c; w (5
D.B.D1X0N andThos. G.GRJERi
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
®]^itp. Gcpiiriji^f 1|0*-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
VADE MECUM
A WORK OF REFERENCE
For the Use of
ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKERS, BUILDERS, BLACKSMITHS,
BOOKKEEPERS, BOILER MAKERS, CONTRACTORS, CIVIL, MECHANICAL,
HYDRAULIC, MINING, STATIONARY, MARINE AND LOCOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS, FOREMEN OF MACHINE SHOPS, FIREMEN, MASTER
MECHANICS OF RAILROADS, MASTER CAR BUILDERS,
MACHINE SHOP PROPRIETORS, MACHINERY JOBBERS,
MACHINERY SALESMEN, MACHINISTS, PATTERN
MAKERS, RAILWAY SUPPLY AGENTS, RAILWAY
SUPERINTENDENTS, ROADMASTERS,
SUPERINTENDENTS OF FACTORIES
AND BUSINESS MEN
GENERALLY.
l^
D
COMPILED AND^RANGED BY
D. Bi^ DIXON
WITH A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE ON
Electricity
BY /
THOMAS G. GRIER
CHICAGO '^My^^^^'^
LAIRD & LEE, Publish^:
1893
^ry'
Vp
s ■
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year Eighteen
Hundred and Ninety-three, by Laird & Lee, in the
Office of the Librarian of Congress
AT Washington.
PREFACE.
This book is compiled from the most authentic, scientific
and mechanical sources. The matter contained therein has
passed the careful scrutiny of well known manufacturers
and professional men.
It is not intended to be an educational work, but rather
a work of reference for the use of professional and business
men, as well as operative mechanics. This work is made to
comprehend as far as possible, matter entering into every
da\' practice in the salesroom, office, and workshop, and is
the result of many years' actual experience in all lines
treated of. The work commends itself particularly to
Architects, Architectural Iron Workers, Builders, Contract-
ors, Engineers, Railway Supply Agents, Superintendents,
Master Mechanics, Machinists and Business men generally.
D. B. Dixoisr.
November, 1892.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Arithmetic. — Common Fractions 17
Decimal Fractions •. 17
Table of Binary and Decimal Fractions 19
Roman Cardinal Numbers 20
Table of Prime Numbers from 1 to 1000 20
" United States Money 21
" English Money 21
" Avoirdupois "Weight 21
" Troy " 22
" Apothecaries " 22
" Linear or Long Measure 23
" Surveyors' Measure 23
" Time " 24
" Square " .... 25
" Dry " 25
" Cubic " 26
" Liquid " 26
" Cloth ♦' 27
" Circular " 27
Miscellaneous Tables 27
What is a Billion? 29
Properties of Numbers 29
Table of Foreign Weights and Measures 29
Duodecimals 31
Percentage 32
Simple Interest 32
Compound Interest 33
Time in which Money doubles at Interest 34
Taxes 35
Square Root 35
Cube " 37
Time Table 38
Value of Articles per Piece, reckoning from Price per Dozen 39
Axles, Weight of Railroad Car. and Common 39
Angles, and Channel Bars, Weight of light Pattern 40
Angle Iron, Weight of Square-Root 40
Alloys 40
Anchors, Weight of. 41
Air 42
Air under Pressure, Velocity of. 42
Aluminum, Weight of Pure, and Al. Bronze, in Sheets 43
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Acre, Dimensions of Lots containing one 44
Boilers, Specifications of Tubular Stationary 44
" " " Cylinder 44
" " " Two-Flue 45
" " " Tubular, with 4-inch Tubes 45
" " " Six-Inch Flue 45
" " " Scotch Marine 45
" " " Submerged Tubular 46
" Plain Vertical Tubular 46
" '• " Portable 46
" " " " Locomotive Style 46
*' Number of Brick required for Setting 47
Boiler Power 47
Boilers, Horse Power of. Table giving the 48
Boiler Pressures, Table of. 49
Boilers, Shells of. : 50
" Heating Surface of. 51
Boiler Heads, Weight of Circular Steel 53
" " " " " Iron 54
Boiler, To find the Strain on the Cylindrical Part of a 54
" Plate, To find the Thickness of, for a given Pressure ; 54
" To find the Bursting Pressure per Square Inch on a 54
Boilers 55
Boiler, To find the Diameter of Feed Pipe for a 56
Boilers, Feed Water for..^. 56
Boiler Braces 56
Boilers, Porcupine 57
Table of the strongest Form and Proportion of riveted Joints for 5 7
Boiler Grate Bars 57
Boilers, To find the Consumption of Coal per Horse Power per Hour lor 57
Boiler Incrustation and Scale 58
" Scale Solvent 58
Beams, Weight and Dimensions of I (E3''e) 58
Beams, to Find the Safe Load for Cast-iron 60
Beams, Wooden 61
Brass, Weight of Sheet and Bar 63
Bolts, Weight of 100 ..; 64
Bolts and Nuts, a System of. 67
Btlts, Horse Power of. 67
" Driving Power of Oak Tanned Leather 71
Belting, Width and Velocity of 72
Balls, Weight of. 72
Bells, Pure Bell Metal 73
Blowers, Sturtevant Pressure 73
Blower and Exhausting Fans 74
Blowers. Monogram 75
Diameter of Blast Pipes for 76
Ciipola and Forge 78
" Speeds and Capacities of Buffalo 79
Brick Laying 80
Brickwork and Plastering 80
Bible Terms, Definition of 80
Board Measure 82
Table of Logs Reduced to 84
Bonds, Table Showing Investment Value of 86
Bodies, Falling ...;...... ;.....:.: ;.. S8
Boxes, Capacities of. ...,.,., !,.......i...... ..i.'.... 90
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Coins, Table of Foreign 90
Cross Ties per Mile of Railroad Track 91
Chains, \Yeight and Strength of Iron 91
C hain , Short Link 91
•' Proofs and Weights of. 92
•' Cleveland Coil and Cable 92
Chimneys 93
" Proportions for 93
" To Find Horse Power of. 94
Cylinders, Table of Areas of. 94
" " Contents of. ■ 95
Castings, Weight of, by Weight of Patterns 95
Circles, Circumferences and Areas of. 96
Table of Areas of, and of the Sides of Squares of the Same Area 112
Diam.andCircum.of, and Contents in Gallons — for OneFoot inDepth 114
Copper, Weight of Sheet 115
Braziers' Sheet, Weight of. 116
Gutter 116
Tinned 116
Planished 116
" Classification of. 117
Bolt, Weight of per Lineal Foot 117
Cables, Bridge Wire 117
Galvanized Steel 118
Crucibles, Sizes of. 118
Cordage, W'eight and Strength of 119
Coals, Table of American 120
Columns, Safe Load in Tons, for Cast Iron 121
Strength of Cast Iron 122
" Hollov^r Cylindrical Wrought Iron 124
Chords, Table of Long 125
Curves, Railroad 126
Channel Bars 127
Cemtnt, Hydraulic 128
Cement for Repairing Broken Rocks, Minerals, etc 131
" " Cementing Railing Tops, etc 131
Casing, Wrought Iron Lap Welded 132
Weil 132
Castings, Shrinkage of. 133
Combustibles, Table of Composition of 133
Calendar , 134
Car Load 135
Decimal Equivalents, Table of. 135
Decimal Parts of a Foot, etc 137
Drill Rods, Sizes of Crescent 138
Drills, Twist 139
Drill, to Find the Size of, etc 140
Drills, Taper Shank 140
Spted of , 141
Drill Sockets, Reamer for.* 141
Discount Tables 142
Dies, Speed of Bolt Cutting 145
" Proportions of Solid 146
Dollar, The Almighty 146
Dollars, Paper and Coin , 147
Dollar, to Find the Commercial Value of the Silver 148
Discs, Smooth Iron t4§
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Electrical Department 427 — 480
Alternates 458
Amount of Drop in Wires with a Given Current 448
Ampere Meter 465
Amperes per Lamp, Table of. 430
Amperes per Motor 443, 444
Ampere, the 427
Armatures 459
Balancing of Armatures 459
Belt, kind to be used 462
Binding AYires , 459
Brushes, , 460
Candle Power 429
Circular Mill 434
Commutators , 460
Comparative Table of Diameter and Weight of Copper Wire 448
Conductors and Insulators, or Non-Conductors 433
Converters 454
Copper Wire, Resistance of. 434
Counter Electromotive Force 461
Decimal Equivalents and the Metric System 451
Detail Apparatus and Instruments 464
Determination of Wires 435
Dynamo Electric Machinerj- 453
Dynamo, The 456
Electric Alotors 460
General Remarks on Motors 462
Horse Power 431
Induction 453
Insulation 468
Lightning Arrester 466
Pleasures of C apacity 45 2
Measures of Length 452
Measures of Surface 452
Method of Preparing a Wiring Table 435
Methods of Wiring 431, 432, 433
Metric System — Weights 452
Minimum Size Wire for Motor Services, 444
Ohm's Law 429
Ohm, the 427
Resistance of Copper Wire, the 434
Rheostats and Resistance Boxes 467
Rules Adopted by the National Electric Light Association; 469 to 480
Safety Devices 465
Simplified Copper Wire Equations 447
Size of Belts— Table 463
Starting a Motor 462
Station Switches 467
Stopping a Alotor 464
Table of Dimensions and Resistances of Piirc Copper Wire 449, 450
Turning a Commutator 464
Units of Measurement 451
Volt Meter 464
Volt, the 427
Watt, the 428
Wiringfor Motor Circuits 443
■ Wiring for Motor Services 445, 446
Wiring Table, Method of Preparing 435
Wiring Tables 437,438
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 11
Page.
Wiring Table for Primary Circuits 439, 440, 441, 442
Engines, Horizontal Stationary Side Valve 149
Automatic High Speed , 150
Engine, The Steam 150
Cylinder, To find the Area of.. 150
A Right Hand 151
" Running "under" and "over" 151
" Horse "Power of an 151
Engines, Locomotive 152
Horse Power of, for different nations 152
Expansion of Substances by Heat 153
Electricity 153
Etching ^ 154
Fans, Mine Ventilating ^ 154
Flanges, Cast Iron Steam Pipe 155
Fuel 155
" Saving of, by heating Feed Water ; 157
Flues, Wrought Iron 158
Fish Plates, Weight and Number of, per Mile 158
Fire, Temperature of 159
Freezing Points 159
Friction, Morin's Laws of. 159
Force, Centrifugal 159
Freight, Billing railroad IQO
Gauges, Numbers and Sizes of Wire 161
" Steel Music Wire 162
" Standard Saw 162
" Jobbers' Drill 162
" Twist Drill and Steel Drill Rod 163
Glass, Window 164
Grindstones 166
Gearing 167
Gear Wheel, To find the Pitch Diameter of a 168
" Blank, To find the Diameter of a 171
Grading 172
Grades, Rise per Mile of various 180
Gas, Illuminating 181
Gravity, Specific 181
" " Problems in 182
" Table of 183
Hawsers, Steel 187
Heat, Effect of, on various Bodies 187
Hot Water Heating Apparatus 188
Heaters, Money Value of Feed Water 189
Hammer, To find the Force of a Blow of a Steam 189
Height to Weight in man, Table showing the Relation of 189
Heat, Table of Latent 190
Heating by Steam 190
Heater, BuffalolHot Blast 192
" Sturtevant's Hot Blast 193
Hydraulic Ram 193
Hydraulics 194
Hydrostatics 196
Iron, Weight of Flat Rolled.- 209
?' Area " " " 215
" Weights and Areas of Square and Round Bars of 220
" Angle : .; ;.... 227
" Tee ; ; 228
" Star 228
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
Iron, Tire 228
" Wagon Box 229
" Half Round, Oval and Half Oval 229
" Hcop and Scroll 229
" Corrugated Sheet 230
" Galvanized Sheet 230
" Russia '* 231
" Plate 231
" Table of Weight of Cast 233
" Value of, per Gross Ton 234-
" Weight of Steel, Wrought and Cast 236
" Breaking and Crushing Strains of Steel and 236
" Strength of Charcoal Pig 236
" Weight of Sheet 238
" Specific Gravity of 239
' Circular Heads, Weight of Wrought 239
Logarithms, of Numbers 240
" Hyperbolic 243
Longitude, Lengths of a Degree of 243
Lapjoints, Table for Proportioning the Riveting for 244
Locomotive, To find the Horse-Power of a 244
Locomotives, Hauling, Capacity of 244
" Adhesive Power of 246
" Distribution of Weight in 246
" Tractive Power of.. 246
" To find the Load w^hich a, will take on a given Incline 247
Log Line 247
Line, A 247
Lubricant for Milling Cutters 247
Land, Measuring 247
Lumber, Average Weight of, per Foot 248
Table of Weight of 248
Logs. Weight of. 248
Mensuration. — To Find the Area of a Parallelogram 924
Triangle 249
" " " Trapezium 249
" " " Trapezoid 249
" " " Regular Polygon 249
The Diameter of a Circle beingGiven to Find the Circumference 250
The Circumference " " " " Diameter 250
To Find the Length of any Arc of a Circle 250
Area of a Circle 250
" Sector 250
" Segment of a Circle 250
" of the Space included between the Circumference of Two
Concentric Circles 250
Circumference of an Ellipse, etc 250
Area of an Ellipse, etc 250
" a Parabola, etc 251
" a Frustum of a Parabola 251
Solidity of a Cube, etc 251
" Prism 251
Convex Surface of a Cylinder 251
Solidity of a Cylinder 251
Convex Surface of a Right Cone 251
of the Frustum of a Right Cone 251
Solidity of a Cone or Pyramid -. 251
Frustum of a Cone or Pyramid, etc 251
" of the " *' Pyramid, whose Sides are Regular
Polygons 351
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13
Page.
To Find the Solidity of the Frustum of a Pyramid when the Ends, etc 251
' of a Wedge 251
ofaPrismoid 252
" " Convex Surface of a Sphere , 252
" Solidity of a Sphere or Globe 252
" " " the Segment of a Sphere 252
" " " " Frustum " " 252
of a Spheroid 252
of the Middle Frustum of a Spheroid, etc 252
of a Tetraedron 252
of an Octaedron 252
" " " of a Dodecaedron... . 252
" " Superfices, etc., of any of the Five Regular Bodies 253
" " Convex Superfices of a Cylindric Ring 253
" Solidity of a Cylindric Ring 253
Properties of the Circle. 253
To Find the Size of a Tank to Hold a Certain Number of Gallons 254
" Weight of a Safety Valve Ball, when Scales are not Handy 254
" Largest Square that can be Cut from a Circular Sheet of
Given Size 255
" " Cubic Contents of a Tapering Vessel 255
Metric System, of Lengths 255
Measures, Comparative Table of French and United States 255
Metals, Malleability of. 256
" Specific Resistance of. 256
" Conductivity and Non-Conductivity of. 257
Weight of, per Square Foot 257
" Cubic Inch, and Cubic Foot 257
Muntz Metal 258
Mills, Flour and Corn 258
Miner's Inch 260
Mortality, Table of. 261
Materials, Strength of. . 262
Metals, The Rarer 263
" Order of Hardness of, etc 264
Metal, Babbit 264
" that Expands in Cooling 265
Metals, Properties of 265
Mile 266
Mills, Saw 266
Minerals, 266
Magic Table 267
Machinery, Horse Power Required for Driving 267
Numbers, Useful, for Rapid Approximation 268
" Square Roots and Cube Roots of— from 1 to 20 269
" Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of— from 1
to 1,000 270
*' First Eight Powers of First Ten 277
Nails, Length and Number of Cut, to One Pound 277
" " " " " Wire, " " 278
Nuts, Sizes and Weights of Hot Pressed Square 279
" " " *' " " " Hexagon 280
" Average Number of, in a Box or Keg of 200 Pounds 281
" Machine Screw 281
Stove Bolt 281
Non-Conductors, Relative Value of. 2S2
Ores, Earth, etc., Measures of. 282
" Iron 282
Oils, Lubricating 283
14 TABLE O^ CONTENTS.
Page.
Pipe, Wrought Iron Steam, Gas, and Water 285
" " " " Extra Strong 288
" " " " " Doable Extra Strong 289
Tarred or Asphalted Wrought Iron 290
Lap-Welded Tuyere 290
For Stay Bolt Tubes 290
Thickness of Iron Required for Flush Joint 290
Cast Iron Flanged 291
Standard Flange ; 292
Weights of Cast Iron 293
Dimensions of Cast Iron * 294
Weight of Cast Iron, including Bells 295
Thickness of Metal Required for, under Heads of Water 296
Table of Comparison of Safe Thickness of Cast Iron Water 297
Capacity of Sewer 298
Rule for Laying Draining 298
Weights of Lead 299
Table of Thickness of Lead 300
Pure Block Tin 300
Weight of Riveted Iron and Copper 301
" Galvanized Iron 301
Table Showing Square Feet of Surface on 302
Diameter of Blast 303
To Find the Weight of, per Running Foot 304
To Find the Loss of Pressure in Air, bj' Reason of Friction 304
Areas and Contents of. 305
Friction-Loss in Pounds Pressure in 306
Contents of, in CubicFeet and Gallons : 308
Table of Flow of Steam Through 309
" for Proportioning the Diameter of Air 310
Loss of Heat from Steam 311
To Find the Head due to Friction in a, Running Full 311
Spiral Riveted Steam 312
Bursting Pressures of Spiral Riveted Steam 313
Table of Iron and Rivets Required for Spiral Riveted Steam 314
Nominal Weight of Spiral Riveted Steam 314
" Fittings for Spiral Riveted Steam 314
Pumps, Boiler Feed 315
Tank 316
" Duplex Steam 317
Centrifugal 318
*• Steam Jet 318
Single Acting 319
Fire Streams 320
" To Find the Horse Power of Boiler Necessary to Run a Steam 320
Notes 321
Plates, Table of Standard Tin 322
" Weight of Iron, Copper and Brass 323
Muntz Metal 324
Piston Speeds, Table of. 324
Pressure, Safe Working Steam 325
" Mean Effective .... .;.. 326
Planes, Inclined 326
Pulleys, Dimensions for Standard 328
Speed of. 329
Data for Ordering 329
Presses, Hydrostatic 329
Paints, To Mix Different Colors 329
Papers, Whatman's Drawing 330
Rails Required for One Mile of Single Track, 2,000 lbs. to the ton 331
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 15
Page.
Rails Required for One Mile of Single Track, 2,240 lbs. to the ton 331
Railroads, Logging 331
Rails, Table of Middle Ordinates for Bending 332
Rods, Weight of Round Copper and Brass ' 332
Roofing, Cost of Tin 333
Slate 334
Reservoirs, Capacity of, in Gallons 335
Roadways 337
Rope, Manila , 337
" Transmission and Standing Wire 338
*' Hoisting Wire 339
" Galvanized Iron Wire 340
Steel Wire 340
*' Transmission of Power by Wire 341
Rivets, Iron 342
Belt, and Burs 343
" Shearing and Bearing Value of. 345
Spikes, Wrought .. 345
Springs. Weight of Elliptic 346
Shingles 346
Saws, Speed for Circular 347
Shoes, Weights of Horse and Mule 347
Shafting, Transmitting Efficiency of. 348
Shaft, To Find the Power of a 349
" " " " Speed of a 349
" " " '• Diameterofa 349
Shafting, Horse Power of Line . 349
" Speed in Turning 349
Steam, Properties of Saturated 351
Used Expansively 352
'' Velocity of Escaping 352
Sines, Tangents, and Secants, Table of. 353
Screw Threads 360
Screws, Wood 361
Screens, Needle Slot Battery 361
Shafting, Patent Cold Rolled 362
Sockets, Artesian Well 363
Screw Ends, Upset 364
Smoke-Stacks, Weight of. 366
Steel Plate, Weight of 366
Steel Bar, Weight of. 368
Squares, Table ShowingSides of. 369
Substances, Ignition Points of Various 369
Weight of, to Cubic Foot 369
Splice Joints per Mile of Track v 372
Steel, Rule for Ascertaining the Weight of. 372
" To Find Weight of, by Measurement 372
Standard File, Sizes 373
" Tempering 374
Bath for Hardening 574
" Directions for Scaling Sheet 374
" Crucible Cast 374
" Mushet 374
Sound, Distances in Feet which. Travels in Air 375
Screw Cutting 375
Stone, Weight of, per Cubic Foot 375
" Average Crushing Loads on, in Tons 375
Tanks, Gallons Contained in Cisterns and 376
Size of. 377
Tacks 378
16 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Type 378
Tubing, Stone Well 378
Timber, To Find Solidity of 378
To Obtain the Volume of Tapering Stick of. 379
" Table Showing Number of Feet in 380
" Board Measure of, 381
Tile, Average Weight of Drain 381
" Carr5-ing Capacity of. 382
Tubes, Weight of Brazed Copper , 382
*' Sizes of Brazed Brass 383
" Weight of Seamless Brass and Copper 383
" Boiler 384
" JLap Welded Charcoal Iron Boiler 386
" " " " " Marine Boiler 388
" * " Semi-Steel Locomotive *' 389
Tubing, Well 390
Taps. Machine Screw 390
Speed of. 391
Tires„ Shrinkage of 391
Thermometric Scales 391
Trains, Speed Table for 392
Time, Table Showing Difference of, etc 392
Unions, Cast Iron Flange 393
Valve, Calculations for the Safety 393
To Find the Proper Area of a Safety 395
Safely, Area of, for One Square Foot of Grate 396
" To Find the Area of Opening of a Conical Safet5' 396
" Lap on a Slide 397
" Amount of Lap Required on the Steam Side of a Slide 397
Wire, Weight of One Foot in Length of Iron, Steel and Copper 398
of Brass, B. & S. Gauge 400
" •' per Mile of Copper 401
" Hard Copper Telegraph 401
" Iron Telegraph 402
Galvanized Telegraph 402
" Coiled, tor Making Needles 403
" Sizes of American, Expressed in Fractions of an Inch 403
•' Yards of, in one Bundle 403
Tables, Kirkaldy's 404
" Approximate Weight per 1,000 Feet of Copper Braided 405
" Resistance of Pure Copper 406
Washers, Average Number of, in a Box or Keg of 150 lbs 407
StandardList of Wrought 407
Wind, Velocity and Force of the 408
Water 408
At Different Temperatures 408
Boiling Point of. 408
•' Pressure of 409
To Find the Horse Power of. Flowing in Streams 410
Walls, Strength of Brick 410
Wood, Relative Hardness of. 410
Wheels, Driving 410
Buffalo Exhaust Disc 411
" Capacities of Large Fan 412
" Sizes and Weights of Cast Iron Tramway 413
Wages, Tables 414
Wheels, Emery , 420
Zinc, Approximate Weight of Sheet 422
Zinc Drawn Round Rods. Weight of. 423
Zinc Tubing, Weight of Brazed ^.. 423
VADK MKCUM.
-•->^^-
COMMON FRACTIONS.
Rule for Addition.
When necessary, reduce the fractionstotheirleast common denominator,
Then:
Add the numerators, and place the sum over the common denominator.
Rule for Subtraction.
When necessary, reduce the fraction to a common denominator. Then:
Subtract the numerator of the subtrahend from the numerator of the
minuend, and place the difference over the common denominator.
Rule for Multiplication.
Multiply together the numerators for a new numerator, and the denom-
inators for a new denominator.
Rule for Division.
Invert the divisor, and proceed as in multiplication.
Decimal Fractions.
To reduce a decimal to a common fraction.
Rule: Omit the decimal point, and supply the proper denominator.
Thus. Reduce .125 to a common fraction.
\ 125 /
^25)^^1/8 Ans.
1000
To reduce a common fraction to a decimal.
Rule: Annex ciphers to the numerator, and divide by the denominator.
Then:
Point off as many decimal places in the result as are equfil to the
number of ciphers annexed.
Thus: Reduce % to a decimal.
8|5000
.625 Ans.
2
18 ARITHMETIC.
Rule for Addition.
Write the numbers so that the decimal points shall stand directly under
each other. Add as in whole numbers, and place the decimal point in the
result directly under the points in the numbers added.
Rule for Subtraction.
Write the numbers so that the decimal points shall stand directly under
each other. Subtract as in whole numbers, and place the decimal point in
the result directly under the points in the given numbers.
Rule for Multiplication.
Multiply as in whole numbers, and from the right hand of the product
point off as many figures for decimals as there are decimal places in both
factors.
Rule for Division.
Divide as in whole numbers, and from the right hand of the quotient
point off as many places for decimals as the decimal places in the dividend
exceed those in the divisor.
Note. The dividend must always contain at least as man^- decimal
places as the divisor, before commencing the division.
If the quotient does not contain a sufficient number of decimal places,
prefix ciphers to same.
To reduce a pure circulate to a common fraction.
Rule. Write the repetend for the numerator, omitting the decimal point
and the dots, and for the denominator write as many 9s (nines) as there
are figures in the repetend, and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.
Note. A pure circulate has no figures but the repetend. As .5 and .124.
Example.
Change .53 to a common fraction.
Operation.
100 times the repetend = 53.53
Once " " = .53
99 " " " = 53.00
Once " " = 53
"99 Ans.
Example.
Change .456 to a common fraction.
1000 times the repetend = 456.456
Once "
456
999 times "
=456
Once "
456
999 Ans.
ARITHMETIC.
19
To reduce a mixed circulate to a common fraction.
Rule: First. For the numerator.
Subtract the part which precedes the repetend from the whole expres-
sion, both quantities being considered units.
Secondly. For the denominator.
Write as many 9s (nines) as there are figures in the repetend, and annex
as many ciphers as there are decimal figures before each repetend.
Note. A mixed circulate has other figures before the repetend; as,
.2083 and .31247.
Example.
Change 821437 to a common fraction.
821437 — 821 _ 102577
999000
124875
Ans.
Example.
Change. 048 to a common fraction.
48 — 4 ^ 44
900 900
-= ilAns
225
TABI/E OF BINARY AND Dl^Cim.Al, FRACTIONS.
eS = .015625
il = .265625
II = .515625
n =
.765625
gL = .03125
3% = .28125
ii = .53125
*i =
.78125
ii = .046875
if = .296875
If = .546875
M =
.796875
f^6 = .0625
i%=.3125
1% = .5625
H =
.8125
#5 = .078125
U = .328125
|7 = .578125
11 =
.828125
i^ = .09375
H = .34375
if = .59375
II =
.84375
i^ = .109375
§1 = .359375
If = .609375
If =
.859375
i = .125
1 = .375
i = .625
1 =
.875
^4 = .140625
gf = .390625
ii = .640625
il =
.890625
^2 = .15625
H ^ .40625
§i = .65625
.90625
H = .171875
II = .421875
If = .671875
n =
.921875
,^e=.1875
/e = .4375
i|-=.6875
H =
.9375
H = . 203 125
§1 = .453125
l-l = .703125
u =
.953125
^\ = .21875
fl = .46875
§1= .71875
u =
.96875
II = .234375
|i = .484375
|x = .743375
fi =
.984375
| = .25
i = .5
| = .75
1 =
1.000000
20
ARITHMETIC.
ROMAN CARDINAIy NUMBD^RS.
I
1
XXII
22
II
2
XXX
30
Ill
3
XL
40
IV
4
L
50
V
VI
5
6
LX
LXX
60
70
VII
7
LXXX
80
VIII
8
XC
90
IX
9
C
100
X
XI
10
11
CC
CCC
200
300
XII
12
CCCC
400
XIII
13
D
500
XIV
14
DC
600
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
15
16
17
18
MM
V
X
L
C
1,000
2,000
5,000
XIX
XX
XXI
19
20
21
10,000
50,000
100,000
The Romans contrived to express all numbers by these seven letters —
I, one; V, 5; X, 10; L, 50; C 100- D 500; M 1,000.
The repetition of a letter repeats its value; thus II signifies 2; XXX 30
etc.; V and L are never repeated.
When a letter of less value is placed before another of greater value, the
value of the less is taken from the greater. When placed after it, the value
of the less is added to the greater.
TABI
vB OF
prim:^ numb:^rs from i to
IjOOO.
1
59
139
233
337
439
557
653
769
883
2
61
149
239
347
443
563
659
773
887
3
67
151
241
349
449
569
661
787
907
5
71
157
251
353
457
571
673
797
911
7
73
163
257
359
461
577
677
809
919
11
79
167
263
367
463
587
683
811
929
13
83
173
269
373
467
593
691
821
937
17
89
179
271
379
479
599
701
823
941
IV
97
181
277
383
487
601
709
827
947
23
101
191
281
389
491
607
719
829
953
29
103
193
283
397
499
613
727
839
967
31
107
197
293
401
503
617
733
853
971
37
109
199
307
409
509
619
T39
857
977
41
113
211
311
419
521
631
743
859
983
43
127
223
313
421
523
641
751
863
991
47
131
227
317
431
541
643
757
S77
997
53
137
229
331
433
547
647
761
881
ARITHMETIC.
21
A Prime Number is one that can not be resolved or separated into two
or more integral factors.
A Prime Number can be divided only by itself and unity.
UNITED STATES
Table.
10 tnills (m ) niake 1 cent
MON:eY.
.ct.
10000 m
10 cents " 1 dime
10 dimes " 1 dollar
10 dollars ' 1 eagle
1000 ct.
100 d.
10 $
Equivalents.
E. $ D. CT. M.
1 = 10 = 100 =r 1000 = 10000
1 = 10 = 100 = 1000
1 = 10 =3 100
1 = 10
ENGI^ISH MONE^Y.
4 farthings (far.) make
12 pence "
20 shillings
Table.
U. S. VALUE.
1 penny d $0.0202 +
1 shilling s 2433 -f
1 pound, or sov...£ $4.8665
Equivalents.
Note.
£ S. D. FAR.
1 = 20 = 240 =r 660
1 = 12 = 48
1 = 4
Also.
1 crown = 5 shilHngs.
1 half crown = 2 shillings and 6 pence.
1 guinea = 21 shillings.
1 Canadian sovereign = $4.86|.
A French franc is equal to $.193 U. S. money.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
Table.
16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce oz.
16 ounces " 1 pound lb.
25 pounds " 1 quarter qr.
4 quarters " 1 hundred weight ...cwt.
20 hundred weight,! i +or, t
or 2,0QQ lbs, / ^ ^^" "•••-'^ '
22 ARITHMETIC.
Equivalent.
T. CWT. QR. LB. OZ. DR.
1 = 20 = 80 = 2000 = 32000 = 512000
1 = 4 = 100 = 1600 = 25600
1-= 25 = 400 = 6400
1 = 16 = 256
1 = 16
I/ong Ton Table.
16 ounces make 1 pound lb.
28 pounds " 1 quarter qr.
4 quarters , " 1 hundred weight cwt.
20 cwt. = 2240 lb. " 1 ton T.
TROY W:eiGHT.
Table.
24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight pwt.
20 pennyweights " 1 ounce oz.
12 ounces " 1 pound lb.
31 grains " 1 carat K.
iEquivalents.
LB. OZ. PWT. GR.
1 = 12 = 240 = 5760
1 = 20 = 480
1 = 24
Note. A jeweler's carat is equal, in the U. S., to 3.2 grains; in London,
to 3.17 grains; in Paris, to 3.18 grains.
APOTHECARIKS' W:eiGHT.
Table.
20 grains (gr. ) make 1 sruplc 9
3 sruples " 1 dram 3
8 drams " 1 ounce... ...,^
12 ounces " 1 pound lb.
^Equivalents.
LB. § 5 9 GR.
1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760
1 = 8 = 24 = 480
1 = 3 = 60
1 = 20
Note: In Troy and Apothecaries' weights, the grain, ounce and pound
are the same.
ARITHMETIC. 23
iviNEAR, OR ivONG m:e^asur:e^.
Table.
12 inches (in.) make 1 foot ft.
3 feet " 1 yard yd.
514 yards " 1 rod rd.
40 rods " 1 furlong fur.
8 furlongs " 1 statute mile mi
Equivalents.
MI. FUR. RODS.
YDS.
FT. IN.
1 = 8 = 320 =
1760
= 5280 = 63360
1 = 40 =
220
= 660 = 7920
1 =
51/2
= I6V2 = 198
1
= 3 - 36
1 = 12
Also.
9 inches
make 1 span.
4 "
'
' 1 hand.
6 feet
'
1 fathom.
120 fathoms
1 cable length.
7V2 cable length:
3
' 1 mile.
1.15 statute miles
'
' 1 geographic mile.
3 geographic miles "
' 1 league.
60
69i statute
it II
[ 1 degree.
360 degrees
'
' the circumference of the earth.
5280 feet
"
' 1 statute mile.
6072 "
n
1 geographic mile.
1 nautical knot.
6082.66 feet
a
The length of a degree of latitude varies, being 68.72 miles at the equa-
tor, 68.9 to 69.05 miles in middle latitudes, and 69.30 to 69.34 miles in the
polar regions. A degree of longitude is greatest at the equator, where it is
69.16 miles, and it gradually decreases toward the poles, where it is 0.
suRv:eYORS' m:easurb.
Table of I^inear Distances.
7.92 inches (in.) make 1 link 1.
25 links " 1 rod rd.
4 rods, or 66 feet " 1 chain ch.
80 chains " 1 mile mi.
i^quivalents.
MI. CH. RD. L. IN.
1 = 80 = 320 = 8000 = 63360
1 = 4 = 100 = 792
1 = 25 = 198
1 = 7.92
Gunter's chain is 4 rods in length, and consists of 100 links.
24
ARITHMETIC.
Table of Areas.
625 square links (sq. 1) make 1 pole p.
16 poles
100 square feet
1 chain wide
1 square acre
A square %
A " 1/4
A circular
A " V2
A " 1/4
" 1 square chain sq. ch.
= 1 square.
= 8 acres per mile.
= 208.71 feet at each side.
= 147.58
= 104.355
= 235.504 feet in diameter.
= 166.527 "
= 117.752 "
10 square chains make 1 acre A.
640 acres " 1 square mile sq. mi.
36 square miles " 1 township Tp.
l^qivalents.
TP. SQ. Ml. A. SQ. CH. P. SQ. L.
1 = 36 = 23040 = 230400 = 3686400 = 2304000000
1 = 640 = 6400 = 102400 = 64000000
1 = 10 = 160 = 10000
1 = 16 = 1000
1 = 625
A section equals 1 square mile, or 640 acres.
A township is 6 miles square, and contains 36 sections.
A vara is equal to 2.75 lineal feet.
"50 vara lot" equals 50 varas square, or 18,906.25 sqr. ft., or 434
acres.
"100 vara lot" equals 100 varas square, or 5,625 sqr. ft., or 1,736
acres.
1 Legua land (Mexican) equals 678.17 square miles, or 4,340 j^g acres.
The French Foot equals 12.8 inches, nearly.
The French Arpent contains nearly % of an acre.
TIMB M:eASURE.
Table.
60 seconds (sec.) make 1 minute m.
60 minutes " 1 hour hr.
24 hours " 1 day da.
7 days " 1 week wk.
36514 days " 1 year yr.
100 years " 1 century C.
l^quivalents.
YR. WK. DA. HR. MIN. SEC.
1 = 52 = 36514 = 8766 = 525960 = 31557600
1 = 7 = 168 = 10080 = 604800
1 = 24= 1440= 86400
1 = 60 = 3600
1=: 60
ARITHMETIC. 25
A Sidereal Day equals 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.092 seconds, in solar or
mean time.
A Solar Day (mean) equals 24 hours, 3 minutes, 56.555 seconds, in
sidereal time.
A sidereal year, or revolution of the earth, equals 365.25635 solar days.
A Solar, or Calendar Year, equals 365.24224 solar days.
squar:e measure.
Table.
144 square inches (sq. in.) make 1 square foot sq. ft.
9 square feet " 1 square yard sq. yd.
30^/4 square yards " 1 square rod sq. rd.
40 square rods " 1 rood R.
4 roods " 1 acre A.
640 acres " 1 square mile sq. mi.
:Equivalents.
so. MI. A. R. SQ. RD. SQ. YDS. SQ.FT. SQ. IN.
1 = 640 == 2560 = 102400 = 3097600 =27878400 =4014489600
1 = 4 = 160 = 4840 = 43560 = 6272640
1= 40= 1210 = 10890 = 1568160
1 = 3014 = 272% = 39204
1 = 9 = 1296
1 = 144
Joiners, brickla\^ers and masons make no allowance for windows, doors,
or other openings.
Bricklayers and masons, in estimating their work by cubic measure,
make no allowance for the corners of the walls of houses, cellars, etc., but
estimate their work b}^ the girt, that is, the entire length of the wall on the
outside.
Plasterers estimate their work by the square yard, and make no allow-
ance for doors and windows; charging double for plastering around gothic,
circular and irregular shaped openings.
In some localities, but one-half is charged for plastering around doors
and rectangular shaped windows.
DRY Mi^ASURlS.
Table.
2 pints (pt.) make 1 quart qt.
8 quarts " 1 peck pk.
4 pecks " 1 bushel bu.
3g,.„.v,^.. .. 1 chaldron gh.
26 ARITHMETIC.
Equivalents.
CH. BU. PK. QT. PT.
1 = 36 = 144 = 1152 = 2304
1 = 4 = 32 = 64
1= 8= 16
1= 2
The U. S. standard unit of dry measure is the British Winchester bushel,
which is I8V2 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep, and contains 2150.42
cubic inches, equal to 77.6274 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water, at its
maximum density.
A gallon, dry measure, contains 268.8 cubic inches.
CUBIC INCHES. CUBIC INCHES. CUBIC INCHES. CUBIC INCHES.
IN ONE GALLON. IN ONE QUART. IN ONE PINT. IN ONE GILL.
Wine measure 231 573/4 28% 7/,
Dry measure 268| 671 33| 8f
Beer, gallon 282
A bushel is commonh- estimated at 2150.4 cubic inches, and when
heaped the cone must be 6 inches high, making a heaped bushel equal to 1^/4
struck ones.
CUBIC MEASURE.
Table.
1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) make 1 cubic foot cu. ft.
27 cubic feet " 1 cubic yard cu. yd.
16 cubic feet " 1 cord foot cd. ft.
128X4\*t'"'} " 1 cord of wood cd.
24| cubic feet " 1 perch Pch.
A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord;
and a cord foot is 1 foot in length of such a pile.
A perch of stone, or of masonry, is I6V2 feet long, I14 feet wide, and 1
foot high.
In some localities a perch of stone equals 22 cubic feet. In others 18
cubic feet.
IvIQUID MEASURE.
Table.
4 gills (gi.) make 1 pint pt.
2 pints " 1 quart qt.
4 quarts " 1 gallon gal.
3IV2 gallons " 1 barrel bbl.
2 barrels " 1 hogshead hhd.
ARITHMETIC.
27
Equivalents.
HHD. BBL.
GAL. QTS. PTS. GI.
1 = 2 =
63 = 252 = 504 = 2016
1 =
3IV2 = 126 = 252 = 1008
1 = 4 = 8 = 32
1 = 2 = 8
1 = 4
Also.
36 gallons
make 1 barrel of ale, beer, or milk.
54
" 1 hogshead " "
42
" 1 tierce.
2 hogsheads
" 1 pipe, or butt.
2 pipes
1 tun.
CI/OTH MJ^ASURB.
21/4 inches make 1 nail na.
4 nails " 1 quarter qr.
4 quarters" 1 yard yd.
CIRCUIyAR MEASURE.
Table.
60 seconds {^^) make 1 minute ''
60 minutes " 1 degree °
30 degrees " 1 sign S.
12 signs, or 360 degrees " 1 ciixle C.
iEquivalents.
C. S. ° ' ''
1 = 12 = 360 = 21600 = 1296000
1 = 30 = 1800 = 108000
1= 60 = 3600
1 = 60
Also.
90 degrees make 1 quadrant.
4 quadrants, or 360 degrees, make 1 circle.
MISC:iSI,I/ANBOUS TABI^BS.
12 units make 1 dozen.
12 dozen " 1 gross.
12 gross " 1 great gross.
20 things " 1 score.
100 pounds " 1 quintal of fish.
28 ARITHMETIC.
196 pounds " 1 barrel of flour.
200 pounds " 1 barrel of pork.
18 inches " 1 cubit.
22 inches (nearly) " 1 sacred cubit.
14 pounds " 1 stone.
21 V2 stones " 1 pig-
8 pigs " 1 fother.
100 pounds of grain or flour " 1 cental.
100 " dry fish *' 1 quintal.
100 " nails " 1 keg.
280 " salt at N. Y. S. works " 1 barrel.
56 " " " " " 1 bushel.
240 " lime " 1 cask.
32 " oats " 1 bushel.
56 " corn, shelled " 1 bushel.
60 " wheat " 1 bushel.
A cubic inch of distilled water in a vacuum, weighed by brass weigh «,
also in a vacuum, at a temperature of 62 degrees Fah., is equal to 252.4-58
grains, of which the standard Troy pound contains 5760. A pound avoir-
dupois contains 7000 Troy grains. An ounce Troy is 42.5 grains greater
than an ounce avoirdupois.
Sizes of Flat Paper.
Flat Letter 10x16
Flat Foolscap.. 13 x 16
Packet Post.....' 12 x 19
Cap 14x17
Crown 15x19
Double Flat Letter 16 x 20
Demy 16x21
Folio Post ,..c 17 X 22
Check Folio 17 x 24
Medium..... 18x23
Double Flat Foolscap 16 x 26
Bank Folio 19 x 24
Royal 19x24
Double Cap 17x28
Super Royal 20 x 28
Double Demy 21x32
Double Demy : 16x42
Imperial 23 x 31
Double Medium 23 x 36
Double Medium 18x46
Elephant 23x28
Colombier 23x34
Atlas 26x33
Double Royal 24x38
Double Elephant 27 x 40
Antiquarian ,...,,,,,..» »».». 3X ^ 53
ARITHMETIC. 29
A sheet folded in 2 leaves is called a folio.
" " 4 " " a quarto, or 4to.
" " 8 " " an octavo, or 8yo.
/• " 12 " " al2mo.
*' " 18 " " an 18mo.
" " 24 " " a 24mo.
32 " " a32mo. ^
24 sheets make 1 quire.
20 quires " 1 ream.
2 reams " 1 bundle.
5 bundles " 1 bale.
Billion.
A billion, according to the French and American system of notation, is
one thousand millions.
Thus, 1,000,000,000.
According to the English system, a billion is one million millions.
Thus, 1,000,000,000,000.
In the English method the period contains six orders, the name of the
first period being Units, the second Millions, and the third Billions.
Properties of Numbers.
The number 142,857 multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 gives the same
figures in the same order, beginning at a different point, and if multiplied by
7 gives all nines.
142,857 X
1 =
142,857
142,857 X
2 =
285,714
142,857 X
3 =
428,571
142,857 X
4 =
571,428
142,857 X
5 =
714,285
142,857 X
6 =
857,142
142,857 X
7 =
999,999
142,857 X
8 =
1,142,856
1
142,857
por:eign w:eiGHTS and m:^asur^s.
DENOMINATION. WHERE USED. U. S. EQUIVALENT.
Almude.... Portugal 4.442 gals.
Ardeb Alexandria 7.5907 bus.
Aratel or libra Portugal 1.011 lbs. av.
Aroba Portugal 32.38 lbs.
" Brazil
" Spain 25. 36 lbs.
" Buenos Ayres "
" Spain (wine) 4.26 gals.
Artal Morocco 1.12 lbs. av.
30 ARITHMETIC.
Baril Argentine Rep 20.0787 gals.
" Mexico "
Candy Bombay 560 lbs. av.
Madras 500 lbs. av.
Cantar Turkey 124.7036 lbs. av.
Catty China 1.333 lbs. av.
" .Japan 1.31 lbs.
" .Java & Siam 1.35 lbs.
" Malacca "
" Sumatra 2.12 lbs.
Centner Bremen 127.5 lbs.
" Brunswick 117.5 lbs.
" Darmstadt 110.24 lbs.
" Zollverein "
" Denmark 110.11 lbs
** Norway "
" Nuremberg 112.43 lbs.
