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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
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Received _ ___^/^_tL*:S , 188 j .
Accessions No. <3 2 £^C~t) Shelf No.
1857
TIIK
SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION
OF TIIK
ORGANIZATION
OF THF
JUNE 26— SO, 1887.
ANN ARBOR:
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
1888.
u
Tlie Riverside. Press, Cambridge :
Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Company.
*
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
ISAAC N. DEMMON, Chairman.
RAYMOND C. DAVIS.
ALBERT B. PRESCOTT.
WOOSTER W. BEMAN.
VICTOR C. VAUGHAN.
The Committee are indebted to Professor WILLIAM H. PETTEE for valuable
aid in correcting the proof-sheets.
CONTENTS.
PAOI
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION 1
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS 17
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS . ... \ ... 55
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS 75
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS 85
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS 125
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION 152
An act to establish the Catholepistemiad, or University, of
Michigania .......... 185
A table of the professorships of a university, constructed on the
principles of the epistemic system 188
An act to fix the annual salaries, etc 188
An act making a certain appropriation ..... 189
A table of certain auxiliary terms 189
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES 190-204
By Professor Goodale, of Harvard University . . . 190
By Professor Murray, of Princeton College . . . .193
By President Northrop, of the University of Minnesota . 199
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER 205-254
Speech of Justice Miller ........ 206
Speech of Senator Palmer 210
Speech of Judge Campbell . . . . . . .215
Speech of General Cutcheon 224
Speech of Professor Macfarlane 228
Speech of Dr. Winchell 231
Speech of Miss Freeman 237
Speech of President Adams . . . . . . . 241
Speech of Provost Pepper 250
Letter of the Hon. A. H. Pettibone 253
LIST OF DELEGATES 255
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS 257-279
FROM COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 257-272
University of Bologna 257
University of Bonn ........ 257
University of California 258
University of Cambridge 259
vi CONTENTS.
University of Copenhagen ...... 260
Dartmouth College 261
University of Edinburgh . . . . . . . .261
University of Gottingen ....... 262
National University of Greece . . . . . • .262
University of Heidelberg 263
Imperial University of Japan ....... 263
University of Leipzig 264
University of Leyden ........ 264
University of Munich ........ 265
University of Naples ......... 265
University of Nebraska (Telegram) . . . 265
University of Oxford . . . . . . . .266
University of Pennsylvania ....... 266
University of Rome . . . . . . . . .267
University of St. Andrews ....... 268
University of St. Petersburg (Telegram) ..... 268
University of Saragossa . . . . . . . 269
Central University of Spain 269
University of Turin 270
University of Upsala . . . . . . . .271
University of Virginia . . . . . . . . 271
Wesleyan University . . . . . . ..272
Yale University 272
FROM INDIVIDUALS 273-279
Governor Luce ......... 273
Governor Foraker . . . . . . . . .273
Governor Gray . . 273
Governor Oglesby . . . . . . . . .274
Chief Justice Waitc . . 274
James R. Boise 275
F. Briinnow 275
William G. Peck 275
John E. Clark 276
Eugene W. Hilgard 277
Austin Scott 277
Herbert Tuttle 278
Edward L. Mark 279
PROGRAMMES 280-290
Semi-Centennial Celebration, June 26-30 .... 280
Forty-third Annual Commencement 284
MUSICAL SOCIETIES 2D1-293
Choral Union 291
University Glee Club 293
CONTENTS. vii
Amphion Club . 293
Chequaincgon Orchestra 293
OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY 294-297
Board of Regents 294
Board of Visitors . . 294
University Senate 295
Instructors, Assistants, etc. 296
REGISTRATION 298
15
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION.
A T a meeting of the University Senate, June 8, 1885,
•^*- it was voted, on the motion of Professor Winchell, to
request the Board of Regents to make provision for an ap
propriate celebration of the approaching semi-centennial of
the organization of the University. At the first meeting of
the Board following this action, June 23, 1885, the matter
was favorably considered, and the Senate was directed to
report a plan for the proposed celebration. This request was
laid before the Senate at its annual meeting, October 12,
1885, and the whole question was then referred to a com
mittee of the Senate, consisting of eleven members, repre
senting the various departments of the University, with the
President as chairman.
The committee was constituted as follows : —
President ANGELL, Chairman.
Professor FRIEZE,
Professor WINCHELL, I of the Department of Literature,
Professor D'OoGE, Science, and the Arts.
Professor DEMMON, J
Professor PALMER, of the Department of Medicine and Surgery.
Profe88or COOLEY, j tf ^ Department of Law.
Professor HUTCHINS, )
Professor PRESCOTT, of the School of Pharmacy.
Professor OBETZ, of the Homoeopathic Medical College.
Professor TAFT, of the College of Dental Surgery.
The committee held its first meeting on the 20th of Jan
uary, 1886. Professor Demmon was appointed secretary.
After an extended interchange of views as to the time, range,
and order of the contemplated exercises, the whole matter was
referred to a sub-committee consisting of Professors Frieze,
Winchell, Cooley, and D'Ooge, to arrange a provisional pro-
2 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
gramme embodying the views of the committee. This sub
committee presented their report to the full committee on
March 17, 1886, and it was unanimously adopted. The sec
retary was instructed to arrange and present this report to
the Senate. In accordance with these instructions the report
of the committee was duly presented to the Senate on the 22d
of March, 1886, and after slight amendment was adopted and
referred to the Board of Regents for their approval. The
following is the report of the Senate to the Board : —
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, March 30, 1886.
To THE HONORABLE BOARD OP REGENTS :
The University Senate, in response to the request of your Board,
have given further consideration to the subject of the proposed cele
bration of the approaching semi-centennial anniversary of the organi
zation of the University, and have agreed to recommend to your
Board the following plan and order of exercises : —
I. That the proposed celebration be appointed for Wednesday and
Thursday of Commencement Week, June, 1887.
II. That the exercises of the occasion be as follows : —
Wednesday Morning. — Two public addresses, one by a represen
tative of the Board of Regents ; the other, on the growth of the
educational system of the State, by a representative of the State
Teachers' Association.
Wednesday Afternoon. — Exercises of the Society of the Alumni.
Wednesday Evening. — Reception by the University Senate.
Thursday Morning. — The principal address of the occasion, in
place of the usual Commencement oration, to be followed by con
gratulatory addresses from representatives of Harvard University,
Yale College, and the University of Virginia, or other universities
to be designated by the Committee on Invitations.
Thursday Afternoon. — Further congratulatory addresses by rep
resentatives of other institutions of learning, to be received at the
Commencement banquet.
Thursday Evening. — A musical festival in University Hall.1
III. That the Board of Regents designate a representative to
give the first address on Wednesday morning.
1 This festival was held on Wednesday evening, before the Senate
reception.
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 3
IV. That the State Teachers' Association be invited, at their an
nual meeting in December next, to appoint some person to give the
second address.
V. That the Society of the Alumni be invited, at their annual
meeting in June next, to make such arrangements as they may deem
proper for the commemoration of the occasion on Wednesday after
noon.
VI. That the members of the various Faculties, with their wives,
be invited to assist the president and Mrs. Angell in receiving the
guests on Wednesday evening.
VII. That the President of the University be invited to give the
principal address of the occasion on Thursday morning.
VIII. That the following committees be appointed : —
(1) A Committee on Invitations, of which the president of the
University shall be chairman.
(2) A Committee on Arrangements, to be selected from the vari
ous Faculties.
(3) A Committee on Entertainment and Hospitality, to consist of
citizens of Ann Arbor, and members of the various Faculties.
IX. That a Commemorative Volume be published by the Univer
sity, containing the programme of exercises and the addresses per
taining to the occasion.
Respectfully submitted, W. H. PETTEE,
Secretary of the Senate.
The recommendations of the Senate were adopted by the
Board in the following resolutions introduced by Regent
Blair : -
Resolved, That the Board of Regents agree with the recommenda
tion of the University Senate that the approaching semi-centennial
of the organization of the University should be appropriately cele
brated, and hereby approve the plan set forth in their report of
March 30, 1886.
Resolved further, That the carrying of the plan into effect be
committed to the Senate, and that such appropriations will be here
after made as may be necessary for this purpose.
At, the annual meeting of the Senate, October 12, 1886,
on motion of Professor T. M. Cooley, the following were
appointed a Committee on Invitations : —
4 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
PRESIDENT ANGELL,
PROFESSOK FRIEZE,
PROFESSOR FORD.
At a subsequent meeting of the Senate, January 17, 1887,
the following were appointed to cooperate with the Presi
dent in naming additional committees : Professors Prescott,
Payne, Hudson, Hutchins, and Vaughan. This committee
reported at an adjourned meeting on January 31st, and their
report was adopted by the Senate. The committees were
constituted as follows : —
I. A GENERAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS, to consist of
six sub-committees, with Professor Pettee as chairman.
1. Committee on the Banquet: Professors Pettee, Langley, Payne,
Dunster, and Rogers.1 It was suggested that this committee invite
the Steward, Mr. Wade, to serve with them.
2. Committee on Registration, Badges, etc. : Professors Winchell,8
Thomas,8 Obetz, Dewey, and Mr. de Pont.
3. Committee on Music : Professors Cady, Frieze, Morris, Herd-
man, and Dorrance.
4. Committee on Decorations: Professors Denison, M. E. Cooley,
Spalding, C. N. Jones, and Wood.
5. Committee on Commemorative Volume : Professors Demmon,
R. C. Davis, Prescott, Beman, Vaughan.
6. Committee on Programme of Public JExercises: Professors E.
Jones, Rogers, Frothingham, Hudson, Burt.
II. Committee on Entertainment and Hospitality : Professors
Walter, Palmer, Harrington, Pattengill, Hutchins, and such ladies
and gentlemen from the Faculties' families, and from other citizens,
as they may add.
III. Committee on Railroads and Transportation : Professors
Greene, J. B. Davis, Steere, Stowell, and Cheever. It was also
suggested that this committee invite the Treasurer, Mr. Soule, to act
with them.
The Senate at this meeting, acting on a suggestion from
1 Afterwards excused, and Professor Knowlton appointed in his stead.
2 Relieved at his own request, and Professor Carhart appointed.
8 Excused to become secretary of the General Committee of Arrange
ments. Professor Johnson was then added to this committee.
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 5
President Angell, voted to invite Professor Frieze to deliver,
in place of the usual baccalaureate on the Sunday afternoon
before Commencement, a discourse on the Relations of the
State University to Religion, and that this should constitute
:i }t;irt of the memorial exercises of the week.
Early in March the General Committee of Arrangements
issued, through its secretary, Professor Thomas, a circular of
information containing the provisional programme previously
adopted. This was sent to the members of the press through
out the country, with an invitation to notice it in their col
umns, and in connection with such notice to request alumni
and former students of the University, who desired to receive
more exact information in regard to the celebration, to for
ward their addresses to the secretary of the University. To
this invitation the press responded very heartily, many
papers giving the circular insertion in full. By this and
other means upwards of four thousand addresses were ob
tained.
On May 5th a second circular of information was sent out
by the General Committee to all whose addresses had been
secured. This circular gave more exact information as to
the exercises of the week, the Commencement dinner, regis
tration, transportation, etc. On June 2d a third circular was
issued, giving full particulars in regard to rates of transpor
tation.
By Saturday evening, June 25th, large numbers of alumni
and other visitors had arrived in town to attend the exercises
of the coming week. A noteworthy incident was the arrival
on Saturday afternoon of the alumni of Kansas City in a
special car chartered for the occasion and decked with appro
priate banners and mottoes.
On Sunday, June 26th, at the close of a singularly beauti
ful day, the graduating classes of the six departments of the
University assembled at their appointed places on the Campus
and marched in procession to University Hall. The number
was something over four hundred, and as they filed into the
great hall, and occupied the two entire sections reserved for
6 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
them in front of the stage, they presented an impressive sight
to the beholder. The remaining seats of the hall, including
the galleries, were filled to overflowing by students, alumni,
invited guests, and other visitors and friends of the Univer
sity.
The hall had been appropriately decorated by the commit
tee charged with that duty. The lower background of the
stage was draped with the American flag enfolding the coat
of arms of the State. On either side were artists' pallets
containing in silver letters on blue the dates 1837, 1887.
Across the upper background of the stage was frescoed in
conspicuous letters the legend from the famous Ordinance :
RELIGION, MORALITY, AND KNOWLEDGE, BEING NECES
SARY TO GOOD GOVERNMENT AND THE HAPPINESS OF
MANKIND, SCHOOLS AND THE MEANS OF EDUCATION
SHALL FOREVER BE ENCOURAGED. On the pilasters at the
right and left of the stage were shields containing the names
of the two deceased presidents, TAPPAN and HAVEN.
Above the stage, suspended from the ceiling, were festoons of
bunting in the University colors, blue and maize. At regu
lar intervals along the front of the galleries were navy-blue
shields bearing in large silver letters the words LAW, His-
TORY, MEDICINE, LETTERS, SCIENCE, ART. From shield to
shield were festoons of bunting in the University colors.
Facing the stage, on the gallery front, was suspended a large
maroon plush banner with the legend in gold, HOSPITES,
ALUMNI, SALVETE OMNES.
At the hour appointed, President Angell opened the exer
cises by reading the one hundred and third Psalm. The
chorus then rendered " Blessed are the men that fear Him,"
from the oratorio of Elijah. Prayer was offered by the Rev.
Dr. Ramsay, of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Ann
Arbor. Professor Henry S. Frieze was then introduced by
President Angell, and gave a vigorous and scholarly discourse
on " The Relations of the State University to Religion."
Many hundreds of those who listened to this discourse had
sat under Dr. Frieze's instruction at one time or another dur-
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 7
ing the past thirty-five years, and his familiar voice fell with
a double charm on willing ears. At the close the chorus
sang another selection, and the vast audience was dismissed
with the benediction.
Monday and Tuesday were given up to the various class-
day exercises of the graduating classes. The programmes for
these were as follows : —
MONDAY, JUNE 27.
CLASS DAY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY.
10 A. M. In University Hall.
Oration. — By William Henry Winslow.
Poem. — By Arthur II. Brownell, A. B.
Class History. — By Frederick Charles Thompson.
Class Prophecy. — By Walter Armstrong Cowie.
Address. — By the Class President, Miles Hartson Clark, A. B.
CLASS DAY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LAW.
2 P. M. In University Hall.
Address. — By the Class President, Edward Davison Black.
Poem. — By Mrs. Margaret Lyons Wilcox, A. B.
Oration. — By Webster William Davis.
Class History. — By Absalom Kosenberger, A. B.
Class Prophecy. — By Edward Leverett Curtis.
Consolation. — By John Vincent Sheehan.
TUESDAY, JUNE 28.
CLASS DAY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
AND THE ARTS.
10 A. M. In University Hall.
Oration. — By Thomas Frank Morau.
Poem. — By Alphonso Gerald Newcomer.
2 P. M. Under the Tappan Oak.
Cla 8 History. — By Arthur Graham Hall.
Class Prophecy. — By Antoinette Brown.
Address. — By the Class President, Samuel Kemp Pittman.
8.30 P. M. In the Pavilion.
CLASS RECEPTION.
8 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
CLASS DAY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DENTAL SURGERY.
9.80 A. M. At the Denial College.
Oration. — By Gilbert Eli Corbin, M. D.
Class History. — By Patrick James Sullivan.
Glass Prophecy — By William Arthur Powers.
Poem. — By Fred William Gordon.
Address. — By the Class President, William Daniel Saunders.
The class-day exercises in the Homoeopathic Medical College
were held on Wednesday morning, and the full programme
was carried out as follows : —
CLASS DAY OF THE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE.
10 A. M. In Room ££, University Hall.
Oration. — By Melancthon B. Snyder, A. B.
Poem. — By Mrs. Sarah Idella Lee.
Class History. — By Mrs. Sue McGlaughlin Snyder.
Class Prophecy. — By Arabella Merrill.
Address. — By the Class President, Samuel George Milner, A. M.
The students' torchlight procession, on Monday evening,
though somewhat hurriedly gotten up, proved an interesting
feature of the week. As it was known that a large part of
the undergraduates would leave for home immediately on
completing their examinations, it had been thought inadvisa
ble to attempt a display of this kind ; but the number of
students remaining in town for the celebration proving unex
pectedly large, a committee of students took the matter in
hand and carried it out with much success. There were
about eight hundred students in the procession, and among
them not a few alumni who were thus early on the ground,
and who embraced the opportunity thus to be boys again. A
brass band marched at the head of the procession, but their
notes were often half drowned by the din in their rear.
Transparencies with various legends and other devices appro
priate to the day were carried by the various student or
ganizations. From a large truck midway in the line were
exploded at rapid intervals Roman candles and other pyro
technics that kept the sky in a blaze for the whole distance
traversed. The procession was under the direction of Major
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 9
Soule, Treasurer of the University. It started about ten
o'clock from the northwest corner of the Campus, and moved
south on State Street to Madison ; thence down Madison and
Packard to Main ; thence to Huron ; thence by Huron and
State to North University Avenue ; and thence to the north
east corner of the Campus. Here a huge bonfire was kin
dled, and a mock programme previously arranged was carried
out, with speeches, etc., extending beyond the hour of mid
night.
ALUMNI DAY.
It had been one of the recommendations of the University
Senate that the exercises of Alumni Day this year be made,
as far as practicable, of a commemorative character. This
suggestion was heartily adopted by the societies of the alumni
of the various departments.
The Alumni of the Department of Literature, Science,
and the Arts held a business meeting in the University chapel
at 8.30 A. M., at which, in addition to the usual business, an
important movement was set on foot looking to the raising of
funds for establishing fellowships in this department. A con
siderable sum was subscribed on the spot, and a soliciting
committee was appointed.
The Law Alumni met in the law lecture room at 9 A. M.
After transacting the regular business, announcement was
made that Mr. A. D. Elliot, of the graduating class, had pre
sented the association with an oil portrait of the Hon. Thomas
M. Cooley, painted by Mr. L. T. Ives, of Detroit. A vote
of thanks was returned to Mr. Elliot, and the portrait was
ordered to be hung in the law lecture room. After formal
adjournment an hour was spent in social reunion.
The Medical Alumni held their reunion in the lower lec
ture room of the Medical College at 1.30 P. M. In the
absence of the president of the association, the first Vice-
president, Dr. Lucy M. Hall, of Brooklyn, New York, was
called to the chair. Dr. Frothingham, of the committee
appointed last year to secure appropriate legislation against
10 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
irregular practitioners, made a report, and called upon Dr.
George Howell, of the class of '63, and now member of the
State Senate, to relate the history of the attempt and failure
in this direction at the recent session of the legislature. This
was given at some length and in a very interesting manner
by Dr. Howell. It was then announced that Dr. William
Henry Daly, of the class of '66, who was to have given the
Commemorative Address, had been unavoidably detained at
home ; and accordingly the time was occupied with remarks
from Dr. L. S. Pilcher, of the class of '66 ; Dr. Lucy M. Hall,
of the class of '78 ; Professor Vaughan, Professor Palmer,
Professor Ford ; Dr. H. M. Kurd, of the class of '66 ; and Dr.
Eliza M. Mosher, of the class of '75.
The Alumni of the School of Pharmacy held their annual
business meeting in the chemical laboratory at 11 A. M.
Appropriate resolutions were adopted in memory of the late
Henry B. Parsons, of the class of '76, who in a short life had
gained much prominence by the contributions he had made
to the science of pharmacy. A committee was charged with
providing some fitting permanent memorial of him to be
placed in the school. After the election of officers the meet
ing adjourned to Hangsterfer's for dinner. After dinner
came toasts and responses, interspersed with music by the
orchestra of the graduating class. Responses to toasts were
made by Professor Prescott ; Professor C. P. Pengra, of Bos
ton, class of '83 ; Mr. H. J. Brown, on behalf of the retail
trade ; Mr. O. Eberbach, on behalf of the State Board of
Pharmacy ; and Mr. A. S. Mitchell, of the graduating class.
At 3 P. M. the alumni returned to the lecture room of the
chemical laboratory to listen to the Commemorative Address
by Mr. F. F. Prentice, of the class of '72, late President of
the Wisconsin Pharmaceutical Association.
The Homoeopathic Medical Alumni met in the lecture
room of the College at 3 P. M. to listen to the Commemora
tive Address by Dr. John W. Coolidge, of the class of '79.
In the evening a banquet was had at the Franklin House,
followed by toasts and responses. Dr. A. B. Avery, of the
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 11
class of '78, presided, and Professor McLachlan, of the class
of '79, acted as toast-master. Responses were made by Dr.
J. M. Lee, of the class of '78, of Rochester, New York ; Col.
H. C. Hodge, of Concord, Michigan ; Dr. C. P. Miller, of
the class of '77, of Fort Collins, Colorado ; Dr. S. G. Milner,
of the graduating class ; Dr. Sarah J. Coe, of the class of '78 ;
and Professor Wood, of the class of '79.
A reunion of members of the Students' Christian Associa
tion was held in the association room at 9 A. M. The meet
ing was led by the Rev. J. M. Gelston, of the class of '69,
and proved of great interest to all present. The growth and
prosperity of the association in recent years was a subject of
frequent remark and of many congratulations, and the deter
mination was expressed to push forward the movement for
an association building. The meeting called out many inter
esting reminiscences from the members of former years.
A meeting of the women graduates of the Department of
Literature, Science, and the Arts was held in the chapel at 3
P. M., at which about one hundred were present. Miss Alice
E. Freeman, of the class of '76, presided, and Miss Lucy M.
Salmon, of the class of '76, acted as secretary. The chief
topic of discussion was the founding of a fellowship in the
University which should be open to women only.
Notice should also be taken of the formal class reunions held
during the day. The following were the most noteworthy :
Class of '61, at Superintendent Perry's, 13 members present;
class of '63, at Professor Cheever's, 10 present ; class of '67,
14 present ; class of '69, 22 present, just half the original num
ber ; class of '73, 22 present ; class of '75, 26 present ; class
of '76, at Mrs. Stowell's, 36 present ; class of '77, 26 pres
ent ; class of '84, 35 present ; class of '86, 30 present.
The public exercises in University Hall, extending through
the day, were as follows : —
10 A. M.
Address by Professor John M. B. Sill, Principal of the State
Normal School, on behalf of the State Teachers' Association.
12 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Address by the Hon. Austin Blair, on behalf of the Board of
Regents.
2 P. M.
Address by Mr. Justice Samuel F. Miller, of the United States
Supreme Court, before the students and alumni of the Department
of Law.
4 P. M.
Address by Charles W. Noble, class of '46, President of the
Alumni Association.
Oration by the Hon. Thomas "W". Palmer, class of '49, United
States Senator from Michigan.
At ten o'clock an audience of several hundred, chiefly made
up of alumni and visitors, had assembled to listen to the
addresses of Principal Sill and ex-Governor Blair. On the
stage with President Angell and the orators of the occasion
were seated ex-Governor Felch, Justice Miller ; Judge Brown,
of the United States District Court ; Judge Cooley, the Hon.
Otto Kirchner, the Hon. Joseph Estabrook ; President North
rop, of the University of Minnesota ; Regent Peabody, of the
University of Illinois ; President Adams, of Cornell Univer
sity ; the Hon. Byron M. Cutcheon ; and various members of
the Board of Regents and of the Faculties of the University.
After music by the Chequamegon Orchestra, President
Angell called upon ex-Regent Northrop, D. D., to offer prayer.
Principal Sill was then introduced to the audience, and deliv
ered his address, which was received with frequent marks of
approval. The address of Governor Blair followed, and was
no less heartily applauded.
At two o'clock a larger audience than that of the fore
noon had gathered to hear Justice Miller's address on " The
Supreme Court of the United States." Judge Thomas M.
Cooley presided. On the stage with him and Justice Miller
were President Angell ; Judges Champlin and Sherwood, of
the Michigan Supreme Court ; Judge Brown, of the United
States District Court ; Senator Thomas W. Palmer, the Hon«
William A. Moore, the Hon. Otto Kirchner ; Professors Kent,
Wells, Walker, and Griffin, and others. The alumni and
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 13
students of the Law Department filed into the hall and took
the seats reserved for them in front of the stage. After
music by the orchestra, Judge Cooley introduced the orator
of the occasion, Justice Miller, of the United States Supreme
Court. After his address followed an intermission of half an
hour, during which the audience dispersed and strolled about
the Campus, or rested in the shade of the trees.
By four o'clock the audience, still further augmented in
numbers, had gathered to listen to Senator Palmer. Charles
W. Noble, Esq., of Detroit, a graduate of the class of '46, and
President of the Society of Alumni, occupied the chair.
Prayer was offered by the Rev. Dr. Fiske, of the class of '50.
Then followed music by the orchestra, after which Mr. No
ble addressed the audience at some length on the wonderful
growth of the State and the University during the past half
century. He then presented the Hon. Thomas W. Palmer,
of the class of '49, and orator of the day, who was received
•with great applause. The exercises closed shortly after six
o'clock with a song by the University Glee Club.
At 7.30 P. M. was given, in University Hall, a grand con
cert under the auspices of the University Musical Society.
The programme consisted of two parts, as follows : Part I.
First part of Mendelssohn's Oratorio of Elijah, given by the
Choral Union and full orchestra. Part II. Miscellaneous
programme by the orchestra, Amphion Club, and Glee Club.
The Choral Union was assisted by an orchestra from Detroit
and by the following soloists : Miss Grace Hiltz, of Chicago,
soprano ; Miss Ella Joslyn, of New York city, alto ; Mr. A.
D. Eddy, of Chicago, basso ; and Mr. C. V. Slocum, of De
troit, tenor. The pianists were Miss Mary Louise Wood and
Miss Julia L. Caruthers, of Ann Arbor. The audience num
bered about twenty-five hundred.
After the concert the University Senate gave a reception
in the chapel to graduates, former students, and friends of
the University. It was estimated that the number present
was about fifteen hundred.
The following was the general programme for Thursday : —
14 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
COMMEMORATION DAY.
All invited guests are requested to meet in the Law Library at
8.30 A. M. for a social conference.
The procession will form at 9 A. M. as follows: Alumni, Delegates,
Invited Guests, the Faculties and Regents of the University, in front
of the Law Building and University Hall ; students of the different
departments, according to the directions of the marshal, Major Har
rison Soule.
10A.M. In University Hall.
Commemorative Oration by President Angell ; addresses by dele
gates from other universities and colleges ; conferring of degrees.
After these exercises, all who expect to attend the banquet will
form again in front of the Law Building.
1.30 P. M. In the Pavilion.
BANQUET.
The fine weather that had continued through the week thus
far showed no sign of change on Thursday morning, and the
day dawned most auspiciously. The morning trains brought
increased throngs of visitors, and the hospitality of the city
was taxed to the utmost. The great hall was again filled to
overflowing, and hundreds sought even standing-room in vain.
The procession moved according to programme from the
front of the Law Building to the northwest corner of the
Campus, thence along the west side of State Street to the
west entrance of University Hall, and thence through the
main corridor to the audience room. The stage had been
reserved for the President and Board of Regents, ex-regents,
the deans of the various Faculties, the invited guests, and
other distinguished visitors. The seats in front of the stage
were reserved for the graduating classes, the alumni, and
members of the Faculties.
The exercises were opened with music by the orchestra,
who rendered Weber's Jiibel Overture. President Angell
called upon the Rev. D. M. Cooper, of the class of '48, to
offer prayer. After the prayer came Raff's March from
the Leonore Symphony. President Angell then advanced to
the desk and delivered the Commemorative Oration, which
SKETCH OF THE CELEBRATION. 15
was listened to by the vast audience with profound attention
throughout, and was received with frequent applause and
every mark of favor. At the conclusion of the address the
orchestra gave Brahm's Hungarian Dances, Nos. 1 and 2,
during which the audience stood.
Professor Goodale, delegate from Harvard University, Pro
fessor Murray, from Princeton College, and President North
rop, from the University of Minnesota, were then introduced
in turn by President Angell, and presented the greetings of
those institutions. After these responses, which were enthu
siastically applauded by the audience, the orchestra gave
Jensen's Wedding March. The graduating classes, number
ing in all four hundred and eight persons, then came forward
in turn to receive their diplomas.
President Angell, who had remained seated during the
conferring of the various degrees, now arose and said : " It is
customary for universities, both in the Old World and in the
New, on occasions like this to confer honorary degrees on a
considerable number of distinguished men. By the authority
and in the name of the Honorable, the Board of Regents, I
hereby confer the following honorary degrees : "
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy on Otto Ernest Michaelis,
captain U. S. A., military and scientific writer.
The degree of Doctor of Laws on the following persons : —
Justin Winsor, Librarian of Harvard University, bibliographer,
historical editor, historian.
Granville Stanley Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy
in Johns Hopkins University, philosopher.
AVilliam Petit Trowbridge, Professor in the School of Mines of
Columbia College, mathematical writer.
Henry Billings Brown, United States District Judge, jurist.
Alexander Macfarlaue, Professor of Physics in the University of
Texas, physicist.
James Lambert High, writer on law.
James Frederick Joy, ex-Regent of the University.
Edward Charles Pickering; Director of the Harvard Astronomical
Observatory, astronomer, physicist.
Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, President of the University of
Wisconsin, geologist.
16 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Eugene Woldemor Hilgard, Professor in the University of Cali
fornia, chemist, geologist.
Joshua Allen Lippincott, Chancellor of the University of Kansas.
Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, President of the Rose Polytechnic
Institute, physicist.
John Wayne Champlin, Justice of the Supreme Court of Michi
gan, jurist.
John Warwick Daniel, United States Senator from Virginia,
writer on law.
Asa Gray, Professor of Natural History and Director of the Her
barium in Harvard University, botanist.
James Bryce, Professor of International Law in the University of
Oxford, historian, constitutional lawyer, statesman.
Samuel Smith Harris, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio
cese of Michigan, pulpit orator, theologian.
Samuel Freeman Miller, Associate Justice of* the Supreme Court
of the United States, jurist.
The benediction was pronounced by Bishop Harris, and the
vast audience gradually dispersed.
After an intermission of half an hour the procession again
formed, and marched through the main corridor of University
Hall to the pavilion in the rear, where the dinner had been
provided. Here were long rows of tables laid for upwards
of eight hundred persons. On a raised platform at the south
centre of the pavilion were tables for President Angell and
distinguished guests. On the President's right sat Bishop
Harris, Justice Miller, Senator Palmer, Miss Alice E. Free
man, President of Wellesley College, and Dr. William Pep
per, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania ; on the left
were Justices Campbell and Champlin of the Michigan Su
preme Court, Professor Macfarlane of the University of
Texas, and Professor Alexander Winchell. Grace was said by
Bishop Harris. The dinner over, President Angell intro
duced in turn the several speakers who had been invited to
respond to toasts. The speaking began about three o'clock
and continued for nearly two hours, after which President
Angell, in a few fitting words, brought the exercises to a
close; and thus ended most happily the great jubilee.
I. N. D.
THE RELATIONS OF THE STATE UNIVER
SITY TO RELIGION.
BY PROFESSOR HENRY S. FRIEZE, LL. D.
IN the year 1837, when Michigan was admitted to
the Union, her University was also founded, in accord
ance with a provision of the new constitution, by the
organization of the first Board of Regents ; and the
diplomas of the University are dated from that year
as the first both of the University and of the State.
We, therefore, now stand at the close of the first half
century of the existence of the University of Michi
gan ; and as we enter upon the celebration of an
anniversary so interesting and suggestive, as we look
back with gratitude to God for the wonderful pros
perity He has given to the State and to all its munifi
cent work of public instruction, we find many fruitful
subjects of discourse ; but I have chosen the one which
seems especially adapted to the opening of our festival,
and appropriate to this sacred day, " The University in
its Relations to Religion."
The people of Michigan adopted at the first, as a
fundamental principle of their state polity, the idea of
universal education at the public expense ; education
not only of the common school, but also in its higher
grades, and in all its branches ; education in all its
breadth and compass, and accessible to all. And this
principle, outlined in the constitution and more fully
18 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
expressed in legislation, has found an actual organism
and embodiment in our system of common schools, in
our local high schools, and in the central institutions,
including the University, established more directly
by the state government. But this plan, so compre
hensive, so necessary to a perfect commonwealth,
approved by the soundest philosophy, and long ago
adopted and followed by the most enlightened nation
alities of the world, has met, even here within our
own borders, no little opposition and hostility; and
this, partly on economical, partly on religious grounds.
And so to-day we are compelled to recall the old argu
ments, to take our stand on the old-fought ground,
strengthen, if we can, the old defenses, and repair
the old bulwarks. Therefore, as our subject seems to
require at this moment the discussion of certain fun
damental truths, as well as some account of the reli
gious history and condition of the University, to these
I will now ask your attention : —
I. The privileges of education, both in its lower
and in its higher grades, are necessary to the stability
of a state and the welfare of its people.
II. This education, accessible to all the people in
all grades and departments of learning, no agency but
the state can perfectly organize and maintain.
III. The institutions of public education, thus indis
pensable to the existence and well-being of the state,
cannot in the nature of things be detrimental to re
ligion and the church.
IV. As a historical fact, the public educational
work, and especially the University, have encouraged
religion and have been helpful to the church ; and we
have no just reason to doubt that they will continue
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 19
forever to hold the same relations to Christianity in
the future as in the past.
I. In the first place, it is almost superfluous to
affirm, what is almost universally admitted, that the
well-being of every free commonwealth demands that
all the people shall be acquainted at least with that
part of education which is afforded by the common
schools ; though, indeed, it is but a few years since
this maxim, so just and reasonable, was repudiated by
several of the States of our Union, and it was thought
necessary to their safety and to their very existence
to deny to some millions of their population the op
portunity even of learning to read and write.
Pardon me for repeating the truism, necessary to
this topic, that the education of the whole people up
to this point is required on the one hand by the inter
ests of the state as such, and on the other by those of
the people individually and socially. Without this the
people cannot be capable of discharging intelligently
the duties that devolve upon them as private citizens ;
those, namely, of nominating and electing to public
office, those of local boards and of local self-govern
ment, and those of state legislation ; and, in short, all
duties of citizens which do not require technical and
professional attainments. And again, without this the
people are not well prepared for the ordinary avoca
tions and industries of life, cannot well secure their
individual welfare, and are more liable to become dis
turbers of the peace and a burden to society.
But while for these reasons it is generally agreed
that no child of the state must be allowed to grow up
without this elementary discipline, which, indeed, in
some countries and states is made compulsory, as it
20 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
ought to be everywhere, the grounds for making all
the higher and all the technical branches freely acces
sible to all the people are, in part at least, different.
It is apparent at once that those branches which are
general, and which we call liberal, cannot be pursued
by all, nor even by a majority of the youth ; for they
cannot give the time necessary to their acquisition, or
they have not the inclination, or, perhaps, the gift.
The same causes, too, will operate to make the num
bers comparatively small of those who seek profes
sional and technical training. But liberal and special
studies are not, as in the lower branches, a necessary
condition of life in all its duties and avocations ; nor
do the interests of the state itself demand that all its
citizens should possess these higher attainments. And
yet, unless in some way the opportunity for the
acquirement of them be placed within reach of all
the youth of a state, both the public service and the
interests of the people individually will suffer detri
ment; for, without the higher and more special kinds
of training, where, in the first place, shall we look for
the teachers to conduct the common schools? Where,
again, is the state to find those who will be competent
to formulate the laws, to discharge the functions of
the judiciary, and to operate the whole machinery
of the law ? where, also, the physicians and teachers
to manage the institutions of public charity, and
where the men of scientific and technical skill to take
charge of public works, explorations, improvements,
and those interests more immediately pertaining to
the government, and not to be intrusted to untrained
hands ?
And need I say that the people themselves indi-
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 21
virtually require more or less the aid and service of
all professions and callings ? Every day's experience
shows us how much their interests demand, in all the
industries of life, information and help from the best
educated brains and from the best trained skill ; not
only the lawyer and the physician, for the protection
of rights and property and for the preservat
health and life, but scientific investigators and
tors, to make nature more available, industry
profitable, and life more enjoyable. Therefore
schools of science and of the professions are not to
regarded as superfluous luxuries of civilization, but
vital conditions both of a successful government and
of a prosperous people.
We must also remember that free access to profes
sional and to all higher learning is the only way of
saving it from becoming the privilege of the few.
There is in every community, ever increasing with
the general intelligence, a number of aspiring minds,
seeking after truth partly for its own sake, partly to
enlarge the bounds of human knowledge. For this
order of minds is demanded the opportunity for the
widest range in the highest sphere of investigation ;
and this is found in the department of a university
which is sometimes called the Faculty of Philosophy,
but with us, the Faculty of Literature, Science, and
the Arts. It is this highest department of educational
work which is farthest removed from the apprecia
tion and sympathy of men. Without it, however, we
should cease to bring out and develop that class of
minds which alone can keep us as a State on a level
with the most enlightened states and countries. And,
indeed, apart from every other consideration, we
22 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
should regard it as a reproach to our civilization, not in
some way to secure to the noble aspirations of genius,
often found among the poorest of the people, the op
portunities for attaining the eminence to which they
were destined by Nature herself.
Yet how illogical is the common idea that the ab
stractions of these higher studies are of no practical
value ; that they are remote alike from the lower
forms of education and from the profitable industries
of men ! On the contrary, it is from these very
heights of investigation, whether in science, in his
tory, in literature, or philosophy, that everything in
the lower planes of learning, and everything most pro
gressive in the useful arts, is ultimately derived. Their
relation to each other might be compared to that of
the rivers to the clouds. The mighty river rolling
through valley and plain, proud of all his service to
man, may look up with a kind of disdain at the cloud
floating, seemingly to no purpose, far up in the sky.
If the river-god could only speak, as in classic fable,
he might say, " It is I who minister to the wants of
men; I move the wheels and the spindles of industry,
andc arry the products of the field and workshop to the
cities below, while you float about in the heaven with
out aim or use." But the answer would be : " Were it
not for me, were I not to gather into my bosom the in
visible vapors drawn up from the ocean and the lakes,
were I not unceasingly to water the earth and fill the
springs and rivulets that swell your branches, where
would be the giant forces of your mountain stream,
and the din of your machinery, where your broad
waters bearing along the commerce of the inland ?
Soon would your fleet of steamers lie rotting on your
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 23
banks, and you would shrink to a thread of water
struggling along through the sand and slimy rocks of
your dried-up channel." So the class of minds devoted
to the highest studies, seeking from the infinite depths
of truth newly discovered principles and facts, to be
added to the sum of things already known, seem, to
most of those who are unconsciously profiting by the
results of their researches, to be dreamers of question
able sense ; for the multitude, in contact only with the
practical results, seeing only the material outcome, the
telephone, the electric light, the weather signal, or, in
history and literature, the manual, the translation, the
book of extracts, discover no possible reason for the
existence of those men that dwell in the clouds, and
for the costly institutions and apparatus necessary to
their success, and the funds necessary to their support.
It is a truth difficult for most men to appreciate
that popular education cannot be maintained upon a
high or even respectable level where these institutions
of the very highest class do not also exist and flourish.
But the connection between the extremes is none the
less real because it is not seen. And so all these de
partments and branches form a body, one and insep
arable. No member can be taken away without injury
at once to itself and to all the others. Or they are like
the organism of some vast and complicated machine, all
the parts of which are skillfully adjusted to work in
harmony and for a common result.
It is clear, then, that education, in its whole range
and in all its diversity, must in some way be made
accessible to every son and daughter of the state.
This the interests of the state as such, and those of
the people individually, demand. Without it the citi-
24 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
zens are not equal to the duties of self-government ;
without it the state cannot effectively discharge the
functions for which alone a state exists ; without it the
state cannot hold a place among the most enlightened
communities ; while the sons of the poor, as gifted as
those of the rich, will have no means of reaching the
position for which their natures destined them, and
education, in the long run, will become the privilege
of wealth and rank.
II. "We have here, then, a great work to be done, a
momentous work, involving one of the vital interests
of human society, and one on which depend all the
other interests of society and the state. And this leads
us to the important question : To what agency shall
the work be intrusted ? What authority shall plan,
direct, sustain it all ? For we have surveyed the work
itself, in its extent and nature ; we have not yet asked
by what means, by what hands, it must be organized,
maintained, and conducted. Shall there be one agency
or many ? one head or many ? one part weak, another
strong ? one in operation, another forgotten ? We
have found it an organic unity, with parts necessary
to each other, that must be kept in adjustment to act
harmoniously, and to work out the best result. Man
ifestly this unity demands an agency which is also in
itself a unity ; one central intelligence, and also one
central and supreme authority, to plan, watch, and
unify the far-reaching movement of all this vast ma
chinery. We have found that throughout its entire
sphere, in all its manifold diversity, it must be made
accessible to all ; not more to the rich than to the
poor and the poorest. All this requires an agency
that commands unlimited resources ; ever increasing,
PROFESSOR FKIEZE'S ADDRESS. 25
too, with the growth of population and the expansion
of the educational work. It is manifest that there is
but one existing power and authority that can meet
these conditions. It is the state and the state alone
that can, and therefore must, perform this great duty
to itself and to humanity.
Will you leave it to the church ? The church, even
when at one with itself, and also where it has been the
predominant power, has seldom educated its people,
has ever left the mass in ignorance, and has never
kept pace with science. And when it has been subor
dinated to the state, as now in Germany, though a
part of the state, it has itself, in common with the peo
ple, been educated by the state. But when the church
is divided as with us, and the state and church must
be independent of each other, no one of the religious
bodies alone, nor all of them united, if that were pos
sible, could command the resources to do this mighty
work. In our older States, where in the early days
no comprehensive system was thought of, and where
nothing but the common school was supported at the
public expense, the higher studies were of necessity
provided for by private corporations, by individual
enterprise, or by the denominations. Thus arose the
old colleges of the East, which have done such a noble
work within those limits of advanced learning, half
way between the gymnasium and the university, to
which either their own policy or their straitened
means have generally confined them. But it is a
striking illustration of the need of a state system and
a central educational authority, that more than two
centuries have passed since the first of the old colleges
was founded, and that in all the States where they
26 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
have so long existed there is nothing that can be
properly called a university. Harvard and Yale,
Brown and Princeton, still send their graduates to
Leipsic and Berlin to study for the university degree.
And it is a consequence unfortunate for us, that the
example of these venerable institutions had so fixed
itself upon the education of the whole country, that
when this University of Michigan was to be organized,
those to whom that duty was committed, still looking
to the East for their authority, very naturally adopted
the traditional New England model, which to them was
the highest ideal. And hence, with us too, as with a
few of the most progressive of the Eastern institutions,
the struggle for years has been, and for years must be,
to emancipate the University from the thraldom of the
ideas and practices of a collegiate or gymnasial organ
ization. And in this very struggle it has found an
immense advantage in its connection with a state sys
tem of instruction. In the old States there seemed to
be no alternative ; the denominations were in a man
ner forced to undertake this enterprise, and they have
nobly performed what they took upon themselves both
as a duty to society and to the church. But at the
same time, their example serves to prove that the
entire work even of the higher education alone can
not be maintained by the churches, much less the
education of a State in its whole compass.
Again, it might be asked, could not that class ot
schools which we call professional and technical be
taken under the charge of private corporations of
a secular character ? In such a case, I reply, even
though here and there the benevolence of the rich
c
might found such schools on ample endowments, the
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 27
great majority would lead a precarious existence,
necessitated to bid for patronage arid numbers by
lowering the conditions of entrance and making easy
terms for diplomas ; and so bringing our professions
into questionable repute. Every one knows what illus
trations are afforded of this tendency in the actual
history of a multitude of private professional insti
tutions.
But besides the dependence, the insecurity, the inad
equacy, and the necessary imperfection of collegiate,
professional, and technical schools maintained by pri
vate corporations, whether denominational or secular,
they also must fail to meet the last condition I men
tioned as essential to the completeness of the educa
tional work. For the want of the unlimited resources
which only states can command, the institutions so
maintained, being dependent chiefly upon fees and tui
tion, are generally too expensive for the children of
the poor. In spite of funds in some few of them for
free scholarships, they can never, as a rule, supply
that condition which is indispensable to a people that
would be substantially equal, — that would secure an
equal opportunity to every one of making the most of
his God-given nature. They tend necessarily in the
long run to make these higher spheres of learning,
and the occupations to which they open the way, the
privileges of wealth and rank, and so to widen more
and more the breach between riches and poverty, and
so also to render more impossible that gradual process
of intellectual levelling which, more than anything
else, can bring an end to the long, historic, and almost
hopeless war between capital and labor. The poor
man, the poor man's son and daughter, have no more
28 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
dangerous enemy, no foe more sure to rob them of all
chance of improving their condition, than the short
sighted politician who declaims against public high
schools and state universities. These institutions are
emphatically the pathways of the poor towards those
higher levels of life to which their talents and their
enterprise entitle them. Without keeping them per
petually open, the State and the country would often
fail to know and to command the talents of the most
gifted children of the land.
A striking example of this is afforded in the history
of the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Without this national school, with its absolutely free
tuition, accessible alike to youth of all conditions,
many of our most successful and brilliant soldiers
would never have been known to the country and to
fame. Without West Point, is it probable that we
should have reckoned among our great commanders
such men as those who brought the late civil war
to a successful close? And are not the services and
achievements of those three men alone, to say nothing
of a hundred others educated in that school, worth all
that West Point has ever cost the country? But I
need not go abroad for examples. There was once a
poor boy in this State, dwelling in this university town ;
he was one of the poorest of the poor ; by daily toil
he worked his way through the collegiate course.
That boy's name is now known wherever an astrono
mer points his telescope to the stars. The fame of
James Craig Watson, and the honor he has brought to
Michigan, are worth infinitely more to the State than
the few dollars it paid for his education. A state can
not afford to stint or cripple these institutions, which
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 29
alone can raise up and bring into view the very hum
blest of its children, and thus bring to the public
service, through the sifting process of universal com
petition and free opportunity, the very best talent
latent in all classes of its citizens; for gifts of mind
and character depend upon no accident of birth, wealth,
or social surroundings.
And, once admitting the truth that all the parts of
an educational system, the higher as well as the lower,
are alike indispensable to the common welfare, no one
should be disturbed at the relatively greater expense
of these higher branches of learning. In calculating
the cost of our dwellings, we do not feel troubled
because some parts of the necessary material and labor
are more costly than others. We ask ourselves, not
what does this or that thing come to by itself, but
what is to be the sum total of the outlay necessary to
the solidity and completeness of the building. There
is a wide difference in the cost of maintaining the
infantry, the artillery, the cavalry, and the staff of
an army; but, as no army is complete and efficient
without them all, we sum up the expenses of the indi
vidual branches of the service, and accept it as the
grand total of the amount necessary for the national
defence, without regard to the difference between the
cost of the infantry, the artillery, and the cavalry, or
between the pay of the private soldier and the general
officer.
But I will not do wrong to your intelligence by
dwelling any longer upon truths so obvious. They
lead to the inevitable conclusion that the state must
in the very nature of things be the educator of its
citizens ; and that it must maintain a system, not only
30 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
of common schools, but of all education, from the
primary school to the university. And I need not
say that this principle is fully corroborated by actual
history ; that as a fact the nations of the world which
are most perfectly educated are precisely those whose
governments have for generations maintained all the
parts of such a comprehensive system.
Therefore the people of Michigan, in establishing
and sustaining at the public expense all institutions of
learning of every grade and kind, have simply followed
the teachings both of sound philosophy and of histor
ical experience. In doing this they have made the
work of universal education a part of the life and
being of the State itself. Therefore it must forever
fulfil this sacred trust. It can leave no part of it to
other hands. As justly might it delegate to some
private agency any other part of its functions, as any
part of its educational system; as properly consign its
financial affairs to a syndicate of bankers, as leave its
educational work, or any part of it, to private corpo
rations of any kind.
But this duty which a state owes to itself of leaving
no part of the educational work unprovided for, and of
abandoning none of its interests to the beneficence
and enterprise of private corporations, by no means
interferes with the liberty of such agencies to expend
their funds, however unnecessarily, if they so choose,
in duplicating any or every institution of the public
educational system. How this can be done with the
least disadvantage I shall indicate farther on in refer
ring to the example of the Methodist denomination in
Canada.1 To leave no public interest uncared for, and
1 See pages 48, 49.
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 31
to forbid private parties to care for such interests, are
not identical and interchangeable propositions. A
father possessed of means for the support of his chil
dren has no right to leave them to the charity of
others ; but he does not thereby prohibit any who may
feel so disposed from bestowing their wealth upon
them. The only question is, whether that wealth could
not be more wisely bestowed. Switzerland, for ex
ample, leaves no part of education unprovided for,
no part to the care of private parties ; but it by no
means prohibits the maintenance of private schools of
learning.
III. It was to be expected that all intelligent citizens
would accept even with pride and gratitude a feature
of our State constitution so reasonable, just, and neces
sary, and so much in advance of anything in the
organism of the older States. Yet, as I said at the
beginning, there are not a few amongst us who are
either ignorant of our home traditions, or who, for
their own reasons, see fit to reject them ; while they
favor movements which are prejudicial to the interests,
either of the entire system of our public education, or
to some particular part of it, and especially to the
University. Happily, however, the under-current of
established things, moving quietly but persistently
and with mighty power, always directed and impelled
by the good sense, the common sense, of the people,
pursues its calm course, quite undisturbed by the
fanaticism frothing and foaming about here and there
on the surface. But as this hostility is based on the
charge, or rather the assumption, that state institutions?
where church and state cannot be united, must neces
sarily be irreligious, the concluding part of rny dis-
32 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
course must be devoted to the inquiry to which all has
tended, — what are the relations of the university, or,
what is the same thing, of the state educational insti
tutions, to religion and the church.
In the first place, nothing can be more irrational
than the assumption that the educational institutions
of a state are necessarily irreligious or atheistic. God
cannot have ordained two great institutions for the
benefit of man, to exist and work forever side by side,
and at the same time to be incompatible and mutually
destructive. In that case the assumption that both
are necessary to society must be false, and one of them
must be abolished. If the state cannot exist without
educating its citizens, and if this education is neces
sarily hostile to religion and Christianity, then the
Christian must contend for the overthrow of the state
itself; or, if the citizen thinks the state more essential
to man than the church, and that the latter is inimical
to the state arid to its characteristic institutions, then
must he fight against Christianity. But no one can
listen for a moment to a hypothesis so monstrous.
The state is here with all its institutions of hard-won
civilization ; the church is here with the gracious
offices of the Gospel, sadly split up, indeed, yet held
together by a spiritual if not external unity. Both
are ordained by the same Creator for the well-being of
man.
The commonwealth, the republic, the sovereignty of
the people, the state, whatever you may call it; on
the other hand, the church of Christ, the citizenship
of God, the civitas Dei, or spiritual commonwealth,—
these two institutions, both fitted by their organization
and nature, and designed by Providence, to embrace
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 33
the whole world, how can they be foes ? Both de
signed for the welfare of the same humanity and the
same society, how can they be incompatible ? The
one developed and constituted by the Providence of
God, the other ordained and founded by the Word of
God, how can they be in collision ? These two things,
the most beneficent, the noblest, the grandest, that
have emanated from the wisdom of the great Creator,
offspring of the same Divine thought, of the same
Divine benevolence, by what possibility can they ever
be mutually antagonistic and destructive ?
How, then, does it happen that we do sometimes
find them in actual conflict; in their history, each at
times oppressing the other, estranged one from the
other, and each striving to win the advantage? Now,
whenever this has happened, the cause has been that
one has overstepped its proper bounds, and trespassed
on the jurisdiction of the other. When a civil govern
ment undertakes to control the work, the offices, and
the teaching of the church, it interferes with the
liberties of its own people, and with their rights of
conscience, and there is persecution, and not infre
quently bloodshed. When, on the other hand, the
church has attempted to override the state, and has
claimed for itself the temporal as well as the spiritual
power, then both the state and the people have sunk
into that most degrading of all slavery, that spiritual
domination which can only be thrown off by resistance,
even to revolution and sometimes to bloodshed. But
such things, we hope, now belong to the past. A re
publican commonwealth such as ours, which aims to
reach the ideal of the philosophical statesman, with
a clear apprehension of all the duties it owes to its
3
34 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
people, and of the limits of its power, can never in
vade the spiritual domain of the religious bodies that
make up the church within its borders ; while the
latter will not consciously and deliberately do aught
to prejudice the interests of the state in its own proper
sphere of action. Both, so far as they are patterned,
the one after the ideal state, and the other after the
type of the Gospel, must, as I have said, be incapable
of hostility and collision. If there exist, therefore,
any differences of interest between the institutions of
education and the religious bodies within our borders,
they must be due either to some error in our consti
tution and legislation, or else in the action and man
agement of these bodies. As to the former, I think I
may claim to have proved the legislation of the State
to be absolutely right and wise. As to the latter, I
must candidly say that errors have been committed,
though in general they are undoubtedly errors that in
the condition of the State and of the churches in our
early days, and in their misapprehension of the full
significance of the educational plan of the State, were
quite natural and inevitable ; and for these errors,
whatever they may have been, no one can justly be
blamed.
They come under the head of what I may call acci
dents of history. I refer, of course, to what I must
always look upon as the mistaken policy of committing
several of the religious denominations to the support
of institutions chiefly for that secular education which
the State has engaged itself by the most sacred obli
gation to provide at the public expense. That it was
absolutely unnecessary needs no argument now; but
in those pioneer days the fact was not so apparent.
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 35
The idea of the higher education supported by the
state was unfamiliar : it was therefore regarded as im
practicable. As to the University itself, it was then
scarcely visible ; a mere college, and quite insignificant
at that. No one dreamed that it was destined to be
a solid institution of large dimensions. Meantime the
great interests of religion in these newly opened re
gions seemed to demand collegiate schools like those
of the East. No doubt some were tempted to the
enterprise by selfish considerations, but many good
men were actuated by the best motives. Accordingly
the funds, more or less inadequate, were raised, and
the denominational colleges were organized. Once
established, their founders were committed to their
support ; and the result, so far as regards their relation
and attitude towards the State institutions, was inevi
table : it must of necessity be one of more or less
rivalry.
The new colleges were born, and that which is born
is bound to make a struggle for existence. No matter
how it gets a living, the living must be had. In well-
educated nations one university is enough, and more
than enough, for every two millions of population.
Michigan, when the University was established, had
scarcely one fourth of that number. Yet at least six
colleges were founded at about the same period to
duplicate the work of the State University. The col
leges must prove their right to exist; and the ground
must evidently be that the University was not needed,
and had no such right. It was a matter of life and
death ; the proof, whether valid or not, must be found;
and it could neither be conceived of, nor found any
where but in the charge of irreligion and immorality.
36 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
The State cannot teach any one form of religion, or
countenance any one denomination of the church :
therefore it can teach or countenance no religion at
all ; therefore its University must by inference be
atheistic ; therefore it is atheistic ; and therefore it is
a solemn duty to inform the world through the pulpit,
the denominational press, and the college circulars that
the University is opposed to Christianity. Resolutions
advertising these allegations were from time to time
introduced into religious bodies, and chiefly advocated
by the members who had lately come from other
States, and sometimes by visitors from abroad ; but,
through the influence of the wise and prudent, they
were not always adopted. Between the lines of all
such resolutions could always be easily read the true
purport : Do not resort to the State institutions ;
come to us ; we must have your support or perish.
As an illustration of strictures of this kind to which
in our past history we have been occasionally sub
jected, I will mention the resolutions passed by a
denominational convention at about the middle period
of the administration of President Tappan ; contain
ing statements, indeed, so manifestly unjust, that the
Regents, for the first and the last time in the case of
such charges, thought it their duty to take public
notice of them. From the report of the literary
Faculty embodied by the Regents in their public reply
to these resolutions, the following words afford an
answer to the stereotyped charges of the same nature,
repeated from time to time in the past, and, from the
working of the same causes, likely to be repeated in
the future : " While, in common with the Faculties of
all colleges and universities, we have frequent occasion
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 37
to admonish the young men intrusted to our tuition,
and sometimes find ourselves forced to the more un
pleasant duty of extreme measures ; while also we
ready to acknowledge and deplore our want of
fection both as instructors and as men professing
Christian religion, — we cannot refrain from expressing
the conviction — a conviction founded upon consider
able experience as instructors, and upon intimate ac
quaintance with other seminaries of learning — that
there exists in general among the students of the
University of Michigan a more virtuous sentiment and
a higher tone of moral feeling than we have ever wit
nessed elsewhere ; that the proportion of youth whose
impulses are wayward and vicious is unusually limited ;
and that, in addition to youth of irreproachable char
acter and sterling integrity who have not become
members of any Christian church, there has ever been
among us a very considerable number, we may with
devout thankfulness add an increasing number, who
furnish the most conclusive and gratifying evidence of
active Christian piety. Finally, we are constrained to
say, that, if any persons or class of persons have con
ceived an unfavorable opinion of the University as
a place of education for Christian youth, with sincere
deference to the persons who entertain this opinion,
and with the fullest conviction that they would do
us no wilful injustice, it is our conviction that such an
opinion must either be founded on an incorrect appre
hension of the facts, or else upon too limited a com
parison with other institutions of learning." The
resolutions to which this answer was given, as I said,
are not unlikely to be repeated. The material will
always exist, partly in the assumption before men-
38 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
tioned, that a State university must necessarily be
atheistic ; partly in the fact that the members of college
Faculties are not all saints ; partly in that which always
has been and always will be, as long as universities
exist, that, among some hundreds of college students,
there will always be some rogues. But the leaving
out of all colleges and universities, and the singling
out of a State university as if it were a peculiar and
anomalous example of collegiate sin and depravity,
manifests either the ignorance or disingenuousness of
the authors of such accusations.
