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U. S. NAVY EDUCATION

STUDY COURSES

MANUAL OF STANDARD PRACTICE

ANNOUNCEMENT OF COURSES

KEVISED MARCH, 1*22

NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

U. S. NAVY EDUCATION

STUDY COURSES

MANUAL OF STANDARD PRACTICE
AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF COURSES

PREPARED FOR

THE VOLUNTARY INSTRUCTION
OF THE ENLISTED PERSONNEL

THE EDUCATIONAL WORK OUTLINED IN THIS

PAMPHLET SUPPLEMENTS THAT NOW

BEING GIVEN IN THE NAVY

NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

MARCH, 1922

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922

£
£

"It is just as much the duty of officers to educate men for
our trades as it is to train and drill them at stations. Unless
we both educate and train green men in our trades, we cannot
keep our mechanisms in condition for battle or ready for war.
No amount of training at battle stations will keep our ships
efficient unless our men are also educated to handle, care for, and
maintain our equipment."

Letter of Instructions No. 2-21, Force,

Fleet, 28 June, 1921.

(2)

FOREWORD.

The mastery of modern naval practices, by reason of the
complex and intricate mechanism involved, requires thorough
skill.

The vital importance of personnel in the Navy to-day focuses
the attention on the individual. We must draw from each indi-
vidual man the best he has to give. The first step toward this
is to offer him every opportunity to learn how to do his work
each day efficiently.

The Navy Education Study Courses have been designed for
this definite purpose. They give the men opportunity to com-
bine the study of theory with the actual practice in their daily
naval duties; to study a principle and then see its working out
on the ship itself. Experience has shown that certain vessels
which have encouraged the use of "rating courses" have increased
the efficiency of their personnel and decreased their operating
costs.

An examination of the courses herein outlined will prove that
they are not offered with any idea of diverting the ship from its
ambition to become a fighting unit. On the contrary, each sub-
ject is so related to some naval duty that it directly bears on the
military efficiency of the command.

EDWIN DENBY.

(3)

494502

THE PURPOSE OF NAVY EDUCATION STUDY COURSES.

No command can reach its highest efficiency unless the personnel
is adequately trained in technical duties.

Experience alone is a slow teacher. To learn to do solely by
doing and find the best waj~ through the trial and error method
is a wasteful procedure. A simple form of technical instruction
plus experience produces a more rapid and satisfactory method
of training. With a few months' study of the Navy Education
Courses advantage may be had of the lifetime experience of other
men in the various technical lines.

The primary object of these courses is to aid commanding
officers in obtaining a higher degree of efficiency from their per-
sonnel, and thereby produce a more effective Navy. The second-
ary object is to enable enlisted personnel to become more proficient
in their present ratings, to attain advancement in ratings, and at
the same time to become better equipped individuals.

Courses built on the correspondence-school plan have been
used in order to present the subject matter of each course in the
simplest and most practical way. These are mastered by the
man through self-instruction plus the personal help and guidance
of the officers. The only assistance which the student requires is
in the selection of his course, the correction of his assignments,
occasional explanation of problems, encouragement, etc., by
either officers or capable petty officers.

References to certain books for study and supplementary
reading are inserted in many of the courses. The object of
these references is to encourage the individual to perfect himself
in the field covered by the course. These books should be kept
in the crew's library.

Unofficial reports from commanding officers indicate that until
men show an earnest desire to study they should not be urged to
take up courses, but that the amount of interest taken in this
work by the men will be only proportional to the interest shown
and the assistance rendered by the officers.

The Bureau of Navigation has consulted with the various other
bureaus in the selection, revision, and adaptation of courses and
texts, in order to establish a close and practical relationship
between courses and ratings.

(5)

Educational courses best adapted for Navy use have been
selected from the leading correspondence schools and universities
of the country. Although such material has proved fully satis-
factory, the bureau is issuing certain specially constructed courses
by naval officers of the bureaus concerned. Courses have already
been produced on " Boiler Operation/' "Deck Artificer Ratings/'
"Pumps," "Marine Steam Turbines/' "Chemistry," "Pharmacy,"
and "Elementary English."

If these courses are issued to capable and ambitious men, their
value will be apparent. They will not, however, make any marked
contribution to the general efficiency of the ship unless they re-
ceive the full support of the ship's officers.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN.

The Navy Education System has the following basic features:

1. The Educational service shall be offered to all enlisted men
of the Navy.

2. The Educational system may be installed in any ship or
station upon the official request of the commanding: officer.

3. Enrollment for courses shall be optional on the part of all
men.

4. The work shall be done on the individual's free time and
shall not interfere with the ship's regular routine.

5. Courses and textbooks shall be furnished free of charge to
all enlisted men.

6. Study shall be done by the self-instruction method
instead of the class-room method. If desired, however, courses
may be used as manuals of instruction for the ship's regu-
lar instructional periods.

7. Courses of study are built on the correspondence course
plan, this being the most practical form for self-instruction. The
courses shall be of a technical nature bearing directly on
naval duties and closely related to naval ratings, with a few
general courses designed to furnish a background for those
men who have not had the preparatory training necessary to the
mastery of the technical courses.

8. Work accomplished shall be entered on the man's service
record. He shafl be granted a certificate of attainment for
each subject completed, and a diploma for the completion of the
entire course.

9. An educational officer or officers shall be detailed to
encourage and aid the men in their studies, stimulate them to
complete work begun, correct lesson assignments, assign grades,
issue new lessons, etc.

10. Organization details of the Educational work on each
ship shall be left to the commanding officer of that vessel.

11. Educational advisers with special training and practical
experience will be detailed by the Bureau to assist command-
ing officers in installing Navy Educational courses, in working
out the most practical organization, and in suggesting modern and
effective educational methods.

(7)

ANALYSIS OF NAVY EDUCATIONAL WORK,
MARCH, 1922.

Fleets.

Total
requests.

Requests granted and work
installed.

Total
number
men
enrolled.

Atlantic

Battleships.
9 (U. S. S. Florida. .....

I 500

\U. S. S. Arkansas.. ..
U. S. S. Tennessee. ..
II. S. S. Oklahoma. ..
U S S Texas

Pacific

« U. S. S. New York. . .

2 448

Atlantic

147

U. S. S. California.. ..
U.S. S.Nevada.... '..
U. S. S. New Mexico..
U.S. S.Mississippi....

Destroyers.
134 .

1,522

Pacific ....

106

800

Asiatic

Atlantic

Tenders and flagships.
4

317

Pacific

200

Asiatic

Atlantic

Train.
1

Pacific

145

Atlantic

Mine squadrons.

Pacific

Special service and naval
transport vessels.

i 127

Shore stations.*
7

i 142

Individual requests from
ships and stations.

393

247 Total enrollment.

6,228

1 Figures approximate.

2 Included in the total enrollment are six shore stations. The bureau regrets that its limited funds
have not permitted a greater spread of educational work among shore stations.

(8)

REQUESTS FOR INSTALLATION OF NAVY EDUCATION.

Commanding officers desiring that this general voluntary
educational program shall be placed in operation on board the
vessels or at the stations under their commands should make
official application as follows:
Atlantic Fleet and Pacific Fleet:

Battleships, train, and all other vessels except destroyer
forces, address —

Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, via official

channels.
Destroyer forces, address —

Commander, Destroyer Force.

100110—22 2 (0)

PART I

MANUAL OF STANDARD PRACTICE

FOR THE DIRECTION OF NAVY

EDUCATIONAL WORK

(ii)

SUGGESTIONS AS TO HOW EDUCATIONAL COURSES MAY
PRODUCE BEST RESULTS.

REQUESTS FOR ADDITIONAL EDUCATIONAL SUPPLIES.

Atlantic Fleet —

Battleships, train, and all vessels otherjbhan destroyers,
address —

Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, via official

channels.
Destroyer force, address —

Educational Officer, Atlantic Destroyer Squadrons.
Pacific Fleet-
All vessels, address —

Educational Supply Base, (now) Administration Build-
ing, Naval Repair Base, San Diego, Calif.
Foreign and special duty, address —

Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, via official
channels.

ENROLLMENTS.

Careful enrollment is a long step toward successful educational
work.

1. Educational advisers are on duty at both the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts and will assist the commanding officer with
enrollment. Their familiarity with the courses and their prac-
tical experience will greatly help officers interested in making
effective enrollments and organization.

2. The following is suggested as the most practical method
of enrolling:

(a) Preliminary conversation with educational advisers
when practicable.

(6) Obtain list of courses and samples from Bureau of
Navigation or educational adviser.

(c) Give publicity to ship's company. Battleships publish
at quarters and use bulletin board. Small vessels arrange for
informal talk. The commanding officer, or his representative,
should be able to express general scope as well as advantages of
free educational courses.

(13)

Bulletin board notices to be effective should be full of punch
and to the point. The following are examples of bulletins
which were worked out by one commanding officer and used
with good results :

BULLETIN No. .

