•ir' l^
THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE
IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
BY
CLYDE W. VOTAW, Ph. D.
Instructor In Biblical Greek in the University or Chicago.
A Thesis presented to the University of Chicago in purfm.inm
of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
CHICAGO:
Published by the Author.
1896.
I
THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE
IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
BY
CLYDE W. VOTAW, Ph. D.
Instructor in Biblical Greek in the University of Chicago.
^ Thesis presented to the University of Chicago in pursuance
of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Published by the Author.
1896.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
r.V(;i;s.
1. The Text, -^^
2. The Uses of the Injinit'we, '">,(>
■i. The Uses of the Anarthrous Iiifiiiticc, . 7-lS
If. TJie Uses <f the Articular Infinitive, . . . ]i> ^'.i
.5. Charts (f the Infinitive as Used in the Xeir Testa nicnt. -id J^o
I'). Tfbnlar Exhiljits of the Nuinhcr. Disfrihntioii, Use
and Tense of the Injinitive. . . J4I V-'
7. TalAe of Averages of Occurrence of the Injinitive in
liibUeal Greek ■'>(>
S. Features of the Use <f the Injinitive, . . . -"fl-'i^
'■>. Ifeljraistic Injiuenee u/inn the Use 0/ the hijinitire in
Jiitjiieaf Greek, '>4')7
in. The Use of the Suljjeet <f the Infinitive. . . . t'tS
11. The Use if the Xe(/(flire n'ith the Injinitive, . '>S
IJ. The Tenses nf the Infinitive in lliltlical (Ireefx, -W
THE TEXT.
1. THE TEXT.
For this study of the use of the intinitive in Biblical
Greek the texts have been:
(a) for the Old Testament, canonical and apocryphal, the
Swete text of the Septuagint (Cambridge. l^'H7-94. 3 vols..
2 ed. of Vol. 1, 1895). comprising 2346 pages (O. T. 1009 pp..
Apoc. 437 pp.)
{b) for the New Testament, the Westcott and Hort text
(Cambridge. 1881), comprising 528 pages.
The Swete text is the text of the Codex Vaticanns. edited
in accordance with the best scientific methods and the most
thorough critical knowledge. The Uwiukic in this MS. are
at Gen. 1:1-46:28; 2 Kgs. 2:5-7. 10-13; Psa. 105:27-137:6;
the Prayer of Manassas, and the Bjo^s of Maccabees.
These defects are supplied fro n the Alexandrine M.S. or. in
the few cases where this also is defective, from the uncial
MSS. which rank next in age or i.nportance. This text is
accompanied on the pa^e by foatnotes which give the variant
readings found in the other three great uncial MSS.. Codices
Alexandrinus. Sinaiticus and Ephraenii. Of these the Alex,
is almost co.nplete for both O. T. and Apoc, the Sin. con-
tains not more than one-half, and the Eph. is but a fragment.
To these variant readings have been added tho.se of three
lesser MSS.. D. E and F. in po:'tions where the greater ones
are defective.
The Westcott and Hort text does not aim to reproduce
the text of Codex Vaticanus for the New Testa. uont. as the
Swete text does for the Old Testa;nent. but undertakes by a
collation and critical use of all MSS. of the New Testament
to build u}) a text of the New Testament whicli shall be the
clo.sest i)ossible ai)proxi:nali()n to the original text. But the
editors were led by their investigations to the belief that the
text of Codex Vaticanus was nearer to the original text than
4 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
that of any other single codex in existence. The Codex Vat-
icanus. which is complete for the New Testament, was there-
fore used by Westcott and Hort as the chief authority.
Next to this is ranked the Codex Sinaiticus, which contains
all but a small portion of the New Testament.
So that the text upon which this investigation is based is
substantially that of the Codex Vaticanus.
The variant readings of the mss. affect about one-fourth
of all the instances of the infinitive. These variations are
not due to any peculiarities among the texts as regards the
logical uses which the infinitive is made to serve, nor does
any one text noticeably surpass another in its number of in-
stances of the infinitive, nor does any one text as compared
with others show any great preference for the anarthrous as
against the articular infinitival form or the reverse. The
variations are mainly of three kinds: the anarthrous form
of the infinitive often occurs in one text where the articular
form is found in others, the tense form of the same instance
of the infinitive is frequently a present in one text and an
aorist in another, and sometimes an idea which is expressed
in one text by an infinitive is expressed in another text by
some other construction.
These variant readings among the texts of the several
MSS. occur in the case of all the books excejit the very brief
ones. In some books as compared with others the percent-
age of variations is large, while in others it is small. The
variations are due to scribal peculiarities and other incidents
of transtMission. Th(!y balance off against one another in
such a way that they do not ne(!d further consideration for
the ])ui'])os('s of this study. The classification of uses, the
di.stribution of instances and the total nuinborof occurrences
of the infinitive are not materially affected by the variant
readings.
THE TEXT.
2. TABLE OP THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE.
/. The Anarthrous Infinitive.
1. Verbal Object.'"'"
1) of verbs in general ( = b)*"*, except
2) of verbs of commanding, promising and the like ( = j)-*'*'
3) of verbs of bidding (understood) in salutations ( = 1).*''
4) of verbs which introduce indirect discourse ( = {).'•■-
5) of v^erbs of hindering and the like ( = v).*'
2. Purpose.'*'^
1) distinct and specific, without attendant particle (=d ).''"•''
2) distinct and specific, with preceding wore (or oJ?) ( = e).*'
3) modified and general, without attendant particle ( = o)."'
3. Subject. •»»
the subject of a verb personal or impersonal ( = a).*"*
4. Result."'
1) actual or hypothetical, without attendant particle ( = p).'"
2) actual or hypothetical, with preceding ukrrc (or ok) ( = f ).'^'
3) epexegetic or explanatory, without attend, part. (=5).'**
5. Limiting Nouns, Adjectives (and Adverbs).*"
1) nouns signifying ability. fitnes.i, need. time. etc. ( = h)."''
2) adjectives (and adverbs) of like signification ( = g)."'
H. With irptV or irpXv rj.''*
the phrase having a temporal .significance ( = x).**
7. Apposition."
standing in apposition with a noun or pronoun ( = c)."
M. Prepositional Object."
standing as the object of a preposition ( = k)."
!>. PAIiK.NTHETIC ABSOHTK.'
standing in a parenthetic cliius*'. iiulfjx'julciitly ( r).'
10. For the Imperative.'
as a princii)al verb, expressing an exhortation ( = n).'
6 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
//. Tlie Articular Infinitive.
1. Prepositional Object.""
standing as the object of a preposition, with tov, tw or
TO (=A-).""
2. Purpose."'
1) distinct and specific, with tov [^e)."'^'
2) modified and general, with tov {—o).'^'^
3. Verbal Object."'*
A. With TO, as the object of a verb {=b).'^-'
B. With TOV, as the object of a verb,
1) of verbs in general (=66)"*, except
2) of verbs of commanding, promising and the like
3) of verbs of hindering and the like (=r ).•*■'
4. Result."*
1) actual or hypothetical, with tov (=/).**
2) epexegetic or explanatory, with tov [—h).~*
5. Limiting Nouns and Adjectives."*
1) nouns signifying ability, fitness, time, etc. with toS ( = /<).'"
2) adjectives of like signification, with tov ( = r/).'^'
6. Subject.'"
1) with TO, as subject of a finite verb ( = r< ).'*''
2) with TOV, as subject of a finite verb {=(i(i).^*
7. Apposition.**
standing in apposition with a noun or pronoun, with tov
or TO { — r).^^
8. Causp:. Manner, Means."
indicating the cause, manner or means of the action of
the governing verb, with tw (=r).'
In the uImjv<- tul>I<-, ancT tin- iiiuin rlivixioii l)i-fwccn tlic uhch oI tlif iiimrtliroiis and tliosf
of the articular iiiftnitlvf, the arranj<<-nii-iil In by main groupH in order of rciallvc frc<|iicncy
of (>rciirr<-nc<- of tli<' mm-* in Kildical (in-rk ax a wlioli-. 'flic KiiiMTior (lK»rcn in<llcati' tin-
acliial niiinlo-r of inxtancM-K of <-acli uw, witli tlic r<-H<-rration that It liaH HometiniOH been
difllcult to claMxify c<-r1uln umblguoux or anonialouH inHtanci-H of tin- intlnitivc.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE.
3. THE USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE.
1. Verbal Object.^'**
1) OF Verbs in General ( = b)-"*, except —
Many Greek verbs either require or assume an infinitive
to complete or make specific their meaning.
Ex. 2:lo. i^V'''^'' aveXtiv MwvotJv-
1 Mace. 15:14. ovk dacrev ovSivu. (.Kirop€.vf.udixi..
Matt. 11:20. toti yjp^aro ovtiSi^tiv ras TrdXeis-
Also Deut. 4:1. 25:7. 1 Kgs. 5:8. Psa. 9:39. Prov. 14:12. Lsa.
1:17. Wis. Sol. 4:7. Wis. Sir. 23:1. Judh. 9:8. Tob. 5:1. Bar.
3:9. 2 Mace. 2:3. Mk. 8:14. Lk. 8:20. Jno. 6:10. Acts 12:3.
Rom. 15:26. Phil. 4:12. Heb. 11:24.25.
The list lor Biblical Greek shows 287 verbs followed by
the infinitive in this construction, of which the most common
are SiW/xat, dtKu), ap^^o/xut, /3ouAo/xai, fXtWo), Trpo<TTLdr]fxi, ttouu)- This
use of the infinitive is found twice as frequently as any
other; in the O. T. it is somewhat surpassed by the use to
express purpose; but in the Apoc. and N. T. it occurs four
times as often as any other use.
The following sub-classes ( j, 1. i. v) are also object infin-
itives, but because they present the object idea in a special
aspect it is desirable to arrange theni into gr<)vn)s by them-
selves.
2) OF Verbs of Commanding. Promising and the
Like (=j).""'
The intinitive is used as the object of vi'rbs of coinuuind-
ing, promising and the like, to indicate that which one com-
mands another to do. or i)romises (generally under oath) to
do for another.
Cit*n. 42:25. iviTuKuro 'IaKr^<^ ifnrXTJtr.u ra ayyii aiTcIn'-
Deut. 10:11. Tijy yrjv yjv w/xocra roii ir.iTftiiriv tntCiv Oovy u aiToT?.
8 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
1 Mace. 12:2/'. iTrtra^ev Iwuvadav TOts Trap' avrw yprjyoptlv-
1 Mace. 9:/l. wfiocrcv aurw firj iK^rjrrjaaL aurcu kukov-
Matt. 2/:5W. t6t(. 6 IlciXaTOs cVe'Aevo-ei' d.7ro8o$rjvai.
1 TheSS. 5:2/. ivopKi^w v/xSs t6v Kvpiov aiva.yvw(T6rjVj.i Tr]v iTn(TTo\ijv-
Also 1 Sam. 14:3-4. 30:15. 2 Chron. 24:9. Isa. 54:9,10. Jer.33:2.
Esd. A. 6:16. 8:92. Esth. Add. B:6. Judh. 1:12. Tob. 10:7.
2 Mace. 1:21. Lk. 8:55. Acts 10:22. Rom. 12:3. 1 Tim. 6:17.
Only three instances in N. T. of promise under oath, two of
which are in quotations from O. T.. Acts "2:30". 23:14. Heb.
"3:18".
The list for Biblical Greek shows 38 verbs followed by
the infinitive in this construction, of which the most common
are rdcraw {irpo<T-, aw-, ctti-, irapa-, Sui-), KeXevo), Xcyw, cittov, OfxwfjLL, 6p-
Kit,w. This use is mainly after verbs of commanding.
3) OF Verbs of Bidding (understood) in Salutations
(=1).-
A sjjeeial group of infinitives belonging to class j just
described are here kept distinct because the governing verb,
which would if used express a command or exhortation, is
uniformly omitted, although implied in the context.
1 Mace. 10:25. ySao-iAtws Av^^T/rpios t<Z Idvu twi/ 'lovSatW x"^Lpciv-
2 Mace. 9:19. tois )(pr}(TTol<; 'louSaiois ToTs TToAiTais TToAAa xaiptiv
Kul vyiaiveiv xai evTrpdrTciv /3ct<T(Aev? Ai'tio;^os.
Acts 23 :26. KAauSio? Avo-uxs to* k/xxtio-tw riye/jiovt ^tjXikl )(atpeiv-
2 JnO. 10. Ktti ^aipiLv axjTiZ ftr/ AtytTt.
Also Esd. A. 6:7. 8:9. Esth. Add. E:l. 2 Mace. 1 :10. Acts 15:23.
Jas. 1:1. 2 Jno. 11. This use is not found in O. T. and but
five times as cited in N. T. ; it belongs mainly to the Apoc.
The infinitive in this construction is always in the present
tense. The phrase is idiomatic, employed as a formula of
address in letters and formal utterances. Four verbs appear
in thi.S U.se, xupnv mainly, and iyuuVtiv, tinrparTUv, ippwaOat.
4) OF Verbs Introducing Indirect Discourse (=1)."*
The infinitive is used as the object of verbs of saying,
thinking and the like, to rej^roduce in indirect quotation that
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 9
which was previously spoken or thought. But grammarians
admit to this class only such infinitives following verbs of
above signification as have the same tense as the direct form
and which stand for indicative or optative modal forms in
the original utterance. These limitations are not quite sat-
isfactory, but the way to a better classification is not clear.
1 Sam. 19:14. At'yovo-iv {voxKcia-OaL avrov-
Job 34:12. otg 8* tov Kvptov droTra iroiij<T€i,v;
Judh. 13:3. i^eXtwrea-djn yap t<f>r)-
2 Mace. 6 :24. ttoAAoi rdv vtoiv viroXa/3dKr«s ^Xed^apov rbv ivevrjKOvra-
iTTj fiCTafttlBjjKitxu eh aWo<pv\iap.ov-
Mk. 8:27. nVa fit Xtyovcriv ol avBpwTroi civai;
1 Cor. 7:26. vofiC^w ovv tovto xaAov vTTap\(.LV-
Als3 Gen. 26:20. Num. 14:31. 2 Chron. 28:10. Prov. 20:9. Wis.
Sol. 15:12. Wis. Sir. 51:24. Esth. Add. F:ll. 3 Mace. 3:7.
4 Mace. 2:13. Jno. 12:18. Acts 13:25. 25:4. Jas. 2:14. Rev. 2:9.
The list for Biblical Greek shows 46 verbs followed by
the infinitive in this construction, of which the mo.st common
are Xtyw, d-irov, <f>rifii, <^aor»t(i», oiofjuii, &ok(id. Few instances of this
use occur in O. T., while there are many in the Apoc. and
N. T. (mainly in Lk. and Acts).
5) OF Verbs of Hindering and the Like ( = v).*'
The infinitive is used after verbs of hindering and the like
to express that which one is hindered (actually or conatively)
from doing. The negative fir} in a few instances accompanies
this infinitive, without reversing the meaning of the phrase.
Ex. 36:6. ku. iKutkvOri 6 Auos in 7rpo<T<^ip€iv-
Num. 32:7. 'vj. tC 8ia.(TTpt<f>eTt. ras hiavouii Tiitv vlwv '!• fit) Sia/S^vat;
1 Mace. 13:49. iKwKvovro iKiropivKrOai.
Tob. 1:11. (rvviT7ip7)(Ta ri]v ^'^'X'h' M"^' /*'/ ffxiytlv-
Acts 8:36. n' KwXvti pn (iaima&rjvai;
Gal. 5:7. ti? v^c iviKwpiv ak-qdilii. pii] irudtaBai;
A1.SO 1 Sam. 25:33. Esd. B. 4:4. Job 33:14. Prov. 3:27. Wis.