" Prussia 113.44 lbs.
" Vienna 123.5 lbs.
Fanega Mexico 1.54728 bus.
*' Peru 140 Castilian lbs.
Gramme Metric 15,432 grs. av.
Hectoliter " 26.417 quarts.
Kilogram or kilo " 2.2046 lbs. av.
Kilometer " 0.621376 miles.
Last Belgium (dry) 85.134 bus.
" Holland (dry)
" Eng. (dry malt) 82.52 bus.
" Prussia 112.29 bus.
Libra Castilian 7100 grains troy.
" Chili 1.014 lbs. av.
Liter Metric 1.026 quarts.
Livre Guiana 1.0791 lbs. av.
Maund Bengal 82.285 lbs. av.
" Bombay 28 lbs. av.
" Madras 25 lbs. av.
Meter Metric 39.37 inches.
" Metric (cubic) 1.308 cubic yds.
" Metric (sq.) 1550.0 sq. inches.
Oka Egypt 2.7235 lbs. av.
•' Hungary 3.0817 lbs. av.
• , ..Turkey 2.83418 lbs. av.
Picul Borneo 135.64 lbs.
" Celebes
" China 1331/3 lbs.
" Sumatra "
" .Japan 130 lbs.
" .Java (Batavia) 135.10 lbs.
" Hemp of Manila Philip. Isl 139.45 lbs.
ARITHMETIC. 31
" Sugar of Manila, Phil. Isl 140 lbs.
Pie Argentine Republic 0.9478 feet.
'« Castilian 0.91407 feet.
Pik Turkey 27.9 inches.
Quarter England 8.252 bus.
Quintal Brazil 130.06 lbs. av.
" Buenos Ayres 101.42 lbs. av„
Castile, ChiH 101.61 lbs. av.
" Mexico, Peru "
" Metric 220.47 lbs.
Tael Cochin-China 590.75 grainstroy.
Tonde (ton) Denmark 3.94783 bus.
Vara Castihan 0.914117 yard.
" Curacoa 33.375 inches.
" Peru and Cuba "
DUODieCIMAI^S.
Table.
12 fourths, marked {^^'') make 1 third marked V^
12 thirds " 1 second " V
12 seconds " 1 prime, or inch " V
12 primes, or inches " 1 foot " ft.
Rule for Multiplication.
Write the several terms of the multiplier under the corresponding terms
of the multiplicand.
Multiply each term of the multiplicand by each term of the multiplier,
beginning with the lowest term in each, and call the product of any two
denominations the denomination denoted by the sum of their indices, car-
rying 1 for every 12.
Add the partial products, carrying 1 for every 12 ; their sum will be the
required answ^er.
Example. How many square feet in a board 11 feet 8 inches long, and
2 feet 7 inches wide?
11 ft. 8^ 8^ X 7^=^56^^
2 1' 56^^
6 ft. 9' %'^ T2~ = ^' ^^^
23 4^ W' remainder.
30 ft. V 8^^ Ans. H ft. X 7^ = 77^
Or, 30 ft. 1 A inches. '^^' + 4^ = 81^
%V
T2 ^ ^ • ^"^
9'' remainder.
8^ X 2 ft. = 16'
-Jo = 1 ft and
4' remainder,
lift. X 2 ft. = 22 ft.
22ft.+ lft. = 23ft.
32 ARITHMETIC.
P^RC:eNTAGE.
160
=
loo
100
=
5^0
100
=
A
100
=
2^0
ioo
=
5^0
100
=
100
foo
=
2%
/o%
=
1*0
i%
=
2^5
I'cfo
==
h
m
=
i
l^^O
=
h
^88
=
1
m
=
5
4
1000
=
200
lo'o^o
=
40O
i^oVo
=
1
8
fWo%
=
u
Table.
1 per cent = .01 =
2 " = .02 =
4 " =: . .04 =
5 " = .05 =
6 " = .06 =
7 " = .07 =
8 " = .08 =
10 " = .10 =
16 " = .16 =
20 " = .20 =
25 " = .25 =
50 " = .50 =
100 " = 1.00 =
125 " = 1.25 =
1/2 " = .005 =
% *' = .0075 =
121/2 " = .125 =
161/4 " = .1625 =
To Find the Percentage of Any Number.
Rule. Multiply the given number or quantity by the rate per cent, ex-
pressed decimally, and point off as in decimals.
To Find What Per Cent. One Number is of Another.
Rule. Divide the percentage by the base, and the quotient will be the
rate per cent, expressed decimally.
To Find a Number When a Certain Per Cent, of It Is Given.
Rule. Divide the percentage by the rate per cent, expressed decimally,
and the quotient will be the base, or number required.
To Find a Number When the Number, Increased by a Certain
Per Cent, of Itself, Is Given.
Rule. Divide the amount by 1 plus the rate expressed decimally, and
the quotient will be the base, or number required.
To Find a Number When the Number, Diminished by a Cer-
tain Per Cent, of Itself, Is Given.
Rule. Divide the given number by 1 minus the rate expressed decimally,
and the quotient will be the base, or number required.
Simple Interest.
General Rule. Find the interest for one year by multiplj'ing the
principal by as many hundredths as are expressed in the rate per cent., then
multiply by the number of years and fractional parts of years expressed in
the given time.
Note. When the time is expressed in months and days, it is usual for
convenience to regard each month as f 2, and each day as 3I0 of the year.
ARITHMETIC.
33
Example. What is the simple interest of $844.50 for 2 years, 3 months,
6 days, at 7 per cent?
$844.50
^7
1 year = 59.1150
2
= 118.230
3 mos.= 14 14.778
6da.= -A
.985
$133.99 Answer.
Or, 844.50
^7
59.1150 = interest for 1 year.
2
118.2300= " "2 "
3 months = ^A of 1 year.
59.1150
= 14.77875
6 days = ^q of 1 year.
59.1150
60
= .98525
Then $118.2300
14.77875
.98525
$133.99400 Answer.
To Find the Interest on Any Sum of Money at a Given Rate
for One Year.
Rule. Multiply the sum by the rate and divide by 100.
To Find the Interest on Any Sum of Money at a Given Rate
for Any Given Number of Days.
Rule. Multiply the interest for one year by the number of days and
divide the product by 365.
Compound Interest.
One dollar loaned one hundred years, with interest compounded each
year would produce the following results:
1 percent would amount to 2.75
3 " " " 19.25
6 " " '' 340.00
10 " " " 13,809.00
12 " " " 84,675.00
15 " " " 1,174,405.00
18 " " " 15,145,207.00
24 '♦ '* ** 2,551,799,404.00
34
ARITHMETIC.
Compound Interest Table.
Showing the amount of $1, at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 per cent, compound in-
terest, for any number of years, from 1 to 20 :
YRS.
3 PER CENT.
4 PER CENT.
5 PER CENT.
6 PER CENT.
7 PER CENT.
1
1.030000
1.040000
1.050000
1.060000
1.07000
2
1.060900
1.081600
1.102500
1.123600
1.14490
3
1.092727
1.124864
1.157625
1.191016
1.22504
4
1.125509
1.169859
1.215506
1.262477
1.31079
5
1.159274
1.216653
1.276282
1.338226
1.40255
6
1.194052
1.265319
1.340096
1.418519
1.50073
7
1.229874
1.315932
1.407100
1.503630
1.60578
8
1.266770
1.368569
1.477455
1.593848
1.71818
9
1.304773
1.423312
1.551328
1.689479
1.83845
10
1.343916
1.480244
1.628895
1.790848
1.96715
11
1.384234
1.539454
1.710339
1.898299
2.10485
12
1.425761
1.601032
1.795S56
2.012196
2.25219
13
1.468534
1.665074
1.885649
2.132928
2.40984
14
1.512590
1.731676
1.979932
2.260904
2.57853
15
1.557967
1.800944
2.078928
2.396558
2.75903
16
1.604706
1.872981
2.182875
2.540352
2.95216
17
1.652848
1.947900
2.292018
2.692773
3.15881
18
1.702433
2.025817
2.406619
2.854339
3.37293
19
1.753506
2.106849
2.526950
3.025600
3.61652
20
1.806111
2.191123
2.653298
3.207135
3.86968
To find the amount of any sum greater than $1, multiply the sum by
the tabular multiplier, and the product will be the amount for the given
time and rate per cent.
Time in which Money Doubles at Interest.
PER CENT.
SIMPLE INTEREST.
COMPOUND INTEREST.
2V2.
3 .
3V2.
4 .
4y2.
5 .
6 .
7 %
9
10
.50 years 35 years and 1 day.
.40
.33
.28
.25
.22
.20
.16
.14
8 121/2'
.11
.10
28
and 4 months 23
and 208 days 20
" 17
and 81 days 15
' 15
and 8 months 11
and 104 da\^s 10
' 9
and 40 days 8
:.... 7
26
164
54
246
273
75
327
89
2
16
100
ARITHMETIC.
35
TAXES.
The following table is based upon an assessment of 5 mills to the dol-
lar, or V2 per cent,
$1 gives.
2
3
4.
5
6
7
8
9
TAX.
PROP.
TAX.
PROP.
TAX.
PROP.
$.005
$10
$.05
$100
$ .50
$1000
.01
20
.10
200
1.00
2000
.015
30
.15
300
1.50
3000
.02
40
.20
400
2.00
4000
.025
50
.25
500
2.50
5000
.03
60
.30
600
3.00
6000
.035
70
.35
700
3.50
7000
.04
80
.40
800
4.00
8000
.045
90
.45
900
4.50
9000!
TAX.
$ 5.00
10.
15.
20.
25.
30,
35.
40.
45.
For any assessment greater, or less than five mills, add to or subtract
from amounts given in " Tax " columns.
SQUARE ROOT.
To extract the square root of any number.
Rule.— 1. Separate the given number into periods of two places each,
by placing a dot over the alternate figures, beginning with units. (The left
period will often have but one figure.)
2. F'ind the greatest square in the left period, and place its root on the
right, like a quotient in division. Subtract the square of this root from the
left period, and to the remainder bring down the next period for a dividend.
3. Double the root found, and place it on the left for a trial divisor.
Find how many times the divisor is contained in the dividend, exclusive of
the right hand figure, and place the quotient in the root and also on the
right of the divisor.
4. Multiply the divisor thus increased by the last figure of the root;
subtract the product from the dividend; to the remainder annex the next
period for a new dividend.
5. Double the whole root found for a new trial divisor, and continue
the operation as before, until all the periods are used.
Example : What is the square root of 2025 ?
2025(45 Ans.
16
85)425
425
Example : What is the square root of 110889 ?
110889(333 Ans.
9
63)208
189
663)1989
1989
36 ARITHMETIC.
Example : What is the square root of 20857489 ?
20857489(4567 Ans.
16
85) 485
425
906) 6074
5436
9127) 63889
63889
Example : What is the square root of 406457.2516
406457.2516(637.54 Ans.
36
123) 464
369
1267) 9557
8869
12745) 68825
63725
127504) 510016
510016
Example : What is the square root of 2 ?
2.o6o6o6o6(1.4142-}-Aiis.
1
24) 100
96
281) 400
281
2824) 11900
11296_
28282) 60400
56564
3836
Example : What is the square root of f ?
I = .6666666666(.81649 + Ans.
64
161) 266
161
1626) 10566
9756
16324) 81066
65296
163289) 1577066
1469601
~~107465
ARITHMETIC. 37
ExMAPLE : What is the square root of y^^g ?
The square root of 25 = 5
" 729 (="27 '^^®-
4
47; 329
329
The square root of a common fraction may be obtained by extracting
the square roots of the numerator and denominator separately, provided
the terms are perfect squares; otherwise, the fraction may be reduced to a
decimal.
CUBE ROOT.
To Extract the Cube Root of Any Number.
Rule. — 1. Separate the given number into periods of 3 places each, by
placing a dot over the units, a dot over the thousands, and so on. (The
left period often has only one or two figures.)
2. Find the greatest cube in the left period , and place its root on the right,
as in division. Subtract the cube of the root from the left period, and to the
remainder bring down the next period for a dividend.
3. Square the root found, and multiply it by 300 for a trial divisor.
Find how many times this divisor is contained in the dividend, and write
the result in the root. Multiply the last figure of the root by the rest, and
by 30; square the last figure of the root, and add these two products to the
trial divisor; the sum will be the complete divisor.
4. Multiply the complete divisor by the last figure of the root, and sub-
tract the product from the dividend; to the remainder bring down the next
period for a new dividend, and so proceed until all the periods are brought
down.
Example: What is the cube root of 19683?
19683(27 Ans.
8
2 X 2 X 300 = 1200111683
2 X 7 X 30= 420
7 X 7^ ^ 49
16691
11683
Example: What is the cube root of 70.189453125?
70.189453125(4.125 Ans.
64
4 X 4 X 300 =
4 X 1 X 30 =
1X1 =
41 X 41 X 300 =
41 X 2X 30 =
2X 2 =
412X412X300 =
412X 5X 30 =
5X 5 =
4800
120
1
4921
6189
4921
504300
2460
4
1268453
1013528
506764
50923200 1 254925125
61800 254925125
25
50985025
38
ARITHMETIC.
Kxample: What is the cube root of 36926037)
36926037(333 Ans.
27
3 X 3 X 300 ==
3 X 3 X 30 =
3X3
33 X 33 X300=
33 X 3 X 30=
3X3 =
2700
270
9
9926
8937
2979
326700
2970
9
1989037
1989037
329679
Example: What is the cube root of 75955677875?
75955677875(4235 Ans.
64
4 X
4 X
2 X
4 X 300
2 X 30
2
42 X
42 X
3 X
42 X 300
3 X 30
3
-23 X 423 X 300
-23 X 5 X 30
5X 5
4800
240
4
5044
11955
10088
529200 11867677
3780 11598967
9 1
532989 I
53678700
63450
25
53742175
268710875
268710875
TIM^ TABI,:^.
Showing the number of days from any day in one month to the same
day in any other month.
JAN. FEB. MAK. APL. MAT JUNE JULY AUG
UEC.
To January. .
February..
March
April
May
June
Jiiiy
August ....
September
October....
November.
December.
3651 31
334365
306]337
275306
245'276
214 245
181 215
153 184
122 153
92 123
61
31
92
62
59| 90
28! 59
3651 31
334:365
304 335
J273304
243 274
212243
181212
|151|182
il20{151
I 90121
120151
89 120
61
30
365
92
61
31
334365
304335
273 304
242
212
181
151
273
243
212
182
181212
150181
122 153
91122
61i 92
30 61
365| 31
334365
303334
273304
242273
212I243
243
212
184
153
123
92
62
31
365
335
304
274
273
242
214
183
152
122
92
61
30
365
334
304
304
273
245
214
184
153
123
92
61
31
365
335
334
303
275
244
214
183
153
122
91
61
30
365
Example: Look for April at the left hand and September at the top.
In the angle is 153.
ARITHMETIC.
39
Value of Articles Per Piece, Reckoning From Price Per Doajen.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
8^
10i\
121/2
1^\
16?^
18M
201
22H
25
29|
31hi
331^
35i^,
371/2
39i^2
41^
4334
451
47Ji
17
21
25
29
33
38
42
46
50
58
63
67
71
75
79
83
88
92
96
25
31
38
44
50
56
63
69
75
88
94
1.00
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.38
1.44
33
42
50
56
67
75
83
92
1.00
1.17
1.25
1.33
1.42
1.50
1.58
1.67
1.75
1.83
1.92
42
52
63
73
83
94
1.04
1.15
1.25
1.46
1.56
1.67
1.77
1.88
1.98
2.08
2.19
2.29
2.40
50
63
75
88
1.00
1.13
1.25
1.38
1.50
1.75
1.88
2.00
2.13
2.25
2.34
2.50
2.63
2.75
2.87
58
73
88
1.02
1.17
1.31
1.46
1.60
1.75
2.04
2.19
2.33
2.48
2.63
2.77
2.92
3.06
3.21
3.35
67
83
1.00
1.17
1.33
1.50
1.67
1.83
2.00
2.33
2.50
2.67
2.83
3.00
3.17
3.33
3.50
3.67
3.83
75
94
1.13
1.29
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.63
2.81
3.00
3.19
3.38
3.56
3.75
3.94
4.13
4.31
83
1.04
1.25
1.46
1.67
1.88
2.08
2.29
2.50
2.92
3.13
3.33
3.54
3.75
3.96
4.17
4.38
4.58
4.79
92
1.15
1.38
1.60
1.83
2.06
2.29
2.52
2.75
3.21
3.44
3.67
3.89
4.13
4.23
4.58
4.81
5.04
5.27
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75 2.0o'2.25
1 1
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.50
3.75
4.00
4 25
4.504.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
50
.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
1
52,1,
54|
56 M
58M
6O1I,
62^,
64/,
Q^H
68^
70|
721i
75
77iiJ 79^
8I14
SSVa
871/2
91 K
951
1.00
2
1.04
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.25
1.29
1.33
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54 1.58
1.63
1.67
1.75
1.83
1.92
2.00
3
1.56
1.63
1.69
1.75
1.81
1.88
1.94
2.00
2.06
2.13
2.19
2.25
2.312.38
2.44
2.50
2.63
2.75
2.88
3.00
4
2.08
2.17
2.25
2.33
2.42
2.50
2.58
2.67
2.75
2.83
2.93
3.00
3.08 3.17
3.25
3.33
3.50
3.67
3.83
4.00
5
2.60
2.71
2.81
2.92
3.02
3.13
3.23
3.33
3.44
3.54
3.65
3.75
3.85 3.96
4.06
4.17
4.38
4.58
4.79
5.00
6
3.13
3.25
3.38
3.50
3.63
3.75
3.88
4.00
4.13
4.25
4.38
4.50
4.63 4.75
4.88
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
7
3.65
3.79
3.94
4.08
4.23
4.38
4.52
4.67
4.81
4.96
5.10
5.25
5.40 5.54
5.69
5.83
6.13
6.42
6.71
7.00
8
4.17
4.33
4.50
4.67
4.93
5.00
5.17
5.33
5.50
5.67
5.83
6.00
6.15 6.33
6.50
6.67
7.00
7.33
7.66
8.00
9
4.69
4.88
5.06
5.25
5.44
5.63
5.81
6.00
6.19
6.38
6.56
6.75
6.94 7.13
7.31
7.50
7.88
8.25
8.62
9.00
10
5.21
5.42
5.63
5.83
6.04
6.25
6.46
6.67
6.88
7.08
7.29
7.50
7.71
7.92
8.13
8.33
8.75
9.17
9.58
10.00
11
5.73
5.96
6.19
6.42
6.65
6.88
7.11
7.33
7.56
7.79
8.02
8.25
8.48 8.71
1
8.94
9.17
9.63
10.08
10.54
11.00
12
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25 9.50
1
9.75
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
WEIGHT OF COMMON AXI,:^S.
IfOng Arm, Per Set.
IV^ inch, about 54 lbs.
IV4 " " 64 "
1% " " 83 "
11/2 " " 100 "
1% " " 118 "
l%inch, about 137 lbs.
1%
2
21/8
2V4
.161
.188
.210
.245
Railroad freight car and coach axles weigh from 385 to 470 pounds
each, according to diameter.
Street car axles run from 21/2 to 31/2 inches in diameter.
40
ANGLES — ALLOYS.
I,IGHT W:eiGHT SOFT ST:^^!/.
Angles, and Channel Bars.
iy2'' X iy2'' angles, 1.20 lbs. per lineal foot.
1%^^ X 11/4'^ " 1.00 " "
1'' X V " .85 " "
%^'X %'^ " .74 " "
%''X %'' '' .65 " "
IV2" channel bar, 1.00 lbs. per lineal foot
4^'
31/2
23/4
21/2
2V4
2''
.93 "
.75 " "
.65 " "
.55 " "
.50 " "
Square Root Angle Iron.
X 4'' X %'' = 9 lbs. per lineal foot.
X 3>^'' X 3/8^' = 7.6 " "
X 3'' X fV' = 5.9 " "
X 2%" X i%'' = 5.4 " "
X 21/2'' X 14'' = 3.75 " "
X 21/4" X 14'
X 2'' X 14'
1%" X 13/4'' X V/
11/2'' X 11/2" X t'g'
IV4'
IVs'
1''
X IV/' X ^^
X IVs'' X f^e'
X 1'' X Vs
%" X i/s'
= 3.5
= 3.1
= 2.7
= 1.8
= 1.4
= 1.3
= 0.8
= 0.6
X
3/4'' X 34- X 1/8- = 0.4 " "
The above are "light patterns" iron.
For steel add 2 per cent to weights given.
Alloys.
COPPER. ZINC. TIN.
Common Brass 84.3 5.2 10.5
Hard " 79.3 6.4
Red Bronze ...87 13
Gun Metal 90 0
German Silver 33.3 33.4
Muntz Metal .....60 40
Pewter 0 0
White Metal.. 7.4 7.4
NICKEL. ANTIMONY
10
^ 0
333
86
0 ......
14
28.4
0
56.8
ALLOYS— ANCHORS.
41
Tin and I^ead Alloys.
The following alloys are prepared according to Professor Abel's for-
mnlae, their constituents and melting points being as follows:
CONSTITUENTS.
PARTS. PARTS. DEC. FAHR.
TIN. LEAD. MELTING POINT.
2 1 340
9 4 344
10 4 348
11 4.... 352
12 4 356
13 4 360
17 4 370
22 4 : 380
4 5 390
4 6 412
4 7 420
4 9 460
4 12 482
4 15 494
4 17 502
4 20 512
4 25 520
4 30 530
4 ....38 540
4 48 550
4 70 558
Melting point of lead = 620
An alloy made of 12 parts of tin, 25 of lead, 13 of cadmium, and 50 of
bismuth, will melt at 155 degrees. Another made of 3 parts of tin, 5 of
lead, and 8 of bismuth, will melt at 210 degrees, or in boiling water.
Weight of Anchors.
Table showing average weight per 100 feet and weights of anchors to
correspond for chain cables.
AVERAGE WEIGHT
PER 100 FEET.
WEIGHT OF
OF CHAIN.
SHORT LINK.
ANCHOR.
PROOF.
INCHES.
LBS.
LBS.
LBS.
1^6
122
100
2,250
y2
H
160
200
250
320
420
500
590
670
790
900
125 4,000
150 5,000
200 7,000
250 9,000
300 11,000
400 13,500
500 16,000
600 19,000
700 22,000
800 25,000
900 28,500
1 1020
li'e 1150 1100 32,000
11/8 1270 1300 36,000
lr^6 14-20 1500 40,000
11/4 1580 1600 44,000
Ij^e 1'3'20 1800 48,000
1% 1880 1900 52,000
li^e 2050 2200 56,000
iy2 2220 2400 60,000
42
AIR.
Air.
A cubic foot of air at 60 deg. and under a pressure of 14.7 pounds per
square inch, weighs 536 grains, and 13.06 cubic feet weigh one pound.
Air expands or contracts an equal amount with each degree of varia-
tion in temperature.
According to Mariotte, air will take 15 pounds pressure to compress it
one-half its bulk, 30 pounds to compress it one-half its remaining bulk, and
so on to infinity.
Velocity of Air Under Pressure.
Table of pressures per sq.
inch in ounces, from % to
20 ounces; which includes
the strongest blast ever
found on any cupola in
this country.
Table of velocity infect per
minute of Air (at 50°
temperature Fahrenheit)
escaping into open air
through any shaped hole
from anypipe or reservoir
in which the air is com-
pressed.
Table giving the number of
cubic feet of Air per min-
ute (at 50° Fahrenheit),
which may be discharged
through a proper shaped
mouth piece, the diame-
ter of which must be
1.362 inches, the area
being 1.07 inches.
V4
14,
2584.80 ...
17.944
3657.60 ...
. 25.400
3/
4482.00 ...
. 31.124
1
5175.00 ...
. 35.93
2
7338.24 ...
. 50.96
3
9006.42 ...
. 62.54
4
10421.58 ...
. 72.37
5
11676.00 ...
. 81.08
6
12817.08 ...
. 89.01
7
13872.72 ...
.. 96.34
8
14861.16 ...
. 103.20
9
15795.06 ...
. 109.69
-in
16683.51 ...
. 115.86
11
17533.50 ...
. 121.76
1 2
18350.34 ...
. 127.43
13
19138.26 ...
. 132.90
14
19900.68 ...
. 138.20
•ir.
20640.48 ...
. 143.34
16
21360.00 ...
. 148.33
1 7
22060.80 ...
. 153.26
18
22745.40 ...
. 157.96
19
23415.00 ...
. 162.60
20
24070.80 ...
. 167.16
ALUMINIUM.
43
Weight of Pure Aluminium and Aluminium Bronze, in Sheets.
BROWN &
THICKNESS IN
PURE ALUMI-
"A" GRADE Al
1 "C" GRADE Al
SHARPE'S GAUGE
DECIMALS OF
NIUM WEIGHT,
BRONZE WEIGHT
BRONZE WEIGHT
NO.
1 IN.
1 SQ. FOOT.
1 SQ. FOOT.
1 SQ. FOOT.
LBS.
LBS.
LBS.
0000
.460
6.624
18.676
19.872
000
.410
5.904
13.646
17.712
00
.365
5.2560
14.8190
15.7680
0
.325
4.6800
13.1950
14.040
1
.290
4.1760
11.774
12.528
2
.258
3.7152
10.4748
11.1456
3
.230
3.312
9.338
9.936
4
.205
2.9520
8.3230
8.8560
5
.182
2.6208
7.3892
7.8624
6
.162
2.3328
6.5772
6.9984
7
.145
2.0880
5.8870
6.2640
8
.129
1.8576
5.2374
5.5728
9
.115
1.6560
4.6690
4.9680
10
.102
1.4688
4.1412
4.4064
11
.0907
1.30608
3.68242
3.91824
12
.0808
1.16352
3.28048
3.490
13
.0720
1.0368
2.9232
3.1104
14
.0640
.9216
2.5984
2.7648
15
.0570
.8008
2.3142
2.4624
16
.0508
.73152
2.06248
2.19456
17
.0453
.65232
1.83918
1.95696
18
.0403
.58032
1.63618
1.74096
19
.0359
.51692
1.45754
1.55088
20
.0320
.4608
1.2992
1.3824
21
.0285
.41040
1.15710
1.23120
22
.0254
.36576
1.03124
1.09728
23
.0225
.32400
.91350
.97200
24
.0201
.28944
.81606
.86832
25
.0179
.25776
.72674
.77328
26
.0160
.2304
.6496
.6912
27
.0142
.20448
.57652
.61344
28
.0127
.18288
.51562
.54864
29
.0113
.16272
.45878
.48816
30
.0100
.1440
.40600
.43200
31
.00893
.128592
.362528
.385776
32
.00795
.114480
.322770
.343440
33
.00708
.101952
.287448
.305856
34
.00630
.09072
.25578
.27216
35
.00561
.08078
.227766
.242352
36
.00500
.07200
.20300
.2160
37
.00445
.064080
.180670
.192240
38
.00397
.057168
.161182
.171504
39
.00353
.050832
.143318
.152496
40
.00314
.045216
.127484
.135648
Specific gr.
Wt. 1 sq. loot,
2.77
7.85
8.3
i
1 in. thick.
/
14.40 lbs.
40.6 lbs.
43.2 lbs.
)
Aluminum melts at 1,300 deg. Fahr.
Aluminum is not attacked by nitric acid, but is dissolved by hydro-
chloric acid. Sulphur does not attack it. It is stained by perspiration.
44
ACRE— BOILERS.
The following table gives the dimensions of lots containing one acre.
10 rods X 16 rods = 1 acre.
8 "
X 20
«'
= 1
5 "
X 32
''
= 1
4 •'
X 40
<(
= 1
5 yds
X 968
vds.
= 1
10 "
X 484
((
= 1
20 "
X 242
"
= 1
40 "
X 121
"
= 1
220 feet
X 198
feet
= 1
110 "
X 396
"
= 1
60 "
X 726
t<
= 1
120 "
X 363
"
= 1
400 "
X 108.9
"
= 1
300 "
X 145.2
"
= 1
100 "
X 435.6
<<
= 1
sp:ecifications of tubui^ar stationary boii^:^rs.
Fifteen Square Feet Heating Surface Per Horse-Power.
HORSE-POWER.
10
12
15
20
20
25
30
35
44
12
46
534
22
40
40
40
Diameter Boiler, in inches
32
7
20
152
14
28
34
7
25
185
16
24
36
8
28
221
16
28
36
10
30
304
18
35
42
8
38
306
20
28
42
10
38
380
20
35
44
10
46
447
22
35
44
14
46
621
22
50
48
12
No of Flues 3 inch diameter
53
Square Feet Heating; Surface
600
Diameter of Stack Surface
22
Length of Stack, in feet
40
Wt. Boiler and Britchen, about
Wt. of Boiler Fixtures, about
1900
1500
3400
2300
1650
8550
1700
3050
2nnn
3450
2250
4050
2550
6600
4400
2650
5050
2950
5700
3250
8950
6000
3400
Wt. Boiler and Fixtures , about
3950
4250
5050
5700
7050
8000
9400
HORSE-POWER.
45 50
60
60
60
12
82
915
28
40
70
60
14
82
1064
28
50
80
60
16
82
1213
28
60
90
66
15
100
1370
30
60
100
125 1
Diameter Boiler, in inches
48 .^4
54
15
64
906
26
50
66
16
102
1485
30
60
72
14
52
698
22
50
12
66
748
26
40
16'
No of Flues 3 inch diameter ....
138!
Square Feet Heating Surface
1882'
Diameter of Stack Surface.
36'
Length of Stack, in feet
60,
Wt. Boiler and Britchen, about
Wt. of Boiler Fixtures, about
6800
3750
7400
3750
8700
4050
8950
4350
9950
4750
11100
4950
12900
5400
13600
5600
16500
6500
Wt. Boiler and Fixtures, about
10550
11150
12750
13300
14700
16050
18300
21000
23000
The horse-power given above is a commercial rating.
SPECIFICATIONS OF CYI^INDBR BOII/:^RS.
HORSE POWER.
13
14
16
18
21
23
26
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
30
30
30
30
36
36
40
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
16
18
18
20
22
22
22
30
30
30
30
40
40
50
3100
3300
3500
4000
4900
5700
6600
28
Diameter of Boiler, in inches.
Length of Boiler, in feet
Diameter of Dome, in inches.
Height of Dome, in inches....
Diameter of Stack, in inches.
Length oi Stack, in feet
"Weight of Boiler, about
40
40
20
22
24
50
BOILERS.
45
TWO-FI^UE BOII/:^RS.
.
i->
en
en
Cfl
Cfl
m
»
w
U]
M
^W
W
fa w
U* M
H
X
u
^ a
S s
fe W
O 53
O W
^
► o
fe
O u
S o
O u
M ^
Cfl <^
o
K z:
aj z
o z
« z
w Z
Cfl Z
»i
w "^
..
w '^
Q "^
w "^
w -^
^
s
X
o
Si.-
Si
K
O
<
5
o
IS
N
<5
Q In
15
42
16
14
24x24
24
V4
%
20
42
18
14
24x24
24
^4
%
30
44
20
16
26x26
26
1/4
%
40
48
20
18
26x26
30
1%
V2
45
48
24
18
30x30
30
1^6
¥2
50
60
20
24
30x30
30
1^6
V2
60
60
26
24
30x30
30
.%
V2
HORI^ONTAIv TUBUI<AR BOIIv:^RS.
With 4-inch Tubes.
Hor6e-Power
30
42
a5
46
40
46
45
50
50
50
60
54
70
54
80
60
90
62
100
66
125
Diameter in inches . .
72
Length in feet
12
12
14
12
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
Diam. of Tubes, in-.-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Lengthof Tubes, ft..
12
12
14
12
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
Number of Tubes
22
26
26
35
35
42
42
50
55
64
80
Size of Dome, inches
22x22
24x24
24x24
28x28
28x28
30x30
30x30
36x36
36x36
36x40
40x40
Approx.Wt. of Boiler
3900
4300
4800
5300
6000
7600
8500
9900
11000
12500
14500
SIX-INCH Fi,ui^ boii,:e^r.
Horee-Power
Diameter in inches
Length in feet
Number of Flues
Size of Dome in inches
Approx. Wt. of Boilers
25
30
35
40 50
60
70
75
90
40
44
44
48 50
54
58
60
66
14
14
17
16 18
20
20
20
20
7
8
8
10 12
12
15
16
20
22x22
24x24
24x24
28x28 30x30! 30x30
36x36
36x36
36x40
3850
4300
5050
6000l 7500
8600
10000
10900
13100
40x40
15400
SCOTCH MARINE BOII^ER.
Twelve Square Feet of Heating Surface to the Horse-Power,
SHELL.
FIRE BOX
FLUE.
TUBES.
DOME.
w
a
<
K
O Cfl
Z
<
w
si
I
tn
US,
o
u
z
W
N
tfl
o
z
w
><
o
<
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Sq. Ft.
Pounds.
6
36x48
18x40
32
2
40
18x12
73
2250
8
36x54
18x46
40
2;
46
18x14
98
2550
10
42x54
21x46
52
2
46
20x16
121
2950
12
44x60
22x50
58
2
50
20x16
145
3150
15
48x66
24x54
68
2
54
24x16
181
4150
20
54x72
26x60
82
1 2
60
26x18
242
4900
46
BOILERS.
Specifications of Submerged Tubular Boilers.
HORSE-POWER.
8 10 12 13 14 15 18
25 30 35 40 45 50
Diameter in inches
H« ight in inches
Height of fire box
NumbiT of tubes
Diuiiieier of tubes in ins
l.erigih of tubes in ins. .
Dinin-u r of stack in ins,
Weight of boiler
60
27
54
2
19
111/2
'00 11075
30
72
28
54
2
27
151/2
1250
30
84
28
54
2
38
151/2
1450
34
72
28
70
2
27
17
1450
34
84
28
70
2
38
17
1700
84
30
70
2
38
18
1930
36
96
30
70
2
48
18
2200
48 48
102 108
30 30
134
2
45
24
4000
134
48
120
30
134
2
63
24
460052005400
Plain Vertical Tubular Boilers.
VERTICAL SEAMS DOUBLE RIVETED,
HOUSE-POWER.
Diameter in inches
Height in inches
Height of fire box
Number of tubes
Diameter of tubes, inches
Length of tubes, inches. .
Diameter of stack, inches
Weight of boiler
3
4
5
6
«
10
12
14
16
20
25
30
20
24
24
26 I3O
30
36
36
36
42
42
42
48
50
60
60
60
72
72
84
96
96
108
120
18
18
22
22
22
24
24
28
32
32
32
34
28
31
31
37
43
49
61
61
61
79
85
91
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
30
32
40
38
38
48
48
56
64
64
76
86
10
111/,
IIH,
15H
151/?
17
18
18
18
20
20
20
600
800
1000
1100
1200
1400
1700
2000
2500
3200
3500
3800
35
48
96
34
138
2
64
34
4000
Specifications of Portable Boilers.
HORSE-POWER.
6
8
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
26
34
21
29
17
60
12
18
9
28
36
22
33
20
72
^
101/^
30
38
24
35
22
78
14
20
11
32
38
26
35
26
72
16
20
lOM
32
44
26
35
26
78
16
20
12
34
52
28
37
30
90
16
24
131/2
36
52
30
40
34
96
18
24
14
40
60
34
43
40
98
20
30
141/2
40
60
34
43
42
108
20
35
151/2
40
60
34
43
42
126
20
40
17
44
Length of furnace, in inches
Width of furnace in inches
64
38
Height of furnace, in inches
50
Number tubes, 3 inches diameter
Length of tubes, in inches
Diameter of stack, in inches
Length of stack, in feet
Length of boiler over all, in feet
48
138
22
40
I81/2
Weight of boiler on skids
Weight of boiler fixtures
2600
450
3150
5(X)
3650
550
3900
600
4150
650
5100
9.50
5S00
1000
7000
1150
7450
1250
7900
1350
9900
1500
Weight of boiler and fixtures
3050
36.50
4200
4500
4800
6050
6900
8150
8700 9300 11400
PORTABI^B BOII^l^RS, I^OCOMOTIV^ STYI,:)^.
Water Fronts and Open Bottom.
HCRSE-POWER.
8
'
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
,.
80
Diam'r Of Boiler
in inches
28
5>8
30
32
32
34
36
36
40
42
44
48
54
56
Length of Fire
Box in inches.
36
36
38
38
44
52
52
52
52
54
64
64
64
64
Height of Fire
Box in inches.
30
.30
31
33
33
36
38
40
42
46
48
52
52
54
Width of Fire
Box in inches.
23
23
25
27
27
29
31
31
35
37
39
43
49
51
Number 3 -inch
Tubes
18
18
22
26
26
28
34
34
40
43
48
56
60
66
Length of Tubes
in inches
66
74
78
72
78
90
96
120
102
120
132
144
150
156
Size of Dome. .
15x18
16x18
16x18
18x20
18x20
20x22
22x24
22x24
24x26
24x26
26x30
28x30
30x32
34x36
Diam. of Smoke
Stack in in....
13
13
15
16
17
18
18
18
20
20
22
24
26
26
L'ngth of Smoke
Stack in feet..
1,5
15
15
18
20
25
25
25
25
25
30
35
35
35
Wight of boiler
3200
3400
3800
4360
4600
5900
6600
7100
7800
8700
10500
11500
13000
14500
BOILERS.
47
Number of Brick Required for Setting Stationary Boilers with
Full Flush Fronts.
HORSE-POWER
OF BOILER.
DIAMETER OF
BOILER IN
INCHES.
LENGTH OF
BOILER IN
FEET.
NUMBER OF
FIRE BRICK.
NO. OF COMMON
BRICK ABOVE
FLOOR LEVEL.
10
32
8
300
5500
12
34
8
300
5700
15
36
8
350
6000
20
36
10
400
6300
25
40
10
400
8000
30
42
12
500
10000
35
44
12
500
10300
40
44
14
500
12000
45
48
12
550
14000
50
48
14
600
15500
60
54
14
700
18500
70
54
16
700
20000
80
60
16
800
24000
90
62
16
800
24000
100
66
16
1000
25500
125
72
16
1200
27500
Number of Bricks Required for Setting Stationary Boilers
with Half Arch Fronts.
HORSE-POWER
OF BOILER.
DIAMETER OF
BOILER IN
INCHES.
LENGTH OF
BOILER IN
FEET.
NUMBER OF
FIRE BRICK.
NO. OF COMMON
BRICK ABOVE
FLOOR LEVEL.
10
32
8
300
3200
12
34
8
300
3400
15
36
8
350
5700
20
36
10
400
6000
25
40
10
400
7400
30
42
12
500
9600
35
44
12
500
10000
40
44
14
500
11800
45
48
12
550
13500
50
48
14
600
15000
60
54
14
700
18000
70
54
16
700
19500
80
60
16
800
23400
90
62
16
800
23400
100
66
16
1000
24800
125
72
16
1200
26700
BOII,:eR POWER.
The Centennial Exposition standard is : The evaporation of 30 pounds
of water per hour from feed water having a temperature of 100 de-
grees Fahrenheit, into steam having a pressure of 70 pounds per square
inch above the atmosphere, is equal to one horse-power. The American So-
ciety of Mechanical Engineers' standard is: The evaporation of 34V2 pounds
of water per hour from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
48
BOILERS.
The difference between the two standards is only about 3^0 of one per
cent., consequently they are practically the same. With a 60-inch tubular
boiler, properly made, well set, and carefullj^ fired — from 8 to 10 pounds of
water to one pound of coal should be made into steam of 60 pounds pres-
sure per square inch. This result would depend upon the quality of the coal,
and the temperature of the feed water.
Practically no more coal will be required to convert one pound of water
into steam at 80 pounds, than it will at 60 pounds.
Theoretically, however, it will require ^q of one per cent., or about ^|o
part more.
Table Giving Horse-Power of Boilers the Following Si^es:
Diameter
Length
Length
Diameter
Heating
Horse-
Shell.
Shell.
Tiibes.
Tubes.
Tubes.
Surface.
60 lbs.
Pressure.
Inches.
Feet.
Feet.
Inches.
Square Feet.
72
18
70
18
4
1502
100
72
16
90
16
3V2
1472
98
72
16
112
16
3
1496
99
72
15
112
15
3
1400
93
60
18
65
18
31/2
1200
80
60
17
65
17
SV2
1148
76-
60
16
65
16
3^2
1075
72
60
16
80
16
3
1088
72
60
15
80
15
3
1020
68
60
14
80
14
3
952
63
60
13
80
13
3
884
59
54
18
50
18
31/2
951
63
54
17
50
17
3V2
900
60
54
16
50
16
31/2
795
53
54
16
60
16
3
832
55
54
15
60
15
3
780
52
54
14
60
14
3
728
48
54
13
60
13
3
676
45
54
12
60
12
3
624
41
48
16
40
16
31/2
683
46
48
16
49
16
3
684
46
48
15
49
15
3
642
43
48
14
49
14
3
600
40
48
13
49
13
3
555
37
48
12
49
12
3
513
34
48
11
65
11
21/2
542
36
48
10
65
10
2V2
495
33
42
15
38
15
3
508
34
42
14
38
14
3
476
32
42
13
38
13
3
441
30
42
12
38
12
3
408
27
42
11
45
11
21/2
390
26
42
10
45
10
2^2
355
24
42
9
45
9
2y2
320
22
42
8
45
8
2y2
285
19
42
7
45
7
21/2
248
16
BOILERS.
49
Table of Pressures, Allowed by XJ. S. Authorities, on Steam-
boats Plying on the Mississippi River and Tributaries.
THICKNESS OP
IRON
DIAMETER OP BOILER
IX INCHES
IN INCHES.
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
LBS.
140
LBS.
133
LBS.
126
LBS.
119
LBS.
114
LBS.
108
LBS.
104
LBS.
99
LBS.
LBS.
LBS.
88
LBS.
85
LBS.
82
LBS.
.19
95
92
79
.20
148
140
132
126
120
114
109
105
100
96
93
90
86
84
.21
1.55
147
139
1.32
126
120
115
110
105
101
98
94
91
88
.22
163
154
149
13S
132
126
120
115
111
106
102
99
95
92
.23
170
161
152
144
138
131
126
120
115
111
107
103
99
96
.24
177
168
159
151
144
1.37
131
126
120
117
112
lOS
104
100
.25
185
175
165
157
150
143
136
131
126
121
116
112
108
105
.26
192
182
172
163
156
148
142
1.36
131
126
121
117
113
109
.27
200
189
179
170
162
154
147
141
136
130
126
121
117
113
.28
207
191
185
176
168
160
152
147
141
135
130
126
121
117
.29
214
203
192
182
174
166
158
152
146
140
134
130
126
121
.30
222
210
198
189
180
171
164
157
151
145
140
VV>
130
126
.31
229
217
205
195
186
177
169
162
156
1.50
144
139
134
130
To find the pressure allowed on other size boilers — not given in the
above table — multiply 12,600 by the thickness of iron in inches, and divide
the product by the radius of boiler in inches. The quotient will be the re-
quired pressure in pounds per square inch. The U. S. rule for finding safe
working boiler pressures is as follows:
Multiph' I of the lowest tensile strength found stamped on any plate in
the cylindrical shell by the thickness in inches of the thinnest plate in the
same shell, and divide the product by the radius of shell in inches. The quo-
tient will be the pressure per square inch for single riveted boilers. Add 20
per cent for double riveted boilers.
Example: Required the pressure for a boiler 72 inches in diameter, iron
in shell beinj
7e^' thick.
7_
/g = .4375.
Then, 12,600 X .4375 = 5512.5000
5512.5000
o^ ^ 153 lbs. nearly. Ans.
And
Example: Required the pressure for a boiler 72 inches in diameter,
lowest tensile strength of plates being 65,000 lbs. per square inch, andthin-
est plate being ^^^^ in thickness, all seams double riveted ?
I'e = .4-375
65,000
— '—— = 4739.4375
4739.4375
36
131.65 lbs.
131.65
5 = 26.33 = 20 per cent.