Are you satisfied with life?

If not, why not?

Do you know where you are headed?

A ship headed for no port at all will never reach any port. The same is true
of you.

Capitalize your spare time. Devote it to making yourself a more valuable
man, which will mean more happiness and success for you. Also more money
if you save some of it as you earn it.

Owing to the lack of funds for fuel, the cruising of this ship during the next
three months will be much less than the previous three months, and will allow
more leisure time for educational work.

There will be many opportunities to study and to increase your earning
capacity either in the service or on the outside. The reading room will be
available always for study and reading — nothing else.

The Navy Education System offers you various courses of instruction free of
charge. Each course successfully condenses a lifetime of experience into a few
months' study. Why not learn from other men's experience.

If you are in earnest when you say to yourself that you must do something to
permanently increase your earning capacity, then enroll and take the course of
training which is along the line of your naval duties or which appeals most to
you. It is a step which you will never regret.

Lieut. — is ready at any time to advise and enroll you.

Lieutenant Commander. U. S. N., Executive Officer.
POSTER.

WILL LIFE FOR YOU BE A
SUCCESS OR FAILURE?

DO YOU KNOW

The Short Cut to Success
In Any Trade Is a Thorough
Knowledge of That Trade.

NAVY EDUCATION
CO URSE

Will Give You Practical
Training, Will Help You
To a Higher Rating, and
Will Better Fit You for
Life.

ITS UP TO YOU.

(d) Men desiring to enroll, report to designated place to
look over sample courses and confer with educational officer
or adviser.

(e) Take names of men and courses desired. Forward
letter to nearest educational supply depot or bureau, requesting
number of courses desired in each subject.

(/) On receipt of courses, send for men enrolled. Issue first
lessons, and give instructions as to study, turning in of
finished assignments, etc.

(g) Simple records of courses received, names of students,
date of enrollments, date of issue and return of lessons, grades
for completed assignments, etc., should be kept by one of the
ship's officers assisted by an efficient yeoman or non-rated
man.

(Ji) An officer, appreciative of the value of these courses in
the training of his men, should be placed in charge of these
courses, if practicable.
3. CAUTION.

(a) Not more than two courses at a time are rec-
ommended for one man. Spelling, penmanship, arithmetic,
and English are excepted.

(6) In certain cases it is good practice to let a man learn
for himself that he needs to study elementary mathematics in
order to master a technical subject, but as an educational foun-
dation is necessary, it is wise to advise student to first take
up simple course in mathematics or English. After defi-
ciencies have been corrected he may then take up a technical
subject.

(c) Men usually do the best work in subjects most closely
related to their work, but as intellectual progress in any sub-
ject increases man's value to ship, individuals showing interest
in special subjects should be encouraged.

(a) The individual will be aided if he will read and study the
references to books indicated in the courses. By such study
and reading he will acquire a wide knowledge of the subject
and will more quickly prepare himself for advanced work. To
those men interested in self-education the supplementary read-
ings suggested will open up a wide range of possibilities.

(e) Experience tends to indicate that approximately 10 per
cent of complement of battleship make satisfactory progress.
Courses should, therefore, be given primarily to capable,
steady, and ambitious men. The limitation applies more
especially to battleships.

SUPERVISION OF COURSES.

1. Past experience shows that the Education System, as in-
stalled on any one ship, stands or falls by the supervision of
the officers to whom the work is intrusted. The interest and
enthusiasm of the enlisted personnel has been found to be
uniformly good. If it does not remain so, it is a direct reflec-
tion upon the methods in use, and is generally the result of a
lack of supervision and interest by the officers concerned.

2. The following is suggested as the organization for
general supervision, correction of papers, consultations,
follow-up of individual's progress, etc.

ORGANIZATION FOE BATTLESHIP.1
Ship's educational officer.

1 Educational yeoman. 1

I Aid to educational officer. |

Officer
representing
engineering
force.

Offi
represe
deckl

cer
nting
orce.

Officer
representing
electrical
division.

Aids to engineer officer.2 |

I Aids to deck officer. [

I Aids to electrical officer. J

1 It will be necessary to modify this for destroyer or smaller type of vessel.

2 In exceptional cases men below the grade of chief petty officer may be found capable of grading
papers.

NOTE. — In cases of detachments, or transfers of educa-
tional officers or assistants, the commanding officer should
provide that officer or man " turns over" educational duties to
his relief with explanation of necessary operation. This is
most important that the educational work may continue
unbroken.

3. It is not deemed necessary for commissioned officers to
actually correct papers or personally instruct classes, except
perhaps in a few advanced courses. Where well-prepared war-
rant or petty officers are available as assistants, much of this
detail work' should be intrusted to them, under thorough
supervision of commissioned officers.

4. Keys giving solutions and answers to the questions and

Eroblems contained in these courses are to be placed in the
ands of the officers responsible for the grading of papers.
These keys are to be considered confidential. Officers are
requested to guard them with the strictest care. This is
vitally important that the original work of students may not
be thwarted by these keys falling into their hands. It is also

due to the publisher that his field should not be interfered with
by the keys getting outside the service into city schools where
corresponding textbooks have been adopted. Ke3^s on the various
subjects may be obtained from the bureau by official request.

5. It will be found that interested students will work put
most of their problems alone, and that petty officers detailed
to assist will in most cases cooperate willingly. Nevertheless,
the ship's educational officer should check up (through
division representatives) progress made each week. Division
representatives should, in turn, weekly inspect work of enlisted
assistants.

6. Progress reports should be demanded monthly.
Under normal conditions and when all reasonable encourage-
ment and help have been given a man and he has not turned in
an assignment within a month's time, he should return course
material and be stricken from records. Courses returned should
then be reissued to other students or returned to the Bureau of
Navigation.

7. Examination questions should be requested officially
upon completion of subject. They should come through the
Bureau or through the force educational organization, in order
that standards may be maintained upon all ships. Examina-
tion papers should be corrected by a commissioned officer desig-
nated by the commanding officer. Graded papers will then be
sent, for approval, to the Bureau of Navigation, Educational
Section, where they will be filed and appropriate certificates of
attainment forwarded to the commanding officer. Special
attention should be paid to officer's special knowledge of subject
in question. The Naval Academy scale of grading should be
used.

8. (a) Certificates of attainment (procured from Educa-
tional Supply Depot or Bureau of Navigation) should be signed
by commanding officer and issued to all students successfully
completing a subject. (See Part II, par. 6.)

(6) Diplomas (procured as in (a)) signed by Chief of Bureau
of Navigation are issued on completion of a course. (See Part
II, par. 6.) Certificates and diplomas (or copies) should be
attached to service records.

9. Commanding officers will find that designated office space
is essential for proper distribution of courses, filing of records,
etc. A reading room or study compartment where silence
is maintained will enable men to advance themselves more
rapidly in their courses and, therefore, in their ratings.

100110—22 3

10. (a) Additional enrollments may be made through
reissuing used or returned courses, or through an additional
request.

(b) Unused material should be returned to the bureau and
checked off supply record.

(c) Men transferred should carry remaining assignments of
subject to new duties. When practicable, letter should be
addressed to new commanding officer advising of work accom-
plished by student. Men discharged should return all books
and courses to ship's educational office before " clearing ship."

11. Enlisted man's rating record. — Grades for work done
in Navy Education Study Courses should be permanently
recorded on Enlisted Man's Rating Record as follows-

EDUCATIONAL RECORD OF

(To be permanently attached to service record.)
[Scale of marks: 4.0, excellent; 3.5, very good; 3, good; 2.5, passing; 2, fair; 1, indifferent; 0, bad.]

Ship.

Quarter end-
ing or date
of transfer.

Name of subject
and number of
assignment.

Grades.

Recom-
mended
for
further
instruc-
tion.

Executive officer's
signature.

Aver-
age on
assign-
ment.

final
exam-
ination.

U S S

Apr. 1, 1922

Boilers: Oil-fired.
Assignment,
1-15.

4.0

3.5

Yes...

CONSULTATIONS AND CORRECTION OF PAPERS.

(a) Lessons may be corrected by competent men under
supervision of officers. (See par. 3 of foregoing section.)

(&) Answers to questions (at conclusion of each lesson)
should be turned in each week to ship's educational office or to
some person designated.

(c) Grades should conform to Naval Academy system. A
conference should be held with each man who hands in
written work each week. The conference may be with individ-
ual or in groups. The student's errors should be pointed out
and he should be encouraged for any satisfactory progress
shown.

HOURS FOR STUDY AND INSTRUCTION.