But men are ever inventive in the discovery, under
peculiar incentives, of that which they desire to dis
cover. Not many years after the solemn charges above
mentioned were formulated and published, the Uni
versity was attacked from a precisely opposite quarter
It was too religious, it was positively "sectarian;"
this was the very term employed, and on this occasion
the accusation was brought before the State legislature
itself: the University, from this new point'of view, was
not only not atheistic, but it was outrageously religious.
It was violating, by the positive character of its re
ligious teaching, the rights and tender consciences of
some who believed in no religion at all.
Thus the opposite parties were firing as it were over
the beleaguered University into each other's camp,
and leaving this poor victim of two assailants, hostile
at once to it and to each other, unharmed by the
explosives hurled from either side. I look back upon
these things now as having more in them of the
ludicrous than of the serious. From these counter
attacks, however, the truth is easily inferred that both
assailants were in the wrong, and that the University
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 39
stood where a university representing a Christian com
monwealth ought to stand, and, moreover, that it
stands practically where all universities, whether state
or denominational, do actually stand.
The following words of the legislative committee,
appointed to investigate the grounds of this last accu
sation, completely justify our position : "The teachings
of the University are those of a liberal and enlightened
Christianity, in the general, highest, and best use of
the term. This is not, in our opinion, sectarian. If it
is, we would not have it changed. A school, a society,
a nation, devoid of Christianity, is not a pleasant spec
tacle to contemplate. We cannot believe the people
of Michigan would denude this great University of its
fair, liberal, and honorable Christian character, as it
exists to-day." These noble words of the represen
tatives of the State express with perfect clearness and
truth the position in regard to religion which the
University ought to maintain as a representative insti
tution of what will never cease to be a Christian state.
They completely vindicate its character as at once
Christian and liberal. They ought to have been en
graved on a tablet of brass and placed in our chapel,
where they could forever give answer to all extremists
who assail us from either side. And they also may be
taken as a fitting introduction to my closing topic, -
that public or state education by no means excludes
religious influences and practices ; nor, in a certain
way, even the teaching of religion ; and that in fact
this University has ever been helpful to religion and
the church, and must continue to be so hereafter.
IV. There is, indeed, great misapprehension as to
the true distinction between religious and secular in-
40 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
struction. Strictly speaking, there are few religious
schools in existence excepting the monasteries and
nunneries of the papal church ; for these have been
established for the simple purpose of cultivating in
their votaries sentiments, exercises, and practices of
religion. Apart from these, the only religious school of
the world is the church itself, with its Divine authority,
its practical religious teaching, and its religious cul
ture. The confusion on this subject arises largely, or
perhaps altogether, from the fact that so many of our
educational institutions are attached to the religious
denominations. It is taken for granted, especially by
the uninitiated, that this connection is proof of a
special religious character. No doubt some of these
combine together specific doctrinal teaching, the incul
cating of dogmatic beliefs and of devotional forms,
with what is strictly secular ; but as an almost uni
versal fact these institutions are simply schools of
secular learning, in substance, form, and spirit hardly
to be distinguished from those which are sustained
and directed by public authority. We do not think
of Princeton, Yale, Brown, or Columbia as religious
colleges. Their designation, to denote with precision
their character, should be, denominational schools of
secular learning.
As evidence of this fact, so familiar to all of us
who have passed through such institutions, I might
describe in detail their courses of study, which are
essentially the same in all : but instead of this, I will
take the liberty of recalling my own personal experi
ence in one of the noblest and best of all the venera
ble colleges of the East ; not indeed one of the largest^
but second to none in its reputation, through its whole
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 41
history, for the ability ofits Faculty, and for the attain
ments, the influence, and the fame of those who have
in different generations come forth from its halls. No
college of New England was conducted more perfectly
in accordance with the views entertained by the lead
ing educators of the times as to the discipline which a
denominational college should impart. The studies at
that period were those only which are prerequisite to
the bachelor's degree in arts, — the ancient languages,
the mathematics, natural sciences, rhetoric, logic, and
the several divisions of philosophy. The modern lan
guages, history, and applied sciences had not yet been
introduced. There was, of course, in these studies,
no opportunity for any direct or official teaching of
religion. In connection with " Butler's Analogy,"
O*' '
which formed part of the philosophical course, and
occasionally in connection with other studies, there
were free discussions on religious truths or doctrines
suggested by the topics of instruction.
There was no official recognition of religion except
ing the one requirement that all students should
attend the daily devotions conducted by the President
in the college chapel. Nor, from anything in the lec
tures and teachings of the President and Faculty, or in
the religious exercises of the chapel, would it have
been possible to know that this institution pertained
to any one of the religious orders rather than to
another. In fact in all colleges of this class it was the
custom, dictated at once by expediency and by com
mon sense, to leave out of view all appearance of any
denominational connection. And yet it would be a
great mistake to infer, because of the absence of any
official and dogmatic teaching of religion, that this col-
42 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
lege had no practical religious life. On the contrary,
in common with the whole sisterhood of New England
colleges, it was at all times the home of earnest and
effective religious activity ; but this was of that kind
which is ever most fruitful, because most in keeping
with the spirit and method of the Gospel itself: it was
the spontaneous movement of the students themselves,
inspired by Christian earnestness, and countenanced
by the favor and sympathy of the President and the
religious members of the Faculty. And neither in this
nor in any other institution of its class has the status
of religion, such as I have described it, been essentially
changed. The denominational college is simply a
school of secular education, controlled by a corpora
tion of religious men, either exclusively or chiefly
belonging to some particular order of Christians, wrhile
its character and culture on the side of religion depend
on the personal influence of Christian professors and
students and their voluntary associations.
Now every one who has been either an officer or a
student of the University of Michigan at any period of
its history, from the time when the sainted Williams
organized its first classes to this day of its semi-cen
tennial festival, knows very well that every word I
have said of the religious traditions, the religious tone
and spirit, of this New England college, is absolutely
true of our own University. From the beginning it
has had its voluntary religious organization, at first
under the title of the Society of Missionary Inquiry,
and later under that of the Students' Christian Associ
ation ; and the members of individual classes, also,
have had their social religious meetings, and, still more
than this, the officers of the institution have often
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 43
delivered public discourses of a religious character be
fore the students and Faculties voluntarily assembled.
At the same time, I venture to say, in no school of
learning, whether denominational or not, has the free
and earnest discussion of topics of religious doctrine,
morality, and history been more constantly encouraged
and maintained than by the members of our Academic
Faculty. The University has left, of course, like all
the typical colleges to which I have referred, the
official, authoritative, and hortatory inculcation of re
ligion to the pulpit, to which exclusively this sacred
duty has been given. It has a right, it is its duty, to
foster in its students the habit of thorough research
into all questions and topics of philosophy, the doc
trines, the history, and the philology of religion,
whether Christian or pagan, whether Mohammedan or
Brahminical.
And to say that the University, because it is a State
University, cannot do this, is to deprive it of that which
is the very life of a university, — absolute freedom of
investigation in every field of human thought and
experience, and in the whole limitless world of nature.
Even a school of theology, if it be worthy of its name,
must have all this liberty ; even there, no ingenuous
youth can be properly and wisely shut off from the
inquiry into the historic grounds of belief, into the
philosophy of theism, into received interpretations of
the sacred writings : a theological school of any char
acter must be, in part at least, a philosophical and
a scientific school, and therefore not inaptly it forms
a department of all the great universities of the Old
World.
And just here we may again encounter an objection
44 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
of our rationalistic friends, who, perhaps, will now say :
" You are justifying our former accusation ; you are,
after all, not indeed by countenancing voluntary reli
gious activity, but by allowing instruction in the Chris
tian faith, infringing upon our rights of conscience."
But no ; we do not give instruction from the chair as
preachers of religion from the pulpit. We present it
in its different forms and phases as one of the greatest,
if not the greatest, of historical phenomena ; as a sub
ject which claims as much thoughtful attention and
study, investigation and discussion, as the observed
facts or phenomena of astronomy or geology. Some
one may still believe in the system of Ptolemy, and
deny that of Copernicus. Will this scientific sceptic
complain that his civil rights are violated because our
astronomer at the University clearly sets forth to the
best of his judgment the doctrines of Copernicus, and
compares them at the same time with those of Ptol
emy ? And will he take us to task if the weight of
evidence should go to show that the earth does move ?
The professor of philosophy and the professor of his
tory must deal largely with Christianity and with all re
ligions ; either this, or abandon their work altogether.
Without it their chairs are nothing ; without it, I could
almost say, a university is nothing. For take away
from history all consideration of the religious and
Christian movements of the world, and hardly any
thing of history is left ; and shut off from philosophy
the discussion of the momentous questions and various
theories of religion that have filled the rninds of an
cient and modern thinkers, and no professor of philos
ophy will think his chair worth holding. Freedom, I
say, freedom of thought, research, is the very essence
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 45
of all university life and work, and the condition of all
university progress. In the exercise of this intellec
tual liberty, whatever be the subject of instruction,
whether science, history, criticism, or religion and
morals, we violate no interest of religion and the
church, no rights of the private citizen.
But one thing in this comparison, regarded by some
as throwing suspicion on the religious character of the
University, I must not leave unmentioned. And it is
the one particular in which there is any marked differ
ence in religious usages between us and the denomina
tional schools. About fourteen years ago the attend
ance of our academic or literary department at the
chapel service or morning prayers was made to depend
on the feeling and will of the students. The conti
nental universities of Europe have no public religious
exercises, though all of them contain theological Fac
ulties. The same is true of the English universities in
their character of universities. It is only in the dor
mitories at Oxford and Cambridge called colleges, that
is, the separate residences and college homes of the
students, that they are assembled daily like families to
a kind of domestic worship ; a custom in such circum
stances altogether sensible and practicable. The col
leges first founded in the American colonies and States,
with a like system of domestication of the students,
very naturally adopted the same practice, and handed
it down to all our colleges. The students dwelt
together in the so-called " dormitories," and the whole
body of classes and sections attended lectures or reci
tations uniformly three times daily at the same hours,
with clock-work precision, beginning immediately af
ter chapel exercises in the morning. Attendance at
46 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
chapel, therefore, was but the introductory exercise
from which all moved directly to the lecture rooms.
But in the case of a university like our own, in
which, without dormitories, all students of all depart
ments alike, whether literary or professional, are dis
persed like those of German universities over the
whole area of the town, in which also multiplicity of
studies, necessitated by the times and by larger devel
opment, breaks up the ancient class system and the
simple uniformity of recitation hours, compulsory at
tendance upon these exercises became impracticable
and unreasonable ; and, as is often the case, when an
old usage is first called to account, several other just
grounds were now presented. Why make this exer
cise compulsory on the literary students, and riot on
the whole ? Then, again, it began to be felt that any
official requirement of this kind was hardly compatible
either with the free manhood of a university, or with
the rights of citizens. And what moral good, after all,
could grown-up men and women be expected to de
rive from the forced observance of religious worship ?
Would they be likely to grow in piety if required by
a like compulsion to be present at the public ser
vices of the church ? And accordingly, while the devo
tional exercises were by no means abolished, attend
ance upon them was left to the students themselves,
and those of all departments were invited to partici
pate.
But the real religious life of the University, that
which here, as in all universities, is independent of
anything official and formal, has suffered no detriment
whatever from this innovation on the traditional usage.
As I have said, and as college men very well know,
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 47
that life is found chiefly in the spontaneous activity of
the Christian students. And never in the whole his
tory of the Students' Christian Association in this Uni
versity has this activity been so great and so fruitful
as in these very years of freedom in respect to public
worship. No one would pretend that the two things
have any connection of cause and effect. The fact
simply proves that no harm has been done to religion.
And I must say here, that never before has this asso
ciation of faithful Christian workers felt so much the
need of more ample accommodations for their meet
ings and various exercises. After the earnest appeals
for aid that have recently been made to the Christian
communities of the State, we may hope that the new
building proposed for this association may soon be
secured. Certainly an enterprise for the advancement
of religious interests in the University, carried on by
young men and women who are members of the vari
ous denominations, and who with the Faculties have
contributed, even beyond their means, to the fund for
the erection of this building, should receive help and
countenance from all those good people who express
so much concern for the religious welfare of the Uni
versity. Certainly these young Christians, devoted to
this work, which is in some sense a missionary work,
have reason to expect as much sympathy and encour
agement as those who labor in the missions of Asia
and Africa; not a few of whom, indeed, have gone
forth, and are continually going forth, from this same
Christian Association of the University of Michigan.
In these remarks I have endeavored to show that
the position taken by this University in its past history
on the question of religion is substantially that which
48 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
is held by all universities, is perfectly in keeping with
its duty to the State, and is deserving of no reproach
either from the friends or the opponents of Chris
tianity. If by its very existence under the constitu
tion it has been the occasion of jealousies giving rise
to occasional misrepresentations, for this it is no more
responsible than the State to which it owes its being.
In its future it must be expected to maintain the
same position as heretofore. Until Michigan shall
cease to be a Christian State its University cannot
cease to be a Christian school of learning, for it is gov
erned and controlled by the people through Regents
of their own choosing; and, therefore, its teachers
must in general represent the religious opinion of the
people as a whole. But to believe that Christianity is
ever to lose its ground in the State is to throw up our
faith in its Divine Author. On the contrary, his word
cannot fail ; his good work must go on and prosper ; the
people must become more and more imbued with his
spirit, and make that spirit to be more and more mani
fest in the character and working of their institutions.
And we have in this a sure promise that the Univer
sity will never cease in the future to maintain that
reasonable and strong position, as a Christian institu
tion of a Christian commonwealth, which as a historical
fact it has held throughout the half century this day
completed.
What we need is, not the perpetual severance of
the forces of the higher education, but their complete
local concentration, union, and cooperation. There is
at this moment in the Canadian Province of Ontario a
great enterprise in progress which is destined to place
her schools of higher learning among the foremost on
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 49
this continent. It contemplates nothing less than
the removal of all the denominational colleges from
their present localities to the seat of the provincial, or,
as we should call it, the state university of Toronto.
This movement towards confederation has in fact been
already initiated by the powerful denomination of the
Methodists. At their last general conference, after
long and earnest deliberation, that body resolved to
transfer to that capital their college, long ago estab
lished at Coburg, and to make it the first in the crown
of colleges which, in union with the university, shall
make Toronto in time another Leipsic or Berlin. As
a brief expression of the wisdom and importance of
this bold step, I quote the following words of Dr.
Wi throw, a distinguished member of the conference :
" By this act the educational policy of the Methodist
Church undergoes a great change, and we believe will
receive a new impulse and a wider development on a
higher plane. It no longer holds itself aloof as a
denominational college, but enters into intimate asso
ciation with the national university in the endeavor to
develop one of the broadest and best equipped insti
tutions of higher learning on the continent. Its stu
dents will meet and mingle with those of the other
churches, and in the intimate association of college
life will cultivate broader sympathies and more genial
fellowship. The friends of education anticipate for it
an eminent success in unsealing founts of liberality
hitherto unknown, and in greatly promoting the inter
ests of higher education by surrounding with an at
mosphere of religious sympathy and cooperation the
central university."
This act of the Methodist Church of Canada, so full
50 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
of significance, is also, under the circumstances, even
grand and magnanimous ; a remarkable victory over
natural prejudice and present interest in favor of sound
wisdom, and the great and true interests of the long
future ; suggesting to us also a thought, a dream, a
longing, which we scarcely dare to cherish.
Is it in the possibilities of the future of this good
State of Michigan that all the educational funds of
private corporations, now dispersed here and there
within our territory among institutions doing, or aim
ing to do, precisely the same wonk, can be gathered
together into one locality, where all may have access
to all the privileges so munificently provided by the
State, while each, like the colleges of Oxford, retains
its own autonomy, and its own internal government ;
where every dollar expended by every individual cor
poration will be spent for some good end, yielding its
full value ; where the interests of all will be identified
in a general unity of purpose, and the prosperity and
strength of each will contribute to the success of all
the rest? It would not be a group of colleges built
up around a central institution, as at the English uni
versities, to become like them the citadel of strength
to one particular branch of the church ; but it would
be the concentration of all the educational forces of
the Christian bodies of every name around the Uni
versity, to increase its power for good, while doubly
increasing their own, and while conspiring to make
what is now a great centre of public education a
centre and seat of Christian influence, the power of
which would make itself felt in the State and the
world as long as the State shall last. These forces
might in time, it is true, be employed largely and
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 51
chiefly in the teaching of theology, and in raising up
a home ministry of the Gospel : but, of all things that
can be achieved by institutions of Christian benevo
lence, what is more to be longed and prayed for by
Christian men than theological schools of our own
here at home ; seminaries to rear up in the very midst
of our own population, destined in no distant future to
number its millions, a body of ministers of enlarged
spirit, acquainted with the customs of our own people,
acquainted with our own institutions, accepting them,
loving them, proud of them ? Such a ministry, habitu
ated in youth to kindly intercourse, though members
of different communions, and liberalized by the free
interchange of ideas and by the large atmosphere of
a university, is precisely that which the divided church
requires to make it one with itself, to make it also one
with the people ; to give the church, at least spiritually
united, a real and an ever-advancing power in the
whole commonwealth and in the whole Northwest.
And is all this but a magnificent vision ? Can the
monarchical states of Germany, can France, in the
midst of all her revolutions and political fluctuations,
can the little republic of Switzerland, and even a
province of the British Empire, do such grand things ;
and must they be impossible for a free State of
America? Would to God that with us, too, such
glorious things might come to pass ! would that our
dream might be prophecy !
And for you who now go forth from these halls to
take the places which Providence shall have allotted to
you in active life, for this goodly company, all buoyant
with youth and hope and enterprise, the University
this day has kindly words of parting. A singular
52 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
interest attaches to you as the graduates of this semi
centennial year. Whatever the University has attained
in excellence of discipline, in this half hundred years,
may fairly be expected to manifest itself in the
life-work and conduct of those who at this time go
into the world imbued with her principles, equipped
with her instructions, and sealed with her diploma.
And yet you need no words of mine at this in
spiring moment to kindle in your souls the am
bition and the resolve to acquit yourselves in all
the pathways and duties of your lives in a man
ner that shall be at once honorable to you and to
the University, and worthy of your part in this great
day of her history. You feel and will always feel,
I doubt not, that your responsibility as men and
women is greatly, I might say immensely, enhanced by
the high privileges, the golden opportunities, that you
have here enjoyed. Nothing short of the very best
that you have here become capable of doing will sat
isfy either your own consciences or your debt to this
institution, and to the State which has created it. As
you move onward in your various careers, meeting and
overcoming the obstacles and trials allotted in common
to us all, you will find, what all of us before you have
found, that the discipline and training of collegiate
and professional schools secure the best possible prep
aration for conquering difficulties and winning success;
more and more you will feel that your best and most
helpful friends and counsellors are those instructors
with whom you have spent these early years ; who
have learned to take a sincere interest in your welfare,
and who from these calm and secluded heights of
thought will still watch your progress, still keep you
PROFESSOR FRIEZE'S ADDRESS. 53
in view, though seemingly lost to sight in the distant
mazy crowds of towns and cities. Our best wishes,
hopes, and prayers will ever follow you.
Be students still in straightforward truth, in manly
courage and freedom, and above all things strive to
keep a place in your hearts for faith ; faith in God and
immortality ; faith in the final triumph of truth and
righteousness. Do not think that faith is the weak re-
O
sort of the credulous alone. The knowledge of second
causes makes men proud and sometimes blind. Faith,
at last, is the only stronghold of the wisest as well as
of the most simple. Faith is not contrary to reason, is
not the foe of science ; it only goes before them, grasp
ing things beyond their reach. The deepest insight,
the minutest analysis, even to the division and solution
of the most subtle elements of matter, leave us just as
far as ever from the knowledge of their substance and
their ultimate source. No power of observation, no
skill of experiment, no reach of inference, can ever
diminish by a hair's breadth the gulf that separates
material phenomena from absolute being ; the evan
escent from the everlasting, this mortal life from im
mortality: only white-winged Faith can fly across that
chasm. We must have faith ; no man, not the proudest
that mocks at the credulity of faith, can himself live a
moment without it. Something we must take upon
its authority ; the alternative is this : shall our faith
reach out to God, take hold of God, or shall it put that
greater strain on reason, and assert that there is no
God, or immortality, and for us no future but blank
annihilation ? Plunge not into that alternative of
despair. Rather cherish the faith and the cheering
hopes of the Christian. May this be with you, young
54 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
friends, the principle to give you guidance in conduct,
strength in trial, support in misfortune, solace in grief,
and peace at the last.
And just as some to-day, silvered with age, look back
along the vista of our first half century, and call to
mind the first planting of that tree which now stands
glorious in height and strength and beauty, so may
you look back from that centennial day of 1937, and
so survey with gratitude and rejoicing the history
of a hundred years ; a century of successful struggles,
dangers triumphed over, grand achievement ; sending
forth from all these schools successive generations,
multitudes of youth, both rich and poor, natives of the
State, natives of the land, natives of distant lands ; all
made the happier, more useful to themselves and to
the world, for being here ; all conspiring to give the
University and the State a name not to be estimated
in gold and silver ! And on that day, this youthful
band that leaves us now, who shall be then the silver-
haired alumni of 1937, will talk with pride of Alma
Mater, and rejoice in her prosperity ; and give, per
chance, some kindly thoughts to us who cannot see
that distant day, for our poor mortal nature longs to be
remembered. And then, as now, shall these old halls
behold another host like this she sees to-day, with
speech and song and shouts of joy bearing filial greet
ings to this shrine of love and duty ; singing, as we do
now, hymns of praise and gratitude to God, who moved
the fathers of the State to found this home of learning,
the brightest jewel in the crown of Michigan.
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS.
THE Michigan State Teachers' Association has named
its representative on this platform, but has given no
hint as to what it desires him to say. It is then only
fair to declare, in advance, the absolution of its mem
bership from all responsibility for the direction which
this address shall take, and for its probable omissions
and shortcomings.
Their choice of a representative was probably a con
cession to seniority, for I had the honor of being a
minor officer of the Association, duly elected, at its
preliminary meeting held at the Normal School Build
ing nearly thirty-five years ago. At all events it is
pleasant to take this view of the reason of the choice,
since it affords a withering rebuke to those censorious
critics who delight in insisting that the present de
praved generation is lacking in that respect for age
that ought to characterize all right-minded people.
Being, therefore, without instructions, and lacking
sealed orders indorsed to be opened at some particu
lar point in these proceedings, I am compelled to
guess at the wishes of my constituency, and to utter
such thoughts as it comes into my heart to express.
And first of all, as the representative of a great and
influential body of teachers, earnest men and women
not prone to flattery or adulation, I desire to express
our appreciation of the honorable position assigned to
us in this celebration which so fitly rounds out and
56 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
finishes the first fifty years in the grand career of the
University. It is reasonable that we should regard an
invitation to be heard at this time and in this notable
presence as a recognition that we are indeed an effi
cient factor in the educational progress of this great
commonwealth, to which our love is pledged and our
utmost loyalty due and gladly rendered. The value
of such a recognition depends upon the source from
which it comes, and we are not unmindful that in this
instance it comes from a source whose dignity and
authority few will deny or question, for the University
of Michigan may be fairly said to stand among the
very foremost of American institutions of learning.
Indeed, it is doubtful whether there is upon the whole
continent another that greatly exceeds it in the power
and extent of its influence upon present educational
progress. The unparalleled rapidity of its marvellous
growth ; the learning and ability of its Faculties ; its
bold but prudent leadership in whatever is wisely pro
gressive ; the numerical greatness and the cosmopol
itan character of its constituency, representing every
State and Territory of the Union, the islands of the
sea, and every continent the sun shines upon in its
daily course, — have challenged the admiration and
' wonder of the civilized world.
The material advantages of Michigan have made
her name widely known. Within the limits of a great
circle she is famed for her unrivalled commercial facil
ities ; for the magnificence of the great lakes that
almost encircle her, and the majestic straits, capable of
floating the commerce of the world, by which these are
linked together ; for the generous fertility of her soil,
and the incalculable wealth of her mineral resources :
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 57
but beyond the circle which I have described she is
known and honored through the fame of her great
University, an institution which, within the memory
of men and women still in the prime of their useful
ness and activity, has struggled through the weakness
of infancy, has survived the dangers of adolescence,
and has come at least to the beginning of a maturity
glorious in present fact, and still more glorious in the
promise of its future ; an institution which has already
adorned the name of Michigan with a radiance which
shines afar, like the " glory of the golden mist " which
Pallas Athena put round about the head of Achilles,
beloved of Heaven. Recognition from such a source is
honorable, and we of the Association do not, I am sure,
fail in our appreciation of the respect thus shown. I
take it for granted also that in the cordial invitation
extended to us there is implied another kindly and
important recognition, namely, of the common schools,
graded and ungraded, of which, more than any other
existing body, our Association is the recognized ex
ponent and representative. Taking into account the
intimate relation existing between these and the Uni
versity, such recognition is eminently fit and proper.
These are, in a sense, from the lowest to the highest
grade, from the primary class wrestling with the alpha
bet and the primer to the most advanced form in the
high school, preparatory schools for the University.
The University is the very keystone of the arch, but
these are its foundations and its supporting pillars.
The relations existing between this institution, the
acknowledged head of our system, and the common
schools which furnish its constituency, are organic and
vital. They are relations arising from mutual indebt-
58 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
edness and nicely balanced interdependence. They
are parts of one whole, and each is necessary to the
prosperity and progress of the other.
The State Teachers' Association, speaking in behalf
of the Michigan public schools of elementary and
secondary instruction, offers to the University to-day
the greetings of a vast constituency. Through it a
half million of pupils, officered by fifteen thousand
teachers, voice their kind wishes and their congratu
lations. Had they come in person instead of by rep
resentative, they would, I fear, have overtaxed the
generous hospitality even of the university city. Im
agine the head of a single-file procession whose rear
guard would be somewhere in the Upper Peninsula,
wending its way through the streets of this astonished
town !
I recognize this as preeminently and conspicuously
University Day. It is a time for showering well-
earned benedictions upon her head, for crowning her
with wreaths and garlands, and for laying offerings of
love and honor at her feet.
Our Association is not here to glorify itself, or to
magnify the records of its own attainments, but rather
to present its tribute of kind wishes, sincere respect,
and abiding good-will. And yet rny brethren of the
Association will, I suppose, expect me to justify the
wisdom of the invitation extended to us, by referring
modestly to the circumstances of its birth and the
details of its honorable career, and by setting forth
some of the directions in which it has, with varying
success, sought to correct the defects and enhance
the efficiency of the school system at the head of
which stands our noble University. I have planned so
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 59
to do ; but 1852, the birth year of our Association, ia
the central point of a brief period, including not more
than a twelvemonth on either side, which marks the
beginning of a great and fruitful school revival in
Michigan, a revival which profoundly affected the in
terests of all our schools, and the University not less
than the rest. I have chosen this renaissance in edu
cation, with a few of the more conspicuous events that
ushered it in, as the subject of my address to-day. As
I proceed I shall have occasion to refer to the birth
and organization of our Association.
The date to which I have referred marks a period
of unparalleled activity in the educational history of
Michigan. The labors of the fathers, notably the wise
and intelligently directed efforts of the first Superin
tendent of Public Instruction and of his immediate
successors, began at this time to show promise of bear
ing fruit, long desired and anxiously waited for. Since
the adoption of the first constitution, there had been
skilful and laborious planning for the future, but ac
tual results had been meagre and unsatisfactory. Not
yet had the people become aroused and awakened.
The common schools, in general meanly housed and
inadequately equipped and supervised, suffering from
the administration of untrained and often incompetent
teachers, and burdened by the heavy weight of the
rate-bill system of support, had made little progress.
The University, now fifteen years old, counting from
the date of its organization, and eleven years count
ing from the time of the reception of its first class, had
as yet accomplished little to justify the hopes of its
founders, and had given no sign of the brilliancy of
its future. But now, after a period of deep depression
60 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
and discouragement, there was hope of better things.
The framers of the new constitution had learned wis
dom from the past, and its provisions in reference to
public instruction gave new hope and courage to the
friends of education. Among other excellent pro
visions contained in it was one of transcendent value
and importance, namely, a mandatory clause requiring
the legislature to provide for a system of free primary
schools, with doors open alike to all, within five years
from the date of its adoption. Up to this time the
schools had not been free. From the beginning their
support had come largely from the collection of rate-
bills. This is a wretched and ruinous system of sup
port. No schools can prosper under it. It is a pre
mium paid for irregularity and absenteeism, and it had
been for years the chronic and crowning discourage
ment of the friends of education. At the opening of a
term there would be, perhaps, a fair attendance, which
continued until the primary school fund and money
raised by taxation for school expenses were exhausted,
and then the stampede began. There was no certainty
as to the amount for which the rate-bill would call.
The poor were obliged by necessity to withdraw their
children, and the mean and avaricious were sure to do
so. Every withdrawal increased the cost of tuition
to the pupils who remained. Then came the final
panic and the school-house was deserted. Under such
a system progress was impossible, studies were inter
rupted, heart burnings and district quarrels were en
gendered, and frequently the schools were broken up
long before the proper date for closing them. From the
beginning, intelligent friends of the schools had pro
tested against such a system, and had earnestly sought
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 61
a remedy for its evils. State superintendents in their
yearly reports had a standing chapter in which they
bewailed and deplored the mischiefs of the rate-bill,
and pointed out to the people and legislature that no
real progress or improvement could reasonably be
hoped for until there should be a radical reform in the
method of meeting the expense of instruction. But
protests were unavailing, and for a time it seemed as if
this ruinous policy had come to stay forever.
• • -s
But the new constitution recognized the pestilent,
evils of such a method, and had provided a cuffjrtbr' * > r.'1'
them. It is not easy at this time, and for
whose memory does not cover the date of which I a1^< 5 *»,
speaking, to understand the delight and approval with
which the school-men of those days hailed this new
and most promising departure, and how heartily the
convention was applauded for placing Michigan side
by side with those who take the safe ground that edu
cation is one of the rights of man in civilized commu
nities ; that the highest safety of a state lies in the
intelligence of her citizens ; that the child does not
belong exclusively to the parent, but to the state as
well ; and that it is right, as a measure of self-defense,
if for no higher reason, to tax property in order to add
to the value of man.
This was a case in which, as it turned out, the famil
iar debating-school question, " Resolved, that the pleas
ures of anticipation are greater than those of partici
pation," had to be decided in the affirmative : for these
rejoicing friends of the school did not know that it
would take nineteen years of steady, judicious, and
well-merited prodding to convince the legislature that
it was best to obey the constitution; for not until 18G9
62 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
did the representatives of the people take measures to
execute through appropriate legislation the plain man
date of the supreme law of the State.
One among the many events that made the epoch of
the revival notable was the organization of the Mich
igan State Teachers' Association, which began its ca
reer on the twelfth day of October, 1852. Immediately
after the formal dedication of the State Normal School,
of which I shall speak hereafter, a State Teachers'
Institute of three weeks' duration was held in its main
hall. More than two hundred and fifty teachers were
in attendance, and the whole session was characterized
by great and well-sustained interest. The organiza
tion of our Association was an incident of this Insti
tute, brought about by some of its members, who
builded better than they knew. Its chief projector
and first president was A. S. Welch, a graduate of this
University of the class of '46, and later the worthy
recipient of its degree of doctor of laws. He is still
living, if existence outside of the State of Michigan
can truthfully be called living, and still active and
influential as an educator. Now that occasion has
compelled me to name him, I can hardly forbear say
ing more concerning his splendid services in these
earlier days. But such mention might seern invidious
and unjust to other living men who also stoutly bore
the burden of the times, and deserve well of the com
monwealth for their devotion to the interests of her
schools.
To those who are familiar with the history of our
Association it will not, I am sure, seem boastful or
vainglorious in its representative to name its incep
tion and organization as an event well worthy of note,
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 63
among others that give interest and significance to the
epoch of the renaissance. It has borne an honorable
part in many conflicts waged in behalf of free educa
tion and the interests auxiliary to it. Undoubtedly, in
the development and perfection of our system, it has
been efficient and helpful, always pulling a laboring
oar, and its claims to recognition by all friends and
promoters of the great cause in Michigan will hardly
be disputed. I note first the part which it had in the
establishment and maintenance of the Michigan Jour
nal of Education, which, during the eight years of its
existence intervening between 1854 and 1862, was a
powerful auxiliary to the State department of instruc
tion, and of great value to the cause generally in arous
ing public sentiment, in directing public opinion, and
in securing wise and helpful legislation in the interests
of the schools. This journal was launched upon its
successful career by a committee of the Association.
Afterwards, Dr. J. M. Gregory, a member of the edit
ing committee, assumed editorial and financial charge ;
but another committee, by a memorial address to the
legislature, obtained for it such substantial financial
aid as to secure its permanent success.
Again I invite attention to its earnest and effective
advocacy of the right of women to the advantages
which this University, up to the year 1870, had offered
only to men. This contention lasted fifteen years,
during which the Association righteously took sides
with the legislature and with advanced popular senti
ment in favor of the movement, rather than with the
feeling of distrust and even of opposition which for
years prevailed in the councils of the University itself,
a distrust and opposition which a few years of trial
64 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
and favorable results were sufficient to uproot and
destroy. Perhaps it was mere coincidence, but I can
not forbear mentioning the fact, noted by the historian
of the Association, that the Association's final shot
in the campaign, a resolution declaring " that ladies
should, by right and for the proper enhancement of
educational interests, enjoy equal privileges with men
in our University, and in every other institution of
learning in the State," was fired at a meeting held on
the very last days of December, 1869, and that the
action of the Board of Regents, conceding that women
are persons, bears date in the first week in the suc
ceeding January.
Further, many will remember the determined and
long-continued efforts made by the Association in favor
of suitable and responsible supervision for the common
schools, and its final victory made temporarily barren
by unfortunate and ill-considered legislation.
I have heretofore spoken of the rate-bill, of its
blighting effects upon the schools, and of the tenacity
with which it persisted for fourteen years after the
date set by the constitution for its abolition. The
records will show that in this conflict the Association
was always at the front waging stubborn battle until
the final winning of the victory.
In the matter of the township as the territorial unit
of the common schools, the conflict is still on. Wait
a while, and see if we do not persist until victory shall
perch upon our banners.
Another noteworthy event of the year of the revival
was the dedication and formal opening of the State
Normal School. Long before, in 1836, the first Super
intendent of Public Instruction in Michigan began the
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 65
agitation of this subject by urging upon the attention
of the legislature and the people the value of training
schools, and the imperative need, in any system of
instruction, of means for the special preparation of
teachers for this work. A careful student of the Ger
man system, and a firm believer in its excellence, the
Hon. John D. Pierce recommended for Michigan the
adoption of a similar scheme for special pedagogical
training. His immediate successors in the superinten-
dency were urgent in the same direction. In 1849
the Hon. Ira Mayhew, the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, supplemented appeals already made in his
previous reports with one which was so strong and
convincing that it at last made its impression upon the
legislature, and in that year an act was passed pro
viding for the establishment of a State Normal School,
and for the creation of a State Board of Education,
under whose control it was to be organized and oper
ated. This Board secured a site at Ypsilanti, and pro
ceeded to the erection of a suitable building, which,
completed and ready for use, was dedicated with ap
propriate ceremonies on the fifth day ol October, 1852.
The chief address was delivered by the Hon. John D.
Pierce, the beloved and venerated father of the Mich
igan system of education.
It seems at this point that a moment should be spent
in recalling to mind this central and conspicuous figure
in the earlier history of our schools, and especially so
since it was he who, with great foresight and intelli
gent skill, not only outlined and suggested, but set
forth in considerable detail, the plan upon which the
University has been conducted from that day to this.
Michigan owes him sincere thanks and grateful remem-
66 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
brance. Soon after the adoption of the first constitu
tion the legislature trusted to him the duty of devis
ing a complete scheme of public instruction, including
plans for the organization of the University. No man
ever executed a great and laborious task more wisely
and faithfully. Grasping in its fulness the greatness of
the work committed to his hands, and the magnitude
of the problems he was set to solve, and profoundly
impressed with the responsibilities of his position, he
spared no labor to fit himself for his great task. He
brought to the performance of his duties all the re
sources of his far-seeing wisdom, persevering and self-
sacrificing industry, and the full energy of a noble
enthusiasm born of love for his fellow-men and an
abiding confidence in the value of universal education.
He saw, as the framers of the old constitution had not
seen, that the schools must be free in order to work
out the highest and best results, and he never ceased
to urge this cardinal doctrine upon the people and
upon successive legislatures. To him, universities had
their justification, not alone in their direct and obvi
ous advantages, but, also and emphatically, in the
truth that elementary education must wither and
finally perish without them. The people trusted him
to the uttermost, and the legislature, confident in his
wisdom and integrity, followed, almost without devia
tion, the course which he marked out. Let us remem
ber that he wrought almost without precedents or
means of comparison for his guidance. I saw him
first on the occasion of the dedication to which I have
alluded. He was even at this time white-haired and
venerable in mien and bearing, although he was hardly
past the prime of his years. To one looking upon his
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 67
benevolent face and his snowy locks and into his
kindly eyes, it was easy to see good reasons why those
who knew and loved him had, as by common consent,
come to call him " Father Pierce." His place in history
is amony: the foremost of Michigan's real benefactors.
O o
I am sure that this University will cherish his memory
and see to it that the story of his life and the record of
his works shall not be forgotten.
I have already alluded to the fact that, up to the
time of the revival, the University had led a languish
ing existence. As yet it gave no hint of the vast
possibilities which succeeding years have revealed
and realized. Under the administration of executives
whose term of office lasted only a single year, there
was no possibility of a fixed and continuous policy, or
of any adequate prevision in its councils ; and this
great institution, now the pride and glory of the State,
was showing signs of decadence rather than growth.
The Regents, appointed under the old constitution,
had established branches or preparatory academies,
scattered about the State, isolated from the parent
institution, and having no close administrative con
nection with it. They should have remembered what
the Scripture says of the fruitlessness of the branch
" except it abide in the vine." These were the only
acknowledged preparatory schools, and they did little
toward supplying the University with properly pre
pared candidates for admission. In 1848 the number
had dwindled to four, and the last one had ended its
miserable existence before the beginning of the year
to which I have called attention. They had sadly
disappointed the expectations of their projectors. A
chief cause for their failure to meet the need for which
68 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
they were established, and the reason for their early
dissolution and disappearance, was thus set forth by Dr.
Zina Pitcher in a memoir written in 1852 for the pur
pose of bringing before the new Board of Regents in
formation concerning the condition of the University:
" From this experimental though abortive effort to
build up and sustain branches of the University the
Board have learned, and they deem the lesson of suf
ficient importance to have it on record, that local
institutions of learning thrive best under the imme
diate management of the citizens of the place in which
they are located, and when endowed and sustained by
their immediate patrons."
The failure of the branches left a great gulf between
the primary schools and the University, and for years
there were idle attempts to bridge it by means of pri
vate seminaries and a preparatory department. But
few were wise and bold enough to look in the right
direction for the coming remedy. Four years before,
the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his re
port for 1848, had spoken hopefully of the public high
schools, or union schools as they were then called, as
giving promise of meeting this deplorable want ; and
Superintendent Shearman in 1852 spoke still more
confidently of them as the future preparatory schools
for the University, and in support of his views was
able to say that the union school at Jonesville had
already furnished candidates for admission to the fresh
man class prepared in the most satisfactory manner.
From this date forward the high schools of the State
came promptly to the rescue, and there was swift pro
gress toward fulfilment of these prophecies.
Seven years afterwards, in 1859, the question of pre-
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 69
paratory schools was fully and happily settled. The
Hon. J. M. Gregory, then Superintendent of Public
Instruction, spoke of them as follows : " The union
school has vindicated its claim by this most practical
of all tests, and henceforth we must look to these
schools to supply the demand for higher intermediate
education," and to this he adds: "I count it as the
most beautiful feature of our school system that thus,
up from the very rnidst of the primary schools, should
grow up these free academies, to carry forward the
work of those schools and to crown them with honor.
They come not as strangers into the school system,
claiming for themselves the post of honor, engrossing
the best minds and best public sympathies, and foster
ing a pride that looks down with contempt upon the
common schools as fit for only the poor and ignorant ;
but they grow up as kindred in the great family of
schools, exhibiting the vitality of the system that gave
them birth, and carry over to the whole public school
system whatever of sympathy and love they may win."
Thus help came at last through an extension of the
common school system. The union schools, year by
year, made progress in bringing their pupils to the de
gree of advancement that a university ought to require
of those whom it admits to its privileges ; but it is
a fact which deeply concerns the future of the Uni
versity, and one to which its friends ought to give the
most serious attention, that the union and high schools
have never yet, even to this day, covered the ground
that rightfully belongs to the domain of secondary in
struction. There is still open and unoccupied space
between the upper limit of high school preparation
and the lower boundary of legitimate university work.
70 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Careful observers of our educational system, and all
readers of the annual reports of the President of the
University, are familiar with this weakest point in that
system, though the casual observer sees nothing amiss.
He sees the young student make his way up through
the primary and grammar schools, finish his prescribed
course in the high school studies, and, diploma in hand,
enter the portals of the University. In all this there
seems to be no break* or interruption, but rather per
fect continuity from beginning to end. And so there
is apparent continuity, but only because the Univer
sity unwillingly, but under compulsion by the exi
gencies of the case, fills the interval by undertaking
and doing more than a year of mere preparatory work.
There ought to be devised some means of relief. This
institution ought to be allowed to attend solely to the
great work which strictly and fairly belongs to it.
This problem is not by any means a new one. It has
been earnestly considered in the past, but the advan
cing wisdom of fifty years has not as yet wrought out
an accepted solution. May we not reasonably hope,
however, that the vitality of our system of instruction,
and its inherent tendency to growth, will by and by,
and perhaps in the near future, provide an adequate
remedy ? Will not the causes which have brought
our high schools to their present point of advance
ment, yet bring them up to the full measure required
for covering the whole field of secondary instruction ?
What has brought them to their present standard ?
Not so much the needs of the University as determi
nation on the part of the people to give their children
at their own homes the means of educational training
reaching far beyond the limits of elementary instruc-
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 71
tion. Is not this feeling active still, and can it not be
depended upon to be active in the future ? The signs
of the times do not indicate that the men and women
of Michigan will be content with the present range of
instruction in their common schools. There will be
progress in this direction, and by and by, perhaps,
chasms will be bridged, the high schools be true and
sufficient gymnasia, and their graduates be prepared
for entry at once on real university training. Even
now there are those who confidently affirm that there
is in the lower classes of the University a wasteful
duplication of training which the better and stronger
high schools are abundantly able to give, and that the
time has come when it may profitably saw out some
of the lower rungs of its ladder. Such expressions of
opinion are significant, and suggest a serious inquiry
whether the high schools are not able to do more than
they yet have been asked to accomplish, and whether
even now the University gives them " room according
to their strength." Let us note the advance made
within the last twenty-five years, an advance that the
boldest would not have dared to prophesy, and then
let us take courage for the future.
But previous to 1852 no perceptible benefits had
come to the University from the union and high
schools. It was an army cut off from its base of sup
plies. It was a railroad system with its terminal
stations, warehouses, elevators, equipped and in order
for business, but without a connecting track, and with
only a remote prospect of its construction. Under
such circumstances there was loss rather than gain,
both in interest and in numbers. The class of 1845
numbered twelve literary graduates, while that of
72 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
1851 numbered only ten, and the largest class of the
intervening years numbered only twenty-three.
But during the year of which I am speaking, matters
began to mend and prospects to brighten. There was
a sudden and pronounced awakening in educational in
terests all along the line. The people had just begun
to understand the contents of the new constitution
drafted in 1850 and adopted in 1851.
This instrument made wise and practical provision
for improvement in the administration of the Univer
sity. The membership of the Board of Regents was
reduced to a reasonable and convenient number, and
their sole function was to be the care of the Univer
sity and of all its great interests. The Regents were
to be chosen directly by the people, thus giving the
opportunity for selection in reference to fitness, and
greatly lessening the danger of interference and dic
tation by any department of the State government.
The need of a permanent and responsible head for
the University was so urgent and so obvious that a
clause was embodied in the constitution commanding
the Regents at their first annual meeting, or as soon
thereafter as may be, to elect a president of the Uni
versity, who was, by the same authority, made presi
dent of the Board of Regents, thus securing his
wisdom and experience in all its councils. They
acted promptly, and with decision and wisdom. They
lost no time in obeying the mandate of the consti
tution. A little more than six months after their
organization, they chose Dr. Henry P. Tappan Presi
dent of the University. Their choice met the hearty
approval of intelligent friends of the institution, re
vived their sinking courage, and filled their hearts
PRINCIPAL SILL'S ADDRESS. 73
with renewed confidence and hope. At the time of
which I am speaking he was yet new in his office ; but
the unquestioning trust which his name and his repu
tation inspired, and his speedily discovered power to
convince men and to fire their hearts with the same
earnestness that glowed in his own, made his accept
ance of the proffered presidency the most conspicuous
factor in the revival to which I have invited your
attention. A few words concerning him, spoken with
great love and reverence, will close what I have to say
of the renaissance and its conspicuous characteristics.
A kind Providence guided the Regents in their se
lection. Dr. Tappan was the man for the time and
for the place. Broad in his culture, profound in his
scholarship, forcible, direct, and eloquent in speech, a
thorough student of systems of education at home and
abroad, ripe in years and experience, full of temperate
zeal and intelligent enthusiasm, commanding in mien
and in presence as well as in his great abilities, a
natural leader of men, he easily rallied all available
forces and energies to the building up of the institu
tion with which he had cast his lot. It was a case of
regeneration. The University was born again. He
was its true founder. With his administration its real
career began. The impetus given to it by his genius
and his labors made possible its subsequent progress
from triumph to triumph. The young men of Michigan
loved him and venerated him as their " guide, philos
opher, and friend," and he bound their hearts to him
with fetters of steel. Nearly five years ago, from his
lovely villa that looks out upon the quiet waters of
Lake Geneva, he went to his eternal reward. May the
University of Michigan, still triumphant and wisely
74 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
progressive, remain forever, as it is to-day, worthy of
the love and loyalty of all its sons and daughters,
worthy of the high place which its achievements have
already won for it, and worthy as a monument to the
wisdom, foresight, and devotion of its real father and
founder !
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS.
IT is only one year ago that we were celebrating the
completion of the first half century of the life of the
State of Michigan. The great officers of the State, its
legislators, both past and present, and a great body of
its representative men of all the professions and in
dustries, were gathered there at the State Capitol in
Lansing.
The State was still very young, counting the years
as the life of a nation is reckoned. Many of those
present were much older than the State of Michigan,
had been present at its organization, and had wit
nessed all its marvellous growth. Its whole existence
was comprised in that half hundred years. And yet, if
we count its years by what has been done in them, we
should have measured its existence by centuries. At
the beginning of that term, an unbroken wilderness,
upon which the primeval forest still stood, was un vexed
as yet by the woodman's axe. The two peninsulas
that constituted its territory, enfolded within the arms
of the greatest chain of lakes on the globe, was largely
still an almost unknown region. Its agriculture was
confined to a few counties on the southern border, and
was only just in its beginnings. Its commerce was
insignificant, and all its great resources of minerals
and timber were wholly undeveloped. The popula
tion was hardly a hundred thousand, scattered along
the eastern and southern edge of the State. Now here
76 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
are two millions of people in a sturdy young common
wealth in a territory that is sufficient for ten millions
that are coming. Here are all the institutions of civ
ilization in a hopeful and vigorous growth.
There has been no substantial check in its onward
march from the beginning. Michigan has already
taken her part with distinction in the great historic
events of the century. She took up the cause of the
nation of which she admits herself to be a part, and in
one of the greatest wars of modern times illustrated
the annals of the country by the devotion of her citi
zen soldiers on the historic battle-fields of that bloody
conflict.
Well might the founders of the State gather at the
capital to exchange congratulations over the half cen
tury that had passed, and indulge in bright hopes for
the future !
Our country is full of these examples of aston
ishing growth in very brief periods. They are not,
therefore, altogether accidental. There has been a far-
reaching wisdom exercised in the whole of it, and
especially in this part of the country, known early as
the Northwest Territory.
The great Ordinance of 1787, in its third article,
provided that, " religion, morality, and knowledge,
being necessary to good government and the happi
ness of mankind, schools and the means of education
shall forever be encouraged." In pursuance of this
injunction, the constitution of the State under which
it was admitted into the Union made provision for a
broad and comprehensive system of education. At
the head of this system was placed a University, with a
permanent fund for its support, and it was declared to
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS. 77
be the " duty of the legislature, as soon as may be, to
provide effectual means for the improvement and per
manent security of the funds of said University." And
this system has never been departed from in the fun
damental law of this State, but stands to this hour to
the honor of this people now as heretofore.
Nor was this policy new then. Many years before
the State had an existence except in the thoughts of
men, the subject of the establishment of a great uni
versity, to lead the educational thought and activity
of the people, was earnestly considered, and provisions
more or less efficient were made for its organization.
An act for the establishment of the University of
Michigan was passed by the governor and judges of the
Territory the twenty -sixth of August, 1817.
This act was repealed by a better one which was
put in its place on April 30, 1821, and this act created
the University a body politic and corporate by the
name of the Trustees of the University of Michigan.
The State legislature of 1837 immediately took up
the work where the territorial government left it, and
passed an act to provide for the organization and gov
ernment of the University of Michigan.
This act was incorporated into the Revised Statutes
of 1838, and became the permanent law of the State.
Under this law the University was organized and went
into operation. The first three sections of this act
provide for its establishment and name, state its object
and mode of government, as follows : —
" SECTION 1. There shall be established in this State
an institution under the name and style of the Uni
versity of Michigan.
" SECTION 2. The object of the University shall be to
78 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
provide the inhabitants of the State with the means
of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various
branches of literature, science, and the arts.
"SECTION 3. The government of the University shall
be vested in a Board of Regents."
Speaking at the request of the present Board of
Regents to-day, at the close of fifty years after the en
actment of this law, standing on this beautiful Cam
pus, in the midst of the students and scholars who
have come hither to exchange congratulations with us
on this our jubilee year, I feel that it is an occasion,
not for speech, but for poetry.
What can we say here that will best meet the
thoughts of the occasion? Abraham Lincoln caught
the full spirit of the place where he stood when, at
Gettysburg, dedicating the place as a soldiers' ceme
tery forever, he said : " It is not what we say here,
but what they did here, that will be remembered here
after." The great and successful work that has been
accomplished here is the best eulogy that can be pro
nounced upon it. The great, unselfish, and often ill-
paid labor of the Faculties and teachers here will be
remembered long after the mere words of a day have
been altogether forgotten. The poets and historians
and scholars that shall gather their inspiration in these
halls will immortalize Alma Mater in story and song,
as the literature and arts of Athens and Rome have
been preserved.
The beginnings have been indeed small, as all begin
nings are, but the object was very great, — no less
than to provide the means for a thorough instruction
in the whole field of literature, science, and the arts.
It was also provided that the University should consist
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS. 79
of three departments : 1, a Department of (literature,
Science, and the Arts ; 2, a Department of Law ; 3, a
Department of Medicine. It was moreover provided
that it should be open to all persons resident in this
State without charge of tuition, and to all others under
such restrictions and regulations as said Regents shall
provide.
Thus was the University of Michigan made a State
institution at the beginning, and it has so continued
until this time. It is the great leading educational
institution of the State, — the State itself being en
joined not only to control but to support and maintain
it. It stands to-day by far the greatest and most
important of all the institutions of the commonwealth.
Its government is placed under a Board of Regents,
who are elected by the people of the State at large,
and for long terms at stated periods, so that the prin
cipal body shall always be men of experience and
thoroughly informed of the needs and requirements of
the institution.
The University is as old as the State. It is a part of
the State, and the history of the one cannot be written
without the history of the other. Having established
it jind committed itself to its care and support, the
State cannot permit it to languish for want of adequate
funds without dishonoring itself.
To promote the means of acquiring a thorough
knowledge of the various branches of literature, sci
ence, and the arts has been made by law a State affair,
and the University has been founded for this object.
Nothing but a great and complete university in the
broadest sense of the word can accomplish this pur
pose. The method by which this great work is to be
80 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
accomplished has been committed to an independent
body of men chosen for that particular purpose by the
people. They receive no salaries or emoluments what
ever, but must devote themselves to this great work
from a sense of patriotic duty. The Board is particu
larly charged with the care and management of the
finances of the institution. They represent the people
of the State, and it is their duty, in so far as they pos
sess the power, to furnish the means by which the
current expenses of this great establishment can be
paid, and a steady progress and growth may be secured.
The wonderful progress of the age in which we live,
the astonishing rapidity with which inventions and
discoveries multiply and hasten to tread upon the
heels of each other, call upon us constantly for new
methods of teaching, new appliances for easier and
better instruction, new departments, new or better
buildings, and more professors and teachers.
We feel that the University of Michigan must not
fall behind in the great advance that is making all
along the line. Indeed, we cannot permit it without
losing our students, and forfeiting our place in the van
of the great educational movements of the day.
We intend to keep pace with these movements, as
we have been doing heretofore. It is the business of
the University to lead in the intellectual advancement
and moral and political improvement of the people,
and it cannot be permitted that this duty shall be in
any respect relaxed. This Board has never wasted
money, and it is not likely to do so. It can have
no merely personal objects here. It recognizes the
duty of prudence and economy, but it has no respect
for the cheese-paring methods that sacrifice a great
object to secure a very small gain.
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS. 81
Neither is the University of Michigan a merely local
institution to be confined in its objects and influence
to our State alone. Our people poured out their best
blood to save the Union and establish the nation, and
they recognize that while they found institutions here
and take an especial interest in our own State and
people, they are equally citizens of the great sovereign
commonwealth of the United States, and have a com
mon interest in both the State and the nation.
Our first and most important endowment came from
the act of the Congress of the United States giving
the State a large body of public lands for the express
purpose of establishing a university. It was a gener
ous gift, and has been sacredly held in trust for the
sole purpose expressed in the law.
We welcome here the earnest students of every
State and country as our own students are welcomed
in all the famous universities of the land. The repub
lic of letters has no boundaries, but its map covers the
world. The citizens of that republic occupy all lands
and dwell in the islands of the sea. Nay, they are
scaling the ramparts of the stars, and are bringing
down knowledge from the ends of the heavens.
In the great nurseries of literature, science, and the
arts are preserved and taught all the knowledge and
learning of the past, which otherwise would perish out
of the world. Here are trained and developed the
best intellect and scholarship of our time. Under the
impulse given by them the world moves forward with
an ever accelerating pace.
It is to the universities and the scholarship of our
time that we are to look for the eradication of those
most threatening dangers that beset our country at
82 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
this time. Those dangers are mostly the outcome of
ignorance and unknowledge, and are to be met by
patient investigation and teaching. The scholars can
deal with them while the legislators are powerless.
The uses of the " Be it enacted " to effect reforms
in the world are greatly overestimated. The history
of the world proves that the steady advancement of
civilization and liberty is to be attributed almost
wholly to the great teachers, scholars, and writers.
The law can accomplish nothing until the people have
been made ready for it. It is only under our system
of free government that it becomes the crystallization
of public opinion, and that is always in danger of
being affected by public ignorance and passion.
It is the fashion now to attribute pretty much all
the evils to which mankind are subject to monopolies,
and the name of them is legion. But amid all the
clamor nobody seems to know what to do about it.
Perhaps the anti - poverty society has a device to
remove it all, but no patent has been taken out as
yet, and it is not certain that the patent itself is not
the worst form of monopoly in the whole calendar.
Here at least there is no monopoly. The gates of
the University stand wide open, inviting all to enter
and enjoy the equal benefits offered to all, without dis
tinction of nationality, race, color, or sex. The largest
liberty is allowed, and all the teaching recognizes and
emphasizes the substantial equality of rights and privi
leges, which is the most trenchant foe of all forms of
unjust discriminations and special privileges. Both in
theory and practice the great seats of learning are by
far the most efficient promoters of equal rights.
It is equally the fashion also to denounce great
EX-GOVERNOR BLAIR'S ADDRESS. 83
accumulations of wealth as dangerous to the public
weal. The whole world, it is said, has gone mad in
the mere pursuit of money, and public probity and
individual honor are perishing in the miserable ma
terialism of the age. It cannot be denied that during
the past quarter of a century there has occurred an
amazing change in this direction. The rapid accumu
lation of vast fortunes in single hands during that time
has been something astonishing in our country. But
if we grant all that is said and more, where is the
remedy to be found ? I think it must be answered
that it is in the schools, and only in the schools. Says
Sir William Hamilton: " There is nothing great in the
world but man, and there is nothing great in man but
mind." The real antagonist of the materialistic ten
dencies of the age is the cultivation of the intellect,
the promotion of learning. It is in the great universi
ties that the royal supremacy of the mind is asserted.
There the intellect is trained and developed and made
to feel its power and authority. It rises in its true
dignity above all the littlenesses of the scramble for
mere wealth.
The great scholars and thinkers of the world are
straining every nerve to add to the stores of the
knowledge of mankind. They are teaching the worth-
lessness of temporary surroundings and the eternal
value of the growth of the mind. The worship of
the golden calf is not new to this age nor to this peo
ple. That image has had its devotees in every age
and clime and country; and its idols are not likely
to be overturned altogether in our day. None the
less, however, does the power of intelligence assert it
self more and more continually. The great centres
of science and learning are sending forth an ever in-
84 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
creasing flood of light upon the masses of the people,
dispelling ignorance, casting out superstition, and
making plain the true and the right way. These
are the nurseries of all that is great in human nature.
They send forth the voice that cries forever in the
wilderness of mankind that the intellect and soul of
man are alone worthy of cultivation. Living apart
from the luxuries and vices of life they teach a gen
uine manhood. They are concerned with what is in
man, not with his mere surroundings. They lead in
all the great undertakings of the world, and without
them is neither civilization nor progress.