131.65
26.33
157.98 lbs. pressure. Ans.
The slight discrepancy between this result and that obtained in preced-
ing example results from the fact that 65,000 lbs. is an assumed T. S.
4
50
BOILERS.
Shells of Boilers.
RESISTANCE TO INTERNAL OR BURSTING PRESSURE.
BURSTING PRESS. PER
BURSTING PRESS. PER
SQUARE INCH.
SQUARE INCH.
SINGLE
DOUBLE
SINGLE
DOUBLE
DIAMETER.
THICKNESS
RIVETED.
RIVETED.
DIAMETER.
THICKNESS
RIVETED.
RIVETED.
Feet.
Ins,
Lbs.
Lbs.
Feet.
Ins.
Lbs.
Lbs.
2.
%
573
745
7.6
f"6
191
248
2.6
1/4
458
596
7.6
%
229
298
3.
1/4
382
496
8.
h
179
233
3.4
1/4
318
414
8.
%
215
279
3.4
1%
398
518
•8.6
i%
168
219
3.6
14
327
426
8.6
%
202
263
3.6
1%
409
532
9.
h
159
207
4.
14
286
372
9.
%
191
248
4.
l\
358
465
9.6
i%
150
196
4.6
14
254
331
9,6
%
181
235
4.6
f\
318
413
10.
h
143
186
5.
1/4
229
298
10.
%
172
224
5.
1%
286
372
10,
1/2
229
298
5.6
1/4
208
270
10,6
1%
136
177
5.6
1%
260
338
10.6
%
163
212
5.6
%
312
406
10,6
1/2
218
284
6.
1/4
191
248
11.
%
156
203
6.
A
239
311
11.
%
208
271
6.
%
286
372
11.6
%
149
194
6.6
x%
220
287
11.6
1/2
199
259
6.6
%
264
344
12.
%
143
166
7.
h
204
266
12.
1/2
191
248
7.
%
245
319
Tensile resistance of the plates without riveting is taken at a mean of
55,000 pounds per square inch.
The single-riveted are estimated at .5 the resistance of the plates, and
the staggered riveted at .65.
Such allowances for the resistance and wear of the plates, oxydation,
etc., are to be made, as the character of the metal, the nature of the ser-
vices, and the circumstances of using fresh or salt water, etc., will render
necessary.
In riveted plates it is customary, in practice, to estimate the safe tensile
resistance of the metal of a boiler or tube, when exposed to salt water, at
one-fifth of its ultimate resistance or bursting pressure; and, when exposed
to fresh water alone, at one-fourth of it.
BOILERS.
51
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34.1
39.8
45.5
49.2
36.2
42.3
48.4
54.5
38.1
44.4
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57.2
49.0
57.0
65.3
73.5
68.4
77.7
87.5
97.2
69.9
79.5
90.2
100.2
85.4
97.6
109.8
122.0
124.0
139.4
155.0
3
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BOILERS.
53
Table of heating surface per horse-power in different styles of boilers;
the rate of combustion of coal per hour, per square foot of fire surface, re-
quired for that rating; the relative economy, and the rapidity of steaming.
SQ. FT. FOR
ONE HORSE-
POWER.
COAL FOR
EACH so.
FOOT.
RELATIVE
ECONOMY.
RELATIVE
RAPIDITY OF
STEAMING.
Water Tube
10tol2
14 to 18
8 to 12
6 to 10
12 to 16
15 to 20
.3
.25
.4
.5
.275
.25
1.00
.91
.79
.69
.85
.80
1.00
Tubular
.50
Flue
.25
Plain Cylinder
.20
Locomotiye
.55
Vertical Tubular
.60
Weight of Circular Steel Boiler Heads.
DIAM.
THICKNESS OF STEEL — INCHES.
INCHES.
3
16
1/4
h
%
/g
1/2
i%
24
24
32
41
49
57
65
73
26
29
38
47
57
67
76
86
28
33
44
55
66
77
88
98
30
38
51
63
76
89
101
113
32
43
58
72
86
101
115
130
34
49
65
81
98
114
130
145
36
55
73
91
109
128
146
162
38
61
81
102
123
142
163
182
40
68
90
113
135
158
180
203
42
75
99
124
149
174
199
223
44
82
109
136
164
191
218
245
46
89
119
149
179
209
239
268
48
97
130
162
192
227
259
292
50
106
141
176
211
246
281
317
52
114
152
190
228
266
304
343
54
123
164
205
246
287
328
369
56
132
177
221
265
309
353
397
58
142
189
237
284
331
379
426
60
204
254
305
356
408
457
64
233
291
349
407
466
521
66
248
310
371
435
495
557
68
263
329
394
460
526
591
70
279
348
418
487
557
627
72
295
368
442
516
589
663
74
311
389
467
545
623
700
76
328
410
492
575
657
739
78
346
432
519
605
692
778
80
367
458
550
641
733
830
54
BOILERS.
Weight of Circular Iron Boiler Heads.
DIAM.IN
THICKNESS OF IRON— INCHES.
INCHES.
i^6
1/4
1^
%
/.
%
h
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
16
11
14
18
21
25
28
32
18
13
18
22
27
31
36
40
20
17
22
27
33
38
44
50
22
20
27
33
40
47
54
60
24
24
32
40
47
55
64
71
• 26
28
37
46
56
64
75
84
28
32
43
53
65
75
86
97
30
37
50
62
74
87
100
112
32
42
56
70
84
99
112
127
34
48
64
79
96
111
128
143
36
54
71
89
108
125
142
161
38
60
79
99
120
139
158
179
40
66
88
110
132
154
176
198
42
73
97
121
146
170
194
220
44
80
107
133
160
187
214
240
46
88
117
145
176
204
234
262
48
95
127
158
190
222
254
286
50
103
138
172
206
241
276
310
52
112
149
186
224
260
298
335
54
121
160
200
242
281
320
362
56
130
172
214
260
302
344
389
58 '
139
185
231
278
324
370
417
60
149
198
247
298
346
396
446
To Find the Strain on the Cylindrical Part of a Boiler.
Rule: Multiply the diameter in inches by the length in inches, and the
product by the steam pressure per square inch.
To Find the Stress per Square Inch of Iron in a Cylindrical
Boiler.
Rule: Multiply the inner radius in inches by the steam pressure per
square inch, and divide the product bj^ the thickness in inches; the quotient
will be the stress per square inch of metal.
To Find the Thickness of Plate for a Given Pressure.
Rule: Multiply the pressure by the radius of boiler in inches, and di-
vide by I of the tensile strength of boiler plate— for single riveted longitudi-
nal seams.
For double rivetecl longitudinal seams:
From the pressure subtract the pressure multiplied by the decimal .16,
and multiply the remainder by the radius rn inches. Divide tli's product by
6 of the tensile strength of plate.
To Find the Bursting Pressure per Square Inch on a Boiler.
Rule: From the distance from center to center of rivets subtract the di-
ameter of rivet hole. Divide the remainder by the first number. This result
gives the percentage of solid plate.
BOILERS.
55
Next, multiply the tensile strength of plate by its thickness in parts of
an inch, and this product by the percentage of solid plate.
Divide this result by one-half the diameter of boiler, and the quotient
will be the bursting pressure per square inch.
Example.
What is the bursting pressure, per square inch, on a boiler 54 inches
diameter, plates i%- inch thick, tensile strength 50,000 pounds per square
inch, pitch of rivets SVs inches, diameter of rivet holes | of an inch ?
31/8 = 3.125
1= .750
3.125) 2.37500 (.76=:percentage.
21875
18750
18750
50.000 X .3125 = 15625.0000
15625.0000 X .76 = 11875.000000
11875.000000 = 439.81 pounds.
27
Answer.
BOII<ERS.
The circumference of a boiler shell 4 feet in diameter is 150 inches; hence,
if the pressure usuallj^ carried is 50 pounds per square inch (many carry 100
to 150 pounds), there is constantly being exerted upon each inch in length
of the shell a bursting pressure of 7,500 pounds, and if the boiler is 15 feet,
or 180 inches long, the entire pressure, w^hich is tending to rend the boiler
asunder, amounts to the enormous total of 1,350,000 pounds, or, if the
boiler is carrying 100 pounds per square inch, 2,700,000 pounds.
Boilers.
The grate surface of a boiler is proportional to the heating surface,
usually being from 3^5 to 3^5 of the latter.
DIAMETER OF BOILER
GRATE.
IN INCHES.
WIDTH.
LENGTH.
36
45
48
38
47
48
40
49
48
42
51
52
44
53
52
46
55
52
48
57
52
50
59
60
52
61
60
54
63
60
56
65
72
58
67
72
60
69
72
56
To Find the Diameter of Feed Pipe for a Boiler.
Rule: Find the diameter of pump plunger in inches and divide it by 20.
Then multiply this quotient by the square root of the mean velocity in feet
per minute of the plunger, and the product will be the required diameter of
feed pipe.
In small pumps the velocity of flow through feed pipe should not exceed
400 feet per minute, and for large pumps 500 feet per minute.
Table Showing the Equivalent Evaporation from Feed at ioo°
into Steam of 70 lbs. Pressure for Various Other Pressures,
and Temperatures of Feed- Water.
i
PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH ABOVE THE ATMOSPHERE.
0
10
20
30
40
45
50
60
70
75
80
90
100
120
140
160
32
1.038
1.04
1.046
1.05
1.053
1.055
1.056
1.059
1.061
1.063
1.064
1.066
1.068
1.071
1.074
ism
40
1.025
1.033
1.039
1.043
1.046
1.048
1.05
1.052
1.054
1 055
1.056
1.058
1.06
1.064
1.067
1.069
50
1.016
1.024
1.03
1.034
1.037
1.039
1.04
1.043
1.045
1.046
1.047
1.049
1.051
1.055
1.057
1.06
60
1.008
1.015
1.02
1.025
1.028
1.031
1.031
l.Oi^
1.036
1.037
1.038
1.04
1.042
1.046
1.048
1.051
70
.999
1.006
1.012
1.016
1.019
1.02
1.022
1.025
1.027
1.028
1.029
1.031
1.0.33
1.036
1.039
1.042
80
.989
.997
1.003
1.007
l.(X)9
1.01
1.013
1.016
1.018
1.019
1.02
1.022
1.024
1.027
1.031
1.033
90
.98
.988
.993
.998
1.001
1.003
1.004
1.007
1.009
1.01
1.011
1.013
1.015
1.018
1.021
1 024
100
.971
.979
.984
.989
.992
.994
.995
.998
1.
1.001
1.002
1.004
1.006
1.009
1.012
1 015
110
.962
.97
.975
.979
.983
.9ft5
.986
.989
.991
.992
.993
.995
.997
1.
1.003
1,006
120
.954
.961
.966
.97
.974
.976
.977
.98
982
.983
.984
.986
.988
.991
.994
997
130
.944
.952
.957
.961
.965
.966
.968
.971
.973
.974
.975
.977
.979
.982
.985
988
140
.935
.943
.948
.952
.956
.957
.959
.962
.964
.965
.966
.968
.97
.973
.976
.979
150
.926
.934
.939
.943
.947
.948
.950
.952
.955
.956
.957
.959
.961
.964
.967
.97
160
.917
.925
.93
.934
.938
.939
.941
.943
.946
.947
.948
.95
.952
.955
.958
.961
170
.908
.916
.921
.925
.929
.93
.932
.934
.937
.938
.939
.941
.943
.946
.949
.952
180
.9
.907
.912
.916
.919
.921
.923
.925
.928
.929
.93
.932
.934
.937
.94
.943
190
.89
.898
.903
.907
.91
.912
.913
.916
.919
.92
.921
.923
.924
.928
.931
.934
200
.881
.888
.894
.898
.901
.903
.904
.907
.909
.911
.912
.914
.915
.919
.922
.924
210
.872
.88
.885
.889
.892
.894
.895
.898
.9
.901
.902
.904
.905
.909
.913
.915
212
.87
.877
.883
.887
.892
.892
.893
.896
.898
.899
.901
.903
.904
.908
.911
.914
Suppose we have a boiler which evaporates 2,400 lbs. of water in one
hour from feed at 70° into steam at 80 lbs. per square inch, what is the
equivalent evaporation from 100° into steam of 70 lbs. ?
Looking in the first column under "Temperature of the Feed " we find
70 ; following along the horizontal line from this point until we reach the
line of pressures having 80 at the top we find 1,029; multiplying this by
2,400 we have 2,469.6 for the equivalent evaporation from 100° at 70 lbs,,
and the nominal horse-power of the boiler would be, by the Centennial
Committee's Standard, 2,469.6-f-30=82.3 horse-power, and similarly in
any other case.
Boiler Braces.
No more than 6,000 lbs. per square inch of section of brace is allowed
by the laws of the United States. Required the strain on a sheet 40x20
inches; boiler pressure 60 lbs. per square inch. Number of braces, 6. Sec-
tion of each brace, 1 square inch (or IVs^^ full, round iron).
40 X 20 = 800 square inches.
800 X 60 =: 48000 lbs. pressure.
48000
— - — = 8000 lbs. pressure,
to each brace, or more than allowed by law.
BOILERS— GRATE BARS.
57
"Porcupine " Boilers.
U. S. Board of Supervising Inspectors' rule for determining the steam
pressure allowable upon the " Hazelton " or "Porcupine" type of boilers.
Tube sheet to be of any thickness required.
Multiply the vertical distance between the horizontal rows of tubes in.
inches by one-half the diameter of shell of boiler in inches, which gives the
area upon which the pressure is exerted to break a diagonal ligament; then
find the sectional area of the ligament at its smallest part and multiply by
one-sixth of the tensile strength of the material; this result divided by the
area upon which the strain is exerted gives the working-pressure per square
inch.
Example:
Diameter of boiler, 30 inches. Plates, %-inch thick. Tensile strength,
60,000 pounds. Width of ligament, 1.219 inches. Distance of vertical
centers, 3.6875 inches.
1.219 X .625 = .761875
.761875 X 10,000 = 7,618.75
3.6875 X 15 = 55.3125
ruj.a.,^ ^ 137.74 = as the pressure allowed.
55 3125 ^'^'•'* ^
Answer.
Table of the Strongest Form and Proportion of Riveted Joints.
THICKNEi^S OF
DIAMETER OF
LENGTH OF
PITCH.
LAP.
PLATE.
RIVET.
RIVET.
j^g inch.
% inch.
0.85 inch.
1.14 inch.
1.14 inch.
V4 "
V2 "
1.12 "
1.5 "
1.5 "
h "
% "
1.39 "
1.55 "
1.76 "
% "
% "
1.68 '*
1.87 *
2.1 •'
V2 "
% "
2.25 "
2.00 •'
2.25 "
% "
1 "
2.82 "
2.5 "
2.82 "
% "
IVs "
3.37 "
3.0 "
3 37 "
GRATB BARS.
For burning bituminous coal the air spaces between grate bars should
be % of an inch.
For wood, from % to 1 inch.
For saw^dust, from j^g to H inch.
The area of a chimney should be about 0.16 of the area of the fire grate.
All grates should have an inclination of an inch to the foot of grate bar,
sloping downward from fireMoor to bridge wall.
The total amount of air opening through grate should not be less than
one-quarter of total grate area.
The height of a chimney or stack is measured from the top of the fur-
nace grate.
To Find the Consumption of Coal Per Horse Power Per Hour.
Rule: Dividethe consumption of coal per day in pounds by the number
of hours in the day. This will give the consumption of coal per hour. Next,
58 GRATE BARS — BEAMS.
divide the number of pounds of coal consumed per hour by the indicated
horse power of the engine. The result will be the number of pounds of coal
per hour for each indicated horse power.
Ver^^ small engines will require from 8 to 10 pounds of coal per horse
power per hour; ordinary non-condensing engines from 3 to 5 pounds, and
large condensing engines from I1/2 to 2 pounds per horse power per hour.
Incrustation and Scale.
The most common and important minerals in boiler scale are car-
bonate of lime, sulphate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia.
It is estimated that the presence of ^q inch of scale causes a loss of 13
per cent, of fuel, i/4 inch 38 per cent., and I/2 inch 60 per cent.
Boiler Scale Solvent.
Take 50 pounds of sal soda and 35 pounds of japonica. Put these in-
gredients in a 50 gallon barrel, half fill with water and bring to a boil.
Then fill up with water and allow to settle. Use one quart per 10 hours for
a 40-horse power boiler, pumped in with feed water.
Another.
Take 40 lbs. extract of hemlock, 4 lbs. soda ash, 5 lbs. brown sugar.
Dissolve the above in 10 gallons of water. Dose: From 1 to 1^^ gallons
per week, according to size of boiler and thickness of scale.
WEIGHT AND DIM:eNSIONS OF I Bi^AMS.
3-INCH I BBAM, No. 13, I^IGHT, 7 l^BS. PEJR FOOT.
Depth, S'\ Width of Flanges, 2.32^^. Thickness of Web, 0.19^^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
4-INCH I BBAM, No. i«, I^IGHT, 8 I^BS. F^R FOOT.
Depth, 4^^ Width of Flanges, 2.48^^ Thickness of Web, 0.23^^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
4-INCH I BFAM, No. I3, HFAVY, 10 I^BS. PFR FOOT.
Depth, 4^'. Width of Flanges, 2.63^^. Thickness of Web, 0.38^'.
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per squar^nch.
5-INCH I BFAM, No. 11, I^IGHT, 10 I^BS, PBR FOOT.
Depth, 5''. Width of Flanges, 2.73^^ Thickness of Web, 0.225^^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
5-INCH I BFAM, No. 11, HFAVY, 13 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 5'\ Width of Flanges, 2.91''. Thickness of Web, 0.405'^
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
BEAMS. 59
6-INCH I BBAM, No. lo, I^IGHT, i3Vi I/BS. PiBR FOOT.
Depth, 6", Width of Flanges, 3.24-'^ Thickness of Web, 0.24'^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
6-INCH I BSAM, No. lO, HEAVY, i8 I/BS. PiRR FOOT.
Depth, 6". Width of Flanges, 3.46". Thickness of Web, 0.46''. Max-
imum fiber strain := 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
7-INCH I BFAM, No. 9, I^IGHT, 18 I^BS. P:i^R FOOT.
Depth, 7". Width of Flanges, 3.61'^ Thickness of Web, 0.23^'. Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
7-INCH I BBAM, No. 8, HIJAVY, 25 I^BS. PFK. FOOT.
Depth, 7'^ Widthof Flanges, 3.91" Thickness of Web, 0.53^^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
8-INCH I BFAM, No. 8, I^IGHT, 23 I^BS. PFR FOOT.
Depth, 8^^ Width of Flanges, 3.81". Thickness of Web, 0.31'^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
8-INCH I BFAM, No. 8, HFAVY, 35 I^BS. PFR FOOT.
Depth, 8^'. Width of Flanges, 4.29. Thickness of Web, 0 79^'. Max-
imum of fiber strain ^= 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
9-INCH I BEAM, No. 6, I^IGHT, 23 2 I/BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 9''. W^idth of Flanges, 4.01^'. Thickness of Web, 0.26'^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
9-INCH I BEAM, No. 6, HEAVY, 33 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, Q'\ Width of Flanges, 4.33''. Thickness of Web, 0 58.^^ Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
lO-INCH I BEAM, No. 5, IvIGHT, 30 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 10". Width of Flanges, 4.32". Thickness of Web. 0-32" Max-
imum fiber strain = 12 000 lbs. per square inch.
lo-INCH I BEAM, No. 5, HEAVY, 45 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 10". Width of Flanges, 4. 77" . Thickness of Web, 0 77." Max-
imum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
10/2-INCH I BEAM, No. 4, I/IG»:T, 31 V2 I/BS. PER FOOT.
Depth. 101/2^^ Width of Flanges, 4.54", Thickness of Web, 0.41".
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
lo/o-INCH I BEAM, No. 4, HEAVY, 45 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 101/2". Width of Flanges. 4.92". Thickness of Web, 0.79^'.
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
la-INCH I BEAM, No. 3, I^IGHT, 42 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 12'^ Width of Flanges, 4.64". Tickness of Web, 0.51".
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
60
la-iNCH I be;am, no. 3, H:eAVY, 60 i^bs. per foot.
Depth, 12''. Width of Flanges, 5. 09''. Thickness of Web. 0.96^'.
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
15-INCH I BEAM, No. I, I^IGHT, 50 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 15^'. Width of Flanges, 5.03'^ Thickness of Web, 0.47".
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
15-INCH I BEAM, No. I, HEAVY, 65 I^BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 15". Width of Flanges, 5.33'^. Thickness of Web, 0.77".
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
15-INCH I BEAM, No. 3, WGHT, 67 I.BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 15^^ Width of Flanges, 5.55'^ Thickness of Web, 0.67".
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
15-INCH I BEAM, No. a, HEAVY, 80 I,BS. PER FOOT.
Depth, 15'^ Width of Flanges, 5.81'^ Thickness of Web, 0.93^'.
Maximum fiber strain = 12,000 lbs. per square inch.
To Find the Safe Load which a Horizontal Cast Iron Beam will Bear, the
Beam being Fixed at one End, and the Load Suspended from the other.
Rule: Multiply the square of the depth of beam in inches by the
breadth in inches, and this product by the constant number 350, and divide
the result b}^ the length of projecting beam in feet. Divide the quotient b\^
4, and subtract one-half the v^'eight of beam.
For wrought iron beams use the constant number 375 and proceed as
above.
To Find the Safe Load for a Horizontal Cast Iron Beam Fixed at one End,
and the Load Uniformly Distributed.
Rule : Multiply the square of the depth of beam in inches by the
breadth in inches and the product by the constant number 350, and divide
the result by the length of projecting beam in feet. Divide this result by 2,
and from the quotient subtract the whole weight of beam.
For w^rought iron beams use the constant number 375, and proceed as
above.
To Find the Safe Load which a Cast Iron Beam of Uniform Rectangular
Cross Section, Supported at both Ends, can Bear in the Center.
Rule: Multiply the square of the depth of beam in inches by the
breadth in inches, and this product by the constant number 350. Then di-
vide the result bj^ the distance between the supports in feet. For wrought
iron beams proceed as above, using the constant number 375 instead of
350. The above rule applies to loads at rest.
To Find the Safe Load for a Horizontal Cast Iron Beam, Loaded Uniformly
Throughout, and Supported at Both Ends.
Rule : Multiply the square of the depth of beam in inches bj^the breadth
in inches, and this product by the constant number 350, and divide the re-
BEAMS.
61
suit by the distance between supports in feet. Multiply this result by 2 and
deduct the whole weight of the beam.
For wrought iron beams use the constant number 375, and proceed as
above.
WOODEN b:i^ams.
Safe load, uniformly distributed, for rectangular white or yellow pine
beams one inch thick, allowing 1,200 lbs. per square inch fiber strain.
To obtain the safe load for any thickness, multiply the safe load given
in table by the thickness of beam.
To obtain the required thickness for an3' load, divide by the safe load
for 1 inch, given in table.
DEPTH OF BEAM.
c^.S
6''
Lbs.
7"
8''
9''
10''
11''
12"
13"
Lbs.
14"
Lbs.
15"
16^^
Feet.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
5
960
1310
1710
2160
2670
3230
3840
4510
5230
6000
6830
6
800
1090
1420
1800
2220
2690
3200
3760
4360
5000
5690
7
690
930
1220
1540
1900
2300
2740
3220
3730
4290
4880
8
600
820
1070
1350
1670
2020
2400
2820
3270
3750
4270
9
530
730
950
1200
1480
1790
2130
2500
2900
3330
3790
10
480
650
850
1080
1330
1610
1920: 2250
2610
3000
341Q
11
440
590
780
980
1210
1470
1750
2050
2380
2730
3100
12
400
540
710
900
1110
1340
1600
1880
2180
2500
2840
13
370
500
660
830
1030
1240
1480
1730
2010
2310
2630
14
340
470
610
770
950
1150
1379
1610
1870
2140
2440
15
320
440
570
720
890
1080
1280
1500
1740
2000
2280
16
300
410
530
680
830
1010
1200
1410
1630
1880
2130
17
280
380
500
640
780
950
1130
1330
1540
1760
2010
18
270
360
470
600
740
900
1070
1250
1450
1670
1900
19
250
340
450
570
700
850
1010
1190
1380
1580
1800
20
240
330
430
540
670
810
960
1130
1310
1500
1710
21
230
310
410
510
630
770
910
1070
1240
1430
1630
22
220
300
390
490
610
730
870
1020
1190
1360
1550
23
210
280
370
470
580
700
830
980
1140
1300
1480
24
200
270
360
450
560
670
800
940
1090
1250
1420
25
190
260
340
430
530
650
770
900
1050
1200
1370
26
180
250
330
420
510
620
740
870
1010
1150
1310
27
180
240
320
400
500
600
710
830
970
1110
1260
28
170
230
300
390
480
580
690
800
930
1070
1220
29
170
230
290
370|
460
560
660 780i
900 1030
1180
The strength of beams is in direct proportion to their thickness, in-
versely as their length, and as the square of their depth, thus: A joist 4
.nches thick is twice as strong as a 2 inch joist; if 12 feet in length, it has
double the strength of one of 24 feet, while doubling the depth, as from 6 to
12 inches, increases the strength four fold. In these comparisons all other
elements of strength are assumed to be equal.
62
BEAMS.
00
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BEAMS — BRASS.
63
Example: What is the safe load for a beam having 30 feet span, and
having a depth of 10 inches, and 8" thick?
2000 X 0.231 = 462 lbs. the safe load for 1 inch thick.
462 X 8 = 3,696 lbs. for 8'^ thick. Ans.
Table Showing Weight in Pounds of Sheet and Bar Brass.
Thickness
Sheets
Square
Round
Thickness
Sheets
Square
Round
or
per
Bars,
Bars,
or
per
Bars,
Bars,
Diameter
Square
Foot.
1 Foot
IFoot
Diameter
Square
1 Foot
1 Foot
in Inches.
Long.
.015
Long.
in inches.
Foot.
Long.
Long.
i^e
2 7
.011
li'e
48.69
4.08
3.20
Vs
5.41
.055
.045
Vg
49.95
4.55
3.57
h
8.12
.125
.1
1^6
51.4
5.08
3.97
M
10.76
.225
.175
1/4
54.18
5.65
4.41
1%
13.48
.350
.275
h
56.85
6.22
4.86
%
16.25
.51
.395
%
59.55
6.81
5.35
h
19.
.69
.54
h
62.25
7.45
5.85
1/2
21.65
.905
.71
1/2
65.
8.13
6.37
l^e
24.3
1.15
.9
r%
67.75
8.83
6.92
%
27.12
1.4
1.1
%
70.35
9.55
7.48
\h
29.77
1.72
1.35
n
73.
10.27
8.05
%
32.46
2.05
1.66
%
75.86
11.
8.65
\%
35.18
2.4
1.85
13
16
78.55
11.82
9.29
Vs
37.85
2.75
2.15
%
81.25
12.68
9.95
\%
40.55
3.15
2.48
11
84.
13.5
10.58
1
43.29
3.65
2.85
2
86.75
14.35
11.25
Specific gravity, 8.218. Weight, per cubic foot, 513.6 lbs.
To determine the presence of lead in tin vessels. Touch the metal v^ith
nitric acid, and then heat until the acid evaporates. If there be lead in the
metal stannic acid and nitrate of lead remain. Iodide of potassium is then
appHed, forming yellow iodide of lead, while the stannic acid is white. The
yellow stain indicates lead; the white, tin.
Soldering liquid for brass. Into hydrochloric acid, place as much scrap-
zinc as it will dissolve, still leaving a sponge of zinc.
To solder cast or w^rought iron, add a little sal-ammoniac.
German silver. Nickel, 3 parts; zinc, 33^ parts, and copper, 8 parts.
64
BOL'TS.
Weight of loo Bolts With Square Heads and Nuts.
LENGTH
DIAMETER
OF BOLT
s.
UNDER
HEAD.
14 in.
3/8 in.
1/2 in.
Lbs.
%in.
34 in.
% in.
lin.
Inches.
Lbs.
Lbs. ■
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
1
31/2
9
20
32
1^4
3%
9%
21
341/9
11/2
414
10%
22
37
1%
4%
11%
23
391/9
2
5
121/2
24
42
70
130
180
214
53/8
131/8
251/2
441/2
731/2
1321/2
185
21/2
534
143/8
27
47
77
135
190
234
61/8
151/2
281/2
491/2
8O1/2
1371/2
195
3
61/2
I614
30
52
84
140
200
31/2
71/8
181/8
33
561/2
90
148
210
4
734
20
36
61
96
156
220
41/2
83/8
21%
39
651/2
1011/2
164
230
5
9
2314
42
70
107
172
240
51/2
934
24%
45
74
1121/2
180
251
6
103/8
261/2
48
78
118
188
262
7
1134
291/2
54
86
130
204
284
8
i3y8
33
60
94
143
220
306
9
141/2
36
66
102
156
236
328
10
16
40
72
110
170
252
350
11
1714
43
78
118
185
268
372
12
18%
46
84
127
200
284
393
Weight of 100 Bolts With Hexagon Heads and Nuts.
LENGTH
UNDER
DIAMETER OF BOLTS.
HEAD.
14 in.
%in.
1/2 in.
% in.
34 in.
% in.
lin.
Inches.
1
Lbs.
31/8
31/2
3%
414
4%
5
53/8
534
6%
634
73/8
8
8%
93/8
10
11%
1234
14%
15%
16%
I814
Lbs.
7%
8%
91/2
103/8
1114
i2y4
13%
14
15
16%
18%
203/8
22
23%
2514
2814
3134
3434
38%
413/8
4434
Lbs.
163/8
173/8
183/8
193/8
20%
21%
233/s
24%
263/8
293/8
323/8
353/8
383/8
413/8
443/8
503/8
563/8
623/8
683/8
743/8
803/8
Lbs.
2634
2914
3134
3414
3634
3914
4134
4414
4634
5114
5534
6O14
6434
6834
7234
8O34
8834
9634
10434
112%
i2iy2
Lbs
Lbs.
Lbs.
114
IV2
134
2
214
21/2
2%
3
31/2
4
41/2
5
51/2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
58
6I1/2
65
681/2
72
78
84
891/2
95
1001/2
106
118
131
144
158
173
188
115
1171/2
120
1221/2
125
133
141
149
157
165
173
189
205
221
237
253
269
159
164
169
174
179
189
199
209
219
230
241
263
285
297
329
351
372
BOLTS.
65
Weight of Rivets and Round Headed Bolts Without Nuts,
Per loo.
LENGTH FROM UNDER HEAD. ONE CUBIC FOOT WEIGHING 480 LBS.
LENGTH
%^'
y^"
%^^
%^^ !
%'^
V
IVs'^
11/4'^
INCHES.
DIAM.
DIAM.
DIAM.
DIAM. \
DIAM.
DIAM.
DIAM.
DIAM.
IV4
5.4
12.6
21.5
28.7
43.1
65.3
91.5
123.
IV2
6.2
13.9
23.7
31.8 1
47.3
70.7
98.4
133.
1%
6.9
15.3
25.8
34.9 i
51.4
76.2
105.
142.
2
7.7
16.6
27.9
37.9
55.6
81.6
112.
150.
214
8.5
18.0
30.0
41.0
59.8
87.1
119.
159.
21/2
9.2
19.4
32.2
44.1
63.0
92.5
126.
167.
2?4
10.0
20.7
34.3
47.1
68.1
98.0
133.
176.
3
10.8
22.1
36.4
50.2
72.3
103.
140.
184.
3V4
11.5
23.5
38.6
53.3
76.5
109.
147.-
193.
31/2
12.3
24.8
40.7
56.4
80.7
114.
154.
201.
3%
13.1
26.2
42.8
59.4
84.8
120.
161.
210.
4
13.8
27.5
45.0
62.5
89.0
125.
167.
218.
41/4
14.6
28.9
47.1
65.6
93.2
131.
174.
227.
41/2
15.4
30.3
49.2
68.6
97.4
136.
181.
236.
4%
16.2
31.6
51.4
71.7
102.
142.
188.
244.
5
16.9
33.0
53.5
74.8
106.
147.
195.
253.
51/4
17.7
34.4
55.6
77.8
110.
153.
202.
261.
5V2
18.4
35.7
57.7
80.9
114.
158.
209.
270.
534
19.2
37.1
59.9
84.0
118.
163.
216.
278.
6
20.0
38.5
62.0
87.0
122.
169.
223.
287.
6V2
21.5
41.2
66.3
93.2
131.
180.
236.
304.
7
23.0
43.9
70.5
99.3
139.
191.
250.
321.
71/2
24.6
46.6
74.8
106.
147.
202.
264.
338.
8
26.1
49.4
79.0
112.
156.
213.
278.
355.
8V2
27.6
52.1
83.3
118.
164.
223.
292.
372.
9
29.2
54.8
87.6
124.
173.
234.
306.
389.
91/2
30.7
57.6
91.8
130.
181.
245.
319.
406.
10
32-2
60.3
96.1
136.
189.
256.
333.
423.
IOV2
33.8
63.0
101.
142.
198.
267.
347.
440.
11
35.3
65.7
105.
148.
206.
278.
361.
457.
11 1/2
36.8
68.5
109.
155.
214.
289.
375.
474.
12
38.4
71.2
113.
161.
223.
300.
388.
491.
Heads.
1.8
5.7
109
13.4
22.2
38.0
57.0
82.0
66
Weight and Strength of Iron Bolts.
EKDS ENLARGED OR UPSET.
ENDS NOT EN-
LARGED.
ENDS ENLARGED OR UPSET.
1
ENDS NOT EN-
LARGED.
O
oS
O
H
P3 .
H
o2
0
•J
II
^3
p?
2 o
is
i
P3
WW
li
a
^
w
fi
^
fi
^
»
fi
■ ^
Ins.
Pounds.
Tons.
2240 lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
Ins.
Lbs,
Tons
2240 lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
l^
.0414
.245
1%
1%
8.10
45.7
2.14
12.0
.093
.165
.553
-983
8.69
9.30
49.0
52.5
2.22
2.30
12.9
1 6
"'".35
"321
13.8
f\
.258
1.53
-43
.452
lit
9.93
56.0
2.38
14.7
%
,372
2.21
.50
.654
2
10.6
59.7
2.45
15.7
/e
.506
3.00
.58
.897
2V8
12.0
63.8
2.59
17-5
^2
.661
3,93
.66
1.14
234
13 4
71.6
2.73
19.5
1^6
.837
4.97
.73
1.41
23/8
14.9
79.7
2.88
21.6
%
1.03
6.14
.80
1.67
2V2
16.5
88.4
3.02
23.9
H
1.25
7.42
.88
2.03
2%
18.2
97.4
3.16
26.1
%
1.49
8.83
.96
2.41
2%
20.0
106.9
3.30
28.5
B
1.75
10.4
1.04
2.81
2%
21.9
116.8
3.45
31.1
%
2.03
12.0
1.12
3.26
3
23.8
127.2
3.60
33.9
B
2.33
13.8
1.20
3.77
31/4
27.9
141.0
3.86
39.1
1
2.65
15.7
1.27
4.27
31/2
32.4
163.6
4.12
44.4
ii\
2.99
16.8
1.35
4.77
33/4
37.2
187.7
4.41
51.0
IVs
3.35
18.9
1.42
5.28
4
42.3
213.6
4.70
57.8
1t\
3.73
21.1
1.49
5.81
41/4
47.8
227.0
4.98
65.2
1V4
4.13
23.3
1.55
6.39
41/2
53.6
254.5
5.25
72.9
1t\
4.56
25.7
1.64
7.04
43/4
59.7
283.5
5.53
80.5
1%
5.00
28.2
1.72
7.74
5
66.1
314.2
5.80
88.1
1/e
5.47
30.8
1.80
8.48
51/4
72.9
324.7
6.08
97.0
iy2
5.95
33.6
1.87
9.20
5V2
80.0
356.4
6.36
106.
1^-
6.46
36.4
1.94
9.88
53/4
87.5
389.5
6.63
116.
1%
6.99
39.4
2.00
10.6
6
95.2
424.1
6.90
126.
IH-
7.53
42.5
2.07
11.3
For square bars increase the breaking strains % part.
A long upset rod is no stronger than one not upset, against slowly ap-
plied loads or strains. Therefore in such cases the column of greatest diam-
eter in the table should be used.
BOLTS— BELTS.
67
A System of Bolts and Nuts, as Recommended by the Frank-
lin Institute, of Philadelphia, December 15, 1364.
DIAMETER OF
BOLT.
NUMBER OF
THREADS PER
INCH.
DIAMETER OP
HOLE IN NUT.
DIAMETER OF
BOLT.
NUMBER OF
THREADS PER
INCH.
DIAMETER OF
HOLE IN NUT.
1/4
20
.185
2
41/2
1.712
i\
18
.240
21/4
41/2
1.962
%
16
.294
21/2
4
2.175
i\
14
.344
23/4
4
2.425
V2
13
.400
3
31/2
2.628
i\
12
.454
31/4
31/2
2.878
%
11
.507
31/2
314
3 100
%
10
.620
s%
3
3.317
%
9
.731
4
3
3.566
1
8
.837
41/4
2%
3.825
1%
7
.940
41/2
23/4
4.027
11/4
7
1.065
43/4
2%
4.255
1%
6
1.160
5
2V2
4.480
IV2
6
1.284
51/4
21/2
4.730
1%
5V2
1.389
51/2
23/8
5.053
1%
5
1.490
534
23/8
5.203
1%
5
1.615
6
214
5.423
Table of Horse Power which May be Transmitted by Open
Single Belts to Pulleys Running 100 Revolutions per
Minute. The Diameters of the Driving and
Driven Pulleys Being i^qual.
THE HORSE POWER OF DOUBLE BELTS IS 10.7 OF THAT GIVEN IN THE T:i.BLi3;.
DIAM.
WIDTH OF BELT IN INCHES.
PULLEY.
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
4V2
5
6
INCHES.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
H.P.
H. p.
H. P.
6
.44
.54
.65
.76
.87
.98
1.09
1.31
61/2
.47
.59
.71
.83
.95
1.07
1.19
1.42
7
.51
.64
.76
.89
1.01
1.14
1.27
1.53
7^2
.55
.68
.82
.95
1.09
1.23
1.36
1.64
8
.58
.73
.87
1.02
1.16
1.31
1.45
1.75
8^2
.62
.77
.93
1.08
1.24
1.39
1.55
1.86
9
.65
.82
.98
1.15
1.31
1.48
1.64
1.97
9V2
.69
.86
1.04
1.21
1.39
1.56
1.74
2.08
10
.73
.91
1.09
1.27
1.45
1.63
1.81
2.18
11
.8
1.
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.
2.4
12
.87
1.09
1.31
1.53
1.75
1.97
2.18
2.62
13
.95
1.18
1.42
1.65
1.89
2.12
2.36
2.83
14
1.02
1.27
1.52
1.77
2.02
2.27
2.53
3.05
15
1.09
1.36
1.64
1.91
2.19
2.46
2.73
3.29
16
1.16
1.45
1.74
2.03
2.32
2.61
2.91
3.48
17
1.24
1.55
1.85
2.16
2.47
2.78
3.09
3.70
18
1.31
1.64
1.96
2.29
2.62
2.95
3.27
3.92
19
1.39
1.73
2.07
2.42
2.76
3.11
3.45
4.14
20
1.45
1.82
2.18
2.55
2.91
3.27
3.64
4.36
21
l.v52
1.91
2.29
2.67
3.05
3.44
3.82
4.58
22
1.66
2.
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.
4.8
23
1.67
2.09
2.51
2.93
3.35
3.75
4.18
5.02
68
BELTS.
DIAM.
WIDTH OF BELT IN INCHES.
PULLEY.
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
INCHES.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
24
3.5
4.4
5.2
7.
8.7
10.5
12.2
14.
25
3.6
4.5
5.5
7.3
9.1
10.9
12.7
14.5
26
3.8
4.7
5.7
7.6
9.5
11.3
13.2
15.1
27
3.9
4.9
5.9
7.8
9.8
11.8
13.7
15.6
28
4.1
5.1
6.1
8.1
10.2
12.2
14.3
16.3
29
4.2
5.3
6.3
8.4
10.5
12.6
14.8
16.9
30
4.4
5.4
6.6
8.7
10.9
13.1
15.3
17.4
31
4.5
5.6
6.8
9.
11.3
13.5
15.8
18.
32
4.7
5.8
7.
9.3
11.6
14.
16.3
18.6
33
4.8
6.
7.2
9.6
12.
14.4
16.8
19.2
34
4.9
62
7.4
9.9
12.4
14.8
17.3
19.8
35
5.1
6.4
7.6
10.2
12.7
15.3
17.9
20.4
36
5.2
6.5
7.8
10.5
13.1
15.7
18.3
20.9
37
5.4
6.7
8.1
10.8
13.5
16.2
18.9
21.5
38
5.5
6.9
8.3
11.
13.8
16.6
19.3
22.1
39
5.7
7.1
8.5
11.3
14.2
17.
19.9
22.7
40
5.8
7.3
8.7
11.6
14.6
17.5
20.4
23.3
42
6.1
7.6
9.2
12.2
15.3
18.2
21.4
24.3
44
6.4
8.
9.6
12.8
16
19.2
22.4
25.6
46
6.7
8.4
10.
13.4
16.
20.1
23.4
26.8
48
7.
8.8
10.4
14.
17.4
21.
24.4
28.
50
7.2
9.
10.9
14.6
18.2
21.8
25.4
29.
54
7.8
9.8
11.8
15.6
19.6
23.6
26.4
31.2
60
8.8
10.8
13.1
17.4
21.8
26.2
30.6
34.8
DIAM.
WIDTH OF BELT IN INCHES.
PULLEY.
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
INCHES.
H.P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
24
16
17
19
21
23
24
26
28
30
19
22
24
26
28
31
33
35
36
24
26
29
31
34
37
39
42
38
25
28
30
33
36
39
41
44
40
26
29
32
35
38
41
44
47
42
28
31
34
36
40
43
46
49
44
29
32
35
38
42
45
48
51
48
31
35
38
42
45
49
52
56
50
33
36
40
44
47
51
54
58
54
35
39
43
47
50
53
58
62
60
39
44
48
52
57
61
65
70
66
43
48
53
58
62
67
72
77
72
47
52
58
63
68
73
78
84
78
50
57
62
68
74
80
85
91
84
55
61
67
73
79
86
91
97
96
63
70
76
84
90
98
104
112
120
78
88
96
104
114
122
130
140
144
94
104
116
126
136
146
156
168
BELTS.
69
DIAM. OP
PULLET IN
INCHES.
REVOLUTIONS OF THE PULLEY PER MINUTE.
50 60 70 80
90 100 123 150 175 200 250 300
HORSE POWER TRANSMITTED BY A SINGLE BELT ONE INCH WIDE.
12
.19
.23
.27
.31
.35
.39
.49
.59
.69
.79
.98
1.18
14
.23
.27
.32
.36
.41
.46
.57
.68
.80
.92
1 14
1.37
16
.26
.31
.37
.42
.47
.53
.65
.79
.92
1.04
1,30
1.57
18
.29
.36
.41
.47
.53
.59
.74
.88
1.03
1.18
1.47
1.76
20
.33
.39
.46
.52
.59
.65
.82
.98
1.14
1.30
1.63
1.96
24
.39
.47
.55
.63
.71
.79
.97
1.18
1.38
1.57
1.98
2.35
28
.46
.55
.64
.73
.82
.91
1.15
1.37
1.60
1.83
2.28
2 75
32
.52
.63
.73
.84
.94
1.05
1.31
1.57
1.83
2.10
2.62
3.15
36
.09
.71
.82
.94
1.06
1.18
1.47
1.76
2.06
2.36
2.95
3 54
40
.60
.79
.92
1.05
1.18
1.31
1.63
1.96
2.30
262
3.28
3.94
44
.72
.86
1.00
1.15
1.30
1.44
1.80
2.16
2.52
2 88
3.60
4.30
48
.78
.94
1.10
1.26
1.42
1.57
1.96
2.35
2.75
3.15
3.94
4.72
54
.88
1.06
1.24
1.42
1.59
1.77
2.21
2.66
3.10
3.54
4.43
5.30
60
.98
1.18
1.37
1.56
1.76
1.96
2.45
2.94
3.43
3 93
4.90
5.89
66
1.08
1.30
1.51
1.73
1.94
2.16
2.70
3.24
3.78
4,30
5.40
6.49
72
1.18
1.41
1.64
1.88
2.12
2.35
2.95
3.53
4,12
4.70
5.88
7.05
78
1.28
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.30
2.56
3.20:' 3.83
4.48
5.11
6.40
r 68
84
1.38
1.65
1.92
2.20
2.48
2.75
3.44 4.13
4.81
5.51
6.88
8 25
90
1.4V
1.77
2.07
2.36
2.66
2.95
3.68 4.42
5.17
5.90
7.38
8 85
96
1.58
1.89
2.21
2.53
2.84
3.15
3.93! 4.73
5.52
6.32
7.90
9.45
TO FIND Tnn WEIGHT OF A HOI^I^OW CAST IRON BAI.I,.