(a) Men study outside of working hours, excepting in
ship or forces where a regular study or instruction period is
designated. Individual study permits as rapid advancement

as the student is capable of and is at its best when ship's activi-
ties are keenest. In the case of shortage of material, it may be
found advantageous to have two men study together. Groups
or class instruction may also prove advantageous when a group
of men from the same "gang" have taken up the same course.
(b) Instruction periods. — Some ships have done good
work without instruction periods, but they aid materially in the
successful operation of courses. In one instance the half hour
between 8:15 and 8:45 has been set aside five days a week as
an instruction period. Navy Education Courses may be used
for the instruction of individual men in cases where the course
applies to the regular rating or to the rating for which a man
may be striking. Experience tends to show that progress is far
more certain and rapid when such a period is observed. In cer-
tain forces, courses bearing directly on a man's duties are
studied on ship's time; all other courses are studied on man's
own time.

REPORTS.

Report forms showing increase or decrease of enrollment,
assignments completed, etc., are forwarded on the first of each
month to the bureau. They are not used to demonstrate
comparative progress of units, and are so constructed as to
require merely the copying of monthly records of the ship's
educational office, and should constitute no additional " paper
work." They are essential to the bureau in forecasting changes
in curriculum, stock demands, etc. It is earnestly desired that
commanding officers insist on accurate and prompt reports, so
that the bureau may provide for the field in an intelligent and
efficient manner.

SUGGESTIVE FORCE ORGANIZATIONS.

Force commander.

Force education officer.
(C. O. of flagship.)

Squad. Comdr.

Educational advisers.

MAINTAINING PRODUCTIVENESS OF COURSES.

1. The Navy Study Courses are now being used by 213 ships
and shore stations and are well beyond the experimental
stage. In the hands of an officer with initiative, intelligence;
vision, and leadership, this educational system has proved to be
a dynamic force for the surest and largest accomplishment of his
task. The best use of these courses will so make for improved
efficiency and a fuller functioning of the personnel in hand that
economical results should follow — more work and greater effec-
tiveness with the same force-has been demonstrated. Most
practical and immediate results should be obtained, as the men
are studying the very tools used by them in their everyday
work.

2. Difficulties. — Commanding officers interested in devel-
oping the efficiency of personnel through courses will find at
certain periods a falling off of interest. This will probably be
due to one of the following causes: Natural letdown after first
enrollment; inactivity of educational officer, division represent-
atives, or assistants; navy-yard periods, etc.; transfer or detach-
ments. Success will vary, and progress will be made in a series
of spurts, with the leave and overhaul periods as the slack times.
When ship is facing extraordinary activities, educational officer
and aids should see that educational organization is functioning
at its best to overcome other emphases. It has been demon-
strated that practical educational work related to ratings may
be carried through a falling-ojf period, involving cruises and
difficult duty. The natural difficulties mentioned may be
overcome.

(a) Natural let down after first enrollment. It is ex-
pected that certain men will lose interest. If a falling
off of interest is observed, it is recommended that individuals
concerned be interviewed.

(1) It should be ascertained from officer or petty officer
directly in charge of student's naval or routine duties whether
he is attempting to study a course too advanced for his
education. If so, he should be given a more elementary one
as a preliminary step.

(2) Inquiry should be made as to whether he has been able
to receive weekly consultation and assistance from his
divisional representative.

(3) If the lack of progress may not be attributed to the fore-
going (or other reasonable cause), it is recommended that his
course be returned to the ship's educational office, and that
his name be stricken from the enrollment records. An-
other man may be given his course.

(5) Inactivity of educational officer, division repre-
sentatives, or assistants is ordinarily due to a lack of interest
in or knowledge of the benefits to be derived from a well-
trained enlisted personnel. It is therefore suggested that the
matter be impressed on them as a part of the ship's
program in attaining the highest possible degree of efficiency.

(c) Navy-yard periods.— -It is to be expected that interest in
and study of courses should decrease during target practice,
navy-yard periods, etc. Courses are so constructed that the
work may be resumed without loss if the educational
officer maintains the simple organization intact.

(d) Transfer or detachment. — In many instances ships
doing excellent educational work have almosi immediately
ceased showing progress when one or more of the officers most
concerned with this work have been detached. It is believed
that the work may be carried on without interruption if the
relief has been indoctrinated with the advantages and op-
eration of courses.

(e) The bureau will gladly furnish commanding officers
with any information they may desire, to further the suc-
cessful maintenance of courses.

The Bureau of Navigation is the Bureau of Personnel.
Consequently, the Bureau of Navigation is vitally in-
terested in this effort to increase the proficiency of the
personnel.

In this connection the bureau will be grateful to re-
ceive any comments or criticisms from commanding
officers on the general operation of these courses and will
forward any information desired by officers in the fleets.

Information is being gathered as to methods which
have proved successful in various units. Copies of these
methods will be forwarded on request.

DUTIES OF YEOMAN HANDLING COURSES.
I. RECORDS.

(a) A record should be kept of all material received,

noting titles and number of assignments. This record may ~be
known as the " Educational Stock Record" and will be found to
be most conveniently kept on 5 by 8 cards fled by subject. The
following form is suggested:

Steam Engineering-
Practical Steam Engineering.

U. S. S. Cable
Educational Stock Record

Date.

Jan. 2, 1922. Received.
Jan. 8, 1922. Received .

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Total

Jan. 9, 1922. Returned to Bunav

Feb. 4, 1922. Returned to educational officer,
Charleston

Total.

Assignments.

123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

1515151515202020202025252525252525252525

(b) A record should also be kept of material issued to
men, and may be combined with the record of enrollments
and progress. The following 3 by 5 card is recommended and
should be fled alphabetically under the man's name:

An alternative plan for this enrollment and progress record
card is one that was worked out by some destroyer vessels
for their OWTL use.

A heavy manila folder bears on the index tab the man's
name and name of course being pursued; on the front of
folder, the record of progress; while the unused parts of
courses begun and letters of record are filed inside the jacket.
These folders are kept in vertical file alphabetically under the
man's name. The two forms submitted are as follows:

• — • .

Assignments...

Date issued ...

"c
g

o
o

100110—22 4

COURSES UNDERTAKEN.

ENGINEERING.

GAS AND OIL ENGINES.

ELECTRICITY.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

EXAMINATIONS.

ENGINEERING.

GAS AND OIL ENGINES.

ELECTRICITY.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

No.

Com-
menced.

Com-
pleted.

-—______

NOTE. — These cards should be kept accurately and up to date,
so that the commanding officer's monthly reports to the
bureau or to the force educational officer may oe made out
easily and with promptness.

II. EDUCATIONAL MATERIEL.

(a) On receiving educational materiel, it should be sorted
so that each course stands as a whole; that is, assignments
should follow in sequence (or rotation).

HI. HOURS.

(a) Hours should be posted when educational yeoman
is in office, so that men may know when to turn in completed
assignments and draw new ones.

IV. REQUESTS.

(a) Requests for new courses should be transmitted

without delay to the educational officer. The educational
officer should be informed daily of conditions in the educational
office, and should keep in constant touch with the needs of
the men. A personal interview with a man is worth a dozen
notices, announcements, etc., in keeping up his interest and
enthusiasm.

NOTE FOR EDUCATIONAL OFFICER.

The bureau is of the opinion, first, that a certain percentage
of the enlisted personnel afloat will earnestly study courses on
their own time; second, that the majority of enlisted personnel
taking them show improvement in their naval duties; and
third, that distribution of courses by the bureau tends to raise
the general standard of the personnel.

The suggestions contained in the foregoing paragraphs may
provide a practical outline. The actual organization is left,
however, with the individual educational officer, with the
realization that each ship will work out the most effective
methods of improving the efficiency of its own men.

(28)

SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS.

NOTE. — Some, or all, of the following notes may be copied for
bulletin boards, or distributed to students.

Men have earned warrants and commissions through hard
work plus the knowledge gained through books and corre-
spondence courses.

You also may improve your education and advance yourself.

Educational courses are of little value unless you are will-
ing to put real study in them. They will give you education
only in exchange for perseverance and work.

The following hints may help you to get ahead:

1. Promise yourself to study a half hour or an hour a day
and stand by your promise. If you cannot get in half an hour
on one day make it up on the following. Remember other men
have advanced themselves under like circumstances and you
can do the same.

(a) The first and most important point is perseverance.
In the face of all interferences and obstacles keep on studying.
The man who sticks wins more surely than the brilliant man.

(6) Pick out as quiet a place as you can find and make the
habit of going there to study every day.

(c) When you sit down to study, keep your mind on the
lesson, and keep "digging at it." You will get interested in
your work and the more you study the better you will like it.
In technical subjects, drawing rough sketches or diagrams of
machinery or problems will usually help you to concentrate
your attention when you find it hard to study.

2. (a) If you cannot understand the lesson, talk it over with
some other man taking the same course. If he cannot
help you, talk it over with a chief petty officer or an officer at a
convenient time. While you are waiting to talk it over, see if
you can't do the rest of the lesson.