Sir. 19:2H. 2<>:21. 4 Ma-c. 5:26. Matt. 19:14. Lk. 23:2. Acts
4:17. 24:23. Heb. 7:23. 1 Tim. 4:3.
10 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The list for Biblical Greek shows 12 verbs followed by
the infinitive in this construction, kwXvw being the chief one.
2. Pwrpose. ""
1) Distinct and Specific, without Attendant
Particle (=(1).*^"*
The infinitive is used to express the distinct and specific
purjiose of the action or state denoted by the governing verb.
Gen. 19:13. avicrTuktv riixa<: Kvpios iKTpi\pai avTrjv-
1 Mace. 2:44. ol XolttoI e<f>vyov eis to. idvr) <TO}$rjvaL-
Lk. 4:16. /cat aviiTTr} dvayvoivttt.
Also Deut. 4:5. 2 Sam. 8:5. Job 1:4,6. Hos. 2:15. Ezek. 20:1.
Wis. Sir. 2:1. Tob. 3:17. Bar. 1:8. 3 Mace. 5:10. Mk. 3:14,21.
Acts 17:14,26,27. Gal. 1:18. Col. 1:25. Heb. 9:24.
This use of the infinitive is second only to that of general
object in order of relative frequency of occurrence.
2) Distinct and Specific, with Preceding cScrrt
(OR ik) (=e).»'
The infinitive preceded by the particle <mtt€ — in two or
three N. T. instances by w? instead — is used to express the
distinct and specific purpo.se of the action or state denoted
by the governing verb.
Josh. 8:3. avitTT-q '\r)(TOV<; . . oVtc a.vaftr)vaL ets Fai.
1 Mace. 4:1.2. irapiXa^iv Topyia<: irtvTaKi(T)^i\iov(: dvSpas . . (oart
CTTl/SaAtlv CTTl TTjV TTaptpjioXrfV-
Lk. 4:29. rjyayov airrov t<D<; 6<f>pvo<; rov opov<: . . ohttc KaraKprjfJiviaai
avTov-
Also Num. 5:8. Esd. B. 12:7.8. Esth. 1:22. Isa. 10:2. Dan. 1:4.
E.sd. A. 8:15. Esth. Add. A: 6. 1 Mace. 10:3. 2 Mace. 2:6.
4 Mace. 1:6. Matt. 10:1. 15:33. 27:1. Lk. 20:20.
This use is found mainly in O. T. (largely in Gen., Ex..
Lev.), and there are but 8 in.stances in N. T. counting Acts
20:24 where all editors but W. and H. have this use of the
infinitive. In Lk. 9:52 W. and H. have w?, other editors ware.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 11
This infinitival phrase of pui*pose does not appear to have
any different force than the simple infinitive similarly used.
3) Modified and General, without Attendant
Particle (=o).-^'
The infinitive is used to express, with diminished pur-
pose force and with a general rather than a specific bearing,
that for which or with reference to which the action or state
of the governing verb is performed or exists.*
2 Sam. 20:3. as a<f>^K€v <f>v\daaeiv tov oTkov-
1 Kg.S. 20:20. iriirpaaai ttoi^o-ui to Trovrjpov-
'1 Chron. 20:21. t(TTrj(Tiv {f/a\Tio6ov<; kuI alvovvTa<: i$Ofjio\oy€lcrda.i
KM ulvfTv-
Wis. Sol. 5:13. upcTiys cnqpalov ovSev i(T-)^op.iv Set^at.
.Judh. /':21. cv fiirpw ihi^oaav at*roTs irtlv-
1 MuCC. 9:29. avr^p opoiOi aiTw ovk Icttiv i^tkOtlv Trpos Tois ()^dpov<i-
Mk. 4:9. OS t\ti wra axovtiv oKOViTw.
Mk. 6:31. Kit ovSi t^iytlv tVKiLpow-
Lk. 7:40. S^jkov, l\u> ctoC n tiTrtiv-
Acts t :42. l(TTp(.*l/€y 8t 6 fitos kuI -n-api^wKtv airroi'S Xarpivtiv rrj
(TTpaTltjT.
Ivt^V. 3:1'*^. (Tvp^ovXtvo} croi ayopdcrat . KoWvpiov (y^plfTai tovs
6<I>6j.\ixov^ crot iva. ySAcTnjs.
Also Gen. 28:20. Deut. 23:4. Josh. 10:1H. 1 Sam. 9:7. 2 Kgs.
12:15. Psa. 15:10. 77:24. Isa. 32:3. Wis. Sir. 38:20.27. Tob.
0:9. 1 Mace. 1:15. 4:41. Jno. 4:9.32. Acts 15:2. 10:14. 17:21.
23:17.18.19. Eph. 4:28. Tit. 2:8. Heb. 6:13.
The list for Biblical Greek shows 42 verbs followed by
the infinitive in tliis construction, of wliich the most common
are tip', B'Btupi, «x'^- Two-thirds of the instances of this use
occur in O. T. (mainly in Ex.. Nii n.. Deut. 2 Chron.. Esd.
B.), but the N. T. furnishes 41 insUiiices. clearly establishing
the necessity for N. T. exegesis or this sub-cla.ssification.
* Thlx irriiup of purpour Intlnitlvci) hut iM'en gUvn full n-cofrnitl<>ii for the ftrnt tliiip by
Pnif. K. I». Hurtiiii ("N. T. M<mmIh hiiiI Ti-im-n," p. 147), wlio nayn : "<"lii»«.ly nkin to thi- Inlln-
Itivf or piir]M>'*' i" tl<f liifliiltiv)- iiniir liKlircrt iilijfct . . |wlilrli| Im a ronipli'iiii-nttiry lliui-
tntii r II vitI>, <-xpr<-!<>>iii|t the iliro-t ti-iiilcnry of the notion (lfiiot<-<| liy tin- |irlii(-i|MU verb,
or otIiiT KliiillHr tliilivc n-lmloii."
12 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL, GREEK.
3. Subject^'''
Subject of a Verb Personal or Impersonal (=a)/"*
The infinitive is used as the subject of another verb which
in all but a few instances has a finite form, and is either per-
sonal or impersonal, though more frequently the latter. In
a few instances the governing verb is in the passive voice,
and the subject infinitive is in indirect discourse.
Gen. 41 :13. ovto? koI crwi^-q (/x( T€ OLTroKaTacrTad^vaL iirl rrjv dp)(TJv
fjLOv tKeivov 8t Kpefj.a(T$rjvaL-
1 Mace. 2:13. Iva. tC ji^Iv en i^rjv;
Acts 25:24. /Sooivres p.r) hctv avrov ^rjv firjKeri-
Phil. 3:1. Ta airra ypat^uv vfiiv ifiol fxev ovk OKvrjpov-
Lk. 2:26. koI ^v airw K€^pr]fiaTi<Tfi€vov vtto tov irvevp-aTOi tov ayiov
fir] loeiv udvarov irpXy av lor) tov ^(pia'Tov Kupiow-
Also Gen. 2:18. Jud. 9:2. 2 Sam. 3:37. 4.10. 14:32. Psa. 117:8,9.
Job 42:17a. Jer. 8:17. 22:15. Esd. A. 4:22,39. Wis. Sir. 20:2.
Judh. 11:13. Tob. 3:6. 2 Mace. 5:2. 6:6. Matt. 12:2. 18:7,8.
Lk. 16:17.22. 2 Cor. 5:10. Heb. 9:26. Jas. 3:10. Rev. 7:2.
The infinitive in this construction occurs more frequently
in N. T. than in O. T. or Apoc.
4. Res-ult.*"
1) Actual or Hypothetical, without Attendant
Particle (=p)."*
The infinitive is used to indicate the result of the action
or state of the governing verb. This result may be either
( 1 ) firtiml, if the result is viewed as having come to pass
(applicable to past, rarely to present, time); or (2) fnjpothet-
leal, if the result is the natural or probable consequence
which would follow upon a given cause, though this result
is not distinctly viewed as having come to pass (applicable
to past, present or future — generally future — time).
AcfuciL — Deut. 29:27. K<ii wpyurdri dvpnZ Kvpiot iTn rr^v yrjv (ku-
vrjv (Trayayetv iir avrijv Kara 7rd(Tu<; ras Kardpat-
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 13
Esd. A. 9:7. 'Eo-pas el-rrcv avToTs "Y/xeT? rfvofirjcrarf. koI crvvoiKTjo-aTe
ywaC^Xv aXKoy(.vi(TLV, irpo(Tdttvai afuipriuv T«j> laparjX.
Acts 5:3. 8ia tC iirXrjpwacv 6 Saravos rrjv naphiav (Tov xpevaaa-dai <r€
TO TTVcv/wt TO ayiov Kol vo<T<f>UTaadaL airo rrj'i Ti/i^s tov )(^u)pi.ov;
Also 1 Sam. 16:1. Esd. B. 9:14. Jer. 39:23.32. Wis. Sir. 46:9.
Lk. 10:40. Acts 27:21.
H>JJ}(>thetir<tl. — Ex. 23:1. ov avvKaradriari fiira tov olBlkov ytviadai
fJMpTv<: aBiK0<;.
Wis. Sir. 5:5. ircpl c^tXcur/xov fir] a<^o/3o5 yivov, irpoa-ddvat ap-ipTiav
i(f> d/xapTt'ais.
Heb. 6:10. oi yap aBLK0<; 6 ^to? (TriKadecrdai tov ipyov vp-wv-
Also Lev. 22:8. Deut. 9:8. 1 Sam. 5:10. 2 Chron. 28:13. Tob.
4:13. 1 Mace. 2:34. Rom. 1:10. Eph. 3:17. 6:19. Col. 4:3,6.
Rev. 5:5. 16:9.
The unattended infinitive is found less frequently than
the infinitive with uxtt* to express result in Biblical Greek as
a whole, but the reverse is the case in O. T. The N. T. has
but 12 instances of the unattended form, while the oxrrt form
ai)i)ears 55 times.
The strong presumption, especially in N. T.. is that the
infinitive of result with <Z(tt€ will bo found to denote actual
result, the unattended form hypothetical result. That is
not always the fact, however, as illustrations in this and the
following section show.
2) Actual or Hypothetical, with Preceding iZoTt
(OR uk) ( = f).'"
Th«' infinitive preceded by <ixrTc (or w) is used to indicate
the result of the action or state of the governing verb. This
result may be either actual or hypothetical (see the preced-
ing section), but it is usually actual.
Artllftt. — 2 KgS. 10:11. koI cVoto^cv Vaov irarra? tov<; iv tw olKif
'A\aafi . . tMTTt pLf} KOToAtWClV aVTOV? KUTaXip-fUl.
2 MucC. 1 :22. iyT)<f>dT) wpa ptytLXri, wtrri davpAaai irorro?.
Mutt. 13:54. iBiSafTHiv aiToxs <V Ty a-vvaywyjj avrdy, waTi ixwXi^'
tTtcdat axrroi'i Kal AryciK.
14 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Also Gen. 34:30. Ex. 12:4. Jud. 7:2. 2 Chron. 14:13. Esd. A.
5:62. 1 Mace. 15:10. 2 Mace. 1:19. 3:24. 3 Mace. 2:26. Matt.
8:24,28. 12:22. 13:2,32. Mk. 2:12. 3:20. Lk. 4:7. Acts 5:15.
15:39. Rom. 7:6. 2 Cor. 7:7. Phil. 1:13.
Hypothetical. — Deut. 28:35. Traro^at o-e Kvpio? . . wore ftrj 8u-
vacrdai crt laO^vai.
Tob. 3:10. ravra axowracra iXvirrjOrj (T<f>68pa iLcrre aTrdy$acrOai.
1 Cor. 13:2. kov €;(<d TrScrav rrjv tticttlv u)aT€ op-q fx^6i(XTa.v(.LV.
Also Lev. 26:15. Josh. 22:29. 2 Sam. 14:7. 2 Kgs. 9:37. Esd.
B. 12:5. Psa. 103:35. Isa. 8:8.22. 1 Mace. 15:9. Only instance
in N. T. cited above.
In the Apoc. only there are a few instances where ok is
used instead of tSo-rc in this construction, see Wis. Sol. 5:12.
2 Mace. 2:21,22. 4 Mace. 14:1.
3) Epexegetic or Explanatory, without Attendant
Particle (=s)."*
The infinitive is used after a verb or noun to indicate more
specifically the content of the action or state of that verb or
noun which it limits, or even to indicate some looser relation
between the two.
Gen. 17:7. ari^aw t^v SiJi6i]Kr]v fiov ava fjitaov ift-ov koI ava p.icrov
<Tov . . eis oiadrfKrjv otoivtov, ctfai crou ^cds.
Deut. 20:19. ou^t i$o\€Opev(TeL<; TO. StvSpa avTTJ<: CTri^aAciv ctt' avra
(TiSrjpov.
1 Kf^'.S. 2:4. iav <l)v\diwaiv ol v'loi aov ttjv ooov airruiv iroptvtcrdai
ivwiriov (fiov iv aXrjOtui-
Tob. 4:13. p-rj v7repri<f>avevov rrj KapSui aov diro rCiv aBc\<}>wv aov
. . Xjaficiv trcttuTtu i^ auron' yuvaiKa.
1 Mace. 2:22. tov v6p.ov tov /Jao-iXc'ws ovK aKOv<T6p.€$a, waptkOdv
Trjv XjiTpuiv rjp.wv.
Lk. 2:1. i$rj\div B6yp.a TTupa Kaicrapoi 'Avyovarov aTroypd<f>CTOai
TToaav TTjV oiKOvp.(vr]v.
Acts 15:10. Ti irupdicTi TOV Btov, iiridiXvai ^vyof inl tov Tpa^rfXov
TUiv pi'xdrjTwv;
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 15
Rom. 1 :28. 7rapi8<DKev avToiis 6 ^'eos eis dSd/ci/xov vovv, irouiy to fj-r]
KadrjKOVTa.
Also Gen. 24:48. Num. 14:36. 1 Sam. 12:23. 22:13. 2 Chron.
22:7. Jer. 51:7,17.25. Esd. A. 3:6. 4:43. Wis. Sir. 46:7. Judh.
8:16. Bar. 1:22. 2 Mace. 6:8.9. 14:13. Acts 20:24. 1 Cor. 5.1
(with oVt«, rare). Eph. 1:10. Tit. 2:2. Heb. 5:5. Rev. 16:19.
This epexegetic or explanatory use of the infinitive stands
related to the infinitive of result somewhat as the infinitive
of modified and general purpose stands to that of distinct
and specific purpose. Both seem to be an extension and
modification of the earlier and stronger use.
This construction of the infinitive is found most frequent-
ly in the O. T. hi.storical books (in Deut. 36 times). The
Apoc. also use it freely. The N. T. uses it sparingly, hav-
ing but 15 instances, yet these are clearly of this class.
5. Limit 'tu(j Nouhh, Adjectives {(Oid Advcrbs).^^^
1) Nouns Signifying Ability. Fitness, Need,
Time, etc. ( = h).'"
The infinitive is used after certain nouns, adjectives (and
adverbs) to complete or make spacific the idea of the word
thus limited.
Gen. 29:7. ovirw wpj. crvvu)^Orjvai to. kti'jvtj.
1 Sam. 30:4. Koi iKKaxxrav c«i>9 oTov ovk r)v iv avTo1<; fcr^^vs in K\auiv.
1 ^laCC. 1:13. I^wkuv aiVrois i$ovcriav Troirjcrai to. OtKatco/xara.