Multiply the difference of the cube of the outer and inner diameter in
inches by .1365. The result will be the weight in pounds avoirdupois ap-
proximately.
Common lead glass melted makes a good bath in which to heat small
articles that are to be hardened.
The momentum of a moving body is its mass multiplied into its velo-
city, while the vis viva is one-half the mass multiplied into the square of
the velocity.
Momentum is a mere term employed in certain mathematical processes
with no corresponding quantity in nature, but vis viva, or "live strength,"
IS the actual force exerted by any moving body— the sum of the resistance
required to bring a body to a state of rest.
Do not place a tightening pulley on the load line or pulling side of a
belt. Place it so that it will bear against the slack side.
70
BELTS.
o
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<u
^
Q
Q
H
y-t
bo
cd
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rr
ti
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bo
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o
B
0?
^
^
1
o
a
:^ :^ :^ :^
totoi-t-ooooososo^ojeo-^iotot-oooso-^ojeo
To Find the Power a Belt Will Transmit.
When the pulleys differ in size, the larger of the two is lost sight of, and
the small pulle^v onh^ must be considered.
The number of degrees of belt contact on the small pulley must be got
at as nearly as possible.
For 180 degrees useful effect 1.00
" 1571 " " " 92
" 135 * " " 84
" 1121 " " " 76
90 " " " 64
Rule : Divide the speed of the belt in feet per minute by 800, multiply
the quotient b\^ the width of belt in inches and by 1.00 when the arc of con-
tact is 180 degrees, and so on for other degrees of contact.
Driving Power of Oak Tanned I^eather Belts.
WIDTH OF BELTS
TRAVELING 750 FEET
PER MINUTE. HORSE-POWER.
1 inch 1.
2 " 2.142
3 " 3.480
4 " 5.028
5 " 6.788
G " 8.726
7 " 10.953
8 " 13.360
9 " 15.982
10 " 18.825
11 " 21.882
12 " 25.158
72
BELTING— BALLS.
Width and Velocity of Belting.
H
>^
K Z
»
P4
w
W "
WIDTH OF
BELT.
2 S
O D .
"g
w
.
o
> 5
ft <^
r1 K
P ^ tr>
i
Cfl
"><
i-j
ft
^ §
"-Jo
ft Q
•j»
C^ .;
t/i '
< •
K
O
1^
lAME'J
SMAL
IN IN
W '-' ^
o
pq S
W «
w w
Q
«5j
W
>
Q
P3
^
g
^
z
«
M
375
5,600
60
98
Double
24
22
34
31|
27
250
3,080
84
58
4-ply
48
50
28
28
23
220
2,451
42
135
Single
22
98
31
84
70
175
3,179
72
93
Double
19^
15|
25
26
22
175
3.629
115|
55
"
29
15
22
23
20
130
2,117
70
113
a
18
18
22
29
24|
125
3,490
84
82
11
14|
8
17
17
14 1
90
2,860
60
87
"
12
10
15
15
12 i
77
2,268
60
77
"
14|
12
12
16
13i-
45
2,000
48
37
Single
20
21
15
21
18
49
2,111
72
24
14
21
18
21
18 1
43
1,800
60
44
"
18
20
14
23
19"
41
1,809
60
42
'<
17J
12
16
21
18
40
2,000
72
37
"
8
14
13
19
16
18
850
22
116
Double
6
19
8
10
8.^
8
942
30
40
Single
7 1
12
8
8
7
The average breaking strain of a leather belt is 3,200 lbs. per square
men of cross section.
A very good quality of leather belt will sustain a little more than this
In use on pulleys, belts should not be subjected to a greater strain than ^\
of their tensile strength, or 290 lbs. per square inch of cross section. This
will be 55 lbs. average strain for every inch in width of single belt i=V of an
inch thick. ' s ig
Weight of Balls.
DIAM.IN
CAST
CAST
CAST
CAST
DIAM. IN
CAST
CAST
CAST
CAST
INCPIES
LEAD.
COPPER
BRASS.
IRON.
Lbs
INCHES.
LEAD.
Lbs.
30.1
COPPER.
Lbs.
24.1
BRASS.
IRON.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
21.5
Lbs.
19.8
h
.026
.021
.019
.017
5.^
f
.088
.070
.063
.058
1
34.7
27.7
24.7
22.7
1.
.209
.167
.148
.136
1
39.6
31.7
28.3
25.9
k
.408
.325
.290
.266
6.
45.0
36.0
32.0
29.4
\
.705
.562
.501
.460
\
57.2
45.8
40.8
37 4
1
1.12
.893
.795
.731
7.
71.5
57.2
50.9
46-8
2.
1.67
1.33
1.19
1.07
\
88.
70.3
62.6
57.5
\
2.38
1.90
1.69
1.55
8.
106.
85.3
76.0
69.8
\
3.25
2.60
2.32
2.13
\
127.
102.
91.2
83.7
\
4.34
3.47
3.09
2.83
9.
151.
121.
108.
99.4
3.
5.63
4.50
4.01
3.68
\
178.
143.
127.
117.
\
7.15
5.72
5.10
4.68
10.
208.
167.
148.
136.
2
8.94
7.14
6.36
5.85
1
241.
193.
172.
158.
f
11.0
8.79
7.83
7.19
11.
277.
222.
198.
182.
4.
13.4
10.7
9.50
8.73
\
317.
253.
226.
207.
1
16.0
18.9
12.8
15.2
11.4
10.5
12
360.
288.
257.
236.
\
13.5
12.4
22.7 I 17.9
15.9
14.6
The ^
v^eights of ball
s are as the
5.
26.0 1 20.8
18.6
17.0
cubes of
their diams.
BELLS— BLOWERS.
73
Pure Bell Metal Bells
MADE OF BANC^^ ^IN AND CHILI COPPER. TABLE OF WEIGHTS, TONES,
DIMENSIONS, ETC.
POUNDS.
WEIGHT
ABOUT
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,500
2,800
3,000
3,400
3,700
4,200
4,800
5,500
6,200
MEDIUM
TONE.
D
c
c
B
h
b!z
it
G
G
fS
F
F
E
I
D
c
A
DIAMETER
BELL.
27 inches.
28 "
SIZE OF FRAME.
OUTSIDE.
29 "
4
29 "
4
30 "
4
31 "
4
32 "
4
33 "
4
34 "
4
35 "
4
36 "
4
37 "
4
38 "
4
39 "
4
40 "
4
41 "
4
42 "
5
43 "
5
44 "
5
46 "
5
47 "
5
50 "
6
52 "
6
54 -
6
55 "
6
56 "
7
58 "
7
60 "
63 "
66 "
3 feet 4 inches.
4 "
5
5
5
5
5
9
' 9
' 9
'11
'11
'11
' 4
' 4
' 4
' 8
' 8
' 1
' 1
' 8
DIAMETER
WHEEL.
3 feet
4 " 4 inches.
4 "
4 *'
4 '•
4 "
9 "
9 "
9 "
9 "
6 "
6 "
6 •'
6 "
3 "
3 "
3 "
3 "
3 "
Sturtevant Pressure Blowers.
FOR CUPOLA FURNACES.
m
>
h
i^
«
^
W
a cfl
< .
^.
V
fa ^
O B
DIAM. IN INCH
E;^ INSIDE OF
CUPOLA.
MELTING CAPAC
PER HOUR
IN LBS.
6 X
fa «
w
PRESSURE IN
OUNCES OF BLA
o °*
1
1200
4
324
4135
5
0.5
2
26
1900
5.7
507
3756
6
1
3
30
2880
8
768
3250
7
1.8
4
35
4130
10.7
1102
3100
8
3
5
40
6178
14.2
1646
2900
10
5.5
6
46
8900
18.7
2375
2820
12
9.7
7
53
12500
24.3
3353
2600
14
16
8
60
16560
32
4416
2270
14
22
9
72
23800
43
6364
2100
16
35
10
84
33300
60
8880
1815
16
48
One square inch of blast is sufficient for one forge fire, or 90 square
inches area of cupola furnace.
74
BLOWERS— FANS.
Sturtevant^s Pressure Blowers.
FOR FORGE FIRES.
c"
C*
C
n
C
i
^
^
S
S
^ ,;;
;-!
v<
;.!
Ih
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u
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1
5
3725
360
0.5
'
2
7
3103
504
0.7
3
10
2456
720
1
2753
810
1.4
4
14
2224
1008
1.4
2470,1134
1.9
5
20
1814 1440
2
2026
1620
2.8
2215
1780
3.6
6
26
1619
1872
2.6
1797
2106
3.6
1960
2314
4.7
2009
2496
6
7
36
1344
2592
3.6
1507
2916
5
1641
3204
6.5
1768
3456
8.3
1898
3708
10,1
8
46
1200
3312
4.5
1330
3726
6.4
1445
4094
8.4
1565
4416
10.6
1675
4738
13
9
60
1035
4320
5.9
1145
4860
8.3
1250
5340
10.9
1350
5760
13.8
1446
6180
16.9
10
80
902
5760 7.9| 995
6480
11.2
1085
7120
14.5
1168
7680
18.4
1253
8240
22.5
Pres-
1
sure.
4 oz. 1 5 oz.
6 oz.
7 oz.
8 oz.
One square inch of blast is sufficient for one forge fire.
Blower and l^xhausting Fans.
NO
OF BLOWER OR
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE
SQ. FEET OF BOILER
TWO OUNCE BLAST FOR
FOUR OUNCE BLAST FOR
GRATE SURFACE SUP-
BOILER FIRES.
FORGE FIRES.
PLIED BY BLOWER.
0
2,600
3,600
6
1
2,300
3,200
8
2
1,928
2,682 \ 10
3
1,638
2,279
14
4
1.410
1,961
20
5
1,194
1,662
27
6
1,018
1,417
36
7
878
1,234
48
8
766
1,065
62
9
671
932
80
10
598
831
100
BLOWERS.
75
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^
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00
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2
2
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1
3
O
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ziv JO %B3} oiqno
i
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i
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76
BLOWERS.
Diameter of Blast Pipes for Cupola, Forge and Furnace Pres-
sure Blowers.
SIZE OF BLOWER IN BOLD FACE TYPE AT THE HEAD OF EACH DIVISION
OF TABLE.
NO. I
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT-
50
100
150
200
300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
360
51
6i
61
7i 71
515
61 7i
71
8i 81
635
61
71
8i
9
9f
740
7i
8i
9
9i lOi
NO. 3
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50
100 1 150
200 300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
720
-^
8i 9
9}
lOi
1030
81
9i
lot
11
HI
1270
9i
lOf j Hi
HI
121
1480
9| 11 12
121
13|
NO. 5.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50 lOOj 150
200
300
DIAMETER IN INCHES,
1440
9i
101
Hi 12i
131
2060
11
121
131 14^
15J
2540
Hi
131
141
15f
161
2960
12|j 14ij 15|} 16|} 18
NO. 2.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLA^T PIPE IN FT.
50 100
150
20o{ 300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
504
61
7i
7f
8i 8^
721
7i
8^.
9
9^
lOi
889
71 9
9f lOf 11
1036
8f
9-^
lOf
11 Hf
NO. 4.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50
100
150
200
300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
1008
8i 91
lOi
101
nt
1442
91
101
111
12i[ 13|
1778
lOf} HI
121
131
141
2072
11
12f j 131
14i 151
NO. 6.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50 100
150
200
300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
1872
lOf 12i 13i
13|j 15
2678
12i 14
15ij 16
17i
3302
13ij 15ij 16i| 17i
181
3848
,14i
16i
17ij 18i
20J
BLOWERS.
77
NO. 7.
Cubic feet of
air trau^-
mirted per
minute.
IlENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50
100 150
200| 300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
2592
12
131
15
151
17i
3708
131
15ii ^'^^
18J
191
4572
15ij 171
181
191
21f
5328
16 } 18^} 20
2U
23
NO. 9.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50
100
150J200
300
DIAMETER IN INCHES.
4320
14f
17 181 19|
21i
6180
17 19^
21 i 221
241
7620
181
21i 23^
241
261
8880
19J
22i 24i 26 j 28i
NO. 8.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
I
50 1 100| 150
200 300
DIAMETER IN INCHE.«.
3312
13i
15i 16]
17.]
181
4738
15i 17f [ 19i 201
211
5842
16f| 19i 20f 22
23|
6808
171 20i 22i 23f
251
NO. lO.
Cubic feet of
air trans-
mitted per
minute.
LENGTHS OF BLAST PIPE IN FT.
50 jl00jl50|200|300
DIAMETER IN INCHES
5760
16]
19 20|l 21 1
23|
8240
181
21f 23f
I
25i| 27i
10160
201
231
251 [ 271 291
11840
22i
25ij 27i
29i 31i
For testing a leather belt, a cutting of the material about 0.03 of an
inch in thickness is placed in strong vinegar. If the leather has been
thoroughly acted upon by the tanning, and is hence of good quality, it will
remain, for months even, immersed without alteration, simply becoming a
little darker in color. But, on the contrary, if not well impregnated by the
tannin, the fibres will quickly swell, and alter a short period become trans-
formed into a gelatinous mass.
Portable glue for draughtsmen. Add together 5 ozs. of white glue, 2
ozs. ot sugar, and 8 ozs. of clear water. Melt these in a water-bath, then
cast into molds, and for use dissolve in warm water.
To make liquid glue. Take 16 ozs. of white glue, 4 ozs. of dry white
lead, 4 ozs. of alcohol, and 2 pints of clear soft water. Stir well and bottle
while hot.
Water-proof glue. Common glue, 1 pound, boiled in 2 quarts of
skimmed milk.
78^
^LOWERS.
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BLOWERS.
79
Table of Speeds and Capacities of Buffalo Fan Blowers.
AS APPLIED TO BOILERS, FURNACES, ETC.
BOILE
R3 AND FUBXACES.
Boilers and Furnaces.
B5
Air Furnaces.
•
2
-OZ. PRESSURE
4
-oz. pressure.
6
-oz. pressure.
1
1^
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6^
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IB
3
349.1
295
0.2
4
4963
425 i 0.5
1 B
5
6104
495
0.9
2B
4
2823
3?5
0.3
6
3994
535
0.6
2B
7
4929
675
1.1
3B
6
2158
561
0.4
8
3065
814
0.9
3B
10
3769
990
1.6
4B
10
1706
1025
0.6
15
2424
1517
1.6
4B
18
2979
1845
3.
5B
14
1529
1515
0.8
22
2172
2105
2.3
5B
26
2670
2625
4.3
6B
18
1394
1870
1.1
27
1967
2650
3.
6B
33
2419
3285
5.4
7B
26
1203
2695
1.5
38
1709
3805
4.1
7B
47
2102
4725
7.7
8B
37
1019
3670
2.
52
1447
5229
5.6
8B
64
1781
6435
8370
10.5
9B
46
884
4790
2.6
68
1268
6882
7.4
9B
83
1545
13.7
10 K
73
706
7510
4.
108
1003
10935
15.2
10 B
131
1221
13185
21.4
Table of Capacities of Blowers and l^xhausters.
DIAMETER OF
PRESSURE OF
CUBIC FEET OF
FAX WHEEL.
BLAST.
RFYOLUTIONS.
AIR.
HORSE-POWER.
1 4 oz.
197
6500
.67
50 inches
1 3 ««
1 4
280
9300
1.90
340
11500
3.10
I 1 "
400
13150
5.38
f i OZ.
180
10000
.92
54 inches...
\ 1 ::
250
300
12500
15000
2.61
4.27
I 1 "
350
17500
7.40
f i oz.
150
12500
1.19
\ 1 ;;
215
17000
3 38
[ ! ::
265
22000
5.60
300
25000
9.55
' \ oz.
125
16000
1.53
75 i.icnes...
i "
180
22500
4.55
3 <<
4
220
27500
7.42
I 1 "
260
32000
12.86
r i oz.
112
20500
2.08
160
29000
5.88
4
195
35500
9.61
I 1 "
225
40700
16.66
f ^ oz.
105
28500
2.90
145
40200
8.22
4
I 1 "
ISO
49300
13.42
207
56875
23.27
r I oz.
J i "
90
39500
4.93
110 inches
120
55880
11.42
! 4
150
68475
18.67
I 1 "
180
79046
32.34
80 BRICK WORK — BIBLE TERMS.
BRICK I^AYING.
Brick work is generally measured by 1 ,000 bricks laid in the wall.
The U. S. Standard is 22 bricks per cubic foot laid in the wall. But the
most general, and probably the most fair one, is to allow a certain number
to the superficial foot for the different thickness of walls built.
The following scale will be a fair average :
41/2 inch Wall, or 1/2 Brick per Superficial Foot, 7 Bricks.
9 " 1 " " 14. "
13 " 11/2 " " 21 "
18 " 2 " " 28 "
22 " 21/2 '' " 35 "
and 7 bricks additional for each half brick added to thickness.
A brick-layer, with a laborer to keep him supplied with materials, will,
in common house walls, average about 1,500 bricks; in neater outer faces,
1,200; in massive work, he should average 2,000; and in large arches, 1,500
bricks per day.
Eight bushels (125 lbs. per bushel) of fire clay will lay 1,000 bricks. A
load of mortar measures 1 cubic yard, or 27 cubic feet, and requires %
of a cubic yard of sand and 9 to 10 bushels of lime, and will fill 30 hods.
A barrel (about 250 lbs.) of lump lime is calculated to lay 1,000 bricks.
Paving brick, 36 laid flat, or 82 on edge to the yard.
In St. Louis, a 4-inch wall contains 7 bricks to the square foot. Multi-
ply any other thickness of w^all by 7 for the number of bricks to the square
foot.
A brick is 81/2'' long, 414'' wide, and 2%^' thick, and 21 bricks make a
cubic foot laid in the ^vall.
Stock brick, weight 5% lbs each.
Fancy " " 4% lbs. "
Brick "Work and Plastering.
31/2 barrels of lime will do 100 square yards of common plastering, 2
coats.
2 barrels of lime will do 100 square yards ol common plastering, 1
coat.
1 bushel of hair will do 100 square yards common plastering.
2 bushels of good lime properly slacked and mixed with proper propor-
tion of good sand, will make sufficient mortar to lay 1,000 bricks.
Vs of a barrel of cement will lay one perch of ordinary rubble masonry,
d:^finition op BiBiy:^ t:i5rms.
A Cab was 3 pints.
An Omer was 6 '*
A Firkin was 7 "
A Log was 1/2 **
A Lin was 1 gallon and 2 pints.
An Ephad was 7 gallons aftd 5 pints.
A Gerah was a cent.
BIBLK TERMS. 81
A Piece of Silver was 13 cents.
A Shekel of Silver was about 50 cents.
A Farthing was 7 cents.
A Mite was less than 2 mills U. S. currenc}-.
A Shekel of Gold was $8.00.
A Talent of Silver was $538 30.
A Talent of Gold was $13,809.00.
A day's journey was 33^ miles.
A Sabbath day's journey was about 1 English mile.
A hand's breadth was 3% inches.
A finger's " "1 inch.
A cubit was nearly 22 inches.
Ezekiel's Reed was nearly 11 feet.
EI/KCTRIC W:E^I.DING.
An electric welding machine is nothing more or less than a "convertor"
the secondar}' coil of which contains but a single turn, or one coil of wire.
It must have a large cross section of several square inches in order to carry
the lieav\^ current induced therein without becoming heated. Upon the size
and length of wire in the primary coil will depend the power of the machine
because the greater the "ampere turns" the larger the induced current in
the secondary coil. The "ampere turns" simply mean the number of am-
peres sent through the primary coils, multiplied by the total number of
turns of wire in such coils, and their size and length must be just sufficient
to take care of the entire current from the alternating current generator
that is to be used. After the secondary coil has been fitted with compound
clamps for holding the pieces to be welded, and for squeezing them together
when hot — when this has been done, and the primary coil wound on, the
welding machine is read^'- for use, and nothing remains to be done except
to clamp in the work and turn on the current.
ADIABATIC CURVB.
The word adiabatic means no transmission. The adiabatic curve recog-
nizes the fact that as the temperature of steam varies with the pressure,
the fall of temperature which accompanies expansion, and the rise which ac-
companies compression, causes a greater change of pressure for a given
change of volume than would take place if the temperature remained con-
stant. The name adiabatic is applied to the curve, because if no transmis-
sion of heat takes place from without to the steam during expansion, or
from it during compression, a change of temperature due to the change oi
volume must necessarily take place. The adiabatic curve is the true theo-
retical one.
82
BOARD MEASURE
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BOARD MEASURE.
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BOARD MEASURE.
85
Fl^NC^ BOARD TABI,:^.
NO. OF BOARDS HIGH.
ONE MILE.
One
2,640 feet.
5,280 "
7,920 "
10,560 "
13,200 "
Two
Three
Four
Five
HALF MILE. QUARTER MILE.
1,320 feet.
2,640 "
3,960 "
5,280 "
6,600 "
660 feet.
1,320 "
1,980 "
2,640 "
3,300 "
COMBUSTION AND EXPI^OSION.
No oils, as such, will burn; much less do they explode. The vapor of oils will
burn, and when properly mixed wdth air or ox3'gen wall explode. Oxygen in a
gaseous state is necessary to support combustion, and that, for the most part, is
found in the atmospheric air. To have a continuous flame in the burning of an
oil requires a constant suppU^ of air and vapor at the point of combustion. The
wick of a candle or lamp is only to aid in vaporizing the oil. A quart of water can
be evaporated very soon by sprinkling it upon suspended cotton goods, but it
would require a long time if left in the cup. For this reason "standard oil" that
w^ill not burn in a vessel at ordinary temperatures without a w^ick, vv^ill easily take
fire when thrown upon porous substances, like our clothing, carpets, etc. Heat
stimulates evaporation largeh'. The heat generated by combustion in case of a
burning wick keeps up evaporation, which nearly ceases when the flame is ex-
tinguished.
Fire Test.— Anj' oil can be raised to such a temperature that the consequent
evaporation will be suflScient to feed a flame from its surface in a vessel without
the aid of a wick, and that is called its fire test. Standard Refined Petroleum (,of
most States) requires 110 degrees. Our Head Light (Petroleum) requires 175 de-
grees. The Parafline Oil of our manufacture requires 275 degrees. For Crude Oil
from Oil Creek, Penns^-lvania, and for Naphtha and Gasoline the fire test varies
from ordinary temperatures to an unknown point far below zero. The ''flashing
point,'" which is a little below the "fire test," is the temperature when a sufficient
vapor is formed to support a flame an instant, but not permanentU^. When a
quantity of combustible vapor or gas becomes thoroughly mixed with air in proper
proportions, and the compound is confined in a vessel or room, igniting it would
produce an explosion. This is also true of the ordinary city gas made from coal.
Accidents from coal gas are not so likely to occur because the superior density of
the air forces the separation; and. if possible, the escape of the gas. On the other
hand, the vapor of Naphtha and Gasoline being heavier than the air, the air is
forced out, ifthereisa chance for it to escape, leaving the vessel filled with the
vapor, pure and unmixed. In "Standard" Refined Petroleum, 110 degrees fire test,
though the evaporation is less, the danger of explosion is somewhat increased, be-
cause the density' of its vapor is more nearly that of air, rendering the mixture
more complete and more permanent. A full package of oil may burst by the simple
expansion of the liquid in a -vi'arm day, but there will be no fire unless it is com-
municated from another source, for there is no evidence that spontaneous combus-
tion ever occurs with Petroleum.
From the above we can readily see why there is so much less danger of accident
when the tanks, barrels, cans, lamps, etc., containing Petroleum, are full of the
liquid than when 01113^ partiallj^ filled; why flame will not ordinarily enter a can
containing Naphtha, but will burn simply at the nozzle; why it is more likely to
enter a can containing a little oil of heavier gravity and possibly explode it; why a
burning heated lamp partially filled with oil, is liable to explode bj' sudden cooling
air rushing in to fill the vacuum made b3^ the condensation of the A-apor. carrying
the flame of the wick with it; and why thorough ventilation is so important
wherever Petro'eum Oils are stored in open or leaky packages, and especially in
cellars where the cask is subject to freqtient draft f >r retail sales.
Remember that the vapor of Petroleum being invisible is an insidious foe, but;
if kept in proper subjection, it becomes a very useful servant.
86
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BONDS.
87
INV:^STM:eNT TABI,:^.
The following table shows the rate per cent, of annual income from
bonds bearing 5, 6, 7, or 8 per cent, interest, and costing from 40 to 125,
the par value of the bonds being 100.
BUYING PRICE.
5 PER CENT.
6 PER CENT.
7 PER CENT.
8 PER CENT.
40
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
41
12.20
14.64
17.08
19.52
42
11.90
14.28
16.66
19.04
43
11.63
13.95
16.28
18.61
44
11.36
13.63
15.90
18.18
45
11.11
13.32
15.56
17.78
46
10.86
13.04
15.21
17.39
47
10 63
12.77
14.90
17.02
48
10.41
12.50
14.53
16.66
49
10.20
12.25
14.29
16.33
50
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
51
9.80
11.76
13.72
15.68
52
9.61
1153
13.46
15.38
53
9.43
11.32
13.20
15.09
54
9.25
11.11
12.96
15.81
55
9.09
10.90
12.72
14.54
56
8.92
10.70
12.50
14.28
57
8.77
10.52
12.27
14.03
58
8.62
10.34
12.06
13.79
59
8.47
10.16
11.86
13.55
60
8.33
. 10.00
11.66
13.33
61
8.19
9.83
11.47
13.11
62
8.06
9.67
11.29
12.90
63
7.93
9.52
11.11
12.69
64
7.81
9.37
10.93
12.50
65
7 69
9.23
10.76
12.30
66
7.57
9.09
10.60
12.12
67
7.46
8.95
10.44
11.94
68
7.35
8.82
10.29
11.76
69
7.24
8.69
10.14
11.50
70
7.14
8 57
10.00
11.43
71
7.04
8.45
9.85
11.26
72
6 94
8.33
9.72
11.11
73
6.84
8.21
9.58
10.95
74
6.75
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9.45
10.80
75
6.66
8.00
9.33
10.66
76
6 57
7.89
9.21
10.52
77
6 49
7.79
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10.38
78
6.41
7.69
8.97
10.25
79
6.32
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8.86
10.12
80
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
81
6.17
7.40
8.64
9.87
82
6.09
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8.53
9.75
83
6.02
7.22
8.43
9.63
84
5.95
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9.52
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7.05
8.23
9.41
86
5.81
6.97
8.13
9.30
87
5.74
6.89
8.04
9.19
88
5.68
6.81
7.94
9.09
89
5.61
6.74
7.86
8.98
90
5.55
6.66
7.77
8.88
88
BONDS — FALLING BODIES.
Investment Table— Continued.
BUYING PRICE.
5 PER CENT.
6 PER CENT.
7 PER CENT.
8 PER CENT.
91
5.49
6.59
7.69
8.79 .
92
5.43
6.52
7.60
8.69
93
5.37
6.45
7.52
8.60
94
5.31
6.38
7.44
8.51
95
5.26
6.31
7.36
8.42
96
5.20
6.25
7.29
8.33
97
5.15
6.18
7.21
8.24
98
5.10
6.12
7.14
8.16
99
5.05
6.06
7.07
8.08
100
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
101
4.95
5.94
6.93
7.92
102
4.90
5.88
6.86
7.84
103
4.85
5.82
6.79
• 7.76
104
4.80
5.76
6.72
7.69
105
4.76
5.71
6.66
7.61
106
4.71
5.66
6.60
7.54
107
4.67
5.60
6.54
7.47
108
4.62
5.55
6.48
7.40
109
4.58
5.50'
6.42
7.33
110
4.54
5.45
6.36
7.27
111
4.50
5.40
6.30
7.20
112
4.46
5.35
6.25
7.14
113
4.42
5.30
6.19
7.07
114
4.38
5.26
6.14
7.01
115
4.35
5.21
6.08
6.95
116
4.31
5.17
6.03
6.89
117
4.27
5.12
5.98
6.83
118
4.23
5.08
5.93
6.77
119
4.20
5.04
5 88
6.72
120
4.16
5.00
5.83
6.66
121
4.13
4.95
5.78
6.61
122
4.09
1 4.91
5.73
6.55
123
4.06
4.87
5.69
6.50
124
4.03
4.83
5.65
6.45
125
4.00
1 4.80
5.60
6.40
Falling Bodies.
The space that a body will fall through in one second is 16 feet 1 inch.
Remembering this quantity it is easy to find how far a body will fall in any
given time. In the first second it falls 1 time this quantity; in the second
second, 3 times; in the third second, 5 times, etc. In other words, multiply
16 feet 1 inch (16.083 feet) by one of the odd numbers, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
The whole space through which a body falls in a given time may be found
by multiplying the square of the time by 16.083. Thus the space fallen
through in 5 seconds would be
5 X 5 X 16.083 = 402 ft. 21/2 in.
Table showing the time occupied, the velocity required, and the dy-
namic effect (expressed in pounds of static pressure) produced by a solid
compact body weighing one pound, falling freely from rest by the force of
gravity.
FALLING BODIES.
89
HEIGHT
Time in: seconds.
VELOCITY IN
PRESSURE IN
FEET. LXCHES.
FEET.
POUNDS.
0 1
.072
2 309
10.248
0 2
.102
3.266
14.493
0 3
.125
4.000
17.750
0 4
.144
4.619
20.496
0 5
.161
5.164
22.915
0 6
.177
5.657
25.102
0 7
.191
6.110
27.114
0 8
.204
6.532
28.986
0 9
.216
6.928
30.744
0 10
.228
7.303
32.407
0 11
.239
7.659
33.989
1 0
.250
8.000
35.500
1 1
.260
8.327
36.950
1 2
.270
8.641
38.344
1 3
.279
8.944
39.690
1 4
.288
9.238
40.992
1 5
.297
9.522
42.253
1 6
.306
9.798
43.479 •
1 7
.314
10.066
44.670
1 8
.323
10.328
45.830
1 9
.330
10.583
46.962
1 10
.338
10.832
48.067
1 11
.346
11.075
49.148
2 0
.353
11.314
50.205
2 1
.361
11.547
51.240
2 2
.368
11.776
52.255
2 3
.375
12.000
53.250
2 4-
.382
12.220
54.227
2 5
.389
12.436
55.187
2 6
.395
12.649
56.130
2 7
.402
12.858
57.058
2 8
.408
13.064
57.971
2 9
.414
13.266
58.870
2 10
.421
13.466
59.755
2 11
427
13.663
60.628
3 0
.433
13.856
61.488
The principles upon which this table has been computed are:
Solid compact bodies fall through the same space in the same time, what-
ever may be their weight.
The spaces through which they fall in different times, are as the squares
ot those times.
The distance through which they fall the first second of time is 16 feet.
The velocity acquired during any length of time, is at the rate of 32
feet for each second.
The dynamic effect produced by a body weighing one pound falling from
rest through one foot, is equal to 35.5 pounds static pressure.
The effects produced by bodies of different weights and moving with dif-
ferent velocities, are directh' as the respective products of the weights by
their respective velocities.
90
BOXES— COINS.
Capacities of Boxes, of Given Dimensions.
In the following table the dimensions given are for the inside of the box.
A box
W X 14^^ X IV ^
/ill contain 10 gallons.
Sy X 7^^ X 4 ''
"
1 gallon.
4^^ X 4^^ X 3.61^^
"
' 1 quart.
24'^ X 28^^ X 16'^
"
5 bushels.
16^^ X 12^^ X 11.2^^
"
1
12^^ X11.2^^X 8''
"
i "
7'' X 6.4^^X12'"
"
1 peck.
8.4^^ X 8^' X 4''
"
i "
1 gallon contains
231
cubic inches.
1 bushel " 2150.42
" "
Table ot Foreign
Coins.
COUNTRY.
Argentine Republic
Austria
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
British N. Amer
ChiU
Cuba
Denmark
Equador
Egypt
France
German Empire
Great Britain
Greece
Gautemala
Hayti
Honduras
India
Italy
Japan
Liberia
Mexico
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Peru
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
TripoH
Turkev
U. S. Columbia.
Venezuela
STANDARD.
Double
Single silver
Double
Single silver
Single gold
Single gold
Double
Double
Single gold
Single silver
Single gold
Double
Single gold
Single gold
Double
Single silver
Double
Single silver
Single silver
Double
Double
Single gold
Single silver
Double
Single silver
Single gold
Single silver
Single gold
Single silver
Double
Single gold
Double
Single silver
Single gold
Single silver
Single silver
MONETARY UNIT.
Peso
Florin
Franc
Boliviano
Milreis of 1,000 reis
Dollar
Peso
Peso
Crown
Sucre
Pound (100 piastres)
Franc
Mark
Pound sterling
Drachma
Peso
Gourde
Peso
Rupee of 16 annas
Lira
Yen|g.?ld
/silver
Dollar
Dollar
Florin
Peso
Crown
Sol
Milreis of 1,000 reis
Rouble of 100 kopecks
Peseta of 100 centimes
Crown
Franc
Mahbub of 20 piastres
Piastre
Peso
Bolivar
VALUE IN u. s.
MONEY.
CTS.
$0.96
.33
.19
.68
.54
1.00
.91
.92
.26
.68
4.94
.19
.23
4.86
.19
.68
.96
.68
.32
.19
.99
.73
1.00
.73
.40
.68
.26
.68
1.08
.54
.19
.26
.19
.61
.04
.68
.13
MILLS.
5
6
3
2
6
8
3
3
8
6V2
3
Note. — The "Standard "of a given country is indicated as follows,
namely: Double, when its standard silver coins are unlimited legal tender,
the same as its gold coins; single gold or single silver, as its standard
coins of one or the other nietal are unlimited legal tender,
CROSS TIES— CHAINS.
91
Cross Ties per Mile of Railroad Track.
CENTER TO CENTER. NUMBER OF TIES.
11/2 feet 3,520
1%
2
21/4
2V2
2%
3
3,017
2,640
2,348
2,113
1,921
1.761
The length of rails as usually sold is 90 per cent. 30 feet long, and 10
per cent. 24 to 28 feet long, requiring 357 splice joints per mile.
Weight and Strength of Iron Chains.
Assuming 20 tons per square inch as the average breaking strain of a
single straight bar of ordinary rolled iron, 1 inch in diameter; or 1 inch
square; 19 tons, from 1 to 2 inches; and 18 tons from 2 to 3 inches. Chains
of superior iron will require \ to ^ more to break them.
Diam.
1 Weight
Diam.
Weight
of rod of
I of
,of rod of
of
which
chain
Breaking strain
which
chain
Breaking strain
links
per
of the chain.
links
per
of the chain.
are
foot
are
foot
made.
run.
made.
run.
Inches.
Pounds
Pounds.
Tons.
Inches.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Tons.
h
.325
1,731'
.773
9.26
49,280
22.00
1
4
.579
3,069
1.37
n
11.7
59,226
26.44
h
.904
4,794
2.14
-J 1
^4
14.5
73,114
32.64
i
1.30
6,922
3.09
11
17.5
88,301
39.42
h
1.78
9,408
4.20
-1 1
^2
20.8
105,280
47.00
\
2.31
12,320 ,
5.50
11
24.4
123,514
55.14
i%
2.93
15,590
6.96
1 3
28.4
143,293
63.97
i
3.62
19,219
8.58
11
32.6
164,505
73.44
u
4.38
23,274
10.39
2
37.0
187,152
83.55
3
4
5.21
27,687
12.36
2i
46.9
224,448
100.2
6.11
32,301
14.42
2h
57.9
277.088
123.7
I
7.10
37,632
16.80
21
70.0
335,328
149.7
15
8.14
43,277
19.32
3
83.3
398,944
178.1
Short I/ink Chain.
AVERAGE WT.
AVERAGE WT.
SIZE.
PER 100 FT.
PROOF .
SIZE.
PER 100 FT.
PRoor.
INCHES.
POUNDS.
TONS.
INCHES.
POUNDS.
TONS.
3
1 6
50
1/4
%
790
11
V4
90
%
H
900
i2y2
h
122
IVs
L
1020
1414
%
160
2
1150
16
i\
200
21/2
IVs
1270
18
V2
250
31/2
lr^6
1420
20
i%
320
41/2
IV4
1580
22
%
420
5y2
1^.
1720
24
H
500
6%
1% -
1880
26
%
590
8
! i,\
2050
28
H
670
9V2
1V2
2220
30
92
CHAINS.
Proofs and Weights of Chain.
AVEIGHT PER FATHOM.
TEST IN TONS.
PROVED.
STUD.
PROVED.
feTUD.
1^6
31/4
1/2
1/4
41/2
%
1%
6
11/8
%
10
1%
/e
12
21/4
1/2
15
3
4
A
19
33/4
5
%
25
4%
6
H
30
5%
8V2
%
35
33
63/4
10
n
40
38
7%
12
%
48
43
9V8
133/4
ii
54
50
IOV2
153/4
1
64
62
12
18
ll^e
70
69
131/2
20f«o
11/8
75
74
151/4
223/4
i^
82
80
17
251/2
11/4
96
90
183/4
28/o
ih
99
97
201/2
31
1%
- 110
107
22%
34
l/e
118
110
241/2
' 37f=^o
IV2
130
125
27
4oy2
Ir^e
138
133
291/2
44
1%
» 156
145
31%
47^2
IH
152
Sli'b
1%
165
55r^o
IM
179
59^0
1%
195
63y4
lit
209
67y2
2
225
72
2ii6
250
76^2
21/8
280
81^4
21/4
325
91310
Cleveland Coil and Cable Chain.
SIZE.
AVERAGE AVEIGHT PER
FATHOM IN POUNDS.
1 PROOF.
SIZE OF ANCHOr>
ship's tonagb.
INCHES.
STUD LINK.
SHORT LINK
TONS.
31/2
51/2
6I/4
9
14
V2
%
1/2
11/4
j 21/2
121/2
15
1 ^/2
4
30
150
r§
19
5
50
200
%
25
! 6
75
300
u
30
8
95
400
%
33
35
10
100
500
\%
38
40
i 12
110
600
%
43
47
! 14
130
700
B
50
54
16
160
800
1
57
60
18
200
900
IVs
71
74
23
280
1300
114 to 2
83
90
' 28
360
1600
CHIMNEYS.
93
chimn:^ys.
The following table is based on the supposition that a commercial
horse-power requires, as an average, the consumption of five pounds of coal
per hour:
Sizes of Chimneys, with Approximate Horse-Power of Boilers.
z
HEIGHT OF CHIMNEYS
AND COMMERCIAL HORSE-POWER.
SIDE OF
SQUARE
INCHES.
EFFECTIVE
AREA
SQUARE FT.
^
r^S
50 ft.
60
70
80 90
100
110
125 150
i
175 200
^^S
^
18
23
25
27
1
16
0.97
1.77
21
35
88
41
19
1.47
2.41
24
49
54
58
62
22
2.08
3.14
27
65
72
78
88
24
2.78
3.98
30
84
92
100
107
118
27
3.58
4.91
33
115
125
188
141
30
4.48
5.94
36
141
152
168
173
182
32
5.47
7.07
39
183
196
208
219
35
6.57
8.30
42
216 231
245
258
2711
38
7.76
9.62
48
811
330
848
865 389
43
10.44
12.57
54
868
427
449
472 503
651
48
13.51
15.90
60
505
586
565
593 632
692
748
54
16.98
19.64
66
658
694
728 776 849
918 981
59
20.88
23.76
72
792
885
876 93411023
1105 1181
64
25.08
28.27
78
995
1038 1107 1212131011400
70
29.78
33.18
84
1168 1214 1294 1418 1531:1637
75
34.76
38.48
90
1344
1415 1496,1639 1770 1893
80
40.19
44.18
96
1537
1616'l720ll876 202712167
86
46.01
50.27
Proportions for Chimneys.
>.
•5^^^
■-^ U V '
o^=«oi
C i- V-
C (U o
StS
tiji
eight of Chimn
in Feet.
ounds of Co
Burned per Ho
per Square Fo
of Area at Top
Chimney.
eight in Inches
Column of Wat
Balanced by t
Dratight Pre
sure
orse-I'o wer
each Square Fo
of Chimney A
Sliming 7 Lbs.
Coal per Hors
Power.
rea of Top of Chi
ney in Feet p
Horse-Power f
1 or 2 Boilers.
rea of Top of Chi
ney in Feet p
Horse-Power f
Several Boilers.
W
Q^
w
ffi
<
<
<
30
78.14
.218
7.3
.146
.091
.182
40
90.25
.296
8.4
.126
.077
.155
50
101.01
.364
9.4
.113
.070
.140
60
110.65
.437
10.3
.103
.064
.129
70
119.52
.5
11.2
.095
.059
.119
80
127.77
.58
11.9
.089
.055
.111
90
135.52
.656
12.6
.084
.052
.105
100
142.85
.729
13.3
.08
.05
.100
125
159.71
.911
14.9
.071
.044
.089
150
174.96
1.09
16.3
.065
.04
.082
175
188.98
1.26
17.6
.060
.038
.075
200
202.03
1.45
18.8
.056
.035
.07
225
214.28
1.64-
20.
.053
.033
-066
250
225.87
1.82
21.
.05
.031
.063
275
236.90
1.99
22.
.048
.03
.06
300
247.43
2.18
23.
.046
.028
.057
Each pound of coal burned yields from 13 to 30 pounds of gas, the vol-
ume of which varies with the temperature.
The intensity- of draft required varies with the kind and condition of the
fuel, and the thickness of the fires.
Wood requires the least and fine coal or slack the most draft. Anthra-
cite coal slack requires a draft of 1% inches of water. The low^er grades
of fuel cannot be iDurned to advantage with a chimney much less in height
than 100 feet.
94
CHIMNEYS— CYLINDERS.
A round chimney is better than a square one, and a straight flue is bet-
ter than a tapering.
The external diameter of a chimney at the base should be one-tenth of
the height. The batter should be from /g to V4 inch to the foot on each side.
A chimney should be 8 or 9 inches thick for 25 feet down from the top, and
should increase 4 inches in thickness for every 25 feet down to the base. If
the inside diameter exceeds 5 leet, the top thickness should be 12 inches, or
13 inches for 25 feet down from the top. If the inside diameter is under 3
feet, then the top may be 4 or 41/2 inches thick for 10 feet down.
To Find the Horse-PoTyer of Chimney or Smoke Stack with
Natural Draft.
Rule : Find the cross sectional area of chimney or stack at its top, and
multiply this by 10. Then multiply this product by the co-efficient, found
in table, corresponding to the given height of chimney or stack. The pro-
duct will be the horse-power of chimney or stack.
Height of chimney
1 10
1 20
30
40
50
60
Co-efficient
0.5
0.67
0.8
0.91
100
1.08
Height of chimney
j 80
100
140
200
300
400
Co-efficient
1 23
! 1.36
1.58
1.86
2.23
2 55
A stack 50 feet high above grate should have a draught with gases at
612 degrees Fah. and external air 62 degrees, about .375 inches of water.
This result is found bymultipl3^)ng height ol chimney by the constant .0075.