(b) If you are sure you have worked out the first lesson the
best you can, hand it in and get it corrected and start on the
next one. If you think there may be some mistakes, talk it
over with the officer or enlisted man who is helping you.
Then go on to your next lesson. If you have been told to have
each lesson corrected by some officer or man, take your work
to him when you finish first lesson.

100110—22 5 (29)

in most cases, you can work it out. If you are sure, however,
that the whole course is too deep, ask the educational officer
for another course that is not so advanced.

(d) Don't try to do too much at once. If you study one
subject at a time you will be making good progress. Stick to
that one subject. Do it well, and go on to the next higher
one when you have finished the first one.

3. Develop the habit of linking up your studies with
your everyday experiences. Look for opportunities in your
regular work to use the knowledge you have gained.

(a) If you are in the engineer force, work out your prob-
lems by figuring out the equipment in the engine room.

(&) If you are taking an English course, try to write your
letters according to what you have learned. Draw a good
interesting book from the library and take notice of how it is
written.

(c) If you are taking a course in navigation, check up what
you have learned by whatever you see or hear on the deck
or bridge.

(d) K you are taking an advanced course, try to get a book
on the same subject from the library and study that along
with the course. You will find various books referred to in cer-
tain of the courses. Borrow these books from the library; read
the sections indicated and make sure you thoroughly under-
stand them. By such reading you will prepare yourself for
more advanced courses and will obtain a better knowledge of
the subject. Don't be satisfied with the explanation of a
single textbook, but read as many books as you can borrow
from the library, and see what others have to say on the same
subject.

(e) Keep a small inexpensive dictionary in your bag or
locker.

PART II

NAVY EDUCATION STUDY COURSES
OFFERED

(31)

NAVY EDUCATION STUDY COURSES OFFERED.

1. Instruction. — The various subjects are taught through a
series of lessons, which are built on the self-instruction plan
used by the best university extension departments and corre-
spondence schools throughout the country and adopted , in the
courses constructed by the different bureaus of the Navy De-
partment. These subjects are furnished to the ships complete
in quantities requested, but are issued to the man one assignment
at a time. Such an assignment includes or cites the part of the
text that is to be studied, detailed instructions explanatory of the
material assigned and questions to be answered. In addition to
this self-help material, motion pictures and charts will be used
when possible. The counsel of the special educational officer will
be available, as well as the helpful interest of all the ships
officers. Furthermore, for many of the courses the ship should
be used as a laboratory, that is, the particular line of work,
the theory of which is covered by these courses, can be seen and
studied in actual operation aboard the ship itself.

2. Advice and direction. — The educational officer or one
of his representatives will have a definite schedule of office
hours, during which period he will be accessible to any men, not
otherwise employed, who desire to start courses, obtain lesson
sheets, turn in finished lessons, or obtain advice. Men should
be encouraged to study the courses pertaining to or closely
allied to their everyday naval duties.

3. References for additional reading along line of
study. — Inserted in the courses are references to books for ad-
ditional reading and study. Such books, if not on board, may
be requested by the commanding officer from the bureau. They
should be issued only through the crew's library, being charged
out in the same manner as other books. Upon return they
should be loaned to other students as demanded. If use jus-
tifies, the bureau will supply duplicate copies.

All men taking these courses should make use of the supple-
mentary reading indicated. The use of this material will be of
great value in acquiring a more comprehensive knowledge of
the subject, in preparation for more advanced courses, as well
as in forming the habit of the use of books for reading and study.

(33)

4. What is meant by course and subject. — Throughout
this manual the term course shall be used to indicate the larger
divisions, as ordnance and gunnery, steam engineering, yeo-
manry, etc. Each course shall be made up of a number of
smaller divisions which shall be known as subjects (sometimes
referred to as courses of study or courses of instruction) , such as :

Steam engineering (course).
Subjects:

Practical steam engineering.

Boiler operation.

Pumps.

Steam turbines.

5. Navy Education offers eleven courses and certain gen-
eral subjects. These are as follows:

Navigation. Electrical engineering.

Seamanship. Gas engineering.

Ordnance and gunnery. Yeomanry.

Deck artificer. Commissary.

Communications. Pharmacy."
Steam engineering.

General Subjects,

Under each of these eleven courses come certain technical or
scientific subjects applicable to that particular course, and in
addition to these, certain nontechnical or general subjects which
are considered as essential for a background. Certificates of
attainment will be issued to all students successfully completing
any subject, whether technical or general. In order for a student
to receive a diploma covering an entire course, he must hold cer-
tificates of attainment for each of the subjects listed as forming
part of that particular course.

The subjects offered in the eleven courses, as well as the
general subjects, shall be as follows:

Course I. NAVIGATION.

Technical subjects.

Number of lessons.

Ocean and coast navigation 12

Nautical astronomy 15

International law 15

Geography Textbook.

Nontechnical subjects.
English. Mathematics.

Course II. SEAMANSHIP (in preparation).
Course IH. ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY (in preparation).

Technical subjects.

Ordnance material — Care and preservation.

Ammunition and ammunition stowage.

Guns and mounts.

Torpedoes.

Turrets.

Fire control.

Safety precautions.

Nontechnical subjects.

English. Mathematics. Physics.

Course IV. DECK ARTIFICER (in preparation).

Technical subjects.

Carpenter's mate 3c, qualifications for 26

Carpenter's mate 2c, qualifications for 2G

Carpenter's mate Ic, qualifications for 26

Carpenter's mate, chief, qualifications for 26

Shipfitter 3c, qualifications for - 26

Shipfitter 2c, qualifications for 26

Shipfitter Ic, qualifications for 26

Shipfitter, chief, qualifications for 26

Painter 3c, qualifications for 26

Painter 2c, qualifications for 26

BainterJ^jiiialifications for. . . 26

Number of

qualifications for 26

Blacksmith Ic, qualifications for 26

Patternmaker (in preparation).
Sailmaker (in preparation)..
Printer (in preparation).

Nontechnical subjects.

English. Mathematics. Mechanical drawing.

Course V. COMMUNICATIONS (in preparation).

Technical subjects.
Radio.

Sound apparatus.
Signals.

Nontechnical subjects.
English. Mathematics. Physics.

Course VI. STEAM ENGINEERING.

(Courses for advancement in ratings of water tenders, machinist's mate, boilermakers, coppersmiths,
enginemen, molder, and firemen.)

Technical subjects.

Number of

Practical steam engineering 20

Boilers:

(I) Boiler operation —

(a) Boilers, oil-fired 15

(6) Boilers, coal-fired 12

(II) Boiler care (in preparation).
(Ill) Boiler repair (in preparation).

Steam boilers (advanced) 20

Steam engines 20

Marine steam turbines (elementary) in preparation:

Pt. I. Curtis turbine 12

Pt. II. Parsons turbine 12

Pt. III. Westinghouse turbine 12

Pt. IV. De Leval, Sturtevant, and Terry turbine 12

Steam turbines (advanced) 20

Pumps 10

Heat (advanced) 16

Refrigeration 20

Coppersmi thing (to be prepared).
Molding (to be prepared).

Nontechnical subjects.

English. Mathematics. Physics. Mechanical drawing.

Course VII. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

Technical subjects.

Number of

Practical electricity ,. . ....... ... ..^..^ 20

Elementary magnetism and electricity .4*?: : .'.•* il'/r. .7 r::fTT. . . " ~10

Theory and operation of direct-current machinery

Theory of alternating currents 20

Searchlights (in preparation).

Nontechnical subjects.

English. Mathematics. Physics. Mechanical drawing.

Course VIII. GAS ENGINEERING.

Technical subjects.

Number of
lessons.

Gas and oil engines, Course I :

Gas and oil engines, Course II 10

Nontechnical subjects.
English. Mathematics. Physics. Mechanical drawing.

Course IX. YEOMANRY.

Technical subjects.

Manual of Office Procedure, U. S. Navy (in preparation).

Typist's Guide — From Sight to Touch

Rational typewriting

Lessons in Gregg shorthand with test exercises (each)

Elementary bookkeeping

Elementary accounting

First lessons in business

Business law. . .

Penmanship.

Nontechnical subjects.
Mathematics. Spelling.

Number of
lessons.

36
20
10
16
20
20

English.

Course X. COMMISSARY (in preparation).

Technical subjects.

Cooks and bakers.
Stewards.

English.

Nontechnical subjects.

Chemistry. Penmanship.

Course XI. PHARMACY.

(Courses for advancement in ratings of pharmacists' mates.)

Technical subjects.

Anatomy, physiology, and first aid.

Chemistry, organic and inorganic, for pharmacy students.

Pharmacy.

Nontechnical subjects.
English. Mathematics.

Number of

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Spelling, Navy Speller 155

Penmanship, Palmer Method of Business Writing 146

Arithmetic 7

Elementary algebra, Courses A-l, A-2, A-3 (each) 24

Plane geometry 20

Solid geometry 10

Plane trigonometry 24

Practical calculus 10

Navy primer 26

Plain English 20

English for enlisted men 33

Drills in effective English and letter writing 82

Elementary chemistry 40

Elementary physics 40

Mechanical drawing 20

Elementary United States history and government. 20

Civics (in preparation).