2 Mace. 9:22. <;(<uf -roWijv i\irt8x (K<f>fvic(T6j.i Tr]v aaBtvciav.
Lk. 14:18. aypov ■^yop-qtra k u !)^(it avdyKjjy ($t\6utv iBtiv aiTov.
Gal. 5:3. 6<f>ii\(Tr)<: itrrlv ')\ov tov yopov Troirjfrat.
Also Num. 30:14. 1 Kgs. 2:1. 3:9. E.sth. 2:12. Lsa. 27:2. 58:5.
Esd. A. H:22. Wis. Sir. 15:20. 2 »:4. Judh. 13:5. Matt. 3:14.
Jno. l'.>:4n. Acts 24:15. Rom. 13:11. Heb. 7:5,11. Rev. 11:6.18.
Th«'s<' supplemental infinitives after nouns and adjectives
I)erform a similar function to that of tlie object infinitives
after verbs.
The infinitiv*' in this construction is found mo.st frequent-
16 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
ly in N. T. The nouns commonly so limited are iiovaia, xp^ia,
i6o<i, dvayKT/, cATrt's, tupa, Kaipo'i. The infinitival limitation of nouns
is slightly more frequent than that of adjectives.
2) Adjectives (and Adverbs) of Like Signification
( For description see under preceding section. )
Deut. 1:14. koXov to prjfJM S i\dXrj(Ta<i Troirjaai.
Esth. 8:13. crot/iovs re eivai Travras tov? 'louSaiovs £i9 Tavrrjv rrjv
■q/xepav 7ro\€fjLrjcraL avrdv tov<; virtvavTiovi.
Wis. Sol. 16:9. on dtioi j/aav vtto ToiovTiDv KoXacrOrjvai.
1 Mace. 13:40. tl nve? cVirrJdeioi Vfiuiv ypa.<^rjvai £i? tou? Trepi
Vfias, (vypa<f)€cr6(i)<Tuv.
Lk. 15:19. ovKtTi «i/xi a.$io<; K\r)6^v(j.i vios crov.
1 Cor. 7:39. i\€v6epa iarlv o> ^e'Aci yap.rj6rjvai.
Also Gen. 25:28 (with (^t£, rare). Num. 35:31. Esd. B. 10:12.
Psa. 111:7. Isa. 8:8. Wis. Sir. 22:15. Bar. 4:17. 2 Mace. 3:().
4 Mace. 3:4. 9:1. Matt. 3:11. Acts 2:24. Heb. 5:11. 2 Tim. 2:2.
1 Pet. 4:3. Rev. 4:11.
There are but a few instances where the infinitive is used
in this same way to limit adverbs; where they do occur the
adverb is an adjective inexactly used, or the adverb is used
with the verb in an idiomatic phrase.
Jer. 31:16. tyyvs rjfitpa Mwa^ iKBiiv.
Acts 21 :13. fyo) yap ov fiovov &t$^vcu ciAAa Kal a-n-oOavuv tt? Icpov-
aakijfi CTOi/xw? ()^w irrrkp toC ovo/xjitos tov Kvpiov lijaov.
Also 2 Mace. 6:11. 2 Cor. 12:14.
a. wall WpCv or YipXv rj.
THE Phrase having a Temporal Significance (^x).*'
The infinitive, preceded by the temporal adverb irpiv or
irpiv ^, is used to indicate an action or state antecedent in
time to that denoted by the verb to which it stands related.
ISB. 48:5. Kal dio/yy<iAd froi TraAaia irplv €\6elv inl <r€.
Wi.S. Sir. 1 1 :^. irpiv Tj aKoviTiu prj (iTTOKpiyov.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 1"
Lk. 22:61. nplv oXiKTOpa (fmivrjcrM crrifxepov aTrapyTjirr) fic rpif.
Also Ex. 1:19. Josh. 2:8. 2 Kgs. 2:9. Prov. 1H:13. Mai. 4:4.
Isa. 7:15.16. 28:4.24. Wis. Sol. 2:H. Judh. 7:14. Tob. 2:4. d:>^.
4:2. 2 Mace. 8:14. 13:13. Matt. 1:18. 26:34,75. Mk. 14:30,72.
Jno. 4:49. 8:58. 14:29. Acts 2:20. 7:2 (all the N. T. instances).
There are 35 instances of irpiv to 23 instances of vplv rj: only
in the Apoc. is this relation reversed. Of the 11 N. T. in-
stances eight have vpiv. The infinitive in this construction
is always anarthrous.
Standing in Apposition with a Noun or Pronoun (=c)."
The infinitive stands in apposition with a preceding noun
or pronoun to emphasize, restrict or describe it.
1 Sam. 19:26. koX evOvvdrj 6 Xoyo? iv d<f>6a\p.oi<i Aav£t8 iiriyap-Ppiv-
0"ai T<Z /JatriAti.
K.sd. A. 8:25. cvXoyT^Tos p.ovo'i 6 Kvpio<i 6 Bov<: ravra «s tt^v KapSiav
fiov Tov ftaaiXfux;, So^uo-ai roc oIkov avTOv rov iv IcpovfTakijp.
Eph. 4:17. TovTo ovv Atyoj . . /XT^KfTi u/ias TnpnraTilv kuOw^ kui tq
iSvrj irtpnraTii.
Also Gen. 34:14. Jo.>^h. 9:2(5. Judg. 20:38. 1 Kgs. 3:6. Psa.
26:4. Jer. 9:24. 1 Mace. 4:45. 9:10. Acts 15:28. 26:16. 2 Cor.
10:13. Eph. 3:6. 4:17. 1 The.ss. 4:3,4. Heb. 9:8. Jas. 1:27.
In a few instances the infinitive follows outw? as though
in appo.sition with it, see 2 Sam. 3:10. Esth. 2:22. 1 Pet. 2:15.
The difference between the infinitive in apposition and
thi' ('iH'Xcgetic infinitive ( = s) is more formal than real: in
general, win'n the infinitive of closer definition liiiuts a verb
it is classed as epexegetic, when it limits a noun or i)r<)n()un
and the two are set rhetorically over against each other it is
ela.ssed as apjiositicinal.
.V. I'rr/tttsitioiial Objfcf."
Standing as the Object of a Preposition ( = k)."
The anarthrous infinitive is found, in a few instances in
the Septuagint, as the object of a j)reposition. TIm* prej)©-
18 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
sitions used in these cases are «?, Iws, cws ov, fi^xP'-i^) °^' the last
three being improper prepositions. The ov attached to the
last two was originally the genitive singular of the relative
pronoun, but in this idiomatic combination has lost its force.
Judg. 6:11. reSewv vtos aiToi' pafiBi^wv alrov ev Xt/vw et? (Ktfivyetv
OTTO irpoawirov rov MaSta/^.
i Sa. 122:2. oxfTWi ol 6<l>6a\fjLol rjfiiov Trpos Kvptov rov Oeov r/fj-dv
eojs ov oiKTeiprjaai rffia.*:.
1 Mace. 16:9. lo)a.vvr]<; 8c KaTe8i(D^ev avTov^ Iws ikOeiv ets KeSpwv.
Tob. 11:1. ftropeveTO p.i^L<; ov eyyio-ai avrov cis Nivevi^.
Also — «s, Esd. B. 22:24. Wis. Sir. 38:27. Judh. 4:15. li^,
Gen. 10:19,30. 13:10. Judg. 6:4. 11:33. 19:8. 1 Kgs. 2:35c. 4:31.
1 Mace. 16:9. lux: oZ, Ru. 3:3. Esd. A. 1:49. /t€xpi(?) oJ, Esd.
A. 1:54. 6:6. All the passages cited. ,
All the instances are temporal clauses except those of «*?;
they are purpose or object clauses.
These temporal particles introducing the infinitive are
here treated as improper prepositions, rather than associat-
ing them with the vplv ])hrases (=x) because they are not
uncommon with the articular infinitive (only the ov naturally
is not then used ). In a few idiomatic or abbreviated phrases
the article is sometimes omitted. The «s phrases admit of
no other classification than this.
9. Parenthetic Absolute.*
Used in a Parenthetic Clause, independently (=r).'
The anarthrous infinitive is once used in Biblical Greek
indejiendently in a i)ar<'nthetic clause introduced by ok. ex-
pressing a limitation of the whole sentence (a use which
perhaps arose from the infinitive of purpose).
Heb. / :9. k(u ok tTro? ilirt'iv, 8i' 'Afipaap Kui Acvet? . . 8c8cKaro>rui.
10. For the Iiiij>er(tfive.*
AS A Principal Verb, of Exhortation ( = n).'
According to .some N. T. grammarians, the infinitive is
once used as an independent verb to express an exhortation.
Phil. 3:16. ir\f)i' tts o i<f>6d<Tafji€v, Tw uvtw (ttoi)(Iiv.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 19
4. THE USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE.
1. Prepositional Object.^^*^
Standing as the Object of a Preposition, with
tov, tw or to ( = a')."*'
The infinitive preceded by the article is used, like a noun,
as the object of a preposition. The article assumes the gen-
itive, dative or accusative form according to the case required
by the preposition, but is always of the neuter gender.
Gen. 32:19. XaX-qaarc Tw 'Hdai' iv tw tvpav v/xa; avrdv.
1 Chron. 19:7. ^Kdov il<: to TroXt/x^o-at.
Psa. 108:4. avrl tov dyuTTav /xc ivSU/SaWov /it.
Isa. 5:13. al)^fldXu^roi 6 \a6<: fiov iytvri$Tq Sta to fxri uBivai avTOus.
Wis. Sol. 18:12. ovSi yap Trpos to $a.\pai oi ^iiTes rfaav Uavoi.
Judh. 8:35. ov yap (pC> vfiiv <a>? tov T(\€aBrjvai a iyio ttoiu).
Bar. 3:28. dTrwAoi'TO vapa. TO fir] ixiiv (f>povq<Tiv.
1 Mace. 11:11. hpoyiaiv atTov ^dpiv tov iiridvfirjaau avrov T^i /3a-
aiAc(a9 avTOv.
Matt. 6:1. irpoai^iT*. TTjv BiKuioavvrjv Vfiwv firj iroulv Ifiirpoadiv twv
avBptitnuiV irp6<: to 6(aBTJviM avTOis.
Mk. 14:2''^. dAAa /xcra to iytpB^vai fit irpoai<o ifjM^ ets Tr)v roAiXotav.
Acts 8:40. cuayytAt^tTO . . <u»? tov (\0(.lv avrov cts Kuiaapiav.
Rom. 15:13. 6 8« 6*.6<: t^« cXttiSos ir\r]pw(Tai v/xa« vd(Trj<: )(a.pa% Kot
C(pi/ia;« iv tw vurrexkiv, tts to wcpto'trcwn' v/xac iv Tg iXirt'5t.
Also Ex. 1:0. 10:26. 16:8. Josh. 5:1.7. 22:10. 1 Sam. 9:9.13.15.
Psa. 31:3.4. 30:20. 51:5. Jer. 2:15,35. 9:13.16. Dan. 2:13,30.
Esd. A. 5:2.43.53. Wis. Sir. 4:9,31. 23:20. liar. l:H.i).l<<. 4:28.
1 Mace. 4:16.46. 5:4.19. 2 Macc.l :3.13. 7:7.9,14. Matt. 13:4.5.
26:2.32. Lk. 2:4.6.21. 22:15.20. Acts. 3:19.26. 7:4. H:ll. 23:15.
2 Cor. 7:3.12. 8:11. Heb. 2:8,15.17. 10:2.15. Jas. 1:18. 4:2.15.
This use of the articular infinitive constitutes nearly one-
half of all instjinc«'s of the articular intinitive in Biblical
Greek, and is found in aV)out <'(iual proportion in each of the
three great divisions. O. T., Apoc. and N. T.
20 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The whole number of prepositions followed by the artic-
ular infinitive as object is 22, of which 9 are improper prep-
ositions (such as are not used in composition with verbs),
cv, ofw. are always followed by the dative form of the article
with the infinitive; ch, ficrd. irapd always by the accusative
form; Iws, vpo, avrC, diro, e/c, /uie';(pi(5), X'^P'*'' ^«pA tfnrpocrOev, vcrrepov,
dvev, ttXt/v, lvcKa(£v) always by the genitive form. Of the four
prepositions which remain, 8ta has accus. 93 times, gen. 1;
Trpo's has accus. 38 times, dat. 2; virip has gen. 5 times, accus.
1; cTTi has gen. 1, dat. 1.
In the O. T. are found in this construction all but two of
the 22 prepositions just named. The Apoc. have 18 of them,
and the N. T. 10 of them (iv, irpo, p-erd, Iws, «?, Sta a. g.. irpos a.,
€K, dvTL, IvcKa). The order of freqency of those prepositions
which occur commonly in this construction may be seen in
the following table:
Bib. Grk. cv-'" cis'-" ficrd''' Sid'' Jw?"" -n-pd «" Trpd? ^^ Trapri "
Old Test. iv*'''' /xera'" ews'''^ Trpd " Sia''-' tis''* Trapd''' Trpdj"
Apocrypha ei'*' Sia'-" d<i'^* cws'" 7rpd>'"^ pcrd'^ irpo'' ck^
New Test, ets" cV'" 8ia''^ /ttTd''' Trpds''' Trpd ^ cws ' cV '
The preposition iv. whicli occurs in this construction near-
ly as many times (through Hebraistic influence) as all others.
indicates generally a relation of contemporaneity or attend-
ant circumstance between the act or state denoted by its in-
finitive and that of the verb to which it stands related, e. g.
Matt. 27:12. Lk. 8:40. and Matt. 13:4. Lk. 9:29. Sometimes,
however, the idea conveyed is that of content or substance,
e. g. Lk. 12:15. Heb. 3:12. Perhaps the idea is that of means
in Jer. 11:17. Acts 3:2(5.
The preposition Trpd? (w. accus.) denotes generally the end
to which an act or state is directed, or toward which it tends.
In Lk. 18:1 it denotes simply reference. In Wis. Sir. 18:12
it limits an adjective as would the infinitive alone. With
the dative np6i denotes contiguity of time or circumstance,
Ex. l:in. 2 Mace. 7:14.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 21
The preposition «is. which is found in this construction in
N. T. more frequently than any other, denotes generally the
purpose of the act or state of the related verb. But in some
cases the purpose force is weak (=o), e. g. 1 Kgs. 22:H. Matt.
26:2. 1 Cor. 11:22. In some cases also as denotes result, eith-
er actual (e. g. Esd. A. 8:7. Rom. 1:20) or hypothetical (e. g,
Esd. A. 2:24. Rom. 6:12. Sometimes it is used epexegetical-
ly ( = s), e. g. Esd. A. 8:84. Sometimes the tit phrase is used
like a simple infinitive as object of a verb of beseeching or
exhortation, e. g. 1 Thess. 3:10. And rarely it limits an ad-
jective, like a simple infinitive (=g). e. g. Phil. 1:23. Jas.
1:19. These highly developed uses of «is with the articular
infinitive belong mainly to the N. T., and are infrequent.
2. Purpone.*^*
1) Distinct and Specific, with tov {=€).''"
The infinitive preceded by tov is used to express the dis-
tinct and specific purpose of the action or state denoted by
the governing verb.
Oen. 8:<. avtcmiKcv tov KoptiKa TOV i6ilv II KiKOiraKtv to uScjp.