The Regents of the University of Michigan, whose
duty it is to watch over the great institution, believe
that its past is a subject for congratulation and that its
future is assured. Its alumni is already a strong and
vigorous body that will not willingly suffer any harm
to come to it, nor permit its future progress and suc
cess to become at all doubtful. Its halls are filled with
a steadily increasing body of zealous students, who
year by year add strength to its vital forces and .extend
its reputation far and wide. Its well trained Faculties
in all its departments constitute a powerful body of
teachers that will not fail to increase its reputation
in the future as they have so nobly done in the past.
We look upon it with pride as one of the great foun
dations of literature, science, and art. It will take its
place by the side of the greatest institutions of learn
ing in the world, and will keep abreast with them
in the mighty work they are doing. We hail it to-day
as the noblest monument to the wisdom of the founders
of the State, and we send forward greeting to the
board that shall meet here at the centennial jubilee in
1937.
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED
STATES.
BY JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER.
IN selecting a topic for this address, a thing not
easily done at any time, I have found myself a little
more embarrassed than I should have been if I had
been requested to address the graduating law class of
this term of the University. I have had the pleasure
more than once, and it is always such to me, to address
young men who had just received their diplomas from
the Law Departments of different colleges.
I have, however, selected a subject in which I trust
the young gentlemen present, who have just gradu
ated, will feel an interest as great as their seniors in
the profession of the law. It is one which ought to
engage the thoughts and reflections of every member
of the legal profession in the United States, and it has
been chosen because my own familiarity with the
topic will, I trust, enable me to say something val
uable in regard to the highest judicature in this
country. My subject is " The Supreme Court of the
United States."
This court may be regarded in many aspects, to
consider each one of which would consume more time
than is permissible upon an occasion like this. Its ju
risdiction, the personnel of its organization, the his
tory of the^ men who have occupied places upon its
bench, a review of the great cases decided by it, and
86 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
a general outlook upon the principal events in its
career, are all topics that might be discussed sepa
rately.
Upon the present occasion I propose to consider the
history of the court with relation to its effect upon the
course of the General Government, and in doing this
I can best illustrate my meaning and better interest
my listeners by a reference to some of its decisions
upon great constitutional questions that have influ
enced and in some instances controlled the course
of the other two great departments of the Govern
ment.
The framers of the Constitution of the United
States were governed by the principle that the powers
which belong to all governments could be most safely
and satisfactorily exercised by their division among
three separate branches or departments, to one or the
other of which, in the main, they were all distributed.
These departments are called, the executive, the legis
lative, and the judicial. The line, however, is not per
fect which divides the powers exercised by each of
them from those of the others. The President, or the
Executive, takes part in the making of laws by his
signature to them, or by his refusal to sign them, in
which event a two thirds vote of the legislature is
required to make the act a law. The Senate partakes
in the executive function by its power to confirm or
reject treaties made by the President, as well as his
nominations to office ; and the power to try impeach
ments, which is essentially judicial in its nature, is
also given to that body. Yet, notwithstanding these
departures from the general principle, it remains true
that the great executive functions of the Government
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 87
in this country are given to the President, the legis
lative to Congress, and more rigidly than in either of
the other cases the judicial to the courts of the United
States.
The relations of these departments to each other
cannot be better stated, perhaps, than in the lan
guage of Mr. Justice Wayne of the Supreme Court of
the United States, in the case of Dodge v. Woolsey,
18 How., 347 : -
" The departments of the Government," he says,
" are legislative, executive, and judicial. They are
coordinate in degree to the extent of the powers dele
gated to each of them. Each, in the exercise of its
powers, is independent of the others, but all, rightfully
done by either, is binding upon the others. The Con
stitution is supreme over all of them, because the
people who ratified it have made it so."
Of the judicial department of the Government the
Supreme Court is the head and representative, and to
it must come for final decision all the great legal ques
tions which may arise under the Constitution, the
laws, or the treaties of the United States. It is to
this court, and to some detached portions of its his
tory of nearly one hundred years, that I propose to
call your attention.
It has been said of this court that the Constitution
created it for the purpose of construing that instru
ment. The popular idea to-day is that such is the
primary and most important object of its existence.
To some extent this may be so, but it is undoubtedly
true that the judicial function of administering justice
as a court of law between certain classes of litigants,
and upon certain subjects of dispute, is the duty in
88 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
which it is principally engaged. In the adminis
tration of this duty questions must occasionally arise
in regard to the validity of the laws enacted by the
Congress of the United States, or of a State, or of an
act of the executive department of the Government,
as to whether such law or action is in conformity to or
in violation of the Constitution of the United States,
and the court must in such cases give judicial con
struction to that instrument. Such construction, being
by the highest law tribunal of the country, must be
received, not only as the law of that particular case,
but as the rule of action for all inferior judicial tribu
nals in all cases of a like character.
As it is also desirable that there should be unifor
mity of construction upon all important questions
arising under the Constitution, the decisions of no
other body in the organization of the Government are
likely to command the same influence, in producing
that result, as those of the Supreme Court. And as
the same question may time after time be brought
before it, and will in general be decided in the same
way, its decisions constitute a body of precedents
which naturally come to command the respect of all
other tribunals, and to be generally received as the
true construction of the organic law of the nation
upon the points thus determined.
It is not strictly true that these decisions are in
all cases binding upon the executive and the legisla
tive branches of the Government. In certain classes
of cases every man who takes an oath to support
the Constitution of the United States must find him
self in the presence of embarrassing questions, in re
gard to which his action must be governed by his
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. Ml
own conviction of the duties which it imposes upon
him. Still it may be said that in the history of the
Government, during a period of nearly a century since
its organization, it has been exceedingly rare that a
principle of constitutional law has been distinctly laid
down by the Supreme Court which has not come to
be recognized as the true sense of that instrument.
The act of Congress under which the organization
of this court took place was approved September 24,
1789. It provided for the appointment of a Chief
Justice and five Associate Justices, who should con
stitute the court. The first judges appointed under
this law were, John Jay, of New York, Chief Justice ;
and John Kutledge, of South Carolina ; James Wilson,
of Pennsylvania ; William Gushing, of Massachusetts ;
Robert Harrison, of Maryland ; and John Blair, of
Virginia, Associate Justices.
Jay served as Chief Justice from 1789 to 1795,
when he resigned. During this period, however, he
was Minister of the United States to England. And,
as showing that this high judicial office was not in that
early time considered incompatible with the discharge
of the functions of other offices, it may be mentioned
that when Marshall was appointed and confirmed as
Chief Justice in 1801, he was Secretary of State in
the Cabinet of President John Adams ; and though
commissioned and taking his seat upon the bench he
continued to discharge the duties of the Secretaryship
until the end of that administration, a period of two
or three months.
On the resignation of Jay, in 1795, John Rutledge
was appointed Chief Justice, received his commission
and took his seat in court, but, not being confirmed by
90 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the Senate, Oliver Ellsworth was appointed in 1796.
He served as Chief Justice until December, 1799,
when he resigned.
John Marshall was appointed to the position of
Chief Justice in 1801, and served a period of thirty-
four years, until he died in 1835. After his death
Roger B. Taney was appointed to the vacant place in
1836, and held it until he died in 1864, after a service
of twenty-eight years. With the additional statement
that Chief Justice Chase succeeded him, and presided
for nine years, when he died, and was succeeded by
the present Chief Justice Waite, I am compelled to
close what I have to say with regard to the personal
organization of the court. It will be noted that for a
period of sixty-two years continuously the court was
presided over by two Chief Justices, which may be
supposed to have aided very much in the stability and
uniformity of its course of decisions.
Very early in the history of the court a question
came before it of much importance, which was fully
considered at the time, and in which great public
interest was felt. Its decision caused the adoption ot
an amendment to the Constitution of the United
States, the Eleventh. It arose in the case of Chisholm
v. The State of Georgia, 2 Dallas, 419.
This was an action of assumpsit, instituted in the
Supreme Court of the United States, under its orig
inal jurisdiction, at the August term, 1792, and was
decided at the February term, 1793. The State of
Georgia, which was supposed to be brought before
the court by the service of the writ upon its Governor
and its Attorney General, refused to make any general
appearance, but presented by its attorneys, Ingersoll
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 91
and Dallas, a written remonstrance and protestation
against the exercise of jurisdiction in this case. The
question thus presented was, whether a common law
action of assumpsit could be sustained against a State
in the Supreme Court of the United States by a citizen
of another State.
The action was commenced under the second section
of the third article of the Constitution, providing that
the judicial power of the United States shall among
other matters extend to controversies between a State
and citizens of another State, and that the Supreme
Court shall have original jurisdiction in all cases in
which a State shall be a party. Chisholm, being a
citizen of North Carolina, began his action under this
provision against the State of Georgia in the Supreme
Court of the United States. The judges delivered sep
arate opinions.
Iredell, of North Carolina, who had succeeded Harri
son, of Maryland, as a member of the court, delivered
a very learned one, the main object of which seemed
to be to show that, inasmuch as States had never been
held liable to action at common law, the State in this
case could not be sued in an action of asswnpsit, how
ever it might be in regard to other matters of liti.
gation. The other judges, on the contrary, all agreed
in the proposition that the provisions of the Constitu
tion, just recited, made a State liable to be sued for
any legal cause of action, in law or in equity, in the
Supreme Court of the United States by a citizen or
citizens of another State.
This proposition, which, as Mr. Randolph, the Attor
ney General of the United States, who argued the case
for Chisholm, said was so unpopular that he had been
92 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
warned against the consequences of his pressing it
upon the court, was received with very great disfavor.
The result was that Congress immediately proposed
the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, which
was ratified by the States as soon as they had an
opportunity to vote upon it. That amendment is as
follows : —
"The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or
subjects of any foreign state."
It is a little remarkable that, notwithstanding the
unanimity of the court upon this question, a different
opinion had been expressed by Mr. Hamilton in num
ber LXXXI. of the Federalist. In replying to the
objection that this provision of the Constitution sub
jected a State to be sued for its debts or obligations he
says: "It has been suggested that an assignment of
the public securities of one State to the citizens of
another would enable them to prosecute that State in
the Federal courts for the amount of those securities,
a suggestion which the following considerations prove
to be without foundation."
He then goes on to show that it is inherent in
the nature of sovereignty not to be amenable to suit
without its consent, and that this is the general sense
and the general practice of mankind ; that this pro
vision of the Constitution can only be construed to
authorize a State to bring a suit against citizens of
other States in the Federal courts, and does not au
thorize a suit against the State by a citizen of an
other State.
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 93
Mr. Madison and Mr. Marshall, one or both of them,
made the same suggestion in the convention of the
State of Virginia, called to pass upon the adoption ot
the Constitution.
The amendment, just quoted, was supposed to have
settled the question of the suability of a State upon its
obligations or for its debts in any other mode than that
to which the State should give its express consent
that the courts of the United States had no juris
to entertain such suits. But curiously enough,
the lapse of ninety years, the suggestion of Hani
in regard to the assignment by creditors of a Sta
who could not themselves sue in the Federal courts, to
parties who could sue the State in those courts, has
been acted upon.
In the cases of New Hampshire v. Louisiana and
New York v. Louisiana, reported in 108 U. S., 76, this
precise question was brought up. Although the juris
diction to sue a State in the courts of the United States
by the citizens of another State, or by citizens or
subjects of any foreign state, was abolished by the
Eleventh Amendment, there yet remained the right of
one State to sue another. Certain creditors therefore
of the State of Louisiana, who could not sue that State
themselves, transferred by assignment the evidences of
their indebtedness, some to the State of New Hamp
shire and others to the State of New York, and these
States brought suits in the Supreme Cour/t of the
United States against the State of Louisiana upon
those obligations.
The court, after a very elaborate argument, decided
that these actions could not be sustained ; that " the
evident purpose of the amendment, so promptly pro-
94 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
posed and adopted, was to prohibit all suits against
a State by or for citizens of other States, or aliens,
without the consent of the State to be sued," and that
" one State cannot create a controversy with another
State, within the meaning of that terra as used in the
judicial clauses of the Constitution, by assuming the
prosecution of debts owing by the other State to its
citizens."
At the same term there was presented to the court
in its appellate jurisdiction an effort to force the State
of Louisiana to pay some of the same kind of debts
out of the money in its treasury. This was a proceed
ing in mandamus against the Treasurer of the State to
compel him to pay them out of the funds in his hands
as such officer, and by a bill in chancery to enjoin the
payment of the same money to other creditors.
Both of these were held to be forbidden by the
Constitution, because they were substantially suits
against the State. Louisiana v. Jumel, 107 U. S., 711.
And though there have been some differences in
court upon the question of how far an action against
an officer of a State may be held to be a suit against
the State, so as to come within the principle of the
Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, excluding
the jurisdiction of the Federal courts, yet the main
proposition has been steadily sustained, that were it
essentially a suit against the State the Federal courts
cannot entertain it. In view of the many millions of
dollars of indebtedness of the States, which they re
fuse to pay, the importance of the original decision
which evoked the constitutional amendment forbid
ding the States to be sued in the Federal courts is
readily to be perceived.
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 95
Another judgment of the Supreme Court a little
later, rendered at the February term, 1803, which has
been very far-reaching in its influence upon the other
departments and other officers of the Government,
was made in the case of Marbury v. Madison. 1 Cranch,
137.
I have already said that Marshall, although Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court, had continued to act as
Secretarv of State until the close of John Adams's
«/
administration, when the latter was succeeded by Jef
ferson. The commissions of certain officers, signed
and sealed by the President, and ready for delivery,
were left in the office of the Secretary of State, which
the succeeding Secretary, Mr. Madison, refused to
deliver to the parties thus commissioned. The result
of this was that Mr. Marbury, who was one of these
parties, commissioned as a Justice of the Peace of the
District of Columbia, and whose appointment had been
approved by the Seriate, having demanded the delivery
of his commission, applied to the Supreme Court for a
writ of mandamus to compel its delivery.
The opinion in the case was delivered by Marshall
himself, as Chief Justice, and was concurred in by the
whole court. It is very lengthy, and is an exhaustive
discussion of the power of a court of law to compel
officers by the writ of mandamus to discharge duties
which it is clear they are bound to perform, and in
regard to which they have no discretion. The court
decides that since the commission was signed and
sealed by the President of the United States, and the
appointment approved by the Senate, there was no
authority in the President or Secretary of State to
withhold it ; that the duty to deliver it to the person
96 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
entitled to it was clear and unquestionable, and that
this duty could be enforced by any court having juris
diction of the case.
The court, however, came to the conclusion that this
was not a case in which it had any original jurisdic
tion, and it therefore could not issue the writ. But it
was also held that such jurisdiction was in the local
courts of the District of Columbia, who had authority
to issue the writ to any officer within the District who
refused to perform a duty merely ministerial in its
character, in regard to which he could exercise no
judgment, and that this was of that class of cases.
The immense importance of this decision, though in
some respects obiter, since the court declared in the
end that it had no jurisdiction of the case, may be
appreciated when it is understood that the principles
declared, which have never since been controverted,
subjected the ministerial and executive officers of the
Government, all over the country, to the control of
the courts, in regard to the execution of a large part
of their duties. Its application to the very highest
officers of the Government, except perhaps the Pres
ident himself, has been illustrated in numerous cases
in the courts of the United States, and in the reports
of the Supreme Court. Perhaps one of the latest and
most instructive of these is the case of United States v.
Schurs, 102 U. S., 378.
It appears that Mr. Schurz, as Secretary of the Inte
rior, after a patent for lands had been granted, signed
by the President of the United States, and recorded in
the Register of Patents, issued an order to the Com
missioner of the General Land Office that he should
withhold the instrument and not deliver it to the per-
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 97
son named in it. The land department of the Govern
ment had been in the habit, after patents for land
were issued, find even after they had been delivered,
of recalling them at their own option and revoking
them. In many instances, even after they had been
sent to the local land office for delivery to the proper
parties, they had been recalled while there, and thus
put the owners of them to great inconvenience and
trouble.
An action for a writ of mandamus to compel Mr.
Schurz to deliver this patent was brought in the name
of the United States on relation of the party applying
for the writ, who was the grantee of the land. The
Supreme Court held that after the patent had been
signed, sealed, and recorded, there no longer remained
in the officers of the Government any power over the
title, or any right to retain and refuse to deliver the
patent. They therefore authorized the issuing of a
writ by the Supreme Court of the District.
This decision was founded upon Marbury v. Madison
and upon its reasoning, as many other decisions have
been ; and the power of the courts in the class of cases
described in that opinion, namely, those in which a
duty is imposed by law upon an officer of the Govern
ment to do a specific act, in regard to which he has no
discretion, and which act is simply and purely ministe
rial in its nature, has been well established, and is one
of the most useful principles of Federal jurisprudence.
During the long Chief Justiceship of Marshall, many
cases of public and political importance, having a large
influence over the course of the Government and very
materially guiding the action of the executive and
legislative departments, came up for consideration. I
98 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
must select only such of these as I consider most
important, and which can be touched upon within the
limits of this discourse.
The next of them to which I shall call your atten
tion is McCuttoch v. Maryland, decided in 1819, and
reported in 4 Wheat, 316. It involved the question
of the power of the General Government to create a
national bank, with branches in the States, capable of
issuing circulating notes. Such a bank had been
created under Hamilton's administration of the Treas
ury, and its charter expired about the commencement
of the war of 1812. A recharter was refused under
the influence of the strict construction rule of Virginia
politics in regard to the power of Congress to create
such a bank. Mr. Madison himself, who was then
President, was opposed to it, it is said, upon that
ground. But the disastrous condition of the public
credit, and the general financial ruin which followed
the close of that war, induced Congress to charter a
new bank. This was done in 1816, and received the
assent of Mr. Madison.
The introduction into the States of this institution,
by branches of the principal bank, especially with the
power of issuing circulating notes, was unpopular in
many of them, and attempts were made to resist their
business operations. Among ihese the State of Mary
land assessed a tax upon the circulating notes of the
bank, which in effect was intended to drive them from
the State. In the attempt to enforce this law, the
Court of Appeals of Maryland affirmed the validity of
the statute of that State establishing the tax. McCul-
loch, the party sued, thereupon brought the case by a
writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United
States.
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 99
The opinion takes a very wide range with regard to
the nature and power of the Federal Government, and
the principles of construction of the Constitution. It
is one of the ablest of the opinions delivered by Chief
Justice Marshall, and has often been referred to and
followed in subsequent cases.
The court held that Congress had power to incorpo
rate such a bank ; that although there was no express
grant of such power, or of authority to create any
corporation, yet as one of the appropriate means of
exercising the powers of the Government in regard to
the collection and disbursement of its revenues and
the transfer of them from one point to another, the
institution of this bank, with the right to establish its
branches and offices of discount and deposit within a
State, and to issue circulating notes, was an appropri
ate means of carrying into effect the powers expressly
given by the Constitution to the Government of the
Union. It therefore held that no State had any au
thority by taxation or otherwise to impede the neces
sary and proper action of this bank, an instrumentality
which Congress deemed necessary in carrying on the
general operations of the Government of the United
States, connected with the Treasury. " If," said the
court, " the right of the States to tax the means em
ployed by the General Government be conceded, the
declaration that the Constitution and the laws made
in pursuance thereof, shall be the supreme law of the
land, is empty and unmeaning declamation."
The number of the Justices at this time had been
increased to seven, and their opinion was unanimous.
Just prior to the expiration of the charter of this
bank in 1836, the question of its renewal became one
100 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
of absorbing public interest. The then President of
the United States, General Jackson, brought all his
influence and popularity to bear to prevent a renewal
of its charter, and the question entered into the parti
san politics, of the day more largely than any other,
and to some extent continued to do so until the late
war. The Congress of 1836 passed the bill for the
recharter of the bank, but President Jackson vetoed
it, largely on the ground that it was unconstitutional.
It may be said, however, that the prevailing sentiment
of the country, and especially of its leading states
men, has been in the main favorable to the constitu
tionality of the United States Bank, and no decision of
the Supreme Court, or of any other court of the United
States, has ever impugned or denied the correctness of
the principle upon which Me Culloch v. Maryland was
decided.
It is a matter of interest, which I cannot forbear to
mention here, that the present National Bank System,
which in my judgment, and in that of many thinking
men, statesmen, and financiers, is the best that the
world has ever seen, originated during the midst of
the civil war with the Secretary of the Treasury who
afterwards came to Marshall's place as Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court of the United States.
It is unnecessary for me to point out to this intelli
gent audience the great influence ^vhich that decision
of the Supreme Court has exercised over the material
and financial prosperity of this country. Had the de
cision been that there existed in this Government no
power to create a national currency, or to provide for
a national banking system, the disastrous effects upon
the business prosperity of the people can hardly be
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 101
imagined. Those who are old enough to have gone
through the State bank and wild-cat systems of pa
per money, prevalent a few years since in this country,
can bear feeling testimony to the value of a so-called
national bank system.
Another decision of the court, made in the same
year, and perhaps at the same term, is that of The
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat,
518.
It may well be doubted whether any decision ever
delivered by any court has had such a pervading oper
ation and influence in controlling legislation as this.
The legislation, however, so controlled has been that
of the States of the Union. The decision is founded
upon that clause of the Constitution which declares
that no State shall make any law impairing the obli
gation of contracts. Article I., Section 10.
Dartmouth College existed as a corporation under a
charter granted bv the British Crown to its trustees in
C */
New Hampshire, in the year 1769. This charter con
ferred upon them the entire governing power of the
college, and among other powers that of filling up all
vacancies occurring in their own body, and of remov
ing and appointing tutors. It also declared that the
number of trustees should forever consist of twelve,
and no more.
After the Revolution, the legislature of New Hamp
shire passed a law to amend the charter, to improve
and enlarge the corporation. It increased the number
of trustees to twenty-one, gave the appointment of
the additional members to the executive of the State,
and created a board of overseers to consist of twenty-
five persons, of whom twenty-one were also to be
102 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
appointed by the executive of New Hampshire. These
overseers had power to inspect and control the most
important acts of the trustees.
The Supreme Court, reversing the decision of the
Superior Court of New Hampshire, held that the origi
nal charter constituted a contract between the Crown,
in whom the power was then vested, and the trustees
of the college, which was impaired by the act of the
legislature above referred to. The opinion, to which
there was but one dissent, establishes the doctrine that
the act of a government, whether it be by a charter of
the legislature, or of the Crown, which creates a cor
poration, is a contract between the State and the cor
poration, and that all the essential franchises, powers,
and benefits conferred upon the corporation by the
charter become, when accepted by it, contracts, within
the meaning of the clause of the Constitution referred to.
I cannot here go into the great argument by which
this proposition was supported, nor enter into a minute
statement of the class of subjects which by the rulings
of this case became contracts protected by the Consti
tution. The opinion has been of late years much crit
icised, as including with the class of contracts whose
foundation is in the legislative action of the States,
many which were not properly intended to be so in
cluded by the framers of the Constitution. And it is
undoubtedly true that the Supreme Court itself has
been compelled of late years to insist in this class
of cases upon the existence of an actual contract by
the State with the corporation, when relief is sought
against subsequent legislation.
The main feature of the case, namely, that a State
can make a contract by legislation, as well as in any
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 103
other way, and that in no such case shall a subsequent
act of the legislature interpose any effectual barrier to
its enforcement, where it is enforceable in the ordi
nary courts of justice, has remained. The result of this
principle has been to make void innumerable acts of
State legislatures, intended in times of disastrous finan
cial depression and suffering to protect the people
from the hardships of a rigid and prompt enforcement
of the law in regard to their contracts, and to prevent
the States from repealing, abrogating, or avoiding by
legislation contracts entered into with other parties.
This decision has stood from the day it was made to
the present hour as a great bulwark against popular
effort through State legislation to evade the payment
of just debts, the performance of obligatory contracts,
and the general repudiation of the rights of creditors.
I cannot even refer here to the numerous decisions of
the Supreme Court of the United States, of the subor
dinate courts of the Government, and of the highest
courts of the States themselves, in which under the
influence of this decision the principle of the Consti
tution that no State shall pass any law impairing the
obligation of contracts has been upheld for the protec
tion of those contracts.
With the case of Gibbons v. Oyden, 9 Wheat., 1,
which has always been considered a leading one, com
menced a series of decisions which has continued
down to the term of the court just ended, construing
the third clause of Section 8, Article I., of the Consti
tution of the United States. The language of this
clause is that " Congress shall have power to regulate
commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes."
104 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
There has not been, during the history of the Gov
ernment, any serious question or difficulty about the
exercise of the power by Congress to regulate com
merce with the Indian tribes. The few laws which
that body has found it necessary to pass in regard to
trade and intercourse with the Indians have given rise
to very few controversies before the courts. The
power to regulate commerce with foreign nations has
necessarily occupied the attention of the legislative
body, and the questions arising under it have princi
pally been as to the construction of the statutes, with
an occasional contest as to the power to regulate im
migration into the various States from foreign coun
tries.
But as regards the regulation of commerce among
the States, Congress has signally failed in providing
any general system, or in enacting any very important
laws upon the subject. In point of fact, the com
merce in existence which could be regulated with any
profit, or called for it at the time the Constitution was
formed, was that upon the ocean, carried on by sailing
vessels ; and it was not until the origin of the steam
boat, making the great rivers of the country equal in
carrying capacity to seas, with the superadded power
of steam to make them useful, that interstate com
merce became a matter of much consequence. After
wards the invention of railroads increased the mag
nitude of this kind of traffic, so that in relative
importance to foreign commerce it is now so much
superior that I dare not, without consulting the statis
tics, undertake to state what it is.
Very soon after the introduction of the steamboat,
whose use was accompanied by great dangers in the
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 105
navigation of the interior waters of the country. Con
gress began to legislate upon the subject, and finally
established, some forty or fifty years ago, a system of
laws regulating their construction and navigation.
The various acts passed from time to time also re
quired that the masters and pilots of these vessels
should be regularly examined as to their qualifications
and licensed by officers appointed by the General Gov
ernment, prescribed with great minuteness what safe
guards they should keep on board in the way of life-
saving implements and small boats, and limited the
number of passengers, with especial regard to their
comfort and their safety.
But in relation to railroads, whose owners were cor
porations under charters from the different States of
the Union, such legislation as was needful has been
left by Congress to the States that chartered them, or
through whose territory they extended.
This inaction of the Congress of the United States,
which it was asserted could alone establish regulations
for the control of railroads in conducting transporta
tion of persons and property through more States
than one, thus coming within the definition of the
phrase " interstate commerce," has at length been su
perseded by a very important statute, called the In
terstate Commerce Law, passed at the recent session.
These railroad corporations, the necessity and value of
which to meet the wants of this great country grew so
rapidly, asserted for a long time that by virtue of the
charters granted them by the States, they were ex
empt from nearly all legislative control over their
business, their contracts, or the manner in which their
transportation should be conducted.
106 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
In the cases of Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S., 113, Chi
cago, Burlington, and Quincy K. R. Co. v. Iowa, Id., 155,
and Peik v. Chicago and N. W. Ry Co. Id., 164, decided
at the same time, it was held by the Supreme Court
that as common carriers they were subject to appro
priate regulation of the manner in which their busi
ness should be conducted, by legislative authority.
But these decisions left the question of how far this
legislative power of regulation belonged to the States,
and how far it was in the Congress of the United
States, undecided.
The case of Gibbons v. Ogden, above referred to,
originated in an attempt of the State of New York
to pass laws which affected free navigation upon the
Hudson River by steamboats. With the idea of re
warding Livingston and Fulton for the invention of
the new method of propulsion by steam, a statute was
passed giving to them the exclusive right of navi
gating that river with boats thus propelled. Other
persons coming into the business of transportation
with boats of a similar character, contested this right
to such exclusive privilege, and were sued for infring
ing it in those waters.
The questions arising in that case were argued with
great ability, Mr. Webster being one of the counsel
engaged in the case, and one of the best considered
opinions of the court was delivered by Chief Justice
Marshall. It is not important here to detail the sub
stance of that argument, but the two questions that
were mostly discussed related to the following conclu
sions which were reached by the court : —
First, That this statute was an exercise of the
power of regulating commerce among the States,
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 107
which had been confided to Congress by the Consti
tution.
Second, That inasmuch as Congress had passed laws
authorizing the licensing of vessels for the coasting
trade, which authorized them to navigate all the
waters within the jurisdiction of the United States
capable of being used for that purpose, this act was an
exercise of the power conferred by the clause of the
Federal Constitution concerning commerce among the
States, and that Congress having occupied the field by
its own legislation, this necessarily excluded the action
of the State upon the subject.
While the opinion of the court undertakes to ascer
tain what kind of commerce must be regulated ex
clusively by Congress, it also seems to concede that
there may be a class of regulations affecting it when
carried on between the States which would be valid in
the absence of any action by Congress. But the case
rested in the end upon the proposition that such a
principle could not be applied to the case then before
the court, because Congress had acted upon the sub
ject, having passed a law or made a regulation which
was inconsistent with the statute of the State of New
York granting this exclusive privilege to Livingston
and Fulton.
In the subsequent case of Willson v. Blackbird Creek
Marsh Co. 2 Pet., 245, the principle was laid down,
that in a class of cases, local in their character, regu
lations affecting interstate commerce may be enacted
by the States in the absence of the exercies of that
power by Congress. That proposition, which in a sub
sequent stage of the history of the court was very
much controverted, and upon which it had been
108 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
divided until within recent years, has led to much
uncertainty as to the validity of laws passed by the
States of the Union. This doubtful condition of affairs
can hardly yet be considered to be at an end. The
great necessity of some well-defined rule in regard to
these matters, in the absence of any Congressional
regulation of commerce, is evinced by the fact that
scarcely a session of the Supreme Court of the United
States has passed within the last twenty-five years
in which some case has not been brought before it
wherein the validity of laws passed by the States of
the Union, or ordinances of municipalities made under
the authority of some State laws affecting commerce,
has not been brought up and controverted, and be
come the subject of serious consideration.
I venture to hope, however, that some of the de
cisions discussing these questions, made during the
term of the court just expired, have brought it to a
substantial unanimity upon these subjects, and have
established a reasonable degree of precision in the
definition of the regulations of interstate commerce
exclusively within the control of Congress, and what
legislation remains to the States where Congress has
taken no action in regard to the matter. Wabash J^y
Co. v. Illinois, 118 U. S.,- 557; Fargo v. Michigan, 121
U. S., 230 ; The Mail Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania,
decided May 27, 1887.
The importance of the subject, and the necessity of
a true construction of this clause of the Constitution,
may be seen when we consider the trouble among the
States between the time of the closing of the Revo
lutionary war and the adoption of that instrument, in
regard to their interstate commerce, and to burdens
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 109
and obstructions placed upon it by each of the States
ns they seemed to consider their own interest, without
regard to the general good. Indeed, these consider
ations were among the principal, if not the most
weighty, which induced its formation. And the cases
to which I have referred as coming before the Supreme
Court of the United States are ample evidence of what
the States would now do, if they had the power, in
crippling the interstate commerce of this country, by
imposing burdens upon its exercise ; and the efforts of
the States, endeavoring to shift the burden of taxation
from their own shoulders and impose it upon the prop
erty, rights, and interests of others, could only end in
the destruction of the Union and the total suppression
of the free and valuable commerce now carried on
between the States.
The relations of the Indian tribes to the States and
to the Federal Government have often been before the
Supreme Court of the United States, whose judgments
have largely influenced the course of legislation by
Congress, as well as the States, in regard to those
tribes. The first case involving those relations was
that of The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia,
5 Pet, 1, in which the court, considering the general
subject, held that these tribes, although occupying a
semi - independent position, which enabled them to
make treaties with the United States, were neither
States of the Union nor foreign states in the sense
of the Constitution which confers jurisdiction upon
the Supreme Court in controversies between a State
or the citizens thereof and foreign states, citizens, or
subjects. It declared that these tribes were, owing
to their peculiar conditions, wards and pupils of the
nation, and largely under its control.
110 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
In the succeeding case of Worcester v. The State of
Georgia, 6 Pet, 515, the same proposition is advanced,
and it was held that they were independent of the
laws and government of the State within which they
might as a tribe be located. This latter case was one
in which the State of Georgia, having passed a statute
extending the jurisdiction of its laws over the Che
rokee lands, indicted and imprisoned Worcester, a mis
sionary of some Christian church, who had settled
among those Indians, for a violation of a law of the
State. He was convicted by the State courts and sent
to prison. On a writ of error to the Supreme Court
of the United States it was held that the State courts
of Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Indian tribes,
or the land which they had held in possession from
time immemorial.
This principle seems to have settled the indepen
dence of those tribes of State legislation and State
jurisdiction generally, but it afterwards came to be
questioned what power the Government of the United
States or Congress could exercise over such Indians.
This matter came up in United /States v. Kagama, 118
U. S., 375. The whole subject there was fully re
viewed, and the proposition finally established that
" while the Government of the United States has
recognized in the Indian tribes heretofore a state of
semi-independence and pupilage, it has the right and
authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to
govern them by acts of Congress ; they being within
the geographical limit of the United States, and being
necessarily subject to the laws which Congress may
enact for their protection and for the protection of the
people with whom they come in contact. The States
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. Ill
have no such power over them as long as they main
tain their tribal relations."
This settled a difficult and vexatious question, and
one very important to the Indians themselves as well
as to the citizens of the United States who are brought
in contact with them.
Perhaps the two most important decisions of the
Supreme Court that have been delivered in many
years grew out of the agitation of the subject of
slavery. The long and continued discussion of that
topic, in and out of Congress, commencing at a time
not within the memory of any one in this audience,
and prolonged up to the close of the late civil war,
which was the cause of that war, the most destructive
that the history of mankind presents, almost neces
sarily brought before the great judicial tribunal of the
nation grave questions in regard to the constitutional
power of Congress over the subject. With the excep
tion, however, of Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 16 Pet., 539,
in which an act of Congress to enable the owners
of fugitive slaves who had fled from service and got
beyond the borders of the State in which such owners
resided, was held to be a proper exercise by Congress
of the provisions of the Constitution for the return
of persons held to service in the States to which they
belonged, which itself excited much comment, the
Dred Scott decision (Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 How.,
393), overshadowed all others on the subject, in the
importance of the principles which it laid down, and
in the immense influence which it had upon the his
tory of the country.
Dred Scott, a slave, having been taken from the
State of Missouri, in which laws authorizing slavery
112 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
prevailed, by his master with his family into the Terri
tory of Minnesota, in which slavery was forbidden,
was afterwards carried back by that master to the
State of Missouri. Scott asserted that having been
voluntarily carried by his master into a government
where slavery was not recognized, he thereby be
came a free man, and that Sandford, his owner, in
exercising restraint over his personal liberty was a
trespasser. He therefore brought suit to establish his
freedom, and the case came in regular order in the
Supreme Court of the United States, which, after some
controversy in regard to the jurisdiction of that court,
finally decided that it had jurisdiction to entertain the
appeal. It then proceeded to decide the question of
the effect of the residence of Scott, with the consent
of his master, in the free Territory of Minnesota. It
held that there existed no power in the Congress of
the United States to pass any laws for the government
of a Territory of the United States, by which owners
of slaves could be prevented from carrying them there
and making it their residence, and still retaining the
same power and control over their slaves that they
had in the States where slavery was established.
This decision was made very soon after Congress had
passed a statute for the organization of territorial gov
ernments for Kansas and Nebraska, and the question
whether slavery should be excluded from those Terri
tories or not by the act agitated the public mind to a
degree perhaps unknown since the formation of the
Constitution. To pass a law recognizing as valid the
institution of slavery in these Territories was not only
a violation of the strongest feelings of a large portion
of the people of the United States, but it was neces-
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 113
sarily a repeal of what was called the compromise on
that subject made at the time that the Territory of
Missouri was admitted as a State. At that time the
same excited controversy existed, and was only settled
by a provision that, in future, slavery should not exist
north of a line corresponding with the southern line
of Missouri, extending westward, namely, the parallel
of 36° 30' north latitude. The decision in the Dred
Scott case, that Congress had no power to pass any
law forbidding slavery in any of the Territories of the
United States, from which it necessarily resulted that
the Missouri Compromise law was unconstitutional,
added to the flames of popular excitement.
I do not need to go over the history of the con
test which led to the attempted secession of eleven of
the Slave States of the Union, and to the civil war of
four years which followed this effort to secede. The
unparalleled excitement of the public mind, brought
about by the act organizing the Territories of Kan
sas and Nebraska, which repealed the Missouri Com
promise law, so far from being mitigated by the Dred
Scott decision, was greatly increased thereby,
charged that the decision was merely a parti
to aid in the establishment of slavery in the1
of Kansas, and it added force to the determin
pose of those opposed to the further progress of
ery, to prevent it. If that statute had not been passed,
it is not within the capacity of human wisdom to tell
how long the great contest over human slavery within
the limits of the United States might have been post
poned.
This decision has never been reconsidered in the
Supreme Court of the United States. Its operation
8
114 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
upon public opinion was to incite to additional ardor
the efforts of those who desired the emancipation of
the slaves ; and although the decision itself was of no
value, and only precipitated the evils which it was in
tended to avoid, the civil war brought about by these
events resulted in the abolition of slavery throughout
the entire extent of the United States, and, of course,
the Dred Scott decision became a useless incumbrance
in the reports of that court.
At the close of the war the public sentiment of
those who had conducted it to a successful termination
required certain amendments to the Constitution, the
first of which, the Thirteenth, established the abolition
of slavery forever within all the dominions over which
the United States had jurisdiction. It was soon found,
however, that the sudden gift of freedom to over four
millions of human beings, who had been slaves, and
who were unprepared by education or training to
assert their rights or protect themselves against those
who had been their masters for generations past, re
quired some additional safeguards in the Constitution,
which would operate as a protection to them against
those masters, or the acts of the States themselves
readmitted into the Union. This induced the passage
of the Fourteenth Amendment, which declared all
these former slaves now to be citizens of the United
States, and entitled to all the privileges and immuni
ties of such citizens. It further enacted provisions for
the equality of rights of all persons, intending thereby
to secure the rights of this depressed race, and to pro
tect them from unjust and unequal laws which might
be passed by the States for the purpose of their op
pression.
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 115
A short experience seemed to prove that even these
two amendments, the one abolishing slavery and the
other with the provisions mentioned, were inadequate
to secure the purpose which the people had in view,
that of guaranteeing equal rights to all persons, in
cluding former slaves. The Fifteenth Amendment was
therefore passed, which declared that no discrimination
in regard to the right of suffrage should be made in
any State on account of race, color, or previous con
dition of servitude.
These three amendments to the Constitution, the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth, were rapidly
passed through Congress and ratified by the States.
They have been the subject of many decisions of the
Supreme Court of the United States, with regard to
their construction and their effect upon enactments of
the State legislatures which have been supposed to be
in conflict with them. The most important of these
cases, and perhaps the first one which came before
the court, and which by reason of the questions in
volved and the course of the argument required a con
struction of all three of these amendments, were the
Slaughter House Cases, so called, reported in 16 Wal
lace, 36. They grew out of an act of the legisla
ture of Louisiana, passed since it had been recognized
as a State of the Union after the close of the civil
war. This statute, assuming to regulate the business
of slaughtering animals for food within the limits of
the city- of New Orleans, and of the landing of live
animals as they came into the city, created a corpo
ration, upon which it conferred the exclusive right
of killing animals for food within that city. It
directed the place where they should be landed, the
116 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CEXTENXIAL.
place where they should he slaughtered, made full and
complete regulations for the maintenance of a public
slaughter-house by this corporation, at which all butch
ers must slaughter the animals whose flesh they in-
wf
tended to sell, required this corporation to provide all
the conveniences necessary for this purpose, and made
proper restrictions upon the price which should be
charged therefor.
After a while the butchers of the city, who con
sidered this monopoly an invasion of their personal
rights, brought suit to enjoin the exercise of this
authority by the slaughter-house company. The case
came finally to the Supreme Court of the United
States, upon the ground that by the three amend
ments to the Constitution, to which I have just re
ferred, the exercise of this power by a State legislature
is forbidden. The whole subject was very fully argued
in that court, and the range of discussion was very
wide.
At the close of the civil war there were many very
wise and patriotic statesmen who had come to the
conclusion that the powers left with the States in the
original formation of the Constitution, by which they
were enabled to combine and organize into a formid
able confederacy for the overthrow of the Government
tf
and the destruction of the Union, had been the source
of a protracted and terrible war, which was just termi
nated by the reestablishment of the General Govern
ment in all its original powers. They therefore felt,
that in the amendments to the Constitution, which
•were deemed necessary for the reconstruction of this
Union, which if not broken was very much shattered,
these powers of the States should be curtailed in their
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 117
capacity to bring about another such catastrophe.
Many of these men were in Congress when the reso
lutions for these amendments were adopted, and
proposed to the States for their ratification. The
members of that body undoubtedly differed among
themselves as to the object to be attained, and the
manner in which it was to be accomplished, by these
three amendments. When this case came up, the first
in which the Supreme Court was called upon to con
strue them, the opinions of the judges, of lawyers, and
of statesmen, were divergent in regard to the prin
ciples which should govern that construction.
These views are represented in the opinions filed in
the case mentioned, the opinion of the court being
fully concurred in by five of the judges. The court,
after speaking of the fact that the civil war disclosed
that the true danger to the perpetuity of the Union
was in the capacity of the States to organize, combine,
and concentrate all the powers of a State and all con
tiguous States to resistance to the General Govern
ment, said : —
"Unquestionably this has given great force to the
argument, and added largely to the number of those
who believe in the necessity of a strong national gov
ernment. But, however pervading this sentiment, and
however it may have contributed to the adoption of
the amendments we have been considering, we do not
see in those amendments any purpose to destroy the
main features of the general system. Under the pres
sure of all the excited feeling growing out of the war,
our statesmen have still believed that the existence of
the States with powers for domestic and local govern
ment, including the regulation of civil rights — the
118 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
rights of person and property — was essential to the
perfect working of our complex form of government,
though they have thought proper to impose additional
limitations on the States, and to confer additional
power on that of the Nation. But whatever fluctua
tions may be seen in the history of public opinion
on this subject during the period of our national ex
istence, we think it will be found that this court, so
far as its functions required, has always held with a
steady and an even hand the balance between State
and Federal power, and we trust that such may con
tinue to be the history of its relation to that subject
so long as it shall have duties to perform which de
mand of it a construction of the Constitution, or of
any of its parts." Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall., 82.
Although this decision did not meet the approval of
four out of nine of the judges on some points on which
it rested, yet public sentiment, as found in the press
and in the universal acquiescence which it received,
accepted it with great unanimity ; and although there
were intimations that in the legislative branches of the
Government the opinion would be reviewed, and criti
cised unfavorably, no such thing has occurred in the
fifteen years that have elapsed since it was delivered.
And while the question of the construction of these
amendments, and particularly the Fourteenth, has
often been before the Supreme Court of the United
States, no attempt to overrule or disregard this ele
mentary decision of the effect of the three new
constitutional amendments upon the relations of the
State governments to the Federal Government has
been made ; and it may be considered now as settled
that, with the exception of the specific provisions in
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 119
them for the protection of the personal rights of the
citizens and people of the United States, and the
necessary restrictions upon the power of the States
for that purpose, with the additions to the powers of
the General Government to enforce those provisions,
no substantial change has been made. The necessity
of the great powers, conceded by the Constitution
originally to the Federal Government, and the equal
necessity of the autonomy of the States and their
power to regulate their domestic affairs, remain as the
great features of our complex form of government.
The only other decision of the Supreme Court to
which I shall call your attention is that of Kilbourn v.
Thompson, 103 U. S., 168. It is principally remarkable
as establishing the right of a party to recover damages
for an unlawful imprisonment by the express order of
the House of Representatives. That body, as well as
the Senate, had been in the habit of calling witnesses
before them to testify in regard to various matters
concerning which an investigation had been ordered
by one or the other of those bodies. They also seem
to have exercised without hesitation the power to
punish by fine and imprisonment any witness who re
fused to answer questions which, by order of the partic
ular body authorizing the investigation had been pro
pounded to him, and without much if any regard to
the limitation upon their right to exercise this power.
Under a resolution, which recited that the Govern
ment was a creditor of the banking firm of Jay Cooke
& Company, then in bankruptcy by the decree of the
District Court of the United,States for the Eastern Dis
trict of Pennsylvania, and that settlements had been
made adverse to the interests of the United States in
120 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
that court, a special committee of the House of Repre
sentatives was appointed by the Speaker to inquire
into the matter, together with the history of a real
estate pool in which that firm was said to be involved.
In the progress of the investigation, Mr. Kilbourn,
who was a real estate dealer in the city of Washing
ton, was called before the committee and required to
make statements in regard to his dealings with vari
ous persons who had had transactions with him, and
to produce his books for the general inspection of the
committee. He declined to do this, and being brought
before the House he was ordered to make answer.
Still further declining, the House ordered him to be
imprisoned, and that the Speaker issue his warrant to
the Sergeant-at-Arms to commit him for contempt.
Mr. Kilbourn was held in confinement under this
order for some time, but was finally released on a writ
of habeas corpus issued by the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. He then
brought suit against the Sergeant-at-Arms, by whom
he was kept in prison, and against the members of the
committee who were active in procuring the order of
the House for his punishment. On a demurrer to the
answer of the defendants, which set up this order of
the House as their defence, the Supreme Court of the
District of Columbia held the answer to be good ; but
on a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United
States that decision was reversed.
The opinion goes into a thorough examination of
the history of this class of questions in various cases
before the House of Commons of Great Britain, which
were afterwards carried to the courts of that country,
and comes to the conclusion that, while in that coun-
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 121
try, by reavson of the history of Parliament, and of its
original possession of full judicial powers, the House
of Commons could punish for contempt, there is no in
herent authority in any purely legislative body, apart
from that remnant of judicial power remaining in the
Parliament, to punish parties for offences of that char
acter.
Referring to the Constitution of the United States,
under which alone Congress as an entire body, or
either branch of it, could exercise any such power, it
is declared that there is a total absence of any general
grant of such authority, but inasmuch as each branch
of Congress had certain specific powers to make orders
which required the examination of witnesses, that in
that class of cases, where a witness refused to testify,
the House could enforce this duty by fine and impris
onment as a punishment for contempt. Those occa
sions were limited to such cases as punishment of its
own members for disorderly conduct, or failure to at
tend sessions, or in cases of contested elections, or in
regard to the qualifications of its own members, or in
case of an effort to impeach an officer of the Govern
ment, and perhaps a few others.
It was held that neither house had any right to
organize an investigation into the private affairs of a
citizen, and that except in a case in which the Consti
tution expressly conferred upon the one body or the
other powers which were in their nature somewhat
judicial, and which required the examination of wit
nesses, they possessed no power to compel by fine or
imprisonment, or both, the attendance of such wit
nesses, and answers to interrogatories which did not
relate to some question of which it had jurisdiction.
122 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
This decision, which ultimately resulted in the recov
ery of a large judgment by Mr. Kilbourn against the
Sergeant-at-Arms, which sum was paid by an appropri
ation made by the Congress of the United States out
of the treasury, was everywhere received with satisfac
tion. It has been followed in the States of the Union
where similar questions have constantly arisen, and is
undoubtedly, on account of the assertion by it of the
right of the citizen to be protected against the legisla
tive body, and to be proceeded against for any offence
only in the judicial branch of the Government, one of
the most important that has been made in recent
years. It is also important as being in some sense a
direct control by the Supreme Court of the United
States over the decisions and acts of one of the
branches of the legislative department of the Govern
ment, made without authority of the law.
It is proper also to observe that the court decided
that the members of the committee who had pro
pounded these questions to Kilbourn, and at whose in
stance the House passed the resolution for his impris
onment, were not liable to his action for damages, on
the ground that what they did came within the consti
tutional provision that senators and representatives
" shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance at the session of their respective houses,
and in going to and returning from the same ; and
for any speech or debate in either house, they shall
not be questioned in any other place." Article I.,
Section 6.
This court of which we have been speaking, whether
we take the character of the suitors that are brought
before it, or the importance of the subjects of litiga-
JUSTICE SAMUEL F. MILLER'S ADDRESS. 123
tion over which it has final jurisdiction, may well be
considered one of the highest that the world has ever
seen. It has the power to bring States before it, States
which some of our politicians have been in the habit
of considering sovereign ; not only when they come
voluntarily, but by judicial process they are subjected,
in certain classes of cases, to the judgment of the
court. Whatever these States may have been at the
time of the formation of the Constitution, they now
number their inhabitants by millions, and in wealth
and civilization are equal to many of the independent
sovereignties of Europe.
The subject matter of which this court has jurisdic
tion is the construction and exposition of the Consti
tution of the United States, which controls the affairs
of sixty millions of people. Its every-day business,
almost, is to pass upon the question of conflicting
rights and jurisdictions between the States and the
United States, and between the laws framed by each
of this class of political bodies. Its judges hold their
offices for life, unless removed by impeachment. But
one attempt has been made in the history of the Gov
ernment to impeach a member of that court, and that
effort failed.
It has been said that these powers may be danger
ous to the people, and to the other departments of
the Government; but the answer to this is both true
and perfect. The judicial branch of the Government,
of which the Supreme Court is the head, is the weak
est of all the three great departments into which the
power of the nation is divided. It has no army, it has
no navy, and it has no purse. It has no patronage, it
has no officers, except its clerks and marshals, and the
latter are appointed by the President and confirmed by
124 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the Senate. They are the officers to whom its pro
cesses are sent for the enforcement of its judgments,
but they may be removed at any time by the Execu
tive. The clerks, whom the judges in some form or
other are permitted to appoint, have salaries or com
pensation regulated by the legislature. The clerk who
may receive twenty thousand dollars, or more, in fees,
must pay all but $3,500 of such receipts into the
Treasury of the United States. The judges them
selves are dependent upon appropriations made by
the legislature for the payment of the salaries which
support them while engaged in the functions of their
office.
It is, then, so far as the ordinary forms of power are
concerned, by far the feeblest branch or department of
the Government. It must rely upon the confidence
and respect of the public for its just weight and influ
ence, and it may be confidently asserted that neither
with the people, nor the country at large, nor the
other branches of the Government, has there ever been
found wanting that respect and confidence. It is one
of the best tributes that can be paid to the American
nation, a tribute which it deserves above all others,
even of Anglo-Saxon descent, and which can be paid
to no other race, that it always submits to the law as
expounded by its judiciary. In all the excitements
of bitter contests, involving great financial interests,
power, position, and even political existence, in fact
everything that could properly be brought within its
judicial cognizance, the people have always felt that
their interests were safely entrusted to its charge.
That the court may long continue to deserve this
confidence, as it has for the past hundred years, must
be the desire of every patriotic citizen.
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS.
IT often happens that a wayfarer, following a beaten
track or threading a wilderness, in pursuit of an object,
or.seeking his destination, comes to a milestone or an
acclivity, where, laying down his bundle, he takes a
seat, wipes the sweat from his brow, and surveys the
landscape. If the sun has not yet reached the me
ridian, he looks forward from the milestone to where
the attenuated road fades from sight upon the plain,
or loses itself among " the purple peaks remote." If
from the acclivity, he looks down through the valley
to where the mountains reassert themselves beyond.
If the sun has passed the zenith, he looks back, to
recognize, if possible, those points in his journey indi
vidualized by some exceptional effort he has made,
some relief he has experienced, or peril he has passed
through. He looks for the frail bridges he has crossed,
the fords he has waded, or the quagmires he has
floundered through. He seeks the points where he
and the companions who started with him parted com
pany, and strives, by signs to those in sight and by
halloos to those within hearing only, to bring all to
gether for a short reunion. This is the journey of
a day, but it is also the journey of life.
We are social beings, sympathetic to a greater or
less degree, and there come times to all, even the most
126 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
callous, when we seek the companionship of those who
have ties and traditions in common with ourselves;
nay more, the society of those whom we have never
seen, but whom we know to have started, or to be
about to start, forth from the same roof that sheltered
us when life had all before it. To you of the morn
ing of life and to us of the afternoon, this is such an
occasion.
Save that of the family, I know of no tie so close as
that of one's school days — of no traditions more
cherished than those of our Alma Mater — of no im
pressions more lasting than those there made. The
mind then plastic receives imprints, and we have only
to turn the leaves of after years, as they do the
laminae in the quarry, to find them, as bird tracks are
found there, distinct and indelible.
This is the jubilee year of our University, and there
are those with us to-day who, if they were not gradu
ated themselves at its first commencement, saw the
first graduates receive their diplomas. Since that time
thousands have gone forth to take their places in the
world. Have they achieved success ? As the Spanish
saying has it, " Who knows ? " Who shall interpret
the word " success " acceptably ? If we mean have
they amassed wealth, attained high official position,
or assumed a leadership among their fellows, I would
answer, I do not believe that a university education,
if it has its best and highest effect in developing a
man, insures what the world calls the prizes. This is
not because it does not make him more efficient, but
because it gives him a wider horizon. When Agassiz
was asked why he did not make money, he answered,
" I have no time." To him, as to every right-think-
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 127
ing man, there are things which are worth more than
money. An education will usually enable a man to
steer clear of extreme poverty, but it will not lead
the way to great wealth. It assures the golden mean,
but not the golden much.
When I speak to you as the educated, I mean to
address you as those who, by attendance here, have
declared their intentions in one way out of many ;
there are thousands of schools where there is no cur
riculum, where men are being educated, as Cromwell
and Lincoln, Ericsson and Edison were educated —
men destined to play prominent parts in the drama of
life.
The only definition of the word success satisfactory
to me is the attainment of one's ideal. St. Paul, his
severed head in the hand of the executioner, Jean
Valjean, with his dying eyes fixed on the crucifix,
probably achieved success — they had worked up to
their ideals. Frederick the Great and Napoleon I.
probably did not, and therefore were failures. Let
each alumnus answer for himself. Living or dead,
they are scattered over the globe. The graves of
some line the route of the overland trail to the Golden
Gate, some sleep on the Isthmus of Darien, others are
in the other hemisphere — some gave their lives and
many fought for the flag — they are filling and have
filled every walk in life. We who were here forty
years ago come back at times, to be reminded that our
numbers are yearly growing less, but we close up our
ranks, our loyalty to the University unshaken, and
our fervor unabated, as we pass out of the old age of
youth into the youth of old age.
It is no selfish loyalty we assert. It is something
128 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
even more than gratitude for benefits received ; it is
an enthusiasm kindled by a conception of the possi
bilities of the University in the future — possibilities
imaginable only in an American university. If sus
tained, fostered, and encouraged by our people, its
usefulness cannot be measured. The radius of its in
fluence is extending every day. What the Bartholdi
statue, with its luminous coronal, is to the harbor of
our proudest port, the University is to our State. It
not only points the way to those engaged in special
work, but also illuminates an atmosphere which sus
tains and shall sustain millions of human beings.
It has arrived at its present pitch of greatness
through many perils. Private ambitions have sought
to make it an arena for personal feuds, sects have
hawked at it, and unwise guardians have checked its
development ; but the people have been true to its
interests. It has given our State a prestige abroad,
where, formerly, educated men knew but dimly that
there was such a geographical division as Michigan.
To those looking at the money side of the question,
I would say that, materially, the State has received
through the enhancement of its property ten dollars
where it has expended one ; and who can calculate
the advantages which have flowed in a thousand ways
from these portals — not computable, possibly impal
pable, but as life-giving to society as is the atmos
phere to plants. Time was, before chemistry asserted
itself, when the farmer looked to the soil for all the
nutriment which came to vegetation. Modern investi
gation has shown that eighty per cent, of the nutrition
comes from the air; will not social chemistry demon
strate, sooner or later, that eighty per cent, of the
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 129
subtle constituents which contribute to the moral
growth and higher development of society is to be
furnished by that social atmosphere diffused by think
ing men ? Although universities furnish but a section
o o
of the great army of thinkers, still their influence and
stimulus are felt upon other sections as well as upon
those whom they aim to mould and elevate.
It is said that the times are troublous, that ancient
traditions are being violated and mutual obligations
sit lightly upon the shoulders of men ; that one condi
tion of men (I dislike the use of the word class in
the American vocabulary) is threatening the rights of
those in other conditions. To whom shall we look for
safety? These conflicting interests can be adjusted in
one of two ways — by force, which means bloodshed
and probable wrong, or by the prevalence of correct
ideas of mutual rights and duties among our people.
We must look for the diffusion of these ideas to the
men who subordinate passion to judgment, to those
who temper zeal with discretion, born of discipline —
to the thinkers. I would not decry other methods by
which these men are developed — they are being de
veloped in the work-shop, on the farm, in the factories
— but we shall have none too many ; we cannot afford
to spare a single man. It will be force dominat
ing ideas or ideas dominating force, and we cannot
afford to shut down upon a single source of supply
of thinkers.
Let the State stand by the University. Keep its
doors open to the world. Learning is the birthright
of no class, and should not be of any condition or sec
tion. Welcome all that come. The poor man should
guard it as the apple of his eye — for the poor boys
130 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
who were with me forty years ago, the boys who sawed
wood for their board and taught school in vacation
and even in term time, are the men who have wrested
the greatest success from grudging fortune. Let the
rich man cherish it, if he cares for anything but
money, because it elevates his less fortunate fellow
and his children. Let both defend it for the order and
security which it helps to preserve by constitutional
methods, and to which there is but one alternative —
force.
It was the day of small things when these halls
were first opened — one dormitory building for chapel,
recitation and sleeping-rooms, and four dwellings for
the professors. They stood in forty acres of newly,
but too thoroughly cleared land. Less than 4,000
books and a cabinet of 5,500 specimens in zoology,
15,000 in botany, 8,000 in mineralogy, and 10,000 in
geology, constituted most of the material gathered in
twenty-four years of preparation. The professors took
turns in being president.