Elementary Spanish 20

Advanced Spanish 20

TEXTBOOKS REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN SUBJECTS.

Many courses are complete in themselves, but some require

extra textbooks. The following textbooks accompany the sub-
jects specified and should be issued with these courses of study
when given out :

Textbook. Subject.

Azimuths of the Sun IfWan and rnast navigation

Bowditch: American Practical Navigator... /Ocean and coast navigation.
Bowditch: American Practical Navigator...

Hosmer: Navigation.
Nautical Almanac.
Lawrence :

Principles of International Law.

Documents Illustrative of International
Law

Pate : Naval Artificer's Manual

Carmichael: Practical Ship Production

Bu. C. &R.:

Sailors Manual of Paints and Painting.

Nautical astronomy.

International law.

Deck artificer's courses.

Instructions for painting and cementing
vessels. General specifications — Ap-
pendix 6

Moyer: Steam Turbines Steam turbines (advanced).

Howe: Bookkeeping and Accounting, in-jElementary bookkeeping.

eluding budgets 121 to 124 /

Rittenhouse: Accounting Theory and Prac-lE1 t ary accoimting.

tice, Unit I, with practice sets /

Bexell: First Lessons in Business First lessons in business.

Hirschl: Business Law Business law.

Wells A Hart: New High School *g^^^

Wentworth & Smith: Academic Algebra... {E1^?^y algebra (Ma5sachusetts

Wells & Hart: Plane geometry ............ {^^S^^***** (MaS8aChU'

Wells & Hart: Solid Geometry. . . .{S(^ & ometry (Massachusetts

^ COUiSG ) •

Ford & Ammerman: Plane and Solid Geom-iPlane and solid geometry (Univer-

etry ..................................... / sity of Missouri course).

Wentworth & Smith: Plane and Spherical 1 Plane trigonometry (Massachusetts

Trigonometry ........................... / and Oregon courses).

Various authors: Plain English .............. Plain English.

Kennedy & Bridges: Effective English andl Drills in effective English and let-

Letter Writing ........................... / ter writing.

Blount & Northup: Elementary Grammarl English grammar with composi-

with Composition ........................ / tion.

Millikan&Gale:

First Course in Physics ................ Elementary physics (old course).

Practical Physics ..................... Elementary physics (revised courseX

Woodburn & Moran: Elementary Americani Elementary United States history
History and Government ................. / and government.

Dunn: Community Civics ................... Civics.

Hills & Ford: First Spanish Course ......... I™ Q . ,

Alarcon: El Capitan Veneno ................ JElementary Spanish.

Olmsted & Gordon: Spanish Grammar ..... |

Whittem & Andrade: Spanish Commercial [Advanced Spanish.
Correspondence .......................... J

DESCRIPTION OF COURSES AND SUBJECTS.

Course I. NAVIGATION.

OCEAN AND COAST NAVIGATION. (A practical elementary course on
navigation.)

This course of study is based on 40 years of actual sea expe-
rience and was further revised by the head of the department
of seamanship of the Naval Academy. It covers navigation
from A to Z in a complete but elementary form, and presents
the subject in the way the practical man of long sea experience
knows it. It so simplifies Bowditch that only an ordinary
knowledge of arithmetic is necessary for the mastery of it.

NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY.

A more advanced study of astronomy as applied to naviga-
tion. It was prepared by the University of California, in
cooperation with the Naval Academy, as a course for practical
seamen. The course deals in general with the principles and
rules of mathematics as used by navigators; piloting; charts;
compass errors; sailings; dead reckoning; system of coordinates;
mean, apparent, and sidereal times; use of nautical almanac;
chronometer error and rate; sextant corrections; determination
of longitude, time, latitude, azimuth, and amplitude; old and
new -methods of finding the Simmer line; finding the ship's
position by the intersection of position lines; and a complete
day's work. The student taking up this subject should have
a knowledge of trigonometry and logarithms; however, if he
is not familiar with these subjects, he should begin by studying
Bowditch, Appendix III, which contains an elemental treatise
on the rules and principles of mathematics required.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

This course of study deals with the fundamental principles
of international law as they have been developed through the
practice and agreement of nations. Special attention is given
to instructions for the United States Navy governing maritime
warfare. The course is designed for those desiring a general
knowledge of the subject, but it may be pursued with profit
by officers studying for promotion.

(40)

GEOGRAPHY.

A study in geography presented in a new way. The earth's
surface is divided into "natural regions." The climatic con-
ditions, physical features, and natural resources of each are
shown as shaping the activities and customs of the people living
there. This study of the part played in the growth of civiliza-
tion and in human affairs by geographic surroundings gives an
idea of the connection between the geography, history, and
literature of different parts of the world. This course empha-
sizes the commerce and industry of the world and the study of
oceans and their relation to commerce, closing with a special
study of the United States as a world power. A notable fea-
ture of the text is the variety and excellence of the colored map
studies.

Course II. SEAMANSHIP (in preparation).

SEAMANSHIP.

The bureau realizes that long experience in the deck force
is necessary to develop an efficient seaman. The course in
question can never be considered as a substitute for such prac-
tical experience. It will, however, clearly outline technical
methods, duties, and practices, enabling the average man to
understand them more thoroughly and to perform them with
greater skill.

The purpose of the course is to present in a clear and inter-
esting series of lessons those subjects a competent seaman or
boatswain's mate must know.. Material is being assembled
and prepared by experienced naval officers.

Course III. ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY (in preparation).

ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY.

The purpose of these courses is to make the men proficient
in ordnance and gunnery to the end that they may obtain
higher ratings in these branches of the service. It is contem-
plated that seven courses will be constructed to cover the
material on these subjects, as follows:

(a) Ordnance material — Its care and preservation.

(&) Ammunition and ammunition stowage.

W) Torpedoes.

(*) Turrets.

(f) Fire control.

(g) Safety precautions.

These courses of instruction will take up in detail such sub-
jects as: Naval rifled guns; naval gun mounts; the Waterbury
hydraulic speed gear; breech mechanisms; naval gun sights;
firing attachments and gas-expelling devices; care and preser-
vation of ordnance material; reports and returns; the control of
fire; electricity; use of tools and safety precautions; torpedo
control, operation, care, and repair; torpedo tools; torpedo
ordnance forms;- turret operation and overhaul; turret fire-
control system; and instruments and safety precautions.

The material will be selected from United States Naval
Gunnery, 1913; United States Nav}^ Gunnery Instructions,
1920; The Ship and Gun Drills, United States Navy, 1918;
Naval Ordnance, United States Naval Academy, revised ed.,
1921; Handbook for Seaman Gunners, 1918; bureau pam-
phlets; Reports of Gunnery Exercises, published semiannually;
and Bluejacket's Manual, 1918.

Course IV. DECK ARTIFICER.

DECK ARTIFICER BRANCH— CARPENTER'S MATES, SHIP FITTERS,
BLACKSMITHS, AND PAINTERS.

These courses of instruction for all ratings in the deck
artificer branch were prepared by the Bureau of Construction
and Repair. They outline all information which will make for
proficiency in the various ratings of carpenter's mates, ship
fitters, blacksmiths, and painters, and are recommended to
applicants for advancement in this branch.

The subjects covered relate to the care and preservation
of the hull and fittings and the care and operation of such naval
auxiliary machinery and appliances under cognizance of the
Bureau of Construction and Repair as are assigned to the deck
artificers for upkeep and operation.

Elementary arithmetic has been included as necessary to
insure a clear understanding of all problems likely to arise.

Instruction is given on miscellaneous subjects pertaining to
all trades represented in the deck artificer branch, including
nomenclature of general features of ships, nature of materials,
piping systems, names and uses of tools, strength and weight
of materials, types and classes of vessels, displacement and
tonnage, etc.

Instruction is also given in the mechanical trades of the
various ratings as follows:

Carpenter's mates. — Boat building and repairs, joiner and
ship carpentering, spar making and general woodworking as
required on naval vessels.

Ship fitters. — Ship fitting, pipe fitting and plumbing, acetylene
cutting and welding, miscellaneous metal working.

Blacksmiths. — Forging, tempering tools, chain making, and
miscellaneous blacksmith work.

Painters. — Formula for mixing paints, testing and care of
paint materials, application of paints, instructions for painting
and cementing vessels of the Navy.

Pattern makers (in preparation).

Sailmakers (in preparation) .

Printers (in preparation).

Course V. COMMUNICATIONS (in preparation).

RADIO (in preparation).

SOUND APPARATUS (in preparation).

SIGNALS (in preparation).

Course VI. STEAM ENGINEERING.

PRACTICAL STEAM ENGINEERING. (A general course on steam engi-
neering.)