1 Mace. 3:52. iSov to. iBvrj (TvvrJKTat <</>* r]fjLa<: tov i^apai rffiM^.
Lk. 22:31. 6 SuTams i$r]Ti](TaTO vfia<; tou crividaai, ws tov crTrov,
Also Judg. 1:1,14. 1 Chron. 16:35.40,43. Psa. 36:14. 100:6,8.
Am. 6:10.14. Jon. 1:3,5. Isa. 5:2. 49:5.8. Judh. 7:13. 15:8,12.
1 Mace. 6:12,15,19. 8:3,15,18. 13:1,20.21,34. Matt. 2:13. 11:1.
Lk. H:r,. 24:29.45. Acts 3:2. 5:31. 26:18. Rom. 6:6. Phil. 3:10.
This use of the articular infinitive, second in order of
frequency in Biblical Greek, is found mainly in (). T. ; there
are but 33 instances in N. T.. and these are almost wholly
in Matt., Lk. and Acts.
In E.sd. B. 6:8 there seems t<i be an instance where the
article with the infinitive of puqwse has the form to instead
of TOV. Lightfoot argiK's {Xnfts ou tht- Eitistlvn itf St. P(nil) for
a r«'nd«'ring of .similar form.s in 1 Thess. 3:3. 4:() as denoting
end or result; but these may better be classified differently,
the first as verbal object, the second as in apiK)sition.
22 the infinitive in biblical greek.
2) Modified and General, with tov {=o).^^
The infinitive preceded by the article rov is used to ex-
press, with diminished purpose force and with a general
rather than a specific bearing, that for which or with refer-
ence to which the action or state of the governing verb is
performed or exists. ( See above, p. 11.)
2 KgS. \i :1{ . €Trpd6r]crav rov Troirjcrai to Trovrjpbv iv 6<f>6aXfjLOt'; Kuptov.
2 Chron. 30:17. oi Aeveirai ^arav tov 6v€lv to (fxiacK Travrt.
Psa. 118:7b. yevrjOyjrw 8rj to IAco? aov tov TrapaKaXicrai fie.
Also Judg. 9:15. 2 Kgs. 22:5,6. 1 Chron. 17:4. 23:5,28,32. Esd.
B. 2:68. 3:10. Psa. 118:112,173. Eccl. 1:13. 8:11. 9:10.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction
are 22 in number; here also the most common are elfii, Si8wfiL.
This use of the articular infinitive seems to be confined to
the O. T., and occurs there mainly in Kgs., Chrons., Esd. B.,
Psa. and Eccl.
S. Verbal Object.^^''
A. With to. as the Object of a Verb ( = ^)."
The infinitive preceded by the aiticle to is used as the
object of another verb to complete or make specific its
meaning. (See above, p. 7.)
Jer. 4:22. aocfyoi elaiv TOV KaKOvoi^(raL, to St /caXw? Troirj(Tai ovk
iiriyviMtcrav.
2 Mace. 3:33. 8ia yap avTov (Tol Kt^dptcTTiu to ^rjv Kvpioi.
Rom. 13:8. p.r]8fvl prj^lv o^ti'AcTt. (I fJLTj TO d\A7/Aous ayairav.
Also Lsa. 21:3. Ezek. 18:23. 2 Mace. 2:28. 3 Mace. 2.23. 5:32.
Acts 25:11. 1 Cor. 14:39. 2 Cor. 8:10,11. 10.2. Phil. 2:6,13.
This use of the articular infinitive is found mainly in the
N. T., where it is for the most part Pauline, and infrequent.
B. With roe. as the Object of a Verb,
1) of Verbs in General { = bby''\ except—
The infinitive preceded by the article toC is used as the
object of another verb to comi)lete or make specific its
meaning. (See above, j). 7.)
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 23
Gen. 8:12. ttoXiv i^aTreaTeiKiv ttjv TrtpitrTtpdv. Kil ov irpodidtro
Tov f7n(JTpf\paL Trpo? avrbv in.
Jer. 18:8. fieTavorjau) vepl riv kukwv wv (koyLcrdfjLrjv tov iroirjaai.
Judh. 13:12. iairovSaaav tov KarafS^VJH iirl Tr]v ttvKtjv ttJs TroXeto?.
1 Mace. 3:31. ifiovKevn-avTO tov iropevO^vai ti<; Trjv UepcriSi.
Acts 3:12. 17/xiv Tt' aT.tvi^tTi (ik iBi'i SwdfLCL rj cwrtySeta TTCTron^KOO-iv
TOV 7repi7raTf.lv avTOv;
JaS. 5:17. Ttpoa-qv^aTO TOV fit) fipiiai.
Also Ex. 2:18. Josh. 23:13. 2 Sam. 2:23,28. 1 Chron. 21:1,30.
Psa. 30:3.14. 77:17,38. Isa. 11:9,11. Jer. 18:6. 28:63. Wis. Sir.
51:18. Judh. 2:13. 1 Mace. 6:27.57.59. 14:41.47. Lk. 1:9. Acts
21:12. 23:20. 1 Pet. 3:10. All N. T. instances cited.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction
are the same as those found frequently used in the same way
with the anarthrous infinitive (see above, p. 7). This use of
the articular infinitive belongs mainly to the O. T.
The following sub-classes (j. r) are also object infinitives,
but because they present the object idea in a special aspect
it is desirable to arrange them into groups by themselves.
2) OF Verbs of Commanding. Promising and the
Like (^./)."
The infinitive preceded by the article to? is used as the
object of verbs of commanding, promising and the like, to
indicate that which one commands another to do. or promises
(generally under oath) to do for another. (See above, p. 7.)
1 KgS- 17:9. Ihov ivriTaXpifU (ku ywaixi X^p<t tov 8iaTp((f>(iv crt.
.ludg. 21:7. ^p-il't wfJi6(T<ipnv iv Kupt'o* tov p.r) Sovvai avToli djro Ton/
dvyariptov ^fiiov «J? yt^vaixa?.
1 Mace 1 1 :22. iypa\piv 'ItoLV.idav tov p.i] TrtpiKaBrjaSai Kul tov oltt-
avTTJaai aiTOf.
Acts 15:2". Sto <y<iJ xpivw . . cVurTtiAut aiTo"? TOi' uTTc'jfto'pai tCiv
A.\icryrifid.Twv Twv uowkuty.
Also Lev. H:34. 1 Sam. 15:19. 1 Kgs. 1:35. 8:53. 1 Chron. 17:0.
Esd. B. 10:5. Psa. 90:11. Isa. 5:6. Jer. ?J9:35. 1 Mace. 5:49.
10:63. 13:37. Lk. 4:10. All Apoc. and X. T. instances cited.
24 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction
are 10 in number, of which the most common are ivrtWoftai,
ciirov, ypd<f>w, o/ivv/u.t.
3) OF Verbs of Hindering and the Like {=v).^^
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after
verbs of hindering and the like to express that which one is
hindered ( actually or conatively) from doing. The negative
/i77 in one-third of the instances accompanies this infinitive,
without reversing the meaning of the phrase, (See above, p. 9. )
1 Sam. 25:26. €Kw\vcrfv o-c Kvpios tov /xt] iKdelv «i? ai/xa a6<Sov.
Esd. A. 2 :24. vvv ovu CTreVa^a dTroKwAvcrtti tovs dv6pu)Trov<; cKCtVous
TOV olKoBofirjaaL rrjv ttoAiv.
Lik. 4:42. Karei^^ov avrov tov fir) irop^vtcrdai air avroiv,
Rom. 15:22. 8io koL iveKOirTOfjirjv to. TroXAot tov iXOitv Trpos v/iias.
Also Gen. 23:6. Ru. 1:13. 2 Chron. 11:4. 15:16. Mic. 2:4. Jer.
7:10. Esd. A. 5:36,69,70. Wis. Sir. 18:22, 1 Mace. 7:24. 3 Mace.
2:28, 3:1, Lk. 24:16. Acts 14:18. 20:20,27. 2 Cor. 1:8. All
Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
The verbs followed by the infinitive in this construction
are 22 in number, the only common one being kwKvw and its
compounds. It is noteworthy that the articular infinitive is
used more often than the anarthrous infinitive in this way.
Also, that the genitive construction is normal after verbs of
hindering, while in the j)receding classes of object infinitives
(fjfj, J) the accusative should be used, the genitive being pos-
sible only because tov with the infinitive has for the most part
lost in Biblical Greek its genitival character.
In 1 Cor. 14:39 is one instance where the accusative form
TO is used after kwXwo; this is in accordance with the classical
Greek usage; but in this case the context and position of the
infinitive suggest that the accusative is due to assimilation
to the form of the preceding infinitive with which it stands
correlated. It belongs under this classification to group b.
1 Cor. 1 4 :39. wo-tc, d8eX<^oi' /xov, ^t^Aovt* to npo<f>r]Ttviiy, Kill to
XaAeiv piTf ku)\v€T€ yAaxrTai?.
uses of the articular infinitive. 25
1) Actual or Hypothetical, with tov {=/}.*"
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used to indi-
cate the result of the action or state of the o^overning verb.
This result may be either actual or hy]3othetical. (See
above, pp. 12-14.)
Actual. — Ru. 2:10. rt on ivpov xdpLV iv 6<f>6a\fioi<: <tov tov c'tti-
yvwvcu fit ;
2 Chron. 33:9. iTrkavrjcruv . . Toi's KaTOiKoi'VTas iv 'IcpovaaXrjfjL, tov
TTOi^aai TO irovTjpov inrip Traj/ra to. iSvrj.
Wi.S. Sol. 10:^. (.pXa^Tjcrav tov pr) yviiivai to. KaXa.
1 Mace. 14:30. iv tuZ? rip.ipai<; avTov ivoSwdr) iv Tufs ;(epcriv avToC,
TOV i^apdrfvai to, I6vr) iK t^? ^^wpa^ avrCtv.
Also Ex. 7:14. 14:5. 1 Kgs. 2:27. 16:28b. Esd. B. 9:8,9. Psa.
104:25. Jer. 7:80. 11:17. Esd. A. 8:76. Wis. Sir. 44:8. Judh.
7:25. 1 Mace. 15:25. All Apoc. instances cited; none in N. T.
HllllothetlcaL- — 2 KgS. 5:7. »cai unov 'O dtoi iyw tov ^uvaTuicrai
Ktu ^woiroirjaai ;
2 Chron. 32:11. ov)(l 'E^cxtus uTruTa v/xd? tov wapaoovvat v/Aas ;
Wis. Sir. 42:1. koI p.rj Xa/Jj^s irp6<TW7rov TOV apjapTavdv.
Acts 18:10. ovSfis iiridrjacTai croi Tov KaKutaai at.
Rom. / :3. iav 8< atrodavrj o avrjp, iXtvdtpa icTTiv (Itto tov v6p.oi', tov
p.rj tlvjii avTTjv fioi)^jAi6a ytvop.ivTjv avSpl iTtpw.
Also Lev. 4:3. 26:44. Deut. 8:11. 1 Sam. 15:26.29. 1 Kgs. 18:9.
2 K,<,'.s. 5:7. Esd. B. 9:14. P.sa. 11H:5. 140:4. Ezek. 33:15. Acts
10:47. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive belongs mainly to the
O. T.. where it occurs oftener than might be exi)ected. A
few other N. T. infinitives may belong to this class, e. g.
Matt. 21:32. Acts 7:19; there is ambiguity in some cases.
2) Epexegetic or Explanatory, wnn tov ( = «).""
Th«' infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after a
verV) or noun to indicate more spr>cifically the content of the
action or state of that v«'rb or noun which it limits, or even
to indicate some looser relation between the two.
26 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Gen. 3 :22. l8ov 'ABa.fi yeyovt^' w? ei? e^ ^/^wv, rov yivioa-Keiv Ka\6v
Kai TTOvrjpov.
Judg. 8 :33. lO-qKav eauroTs tw ftdiX SiadrJKrjv tov uvjh auToTs avrov
Psa. /7:18. i$eTreipa(Tav tov deov iv Tat? KapSuxts auToii', tov aiT^crai
PpwfjuiTa TaT? {pv^ius avrCjv.
Bcir. 2:3. ovk iTrotrjOrj VTroKaru) TravTos tov ovpavov Kada iTroirjCTtv iv
lepovcraXrip., . . toC <^ay£iv 17/ias avOpwirov crapKO'i vlov avTOv.
1 Mace. 3:29. ol <f>6poi t^s ;)(wpas oAt'yoi X'^P'-^ ''"^^ St;(Oo-Ta(rt'as . .
i)S KaTCCTKCuacrcv ev tt^ yrj, tov apixi Ta vofiLva a rjaav a<p r/ixepwv T(i)v irpuiTwv.
Gal. 3:10. CTTiKaTapaTos iras os ovk ifXfxivu Tracnv TOts ycypa/x/neVoi?
€v Tw fii(3\iw tov vofiov TOV TTOLrjaai aura.
Also Gen. 19:19. 47:29. 1 Sam. 14:34. I Kgs. 11:33. 2 Kgs.
11:17. 21:16. 2 Chron. 6:23. Esd. B. 20:29.30. Psa. 77:18. 110:6.
Jer. 11:5. 36:10,11. All Apoc. and N. T. instances cited; the
single N. T. instance is a quotation from the O. T.
This use of the articular infinitive belongs almost wholly
to the O. T. A few more instances, e. g. Rom. 1 :24. are lo-
cated here by some grammarians.
5. Limiting Nouns and Adjectives.^^^
1) Nouns Signifying Ability, Fitness, Time. etc..
WITH TOV { — h).^^
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used after
certain nouns and adjectives to complete or make specific
the idea of the word thus limited. (See above, p. 15.)
Deut. 1:18. avTO? o-oi BiBoxTi t-qv i<txvv tov iroLrj(T(H Svvifjiiv.
1 Kgs. 3:9. Kill 8(ij<7£is tw oovAw aov K'.ipoiav . . (rvviciv ava. p.t<Tov
nyaOov K(U kukov.
Wis. Sir. 9:13. a7rc;(t 'nro avdpwirov o« l\f.i i^ovauiv tov <f>ovtv(rai.
1 Mace. 9:45. ovk co-tic toVo? tov iKKXmu.
Acts 27:20. irepLypciTo cAttU iratra tov aw^eaduL 17/xa?.
Heb. 5:12. 7raA.1i' xpciav «X*'''* '''"'^ SiSd(TKiiv v/xa? Tira Ta o'Toi^tta.
Also Gen. 2:9. 16:3. 2 Chron. 22:3. Psa. 67:21. 101:14. Am.
H:ll. Jer. 13:25. 1 Mace. 10:73. 12:25,40. 4 Mace. 5:15. Lk.
1:57. 2:6.21. 10:19. Rom. 8:12. 15:23. Phil. 3:21. 1 Pet. 4:17.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 27
This use of the articular infinitive is found in about the
same proportion in each of the three divisions of Biblical
Greek. The nouns commonly so limited are much the same
as in the corresponding use of the anarthrous infinitive.
Adjectives of Like Signification, with tov (=r/)."
(For description see under preceding section.)
1 Sam. 13:21. ^v 6 Tpvyr}T6<: eroi/^os tov dcpC^nv.
Jer. 4:22. cro<f>oi ciaiv tov kcikottoi^o-ui.
1 Mace. 5:39. IrotfioL toC iKOiXv ctti <r« cis ttoAc/iov.
1 Mace. 10:19. ciriri/Scio? £1 TOV tivai -^fiutv <f>iko<:.
Lk. 24:25. w avo-qrai kou /JpaSeTs rrj KipoCa tov Triarci'ttv ctti ttoctiv
ois cAaAi^o'ai' oi irpo<^rjTaL.