The power of boilers is much increased by a forced draught, the comparative
efficiency being as follows:
With Natural Draught = 1.
" Jet " = 1.25
" Blast " = 1.6
TABiv:^ OP ar:eas of cyi,ind:ers.
Advancing by One-half Inches From Six to Twenty-Four
Inches.
DIAMETER CYLINDER
AREA CYLINDER IN
DIAMETER CYLINDER
AREA CYLINDER IN
IN INCHES.
SQUARE INCHES.
IN INCHES.
INCHES.
6
28.274
15
176.715
6V2
33.183
151/2
188.692
7
38.484
16
201.062
7X
44.178
I6V2
213.825
8
50.265
17
226.980
3V2
56.745
171/2
240.528
9
63.617
18
254 469
9V2
70.882
18 1/2
268.803
10
78.540
19
283.529
lOVa
86.590
191/2
298.648
11
95.033
20
314.160
IIV2
103.869
20 1/2
330.064
12
113.097
21
346.361
I2V2
122.718
211/2
363.051
13
132.732
22
380.133
i3y2
143.139
221/2
397.608
14
153.938
23
415.476
141/2
165.130^
231/2
433.737
24
452.390
These areas are found by multiplying.
.7854.
the square of the diameter by
CYLINDERS— CASTINGS.
ys
CYWNDERS.
Table of Contents in Cub. Feet, and in U. S. Gallons.
Of 231 cub. ins. (or 7.4805 gallons to a cub. it.); and for one foot of length
of the cylinder. For the contents for a greater diam. than any in the table,
take the quantity opposite one-half said diam.; and multiply it by 4. Thus,
the number of cub. ft. in one ft. length of a pipe 80 inches in diam. is equal
to 8.728 X 4 = 34.912 cub. ft. So also with gallons, and areas.
rOB 1 FT. IN
FOR 1 PT. IN
FOR 1 FT. IN
Diam.
LENGTH.
Diam.
LENGTH.
Diam.
LENGTH.
^.9
^.9
05
^•9
Diam.
in deci-
l2d
2 •
Diam.
in deci-
«2«
a> .
Diam.
in deci-
l*d
GO
in
mals of
^}^^.
0.Q
o a
in
mals of
^^S^..
-d
in
mals of
^S",
o-^
Ins.
afoot.
i-.^
gs
Ins.
a foot.
^^^
=5^
Ins.
a foot.
%%^-
=3«
o-^
^i
oq
^i
'^<
^^
H.
.0208
.0003
.0026
\
.5625
.2485
1.859
19.
1.583
1.969
14.73
A
.0260
.0005
.0040
7.
.5833
.2673
1.999
Vi
1.625
2.074
15.52
4
.0313
.0008
.0057
^
.6042
.2868
2.144
20
1.666
2.182
16.32
/-
.0365
.0010
.0078
4
.6250
.3068
2 295
Vi
1.708
2.292
17.15
U
.0417
.0014
.0102
%
.6458
.3275
2.450
21.
1.750
2.405
17.99
I'^S
.0469
.0017
.0129
8.
.6667
.3490
2.611
Vi.
1.792
2.521
18.86
4
.0521
.0021
.0159
H
.6875
.3713
2.7?7
23.
1.833
2.640
19.75
16
.0573
.0026
.0193
V2
.7083
.3940
2.948
Vi
1.875
2.761
20.65
y^
0625
.0031
.0230
%
.7292
.4175
3.125
23.
1.917
2.885
22.58
u
.0677
.0036
.0270
9.
.7500
.4418
3.305
Vi
1.958
3.012
21.53
i
.0729
.0042
.0312
M
.7708
.4668
3.492
24.
2.000
3.142
23 50
15
.0781
.0048
.0359
4
.7917
.4923
3.682
25.
2.083
3.409
25.50
1.
.0833
.0055
.0408
2£
.8125
.5185
3.879
26.
2.166
3.687
27.58
.1042
.0085
.0638
10.
.8333
.5455
4.031
27.
2.250
3.976
29.74
/4
.1250
.0123
.0918
\A
.8542
.5730
4.286
28.
2.333
4.276
31.99
M
.1458
.0168
.1250
y
.8750
.6013
4.498
29.
2.416
4.587
34.31
2
.1667
.0218
.1632
%
.8958
.6303
4.714
30.
2.500
4.909
36.72
H.
.1875
.0276
.2066
11.
.9167
.6600
4.937
31.
2.583
5.241
39.21
Vi
.2083
.0341
.2550
H
.9375
.6903
5.163
32.
2.666
5.585
41.78
4
.2292
.0413
.3085
Vi
.9583
.7213
5.395
33.
2.750
5.940
44.43
3.
.2500
.0491
.3673
%.
.9792
.7530
5.633
34.
2.833
6.305
47.17
H
.2708
.0576
.4310
12.
1 Foot.
.7854
5.876
35.
2.916
6.681
49.98
Vi
.2917
.0668
.4998
V^
1.042
.8523
6.375
36.
3.000
7.069
52.88
U
.3125
.0767
.5738
13.
1.083
.9218
6.895
37.
3.083
7.468
55.86
4.
.3333
.0883
.6528
Vi
1.125
.9940
7.435
38.
3.166
7.876
58.92
H
.3542
.0985
.7370
14.
1.167
1.069
7.997
39.
3.250
8.296
62.06
Yi
.3750
.1105
.8263
^2
1.208
1.147
8.578
40.
3.333
8.728
65.20
M
.3958
.1231
.9205
15.
1.280
1.227
9.180
41.
3.416
9.168
68.58
5.
.4167
.1364
1.020
Vz
1.292
1.310
9.801
42.
3.500
9.620
71.96
H
.4875
.1503
1.124
16.
1.333
1.396
10.44
43.
3.583
10.084
75.43
4
.4583
.1650
1.234
V%
1.375
1.485
11.11
44.
3.666
10.560
79.00
^
.4792
.1803
1.349
17.
1.417
1.576
11.79
45.
3.750
11.044
82.62
6 *
.5000
.1963
1.469
Ka
1.458
1.670
12.50
46.
3.833
11.540
86.32
H.
.5208
.2130
1.594
18.
1.500
1.767
13.22
47.
3.916
12.048
90.12
Vi
.5417
.2305
1.724
Vi
1.542
1.867
13.97
48.
4.000
12.566
94.02
TABI,]^ OF GAI,I,ONS.
United States .
New York —
Imperial
Cubic inches,
in a gallon.
231.
221.81918
277.274
Weight of a
Gallon in
pounds
Avoirdupois.
8.33111
8.00
10.00
Gallons in a
cubic foot.
7.480519
7.901285
6.232102
Weight of
a cubic foot
of water, En-
glish stand-
ard, 62.3210-
286 pounds
Avoirdupois.
WieiGHT OF CASTINGS BY W:eiGHT OF PATTi^RNS.
Weight of pattern, white pine, x 16 gives weight in cast iron.
Weight of pattern, white pine, X 17.1 *' " " wrought iron.
Weight of pattern, white pine, X 17.3 " " "steel.
Weight of pattern, white pine, X 18 '* " "copper.
Weight of pattern, white pine, x 25 " " " lead.
Shrinkage of Castings.
Cast iron, V^, inch per lineal foot. 1 Tin, ^^ inch per lineal foot.
Brass, ^^ inch per lineal foot. Zinc, ^^ inch per lineal foot.
Lead, Vs inch per hneal foot.
^
CiiidLtis.
PATTERN WEIGHING ONE POUND
AND MADE OP
Mahogany
Mahogany (St. Domingo)
Maple
Beech
Cedar
WILL WEIGH WHEN
CAST IN.
CAST IRON.
ZINC.
COPPER.
•YELLOW
BRASS.
GUN
METAL.
Lbs,
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
8
8
10
9.8
10
10
9.5
12
iiy2
12
10
9.8
12V2
12
12.4
11
11
14
13.4
13.8
iiy2
11.4
I4y2
14
I4y2
CIRCUMFBRENC:^ AND AR^AS
OF CIRCI^BS.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
[ DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
1 DIAM.
CIRC.
AHEA.
35 —
.0981
.00076
71/2 -
23.56
44.178
16 -
50.26
201.06
h
.1963
.00306
23.95
45.663
50.65
204.21
.3926
.01227
7?i -
24.34
47.173
16^ -
51.05
207.39
ft -
.5890
.02761
24.74
48.707
51.44
210.59
.7854
.04908
8 -
25.13
50.265
16H —
51.83
213.82
S
.9817
.07669
25.52
51.848
52.22
217.07
%
1.178
.1104
814 -
25 31
53.456
16M -
53.62
220.35
I'e
1.374
.1503
26.31
55.088
53.01
223.65
11 -
1.570
.1963
81/2 -
26.70
56.745
17 —
53.40
226.98
,%
1.767
.2485
27.09
58.426
53.79
230.33
r -
1.963
.3067
sy^ -
27.48
60.132
IIH. -
54.19
233.70
2.159
.3712
27.88
61.862
54.58
237.10
1 —
2.356
.4417
9 —
28.27
63.617
17/2 -
54.97
240.52
y
2.552
.5184
28.66
65.396
55.37
243.97
2.748
.6013
9J4 -
29.05
67.200
17% -
55.76
247.45
II
2.945
.6902
29.45
69.029
56.16
250.94
i'' -
3.141
.7854
91/2 -
29.84
70.882
18 -
56.54
254.46
3.534
.9940
30.23
72.759
56.94
258.01
IH -
3.927
1.227
9?i -
30.63
74.662
18^ -
57.33
261.58
4.319
1.484
31.02
76.588
57.72
265.18
IH -
4.712
1.767
10 —
31.41
78.539
181/2 -
58.11
•268.80
5.105
2.073
31.80
80.515
58.51
272.44
1% -
5.497
2.405
10^ -
32.20
82.516
18M -
58.90
276.11
5.890
2.761
32.59
84.540
59.29
279.81
2 -
6.283
3.141
101/2 -
32.98
86.590
19 -
59.69
283.52
6.675
3.546
33.37
88.664
60.08
287.27
2M -
7.068
3.976
1034 -
33.77
90.762
1914 -
60.47
291.03
7.461
4.430
34.16
92.885 i
60.86
294.83
2yi -
7.854
4.908
11 -
34.55
95.033
19/2 -
61.26
298.64
8.246
5.411
34.95
97.205
61.65
302.48
2'4 -
8.639
5.939
1134 -
35.34
99.402
19?£ -
62.04
306.35
9.032
6.491
35.73
101.62
62.43
310.24
3 —
9.424
7.068
1114 —
36.12
103.86
20 -
62.83
314.16
9.817
7.669
36.52
106.13
63.22
318.09
3H -
10.21
8.295
11^ -
36.91
108.43
2014 -
63.61
322.06
10.60
8.946
37.30
110.75
64.01
326.05
3^/4 —
10.99
9.621
12 -
37.69
113.09
201/2 -
64.40
330.06
11.38
10.320
38.09
115.46
64.79
334.10
35i -
11.78
11.044
12ii -
38.48
117.85
202^ -
65.18
338.16
12.17
11.793
38.87
120.27
65.58
342.25
4 —
12.56
12.566
121/2 -
39.27
122.71
21 -
65.97
346.36
12.95
13.364
39.66
125.18
66.36
350.49
4H -
13.35
14.186
125^ -
40.05
127.67
2154 -
66.75
354.65
13.74
15.033
40.44
130.19
67.15
358.84
^Vz —
14.13
15.904
13 -
40.84
132.73
211/4 —
67.54
363.05
14.52
16.800
41.23
135.29
67.93
367.28
42i -
14.92
17.720
1314 -
41.62
137.88
21% -
68.32
371.54
15.31
18.665
42.01
140.50
68.72
375.82
5 —
15.70
19.635
1314 -
42.41
143.13
22 -
69.11
380.13
16.10
20.629
42.80
145.80
69.50
384.46
5Ji -
16.49
21.647
132i -
43.19
148.48
2214 -
69.90
388.82
16.88
22.690
43.58
151.20
70.29
393.20
5»4 —
17.27
23.758
14 —
43.98
153.93
22J^ -
70.68
397.60
17.67
24.850
44.37
156.69
71.07
402.03
5% -
18.06
25.967
1414 -
44.76
159.48
223£ -
71.47
406.49
18.45
27.108
45.16
162.29
71.86
410.OT
6 -
18.84
28.274
IW2 —
45.55
165.13
23 -
72.25
415.47
19.24
29.464
45.94
167.98
72.64
420.00
634 -
19.63
30.679
143^ -
46.33
170.87
2314 -
73.04
424.55
20.02
31.919
46.73
173.78
73.43
429.13
6J4 —
20.42
33.183
15 -
47.12
176.71
231/2 -
73.82
433.73
20.81
34.471
47.51
179.67
74.21
438.30
GU -
21.20
35.784
1514 -
47.90
182.65
23% -
74.61
443.01
21.57
37 122
48.30
185.66
75.00
447.69
7 —
21.99
38.484
151/4 —
48.69
188.69
24 —
75.39
452.39
22.38
39.871
49.08
191.74
75.79
457.11
7M -
22.77
41.282
152i -
49.48
194.82
2414 -
76.18
461.86
23.16
42.718
49.87
197.93
76.57
466.63
CIRCLES.
97
Circumferences and Areas of CmcL,Bs— Continued.
DIA5r.
CIKC.
AREA.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
2414 —
76.96
471.43
33 -
103.6
8.55.30
411/2 -
130.3
ia52.6
77.36
476.25
104.0
861.79
130.7
1360.8
24% -
77.75
481.10
3314 -
104.4
868.40
1 4124 -
131.1
1369 0
78.11
485.97
104.8
874.84
131.5
1377.2
25 -
78.54
■ 490.87
331/2 -
105.2
881.41
42 —
131.9
1385.4
78.93
495.76
105.6
888.00
132.3
1393.7
25^4 -
79.3-<i
500.74
3324 -
106.0
894.61
4214 -
132.7
1401.9
79.71
50.5.71
106.4
901.25
133.1
1410.2
251/ —
80.10
510.70
34 -
1068
907.92
4214 -
133.5
1418.6
80.50
515.72
107.2
914.61
133.9
1426.9
2o9i -
80.89
520.70
3414 -
107.5
92132
4224 -
134.3
1435.3
81.28
52.5.83
107.9
928 06
n4 6
1443.7
26 -
81.68
530.93
aii/a —
108.3
934.82
' 43 —
n5 0
14.52.2
82.07
536.04
108.7
941.60
135.4
1460.6
2614 -
82.46
541.18
^?4 -
109.1
948.41
4314 -
135 8
14(i9.1
82.85
646. a5
109.5
955.25
136.2
1477.6
26 1^2 —
83.25
.551.. 54
35
109 9
962.11
431/2 -
l.^'6.6
1486.1
83.64
556.76
110.3
968.99
137.0
1494.7
26?4 -
84.0;^
562.00
351.4 -
110.7
975,90
4324 -
137.4
1503.3
84.43
567.26
lll.l ■
982.84
137.8
1511.9
27 --
84.82
572.55
3514 —
111.5
989.80
44 -
138.2
1520.5
85.21
.5-7.87
111.9
996.78
1.38.6
1529.1
2714 -
85.6)
583.21
3534 -
1123
1003.7
4414 -
139.0
1537.8
86.(X>
.588.57
112.7
1010.8
139.4
1546.5
2?»2 —
86.39
593.95
36 —
113.0
1017.8
44!4 —
139.8
1.555.2
86.78
599.37
1114
1024.9
140.1
1564.0
27?£ -
87.17
604.80
3614 -
113.8
1032.0
4424 -
140.5
1572.8
87.57
610.26
114.2
1039.1
140.9
1581.6
28 —
87.96
615.75
361^ —
114.6
1049.3
45 —
141.3
1.590.4
88.35
621.26
115-0
ia53.5
141.7
1599.2
2314 -
88.75
626.79
3624 -
115.4
1060.7
45^4 -
142.1
1608.1
89.14
632.35
115.8
1067.9
142.5
1617.0
281^ --
89.53
637.94
37 —
116.2
1075.2
451/2 -
142.9
1625.9
89.92
643.54
116.6
1082.4
143.3
1634.9
2334 -
90.32
649.18 i
3714 -
117.0
1089.7
4524 -
143.7
1643.8
90.71
654.83
117.4
1097.1
144.1
1652.8
29 -
91.10
660.52 !
3714 —
117.8
1104.4
46 —
144.5
16619
91.49
666 22 1
117.2
1111.8
144.9
1670.9
29^4 -
91.89
671.95
3724
118.6
1119.2
4614 -
145.4
1680.0
92.28
677.71
118.9
1126.6
145.6
1689.1
29^2 -
92.67
683.49 ;
38 -
119.3
1134.1
4614 -
146.0
1698.2
93.06
689.29
119.7
1141.5
146.4
1707.3
29^ -
93.46
695.12 i
3814 -
120.1
1149.0
4624 -
146.8
1716.5
93.85
700.98 1
120.5
1156.6
147.2
1725.7
30 -
94.24
706.86
381/2 -
120.9
1164.1
47 —
147.6
1734.9
94.64
712 76
121.3
1171.7
148.0
1744.1
SOJi -
95.03
718.69
3824 -
1217
1179.3
4714 -
148.4
1753.4
95.42
724.64
122.1
1186.9
148.8
1762.7
3014 -
95.81
730.61
39 -
122.5
1194.5
471/2 -
149.2
1772.0
%.21
736.61 !
122.9
1202.2
149.6
1781.3
3024 -
96.60
742.64
3914 -
123.3
1209.9
4724 -
150.0
1790.7
96.99
748.69
123.7
1217.6
150.4
1800.1
31 -
97.38
754.76
sm —
124.0
1225.4
48
150.7
1809.5
97.78
760.86
124.4
1233.1
150.1
1818.9
3114 -
98.17
766.99 1
3924 -
124.8
1240.9
: 4814 -
151.5
1828.4
QSM
773.14 !
12.5.2
1248.7
1.51.9
1837.9
31^ -
98.96
779.31
40 -
125.6
1256.6
48/2 -
152.3
1847.4
99.35
785.51
126.0
1264.5
152.7
18.56.9
3194 -
99.74
791.73
4014 -
126.4
1272.3
48^ -
153-1
1866.5
100.1
797.97
126.8
1280.3
153.5
1876.1
32 -
100.5
804.23
401/^ —
127.3
1288.2
49 —
153.9
1885.7
100.9
810.54
127.6
1296.2
1W.3
1895.3
32^4 -
101.3
816.86
4024 -
128.0
1304.2
4914 -
154.7
1905-0
101.7
823.21
128.4
1312.2
155.1
1914.7
32H -
102.1
829.5?
1 41 _
128.8
1320 2
4914 —
155 5
1824.4
102.4
835.97
129.1
1328.3
155.9
1934.1
azu -
102.8
842.39
41M -
129.5
1336.4
4924 -
1562
1943.9
103.2
848.83
129.9
1344.5
156.6
1953.6
98
CIRCLES.
Circumferences and Areas of Circi,es— Continued.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA
DIAM.
CIRC,
ABBA.
50 -
157.0
1963.5
58/2 -
183.7
2687.8
67 -
210.4
3525.6
157.4
1973.3
184.1
2699.3
210.9
3538.8
5014 -
157.8
1983.1
583£ -
184.5
2710.8
6714 -
211.2
3552.0
158.2
1993.0
184.9
2722.4
211.6
3565.2
501/2 -
158.6
2002.9
59 -
185.3
2733.9
67% -
212.0
3578.4
159.0
2012.8
185.7
2745.5
212.4
3591.7
50M -
159.4
2022.8
5914 -
186.1
2757.1
6794 -
212.8
3605.0
159.8
2032.8
186.5
2768.8
213.2
3618.3
51 -
160.2
2042.8
591/2 —
186.9
2780.5
68 -
213.6
3631.6
160.6
2052.8
187.3
2792.2
214.0
3645.0
51% -
.161.0
2062.9
59% -
187.7
2803.9
6814 -
214.4
3658.4
161.3
2072.9
188.1
2815.6
214.8
3671.8
51^ -
161.7
2083.0
60 —
188.4
2827.4
68 14 —
215.1
3685.2
162.1
2093.2
188.8
2839.2
215.5
3698.7
51M -
162.5
2103.3
6O14 -
189.2
2851.0
6^94 -
215.9
3712.2
162.9
2113.5
189.0
2862.8
216.3
3725.7
52 —
163 3
'^123.7
60/2 -
190.0
28n.7
69 -
216.7
373^.2
163.7
2133.9
190.4
2886.6
217.1
3752.8
5234 -
164.1
2144.1
6O34 -
190.8
2898.5
63H -
217.5
3766.8
164.5
2154.4
191.2
2910.5
217.9
3780.0
521/2 -
164.9
2164.7
61 —
191.6
2922 A
69/2 —
218.3
3793.6
165.3
2175.0
192.0
2934.4
218.7
3807.3
52M -
16.5.7
2185.4
61 14 -
192.4
2946.4
6994 -
219.1
3821.0
166.1
2195.7
192.8
2958.5
219.5
3834.7
53 ^-
166.5
2206.1
61 1/2 -
193.2
2970.5
7) —
219.9
3848.4
166.8
2216.6
193.6
2982.6
220.3
3862.2
5314 -
167.2
2227.0
em -
193.9
2994.7
7014 -
220.6
3875.9
167.6
2237.5
194.3
3006.9
221.0
3889.8
531/2 -
168.0
2248.0
62 —
194.7
3019.0
705^ -
221.4
3903.6
168.4
22.58.5
195.1
3031.2
221.8
3917.4
53M -
168.8
2269.0
6214 -
195.5
3043.4
7094 -
222.2
3931.3
169.2
2279.6
195.9
3055.7
222.6
3945.2
54 -
169.6
2290.2
62/2 -
196.3
3067.9
71 -
223.0
39.59.2
170.0
2300.8
196.7
3080.2
223.4
3973.1
5414 -
170.4
2311.4
6294 -
197.1
3092.5
7134 -
223.8
3987.1
17U.8
'^322.1
197.5
3104.8
224.2
4001.1
541/2 -
171.2
2332.8
63 -
197.9
3117.2
711/2 -
224.6
4015.1
171.6
2343.5
198.3
3129.6
225.0
4029.2
54M -
172.0
2354.2
6314 -
198.7
3142.0
7194 -
225.4
4043.2
172.3
2365.0
199.0
3144.4
225.8
4067.3
55 -
172.7
2375.8
631/2 -
199.4
3166.9
rf2
226.1
4071.5
173.1
2386.6
199.8
3179.4
226.5
4085.6
5514 -
173.5
2397.4
6394 -
200.2
3191.9
7214 -
226.9
4099.8
173.9
2408.3
200.6
3204.4
227.3
4114.0
551/2 -
174.3
2419.2 ,
64 -
201.0
3216.9
7214 —
227.7
4128.2
174.7
2430.1
201.4
3229.5
228.1
4142.5
55^ -
175.1
2441.0
6414 -
201.8
3242.1
7294 -
228.5
4156.7
175.5
2452.0
202.2
3254.8
228.9
4171.0
56 -
175.9
2463.0
64/2 -
202.6
3267.4
73
229.3
4185.3
176.3
2474.0
203.0
3280.1
229.7
4199.7
5614 -
176.7
2485.0
6494 -
203.4
3292.8
7314 -
230.1
4214.1
177.1
2496.1
203.8
3205.5
230.5
4228.5
561/2 -
177.5
2507.1
65 -
204.2
3318.3
731^ —
230.9
4242.9
177.8
2518.2
204.5
3331.0
231.3
4257.3
563£ -
178.2
2.529.4
6514 -
204.9
3343.8
7394 -
231.6
4271.8
178.6
2540.5
205.3
3356.7
238.0
4286.3
57 —
179.0
2551.7
651/2 —
205.7
3369.5
74 —
233.4
4300.8
179.4
2562.9
206.1
3382.4
232.8
4315.3
5714 -
179.8
2574.1
6594 -
206.5
3395.3
7414 -
233.2
4329.9
1S0.2
2585.4
206.9
3408.2
233.6
4344.5
571/2 -
180.6
2596.7
66 —
207.3
3421.2
741/2 —
234.0
4359.1
181.0
2608.0
207.7
3434.1
234.4
4373.8
579£ -
181.4
2619.3
6614 -
208.1
3447.1
7494 -
234.8
4388.4
181.8
2680.7
208.5
3460.1
235.2
4403.1
58 -
182.2
2642.0
66}-4 —
208.9
3473.2
75 —
235.6
4417.8
182.6
2653.4
209.3
3486.3
236.0
4432.6
5814 -
182.9
2664.9
6694 -
209.7
3499.3
7514 -
236.4
4447.3
183.3
2676.3
210.0
3512-5
236.7
4462.1
CIRCLES.
99
Circumferences and
Areas of Circi.es.— Concluded.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA. 1
DIAM.
CIRC.
AREA.
7514 —
237.1
4476.9
84 -
263.8
5541.7
921/2 -
290.5
6720.0
237.5
4491.8
264.2
5558.2
290.9
6738.2
76% -
237.9
4506.6
8414 -
264.6
5574.8
9214 -
291.3
6756.4
238.3
4521.5
265.0
5591.3
291.7
6776.4
76 -
238.7
4.536.4
84 '4 -
265.4
5607.9
93 -
292.1
6792.9
239.1
4551.4
265.8
5624.5
292.5
6811.1
7614 -
239.5
4566.3
84% -
266.2
5641.1
93?^ -
292.9
6829.4
239.9
4581.3
266.6
5657.8
293.3
6847.8
76.1/2 —
240.3
4596.3
85 -
267.0
5674.5
931/2 -
293.7
6866.1
240.7
4611.3
267.4
5691.2
1
294.1
6884.5
762£ -
241.1
4626.4
8514 -
267.8
5707.9
93% -
294.5
6902.9
241.5
4641.5
268.3
5724.6
294.9
6921.3
77 —
241.9
4656.6
85"2 —
268.6
5741.4
94 —
295.3
6939.7
242.2
4671.7
268.9
5758.2
295.7
6958.2
77M -
242.6
4686.9
85% -
269.3
5775.0
9414 -
296.0
6976.7
243.0
4702.1
269.7
5791.9
296.4
6995.2
771/2 —
243.4
4717.3
86 -
270.1
5808.8
941/2 -
296.8
7013.8
243.8
4732.5
270.5
5825.7
297.2
7032.3
772i -
244.2
4747.7
8614 -
• 270.9
5842.6
94% -
297.6
7050.9
344.6
4763.0
271.3
5859.5
298.0
7069.5
78 —
245.0
4778.3
86/2 -
271.7
5876.5
95 —
298.4
7088.2
245.4
4793.7
272.1
5893.5
298.8
7106.9
78J4 -
245.8
4809.0
86% -
272.5
5910.5
9514 -
299.2
7125.5
246.2
4824.4
272.9
5927.6
299.6
7144.3
781/4 —
246.6
4839.8
87 -
273.3
5944.6
95i'2 —
300.0
7163.0
247.0
4855.2
273.7
5961.7
300.4
7181.8
78% -
247.4
4870.7
8714 -
274.1
5978.9
95% -j
300.8
7200.5
247.7
4886.1
274.4
5996.0
1
301.2
7219.4
79 -
248.1
4901.6
871/2 -
274.8
6013.2
96 -
301.5
7238.2
248.5
4917.2
275.2 •
6030.4
301.9
7257.1
7914 -
248.9
4932.7
87% -
275.6
6047.6
9514 -
302.3
7275.9
249.3
4948.3
276.0
6064.8
302.7
7294.9
791/2 -
ii49.7
4963.9
88 -
276.4
6082.1
9314 —
303.1
7313.8
250.1
4979.5
276.8
6099.4
o03 5
7332.8
79% -
250.5
4995.1
8814 -
277.2
6116.7
96% -
303.9
7341.7
250.9
5010.8
277.6
6134.0
1
304.3
7370.7
80 -
251.3
5026.5
881^^ -
278.0
6151.4
97 _ -'
304.7
7389.8
251.7
5042.2
278.4
6168.8
305.1
7408.8
80H -
252.1
5058.0
88% -
278.8
6186.2
9714 -
305.5
7427.9
252.5
5073.7
279.2
6203.6
305.9
7447.0
8O14 —
252.8
5089.5
89 -
279.6
6221.1
971 ^ -
306.3
7466.2
253.2
5105.4
279.9
6238.6
I
306.6
7485.3
80% -
253.6
5121.2
8914 -
280.3
6256.1
97% -
307.0
7504.5
254.0
5137.1
280.7
6273.6
307.4
7523.7
81 -
254.4
5153.0
8914 —
281.1
6291.2
98 -
307.8
?542.9
254.8
5168.9
281.5
6308.8
308.2
7562.2
81H -
255.2
5184.8
89% -
281.9
6326.4
9314 -'
308.6
7581.5
255.6
5200.8
282.3
6344.0
309.0
7600.8
81 1/2 —
256.0
5216.8
90 —
282.7
6361.7
984 -
309.4
7620.1
256.4
5232.8
283.1
6379.4
309.8
7639.4
81% -
256.8
5248.8
9314 -
283.5
0397.1
9S% -
310.2
7658.8
257.2
52&4.9
283.9
6414.8
310.6
7678.2
'83 -
257.6
5281.0
901/2 -
284.3
6432.6
99 —
311.0
7697.7
258.0
5297.1
284.7
6450.4
1
311.4
7717.1
82M -
258.3
5313.2
90% -
285.1
6468.2
9914 -
311.8
7736.6
258.7
5329.4
285.4
6486.0
312.1
7756.1
821/2 -
259.1
5345.6
91 -
285.8
6503.8
991/i —
312.5
7775.6
259.5
5361.8
286.2
6521.7
312.9
7795.2
82% -
259.9
5378.0
9114 -
286.6
6539.6
99% -
313.3
7814.7
260.3
5394.3
287.0
6557.6
313.7
7834.3
83 -
260.7
5410.6
9114 -
287.4
6575.5
100 -
314.1
7853.6
'■ 261.1
5426.9
287.8
6593.5
314.5
7853.9
8314 -
261.5
5443.2
91% -
288.2
6611.5
10014 -
314.9
7893.3
261.9
5459.6
288.6
6629.5
31.5.3
7913.1
8314 -
232.3
5476.0
92 —
289.0
6647.6
lOQi^ —
315.7
7932.7
262.7
5492.4
289.4
6665.7
316.0
7942.4
83% -
263.1
5508.8
9214 -
289.8
6683.8
100% -
316.4
7972.2
263.5
5525.3
290.2
6701.9
316.8
7991.9
100
CIRCLES.
Areas and Circumferences of Circles.
For Diameters from i-io to loo, Advancing by Tenths.
DIAMETER
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAMETER.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
0.0
.5
15 9043
14.1372
.1
.007854
.31416
.6
16.6190 1
14.4513
.2
.031416
.62832
.7
17.3494
14.7655
.3
.070686
.94248
.8
18.0956
15.0796
.4
.12566
. 1.2566
.9
18.8574
15.3938
.5
.19635
1.5708
5.0
19.6350
15.7080
.6
.28274
1.8850
.1
20.4282
16.0221
.7
,38485
2.1991
.2
21.2372
16.3363
.8
.50266
2.5133
.3
22.0618
16.6504
.9
.63617
2.8274
.4
22.9022
16.9646
1.0
.7854
3.1416 j
.5
23.7583
17.2788
.1
.9503
3.4558 1
.6
24.6301
17.5929
.2
1.1310
3.7699
.7
25.5176
17.9071
.3
1.3273
4.0841
.8
26.4208
18.2212
.4
1.5394
4.3982
.9
27.3397
18.5354
.5
1.7681
4.7124
6.0
28.2743
18.8496
.6
, 2.0106
5.0265
.1
29.2247
19.1637
.7
2.2698
5.3407
.2
30.1907
19.4779
.8
2.5447
5.6549
'.?>
31.1725
19.7920
.9
2.8353
5.9690
.4
32 1699
20.1062
2.0
3.1416
6.2832
.5
33.1831
20.4204
.1
3.4636
6.5973
.6
34.2119
20.7345
2
3.8013
6.9115
• 7
35.2565
21. 0487
3
4.1548
7.2257
.8
36.3168
21.3628
.4
4.5239
7.5398
.9
37.3928
21.6770
.5
4.9087
7.8540
70
38.4845
21.9911
.6
5.3093
8.1681
.1
39.5919
22.3053
.7
5.7256
8.4823
2
40.7150
22.6195
.8
6.1575
1 8.7965
^3
41.8539
22.9336
.9
6.6052
9.1106
.4"
43.0084
23.2478
3.0
1 7.0686
9.4248
.5
44.1786
23.5619
.1
7.5477
9.7389
.6
45.3646
23.8761
.2
8.0425
10.0531
.7
46.5663
25.1903
.3
8.5530
10.3673
.8
47.7836
24.5055
.4
9.0792
10.6814
.9
49.0167
24.8186
.5
9.6211
1 10.9956
1 8.0
50.2655
25.1327
.6
10.1788
1 11.3097
.1
51.5300
25.4469
.7
10.7521
11.6239
1 .2
52.8102
25.7611
.8
11.3411
11.9381
.3
54.1061
26.0752
.9
11.9459
I 12.2522
.4
55.4177
26 3494
4.0
12 5664
12.5664
.5
56.7450
26.7035
.1
13.2025
12.8805
1 -6
58.0880
27.0177
.2
13 8544
1 13.1947
I .7
59.4468
27.3319
.3
14.5220
1 13.5088
.8
60.8212
27.6460
.4
15.2053
1 13.8230
.9
! 62.2114
27.9602
CIRCLES.
101
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
1 AREA.
1 CIRCUM.
DIAM.
1 AREA.
CIRCUM.
9.0
.1
.2
.'3
.4
63.6173
65 0388
66.4761
67.9291
69.3978
28.2743
28 5885
28.9027
29.2168
29.5310
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
143.1388
145.2672
147.4114
149.5712
151.7468
42.4115
42.72v57
43.0398
43.3540
43.6681
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
70.8822
72.3823
73.8981
75.4296
76.9769
29 8451
30.1593
30.4734
30.7876
31.1018
14.0
.1
,2
.3
.4
153.9380
156.1450
158.3677
160.6061
162 8602
43.9823
44.2965
44.6106
44.9248
45.2389
10.0
.1
.2
.3
A
78.5398
80.1185
81.7128
83.3229
84.9487
31.4159
31.7301
32.0442
32.3584
32.6726
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
165.1300
167.4155
169.7167
172.0336
174.3662
45.5531
45.8637
46.1814
46.4956
46.8097
.5
:?
.8
.9
86.5901
88.2473
89.9202
91.6088
93.3132
32.9867
33.3009
33.6150
33.9292
34.2434
15.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
176.7146
179.0786
181.4584
183.8539
186.2650
47.1239
47.4380
47.7522
48.0664
48.3805
11.0
.1
2
.3
.4
95.0332
96.7689
98.5203
100.2875
102.0703
34.5575
34.8717
35.1858
35.5000
35.8142
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
188.6919
191.1345
193.5928
196.0668
198.5565
48.6947
49.0088
49.3230
49.6372
49.9513
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
103.8689
105.6832
107.5132
109.3588
111.2202
36.1283
36.4425
36.7566
37.0708
37.3850
16.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
201.0619
203.5831
206.1199
208.6714
211.2407
50.2655
50.5796
50.8938
51.2080
51.5221
12.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
113.0973
114.9901
116.8987
118 8229
120.7628
37.6991
38.0133
38.3274
38.6416
38.9557
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
213.8246
216.4243
219.0397
221.6708
224.3176
51.8363
52.1504
52.4646
52.7788
53.0929
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
122.7185 j
124.6898
1266769
128.6796
130.6981
39 2699
39 5841
39 8982
40.2124
40 5265
17.0
.1
2
.3
A
226.9801
229.6583 i
232.3522 1
235.0618 1
237.7871
53.4071
53.7212
54.0354
54.3496
54.6637
13.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
132.7323
134.7822
136 8478
138 9291
141.0261
40,8407
41.1549
41.4690
41.7832
42.0973
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
240.5282
243.2849
246.0574
248.8456
251.6494
54.9779
55.2920
55.6062
55.9203
56.2345
102
CIRCLES.
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
18 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
254.4690
257.3043
260.1553
263.0220
265.9044
56.5486
56.8628
57.1770
57.4911
57.8053
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
397.6078
401.1500
404.7078
408.2814
411.8707
70.6858
71.0000
71.3142
71.6283
71.9425
.5
.6
• .7
.8
.9
268.8025
271.7164
274.6459
277.5911
280.5521
58.1195
58.4336
58.7478
59.0619
59.3761
23.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
415.4756
419.0963
422.7327
426.3848
430.0526
72.2566
72.5708
72.8849
73.1991
73.5133
19.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
283.5287
286.5211
289.5292
292.5530
295.5925
59.6903
60.0044
60.3186
60.6327
60.9469
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
433.7361
437.4354
441.1503
444.8809
448.6273
73.8274
74.1416
74.4557
74.7699
75.0841
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
298.6477
301.7186
304.8052
307.9075
311.0255
61.2611
61.5752
61.8894
62.2035
62.5177
24.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
452.3893
456.1671
459.9606
463.7698
467.5947
75.3982
75.7124
76.0265
76.3407
76.6549
20.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
314.1593
317.3087
320.4739
323.6547
326.8513
62.8319
63.1460
63.4602
63.7743
64.0885
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
471.4352
475.2916
479.1636
483.0513
486.9547
76.9690
77.2832
77.5973
77.9115
78.2257
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
330.0636
333.2916
336.5353
339.7947
343.0698
64.4026
64.7168
65.0310
65.3451
65.6593
25.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
490.8739
494.8087
498.7592
502.7255
506.7075
78.5398
78.8540
79.1681
79.4823
79.7965
21.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
346.3606
349.6671
352.9894
356.3273
359.6809
65.9734
66.2876
66.6018
66.9159
67.2301
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
510.7052
514.7185
518.7476
522.7924
526.8529
80.1106
80.4248
80.7389
81.0531
81.3672
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
363.0503
366.4354
369.8361
373.2526
376.6848
67.5442
67.8584
68.1726
68.4867
68.8009
26.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
530.9292
535.0211
539.1287
543.2521
547.3911
81.6814
81.9956
82.3097
82.6239
82.9380
22.0
.1
.2
.3
. .4
380.1327
383.5963
387.0756
390.5707
394.0814
69.1150
69.4292
69.7434
70.0575
70.3717
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
551.5459
555.7163
559.9025
564.1044
568.3220
83.2522
83.5664
83.8805
84.1947
84.5088
103
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
(Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
84.8230
85.1372
85.4513
85.7655
86.0796
DIAM.
AREA.
j CIRCUM.
27.0
.1
,2
.3
.4
572.5553
576.8043
581.0690
585.3494
589.6455
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
779.3113
784.2672
789.2388
794.2260
799.2290
98.9602
99.2743
99.5885
99.9026
100.2168
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
593.9574
598.2849
602.6282
606.9871
611.3618
86.3938
86.7080
87.0221
87.3363
87.6504
32.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
804.2477
809.2821
814.3322
719.3980
824.4796
100.5310
100.8451
101.1593
101.4734
101.7876
28.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
615.7522
620.1582
624.5800
629.0175
633.4707
87.9646
88.2788
88.5929
88.9071
89.2212
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
829.5768
834.6898
839.8185
844 9628
850.1229
102.1018
102.4159
102.7301
103.0442
103.3584
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
637.9397
642.4243
646.9246
651.4407
655.9724
89.5354
89.8495
90.1637
90.4779
90.7920
33.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
855.2986
860.4902
865.6973
870.9202
876.1588
103.6726
103.9867
104.3009
104.6150
104.9292
29.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
660.5199
665.0830
669.6619
674.2565
678.8668
91.1062
91.4203
91.7345
92.0487
92.3628
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
881.4131
886.6831
891.9688
897.2703
902.5874
105.2434
105.5575
105.8717
106.1858
106.5000
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
683.4928
688.1345
692.7919
697.4650
702.1538
92.6770
92.9911
93.3053
93.6195
93.9336
34.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
907.9203
913.2688
918.6331
924.0131
929.4088
106.8142
107.1283
107.4425
107.7566
108.0708
30.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
706.8583
711.5786
716.3145
721.0662
725.8336
94.2478
94.5619
94.8761
95.1903
95.5044
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
934.8202
940.2473
945.6901
951.1486
956.6228
108.3849
108.6991
109.0133
109.3274
109.6416
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
730.6167
735.4154
740.2299
745.0601
749.9060
95.8186
96.1327
96.4469
96.7611
97.0752
35.0
.1
.2
.3
.4 .
962.1128
967.6184
973.1397
978.6768
984.2296
109.9557
110.2699
110.5841
, 110.8982
111.2124
31.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
754.7676
759.6450
764.5380
769.4467
774.3712
97.3894
97.7035
98.0177
98.3319
98.6460
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
989.7980
995.3822
1000.9821
1006.5977
1012.2290
111.5265
110.8407
112.1549
112.4690
112.7832
104
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM. .
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
36.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1017.8760
1023.5387
1029.2172
1034.9113
1040.6212
113.0973
113.4115
113.7257
114.0398
114.3540
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1288.2493
1294 6189
1301.0042
1307.4052
1313.8219
127.2345
127.5487
127.8628
128.1770
128.4911
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1046.3467
1052.0880
1057.8449
1063.6176
1069.4060
114.6681
114.9823
115.2965
115.6106
115.9248
41.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1320.2543
1326.7024
1333.1663
1339.6458
1346.1410
128.8053
129 1195
129.4336
129.7478
130.0619
37.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1075.2101
1081.0299
1086.8654
1092.7166
1098.5835
116 2389
116.5531
116.8672
117.1814
117.4956
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1352.6520
1359.1786
1365.7210
1372.2791
1378.8529
130.3761
130.6903
131.0044
131.3186
131.6327
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1104.4662
1110.3645
1116.2786
1122.2083
1128.1538
117.8097
118.1239
118.4380
118.7522
119.0664
42.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1385.4424
1392.0476
1398.6685
1405.3051
1411.9574
131.9469
132.2611
132.5752
132.8894
133.2035
38.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1134.1149
1140.0918
1146.0844
1152.0927
1158.1167
119.3805
119.6947
120.0088
120.3230
120.6372
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1418.6254
1425.3092
1432.0086
1438.7238
1445.4546
133.5177
133.8318
134.1460
134.4602
134.7743
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1164.1564
1170.2118
1176.2830
1182.3698
1188.4724
120.9513
121.2655
121.5796
121.8938
122.2080
43.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1452.2012
1458.9635
1465.7415
1472.5352
1479.3446
135.0885
135.4026
135.7168
136.0310
136.3451
39.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1194.5906
1200.7246
1206.8742
1213.0396
1219.2207
122.5221
122.8363
123.1504
123 4646
123.7788
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1486.1697
1493.0105
1499.8670
1506.7393
1513.6272
136.6593
136.9734
137.2876
137.6018
137.9159
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1225.4175
1231.6300
1237.8582
1244.1021
1250.3617
124.0929
124.4071
124.7212
125.0354
125.3495
44.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1520.5308
1527.4502
1534.3853
1541.3360
1548.3025
138.2301
138.5442
138.8584
139.1726
139.4867
40.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1256.6371
1262.9281
1269.2348
1275.5573
1281.8955
125.6637
125.9779
126.2920
126.6062
126.9203
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1555.2847
1562.2826
1569.2962
1576.3255
1583.3706
139.8009
140.1153
140.4292
140.7434
141.0575
lo:
AREA AXD CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
ARKA.
CIRCUM.