This is a practical study of steam engineering, and begins
with the simplest type of apparatus to show most directly the
fundamental principles of how steam is used to do work. This
course includes the following subjects: Steam boilers, fuels and
firing, properties of steam, boiler auxiliaries, care of boilers and
steam engines, principles of the steam engine, slide-valve setting,
calculation of horsepower, steam-engine indicator, compound
engines, steam-engine auxiliaries, etc.

BOILERS OPERATION, CARE, AND REPAIR.

These courses on boilers were constructed by the Bureau of
Engineering to conform with naval practice and are especially
designed for naval use. They present to the student the rare
privilege of having the machine which he finds discussed in the
text at his hand for observation and study. He can thus much
more readily grasp the principle of the operation which is taking
place before his eyes. The primary object of the courses is to
give the student approved naval methods of boiler operation,
care, and repair.

These courses of instruction cover the information required
for advancement in all ratings of the engineer department on
board ship in so far as the operation, care, and repair of boilers
are concerned. They will also aid in the preparation for the
examination for " license as engineer of steam vessels."

Boiler operation. — The subject of boiler operation is covered
by two courses : Boilers, oil-fired; and boilers, coal-fired. They
treat thoroughly all the steps in boiler operation ; how to light
off and cut in; to cut out and secure, feeding boilers, firing
boilers, and casualties.

Boiler care (in preparation).

Boiler repair (in preparation) .

Steam 1) oilers. — (A more advanced course on boiler operation and
equipment.)

A course for the use of firemen and others in responsible
charge of boiler rooms. It covers fully and practically boiler
operation, care, and equipment, rather than boiler design. The
course includes much descriptive matter relating to boilers and
boiler-room equipment. It has useful material on efficient com-
bustion and smoke prevention.

Topics treated. — Types of boiler flues and fire-tube boilers;
water-tube boilers; boiler calculations; stays and staying; heat
and work ; effects of heat ; properties of steam ; actual and equiva-
lent evaporation; fuels; chemistry of combustion; methods of
firing; the smokeless combustion of coal; settings; piping and
boiler fittings; boiler accessories, chimneys, and draft; boiler
feed waters; feed-water heaters ; inspection and care of boilers;
boiler testing.

STEAM ENGINES.

This course of study gives the fundamental principles under-
lying the operation of the steam engine, explained in a simple
nonmathematical manner. It is a practical course intended
primarily for erecting and operating engineers, and to this end
it deals with the erection and operation of practically all
classes of modern engines. It treats of both theory and
practice as applied to steam engines. It is written so that it
may be studied by those who have had but little or no experi-
ence with steam engines, and at the same time it is advanced
enough to benefit the experienced engineer. While the course
deals largely with stationary engines, it is so arranged that both
locomotive and marine engineers may benefit from it. Firemen
and engineers seeking advancement will find the course in steam
boilers and steam engines an excellent preparation for advance-
ment in the ratings of the engineer department on board ship.

Topics treated. — Principles of the steam engine; properties of
steam; action of steam in the cylinder; valve gears; governors
and link motions; steam-engine economics; steam-engine
accessories and settings.

MARINE STEAM TURBINES. (An elementary course.)

This course has been prepared with the object of giving con-
densed information as to the principal features of construction,
the method of operation, and the proper care of marine steam
turbines. These pamphlets have been written for the practical
man who is not much concerned about " knotty" theories, but
who is very much interested in practical operating results.
Nevertheless, the fundamental principles are explained in such
a way that the study can be pursued intelligently and profita-
bly.

This course takes up the study of turbines of the Curtis,
Parsons, Westinghouse, Sturtevant, Terry, and De Laval types.
The construction and operation of steam turbines for marine serv
ice, including usually speed-reducing gears for the propulsion of
ships, are entirely different from any of the types of reciprocat-
ing steam engines which are used for this service. For a number
of years the reciprocating steam engine has been the accepted
device, and has had very little competition for use in large ships;
but now steam engines are being rapidly superseded by steam
turbines. The practical marine engineer who has been quite
familiar with the operation of steam engines of all kinds finds
the motive-power parts, glands, bearings, adjustments, and
method of lubrication of steam turbines entirely different from
his previous experience. This course will give him the informa-
tion and training desired.

STEAM TURBINES. (An advanced course on steam turbines.)

This course deals with the development, operation, and de-
sign of steam turbines. Characteristics of steam turbines are
compared with steam engines for different services. Subjects
treated include development of steam turbines; steam-turbine
nozzles; blades or buckets for steam turbines; commercial
types; impulse turbines; reaction turbines; mixed types of
turbines; testing steam turbines; methods of correcting engine
and turbine tests to similar conditions for comparison; steam-
turbine economics.

Open to those who have had the course in practical steam
engineering and trigonometry or their equivalent.

PUMPS.

This course was constructed by the Bureau of Engineering
and is a complete but simple treatment of the care, operation,
and repair of pumps as approved by the Navy.

The course covers reciprocating pumps; rotary pumps
(including centrifugal and gear pumps); injectors and ejectors;

the operation, care, and repair of each, with a closing chapter
on safety precautions. It includes the information required
for advancement for all ratings in the engineer department on
board ship in so far as the care, operation, and repair of pumps
are concerned.

HEAT.

This course is a foundation for advanced studies, and is
designed to supply the fundamental knowledge necessary for
the successful study and understanding of all heat-using
machinery. Part I treats of the fundamental laws relating to
nature, generation, transfer, and transformation of heat, and
presents familiar examples of then* practical application in all
cases. Part II discusses the principles of the steam engine, gas
engine, refrigerating machine, and ah" compressor, and shows
the relationship of heat to these classes 01 machinery. It is
well adapted to the requirements of engineers and firemen who
have had some experience with heat-using machinery and
understand its operation, but feel that they do not know enough
of the laws of heat to take up advanced or special subjects.

REFRIGERATION.

This offers a field which is far from being overcrowded with
competent men; and it still affords many opportunities for
original, progressive work.

The purpose of this course is to teach the fundamentals in
the construction and operation of refrigeration systems, the
applications of cold storage, and the insulation of refrigerated
spaces. Though the object of the course is to be practical and
to limit the discussion of theory as far as possible, at the same
tune it is thorough and begins with a review of facts about heat,
temperatures, and units of measure. The other subjects
treated are: Fusions of ice; evaporation of liquids; proportion
of ammonia and other media; methods of refrigeration; proper-
ties of brines; types of compressors; condenser; cylinder cooling;
wet and dry compression; cylinder clearance; operating costs;
absorption systems; units of refrigeration; ice making; costs
of manufacture; insulation and piping; tests of refrigerating
plants.

COPPERSMITHING (in preparation).
MOLDING (in preparation).

Course VII. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY.

This course is the beginning course in electricity. The
rudiments are so simply treated that any man can begin this
subject without previous study or practical experience in elec-
trical work. The subjects included are: Natural magnets;
artificial magnets; magnetism; cause of flow of electric current;
ammeters; measurement of voltage; voltmeters; Ohm's law;
divided circuits; electric resistance; calculation of electric
power; principles of the dynamo; commutators; electric motors;
precautions in starting motors; power losses in generators and
motors; efficiencies of generators and motors.
ELEMENTARY MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY.

This course is designed to meet the needs of students who
may have had some practical experience with electrical appa-
ratus or machinery but whose knowledge of the principles of its
operation and of mathematics is limited. To make magnetic
and electric principles real to such a student, the subject is
developed experimentally. The student is expected to perform
simple experiments and thus to observe the actual phenomena.
Then by questions and discussions he is aided in the interpre-
tation of his observations and the formulation of his conclusions
into workable ideas.

Topics treated. — Magnetism; electromagnetism; some prac-
tical applications of electromagnets; electromagnetic induction;
current electricity; electrolysis; resistance; flow of current in a
circuit; electric generator and motor; work and energy.
THEORY AND OPERATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT MACHINERY.

This is an elementary course on direct-current machinery.
Only the more elementary principles of mathematics are used.
The principles involved are explained so fully that a reader
unable to follow the mathematical solution may acquire com-
plete understanding of the subject.

Topics treated.— Fundamental magnetic principles, electro-
magnetism, electromagnetic induction, units of measurement,
transformation of energy, the continuous-current generator and
motor, the magnetic circuit of the direct-current dynamo,
armatures, uses of electrical energy, types of dynamos, com-
mutation, operating characteristics of generators, operation

and care of generators, operating characteristics of motors,
operation of three-wire systems, selection and installation of
dynamos.

THEORY OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS. (An advanced course.)

It gives an analytical and graphical treatment for engineers.
The subjects treated include: Wave forms, power measure-
ments, transmission circuits, line inductance, alternators,
transformers, induction motors, converters. Those taking up
this course will find it to their advantage to have had work in
trigonometry and dynamo-electric machinery.

Course VIII. GAS ENGINEERING.

GAS AND OIL ENGINES. (Courses I and II.)