Acts 23:15. tTOifioi iafiiv tov aviXiiv avrov.
Also Gen. 3:6. 2 Kgs. 4:H. Mic. 6:8. Jer. 47:5. Ezek. 21:11.
Judh. 12:16. 1 Mace. 3:58. 13:37. All Apoc. and N. T. in-
stances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive is noticeably less fre-
quent than the use with nouns just described, or the corres-
ponding use of the anarthrous infinitive. The only adjec-
tive often limited by the articular infinitive is ctoi/aos.
1) With to, as Subject of a Finite Verb (=«)."
The infinitive preceded by the article to is used as the
subject of another verb. The article seems in some cases to
emphasize the substantival idea of the infinitive, but such
significance does not a])pear in every instance.
P.sa. 72:28. c'/xoi hi to TrpocrKoWacrdjn tw Kvpiui ayadov iaTtv.
Jer. 2:19. yvidi koI l&t on niKpov trot to KuTaXiirilv trt (fif.
Wi.S. Sol. 15:3. to yap iniaTarrOai iTi o\6k\7)po<; SiKuiocrvyr}.
2 Mace. 2:32. tvtjdt^ yap to fxiv irpo T^<: ltTTopui<: nXioyd^uv. rijv
&€ IfTTOpUlV iiriT€flV€lV.
Nik. 1(1:40. TO Si tca6i(TJn iK htiiuiv fxov . . oi'K Itrrtv ifiov hovvfxi.
Koill. 7:1^. TO yap di\uv irapajciiTai pot, To Si KaTtpydJ^tfrdai to
KoXov on.
A1.SO 1 Sam. 15:22. Prov. 9:10. 10:7. Eccl. 5:4. Job 2H:2H. Jon.
28 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
4:3. Wis. Sol. 11:21. 12:18. Wis. Sir. -46:10. Judh. 12:18. Tob.
12:6. 4 Mace. 5:8.20. Matt. 15:20. 20:23. Rom. 14:21. 1 Cor.
11:6. 2 Cor. 8:11. 9:1. Phil. 1:21,22,24.29. Heb. 10:31.
This use of the articular infinitive is found least often
(proportionate to amount of material) in the O. T., while in
the N. T. it is the third use of the articular infinitive in order
of frequency, the majority of instances being in the Pauline
writings.
2) With tov, as Subject of a Finite Verb (=00).**
The infinitive preceded by the article tov is used as the
subject of a finite verb. This is the extreme development of
the use of the infinitive with tov, in which its original geni-
tival character is not only lost but entirely forgotten.
2 Chron. 6:7. iyivtro im KapSiav AaueiS tov TraTp6<; fxov tov oiko-
Sofirjaai olkov tw ovo/xuti Kvpiov.
Kccl. 3:12. cyvoiv oTi ovK l(TTLV ayaOov iv avrois, ti p.r] tov ev<f>pav-
Orjvai Koi tov iroiciv ayadov iv ^(orj avrov.
E.sd. A. 5 :67. ov)(^ vpXv tov oiKoSofirjaai TOV OLKOV Kvpifi) dtw r)p.wv.
Lk. 7:1. avivBcKTOv iaTiv tov to. (TKavBaXa firj i\6civ.
Acts 10:25. cis 8k iyevcTo tov uaiXdcLv tov UeTpov.
Acts 27:1. cis 8« iKpidrj tov aTTOTrAeiv ^p.a<: tis ttjv 'iTaXiav.
Also 1 Sam. 12:23. 1 Kgs. H:ls. 16:31. P.sa. 91:3. 126:2. Lsa.
49:6. Jer. 2:18. Wis. Sir. 23:27. Judh. 13:13. All Apoc. and
N. T. instances cited.
This use of the articular infinitive is a rare one, belong-
ing mainly to the O. T. (especially Ru., 2 Chron., EccL, lsa.)
7. Aj)j)()sition."
Standing in Apposition with a Noun ou Pronoun,
with tov or to ( = c).**
The infinitive! preceded by the article in the form toD or
TO stands in ai>i)o:iition with a preceding noun or pronoun to
emphasize, restrict or describe it. (See above, p. 17.)
Ex. 14:5. Ti ToJrro inonja ipiiv tov €$aTro<TTtt\(ii Toix; viovi la-pir/X.:
DeUt. 3'>:2'K oti toCto 17 ^<»^ nov . . TO KaTOiKctv rrt iirl t^? yrj<:.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 29
Esth. C:5. ovK (V vfipei . . iiroirj(Ta tovto, to /at/ irpodKvvtiv to
vircpi^<f>avov KpAv.
2 Cor. 2:1. iKpivu yap (/mlvt^ tovto, to pr] TrdXiv iv Xvirrj Trpos
v/u.a9 iXBtiv.
Kom. 14:13. dAAa tovto KpivaTt paWov, to prj TiSevaL irpocTKop.pa
Tw ao(.\<f><i).
Also Judg. 8:1. 21:3. Ru. 3:10. 2 Kgs. 19:11. Eccl. 5:18. Jer.
35:6. Wis. Sol. 8:21. Rom. 4:13. 1 Thess. 4:6. All Apoc. and
N. T. instances cited.
In 2 Sam. 3:10 is one instance where the articular infini-
tive follows oZruy; appositively (see above, p. 17.)
In the Apoc. and N. T. the form of the article, in the
seven instances which occur, is to. six times appositive with
the accu.sative. once with the nominative case. But in the
O. T. 15 out of 17 instances have the form tou without refer-
ence to the case of the noun or pronoun with which it stands
in apposition (generally the accusative). This peculiarity
is due to the fact that in Biblical Greek, and especially in
the O. T.. the tov has become an adjunct of the infinitive ir-
respective of its original substantival and genitival function.
8. Caufic, Mfunn'r, McdiiH.'
Indicatino thk Causk. Manner or Means of the Ac-
tion OR State of the Govern incj Verb, with tw ( = y).'
In one N. T. instance the infinitive preceded by tw aj)-
l)ears. the dative construction of the infinitive denoting the
cause of the state indicated by the governing verb.
2 Cor. 2:13. ovk IfryiqKL aviCTiv tw irvtvptiTi pov tw p.y] cvpitv /le TtVoi'.
The Vatican text of the Septuagint (Swete ed.) lias six
instances of this construction. ('X])r('ssiiig tiumncr or moans.
2 Chron. 2*^:22. ovk ils (ioijOunv hxtwv, oAA t/ tw BKiftrjvtu airrov.
Eccl. 1 :1'). i\a\-q<Ta iy!o iy tiJ Kdp&i'i pov tw Xe'ytii' . . ipiyaXvvBrjv.
Al.so Isa. 56:6. I Mace. 17:20.21 (three infinitives to one art.).
However, in all these cases excej)t the first two there are
variant readings in the MSS.. which make the instances un-
certain; they may hv the more difficult original readings.
30 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
5. CHARTS OF THE INFINITIVE AS USED IN THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
The following- charts show the use, frequency and dis-
tribution of the infinitive as it occurs in the New Testament
books. ( It would have been desirable, had space permitted,
also to give here the charts of the infinitive in the O. T. and
Apoc. books; they show a much larger use of the articular
infinitive.) The anarthrous infinitives are indicated by roman
letters and figures, the articular infinitives are indicated by
italic letters and figures. Each verse reference indicates one
instance (or more, if a superior figure appears) of the use
under which it is given. The letters employed as symbols
of the various uses of the infinitive have been associated
with the uses in the description of them in the preceding
pages, especially on pages 5 and 6. However, a brief table
of these symbols and their significance is here given for the
ready comprehension of the following charts and exhibits.
TABLE OF SYMBOLS FOR CHARTS AND EXHIBITS.
a a (in = subject — anarth., art. w. to, art. w. tov, respectively,
b /y />6 = object— anarth., art. w. to, art. w. tov, respectively,
j 1 J = object after verbs of commanding, etc. — anarth., art.
i i = object after verbs introd. ind. discourse — anarth., art.
X V = object after verbs of hindering, etc. — anarth., art.
k k = object of prci)Ositions — anarth., art. w. tov. tJ or to.
dep = pui'pose. distinct, spec — anarth., anarth. w. alo-Tt, art.
o o = i)urpose, modified, general — anarth., art^^
f p/= result, actual or hyi)oth. — anarth- , anarth. w. oxttcj art.
s H = epexegetic or explanatory— anarth., art.
h h = limiting nouns of ability, fitness, etc. — anarth., art.
g g = limiting adjectives of ability.fitness.etc. — anarth., art.
c c = in apposition with a noun or pronoun — anarth., art.
X = with TrpiV or irplv 17, temporal phrase — anarthrous.
r = oxpre.ssing cause, mann(;r or means — articular, w. tw.
r = independent, in parenthetic clause — anarthrous, w. ws.
n = as a j)rincipal verb in the imperative — anarthrous.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 31
MATTHEW.
a 3:15. 9:5^ 12:2,4,10,12. 13:11. 14:4. 15:26-. 10:21*. 17:4.10.
18:7,8^9M3,38. 19:3,10,24. 20:15. 22:17. 23:23*. 24:6. 25:
27. 26:35,54. 27:6.
a 15:20. 20:23.
b l:19^20. 2:13.18.22. 3:7,8,9. 4:17'. 5:13, 14,32,33, 40',42. 6:1,
5,24«,27. 7:11,18*. 8:2, 21*, 22. 28. 9:15,28. 10:28*. 11:7.14-,
20,27. 12:1*,29*,34,38. 13:17*,30. 14:5,22*,30. 15:32. 16:1.3,
5,21,22,24.25,27. 17:12,16,19,22. 18:23,24. 19:8,12,17,21,25.
20:14, 17,22*,26.27. 21:46. 22:3,46*. 23:4,7,14,37. 24:6,43,49,
26:9*,15,22,37*,40,42,53,61*,74*. 27:15,34,42. 28:20.
j 2:12. 5:34,39. 8:18. 14:7,9,19,28. 15:35. 16:12. 18:25*. 19:7*.
27:58,64.
i 16:13.15. 22:23.
V 19:14.
d 2:2. 4:1. 5:17\ 7:5. 8:29. 9:13. 10:34*,35. 11:7,8,9. 12:42.
14,16,23. 18:25. 20:1,28'. 21:34. 22:3,11. 23:15. 24:1,17,18.
25:10,35,42. 26:17.55,5H. 27:34. 28:1,8.
e 10:1*. 15:33. 27:1.
e 2:1S. 3:l.i. 11:1'. 13:3. 21:32. 2^:1,0.
f 8:24.28. 12:22*. 13:2,32*,54'. 15:31. 24:24. 27:14.
h 3:14. 9:6. 14:16.
g 3:11. 20:23.
k o:2S. r,:LS. 13:4..5,6,25,30. 20:19\ 23:5. 2^:12. 26:2,12.32.
27:12,31.
X 1:1K 26.34.7.").
32 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
MARK.
a 2:9M5,23,2G. 3:4'. 6:1.^. 7:27". 8:31*,36^ 9:5.11,43^-^5^47^
10:2.24.25^ 12:14. 13:7.10. 14:31.
a 9:10. 10:40. 12:33-.
b l:17.34^40.45^ 2:4,7,19-,23. 3:20,23.24,25,26,27. 4:1,33. 5:3.
4. 17-. 20.37. 6: 2,5,7,19.26,34, 45^ 48.55. 7:12,15,18,24*, 27.
37^ 8:4.11.14.31.32.34.35. 9:3.28.29.32.35.39. 10:4M4.26.
28, 32^38^41,42.43. 44. 47^ 11:15. 12:1,12.34.38. 13:4,5.
14:5-. 7,8, 19^33^37,64.65^69,71^ 15:8,15,18,31.
j 5:43. 6:9,27,39. 8:6.7. 14:11.
i 8:27.29. 12:18.
A- 1:14. 4:4.5.6. o:4\ 6:48. 13:22. 14:28,55. 16:19.
d 1:24. 2:17. 3:14.15S21. 4:3. 5:14,32,43. 6:37S46. 7:4. 10:45'.
14:48. 15:36.
o 4:9.23. 6:31. 10:40.
f 1:27.45. 2:2.12^ 3:10.20. 4:1.32.37. 9:26. 15:5.
h 2:10. 3:15.
g 1:7.
X 14:30.72.
JOHN,
a 3:7.14.30-. 4:-^, 20.24. 5:10. 9:4. 10:16. 12:34. 18:14,31. 20:9.
b 1:43,40. 3:2, 3. 4', 5. 9, 27. 4:40,47. 5:6,18,19,26,30,35,40,44. 6:6,
10,15*, 21.44.52,60,65,67.71. 7:1*, 4,7,17,19,20,25,30,34,35^
36.39.44. ^:21. 22.37. 40. 43.44. 9:4.16.27^33. 10:21.29.35.39.
11:8.37.44.51. 12:4.21.33,39. 13:5M4.33,36,37. 14:17,22.
15:4.5. 16:12.19. 18:8,32. 19:7,12. 21:6,12,22,23.
j 8:5.
i 5:39. 12:18,29. 16:2. 21:25.
/.• 1:48. 2:24. /•?•■?•'>• ^7:5.
(1 1:33. 4:7.10.15.33.38. 6:52. 8:6. 14:2. 21:3.
o 4:K9.32. 6:31. H:26*. 16:12.
h 1:12. 5:27. 10:18*. 13:10. 19:10*.4O.
X 4:19. 8:58. 11:29.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 33
LUKE.
a 1:3. 2:26.49. 3:21.22-. 4:43. o:23l 6:1.4,6^ yM2. 8:10. 9:22S
33. 11:42*. 12:12. 13:14.16.33^ 14:3. 15:32*. 16:17*.22*. 17:
25*. 18:1*, 25*. 19:5. 20:22. 21:9. 22:7.37. 24 :7^ 26*. 44. 46 -.47.
na 17:1.
b 1:1.20.22,62,75. 3.7,8*. 4:21.41. 5:3. 12. 18*, 21*. 34*. 6:19.34.39,
42.48. 7:2.7.15.21.24.38.49. 8:18.19.20.32.37.38.41.43.51.
9:9,12.23.24.31.36.38,44,45.59.60,61. 10:1,22,24*,29.36. 11:1,
7,13.29,53*. 12:1. 25.32.39. 45\49.56*. 13:11. 24*.25*.26.31. 34.
14:6.9, 18.20.23,26,27,28,29*,30*,33. 15:14,16,25,28. 16:2,3*,
13*,21,26. 17:10,22,33. 18:13,16,26. 19:3,4,11,14,27,37,45,
47. 20:9,11,12,19,20,26,35,36,40,46. 21:7,14*,15*,28,36». 22:
5,15,23*,24,34,40. 23:2,8*,20,23,24,30. 24:21,28,37.
bb 1:9.
j 5:14. 8:29,31,55.56. 9:3.21,54*. 12:13. 18:40. 19:13.15.
./ 4--10.
i 2:44. 4:41. 9:18,20. 11:18. 20:6,7,27.41. 23:2. 24:23*.
V 23:2.
V Jf:Jf2. 2^:16.
k 1:8.21. 2:^.6,21:2743. 3:21. r,:l\12.17. O.-^S. 8:0. 6. 1^0.^2. 0:7.
18,29,33,34,36.51. 10:35.38. 11:1.8.27.37. 12:5.15. 1^:1. 17:
11.14. 18:1.5.35. 19:1 1\15. 22:15.20. 23:8. 24:4.15\30.51.
d 1:17*,19*,25,59,76,79. 2:3,5,22. 3:7,12,17*. 4:16,18M9.34. 5:7,
15*.32. 6:7,12,18*,42. 7:24.25.26.42. 8:35.55. 9:2*, 13, 16. 28.