45 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1590.4313
1597.5077
1604.5999
1611.7077
1618.8313
141.3717
141.6858
142.0000
142.3142
142.6283
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1924.4218
1932.2051
1940.0042
1947.8189
1955.6493
155.5088
155.8230
156.1372
156 4513
156.7655
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1625.9705
1633.1255
1640.2962
1647.4826
1654.6847
142.9425
143.2566
143.5708
143 8849
144 1991
50.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1963.4954
1971 3572
1979.2348
1987.1280
1995.0370
157.0796
157.3938
157.7080
158.0221
158.3363
46.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1661.9025
1669.136.0
1676.3853
1683.6502
1690.9308
144.5133
144.8274
145.1416
145 4557
145.7699
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2002.9617
2010.9020
2018.8581
2026.8299
2034.8174
158.6504
158 9646
159.2787
159.2929
159.9071
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1698 2272
1705.5392
1712.8670
1720.2105
1727.5697
146.0841
146.3982
146.7124
147.0265
147.3707
51.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2042.8206
2050 8395
2058 8742
2066.9245
2074.9905
160.2212
160.5354
160.8495
161.1637
161.4779
47.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1734 9445
1742.3351
1749 7414
1757.1635
1764.6012
147.6550
147.9690
148.2832
148.5973
148.9115
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2083.0723
2091.1697
2099.2829
2107.4118
2115.5563
161.7920
162.1062
162.4203
162.7345
163.0487
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1772.0546
17795237
1787.0086
1794 5091
1802.0254
149.2257
149.5398
149.8540
150.1681
150.4823
52.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2123.7166
2131.8926
2140.0843
2148.2917
2156.5149
163.3628
163.6770
163.9911
164 3053
164.6195
48.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1809 5574
1817.1050
1824 6684
1832.2475
1839.8423
150.7964
151.1106
151.4248
151.7389
152.0531
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2164.7537
2173.0082
2181.2785
2189.5644
2197.8661
164.9336
165.2479
165.5619
165.8761
166.1903
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1847.4528
1855.0790
1862 7210
1870.3786
1878.0519
152.3672
152.6814
152.9956
153.3097
153.6239
53.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2206.1834
2214.5165
2222.8653
2231.2298
2239.6100
166.5044
166.8186
167.1327
167.4469
167.7610
49.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1885.7409
1893 4457
1901.1662
1908.9024
1916.-6543
153.93S0
154.2522
154.5664
154.8805
155.1947
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2248 0059
2256.4175
2264 8448
2273.2879
2281.7466
168.0752
168.3894
168.7035
169.0177
169.3318
106
CIRCLES.
AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
54.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2290.2210
2298.7112
2307.2173
2315.7386
2324.2759
169.6460
169.9602
170 2743
170.5885
170.9026
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2687.8289
2697.0259
2706 2386
2715.4670
2724.7112
183.7832
184.0973
184.4115
184.7256
185.0398
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2332.8289
2341.3976
2349.9820
2358.5821
2367.1979
171.2168
171.5310
171.8451
172.1593
172.4735
59.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2733.9710
2743.2466
2752.5378
2761.8448
2771.1675
185.3540
185.6681
185.9823
186.2964
186.6106
55.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2375.8294
2384.4767
2393.1396
2401.8183
2410.5126
172.7876
173.1017
173.4159
173.7301
174.0442
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2780.5058
2789.8599
2799.2297
2808.6152
2818.0165
186.9248
187.2389
187.5531
187.8672
188.1814
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2419.2227
2427.9485
2436.6899
2445.4471
2454.2200
174.3584
174.6726
174.9867
175.3009
175.6150
60.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2827.4334
2836.8660
2846.3144
2855.7784
2865.2582
188.4956
188.8097
189.1239
189.4380
189.7522
56.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2463.0086
2471.8130
2480.6330
2489.4687
2498.3201
175.9292
176.2433
176.5575
176.8717
177.1858
.7
.8
.9
2874.7536
2884.2648
2893.7917
2903.3343
2912.8926
190.0664
190. 3805
190.6947
191.0088
191.3230
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2507. J 873
2516.0701
2524.9687
2533.8830
2542.8129
177.5000
177.8141
178.1283
178.4425
178.7566
61.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2922.4666
2932.0563
2941.6617
2951.2828
2960.9197
191.6372
191.9513
192.2655
192.5796
192.8938
57.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2551.7586
2560.7200
2569.6971-
2578.6899
2587.6985
179.0708
179.3849
179.6991
180.0133
180.3274
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2970.5722
2980.2405
2989.9244
2999.6241
3009.3395
193.2079
193.5221
193.8363
194.1504
194.4646
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2596.7227
2605.7626
2614.8183
2623.8896
2632.9767
180.6416
180.9557
181.2699
181.5841
181.8982
62.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
3019.0705
3028.8173
3038.5798
3048.3580
3058.1520
194.7787
195.0929
195.4071
195.7212
196.0354
58.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
2642.0794
2651.1979
2660.3321
2669.4820
2678.6476
182.2124
182.5265
182.8407
183.1549
183.4690
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
3067.9616
3077.7869
3087.6279
3097.4847
3107.3571
196.3495
196.6637
196.9779
197.2920
497.6062
107
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
(Continued.)
DIAM.
63 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
64.0
1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
65.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
66.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
67.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
AREA.
3117.2i53
3127.1492
3137.0688
3147.0040
3156.9550
3166.9217
3176.9043
3186.9023
3196.9161
3206.9456
3216.9909
3227.0518
3237.1285
3247.2222
3257.3289
3267.4527
3277.5922
3287.7474
3297.9183
3308.1049
3318.3072
3328.5253
3338.7590
3349.0085
3359.2736
3369.5545
3379.8510
3390.1633
3400.4913
3410.8350
3421.1944
3431.5695
3441.9603
3452.3669
3462.7891 I
3473.2270
3483.6807
3494.1500
3504.6351
3515.1359
3525.6524
3536.1845
3546.7324
I 3557.2960
I 3567.8754
CIRCUM.
197.9203
198.2345
198.5487
198.8628
199.1770
199.4911
199.8053
200.1195
200.4336
200.7478
201.0620
201.3761
201.6902
202.0044
202.3186
202.6327
202.9469
203.2610
203.5752
203.8894
204.2035
204.5176
204.8318
205.1460
205.4602
205.7743
206.0885
206.4026
206.7168
207.0310
207.3451
207.6593
207.9734
208.2876
208.6017
208.9159
209.2301
209.5442
209.8584
210.1725
210.4867
210.8009
211.1150
211.4292
211.7433
DIAM.
AREA.
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
3578.4704
3589.0811
3599.7075
3610.3497
3621.0075
68.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
3631.6811
3642.3704
3653.0754
3663.7960
3674.5324
CIRCUM.
.O
.6
.7
.8
.9
69.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
,5
.6
.7
.8
.9
70.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
71.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
3685.2845
3696.0523
3706.8359
3717.6351
3728.4500
3739.2807
3750.1270
3760.9891
3771.8668
3782.7603
3793.6695
3804.5944
3815.5350
3826.4913
3837.4633
3848.4510
3859.4544
3870.4736
3881.5084
3892.5590
3903.6252
3914 7072
3925 8049
3936.9182
3948.0473
3959.1921
3970.3526
3981.5289
3992.7208
4003.9284
4015.1518
4026.3908
4037.6456
4048.9160
4060.2022
212.0575
212.3717
212.6858
213.0000
213.3141
213.6283
213.9425
214.2566
214.5708
214.8849
215.1991
215,5133
215.8274
216.1416
216.4566
216.7699
217.0841
217.3982
217.7124
218.0265
218.3407
218.6548
218.9690
219.2832
219.5973
219.9115
220.2256
220.5398
220.8540
221.1681
221.4823
221.7964
222.1106
222.4248
222.7389
223.0531
223.3672
223.6814
223.9956
224.3097
224.6239
224.9380
225.2522
225.5664
225.8805
108
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
72.0
.1
.2
.'3
.4
4071 5041
4082.8217
4094.1550
4105.5040
4116.8687
226.1947
226.5088
226.8230
227.1371
227.4513
.5
.6
.7
■ .8
.9
4596.3464
4608.3708
4620.4110
4632.4669
4644.5384
240.3318
240.6460
240.9602
241.2743
241.5885
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4128.2491
4139.6452
4151.0571
4162.4846
4173.9279
227.7655
228.0796
228.3938
228.7079
229.0221
77.0
.1
2
!3
.4
4656.6257
4668.7287
4680.8474
4692.9818
4705.1319
241.9026
242.2168
242.5310
242.8451
243.1592
73.0
.1
,2
.3
.4
4185.3868
4196.8615
4208.3519
4219.8579
4231.3797
229.3363
229.6504
229.9646
230.2787
230.5929
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4717.2977
4729.4792
4711.6765
4753.8894
4766.1181
243.4734
243.7876
244.1017
244.4159
244.7301
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4242.9172
4254.4704
4266.0394
4277.6240
4289.2243
230.9071
231.2212
231.5354
231.8495
232.1637
78.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
4778.3624
4790.6225
4802.8983
4815.1897
4827.4969
245.0142
245.3584
245.6725
245.9867
246.3009
74.0
.1
.2
!3
.4
4300.8403
4312.4721
4324.1195
4335.7827
4347.4616
232.4779
232.7920
233.1062
233.4203
233.7345
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4839.8198
4852.1584
4864.5128
4876.8828
4889.2685
246.6150
246.9292
247.2433
247.5575
247.8717
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4359.1562
4370.8664
4382.5924
4394.3341
4406.0916
234.0487
234.3628
234.6770
234.9911
235.3053
79.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
4901.6699
4914.0871
4926.5199
4938.9685
4951.4328
248.1858
248.5000
248.8141
249.1283
249.4425
75.0
.1
.2
!3
.4
4417.8647
4429.6535
4441.4580
4453.2783
4465.1142
235.6194
235.9336
236.2478
236 5619
236 8761
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4963.9127
4976.4084
4988.9198
5001 4469
5013.9897
249.7566
250.0708
250.3850-
250.6991
251.0133
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
4476 9659
4488.8332
4500.7163
4512.6151
4524.5296
237.1902
237.5044
237.8186
238.1327
238.4469
80.0
.1
.2
!3
.4
5026.5482
5039.1225
5051.7124
5064.3180
5076.9394
251.3274
251.6416
251.9557
252.2699
252.5840
76.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
4536.4598
4548 4057
4560.3673
4572.3446
4584.3377
238.7610
239.0752
239.3894
239.7035
240.0177
.5
•6
' - .7
.8
.9
5089.5764
5102.2292
5114.8977
5127.5819
5140.2818
252.8982
253.2124
253.5265
253.8407
'254.1548
CIRCLES.
109
AREA AND CIRCrMFHKE.XCES OF CIRCLES.
( Continued.)
DI.AM.
AREA.
5152.9973
5165.7287
5178.4757
5191.2384
5204.0168
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
AREA.
CIRCUM.
81.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
254.4690
254.7832
255.0973
255.4115
255.7256
5741.4569
5754.8951
5768.3490
5781.8185
5795.3038
268.6062
268.9203
269.2345
269.5486
269.8628
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
5216.8110
5229.6208
5242.4463
5255.2876
5268.1446
256.0398
256.3540
256.6681
256.9823
257.2966
86 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
5808.8048
5822.3215
5835.8539
5849.4020
5862.9659
270.1770
270.4911
270.8053
271.1194
271.4336
82.0
.1
i
.4
5281.0173
5293.9056
5306,8097
5319.7295
5332.6650
257.6106
257.9247
258.2389
258.5531
258.8672
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
5876.5454
5890.1407
5903.7516
5917.3783
5931.0206
271.7478
272.0619
272.3761
2^2.6902
273.0044
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
5345.6162
5358.5832
5371.5658
5384.5641
5397.5782
259.1814
259.4956
259.8097
260.1239
260.4380
87.0
.1
2
.3
.4
5944.6787
5958.3525
5972.0420
5985.7472
5999.4681
273.3186
273.6327
273.9469
274.2610
274.5752
83.0
.1
2
.3
.4
5410.6079
5423.6534
5436.7146
5449.7915
5462.8840
260.7522
261.0663
261.3805
261.6947
262.0088
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6013.2047
6026.9570
6040.7250
6054.5088
6068.3082
274.8894
275.2035
275.5177
275.8318
276 1460
.5
.6
.7
^ .8
.9
5475.9923
5489.1163
5502.2561
5515.4115
5528.5826
262.3230
262.6371
262.9513
263.2655
263.5796
88.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6082.1234
6095.9542
6109.8008
6123.6631
6137.5411
276 4602
276.7743
277.0885
277.4026
277.7168
84.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
5541.7694
5554.9720
5568.1902
5581.4242
5594.6739
263.8938
264.2079
264.5221
264.8363
265.1514
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6151.4348
6165.3442
6179.2693
6193.2101
6207.1666
278.0309
278.3451
278.6593
278.9740
279.2876
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
5607.9392
5621.2203
5634.5171
5647.8296
5661.1578
265.4646
265.7787
266.0929
266.4071
266.7212
89.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6221.1389
6235.1268
6249.1304
6263.1498
6277.1849
279.6017
279.9159
280.2301
280.5442
280.8584
85.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
5674.5017
5687.8614
5701.2367
5714.6277
5728.0345
267.0354
267.3495
267.6637
267.9779
268.2920
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6291.2356
6305.3021
6319.3843
6333.4822
6347.5958
281.1725
281.4867
281.8009
1 282.1150
282 4292
110
CIRCLES.
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
( Continued. )
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM.
90.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6361.7251
6375.8701
6390.0309
6404.2073
6418.3995
282.7433
283.0575
283.3717
283.6858
284.0000
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
7013.8019
7028.6538
7023.5214
7058.4047
7073.3033
296.8805
297.1947
297.5088
297.8230
298.1371
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6432. 6073
6446.8309
6461.0701
6475.3251
6489.5958
284.3141
284.6283
284.9425
285.2566
285.5708
95.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
7088.2184
7103.1488
7118.1950
7133.0568
7148.0343
298.4513
298.7655
299.0796
299.3938
299.7079
91.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6503.8822
6518.1843
6532.5021
6546.8356
6561.1848
285.8849
286.1991
286.5133
286.8274
287.1416
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
7163.0276
7178.0366
7193.0612
7208.1016
7223.1577
300.0221
300.3363
300.6504
300.9646
301.2787
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6575.5498
6589.9304
6604.3268
6618.7388
6633.1666
287.4557
287.7699
288.0840
288.3982
288.7124
96.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
7238. 2295
7253.3170
7268.4202
7283.5391
7298.6737
301.5929
301.9071
302.2212
302.5354
302.8405
92.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6647.6101
6662.0692
6676.5441
6691.0347
6705.5410
289.0265
289.3407
289.6548
289.9690
290.2832
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
7313.8240
7328.9901
7344.1718
7359.3693
7374.5824
303.1637
303.4779
303.7920
304.1062
304.4203
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6720.0630
6734.6008
6749.1542
6763.7233
6778.3082
290.5973
290.9115
291.2256
291.5398
291.8540
97.0
.1
.2
!3
.4
7389.8113
7405.0559
7420.3162
7435.5922
7450.8839
304.7345
305.0486
305.3628
305.6770
305.9911
93.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6792.9087
6807.5250
6822.1569
6836.8046
6851.4680
292.1681
292.4823
292.7964
293.1106
293.4248
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
7466.1913
7481.5144
7496.8532
7512.2078
7527.5780
306.3053
306.6194
306.9336
307.2478
307.5619
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
6866.1471
6880.8419
6895.5524
6910.2786
6925.0205
293.7389
294.0531
294.3672
294.6814
294.9956
98.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
7542.9640
7558.3656
7573.7830
7589.2161
7604.6648
307.8761
308.1902
308.5044
308.8186
309.1327
94.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
6939.7782
6954.5515
6969.3106
6984.1453
6998.9658
295.3097
295.6239
295.9380
296.2522
296.5663
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
7620.1293
7635.6095
7651.1054
7666.6170
7682.1444
309.4469
309.7610
310.0752
310.3894
310.7035
CIRCLES.
m
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES.
{Continued.)
DIAM.
AREA.
CIRCUM
99 0
.1
.2
.3
.4-
7697.6893
7713.2461
7728.8206
7744.4107
7760.0166
311.0177
311.3318
311.6460
311.9602
312 2743
100.0
7775,
7791.
7806.
7822.
7838.
6382
2754
9284
5971
2815
7853.9816
CIRCUM.
312.5885
312.9026
313.2168
313.5309
313.8451
314.1593
To Compute the Area or Circumference of a Diameter Greater
than lOO and I<ess than looi.
Take out the area or circumference from table as though the ntimher
had one decimal, and move the decimal point two places to the right for the
area, and one place for the circumference.
Example: Wanted the area and circumference of 567. The tabular
area for 56.7 is 2524.9687, and circumference 178.1283. Therefore area
for 567 = 252496.87 and circumference = 1781.283.
To Compute the Area or Circumference of a Diameter Greater
than looo.
Divide by a factor, as 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., if practicable, that will leave a
quotient to be found in table, then multiply the tabular area of the quo-
tient by the square of the factor, or the tabular circumference b^^ the factor.
Example: Wanted the area aud circumference of 2109. Dividing by
3, the quotient is 703, for which the area is 388150.84 and the circumfer-
ence 2208.54. Therefore area of 2109 = 388150.84 X 9 = 3493357.56,
and circumference = 2208.54 X 3 = 6625.62.
Areas of Circles from .05 in. to .25 in.
BV HUNDREDTHS OF INCHES.
DIAM.
AREA. IN.
DIAM.
AREA. IN.
DIAM.
AREA. IN.
.05
.0019635 :
.12
.011309
.19
.028352
.06
.0028274
.13
.013273
.20
,031416
.07
.0038484 1
.14
.015393
.21
.034636
.08
.0050265 1
.15
.017671
.22
.038013
.09
.0063617 !
.16
.020106
.23
.041547
.10
.0078539 ,
.17
.022698
.24
.045239
.11
.0095033
.18
.025446
.25
.049087
112
CIRCLES.
Table of the Areas of Circles and of the Sides of Squares of
the same Area.
Sides of
Sides of
Diam. of
Area of
Square of
Diam. of
Area of
Square of
Circle in
Circle in
same Area
Circle in
Circle in
same Area
Inches.
Sq. Inches.
in
Inches
Sq. Inches.
in
Sq. Inches.
Sq. Inches
1.
.785
.89
11.
95.03
9.75
.Ya
1.227
1.11
. k;
99.40
9.97
.%
1.767
1.33
.^
103.87
10.19
.'%
2.405
1.55
• %
108.43
10.41
2.
3.142
1.77
12.
113.10
10.63
.¥
3.976
1 99
• ^4
117.86
10.86
.%
4.909
2.22
. ^''i>
122.72
11.08
.%
5.940
2.44
■ H
127.68
1130
3.
7.069
2.66
13.
132.73
11.52
.K
8.296
2.88
.%
137.89
11.74
.y^
9.621
3.10
■ %
143.14
11.96
.%
11.045
3.32
.%
148.49
12.19
4.
12.566
3.54
14.
153.94
12.41
.Va
14.186
3.77
..^
159.49
12.63
• K
15.904
3. 99
1,^
165.13
12.85
.%
17.721
4.21
'.%
170.87 .
13.07
5.
19.635
4 43
15.
176.72
13.29
.¥
21.648
4.65
.K
182.66
13.52
.^
23.758
4.87
• %
188.69
13.74
M
25.967
5 09
.%
194.83
13.96
6.
28.274
5 32
16.
201.06
14.18
.Va
30.680
5 54
. %
207.39
14.40
.%
33.183
5.76
y
213.83
14.62
• %
35 785
5.98
'.%
220,35
14.84
7.
38 485
6 20
17.
226.98
15.07
.%
41.283
6.42
■ K
233.71
15.29
• K
44.179
6.65
.y
240.53
15.51
.%
47.173
6 87
.%
247.45
15.73
8.
50.266
7.09
18.
254.47
15.95
• Va.
53.456
7.31
. y
261.59
16.17
.M
56.745
7.53
.y
268.80
16.40
.%
60.132
7.75
M
276.12
16.62
9.
63.617
7.98
19.
283.53
16.84
.Va
67.201
8.20
.y
291.04
17.06
.y.
70. 882
8.42
.y
298.65
17.28
.%
74. 662
8.64
M
306.36
17.50
10.
78.540
8.86
20.
314.16
17.72
.k
82.516
9.08
.y
322.06
17.95
• ^
86.590
9.30
.y
330.06
18.17
• M
90.763
9.53
^A
338.16
18.39
113
Table of the Areas of Circles and of the Sides of Squares of
the same Area.
(Continued.)
Side of
Side of
Diam. of
Area of
Square ot
Diam. of
Area of
Square of
Circle in
Circle in
same Area
Circle in
Circle in
same Area
Inches.
Sq. Inches.
in
Sq. Inches.
Inches.
Sq. Inches.
in
Sq. Inches.
21.
346.36
18.61
26.
530.93
23.04
.^4'
354.66
18.83
. %
541.19
23.26
■ H
363.05
19.05
.y^
551.55
23.49
.%
371 54
19.28
.%
562.00
23.71
22.
380.13
19.50
27.
572.56
23.93
.Vi
388.82
19.72
..%
583.21
24.15
. ^'.T '
397.61
19.94
• %
593.96
24.37
'.%
406.49
20.16
.%
604.81
24.59
23.
415.48
20.38
28.
615.75
24.81
■ h
424.56
20.60
.H
626.80
25.04
.y^
433.74
20.83
.%
637.94
25.26
.%
443.02
21.05
M
649.18
25.48
24.
452.39
21.27
29.
660.52
25.70
• /^
461.86
21.49
.Ya
671.96
25.92
.3^
471.44
21.71
• M
683.49
26.14
.%
481.11
21.93
M
695.13
26.37
25.
490.88
22.16
30.
706-86
26.59
.%
500 74
22.38
• %
718.69
26.81
• M
510.71
22.60
• K
730.62
27.03
.%
520 77
22.82
.%
742.65
27.25
Slow Speed and High Speed ^Engines.
The reason why the high speed engines are preferred is because they
develop more power from the same quantity of fuel, than the old fashioned
engines. The theory is that the piston and rod, cross head and other recip-
rocating parts, if they have a high speed, act upon the principle of the fly
wheel, absorbing the force of the steam at the commencement, and giving
it at the end of the stroke. The practical effect is to do away with the une-
qual steam pressure experienced in ordinar\^ engines, securing in lieu there-
of a uniform rotative pressure on the crank. The strain on each dead
center is avoided in the high speed engine, and a uniform smoothness of
running is attained. In a competitive trial in England not long ago, of
two engines with cylinders of the same size, using the same weight of steam
per horse power per hour, the high speed engine developed 43 per cent more
horse power than its low speeded competitor.
114
Diameter and Circumference of Circles and the Contents in
Gallons at One Foot in Depth.
DIAMETSK. 1
CIRCUM.
GALLONS
UlAMKtER.
CiBCUM.
GALLONS
AREA IN
FEET.
1 FT.
DEPTH.
ABBA IN
IFT.
DEPTH.
FBET.
IN.
FEET.
IK.
FEET.
IN.
FEET.
IN.
FEET.
3
1%
.78
5.87
6
14
m
15.90
118.93
1
3
4%
.92
6.89
7
14
i%
16.49
123.38
2
3
8
1.06
7.99
8
14
7%
17.10
127.91
3
3
11
1.22
9.17
9
14
11
17.72
132.52
4
4
2^8
1.39
10.44
10
15
21/8
18.34
137.21
5
4
5%
1.57
11.78
11
15
5li
18.98
143.05
6
4
81/2
1.76
13.21
7
4
\\%
1.96
14.72
5
15
. 8/2
19.63
146.83
8
5
29£
2.18
16.31
5
1
15
11%
20.29
151.77
9
5
5'^
2.40
17.98
5
2
16
2%
20.96
156.78
10
5
9
2.63
19.74
5
3
16
53i
21.64
16188
11
6
2.88
21.48
5
4
16
9
22.34
167.06
5
5
17
OH
23.04
172.33
2
6
33/1
3.14
23.49
5
6
17
314
23.75
177.67
2
1
6
6y2
3.40
25.49
5
r-
17
6%
24.48
183.09
2
2
6
95^8
3.68
27.57
5
8
17
9%
25.21
188.60
2
3
7
0%
3.97
29.73
5
9
18
0%
25.96
194.19
2
4
7
37i
4.27
32.69
5
10
18
3%
26.72
199.^
2
5
7
7
4.58
34.30
5
11
18
71/8
27.49
205.61
2
6
7
1014
4.90
36.70
2
8
1%
5.24
39.19
6
18
lOH
28.27
211.55
2
8
8
41/2
5.58
41.76
6
3
19
71/2
30.67
229.43
2
9
8
7%
5.93
44.41
6
6
20
4%
33.18
248.15
2
10
8
lOM
6.30
47.15
6
9
21
2%
35.78
267 61
2
11
9
l|
6.68
49.96
3
9
5
7.06
52.86
7
21
11%
38.48
287.80
3
1
9
814
7.46
55.83
7
3
22
914
41.28
308.72
3
2
9
11%
7.87
58.89
7
6
23
&%
44.17
330.38
3
3
10
2^2
8.89
62.03
7
9
24
41/8
47.17
352.76
3
4
10
5%
8.72
65.26
3
5
10
834
9.16
68.51
8
25
IV2
50.26
375.90
3
6
10
UJi
9.62
73.15
8
3
25
11
53.45
399.76
3
7
11
3
10.08
75.41
8
6
26
s%
56.74
424.36
3
8
11
61/8
10.55
78.96
8
9
27
534
60.13
449.21
3
9
11
9%
11.04
82.59
3
10
12
OK2
11.54
86 30
9
28
314
63.61
475.75
3
11
12
3=/8
12.04
90.10
9
3
29
0%
67.20
502.55
9
6
29
10%
70.88-
530.08
12
634
1256
93.97
9
9
30
71/2
74.66
558.35
1
12
9%
13.09
97.93
2
13
1
13.63
101.97
10
31
5
78.54
587.»>
3
13
4%
14.18
103.03
10
3
32
2%
82.51
617.08
4
13
nl
14.74
110.29
10
6
32
1134
86.59
647.55
5
13
101/2
15.32
114. .57
10
9
33
m
90.76
678.27
How to Reverse the Motion of an "Htigine,
First make a mark on the side of the eccentric, near the shaft, with a
scribe or small chisel; make a corresponding mark on the shaft at the same
point, then place one point of a pair of calipers on the mark on the shaft,
and with the other point find the center of the shaft on the opposite side.
Then, with a scribe, mark this point also. Now unscrew the eccentric and
move it around in the direction in which the engine is intended to run, until
the mark on the eccentric comes into line with the second mark on the shaft;
then make the eccentric fast, and the engine will run in the opposite direc-
tion. It does not make any difference in what direction the crank is when
the eccentric is moved.
COPPER.
115
OFFICIAI, TABIy^
Adopted by the Association of Copper Manufacturers of the
United States.
Rolled copper has specific gravity of 8.93. One cubic foot weighs
558 ,V^% lbs. One square foot, of one inch thick, weighs 46 i^oo lbs.
o o
P z
c«3
THICKNESS IN
DECIMAL PARTS
OF ONE INCH.
OZ. PER SQUARE
FOOT.
3g§
It
SHEETS 30x60
WEIGHT IN LBS.
SHEETS 36x72
WEIGHT IN LBS.
«2 ^
35
.00537
4
1.16
2
3.12
4.50
6
33
.00206
6
1.75
3
4.68
6.75
9
31
.0107
8
2.33
4
6.25
9
12
29
.0134
10
2.91
5
7.81
11.25
15
27
.0161
12
3 50
6
9.37
13.50
18
26
.0188
14
4.08
7
10.93
15.75
21
24
.0215
16
4.66
8
12 50
18
24
23
.0242
18
5.25
9
14.06
20.25
27
22
.0269
20
5.83
10
15.62
22 50
30
21
.0322
24
7
12
18.75
27
36
19
.0430
32
9.33
16
25
36
48
18
.0538
40
11.66
20
31.25
45
60
16
.0645
48
14
24
37.50
54
72
15
.0754
56
16.33
28
43.75
63
84
14
.0860
64
18.66
32
50
72
96
13
.095
70
35
55
79
105
12
.109
81
40^
63
91
122
11
.120
89
441
70
100
134
10
.134
100
50
78
112
150
9
.148
110
55
86
124
165
8
.165
123
61
96
138
184
7
.180
134
67
105
151
201
6
.203
151
75i
118
170
227
5
.220
164
82
128
184
246
4
.238
177
88 1
138
199
266
3
.259
193
96
151
217
289
2
.284 !
211
105^
165
238
317
1
.300
223
1111
174
251
335
0
.340
253
126i
198
285
380
Weight of Sheet Copper Per Square Foot.
1^6 inch thick weighs 3 lbs. to the square foot.
Vs " " " 6 " "
% " " " 12 "
% " •' " 24 " " •• '*
116
COPPER.
The following comparative table of weights will be found useful in
estimating on specifications — the gauge used being the standard in copper.
Braziers' Sheet.
SHEET.
30x60.
WEIGHT TO SQUARE
BIRMINGHAM WIRE
FOOT.
GAUGE.
12^
lbs.
1 lb.
^:
No.
24.
13
1.04 lbs.
=
"
24 full.
14
1.12 "
=
23 light.
15
1.20 "
=
22^.
16
1.28 "
==
22 full.
18
1.44 "
z=:
21.
20
1.60 "
=
20 full.
22
1.76 "
=
19^.
25
2.00 "
=
18^.
27
2.16 " .
=
18 light.
30
2.40 "
17|.
35
2.80 "
=
161
40
3.20 "
=
15 light.
45
3.60 "
==
14 light.
55
4.40 "
13 full.
65
5.20 "
=
111.
75
6.00 "
=
10.
80
6.40 "
=
91.
90
7.20 "
==
8 light.
100
8.00 "
7
110
8.80 "
61 "
120
9.60 "
5^
Gutter Copper.
Thickness
Wire Gauge.
Usual Thickness of 30x60 sht.
Pounds. Size.
Sheets of Same Thickness.
Pounds. 20x72. Oz.
Tinned Copper.
Thickness
Wire Gauge.
W^eight per Sheet.
Pounds. Ounces.
Size of Sheet.
Inches.
Wt persq ft.
Ounces.
24
25
4 i 9
4 1 4
14x48
14x48
14
17
Planished Copper.
Boiler Size.
Weight of Sheet.
Pounds. Ounces.
Number. Size of Sheet.
3
4
5
5
4
4'
14
2
9
4
8
9
14
16
14x49
14x52
14x57
14x60
14x48
14x48
COPPER — CABLES.
117
Classification of Copper.
Standard Size Braziers' 30" x 60''
Standard Size Sheathing 14'' x 48"
All copper in sheets is numbered according to Stub's Gauge.
All brass in sheets is numbered according to Brown & Sharpe's Gauge.
Brass and Copper Wire is numbered according to Stub's Gauge.
Brazed Brass and Copper Tubing is numbered according to Brown &
Sharpe's Gauge
Seamless Brass and Copper Tubing is numbered according to Stub's
Gauge.
In ordering sheet metal give width and temper wanted.
In ordering wire alwaj^s state whether Hard, Soft or Spring Wire is
wanted.
Rolled copper has specific gravitj^ of 8.93. One cubic toot weighs
558i*oVo ^bs. One square foot, of one inch thickness, weighs 46iVo l't)S.
To Ascertain the Weight of Cast Copper.
Rule : Find the number of cubic inches in the piece, multiply by 0 3146
and the product will be the weight in pounds.
Bolt Copper.
weight per lineal foot.
SIZE.
ROUND.
SQUARE.
V4 inches.
.19 pounds.
.24 pounds.
% "
.424; "
.54 "
V2 "
.755
.96 '^
% "
1.17
1.50
% "
1.69
2.16 "
% "
2.31
2.94 "
1
3.02
3.84 "
IVs "
3 82
4.86 "
IV4 "
4.71
6.
1% "
5.71
7.27 "
IV2 "
6.79
8.65 "
1% "
7.94
10.15 "
1% "
9.21
11.77 "
lys "
10.61
13.52 •'
2
12.08
15.38 "
To Ascertain the Weight of Rolled Copper.
Find the number of cubic inches in the piece, multiply by 0.3214, and
the product will be the weight in pounds.
Or, multiply the length and breadth (in feet) and that by the pounds
per square foot.
Bridge Wire Tables.
New York and Brooklyn Bridge.
Cable composed of 6,000 No. 7 galvanized cast steel wires.
Ultimate strength of cable = 22,300,000 pounds.
Diameter of cable = 15V2 inches.
Covington and Cincinnati Bridge.
Cable composed of 5,180 iron wires of No. 9 gauge.
Ultimate strength of cable = 8,424,000 pounds.
Diameter ot cable = 12 inches.
118
CABLES— CRUCIBLES.
Niagara Railway Bridge.
Cable composed of 3,640 iron wires of No. 9 gauge.
Ultimate strength of cable = 6,000,000 pounds.
Diameter of cable = 10 inches.
John A. Roebling, Engineer.
Galvanized Steel Tables.
FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGES.
^0
^0
U8
%
"bJCo
4->
0
.s
so .
.s
0
u .
42 c ns
4J * r2
a.
el
^
bC
Ul
^
.1^
■-^.SPk
.1^
•^.SPh
<U-
Q
Vi
Q
U)
'^
2%
220
13
lys
100
5.8
21/2
200
113
1%
95
5.6
23/8
180
10
1%
75
4.35
214
155
8.64
1^2
65
3.7
2
110
6.5
SlZnS OF CRUCIBI^ieS.
Diameter at
!
Diameter at; Diameter at
Weight of
CapacitA^
Height
the Top
the Bilge
the Bottom
the
of Cruci-
Numbers.
Outside.
Outside.
Outside.
Outside.
Crucible.
ble bv Wt.
of Water.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Lbs. Oz.
Lbs. Oz.
1
314
21/2
2%
1%
9
4y4
2
3%
27/8
3
21/8
12
6^2
3
41/2
3V2
3% -
21/4
1 8
11
4
5
4
4^1%
3
1 13
1
5
514
41/4
43/8
31/8
2 4
1 4
6
5%
4y2
43/4
33/8
2 12
1 12
7
6^4
47/8
5
31/2
3 3
2
8
6V2
5
5l^6
3%
3 8
2 4
10
73/8
5/6
53/4
41/4
4 12
3
12
8
6
6 14
43/4
6 8
4 8
14
83/8
634
TA
53/8
8 8
5 4
16
9
7
71/2
53/4
9 4
6 4
18
914
71/4
73/4
57/8
10 4
7 4
20
934
7%
8V4
6
12 8
8 12
25
1014
8
8%
61/2
14 4
10 4
30
11
83/8
9
63/4
15 12
12 4
35
11%
91/8
97/8
714
19 12
15 8
40
121^
9f^6
1014
7rs
22
18
45
13
95/8
101/2
73/4
25
20
50
13%
93/4
103/4
77/8
27 8
22
60
133/4
10%
11 Vs
8
28 8
24
70
14V2
103/4
lli^e
81/8
33
26 4
80
15
107/8
12
83/4
37 8
29
100
16
11^2
121/2
9
42
32 4
125
16y2
12^2
133/4
97/8
51 12
43 8
CORDAGE.
119
APPROXIMATE Wl^IGHT AND STRENGTH OF
CORDAGE.
Circumferem-.e
Diameter
Weight
Weight
No. of Feet
Strength of
New Manila
in
in
of 1,000
per
in
• INCHED.
INCHES.
feet.
Fathom.
One Pound.
Rope.
Circ.
Dia.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Feet per lb.
Pounds.
34 in 6Th'd.
V4
23
1
43
450
1 " 9 "
i%
33
I
30
750
1J^"12
%
42
'A
24
950
IV4
t'e
52
K
19
1,200
11/2
H
74
,%
13>2
1,700
1%
t'e
101
i
10
2,300
2
?^
132
1
7K
3,000
214
%
167
1
6
3,900
2Vo
13
1 R
207
IJi
5
4,700
23/4
%
250
IM
4
5,700
3
1
297
1|
sy.
6,750
31/4
lA
349
2h
2%
7,900
3V2
1^
405
2/0
2H
9,200
334
IH
465
2%
2 1
10,600
4
li^
529
3^
li%
12,000
41/4
1%
597
31
IK
13,500
4V2
l/e
669
4
13^
15,250
434
1>^.
746
41/2
1>^
16,900
5
1%
826
5
li
18,750
51/2
\%
1000
6
1
22,700
534
i}i
1100
Q%
f^l
25,000
6
1%
1190
Ih
10
27,000
614
2
1291
1%
9i^„
29,300
GV2
2%
1397
H%
81
31,600
7
2%
1620
m
S 71
36,750
7V2
2%
1860
Hi
g 6K
42,200
8
2r%
2116
12/0
t 5%
48,000
8V2
2%
2388
14><^
•
5
54,200
9
2%
2678
' 161
4K
60,700
91-2
^%
2983
, 17i^o
4
67,700
10
3%
3306
1 19i
^%
75,000
Tarred Hemp Cordage will weigh (about) 1-4 more.
Hawser laid Rope will weigh 1-6 less.
The Relative Strength of Manila to Sisal is about as 7 is to 5.
120
COAL.
TABiyB OF am:erican coai,s
COAL.
KIND OF COAL.
Pennsvlvania, Anthracite
Kentucky,
Illinois,
Indiana,
Maryland,
Arkansas,
Colorado,
Texas,
Wash. Ter.,
Pennsylvania,
Cannel
Connelsville
Semi-Bituniincns.
Stone's Gas
Youghioglieny
Brown
Caking
Cannel
Per Cent of
Ash.
Lignite
Bureau Co...
Mercer Co....
Montauk
Block
Caking
Cannel
Cumberland
Lignite
Petroleum.
3.49
6.13
2.90
15.02
6.50
10.77
5.00
5 60
9.50
2.75
2,00
14.80
7.00
5.20
5.60
5.50
2.50
5.66
6.00
13.98
5 00
9.25
4.50
4.50
3.40
Theoretical Value.
In Heat
Units
per lb.
14.199
13.535
14.221
13.143
13.368
13.155
14.021
14.265
12.324
14.391
15.198
13.360
9.326
13.025
13.123
12.659
13.588
14.146
13.097
12.226
9.215
13.562
13.866
12 962
11 551
20 746
In Pounds
of Water
Evaporation
14 70
14.01
14 72
13.60
13.84
13.62
14.51
14.76
12.75
14 89
16.76
13.84
9 65
13.48
13.58
13.10
14.38
14.64
13.56
12.65
9.54
14.04
14.35
13.41
11.96
21 47
WiEIGHT OF CHARCOAI,.
(Per bushel of 2748 cubic inches.)
Oak 21.38
Oak and Pine mixed 19.64
Pine 17.85
Pine (light) 17.19
COLUMNS.
121
SAFE IvOAD, IN TONS OF 2,000 lyBS. FOR CAST-IRON
COI/UMNS WITH TURNED CAPITAI/S AND BASES.
1
OUTSIDE DIAMETEK,
: OUTSIDE DIAMETER,
1 OUTSIDE DIAMETER,
OUTSIDE DIAMETER,
3 inches.
4 inches.
5 inches.
!
6 inches.
g
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
z
in inches.
in inches.
in inches.
in inches.
a
^2
%
1 •
'm
V2
H
1 1
|.«
%\ 'a\ 1
1^4
M
1
1^
1%
7
12.8
15.9
17 2
24.9
32.9
38.3
41.7
39.5 53 8 65.0
73.3
77.3
95.5
110 3
122.1
8
10.9
13 0
14 0
—
21.7
28,4
33.0
a5.8
35.1 47.6 57.3
64.4
69.7
85.^
98.7
108.8
9
8.9
10 7
11 4
....
19.0
24 8
28.7
31.0
31.3 42.3, 50.7
56.8
62. S
77.1
88.5
97.3
10
7.5
8.9
9.6
17.4
22.0
24.9
26.3
28 0 37. 7| 45.1
1
50.41
56.9
69.6
79.6
87.4
11
6.4
7.6
8.1
14.8
18,7
21.1
22 4
25.2! 33.8' 40.3
44.9
51.6
63.0
71,9
78.7
12
5.4
6.6
7.0
12 7
16.2
18.2
19 3
22.7 30.51 36.2
40.3]
46.9
57.2
65.2
71.2
13
4.8
5.7
6.1
11.1
14.1
15.9
16 8
21.0 27.6 32.2
aT.2
42.9
52.1
59.3
64.6
14
4.2
5.0
5.4
9.8
12.4
14.0
U 9
18.5 24.3 28.3
31.0
39.3
47.6
54.1
58.9
15
3.7
4.5
4.8
8.7
11.1
12.5
13.2
16.5i 21.6 25.2
27.6
36.8
43.9
49.0
52.6
16
3.4
4.0
4.3
....
7.8
9.9
11.2
11.8
14.8 19.4 22.6
24.7
33.0
39.4
44.0
47.2
17
3.0
3.6
3.9
7.0
8.9
10 1
10 7
13.3, 17.5 20.4
22.3
29.8
35.5
39.7
42.5
18
2.8
3.3
3.6
6.4
8.1
9 1
9 7
12. If 15.91 18.5
20.2'
27.0
32.2
36.0
38.6
19
2.5
3.0
3.2
5.8
7.4
8.3
88
11.0: 14.5
16 9
18.4
24.6
29.4
32.8
35.2
20
2.3
2.7
2.9
....
5.3
6.8
7.6
8.1
10 1 13.3
15.4
16.9
22.6
26.9
30.1
32.3
21
2.1
2.5
2.7
4.9
6.2
7.0
7.5
9.3 12.2
14.2
15.5
20.8
24.8
27.7
29.7
22
2.
2.3
2.5
4.6
5.8
6.5
6.9
8.6 11.3' 13.1
14 4
19 2
22 9
25.6
27.4
23
1.8
2.1
2.3
4.2
5.3
6.0
6.4
8.0 10.5 12.2
13.3
17.8
21.2
23.7
25.4
24
l.V
2.0
2.1
3.9
5.0
5.6
-,.9
7.4 9.7i 11.3
12 4
16 6
19 7
23.1
23.7
25
1.6
1.9
3.7
4.6
5.2
5.5
6.9' 9.1! 10.6
11.5
15.4
18.4
20.6
22.1
f:
OUTSIDE DIAMETEK,
1
OUTSIDE DIAMETER,
OUTSIDE DIAMETER,
7i
ifhes.
8 inches.
9 inches,
g
Thickness
i
Thickness
Thickness
in inches.
in inches.
in inches.
^
»4 '
1
ni
Vi
%
1
m
1/2
u
1
V4
1%
8
9
10
102.4
93.6
&5.6
78.4
128.7
117.0
106.7
97.5
1.50.7
136.9
124.6
113.5
169.4
153.5
139.3
126.6
128.3
118.7
109.8
1 101.5
162.6
150 1
138.5
127.8
193.0
177.7
163.6
150.7
219.5
201.6
185.2
170.2
154.8
144.7
135.0
126.0
197.7
184.5
171.8
160.0
236.6
220.2
204.7
190.3
271.4
252.0
233.9
217.0
11
li
13
14
15
71.8
66.0
60.7
56.0
51.8
89.2
81.7
75.1
69.2
63.9
las.e
94.8
87 0
80.0
73.8
115.3
105.3
96.5
88.6
81.6
94.0
87.0
80.7
75.0
69.8
118.0
109.2
101.1
93.8
87.1
139.0
128.2
118.5
109.8
101.9
156.7
144.3
133.2
123.2
114.2
117.5
109.6
102.4
95.7
89.5
149.0
138.8
129.4
120.8
112.9
177.0
164.5
153.2
142.8
133.3
201.4
187.0
173.9
161.9
150.9
16
17
18
19
20
48.1
44.61
42.0
38.3!