This course is divided into two parts of 10 lessons each.

Course I, assignments 1 to 10, takes up thoroughly the
mechanism and operation of gas engines. Although this
course treats primarily of the gasoline engine, it includes also
the study of gas, kerosene, and heavy-fuel engines; four-cycle
and two-cycle types; mechanism of the engine; indicator dia-
grams; valve adjustment; carburetors; weak and strong mix-
tures; lubrication; spark coils; self-starters; engine fuels, in-
cluding gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, crude oil, producer gas,
"coal" gas, water gas, etc.

Course II, assignments 11 to 20, goes further into the subject
and treats of gas producers, including gas manufacture and
analysis; heating value of oil and gas fuels; relation of com-
pression to efficiency; heat losses; measurement of power; gas-
producer construction and operation; and engine testing.

Course IX. YEOMANRY.

MANUAL OF OFFICE PROCEDURE (in preparation).

The preparation of a new Manual of Office Procedure is
under way. Such a manual was prepared by an officer for the
Destroyer Squadrons, Atlantic Fleet, and is being used in that
force with success. Officers have been assigned by the Navy
Department to work out a standard system of office procedure,
correspondence, filing, etc., for the purpose of unifying and
standardizing office practice throughout the ships and stations
of the Navy. It is anticipated that this information can be
obtained for incorporation in a manual of lessons which will
serve as a guide for men in the special branch of yeomanry.

TYPEWRITING.

Typist's Guide — From Sight to Touch. — Touch typewriting is
here briefly set forth in six short lessons. The design of it is
to explain touch typewriting to beginners and to guide operators
who desire to change from the sight system to the touch system
without wasting their time on useless experiments. The lessons
are so graded that anyone can get the idea of the touch system.
For a more thorough study, the following rational typewriting
course is recommended:

Rational Typewriting. — This course offers a more complete
and intensive study of typewriting. The method of learning
the finger-board technic advocated in this course brings quick
and effective results. A mastery of the keyboard is developed
by beginning in the central division of the keyboard, working
up efficient technic through intensive exercises with the index
fingers first. Through this the student is enabled to acquire
the natural hand position and an accurate sense of the guide
keys from the start. When the proper time comes the exer-
cises carry him on to include the use of all the fingers one at a
time until the little fingers are trained to a proficiency equal
to that of the index fingers.

This course in Typewriting has been very widely used
and was awarded the medal of honor at the Panama Pacific
International Exposition. The whole idea of the course is to
lead the student from the simple exercise within the range of
his practical ability to the more complex but simple graduated
steps. For a complete mastery of the typewriting machine
this course is recommended.

SHORTHAND.

The ability to write shorthand is a stepping-stone in the
yeoman branch. According to a recent ruling, a yeoman to
be rated as first class must be able to take dictation at a speed
of 60 words per minute, and as chief at a speed of 80 words per
minute. This course uses the Gregg system and is offered
with a view to the needs of yeoman for the work of the ship's
office and for advancement in rating.

ELEMENTARY BOOKKEEPING.

Every undertaking should be checked by a good system of
bookkeeping. Skilled workmen may be employed, good mate-
rials may be used, but if poor management takes the form of
undetected waste, careless or misleading financial statements,
the work will sooner or later go bad. if books are accurately

kept, the persons responsible have an accurate gauge to the
financial success of their undertakings and methods. It is the
record which shows more accurately than any other whether or
not a piece of work is successful and is being managed on right
lines.

The object of this course is to present in a simple understand-
able form the fundamental principles used in keeping accurate
accounts and to afford practice in applying these principles.

ELEMENTARY ACCOUNTING.

This course is designed to give instruction in the important
features of accounting. It may be taken by those who desire
a review knowledge of the principles of bookkeeping. How-
ever, no previous knowledge of the subject is required as the
course begins with the first principles of bookkeeping and
accounting. The first assignments present the fundamental
principles of double entry in a thorough manner and provide
at the same time sufficient drill in the application of these
principles to enable one to perform the practical work in book-
keeping and accounting which follows. The course proceeds by
easy stages and in a logical manner, and its satisfactory com-
pletion should give one a practical knowledge of bookkeeping
processes and qualify him to assume the responsibility of book-
keeping.

FIRST LESSONS IN BUSINESS.

It is necessary to understand common business practices and
qualifications; business courtesies, promptness, industry, loy-
alty, budgets, cost accounts and business forms, and invest-
ments. These are clearly set forth in these " First Lessons in
Business" and are so presented as to be very readable and
highly valuable and instructive.

BUSINESS LAW.

This course includes a discussion and study of the business
laws with which everyone should be familiar : Contracts ; agency;
personal property; chattel mortgages; title to real estate; real
estate mortgages; landlord and tenant; trusts and trustees;
negotiable instruments; partnership; corporations; insurance;
bankruptcy.

Course X. COMMISSARY (in preparation).
COOKS AND BAKERS (in preparation).
STEWARDS (in preparation).

Course XL PHARMACY.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND FIRST AID.

The Bureau of Navigation offers to the enlisted personnel of
the Navy a correspondence course in anatomy, physiology, and
first aid, which has been prepared by one of the Hospital Corps
training schools of the Navy.

This course embraces elementary instruction in anatomy,
which deals with the structure of the human body; physiology,
which treats of the function of the various organs of the body;
and first aid, which furnishes information regarding emergency
treatments for the more common accidents and conditions
requiring the administration of first aid.

CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC AND INORGANIC (for pharmacy students).

The Bureau of Navigation offers to the enlisted personnel of
the Navy a correspondence course in chemistry, organic and
inorganic, which has been prepared by one of the Hospital
Corps training schools of the Navy.

This course presents the elementary instruction necessary for
preliminary work in chemistry and will serve as a foundation
for more advanced work along chemical lines.

It is essential that the prospective student thoroughly famil-
iarize himself with inorganic chemistry before the more
advanced work of organic chemistry is undertaken. -Candi-
dates for this course are urged to take every advantage of such
practical work in chemistry that may be offered them. By
combining this practical with the theoretical instruction con-
tained in this course, it is believed that a fairly good knowledge
of chemistry may be obtained.

PHARMACY.

The correspondence course of pharmacy which is submitted
by the Bureau of Navigation has been prepared by one of the
Hospital Corps training schools of the Navy, and, although
not embracing the pharmacy required for members of the
Hospital Corps, covers the subject of pharmacy in such a
manner that a good preliminary knowledge may be obtained
from it. Prospective candidates for this course of instruction
are urged to familiarize themselves with the course offered in

•

organic and inorganic chemistry prior to taking this course in
pharmacy. Theoretical pharmacy is a somewhat difficult
subject to study, but by combining the theory of pharmacy
with such practical work as the candidates may have access to,
it is believed that a fairly good knowledge of pharmacy may be
obtained from this course.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

SPELLING.

The Navy Speller was compiled by the Bureau of Naviga-
tion especially for men in the Navy and has been recently
revised to contain latest approved terms in various naval
subjects and a revised list of naval ratings. Three thousand
words which every sailor should know how to spell are pre-
sented in small lesson-sized groups.

Lessons 1-50 contain the Ayres lists of 1,000 most used
words in the business world; lessons 51-83 introduce such words
in the "Army List of Minimum Essentials in Spelling" as are
not included in the Ayres list; lessons 84-107 are a compilation
of selected difficult words often misspelled; under lessons 108
to 155 is to be found the special feature of the speller, "The
Navy Supplement," where words especially applicable to life
aboard ship are classified according to subject.
PENMANSHIP,

The Palmer Method of Business Writing is the course used
in this subject. Through a series of self-teaching lessons,
rapid, plain, unshaded, muscular movement writing is taught.
An easy and legible handwriting is the object sought.

ARITHMETIC.

This course is a comprehensive review, beginning with the
most simple arithmetical processes, and is designed for the stu-
dent who has had no work in arithmetic or who wishes to re-
view it quickly^ It takes him by easy steps through every
process ordinarily given in the elementary schools in addition
to short cuts adapted from business.

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA.

The instruction in algebra is divided into three courses —
A-l, A-2, and A-3.

Courses A-2 and A-3 supplement A-l and carry the subject
by gradual steps into more advanced algebra, giving a thorough
review of all algebraic principles. The data for the problems
introduced are, in the main, of permanent and general interest, j

Efficiency in arithmetic is maintained and increased. In sub-
ject matter algebra corresponds fairly closely to arithmetic,
but for the solution of many types of problems it possesses
advantages unknown to the latter. If the student contem-
plates engaging in any branch of the naval service in which
higher mathematics is used, he will find that a clear under-
standing of algebra is indispensable to progress.

PLANE GEOMETRY; SOLID GEOMETRY.