They were all worthy men, wisely selected and
supremely capable of presiding at the birth of such an
institution ; but, among them all, one memory comes
back to me with an aroma like that of clover bloom or
sweet-brier in wooded lanes — Professor Williams. He
was a divinely human man. He was anointed of the
Lord. He was an atmosphere. He left a more lasting
impression on the boys through his presence than by
his teachings — and his abilities were of no mean
order. His genial nature comes back to us now like
a benediction.
No president was formally installed before 1852, and
only three have been installed since that date, viz. :
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 131
Henry P. Tappan, Erastus 0. Haven, and the present
incumbent, James B. Angell. They have, without
exception, been men of wide culture, elegant attain
ments, and consistent lives.
I wonder how many of us have ever tried to analyze
that compound demanded by the times for the presi
dency -of an institution like this. He must have the
temper of Socrates, the faculty of elucidation of Plato,
the power of combination of Archimedes, the diction
of Sophocles, the learning of Erasmus, the sympathy
with the boys of Anaxagoras, the versatility of Ad
mirable Crichton, the many-sidedness of Pericles. He
must be able, without preparation, to discourse on the
moral impossibilities of the Modocs, or the capabilities
of the new empire on the Congo. He must know,
without reference, how far the double star is from
itself, and at once turn to -the discussion of the dis
tance between adjacent particles of steel. Figura
tively speaking, he must take for his breakfast He
rodotus or Thucydides in the original, with the Septu-
agint for luncheon, and for dinner the differential Cal
culus and Rig Veda. He must have the spirits of a
boy and the wisdom of a sage. If there is a gymna
sium, he is expected to rival Leotard on the flying
trapeze and Dr. Winship in heavy weights. If there is
a flotilla, he must pull a stroke oar or make the boys
believe — not by words, but by sheer force of charac
ter, which is more difficult — that, if he only had time,
he could do it in such a way that rival crews on the
Charles, the Cam, or the Thames would flee to the
mountains of Hepsidam before they would compete.
He must sympathize with the poor in pocket as well as
in spirit, and endure the snobbery and vulgarity of the
132 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
insolent rich. He must encourage the hollow-chested
and despondent, and tone down the aggressive, the
over-confident, and the audacious. All this for a few
thousand a year, on which he is expected to live,
travel, and entertain. Truly it is no wonder that so
few men of the above character dedicate themselves
to a life of self-denial and comparative poverty, that
they may serve their day and mould the future, when
railroad and life insurance companies pay their presi
dents twenty-five and even fifty thousand dollars a
year. It is with our teachers as with our politicians,
if either expect to obtain their compensation in ex
trinsic things for serving their country and their time
they are doomed to disappointment. The greatest
value of their efforts must ever be prospective, and
hence unremunerated at the time of service.
We talk of men controlling events. The men who
control events have passed from the stage when the
different elements which they have set in motion coin-
bine and culminate in events. We might as well say
that the bird at the point of the harrow in migratory
flocks directs and controls their flight; but let that
leader deflect five degrees from the line and he would
soon be a lone bird on a lone pilgrimage. The power
that controls the course of that flock sprung from an
tecedent generations and from forsaken nests. The
leader is merely the strongest of wing, and, if he
keeps his place, the truest of instinct. The men who
control the events of to-day are the men wrho moulded
the thought of former generations. The men who
saved the flag were those who, in school - house, in
church, and college taught the boys that there was
something higher than physical life, that it was u not
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 133
all of life to live nor all of death to die ; " who put
into their hands the story of Marathon and Leuctra, of
Hampden and Algernon Sidney ; who helped to direct
their aspirations toward those heights which the con
current voice of humanity has determined to be the
highest planes of human action.
Among the duties of the educated man, the first, it
seems to me, should be the care of his health. The
engineer who should neglect the care of his engine, or
the traveller of his horse, would be considered igno
rant or criminal, and yet the machinery of the human
organism, on which all intelligent action depends, has
until late years received little or no attention.
We have wondered in the past — as you of the fore
noon will wonder in the future — why men of bright
minds, of whom much is predicted, never appear above
the surface ; we often wonder why brilliant men who
have great opportunities fail to rise to the height of
the occasion, while some hitherto obscure men take
their places. This was vividly noticeable during the
war of the rebellion. The cause was and is nothing
more than a lack of reserve power, which proper phys
ical care would have stored up for emergencies. Ner
vous exhaustion is at the bottom of three fourths of the
failures among thinking Americans, in office or else
where. Those money-makers whose sole ambition is
to die rich consider the last ten or twelve years of
their life, according to the rate of interest, worth in
bullion, all the preceding years, because in that time
their previous accumulations double ; is it not fair to
infer that the last decade of a thinker's life is worth
all the preceding ? He has the experience of a life
time garnered up, and, if he has lived and thought
134 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
correctly, the accumulated reputation which gives his
ideas a momentum not otherwise attainable.
I know of no better illustration of a sound mind in
a sound body than that great English-speaking man —
I will not call him an Englishman, for he belongs to
the world — Mr. Gladstone. Nay more, I know of no
greater illustration of the cumulative force of a well-
lived life. Entering upon public affairs as a tory,
more than fifty years ago, his great heart, solid and
brilliant intellect, well-trained mind, correct instincts
born of a pure life, sound physique, and a laudable
ambition, first carried him into the liberal party, and
then, on the Irish question, clear beyond it, and now
nearly seventy-eight years of age, the man of a hun
dred fights, the " grand old man " stands cheerful and
undismayed amid fearful odds fighting for humanity.
This man has taken care of his health — has worked
when at work and has had rest and recreation in due
season, and enough of it. I should like to descant
upon the symmetrical development of heart, brain, and
muscle of this great man, but time forbids. There is
one act, however, which, to my mind, would entitle
him to fame, if there were nothing else — the with
drawal of the British troops from the Transvaal after
their defeat by the Boers. The British were in the
wrong, and against the clamor of jingoism he did it,
and gave no other explanation than this : " The gov
ernment recognizes an ambition higher than that which
looks for military triumph or territorial aggrandize
ment, but which seeks to signalize itself by walking
in the plain and simple ways of justice, and which
desires never to build up empire except in the happi
ness of the governed." It is said that amid the excit-
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 135
ing debates of '83 on the Irish question — when he
was the object of the most violent attacks — he found
time to compose a national hymn for Italy.
It is such men as Lincoln and Gladstone who, carry
ing abstract ideas of justice and generosity into poli
tics, make a government of opinion possible, and avert
the evils which flow in the train of enactments, or tra
ditions observed in violation of the growing moral sen
timent of Christendom.
The educated man should guard well his faith. This
is an iconoclastic age. Things long accepted as truths
are being scrutinized by the merciless eye of modern
investigation. Men are beginning to ask was Nero
really a monster or Richard III. a bad man. Benedict
Arnold finds apologists and Aaron Burr defenders.
The children of the Tiber, wolf-nurtured, are at best
regarded as allegorical. William Tell has been rele
gated to the realms of myths, and Mazeppa, dear to
every youthful heart, is said never to have taken the
ride which he imposed as truth on Charles XII. after
the fight at Pultowa; that he was not even a Cossack
of the Don, but that he was born in Poland and died
in Turkey.
From this spirit of modern investigation has arisen
a school of thought, or rather of limitations, known as
" agnosticism." I am not able to find the word in any
lexicon. I do not know who coined it. This school has
its uses in searching for truth where the senses and the
reason are the bases, but in dealing with man's moral
and spiritual nature it has no place. Until science can
analyze and explain the emotions of the human heart
and the aspirations which come to every soul, until
hope and despair can be shown to be the outcome of
136 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the attraction of gravitation, love and hate to be cor
relatives of centrifugal and centripetal force, and hero
ism and self-sacrifice the creation of material laws —
until then Science herself must acknowledge that there
are limitations to her domain in dealing with the higher
nature of man.
Science has her domain ; it is in dealing with the
material. Her criterion of truth is the evidence of
the senses regulated by the understanding, or the de
ductions of reason uncontradicted by the senses.
Some scientists hold that a man is what his temper
ament and environment make him. No one is prima
rily responsible for his temperament or environment,
and they in turn control his subsequent environment.
It seems to me incontrovertible that if we rely on rea
son alone, uncontradicted by the senses, there is an
end to all accountability ; but we know when we have
reached such a conclusion that we have proved that
which is false, and hence must infer that some factor
has been left out ; that although investigation in phys
ics must be controlled by the senses and the reason,
when we come to the higher nature of man, another
factor, call it by what name we will — I prefer to call
it faith — is an essential check thereon. Without
faith in an overruling power, in a hereafter, and in
the great law of compensation, I consider it just as
impossible for a man to work up to his highest capac
ity as it is for a fresco painter to decorate a ceiling
with the upper end of his ladder unsupported ; or a
sailor, stranded upon an unknown shore, girt in by the
sea and precipitous cliffs, to climb into the sunlight,
without the aid of some pendant vine, or rope thrown
down by a friendly hand.
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. M7
Reason should be the handmaid and not the antago
nist of Faith. She should not encroach upon the
domain of Faith, but should zealously guard her own,
lest Faith should degenerate into superstition. As
long, however, as Reason is not sufficient to deal with
all moral phenomena, she should concede that there
may be another factor required in the investigation of
moral truths, or else all must be reduced to mate
rialism.
Every sensible man must have doubts at times con
cerning many dogmas, — some may of these great
truths, — but let the doubter live right, cultivate those
virtues which the wisdom and experience of ages have
indorsed, and faith will come to him. It is better,
however, for a man to ground himself early ; it is a
wonderful economy of force to be thus moored.
Emerson says that every age of achievement has
been an age of faith. Without it a man is upon an
unknown sea, no sun nor compass to guide him and
without hope of port. Unless all things are a delu
sion and a snare, and life itself an ambuscade, faith is
as real a factor as reason.
What should an educated man's ambition be ? Not
his special one, for that may be a stepping-stone only
to his ultimate aim. In the successful pursuit of our
petty ambitions we are like children who chase their
little pink balloons, delighted with the prize when
reached, then sink to sleep and wake to find their
treasures collapsed, and in the place of translucent
spheres, shrivelled tissues, useless and unattractive.
Many of us are apt to mistake appetite for ambition.
They are as distinct as the animus of the thorough
bred and the mule. The mule has appetite, the thor-
138 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
oughbred has ambition. The flapping ears of the mule
are thrown forward and he bears on the bit as he
comes in sight of the gilded vanes, the pointed tur
rets, and the flying pennons of the race track. To
him they represent padded stalls, good grooming, and
plenty of oats. When they come into the view of
the thoroughbred, they represent a theatre of action.
His neck arches, his eye glistens, and his nostrils flare,
because there passes before him a panorama of the
race — the struggle down each quarter : —
The hurrying hoof beats that anneal
The earth to earth and hoof to steel ;
the rush past the grand stand, cheered on by the sym
pathetic huzzas of ten thousand spectators.
If we desire wealth, not as a means of doing good,
but on account of the distinction it confers or the lux
ury it can purchase for sybaritic living — that is appe
tite. To desire place, not as a theatre of action, but
for the reflected reputation it lends, is appetite. To
desire either as a sphere of usefulness or as a means
for beneficent purpose is ambition.
Marcus Aurelius says : " Keep thyself then simple,
good, pure, serious, free from affectation, a friend of
justice, a worshipper of the gods, kind, affectionate,
strenuous in all proper acts. Strive to continue to be
such as philosophy wishes to make thee. Reverence
the gods and help man. Short is life. There is only
one fruit of this terrene life — a pious disposition and
social acts." No prophet, raven fed, could have given
a better rule of life.
Many talk as if life were a game. We of its after
noon, as we look back, will say that life is governed by
law, or, if it is a game, that the rules are well laid
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 139
down and strictly enforced. I have seen men defy
moral laws and break the rules ; men of force, men of
brains, with all the prerequisites of success save con
science. They were always rowing against the cur
rent of those laws which none can successfully ignore.
To them, looking over the side of their boat, and
watching the bubbles, their speed seemed extreme and
their momentum irresistible ; but, to one measuring
their progress by a fixed point on the shore, it was
plain that despite all their efforts, they were being
swept down stream.
An educated man in any community should estab
lish confidence in his honesty — his bona fides This
good faith is the foundation of all society not the
creature of force, and its universal prevalence would
rectify nearly all the evils that affect civilized man as
a social being. Bad faith destroys confidence, aggra
vates selfishness, stimulates suspicion. It is not con
fined to any condition. There may be an excuse for
an ignorant man acting in bad faith — there can be
none for the educated.
The thinker or educated man (for that is the sense
in which I use it — one educated to think) should get
down close to the heart of humanity. He cannot
help it, if he is true to his methods and, primarily, is
not of bad material. The masses are the meal and
the thinkers are the leaven ; if the leaven keeps aloof
the compound will never rise. A thinker whose sym
pathies do not reach down and entwine about our
common humanity is a human orchid — he may be
beautiful to look at but of little use to the world. An
educated man should not palter with his ideas of right
and wrong — moral defection is the sure precursor of
intellectual degradation.
140 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
There seem to be eras when the progress of the
race is accelerated to a degree beyond comparison with
former generations ; when civilization might be said to
reveal new powers, as horses on the track sometimes
astonish their drivers by bursts of speed. Such a time
was that when, after the repulse of the Persians,
Athens emulated her military glory in the arts of
peace. It was the age of Pericles, which led in that
flight which Christendom during many enlightened
centuries has sought to imitate. It was the age of
Plato, Demosthenes, Phidias, Apelles, Parrhasius, Prax
iteles. It was the age when architecture burst into
bloom, and philosophy led man to a higher conception
of his destiny, here and hereafter — a philosophy not
undeserving of the place of handmaid to Christianity.
In a later age, Augustus gave peace to the Roman
world, after it had passed through a period of political
debauchery ; after the proscriptions of Marius and
Sulla and the two triumvirates. Then Livy wrote
and Maro sang. A few decades after appeared the
Divine Teacher whose precepts and examples were a
new dispensation to mankind.
Then followed the Renaissance, after Constantinople
had fallen, and the Turk, having overrun Greece, was
threatening all Europe ; when Michael Angelo de
signed and chiselled, and Raphael and Titian put their
immortal poems upon canvas ; when Tasso sang and
St. Peter's grew into shape under the great Master ;
when a merchant, by sheer force of his genius, generos
ity, and sympathy, kept at the head of the Florentine
republic and attained the soubriquet of "Lorenzo the
Magnificent." But a few years after this came the
great religious awakening known as the Reformation.
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 141
Again, the age of Elizabeth, immortalized by Shake
speare, Bacon, Ben Jonson, Raleigh, and Drake, was
followed by the spiritual exaltation that gave civili
zation to our continent, constitutional liberty to the
mother country, and ended the divine right of kings.
Our era also marks one of the great epochs of
humanity. It has been a fateful fifty years. If not
preeminent in art it has been in science, if not in song
in philanthropy, if not in philosophy in physics. If
it has produced no Phidias, no Virgil, no Raphael, no
Shakespeare, it has produced a Stephenson, a Daguerre,
a Morse, an Ericsson, an Edison in science ; a Cavour,
a Bismarck in practical politics ; a Lincoln, a Glad
stone, and a Victor Hugo among political seers ; a
Florence Nightingale, a Dorothea Dix, a Clara Barton,
and a Lucretia Mott. All these have been representa
tive men and women, not separated from their fellows
like mountain peaks from plain and valley, but rather
raised on grateful shoulders because they have been
the servants of all. We, too, have passed through an
ordeal of war. Great national prosperity followed the
wars in all the cases cited, as in ours, and then came
the great mental, moral, and religious awakenings
which have been among the potent agents of subse
quent times.
I believe that the great mental activity and mate
rial prosperity of the last fifty years is the forerunner
of a great religious and moral upheaval, and that we
are on the eve of it. The signs of the times point
that way. There is a need for it, and whenever a
need is felt, that need is supplied — if accepted theo
ries prevail. I believe that humanity, unsatisfied, not
with religion, but with dogmas and landmarks of the
142 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
past, is seeking to orient itself anew. The religious
compass of the world has varied as we have sailed
west, and no prophet or priest has as yet risen to
explain. Unlike the crew of Columbus, nothing but
an explanation consistent with reason will be accepted.
Humanity, like a bird upon her nest, is rustling its
feathers and giving those indications of uneasiness
which precede a flight. I confidently believe it will
be a rising from the ground. The Sermon on the
Mount and the Golden Rule will stand ; but men will
rise to a higher appreciation of them and a more prac
tical application.
Materially, shall the great mass of mankind share
in the benefits of increased wealth, and the conse
quent comforts obtainable, or is a more favored condi
tion going to crystallize into a class, with legislation
tending to their advantage? The tendency of civil
ization has been to equalize the condition of men,
to substitute reason for force, to curb the strong and
protect the weak.
Our people should be educated up to a knowledge
that legislation cannot insure prosperity — it can only
remove grievances. It is intended to protect men in
their natural rights, and enforce their observance of
the rights of others, and, when it seeks to go be
yond that, it is usurping powers dangerous alike to
the State and the individual. Natural rights are,
abstractly, according to our ideas, life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. We are told by some, however,
that the present organization of society abridges the
first, curtails the second, and renders the last futile.
Who shall solve the problem ?
Mr. Henry George, in his entertaining book, " Prog-
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 143
ress and Poverty," finds a panacea for all our ills in
land taxation from whence all government revenues
are to be derived. This, to be effective, must amount
to practical confiscation. Then, when two or more
men .should want the same piece of land, the only way
it could be assigned would be to the highest bidder,
and we should have the doctrine of rent established
with the government for a landlord. The equity of
taxation consists in its being equally burdensome.
This would create a surplus in the treasury, to which
any former surplus would be a bagatelle. This must
be expended in useless wars of conquest, in vast
schemes of internal improvement, or by direct divi
sion among the citizens. In either case, a paternal
system would be inaugurated which would finally peo
ple our land with a dependent class infinitely more to
be dreaded than the proletariat of Rome or the lazza-
roni of Naples.
My experience is that all men actively or passively
desire the happiness of others. Who shall show the
way ? In the absence of some genius, some Michael
Angelo of humanity, the problem must be worked out
by slow processes and tentative methods. There is no
royal road to the Delectable Mountains for the race,
any more than for the individual. The way in the
future, as in the past, will be through the Slough of
Despond, and the Valley of Humiliation.
I believe we are on the eve of a great advance in
the condition of humanity. Everything points that
way ; the superabundance of wealth makes it possible,
the unsettled condition of beliefs, the willingness to
tear away from traditions, the healthy discontent of
manual laborers, and the general recognition of the
144 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
brotherhood of man. Civilization hitherto has been
a mob striving for personal advantage. The law has
been natural selection, which is the law of selfishness.
This is apparently giving way, in places, to the law
of supernatural selection or the law of self-sacrifice.
Throughout the ages, instances of those invincible
ones who lead forlorn hopes, who throw themselves
into the gulf for the good of others, have gleamed like
stars above the turgid stream of a coarse and vulgar
humanity. To us who believe that there is a destiny
for the race, does it not seem likely that such instances
will become more frequent, until the scale has turned,
and the exceptions will be the law ?
There are great questions to be solved before the
American people. The tendency of our civilization is
not to produce those gigantic figures who lead for good
or ill, repressing the units in a childlike tutelage ; but
here each unit is expected to furnish its quota, and we
must work out a common destiny in common. The
thinker should make himself felt in politics ; the
State will be — whether we wish or it not — a reflex of
the average moral sentiment and intelligence of our
people, and his influence should be mingled with the
mass. People prate about the degradation of politics,
and yet keep aloof from the primaries — the source
of good or evil. They grow enthusiastic over Pericles
and his control of the Athenian mob, Cicero and his
senatorial efforts, Caesar and his Commentaries, Mira-
beau in the tribune ; and yet every one of these men
was a politician par excellence. As far as my expe
rience goes, politics, so called, are just as honest, and
in many cases more generous than any other pursuit.
Certainly, if we judge by public utterances, the ideal
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 145
in politics is higher than in any vocation save theology ;
if it were not so, there would be the greater need that
educated men should mingle in them.
Some modern philosopher has said that, if you wish
to know how men will act under certain circumstances,
find out how men did act under similar circumstances
two thousand years ago. I believe his implication is
wrong ; that men under similar circumstances would
act to-day on a higher plane than they did two thou
sand years ago. Does any one believe that the Sani
tary and Christian commissions of the war of the re
bellion were possible two thousand years ago ? No,
rny friends, men on the average are inspired by higher
motives than ever before. Better men died at Naseby
than at Marathon, and better men died at Gettysburg
than at Naseby. The national government, which
founded and endowed this University, and the State,
which has appropriated many thousands for its sup
port and development, have a moral right to the best
efforts of each and every one of its graduates — to
the end that good government may be advanced.
The question of the day which presses nearest, and
the solution of which to me seems imminent, is the
drink problem. It is a question in which there is
so much of morals as to invoke the aid of religion,
and so much of social and civil economies as to enlist
all practical men and lovers of good government.
The hearthstone, the counting-room, the halls of jus
tice, and the sources of legislation are vitally involved,
and he must have read the history of this people
" upside down," who doubts the result of the struggle
with this worst and widest of moral cancers. Public
opinion, vibrating between methods, is crystallizing
10
146 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
upon a decree that it is better that the strong should
want alcohol, than that the weak should be overcome
by it; and may God speed the day of its announce
ment and the era of its enforcement.
Since governments were first instituted among men,
I believe no share in their administration has ever been
bestowed, except in the imminence of peril to, or for
the supposed advantage of, the individual or party
making the bestowal. Should the men, intent upon
the extirpation of the saloon and the protection of
home and society, lose heart in the strife, or fear an
overthrow, they may call in the moral reserves, which
have impatiently awaited action these many years, and
woman suffrage — always just, always right, always
logical — would be attained at a bound. The disfran-
chisement of woman, illogical and indefensible as it is,
has little else than tradition and apathy to maintain it
to-day.
The surplus in our national treasury is another of
those problems which confront thinking men at the
present time. It is a queer subject over which to be
anxious, but in its correct treatment is involved the
material prosperity of our people, and perhaps their
moral well-being. There is no doubt that a plethoric
treasury, with no system of expenditure upon which
all are substantially agreed — with the constantly re
curring question. "What shall we do with it?" — will
in the end demoralize not only trade, but the thrift of
our people.
There are many ways to compass the question. We
may utilize the surplus in internal improvements on an
unprecedented scale, increase our pension lists, con
struct coast defences, build a navy, or we may reduce
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 147
the income of the government. The latter may be
done in three ways — by increasing the free list of im
ports, by raising the tariff to a more prohibitory stand
ard, or by remitting the internal revenue taxes. If we
do not curtail our revenue we shall be compelled to
find ways for its disposition. For the present, at least,
I believe in finding those ways.
Two years ago there were reported to be twelve
thousand honorably discharged soldiers in the poor-
houses of the country they had helped to save. From
various causes, under the rules of the pension office,
they could receive no pensions. I believe it is the
duty of the government to take care of all these men
and to assist many others in their need. A man who
served four years in the army, came out without blem
ish, and the next day in going home was injured by an
accident and crippled for life, is entitled to no pension
under the laws, while the man who fell from his horse
and was injured in going to the front on the first day
of his enlistment, may have drawn his pension from
that day to this. I believe decency, good morals, and
public policy demand that every soldier, honorably
discharged, dependent upon his own labor for support
and disabled from any cause — not the result of his
own vice or gross carelessness — should be supported
by the government. I believe that every dependent
parent or widow, who gave stay and support to the
country, should be pensioned, and not confined to ob
solete rules in proving their claims. The reason we
have this surplus is that we have no large standing
army, and we have no large standing army, because we
rely upon our volunteers in case of war. To neglect
to care for them is not honest. It is not decent or wise.
148 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Another legitimate outlet for the surplus may be
found in our system of internal improvements. It will
be conceded by all, that one great cause of our de
velopment and increased prosperity lies in the facilities
of exchange by our unrivalled system of rivers and
railroads. Without these, the stimulus to labor, the
incitement to enterprise, the reward of effort, would be
greatly diminished. Private enterprise has extended
our railways, and governmental aid has improved our
water-courses, until the saving on what passes througk
the Detroit river, as between the prices of 1857 and
those of 1885, was over $49,000,000. The railroads
probably carried as much at as large a saving, or,
in all, nearly $100,000,000 a year. If all points had
the double advantage of water and rail, no interstate
commerce act would have been needed ; it was against
unjust discrimination, where railroads had the power,
that that measure was aimed.
The transportation question is to be of the greatest
importance in the future, as it has been in the past.
If the provisions of the interstate commerce act work
satisfactorily to the people, and to the railroads, or if
this measure, which must be regarded as an experi
ment, opens the way to future legislation, which will
reconcile the interests of the people with the perform
ance of the railroads, the question will be solved —
otherwise new devices will be tried. The bulk of our
future population will be between the Rocky and the
Alleghany mountains, and it will demand for freight to
and from either seaboard a minimum rate. If private
or associated enterprise will provide it, that will suffice ;
if not, we may expect to see the people demand, at the
hands of the government, great trunk lines from ocean
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 149
to ocean, whereon the government shall furnish motive
power at the lowest cost, open to all comers, with their
single cars or competing car lines. The proposition
might shock at first many conservative minds, but it is
difficult to see why appropriations for water
are to be considered legitimate, and the like for
carriage denied. Nothing but custom gives one
preference over the other. The object is cheap
portation, and commerce sees no difference between
wheels on land and wheels in the water. If the rail
way companies of this country do not wish to see the
federal government a competitor in the freight car
riage of the country, let them strive, jointly with the
interstate commerce commission, to reconcile those
conflicts which have made that commission necessary.
The limitation or encouragement of immigration is
another of the questions obtruding itself upon our
people. We have shut out one race because it was
alien and uncongenial, and it only awaits a public
demand to close, in whole or in part, the gates upon
the other shore. In the confidential relations of life
we demand of those coming to us certificates of char
acter, and I know of no reason why we should not
demand the same from those coming to form a part of
our great national family. Why should they not bring
certificates of character, properly authenticated by our
diplomatic or consular officers as to their value and
validity, to be scrutinized by our national officers on
their entry into the United States ? We have now a
quarantine system, to protect us against physical con
tagion ; why is it not our duty as well as our right to
make a moral and political quarantine mandatory —
to the end that men entertaining convictions or vaga-
150 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
ries as the case may be, hostile to our theory of gov
ernment, anarchical, nihilistic, and destructive of our
institutions, should be excluded ? We have still room
for brain and brawn, but they must be directed by
loyalty to order and good government.
Ladies and gentlemen, — these are a few of the
questions which seem to me to demand the attention
of thinking men and women, submitted by one who
has mingled more with men than with books. When
these are disposed of, others, just as vital, will present
themselves. One of the penalties of living is, that if
we do not pull an oar or trim a sail we shall be car
ried with the tide ; but we can do more for our kind,
and for our own development, if we strive to get the
north star, and sail with the certainty it affords, than
if we drift with the current, regardless of the shore,
the shoals, or the eddies.
To us is given a theatre never enjoyed before, polit
ically, by mankind. Americans are called boastful.
This is probably the truth, and I pity the man or
woman who can visit Europe, or look upon the present
condition of affairs there, without a thrill of thankful
ness that a sphere of action is afforded here not ob
tainable elsewhere. Powerful as ideas are, in no other
country are they allowed to get the momentum which
here they may acquire according to their intrinsic
merits. Russia, with the people on one side, the no
bles on the other, and the ruler paralyzed between
the conflicting parties ; Austria, owing her autonomy
to the rival hatreds of discordant races ; Germany,
submitting to military rule and one-man power that
she may hold her place among the nations — to the
end that, homogeneous and powerful, she may work
SENATOR PALMER'S ADDRESS. 151
out those grand results which her great thinkers have
foreshadowed in abstractions ; France, preserving her
status quo by reason of the jealousies of parties ; Eng
land, paying the penalty of her pride and cruelty of
class for many generations : all appear to be tending
to great crises, the event of which none can foretell.
The debts of most of these nations are appalling, and
yet their accumulation goes on. The best of their
young men are kept in the army, ready and sure to
destroy what their weaker brethren are creating, and
the question is where is the end ?
With us, wealth is being stored up, and the query is,
not how it may be destroyed, but how it may be best
distributed. In our agitation and discontent I see
signs of healthful life and not decay. I desire never
to see the time when American citizens shall be con
tented. That way lies our political death. It is the
moribund condition of the citizen. I want to see that
discontent which proposes to find relief by proper ef
forts and legal methods. Violence is the enemy of us
all, particularly of the poor. It is the forerunner of
troops in the streets — the man on horseback. What
has saved the country in the past has been the think
ers, rich and poor. What will save it in the future
will be the thinkers, the educated men, educated not
only in intellect, but in morals and in the emotions ;
men who have faith, men of ideas, men of sympa
thies — whether from the farm, the workshop, or the
college — and' let us trust that not the least among
them shall come from a University endowed by our
Government and encouraged by our State.
COMMEMORATIVE ORATION.
BY PRESIDENT JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D.
WE celebrate to-day the jubilee of this University.
Her years are indeed few when compared with those
of Heidelberg University, which last year kept her
five hundredth anniversary, or with those of the Uni
versity of Edinburgh, which recently observed her
tercentenary, or even with those of Harvard Univer
sity, which last autumn gathered an illustrious assem
bly to celebrate the two hundred and fiftieth year
of her prosperous life. But in this country, where
we judge men by their achievements rather than by
their lineage, we properly judge of institutions by
their deeds rather than by their age. When we con
sider what we must, in all soberness of language, call
the extraordinary development of this University, es
pecially during the last thirty-five years ; when we re
member that men are living who have shot wild deer
upon the grounds which now form our Campus ; when
we see that from the number of her students and from
the extent, variety, and excellence of her work, she is
deemed by the public not unworthy a place by the
side of the oldest and best endowed universities of our
country, and that she has sent out more than eight
thousand graduates who are adorning all honorable
vocations in all parts of the world, — we may well
pause for a day even at this early stage in her history
to rejoice at the unparalleled rapidity of her growth,
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 153
to acknowledge our grateful appreciation of the men
who laid her foundations with prescient wisdom, and
of the equally wise men who builded thereon in the
broad spirit of the founders, and to stimulate our
hearts with fresh hope and courage for the future.
The vigorous and virile life of the West, which within
the memory of many now before me has reared im
mense cities on the prairies and has builded States
that are empires all the way from the Great Lakes to
the Pacific, has also poured its currents through the
veins of this school of learning, and has hurried it in
a few brief years to the development which the strong
est of the New England universities took two centu
ries and more to reach.
We might in a very just sense celebrate this year
the centennial of the life of the University. For the
germ of that life and of the life of all the state uni
versities in the West is found in that great instrument,
the Ordinance of 1787, which was adopted just a hun
dred years ago the thirteenth of next month. You
remember that memorable article, whose first sentence
we have placed here upon our walls, a sentence which
should be engraved in letters of gold on fitting monu
ments in every State that was carved out of the North
west Territory : " Religion, morality, and knowledge,
being necessary to good government and the happiness
of mankind, schools and the means of education shall
forever be encouraged."
Within a fortnight after the adoption of the Ordi
nance, Congress acted up to the spirit of the impera
tive shall in that instrument by making appropriations
of lands for a university and schools in Ohio, the first
of the long series of appropriations of lands by the
154 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
General Government for educational purposes. The
precedent then established has been uniformly followed
in the admission of new States. Well, therefore, might
not only this University, but all the public schools
and the state universities in the Northwest, join in
grateful observance of the hundredth anniversary of
the Great Charter of freedom and intelligence for this
region. Well might they together commemorate the
centennial of the inauguration of that fruitful policy,
which has endowed institutions of learning, from the
lowest to the highest, by the gift of public lands.
It was in strict accordance with the spirit of the
great Ordinance that Congress took action, March 26,
1804, reserving for a seminary of learning a township
in each of the three divisions of the Territory of
Indiana, one of which became in 1805 the Territory
of Michigan and so received the grant. And on this
day when we gladly recall the names of our benefac
tors, let us not forget to acknowledge that our endow
ments were materially enlarged by the generosity of
the aboriginal inhabitants of this region. By the
Treaty of Fort Meigs, negotiated in 1817, the Otta-
was, Chippewas, and Pottawatomies granted six sec
tions of land to be divided between the Church of St.
Anne, in Detroit, and the College of Detroit. This
College of Detroit, which was the lineal ancestor of
the University, was not established until a month after
the treaty. When steps were taken in 1824 to select
the lands ceded by the Indians, such difficulties were
encountered in complying with the conditions of the
act of 1804, that Congress in 1826 made the location
of lands practicable, and authorized the selection of a
quantity equal in amount to twice the original grant.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 155
The entire endowment of lands thus became equal to
two townships and three sections. There is something
pathetic in this gift of the Indians, who were even
then so rapidly fading away. They doubtless hoped
that some of their descendants might attain to the
knowledge which the white man learned in his schools
and which gave him such wonderful power and skill.
Their hope has never been realized, so far as I know,
by the education of any full-blooded Indian at the
University. We cannot rival Harvard which has on
her roll of graduates the unpronounceable name of one
of the aborigines. But we should never forget the
generous impulses of the men of the forest who gave
of what was dearest to them an amount surpassing in
ultimate value the gifts for which the names of Nich
olas Brown and Elihu Yale and John Harvard were
bestowed on colleges in New England.1 We may per
haps be grateful also that in their modesty they did
not ask that their names should be given to their ben
eficiary.
It has been said, and doubtless with truth, that the
Congresses which adopted the Ordinance and made the
earlier gifts of lands for educational purposes did not
at all appreciate how great were to be the beneficent
results of their action. How was it possible that they
should ? For achievement has in this Western country
outrun the prophecy of the most sanguine seer. The
wildest dreams of the future development of this re
gion which were cherished by the most enthusiastic
settlers of Ohio a hundred years ago seem tame and
1 This comparison of the generosity of the Indians to that of the
founders of Eastern colleges was first made by Judge Cooley, in his
Michigan, p. 313.
156 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
prosaic by the side of the romantic facts of the history
itself as we read it to-day. How could they have
imagined that by this time there should be in the
Northwest Territory, a large part of which was then
an untrodden wilderness, a population four times as
great as that of the whole United States in their day,
and that over the whole of it schools, academies, and
colleges should be sown multitudinous as the stars of
heaven. If they builded better than they knew, there
was in the scope of their far-reaching work a happy
augury of the broad and generous wisdom which by
some good fortune has presided over the various and
successive plans for the organization and development
of a university in this State.
The original plan which was drawn by Judge Wood
ward in 1817 was characterized by remarkable breadth,
though sketched in language ridiculously pedantic.
In the development of our strictly university work
we have yet hardly been able to realize the ideal of
the eccentric but gifted man who framed the project
of the " Catholepistemiad, or University of Michiga-
nia," with its " thirteen didaxiim, or professorships."5
Even while amusing ourselves at his polyglot vo
cabulary, we may remember that our statesmen of
early days carried on their discussions under classical
pseudonyms ; that Mr. Jefferson suggested names for
the Western States hardly less remarkable than the
formidable title with which the University was bur
dened at its christening, and that the classical diction
ary was fairly emptied on the towns of central New-
York. Judge Woodward, apparently mindful of the
1 The original draft in the handwriting of Judge Woodward is in the
University Library. A transcript is printed at the close of this oration.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 157
fact that universities had in every land grown up be
fore the lower schools and had been the chief instru
mentality in nourishing them, provided in his scheme
that the president and the professors of the University
should have the entire direction of collegiate, secon
dary, and lower education. They were to have the
power, — I quote his comprehensive language, — " to
establish colleges, academies, schools, libraries, muse
ums, athenaeums, botanic gardens, laboratories, and
other useful literary and scientific institutions conso
nant to the laws of the United States of America and
of Michigan, and to provide for and appoint directors,
visitors, curators, librarians, instructors and instruc-
trixes, in, among, and throughout the various coun
ties, cities, towns, townships, or other geographical
divisions of Michigan." The instruction in every
grade was to be gratuitous to those who were unable
to pay the modest fees fixed. Fifteen per cent, of the
taxes imposed and fifteen per cent, of the proceeds of
four lotteries were to be devoted to the support of
this institution thus charged with the conduct of all
public education in Michigan. Whatever criticisms may
be made upon this scheme, it certainly showed in its
author a remarkably broad conception of the range
which should be given to education here, a conception,
it may be believed, which was never lost from sight,
and which doubtless made easy the acceptance twenty
years later of the large plans of educational organiza
tion that were then readily adopted. It was a happy
prophecy of the truly liberal spirit, which was subse
quently to guide in the conduct of the University,
that the first professors appointed for the " Catholepis-
temiad " were the Rev. John Monteith, the Presbyte-
158 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
rian minister in Detroit, and Gabriel Richard, the Ro
man Catholic Apostolical Vicar of Michigan. They
established primary schools, and also the college in
Detroit under the name of The First College of Mich-
igania. For the aid of the institution some few thou
sands of dollars were raised by subscription, and the
unused balance of a fund, given by citizens of Mon
treal and Mackinaw to help the sufferers from the fire
which destroyed a large part of Detroit in 1805, was,
at the request of its donors, turned into its treasury.
In 1821 the governor and judges translated Judge
Woodward's charter into modern forms of speech and
modified it in some particulars. They gave to the in
stitution the simple name of The University of Mich
igan. Repealing the act of 1817, they yet retained in
the act or charter of 1821 the grant to the University
of the power to establish colleges and schools so far as
the funds, which were no longer to be furnished by
taxation, would permit. The catholicity of this char
ter of 1821 is shown in this memorable article: "Be it
enacted, that persons of every religious denomination
shall be capable of being elected trustees ; nor shall
any person, as president, professor, instructor, or pupil,
be refused admittance for his conscientious persuasion
in matters of religion, provided he demean himself in
a proper manner and conform to such rules as may be
established."
The Trustees maintained in Detroit for some time
what was known as a Lancasterian School, and until
1837 a classical school, but their chief business con
sisted in caring for the lands. In those early years,
when the population of the Territory was small, the
college was not yet needed. But what we want to
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 159
keep distinctly in mind to-day and to state with clear
ness and emphasis is that in both the act of 1817 and
in that of 1821, those two early charters of the Uni
versity, what we may call the Michigan idea of a sys
tem of education, beginning with the University and
stretching down through all the lower grades to the
primary school, was distinctly set forth. While we are
celebrating to-day the semi-centennial of the present
form of the organization of the University, let us not
forget that without impropriety a semi-centennial cel
ebration might have been held twenty years ago ; that
there is, as the Supreme Court of the State has de
clared, a legal and corporate continuity from the Uni
versity of 1817 to that of 1821, and again to that of
1837 ; that a just conception of the functions of a uni
versity was at least seventy years ago made familiar
to the citizens of Michigan ; that what may be termed
the Michigan idea of a university was never entirely
forgotten from that day until now ; and, therefore, that
the memory of the fathers who framed the charter
and nourished the feeble life of those earlier universi
ties should be cherished by us to-day and by our de
scendants forever.
On the admission of Michigan to the Union as a
State, broad plans for public education were taken up
with a more vigorous spirit than ever before. The
men who framed the first constitution and shaped the
early legislation of the State were men of large views,
great enterprise, and marked force. They had come
mainly from Ohio, New York, and New England,
though a few conspicuous leaders were from Virginia.
A considerable proportion of them were college bred,
and all appreciated the importance of a well organized
160 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
system of public education. Isaac E. Crary, a gradu
ate of Trinity (then called Washington) College, in
Connecticut, was chairman of the Committee on Edu
cation in the Constitutional Convention, and drafted
the article on that subject which was incorporated into
our first constitution.1 Fortunately he had made a
study of Cousin's famous Report on the Prussian
System of Education, and under the inspiration of
that study sketched in the article a most compre
hensive plan. It provided for the appointment of a
Superintendent of Public Instruction, an officer then
unknown to any one of our States ; for the establish
ment of common schools, of a library for each town
ship, and of a university ; and in general for the pro
motion by the legislature of intellectual, scientific, and
agricultural improvement.
What a noble and statesmanlike conception those
founders of Michigan had of the educational outfit
needed by the young State, which they foresaw was
destined to be a great and powerful State ! What
1 The following facts concerning Mr. Crary, who exerted so large an
influence in establishing the educational system of Michigan, have been
obtained from his widow, now (1887) residing at Marshall, Michigan : —
Isaac Edwin Crary was born at Preston, Connecticut, October 2, 1804.
He was educated at Bacon Academy, Colchester, Connecticut, and at
Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford. He graduated from the
college in its first class, 1829, with the highest honors of the class. For
two years he was associated in the editorial work of The New England
Review, published at Hartford, with George D. Prentice, subsequently
the well-known editor of The Louisville Journal. He came to Michigan
in 1832. He was delegate to Congress from the Territory of Michigan^
and was the first representative of the State in Congress. He was once
Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives, and was a member of
the convention which drafted the first constitution of the State. He was
the author of the enacting clause of Michigan laws, " Th^ People of the
State of Michigan enact." He died May 8, 1854.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 161
a rebuke is their action to some of the theorists of our
day who would confine the action of the State in pro
viding for education to elementary instruction ! Would
that these men of narrow vision would study the
words and the acts of the men who framed our first
constitution and shaped our early legislation on edu
cation, and would thus learn what was the original and
genuine Michigan spirit and temper concerning the
support of all our educational institutions.
Through Mr. Crary's influence, his friend, the Kev.
John D. Pierce,1 a graduate of Brown University, who
had placed Cousin's Report in his hands, and had dis
cussed with him at length the plans of education
needed in Michigan, was appointed the first Superin
tendent of Public Instruction. It was a singular good
fortune that befell the State when Mr. Pierce was
selected in that formative period for that important
office. I cannot here pause to recognize what he did
for the common schools. But I will say that Henry
Barnard did not do more for the common schools of
Rhode Island, nor Horace Mann for those of Massa
chusetts, than John D. Pierce did for those of Michi
gan. But to-day we are primarily concerned with
what he did for the University. Having after his
appointment made a journey to the East for the pur
pose of conferring with Edward Everett, President
Day, Governor Marcy, and other prominent men, upon
educational topics, he sketched with a free, bold hand,
in his first report, presented in January, 1837, a plan
1 Mr. Pierce graduated at Brown University in 1822, and came to
Michigan as a preacher in the service of the Presbyterian Home Mission
ary Society. He was Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan
from 1836 to 1841. He died April 5, 1882, aged eighty-five.
11
162 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
for the organization of the University. He provided
for the government of the institution by a Board of
Regents, a part of whom were always to be certain
State officers, and a part of whom were to be elected
by the legislature. There were to be three depart
ments : one of Literature, Science, and the Arts, one
of Law, and one of Medicine. The scope of instruc
tion was to be as broad as it was under Judge Wood
ward's scheme. Our means have not as yet enabled
us to execute in all particulars the comprehensive plan
which was framed by Mr. Pierce.
Anticipating the question which might be asked in
this little State of two hundred thousand souls, " Can
an institution on a scale thus magnificent be sus
tained?" this man, full of faith in the future of Mich
igan and in the intelligence of the people, bravely
replied : " To suppose that the wants of the State will
not soon require a superstructure of fair proportions,
on a foundation thus broad, would be a severe re
flection on the foresight and patriotism of the age.
. . . Let the State move forward as prosperously for a
few years to come as it has for a few years past, and
one half of the revenue arising from the University
fund will sustain an institution on a scale more mag
nificent than the one proposed, and sustain it too with
only a mere nominal admittance fee. . . . The insti
tution then would present an anomaly in the history
of learning, a university of the first order, open to all,
tuition free." 1
Moreover, he foresaw plainly what would be the ad-
1 Shearman's System of Public Instruction and Primary School Law of
Michigan, pp. 23-33, gives a large part of Superintendent Pierce's first
report.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 163
vantages both to collegiate and to professional edu
cation in having professional schools established as
a part of the University. He paraphrased most aptly
a striking passage from Lord Bacon as follows : " To
disincorporate any particular science from general
knowledge is one great impediment to its advance
ment. For there is a supply of light and information
which the particulars and instances of one science do
yield and present for the framing and correcting the
axioms of another science in their very truth and
notion. For each particular science has a dependence
upon universal knowledge, to be augmented and recti
fied by the superior light thereof." J
The Superintendent's lucid and intelligent report
made a deep impression upon the legislature, and was
adopted with scarcely a dissenting voice. On March
18, 1837, the act establishing the University was ap
proved. It followed in all important particulars the
suggestions of the Superintendent. On the twentieth
of March the act was approved which located the Uni
versity at Ann Arbor, where the forty acres of land
now constituting our Campus had been gratuitously
offered as a site by the Arm Arbor Land Company.
Three of the members of that company are still liv
ing in this city, E. W. Morgan, Charles Thayer, and
Daniel B. Brown, and have been invited to be pres
ent as our guests to-day. The company purchased
his land with the intention of presenting a part of
it to the State as a site for the State House, in case
this place were chosen for the capital. On the fifth
of June, fifty years ago this month, the Board of Re-
1 The original may be found in Spedding and Heath's edition (Ameri
can reprint), vol. vi. pp. 43, 44.
164 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
gents held their first meeting in this town. That day
may perhaps with' as much propriety as any be con
sidered the natal day of the present organization of
the University.
The infancy of the institution was not unattended
with perils and with some disasters. A bill once
passed the Senate and was defeated in the House by
only one vote to distribute the income of the fund
among various colleges which were planned or which
might soon be planned. Mr. Pierce tells us that by his
personal effort he secured the defeat of that bill. He
had obtained from leading administrators of colleges in
various parts of the country, and had incorporated in
his annual report, opinions strongly urging the concen
tration of strength in one vigorous institution. Yet so
powerful were the private and local interests appealed
to by the bill that the frittering away of the endow
ment and the establishment of a brood of weak and
impoverished colleges were barely prevented.
Again, the first Board of Regents made the mistake
of adopting so magnificent a plan for buildings that
the execution of it must have crippled the resources
of the treasury for a long time. But here again the
vigilant Superintendent, Mr. Pierce, came to the rescue.
He exercised the power he then had of vetoing the
measure. He justified his act, which temporarily ex
cited a strong feeling against him, by pointing out the
fact so often overlooked even in these days, that not
bricks and mortar, but able teachers, libraries, cabinets,
and museums make a real university.1
A third peril, which the University did not wholly
1 Mr. Pierce gave an interesting account of his early efforts in behalf of
the University in a paper published in The Michigan Teacher, vol. iv.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 165
escape, was the sacrifice of much of the value of the
lands that constituted the endowment. The power to
sell the University lands was originally vested in the
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the mini
mum price of them was fixed at twenty dollars an
acre. In fact the average price secured by the State
in 1837 was twenty-two dollars and eighty-five cents
an acre. Could the lands have been sold at the prices
originally fixed, the endowment from the land grant
would have been nearly double what it is. But in
1839 an act was passed, authorizing the sale at one
dollar and a quarter an acre of any lands located for
University purposes, if it were proved that before
their location by the State they were occupied and
cultivated in accordance with the preemption law ot
Congress. The friends of the University were filled
with alarm at this prospect of so great a reduction of
the expected income. The Regents suspended all
operations for organizing the University and appealed
to Governor Mason to protect its interests. He inter
posed his veto of the bill and justified his veto by a
stirring message, and so saved the endowment. In
grateful recognition of this act and of the warm in
terest he always manifested in the University, we
gladly hang his portrait on our walls with those ot
our other benefactors and friends. Already in 1831
and again in 1834 the Trustees had made a grave
mistake by disposing at a low price of lands which
under the United States grant had been chosen in the
territory now occupied by the city of Toledo, and
which of themselves, if kept until now, would have
formed a large endowment. From 1838 to 1842 there
was much legislation, reducing the price of lands be-
166 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
low the minimum of twenty dollars an acre originally
established. One act authorized a reappraisal of lands
already sold at stipulated prices, in order to scale the
prices down for the benefit of the purchaser. It was
pleaded and doubtless with some truth that the finan
cial disasters of 1837 and the years immediately follow
ing made it difficult, if not impossible, for most pur
chasers to fulfil their contracts at that time. None the
less the calamity to the University treasury was most
serious. We can see now that it would have been far
better for the University and perfectly just to the pur
chasers to extend the time of payment, but not to
reduce the price. The general result of the manage
ment of our lands has been that, instead of obtaining
for them the sum of $921,000, which at twenty dol
lars an acre Mr. Pierce in his first report showed they
would bring, they have yielded $547,897.51, and one
hundred and twenty-five acres remain unsold. It is not
easy to guess how much more the Toledo lands would
have added to our fund, if they had been retained for
some years, but certainly some hundreds of thousands
of dollars. Still, we may at least temper our regret at
the sacrifice which was made by remembering that no
other one of the five States formed out of the North
west Territory made the land grant of the United
States yield so much to its University as Michigan did.
A step taken by the Regents at the very outset was
not without its perils to the University, though it also
brought some needed help to the institution and to the
State. It was the establishment of branches in vari
ous towns. These branches served as preparatory
schools for the University and as training schools for
teachers of the primary or district schools. They also
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 167
awakened a widespread interest in higher education,
and led ultimately to the establishment of the excel
lent high schools for which Michigan is so distin
guished. But they made so heavy a drain on the
treasury of the University that they seriously embar
rassed it, and had they been multiplied, as was at first
intended, they would have absorbed the entire income,
They did so desirable a work in our principal towns
that there grew up a sentiment in favor of making
the support of them the main object in the use of
the University funds. Governor Barry, in his message
in 1842, affirmed that the branches were to be more
useful than the University, and that they ought to be
multiplied, though he recommended less expenditure
on each. It is amusing to notice that they were ob
jected to by some as aristocratic institutions, since a
small tuition fee was charged. It is now pretty gen
erally agreed that the support of the branches was by
an illegal use of the University funds. After a few
years the Regents found themselves obliged to cut
down the appropriations to the branches, and finally
in 1849 to refuse them altogether. So this peril of
frittering away the funds on schools, like the earlier
one of frittering them away on numerous colleges, was
happily escaped.
Meantime from the date of their accession to office
the Regents had been busy in preparing to launch the
University. Their difficulties were very great. The
management of the lands was not in their hands. They
could not know, even approximately, in any one year
how much money they could rely on having the next
year. They had no power to appoint a president
They had many discouragements in unwise legislation.
168 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
But we owe them a debt of gratitude for the courage
with which they pushed on. Our scientific friends
will observe with interest that among their very first
acts was the purchase of the Baron Lederer collection
of minerals, and a copy of Audubon's Birds of Amer
ica. The very first professor they appointed was Dr.
Asa Gray, the distinguished botanist, who, crowned
with laurels from both hemispheres, is still laboring
with untiring activity in the freshness of a vigorous
old age.1 He was called to the chair of Zoology and
Botany. The Regents received in March, 1838, a
loan of one hundred thousand dollars from the State,
and by September, 1841, had completed the erection
of four dwelling-houses, absurdly planned by a New
York architect, and of the building which now forms
the north wing of this edifice. They first called this
north wing the " main building," and afterwards, in
honor of Governor Mason, Mason Hall, a name which
unfortunately did not remain in use. And so now, in
September, 1841, four years after the Regents had
begun their work, we find the doors of the University
really open for the reception of students, and Professor
Whiting and good Doctor Williams, as we learned to
call him afterwards, welcoming to their class - rooms
five freshmen and one sophomore. It is to be pre
sumed that there was not much hazing of freshmen
by the sophomore class. All but one of those six stu
dents are still living, to march at the head of the long
procession of graduates who have since left these halls.
In spite of financial distresses, which more than once
threatened to suspend the life of the institution in 1841
and 1842, the two zealous professors bravely held on to
1 Dr. Gray died January 30, 1888.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 169
their work. By 1844 the Faculty was enlarged in
number, and in 1845 the first class of students, num
bering eleven, was graduated with the degree of Bach
elor of Arts.
From this time until the accession of Dr. Tappan to
the presidency, the work of the college classes was
carried on after the methods and in the spirit of the
typical New England colleges. All colleges of stand
ing, except the University of Virginia, were so con
ducted. The professors were men of creditable attain
ments and were faithful to their duties. The substan
tial success of the men whom they trained, a good pro
portion of whom have rendered eminent services in va
rious professions, is the best testimony to the excellence
of the instruction they gave. But the number of
pupils was small. The maximum number during that
period was eighty-nine, reached in 1847-8. From that
time, owing no doubt to the suspension of the branches,
the attendance declined. In 1850 the report of the
Board of Visitors states that only fifty students were
actually in attendance, and inquires with earnestness
why, when the tuition is free, students are not attracted
in larger numbers to the University. After discussing
the facts, it concludes that the reasons of the lack of
prosperity are the lack of a president, a want of unity
in the Faculty, and the presence of professors chosen
on other grounds than those of fitness. This last
remark evidently refers to the policy which had been
followed of endeavoring to distribute the professor
ships among the several religious denominations.
Meantime, though the work of the college was so
limited, the Regents had not lost sight of the broad
plan which was originally contemplated for the Uni-
170 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
versity. In 1847 they gave careful consideration to
the subject of establishing Medical and Law Depart
ments. The result was that in 1850 the Medical De
partment was opened in the building which, much
enlarged, still accommodates it, and a class exceeding
in number the students in the Literary Department
was in attendance during the first year. The services
of Dr. Zina Pitcher, who had been on the Board since
the organization of the University, though valuable in
every way, were of special value to the Medical De
partment at this time and until his death. That
department speedily took that rank which it has ever
since maintained, among the leading medical colleges
of the country. Like the Literary Department, it has
been fortunate in retaining in its chairs for more than
a generation at least two of its accomplished teachers,
Palmer -1 and Ford, whom hundreds of their grateful
pupils delight to greet here to-day. The graduates of
the early classes have special cause for thanksgiving in
the fact that three of the professors who opened the
school are still living to receive their gratulations, Dr.
Gunn,2 Dr. Douglas, and Dr. Allen.
The constitution adopted by the State in 1851 pro
vided for the election in that year of Regents by pop
ular vote. The new Board at once addressed itself
to the task of finding a president. The choice fell
upon Dr. Henry Philip Tappan. No better man could
have been selected for the special exigencies of the
University at that time. A man of commanding
presence, of marked intellectual endowments already
proved by the authorship of books which had won for
him reputation on both sides of the Atlantic, of large
1 Dr. Palmer has since died, December 23, 1887.
2 Dr. Gunn died November 3, 1887.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 171
familiarity with the history of education, of experience
as a college teacher, of broad and well defined views
S3 '
on university policy, of the warmest sympathy with
Crary and Pierce and the founders of this institution
in their admiration of the Prussian system, of remark
able power of impressing others with his views whether
by public speech or by private intercourse, he took up
the work here with a vigor and earnestness that
speedily kindled in all hearts the hope of that brilliant
success which soon crowned his labors. He confessed
that he was attracted to Michigan by the broad views
embodied in the plan of the State system of education.
In the spirit of that plan he brought to his work the
most generous conception of the function of the Uni
versity, and he soon awakened in the public an
enthusiastic sympathy with his own large ideas. He
aroused people to an appreciation of the fact that our
State system of education could not reach its proper
development without a well-equipped university as its
heart to send the energies of its life down through the
schools. Not yet have we filled in the sketch which
he drew of the ideal university for Michigan. He
maintained that a real university ought to give in
struction not only in the studies ordinarily pursued in
colleges in that day, but also in the fine arts, in agri
culture, in the industrial arts, in pedagogy, and in the
preparation for the so-called learned professions. He
desired that students should have graduated in the
Literary Department before they were admitted to
the professional schools. Abandoning the idea which
had prevailed that professorships should be distributed
among the various religious denominations, he main
tained that no sectarian or political tests should be
172 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
considered in making appointments, but only character
and moral and intellectual fitness. By his counsel the
dormitory system was abandoned, and the vast sum
which would have been needed to provide lodging
houses for students was saved, and the students to
their advantage have for the most part enjoyed the
wholesome influence of the home life of our citizens.
He stoutly opposed the separation and dispersion of
the various parts of the University, and maintained
that the very idea of a university supposes the concen
tration of books, apparatus, and learned men in one
place. He looked forward to a day when the merely
gymnasial work should give place here to genuine
university work. These and other kindred ideas, now
familiar to us, but new to many in those early days,
Dr. Tappan advanced and vindicated with a stirring
eloquence before the legislature, before the students
and Faculties, and before the public, until they were
understood and widely appreciated. With equal zeal
he pushed the internal development of the University.
He added to the Faculty a corps of brilliant scholars,
two of whom, Dr. Winchell and Dr. Frieze, abide with -
us even now, and have builded their fruitful lives into
the life of the University. He introduced the scien
tific and the partial course of instruction to afford
facilities to those who did not wish to pursue the
classical curriculum. He secured funds for the astro
nomical observatory, wrhich, under Briinnow and later
under Watson, was destined to win so much renown
for the University. A new life, a new enthusiasm
were awakened throughout the whole institution.
Both teachers and students were full of zeal and of
hope. They caught the spirit and reechoed every-
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 173
where the stimulating words of the new leader, until
every one not only saw that a real university was
growing here with unprecedented vigor, but was
of faith that a much more brilliant development in th^^
near future was secured. This ardent faith was itserl^>
>^, ^ tf V. *~J
a guaranty of the success for which it looked. I doubt
if in the sixth decade of this century any other uni
versity in the land was administered in so broad, free,
and generous a spirit as this was under Dr. Tappan
and his large-minded colleagues in the Faculties. Most
of the colleges were in bondage to old traditions. Dr.
Wayland, with his herculean strength, rose up in
rebellion against exclusive devotion to the old ways
under which the colleges were pining away, and made
an effort for larger freedom of action even before Dr.
Tappan came here. But his effort was only partially
successful and for a limited time. But this University
having once started upon the new path, blazed out by
Dr. Tappan and his associates, never once faltered in
its progress, but has gone bravely on to larger and
larger successes.
In 1859 occurred that important event in the his
tory of the University, the opening of the Law School.