35. Ij
59.2
54.9
50.9
46.4
42.5
68.2
63.2
57.8
52.7
48.3
75.4
69.8
63.0
57.4
52.6
■ 65.0
60.7
56.8
53.2
51.1
81.1
75.7
70.7
66.2
62.7
94.7
88.3
82.4
77.1
72.1
106.1
98.7
92.1 1
86.1 (
79.5
83.9
78.7
73.9
69.6
65.5
105.7
99.0
92.9
87.4
82.3
124.6
116.7
109.4
102.7
96.7
140.9
131.8
123.5
115.9
108.9
21
23
23
24
25
32.3
29.8
27.7
25.7
24.0
39.1
36.2
33.5
31.2
20.1
44.5
41.1
38.1
35.4
33.1
48.4
44.7
41.5
38.6
36.0
47.0
43.5
40.3
37.5
35.0
57.7
53.3
49.4
46.0
42.9
66.4
61.3
56.8
52.9
49.3
73.2
67.6
62.7
58.3
54.4
61.8
58.4
55.9
52.0
48.5
75.5
73.2
69.3
64.4
60.1
91.0
85.9
80.4
74.8
69.8
102.6
96.7
89.5
83.3
77.7
The o^reat secret in smoke prevention is to have a hot fire with plenty of
room and time to let all the gas burn before o^ettino- lower in temperature
than a red heat (800 deg. Fahr.) and to fire in small quantities over a part
of the grate at a time.
122
COLUMNS.
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124
COLUMNS.
TABI,:^ OF BRl^AKING I^OADS, IN TONS, OF HOI^I^OW
CYIvINDRICAI, WROUGHT IRON COI^UMNS.
With flat ends, perfectly true and firmly fixed, and the load pressing equally on
every part of the top.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
Thickness of Iron 14 Inch.
External Diameter in Ins
2 I 214 I 2V2
Tons. Tons. \ Tons. Tons
2%
11.7
11.2
10.6
9.9
9.1
8.3
7.4
6.7
6.0
5.4
4.8
4.3
3.9
3.5
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.0
13.2
14.8
12.8
14.5
12.2
13.9
11.6
13 3
10.8
12.5
9.9
11.6
9.1
10.8
8.3
9.9
7.5
9.1
6.9
8.4
6.2
7.7
5.6
7.0
5.2
6.5
4.7
6.0
4.3
5.5
4.0
5.1
3.4
4.4
2.8
3.7
16.4
16.1
15.6
15.0
14.2
13.4
12.6
11.7
10.8
10.1
9.3
8.6
8.0
7.4
6.9
6.4
5.6
4.7
Tons.
18.0
17.8
17.3
16.7
16.0
15.2
14.4
13.5
12.6
11.8
11.0
10.2
9.5
8.9
8.3
7.7
6.8
5.8
Thickness of Iron 14 Inch.
External Diameter in Ins.
I 21/4
Tons. Touss.
21.9
21.1
19.9
18.6
17.0
15.4
13.9
12.5
11.2
10.0
9.0
8.1
7.3
6.6
6.0
5.5
4.5
3.8
25.4
24.3
23.1
21.8
20.4
18.8
17.3
15.6
14.2
13.0
10.7
10.6
9.6
8.8
8.0
7.3
6.0
5.1
2^2
Tons.
28.3
27.6
26.4
25.3
23 5
22.1
20.5
19 1
17.5
16.1
15.7
13.5
12.4
11.3
10.4
9.5
8.0
6.8
Cfc
234
3
Tons.
Tons.
31.4
34.5
1
30.7
33.9
2
29.7
33.0
3
28.5
31.9
4
27.3
30.7
5
25.7
29.2
6
23.8
27.8
7
22.3
25.9
8
20.6
24.3
9
19.1
22.7
10
17.6
21.1
11
16.4
19.6
12
15.1
18.2
13
14.0
17.0
14
12.9
15.8
15
12.0
14.6
16
10.3
12.7
18
8.7
11 0
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
Thickness of Iron 14 Inch.
External Diameter in Ins.
3V2
*
41/2
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
40
47
53
40
47
53
39
46
52
38
45
51
37
44
50
36
43
49
34
41
47
32
40
46
30
38
44
29
37
43
27
35
41
26
33
40
24
31
38
23
30
36
21
28
34
20
27
33
18
24
30
16
21
27
Tons. ! Tons.
60
72
60
72
59
71
58
71
57
70
56
69
54
68
53
67
51
65
50
64
48
62
46
61
44
59
43
57
41
55
40
54
37
50
34 1
47
Thickness of Iron 14 Inch.
External Diameter in Ins.
7
8
9
10
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
166
189
214
238
163
186
212
237
158
184
210
235
154
181
207
232
149
176
203
228
143
171
199
224
137
165
194
219
131
160
187
213
124
153
180
207
117 1
145
173
201
Tons
290
289
288
284
280
276
272
268
263
257
O «
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
The breaking loads for less thickness
may safely be assumed to diminish at
the same rate as the thickness.
Wrought iron columns shorten at the
average rate of about Ys inch in 30 feet,
under loads of 4 tons per square inch of
metal cross-section ; and cast iron ones
average about twice as much.
For lengths up to about 25 times the diameter, cast iron columns are stronger
than wrought iron ones; but for longer lengths wrought iron are the stronger.
In fixing a column it is important to equalize the pressure over every part of the
top and bottom of it.
CHORDS.
125
TABIvE OP I<ONG CHORDS.
DEGREE OF
CURVE.
200 FEET.
300 FEET.
400 FEET.
500 FEET.
600 FEET.
o /
0 10
200.000
299.999
399.998
499.996
599.993
20
199.999
.997
.992
.983
.970
30
.998
.992
.981
.962
.933
40
.997
.986
.966
.932
.882
50
.995
.979
.947
.894
.815
1 0
199.992
299.978
399.924
499.848
599.733
10
.990
.959
.896
.793
.637
20
.986
.946
.865
.729
.526
30
.983
.932
.829
.657
.401
40
.979
.915
.789
.577
.260
50
.974
.898
.744
.488
.105
2 0
199.970
299.878
399.695
499.391
598.934
10
.964
.857
.643
.285
.750
20
.959
.834
.586
.171
.550
30
.952
.810
.524
.049
.336
40
.946
.783
.459
498.918
.106
50
.939
.756
.389
.778
597.862
3 0
199.931
299.726
399.315
498.630
597.604
10
.924
.695
.237
.474
.331
20
.915
.662
.154
.309
.043
30
.907
.627
.068
.136
596.740
40
.898
.591
398.977
497.955
.423
50
.888
.553
.882
.765
.091
4 0
199.878
299.513
398.782
497.566
595.744
10
.868
.471
.679
.360
.383
20
.857
.428
.571
.145
.007
30
.846
.383
.459
496.921
594.617
40
.834
.337
.343
.689
.212
50
.822
.289
.223
.449
593.792
5 0
199.810
299.239
398.099
496.200
593.358
10
.797
.187
397.970
495.944
592.909
20
.783
.134
.837
.678
.446
30
.770
.079
.700
.405
591.968
40
.756
.023
.559
.123
.476
50
.741
298.964
.413
494.832
590.970
6 0
199.726
298.904
397.264
494.534
590.449
10
.710
.843
.110
.227
589.914
20
.695
.779
396.952
493.912
.364
30
.678
.714
.790
.588
588.800
40
.662
.648
.623
.257
.221
50
.644
.579
.453
492.917
587.028
7 0
199.627
298.509
396.278
492.568
587.021
10
.609
.438
.099
.212
586.400
20
.591
.364
395.916
491.847
585.765
30
.572
.289
.729
.474
.115
40
.553
.212
.538
.093
584.451
50
.533
.134
.342
490.704
583.773
8 0
.513
298.054
395.142
490.306
583.081
126
CtfRYES.
Radii, Ordinates and Deflections of Railroad CMrves;.
0 10
20
30
40
50
1 0
10
20
30
40
50
2 0
lO
20
30
40
50
3 O
lO
20
30
40
50
4 0
lO
20
30
50
5 O
lO
20
30
40
50
6 0
10
20
30
40
50
7 0
10
20
30
40
50
8 O
10
20
30
40
50
34377.48
17188.76
11459.19
8594.41
6875.55
5729.65
4911.15
4297.28
3819.83
3437.87
3125.36
2864.93
2644.58
2455.70
2292.01
2148.79
2022.41
1910.08
1809.57
1719.12
1637.28
1562.88
1494.95
1432.69
1375.40
1322.53
1273.57
1228.11
1185.78
1146.28
1109.33
1074.68
1042.14
1011.51
982.64
955.37
929.57
905.13
881.95
859 92
838.97
819.02
800.00
781.84
764.49
747.89
732 01
716.78
702.18
688.16
674.69
661.74
649.27
ORDINATES.
i2y2
.016
.032
.048
.064
.080
.095
.111
.127
.143
.159
.175
.191
.207
.223
.239
.255
.270
.286
.302
.318
.334
.350
366
.382
.398
.414
.430
.446
.462
.477
.493
.509
.525
.541
.557
.573
.589
.605
.621
.637
.653
.669
.685
.701
.717
.733
.748
.764
.780
.796
.812
.828
.844
25
.027
.055
.082
.109
.136
.164
.191
218
.245
.273
.300
.327
.355
.382
.409
.436
.464
.491
.518
.545
.573
.600
.627
.655
.682
.709
.736
.764
.791
.818
.846
.873
.900
.928
.955
.982
1.009
1.037
1.064
1.091
1.118
1.146
1.173
1.200
1.228
1.255
1.283
1.310
1.337
1.365
1.392
1.419
1.447
37y2
.034
.068
.102
.136
.170
.205
.239
.273
.307
.341
.375
.409
.443
.477
.511
.545
.580
614
.648
.682
.716
.750
.784
.318
352
.886
.921
.955
,989
1.023
1.057
1.091
1.125
1.159
1.193
1.228
1.262
1.296
1.330
1.364
1.398
1.432
1.466
1.501
1.535
1.569
1.603
1.637
1.671
1.705
1.739
1.774
1 808
50
.036
.073
.109
.145
182
218
.255
.291
.327
.364
.400
.436
.473
.509
.545
.582
.618
.655
.691
.727
.764
.800
.836
.873
.909
.945
.982
1.018
1.055
1.091
1.127
1.164
1.200
1.237
1.273
1.309
1.346
1.382
1.418
1.455
1.491
1.528
1.564
1.600
1.637
1.673
1.710
1.746
1.782
1.819
1.855
1.892
1.928
TANGENT-
DEFLEC-
TION.
.145
.291
.436
.582
.527
.573
1.018
1.164
1.309
1.454
1.600
1.745
1.891
2.036
2.181
2.327
2.472
2.618
2.763
2.908
3.054
3.199
3.345
3.490
3.635
3.781
3.926
4.071
4.217
4.362
4.507
4.653
4.798
4.943
5.088
5.234
5.379
5.524
5.669
5.814
5,960
6.105
6.250
6.395
6.540
6.685
6.831
6.976
7.121
7.266
7.411
7.566
7.701
CHORD DE-
FLECTION.
291
.582
.873
1.164
1.454
1.745
2 036
2.327
2.618
2 909
3.200
3.490'
3,781
4.072
4.363
4.654
4.945
5.235
5.526
5.817
6.108;
6.398:
6.6891
6.980t
7.271
7.561
7.852
8.143
8.433
8.724
9.014
9.305
9.596
9.886
10.177
10.467
10.758
11.048
11.339
11.629
11.919
12.210
12.500
12.790
13.081
13.371
13.661
13.951
14.241
14.532
14.822
15.112
15.402;
RAIIyROAD CURV:BS.
ELEVATION OF THE OUTER RAIL OF CURVES.
DEGREE
SPEED OF TRAIN IN
MILES PER
HOUR.
OF
CURVE.
15
20
25
30
40
50
1
.012
.022
.034
.049
.088
.137
2
.025
.044
.068
.099
.175
.274
3
.037
.066
.10c
.148
.263
.411
4
.049
.088
.137
.197
.361
.548
5
.062
.110
.171
.247
.438
.685
6
.074
.131
.205
.296
.526
.822
7
.086
,153
.240
.345
.613
.958
8
.099
.175
.274
.394
.701
1.095
9
.111
.197
.308
.443
.788
1.232
10
.123
.219
.342
.493
.876
1.368
CHANNELS.
127
chann:ei/ bars.
WEIGHT
AREA OP
THICKNESS
WIDTH OF
DESIGNATION.
PER FOOT.
SECTION.
OF WEB.
FLANGE.
Pounds.
Square Inch.
1 Inches.
Inches.
15^' Light,
15^^ Heavy,
40.
60.
12.00
18.00
.525
i .925
3.53
3.93
12" One weight,
12" Light,
12'^ Heavv,
12" Light,
12" Heavy,
20.
22.5
30.
30.
50.
6.00
6.75
9.00
9.00
15.00
.318
1 .324
.512
.457
.957
3.01
3.01
3.20
2.71
3.21
10" One weight,
10'^ Light,
10'^ Heavv,
10'^ Light,
10'^ Heavy,
16.
17.5
30.
20.
35.
4.80
5.25
9.00
6.00
10.50
.329
.300
.675
.305
.755
2.52
2.43
2.80
2.50
3.01
9'^ One weight,
9" Light,
9" Heavy,
14.5
18.
30.
4.35
5.40
9.00
.316
.305
.705
2.50
2.43
2.83
8" Light,
8" Heavy,
8" Light,
8" Heavy,
12.5
15 5
16.
28.
3.75
4.65
4.80
8.40
.264
.376
.303
.753
2.01
2.13
2.30
2.75
7" Light,
7" Heavy,
7" Light.
7" Heavy,
10.5
13.5
14.
20.
3.15
4.05
4.20
6.00
.247
.375
.296
.554
2.00
2.13
2.30
2.55
6" Light,
6" Heavv,
6" Light,
6" Heav3',
7.5
9.5
10.
16.
2.25
2.85
3.00
4.80
.196
.296
.227
.527
1.76
1.86
1.98
2.28
5" Light,
5" Heavy,
5" Light,
5" Heavy,
6.5
8.5
9.
14.
1.95
2.55
2.70
4.20
.219
.339
.245
.545
1.66
1.78
1.93
2.23
4" Light,
4" Heavv,
4" Light,
4" Heavy,
6.
7.
7.
9.
1.80
2.10
2.10
2.70
.246
.321
.244
.394
1.62
1.70
1.74
1.89
3'' Light,
3^^ Heavy,
5.
6.
1.50
1.80
.199
.299
1.51
1.61
128 CEMENT.
HYDRAUIvIC C:EMENT.
Trautwine defines hydraulic cement as follows: Burnt stone finely
ground, and possessing the property of hardening under water.
Hydraulic cements are both artificial and natural. The former are em-
braced under the name of " Portland Cement," while the latter are gener-
ally known under the name of "Louisville Cement."
The composition of English Portland cement averages as follows:
Lime 59.47
Soluble Silica 23.63
Insoluble. . 1.17
Alumina and Ferric Oxide 10.87
Carbonic Anhydride 1.00
Sulphuric Anhydride 1.65
Alkalies, moisture, etc 2.21
100.00
An imperial bushel of best cement, freshly ground, passing through an
80 mesh sieve and leaving 10 per cent, residue, weighs 110 lbs.
20 " ' " " 116 "
25 " " " 121 "
35 " " " 123 "
All cement increases in bulk with age, therefore the weight per bushel
becomes proportionately lighter.
An imperial bushel of cement, which weighed when
One day old 117 reweighed.
One month later 113
Two months later 108
Twelve months later 103 "
When weight per bushel is specified it can only be ascertained by weigh-
ing the whole bushel, to weigh a given part and then multiply will not give
a correct result. As fineness of grinding is a most important factor in the
strength of concrete, the following degrees of fineness should be at least
required:
For ordinary purposes to leave under 10 per cent, residue on 2,500 mesh
sieve.
For special work to leave under 10 per cent, residue on 6,500 mesh
sieve.
The London Board of Works requires not more than 20 per cent, of
residue should be left on a sieve of 5,766 holes to the square inch.
The specific gravity of best Portland cement is never below 3.02.
A barrel of Portland cement weighs on average 400 pounds, and con-
tains about 3^ bushels, or, measured loose, 4.25 cubic feet.
Average Analysis of American Portland Cement.
Silica 20.75 per cent.
Alumina f -^^ ^q .i
Oxide oflron \
Lime 62.25
Magnesia 0.25
Sulphuric Acid 0 25
Potash 1.50
Soda 0 75
Oxide of Manganese , 0.20 "
Water 0.26
Carbonic Acid 0.21
CEMENT. 129
A barrel of American Portland cement weighs 400 lbs. gross, 385 lbs.
net, nearly 41/4 cubic feet loose.
1 cubic foot neat, loose, weighs about 92 lbs.
1 cubic foot of concrete, dr\% weighs 150 to 160 lbs.
1 barrel of American Portland cement of 400 lbs. has the capacity to
cover when used with one barrel of sand:
67 square feet, 1 inch thick.
90 " " % "
134 " " 1/2 " "
When used with two barrels of sand:
104 square feet, 1 inch thick.
139 " " % "
208 " " 1/2 "
When used with 3 barrels of sand:
140 square feet, 1 inch thick.
187 " " % "
280 " " 1/2 "
Proportions for Mixing Concrete With American Portland
Cement.
BROKEN STONE UP TO
CEMENT. SAND. 2" DIAMETER.
1 part 2 parts 4 parts.
1 " 3 " 6 "
1 •' 4 " 8 "
1 " 5 " 10 "
1 " 6 " 12 "
I,OUISVIIvI/B (NATURAIy) C:i5ME^NT.
Analysis of l/ouisville Cement.
PER CENT.
Water 1.16
Silica and Insoluble matter 21.10
Alumina and Oxide of Iron 7.51
Calcium Oxide 30.16
Calcium Carbonate 25.42
Magnesium Oxide 7.00
Sulphate of Calcium 6 85
Alkalies and loss 80
100.00
130 CEMENT.
A barrel of Louisville cement weighs 265 lbs. net, averaging about 4^^
cubic feet, or the sixth part of a cubic yard, loose.
A cubic foot of neat cement, loose, weighs 55 to 60 lbs.
1 car load of American Portland cement means 100 barrels (40,000 lbs).
A minimum car load means 24,000 lbs , or 60 barrels of 400 lbs. each.
Or, 253 Burlap sacks of 95 lbs. each.
Or, 253 paper sacks of 95 lbs. each.
The addition of one ounce of salt for every degree of temperature less
than 30 degrees Fahr. to a mixture of 18 gallons of water and one pound
of salt, is supposed to keep mortar from freezing.
A cubic foot of concrete (cement, sand and stone), dr\^ weighs 130 to
160 pounds.
A cubic foot of concrete, one part cement and two parts sand, by bulk,
tamped solid, requires about 36 pounds of cement.
A cubic foot of concrete, equal bulk of cement and sand, tamped solid,
requires about 48 pounds cement.
A car load of Louisville cement usually means 100 barrels in barrels, or
the cement contained in 180 grain bags, or in 400 paper bags.
The weight of a car load of cement in barrels, is 28,500 pounds; in
grain bags, or paper sacks, 30,000 pounds.
Concrete.
Sand and gravel 8 parts.
Common earth burnt and powdered 1 "
Burnt cinders 1 "
Unslacked hydraulic lime 1^^ "
These materials are thoroughly beaten up together, their mixture giv-
ing a concrete which sets almost immediately, and in a lew days becomes
extremely hard and solid.
Good concrete can be made from clean gravel and sand, river ballast,
stone chippings, burnt clay, shingle, broken bricks, crushed flints, etc., ect.,
and the proportion generally adopted by engineers is one of Portland
cement to eight of these or similar materials, technically termed the aggre-
gate.
Plastering and Stucco Work.
One barrel of Portland cement will cover:
38 square feet, 1 inch thick.
56 " " % " "
75 '• " V2 " "
One barrel of Portland cement and one of sand will cover:
76 square feet, 1 inch thick.
100 " " % " "
150 " " 1/2 •' "
One barrel of Portland cement and two of sand will cover:
112 square feet, 1 inch thick.
150 " " % " "
225 " " 1/2 "
CEMENT.
131
Cement, Concrete and Brick Work.
THICKNESS.
CEMENT.
IIN.
3/i IN.
V2IN.
If yds.
21/4 "
31/2 "
11/2 yds.
3
41/2 "
21/4 yds.
4V2 •*
63/4 "
1 bushel of cement and 1 of sand will cover.
1 bushel of cement and 2 of sand will cover.
THICKNESS
CEMENT.
llN.
3^IN.
1/2 IN.
1 barrel of cement will cover
38 feet.
76 "
112 "
56 feet.
100 "
150 "
75 feet.
1 barrel of cement and 1 of sand will cover.
1 barrel of cement and 2 of sand will cover
150 "
225 "
Brickwork.
114 barrels cement,
3 barrels good sand will make sufficient good cement mortar to lay
1,000 brick.
Concrete.
1 barrel of cement,
2 barrels of clean, sharp sand,
5 barrels broken stone, or hard burnt bricks, clean gravel, or shingle,
will yield about 20 cubic feet.
According to tests made with hydraulic cements, briquettes of pure
Portland cement, unmixed wnth sand, gave a tensile strength of from 450
to 560 pounds per square inch, after being 7 daj^s in water; and from 500
to 600 pounds per sqare inch, after being 30 days in water.
Natural cements under the same conditions gave a tensile strength of
from 330 to 350 pounds per square inch.
Cement for Repairing Broken Rocks, Minerals or Fossils.
Take 2 ounces of clear gum arabic, I1/2 ounces of fine starch, 1/2 ounce
white sugar. Pulverize the gum arabic and dissolve it in as much water as
a laundress would use for the quantity of starch indicated. Dissolve the
starch and sugar in the gum solution.
Then cook the mixture in a vessel suspended in boiling water until the
starch becomes clear. The cement should be as thick as tar and kept so.
To keep from spoiling, drop in a lump of gum camphor, or a little oil of
cloves or sassafras.
Cement.
For cementing iron railing tops, iron grating, etc., use a mixture com-
posed of equal parts of sulphur and white lead, w^ith about one-sixth part
of borax, the three being thoroughly mixed together. When it is to be ap-
plied, wet the mixture with strong sulphuric acid, place a thin layer be-
tween the parts and press them together. It will take about 5 days for the
cement to become perfectly dry.
132
WROUGHT IRON I^AP WBI/DBD CASING.
For Artesian, Salt and Oil Wells.
TABLE OF STANDARD DIMENSIONS.
Nominal
Actual
Approx.
Nominal
Actual
Approx.
Nominal
Actual
Approx.
Internal
External
Weight
Internal
External
Weigtit
Internal
External
Weight
Diameter.
Diameter.
per Foot.
Diameter.
Diameter.
per Foot.
Diameter.
Diameter
per Foot.
Ins.
Ins.
Pounds.
Ins.
Ins.
Pounds.
Ins.
Ins.
Pounds.
IH
1.75
1.66
314
3.5
4.27
5
5.25
7.68
12i
2.
1 91
3^
3.75
4.59
5i\
5.5
8.08
2
2.25
8.23
334
4.
5.38
55I
6.
9.35
2K
2.5
2.75
4
4.25
5.50
6^4
6.625
lO.OtJ
21/2
2.75
304
414
4.5
6.01
^%
7.
12.44
2M
3.
3.33
414
4.75
6.5
7%
8.
15.10
3
3.25
3 95
434
5
7.23
8^
8.655
16.15
WEI/I/ CASING.
Inserted Joint, and Uniform Inside Diameter.
NOMINAL INSIDE
ACTUAL OUTSIDE
NOMINAL WEIGHT
NO. OF THREADS
DIAMETER.
DIAMETER.
PER FOOT.
PER IN. OF SCREW.
Inches.
Inches.
Pounds.
2
2y4
2.23
14
2y4
21/2
2.75
14
2y2
23/4
3.00
14
2%
3
3.33
14
3
3y4
3.95
14
3y4
3y2
4.27
14
3V2
334
4.60
14
33/4
4
5.33
14
4
4y4
5.50
14
4y4
4y2
6.00
14
4y2
4%
6.50
14
43/4
5
7.25
14
5
514
7.66
14
5i%
5y2
8.08
14
5%
6
9.35
14
6y4
6%
10 06
14
6%
7
12 45
14
7y4
7%
13 50
14
7%
8
15.10
iiy2
8^4
8%
16.15
iiy2
8%
9
17.25
iiy2
9%
10
19 00
iiy2
103/8
10%
21 50
iiy2
10%
11
21.97
iiy2
11%
12
23.86
iiy2
i2y2
13
33.50
11 y2
i3y2
14
37.50
iiy2
I4y2
15
42.10
i5y2
16
46.70
CASTINGS— COMBUSTIBLES.
133
Shrinkage of Castings.
Iron, small cylinders I'e int:h per foot.
" pipes Vs
" girders, beams, etc W in 15"
" large cylinders, the contraction of diam-\ ,_„ ^^^^
eterattop /^® ^
'* large cylinders, the contraction of diam-\jL/, ,< <<
eter at bottom j^^
" large cylinders, contraction in length Vs" in 16''
Brass, thin Vs' in 9"
thick Vs^inlO"
Zinc tV i" a foot.
Lead h'' "
Copper tV "
Bismuth.; 3^2'' " "
Table of Composition of Combustibles.
<
8
COKE.
WOOD.
PEAT.
ELEMENTS.
PERFECT-
LY DRY.
U
p ^
« CO
0
< 0
0
<
X
.812
.048
.054
.031
.850
510 408
.930
.580
.060
.310
.464
.8a0
Hvdrogen
.053
.417
.042
.334
.048
94.8
.150
OxYS^^en
Nitrogen and Sulphur
Water
i
1
2 00
.200
04.0
Ashes
.055
.150
.020
016
.070
.050
Total
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1 000
1.000
Table of Conducting Power of Various Substances.
SUBSTANCE.
CONDUCT-
ING
POWER.
SUBSTANCE.
CONDUCT-
ING
POWER.
Blotting^ paper
.274
.314
.323
.418
.523
.531
.563
.636
Cork
1.15
Eiderd 0 wn
Coke, pulverized
India rubber
1.29
Cotton or wood, any density
Hemp canvas
1.37
Wood with fibre
1.40
Maho""any dust
Plaster of Paris
3.86
Wood ashes
Baked clay
4.83
Straw
Glass
6.6
Stone
13.68
Wood, across fibre
.83
CALENDAR.
A CAIviENDAR.
For Ascertaining any Day of the Week for any Given Time
Within the Present Century.
TEARS 1801 TO 1900.
1801 1807 181«jl829 1835 1846'1857 1863 1874! 1885i 1891
1802
1303
1805
1813
1814
1811
1819 1830 1841:1847:1858
1825
1822
1869
187511886 1
1806
1809
18r
1823
1831 11842 1 1853' 1859
1833 1839 1850 1861
1870
1867
1881 1 1887
1878 1!
1834 1845 1851 1862 1873 I879'l890
1837,184311854 1865 1871 1882; 1893 1899
1895
1815
1826
1810 1821 1827 1838|1849jl855)l866jl877|1883|l894 1900
To ascertain any day of the
week in any year of the present
century, first look in the table of
years for the year required, and
under the months are figs, which
refer to the corresponding figs.
at the head of the columns of
days below. For example: To
know what day of the week May
4 will be on in the year 1872, in
the table of leap years, it being
a leap year, look for 1872, and
in a parallel line, under May, is
Fig. 3, which directs to col. 3,
in which it will be seen that
May 4 falls on Saturday.
LEAP YEARS.
1804 1832
1808 1836
1812 1840
1816'l844
1820
1824
1828
1848
1852
1856
18601888
1864 1892
1868 1893
1872'....
1876 ....
1880 ...
1884 ....
4 I 7
2~l~5"
5 1
4
2
4 I 7
3 I 6
6 I ^
III
2 I 5
Monday
Tuesday. . .
Wednesday
Thursday..
Friday
Saturday. . .
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday. . .
Wed'sday...
Thursday..
Friday
Saturday . . .
Sunday ....
Monday —
Tuesday
Wed'sday..
Thursday..
Friday
Saturday...
Sunday
Monday —
Tuesday...
Wed'sday. .
Thursday..
Friday
Saurday. .,
Sunday. . .
Monday
Tuesday. . .
Wed'sday.
Tuesday . .
Wed
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday.
Monday. . .
Tuesday .
Wed
Thursday.
Friday...,
Saturday. .
Sunday . . .
Monday. . .
Tuesday..,
Wed ....
Thursday.
Friday . . .
Saturday.
Sunday . . .
Monday. .
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday
Friday...
Saturday.
Sunday. .
Monday. .
Tuesday .
Wed
Thursday
Wed'sday.
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday. .
Sunday . .
Monday . .
Tuesday . .
Wed. .
Thursday.
Friday ...
Saturday. .
Sunday . . .
Monday...
Tuesday..,
Wed
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday.,
Sunday. . .
Monday . .
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday
Friday...,
Saturday.
Sunday . .
Monday .
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday
Friday . . .
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday..
Sunday....
Monday ..
Tuesday...
Wed
Thursday.
Friday. ..
Saturday ..
Sunday. ...
Monday.. .
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday.
Friday....
Saturday..
Sunday.. .
Monday. ..
Tuesday. .
Wed
Thursday.
Friday. ..
Saturday . .
Sunday . .
Monday. .
Tuesday..,
W(!d
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday .
Friday
Saturday. .
Sunday . . .
Monday...
Tuesday. . ,
Wed , . . . . .
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday. .
Sunday. . .
Monday...
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday .
Friday
Saturday. .
Sunday. . .
Monday...
Tuesday..
Wed
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday.,
Sunday . . .
Monday. . .
Tuesday . .
Wed
Thursday
Friday
Saturday.
Sunday. . .
Saturday. .
Sunday...,
Monday...
Tuesday...
Wed
Thursday.
Friday
Saturday. .
Sunday...
Monday..
Tuesday..
Wtd
Thursday
Friday...
Saturday.
Sunday. .
Monday..
Tuesday.
Wed
Thursday
Friday...
Saturday.
Sunday . .
Monday .
Tuesday. .
Wed
Thursday
Friday...
Saturday.
Sunday . .
Monday. .
Sunday 1
Monday 2
Tuesday ...3
Wed 4
Thursday.. 5
Friday 6
Saturday. ..7
Sunday 8
Monday 9
Tuesday.. 10
Wed 11
Thursday. 12
Friday.... 13
Saturday.. 14
Sunday ....lb
Monday.. .16
Tuesday.. 17
Wed 18
Thursday. 19
Friday.... 20
Saturday.. 21
Sunday . . .22
Monday... 23
Tuesday. .24
Wed 25
Thursday. 26
Friday... 27
Saturday.. 28
Sunday . . .29
Monday . .HO
Tuesday ..31
CAR LOAD — DECIMALS.
135
70 bbls. Salt.
70 bbls. Lime.
90 bbls. Flour.
60 bbls. Whiskey.
6 cords Hard Wood.
18 head Cattle.
A Car lyoad is, say
85 head Sheep.
9M. ft. Boards (soft).
17 M. ft. Siding.
13 M. ft. Flooring.
40 M. ft. Shingles.
340 bush. Wheat.
360 bush. Corn.
680 bush. Oats.
400 bush. Barley.
360 bush. Seed.
430 bush. Potatoes.
1.000 bush. Bran.
Table of Decimal Equivalents.
8THS, 16THS, 32dS and 64THS OF AN INCH.
8ths.
#2 =.21875
hl =
.265625
1/8= .125
3% =.281 25
il =
.296875
Vi= .25
U= .34375
e\ =
.328125
3/8 = .375
fi=. 40625
¥ =
.359375
V2= .50
it= .46875
§1 =
.390625
% = .625
H = .53125
.42187s
% = .75
i| = .59375
2 9
.453125
7/8 = .875
§1= .65625
|i =
.484375
11= .71875
if=
.515625
16ths.
11 =.781 25
II =
.546875
H=. 84375
11 =
.578125
j»g=.0625
2|=. 90625
.609375
,%= .1875
U = .96875
11 =
.640625
^^= .3125
11 =
.671875
/«= .4375
11=
.703125
1^6 = .5625
64ths.
11 =
.734375
11= .6875
11 =.81 25
i|= .9375
eS=. 015625
6^4 =.046875
^^= .078125
11 =
Si=
11=
.765625
796875
.828125
32ds.
ii= .109375
11 =
.859375
e%=. 140625
.890625
gi^=. 03125
-i-t=. 171875
11 =
.9218 75
^^== .09375
If = .203125
¥ =
.953125
3^= .15625
ii= .234375
§1 =
.984375
Stubs' Wire Gauge in Inches.
No,
1.
3.
7.
11.
16.
21.
.1^6 inch.
.V4
• Vs
136
DECIMALS.
Table of Decimal iEquivalents of Millimeters and Fractions of
Millimeters.
iJo mm. = .0003937'^
MM. INCHES.
MM. INCHES.
MM. INCHES
5^0 = .00079
IB = .02047
2 =
.07874
^% = .00157
11 = .02126
3 =
.11811
^0 = .00236
§8 = .02205
4 =
.15748
s% = .00315
18 = .02283
5 =
.19685
/o = .00394
IB = .02362
6 =
.23622
5% = .00472
Ih = .02441
7 =
.27559
Jq = .00551
%l = .02520
8 =
.31496
Jg = .00630
i§ = .02598
9 =
.35433
5»Q = .00709
1* = .02677
10 =
.39370
ig = .00787
IS = .02756
11 =
.43307
11- = .00866
i§ = .02835
12 =
.47244
U = .00945
11 = .02913
13 =
.51181
il = .01024
1% = .02992
14 =
.55118
i^ = .01102
38 = .03071
15 =
.59055
ig = .01181
U = .03150
16 =
.62992
i« = .01260
%h = .03228
17 =
.66929
U = .01339
|2 = .03307
18 =
.70866
!§ = .01417
U = .03386
19 =
.74803
1% = .01496
U = .03465
20 =
.78740
18 = .01575
|g = .03543
21 =
.82677
U = .01654
|« = .03622
22 =
.86614
11 = .01732
1-?, = .03701
23 =
.90551
ig = .01811
IB = .03780
24 =
.94488
|4 = .01890
IB = .03858
25 =
.98425
IB = .01969
1 = .03937
26 =
1.02362
10 mm. = 1 Centimeter = 0.3937 inches.
10 cm. = 1 Decimeter = 3.937
10 dm. = 1 Meter = 39.37
25.4 mm. = 1 English Inch.
Wrought or malleable iron has been known from a period which ante-
dates history, and by several nations.
A wedge of iron has been found in the Great Pyramid ; hence it was
known in the time of Moses 1500 B. C, and in the time of Cheops 3500 B.
C, or still further back in the time of Menes 4400 B. C.
Iron occurs in large deposits in the form of oxide, and constitutes an
ingredient of nearly all rocks, soils and natural waters.
DECIMALS.
137
Decimal Parts of a Foot for iEach 1-64 of an Inch.
Inch.
0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6" 7"
8"
9"
1 10"
11"
0
0
.0833
.1667
.2500
.3333
.4167
.5000 .5833
.6667
.7500
.8333
.9167
.0013
.0026
.0039
.0052
.0846
.0859
.0872
.0885
.1680
.ld93
.1706
.1719
.2.513
.2526
.2539
.2552
.3346
.3a59
.3372
.3385
.4180
.4193
.4206
.4219
.5013 ' .5846
.5026 .5859
.5039 .5<S72
.5052 1 .5885
.6680
.6693
.6706
.6719
.7.513
.7526
.7539
.7552
.8346
.8359
.8372
.8385
•9180
•9193
•9206
.9219
.0065
.0078
.0091
.0104
.0898
.0911
.0924
.0937
.1732
.1745
.1758
.1771
.2565
.2578
.2.591
.2604
.3398
.3411
.3424
.3437
.4232
.4245
.4258
.4271
.5065
.5078
.5091
.5104
.5898
.5911
.5924
.5937
.6732
.6745
.6758
.6771
.7565
.7578
.7591
.7604
.8398
.8411
.8424
.8437
.9232
.9245
.9258
.9271
<*
.0117
.0130
.0143
.0156
.0951
.0964
.0977
.0990
.1784
.1797
.1810
.1823
.2617
.2630
.2643
.2656
.3451
.3464
.3477
.3490
.4284
.4297
.4310
.4323
.5117
.5130
.5143
.5156
.5951
.5964
.5977
.5990
.8784
.6797
.6810
.6823
.7617
.7630
.7643
.7656
.8451
.84&4
.8477
.8490
.9284
.9297
,9310
.9323
^
4
.0169
.0182
.0195
.0208
.1003
.1016
.1029
.1042
.1836
.1849
.1862
.1875
.2669
.2682
.2695
.2708
.3503
.3516
.3529
.3542
.4336
.4349
.4362
.4375
.5169
.5182
.5195
.5208
.6003
.6016
.6029
.6042
.6836
.6849
.6862
.6875
.7669
.7682
.7695
.7708
.8503
.8516
.8529
.8542
.9336
.9349
,9362
.9375
¥
.0221
.0234
.0247
.0260
.1055
.1068
.1081
.1094
.1888
.1901
.1914
.1927
.2721
.2734
.2747
.2760
.3.555
.3568
.8581
.3594
.4388
.4401
.4414
.4427
.5221
.5234
.5247
.5260
.6055
.6068
.6081
.6094
.6888
.6901
.6914
.6927
.7721
.77a4
.7747
.7760
.8555
8568
.8571
.8594
.9388
.9401
.9414
.9427
!
.0273
.0286
.0299
.0312
.1107
.1120
.1133
.1146
.1940
.1953
.1966
.1979
.2773
.2786
.2799
.2812
.3607
.3620
.3633
.3646
.4440
.4453
.4466
.4479
.5273
.5286
.5299
.5312
.6107
.6120
.6133
.6146
.6940
.6953
.6966
.6979
.7773
.7786
.7799
.7812
.8607
.8620
.8633
.8646
.9440
.9453
.9466
.9479
i
.0326
.0339
.0352
.0365
.1159
.1172
.1185
.1198
.1992
.2005
.2018
.2031
.2S26
.2839
.2852
.2865
.3659
.3672
.3685
.3698
.4492
.4505
.4518
.4531
.5326
.5339
.5352
.5365
.6159
.6172
.6185
.6198
.6992
.7005
.7018
.7031
.7826
.7839
.7852
.7865
.8659
.8672
.8685
.8698
.9492
.9505
.9518
.9531
II
i!
.0378
.0391
,0404
.0417
.1211
.1224
.1237
.1250
.2044
.2057
.2070
.2083
.2878
.2891
.^4904:
.2917
.3711
.3724
.3737
.3750
.4544
.4557
.4570
.4583
.5378
.5391
.5404
.5417
.6211
.6224
.6237
.6250
.7044
.7057
.7070
.7083
.7878
.7891
.7904
.7917
.8711
.8724
.8737
.8750
.9544
.9557
.9570
.9583
i
.0430
.0443
.0456
.0469
.1263
.1276
.1289
.1302
.2096
.2109
.2122
.2135
.2930
.2943
.2956
.2989
.3763
.3776
.3789
.3802
.4596
.4609
.4622
.4635
.5430
.5443
.5456
.5469
.6263
.6276
.6289
.6302
.7096
.7109
.7122
.7135
.7930
.7943
.7956
.7969
.8763
.8776
.8789
.8802
.9596
.9609
.9622
.9635
^1
.0482
.0495
.0508
.0521
.1315
.1328
.1341
.1354
.2148
.2161
.2174
.2188
.2982
.2995
.3008
.3021
.3815
.3828
.3841
.3854
.4648
.4661
.4674
.4688
.5482
.5495
.5508
.5571
.6315
.6328
.6341
.6354
.7148
.7161
.7174
.7188
.7982
.7995
.8008
.8021
.8815
.8828
.8841
.8854
.9648
.9661
.9674
.9688
If
11
.0534
.0547
.0560
.0573
.1367
.1380
.1393
.1406
.2201
.2214
.22-27
.2-^40
.3034
.3047
.3060
.3073
.3867
.3880
.3893
.3906
.4701
.4714
.4727
.4740
.5534
.5.547
..5.560
.5573
.6367
.6380
.6393
.6406
.7201
.7214
.7227
.7240
•8034
.8047
.8060
8073
.8867
.8880
.8893
.8906
.9701
.9714
.9727
.9740
II
f
.0586
.0599
.0612
.0625
.1419
.1432
.1445
.1458
.2253
.2266
.2279
.2292
.3086
.3099
.3112
.3125
.3919
.3932
.3945
.39.58
.4753
.4766
.4779
.4792
.5586
.5599
.5612
.5625
.6419
.6432
.6445
.6458
.7253
.7266
.7279
.7292
.8086
.8099
.8112
.8125
.8919
.8932
.8945
.8958
.9753
.9766
.9779
.9792
!!
.0638
.0651
.0664
.0677
.1471
.1484
.1497
.1510
.2305
.2318
.2331
.2344
.3138
.3151
.3164
.3177
.3971
.3984
.3997
.4010
.4805
.4818
.4831
.4844
.5638
.5651
.5664
.5677
.6471
.6484
.6497
.5510
.7305
.7318
.7331
.7344
.8138
.8151
.8164
.8177
.8971
.8984
.8997
.9010
.9805
.9818
.9831
.9844
If
1
.0690
.0703
.0716
.0729
.1523
.1.536
.1.549
.1562
.2357
.2370
.2383
.2396
.3190
..3203
.3216
.3229
.4023
.4036 I
.4049 1
.4062
.4857
.4870;
.4883
.4896'
.5690
.5703
.5716
.5729
.6523
.&536
.6549
.6562
.7357
.7370
.7383
.7396
.8190
.8203
.8216
.8229
.9023
.9036
.9049
.9062
.9857
.9870
.9883
.9896
If
.0742
.0755
.0768
.0781
.1576
.1589
.1602
.1615
.2409
.2422
.2435
.2548
.3242
.32.55
.3268
.3281
.4076
.4089
.4102
.4115
.4909 .5742 .6576
.4922 : .5755 ! .6589
.4935 .5768 .6602
.4948 .5781 .6615
.7409
.7422
.7435
.7448
.8242
.8255
.8268
.8281
.9076
.9089
.9102
.9115
.9909
.9922
.9935
.9948
11
.0794
.0807
.0820
.1628
.1641
.1654
.2461
.2474
.2487
.3294
.3307
.3320
.4128
.4141
.4154
.4961 .5794 .6628
.49:4 .5807 .6641
.4987 .5820 , .6654
.7461
.7474
.7«r
.8294
.8307
.8320
.9128
.9141
.9154
.9961
.9974
.9987
1.0000
To obtain the foot dpcimal fo • an inch and fraction of an inch, add together the corre-
sponding decimals, thus, for 7J3 inches :
7 inches 5833
hi .0169
7i| 6002
138
DRILLS.
Sizes of Crescent Special Polished Drill Rods and Wire.
COMPARE GAUGE WITH EXACT SIZES GIVEN IN THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH.
Sizes in
Sizes in
Sizes in
Sizes in
Nos.
Decimals of
Nos.
Decimals of
Nos
Decimals of
Decimals of
1 Inch.
1 Inch.
1 Inch.
1 Inch.
1
0.228
16
0.177
31
0.120
46
0.080
2
0.221
17
0.173
32
0.116
47
0.079
3
0.213
18
0.170
33
0.113
48
0.076
4
0.209
19
0.166
34
0.111
49
0.073
5
0.206
20
0.161
35
0.110
50
0.070
6
0 204
21
0.159
36
0.106
51
0.067
7
0,201
22
0.156
37
0.104
52
0.064
8
0.199
23
0.154
38
0.101
53
0.060
9
0.196
24
0.152
39
0.100
54
0.054
10
0 194
25
0.150
40
0.098
55
0.052
11
0.191
26
0.148
41
0.096
56
0.047
12
0 188
27
0.145
42
0 094
57
0 044
13
0 185
28
0.141
43
0.089
58
0.042
14
0.182
29
0.136
44
0 086
59
0 041
15
0.180
30
0.129
45
0 082
60
0 040
LETTER SIZES OF WIRES.
A
0.234
H
0 266
0
0.316
U
0 368
B
0.238
1
0.272
P
0 323
V
0 377
C
0.242
.1
0 277
Q
0.332
W
0.386
D
0.246
K
0.281
R
0.339
X
0 397
K
0.250
L
0.290
s
0.348
Y
0.404
F
0.257
M
0 295
T
0 358
Z
0.413
G
0.261
N
0.302
The CorrkIvATION of Forces.— Of the various forms of energy exist-
ing in nature, any one maybe transformed into any other, the one form
appearing as the other disappears. This is what is meant by "the correla-
tion of forces." Thus the rotary power of a wheel, if applied to turn a
magnet, is converted into electricity; and this electricity, if employed to
drive a wheel, is changed back into rotary power.