Both plane geometry and solid geometry are important sub-
jects, and should be taken by those who expect that their du-
ties will demand mechanical skill or highly technical knowl-
edge. These courses in plane and solid geometry are based on
textbooks that have been shortened as much as possible to
leave sane and safe minimum courses. The logical order of
presenting the geometrical theorems has been preserved, but
simple applied problems are brought in to exhibit the practical
uses of geometry.

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.

This is a practical course in trigonometry. All that is not
necessary to a clear understanding of the subject has been
eliminated and the practical has been put before the theoretical
in every new feature set forth. The practical uses of the subject
are shown by the many nontechnical applications. A knowl-
edge of this subject is useful to the more advanced work in
steam engineering, electrical engineering, surveying, and navi-
gation.

NAVY PRIMER.

This is a primer designed for men who have had little or no
school education. It introduces Navy terms, with exercises in
spelling, reading, and sentence building showing the correct use
of Navy terms.
PLAIN ENGLISH.

This is a thoroughly practical course in elementary English
that gives instruction in the rudiments of English speech. A
study of grammar is necessary if one is ambitious to express
himself intelligently and with precision. A correct use of our
mother tongue is important if we would pass on our thoughts
and ideas to others. Only the elements of English grammar
are here presented, but if these are grasped, it is an easy step
to the mastery of a fluent and concise style.

The textbook, dedicated to those who " don't like grammer,"
is divided into two parts. Part I covers the essential points in

English syntax, including all that pertains to the seven parts
of speech and the analysis of sentences. Set rules are omitted.
Definitions have been admitted, but sparingly. The sentences
for practice in analysis have been carefully chosen. Part II is
more general in character, covering a variety of subjects and a
large amount of material for practice. The chapters on clear-
ness, force, punctuation, and the list of appropriate prepo-
sitions will be found especially valuable. Considerable space
has been given to the study of misused words. The general
plan of the work is such as to enable a student to get a maxi-
mum of benefit with a minimum of labor and time.

ENGLISH FOR ENLISTED MEN.

Prepared by William Oliver Stevens, professor of English,
United States Naval Academy. It is especially adapted to the
needs of the Navy. The principles of English are illustrated
by examples taken from naval history and the required exer-
cises are about things familiar to the average seaman.

Getting ahead in the Navy or in civil life depends on a man's
ability to make good. For the most part this means knowing
your job and knowing it well enough to win a better one. But
to get beyond a certain point a man needs to know things
outside of his job — what we call " education." The most im-
portant of these things is the ability to speak and write good
English. A man may not know plane geometry and get along
swimmingly in a thousand occupations, but one who does not
know plain English is giving himself away every time he opens
his mouth or writes a letter. He is silently put down by other
people as uneducated or "illiterate," and therefore unfit for a
position that he might otherwise fill. If a man has not had
home and school advantages in learning to use his mother
tongue properly, he must buckle down to the hard task of
trying to make up the deficiency. Otherwise his ambition to

fet ahead is going to be hobbled from the beginning. It will
e like running a race with an iron ball chained to the ankle.
The object of this course in English for enlisted men is to
give just such help as is most practical, to break incorrect habits
of speech and writing, and to set up correct ones; in short, to
remove the handicap that many a man has through no fault
of his own. This study of correct English begins with the
simplest unit, the word, and by easy steps works its way
through to composition and the writing of original articles.

EFFECTIVE ENGLISH AND LETTER WRITING, DRILLS IN.

This course has been developed by the elimination of the
nonessential, by the omission of much that is technical, and by
emphasizing those things that have a direct bearing on the
work of a stenographer, bookkeeper, or office worker. The
purpose of this course is to give a thoroughly practical drill in
English and to acquaint the student with its application to
business forms, customs, and usages.

ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. (A general course on the elements of chem-
istry.)

This course is suited to the needs of those who have not had
any previous training in the subject and is designed as a
foundation for future work and study. It takes up chemical
elements, principles, and laws; characteristic chemical changes;
chemical compounds and mixtures; acids, bases, and gases and
methods of recording scientific observations, with some of the
basic chemical experiments for laboratory study. (See also the
special chemistry course prepared for pharmacist's students.)

ELEMENTARY PHYSICS.

Elementary physics is presented in such a way as to stimulate
the student to do some thinking on his own account about the
hows and the whys of the physical world in which he lives.
The consideration of how a thing happens is followed by a
discussion of why it happens.

Only such subjects have been included as touch most closely
the everyday Me of the average person and which will help
him to adjust himself to his surroundings and interpret his
own experiences correctly. This course keeps pace with our
fast-changing modern life and has been recently revised to
introduce the many new ideas in the physical world developed
by the World War. It will on this account be found especially
appropriate and helpful for naval study. Some of the new
subjects included are the internal-combustion engine, principles
of the airplane, the tank, liberty motor, sound ranging record
of the end of war, the details of the submarine, etc.

MECHANICAL DRAWING.

The course in mechanical drawing is designed to give those
taking up any kind of engineering training a thorough prepa-
ration for their further work. The art of drawing is the lan-
guage in which mechanical facts are expressed, and is therefore
§a necessity to engineers.
The first division of the subject treats of the use and care
of instruments and has chapters on free-hand lettering, straight-

line work, use of the compass, inking with the ruling pen, and
geometrical drawing. The time spent on this branch saves
time later in executing work. The student is now able to take
a position as draftsman on tracing work.

The second division treats of the science of orthographic
projection. This is the geometrical basis of all kinds of indus-
trial drawing. It is treated in a way which shows at each step
the practical value of the science, while keeping the attention
on the principles. It has chapters on lines and planes, cylinders
and cones, intersections, developments and sheet-metal work,
screw surface and isometric drawing.

The third division treats of machine drawing. The chapters
show how to sketch small machine parts, how to select views
and sections, what dimensions to record, how to draw standard
bolts, nuts, pipe fittings, valves, and, finally, how to combine
parts in making assembled drawings.

The fourth division treats of the elements of detail designing.
It covers the making of drawings of the parts from assembled
mechanisms, supplying the details there omitted, using as far
as possible tables of standards, showing " finish" and making
" tolerances " for permitting motion. It teaches also the
detailing of plate-metal work and riveted structures. The
student who has completely covered this final section is in
position to be trusted with real drafting, not merely tracing.
AMERICAN HISTORY (a brief survey).

This course is offered in the form of a small pamphlet,
entitled "The Little Book of Our Country." It gives a short,
simple, rapid, and connected account of our country's story
from its discovery to the present day. As far as the limits of
the pamphlet will permit, "the whys" of our history are gone
into, and it is believed that there can be gained from this
booklet a definite knowledge of the large events in the history
of our land, some idea of the causes of those events, and a
sympathetic insight into the growth and development of our
Nation and of the people who stood behind it.
ELEMENTARY UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.

History helps the student to understand the struggles of
nations, the feelings and desires that prompted men to action,
and the difficulties that had to be overcome in order to attain
our present civilization; but most of all it helps him to find
methods for the solution of present-day problems. The study
of history is helpful training for administrative duties, for
citizenship, for public life, and especially for the decision of any
question which needs a knowledge of the past for its settlement.

This course includes the "Leading Facts" in the history of
our country, and groups the discussion around such important
single movements as territorial expansion, foreign relations,
origin and growth of political parties, our industrial progress,
etc. The purpose of this course is: First, to offer a history
course to those who wish to refresh their knowledge of United
States history; second, to offer supplementary material to
those who wish to add to their grasp of American history;, third,
to present a larger view of American life, past and present, which
will stimulate greater interest in modern social and political
conditions because of the better understanding of their causes.

CIVICS.

The one study that should be pursued more than any other
in America is the study of how we can best cooperate to make
democracy as effective as possible. As has been said, the ills
that confront a democracy have their solution all to be found
in the democracy itself. The study of civics should give the
student an intelligent understanding of the machinery of
government and should encourage him to assume his responsi-
bility in whatever work he is engaged and to confront his
problems with justice and wisdom. This course presents in an
elementary way the actual workings of government by beginning
with the immediate life of the ship community and shows that
when men have common purposes and are dependent upon one
another in accomplishing them there must be cooperation,
which is another name for "team work." The principle of
"pulling together," "team work," or "cooperation" is of the
greatest importance in everyday life or national life, and is
stressed throughout the course. This course aims to teach
men their civic responsibilities, as well as their civic oppor-
tunities, because men so trained will learn to respect first the
rights of their neighbors, and will then be as fair in their deal-
ings with their Government as with their fellow men. Civics is
very closely connected with the study of history, and should
.be studied in connection with history.

SPANISH.

The study of Spanish is not only interesting but eminently
practical, in view of the recent commercial development in
the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The first
course in Spanish aims to give constant drill in grammatical
rules and principles and to serve as a foundation for the next
course — advanced and commercial Spanish — in which the
special feature is the writing of business letters in that language.

WITH! f IW 01 «

YC 64618

494502

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

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Full text of "U.S. navy education study courses. Manual of standard practice and announcement of courses prepared for the voluntary instruction of the enlisted personnel .."

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