Perhaps never was an American law school so fortu
nate in its first Faculty, composed of those renowned
teachers, Charles I. Walker, James V. Campbell, and
Thomas M. Cooley, all living, thank God, to take part
in this celebration, and to receive the loving saluta
tions of the more than three thousand graduates who,
as learners, have sat delighted at their feet. The fame
which these men and those afterwards associated with
them gave to the school was a source of great strength
to the whole University. It is a significant fact, de-
174 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
serving of special recognition, that the establishment
of the Medical and Law Schools contributed very
much to the rapid increase in the number of students
in the Literary Department. Every graduate of each
of those schools became instrumental in turning hither
the steps of students who desired collegiate learning.
When Dr. Tappan closed his official career, after
eleven years of service, the Literary Department had
more than quadrupled the number of students it had
on his accession to office, the Medical Department had
two hundred and fifty students, the Law School one
hundred and thirty-four, the total attendance was six
hundred and fifty-two, and the University was recog
nized on both sides of the Atlantic as a great and
worthy school of liberal learning.
While in a certain very just and emphatic sense the
University rests on foundations laid seventy years ago,
and, in the form in which we know it, has been builded
on the lines traced during the administration of the
first president, under the wise and tactful direction of
his successor, President Haven, it moved on rapidly in
its career of prosperity. Additions were made to the
observatory, to the medical building, and to the chem
ical laboratory. A course in Pharmacy and the so-
called Latin and Scientific course were established. The
number of students increased rapidly, until in 1866-7
it reached twelve hundred and fifty-five. Dr. Haven's
genial and conciliatory temperament, his felicity of ad
dress, his versatile adaptability, and his broad and gen
erous theories of education won favor for himself and
for the University. To the great regret of students,
Faculties, Regents, and the public, he resigned after a
brief administration of six years.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 175
During the two years in which Dr. Frieze occupied
the executive chair, two most important measures were
adopted, which broadened very much the influence of
the Universitv. These were the admission of women
•/
to all departments, and the establishment of the sys
tem by which students are on certain conditions re
ceived from high schools without special examination.
In respect to both of these measures we may say that
our experience of seventeen years has justified most,
if not all, the expectations of those who advocated
them, and has removed the doubts and fears of those
who opposed them or who supported them with hesi
tancy. Hundreds of women have availed themselves
of the privileges offered them here, and have gone
forth, several of them to foreign lands as missionary
teachers or missionary physicians, many to various
parts of our country as teachers in high schools, acade
mies, and colleges, and the rest to those various duties,
whether in professional careers, official positions, or in
domestic life, which women of culture are fitted to dis
charge. The success of the experiment of admitting
women to this institution was very influential in open
ing to them the doors of many colleges in this coun
try, and was not without effect abroad.
The establishment of the " diploma relation with
the high schools " was one of the most important steps
ever taken to bring unity into the public school sys
tem of this State. Superintendent Pierce had in his
first report wisely urged that all grades of schools
should be equally under the care of the State and sup
ported by it. He was strenuous for the organization
of the branches of the University, so that high school
education might be furnished in them and teachers
176 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
might be prepared for the primary schools. His only
mistake was in throwing upon the University fund the
expense of this secondary school work, when it would
have been wise to provide for it at least in part from
the common school funds. The branches having finally
been severed from the University, the union schools or
high schools grew up as separate, local organizations,
and not as an organic part of one system. The volun
tary establishment of the " diploma connection " be
tween the University and the high schools set up a
quasi-organic relation between them, bridged over the
space which had separated them, and so left the road
plain and open for every child to proceed easily from
the primary school up through the high schools and
through the University. There is therefore now a sub
stantial, if not in all respects a perfectly formal, unity
in the educational system of the State. The plan
adopted here, which was an adaptation to our needs
of the German method of receiving students from the
gymnasium into the university, has been widely imi
tated both in the East and in the West, though some
times with modifications which have diminished its effi
ciency.
During recent years, with an ever enlarging concep
tion, both on the part of the State and of the Univer
sity, of the functions, opportunities, and duties of this
institution, its development has been rapid and strik
ing. The work of the long - established departments
has been elevated, broadened, and enriched, new de
partments have been added, commodious buildings
have been multiplied, and the power of the University
has been largely strengthened.
In the Literary Department there has been a great
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 177
increase in the number and variety of courses of in
struction offered, the application of laboratory methods
to the teaching of the sciences has become general,
the students of engineering have been provided with
facilities for shopwork, a well adjusted elective system
of studies has been introduced, and to advanced stu
dents large opportunities for specializing their work
have been furnished. These measures, cooperating
with other causes, have increased the enthusiasm for
study, have brought new stimulation to the teachers,
have made the relations of students and teachers inti
mate and friendly to a degree formerly unknown, and
have brought the department to a most gratifying
degree of efficiency.
The list of professional schools has been enlarged
by the organization of the School of Pharmacy, the
Homoeopathic Medical College, and the Dental College.
In these, as in the older schools, the requirements for
admission and for graduation have been gradually
raised, so that the education imparted in the several
schools is more comprehensive than ever before. The
number of teachers and assistants now reaches eighty-
three, and the number of students fifteen hundred and
seventy-three.
As upon this glad day we gratefully trace the re
markable growth of the University, we find the inquiry
constantly forced on our minds, to what is this won
derful growth due ? The answer has, I trust, been in
some degree suggested in what has been said. But it
may be well to set forth more sharply the causes of
the great development which we so rejoice to see.
1. First I would name the broad conception which
has for the most part been held with distinctness, of
12
178 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the function and methods of a university. The custo
dians and administrators of this institution have striven
to build on a large and generous plan. They have /
happily followed in general the German rather than
the English ideal of education, but have always aimed
to adapt the plans to the real wants of our time and our
country. They have filled out the large plan originally
sketched as rapidly as the means at their disposal
would permit. With a prudent courage in experimen
tation and innovation they have introduced methods
which have been widely approved and imitated even
by institutions which were at first severe in their crit
icisms of them. This large and free and generous
spirit, in which the University has been conducted,
has commended itself, especially in the West, and has
been a source of great power.
2. The authorities of the University have been
guided throughout its history by the wise principle
enunciated early by Superintendent Peirce, that men,
not bricks and mortar, make a university. Certainly
there is nothing in the beauty or elegance of most of
our buildings to awaken any special vanity on our
part. But from the opening of the University there
has never been a time when the Faculties did not con
tain able and eminent men, and for more than thirty
years now passed men of national and of European
reputation have always been found giving instruction
in these halls. The marvel is that with their meagre
salaries such men have been willing to remain here.
But there has been among them an esprit du corps, an
appreciation of the largeness of the work which falls
to this University, an enjoyment of its free spirit, and
a consequent devotion to its interests, which have for-
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 179
tunately retained some of our most gifted teachers in
the face of the strongest pecuniary temptations to go
elsewhere. The fame of these faithful teachers has
been an inestimable endowment of the University, and
has drawn pupils from every State and Territory of
the Union, and from every continent of the globe.
May the day never come when the governing body of
this institution shall lose sight of the vital truth, that
it is on the ability and attainments of the teacher more
than on any or on all things else that the fortune of
the University depends.
3. It has doubtless been conducive to the growth
of the University that the founders organized it on the
plan of bringing education within the reach of the
poor. The early settlers of the State, though many
of them were well educated, were generally men of
limited means. They appreciated intellectual training,
and desired that it should, if possible, be secured by
their children. They knew that the rich could send
their sons away to Eastern colleges. But if college
education was to be gained by their sons, it must be at
small cost. They therefore naturally and wisely pro
vided that instruction should be afforded at a nominal
rate. This was a most democratic and salutary plan.
There could have been no greater misfortune to this
State than such an organization of the higher edu
cation as should have made it accessible to the rich
alone. Society is now sufficiently shaken by the an
tagonisms and frictions between the rich and the poor.
But suppose we had the poor hopelessly doomed to
comparative ignorance by the costliness of advanced
education to the pupils, and so had society divided into
two classes, the one rich and highly educated, the other
180 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
poor and with limited education or none, how much
more fearful would be their conflicts when they met
in the shock of battle ! But here the rich and the
poor have always sat side by side in the class-room.
They have associated on terms of perfect equality.
Brains and character have alone determined which
should be held in the higher esteem. There is no
other community in the world so wholesomely demo
cratic as one like our body of University students.
The whole policy of the administration of this Uni
versity has been to make life here simple and inex
pensive ; and so a large proportion of our students
have always supported themselves in whole or in large
part by their own earnings. They have flocked hither
in great numbers because they believed that an excel
lent education could be obtained here by students of
very limited means. This has always been, and we
are proud of the fact, the University of the poor.
From these halls the boys born in the log cabins of
the wilderness have gone forth armed with the power
of well disciplined rninds and characters, to fight their
way to those brilliant successes which mere wealth
could never have achieved, to the foremost positions in
church and state.
4. We gladly recognize the fact that the success of
the University is largely due to the efficient aid of the
schools of the State. While the University has done
much to elevate the character of the schools, by send
ing them as teachers its thoroughly trained graduates,
it is also true that but for the hearty cooperation of the
schools, but for the continual and rapid improvement
in their work, it would have been impossible for the
University to push up its standard of work from decade
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 181
to decade, as it has done. Especially has there been
a helpful improvement in the high schools since the
diploma relation between them and the University was
established. There is now a certain unity in the
scholarly spirit of the schools and that of the Uni
versity, which is serviceable to the University and, we
believe, to the schools. But without this fine spirit in
the schools the University would be seriously crippled.
The child who enters the primary school is now stimu
lated to hope for the highest education, since the way
lies open, straight, and clear from his school-house
to the very doors of the University, the way which
has been trodden by many as poor and as humble as
the poorest and humblest in the rudest school-house in
the Northern woods.
5. The loyalty and the success of our graduates of
all departments have also been most helpful to our
rapid growth. More than eight thousand in number,
they have gone to all parts of this land and to foreign
lands, speaking with loving praise the name of their
Alma Mater, and illustrating in their lives the value of
the training they had received under our roof. In the
great struggle for the nation's existence they did their
full part, and some of the choicest and best, whose
names are starred on our General Catalogue, poured
out their young lives on Southern battle-fields. Our
graduates are found engaged in every worthy pursuit.
By their achievements they are commending their dear
mother not only for the mental discipline she gave
them, but for the brave, earnest, manly spirit which
by her free methods and by the character of her
teachers she has nourished in them. The sap and
vigor of this Western life have always characterized
182 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
this young University and the great body of her
alumni, and so the earnest, ingenuous youth of the
West have come here almost instinctively to find a con
genial home. If sound learning has been imparted
here, we believe that we may yet more emphatically
claim that manliness of character has always been de
veloped in these halls.
While studying to-day the history and development
of this institution, it is pleasant to remember that it
has not been without a creditable influence upon other
colleges and universities. Every good institution of
learning by its life helps every other good one. And
while in the presence of so many honored delegates
from other schools of learning, who rejoice us by their
presence at this hour, we gratefully acknowledge the
inspiration we have received from our sister insti
tutions, we may be permitted to recall the testimony
which some of them have borne to us of the assistance
they have found in our experiences. Particularly have
the state universities which have been established in
all the Western and in some of the Southwestern States
builded to a considerable degree on the model of this
University. The same causes that contributed to
our prosperity are now crowning them with success.
Whatever perils may have beset any of them in their
earlier days, their existence is now assured. Not in
frequently they have turned hither for counsel, and
naturally enough have often adopted methods which
had here been proved wise. As we see these state
universities attaining to higher usefulness and emi
nence and rejoice in their progress, we think it not
presumptuous to believe that one of the useful services
which this institution has rendered is found in the
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 183
guidance and help which she has providentially been
able to furnish to these sister institutions of the West.
In the bright history of this institution we joyfully
read a happy augury for her future. With such rapid
strides has she come forward into the front rank of
American universities, that we instinctively look for
continued and brilliant progress in the second half
century of life upon which she is now entering. We
often delight ourselves with imagining what the next
veneration will find here when the celebration of the
o
centennial of the University shall be held.
While we do not suffer ourselves to doubt that the
development of the University is to continue, we do
well to keep in mind even in these days of exuberant
joy the essential condition of her prosperity. That
condition is the hearty sympathy and support of the
State of Michigan. The proceeds of the United States
land grant and the fees of students no longer suffice
to meet the current expenses of the University. We
are obliged to have constant aid from the treasury
of the State. If the University is to grow under the
present organization, that aid must be, not rapidly per
haps, but steadily and surely increased. Should that
aid be withheld, the institution would at once shrink
from a great university with a cosmopolitan constitu
ency and a cosmopolitan fame to a local school with
a limited constituency and a fading reputation. The
vital question therefore is, if the University persists in
her old habit of growing, will this commonwealth stand
by her and meet her pressing needs ? All these fifty
years Cassandras have not been wanting, who have
predicted that the State would in weariness abandon
the University. Happily these predictions have never
184 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
been fulfilled. Never before, I believe, was the Uni
versity so strongly intrenched in the affections of the
State. But the sons and daughters and friends of the
University may even in their exhilarating celebrations
of this week lay it soberly to heart, that the prevalence
of an intelligent public opinion upon the value of the
institution is absolutely essential to her perpetuity,
and that on them it mainly depends whether such a
public opinion, appreciative and sympathetic, shall pre
vail. The great majority of our citizens, the great
majority of our legislators, never see the University.
They must know of the scope and worth of its work,
and of the considerable sums needed to maintain it
even on our most economical methods, mainly as they
learn all this from you. In a very just sense and in a
large degree, then, the fortunes of the University are
committed to your hands. That you will be faithful
to this great trust we do not for a moment question.
Therefore we confidently cherish the hope that this
great and prosperous commonwealth will, with just
pride in the renown and usefulness of this school, con
tinue in all the years to come to meet her reasonable
requests for support.
The munificent gifts which during the last few years
we have received from private benefactors also encour
age us to believe that the generosity of the State will
be supplemented by that of large-hearted individuals.
There is abundant room for the most appropriate ex
ercise of private beneficence. We cannot doubt that
some of our citizens, especially some of our alumni,
will wish to leave here memorials of their abiding
interest in the University.
And so, full of that faith in the future growth of the
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 185
University, which is begotten by the contemplation of
her inspiring history of fifty years, by our confidence
in the appreciative generosity of this great, wealthy,
and growing commonwealth, and by our assurance of
the loyalty and devotion of her sons and daughters,
with joyful enthusiasm, with abounding hope, with
loving hearts, we bid her God-speed, as she enters now
upon the second half century of her life.
AN ACT TO ESTABLISH THE CATHOLEPISTEMIAD, OB
UNIVERSITY, OF MICHIGANIA.1
Be it enacted by the Governor and the Judges of the Ter
ritory of Michigan that there shall be in the said Territory a
catholepistemiad, or university, denominated the catholepiste-
miad, or university, of Michigania. The catholepistemiad, or
university, of Michigania shall be composed of thirteen didax-
iim, or professorships ; first, a didaxia, or professorship, of ca-
tholepistemia, or universal science, the didactor, or professor, of
which shall be President of the Institution ; second, a didaxia,
or professorship, of anthropoglossica, or literature, embracing
all the epistemiim, or sciences, relative to language ; third, a
didaxia, or professorship, of mathematica, or mathematics ;
fourth, a didaxia, or professorship, of physiognostica, or nat
ural history ; fifth, a didaxia, or professorship, of physiosoph-
ica, or natural philosophy ; sixth, a didaxia, or professorship,
of astronomia, or astronomy ; seventh, a didaxia, or professor-
1 An exact transcript of the draft in the handwriting of Judge Wood
ward, now preserved in the University Library. Though it bears on its
back the date "Nov. 7, 1817," it appears to be the original of the act
adopted by the Governor and Judges of the Territory, August 26, 1817.
Superintendent Shearman printed the act as adopted, from the Execu
tive Records of Michigan, at pages 4, 5 of his System of Public Instruc
tion and Primary School Law of Michigan (Lansing, 1852), but apparently
with many errors of transcription. See foot-note, page 156.
186 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
ship, of chymia, or chemistry ; eighth, a didaxia, or professor
ship, of iatrica, or medical sciences ; ninth, a didaxia, or pro
fessorship, of oeconomica, or economical sciences ; tenth, a
didaxia, or professorship, of ethica, or ethical sciences ; elev
enth, a didaxia, or professorship, of polemitactica, or military
sciences ; twelfth, a didaxia, or professorship, of diegetica, or
historical sciences ; and, thirteenth, a didaxia, or professorship,
of ennoeica, or intellectual sciences, embracing all the episte-
miim, or sciences, relative to the minds of animals, to the
human mind, to spiritual existences, to the deity, and to reli
gion, the didactor, or professor, of which shall be Vice Presi
dent of the Institution. The (didactorim, or) professors,
shall be appointed and commissioned by the Governor. There
shall be paid from the treasury of Michigan, in quarterly
payments, to the President of the institution, to the Vice
President, and to each didactor. or professor, an annual salary,
to be fixed by law. More than one didaxia, or professorship,
may be conferred upon the same person. The President and
didactors, or professors, or a majority of them assembled,
shall have power to regulate all the concerns of the institution,
to enact laws for that purpose, to sue, to be sued, to acquire,
hold, and aliene, property, real, mixed, and personal, to make,
to use, and to alter a seal, to provide for and to appoint all such
officers and teachers under them as they may deem necessary
and expedient ; to establish colleges, academies, schools, libra
ries, musaeums, athenaeums, botanic gardens, laboratories, and
other useful literary and scientific institutions consonant to
the laws of the United States of America and of Michigan ;
and to provide for and appoint directors, visitors, curators,
librarians, instructors, and instructrixes, in, among, and
throughout, the various counties, cities, towns, townships, or
other geographical divisions of Michigan. Their name and
stile as a corporation shall be " The Catholepistemiad, or
University, of Michigania." To every subordinate instructor
or instructrix appointed by the catholepistemiad, or univer
sity, there shall be paid from the treasury of Michigan, in
quarterly payments, an annual salary to be fixed by law.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION. 187
The present public taxes are hereby increased fifteen per cent,
and from the proceeds of the present and of all future public
taxes fifteen per cent is appropriated for the benefit of the
catholepistemiad, or university. The Treasurer of Michigan
shall keep a separate account of the University fund. The
Catholepistemiad, or University, may propose and draw four
successive lotteries, deducting from the prizes in the same fif
teen per centum for the benefit of the institution. The pro
ceeds of the preceding sources of revenue, and of all subse
quent, shall be applied in the first instance to the procurement
of suitable lands and buildings, and to the establishment of a
library or libraries, and afterwards to such purposes as shall
be by law provided for and required. The honorarium for a
course of lectures shall not exceed fifteen dollars, for classical
instruction ten dollars a quarter, for ordinary instruction six
dollars a quarter. If the judges of the court of any county,
or a majority of them, shall certify that the parent, or guar
dian, of any person has not adequate means to defray the
expense of the suitable instruction, and that the same ought
to be a public charge, the honorarium shall be paid from the
treasury of Michigan. This law, or any part of it, may be
repealed by the legislative power for the time being. An
annual report of the state, concerns, and transactions, of the
institution shall be laid before the legislative power for the
time being. The same being adopted from the laws of seven
of the original States, to wit, the States of Connecticut, Mas
sachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
Virginia, as far as necessary and suitable to the circumstances
of Michigan.
188 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
A TABLE OF THE PROFESSORSHIPS OF A UNIVERSITY, CONSTRUCTED
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE EPISTEMIC SYSTEM.
I.
II.
III.
The nearest familiar and ele
gant names, adapted to the
English language.
The epistemic names; which
may be engrafted, without va
riation, into every modern lan
guage.
The number of
the particular sci
ences c o m p r e -
hended in the sev-
e r a 1 professor
ships.
I. Literature.
I. Anthropoglossica.
8
II. Mathematics.
II. Mathematica.
5
III. Natural History.
HI. Physiognostica.
4
IV. Natural Philosophy.
IV. Physiosophica.
6
V. Astronomy.
V. Astronornia.
1
VI. Chemistry.
VI. Chymia.
1
VII. The Medical Sci
VII. latrica.
8
ences.
VIII. The (Economical
Sciences.
VIII. CEconomica.
5
IX. The Ethical Sciences.
IX. Ethica.
4
X. The Military Sciences.
X. Polemitactica.
8
XL The Historical Sci
ences.
XI. Uiegetica.
6
XII. The Intellectual Sci
XII. Ennoeica.
7
ences.
XIII. Universal Science.
XIII. Catholepistemia.
63
AN ACT TO FIX THE ANNUAL SALARIES OF THE PRESI
DENT, VICE PRESIDENT, PROFESSORS, INSTRUCTORS,
AND INSTRUCTRLXES, OF THE UNIVERSITY.1
Be it enacted by the Governor and the Judges of the Terri
tory of Michigan that the annual salary of the President of
the University shall be, for the present, twenty-five dollars, of
the Vice President eighteen dollars and seventy-five cents, of
1 This act and the following are found, in the handwriting of Judge
Woodward, on the fourth page of the manuscript above printed, and were
obviously intended to be supplementary to the original act.
PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ORATION.
189
each professor twelve dollars and fifty cents, and of each in
structor, or instructrix, twenty-five dollars. The same &c.
New York.
AN ACT MAKING A CERTAIN APPROPRIATION.
Be it enacted &c. that for the payment of the annual sal
aries of the President and Professors of the university there
be appropriated from the university fund, a sum not exceed
ing one hundred and ninety three dollars and seventy-five
cents. The same &c. two Kentucky and Pennsylvania.
For instructors 200.
A TABLE OF CKRTAIN AUXILIARY TERMS.
I.
The nearest English Names.
II.
The Epistemic Names.
1.
A Science.
1.
An Epistemia.
2.
Sciences.
2.
Epistemiim.
3.
A University.
3.
Catholepistemiad.
4.
A Professorship.
4.
Didaxia.
5.
A Professor.
5.
Didactor.
6.
Professorships.
6.
Didaxiim.
7.
The Compensation for instruc
tion.
7.
Honorarium.
8.
The Vice President of a Uni
8.
Didactor of Ennoeica.
versity.
9.
The President of a Unirersity.
9.
Didactor of Catholepistemia.
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES
BY PROFESSOR GOODALE, OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY ; PRO
FESSOR MURRAY, OF PRINCETON COLLEGE ; AND PRESI
DENT NORTHROP, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
AFTER music by the orchestra, immediately following
the Commemorative Oration, President Angell said : —
We are greatly honored and rejoiced on this occasion
by the presence of a number of delegates who have
come to bring us the greetings and salutations of sister
institutions of learning in various parts of the country.
We had intended and we still hope to hear from some
of them at the banquet ; but inasmuch as a large part
of this audience cannot possibly be admitted to the
accommodations there furnished, I have felt sure that
I should in some sense condone for whatever I have
inflicted upon you myself by giving you an oppor
tunity to hear from two or three of these gentlemen
here upon this stage. And where should we begin ex
cept with fair Harvard, which is in a very emphatic
sense the dear mother of us all ; the most venerable
in years, and one of the most honored and successful
of all our great universities ? I am very happy to say
that we are favored with the presence of Professor
Goodale, from Harvard University, as a delegate, who
will now bring her greetings.
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 191
ADDRESS OF PROFESSOR GOODALE.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
Harvard College desires to present her cordial con
gratulations upon this auspicious occasion, and to ex
press her good wishes for the continuance and increase
of your prosperity. The bearer of these greetings
should have been the one to whom you so pleasantly
referred, our honored Asa Gray, who was your first
professor, who selected with great discrimination the
nucleus of your library, and who has ever retained
a tender and deep interest in your well-being. But
his absence in Europe, where, as the reward of a long
life of untiring investigation, he is receiving the
homage of scientific men and of learned bodies, pre
vents his giving you in person the message from our
beloved University.
The message which I have to bring is one of cordial
good-will. Our authorities unite with all lovers of
sound learning in the belief that your prosperity is
merited, and we desire to give voice to the hope that
your future will be-even more brilliant than your past.
Your prosperity is believed to be very largely due to
your early recognition of the fact that the highest
function of a university is to create wants. You have
felt, and still feel, that no institution of learning which
is content merely to satisfy existing wants can be pro
gressive. Therefore, avoiding unwise conservatism,
you have made greater and greater exactions upon
the students in your professional schools, and the re
sults have shown that you are right. They are such
as to compel you to continue in your prosperous
course.
192 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Organizations are nowadays very justly compared to
organisms. Questions are asked regarding the vigor
of the ancestral stock, the degree of harmony between
different parts, and the relation of the whole to its en
vironment. Under such an examination the sources
of your success become clearly seen. We know the
vigor of the stock from which you sprang, the good
degree of harmonious cooperation between the differ
ent members, and the nearly complete adaptation of
the organization to its surroundings. In those groups
of organisms which we call plants and animals there is
an unceasing, unrelenting struggle for existence. Each
is for itself. But with civilized man, part of this selfish
ness gives way to some thought for others, and when
civilized men unite together for some high purpose the
selfishness fades out more and more, until, in our
higher institutions of learning, you may look for it in
vain. In the universities of the world there is no
selfish struggle for existence. It is not each for itself,
but each for all ; and hence, upon great commemo-
ative occasions like that at Edinburgh, at Heidelberg,
at Emmanuel in Cambridge, last year at Harvard,
more recently at Columbia, and now here, all the
greetings express thanksgiving for the past and hope
ful anticipations for the future. In this spirit of fra
ternity Harvard College begs you to accept its heart
felt congratulations.
The President said : One of the most venerable and
renowned of the Eastern colleges is that whose proper
title, I believe, is the College of New Jersey, but which
to most of us is better known as Princeton College.
The name of its President and the names of two of its
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 193
alurnni are found upon the Declaration of Indepen
dence. The great name of James Madison alone upon
the roll of its alumni were enough to illustrate the
fame of a single university anywhere. We are de
lighted in having a delegate from that venerable insti
tution to-day, and I am sure that this audience will be
specially delighted with the delegate chosen, as one
whose words of eloquence, pronounced on this stage
three years ago, seem still to be ringing in this hall in
our delighted ears. I have the pleasure to present
the Rev. Dr. Murray, Dean of the Faculty of Princeton
College.
ADDRESS OF DR. MURRAY.
Mr, President, Regents and Faculties, and Friends of the
University : —
I bring to you on this glad day the salutations of
Princeton. In discharging this duty — if that may be
called a duty in which the sense of obligation disap
pears in that of privilege — let me assure you at once
that the service enlists the deepest interest and the
most fraternal regard of the college I have been
deputed to represent. For the bonds, as you have
just been reminded, which unite all institutions of
learning, as they cover the highest human welfare, so
also are they of the most lasting and sacred nature.
Princeton has just celebrated her one hundred and
fortieth commencement. Fourth in the order of estab
lishment among American colleges, to-day through me,
her humble representative, she sends her warmest con
gratulations on the brilliant and unexampled success
which crowns your fiftieth anniversary, and which has
been so eloquently and fitly commemorated in the
address of your President,
is
194 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
It is perhaps a natural and pardonable mistake in
foreigners to exhaust their admiration upon our ma
terial greatness, our Niagaras, and Superiors, and Mis-
sissippis, our gigantic railroad systems, our harvests,
which reach almost the proportions of the continent
itself. But let us not, as Americans, make this mistake.
After all, these are of far less significance than our
mental growths, on any scale of comparison which will
stand the tests of history. That in fifty years such an
institution as this could rise and grow to its noble pro
portions and extended work, is in itself an event far
deeper in its significance than all the magnificence of
material growth can possibly claim. How much of
history, the most beneficent and exalted, is contained
in the history of literary institutions ! The alcoves of
any well furnished library, containing the chronicles of ,
Padua and the Sorbonne, of Heidelberg and Berlin, of
Oxford and Cambridge, of Edinburgh and Glasgow, of
Eton and Harrow, of Harvard and Yale and Princeton,
aye, of all the sister colleges whose histories are yet to
be written, as the nurseries of men who, in all depart
ments of learning and life, have made our modern
civilization all that it is, will show that their history
has been the child, and in turn the parent, of the
noblest progress the ages have yet seen. Antiquity,
after all, is not the essential thing. Dr. Arnold, of
Rugby, was wont to mourn that his Rugby could lay
no claim to such an antiquity as the schools of Eton
and Winchester possessed. It seemed to him that
there was so much of power in a historic past, that
nothing could make up for its loss ; but he could not
see, as you and I can clearly see to-day, that his own
life and work at Rugby were worth whole centuries of
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 195
a past which simply ran on in its fixed routine, doing
good, doubtless, but failing to reach what he reached
at a bound. Besides we are to remember that an
tiquity is apt not to be an unmixed blessing. It may
entail traditions which in their rigidity hinder ex
pansion. We admire the ancient ivy which carries
the marks of centuries perhaps in its growths, but
when the English sparrow has made a nest for itself in
its branches, our admiration — mine most certainly —
becomes somewhat qualified. It took the great Eng
lish universities a long time to throw off the swaddling
bands of the trivium and the quadrivium, and recent
discussions in English quarterlies suggest vividly the
query whether antiquity is not sometimes a sort of
evil spirit to be exorcised, as well as a guardian angel
to be invoked. It looked so, certainly, when Oxford
in her public square, a little more than two centuries
ago, burned the works of John Milton, and along with
them that noble tract of his on education which is
the prophecy of all our modern progress. Some of
our institutions have had to outgrow ideas and habits
which you of Michigan University can felicitate your
selves, perhaps, are relics of an antiquity to which you
can lay no claim. Perhaps I may illustrate my mean
ing by a few citations from some of the early college
laws.
If a student neglected attendance on morning prayers
without sufficient excuse, he was punished in a fine of
fourpence. Now this, no doubt, had the double ad
vantage of filling up the college exchequer, while
at the same time ittestified to the belief in the effi
cacy of prayer.
Another such law enacted that every scholar in col-
196 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
lege should keep his hat off about ten rods to the
president and five rods to the tutors. This law pos
sibly was of advantage in measuring precisely the
distance in dignity — five rods — between that of the
president and that of the professors, and besides pre
vented those levelling tendencies which the early re
publican institutions were supposed to engender.
Another law enjoined that every scholar, if called
upon or spoken to by a superior, must give a direct
and pertinent answer with the word "sir" at the end
of it, and such a law certainly had educating power ;
for many men fail through inability to give a direct
and pertinent answer to the problems of practical life,
and by putting that word " sir " at the end of the sen
tence so emphatically, Young America was constantly
reminded of certain cardinal virtues said by foreign
critics to be wanting among us. Still, as marking a
somewhat cramped idea of college training, such laws
are significant. They belong to ancient history. Time
has slain them ; and if I were called upon to write an
epitaph above them I should adopt that which was
somewhat infelicitously applied to a missionary of the
cross : " Here lies Peter Jones, a missionary of the
cross. He was killed by his servant. Well done, good
and faithful servant." Do not, friends of Michigan
University, mourn like Dr. Arnold, that you are so
essentially the child of modern progress. Your fifty
years may possibly have the fewer excrescences to be
gotten rid of, that your years belong to the last half of
the nineteenth century.
Mr. President, the course of empire in learning has
been westward ever since wise men from the East
came bringing their costly gifts to Him in whom are
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 197
hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge, and
through whose quickening spirit all the institutions of
learning since, have in form or in fact been reared.
That star lingered long in the skies of New England
and above the plains of New Jersey and Virginia ; but
r f
it has certainly held its westering way since, and has
shed its benignant rays over the site of this honored
University. Westward still it moves, and will move as
successive institutions rise, until it reaches once more
the home of its birth in the far-off Orient from which
came to us the oracles of God. "The Light of Asia"
has in turn become the light of Europe and America ;
and quite possibly it may prove true of education, as
Bishop Berkeley sang of civil empire, that "Time's
noblest offspring is the last." Nor can any one survey
its course and look on this growing brotherhood and
sisterhood of literary institutions, some of them hoary
with the rime of centuries, and some vigorous and
youthful in the flush of youth, all, all working, though
on different lines, to one great goal, to one grand end,
and that end human advancement, without joining in
the noble words of Lord Bacon in his " Advancement
of Learning : " " And surely as nature createth brother
hood in families, and arts mechanical contract brother
hoods in communalties, and the anointment of God
superinduceth a brotherhood in kings and bishops ; so
in like manner there cannot but be a fraternity in
learning and illumination, relating to that paternity
which is attributed to God, who is called the Father of
illuminations or lights."
Once more in closing let me convey to you the glad
salutations of Princeton. We hail with joy your past
achievements and your promise of still higher growth.
198 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
We bid you fervent God-speed along the high path
which lights up so much of human history, with its
peaceful and blessed illuminations. And allow me to
borrow an apostrophe from Horace, in the fifth ode of
his fourth book, addressed to Augustus : —
Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae;
Instar veris enim vultus ubi tuus
Afi'ulsit, populo gratior it dies,
Et soles melius nitent.
I shall adapt the ode to this notable event in your
history by a somewhat free translation : —
" Send forth, 0 honored University, benignant leader
and guide, thy light over the land. For when thy
face, still youthful like spring-time, shines, the day will
glide by more auspiciously for the people ; the skies of
Michigan will glow more and more resplendently in
the great firmament of learning."
The President said : We had fondly hoped to have a
delegate from Yale University here to-day ; but their
commencement exercises occur at the same time as
our own, and it has been found impracticable for one
to be present. We had also hoped to introduce to you
some representative from our sister state universities
of the West, in which we are particularly interested,
and in this hope I am glad to say we are not disap
pointed. I shall call upon a gentleman who, formerly
a professor in Yale University, may yet in a certain
sense I trust be considered as representing her, while
he discharges more particularly the other pleasant
duty to which I shall call him. The University of
Minnesota a long time ago acted upon that proverb
which is sometimes quoted, that " to make a truly sue-
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 199
cessful Western man, catch an Eastern man and carry
him to the West and you have the thing solved." The
University of Minnesota very wisely proceeded upon
that plan some time ago, and we have all heard with
what rapid strides she has been moving upon her way
of prosperity during the past few years. And it is
with great pleasure, therefore, that I present to you
to-day as her delegate her own President Northrop.
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT NORTHROP.
Ladies and Gentlemen : —
The President has placed me under a heavy bur
den to represent so many institutions at once. I am
merely a man, — " made little lower than the An-
gells." I live on the banks of the Mississippi River,
at the foot of the Falls of St. Anthony. I have been
in Ann Arbor for two days, have been in constant at
tendance upon the stream of eloquence which during
that time has been pouring ceaselessly through this
building ; and for continuity and power the Mississippi
Eiver is nowhere in comparison. And now, after such
exhibitions of eloquence, to attempt to go into the
business myself, when everything around me is on
such a magnificent scale, not excepting the heat, is
distressing and humiliating.
I have been very much impressed since I came here
with the essential likeness in kind between your insti
tution and ours. I have never stopped to inquire
which of these institutions originated the ideas pervad
ing them. It is possible that, before I left home, I was
under the impression that we originated them and that
you had copied them ; but as I understand from you
to-day that the aborigines founded this institution,
200 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
I think it probable from your earlier existence that
the credit must be given to you. Our institution was
founded by white men, and it is still conducted by
white men. There never was a time when it was
customary to shoot deer of any kind upon our Campus ;
and although in the olden time you shot the wild deer
on these grounds, I am delighted to see that the tame
dears are still here in such great numbers.
I do not think much of antiquity, and my congratu
lations to you, sir, and to those whom you represent,
are that you are so young and yet so strong and vig
orous; that you have grown to what you are in so
short a time. But we who are engaged in the work
of education in connection with the younger institu
tions of our country must remember that we have
received as an inheritance all the wisdom and experi
ence of those who have gone before us, and if we
accomplish more in the first few years of our existence
than the older colleges had accomplished at the same
stage of their career, it is of very little special credit to
us. I speak thus of myself and the institution with
which I am connected, but not of yours ; for, of course,
we look to you as being the venerable grandfather of us
all in the matter of state universities. Macaulay, char
acterizing in his vigorous way the unapproachable su
premacy of a certain person as a liar, said : " A man who
has never been within the tropics does not know what
a thunder-storm means ; a man who has never looked
on Niagara has but a faint idea of a cataract ; and he
who has not read Barere's Memoirs may be said not to
know what it is to lie." I would change the last
member of the climax, and I would say that a man
who had not been in Ann Arbor and seen the Univer-
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 201
sity of Michigan might be supposed not to know what
a state university is ; and there would be poetic beauty
in the figure, from the tropics to Niagara and then to
the University of Michigan. The only fault in the
climax is that although it is expressive it would not
be quite true, because I knew what a state university
is before I came here to the University of Michigan ;
and yet in its essentials it would be true, because if I
were to-day to point out the highest example of what
a state university may be and is, I should undoubtedly
here and everywhere point to the University of Mich
igan.
I am here to-day, sir, not to bring you anything. I
have come here first, because I had a strong personal
regard and affection for you, the honored President of
the institution, and, second, because I have a sincere
respect and veneration for the work that is being done
here in the University of Michigan. I do not care
anything about your buildings, in what style of archi
tecture they are. I want to see what the educational
product is ; and when I see your students come out
strong, intellectual, clear-thinking, vigorous men, ca
pable of stamping themselves upon their country
as teachers and true thinkers in every direction of
thought ; when I see that the institution is doing
grand work for the country, I do not care whether her
buildings are of the Gothic style of architecture, or
Corinthian, or Ionic, or without any style of architec
ture ; and so I am here to express the sincere respect
and admiration which we of the University of Minne
sota entertain for the University of Michigan. The
old question that men have been debating so long, and
to which you referred in your able address, is the ques-
202 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
tion, What is the duty of the State ? I am not going
into any long argument upon the subject, but I want
to say it for the pleasure of saying it to these young
men who have a life before them, and are not yet old
fossils ; I want to say to them that the old doctrine of
laissez faire, the old doctrine of letting things alone,
the old doctrine that the government of a free repub
lic is the best which governs the least and does the
least, but simply keeps the old machine working along
in the rut, without any change, is a miserable doctrine
that we of this country have got to abandon. I hold,
sir, that a state institution for education, that a state
university, is, when it is properly defined, the higher
education of the people, by the people, and for the
people, and that there is no higher function of govern
ment anywhere or ever, than the function of educat
ing its citizens for the work of citizenship ; and while
I would not draw the line at the zenith, I would not
draw it at the horizon. I would place the line high
enough to insure the poor of the State, as well as the
rich, the means of securing such an education as would
fit them for the highest citizenship, and I would do this
on the ground of utility to the State, and as a means
of securing the highest interests of the State.
You in Michigan talk about the glory of this insti
tution and its value to Michigan. You believe it, and
yet you say it, many of you, as if there were people in
this State who did not believe you, and therefore it
was hardly right to say it. I never lived in the State
of Michigan. I believe one of your orators doubted
whether living outside of the State could be called
living. But I am willing to live at Minneapolis and
forego the pleasures of Michigan for the present.
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESSES. 203
What I was going to say in this matter is that living
outside of the State, living East and living West, it is
the utterance of simple truth, the very simplest kind
of truth, that, good as Michigan is, great as she is in
her agricultural resources, great as she is in her com
merce and in various means of acquiring and pro
ducing wealth, there is not anything in the State of
Michigan, I may say that all the things put together
in the State of Michigan do not accomplish so much
towards giving this State a noble name in other States
of the Union and throughout the world as does this
same University of Michigan. And if there is any
thing on earth except the things which we eat and
protection from the heat and cold, the mere bodily
comforts which enable a man to exist as an animal,
just as any of the domestic or wild animals must exist,
if there is anything better than that, if there is any
thing valuable in intellectual life, in the' joys of peace
and purity, in the midst of civilized and cultivated
society, if there is anything valuable in having a State
filled up with men and women whose present enjoy
ment and the expression of whose life is a foretaste of
Heaven, then I say for the State to build up and main
tain an institution such as this, with its far-reaching
influence and its divine blessings going to every corner
of the State, is the soundest wisdom and the highest
wisdom that any people ever organized into a body
politic has exhibited in the world. And, sir, I con
gratulate you that in living in the State of Michigan
to-day with these people of such a noble origin, who
are going to live up to the principles of their fathers,
you have no reason in the future to fear what legisla
tures may say unto you. There is a power behind the
204 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
throne. There is a power that every legislature in
this country must respect, and that is the power of a
people, self-respecting, earnest, eager for knowledge
for themselves, eager to have it for their children if
they did not have it for themselves, resolute to main
tain wherever they go the principles of Anglo-Saxon
liberty, the principles of devotion to what is pure and
right, and, above all, the principles of devotion to that
education which shall lift men above everything about
them and make them what they ought to be, — the
sons of God in the midst of the world that God has
created for them and has committed to them.
I congratulate all friends on the prosperity of the
University, and, as we shall follow in the dim distance
behind you without any soreness of heart because you
are in advance of us, we shall hope, before the day
closes and the night shuts in, to get so near to you
that you can hear our voice bidding you God-speed as
you go forward, and we can hear your voice bidding us
God-speed as we come on.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER.
AT the close of the repast the President said : —
Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I do not want to curtail this part of the feast, but
I know that the hour is late, and there are several
persons here from whom we wish to hear. I am cer
tain that there is one from whom you have heard
enough, and, therefore, I shall content myself simply
with welcoming you one and all to this feast in the
name of the University, and proceed at once to call
others to speak to you on this occasion.
As in Great Britain the first toast is always to Her
Majesty the Queen, so here our first duty is always to
recognize our earliest and great benefactor, the United
States, which gave us our first and our principal endow
ment. Because it gave us that endowment we to-day
and always say that it is our duty to fling wide open
our gates to the boys and girls from the whole extent
of this Union. We had hoped for some time that we
should be honored on this occasion by the President of
the United States, but he has found it at the last hour
impracticable to be with us ; yet I am happy to say
that, if the Executive of the government is not rep
resented, we are honored by a representative of the
other great coordinate branch of the government, the
United States Judiciary, and I am sure you will be
very glad to hear from our friend, Mr. Justice Miller.
206 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
SPEECH OF JUSTICE MILLER.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I hardly know upon what principle I am called on to
respond on behalf of the United States to the sentiment
expressed by your President, but I can understand
that it is probably due to the fact that I have held a
commission in the service of the United States for a
quarter of a century, and it may be supposed that I
have been and am now deeply interested in its pros
perity, and that I in some sense represent its majesty
and its love of justice, and its benevolence to the peo
ple of this country. I remember very well when,
twenty-five years ago, I went to the City of Washing
ton as a member of the Supreme Court of the United
States, and they were tearing down the old Senate
Chamber anpl putting up the new, and building col
umns all around and through the Capitol, I said to
myself, Well, I am a part of this United States, and I
am a young man with a commission for life, and I
probably have as much interest in this Capitol as any
body else in the world. Of course that thing has
passed away. A quarter of a century makes a differ
ence in a man's hold not only upon this world gen
erally, but upon the Capitol of the United States ; but
there is no reason for any man to be embarrassed in
speaking of the United States when it is eulogized in
reference to its care for the education of its people.
From the beginning of the history of that government,
one of the first things it did when this great North
western Territory was ceded to the Federal Govern
ment was to begin to make appropriations out of that
Territory for the support and encouragement of edu-
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 207
cation. From that time to this, the Government of the
United States, whatever else it may have done with its
great domain, the country that was ceded to it, the
lands it has conquered in war and bought in peace,
has never been niggard in regard to appropriating that
land for purposes of education. With the earliest day
that your President has alluded to, when appropria
tions were made for Michigan, she being one of the
first of the Territories which came within the influence
of that great body of land, as we have gone on con
verting Territories into States, in every instance for
the last fifty years provision has been made for sec
tions of land, for townships of land, some for universi
ties and seminaries, others for common school educa
tion. For the last thirty years it has been the settled
policy of this government to give two sections out of
every township of land for purposes of education,
giving it to the States and limiting the purpose for
which the State can use it to that single object of
education, so that there is not a State around us any
where, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wiscon
sin, that has not received these donations; and when
we came to enter upon the conquest which we had
made of the Mexican government, the very first law
that was passed by the United States for the sale and
distribution and survey of that land provided that the
two sections should remain apart and be given to the
State for education. And it was not merely a gift of
these, but so determined in all these cases was the
Government of the United States that the people
should have that land, that it provided, in any in
stance where any of these sections were taken up pre
viously, or devoted in other ways so that they could
208 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
not go to that purpose, that the Governors of the States
might go into the public domain and select other lands
in equal quantities. If there is one thing in the world
about which the Government of the United States has
been liberal and just and sensible, I would add, at the
same time, it is in the disposition of its great public
domain, a domain which, if it were now brought to
gether with the population that is on it, would consti
tute kingdoms equal to France and Germany and Aus
tria and all the great governments of Europe, and
which will yet be filled with a population far exceed
ing those countries, because the soil is capable of main
taining that population.
So when we came to want railroads throughout the
country, — and I am not the particular advocate of
railroads in a great many respects, — but when the
Government of the United States has built three rail
roads across the continent by its contributions of land
and money, when it has peopled a desert and a wilder
ness of two or three thousand miles in extent, when
we command the services of the Pacific coast and visit
the people there and hold their allegiance as closely as
we do in the State of Massachusetts, I say that Congress
was wise in its gift of the money and lands to those
railroads. And I say in addition to that, although I
do not mean to introduce politics, and I do not see
that it is politics, but I say that this outcry that the
railroads have all the land, while we have all the rail
roads, is senseless and ridiculous.
Now, ladies and gentlemen, just one word. If the
Government of the United States has been liberal to
your University, as undoubtedly it has. and if I am
to answer for that liberality on behalf of the United
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 209
States, I simply have this to say, that when a man or
woman has raised up a child until it has grown and
got settled and is prosperous in the world, with the
characteristics of education and manners and civili
zation and good-nature and a benevolent heart, if, in
other words, that child is a success in the world, the
parent never thinks, " What have I done for it ? " but,
" This is my child ; God bless it." So I say of the
University of Michigan.
The President said : As our first duty is to recall the
United States, our second duty and our great pleasure
always is to express acknowledgments to this good
State of Michigan. I have received the following let
ter, which will explain the absence of the Governor : —
EXECUTIVE OFFICE, MICHIGAN, June 27, 1887.
MY DEAR SIR, — Until this morning I had fondly
hoped to be able to go to Ann Arbor Tuesday evening
or Wednesday morning. But I find that the business
left on my hands by the Legislature is of such magni
tude that it will be impossible to do this. This I re
gret more than can be expressed, but I must surrender
to the inevitable. Trusting that you will have a prof
itable and enjoyable time, I remain, sincerely yours,
CYRUS G. LUCE, Governor.
I am happy to say that the State of Michigan is
never without official representatives at our banquets.
We have educated and graduated too many of them
to be without their pleasant addition to our company
at any feast, and we count ourselves especially fortunate
that we may call to-day upon one of our sons and one
of her sons, who never dishonored any draft that we
made upon him for such purposes, Mr. Senator Palmer.
14
210 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
SPEECH OF SENATOR PALMER.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I was taken somewhat aback when after listening to
that eloquent peroration of Justice Miller, where he
described the son of America as being well educated,
well developed, good-natured, good-tempered, brill
iant, brainy, and I don't know what he was going to
say next, he slapped me on the back. I must disclaim
being made a frightful example of this kind. Al
though I agree with him as to his conclusion, I do not
want to be put as an illustration. It seems to be my
fate to be a jury-mast. The last time I was out here
the Governor was unavoidably detained elsewhere and
they set me up. To be sure we did not make very
good time, but we got there. And again I am set up
to fill a place that I do not feel myself qualified to fill
on a post-prandial occasion like this, after the fatigues
which you have all suffered for the past four days.
You want some one who can fairly take you off your
feet, who can give you oxygen. I am not that kind
of a fluid to-day.
I am to speak to Michigan. I told the President,
however, when he said that would be my toast, that I
would go as I pleased. My Michigan speech I left at
home. It is an exceedingly good one. It was always
impromptu, and commenced in this way : " Michigan
has fifty-six thousand square miles, has two millions of
people (I generally exaggerate it about five hundred
thousand) ; she is the first in salt, first in lumber, first
in winter wheat, first in charcoal, first in fresh fish,
and first in the hearts of her countrymen." But that
I have repeated so often that I am afraid people will
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 211
regard it as stale, although I see there are some new
faces here ; so that I have discarded that. The last
time 1 talked to an after-dinner crowd was down in La
Perche, in France. I made a capital hit. There were
two hundred and fifty breeders of Percheron horses at
the table, and they were all able and very respectable,
and they treated me famously, but they did not un
derstand a word I said. I would always stop in such a
way that they knew what I expected, and they were
polite enough to give it to me hot and heavy. Then
I went over to England to a fair, a fat-cattle show,
and I talked on Jerseys. They did not know any
thing about Jerseys, and, of course, I had them there.
I did not know any more than they did, but they
thought I did, and I can always talk upon a subject
better upon which I am not posted.
There is one thing in Michigan in which we surpass
all the other States in the Union. We talk about our
reformatory institutions, about our educational institu
tions, but we do not talk enough about that hygienic
institution for convicts which we have erected on the
Upper Peninsula. They call it a State Prison, but no
man on the Upper Peninsula ever commits a crime,
and therefore we need no prison up there ; and if it
had not been for this Inter -State Commerce bill I
have no doubt but by this time you would see three
hundred or four hundred gentlemen in uniform being
transferred to the watering place for our convicts on
Lake Superior. I think we are deserving of credit for
that benevolence which stamps us in this matter as
well as in all of our other institutions.
In coming through the hall I saw the portrait of
Stevens T. Mason, ordinarily known as Governor Tom
212 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Mason. He came to this State when he was a boy. I
knew him well. He has trotted me upon his knee,
and I am reminded to speak of him because in look
ing over the history of the University I think we can
look back to him with a feeling of gratitude for the
veto that he gave at a very critical period of her his
tory ; and that leads me to say that Tom Mason was
no statesman. He was a politician. He was politi
cian enough to know that a trick was being put up
upon the State by a lot of men who desired to grasp
the University lands, and he defeated it. Since then
we have had many good and great Governors. I have
seen one venerable Governor here to-day who was
Governor while I was in the University forty years
ago. A generation has come and gone since then, and
yet he, with his silver hair and the same spectacles, I
believe, that he wore forty years ago, still mingles
among us, giving pleasure to our eyes and delight to
our hearts. For fear you may not recognize the gen
tleman, I would say that it is ex - Governor Felch.
We have another ex-Governor with us, a man to whom
Michigan and the national government owes a great
debt of gratitude, and that is Governor Blair. I hope
the Governor is not here, for if I should see him I
should dislike to say what I would say if he were not
here. He was a man who, like Governor Morton, of
Indiana, stood by the troops, worked night and day for
them, sent them to the front, and kept the name of
Michigan well advanced and illustrious through all
that terrible struggle which led to such a happy con
summation. I say that the people of Michigan owe
Governor Blair, the great war Governor of the war
of the rebellion, a debt which all the honors you may
heap upon him can never repay.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 213
These men were all politicians, as Hamilton, Jefier-
son, Jay, Clinton, were politicians. They are politi
cians while living, statesmen after death. The differ
ence between a politician and a living statesman is
this : A statesman generally sits in his library with
his head upon his hands, his finger about thus, and his
portrait is taken. In the library you will see little
blocks with names on the back, and one of them will
have Jus. Pan. I suppose that means Justinian's Pan
dects. The old man never reads them. And then
there is another, Nov. Org., Novum Organum. He
thinks it is the name of the new organ of the Italian
government. He sits there and poses. His portrait is
taken, it gets into the magazine, and his reputation is
fixed. These politicians do the work they never get
any credit for until they are dead, and generally they
are treated pretty badly then, for I was reading the
other day the history of the early ages of the republic,
and I find there was not a single man except George
Washington, from Tom Jefferson down to John Quincy
Adams, who was not up to all kinds of rascality that
would make a politician of to-day hide his head in
shame.
I think I have held to my text. I have kept away
as much as possible from it.
A lady on my right has suggested something that
will enable me to bring in what I was going to drag
in very awkwardly, — Wellesley College.
Wellesley College, I understand, is as remote from
my toast as anything I have suggested hitherto, but I
will say that it has five hundred lady students, and five
of the professors are from Michigan University ; and
when old Massachusetts comes out into the woods to
214 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
get professors for her colleges, you must imagine thai
they are beginning to wake up down around the Hub.
But enough of this nonsense. I suppose I was put in
like those intervals between the courses at the table,
or table-d'hotes, in Europe. They first give you some
soup and snatch it away before you get half enough,
then let you wait for five minutes, and the result is
that the interval satisfies your appetite just about as
well as what you get to eat. When you are hard up
for speakers, the best way is to get a man up who can
talk a half an hour and say nothing. But 1 will close
by saying to all of the old boys who are here, after
giving advice to the young boys and girls, that they
must not grow old. I will propose the old toast
which Holmes or some one else got off, and which I
saw in a newspaper : —
Here 's a health to the future, a sigh for the past ;
We can love, remember, and hope to the last ;
And, for all the base lies that the almanacs hold,
While there is youth in our hearts we can never grow old.
The President said : This whole day is itself a com
memoration of the founders of the University ; and one
of the great advantages of not being any older is that
we are not obliged simply to admire myths of the past,
but that a considerable number of the men who had a
large part in laying the foundations of this University
are our esteemed friends now here, ready to tell us of
the times that are past. It is with great pleasure that
I see at my left one of these gentlemen who was con
nected officially with the University, I think, as early
as 1845, and who has been connected with it in one
capacity or another for a large part of the time since.
I am certain we should all be very glad to listen to
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 215
some words concerning the early days from our friend,
Judge Campbell.
Senator Palmer proposed three cheers for Judge
Campbell and they were heartily given.
SPEECH OF JUDGE CAMPBELL.
The other day I received a suggestion from our good
friend Dr. Angell that I was to pose here as one of
the antiquities. Well, as he suggested, it is one of the
great advantages of a new country that a man may be
the oldest inhabitant even without being remarkably
old at that. Now it does so happen that by reason
that this University is not perhaps quite as old as
Methuselah, I have as boy or man been acquainted, and
tolerably well acquainted, with probably all of the
founders of this University except Judge Woodward
and Judge Griffin. Those founders, let me say — and
that perhaps is merely repeating what has been better
said this morning — were men of mark, that kind of
men that build republics and build up everything that
makes the glory of republics. Michigan, from being
somewhat hard to reach in the olden time, got no in
habitants that were not willing and able to take some
pains to get here ; and the men that were the founders
of our institutions here in this State were men that
were not second in capacity or character to any of the
inhabitants, in my judgment, that we have ever had in
any part of this country. There were men whose
greatness has extended over the whole universe.
There were men who were great in every sense of the
term ; and, what for this University was quite as im
portant, they were men of culture and education, men
who had known all their days the value of educational
216 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
institutions, men who thoroughly believed in education
as the basis of democratic institutions, and not, as one
of our Western congressmen once called it, the bane of
democracy. There were such men as Lewis Cass, Gov
ernor Woodbridge, Judge Witherell, grandfather of our
Senator, Major Biddle, Major Kearsley, Judge Wilkins.
But I will not extend the roll. There was scarcely a
man in public life in this Territory who was not as
thoroughly devoted to the extension of education as
the most advanced scholars we have in our day, or as
those who have lived at any time. Now you have
heard this morning the story of how this University
was founded, and you have heard what is certainly
true, that the plan of it was such that it would bear
indefinite extension over every variety of knowledge.
It was the broadest and largest plan, I think, that ever
was put on paper, and it was drawn by men who un
derstood just what was coming of it. And while, per
haps, they did not look forward to such a growth as
we have seen within three-quarters of a century, they
nevertheless believed that as the country grew this
University would grow, and they attached to it every
school in the State that was to be supported by the
State, so that one harmonious and complete system of
educational institutions was to centre around the Uni
versity, and receive its general control and direction
from the friends of the University. Now, in that
founding there was one feature that has partly been
lost. Our University to-day is a State institution. In
those days it was intended to be a part of the State.
Every officer of the University was commissioned under
the great seal of the Territory, and was to have been
under the great seal of the State. They formed a part
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 217
really of the State government, — of that portion of it
that was devoted to the care of educational subjects.
Now that was by no means an unimportant part of the
University scheme, and had it been kept up, as in my
humble judgment it ought to have been kept up, we
never should have had to suffer what we have suffered,
we never should have lost what we have lost, and the
State would have stood forward more plainly than it
does now as a State where all of its institutions were
founded on learning and on education. After the State
itself was organized, and the third organization of the
University took place, it was still made closely con
nected with the State government, and in such a way
as made it directly receive the aid and the counsels of
the best men that the State afforded. The Governor,
the Chancellor, the Lieutenant-Governor, and the Jus
tices of the Supreme Court were all of them members
of the Board of Regents by virtue of their office, and
the rest of the members were appointed, as the State
officers all along were appointed, by the Governor and
Senate. The ex-officio members made a very large
share of the Board, and I can speak from personal
knowledge when I say that there were no members of
the Board of Regents in those days that did more or
that did as much. The Governor invariably attended
every meeting of the Board, attended to all the details
of business, took as much share in it as any member of
the Board of Regents would now, and so it was with
the other ex-offitio members, with the exception perhaps
of two or three men that at various times had occupied
this office. There was not one of them that was not
fully informed in regard to everything done in the Uni
versity, that did not act earnestly and zealously, with
218 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
time and everything else that he could give for its ad
vancement.
Now, perhaps it may not be out of place to give a
few moments to the personal constitution of those old
Boards. These men, as I have already said, were men
of mark. Some of them were peculiar men. At the
time when I was put into official connection with the
University, the active members who had charge of all
the ordinary business were Dr. Pitcher, of Detroit,
Major Kearsley, Dr. Duffield, and John Owen. John
Owen is the only one now living, a man of the most
upright character, the man who saved this State from
bankruptcy at the time when the war broke out; a
man of singular modesty and retiring habits ; a man
of firmness like iron ; a man who never had a selfish
thought all the days of his life.
