Toulon evacuated 51, (4>:— Number of In- ,
habitants from 153— Deciw of the
French Convention reipe^ing 647^Re-
Capture of, celebrated m France 65

Travellert in SwiiTerland, a new Opera

Trial of WilUam SIcirving ^nd Maurice
Margarot, for Sedition 76— Mr. Purc-
foy's Outlawry revprfed 155— St. Ett-
flatia Prize Caufe determined 156—
of D. I. Eaton, for a Libel 157—
of an A6lion for Damages on account
of a literary Criricifm •34— of an Ac-
tion for ciiminal Converlation, Howard
againd Bingham 234— Decae of Di-
vorce agnind the Duke of Hamilton
236— of Mr. \Valker for Sedition 315
of Mr. Perry for ftealing an Hcircfs
316^— Cwifc of Hunter affirmed 462—
of the Printer and Proprietors of the
N on hern Star 4^8
V.

VnCts : Addrcfs to the Sun i 30-^0 the
D^iy 1 31— to a Violet 21 x— to a Boy

taking a Bird's Neft 1 1 s— a Pkifim |Cf

—the Advice 36S— the MocaXtiC, bf
Mn. Robinfon 443— Co Nature 443

Vienna, Earthquake at aji

Violet, Verfcs on a 2 1 1

Vificn, Religion and Superllition a 9S

United IriihiQen, Society of, their Axki
and Papers letzed 46I

Voltaire, infenor toLoid Bo]ingbrolLe4S7

W.

Walker, Mr. Thomas, his Trial ^or S«fi-

tion 315
War, Prognbftics of 41s
Warfaw, Infurreftion at 455
Wafhington, General, his %eech to bodb

Houfes of C2ongids S^^^znd Mc&gi

67
Watering Placesi Mode of living at 17a
Water- Wheels, Pentrongh for equaliznig

Water on 257
Weapons, found at Edinbuigh, Repreleo^

tation of 450
Weevils, Frensh Method to prerexit their

getting into Corn 232
Weftminfter, new Cenotaph in 241
White, Dr. Jofeph, Charaacr of bis Ser-

mons 264*-Anecdote of 264.
Winterton Baft Indiaman, fliipwreckerf

Wlmey, Account of ao*

Wards of Courfe, Stri£lures on 1^

V.

York, Duke of, arrives In London 1 54—
—defeats the French at Gateau 312,
3 S3— and near Tournay 387 — fur-
rounded, and in imminent Danger 391
—defeats the French at Pontcchin 39}
—Fire at his Houfe at VVcybridge 469

Young, Doftor, Anecdotes of the Imti-
ment of his Narctfia 47

PLATES

•pRONTISPIECE.
^ Hea.1 of CrlUy Gibber
Q^'ecn Eiifabfth's Lodge
M ip of Kutbndfliir*^
StnT>toii Harcourt

in this VOLUME.

Page Mr. Qnayle^ Pentrough for equalling
«i Water dh Water Wheels - *57 j

97 Map of Shropfliirc - - tli^f*

I z I Submilfion of Henry IV, of France to tbt
161 Remcnftrance of his Chaplain - 321

Chime Machine at St. Giles' Gripplegaie Dovebridge Hall

193 UeadofRapiu

Monument to the M;;mory of Captain Map of •Sumcrfetftiire
iSayne, &c. • - - 241

351
.4=>«
431-

ERRATA.
Page I ft I , line 24, for gictiis read ghiiit. *

247, col. a, line 40, for affeSIiug lesd effeSUg,
'358, I, l.ne ly \ov Lnficajhirc \tZfX Lwterkjbire*

373> i> line 16, for Moncnjier read Muacajier*

) -

1

>