11:31. .54. 12:51.58. 14:1.14.17.19.31. 15:1. 15. 17:18.31. 1H:10.
19:7, 10*. 12*. 21:38. 22.47. 23:2(;.;52.
e 4:29. 9:52. 20:20.
(■ 1:74.77,79. 2:24.27. 8:5. 9:51. 12:J,2. 21:22. 22:31. 24:2U.J,5.
o 7:40. 8:8. 12:4.50. 14:35.
f 5:7. 12:1.
p 10:40.
s 1:54.72*. 2:1.
h 5:24. 9:1. 12:5. 14:18.
h 1:57. 2:6.21. 10:19. 22:6.
g 3:16. 14:31. 15:19.21. 22:33.
(/ 24:25.
X 22:61.
34 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
ACTS.
a 1:7,16,22. 2:29. 3:21. 4:o,12.19. 5:29. 6:2. 7:23. 9:3,6,16,32,
37,43. 10:28^ 11:26^ 13:46. 14:1«,22. 15:5^22.25,28. 16:16,
21-.30. 17:3^ 19:P,21,36^ 20:16^3o^ 21:1,5,35,37. 22:6,17,
18,22,25, 23:11,30. 24:19^ 25:10,16,24,27. 26:1,9,14. 27:21,
24,26,44. 28:8,17.
aa 10:25. 27 :J.
b \:\\ 2:4,12,27. 3:3^5,13,14,18. 4:16,20,28,29,30. 5:9,13,28,33,
35,39,41. 6:10. 7:28,32,39,46. 8:20,31. 9:26,29,38. 10:10,28,
40,47,48. 11:15,23,28,29. 12:3,4,6,17. 13:7,8,28,34,35,39,42,
43. 14:3,13,15,16,22. 15:1,7M0,19,20,37,38. 16:3,7,10,15,27,
39. 17:5,18M9,20^29,31. 18:13,14,15,20,26,27,28. 19:13,21,
27^30,31,33,40^ 20:3,7,13^16,28,32^38. 21:25,27,31,34,37,
39. 22:26,29,30. 23:3,15,18,20,27,28,32. 24:2,4,6,8,10,11,13,
15,27. 25:4,7,9M1,20^ 21,22,25. 26:2,3,5,7,11.21,22,23,28,
32. 27:2,3,10,12,15,16,22,29,30S 31, 32,33^ 34,35,39, 43^ 28:
4,6»,14,16,18,19,22.
b 25:11.
bb 3:12. 21:12. 23:20.
j 1:4^ 2:30. 4:15,18^ 5:28,34,40. 7:5,44. 8:38. 10:22^42^48.
11:12. 12:19. 15:5. 16:18,22,23. 17:30. 18:2,27. 21:4,2^,33,
34. 22:24^30. 23:2,3,10,12M4,21S22,24,30,35. 24:23». 25:6,
17, 21. 26:20^ 27:43.
1 15:23. 23:26.
,/ 15:20.
i 4:32. 5:36. 7:25. 8:9. 11:28. 12:9,14,15. 13:25. 14:19. 15:11.
16:13,27. 17:7,29. 18:5,28. 19:27. 23:8. 24:9. 25:4M9,24,25.
26:9,26,29. 27:10,13,27. 28:6.
V 4:17. 8:36. 16:6. 24:23.
V lJt:l'S. 20:20*,27.
k 1:3. 2:1. 3:19,26. ^:2\30. 7:lf,19. 8:6\1140. 9:3. 10:^1. 11:15.
12:20. 15:13. 18:2,3. 10:1.21. 20:1. 23:15. 27:I,,9. 28:18.
(Concluded uiK>n the next page.)
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 3o
ACTS — Concluded.
d 1:25^ 4:28. 5:21. 7:31,34,38,43. 9:23. 10:9.33. 11:2"). 12:1.4.
13. 13:44. 14:5^ 15:6. 17:14,26.27. 20:1.7. 23:10. 25:3. 26:17.
28:20^
e (20:24.)
e 3:2. 5:31. 7:10. 9:15. 13:1^1. 20:30. 26:18\
o 2:4. 4:14. 7:42. 15:2. 16:4,10,14. 17:21*. 22:10,14'. 23:17. IS. 19.
25:26. 28:19.
f 1:19. 5:15^ 14:1. 15:39'. 16:26. 19:10.12^16.
p 5:3^ 27:21.
/ 10:Jf7. 18:10.
s 10:43. 15:10,14. 20:24. 27:12.
h 9:14. 24:15.
h 14:9. 20:3. 27:20.
g 2:24. 11:17. 13:25. 21:13*.
g 23:15.
c 15:28. 24:16. 26:16.
X 2:20. 7:2.
ROMANS,
a 12:3,15*.
a 7:18\ U:21\
b 1:11,13*,28. 2:19. 4:24. 5:7. 7:21. H:H.13,1H.39. 9:3.22'. l<i:3.
11:25.12:1.13:3. 14.2.4.11. ir.:r-,5. 14. lM.24*.26.3t>. I(r.l7.
19.25.
b 13:8.
j 2:21.22. 12:3".
i 1:22. 3:H.9.2H. 6:11. 15:8.
V 15:22.
k 1:11,20. 3:4,20. 4:1 1"". 10. IS. 0:12. 7:',, 5. S:2U. 11:11. 12:2.3.
15:8. 13M0.
d 1:12. 10:6.7. 15:9.12. r 0:0. 11:11).
f 7:6. 15:19,20. j) 1:10.
/ 7:3. s 1:2H.
h 1:15.9:21.13:5,11. h 1 :2I,. S:12. 11 :S-. 15:23.
H: 3:15. 4:21. 11:23. r 4:13. 1^:13.
86 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
1 CORINTHIANS.
a 5:12. 7:1,9*. 8:2. 9:15. 11:13,19. 14:34,35. 15:25,53*. 16:4.
a 7:26. 11:6\
b 1:21. 2:2.14. 3:1,11. 5:5,10. 6:1,5. 7:7,12,13,21,25,32,36. 9:10.
10:l,13*,20,2r,27. 11:3,7.10,16. 12:1,3,21,22,23. 14:5,19,31,
35. 15:50. 16:7*.
b U:39\
j 5:9,11'. 7:10,11. 9:14.
i 3:18. 7:26,36,40. 8:2. 10:12. 11:18. 14:37.
k 8:10. 9:18. 10:6. 11:21, 22\25,33.
d 1:17*. 10:7^ 11:20. 16:3.
f 1:7. 13:2. s 5:1.
h 9:4*, 5, 6. h 9:10. 10:18.
S 7:39. 15:9. c 7:37.
2 CORINTHIANS.
a 2:3. 5:10. 9:5. 11:30. 12:1,4.
a 7:11. 8:11\ 9:1.
b 1:4,8,15,16'. 2:8. 3:1,7. 5:2, 4*, 8*, 9, 11. 6:1. 7:11. 9:8. 10:2,7,9,
12*. 11:5,16. 12:6, 11.14. 13:7.
b 8:10''.ll. 10:2.
V 1:8.
k l:k. 3:13. J^:Jf. 7:3\12. 8:6,11.
d 9:5. 10:16*. 11:2,32. f 1:8. 2:7*. 3:7. 7:7.
h 10:6,15. h 8:11.
g 3:5. 12:14. C 10:13.
(■ 2:1. r 2:13.
GALATIANS.
a 4:1^^. 6:14.
b 1:7.10.16. 2:3,6,9,10,14,17. 3:2,21,23. 4:9,17,20*,21. 6:12*,13.
i 6:3. V 5:7.
k 2:12. 3:17,23. 1^:18. d 1:18. 2:4.
H 3:10. h 5:3.
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES.
EPHESIANS.
a 5:12. 6:20.
b 3:4,13.16.18.19,20. 4:1,3,22.23.24. 5:28. 6:11, 13M6.
k 1:12,18. 6:1. d 1:4. 3:8.9.
o 4:28. p 3:17. 6:19.
s 1:10. c 3:6. 4:17.
PHILIPPIANS.
a 1:7. 2:25. 3:1.
a l:21\22,2If,29\
b 1:12,14,17. 2:19,23,26. 3:13,21. 4:2.11,12*.
b 2:6J3\ If: 10.
i 3:4.8. k 1:7,10.2.J\
e 3:10. f 1:13,14.
h 3:21. n 3:16.
COLOSSIANS.
a 4:4.6. b 1:19.20,27. 2:1.
d 1:10.22,25. p 4:3,6.
1 THESSALONIANS.
a 4:1«.
b 2:2.4.7.8,17.18. 3:1,4.6.9. 4:4.1(),11M3. 5:12,13.
h 3:3.
j 5:27.
V 2:16.
k 2:0,1 2 ja. .i:2\
.',.10 -.1.1. 4:0.
d 1:9.10.
f 1:7,8.
h 1:8. 4:9. 5:1.
c 4:3.4.
c Jt:6\
2 THESSALONIANS.
a 1:6. 3:7.
b 1.3. 2:13. 3:10.
j H:().
A- !:.'>. 2:2\(>,10J1. .^.v..'^
d 1:1(1^ 3:14.
f 1:4. 2:4.
38 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
HEBREWS.
a 2:1.10. 4:6. 8:3. 9:5,26.27. 11:6. 13:9.
(( W:S1.
b 1:14. 2:3,11,17,18. 3:19. 4:1.11.15. 5:2,3,7,12. 6:11,17. 7:25.
8:5. 9:9. 10:1,11.27.34. ll:3,8M6,24,25l 12:11,17,19. 13:
18,19.
j 3:18.
i 11:4.5 (? subject?).
V 7:23.
k 2:8.15,17. 3:12,15. 7:23,21^,25. 8:3,13. 9:lJf,28. 10:2,15,26. 11:
3. 12:10. 13:21.
d 6:18. 8:9. 9:24. e 10:7,9. 11:5.
o 6:13. f 13:6.
p 6:10. s 5:5.
h 4:1. 7:5.1^,27. 9:16,23. 11:15. 13:10.
h 5:12. g 5:11. 6:6,18. 10.4. 11:6,19.
c 9:8. r 7:9.
1 TIMOTHY,
a 3:2.15.
b 1:3.7.16,20. 2:1,4^8,9,121 3:5,14. 5:4M1,14S25. 6:7,9,16.
j 1:3'^ 4:3. 6:14,17M8l i 6:5.
V 4:3. d 1:15.
2 TIMOTHY.
a 2
b 1
j 2
i 2
6,24^
4,6. 2:13,15. 3:7,12,15. 4:1,9,21.
14.
18. g 1:12. 2:2.
TITUS,
a 1:7.11.
b 1:16. 2:4,6.9^ 3:1^2^8^12^14.
o 2:8.
s 2:2. g 1:9'
CHARTS OF NEW TESTAMENT INFINITIVES. 39
PHILEMON,
b 1:13,14.
h 1:8.
JAMES,
a 3:10.
b 1:21. 2:12.14,20. 3:8,12'. 4:2,4,12^17.
bb5:17. 1 1:1.
i 1:26. 2:14. k 1:18, 19\ 3:3. 4:2. lo.
s 3:2. c 1:27*.
1 PETER.
a 3:17.
b 1:12. 2:11. 3:10^ 5:1.H.9.
bb3:10. i 5:12.
k 3:7. 4:2. d 2:5.
f 1:21. h 4:17.
s 1:5. 4:3. c 2:15.
2 PETER,
a 1:13. 2.21«. 3:11.
b l:10,12,15^ 2:9^ 3:9M4.
d 3:2.
JUDE.
b l:3,5,9,24^
d 1:15*.
h 1:3*.
1 JOHN.
b 2:0. 3:9.1(5. 4:11.20.
i 2:().9.
2 JOHN.
b 1:12-.
1 1:10,11.
o 1:12.
40 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
3 JOHN,
b l:2*.8,13,l-l.
o 1:13.
REVELATION,
a 1:1. 4:1. 6:4. 7:2. 10:11. 11 :o. 13:7M0.U,15. 16:8. 17:10. 20:3.
22:6.
b 1:19. 2:2.7. 10^14•■^20^21. 3:2.8,10.16,18,21. 5:31 6:11,17. 7:9.
8:13. 9:6.201 10:4,7. ll:5^9. 12:2,4.5. 13:4.13,17^ 14:3. 15:
8. 17:8, 17 1
j 10:9. 13:14.
i 2:9. 3:9.
d 1:12. 3:10. 12:17. 13:6. 16:14. 19:10,19. 20:8^ 22:6,8,12,16.
(' 12:7.
o 1:1. 3:18. 14:6.
p 5:5. 16:9.
s 16:19.
h 6:8. 9:10. 11:6M8''. 13:5. 14:15.
^ 4:11. 5:2^4^9M2.
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES. 41
(•). TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE NUMBER, DISTRIB-
UTION, USE AND TENSE OF THE INFINITIVE.
The following tabular exhibits show the number, distrib-
ution and u.se of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. The an-
arthrous and the articular infinitives are shown separately,
upon facing pages, the former in roman type and the latter
in itaUc type. The exhibit is by individual books, by the
three main divisions; then in one summary table is given a
complete view of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. To this
is added a corresjionding summary table which exhibits the
tenses of the infinitival forms throughout: it has not seemed
important to reproduce here the more detailed tense exhibits.
The subjoined table of chapters and pages (according to the
Swete edition of the Septua^int and the Westcott and Hort
edition of the New Testa :nent) is to facilitate comparison of
the use of the infinitive in the various books and divisions.
CHAPTERS AND PA(iES IN THE BIBLICAL BOOKS.
Old Test.
Esth.
l'>
17
W.S.S1.19
40
1 Cor.
10
25
Chs.
Pp.
Hos.
14
IT)
Ws.Si..^)l
HI
2 Cor.
13
17
Gen. ')()
108
Am.
<i
1:5
Est.Ad.C)
<)
Gal.
0
9
Ex. 40
H4
Mic.
i
i»
Judith K)
:u
Eph.
G
9
Lev. 27
(S?.
.Joel
• >
f »
<
Tol). 14
17
Phil.
4
4
Num. 3H
HH
Obad.
I
;{
Bar.
9
Col.
4
7
Deut. :U
^^1
Jonah
4
T)
Ep.Jer. 1
()
1 Thess
. ')
6
Josh. LM
.'i")
Nah.
•>
>>
.')
Sus. 1
.')
2 Thess
. 8
4
.ludg. '1\
(i:}
Hab.
•>
•>
(')
Bel Dr. 1
4
1 Tim.
(•)
7
Ruth 4
7
Zcph.
;{
(')
1 Mac. 16
«)S
2 Tim.
4
5
1 S:im.:n
()()
Hair.
.)
4
L' Mac. 15
47
Titus
a
3
•1 Sai!i.'J4
.")^
Zcch.
It
I'O
:5 Mac. 7
I'O
Philem
. 1
0
1 Kl^'S.L'L'
< 1
Mai.
1
<
! Mac. IH
:j4
H.'b.
13
»>o
•1 Kgs. iT)
»)!'
Lsa.
(')»')
ll'l'
Jas.
')
7
1 Chr. 1^1)
(•)()
Jer.
nii
ll'7
New Te;
ST.
1 Pet.
T)
7
2 Chr. )\\\
IW
Lam.
7)
I'.i
( h-.
l-p.
2 Pet.
:{
5
Esd.B.iM
r.i
Ezek.
4s
11;;
Matt. L'^
(■)'.l
1 J no.
T)
s
Psa. i:>i
i>o:5
Dan.