These are the men who did most of the work of or
ganizing the University at Ann Arbor. They arranged
its courses of study, they selected its professors, they
looked after all the details of business. Of course the
other members at the regular meetings did their shares ;
and among those who were most active was our friend
at the other end of the next table, Governor Felch,
who, if the history of this University were thoroughly
investigated, would be found, like more than one other
Governor, to have interposed his authority against the
ruin of the University — for vetoes in those days were
necessary for its salvation. Lands were constantly
being stolen by squatters, and the tendency was on the
part of our legislators, I am sorry to say, to allow
these people to get the benefit of their thefts. Gov
ernor after Governor vetoed these bills, determined
that what there was left of the lands of the University
should go to the benefit of the University.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 219
I said it might be of some interest to refer to the
personal character of some of these men. I wish I
could describe it as my friend Palmer could. I will
first refer to Major Kearsley. I think there are some
of the old students here — I see my friend Goodrich at
the other end of one of these tables — who probably
have experienced the Major's persecution in the con
struction of Latin. If there was anything in this world
that the Major believed in it was Latin. If there was
anything that came next to high treason it was false
Latin ; and the Latin that he believed in was Pennsyl
vania Latin. I do not mean to say by that that it was
not good, but it was distilled from the alembic of old
James Ross, the author of a wonderful Latin grammar,
all in the Latin language, a little canine perhaps in its
nature, the rules being chiefly in a peculiar character
of Latin rhyme. I remember very well that when we
boys thought the Major was going to use us rather
savagely, if we could only get one or two of Ross's
rhyming maxims we knew we were all right. Any
body that had ever touched Ross's grammar was sure
to get through without a scratch. Some of the stu
dents of this University undoubtedly have gone through
that ritual without knowing much about Ross, and I
am afraid some of them did not bless the Major for his
intervention in the examinations. He was an old vet
eran and had lost a limb at Lundy's Lane, and suffered
all the days of his life from the consequences of that
wound. This made him, therefore, rather irritable and
pettish, but he was a man after all of great enthusiasm
for education and for all things that were valuable.
He had, however, a habit of calling me in almost every
day as secretary to look over the accounts with him.
220 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
There was not a paper that he received that he did not
want somebody to look over with him. He made more
trouble out of little items, of business than almost any
other man I ever saw. He was, however, a very use
ful man in just this place. The buildings put up here
were of course constructed by contract as a rule. There
was always some difficulty in getting work done here?
because mechanics were not numerous. The Major
watched every stick that went into the building and
very nearly every brick. He had the stucco analyzed,
and the result was that on these buildings about this
Campus there never has been a foot of stucco that has
got loose. It is just as good as it ever was, and the
buildings are as good as they ever were, wear and tear
excepted ; and they are the result of his minute in
vestigation of these items.
When the time came for preparing for the first grad
uation day the Major was in his glory. I was not.
He and Dr. Duffield sat down together and they con
cocted a marvellous diploma. I do not know whether
they use it to-day or not, but if they did it would come
nearer to the idealization of Dr. Angell's notions as ex
pressed this morning than anything I know of. The
Latin of it I presume was good — according to Ross ;
but there was a great deal of it. It started out with
the idea, which the Doctor enforced very powerfully
this morning, that the state is made up of men, or, as
Sir William Jones says, it is the men that constitute
the state. That diploma was a standing witness to
that idea. It did not start off with the "Universitas
Michiganise " — if I am right in my pronunciation -
meaning the University of Michigan, but it was the
" Universitas Michiganensium ; " the University of the
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 221
Michiganders, as Cicero would translate it, — the Uni
versity of the people, not the University of the State.
How long that form remained in use I am unable to
say. After going on with several lines of very enter
taining matter it came down to the wonderful degree
of Bachelor of Arts ; mentioning the ingenuous and
studious and other qualities of the young man that was
named. After naming him it went on with a long rig
marole very much like our old warranty deeds, giving
unto him all that belonged to the office : what the
common lawyers would call, I suppose, the rights, priv
ileges, hereditaments, and appurtenances thereunto be
longing, or in anywise appertaining ; or, as the admi
ralty courts would say, represented by Judge Miller,
the tackle, apparel, and furniture that belonged to that
office. My friend Goodrich was one of the recipients
of this kind of a diploma ; and if he can tell me what
those rights, privileges, etc., are, he will give me infor
mation that I have never got yet.
Dr. Duffield was a thorough scholar, a very ardent
lover of knowledge, and in all respects a most admi
rable Regent. Dr. Pitcher, whose portrait I noticed in
the hall this morning, was in like manner one of the
early friends of education, and he has left his mark on
this University in a great many ways, not the least of
which was the foundation of the Medical College.
Among the men that first were connected with this
University were two learned professors who never took
their seats as actual instructors, but for several years
devoted themselves to preparatory work in order to
advance the University itself. One of these was
mentioned by Dr. Angell this morning, Asa Gray, the
renowned botanist. The other was a man to whom
222 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Michigan owes more than to almost any other man
that lived in it, Douglass Houghton. I remember Dr.
Houghton's first advent into Michigan when I was a
boy, during the long winters when it was impossible to
get in or out, so that wrhoever came to spend the winter
had to come in the fall and remain until the spring.
Dr. Houghton was brought out here in 1829, then a
young man not yet of age, for the purpose of deliver
ing a course of scientific lectures in the city of Detroit.
He even at that early age had shown the genius and
capacity which made him the pride of this State. He
was one of the early founders of the University, al
though never a Regent; and as soon as preparation
was made for founding the University, Dr. Houghton
and Dr. Gray were the first professors. He was ap
pointed and took the place of Professor of Geology for
the very purpose of preparing himself in advance by a
thorough examination of the geology of our own State,
so that when he should finally take his seat as professor
he should be able to teach geology in the light of the
remarkable formation of this State, different from that
of almost any other region then known, in mineral and
other characteristics. During the remainder of his life
— for his life was short — there was no man who acted
more earnestly and energetically in looking after the
advancement of the University on the grounds here,
and in getting it fitted from other sources, than Dr.
Houghton. Unfortunately he died the very year of
the first commencement; but although he died at the
age of thirty-five, it is said by geologists and scientific
men that there has not been made a discovery in this
State of its mineral wealth, up to this very day, that
was not indicated by Dr. Houghton in his early explo
rations.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 223
Now, those who have been founders of the University
since then, most of you know something about ; but
there is one man that I should feel it almost a crime to
be silent about. There was a Governor who filled at
various periods several terms of office, who was reputed,
by those who did not know him, as a man of narrow
views and penurious as a public officer, — John S.
Barry. Now I speak from knowledge when I say that
there never has been a man connected with this Uni
versity whose ideas were broader, or who devoted more
time and attention to the interests of this University,
than John S. Barry. There was nothing in its busi
ness that he did not understand ; there was nothing in
its affairs in which he did not give wise counsel ; there
was nothing which he could do officially or unofficially,
for its advancement and prosperity, that he did not do.
He was not the only Governor who was a friend of the
University. I think all of them were its friends, but I
think that no man left a better record in the work that
he did and in the mischief that he prevented than John
S. Barry.
My friends, I guess that I have talked as long as is
necessary about the founders of this institution, and I
will apologize for detaining you so long as I have.
The President said : The prosperity of this Univer
sity has been very largely due to the devotion and care
of its Regents, and we are very glad to see here to-day
a considerable representation of the former Boards of
Regents, and I will ask my friend General Cutcheon,
as a representative of them, to say a word to us now.
224 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
SPEECH OF GENERAL CUTCHEON.
Mr. President, Brethren and Sisters of the University of
Michigan : —
The Board of Regents of the University of Michigan
has been not only in its past a notable and an honorable
body, but it has also embraced within its membership
many distinguished men. As was just remarked by my
friend, Judge Campbell, under the old constitution, from
1836 to 1852, all the Governors were members of the
Board ex-offido, and the Lieutenant-Governors, and the
Chancellors, and the Chief Justice and Justices of the
Supreme Court. All of those distinguished gentlemen
were active members at that time of the Board of Re
gents, besides many of our distinguished citizens who
were not members ex-offido, — such distinguished citi
zens as Lewis Cass, the Governor of the Territory, after
wards United States Senator, Secretary of War, and at
last Secretary of State ; Robert McClelland, afterwards
Secretary of the Interior; Dr. George Duffield, Sr. ;
John Owen, already mentioned ; Ross Wilkins, C. C.
Trowbridge, and a host of others, living and dead, who
have lived to illustrate the history of the State of
Michigan. I will not name the many who are still liv
ing, many of whom I am glad to see here to-day, who
have given their care and attention, their ability and
their learning, to the conduct of this University, to
bring it forward, as it has been brought forward, to its
place in the foremost ranks of the institutions of learn
ing of this or any land.
The University of Michigan was not only coeval with
the State of Michigan, but actually was antecedent,
and the Board of Regents is as old as the State itself.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 225
From small beginnings, which we have heard described
to-day and yesterday, and which are known to many
of us here, the University has grown until to-day the
Board of Regents has in trust one of the grandest
institutions, not only of this State, but of the entire
sisterhood of States. It has acquired momentum, if I
may use that expression. It has acquired an inherent
force within itself that no one man and no Board of
Regents can either make or unmake. The whole is
always greater than its parts, and the University, being
the whole, is greater than any of its parts. I know
that the University has passed from time to time
through many critical periods ; periods when its friends
were alarmed for its safety ; and yet we have seen the
University, with that momentum of which I have
spoken, sweep right on in its grand course in spite of
quarrels in its governing boards, in spite of hostile
executives, in spite of legislatures that did not com
prehend its greatness or its mission. I remember, Mr.
President, that when I came upon the Board it was
one of those critical periods. We had on hand a diffi
culty in the University that many thought was danger
ous to its permanence and its prosperity. That Board
of Regents has pretty much all passed away. Most of
them have been retired to private life ; but the Uni
versity in spite of jarring and contention moved right
on without check, without hindrance, without delay.
Why ? Because the University of Michigan is grounded
and founded in the hearts of the people of the State of
Michigan. It is their University, and they know and
they feel it. The reason that government by the
people is the strongest of all governments is that it
is the majority of the people that make the laws ; and
15
226 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the reason that a popular institution like a university
is stronger than any other is because it rests upon the
hearts of the people, and so long as it is so founded,
and it so rests, it will be secure.
The Board of Eegents of the University is a consti
tutional board, unlike almost any other of our State
boards. It is not the creature of the legislature. It
is not a board that the legislature of to-day can make
and the legislature of to-morrow can unmake. Other
State boards are like the drift that has been deposited
upon the surface by passing glaciers or the alluvial
that is brought down to the mouth of our rivers by the
wash of the stream ; but the University of Michigan,
and this Board of Regents, are like the everlasting
mountains that are mortised and dovetailed into the
very political crust of our educational world. It is
there to abide. Not only is it constitutional in its
organization, but it is constitutional in its functions.
The constitution has defined the powers and the duties
of the Board of Regents past the making or the un
making of temporary legislatures. It has declared in
the organic act that the Board of Regents shall have
the general supervision of the University of Michigan,
and that they shall have the control of the University
fund. At the time the constitution was framed it was
the only fund that the University controlled, and in
that it was declared that the Board of Regents should
have absolute control of the funds of the University of
Michigan. They are to have the absolute control of
all its internal policy. They are to decide what is
good order and what is not good order. Why ? Be
cause this constitutional board, provided for by all the
people in their organic act, is selected from the entire
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 227
people for a long term of office, for the express and
sole purpose of having this institution in their charge.
It is made their duty to study its needs. It is their
duty to know its passing wants. It is their duty to
study in regard to what will be for its injury and what
will be for its good; and it has been my experience
and observation that this institution has been in the
hands of an enlightened, intelligent, and well-wishing
Board of Regents. Not that they are infallible, but I
would rather have the judgment of eight gentlemen
who are elected for the express purpose, and who year
after year study the wants of the University, to decide
upon what its needs are, than any single gentleman
who stands off and observes it once or twice a year
with a telescope.
I know that you are waiting to hear from others.
Time is hastening on. Men may come and men may
go, but the University will go on, we fondly hope, for
ever. Boards of Regents may come and Boards of
Regents may go, but the University will abide here ;
because so long as this is a commonwealth — and that
we hope will be for a great many thousand years yet
to come — it will need not only a University as great
as this, but a University constantly growing in the
future years. And so we shall pass away. The time
is not far off when we shall all be Ex's. We shall be
ex-students, we shall be ex-professors, we shall be ex-
regents, and ex-presidents, but I trust the time will
never come when this will be an ex-university. No,
so long as human want endures, so long as human
aspiration continues, so long as the thronging genera
tions press us crying for a better and loftier civiliza
tion, we must give to them this bread of life.
228 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
The President said: We have had to-day greetings
from some of our sister universities, and telegrams
have been sent from others. I have one from the
University of California : —
The University of California sends greetings and saluta
tions to the pioneer of American State universities on this
auspicious anniversary.
The other is from the University of Nebraska : —
As our delegates cannot be present to offer our congratula
tions on your jubilee, I beg you to accept the heartiest that
lightning can carry. Your history is our inspiration. If
Michigan forgets for a moment her national order in the
higher public education, we who have seen her start and fol
lowed it can only wonder and regret. May the future of
your noble University immeasurably outshine its past, and its
centennial find it the acknowledged peer of any institution of
learning in the world.
We had this morning (continued the President) a
representative of a State university in the far North
west. We have one here from the extreme Southwest,
and I will call upon Professor Macfarlane of the Uni
versity of Texas for a word.
SPEECH OF PROFESSOR MACFAELANE.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I feel it a high honor, as the delegate of the Univer
sity of Texas, to be called upon to say a few words in
response to this sentiment of the sister State univer
sities. On this theme you have already heard a more
eloquent delegate. The speech of the President of the
University of Minnesota, the telegrams which have just
been read, and my presence here, these all assure you
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 229
that the band of sister State universities now extends
over the whole West, from Minnesota to Texas, and
from Michigan to California.
Of this band of sisters the University of Texas is in
one respect about the youngest ; in another, about the
oldest. If we date her age from the beginning of
active work, she is only four years old ; but if we date
it from the time when a site was chosen and lands set
apart, she ought to celebrate her jubilee two years
hence. No sooner had the founders of the Republic
of Texas overcome Santa Anna and the Mexicans than
they proceeded to set apart lands for a university, so
that we also can say that the University is as old as
the State.
In many of her features the University of Texas
resembles the University of Michigan, and indeed she
has copied so much from her as a model that in some
respects she ought to be regarded rather as a daughter
than as a sister. Two or three of the leading features
of resemblance I may refer to.
At the University of Texas, as now organized, tuition
is free to all residents of the State, the only charge
being a small matriculation fee ; and, as here, the
University stands open to students from other States
on very nearly the same terms as to residents. The
University of Texas is not only open to young women
— it is open to young men and young women on
equal terms. In some of the speeches of the preced
ing days I heard mention of the " co-eds ; " I did not
at first know the meaning of the term, but eventually
by putting several facts together I came to understand
it. At the University of Texas we have no such term.
There the young ladies might as well call the young
230 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
gentlemen " co-eds ; " for the institution has been
founded by the State for the equal benefit of both.
Another feature directly borrowed from this. Univer
sity, and in the carrying out of which we have received
valuable advice from your esteemed President, is the
affiliation of approved high schools to the University,
so that their graduates may enter without the ordeal
of an examination, and thus the way is made plain
and continuous from the primary school to the Uni
versity.
These are some of the features in which the Uni
versity of Texas resembles the University of Michigan.
There are others, and I think we might well borrow
still more. I think our students might well borrow
your mode of getting up a torchlight procession. And
should we celebrate our semi-centennial two years
hence, I shall certainly be able to give some hints to
my colleagues how to make it a success.
The President said : We also have messages from a
large number of European universities. I hold in my
hand a telegram which has just been received from
the University of St. Petersburg, showing that they
are mindful of the day : —
The Rector and Council of the University of St. Petersburg,
Russia, beg to congratulate the University of Michigan on
the Fiftieth Anniversary of its foundation, and sincerely wish
that it may long continue its useful service in the cause of
science and learning.
The University of Bologna, undoubtedly the oldest
of universities, has sent me official notice (continued
the President) that they had elected my distinguished
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 231
colleague, Dr. Winchell, as their delegate on this occa
sion, and I take the liberty, therefore, to call upon him
to discharge the function.
SPEECH OF DR. WINCHELL.
In the history of universities, no name figures more
honorably, or even more conspicuously, than that of
the University of Bologna. It disputes priority of
foundation with the University of Paris. Schools there
were, and seminaries of learning in great numbers,
before and immediately after the Christian era. Some
of them undoubtedly approached the modern univer
sity in character, but the name was not assumed before
the twelfth century.
The city of Bologna itself dates back to pre-Roman
times. As an Etruscan settlement, it was Felsina.
Conquered by the Gallic Boii, it was called Bononia.
It sided with Hannibal against the Romans, but be
came a Roman city B. c. 190. Theodosius II. founded
there a school of learning 433 A. D. The " seven lib
eral arts " were taught there in the eleventh century ;
and there is evidence that instruction was also given
in law. This school is said to have been restored by
that world -transforming power, Charlemagne. Its
real character as a university was acquired in 1119, on
the installation of Irnerius, the great teacher of Ro
man law ; and about the same time the name " uni
versity" was applied to the great concourses of stu
dents at Paris and Bologna. This was seven hundred
and sixty-eight years ago. Probably the university
character dates back at least eight hundred years, and,
if we date from the founding of the Theodosian school,
the University of Bologna is this summer fourteen
hundred and fifty-four years old.
232 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
In the Middle Ages, this was the most celebrated
law school in all Europe. In the thirteenth century,
it was attended by ten thousand students from all the
countries of Europe; in the fourteenth century, by
thirteen thousand students. The " citramontanes "
were organized in seventeen nations, and the " ultra-
montanes" in eighteen nations. The study of medi
cine was introduced later ; and theology was provided
with a Faculty by Pope Innocent VI.
The University has a library of one hundred and
fifty thousand volumes and nine thousand manuscripts
— a storehouse of the results of the intellectual labor
of ages gone by.
Distinguished names adorn the history of the Uni
versity. Irnerius was the regenerator and greatest
expounder of Roman law in mediaeval times. He was
in canon law what Abelard was in theology. After
him came an illustrious line of glossators devoted to
the interpretation of it. Among them wras Giovanni
Andrea (1275-1348). Cecco d'Ascoli, who lectured on
the physical sciences, was condemned to burn all his
works on astrology, and, later, was enrolled among the
martyrs of science by being burned at the stake. It
may be mentioned that the superior authorities con
signed d'Ascoli to two modes of punishment somewhat
unique. While living, he was sentenced to listen reg
ularly to the preaching in the church of the Domin
icans, and when dead, to have his portrait appear in
the pictures of hell painted on the walls of the
churches. Such was the prescriptive spirit of the age,
and against this the works and characters of the schol
ars of Bologna were a living protest.
Galvani, who died in 1798, by his discoveries in ani-
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 233
mal electricity, brought renown upon the chair of
anatomy, and contributed an impulse to the move
ment of scientific thought which we still feel with
every message over the electric wires. Mezzofanti
(1774-1849), twice professor and then librarian, and
linally a Cardinal at Rome, was characterized by Byron
us " a monster of languages, a Briareus of parts of
speech, and a walking polyglot." He is said to have
been acquainted with 1 14 languages. To these may
be added the names of Orioli and Tomasini.
The University enjoys the singular distinction of
connecting with itself the names of several learned
women. Novella Andrea, a daughter of the celebrated
professor of law, used to read her father's lectures con
cealed by a screen from the gaze of the students. It
is said her personal beauty was distracting. Laura
Bassi (1711-1778) received a doctor's degree, and was
appointed professor in the Philosophical Faculty, where
she delivered public lectures on experimental philoso
phy, till the time of her death in 1788. Madame Man-
zolina served as professor of anatomy. Clotilda Tam-
broni was professor of Greek from 1794 to 1817.
Why should she not be professor of Greek if she ex
celled her rivals of the other sex ?
In the late Italian renaissance, the representatives of
Bologna have stood conspicuous — not alone in Italy,
but in Europe. The first session of the International
Geological Commission held after its organization, was
convened at Bologna, and Professor Giovanni Capellini
was called to preside. It is his brother, J. Capellini,
Rector of the University Senate, who charges me to
respond to the invitation sent out from Ann Arbor. It
is such a University, gentlemen, — such in antiquity,
234 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
such in renown, such in vigorous modern life, which,
from the Old World, sends its fresh warm greetings to
the youngest of the great universities of the New
World. I feel myself fortunate in becoming the me
dium of such a message, from such a source.
I have the honor, also, to make mention of the
names of other universities of the Old World, which
have sent their acknowledgments of our invitation to
participate in the celebration of our jubilee, but found
it impracticable to send delegates. I name them in
the order of their foundation : —
Oxford., which dates from 1050, and is attended by
thirteen hundred students, having an annual income
of two million three hundred thousand dollars, and
boasting of its Bodleian Library of two hundred and
sixty thousand volumes.
Naples, founded in 1224, with an attendance of fif
teen hundred and fifty students, and surrounded by
a body of institutions of art and science which, while
not formally a part of the University, offer concomi-
tantly, the richest of university advantages.
Rome, dating from 1303, with its six hundred stu
dents, and surrounded by accessories richer even than
those of Naples.
Heidelberg, coming down from 1387, the scholastic
home of so many of our countrymen, and illustrious
in the names of its professors.
St. Andrews, patriarch of the Scottish universities,
with an antiquity stretching to 1411.
Turin, founded in 1412, with its fourteen hundred
students, and a line of illustrious alumni, such as few
universities can boast.
Saragossa, dating from 1474, with its attendance of
eleven hundred students.
TUP: SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 235
Upsala, existing since 1476, with a present attend
ance of fifteen hundred students, and a degree of activ
ity which makes it the focal point of the North.
Copenhagen, dating from 1479, and giving higher in
struction to a thousand students.
Madrid, originally the University of Alcald, existing
since 1508, and resorted to in our times by seven
thousand students.
Ley den, dating from 1575, with its company of six
hundred students, and enriched by a history which
embodies the names of so many of the brightest in
tellectual luminaries in science, philosophy, and phi
lology.
Edinburgh, founded in 1582, with nearly fifteen hun
dred students in attendance, and the lustre of phi
losophy and criticism adorning its name.
Gottingcn, dating from 1737, with its seven hundred
students, and the distinction of standing in the front
of the modern march of theology, philosophy, and
science.
Bonn, rising on the banks of the classic Rhine as late
as 1818, and already calling to its shrine not less
than eight hundred students annually, renowned in
the field of natural science, distinguished by names
familiar in all the world.
Munich, lately past its own semi-centennial, founded
in 1826, but furnishing higher instruction to a con
course of fourteen hundred students from all coun
tries.
ToJcio, youngest of all the great universities, sending
its greetings from the opposite side of the world, the
only voice which comes to us from the far orient,
speaking for another race, the response of a new-
236 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
born civilization — there is none more welcome. We
take the Japanese scholar by the hand and lead him
to the best seat in this convivium of science and letters.
The statesmanship of the governments of the Old
World, from the dawn of civilization, has always dis
cerned the dependence of national prosperity on the
promotion of the higher knowledge which lies at the
basis of civilization. Before the year 1500, there ex
isted sixty-four universities in nine of the nationalities
of Europe. This was before the discoveries of Colum
bus. America was yet a savage wilderness. These
universities, and others in the following four centuries,
were founded chiefly by the authority of the ruling
potentates and statesmen of Europe. They have been
maintained chiefly at public cost. The university, like
the army and the navy, is regarded as one of the arms
of the national security.
In several of the universities students pay no fees.
In Prussia, the matriculation fee is from $4.50 to
$6.25, and in Germany at large, the charges to stu
dents for lectures are from $2 to $5 a session. In
Berlin, none exceed $8.50 a session. These isolated
statements give a fair illustration of a fundamental
principle in the higher education supplied in Europe.
Those who forego the opportunities for business, to
qualify themselves to serve the state in the highest
capacities, are, pro tanto, deprived of the ability to pay
the expenses of their education. The public service
must be carried on at the public expense. The other
fundamental principle in all these universities is the
total ignoring of nationality. An American student
from any State of our Union, is welcomed to the best
facilities afforded by any university of Europe, on the
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 237
same footing — if not more favorable — as the citizens
of the nationality which maintains the institution.
It is the recognition of these venerable and dis
tinguished seats of learning which I have the honor
here to acknowledge. The University of Michigan
responds to their greetings ; and feels a pride in its
acknowledged title to a place in the solidarity of lea
The President said : One of the most noteworthy
things that ever happened to us has been the admis-v 10E> *rr \
sion of women, and we have here to-day not a few of
those women, whose success in life has justified, if any
justification were necessary, the experiment, as it was
then regarded. I am sure if the women who have
graduated here were asked to send in their ballots for
the person to speak for them to-day, they would unani
mously join with the choice which I have made when
I call upon Miss Alice E. Freeman, doctor of — I don't
know how many degrees, and President of Wellesley
College.
SPEECH OF MISS FREEMAN.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
You have certainly laid upon me a most pleasing
and the most difficult of possible duties in asking me
to speak to you for all the women who have graduated
from this University. They have come up here to
your high festival from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
and from the south to the boundaries of Her Majesty's
empire on the north to speak for themselves. As I
look in their faces, I remember that I am not only to
speak for the representatives of fifteen classes, of many
238 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
States and countries, but also for those others whose
hearts are with us to-day, but who are kept away from
us because of the needs of home and hospital, of schools
and of sick rooms, not only in this land, but in China,
India, and Africa, and in the islands of the sea. We
come up with our greeting on this occasion, not as a
matter of formality, not because you, sir, bade us come,
whom we learned in freshmen days to obey implicitly,
but because our hearts have brought us. We have
listened during all this festival week to what the sons
of Michigan have to say in her honor ; all through the
days and the nights you will bear us witness that we
have listened with great sympathy as you have laid
your laurels at the feet of our Alma Mater ; as repre
senting our governments and our institutions and all
our learned professions, you have come with your
manly greeting to her whom we loved so well. And
we are just as proud of our University as you are, just
as hopeful for her future, just as eager for her present
good ; and I think, sir, if you will allow me to say it,
we bring something more, for we come as daughters
of this University, with something of the loyalty and
the devotion which girls feel for their mothers, and
which they feel for fathers who have risked a good
deal for them.
We do not forget that less than twenty years ago
there was not a great college in this country which
gave its degrees to women. There was one little col
lege down in the East, with a small library, with no
scientific endowments, which was young and small,
which called itself a college for women. And we re
member that this University did not see as a meaning
less fact that the schools not only of this State but of
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 239
all our States since the war were coming into women's
hands ; that all our great interests in philanthropy and
charity in the church, in education, in the home, and
in the social circle were in our hands, so ill prepared
to hold them wisely, and that you were brave enough
to pass beyond the tradition of the New England and
the Old England, and wise enough and great enough
to throw those wide doors open to their farthest and
take us in.
And so we come bringing all we have to bring, to
lay anything we may have won — and we won it be
cause of what you gave us — at the feet of our Alma
Mater in this semi-centennial time. I think if all the
girls of this University, of its different departments,
could come up by their hundreds and speak as they
would speak for themselves, they would tell you who
have done this service, as we do trust and believe, for
the homes and the schools, not only in Michigan, but I
think for all the States and many foreign countries,
what you have done in giving us a little better chance
to fit ourselves to do well the work you have given us
to do, and carry the responsibilities which are put now
into the hands of women. I think, Mr. President, if
they could come and speak for themselves they would
have but one message for you. If you say to us who
have come and have gone through these halls that
your generosity has not been wholly justified, we
answer for ourselves and for those who are to come
after us, that if devotion, if loyalty, if life, and if ser
vice answer for us, then we answer with what we are
able to bring. We will send our boys and our girls to
the University. If any one asks us whether we believe
in co-ed ucation, we will ask them if they expect us to
240 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
believe in our mother. We assure you that we will
care for the health and the social advantage and the
intellectual growth of the sons and the daughters you
put into the hands of the half of us who have been
teachers. We will remind you also on this festival day
that these fears which you entertained for us are suf
ficiently well justified, so that forty-five or fifty per
cent, of us will send you our own sons and daughters
as well as those you entrust to our hands.
I remember that fifteen years ago when I came to
this University there were three insurmountable ob
jections to rny coming here. The first was this con
clusion which had been reached, that if we did any
studying we would break down before we graduated,
or certainly within five years afterwards ; that proba
bly if we did not break down we would devote our
selves to the social advantages offered by the circum
stances, and therefore would not graduate ; and lastly,
if we withstood the temptation to devote ourselves to
social exhilaration, we would, nevertheless, the best
we could do, so lower the intellectual standard of the
University, that we might as well devote ourselves to
parties and entertainments and so forth.
Now, Mr. President, we have because of that reason
devoted ourselves to the care of health, to the teaching
professions, and also to the homes that have been ours ;
and we trust that you on this occasion will allow us to
present from the hospital, from our homes, and our
schoolrooms, our congratulations to our Alrna Mater,
our belief in her future, our reverence for her past, our
loyalty to her as her daughters, of whatever class,
whatever department, in all the days that are to corne.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 241
The President said : I had occasion to say to-day
that the University had always proceeded upon the
policy that the men in its Faculties were of more con
sequence than buildings, but in spite of our apprecia
tion of them we have lost a good many of our profes
sors, and they are always under temptation to go
elsewhere, because all the world wants bright men. I
ask President Adams, of Cornell University, to speak
for them. I am sure we should be glad to hear from
him.
SPEECH OF PRESIDENT ADAMS.
Mr. President and Felloiv Alumni : —
It is a matter of sincere regret to me that the senti
ment you have given cannot be responded to by an
other of the ex-professors, who until very recently had
hoped to share with me in representing the University
from which I have come. When the invitation to par
ticipate in these festivities came to Cornell University,
the authorities appointed to represent them Ex-Presi
dent White as well as myself; and until a few days it
was his hope, as it was mine, that he would be able to
join with us in our mutual gratulations. As I called
upon him a week ago to-day, I found him sitting in
the shadow of his great affliction ; but he charged me
that in coming here I should not forget to give his
affectionate regards to his old pupils and say to them
that he remembers them well, even more vividly than
he has been able to remember the students who have
graduated at Cornell. The classes he taught were
those between '58 and '62 ; and as he called over the
names of those whose careers he had especially fol
lowed, he said : " I should like to take them all by
16
242 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
the hand and show them how well I remember what
they did in my classes in history, and what they have
since done." "I should also," continued he, "be glad
to say to the University itself that I learned in it and
from it more than I have ever learned from any other
university, — that it was to me far more than a second
Alma Mater."
And this last sentiment is one, I imagine, that is very
generally felt by the ex-professors. I, at least, cannot
on this occasion attempt to speak, without beginning
with a word of love to the University to which I owe
so much. I do not yet count myself old, and yet I be
lieve it is true that I was longer connected with the
University, in one capacity or another, than any other
alumnus has been. I came to these grounds thirty
years ago this summer. I brought a letter of intro
duction to Professor Winchell, and through his encour
agement, and the encouragement of Dr. Frieze and Dr.
Boise, and perhaps the still more hearty encourage
ment of Dr. Williams, I was admitted to the Freshman
Class, though my only special preparation for a univer
sity course consisted of the study of Latin and Greek
for six months, — and a fit of sickness. Perhaps the
indulgence of the professors in admitting me was rea
son enough for gratitude. At any rate, I have always
felt that I am under greater obligations to the Univer
sity than is any other alumnus. I entered with per
haps the worst preparation that a boy ever had, and
for twenty-eight years my connection with the Univer
sity was unbroken.
Akin to this feeling of love is a feeling of pride.
Though it was not my fortune to be here in the pre
historic days to which Judge Campbell has alluded, it
seems to me that I was here pretty nearly at the be-
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER.
ginning. There were no trees upon the Campus or on
the streets surrounding it, except a few oaks that had
stood here already for perhaps a century. It was in
the spring of 1858, as many before me remember, that
there ran through the University, and indeed through
the town, a sort of epidemic impulse for the planting
of trees. I believe the impulse originated with Profes
sor White. He proposed, as his own contribution to
the work, to set the trees composing the noble avenues
now leading from the main entrance to the front of
the west group of buildings and to the Chemical Labo
ratory. The Faculty, as such, planted the row just in
side of the fence on the west side of the Campus. The
class of '58 set the group about the Tappan oak ; that
of '59 set the maples in front of the south wing ; that
of '60 set a group that has been sadly interfered with
by the extensions of the Chemical Laboratory ; while
my own class, that of '61, set the group that is still, in
the main, intact, between the Hospital and the main
entrance. The municipality set the triple row in the
streets surrounding the Campus.
I should weary you, if I were to follow the material
growth of the University into further detail. But
there are certain moral sources of satisfaction and
pride which I think every professor, and even every
alumnus, must feel. To two of these I must briefly al
lude.
The first is the moulding influence this University
has exerted, both directly and indirectly, over institu
tions of similar purpose in the Northwest. No one can
observe carefully the State universities, including the
degrees and the courses of study offered, without being
impressed with what may be called the all-controlling
educational influence of this University. Even fur-
244 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
ther than that, I was told this last winter, by a gentle
man who was invited to the presidency of a State
university west of the Mississippi, that he was asked
this question : " Are you acquainted with the Univer
sity of Michigan and its educational methods ? " and
when the answer was given, the chairman of the Trus
tees, in substance, said : " We want a man who will
make our University like the University of Michigan."
And so, in many ways, it might be shown that the
University is in some sense regarded as an exemplar
for all the State universities west of it.
The other source of pride to which I referred is in
the relations the University has been able to establish
with the intermediate schools of the State. Those re
lations are certainly the most important as well as the
most interesting features of what you, sir, have so
happily called the " Michigan system." It has been
very largely, I am tempted to say chiefly, through
those relations that the preparatory schools of Michigan
have been elevated into what I think must be regarded
as positions of extraordinary excellence. It is because
of the University, and the relations established by the
University, that to-day, here in the Peninsula State,
there are preparatory schools in considerable numbers
which, in point of extent and thoroughness of prepa
ration offered, are the equals of any of the preparatory
schools in any of the older seaboard States.
But, sir, along with the love and the pride that
every professor and every ex-professor must feel, there
is another prevalent emotion to which I must allude.
It grows partly out of the lofty position the University
has attained, and partly from the responsibilities which
that position imposes. I refer to the more or less gen-
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 245
eral feeling of solicitude in regard to the future. I
would say a word in regard to what an ex-professor
feels to be the real needs of the University.
While I a^ree with all that has been said in regard
O °
to what the University has come to be, I think we ought
not to forget that a university in these latter days, in
order to fulfil its functions completely, must be some
thing far different from what such a university had to be
a half century or even a generation ago. Times have
changed. The colleges of New England, as well as the
universities of the Old World, were established in an
age very different from ours. They were planted and
became mature before steam had revolutionized the
material forces of society, and before electricity had
made us all neighbors. We sometimes fail to realize
the educational significance of this revolution. But it
is a natural consequence of the change, that in all parts
of the world public sentiment has demanded that edu
cation should adapt itself, in some measure at least,
to the modern conditions of society. It may not be
necessary to remove, or even essentially to change, the
old methods ; but it is necessary that the old methods
and resources should be supplemented with the means
of educating men to direct these new forces that are
taking control of society.
It is in answer to this reasonable demand, that we
see springing up in all parts of the civilized world in
stitutions or departments of education planned on a
broader basis than any that existed before. In Eng
land numerous technical schools have sprung into ex
istence. The quiet repose of Cambridge University
has been disturbed by the sound of the saw and the
lathe ; and even that haughty home of the young scions
246 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
of English nobility at Eton has been obliged to pay
tribute to public demand by accepting a technical an
nex. In Berlin they have a university with five
thousand students, though the institution is but a few
years older than this ; but that is not enough, and so
within the last decade they have established a poly
technic department in what is perhaps, with a single
exception, the finest educational building in the world,
a building erected at a cost of two millions of dollars,
and capable of accommodating four thousand students.
Nor is the movement any more characteristic of mon
archies than of republics. The little republic of Switz
erland, with scarcely more inhabitants than Michigan,
within a very few years has brought together more
than twelve hundred students at the Polytechnicum at
Zurich, and only last year they opened a new labora
tory that is larger than all the laboratories in our New
England put together, — far larger than all the labo
ratories in the whole of the Northwest. This is the
tribute that is paid by the conservatism of the Old
World to the times in which we live.
And what has been done in our own country ? Con
template what has taken place in California, at Har
vard, at Johns Hopkins, at Columbia, at the Boston
Institute of Technology. And yet within the last few
months, under the very shadow of Harvard, a gift of
two millions of dollars has been made, with I know
not how many other millions to follow from the same
source, for the purpose of establishing a university
where technical instruction shall be given on a larger
and broader scale than has ever before been offered in
this country.
Now, at the University of Michigan this same work
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 247
has been begun. As yet, however, it has not been car
ried very far, simply because the University has not
had the means with which to do the work. And this
brings me to the culminating point of what I wished to
say. If this noble University is to continue to hold its lead
ership, it must, from some source, be supplied ivith larger
means than as yet have been given to it.
I rejoice in all that has been done. But while I re
joice, I can but remember that the growth of the Uni
versity has been constantly retarded by its lack of
means. Do you realize, my friends, that the growth of
the University in the last twenty years has not been
so rapid as the growth of the State, and the growth of
the Northwest ? When you contemplate the added
facilities that you see around you, do you remember
how enormously the resources of this commonwealth
have been augmented within the last two decades ?
When I was appointed to my professorship in 1867, I
remember there were twelve hundred and fifty-five
students in the University. In the course of twenty
years the twelve hundred and fifty-five have increased
to fifteen hundred and seventy-two, or, roughly speak
ing, twenty-four per cent. These figures are not, it is
true, a correct measure of growth, — for the courses
have been raised and broadened and deepened, — but
nevertheless they convey to us a suggestive lesson.
While the University has been adding a little — a very
little — year by year to its equipment and to its teach
ing force, the Northwest has doubled in population and
in wealth, while millions upon millions have been accu
mulated for the enrichment of this State, the enrich
ment of our individual alumni, and, I think I ought to
add, the endowment of colleges and universities in
248 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
other States. I know that it has been customary to say
that the State has been generous to the University ; but
I think it ought also to be said, and often to be reiterated
with great emphasis, that what the State has given to
the University is a mere pittance compared with what
the University has given to the State. It is not for me
to say what is the duty of the State of Michigan ; but
it is not going beyond the bounds of propriety to ex
press the belief that, if the State of Michigan desires the
University to maintain the prestige it has established,
it must come to the assistance of the University in
larger measure than it has ever done before.
There is another danger to which I must allude. It
is in what I fear is a somewhat prevalent notion among
the alumni and real friends of the University, that the
institution is amply cared for by the State, and there
fore is exempt from the necessities of private benevo
lence. I hold that to be a pernicious doctrine, by
whomsoever it may be entertained. There never was
a university whose financial' affairs have been more
carefully administered than have the financial affairs of
this. Indeed, it seemed to me, — and I think I may
say to my colleagues as well, — when I was a member
of the Faculty, that much of the most earnest thought
of the University was given to devising means by
which seventy-five cents might be made to do the
work of a dollar. I believe that whoever looks through
the history of the University from the beginning until
the end of the first fifty years, will find that its finan
cial affairs have been administered with exceptional
prudence and wisdom. It ought to be said, therefore,
to wealthy alumni, — and to others able to give in
considerable sums, — Here is a field in which you can
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 249
exercise your generosity to the uttermost, with the full
assurance that every dollar that is put into the Uni
versity treasury will be carefully and wisely devoted
to a great and noble cause.
But I fear I have already worn out your patience.
I know, sir, you did not expect me to speak in this
strain. But even in the midst of our mutual felicita
tions, it seemed to me the part of prudence, if not of
wisdom, to guard against any misapprehension as to
the conditions on which our hopes for the future are
to be realized.
And how glorious an opportunity opens before the
University, as it enters upon the second half century
of its life ! Its situation is, perhaps, the most favora
ble in the country. It rests upon the solid foundation
of good secondary schools to support it and nourish it
in all its growth. It has around it and before it, not
simply a State with boundless resources, but that more
than imperial domain which stretches from the Alle-
ghanies to the Rocky Mountains. It is at the head of
an educational system which affords it every encourag
ing opportunity. In a word, it stands on an acknowl
edged vantage ground in the Northwest, which, under
favoring conditions, will enable it easily to maintain its
educational preeminence. Well may it be said that
nothing but an ungenerous and unwise withholding
from it of the means of life can prevent it from ever-
increasing greatness and influence in the years, and
even the centuries, that are to come. As the years
and the ages roll on, may its children be able to say of
it: —
" Multosque per annos
Stat fortuna domus, et aui numerantur avorurn."
250 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
The President said : Our friends are aware that this
University has made special efforts to raise the stand
ard of medical education. A few, I am sorry to say, a
very few, of the medical schools of the country have
seconded our efforts by establishing a course of three
years as a requisite to graduation. We have with us
a gentleman who has devoted much thought to the
subject of medical instruction, and who represents one
of the conspicuous institutions of the East, and I beg
leave to introduce him to you, Dr. William Pepper,
Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.
SPEECH OF PEOVOST PEPPER.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : —
I confess I rise to respond to the sentiment with
which you have coupled my name with feelings very
different to those with which I expected to discharge
my duty here. When I was requested by the Board of
Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania to appear
here as the representative of that institution, and to
convey to you the formal yet cordial greeting due to
this occasion, I accepted because I had long been anx
ious to visit yon, and to see for myself the men and the
organization which have made Michigan famous for
the admirable educational results here attained. But
since I have passed in your midst these days of your
jubilee, I have caught the infection which fills the air,
which emanates from the thousands of enthusiastic
teachers, students, and friends of the University who
are here to testify their love and their pride and their
desire to serve her, and which has made me feel an
unexpectedly deep interest in their Alma Mater. I
shall always cherish these days and scenes as memora-
^ THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 251
ble because they have shown, when a real, living, and
active institution of learning is planted in congenial
soil, how deeply its roots may strike and how widely
they may spread in so short a time as fifty years ; and
because they have made me feel renewed confidence
that, with such a people as I see represented by the
earnest men and women here to-day united in their
support, the future of our universities is indeed a sure
and splendid one.
You have spoken, Mr. President, of the importance
of medicine as a branch of knowledge, and of medical
education as a part of our university system. I am
glad to endorse these remarks. I would that this im
portance were more generally recognized. For it is
a strange fact that, while every other branch of edu
cation has received solicitous care and liberal encour
agement from the public, an unaccountable neglect
has been shown towards the claims of honest, thorough
medical instruction. I say unaccountable, because no
other branch of education concerns more than a part
of the community, but in medical teaching every man,
woman, and child has indeed a vital stake. It is prob
ably well that our central national government has
not assumed control of this question, and asserted its
right to insist on the adequate equipment of every
one to whom is entrusted the sacred care of human
life. I can indeed think of no subject in regard to
which such interference with State rights might be
more readily tolerated. But it is no less than mon
strous that, in the absence of such central control, the
most unbridled license should have been so long per
mitted to any and all choosing to assume the name of
medical teachers, and to exercise the right of confer-
252 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
ring licenses to practise the most difficult and respon
sible of human avocations. I speak earnestly. Mr. Pres
ident, because I represent to-day in an especial sense
the Medical Department of the University of Penn
sylvania, the oldest and the most illustrious medical
school on this continent, where the struggle to elevate
the standard of medical education and to render the
instruction honest and practical and effective has been
carried on against the strongest efforts of rival institu
tions. The struggle, I rejoice to say, has been trium
phantly successful. Never in its honorable career of a
century and a quarter has that medical school been as
strong and prosperous as to-day. And this success has
been due — be it said without disparagement to the
able and zealous men in the Faculty — to the support
of her graduates and of the medical profession, who
are fast coming to the determination that the stigma
which has so long rested upon the medical profession
of America shall be removed. But I must not speak
as though this struggle had been waged single-handed
by the University of Pennsylvania ; for at every stage
of its long course we have felt that our hands were
upheld and strengthened by the fact that not only at
Cambridge, where we should have expected the high
est stand to have been taken, but also here at Ann
Arbor, the solicitations of self-interest have been
spurned, and the eminent men who have filled posi
tions in these medical Faculties have labored success
fully to place and to hold their universities in the
front rank in this as in other branches of education.
All honor to them, I say ; for few know the difficulties
and the disadvantages against which they have had to
struggle.
THE SPEECHES AT THE DINNER. 253
And, Mr. President, if already so much has been
accomplished here, if the people of this State have
been so wisely generous while this University was
young and her sons and daughters were few and of
but little power, can we doubt for one instant that
the same wise spirit, stimulated by the ardent advo
cacy of thousands who can testify to the admirable
results attained by the bounty of the State, and aided
as it will be by the ever-growing stream of private
munificence, will cause the largest requirements of
your great University of the future to be fully sup
plied ? I for one do not doubt it, but look forward
with entire confidence to the expansion and develop
ment to the noblest proportions of this splendid insti
tution which your first half century has produced.
The President said : The sons of the University
made so brilliant a record in the late civil war that
we strongly desired to hear from some representative
of them at this time. The Hon. A. H. Pettibone, of
Tennessee, of the class of '59, had expected to speak
for his brave comrades in arms. But he is unexpect
edly detained at home. I am sure, however, that you
will all be glad to listen to the letter which he writes,
and which we must accept in place of the expected
speech.
LETTER OF THE HON. A. H. PETTIBONE.
GREENVILLE, TENNESSEE, 23d June, 1887.
PRESIDENT ANGELL:
MY DEAR FRIEND, — I regret exceedingly that private and
professional engagements are such as to prevent my being
with you at our Semi-Centennial. I hope my boy will be at
the next one ! Each recurring commencement causes my
254 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
fancy to turn longingly to the dear old University. I love
every inch of the dear old grounds. I should so much enjoy
the greetings I feel that I should receive, and know that I
should give !
But O ! our glorious boys who in 1861 leaped, like Achilles,
at the first bugle-call of their imperilled country ! They —
too many — can never go back to the shelter of the old roof-
tree. They became soldiers from no love of brawl or battle,
but because they knew the heritage God had given them,
and determined to transmit it unimpaired to the after-coming
generations. They were literally on every battle-field of that
awful war ! They were at Shiloh, where noble Fred Arn's
blue eyes looked their last on our and his flag, — those great
blue eyes which first opened to the light in the Vale of
Chamouni ! They were at Grand Ecore, where handsome,
glorious Gus Chapman was shot almost to shreds. They were
with Sherman in the March through Georgia. They were
with poor Buck when he was killed at Chickamauga. Some
of them starved at Andersonville. At least twenty, I person
ally know, celebrated the Fourth of July with Grant in Vicks-
burg, while others at the same hour — Fred Taylor, and Elon
Farnsworth, and Aaron Je wett — lay cold on the sod at Get
tysburg !
Has the University any proper memorial to these her mar
tyred heroic children ? It seems to me there ought to be
some fitting, lasting memorial of their valor and splendid
manhood ! It would honor the living and the dead. I as
sume that the boys and girls of to-day who claim the same
Alma Mater are just as patriotic, and have just as much pride
in the University and its welfare, as we of the older classes
ever had. They must guard her good name in the future, as
we have tried to do. With every good wish for you person
ally, I desire, my dear president, to send through you ray
warmest greetings to all, and a special God-speed to the Uni
versity, which, now that it has rounded fifty years of noble
work and glorious life, is henceforth venerable forever.
I am your friend,
A. H. PETTIBONE.
LIST OF DELEGATES.
THE following were appointed by their respective institu
tions as delegates to the celebration. The names of those
who were in attendance are printed in Italics : —
Professor George Lincoln Goodale, Harvard University.
Professor William Petit Trowbridge, Columbia College.
Professor James Ormsbee Murray, Princeton College.
Provost William Pepper, University of Pennsylvania.
Lee P. Watson, Esq., University of Virginia.
President Daniel C. Gilman, Johns Hopkins University.
Ex-President Andrew Dickson White, Cornell Universitv.
President Charles Kendall Adams, }
Professor John Haskell Hewitt, Williams College.
The Rev. Edward P. Goodwin, Amherst College.
Professor Charles Carroll Brown, Union College.
President Martin B. Anderson, University of Rochester.
President Alice Elvira Freeman, j Wellesley College>
Professor Sarah F. Whiting, \
Professor James Monroe, Oberlin College.
Professor Robert D. Sheppard, Northwestern University.
President William H. Scott, Ohio State University.
Professor Hans Carl Giinther von Jagemann, Indiana University.
Regent Selim H. Peabody, University of Illinois.
Professor John Charles Freeman, University of Wisconsin.
President Charles Ashmead Schaeffer, State University of Iowa.
President Cyrus Northrop, University of Minnesota.
Professor Lucius A. Sherman, University of Nebraska.
Chancellor Joshua Allen Lippincott, University of Kansas.
Professor Alexander Macfarlane, University of Texas.
Professor William James Heal, Michigan State Agricultural College.
Professor Daniel Putnam, Michigan State Normal School.
Professor George B. McElroy, Adrian College.
256 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Professor Joseph Estabrook, Olivet College.
President Lewis Ransom Fiske, Albion College.
The Rev. Kendall Brooks, Kalamazoo College.
President George F. Mosher, Hillsdale College.
President Charles Scott, Hope College.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS.
I. FROM COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA.
REGIA UNIVKRSITA DEGM STUDI DI BOLOGNA.
Add\ 23. Maggio, 1887.
CHMO SlGNORE : — Ho ricevuto il cortese invito della S.
V. China per assistere alle feste clie si celebreranno il giorno
30. Giugno per commemorare il 50° anniversario della fonda-
zione della Universita di Michigan ; ed impedendomi gli
obblighi dell' ufficio mio di intervenirvi, ho delegate a rap-
presentarmi, col consenso del Consiglio Accademico, il mio
collega Prof. Winchell pel quale accludo alia presente una
lettera di presentazione.
Accolga, Chmo Signore, i sensi della raia alta stiina.
II Rettore.
Chffio Sigr. Presidente dell' Universith di Michigan, Ann Arbor.
UNIVERSITY OF BONN.
RHKINISCIIE FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT.
BONN, den 10. Juni, 1887.
HOCHGEEHRTE HERREN ! — Zu unserm Bedauern verstat-
tet die weite Entfernung von Michigan nicht, unsere Theil-
nalime an der oOjiihrigen Jubelfeier der Universitiit zu Ann
Arbor durch einen Delegirten zura Ausdruck zu bringen.
Wir miissen uns darauf beschriinken unsern Gliickwunsch
schriftlich auszusprechen.
Der Michigan Universitiit ist es gelungen, in kurzer Zeit
den Kreis ihrer Wirksamkeit betriichtlich zu ervveitern. Mit
kauni fiinfzig Schiilern beginnend zahlt sie deren jetzt mehr
als tausend. Sie verdankt dies gewiss auch dem Umstande,
17
258 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
das sie stets verstanden hat, vor anderen Hochschulen neue
Gebiete der auf ibr gelehrten Wissenschaften zu erb'ffnen.
Es 1st dies insbesondere in Betreff der dort errichteten Lehr-
stiihle fiir Padagogik und fur politiscbe Wissenschaften allsei-
tig im eigenen Lande anerkannt und auch im Auslande zum
Ruhme der Universitat bemerkt worden.
Der akademiscbe Senat der Koniglichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-
Universitat zu Bonn wiinscbt der Michigan Universitat auch
fiir die Zukunft Kraft und Gliick zu solchem der Forderung
der Wissenschaft dienlichem Vorgehen und Wirken.
Rector und Senat :
JURGEN BONA MEYER.
C. BlNZ. WlLMANNS.
BROCKHOFF. E. STRASBURGER.
KAMPHAUSEN. LANGEN.
KELLNER. HAELSCHNER.
EXDEMANN. E. NASSE.
PFLUGER.
HOFFMAN,
Univers. Seer.
An den Prasidenten, die Regents und den Senat der Universitat von
Michigan.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
BERKELEY, 20. June, 1887.
The President and Faculties of the University of California
send greetings to the President, Faculties, and Regents of the
University of Michigan, and while acknowledging the courtesy
of an invitation to send a representative delegate on the occa
sion of the celebration of the semi-centennial anniversary of
the establishment of the University of Michigan, they regret
that it is not in their power to be thus personally represented.
They desire, however, to offer their warmest congratula
tions upon this auspicious occasion, and to express their appre
ciation of the high position attained by the University of
Michigan, and the eminent services it has rendered to the
cause of higher education, not only within the State, but by
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 259
example and moral influence throughout the western country
and the Union. They recognize the beneficial influence ex
erted upon the school system of the State through the connec
tion established with the High Schools, whereby the Univer
sity, and with it the higher education, is prominently set
before the youth of the State as the goal of their educational
course.
The University of California, occupying a position anal
ogous to that of the University of Michigan in early times, as
a pioneer of higher culture, has especial reason to sympathize
with her elder sister, and trusts that she will ever maintain
the eminent position she has achieved during the first half
century of her existence.
(Telegram.)
BERKELEY, CAL., June 30, 1887,
To THE PRESIDENT, FACULTY, AND REGENTS : —
The University of California sends greetings and salutations
to the pioneer of American State universities on this auspi
cious anniversarv.
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
CAMBRIDGE, June 19, 1887,
MY DEAR PRESIDENT ANGELL : —
The invitation of your University to that of Cambridge to
send a delegate to share in the celebration of your fiftieth an
niversary was duly laid before our Council.
It would have given us great pleasure to send a representa
tive if it had been possible ; but we are all fully occupied here
with Jubilee celebrations of our own, and by the time that
these are over it will be quite too late to start for Michigan.
I must therefore rest content to thank your University in
the name of our Senate for doing us the honor to ask us to
be present with you by delegate ; and to ask you to accept
our congratulations on the completion of your first half cen
tury of corporate life, with our sincere good wishes for the
260 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
prosperity and continued expansion and development of your
University in years and centuries to come.
It may interest your students, and gratify some of them, to
note that in this year's Classical Tripos, Part I., a female stu
dent has been placed alone in Division 1, and above all the
men. Believe me,
Yours very faithfully,
C. TAYLOR.
PRESIDENT ANGELL,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN.
KONSISTORIUM, K.TOBENHAVN, den 10th Moj , 1887.
To THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA ! —
The University of Copenhagen hereby thanks the Univer
sity of Michigan for the honor conferred upon it by the kind
invitation to send a representative to the same on occasion of
the festival to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Mich
igan University's happy foundation.
In consequence of various circumstances and difficulties, the
Danish University sincerely regrets that it cannot have the
pleasure of showing its sympathy by electing a representative
to be present on the festive day.
At the same time this ancient Scandinavian University
takes the opportunity of expressing its hearty congratulations
on the event, — fifty years of auspicious scientific activity, —
and its hope that the career of the Michigan University in
the future will not be less fortunate than it has been in the
past !
With the greatest respect, on behalf of the University,
JULIUS THOMSIN,
Hector Universitatis Havniensis.
H. MATZEN,
Ref. consist.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 261
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.
HANOVER, N. H., June 1, 1887.
SECRETARY OP THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DEAR SIR : — Your invitation to the Fiftieth Anniversary of
the University has been duly received by Dartmouth College.
But owing to the distance and the fact that the anniversary
occurs on the day of our commencement exercises, it is found
impracticable for the College to be represented on that inter
esting occasion.
Rejoicing in the great prosperity of the Institution, with
wishes for its increasing success and the anticipation that the
coming anniversary will be one of great pleasure and satisfac
tion,
Yours very truly,
S. C. BARTLETT,
President of Dartmouth College.
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.
25th June, 1887.
DEAR SIR : —
At yesterday's meeting of the Senatus Academicus I sub
mitted to them the invitation with which you recently hon
ored them to send a Delegate to participate in the celebra
tion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Foundation of the Uni
versity of Michigan. They desired to record their gratitude
for the invitation, and their great regret that they have been
unable to accept it ; and they expressed their cordial good
wishes for the continued prosperity of your University.
I am, dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
JOHN KIRKPATRICK,
Secy.
262 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
UNIVERSITY OF GOTTINGEN.
GOTTINGEN, den 5. Mai, 1887.
Mit aufrichtigem Danke haben wir die Einladung zu der
Saecularfeier der Michigan-University auf den 29/30 Juni d.
J. empfangen. Wir sind leider verhindert, uns an dieser
Feier durch einen Abgesandten zu betbeiligen, bitten aber
unsere lebhaften Wiinsche fiir das fernere Gedeihen Hirer
Lehranstalt genehmigen zu wollen.
Die Universitat Gottingen.
RlTSCHL.
To the Secretary of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. A.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF GREECE.
H nPTTANEIA TOT E0NIKOT nANEmSTHMIOT.
ATH^NES, 18/30 Juin, 1887.
Au RECTEUR ET AU SENAT DE L'UNIVERSITE DE MICH
IGAN : —
Le Recteur et le Sdnat de I'universite" nationale de Grece
ont recu avec grand plaisir votre aimable invitation pour les
fetes donne"es a 1'occasion de la cinquantaine de 1'heureuse
fondation de I'Universitd de Michigan.
Comme nous avons aussi celebre pendant le mois du Juin
les fetes a 1'occasion de la cinquantaine de la fondation de
1'Universite Nationale de Grece nous avons e"te empeches par
ce fait de participer par delegation a la fete de la cinquantaine
de 1'Universite de Michigan, comme nous le desirions.
Vu les etroits liens qui unissent les diverses Universites des
pays civilises ou les sciences sont cultivees nous exprimons
nous et le Se"nat nos chaleureuses felicitations au Recteur et
au Sdnat de 1'Universite de Michigan et a laquelle nous sou-
haitons de plein coeur prosperite et progres pour le bien de la
science et de 1'humanit^.
Veuillez agreer, Messieurs, nos salutations empressees.
Le Recteur,
GEORGES KARAMITZAS.
Le Secretaire,
N. P. GOUNARAKIS.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 263
UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG.
ENGEKER SEXAT.
HEIDELBERG, den 15ten Mai, 1887.
HOCHGEEHRTER HERE ! —
Auf die freundliohe einladung der Universitat von Michi
gan an die Hocbschule Heidelberg, dem funfzigjahrigen jubi-
laum der Universitat Micbigan durcb einen delegirten bei-
zuwonen, beehrt sicb der unterzeiclmete zu erwidern, das jene
feier leider in die mitte unserer akademischen tatigkeit dieses
sommers flillt und dadurcb fiir uns zu unserm bedauern die
unmb'glichkeit eintritt, einen delegirten zu der feier zu ent-
senden.
Dafiir aber ersucbt der Senat der Hocbschule Heidelberg
den Presidenten der Universitat von Michigan fiir dieselbe
die allerherzlicbsten gluckwunsche der Carola-Ruperta nicht
allein fur eine schone gestaltung des festes, sondern auch fiir
das fernere ununterbrochene gedeihen der schwesteranstalt
freundlichst entgegenzunehmen.
Genebmigen Sie zugleich, Herr President, die Versicherung
rueiner vollkommenen Hocbachtung, in welcher ich bin
Ihr ergebenster
C. H OLSTEN.
An den Presidenten der Universitat von Michigan.
IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF JAPAN.
TEIKOKU DAIGAKU (IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY).
TOKYO, JAPAN, May 3lst, 1887.
THE SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DEAR SIR : — I am instructed by the President to offer to
the University of Michigan hearty congratulations on the
occasion of its 50th anniversary.
He desires me at the same time to convey to you his regrets
that the Imperial University of Japan is unable to accede to
the kind invitation to send a delegate to participate in the
celebration. I am,
Yours faithfully,
K. NAGAI,
Secretary.
264 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG.
DER UNIVERSITAT zu MICHIGAN,
welche am 29. und 30. Juni dieses Jahres auf ein fiinfzigjahr-
iges Bestehen zuriickblickt und uns durch giitige Einladung
zur Theilnahme an diesem Feste ehrte, bringen wir in freudi-
ger Erinnerung an das, was dieselbe fiir Forderung und Pflege
achter Wissenschaft geleistet, fiir Ihr ferneres unbehindertes
Bliihen und Gedeihen die aufrichtigsten Gliickwiinsche dar.
Leipzig, am 11. Juni, 1887.
Der akademische Senat der Universitat Leipzig.
D. WOLDEMAR SCHMIDT,
d. Z. Hector.
UNIVERSITY OF LEYDEN.
LEIDEN, 21 Mai, 1887.
DEAR SIR ! -
The Senate of the University of Leiden returns its thanks
for the kind invitation to participate in the celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of your University.
We regret sincerely that we cannot send a delegate, be
cause, not to speak of the great distance, our vacation does
not begin before the month of July.
Although we are not personally represented, we take hearty
part in your feast. We congratulate you on the success ob
tained by your scientific labor in the past fifty years, and
express the hope that also in times to come your University
will continue to be a powerful collaborator in the advance
ment of science.
The President of the Senate,
H. G. v. d. SANDE BAKHUIJZEN.
The Secretary,
B. S. S. ROSENSTEIN.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 265
UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH.
AKAPEMISCHER SEXAT DER K. L. M. UNIVEUSITAT MUNCHEX.
MUNCIIEN, am Uten Mai, 1887.
Die verehrliche Universitut von Michigan hat die Giite
gehabt, uns zur Feier ihres 50jahrigen Stifttmgsfestes einzu-
laden. Indem wir fiir diese freundliche Einladung ergebenst
danken, bedauern wir, da die Zeit dieser Festfeier mitten in
miser Somraersemester fallt, einen Delegierten nicht abordnen
zu kb'nnen, und verfehlen nicht, unseren aufrichtigsten Gliick-
wiinschen fiir das Bliihen und Gedeihen Hirer Hochschule
lebhaften Ausdruck zu geben.
Der derzeitige Rektor,
DR. RADLKOFER.
An die 1. Universitat Michigan.
UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES.
REGIA UXIVERSITA m NAPOLI. CABINETTO DEL RETTORE.
NAPLES, le 25 Mai, 1887.
MONSIEUR LE RECTEUR : —
Je prends part de grand cceur a la fete par laquelle 1'Uni-
versitd de Michigan va cele'brer le cinquantieme anniversaire
de sa fondation, et je vous prie de vouloir bien y reprdsenter
1'Universitd de Naples qui s'y associe avec empressement.
Recevez, Monsieur, 1'assu ranee de ma consideration la plus
distingude.
Le Recteur de V University de Naples,
S. TRINCHESE.
A Monsieur le Recteur de 1'Universite de Michigan.
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.
(Telegram.)
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, June 29, 1887.
To PRESIDENT ANGELL: —
As our delegates cannot be present to offer our congrat
ulations on your jubilee, I beg you to accept the heartiest
266 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
that lightning can carry. Your history is our inspiration.
If Michigan forgets for a moment her national order in the
higher public education, we who have seen her start and fol
lowed it can only wonder and regret. May the future of
your noble University immeasurably outshine its past, and its
centennial find it the acknowledged peer of any institution of
learning in the world.
IRVING J. MAN ATT,
Chancellor University of Nebraska.
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
REGISTRAR OF THE UNIVERSITY'S OFFICE, OXFORD, May 3, 1887.
SIR: —
The courteous invitation of the University of Michigan
has been laid before the Council of this University by the
Vice Chancellor.
I am instructed to reply that owing to the time of holding
your meeting the Vice Chancellor fears that it will not be
possible for the University to participate in your celebration ;
I am also instructed to convey to you the thanks of the Coun
cil for your kind invitation, and all good wishes for the pros
perity of your Institution.
I have the honor to remain,
Your faithful servant,
E. T. TURNER,
Registrar.
To the Secretary of the University of Michigan, U. S. A.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA TO THE UNIVERSITY
OF MICHIGAN, GREETING: —
On this happy anniversary, an era in the history of Ann
Arbor, we, whose years place us among the venerable institu
tions of the land, send our hearty congratulations to our
younger sister, whose brilliant career reflects honor on the
whole sisterhood of American colleges.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 267
A hundred and fifty years ago an horizon of wilderness
and savagery surrounded the founders of the University of
Pennsylvania, even as fifty years ago it bounded the view of
those who guarded the cradle of the University of Michigan.
At this day the two institutions stand abreast, — an admis
sion we make with pride.
No vain or shallow thought watched over the brief infancy
of your Institution. The congratulations that come to-day to
the University of Michigan are accompanied by an acknowl
edgment of the wise confidence of its founders in the prin
ciples, liberal as the air, which they made the rule of its life,
and which have done so much to strew smooth success before
its feet.
Take, then, we beg you, the fervent God-speed which we
send you by our honored Provost. May your future be as
bright as the promise of your past.
By order of the Board of Trustees,
JESSE Y. BURK, Secretary.
PHILADELPHIA, June 23tf, 1887.
UNIVERSITY OF ROME.
REGIA UXIVERSITA DEGH STUDI DI ROMA.
ROMA, addi 21 Aprile, 1887.
Rendo vivi ringraziamenti, in nome di questo Corpo Ac-
cademico, al Chiarissimo Sigr. Presidente, ai Chiarissimi
Signori Reggenti ed all' Illustre Senato di codesta insigne
Universita, pel cortese invito rimesso a questo Ateneo di farsi
rappresentare in occasione delle feste solenni, che avranno
luogo cost\, per celebrare il cinquantesimo anniversario della
fondazione di codesta spettabile Universita.
E dispiacente che, attesa la lontanazza, non mi sia con-
sentito di far rappresentare questo Ateneo da tin membro del
Corpo Accademico, mi permetto di pregare la cortesia della
S. V. Chiarissima, degnissimo Presidente dell' insigne Uni
versita di Michigan, a volere accettare il formale incarico di
268 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
rappresentare la Regia Universita degli Studi di Roma, alia
fausta cerimonia.
Nella fiducia che la S. V. Chiarissima vorra accogliere la
preghiera che Le faccio, in nome di questa Universita, La
prego di gradire le espressioni della mia profonda asservanza.
II Rettore della Ra. Universita degli Studi di Roma.
S. GALAPI.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS.
UNIVERSITY, ST. ANDREWS, N. B., 3d June, 1887.
DEAR SIR : —
I am desired by the Vice Chancellor to express regret that
the University of St. Andrews has not found it practicable to
participate in the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
foundation of the University of Michigan by the sending of a
delegate. The University of St. Andrews, however, returns
hearty thanks for the invitation, and takes this opportunity
of conveying to the University of Michigan a most friendly
greeting.
I am yours faithfully,
I. MAITLAND ANDERSON,
/Secretary.
The Secretary, University of Michigan, U. S. A.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. PETERSBURG.
(Cable Message.)
ST. PETERSBURG, June 28, 1887.
To THE PRESIDENT AND SENATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN : —
The Rector and Council of the University of St. Peters
burg, Russia, beg to congratulate the University of Michigan
on the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation, and sincerely
wish that it may long continue its useful service in the cause
of science and learning.
WLADISLAWEGG,
Rector of the University of St. Petersburg.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 269
UNIVERSITY OF SARAGOSSA.
UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA. SECRETARIA GENERAL.
SARAGOSSE (ESPAGNE), 18 Mai, 1887.
MONSIEUR LE SECRETAIRE DE L'UNIVERSITE DE MICHI
GAN.
MONSIEUR : — Le Recteur de cette Universitd est tres
honord par 1'invitation que vous avez bien voulu lui adresser,
mais il se voit dans I'impossibilitd d'envoyer un reprdsentant
le 29 et le 30 Juin attendu que cette dpoque de 1' annde est
la plus critique et la plus occupde a cause des examens qui
viennent de commencer.
Le regrettant infiniment, veuillez, Monsieur, agrder mes
salutations empressdes et 1'expression de mes sentiments dis-
tinguds.
Le Secretaire general,
VINCENTE SANTANDREN Y HERR
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SPAIN.
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL "EspA>fA."
La Universidad Central de Espaiia ha recibido con especial
reconocimiento de la ilustre de Michigan, la atenta invitacion
que le ha dirigido para que sea representada por un delegado
en las solemnidades que se propone celebrar en los dias 29 y
30 de Junio pr6ximo, a fin de conmemorar el quincuagenario
ano de su fundacion.
Atendiendo & que en el citado mes tienen lugar los exa-
menes ordinaries del curso y el mayor numero de los ejercicios
de grado de Facultad y a que es grande la distancia que
separa los puntos donde se hallan ambas Escuelas, se ver&
privada esta Central de tener el honor de ser representada por
uno de sus individuos en tan grata fiesta.
Dicha circunstancia ocasiona que la Universidad Central de
Espana tenga que limitarse & manifestar, por medio de la
270 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
presente, que se asocia al pensamiento de la solemnidad en la
de Michigan ; a la que desea la mayor prosperidad en sus pro
gresos cientificos y le ofrece su fraternal aprecio y simpatia.
M Hector,
DE. FEANCISCO DE LA PISA.
El Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias,
DE. MIGUEL COLMEIEO.
El Decano de la Facultad de Medicina,
DE. JOSE CALAO Y MAETIN.
El Decano de la Facultad de Derecho,
DE. AUGITSTO COMAS.
El Decano de la Facultad de Filosofia y Letras,
DE. ANACLETO LONGUE.
El Decano de la Facultad de Farmacia,
DE. FAUSTO DE GAEAGAEZA.
El Secretario general,
LDO. LEOPOLDO SOLIEE.
MADRID, 4 de Mayo de 1887.
UNIVEESITY OF TUEIN.
REGIA UNIVERSITA DI TORINO.
TORINO, 20 Aprile, 1887.
Mi e pervenuto il gentile invito che la S. V. Illma ha
voluto fare a questa Universita di prender parte alia celebra-
zione del cinquantesimo anniversario della fondazione di co-
testo Ateneo, che avra luogo add! 29 e 30 prossimo Giugno ; e
tanta in nome mio, quanto in nome di questo Consiglio Acca-
demico io presento alia S. V. a cotesti Signori Reggenti e al
Senate dell' Universita i piu sentiti ringraziamenti.
Desiderando poi che questa nostra Universita sia degna-
mente rappresentata alia solenne festa del cinquantenario, io
rivolgo calda preghiera alia S. V. di voler accettare 1' incarico
di rappresentare il nostro Ateneo Subalpino in detta occasione,
e del favore io porgo a V. S. distinte grazie, facendo voti sin-
ceri per la prosperita ed il lustro di contesto Ateneo.
Il Rettore,
AKSELML
All' Illiuo Sis. Presidents dell' Universita di Michigan.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 271
UNIVERSITY OF UPSALA.
To THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : —
The University of Upsala has had the pleasure of receiv
ing your letter with an invitation to the festivity with which
the University of Michigan is going to celebrate the memory
of its foundation fifty years ago.
The University of Upsala thanks most heartily for this in
vitation ; and since the great distance prevents it from send
ing a deputy, the University of Upsala begs leave to present
in this manner its most friendly compliments and its warmest
felicitations to the University of Michigan.
For the University of Upsala,
C. Y. SAHLIN,
Rector of the University.
UPSALA, June 1st, 1887.
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, June 16, 1887.
PRESIDENT JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D.
MY DEAR SIR: — Your kind favor of the 10th inst. was
duly received. I have forwarded it with the printed papers
enclosed to our delegate, L. P. Watson, Esq., of Detroit, who
is an ardent alumnus of the University of Virginia, a Vir
ginian by birth who has cast his lot in the northwest. We
regret much that our examinations for graduation in the vari
ous departments of the University, which are all concentrated
at the close of the session, and other important closing work,
prevented the appointment of a member of the Faculty to
represent us. Our final exercises are held on the 28th and
29th inst.
Wishing great and increasing prosperity to the University
of Michigan, which has moved so grandly to the front in the
first fifty years of its life, begun in the forests,
I am, with great respect,
Yours, very sincerely,
CHAS. S. VENAULE.
272 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, MIDDLETOWN, CONN., May 24, 1887.
The Faculty of Wesleyan University respectfully acknowl
edge the receipt of the courteous invitation of the President,
Regents, and Senate of the University of Michigan, to par
ticipate by a delegate in the semi-centennial celebration of
that institution. The Faculty regret that the fact of their
own commencement exercises occurring at the same time
renders it impossible for any of their number to represent
them in person at the semi-centennial. They desire to ex
press their cordial congratulations on the work of the Univer
sity of Michigan in the half century past, and their best
wishes for its prosperity and usefulness in the centuries to
come.
WM. NORTH RICE,
Secretary of Faculty.
YALE UNIVERSITY.
NEW HAVEN, CONN., June 4, 1887.
To THE SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
MY DEAR SIR: — It is with regret that we are obliged to
decline your very kind invitation to the Fiftieth Anniversary
of your University. Were the commemorative celebration
on other days than those mentioned, we should endeavor to
be represented. But our examinations and Commencement
at this time make it impossible for us to send delegates. Let
me, however, in the name of Yale University, extend to the
University of Michigan our heartiest congratulations on this
auspicious occasion.
May the future of your University be crowned with suc
cess, as the past has been, and may all its officers and stu
dents find within its walls the inspiration of sound learning
and of the truth.
With much regard,
I am yours very truly,
TIMOTHY DWIGHT,
President of Yale University.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 273
II. FROM INDIVIDUALS.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE, MICHIGAN, June 27, 1887.
HON. JAMES B. ANGELL, ANN ARBOR, MICH.
MY DEAR SIR : — Until this morning I had fondly hoped
to be able to go to Ann Arbor Tuesday evening or Wednesday
morning. But I find that the business left upon my hands
by the Legislature is of such magnitude that it will be impos
sible to do this. This I regret more than can be expressed,
but I must surrender to the inevitable.
Trusting that you will have a profitable and enjoyable
time, I remain,
Sincerely yours,
C. G. LUCE,
Q-overnor.
EXECUTIVE CHAMBER, COLUMBUS, O., May 21, 1887.
DEAR SIR : —
I greatly regret that other engagements make it impossible
for me to accept the invitation of the President and Regents
and the Senate of the University of Michigan to attend the
proposed celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founda
tion of that institution, as under other circumstances I would
be glad to do.
Sincerely hoping that the next fifty years of the University
may be as prosperous and as creditable as the last, I remain
Very truly yours, etc.,
J. B. FORAKER.
To the Secretary of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
STATE OF INDIANA, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
GOVERNOR'S OFFICE, INDIANAPOLIS, May 19, 1887.
SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN
ARBOR, MICH.
DEAR SIR : — The Governor directs me to acknowledge the
18
274 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
receipt of the invitation extended to him to be present in
your city on the 29th and 30th prox., the 50th anniversary
of the foundation of your University, and to extend to you
his thanks for the honor conferred.
It will be impossible for him to be present on the occasion
named on account of his official engagements in his own State.
Very respectfully yours,
PIERRE GRAY,
Private Secretary.
STATE OF ILLINOIS, EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
SPRINGFIELD, May 24, 1887.
To THE SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
MY DEAR SIR : — I feel obliged to decline the honor of the
invitation to attend the celebration of the fiftieth anniver
sary of the founding of the University of Michigan on the
29th and 30th of June. I shall have engagements for both
of those days which will necessarily compel me to decline
what I would accept under ordinary circumstances with great
pleasure.
Respectfully yours,
R. J. OGLESBY.
WASHINGTON, D. C., May 21, 1887.
DEAR SIR : —
I regret exceedingly that it is not in my power to accept
the invitation of the President and Regents and the Senate of
the University of Michigan to attend the celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of that most excellent institution on the
29th and 30th of June. My own class at Yale celebrates its
same anniversary at New Haven on the same days, and I
must not be absent if it can be helped.
Very truly yours,
M. R. WAITE.
The Secretary of the University of Michigan.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 275
47 STRONG PLACE, BROOKLYN, N. Y., May 20, 1887.
MY DEAR SIR: —
Your favor was forwarded from Morgan Park, 111., to Brook
lyn, where I am spending a few weeks.
Accept of my thanks for your kind invitation. My health
is so delicate that I do not any longer venture to attend pub
lic exercises, except those at church.
With hearty congratulations and best wishes, I remain,
Very truly yours,
JAMES R. BOISE.
VEVEY, June 5, 1887.
DEAR SIR : -
I beg you to present to the President, the Regents, and the
Senate of the University of Michigan my sincere thanks for
their polite invitation to the fiftieth anniversary of the foun
dation of the University. It would have given me great
pleasure to be present on this interesting occasion if it were
in my power to do so, but at least I can promise to be there
in spirit and write my wishes with those of all assembled for
the future welfare of this great institution, with which it was
my good fortune to be connected for some happy years and to
which I am bound by many dear and lasting associations.
May it live, grow, and flourish forever !
Believe me,
Dear sir,
Yours very sincerely,
F. BRUNNOW.
The Secretary of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
GREENWICH, CONN., May 28, 1887.
SECRETARY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DEAR SIR : — In acknowledging the kind invitation to be
present at the semi-centennial celebration of the University,
276 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
I beg leave to say that I shall endeavor to be present on the
29th and 30th of June.
My engagements may prevent my attendance, in which case
I shall be with you in spirit.
Thirty years of absence have in no wise diminished my love
for the old University. With best wishes for her continued
prosperity, I am
Yours very truly,
WILLIAM G. PECK.
SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE COLLEGE,
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, May 31, 1887.
THE SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DEAR SIR : — I have to express to the President and Re
gents, and the Senate of the University, my best thanks for
the invitation with which they have honored me to attend its
fiftieth anniversary, and to beg that you will excuse me for
not having responded to it sooner.
I received it duly about two weeks since, and greatly de
sired to accept it immediately ; but important duties here at
the date of the anniversary prevented my doing so. I how
ever delayed my response, hoping that possibly I might see
my way clear to be relieved from them, and have continued
to do so longer than I should.
As the circumstances of the case have finally taken shape,
I am not able to do so ; and shall, therefore, very reluctantly
have to forego the great and extraordinary pleasure that the
acceptance of the invitation would give me.
In doing so, I beg you to assure all of the honored parties
to the invitation that I remain and desire to be considered a
loyal son of the University, — looking back with pleasure and
pride to its honorable history, and forward with hope to its
auspicious future.
Believe me, most truly,
Your obedient servant,
JOHN E. CLARK,
U. of M. Class of 1856.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 277
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, BERKELEY, May 23, 1887.
To THE SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
ANN ARBOR.
DEAR SIR : — I am in receipt of the invitation to participate
in the celebration of the semi-centennial of the University of
Michigan, on June 29th and 30th.
It would have given me particular pleasure to be present on
that occasion, not only because of my former official connection
with your institution, but also to witness the progress made
since that time, and to renew the very pleasant social relations
that rendered my brief stay one of the most agreeable mem
ories of my life.
Unfortunately the date of the celebration coincides with
our own Commencement, at which I must this year of neces
sity be present. Please convey to the President, the Regents,
and Senate of the University my regrets, and the assurance of
my cordial sympathy and congratulations on the occasion.
Very respectfully,
EUGENE W. HILGARD.
RUTGERS COLLEGE, NKW BRUNSWICK, N. J., 24. May, 1887.
DEAR SIR: —
My best thanks are due for the honor done me by the kind
invitation of the President, Regents, and Senate to be pres
ent at the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Univer
sity of Michigan.
I regret that it will not be possible for me to be present at
the interesting celebration, but my sincere wish for the con
tinued prosperity of the University joins that of the throngs
who expect great things for her and from her.
I think of the University of Michigan among our higher
schools as of Lincoln among American men.
Very respectfully yours,
AUSTIN SCOTT.
To the Secretary of the University of Michigan.
278 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y., 31 May, 1887.
GENTLEMEN : —
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your very
kind invitation to participate in the celebration of the fiftieth
anniversary of the University. It would give me the greatest
pleasure to be present, if it were possible, on that occasion.
But various engagements make it necessary for me to deny
myself the privilege.
I have slight claim to associate myself in an official capacity
with the University. But short as was my connection with
the institution, the memory of it will always be gratifying to
me. It was the beginning of my experience as a teacher. It
was due to the recommendation of one whom I shall always
revere as the most gifted and most stimulating of the teachers
of my youth, and the confidence of a body of men who in
every other respect showed a wisdom which I early learned
and have never since ceased to appreciate. By it I was
brought into contact with a learned, zealous, and efficient
Faculty, which the State cannot esteem too highly. And it
enabled me to become acquainted with a noble institution
whose broad and liberal spirit early gave it an honored place
in the esteem of educators, and whose history is one of the
chief glories of the West.
With these reasons for personal and professional interest in
the occasion, I offer my hearty congratulations on the success
ful completion of the first half century in the life of the Uni
versity, and my earnest wishes that it may continue to grow
in power and usefulness, and to make itself more and more
precious to the people of the State.
I am yours truly,
HERBERT TUTTLE.
To the President, the Regents, and the Senate of the University of
Michigan.
CONGRATULATORY LETTERS. 279
CAMBKIDGK, MASS., May 28, 1887.
SECRETARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
DEAR SIR : — In reply to the invitation of the President and
Regents and the Senate of the University to participate in the
coming celebration, I wish to express my thanks for the honor
conferred upon me.
I take a deep interest in the success of the celebration and
the future prosperity of my alma mater. It is therefore with
the greatest regret that I find it impossible to be present dur
ing the celebration.
Yours respectfully,
EDWARD L. MARK.
PROGRAMMES.
I.
of $9ttf)igfflu
1837-1887.
SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION,
JUNE 26-30.
SUNDAY, JUNE 26.
7.30 P. M.^ln University Hall.
Address by Professor Henry S. Frieze, LL. D., upon " The Rela
tions of the State University to Religion."
MONDAY, JUNE 27.
Class Day of the Department of Medicine and. Surgery.
10 A. M. In University Hall.
Oration — By William Henry Winslow.
Poem — By Arthur Hamilton Brownell, A. B.
Class History — By Frederick Charles Thompson.
Glass Prophecy — By Walter Armstrong Cowie.
Address — By the Class President, Miles Hartson Clark, A. B.
(Class Day of the Department of Law.
2 P. M. In University Hall.
Address — By the Class President, Edwin Davison Black.
Poem — By Mrs. Margaret Lyons Wilcox, A. B.
Oration — By Webster William Davis.
Class History — By Absalom Rosenberger, A. B.
Class Prophecy — By Edward Leverett Curtis.
Consolation — By John Vincent Sheehan.
PROGRAMMES. 281
TUESDAY, JUNE 28.
Class Day of the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
10 A. Jf. In University Hall.
Oration — By Thomas Frank Morau.
Poem — By Alphouso Gerald Newcomer.
g P. M. Under the Tappan Oak.
Class History — By Arthur Graham Hall.
Class Prophecy — By Antoinette Brown.
Address — By the Class President, Samuel Kemp Pittmao.
8 JO P. M. In the Pavilion.
CLASS RECEPTION.
Class Day of the College of Dental Surgery.
9.SO A.M. At the Dental College.
Oration — By Gilbert Eli Corbin, M. D.
Class History — By Patrick James Sullivan.
Class Prophecy — By William Arthur Powers.
Poem — By Fred William Gordon.
Address — By the Class President, William Daniel Saunders.
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 29.
ALUMNI DAT.
Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
8.30 A. Af. In the Chapel.
Business Meeting of the Alumni of the Department of Literature,
Science, and the Arts.
9 A. M. In the Association Room.
Meeting of former members of the Students' Christian Association.
10 A. M. In University Hall.
Address by John M. B. Sill, Principal of the State Normal School,
on behalf of the State Teachers' Association.
Address by the Hon. Austin Blair, on behalf of the Board of
Regents.
5 P. M. In Room F.
Meeting of the Women Graduates of the Department of Litera
ture, Science, and the Arts.
282 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
4 P. M. In University Hall.
Address by Charles W. Noble, Class of '46, President of the So
ciety of Alumni.
Address by the Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, Class of '49, United
States Senator from Michigan.
Department of Medicine and Surgery.
1.30 P. M. In the Lower Lecture Room of the Medical College.
Business Meeting of the Alumni of the Department of Medicine
and Surgery.
Address by William Henry Daly, Class of '66, a Vice-President
of the International Medical Congress.
Department of Law.
8 A. M. In the Law Lecture Room.
Business Meeting of the Alumni of the Department of Law.
2 P. M. In University Hall.
Address by Mr. Justice Samuel F. Miller, of the United States
Supreme Court, before the Students and Alumni of the Department
of Law.
School of Pharmacy.
In Room 20 of the Chemical Laboratory.
11 A. M. — Business Meeting of the Alumni of the School of Phar
macy.
12.30 P. M. — Dinner of the Alumni, followed by an Address by
Fred. F. Prentice, Class of '72, late President of the Wisconsin
Pharmaceutical Association.
Class Day of the Homoeopathic Medical College.
10 A.M. In Room 24, University Hall.
Oration — By Melancthon B. Snyder, A. B.
Poem — By Mrs. Sarah Idella Lee.
Class History — By Mrs. Sue McGlaughlin Snyder.
Glass Prophecy — By Arabella Merrill.
Address — By the Class President, Samuel George Milner, A. M.
3 P. M. In the Homoeopathic College.
Address by John W. Coolidge, Class of '79.
PROGRAMMES. 283
College of Dental Surgery.
11 A. M. In tlie Lecture Room of the Dental College.
Address by Mrs. Kate C. Moody, Class of '82.
7.30 P. M. GUAND CONCERT IN UNIVERSITY HALL.
Part I. — First part of Mendelssohn's Oratorio of Elijah, given
by the Choral Union and full orchestra.
Part 11. — Miscellaneous programme by the orchestra, Amphion
Club, and Glee Club.
Doors open at 6.45 ; concert begins at 7.30. Doors will be closed
during each number. Tickets fifty cents, including reserved seats.
9 P. M. In the Chapel.
University Senate Reception for graduates, former students, and
friends of the University.
THURSDAY, JUNE 30.
COMMEMORATION DAY AND COMMENCEMENT.
All invited guests are requested to meet in the Law Library at
8.30 A. M. for a social conference.
The procession will form at 9 A. M. as follows : Alumni, Delegates,
Invited Guests, the Faculties and Regents of the University, in front
of the Law Building and University Hall ; students of the different
departments, according to the directions of the marshal, Major Harri
son Soule.
10 A. ^f. In University Hall.
Commemorative Oration by President Angell ; Addresses by Del
egates from other universities and colleges ; conferring of degrees.
After these exercises all who expect to attend the banquet will
form again in front of the Law Building.
1.30. P. M. In the Pavilion.
BANQUET.
II.
of
FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL COMMENCEMENT AND
SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION,
THURSDAY, JUNE 30, 1887.
ORDER OF EXERCISES.
Music. PRAYER. Music.
COMMEMORATIYE ORATION BY PRESIDENT ANGELL.
MUSIC.
ADDRESSES BY DELEGATES.
CONFERRING OF DEGREES. BENEDICTION.
MUSIC.
CANDIDATES FOR DEGREES.
Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
BACHELOR OF LETTERS.
Elma Mary Blackman, Dora Ella Kennedy,
Antoinette Brown, Maria McDonald,
Leonidas Connell, Myron Williams Mills,
Maria Ruth Guppy, Stafford Thomas Mitchell,
George Matthews Hewey, Edwin Pritchard Trueblood.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE.
(IN MINING ENGINEERING.)
John Mclntyre Jaycox.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE.
(IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.)
Francis Joseph Baker, John Denison Hibbard,
Joseph Halsted, James Alfred Sinclair,
Kendal Woodward Hess, Earl Porter Wetmore.
PROGRAMMES.
285
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE.
(IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.)
Benjamin Butler Bowen, George Loughnane,
Seward Cramer, John Cranch Moses,
Charles Young Dixon, Fred Blackburn Pelhain,
William Roy Hand, George Ernest Roehm,
George B. Hodge, Benno Rohnert.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE.
(IN GENERAL SCIENCE.)
Katherine Eloise Barnes, Webster S. Ruckinan,
Charles Potwin Beckwith, Elmer Sanford,
Addie Deett Bird, James Lincoln Skinner,
Arthur Graham Hall, K. Gertrude Stevens.
Louis Parker Jocelyn,
BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY.
Wirt McGregor Austin,
Thomas Jack Ballinger,
Emma E. Beers,
Frank Forrest Bumps,
Anna Louise Campbell,
George Peter Gary,
Celia Esther Chamberlain,
David Emil Heineman,
Michael Edward McEnany,
Robert Webber Moore,
Robert Ezra Park,
Samuel Kemp Pittman,
Jesse Cornell Shattuck,
Frances Adelia Slaght,
George Edward Taylor,
John Charles Warmbier,
Francis James Woolley.
BACHELOR OF ARTS.
Ephraim Douglass Adams,
James Everett Ball,
Arthur Lincoln Benedict,
Adelaide May Bradford,
Robert Corwin Bryant,
Clarence Byrnes,
Martin Cavanaugh,
William Wallace Chalmers,
Fred Converse Clark,
Minnie Olive Florence Clark,
Isabella Cook,
Charles Horton Cooley,
Arthur John Covell,
George Ellsworth Dawson,
Elizabeth Sargent Gastman,
Charles Edwards Grove,
William Henry Hawkes,
Satia Jewett Hyde,
Violet Delille Jayne,
Frederica Florence Jones,
Guy Lincoln Kiefer,
Florence Bingham Kinne,
Clesson Selwyne Kinney,
Llewellyn Cary Lawrence,
Moritz Levi,
Helen Louisa Lovell,
286 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN : SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Lawrence Amos McLouth,
Susie Suvina Mishler,
Thomas Frank Moran,
Alphonso Gerald Newcomer,
Claire Avery Orr,
Belle Purmort,
John Charles Ranacher,
Edmund Jeremiah Shaw,
Frederick David Sherman,
Mark Roger Sherman,
Walter Teis Smith,
Jerome Beers Thomas,
Franklin Luppen Velde,
William Henry Walker,
James A. Wardlow,
Frank Enos Welch.
MASTER OF SCIENCE.
Shigehide Arakawa, B. Agr., Frederick George Novy, B. S.
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY.
Elvin Swarthout, Ph. B.
MASTER OF ARTS.
Estelle Lois Guppy, A. B., Hannah Robie Sewall, A. B.,
George Francis James, A. B., Margaret Stewart, A. B.
George Culley Manly, A. B.,
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY.
Webster Cook, A. M., John Foster Eastwood, A. M.
Department of Medicine and Surgery.
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE.
John Frederick Abbott,
Justina Southgate Anderson,
Oliver Elmer Ellsworth Arndt,
William Tisdale Atkinson,
Leonard Chester Backus,
James Kleckner Bartholomew,
Roxie Ellen Bates,
Arthur Bennett,
Edward Samuel Blair, A. B.,
Josephine Dorr Blake, A. B.,
Henry Boss,
Augusta Mulford Brewer,
Lyman Augustus Brewer,
Arthur Hamilton Brownell, A. B.,
William Edward Buschman,
Mary Elizabeth Clark, B. L.,
Miles Hartson Clark, A. B.,
Frank Smith Coller,
William J. Coppernoll,
Walter Armstrong Cowie,
Lancelot B. Dawson,
John Webb Decker,
Homer George Emery,
Elizabeth Martha Farrand,
Ashble Howard Fassett,
Charles Mark Freeman,
Louis Albert Fritsche,
John Clark Gauntlett,
Edward Branford Gibson,
Leon Mitchel Gillette,
Mary Edna Goble,
George Gundlach,
PROGRAMMES.
287
Addie Emma Gurd,
George Clinton Hallbrd,
George Andrew Hare,
Jessie Daniells Hare,
Leonard Francis Hatch,
Kate Annabelle Hathaway,
Grant Sumner Hicks,
Homer D wight Hodge,
Charles John Hood,
Benjamin Franklin Homer,
Gotthelf Charles Huber,
Philo Hull,
Gilbert Bastedo Johnston,
William Murray Johnston,
Frank Miner Kerry, B. S.,
June kichi Kimura,
George Washington Lacea, B. L.,
Otto Landmann, Ph. B.,
Ella Marx,
George Mclntyre,
Jennette Matilda McLaren,
David Decker McNaughton,
Burton Albion Meacham,
George Leonard Meyer,
Wilrnot Fred Miller,
Frank Daniel Myers,
Otto Negelspach,
Henry Palmer, Ph. C.,
Thomas Charles Phillips, B. S.
Edward Joseph Price,
John Abbott Prince,
Eugene V. Riker, A. B.,
Alpheus Worley Ringer,
Edward Alexander Runyan
Albert Franklin Schafer,
Minnie Elizabeth Sinclair
Peter Franklin Smith,
William Hoffman Stauffer,
Frederick Charles Thompson,
Edward R. Wagner, A. M.,
Michael Eugene Whalen,
Almond Henry Wicks,
Esther Gilbert Willoughby,
William Henry Winslow,
Thomas Michael Winters,
Frank Paine Witter,
Nellie Ida Woodworth,
Charles D'Abbs Wright,
Wilbur Clarence Wright.
Department of Law.
BACHELOR OF LAWS.
Thomas Adams,
Cassias Alexander,
George Butler Andrews,
George Edgar Arbury,
Reuben Ensign Babcock,
Hiram Hubbard Bacon, Jr.,
Charles Nathan Banks,
John David Barkalow,
John Grant Barnes,
William Alexander Barnes,
John D. Barry,
Richard Martello Bates, B. S.,
Edward Davison Black,
Franklin Pierce Blackman, A. B.,
George Morton Bleecker,
Charles Blanchard Boyce,
James Walter Brannum,
Elmer Ellsworth Brooks, A. B.,
Edwin Newton Brown, A. M.,
George Fawcett Brown,
John Brown,
Will Ellis Brown,
George Brinton McClellan'Burd,
Wolcott Hackley Butler,
Clinton Lee Caldwell,
Daniel Fisher Campbell,
William Owens Campbell,
Charles Lunt Carter,
288 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Howard Williamson Cavanagb,
William Clinton Chadwick,
Charles Sherwin Chase,
Fred I. Chichester,
William Alexander Clark,
Anton Henry Classen,
John Quincy Cline,
Harry Godfrey Clock,
John Francis Connor, Ph. B.,
Oliver James Cook,
Edwin A. Corbin,
John Clinton Coveny,
Edward Leverett Curtis,
Webster William Davis,
William David Davis,
Corinne Douglas,
Hamilton Douglas, Ph. M.,
Frank Edward Duncan,
George Dysart,
Albert Danner Elliot, A. B.,
Byron Ransom Erskine,
John Alaric Fairchild, A. B.,
Lucius Matlack Fall, B. S.,
Leonard Sumner Ferry,
Jay Elisha Gladding,
Joseph Montgomery Glasgow,
Oliver Anson Goss,
Louis Edward Gossman,
William Emory Gross,
Wilfred Rudesill Guy,
Bayard Taylor Hainer, B. S.,
Grant Earl Halderman,
James Preston Hall,
James Grant Hays, A. B.,
Samuel Franklin Henderson,
Charles Gilbert Hinds,
Oscar James Hood,
Clinton Woodbury Howard, B. S.,
Joseph Henry Ingwersen,
William Jefferson Inman,
Kakutaro Itaya,
Fred William Job, Ph. B.,
Adna Romulus Johnson,
Thomas D. Kearney,
Austin McCreary Keen,
Frank Herman Kennedy,
William Henry King,
Charles Willibald Kuhne,
Charles Carney Lee,
James Leazure Loar,
Charles Albert Loomis,
Ubald Loranger,
Austin Clark Loveland,
Albert Hurd Lowman,
Oscar Charles Lungershausen,
Charles Robert Mains,
George Cully Manly, A. B.,
Asa Edson Mattice,
James David May,
Rebecca May,
William Gulp McEldowney,
William Wilson McNair,
Charlie Warren Miller,
Elmer Ellsworth Miller,
William Henry Mohrmann,
Florence C. Moriarty,
Tadao Nakamura,
Durbin Newton,
Edmund Cone Nordyke,
Francis Joseph O'Brien,
Ellsworth E. Otis,
James Beatty Owens,
Frank Sparrow Parker,
Thomas J. Peach, B. S.,
Edwin Deppen Peifer, A. B.,
Edward Fitch Pettis,
Jay Eugene Pickard,
Charles Sumner Pierce,
Frank Alvin Rasch,
Louis Oliver Rasch,
Charles Reed, B. S.,
James Edgar Ricketts,
Charles Perry Roberts,
Absalom Rosenberger, A. B.,
Frank Henry Rutter,
George Washington Saulsberry,
James Newton Saunders, Jr.,
Edward Jay Scofield,
PROGRAMMES.
289
John Vincent Sheehan,
Timothy Daniel Sheehan,
Francis Giles Shumway,
Samuel Ira Slade,
Charles Milton Smith,
Henry Isaac Smith,
Welcome Johnston Smith,
Frederick Waeir Stevens,
John Wesley Mayo Stewart,
Charles McClellan Strickler,
Lyman Beecher Sullivan,
Elvin Swarthout, Ph. B.,
Jacob Bowman Sweitzer,
Harvey Tappan,
Orla Benedict Taylor, A. B.,
Sidney Stockton Taylor,
Walter Augustus Thieme,
Albert Martin Thomas,
Isaac Samuel Thompson,
Carl Andrew Wagner,
William Edward Walsh,
Thomas Henry Ward,
Francis Louis Weaver, Ph. B.,
Frank Wells,
James Henry WendorfT,
Ernest Willard Whipple,
John Jefferson Whitacre,
Avery Claborn White, A. B.,
Fred Patterson Whiteley,
Mary Collins Whiting,
William Tyre Whittin^ton,
Levi Peet Wilcox, B. L.,
Margaret Lyons Wilcox, A. B.
Lytle Wilkinson,
George Rodden Willard,
Otis Andrew Williams,
Charles Bramble Wilmot,
Emmet Daniel Wiltse.
School of Pharmacy.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST.
Charles Baker, B. S.,
Herman Louis Barie,
Adam John Baumhardt,
Emery Rice Beal,
Louis Britten Carr,
Joseph Martin Croman,
William Henry Doehne,
William Arnold Dothany, B. S.,
Louis A. Dryfoos,
Richard Southard Dupont,
Leroy Adelbert Ellis,
Samuel Slokom Hance,
Florence Edith Hendershott,
Fred Joseph Henning,
Wilber Fisk Jackman, B. S.,
19
Mervin A. Jones,
Benjamin Silvanus Krause,
Willis Leisenring, B. S.,
Edward Hall Marshall, A. B.,
Andrew Stuart Mitchell,
Gustave Adolph Reule,
Julius Otto Schlotterbeck,
Charles G. Shubel,
Darius Parsons Shuk-r.
Clayton Joseph Standart,
George Ballard Topping,
Abraham Van Zwaluwenburg,
Willard McKenzie Warren,
Charles Delos Wilev.
290 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
MASTER OF PHARMACY.
Edsel Alexander Ruddiman, Ph. C.
HomoBopathic Medical College.
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE.
George Lake Bailey,
Olivia Artemisia Baldwin,
John Stuart Campbell,
George Willard Kishpaugh,
Matilda Jamison Lyons,
Arabella Merrill,
Samuel George Milner, A. M.,
Eliza Louise Orleman,
Earl Fuller Shaw,
Melancthon B. Snyder, A. B.,
Sue McGlaughlin Snyder,
Rodney Chester Taylor,
Zilpha Rosannah Wheelock.
College of Dental Surgery.
DOCTOR OF DENTAE SURGERY.
Ernest Lee Avery,
Frank Corington Babcock,
Gilbert Eli Corbin, M. D.,
Almon Dewhurst,
Edward Lincoln Dillman,
Elmer Llewellyn Drake,
Fred William Gordon,
Aimer Myron Harrison,
David Alexander Harroun,
Harry Duncan Heller,
James Bailey Hoar,
Fred Adolph Kotts,
Cyreno Nathaniel Leonard,
John Thomas Martin,
Lewis Henry McDonald,
George Hart Miner,
Joseph Lawrence Nordike,
Edward Everett Paxson,
William Arthur Powers,
William Daniel Saunders,
Frank Leslie Small,
Eva Claire Smith,
Clarence John Burr Stephens,
James C. Stevens,
Patrick James Sullivan,
Charles Henry Worboys,
William Adelbert Wright.
CHORAL UNION, UNIVERSITY GLEE CLUB,
AMPHION CLUB, AND CHEQUAMEGON
ORCHESTRA.
MEMBERS OF THE CHORAL UNION,
Constituting the Chorus at the Semi- Centennial Concert.
PROFESSOR CALVIN B. CADY, Director.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Henry C. Allen,
James B. Angell,
Wooster W. Beman,
Calvin B. Cady,
George R. Haviland,
William R. Hc>nderson,
Otis C. Johnson,
George S. Morris,
James Torrans,
Victor C. Vaughan,
Delia Allen,
Lois T. Angell,
Carrie Ayers,
Ida Ayers,
Carrie J. Ball,
Lois F. Baxter,
Emma E. Beers,
Dora Bennett,
Julia Brennan,
Tessie Brennan,
Carrie E. Britten,
Antoinette Brown,
SOPRANOS.
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Miss
Mrs. Benjamin P. Crane,
Mrs. Joe T. Jacobs,
Mrs. William Waldron,
Mrs. J. B. Williams,
Mrs. Levi D. Wines,
Sally Brown,
Kate Buckley,
Mattie darken,
Alice Curtis,
Belle Dickinson,
C. A. Doty,
Ella E. Fincham,
Emily Gruner,
Fannie Gwinner,
Kate Hale,
Faith Hehner,
L. J. Hoffstetter,
Nellie M. Johnson,
Mildred S. Knowlton,
Grace Lara way,
Lottie S. Lodge,
Jane C. Mahon,
Laura Robeson,
Julia Rominger,
Emily Stebbins,
Martha Taylor,
May Whedon.
ALTOS.
Miss Clara Anderson,
Miss Clelie Anderson,
Miss Flora Bennett,
Miss Harriet E. Berridge,
Miss Mary B. Brown,
292 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Miss Anna L. Campbell,
Miss Cora M. Chapman,
Miss Mary L. Childs,
Miss Annie Condon,
Miss Mary C. Dickerson,
Miss Charlotte Hutzel,
Miss Elsie Jones,
Miss Bertha Joslyn,
Miss Henriette Kahn,
Miss Hilda Lodeman,
Henry C. Adams,
Louis Begemann,
Benjamin C. Burt,
Charles N. Burton,
Clarence G. Campbell,
Rossetter G. Cole,
Will H. Dodge,
William H. Dorrance,
William W. Harris,
Hermann C. W. Hildner,
Trafford N. Jayne,
Louis P. Jocelyn,
Mervin A. Jones,
James E. Kirtland,
James E. Ball,
William D. Ball,
Wooster W. Beman,
John N. Blair,
A. W. Britten,
Clarence Byrnes,
Frederick W. Crane,
Charles E. Decker,
P. R. de Pont,
Alvin H. Dodsley,
James E. Duffy,
John L. Duffy,
Charles E. Everett,
Daniel P. Grant,
Bernard L. Green,
Frank W. Hawks,
Peter M. Hendershott,
Miss Alice Lovejoy,
Miss Louise L. Loving,
Miss Louise M. Meindermann,
Miss Mabel Randall,
Miss Kate Seymour,
Miss Marian Smith,
Miss Jessie Taylor,
Miss Mattie Tenney,
Miss Ruth A. Willoughby,
Miss Annie S. Wilson.
TENORS.
Jed H. Lee,
John E. McCartney,
Fred W. Mehlhop,
E. F. Messenbaugh,
Paul V. Perry,
Frank G. Plain,
Everett C. Rockwood,
Webster S. Ruckman,
John J. Selbach,
Jesse C. Shattuck,
Charles P. Taylor,
Eugene S. Upson,
Elmer G. Willvounjr.
BASSOS.
Percy B. Herr,
Anderson H. Hopkins,
Charles A. Howell,
Franklin F. Lehman,
Allen B. Martin,
William K. Maxwell,
Charles T. Miller,
Samuel K. Pittman,
William B. Rine,
Reuben S. Smith,
Walter T. Smith,
Jerome B. Thomas, Jr.,
Edwin P. Trueblood,
Burton J. Whitcomb,
Levi D. Wines,
Francis J. Woolley.
MUSICAL SOCIETIES.
293
UNIVERSITY GLEE CLUB.
ROSSETTEK G. COLE, Director.
First Tenors.
Will H. Dodge,
Samuel F. Hawley,
Eugene S. Upson,
George J. Waggoner.
First Bassos.
George B. Hodge,
Samuel K. Pittman,
Jerome B. Thomas,
Horace V. Winchell.
Second Tenors.
Joseph E. Carpenter,
Miles H. Clark,
Rossetter G. Cole,
Joseph V. Denney,
Charles P. Taylor.
Second Baxsos.
Louis M. Dennis,
Bernard L. Green,
John D. Hibbard,
Reuben S. Smith,
Frank D. Wiseman.
First Sopranos.
Lois T. Angell,
Jane C. Mahon,
May Whedon.
First Altos.
Sara D. Cady,
Lucy K. Cole,
Mildred S. Knowlton.
AMPHION CLUB.
ORIN CADY, Director.
JULIA L. CARUTHERS, Accompanist.
Second Sopranos.
Carrie J. Ball,
Daisy H. Richardson,
Annie S. Wilson.
Second Altos.
Charlotte Hutzel,
Ora S. Royce,
Mary Scott.
CHEQUAMEGON ORCHESTRA.
Edward N. Bilbie, Leader First Violin.
Lew H. Clement First Violin.
Harry M. Young . . . .'•.'. . . Second Violin.
Walter L. Moore Viola.
William W. Tidd Double Bass.
Ernest B. Perry Flute.
Frank C. Babcock Clarinet.
Elmer L. Drake ..." First Cornet.}
Meade Vestal Second Cornet.
Roll E. Drake .' Trombone.
Eli Moore First Horn.
William D. Ball Second Horn.
BOARD OF REGENTS, UNIVERSITY SENATE,
AND OTHER OFFICERS.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
The Hon.
BOARD OF REGENTS.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D.,
President.
JAMES SHEARER, . . Bay City,
EBENEZER O. GROSVENOR, Jonesville,
AUSTIN BLAIR, . . . Jackson,
CHARLES S. DRAPER, . . East Saginaw,
ARTHUR M. CLARK, . . Lexington,
CHARLES J. WILLETT, . St. Louis,
MOSES W. FIELD, . . Detroit,
CHARLES R. WHITMAN, . Ypsilanti,
JAMES H. WADE,
Secretary and Steward.
HARRISON SOULE,
Treasurer.
The Hon. JOSEPH ESTABROOK, A. M.,
Superintendent of Public Instruction.
TERM EXPIRES.
Dec. 31, 1887
" 1887
" 1889
" 1889
1891
" 1891
" 1893
" 1893
BOARD OF VISITORS.
The Hon. GEORGE B. BROOKS, A. B.,
The Hon. WILLIAM A. MOORE, A. M.,
The Hon. FRANCIS B. STOCKBRIDGE,
East Saginaw.
Detroit.
Kalamazoo.
OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 295
UNIVERSITY SENATE.
PROFESSORS.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D., President.
ALONZO B. PALMER, M. D., LL. D., Pathology and the Practice of Medi
cine.
CORYDON L. FORD, M. D., LL. D., Anatomy and Physiology.
HENRY S. FRIEZE, LL. D., Latin Language and Literature.
ALHERT B. PRESCOTT, Ph. D., M. D., Organic and Applied Chemistry
and Pharmacy.
The Rev. MARTIN L. D'OoOE, Ph. D., Greek Language and Literature.
CHARLES E. GREENE, A. M., C. E., Civil Engineering.
GEORGE E. FROTHINGHAM, M. I)., Materia Medica and Ophthalmic and
Aural Surgery.
DONALD MACLEAN, A. M., M. D., Surgery.
EDWARD S. DUNSTER, A. M., M. D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women
and Children.
WILLIAM H. PETTEE, A. M., Mineralogy, Economic Geology, and Mining
Engineering.
JONATHAN TAFT, M. D., D. D. S., Principles and Practice of Operative
Dentistry.
JOHN A. WATLING, D. D. S., Clinical and Mechanical Dentistry.
JOHN W. LANGLEY, S. B., M. D., General Chemistry.
MARK W. HARRINGTON, A. M., Astronomy.
JOSEPH B. STEERE, Ph. D., Zoology.
EDWARD L. WALTER, Ph. D., Modern Languages and Literatures.
ALEXANDER WINCHELL, LL. D., Geology and PaUeontology.
WILLIAM II. PAYNE, A. M., The Science and (he Art of Teaching.
ISAAC N. DEMMON, A. M., English and Rhetoric.
GEORGE S. MORRIS, Ph. D., Ethics, History of Philosophy, and Logic.
WILLIAM H. DORRANCE, D. D. S., Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Metal
lurgy.
ELISHA JONES, A. M., Latin.
ALBERT II. PATTENGILL, A. M., Greek.
MORTIMER E. COOLEY, M. E., Mechanical Engineering.
HENRY SEWALL, Ph. D., Physiology.
WILLIAM J. HEUDMAN, Ph. B., M. D., Practical and Pathological Anat
omy.
WOOSTER W. BEMAN, A. M., Mathematics.
HENRY WADE ROGERS, A. M., Law.
VICTOR C. VAUGHAN, Ph. D., M. D., Physiological and Pathological
Chemistry.
CHARLES H. STOWELL, M. D., Histology and Microscopy.
296 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
HENRY L. OBETZ, M. D., Surgery.
HENRY B. HUTCHINS, Ph. B., Law.
THOMAS M. COOLEY, LL. D., American History and Constitutional Law.
CHARLES S. DENISON, M. S., C. E., Descriptive Geometry, Stereotomy, and
Drawing.
HUGO R. ARNDT, M. D., Materia Medica.
JAMES C. WOOD, M. D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children.
DAVID F. McGuiRE, M. D., Ophthalmology and Otology.
DANIEL A. MCLACHLAN, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine.
HENRY S. CARHART, A. M., Physics.
CHARLES I. WALKER, LL. D., Law.
LEVI T. GRIFFIN, A. M., Law.
RAYMOND C. DAVIS, A. M., Librarian.
VOLNEY M. SPALDING, A. B., Botany.
BYRON W. CHEEVER, A. M. , M. D., Metallurgy.
CALVIN B. CADY, Music.
ASSISTANT PROFESSORS AND LECTURERS.
JOSEPH B. DAVIS, C. E., Civil Engineering.
CHARLES N. JONES, A. B., Mathematics.
RICHARD HUDSON, A. M., History.
OTIS C. JOHNSON, Ph. C., A. M., Applied Chemistry.
BENJAMIN C. BURT, A. M., English and Rhetoric.
CALVIN THOMAS, A. M., German and Sanskrit.
HENRY C. ADAMS, Ph. D., Political Economy.
JEROME C. KNOWLTON, A. B., Law.
JOHN DEWEY, Ph. D., Philosophy.
WILLIAM P. WELLS, A. M., American History and Constitutional Law.
JOHN M. SCHAEBERLE, C. E., Astronomy.
INSTRUCTORS, ASSISTANTS, AND OTHER OFFICERS.
P. R. DE PONT, A. B., B. S., French.
ALFRED HENNEQUIN, Ph. D., French and German.
CHARLES M. GAYLEY, A. B., Latin.
LOUISA REED STOWELL, M. S., Microsopical Botany.
GEORGE A. HENDRICKS, M. S., M. D., Anatomy.
ARTHUR W. BURNETT, A. B., English and German.
WALTER MILLER, A. M., Greek.
JACOB E. REIGHARD, Ph. B., Zoology.
ANDREW C. MCLAUGHLIN, A. B., Latin.
ALVISO B. STEVENS, Ph. C., Pharmacy.
JAMES N. MARTIN, Ph. M., M. D.^Oral Pathology and Surgery.
OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 297
CLARENCE G. TAYLOR, B. S., Superintendent of Shops.
THOMAS C. TRUEULOOD, A. M., Elocution.
THOMAS J. SULLIVAN, M. DM Surgery.
CHARLES K. McGEE, A. B., General Chemistry.
HUGO LUPINSKI, Ph. C., M. D., Anatomy.
OSBOURXE F. CHADBOURNE, M. D., Pathology and the Practice of Medi
cine.
WILLIAM A. CAMPBELL, M. D., Microscopy and General Histology.
JOSEPH H. VANCE, LL. B., Law Librarian.
IDA R. BRIGHAM, M. D., Ward Mistress, University Hospital.
KATE C. JOHNSON, Ph. C., Dispensing Clerk, Chemical Laboratory.
EUGENE V. RIKER, A. B., Chemical Laboratory.
CHARLES L. DAVIS, Ph. C., Chemical Laboratory.
IDA ANN MORRISH, M. L., General Library.
HENRY K. LUM, M. D., Physiology.
ELSIE A. HALLOCK, D. D. S., Clinical Dentistry.
JOHN H. ANDRUS, M. D., Materia Medico and Ophthalmic and Aural
Surgery.
GEORGE F. JAMES, A. B., General Library.
EDSEL A. RUDDIMAN, Ph. C., Pharmacognosy.
EDWARD B. PATTERSON, A. M., M. D., Ward Master, University Hos
pital.
GEORGE G. CARON, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine.
MARY HELEN CULLINGS, M. D., Anatomy.
FREDERICK G. NOVY, B. S., Organic Chemistry.
EDGAR D. SMITH, Ph. C., Pharmacy.
HAROLD B. WILSON, B. S., M. D., Ophthalmology and Otology.
FRANK A. JOHNSON, A. B., M. D., Surgery.
REGISTRATION
OF GRADUATES, FORMER STUDENTS (NOT GRADUATES),
DELEGATES FROM OTHER INSTITUTIONS, AND GUESTS
ATTENDING THE CELEBRATION.
Charles Kendall Adams, A. B. 1861 .... Ithaca, N. Y.
Edward Mills Adams, A. B. 1871 Grand Rapids.
Harriet Ailes, Ph. B. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Abram Joseph Aldrich, A. B. 1865 .... Coldwater.
Harriet C. Beringer Alexander, M. D. 1883 . Chicago, 111.
William Guthrie Alexander, LL. B. 1883 . . La Grace, Dak.
Cora Allen, A. B. 1885 Bay City.
Edward Payson Allen, LL. B. 1867 .... Ypsilanti.
James Henry Allen, M. D. 1884 Ishpeming.
George Franklin Allinendinger, C. E. 1878 Ann Arbor.
George Washington Allyn, A. B. 1872 ; M. D.
1878 Pittsburgh, Pa.
Edward Play fair Anderson, A. M. 1879 . . . Orchard Lake.
Charles Lincoln Andrews, A. B. 1886 .... Chicago, 111.
Lucy Caroline Andrews, A. B. 1876 .... Gambler, O.
Frank Davis Andrus, A. B. 1872; LL. B. 1879 . Detroit.
Alexis Caswell Angell, A. B. 1878; LL. B. 1880. Detroit.
Frederick Walter Arbury, A. B. 1883 . . . . Fenton.
Sylvester Armstrong, Pharm. 1873 Ann Arbor.
Charles Sumner Ashley, A. B. 1884 .... Toledo, O.
Henry Winfield Ashley, A. B. 1879 .... Toledo, O.
Henry Root Austin, Lit. 1865 Monroe.
Elroy McKendree Avery, Ph. B. 1871 . . . Cleveland, O.
Joseph Sutton Ayres, A. B. 1877 Detroit.
Robert H. Babcock, Lit. 1874 ; Med. 1878 . . Chicago, 111.