11'
:!'.t
Mk. K)
42
2 J no.
1
1
Prov. L'<>
()4
Lk. 1'4
7:{
H .riio.
1
1
Eccl. VI
2<)
Ai'oci
ICVl'
u.\.
.hio. L'l
Ti.')
.lud.'
1
3
Song ><
1:5
n\»
Pp.
Acts L'H
70
lie v.
.i>i
37
Job \-l
^r»
Esd.A. y
3;j
Ro:n. 11)
27
4::
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT A.— NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OP
ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN OLD TESTAMENT.
a
b
J
i
V
k
d
e
o
f
P
s
h
g
c
X
Tot.
Genesis
11
62
9
3
4
77
7
9
1
4
3
2
2
187
Exodus
2
55
9
2
59
20
18
5
8
2
4
1
185
Levitic's
2
3
6
30
11
7
5
4
2
1
71
Numbers
4
32
5
1
1
57
1
22
16
7
1
2
1
150
Deuter'y
2
92
36
88
1
17
5
11
36
4
2
2
296
Joshua
6
24
15
16
6
6
2
5
8
1
1
90
Judges
4
36
4
36
2
8
1
5
1
92
Ruth
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
12
1 Samuel
5
44
7
1
3
61
8
2
5
h
1
8
5
158
2 Samuel
3
32
4
36
7
3
2
1
88
1 Kings
5
20
8
2
38
4
4
12
5
1
1
100
2 Kings
3
17
3
32
3
2
3
1
2
66
1 Chron.
4
9
4
14
8
1
1
41
2 Chron.
16
38
18
1
1
45
28
1
3
5
1
1
158
Esdras B
5
22
5
1
2
32
4
16
1
7
16
1
1
113
Psalms
7
22
2
1
1^
6
2
1
1
1
61
Proverbs
26
32
4
2
7
2
2
1
3
1
80
Ecclesi's
4
5
1
2
12
Song
1
5
6
Job
6
49
2
6
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
83
Esther
10
22
20
15
3
2
1
2
75
Hosea
9
2
2
2
15
Amos
1
1
2
Micah
3
1
4
Joel
1
1
Obadiah
1
1
Jonah
3
1
1
5
Nahum
Habak'k
2
2
Zcpha'h
1
1
Haggai
1
1
Zwhar'h
1
12
• 13
Maiachi
2
2
1
5
Isaiah
0
74
9
2
66
6
1
5
2
1
11
1H6
Jeremiah
4
43
7
50
1
1
4
7
3
1
2
123
Lamen's
u
2
3
M
Ezekiel
2
li)
35
2
1
1
1
1
53
Daniel
9
153
S2
S02
24
196
18
IT
14
31
886
5
75
1
163
1
40
1
74
3
121
7
1
26
2^
25
115
Totals
26.'»9
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
43
EXHIBIT B. — NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF THE
ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.
a
aa
b
bb
.1
V
k
e
0
f
s
h
{/
c
r
Tot.
GeiiesiH
13
2
87
13
3
4
5
3
2
132
ExfHhis
1
3
u
4
1
1
34
Leviticus
1
1
27
7
1
2
1
40
Ntiiiiberfi
19
1
2
1
1
24
Dt'utcn/y
3
21
2
1
1
28
Joshua
1
16
2
1
22
./il<t(/('.S
10
1
22
30
1
1
4
2
71
Ruth
3
1
1
1
6
6
1
2
3
1
25
1 Samuel
1
1
5
1
3
28
12
8
3
1
58
2 Samuel
1
19
1
1
JfO
33
1
5
3
3
2
3
112
1 Kingn
2
10
3
1
30
29
2
8
15
2
1
103
2 Kings
6
2
Ul
16
4
3
7
1
3
83
1 (Jhrou.
1
17
u
1
17
52
11
1
1
2
107
2 Chmn.
k
22
5
6
66
U6
8
11
7
3
1
179
Esdrds B.
1
A
3
4
13
4
5
5
2
41
I'SdllllH
U
2
28
2
85
70
3
5
3
5
2
209
Proverbs
5
3
1
6
.6
21
EccU'sia'es
5
10
18
16
13
1
2
26
1
1
93
Sony
Job
5
1
1
10
12
1
2
32
Esther
8
8
Hosca
3
6
6
1
16
Amos
7
o
8
1
21
.Mivah
4
1
1
4
2
12
Joel
/
2
3
(}l/(((Ii«f/i
1
1
Joiio/i
1
Jf
1
2
5
13
No /ill III
1
1
2
Hiiljok'nk
1
5
9
2
17
XeiJion'ah
1
6
6
12
H(i(/(/<ii
1
1
2
4
Zerhoriah
6
3
16
25
Md/iicfii
1
h
1
1
7
Isoioli
3
1
18
1
19
37
3
1
1
2
1
87
,lereiiii(tli
3
2
1
17
2
1
hi
80
6
8
1
2
1
171
Lomenttt^H
1
2
9
4
1
17
Fzekiel
1
1
2
6
113
103
5
10
2
S
260
Daniel
I
32
7
2It2
30
W
22
800
2
649
52
I5
Vi
2
64
19
I7
S
27
Totals
26
2107
44
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT C — NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF
ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN APOCRYPHA.
a
b
J
1
i
V
k
d
e
o
f
P
s
h
8
c
X
Tot.
Esdras A
7
33
51
9
4
31
2
3
2
8
7
1
1
152
Wis. Sol.
10
44
2
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
76
Wis. Sir.
34
52
1
1
2
1
34
12
9
4
3
2
9
164
Esth.Ad.
2
18
4
1
4
8
1
2
40
Judith
7
23
25
6
1
9
2
4
4
1
83
Tobit
18
21
15
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
2
5
77
Baruch
4
3
4
5
1
17
Ep. Jer.
3
13
1
1
3
4
25
Sussana
2
4
2
2
1
11
Bel Dra.
1
2
3
1 Macca.
18
111
27
10
4
1
56
7
6
2
3
11
12
4
2
1
275
2 Macca.
43
165
40
10
39
19
1
19
3
9
3
6
3
360
3 Macca.
4
63
13
4
17
8
9
7
1
1
127
4 Macca.
19
167
90
642
197
27
16
91
1
8
8
3
2
19
1
8
9
171
Totals
188
14
26
55
25
50
26
32
3
22
1581
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
45
EXHIBIT D.— NUMBER, DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF THE
ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN THE APOCRYPHA.
a
aa
b
bb
.')
V
k
e
f
•s
h
(J
c
1'
Tot.
Esdras A.
1
1
U
20
1
27
H7.S. Sol.
6
4
1
1
1
1
U
Wis. Sir.
1
1
1
1
31
2
2
1
JfO
Esfh. Ad.
5
1
6
Judith
1
1
5
13
10
1
1
1
33
Tohif
2
10
4
16
Banich
7
i
1
12
Ej). Jer.
1
1
Snssana
1
1
Bel Dra.
1 Macca.
22
5
1
32
62
3
1
5
5
136
2 Mcvcca.
5
k
22
2
33
i Macca.
3
2
9
n
4 Macca.
19
S
1
8
1
30
5
8
6
161
85
8
2
1
9
6
2
3
3
16
Totals
349
46
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
EXHIBIT E.— NUMBER. DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF
ANARTHROUS INFINITIVES IN NEW TESTAMENT.
a
b j livdeofps h g c x r n Tot.
Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
ICor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Ths.
2Ths.
ITim.
2 Tim.
Titus
Phile.
Heb.
James
IPet.
2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.
Tot.
36
34
58
14
74
3
14
6
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
9
1
107
100
156
90
180
34
40
30
20
16
16
4
19
3
25
10
15
2
34
12
7
9
15
289
5
2
4
5
47
16
7
13
1
54
4
38
19
64
10
29
5
7
5
2
13
992114 5 8310 211 8 42 55 1215 55 401311
10
1 1
225
184
328
138
425
64
85
51
27
27
24
11
32
11
3'J
17
21
3
71
19
14
14
7
5
5
9
101
1957
TABULAR EXHIBITS OF THE INFINITIVES.
47
EXHIBIT F.- XUMBEJi, DISTIUIiUTIOX AXD USE OF THE
ARTICULAR IXFIXITIVE IX THE XEW TESTAMEXT.
a
aa
b
bb
.)
V
k
e
f
H
h
9
c
r
Tot.
Matt.
2
18
7
1
27
Murk
h
12
16
Lake
1
1
1
2
Jf9
12
5
1
72
John
^
U
Acts
2
1
3
1
-4
27
8
2
3
1
52
Rom.
4
1
1
19
2
1
u
2
34
1 Cor.
S
2
8
2
15
2 Cor.
u
Jf
1
8
1
1
1
20
Gal
^
1
5
Eph.
S
3
Phil.
6
u
A
1
1
16
Col.
1 Tlies.
1
10
2
13
2 Thes.
8
8
1 Tim.
2 Tim.
Tit its
Phde.
Hct}.
1
18
2
1
22
James
1
6
7
1 Peter
1
2
1
4
2 Peter
1 Jofni
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.
1
1
Tot
H
3
IS
6
2
8
200
33
3
1
18
2
5
1
319
EXHIBIT G.— NUMBER, DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF
ALL INFINITIVES IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Roman t}°pe indicates anarthrous infinitives, italic type indicates articular infinitives.
Uses
0.
T.
Apoc.
N.
T.
Sep.
Tot.
Tot.
a i«
aa
153
28
32
167
19
3
289
24
3
609
69
38
716
-\l
802
2U2
642
8
30
992
IS
6
2436
25
278
2739
J ./
196
30
197
5
114
2
507
37
544
1
27
5
32
32
i
18
91
83
192
192
V V
11
19
8
8
10
8
29
35
64
k A-
14
800
8
161
200
22
1161
1183
d
886
188
211
1285
1285
e e
75
6^9
14
85
8
33
97
767
864
o o
163
52
26
42
231
52
283
f f
40
75
55
8
55
3
150
86
236
P
74
25
12
111
111
S H
121
75
50
2
15
1
186
78
264
h //
32
6U
26
9
55
18
113
91
204
g U
26
19
32
6
40
2
98
27
125
c c
23
17
3
2
13
5
39
2k
63
X
25
22
11
58
58
r
3
3
1
7
7
r
1
1
1
n
1
1
1
Tot.
2659
2107
1581
349
1957
319
6197
2775
8972
48
EXHIBIT H.— THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVES
IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
In the square of figures following each use in each ruled column the upper left hand cor-
ner is for the number of pkkskxt infinitives, the lower left hand corner for the aorists,
the upper right hand corner for the ki'TI'KKs, the lower right hand corner for the I'KKFKCTS.
Koman type indicates anarthrous infinitives, italic type indicates articular infinitives.
Uses
<
3.
T.
Apoc.
N.
T.
Tot.
,
7
17
13
a ^"
54
1
18 1
74
2
106 1
11
284 2
a -
93
3
11
90 3
1
181 1
1
422 8
aa
21
2
2
( (;6
2
7
10
268
3
2
262 15
1
481 3
3
1100 21
528
3
59
360 5
9
501 7
2
1602 16
182 1
21
4
47
5
7
78 13
2
52 1
1
187 19
J ./
143
1
2S
106
3
61
1
337 1
I
pr.27
pr.5
pr.32
11
3
48 22
62 2
121 27
i
4
11 10
7 12
18 26
7
7
7
5
6
6
38
V V
4
12
1
3
4
2
26
k A-
1
313
4
64
105
487
13
J,7h 13
4
93 4
87 8
671 25
d
239
44 1
38
321 1
645
2
143
173
961 2
30
169
4
U
2
9
228
e e
45
Jf80
10
70 1
6
24
635 1
78
26
5
19
128
o o
H4
1
26
21
23
154 1
f /.
18
22
34
3
36
1
114
22
53
21
5
18 1
2
121 1
13
6
1
20
P
61
18 1
11
90 1
s «
66
53
2
24
51
11 2
37
2
6
9
1
107 4
153
h h
11
12
9 1
2
23
12
69 1
L'l
51 1
16
7
32
6
133 1
\)
li)
14
4
10
1
48
^ U
17
u
17 1
2
29 1
1
75 2
11
5
1
9
4
30
c c
12
1
12
3
1
1
3 1
1
32 1
2
X
23
1
1
2
21
11
55 1
1
r
3
1
1
r
aor.l
aor.l
n
pr.l
pr.l
Tot.
865
T4
670
632 54
129
860 6
165
3327 74
1765
15
11,16 16
875 20
215 5
1068 23
146 8
5484 87
49
50 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
7. TABLE OF AVERAGES OF OCCURRENCE OF THE
INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
The following table shows the average occurrence to the
page of the infinitive, and separately of the anarthrous and
articular forms, in Biblical Greek as a whole, and separately
in each of the three main divisions.
AVERAGES IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
No. of pages, 2874
No. of infinitives, 8972 Average no. to page, 3. 1
No. of anarth. infinitives, 6197 Average no. to page, 2. 1
No. of artic. infinitives, 277o Average no. to page, .9
AVERAGES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.
No. of pages, 1909
No. of infinitives, 4766 Average no. to page, 2. 5
No. of anarth. infinitives. 2659 Average no. to page, 1.4
No. of artic. infinitives, 2107 Average no. to page, 1.1
AVERAGES IN THE APOCRYPHA.
No. of pages, 437
No. of infinitives, 1930 Average no. to page, 4.4
No. of anarth. infinitives. 1581 Average no. to page, 3.6
No. of artic. infinitives. 349 Average no. to page, .6
AVERAGES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.
No. of pages, 528
No. of infinitives. 2276 Average no. to page, 4.2
No. of anarth. infinitives, 1957 Average no. to page. 3.6
No. of artic. infinitives, 319 Average no. to page, .6
Average number to the page of all infinitives is — B. G.
3.1. O. T. 2.5, Apoc. 4.4, N. T. 4.2. Anarthrous infinitives
— B. G. 2.1, O. T. 1.4. Apoc. 3.6, N. T. 3.6. Articuhir in-
finitives—B. G. .9. O. T. 1.1, Apoc. .8, N. T. .6. Anarth-
rous infinitives numerically surpass articular infinitives — B.
G. 2.1 to .9, O. T. 1.4 to 1.1, Apoc. 3.6 to .K N. T. 3.6 to .6.
FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE. 51
8. FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE.
It may be seen from the foregoing tables with what fre-
quency, where, with what use and with what form the infin-
itive is employed in Biblical Greek.
It is an important and much used part of the verb. Each
page contains 3 (and a fraction more) infinitives; in the O. T.
the number averages 2^ to the page, in the Apoc. 4^. in the
N. T. 4i. The comparatively small number in the Old Test-
ament is due to the fact that it is a translation instead of an
original literary production.
The various uses which the infinitive serves are, accord-
ing to the classification here presented. 22 in number (count-
ing as one the anarthrous and the articular use when they
coincide). The anarthrous infinitive serves all these uses
except three (aa, bb, r). The articular infinitive serves 15
of the 22 uses, the remaining seven being 1. i. d, p, x. r. n.
It must however be noted that the classification distin<iuishes
between uses which in sense are the same but in form are
different, e. g. in sense a = both a and aa. d as well as e = c,
p as well as f =/. etc. Of the 19 anarthrous uses found in
Biblical Greek, all but one (k) appear in the N. T.. all but
two (r. n) appear in the Apoc. all but three (1. r, n) appear
in the O. T. Of the 15 articular uses the O. T. has every
one, the Apoc. and N. T. have all but one (o). (See the
lists of uses at head of tabular exhibits above, pp. 42-47.)