Franklin Corydon Bailey, B. L. 1882 . . . . Kasota, Minn.
William W. Bailey, M. D. 1861 Fort Smith, Ark.
Julian William Baird, A. B. 1882 Boston, Mass.
Holland William Baker, C. E. 1877 .... St. Louis, Mo.
Dan H. Ball, Lit. 1860 ; Law 1862 Marquette.
Fanny Danforth Ball, A. B. 1883 East Saginaw.
Enoch Bancher, LL. B. 1860 Jackson.
Colman Bancroft, B. S. 1869 Hiram, O.
REGISTRATION. 299
Nellie Elizabeth Bancroft, Ph. B. 1886 . . . Vassar.
Florus Alonzo Barbour, A. B. 1878 Ypsilanti.
Levi Leach Barbour, A. B. 1863 Detroit.
Carrie J. Barker, Ph. B. 1882 Northville.
Edward Arthur Barnes, A. B. 1883 .... Detroit.
Erastus Albert Barnes, Ph. B. 1879 .... Chicago, 111.
George Barnes, A. B. 1877 Howell.
May Ella Barnes, B. L. 1885 Alpena.
Irving Willis Barnhart, A. B. 1875 Grand Rapids.
James Madison Barrett, Ph. B. 1875 .... Fort Wayne,
Edmund Drinan Barry, A. B. 1876 Grand Rapid
Clifford Edward Bassett, Pharm. 1884 .... Saline.
Emmet Clark Bassett, Ph. C. 1883 South Lyon.
Harrison Ward Bassett, A. B. 1854 .... Saline.
Clinton Owen Bates, Lit. 1886 Owosso.
George Williams Bates, A. B. 1870 Detroit.
Thomas Marshall Baxter, B. S. 1862 . . . . Chicago, 111.
Witter J. Baxter, A. M. (Hon.) 1866 .... Jonesville.
S. Willard Beakes, LL. B. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Junius Emery Beal, B. L. 1882 Ann Arbor.
William James Beal, A. B. 1859 Agricultural College.
Caldwell Corydon Beebe, D. D. S. 1884 . . . Racine, Wis.
Carrie Phebe Bell, A. B. 1885 Ann Arbor.
James Bellangee, B. S. 1867 Des Moines, la.
Charles Fitzroy Bellows, C. E. 1864 .... Ypsilanti.
Carl William Belser, A. B. 1882 Carthage, 111.
Wooster Woodruff Beman, A. B. 1870 . . . Ann Arbor.
Emma L. Benham, M. D. 1877 Chicago, 111.
Emily Augusta Benn, A. B. 1883 East Saginaw.
Alfred Allen Bennett, B. S. 1877 Ames, la.
Alton Will Bennett, LL. B. 1877 Big Rapids.
Ebenezer O. Bennett, M. D. 1880 Wayne.
George Henry Benzenberg, C. E. 1867 . . . Milwaukee, Wis.
Reno Randolph Billington, A. B. 1885 . . . . Toledo, O.
Franklin Pierce Blackman, A. B. 1885 . . . Ann Arbor.
Benjamin Franklin Blair, A. B. 1861 . . . . New York, N. Y.
Charles A. Blair, A. B. 1876 Jackson.
Frank E. Bliss, C. E. 1873 ; LL. B. 1879 . . Cleveland, O.
Frederick Leroy Bliss, A. B. 1877 Jackson.
Moses G. Bloch, LL. B. 1885 Toledo, O.
Melvin M. Boothman, LL. B. 1871 Bryan, O.
Alice Borland, Lit. 1886 Imlay City.
Nellie Borland, Ph. B. 1885 Imlay City.
Mrs. Mattie Arnold Boughton, Ph. B. 1880 . . Cincinnati, O.
300 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Willis Boughton, A. B. 1881 Cincinnati, O.
Henry E. H. Bower, LL. B. 1866 Ann Arbor.
Clarence Eugene Boyce, B. L. 1884 .... Port Huron.
Justin D. Boylan, LL. B. 1862 Ann Arbor.
Herbert Eugene Boynton, A. B. 1886 . . . . Detroit.
Franklin Bradley, A. B. 1870 South Lyon.
William Fairman Bradner, D. D. S. 1880 . . . Greeley, Col.
William F. Breakey, M. D. 1859 Ann Arbor.
John Marion Brewer, A. B. 1880 East Saginaw.
Mark S. Brewer, Member of Congress .... Pontiac.
Benjamin Pitcher Brodie, A. B. 1882 .... Detroit.
George B. Brooks, Member of Board of Visitors East Saginaw.
Mrs. Harriet V. Bills Brooks, M. D. 1877 . . East Saginaw.
Archer Huntington Brown, A. B. 1872 . . . Cincinnati, O.
Charles Carroll Brown, C. E. 1879 Schenectady, N. Y.
E. Lakin Brown, Ex-Regent of the University . Schoolcraft.
Edwin Newton Brown, A. B. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Le Roy Brown, M. D. 1885 St. Paul, Minn.
Peter L. Brown, M. D. 1866 Jacksonville, 111.
William N. Brown, LL. B. 1870 Mt. Pleasant.
Charles Francis Brush, M. E. 1869 Cleveland, O.
Rose Standish Bryan, M. D. 1886 Dunning, 111.
Letitia Lavilla Burlingame, LL. B. 1886 . . . Joliet, 111.
Orin F. Burroughs, M. D. 1854 Galesburg.
Benjamin Chapman Burt, A. B. 1875 . . . . Ann Arbor.
Charles F. Burton, A. B. 1870 Detroit.
Clarence Monroe Burton, LL. B. 1874 . . . Detroit.
Edward H. Butler, Lit. 1861 Detroit.
Henry James Butler, A. B. 1881 Fort Scott, Kan.
William A. Butler, Jr., B. S. 1869 Detroit.
Roger W. Butterfield, LL. B. 1868 Grand Rapids.
William Henry Butts, A. B. 1878 Pontiac.
Mary Emma Byrd, A. B. 1878 Northampton, Mass.
Ben Taylor Cable, B. S. 1876 Rock Island, 111.
George Alonzo Cady, A. B. 1877 Sault Ste. Marie.
James Oscar Caldwell, C. E. 1876 South Salem, O.
Eleazer E. Calkins, Ph. C. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Mrs. Mattie Ormsby Campbell, Lit. 1885 . . . Ann Arbor.
Oscar James Campbell, A. B. 1870 Cleveland, O.
William Aulls Campbell, M. D. 1882 .... Ann Arbor.
William Wallace Campbell, B. S. (C. E.) 1886 . Boulder, Col.
Wellington Carleton, A. B. 1867 Rochelle, 111.
George Gabriel Caron, M. D. 1886 Aylmer, Ont.
William Pitt Carpenter, M. D. 1880 .... Butler, Ind.
REGISTRATION. 301
H. A. P. Carter, Hawaiian Minister to the United
Stales Washington, D. C.
Mary Sophia Case, A. B. 1884 Wellesley, Mass.
George Hill Chaffin, LL. B. 1884 Detroit.
John D. Chambers, B. S. 1871; M. D. 1874 . . Fort Wayne, Ind.
Henry William Champlin, M. D. 1881 . . . Chelsea.
John Wayne Champlin, Justice of the Supreme
Court of Michigan Grand Rapids.
Anna Minerva Chandler, Ph. B. 1874 .... Cold water.
Edward Bruce Chandler, A. B. 1858 .... Chicago, 111.
France Chandler, A. B. 1854 St. Louis, Mo.
Henry Allen Chancy, A. B. 1869 Detroit.
Samuel Chapel, A. B. 1857 Parma.
Augustus Alexander Chapin, A. B. 1859 . . . Fort Wayne, Ind.
Samuel W. Chapin, M. D. 1872 . . I . . . Milan.
William Whiting Chapin, A. B. 1886 . . . . Detroit.
Byron William Cheever, A. B. 1863 ; M. D. 1867;
LL. B. 1875 Ann Arbor.
Noah Wood Cheever, A .B. 1863 ; LL. B. 1865 . Ann Arbor.
Walter Hewitt Cheever, Lit. 1878 Three Rivers.
George Morell Chester, A. B. 1858 Detroit.
Edmund P. Christian, A. B. 1847 Wyandotte.
Henry P. Churchill, A. B. 1867 Kansas City, Mo.
Horatio Nelson Chute, B. S. 1872 Ann Arbor.
Alpheus Whitney Clark, A. B. 1874 . . . . Detroit.
Edward W. Clark, Ph. C. 1886 New York, N. Y.
Hiram Rufus Clark, M. D. 1880 Beloit, Wis.
Annie Duxbury Clarke, Lit. 1878 Kalamazoo.
William Flint Clarke, Ph. B. 1873 Lansing.
Eugene Stephen Clarkson, A. B. 1884 .... Detroit.
Claus Siem Claussen, Ph. B. 1886 Brighton Park, 111.
John B. Clay berg, LL. B. 1875 Helena, Montana.
William Cleland, D. D. S. 1884 Detroit.
Caroline Clements, A. B. 1883 Ann Arbor.
William Lawrence Clements, B. S. 1882 . . . Bay City.
Mary Climie, B. S. 1886 Ann Arbor.
William Johnson Cocker, A. B. 1869 .... Adrian.
Frantz Hunt Coe, A. B. 1879 Ann Arbor.
Sarah J. Coe, M. D. 1878 Wilkes Barre, Pa.
June Rose Colby, A. B. 1878 Peoria, 111.
Eli H. Coller, M. D. 1859 Athens.
Sumner Collins, A. B. 1882 Detroit.
George Gary Comstock, Ph. B. 1877 . . . . Madison, Wis.
Emily Persis Cook, A. B. 1875 Lansing.
302 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Percy Tyler Cook, Ph. B. 1877 Grand Rapids.
Peter Napoleon Cook, LL. B. 1874 Corunna.
Samuel Fletcher Cook, A. B. 1869 Lansing.
Webster Cook, A. B. 1878 Ann Arbor.
Thomas Mclntyre Cooley, LL. D. 1873 . . . Ann Arbor.
John W. Coolidge, M. D. 1879 Scranton, Pa.
David M. Cooper, A. B. 1848 Detroit.
Gilbert Eli Corbin, M. D. 1855 St. Johns.
Nathan Davis Corbin, B. S. 1886 Chicago, 111.
Marion Craig, M. D. 1884 Rochester, N. Y.
Densmore Cramer, Lit. 1856 Ann Arbor.
Elmer Sutherland Crawford, A. B. 1884 . . . East Saginaw.
William Le Roy Crissman, LL. B. 1882 . . . Cedar Rapids, la.
Otis Adams Critchett, A. B. 1862 Monroe.
Charles M. Crofoot, Pharm. 1874 Pontiac.
John Samuel Crombie, A. B. 1877 Minneapolis, Minn.
Moreau S. Crosby, Ex- Lieutenant- Governor of
Michigan Grand Rapids.
James Edmund Cross, LL. B. 1886 Chicago, 111.
Isaiah Reed Crossette, A. B. 1881 Muskegon.
Julia Crouch, Lit. 1880 Erie, Pa.
Ira George Curry, A. B. 1886 Owosso.
Orson B. Curtis, A. B. 1865 Detroit.
Byron M. Cutcheon, A. B. 1861 Manistee.
Grace Darling, Ph. B. 1883 La Porte, Ind.
John Monroe Darnell, B. S. 1867 Rushville, 111.
Lloyd L. Davis, D. D. S. 1876 Eaton Rapids.
Lorenzo Davis, Jr., A. B. 1875 Berkeley, Cal.
Harlow Palmer Davock, C. E. 1870 .... Detroit.
Emma A. Decker, M. D. 1878 Mt. Clements.
Westbrook S. Decker, LL. B. 1867 .... Denver, Col.
William Wirt Dedriek, A. B. 1861 St. Louis, Mo.
Elwood Frank Demmon, A. B. 1886 .... Chicago, 111.
Isaac Newton Demmon, A. B. 1868 .... Ann Arbor.
Amos Denison, LL. B. 1872 Cleveland, O.
Charles Henry Denison, Lit. 1884 Saginaw.
Joseph Villiers Denney, A. B. 1885 .... Aurora. 111.
Louis Munroe Dennis, Ph. B. 1885 Ithaca, N. Y.
Hamilton Dey, A. B. 1872 Detroit.
Wealthy Desire Dibble, M. D. 1886 .... Cold water.
Oliver Partridge Dickinson, A. B. 1866 . . . Kansas City, Mo.
Kobert Neil Dickman, A. B. 1886 Cleveland, O.
Charles Wright Dodge, B. S. (Bio.) 1886 . . Detroit.
Laura Donnan, A. B. 1879 Indianapolis, Ind.
REGISTRATION. 303
Edward Donovan, B. S. 1876; LL. B. 1878 . . Kansas City, Mo.
Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge, A. B. 1881 . . . Ypsilanti.
William Henry Dorrance, D. D. S. 1879 . . . Ann Arbor.
William George Doty, A. B. 1875 Ann Arbor.
Samuel Townsend Douglas, Ph. B. 1873 . . . Detroit.
Joseph Horace Drake, A. B. 1885 ..... Battle Creek.
Charles Stuart Draper, A. B. 1863 East Saginaw.
Horton Hamilton Drury, A. B. 1867 . . . . Grand Rapids.
Crines Hardenbergh Du Bois, LL. B. 1872 . . Minneapolis, Minn.
Samuel Du Bois, M. D. 1855 . Unadilla.
Samuel Pierce Duffield, A. B. 1854; M. D. 1856 Detroit.
Edward Francis Duffy, LL. B. 1884 . . . . Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lewis Ezra Dunham, B. S. (M. E.) 1886 ... St. Louis, Mo.
Silas Wright Dunning, A. B. 1860 New York, N. Y.
Frank Harris Durstine, M. D. 1875 .... Cleveland, O.
James Du Shane, B. S. 1869 South Bend, Ind.
Elmer Dwiggins, B. L. 1884 Chicago, 111.
Elizabeth Eaglesfield, A. B. 1876 ; LL. B. 1878 Grand Rapids.
Mrs. Charlotte Hall Eastman, Lit. 1881 . . . Chicago, 111.
Sidney Corning Eastman, A. B. 1873 .... Chicago, 111.
John Foster Eastwood, A. B. 1871; Ph. C. 1874 Ann Arbor.
William Milan Edwards, M. D. 1884 .... Kalamazoo.
Edmund West Eede, B. S. 1883 Detroit.
Jennie Emerson, A. B. 1884 Racine, Wis.
James Hemingway Emery, Lit. 1873 . . . . Toledo, O.
Thomas Emery, C. E. 1873 East Saginaw.
William John English, A. B. 1867; LL. B. 1869 Chicago, 111.
Louis Robert Esau, D. D. S. 1884 Milwaukee, Wis.
Joseph Estabrook, Superintendent of Public In
struction Olivet.
Ludovic Estes, A. M. 1877 Ann Arbor.
Marshall Davis Ewell, LL. B. 1868 .... Chicago, 111.
Joseph Weir Ewing, A. B. 1864 Ionia.
Delos Fall, B. S. 1875 Albion.
Edmund Elwood Fall, A. B. 1883 Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
Louis Joseph Fasquelle, Ph. C. 1882 .... St. Johns.
Mark Francis Fasquelle, A. B. 1860 ; M. D. 1872 Mt. Pleasant.
Ashble Howard Fassett, Med. 1886 .... Meshappen, Pa.
Orion Jonathan Fay, D. D. S. 1881 ; M. D. 1882 Carleton.
Alpheus Felch, Ex-Governor of Michigan . . Ann Arbor.
Frank Lawrence Felch, A. B. 1876 .... Sandusky, O.
Theodore Alpheus Felch, Ph. B. 1871 .... Ishpeming.
William Edward Fenwick, Ph. B. 1881 . . . Detroit.
Ada Electa Ferguson, B. L. 1886 Howard City.
304 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Frank Clark Ferguson, A. B. 1877 Buffalo, N. Y.
Henry Power Field, LL. B. 1882 Detroit.
Jacob Asher Fink, M. D. 1886 Commerce.
Lewis Ransom Fiske, A. B. 1850 Albion.
Ferris Smith Fitch, A. B. 1877 Pontiac.
Charlotte Elizabeth Fitzgerald, M. D. 1879 . . Ann Arbor.
Frank Ward Fletcher, Ph. B. 1875 Alpena.
Lorenzo Varnum Fletcher, A. B. 1875 . . . Linden.
Homer Asaph Flint, B. S. 1861 Detroit.
Harry Corwin Flower, LL. B. 1885 Kansas City, Mo
Edward H. Flynn, M. D. 1881 West Branch.
William W. Follett, C. E. 1881 Pueblo, Col.
Harry Farris Forbes, B. S. 1884 Rockford, 111.
Horatio Clark Ford, B. S. 1875 Cleveland, O.
William G. Forrest, LL. B. 1881 Detroit.
Charles Fox, A. B. 1875 Grand Rapids.
George Ludlow Fox, B. S. 1875 Detroit.
Carroll Sutherland Fraser, A. B. 1866 . . . Port Huron.
Elisha Alexander Fraser, A. B. 1863 . . . . Detroit.
Alice Elvira Freeman, A. B. 1876 Wellesley, Mass.
Fred W. Freeman, M. D. 1882 East Saginaw.
John Charles Freeman, A. B. 1868 .... Madison, Wis.
Henry Nathaniel French, A. B. 1867 .... Kalamazoo.
John Quincy Adams Fritchey, A. B. 1858 . . St. Louis, Mo.
Henry Harvey Frost, A. B. 1885 Detroit,
Eugene Koelbing Frueauff, LL. B. 1875 . . . Ann Arbor.
George Erskine Fullerton, M. D. 1873 .... Marion, la.
Elias Durfee Galloway, Ph. B. 1873 .... Big Rapids.
William Galpin, A. B. 1882 Howell.
Charles Russell Gardner, A. B. 1851 .... Ann Arbor.
Edwin Clendenin Garrigues, LL. B. 1886 . . Minneapolis, Minn.
Samuel Smith Garrigues, Esq Ann Arbor.
Walter Brown Garvin, A. B. 1883 Allegan.
Louis Gascoigne, A. B. 1885 Detroit.
Herschel Robert Gass, A. B. 1873 Flint.
Marshall Thomas Gass, A. B. 1873 Flint.
Allyn Boughton Geddes, Ph. C. 1885 . . . . Montpelier, O.
Frederick Lyman Geddes, A. B. 1872 . . . . Toledo, O.
Joseph Mills Gelston, A. B. 1869 Pontiac.
Conrad Georg, M. D. 1872 Ann Arbor.
John Georg, M. D. 1876 Detroit.
Austin George, Professor in State Normal School Ypsilanti.
Harriet Angell Gerry, M. D. 1883 Detroit.
William Jay Gibson, A. B. 1869 Cincinnati, 0.
REGISTRATION. 305
William K. Gibson, Lit. 1852 Jackson.
Edwin Brewster Gidley, LL. B. 1864 .... Ann Arbor.
Thomas D. Gilbert, Ex-Regent of the University Grand Rapids.
John Wesley Gillespie, LL. B. 1886 .... Lincoln, Neb.
Leon Martin Gillette, Lit. 1884 Battle Creek.
Clark Hough Gleason, Ph. B. 1873; LL. B. 1875 Grand Rapids.
Fred Harris Goff, Ph. B. 1881 Cleveland, O.
George Lincoln Goodale, Professor of Botany in
Harvard University Cambridge, Mass.
Lowell Alonzo Goodman, C. E. 1867 . . . . Westport, Mo.
Edward Payson Goodrich, A. B. 1865 .... Ypsilanti.
Merchant Huxford Goodrich, A. B. 1845 . . . Ann Arbor.
Edward Alonzo Gott, Ph. B. 1876 Detroit.
Cornelius Albert Gower, A. B. 1867 .... Lansing.
Fanny Searles Cradle, M. D. 1877 Chicago, 111.
John Henry Grant, A. B. 1882 ; LL. B. 1883 . Manistee.
Schuyler Grant, A. B. 1864 Detroit.
Myron Oscar Graves, A. B. 1886 Wyandotte.
Barzillai Gray, A. B. 1849 Kansas City, Mo.
William John Gray, A. B. 1877 Detroit.
George Washington Green, M. D. 1862 . . . Ann Arbor.
Sullivan Dexter Green, Lit. 1860 Berlin Falls, N. H.
Levi Thomas Griffin, A. B. 1857 Detroit.
Clara Viets Grover, A. B. 1886 Brooklyn, N. Y.
Delbert James Haff, A. B. 1884 Kansas City, Mo.
James John Hagerman, B. S. 1861 Colorado Springs, Col.
Elmer Jay Hale, LL. B. 1879 Detroit.
Avon Stacy Hall, A. B. 1884 Cadillac.
Mrs. Carrie Isa Wilmot Hall, B. L. 1884 . . .. Cadillac.
Lucy Mabel Hall, M. D. 1878 Brooklyn, X. Y.
William Henry Hall, Lit. 1861 Ypsilanti.
Elsie Adelaide Hallock, D. D. S. 1885 . . . . Ann Arbor.
Edward Anderson Halsey, A. B. 1877 . . . Kansas City, Mo.
Le Roy Halsey, A. B. 1879 Battle Creek.
James Lyon Hamill, LL. B. 1885 Bellefonte, Pa.
Alexander White Hamilton, A. B. 1871 . . . Ann Arbor.
Francis Marion Hamilton, A. B. 1869 .... Bucyrus, O.
Joel Warren Hamilton, LL. B. 1878 . . . . Ann Arbor.
Leslie Benton Hanchett, Ph. B. 1884 .... Saginaw.
Clarence James Hand, D. D. S. 1884 .... Romeo.
William Washington Hannan, A. B. 1880 . . Detroit.
Almon Fremont Hanson, LL. B. 1880 .... Ann Arbor.
Paul Henry Hanus, B. S. 1878 Denver, Col.
K. D. Harger, B. S. 1884 Burlington, la.
306 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
William D. Harriman, Probate Judge of Wasli-
tenaw County Ann Arbor.
Samuel Smith Harris, Bishop of Michigan . . Detroit.
Mrs. Sophia Hartley, M. D. 1875 Ann Arbor.
Elias N. Hartman, LL. B. 1886 South Bend, Ind.
Elisha Monroe Hartman, B. L. 1886 .... Ovvosso.
George William Hartman, M. D. 1881 .... Archbold, O.
Henry Haskell, Law 1883 Ann Arbor.
Samuel Fred Hawley, Ph. B. 1885 Shelby.
Samuel Hayes, B. S. 1869 Grundy Centre, la.
James Grant Hays, A. B. 1886; LL. B. 1887 . Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mary Hegeler, B. S. 1882 La Salle, 111.
Henry Heim, Ph. C. 1878 East Saginaw.
Josiah Heller, M. D. 1874 Grand Rapids.
Elmer Ellsworth Hendershott, M. D. 1886 . . Dunkirk, O.
George A. Hendricks, M. D. 1877 Ann Arbor.
William James Herd man, Ph. B. 1872; M. D.
1875 Ann Arbor.
Ashbel Harrison Herron, LL. B. 1864 . . . Albion, Mich.
John H. Hewitt, Professor of Ancient Lan
guages in Williams College Williamstown, Mass.
Walter Jacob Heyser, B. S. 1875 Jackson.
George Smith Hickey, A. B. 1868 Battle Creek.
Frederick Charles Hicks, A. B. 1886 .... La Porte, Ind.
Shelley Eugene Higgins, A. B. 1885 .... Kalamazoo.
Paul Henry Hirth, Ph. C. 1886 Toledo, O.
Abby Little Hitchcock, Ph. B. 1885 .... Toledo, O.
Charles Wellman Hitchcock, A. M. 1880 . . Detroit.
Horace Rodney Hitchcock, M. D. 1878 . . . Sand Beach.
Arthur Smith Hobart, Lit. 1867 Big Rapids.
Mrs. Alice May Spencer Hodge, B. L. 1885 . . Jackson.
Herbert Augustus Hodge, B. L. 1882; LL. B.
1885 Jackson.
Hiram C. Hodge, Ex-Stale Senator Concord.
Ellen Clara Hogebooin, B. S. 1877 Shelbyville, Ky.
Liberty Emory Holden, A. B. 1858 Cleveland, O.
James Michael Holland, LL.B. 1885 .... Park River, Dak.
Fred Bruce Hollenbeck, A. B. 1886 .... Perrysburg, O.
George Washington Hood, A. B. 1856 . . . . Detroit.
George Hiram Hopkins, LL. B. 1871 . . . . Detroit.
Frank H. Hosford, Esq Detroit.
James Robert Hosie, Lit. 1869 Wayne.
George Stedman Hosmer, A. B. 1875 . . . . Detroit.
Clementine Lord Houghton, B. L. 1884 . . . Ann Arbor.
REGISTRATION. 307
Frank Howe Ilovey, M. D. 1886 Wichita, Kan.
George Howell, M. D. 1863 Tecumseh.
Almon Franklin Hoyt, A. B. 1874 ..... Nashville, Tenn.
Mary Hubbard Hoyt, Ph. B. 1877 Kalamazoo.
Henry Harrison Hubbard, B. S. 1860 .... Battle Creek.
Henry Wright Hubbard, B. S. 1866 .... New York, N. Y.
Thomas Hulburt Hubbard, Ph. C. 1882 . . . Ashtabula, O.
Jay Abel Hubbell, A. B. 1853 Houghton.
Richard Hudson, A. B. 1871 Ann Arbor.
Lou Hughes, Ph. B. 1877 Decorah, la.
Mrs. Eliza Darling Hull, Ph. B. 1882 .... Lawrenceville, N. J.
Isabella Hattie Hull, A. B. 1884 Brighton.
Lawrence Cameron Hull, A. B. 1877 .... Lawrenceville, N. J.
Bessie Perry Hunt, A. B. 1884 Fort Lewis, Col.
James Edmund Hunt, A. B. 1H80 Toledo, O.
Mary Elizabeth Hunt, B. L. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Ormond Fremont Hunt, A. B. 1881 .... Detroit.
LedruRollin Hunter, A. B. 1880 South Lyon.
Charles Kurd, A. B. 1862 Michigan City, Ind.
Henry Mills Hurcl, A. B. 1863; M. D. 1866 . . Pontiac.
Florence Huson, M. D. 1885 Detroit.
Harry Burns Hutchins, Ph. B. 1871 .... Ann Arbor.
Charles Hutchinson, Ph. B. 1881 Ann Arbor.
Louis Howard Hyde, Ph. B. 1882 Joliet, 111.
Wilber Fisk Jackman, B. S. 1886 Armada.
Walter H. Jackson, D. D. S. 1876 Ann Arbor.
Albert Poole Jacobs, A. B. 1873 Detroit.
Charles Huntington Jacobs, A. B. 1875 . . . Detroit.
George Francis James, A. B. 1886 Evanston, 111.
Ormond Courtland Jenkins, D. D. S. 1880 . . Ann Arbor.
William Lee Jenks, A. B. 1878 Port Huron.
Fred William Job, Ph. B. 1885 Chicago, 111.
William Corwin Johns, B. S. 1869 Decatur, 111.
Frank Arthur Johnson, A. B. 1881 ; M. D. 1884 Ann Arbor.
James Eastman Johnson, Ex-Regent of the Uni
versity Niles.
William Claflin Johnson, Ph. B. 1878 . . . . Detroit.
William Warren Johnson, M. D. 1884 .... Goshen, Ind.
Collins Hickey Johnston, A. B. 1881 ; M. D. 1883 Sutton's Bay.
Elisha Jones, A. B. 1859 Ann Arbor.
Sophie Bethena Jones, M. D. 1885 Atlanta, Ga.
William Edward Jones, LL. B. 1876 .... St. Louis, Mo.
Fannie G. Kahn, Ph. B. 1886 Detroit.
John Kapp, M. D. 18G8 Ann Arbor.
308 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Thomas Augustin Kay, M. D. 1873 . . . . Shaftsburo;.
Thomas Young Kayne, LL. B. 1882 .... Ann Arbor.
Charles Collins Kellogg, Lit. 1883 Detroit.
Winthrop Reed Kendall, LL. B. 1886 .... Ann Arbor.
Ezra Joseph Kennedy, Ph. C. 1882 Detroit,
Clarence Alvaro Kenyon, LL. B. 1880 . . . Kansas City, Mo.
William Marvin Kilpatrick, LL. B. 1866 . . . Owosso.
Frank Henry Kimball, B. S. 1877 Rockford, 111.
Ausie N. Kimmis, LL. B. 1884 Wixom.
James Asahel King, M. D. 1884 Manistee.
Zina Pitcher King, A. B. 1864; LL. B. 1867 . Ann Arbor.
Edward Dewitt Kinne, A. B. 1864 Ann Arbor.
Otto Kirchner, Ex-Professor of Law .... Detroit.
Kendal Kittredge, Lit. 1867 Ann Arbor.
Charles Henry Kline, LL. B. 1886 Kingman, Kan.
Edgar Richard Knapp, M. D. 1856 East Saginaw.
Loyal Edwin Knappen, A. B. 1873 Hastings.
Earle Johnson Knight, A. B. 1871 Detroit.
George Wells Knight, A. B. 1878 Columbus, O.
Jerome Cyril Knowlton, A. B. 1875; LL. B. 1878 Ann Arbor.
George Washington Lacea, B. L. 1885 . . . Bringhurst, Ind.
Sanford Burritt Ladd, A. B. 1865 Kansas City, Mo.
Charles Norton Lake, Ph. C. 1884 Bethlehem, Pa.
Henry Lamm, B. S. 1869 Sedalia, Mo.
Victor Hugo Lane, C. E. 1874 ; LL. B. 1878 . Adrian.
Charles Kellogg Latham, A. B. 1871, LL. B.
1872 Detroit.
Sarah Swift Lather, A. B. 1878 Inkster.
Robert Charles Leacock, M. D. 1884 .... New Baltimore.
Edward Wallace Lee, M. D. 1881 Omaha, Neb.
Hubert Augustus Lee, A. B. 1864 Boston, Mass.
John Mallory Lee, M. D. 1878 Rochester, N. Y.
Frank Bruce Leland, A. B. 1882; LL. B. 1884 . Flint.
Jeptha Elmer Lemon, A. B. 1883 West Bay City.
Clarence Ashley Lightner, A. B. 1883 .... Detroit.
William Hurley Lightner, A. B. 1877 .... St. Paul, Minn.
Joshua Allen Lippincott, Chancellor of the Uni
versity of Kansas Lawrence, Kan.
Josiah Loomis Littlefield, C. E. 1871 .... Farwell.
A. Lodeman, Professor in the State Normal
School Ypsilanti.
Egbert Theodore Loeffler, B. S. (C. E.) 1885 . Saginaw.
Eugene Frank Lohr, A. B. 1884 South Bend, Ind.
Frederick Lohrstorfer, M. D. 1886 Port Huron.
REGISTRATION. 309
Caroline E. Lorman, Ph. B. 1886 Detroit.
Almira Lovcll, A. B. 1884 ........ Flint.
Frank Nathaniel Lufkin, A. B. 1884; LL. B.
1886 Olathe, Kan.
Charles Edwin Luscomb, M. D. 1876 . . . . Ann Arbor.
Jeremiah Lynch, LL. B. 1883 Lapeer.
Gilbert Randolph Lyon, A. B. 1857 . . . . Owosso.
Henry Francis Lyster, A. B. 1858; M. D. 1860 Detroit.
Alexander Macfarlane, Professor of Physics in
the University of Texas Austin, Tex.
Edwin Frederick Mack, A. B. 1883 .... Detroit.
Janet King Mackenzie, A. B. 1884 Detroit.
Herbert Maguire, A. B. 1872 Detroit.
Rachel Annie Mftleonuoo, Lit. 1885 .... Detroit.
Albert Mann, Ph. C. 1880 Ann Arbor.
Alma Mansfield, A. B. 1881 Ann Arbor.
John .Jameson Mapel, A. B. 1872 Milwaukee, Wis.
William Lewis Marquardt, LL. B. 1886 . . . Grand Rapids.
Charles Alfred Marshall, C. E. 1876 . . . . Johnstown, Pa.
James Nelson Martin, M. D. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Gertrude Helen Mason, Ph. B. 1876 .... San Jose", Cal.
Ovid Luther Matthews, LL. B. 1878 . . . . Ann Arbor.
William Carrier Matthews, A. B. 1873 .... Flint.
Lawrence Maxwell, Jr., B. S. 1874 Cincinnati, O.
Ira Mayhew, Ex-Superintendent of Public In
struction Detroit.
Aaron Vance McAlvay, A. B. 1868 ; LL. B. 1869 Manistee.
William Andrew Me Andrew, A. B. 1886 ... St. Clair.
James Joseph McCarty, LL. B. 1884 .... Honesdale, Pa.
Anna Elizabeth McDonald, A. B. 1877 . . . Ann Arbor.
Flora McDonald, A. B. 1883 Ann Arbor.
James Henry McDonald, A. B. 1876 .... Detroit.
William H. McDowell, LL. B. 1868 .... Cincinnati, O.
Robert Gordon McEvoy, LL. B. 1882 . . . . Rockford, 111.
Jonas Hartzell McGowan, B.S. 1861 .... Washington, D. C.
Donald Mclntyre, Ex-Regent of the University . Ann Arbor.
Patrick McKernan, LL. B. 1863 ..... Ann Arbor.
Daniel A. McLachlan, M. D. 1879 Ann Arbor.
John Wesley McLachlan, M. D. 1886 .... Holly.
Joseph Rogers McLaughlin, B. S. 1877 . . . Detroit.
Lester McLean, B. S. 1872; LL. B. 1875 . . . Elyria, O.
Mary Hancock McLean, M. D. 1883 .... St. Louis, Mo.
John Alexander McLennan, A. B. 1883 . . . Detroit.
Frank McXamara, Ph. B. 1881 Mt. Pleasant.
310 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
William Mendenhall, B. S. 1863 Richmond, Ind.
Otis Asher Merell, Ph. C. 1870 Owosso.
Henry David Merithew, LL. B. 1886 .... Ann Arbor.
Francis De Witt Merritt, LL. B. 1874 . . . La Grange, Ind.
Alpheus Goodman Mesic, M. D. 1878 .... Milan.
Bert Westbrook Middleton, Lit. 1886 .... Greenville.
Watson Birchard Millard, A. B. 1871 .... St. Clair.
Albert Edward Miller, A. B. 1883 Detroit.
Charles P. Miller, Med. 1877 Fort Collins, Col.
Charles Rollin Miller, B. S. 1858; LL. B. 1860 . Adrian.
Edward Charles Miller, LL. B. 1886 .... St. Paul, Minn.
Louis Cornelius Miller, LL. B. 1882 .... Marshall.
Samuel Freeman Miller, Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States Washington, D. C.
Walter Miller, A. M. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Samuel George Milner, A. B. 1872 .... Ann Arbor.
George Hart Miner, B. S. 1881 Ann Arbor.
Mary Lovicy Miner, Ph. B. 1882 Detroit.
Mrs. Margaret Morton Mitchell, A. B. 1881 . . Ludington.
Charles Jay Monroe, LL. B. 1879 South Haven.
James Monroe, Professor of Political Science in
Oberlin College Oberlin, O.
Jabez Montgomery, B. S. 1867 Kalamazoo.
Mrs. Kate Cameron Moody, D. D. S. 1882 . . Mendota,Ill.
William Austin Moore, A. B. 1850 Detroit.
Horatio Throop Morley, M. E. 1879 .... Marine City.
John Morris, Jr., A. B. 1883 Fort Wayne, Ind.
Ida Ann Morrish, M. L. 1885 Ann Arbor.
Seymour Teriny Moise, C. E. 1878 Detroit.
Edwin Lincoln Moseley, A. M. 1885 .... Grand Rapids.
Eliza Maria Mosher, M. D. 1875 Brooklyn, N. Y.
John Davidson Muir, Ph. C. 1884 Grand Rapids.
Arthur Ebenezer Mummery, Ph. C. 1885 . . Ann Arbor.
James Ormsbee Murray, Dean of Princeton Col
lege Princeton, N. J.
Frank Clark Myers, M. D. 1883 Oshtemo.
Mrs. Matilda M. Nehls, D. D. S. 1886 . . . . Detroit.
Theodore Nelson, Ex- Superintendent of Public
Instruction Saginaw.
Hector Neuhoff, A. B. 1872 St. Louis, Mo.
Arthur Clayton Nichols, D. D. S. 1880 . . . Ann Arbor.
Charles Wing Noble, A. B. 1846 Detroit.
Lyman Decatur Norris, A. B. 1845 Grand Rapids.
Byron Booth Northrop, A. B. 1855 .... Racine, Wis.
REGISTRATION. 311
Cyrus Northrop, President of the University of
Minnesota ...» Minneapolis, Minn.
Henry II. Northrop, Ex-Regent of the University Flint.
Frederick George Novy, B. S. (Chem.) 1886 . Ann Arbor.
De Witt Jay Oakley, Ph. B. 1875 Grosse Isle.
Lyster M. O'Brien, A. B. 1858 ; LL. B. 1860 . Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo.
Israel Ohlinger, M. D. 1878 Aurelius.
Rollin Charles Olin, M. D. 1877 Detroit.
Daniel Edward Osborne, Ph. C. 1H79; M. D.
1884 • Evanston, 111.
Helen Lucy Osgood, Ph. B. 1886 Hamburg.
Charles Eugene Otis, A. B. 1869 St. Paul, Minn.
Charles Sillman Page, D. D. S. 1886 . . . . Belvidere, 111.
Charles Henry Palmer, Jr., B. S. 1863 .... Delavan, Minn.
Henry Palmer, Ph. C. 1885 St. Johns.
Thomas Witherell Palmer, A. B. 1849 . . . Detroit.
George E. Pantlind, C. E. 1875; LL. B. 1878 . Grand Rapids.
Delos Leonard Parker, Ph. B. 1881; M. D. 1883 Marine City.
Franklin Leonidas Parker, A. B. 1847 . . . Ann Arbor.
Stanley Eli Parkhill, Ph. C. 1877 Owosso.
Edward Leroy Parmenter, B. L. 1886 .... Chicago, 111.
Jared Patchin, A. B. 1853 Detroit.
Albert Henderson Pattengill, A. B. 1868 . . . Ann Arbor.
Henry Romaine Pattengill, B. S. 1874 . . . Lansing.
Charles Rich Patterson, A. B. 1850 .... Ypsilanti.
Harriet Ada Patton, LL. B. 1872 Ann Arbor.
William R. Payne, Dent. 1883 Ann Arbor.
Selim H. Peabody, Regent of the University of
Illinois Champaign, 111.
Edwin Deppen Peifer, A. B. 1886 Waterloo, la.
Edmund Waldo Pendleton, A. B. 1872 . . . Detroit.
Charles Philip Pengra, M. D. 1881 ; Ph. C. 1883 Boston, Mass.
William Pepper, Provost of the University of
Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa.
Walter Scott Perry, A. B. 1861 Ann Arbor.
Charles Sperry Peyton, Ph. C. 1884 .... Jackson.
Daniel Russell Phillips, A. B. 1884 New York, N. Y.
Thomas Charles Phillips, B. S. 1885 .... Calumet.
David Pierce, Lit. 1885 McKeesport, Pa.
Lewis Stephen Pilcher, A. B. 1862; M. D. 1866 Brooklyn, N. Y.
Frederick Pistorius, LL. B. 1860 Ann Arbor.
Alvah Grenelle Pitts, A. B. 1885 Detroit.
Fred A. Platt, A. B. 1875 Flint.
Myra Elizabeth Pollard, A. B. 1884 .... Chicago, 111.
312 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Allen Bartlit Pond, A. B. 1880 Chicago, 111.
Irving Kane Pond, C. E. 1879 Chicago, 111.
Alice Porter, Ph. B. 1883 Ann Arbor
Charles B. Porter, Med. 1852 Bay City.
Hoyt Post, A. B. 1861 Detroit.
James Alexis Post, B. S. 1861 Detroit.
Charles Walter Howard Potter, A. B. 1876 . . Detroit.
Herman Joseph Powell, A. B. 1886 Ionia.
John Powers, M. D. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Fred F. Prentice, Ph. C. 1872 . . . ^ . . . Janesville, Wis.
Albert Benjamin Prescott, M. D. 1864 . . . Ann Arbor.
Daniel Putnam, Vice Principal of the Slate
Normal School Ypsilanti.
Mary Burnham Putnam, Ph. B. 1885 .... Ypsilanti.
Joseph Very Quarles, A. B. 1866 Racine, Wis.
William John Rainey, LL. B. 1880 .... Milan.
Seth Cook Randall, LL. B. 1874 Ann Arbor.
Edward Fitz Randolph, D. D. S. 1885 . . . Toledo, O.
Wyllys Cadwell Ransom, A. B. 1848 .... Kalamazoo.
Thomas Craighead Raynolds, A. B. 1868 . . Akron, O.
Homer Reed, A. B. 1872 Kansas City, Mo.
John Oren Reed, Ph. B. 1885 East Saginaw.
Mrs. May McNeil Reed, Ph. C. 1882 ; B. L. 1885 East Saginaw.
Wilbur Fisk Reed, A. B. 1874 ; M. D. 1877.. . Northville.
Jacob Ellsworth Reighard, Ph. B. 1882 . . . Ann Arbor.
George Bradford Remick, A. B. 1866 .... Detroit.
Theodore Allard Reyer, Ph. C. 1881 . . . . Detroit.
Mrs. Prudence Belle Warner Reynolds, M. D.
1880 Detroit.
John Henry Rheinfrank, M. D. 1864 .... Perrysburg, O.
Lewis Addison Rhoades, A. B. 1884 .... Ann Arbor.
Isaac Milton Rhodes, M. D. 1853 Hancock.
Harry Slade Richards, Ph. B. 1880 .... Kalamazoo.
Charles Howland Richmond, Ph. B. 1885 . . Kansas City, Mo.
Aaron W. Riker, Med. 1854 Fenton.
Eugene V. Riker, A. B. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Joseph Ripley, C. E. 1876 Sault Ste. Marie.
Willis Reed Roberts, Ph. B. 1877 Norristown, Pa.
Henry John Robeson, A. B. 1875 Port Huron.
Fred Austin Robinson, A. B. 1882 Detroit.
Stillman Williams Robinson, C. E. 1863 . . . Columbus, O.
Henry Wade Rogers, A. B. 1874 Ann Arbor.
Morse Rohnert, A. B. 1883 Detroit.
Arthur Raymond Rood, Ph. M. 1881 . . . . Grand Rapids.
REGISTRATION. 313
Preston Benjamin Rose, M. D. 1862 .... Ann Arbor.
Isaac H. C. Royse, LL. B. 1868 . , . . . . Terre Haute, Ind.
Flora Hubbard Rueb, M. D. 1882 Ypsilanti.
Edsel Alexander Ruddiman, Ph. C. 1886 . . Dearborn.
Robert Coleman Rudy, M. D. 1886 Ann Arbor.
Fred S. Ruggles, M. D. 1881 Byron.
Walter Scott Russel, C. E. 1875 Detroit.
Mrs. Ida Bellis Ryan, B.S. 1876 Warren, Pa.
William H. Ryder, Pastor of the Congregational
Church of Ann Arbor Ann Arbor.
Marden Sabin, Lit. 1863 Centreville.
Lucy Maynard Salmon, A. B. 1876 Syracuse, N. Y.I
John Dana Sanders, C. E. 1876 Mine La Motte, Mo.
George Poindexter Sanford, B. S. 1861 . . . Lansing.
Daniel Satterthwaite, A. B. 1859 Canandaigua, N. Y.
Sarah Elizabeth Satterthwaite, A. B. 1886 . . Canandaigua, N. Y.
Edwin Frank Saunders, Ph. B. 1886 . . . . East Saginaw.
David Adolphus Sawdey, Ph. B. 1876 . . . . Erie, Pa.
John Martin Schaeberle, C. E. 1876 .... Ann Arbor.
Charles Ashmead Schaeffer, President of the
State University of Iowa Iowa City, la.
Otto Scherer, Ph. C. 1886 Detroit.
Marie Elizabeth Schmermund, Ph. B. 1885 . . Greenville, O.
Samuel Balkam Schoyer, A. B. 1883 .... Pittsburgh, Pa.
Albert Christian Schumacher, Ph. C. 1884 . . Ann Arbor.
Randall Schuyler, M. D. 1877 East Milan.
Charles Scott, President of Hope College . . . Holland.
Evart Henry Scott, Lit. 1872 Ann Arbor.
Fred Newton Scott, A. B. 1884 Cleveland.
William H. Scott, President of the Ohio State
University Columbus, O.
Charles Jacob Scroggs, A. M. 1884 .... Bucyrus, O.
Myron C. Scully, M. D. 1866 Vernon.
Isaac Caspar Seeley, LL. B. 1871 Minneapolis, Minn.
Henry Selleck, LL. B. 1874 Bay City.
John Quincy Adams Sessions, A. B. 1856 . . Ann Arbor.
Lillie Maria Shaw, A. B. 1884 East Saginaw.
James B. Sheean, A. B. 1885 Anamosa, la.
George Beatty Sheehy, A. B. 1885 Detroit.
James Henry Shepard, B. S. 1875 Ypsilanti.
Robert D. Sheppard, Professor of History and
Political Economy in North Western Uni
versity Evanston, 111.
Ellen Amelia Sherman, M.D. 1879 .... Independence, la.
314 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL
Edwin'Stanton Sherrill, A. B. 1880 .... Detroit.
William Whitman Sherwin, Lit. 1876 . . . . Elgin, 111.
Thomas R. Sherwood, Justice of the Supreme
Court of Michigan Kalamazoo.
Bowen Wisner Shoemaker, A. B. 1885 . . . Jackson.
John Mahlon Berry Sill, A. M. (Hon.) 1870 . Ypsilanti.
Ossian Cole Simonds, C. E. 1878 Chicago, 111.
Herbert Miner Slauson, Ph. B. 1877 . . . . Hough ton.
Elliott T. Slocum, Lit. 1860 Detroit.
Mazzini Slusser, LL. B. 1876 Wauseon,O.
Albert William Smith, Ph. C. 1885 .... Cleveland, O.
Carman Newcomb Smith, Ph. B. 1883 .... Minneapolis, Minn.
Channing Smith, Ph. C. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Clifford Chester Smith, B. S. (Mech. E.) 1886 . Boston, Mass.
Erwin F. Smith, B. S. (Bio.) 1886 AVashington, D. C.
Frank Clemes Smith, Lit. 1886 Bessemer.
Willard Burrhus Smith, M. D. 1861 .... Ann Arbor.
Edward Johnson Snover, C. E. 1877 . . . . Detroit.
Horace Greeley Snover, A. B. 1869 . . . . Port Austin.
Hiram Allen Sober, A. B. 1886 Ann Arbor.
Frederick A. Spalding, M. D. 1869 .... Detroit.
Hinton Ellsworth Spalding, A. B. 1882 ... Detroit.
Voln-.\v Morgan Spalding, A. B. 1873 .... Ann Arbor.
Oliver L. Spaulding, Ex-Regent of the University St. Johns.
Edwin Alexander Spence, A. B. 1860 .... Ann Arbor.
Arthur William Stalker, A. B. 1884 .... Dixboro.
Louis Crandall Stanley, A. B. 1876 . . . . Detroit.
Ozora Pearson Stearns, B. S. 1858 Duluth, Minn.
Richard H. Steele, Pastor of the Presbyterian
Church of Ann Arbor Ann Arbor.
Joseph Beal Steere, A. B. 1868 Ann Arbor.
Augustus John Charles Stellwagen, A. B. 1875 Detroit.
Alviso Burdett Stevens, Ph. C. 1875 . . . . Ann Arbor.
William C. Stevens, LL. B. 1868 • Ann Arbor.
William Corning Stevens, M. D. 1874 . . . Detroit.
William Edward Stevenson, Ph. C. 1884 . . Bay City.
Charles Cummings Stewart, A. B. 1873; LL. B.
1875 Detroit.
Margaret Stewart, A. B. 1877 Indianapolis, Ind.
William Issachar St. John, Ph. C. 1884 . . . Highland.
Lois Hepsy StoJdard, M. D. 1886 Ann Arbor.
George H. Stone, Lit. 1884 Pontiac.
Albert Boynton Storms, A. B. 1884 .... Tipton.
Byron Gray Stout, A. B. 1851 Pontiac.
REGISTRATION. 315
Charles Henry Stowell, M. D. 1872 .... Ann Arbor.
Mrs. Louisa Reed Stowell, B. S. 1876 . . . . Ann Arbor.
Lester Herbert Strawn, C. E. 1876 Ottawa, 111.
John Christian Streng, B. S. 1884 Bay City.
William James Stuart, A. B. 1868; LL. B. 1872 Grand Rapids.
Mrs. Hattie Lovina Martindale Studley, D. D. S.
1882 Grand Rapids.
Thomas John Sullivan, M. D. 1880 Ann Arbor.
Edward Cassias Swift, Ph. B. 1876 Ottawa, 111.
Grant Byron Swisher, A. B. 1886 Oil City, Pa.
William Harvey Talcott, LL. B. 1888 .... Carleton.
Clarence Quimby Tappan, B. L. 1884 .... Caro.
Asher Columbus Taylor, M. D. 1874 . . . . Manchester.
David Brainerd Taylor, A. B. 1867; LL. B.
1869 Chelsea.
De Witt Holbrook Taylor, LL. B. 1870 . . . Detroit.
Grace Taylor, A. B. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Henry Taylor, M. D. 1855 Mt. Clemens.
James Landon Taylor, A. B. 1863 Wheelersburg, O.
Orla Benedict Taylor, A. B. 1886 Ann Arbor.
Seneca N. Taylor, Law 1861 St. Louis, Mo.
Thomas Chalmers Taylor, A. B. 1869 . . . . Almont.
Vernor Jerome Tefft, A. B. 1877 Mason.
Franklin Clark Terrill, M. D. 1879 .... Big Rapids.
Charles Thayer, Esq Ann Arbor.
Calvin Thomas, A. B. 1874 Ann Arbor.
Cyrus Backus Thomas, A. B. I860 East Saginaw.
William B. Thomas, Med. 1853 Ionia.
Bradley Martin Thompson, B. S. 1858 . . . East Saginaw.
Charles Thad Thompson, LL. B. 1880 . . . Detroit.
Delos Thompson, B. L. 1885 Rensselaer, Ind.
Isadore Thompson, A. B. 1884 ...... East Saginaw.
Mary Ella Thompson, A. B. 1885 Lapeer.
Seward Rush Thornton, Lit. 1876 Trenton.
Ferdinand Thum, Ph. C. 1880 Grand Rapids.
Samuel Brown Todd, A. B. 1886 Green Garden, Pa.
Fred Murraie Townsend, A. B. 1881 .... New Orleans, La.
Lura Wallace Tozer, Ph. B. 1885 . ... Ann Arbor.
Arthur Rollin Tripp, LL. B. 1876 Pontiac.
William Petit Trowbridge, Professor of Engi
neering in Columbia College New York, N. Y.
Frank Trussell, LL. B. 1883 Milan.
Alonzo J. Tullock, C. E. 1876 Leavenwortb, Kan.
Clifford Afton Turner, M. D. 1875 ... . Cleveland, O.
316 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Horace J. Turner, M. D. 1869 Wayland.
Robert Turner, M. D. 1871 Flat Rock.
Dean Merrill Tyler, M. D. 1859; LL. B. 1875 . Ann Arbor.
William Peck Tyler, Lit. 1885 Napoleon.
William Upjohn, Ex-Regent of the University . Hastings.
Henry Munson Utley, A. B. 1861 Detroit.
Frank Vandawarker, M. D. 1880 Ann Arbor.
Nicholas Vandenbelt, Ph. C. 1882 Detroit.
Alice Van Hoosen, A. B. 1880 Rochester.
Bertha Van Hoosen, A. B. 1884 Rochester.
Abram L. Van Horn, M. D. 1868 Dowley.
James Irvin Van Keuren, A. B. 1862 ; LL. B.
1864 Howell.
Lucius Lincoln Van Slyke, A. B. 1879 .... Honolulu, Haw. Isl.
Arba S. Van Valkenburgh, A. B. 1884 ... Kansas City, Mo.
Cornelius Van Zwaluwenburg, M. D. 1885 . . Kalamazoo.
Victor Clarence Vaughan, M. D. 1878 . . . Ann Arbor.
Christine Louise Voigt, Ph. B. 1883 . . . . Detroit.
Albert Jacob Volland, A. B. 1876 Grand Rapids.
Sophia Volland, M. D. 1877 Ann Arbor.
Hans Carl Giinther von Jagemann, Professor of
Germanic Languages in Indiana Univer
sity Bloomington, Ind.
George Philemon Voorheis, A. B. 1872 . . . Port Huron.
Oliver Simeon Vreeland, A. B. 1869 .... Salamanca, N. Y.
Edward Reed Wagner, A. M. 1884 .... Ann Arbor.
Byron Sylvester Waite, B. L Menominee.
Mrs. Ismena Cramer Waite, Ph. B. 1880 . . . Menominee.
Jane Ann Walker, M. D. 1882 Salem.
Mrs. Marie Louise Hall Walker, Ph. B. 1877 . Ann Arbor.
Edward Lorraine Walter, A. B. 1868 .... Ann Arbor.
Horace Bailey Wamsley, A. B. 1878 . . . . Eau Claire, Wis.
Belmont Waples, A. B. 1886 Marshall.
Clarence Stanton Ward, M. D. 1874 .... Warren, O.
James Avery Satterlee Warden, A. B. 1871 . Frankfort, Kan.
William Wallace Washburn, A. B. 1866 . . . Monroe.
Stanley Waterloo, Lit. 1869 Chicago, 111.
Willis Lyon Watkins, A. B. 1875 Detroit.
Lee P. Watson, Esq Detroit.
Virginia Jane Watts, M. D. 1885 Ann Arbor.
Agnes Clara Weaver, Ph. B. 1884 East Saginaw.
Francis Louis Weaver, Ph. B. 1886 .... Anamosa, la.
David Buel Webster, B. S. 1858 Ann Arbor.
David Eaton Webster, M. D. 1880 Larwill, Ind.
REGISTRATION. 317
Elmer Randolph Webster, A. B. 1879; LL. 15.
1880 Pontiac.
Clara Weir, Ph. B. 1883 La Grange, Ind.
Charles Russell Wells, A. B. 1873 Bay City.
Frank Day Wells, A. B. 1886 Rochester.
William Henry Wells, A. B. 1874; Ph. C. 1875;
LL. B. 1877 Detroit.
Francis James West, Ph. B. 1874 Baldwin.
Jean Augustus Wetmore, B. S. 1881 . . . . New York, N. Y.
William Turner Whedon, Ph. B. 1881 . . . Boston, Mass.
Chauncey Alvan Wheeler, A. B. 1886 .... Ottawa, 111.
John M. Wheeler, Ex- Treasurer of the University Ann Arbor.
Levi Lock wood Wheeler, C. E. 1874 . . . . St. Louis, Mo.
Joel Sylvanus Wheelock, M. D. 1878 . . . . Bancroft.
John Brown Whelan, Lit. 1884 Detroit.
John Edmunds White, M. D. 1882 Clinton.
Edwin Kirby Whitehead, A. B. 1880 . . . . Denver, Col.
Sarah F. Whiting, Professor of Physics in
Wellesley College Wellesley, Mass.
Charles Rudolphus Whitman, A. B. 1870 . . Ypsilanti.
Allen Sisson Whitney, A. B. 1885 Mt. Clemens.
Edwin Buckminster Wight, A. B. 1857 . . . Cleveland, O.
Louis Davenport Wight, B. L. 1881 . . . . Detroit.
Levi Peet Wilcox, B. L. 1885 Ana Arbor.
Mrs. Margaret Lyons Wilcox, A. B. 1885 . . Ann Arbor.
Charles Trowbridge Wilkius, Ph. B. 1883 . . Detroit.
Alfred Ernest Wilkinson, A. B. 1869 . . . . Denison, Tex.
James Van Dyke Willcox, Lit. 1875 .... Detroit.
Charles Joseph Willett, A. B. 1871 St. Louis.
Eli Cone Williams, A. B. 1884 Ann Arbor.
Harvey Williams, M. D. 1871 East Saginaw.
Ira Cone Williams, Med. 1873 Stockbridge.
Mary Alice Williams, A. B. 1876 New York, N. Y.
William Brown Williams, A. B. 1873; LL. B. 1877 Lapeer.
George Spencer Willits, A. B. 1878 .... Chicago, 111.
Charles Moseman Wilson, Ph. B. 1880; LL. B.
1883 Grand Rapids.
Levi Douglass Wines, C. E. 1874 . . . . . Ann Arbor.
Harriet Lavina Winslow, B. S. 1875 . . . . Kalamazoo.
Pierre Everett Witherspoon, M. D. 1880 . . . Harrison.
Augustus W. Wolfe, LL. B. 1886 Jackson.
Frederick Bissell Wood, LL. B. 1884 . . . . Tecumseh.
James Craven Wood, M. D. 1879 Ann Arbor.
Roland Woodhams, A. B. 1872 Bay City.
318 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN: SEMI-CENTENNIAL.
Charles William Wooldridge, B. S. 1876; M. D.
1877 Ann Arbor.
Charles Carter Worthington, B. S. 1872 . . . Homer.
Jacob Capp Wortley, A. B. 1860 Holly.
Francis Wright, LL. B. 1886 East Saginaw.
Frederick Thompson Wright, A. B. 1886 . . Elbridge, N. Y.
John Sanford Wright, LL. B. 1885 .... St. Johns.
Robert Justice Young, A. B. 1876 Detroit.
John Maxcy Zane, A. B. 1884 Salt Lake City, Utah.
David Zimmerman, Med. 1877 Wayne.
Samuel Zimmerman, M. D. 1882 Wayne.
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