Tliese 22 uses of the infinitive, arranged in the order of
their relative frequency of occurrence, are as follows (for
the interpretation oT the .symbolic letters see above, pj). .').(),
also p. 30 ) :
B. G. - b (1 /.• r .1 j //'; () i s f h ]) g e // _/■ s' II X o (• ini j
V 1 v (/ b c k /• r n.
O. T. d b k f bt) j o a s e / s p A <i f h </</ ./ g a x c v
<j i '• Ic V b /•.
52 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Apoc. — b ] d a k i e f s g bb \ h o I) X a e h k X Ij r f
g J c aa r s c.
N. T.— b a, d k- ] i f h o g e a h s c b Y> X y e bb I V <■
aa j f g V n r .s.
Within each division, O. T., Apoc. and N. T.. there is a
conspicuously uneven distribution of articular as compared
with anarthrous infinitives, of the uses made of the infini-
tive, and of the number of instances of the several uses.
The New Testament has the fewest instances of the ar-
ticular infinitive (see above, p. 50), and the instances found
are mainly in Luke (72) and Acts (52). more than i of the 319
N. T. instances: while Jno. has but 4 and Rev. 1. Within the
Pauline Epistles the articular infinitives are unevenly dis-
tributed, e. g. Romans has 34 instances while 1 Cor. with al-
most as much material has but 15; Phil, has 16 instances
while the longer Eph. has 3; 1 Thess. has 13 instances while
Gal. has 5. As to variety of uses which the articular infini-
tive serves in N. T., Lk. has 8 different uses, Matt. 3, Mk. 2,
Jno. 1; Acts has 10 different uses, Rom. 8, 2 Cor. 7, Gal. and
Eph. 1 each. Col., 1 and 2 Tim. and Tit. none.
The anarthrous infinitive in the N. T. is also uneven in its
distribution. Lk. has 328 instances and Acts 425, making
753 out of 1957 (the whole number in N. T.). while Jno. has
but 138 and Rev. 101; 1 Tim. has 39 instances while Col. of
equal length has 11; Tit. has 21 while 1 Jno. with nearly
three times as much material has but 7.
In the N. T. the Lucan writings have the largest and the
most varied use of the infinitive, the Johannine writings
have the smallest and most contracted use, and the Pauline
writings show a very uneven u.se both in number and logical
forc<;.
The Apocrypha exhibit somewhat similar phenomena as
regards the infinitive;. The articular form occurs here, rela-
tively to the anarthrous form, a little more frequently than
in N. T. The uses which the articular infinitive serves in
AjKx;. are the same in number and kind as in N. T. The
FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE. .■')3
greatest variety of use is found in 1 Mace, and Judith. U
uses in the former and 8 in the latter. Its greatest frequen-
cy of occurrence is in 1 Mace, which has 136 instances where
Esd. A. with one-half as much material has but 27 instances.
and 2 Mace, with two-thirds as much material has 33 in-
stances. But in the case of the anarthrous infinitives other
books take the lead — 2 Mace, has the highest number. 360.
while 1 Mace, with one-third more material has but 27.'!. and
Esd. A. with one-third less material than 2 Mace, has 152.
But in the variety of uses 1 Mace, stands first, having 16
different uses of the anarthrous infinitive.
The Old Testament presents striking peculiarities in the
use of the infinitive, under the influence of the Hebrew
original. Taken entire, this division of Biblical Greek has
an almost equal number of instances of the anarthrous and
the articular infinitive. 2659 of the former and 2107 of the
latter. But this proportion varies greatly in the several
books, e. g. Gen. has 187 anarth. to 132 artic.. Ex. has 185
anarth. to 34 artie., Deut. has 296 anarth. to 28 artic. Judg.
has 92 anarth. to 71 artic. 1 Sam. has 158 anarth. to 58 artic.
while 2 Sam. has 88 anarth. to 112 artic. I Chron. has 41 an-
arth. to 107 artic. Psa. has 61 anarth. to 209 artic, Eccles.
lias 12 anarth. to 93 artic. Am. has 2 anarth. to 21 artic.
Isa. has 186 anarth. to 87 artic. Jer, has 123 anarth. to
171 artic. Ezek. has 53 anarth. to 250 artic. The propor-
tion between anarthrous and articular infinitives thus varies
in the O. T. books all the way from 10.^ anarth. to 1 artic. to
5 artic to 1 anarth. This variety is due to differences of
subject matter, to differences in the original, and to different
translators.
The greatest variety of uses of the articular intinitive in
the O. T. is found in the middle historical books and greater
prophets. The uses of the anarthrous infinitive are many
in all the larger books, especially Gen.. Deut., Josh., 1 Stun.
54 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
9. HEBRAISTIC INFLUENCE UPON THE USE OF
THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Inasmuch as the Septuagint Old Testament is a transla-
tion from a Hebrew original, a translation in many respects
close and literal, it is in the Old Testament especially that
evidences appear of the influence of the Hebrew upon the
use of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. Evidences of this
influence also appear, less extensively and less conspicuous-
ly, in the Apocrypha and New Testament, for some of the
Apoc. books (e. g. 1 Mace.) are directly or indirectly from a
Hebrew (Aramaic) original, which may be true also of por-
tions of the N. T. (e. g. the Logia underlying Matt, and Lk. ,
and possibly the epistle of James); and because the writers
of both these divisions, equally with the writers of the O.
T. division, were Jews employing a language not their own
and therefore traces of their native tongue occasionally ap-
pear in their writings. This Hebraistic influence upon Bib-
lical Greek does not. however, affect the use of the infinitive
as largely as it affects some other features of this literature.
How it does affect it may be briefly indicated.
In Hebrew the article is not used with the infinitive. The
conspicuous frequency of the articular infinitive in the O. T.
is not therefore an imitation of the Hebrew. Indeed, one
might have expected that on this account the articular infin-
itive would be u.sed less frequently in the O. T. than in the
other two divisions — but the reverse is the case (see above,
p. 50). In so.ne degree the frequent construction of the in-
finitive with h'- in Heb. causes a larger corresponding prepo-
sitional use of the infinitive in Grk. , though the average oc-
curn-nci; of this u.s(! is not larger than in the other two divi-
sions. ALso, the number of articular infinitives may have
been .somewhat increased by a use of the article to represent
.some other element in the Heb., e. g. /•'or 'cf/r, but this is
uncertain. It is clear that the frequency of the articular
HEBRAISTIC INFLUENCE ON THE INFINITIVE. 55
infinitive is in the main a feature of style peculiar to certain
of the O. T. translators.
The Hebraistic influence is chiefly of two kinds: it affects
the frequency of occurrence of the infinitive, and it affects
the uses which the infinitive is made to serve.
In the Old Testament, where the Hebraistic influence ap-
pears in the fullest degree, the infinitive is found only a little
more than half as frequently (2.5 to the page) as in Apoc.
(4.4 to the page) and N. T. (4.2 to the page). While there
may be other reasons also for this O. T. neglect of the infin-
itive, the chief reason is that the closeness of the translation
to the Hebrew original has in countless instances led to the
use of a finite verb or other simple form of expression where
in free Greek composition the infinitive would have been
used. The frequency of occurrence of the Hebrew infinitive
in the original has not been tabulated — it probably aver-
ages higher than in the Septuagint translation; but the He-
brew infinitive in some of its common uses has no parallel
in the Greek language and no imitation in the Septuagint.
However, in the Apocrypha and New Testament, where
the language is free Greek ( Hellenistic, of course ) the infin-
itive is comparatively unrestricted in frequency of use — only
comparatively unrestricted, for even here the coordinative
structure of the Hebrew sentence and the Hebraistic sim-
plicity of expression exert an indirect influence upon these
two divisions of Biblical Greek.
There is also an influence of the Hebrew upon the uses
which the infinitive is made to serve.
One use which is characteri.stic of Biblical Greek, and
which seems to have developed under Hebraistic influence,
is the e})exegctic or explanatory use (=s, s. see above, pp.
14. 2.')). This use is mA opposed to the genius of the Greek
language — it is but a slight extension of the infinitive of re-
sult and the ai)positional infinitive. Illustrations of how
this u.se developed under the influence of the Hebrew may
be seen by a comparison of the Hebrew and the Septuagint
56 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
texts in Gen. 3:22. Num. 14:36. Deut. 20:19. Josh. 17:13.
Psa. 78:18, and other passages cited above, pp. 14, 25.
A constantly recurring expression in the O. T. (Sept.),
derived from the Hebrew idiom, is that of irpoa-TiBriixi with the
infinitive to denote continuance or repetition, e, g. Gen. 4:2.
1 Sam. 3:6. Lk. 20:11,12. Acts 12:3. The expression occurs
rarely in the Apoc. and but three times in the N. T.
Two crass imitations of the Hebrew idiom of the infinitive
occur in our Vatican text of the O. T. One is in Josh. 17:13,
where i^oXtdpevaai . . i$w\($p€v(rav reproduces the common He-
brew infinitive absolute as an intensive cognate, a construc-
tion generally resolved in the Greek into the dative case of
a cognate noun, e. g. Gen. 2:17. So in this passage accord-
ing to Codex Alexandrinus. The other gross Hebraism is in
Gen. 25 : 32, where Tropeuo/nai TcXcurav is an exact reproduction
of the Hebrew phrase regardless of the fact that the Greek
idiom requires /xcXAcj instead of Tropevo/tiat.
It would not have been surprising if these and other He-
braistic uses of the infinitive had found their way more fre-
quently into the Septuagint. Especially is it noticeable that
there is no exact reproduction of that everywhere present
Hebrew idiom, the infinitive with /*; this phrase is rendered
into Greek by the anarthrous infinitive alone, by the artic-
ular (tov) infinitive alone, by the articular infinitive with the
prei)osition «is or Trpds. and less frequently in other ways, but
not by the preposition with an anarthrous infinitive except
perhai)s in the four tt? instances, one in the O. T. and three
in the Apoc, cited above (p. IS).
There are no Greek uses of the infinitive whicli by Hebra-
istic influence have been entirely shut out of the Biblical
Greek. Uses 1. n, r, the only uses In B. G. not found in O.
T.. are rare.
But the relative proportion which subsists in the normal
Greek b<itw(*«!n the s(!V<!nil uses of the infinitive is much af-
fected by Hebraistu; influence. The extent and nature of
this difference cannot be indicated in detail because the data
HEBRAISTIC INFLUEN'CE ON THE INFINITIVE. .U
of the intinitive in normal Greek have not been collected,
but a cursory examination shows that the difference is larsfe.
and appears oftenest in the O. T.
Because of the fact that the Hebrew has no indirect dis-
course the infinitive in indirect discourse is seldom found in
the O. T. which, with four times as much material as either
Apoc. or N. T. has but 1*^ instances of this use to Apoc. 1>1
and N. T. 83.
The grand use of the intinitive in the Old Testament is
to express })uri)ose (see above, p. 4'^). this beintj its force in
\^2') out of 4760 instances, more than one-third of all. Then
follow in order of frequency the use of the infinitive as verb-
al object. 1322 instances; as prepositional object", Hi 4 in-
stances: to express result. 3h5 instances; as subject. 211 in-
stances; leaving 209 instances distributed among five other
uses.
The Apocrypha and New Testament present a different
(jrder and proportion of the uses of the infinitive. In these
two divisions the main use is as verbal object, this being its
force in 2249 out of 42(»() instances, more than one-half of
all. Then follow in order of frequency the use of the infin-
itive to exi)ress purpose. 607 instances; as subject. r)05 in-
stances; as prepositional object, 3H1 instances; to express
result, 220 instances: leaving 2r)0 instances distributed among
seven othei" u.ses.
The differences of proportion in tlie uses of the infinitive
as seen in tliis comparison of the O. T. with the Apoc. and
N. T. is chiefly due to the direct influence of the Hebrew
original. In a small degree also, and indirectly. Hebraistic
influence has affected the proportion of uses in the Apoc.
and X. T. ; but it is probable that, if the data of the infini
live in nornuil Greek were collected, they would show a
similar order to that of the Apoc. and N. T. in the relative
fre(|uency of occurrence of the greater uses which the infini
tive is made to serve.
58 THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
10. USE OF THE SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE.
Biblical Greek presents nothing peculiar in the use of
the subject of the infinitive. The one modification which
is noticeable in a comparison with classical Greek, but which
is characteristic of the common dialect Greek generally, is
the more frequent expression of the subject, for particular-
ization, emphasis or perspicuity. As a general rule, the
subject is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the
governing verb, or when it is the same as the object of the
governing verb, or when by reason of its general, indefinite
character or its easy inference from some other portion of
the sentence, it is sufficiently clear.
When the subject of the infinitive is expressed it is always
in the accusative case. The position of the subject in the
clause regularly is immediately before, or less frequently
after, the infinitive. The object of the infinitive follows the
infinitive, and follows also the subject if that stands after
the infinitive.
11. USE OF THE NEGATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.
Only those instances are here considered in which the
infinitive itself is modified by the negative. The total num-
ber of such instances in Biblical Greek is 304. Of this num-
ber 330 have the simple negative form firj, and the remaining
24 instances have comi)ound forms of nrj. There has been
found no instance in the.se texts where oi or any compound
of ou directly modifies an infinitive.
The anarthrous infinitive with /ai/ occurs in the O. T. 59
times, in the Ai)oc. 32 times, in the N. T. 47 times; in all
139 instances. The articular infinitive with firj occurs in the
O. T. \'',i\ times (tov*^, rd"). in the Apoc. 21 times {tov'\ to"),
in the N. T. 'JJ') times (toC'\ to'"); in all 192 times (toG'", to"").
The majority of negatived infinitives are of the articular form
for the rea.son that in the case of the anarthrous form the
negative more frequently limits the finite governing verb.
THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE. 59
1L\ TENSES OP THE INFINITIVE IN BIBL GREEK.
The table on p. 49 above presents a summary of the data
about the tenses of the infinitive in Biblical Greek. Of the
whole number of instances of the infinitive. 8972. there are
r)4H4 aorists. 3327 presents, 87 perfects and 74 futures.
The common grammatical distinction between the present
and the aorist tenses of the infinitive is here also observed,
the present indicating that the action or state denoted by
the infinitive is thought of as in progress, the aorist indicat-
ing that that action or state is thought of indefinitely as re-
gards progress. The aorists predominate over the presents
in the Apoc. and N. T. in the ratio of 4 to 3, but in the O. T.
in the ratio of 2 to 1. This difference is noticeable, and is
probably due to the influence of the Hebrew original. One
of the chief kinds of variant readings in the O. T. (Sept.)
MSs. is the aorist for present and present for aorist in the
instances of the infinitive.
But one use (of those which are found more than a few
times) employs one tense to the exclusion of all others: this
is use 1. the anarthrous infinitive as verbal object in saluta-
tions. There is no striking preference in any other use for
the present as against the aorist. or rhr rcrsa.
The j)erfect and the future ten.ses are used infrequently.
Of the perfect tense there are in the O. T. 31 instances (an-
arth.". artic"), in the Apoc. 25 instances (anarth.**. artic.*),
in the N. T. 31 instances (anarth.". artic"). In some of these
instances the perfect has a ])resent force, tut in the most of
them the ])erfect has its true force denoting completed action
or resultant state. The instances of the perfect are mainly
in indirect discours** and as pn'positional and v«»rbal objt'ct.
Tlie future intinitive. in every instance anartlirous, <M'curs
li times in <). T., .'• I tiim's in Ap(K'., 6 times in N. T. : and
the Ap(x;. instanci's are almost wholly in 2 and 3 Mace. The
instances of the future are nuiinly in indirect di.scourse. as
verbal object and after verbs of commanding.
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