139
Twist Drills.
TAP DRILLS.
The following table, showing the different sizes ol drills that should be
used when a full thread is to be tapped in a hole, is practically correct.
WII2.1S8R
^JftaUL'TUR
•DTAMHTEK
NO. TMnccBiKs '
DRILL FOR V THREAD.
u s. s.
WHITWORTH
OF TAP.
TO INXH.
THREAD.
THREAD.
Ya.
16 18 20
#2
#2
?l
1^6
x\
3%
16 18 20
1^6
^4
if
h
16 18
.\
«l
V4
If
%
16 18
1/4
H
14 16 18
^
3^
/.
3^2
3\
S
14 16 18
If
21
64
¥4
14 16
u
hi
H
H
^1
3^
14 16
H
%
12 13 14
%
if
25
64
H
%
Vi
12 13 14
g^4
II
r\
12 14
V
29
64
/e
II
12 14
II
ai
64
%
10 11 12
M
1/2
1/2
V2
H
10 11 12
V2
if
H
10 11 12
if
%
%
%
%
ft
10 11 12
%
u
ii
Vs
9 10
If
11
II
II
11
9 10
If
%
1
8
if
u
ii
l3^
8
II
IVs
7 8
If
B
H
ii
1#5
7 8
a
M
IK
7
I3S
Uk
Ix^.
US
7
IrV
1%
6
IVs
U,
t^
1^
6
1/^
1V2
6
HI
1/2
i/i
m
6
1/1.
-'
1%
5 5K
i'J
1^
1%
111
Hh
5 5'A
iH
1%
5
11/2
iy2
111
5
iX
1%
4^ 5
IH
IH
lys
III
111
4)^ 5
i/«
ll"6
2
43-^
Hi
HI
i|f
Soldering Salt.
Vessels may be tinned with this salt without previously cleansing their
surfaces. It is made by dissolving one pound of zinc in muriatic acid,
adding 22 ounces of salammoniac to the solution, and evaporating to dry-
ness; the yield is 2/^ pounds of the double salt. To use it, the salt moist-
ened with water, is brushed on the surface to be tinned, a little solder laid
on here and there, and the surface heated until the solder fuses, when it
flows wherever the salt was put, and unites with the metallic surface.
140
DRILLS.
To Find the Si^e of Drill for Drilling a Hole to Tap a Full
Standard V Thread.
Rule: Multiply the number of threads per inch by 2 for the denomina-
tor of a fraction, for which take three ior a numerator.
Subtract this fraction from the diameter of the tap, and the remainder
will be the diameter of drill required.
Taper Shank Drills.
DIAMETER.
LENGTH.
SOCKET
DIAMETER.
LENGTH.
SOCKET.
J€
6V8
1
13^
141/8
9
32
61/4
ll^6
141/4
1^
63/8
IH
143/8
6V2
\%
141/2
V
63/4
Ul
14%
M
7
y.
1/6
1434
7
16
71/4
0
1*1
147/8
il
71/2
HA
13^
15
K
73/4
lil
151/8
H
8
li%
151/4
1%
8I/4
111
153/8
g^
e
8V2
1%
151/2
0
83/4
9
IM
15%
153/4
J^
32
11
16
ft
H
11
13
91/4
91/2
9%
97/8
10
0
111
1%
111
IJI
157/8
16
161/8
1614
163/8
M
if
1014
IOV2
10%
1%
lit
115
-^16
IH
I61/2
I6I/2
I61/2
I61/2
n
103^
"^
2
I61/2
u
107/8
1
11
23V
161/2
~
lA
111/8
2/2
17
lA
11^4
z
0
2M
17
ls%
111/2
2 a
17
p
\%
1134
_co
2J€ '
171/2
\i^
11%
2t'6
171/2
" Oi
• \h
12
2k
18
U^
121/8
2/6
I8V2
1^
121/2
2>^
19
The only difference in the Morse and the American Taper Shank Drill,
lies in the shanks.
A set of Morse drills 14 to I14 requires 3 sockets. The same set Ameri-
can Taper Shank Drills, requires 4 sockets.
The two kinds of drills will not interchange in the sockets.
American and Morse Taper Shank Drills above I14, have the same size
shanks, same taper,, length, etc.
141
The shanks on drills smaller than Ig^ do not correspond.
The American tapers about i% inch to the foot
The Morse tapers about % inch to the loot.
The American system of tapers was originated by the American Fire
Arms Co., which went out of business many years ago.
The Speed of Drills.
A feed of one inch in from 95 to 125 revolutions is all that should be
required, according to size of the drill. At these speeds it will be necessary
to use plenty of oil, or a solution of oil, potash and water, when drilling
steel, wrought or malleable iron.
Diameter
Speed
Speed
Speed
Diameter
Speed
. Speed
Speed
of
on
on
on
of
on ^
on
on
Drill.
Steel.
Iron.
Brass.
Drill.
Steel.
Iron
Brass.
1
i R
1150
1750
2000
1 K
45
55
100
k
575
1000
1200
lii
45
50
95
1^6
425
700
900
1%
40
50
90
y^
285
450
800
iH
40
50
85
16
255
400
650
\%
40
48
80
210
325
500
Ul
35
48
75
/e
170
175
425
1%
35
45
65
X
145
220
375
ili
30
45
60
Tg
135
200
335
2
30
45
55
k
125
180
315
2l^6
30
43
50
J 6
115
160
275
2^
28
40
50
%
105
130
250
2r'6-
28
40
45
il
90
120
205
2%
28
38
45
%
80
105
175
"^h
26
38
45
11
70
95
150
2%
26
35
40
1
60
90
145
2^6
26
35
40
liV
60
85
135
2X
23
32
40
IM
55
80
130
2i%
23
32
35
ii\
55
75
125
2%
23
32
35
\%
55
70
115
2%
20
30
35
ii%
50
65
110
2%
20
30
35
\%
50
60
105
3
20
30
35
l/e
45
55
100
I/ength of Flute and Taper of Reamer for Drill Sockets.
NO. OF RKAMER.
LENGTH OF FLUTE.
TAPER.
Taper No. 1 ,
Taper No. 2,
Taper No. 3,
Taper No. 4,
Taper No. 5,
Taper No. 6,
SVain
.5415 by .365
41/2 "
.797 " .572
5 "
1.025 " .775
51/2 "
1.303 " 1.021
5-/8 "
1.786 " 1.480
9 "
2.597 " 2.139
The taper of Morse, and C. T. D. Co.'s Drill Shanks is, approximately,
% inch to the foot.
142
DISCOUNT Cables.
DISCOUNT TABI,]^S.
A discount of 50, 10 and 5 per cent, (erroneously supposed by many to
equal 65 per cent.) is equivalent to 57Vi per cent., and the net remainder,
42% per cent., is the multiplier with which to ascertain the net price.
Discount Per C ent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
25
.25
.75
32y2
.325
.675
•' & 2V2
.26875
.73125
" & 2y2
.3419
.6581
2^2 &
2y2
.2870
.7130
2y2
& 2y2
.3583
.6417
21/2
5
.3053
.6947
2y2
5
.3748
.6252
2y2
7y2
.3236
.6764
2y2
7y2
.3912
.6088
2y2
10
.3419
.6581
2y2
10
.4077
.5923
5
.2875
.7125
5
.35875
.64125
5
2y2
.3053
.6947
5
2y2
.3748
.6252
5
5
3231
.6769
5
5
.3908
.6092
5
7y2
.3409
.6591
5
7y2
.4068
.5932
5
10
.35875
.64125
5
10
.4229
.5771
'^V2
.30625
,69375
7y2
.3756
.6244
m
2V2
.3236
.6764
7y2
2y2
.3912
.6088
74
5
.3409
.6591
7y2
5
.4068
.5932
7V2
7y2
.3583
.6417
7y2
7y2
.4226
.5775
W2
10
.3756
.6244
7y2
10
.4381
.5619
10^^
.3250
.6750
" 10
.3925
.6075
10
2y2
.3419
.6581
10
2y2
.4077
.5923
10
5
.35875
.64125
10
5
.4229
5771
10
7y2
.3756
.6244
10
7y2
.4381
.5619
10
10
.3925
6075
10
10
.45325
.54675
27y2
.275
.725
35
.35
.65
2y2
.2931
.7069
2y2
.36625
.63375
21/2
2y2
.3108
.6892
2y2
2y2
.3821
.6179
2y2
5
.3285
.6715
2y2
5
.3979
.6021
2y2
7y2
.3461
.6539
2y2
7y2
.4138
.5862
2y2
10
.3638
.6362
2y2
10
.4296
.5704
5
.31125
.68875
5
.3825
.6175
5
2y2
.3285
.6715
5
2y2
.3979
.6021
5
5
.3457
.6543
5
5
.4134
.5866
5
7V2
.3629
.6371
5
7y2
.4288
.5712
5
10
.3801
.6199
5
10
.44425
.55575
" 7V2
.3294
.6706
7y2
.39875
.60125
" '^Vz
2y2
.3461
.6539
;; 7y2
2y2
.4138
.5862
" 7%
5
.3629
.6371
5
.4288
.5712
" 7y2
7y2
.3797
.6203
" 7^2
7y2
.4438
.5562
7y2
10
.3964
.6036
7V2
10
.4589
.5411
" 10
.3475
.6525
" 10
.415
.585
10
2y2
.3638
.6362
10
2y2
.4296
.5704
10
5
.3801
.6199
10
5
.44425
.55575
10
7y2
.3965
.6035
10
7y2
.4589
.5411
10
10
.41275
.58725
10
10
.4735
.5265
30
.30
.70
37y2
.375
.625
2y2
.3175
.6825
2y2
.3906
.6094
2y2
3346
.6654
21/2
2yo
.4059
.5941
" 2V^
5
.3516
.6484
2^2
5
.4211
.5789
2y2
7y2
.3687
.6313
2y2
7y2
.4363
.5637
2y2
10
.38575
.61425
2y2
10
.4516
.5484
5
.335
.665
5
.40625
.59375
5
2y2
.3516
.6484
5
2y2
.4211
.5789
5
5
.36825
.63175
5
5
.4359
.5641
5
7y2
.3849
.6151
5
7y2
.4508
.5492
5
10
.4015
.5985
5
10
.4656
.5344
7y2
.3525
.6475
.'! 7y2
.4219
.5781
2y2
.3687
.6313
2y2
.4363
.5637
" 7%
5
3S49
.6151
" 7%
5
.4508
.5492
7y2
7y2
.4009
.5991
7y2
7y2
.4652
.5348
7y2
10
.41725
.58275
7y2
10
.4797
.5203
10
.37
.63
10
4375
.5625
10
2y2
.38575
.61425
10
«V2
.4516
.5484
10
5
4016
.5985
10
5
.4656
.5344
10
7y2
.41725
.58275
10
7y2
.4797
.5203
10
10
.433
.567
10
10
.49375
.50625
DISCOUNT TABLES.
143
DISCOUNT TABLES,
(Continued.)
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
40
.40
.60
47y2& 5
.50125
.49875
" & 2V2
.415
.585
5 &
2y2
.5137
.4863
2y2 &
2y2
.4296
.5704
5
5
.5262
.4738
2V2
5
.44425
.55575
5
7y2
.5386
.4614
2y2
7y2
.4589
.5411
5
10
.5511
.4489
2V2
10
.4735
.5265
7y2
.5144
.4856
5
.46
.57
7y2
2y2
.5265
.4735
5
2y2
.44425
.55575
7y2
5
.5387
.4613
5
5
.4585
.5415
7y2
7y2
.5508
.4492
5
7y2
.47275
.52725
7y2
10
.5629
.4371
5
10
.487
.513
" 10
.5275
.4725
7%
.445
.555
10
2y2
.5393
.4607
7y2
2y2
.4589
.5411
10
5
.5511
.4489
7^2
5
.47275
.52725
10
7y2
.5629
.4371
7V2
7y2
.4866
.5134
10
10
.57475
.42525
7y2
10
.5005
.4995
10
.46
.54
50
.50
.40
10
2y2
.4735
.5265
2y2
.5125
.4875
10
5
.487
.513
2y2
2y2
.5247
.4753
10
7y2
.5005
.4995
2y2
5
.5369
.4631
10
10
.524
.486
2y2
7y2
.5491
.4509
2y2
10
.56125
.43875
42y2
.425
.575
5
.525
.475
2yo
.4394
.5606
5
21/2
.5369
.4631
2y2
2y2
.4534
.5466
5
5
.54875
.45125
2y2
5
.4674
.5326
5
7y2
.5606
•4394
2y2
7y2
.4814
.5186
5
10
.5725
.4275
2y2
10
.4954
.5046
7y2
.5375
.4625
5
.45375
.54625
7%
2y2
.5491
.4509
5
2y2
.4674
.5326
7y3
5
.5606
.4394
5
5
.4811
.5189
7y2
7y2
.5722
.4278
5
7y2
.4947
.5053
7y2
10
.58375
.41625
5
10
.5084
.4916
10
.55
.45
7y2
.4681
.5319
10
2y2
.56125
.43875
2y2
.4814
.5186
10
5
.5725
.4275
" 7%
5
.4947
.5053
10
7y2
.58375
.41625
" 7%
7y2
.508
.492
10
10
.595
.405
7y2
10
.5213
.4787
10
.4825
.5175
52y2
.525
.475
" . 10
2y2
.4954
.5046
2y2
.5369
.4631
10
5
.5084
.4916
2y2
2y2
.5485
.4515
10
7y2
.5213
.4787
2%
5
.56
44
10
10
.53425
.46575
21/2
7y2
.5716
.4284
2yo
10
.5832
.4168
45
.45
.55
5
.54875
.45125
2y2
.46375
.53625
5
2y2
.56
44
21/2
2y2
.4772
.5228
5
5
.5713
4287
2V2
5
.4906
.5094
5
7y2
.5826
.4174
" 2y2
7y2
.504
.496
5
10
.5939
4061
2V2
10
.5174
.4826
7y2
.5606
.4394
5
.4775
.5225
7y2
2y2
.5716
4284
5
2y2
.4906
.5094
:• '^^2
5
.5826
.4174
5
5
.5036
.4964
7y2
.5936
4064
5
7y2
.5167
.4833
7y2
10
.6046
3954
5
10
.52975
.47025
10
.5725
'4275
7y2
.49125
.50875
10
2y2
.5832
•4168
7y2
2y2
.504
.496
10
5
.5939
•4061
ZY9
5
.5167
.4833
10
7y2
.6046
•3954
7y2
7y2
.5294
.4706
10
10
.61525
•38475
7y2
10
.5421
.4579
10
.505
.495
55
.55
45
10
2y2
.5174
.4826
2y2
.56125
•43875
10
5
.52975
.47025
2y2
2y2
.5722
■4278
10
7y2
.5421
.4579
2U.
5
.5832
•4168
10
to
.5545
.4455
2y2
7y2
.5942
•4058
2y2
10
.6051
• 3949
^7^2 ^^^
.475
.525
5
.5725
.4275
^Y?
.4881
.5119
5
2y2
.5832
.4168
2y2
2y2
.5009
.4991
5
5
.5939
.4061
21/2
5
.5137
.4863
5
7y2
.6046
.3954
2y2
7y2
.5265
.4735
5
10
.61525
.38475
2y2
10
.5393
.4607
144
DISCOUNT TABLES.
DISCOUNT TABLES.
{Continued.)
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net. E
iscoiint Ft
r Cent
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
55 & 7V^
.58375
.41625 6
2y2& 10
.6625
.3375
71/2 &
2y2
.5942
.4058
10
2y2
.6709
.3291
'
7V2
5
.6046
.3954
10
5
.6794
.3206
«
7V2
7y2
.615
.385
10
7y2
.6878
.3122
«
7y2
10
.6254
.3746
10
10
.69625
.30375
'
• 10
.595
.405
'
10
2y2
.6051
.3949 6
5
.65
.35
'
10
5
.61525
.38475
2y2
.65875
.34125
*
10
7y2
.6254
.3746
2y2
2y2
.6673
.3327
'
10
10
.6355
.3645 1
2y2
5
.6758
.3242
2y2
7y2
.6843
.3157
57V2
.575
.425
2y2
10
.6929
.3071
2V2
.5856
.4144
5
.6675
.3325
'
2V2
2y2
.596
.404
5
2y2
.6758
.3242
'
2V2
5
.6063
.3937
5
5
.6841
.3159
2V2
7y2
.6167
.3833
6
7y2
.6924
.3076
'
2y2
10
.6271
.3729
5
10
.70075
.29925
'
5
.59625
.40375
7y2
.67625
.32375
5
2y2
.6063
.3937
7y2
2y2
.6843
.3157
'
5
5
.6164
.3836
7y2
5
.6924
.3076
'
5
7y2
.6265
.3735
7y2
7y2
.7005
.2995
•
5
10
.6366
.3634
7y2
10
.7086
.2914
'
7y2
.6069
.3931
10
.685
.315
'
7V2
2y2
.6167
.3833
10
2y2
.6929
.3071
'
7y2
5
.6265
.3735
10
5
.70075
.29925
*
7y2
7y2
.6364
.3636
10
7y2
.7086
.2914
•
7y2
10
.6462
.3538
10
10
.7165
.2835
*
10
.6175
.3825
•
10
2y2
.6271
.3729 6
7y2
.675
.325
*
10
5
.6366
.3634
2y2
.6831
.3169
*
10
7y2
.6462
.3538
2y2
2y2
.691
.309
«
10
10
.65575
.34425
2y2
5
.699
.301
2y2
7y2
.7069
.2931
60
60
.40
2y2
10
.7148
.2852
'
2y2
.61
.39
5
.69125
.30875
'
2y2
2y2
.61975
.38025
5
2y2
.699
.301
'
2y2
5
.6295
.3705
5
5
.7067
.2933
'
2y2
7y2
.63925
.36075
5
7y2
.7144
.2856
'
2y2
10
.649
.351
5
10
.7221
.2779
'
5
.62
.38
7y2
.6994
.3006
•
5
2y2
.6295
.3705
7y2
2y2
.7069
.2931
'
5
5
.639
.361
7y2
5
.7144
.2856
'
5
7y2
.6485
.3515
7y2
7y2
.7219
.2781
•
5
10
.658
.342
7y2
10
.7294
.2706
»
'J'ya
.63
.37
' 10
.7075
.2925
'
71/2
2y2
.63925
.36075
10
2y2
.7148
.2852
'
7^2
5
.6485
.3515
10
5
.7221
.2779
'
7y2
7y2
.65775
•34225
10
7y2
.7294
.2706
'
7y2
10
.667
.333
10
10
.73675
.26325
'
10
.64
.36
10
2y2
.649
.351 7
0
.70
.30
'
10
5
.658
.342
2y2
.7075
.2925
*
10
71/2
.667
.333
2^2
2y2
.7148
.2852
'
10
10
.676
.324
2y2
5
.7221
.2779
2V2
7y2
.7294
.2706
62y2
.625
.375
2y2
10
.73675
.26325
2y2
.6344
.3656
5
.715
.285
'
2y2
2y2
.6435
.3565
5
2y2
.7221
.2779
'
21/2
5
6527
.3473
5
5
.72925
.27075
'
2y2
7y2
.6618
.3382
5
7y2
.7364
.2636
'
2y2
10
6709
.3291
5
10
.7435
.2565
'
5 '
164375
.35625
7y2
.7225
.2775
'
5
2y2
6527
.3473
7y2
2yo
7294
.2706
5
5
16616
.3384
7y2
5
'7364
.2636
: '
5
7y2
6705
.3295
7y2
7y2
•7433
.2567
'
5
10
;6794
.3206
7y2
10
•75025
.24975
'
7y2
.6531
.3469
' 10
•73
.27
'
7y2
2y2
6618
.3382
10
2y2
•73675
.26325
'
7y2
5
.6705
.3295
' 10
5
•7435
.2565
'
7y2
7y2
6791
.3209
10
7y2
•75025
.24975
7y2
10
.6878
.3122
10
10
757
.243
DISCOUNT TABLES— DIES.
145
DISCOUNT TABLES.
(Continued.)
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
Net.
Discount Per Cent.
Equiva-
lent.
.76875
Net.
721/2
.725
.275
75 & 71/2
.23125
" & 2V2
.7319
.2681
71/2
2y2
.7745
.2255
2% &
2y2
.7386
.2614
71/2
5
.7803
.2197
21/2
5
.7452
.2548
7y2
7y2
.7861
.2139
21/2
2y2
71/^
.752
■ 248
7y2
10
.7919
.2081
10 '
.7587
• 2413
" 10
.775
.225
5
.73875
26125
10
2y2
,7806
.2194
5
2y2
.7453
2547
" 10
5
.78625
.21375
5
5
.7518
2482
10
7y2
.7919
.2081
5
7yo
.7583
2417
10
10
.7975
.2025
5
10
.6749
2351
7V2
.7456
.2544
771/^
.776
.225
7V2
2y2
.752
.248
2y2
7806
.2194
71/2
5
.7583
.2417
21/2 &
2y2
.7861
.2139
7y2
7y2
.7647
.2353
2y2
5
.7916
.2084
7y2
10
.7711
.2289
2y2
7y2
.7971
.2029
10
.7525
.2475
21/2
10
.8026
.1974
10
2y2
.7587
.2413
5
78625
.21375
10
5
.7649
.2351
5
2y2
.7916
.2084
10
7y2
.7711
.2289
5
5
.7969
, .2031
10
10
.77725
.22275
5
7y2
.8023
.1977
5
10
.8076
.1924
75
.75
.25
7y2
.7919
.2081
21/2
.75625
.24375
7y2
"y2
.7971
.2029
21/2
2y2
.76234
.23766
71/2
5
.8023
.1977
2y2
5
.7684
.2316
71/2
7y2
.8075
.1925
2y2
7y2
.7745
.2255
7y2.
10
.8127
.1873
2y2
10
.7806
.2194
10
.7975
.2025
5
.7625
.2375
10
2y2
.8026
.1974
5
2y2
.7684
.2316
10
5
.8076
.1924
5
5
.7744
.2256
10
7y2
.8127
.1873
5
71^
.7803
.2197
10
10
.81775
.18225
5
10
.78625
.21375
Speed of Dies when Cutting Bolts and Pipes.
15 FEET PER MINUTE FOR
ACCURATE WORK.
FEET PER MINUTE FOR BOLT FAC-
TORIES AND MANUFACTURING
WORK.
1.5 FEET PER MINUTE FOR
PIPE.
14.
_7_
16-
1/2.
Vs.-
1 ..
IVs.
11/4.
1%.
iy2
1%..
1%..
1%..
2 ..
2y8..
2V4..
2V2..
2%..
3 ..
Use Lard Oil
Vs 140
1/4 110
% 82
V2 70
% 52
1% 33
11/2 28
2 23
2y2 19
3 14
Use Lard Oil.
Tapping nuts same speed as cutting bolts.
10
146
DIES — DOLLAR;
Table of Proportions of Si^es of Square Solid Dies.
%inch 114^^ square X iV^ thick.
h " 1%'' " X %'' "
% " 11/2'^ " X ,V' "
/e " 1%'' " X V2'' "
1/2 " ...1%'' " X xV "
% " 2^^ " X liV "
% " 2V^'' " X liV' "
% " 21/2^^ " X liV' "
1 " 2%'' " X liV "
IVs " S'' " X IfV "
l^A " 314'' " X IfV^ "
The Almighty Dollar.
One dollar loaned one hundred years at
1 per cent would amount to $2.75
3
6
10
12
15
18
24
19.25
340.00
13,809.00
84,675.00
1,174,405.00
... 15,145,007.00
2,551,799,404.00
Glycerine Cement.
A valuable cement for general use, stopping leaks in tanks, joining chem-
ical apparatus such as glass and brass ; in fact for closing cracks and stop-
ping leaks in almost everything, may be made by mixing commercial glycer-
ine and litharge to the consistency of dough.
It may be somewhat improved by using Portland cement with the
litharge — equal parts — when large joints or cracks are to be filled. This
will harden under water, and will stand not only a high temperature, but
also the action of hydro-carbon vapors.
For Mouth Pieces of Clay Retorts.
Three-fourths fire-clay, one-fourth iron borings,
mix with ammoniacal water. Use no sulphur.
When wanted for use
DOLLAR.
147
Paper Dollars and Coin.
The following table shows the relative value of a currency dollar to
coin at different rates of premium from 1 to 100.
The results g^iven are as near as can be approached without the aid of
mills.
VALUE OF A CUR-
VALUE OF A CUR-
PREMIUM.
PREMIUM.
RENCY DOLLAR.
RENCY DOLLAR.
101
99
151
66X
102
98
152
65%
103
97
153
65^
104
96K
154
65
105
95 X
155
64K
106
94^^
156
64 >^
107
93 >^
157
6S%
108
92}4
158
63 J€
109
91%
159
62%
110
90%
160
623^
111
90
161
62
112
891^
162
61%
113
88K
163
61^
114
87%
164
61
115
86%
165
60^
116
86^
166
60 J€
117
853^
167
59%
118
84%
16S
59>i
119
84M
169
59%
120
83^
170
58i
121
82%
171
58 K
122
82
172
58^
123
811^
173
57%
124
80^
174
573^
125
80
175
57%
126
79%
176
56%
127
78%
177
563^
128
78 J^
178
56%
129
77M
179
55H
130
77
180
55%
131
76%
181
55 3i
132
75%
182
55
133
75J^
183
54%
134
74|
184
54%
135
74
185
54
136
73K
186
53%
137
73
187
53%
138
72K
188
53 J€
139
72
189
53
140
71K
190
521
141
71
191
52%
142
70%
192
52^
143
69%
193
51%
144
69K
194
51%
145
69
195
51 Ji
146
68X
196
51
147
68
197
50%
148
673^
198
50%
149
67
199
50 X
150
66|
200
50
148 DOLLAR.
Example:
What is a paper dollar worth when gold is at a premium of 164?
Operation:
164 : 100 : : 100 : 601?. Answer.
Example:
When gold is at a premium of 200, what is a paper dollar worth?
200 : 100 : : 100 : 50c. Answer.
To Find the Commercial Value of the Silver in a Standard
Silver Dollar, From Day to Day.
Rule:
Multiply the New York quotations, expressed in dollars and cents, or
altogether in cents, by .7734%, and the product will be the market value of
the silver in the dollar, at the time.
To find the exact American value of the London quotation of silver.
Rule:
Multipl}^ the London quotation in pence, orin pence and fractional parts
therof, by 2.1921 and the American price at the regular par of exchange will
be shown.
Example:
If silver is quoted in London at 54 pence per ounce, then the exact
American value is 54X2.1921, or $1.18 -f- per ounce.
Smooth iron discs 40 to 44 inches in diameter, for cutting iron or steel,
should be run from 55,000 to 65,000 feet per minute on the periphery.
Discs of these diameters have been run at 85,000 feet per minute.
Steam in contact with the water from which it is formed may be wet
or dry, according to circumstances and without reference to the pressure.
Dry steam — so called — is steam without any excess of heat and in which
there is no water except what is in the form of steam, but since such steam
can part with no heat without condensation, and since it usually contains
a little water carried off mechanically, it is seldom met with in practice.
Superheated steam contains heat in excess of that due to the pressure, which
excess of heat may be parted with before condensation results. It is erro-
neous to suppose that the Heine, the Babcock & Wilcox and other patented
boilers deliver GUperheated steam. The manufacturers make no such
claim.
ENGINES.
149
llsss! -^
a;
A
o
0)
J>
Q
O
I
a>
(0
u
o
bo
o
CO
(U
I ■<*< -"a" >r; :
^ U^
^ I
8S?!
S<!P?^
S ^2§;s
S ^;
I 1— eoift
:SS
I eo-#m
I weorf
o £ S
J2 J=^
fc- t- u
as « G
o o c
a i, sj
tC X «
L' u ;^
o o o
be
fcX)
(11 +!*
'5
rn
rt
^,
ri2
C
flj
>
c3
o
,13
u
<u
s
^
o
V
a
D .
^
(U
^^
o
1
o
-4-1
u
S
,__
o
rt
C
o
r!
!U
rt
-l->
a;
-p
C3
-M
o
-t->
>
O
3
r^
r^
"C^ s:i oj 1
IJ as G t:
dicat
P. at
Aver
Pieto
ressu
i;:Sg§§?^J^||gg^|
^-TH-^- P^ 1
01
g"??
-■
•2 al i
Q
PhM t.
ia*;
a
u.
= S.« i
isl
m-SS|g^S8SS?i
«-2^
aj
s
22S288SS^S^-^^
75
1
^
2Z^2--22ggJ^^§S
«5
^
iS,-
O 03 S
S'^ p ^
8S8Sg38
«■=«
01 OB
OJ3
GC O O -N •>? '~C'0
^fl
o a
B 55
S J
<- .
CO iH
^ s
il
GO o ■?!•?■■» ^ If: c-
aj li
ll
»rt iC ift ■'" '^ ift o
^
■
iS,2
O 03 2
Ojft^OOO
tf-z:S
^w
f^ ^
2-5
ir: ic =c i- 00 CT>
c a
CC>-I
K z
i^03-
cZf;i
1
o
5
1
•*mt-o>co
^
iixyijirv±i&.
I/ist of Sisjes and Powers of Automatic High Speed Engines.
Commercial Rating at 40 Pounds M. ;E. P.
CYLINDER
CO
0 g
i
CYLINDER
1
i
m
Iz;
0
P5
CYLINDER
g
^
g
S
g
S£
d
i
H
iz;
P3
0
il
>
S3
2
h
P3
0
9
H
2
1
5
1
i
75
10
15
300
750
5
41/,"
4"
500
3,33
5
5"
4"
400
«fi6'
105
12
16
290
773
10
51//'
5"
500
417
10
6"
5"
390
325'
145
14
18
260
780
15
6I/0"
6"
4(X)
4(X)
15
7"
6"
375
375'
166
15
18
260
780
25
7y/'
7"
390
455
25
8"
7"
360
420'
190
16
21
225
787
35
8y/'
8"
375
500
35
9"
8"
350
466'
212
17
21
225
787
45
91//'
9"
350
525
50
10"
9"
.350
525'
243
18
24
200
800
60
11 "
10"
320
534
300
20
24
200
800
1 75
12 "
11"
300
550
310
20
27
181
825
100
131/2"
12"
300
600
380
22
27
181
825
125
141/2"
13"
290
628
460
24
30
170
850
150
isy,"
14"
280
653
540
26
30
170
a50
200
18 "
16"
250
666
670
28
36
150
900
250
20 "
16"
250
666
1
760
30
36
150
900
Steam i^ngine.
When steam is used expansively, under the best conditions, it will give
double the power for the same amount of steam that can be got from it
worked at full stroke, or without expansion.
When steam is used in non-condensing engines, at low pressure, the loss
is great, owing to the pressure of the atmosphere (15 pounds) being agreater
percentage of a low than of a high pressure.
The loss for different piston pressures is as follows:
TOTAL PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERE.
STEAM PRESSURE.
ON PISTON.
LOSS.
15
5
20
%
15
10
25
1
15
15
30
V2
15
20
35
f
15
25
40
%
15
30
45
1
The above table has reference only to the pressure on the piston in the
cylinder of the engine, and does not refer to the boiler pressure, as indicated
by the steam gauge.
To Find the Area of a Steam i^ngine Cylinder, the Horse-
Power, Steam Pressure and Speed of Piston Being Given.
Rule:
Multiply the number of horse-power by 33,000, and divide the result
by the piston speed in feet per minute multiplied b^^ the steam pressure.
The result will be the area ot cylinder in square inches, th^ square root
of which will be the diameter of cylinder,
ENGINES. 151
A right hand engine is such that when the engineer stands facing the
side of the cyhnder, the throttle valve is at his left hand, while the crank is
at his right.
An engine is said to run under w^hen the crank pin (being above the
center of main shaft) moves toward the c^dinder. And it runs over, when
the crank pin moves away from the cylinder — being at the same time above
the centre of main shaft, as before.
Horse-Power.
To find the actual horse-power of a steam engine.
Rule:
Multipl}' the diameter of the piston in inches bj' itself, and this result by
.7854, which will give the area of the piston in square inches. Multiply the
area so found by the speed of the piston in feet per minute, or, if the speed
is taken in inches, divide the product by 12, after multiplying.
Multiph' the speed of piston by the mean effective, or average, pressure
of steam upon the piston (which can only be determined by applying the
indicator), and divide the product by 33,000, which gives the actual horse-
power.
Deduct 15 per cent, from the result for friction.
Note. The speed of piston is found bj^ multiplying twice the length of
stroke by the number of revolutions per minute.
Example:
What is the horse-power of an engine, the diameter of cylinder being
8V^ inches, stroke of piston 16 inches, revolutions per minute 100, boiler
pressure 75 pounds, mean effective pressure on piston 50 pounds?
8V2^^ X 8V2^^ X .7854 = 56.745 square inches.
56.745 X 50 = 2837.25 pounds.
16" X 2 = 32^^ = 2.66 feet.
2.66 feet X 100 revolutions = 266 feet„
2837.25 X 266 = 754708.5 pounds,
754708 5 oo o/? 1,
. = 22.86 horse-power,
33,000
22.86 X .15 = 3.4290
22.8600
3.4290
19.4310 horse-power. Answer.
The power of an engine may be increased by increasing its speed. When
it is not pennissable to increase the speed of line shaft, the diameter of
driven pulley on] line shaft ma3'' be increased, or the diameter of pulley on
main shaft may be decreased, so as to maintain former speed of main driv-
ing belt. Decreasing the diameter of main shaft pulle}- gives the engine
greater leverage, and increasing the speed of engine gives greater power.
It means that the engine will require so man}^ more cylinder fulls of steam,
at former pressure, in the same time, and this, of course, necessitates the
burning of T»ore fuel. In case the boiler is able to stapd a higher pre§sx;re
352
of steam, the power of an engine may be increased by increasing the boiler
pressure, and as a consequence the mean effective pressure on the piston.
But this also would necessitate the consumption of m.ore fuel, as we cannot
get more power for nothing. Again, by increasing the boiler pressure, and
decreasing the outside lap of valve so as to cut off later, the power of an
engine may be increased. But this latter method is not advisable.
l/ocomotive i^ngines.
Lap = Travel X 0.22
Lead= " X 0.07
Let D equal diameter of cylinder.
Then,
Area of steam ports = D' X .08
" " exhaust " = D^ x .18
Diam. of piston rod =r D X .15
Thickness " " = D X .28
Diam. of feed pump )
plungerif of same 1= D X .11
stroke as piston )
D:&,iia. of feed pipe =D X .12
Diam. of valve stem == D X .09
Diam. of driving axle = D X .4
Diamoftructt " = D X .3
Table of Standard Horse-Power for Different Nations.
m
s
HO
0
H 0
d
d
K
2!^
tH (5
o ^
H »
H z
9 o
c o
o o
o o
o o
5 «
t> a
^ o
O '^
fe o
o o
COUNTRY.
^1
o «
^ tn
S ^
-5 ft
s ft
» ft
^»
fetf
f^ a
Is
2 ^
t;. W
o w
S w
^ »
■A W
H 0
B «
o a
^ 0
SS fi
9 E
H PM
o ft
« ^
s i^
15 iz;
wiz;
P Jz;
0
K
pp
ftp
< p
P
<! p
<!
■<
^^
o
K p
o
o
pq
CD
ft
ft
ft
P(
France and Baden
75
500
542.47
542.80
Saxony
530
Wurtemberg
525
480
516
543 95
544.82
545.08
Prussia
Hanover
England
550
Austria
1
550.57
430
EXPANSION — ELECTRICITY.
153
lyiNi^AR :expansion op substanc:es by H:eAT.
To find the increase in the length of a bar of any material due to an in-
crease of temperature, multiply the number of degrees of increase of temper-
ature by the coefficient for 100 degress and by the length of the bar, and
divide bv 100.
NAME OF SUBSTANCE.
Baywood (in the direction of the grain, dry) ...
Brass (cast)
" (wire)
Brick (fire)
Cement (Roman)
Copper
Deal (in the direction of the grain, dry).
Glass (English flint)
" (French white lead)
Gold
Granite (average).
Iron (cast)
" (soft forged).
" (wire)
Lead
Marble (Carrara).
Mercury..
Platinum
Sandstone.
COEFFIC'NT FOR
Silver
Slate (Wales)
Water (varies considerably with the tem perature )
COEFFICIBNT
FOR 100''
FAHRENHEIT.
180" FAHREN-
HEIT, OR 100"
CENTIGRADE.
.00026
.00046
TO
TO
.00031
.00057
.00104
.00188
.00107
.00193
.0003
.0005
.0008
.0014
.0009
.0017
.00024
.00044
.00045
.00081
.00048
.00087
.0008
.0015
.00047
.00085
.0006
.0011
.0007
.0012
.0008
.0014
.0016
.0029
.00036
.00065
TO
TO
.0006
.0011
.0033
.0060
.0005
.0009
.0005
.0009
TO
TO
.0007
.0012
.0011
.002
.0006
.001
.0086
' .0155
Electricity.
In the following list, each substance becomes positively electrified when
rubbed with the bodj^ following it; but negativeh^ with the one preced-
ing it.
Cat's lur. Cotton. Shellac. Caoutchouc.
Flannel. Silk. Resin. Gutta-percha.
Ivory. The hand. The metals. Gun-cotton.
Glass. Wood. Sulphur.
In the following list each substance is electro-negative toward those
which follow it, and electro-positive toward those which precede.
Ox3''gen. Carbon. - Copper. Manganese.
Sulphur. Antimony. Bismuth. Aluminum.
Nitrogen. Silicon. Tin. Magnesium.
Chlorine, Hydrogen, I^ead. Calcivim,
154
ETCHING — FANS.
Iodine. Gold.
Phosphorus. Platinum.
Molybdenum. Mercury.
Tungsten. Silver.
Cobalt.
Barium.
Nickel.
Lithium.
Iron.
Sodium.
Zinc.
Potasium
Best Conductors.
Metals. Minerals. Vegetables. Cotton.
Charcoal. Water. Animals. Dry wood.
Flame. Iron. Linen. Ice.
Best Insulators.
Shellac. Sulphur. Glass. Air.
Amber. Wax. Silk. Dry paper.
Caoutchouc
Hatching.
For steel, 50 parts of water, 40 parts sulphuric, 10 parts nitric acid.
For iron, 50 parts of water, 45 parts sulphuric, and 5 parts hydro-
chloric acids.
For brass, 50 parts of water, 40 parts nitric, 10 parts hydrochloric
acids.
Heat bath to 180 degrees, and immerse article for 15 minutes after bath
is hot.
Specifications and Capacity of Mine Ventilating Fans.
1
CUBIC FEET
HORSE -POWER
OUTSIDE
WIDTH
DEPTH
REVOLUTIONS ]
OF UNRESISTED
SUITABLE TO
DIAMETER.
OF BLADES.
OF BLADES.
OF FAN SHAFT
DISCHARGE
DRIVE AT
TEET.
INCHES.
INCHES.
PER MINUTE.
PER MINUTE.
SPEED GIVEN.
6
18
20
400
35,000
5
/
21
24
350
48,000
7
8
24
30
300
60,000
8
9
27
32
270
80,000
9
10
30
34
240
100,000
12
12
32
36
200
132,000
14
14
36
42
175
190,000
16
18
48
54
149
325,000
9.F^
24
60
66
100
600,000
,85
Etching Tyiquid for Steel.
Mix one ounce of sulphate of copper, one-fourth of an ounce of alum,
and one-half teaspoonful of salt reduced to powder, with one gill of vine-
gar and twenty drops of nitric acid. This liquid may be used either for
eating deeply into the metal or for imparting a beautiful frosted appear-
ing^ to the surface, according to the time it is allowed to act.
FLANGES— FUEL.
155
CAST IRON ST^AM PIPE FI<ANGBS.
Table of Standard Dimensions.
NOMINAL INTERNAL
EXTERNAL DIAMETER
THICKNESS OF
APPROXIMATE WEIGHT
DIAMETER OP PIPE.
OF FLANGES.
METAL.
OF FLANGES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
POUNDS.
%
3V2
K
IK
1
4
K
IB
IV4
41/2
1*6
2K
VV2
5V2
A
3%
2
6V2
%
6K
2V2
7
\h
8
3
8
H
9%
3V2
8V2
11
11
4
9
%
14
4V2
9y2
}|
15
5
11
21K
6
12
liV
24
7
13
IH
33 Ji
8
14
li^^
423^
9
15
I'A
443^
10
16
li\
47 K
11
17
1^6
50
12
18
ill
55
13
19
Ire
65
14
20
ik
76
15
21
1%
88
16
22
IH
103
17
23
\%
120
Comparative Value of Dfferent Kinds of Wood for Fuel.
KINDS OF WOOD.
WEIGHT OF 1 CORD
IN POUNDS.
RELATIVE VALUE
FOR FUEL.
Red Oak
3,254
4,469
3,955
3,821
3,450
3,236
3,044
3,115
2,919
2,878
2,592
2,704
2,668
2,463
2,391
2,333
2,369
2,137
1,904
1,868
1 00
Shell-bark Hickory
1 45
Chestnut White Oak
1 25
White Oak
1 17
Ash
1.12
94
" Beech
Black Walnut
94
" Birch
91
Yellow Oak
87
Hard Maple
87
White Elm
84
Large Magnolia
81
Soft Maple
.78
" Yellow Pine
.78
Svcamore
.75
Chestnut
.75
White Birch ... ...
70
Jersey Pine
70
Pitch "
62
White "
.61
156
FUEL.
Comparative Value of Wood and Coal as Fuel.
1 Cord of Hickory is equivalent to 2,000 lbs. coal.
" White Oak
'' Beech
" Red Oak
" Black Oak
" 1,715 lbs. '•
" 1,450 lbs. "
" Poplar "
" Chestnut
" Elm
" 1,050 lbs. "
•' Pine
" 925 lbs. "
Table Showing the Weight of One Cord of Different Woods
Air Dried.
1 Cord of Hickory or Hard Maple weighs 4,500 pounds.
3,850
3,250
2,350
1 '
•• White Oak
1 '
" Beech
1 " " Red Oak
1 '
' " Black Oak
1 '
' " Poplar
1 '
" Chestnut
1 '
' " Elm
1 '
' " Pine
2.000
Table Showing Water and Coal Required for Steam Power.
WATER IN
COAL REQUIR'D
WATER IN
COAL IN LBS.
HORSE-POWER.
GALLONS PER
IN POUNDS
GALLS. PER DAY
PER DAY OF
HOUR.
PER HOUR
OF 10 HOURS.
10 HOURS.
5
20
20
200
200
10
41
40
410
400
15
58
60
580
600
20
72
80
720
800
25
90
100
900
1,000
30
110
120
1,100
1,200
40
145
160
1,450
1,600
50
180
200
1,800
2,000
60
220
240
2,200
2.400
70
260
280
2,600
2,800
80
290
320
2,900
3,200
100
405
400
4,050
4,000
125
450
500
4,500
5,000
150
590
600
5,900
6,000
200
725
800
7.250
8,000
250
900
1,000
9.000
10.000
It is stated that, by the greatest refinement in engines yet accom-
plished, the cost of a horse power has not been brought below IV2 pounds of
coal per hour, while the average engine uses 3i/^ pounds of coal per horse-
power.
One gallon of petroleum is equivalent under a boiler to 12 pounds of
coal; 190 standai^ gallons are equivalent to 1 ton of coal.
FUEI.
157
One pound of coal is equal, for steam-making purposes, to 2 pounds of
dry peat, 2l^ to 2V2 pounds of dry wood, 2V2 to 3 pounds of dried tan-bark,
2V2 to 3 pounds of sun-dried bagasse, 2% to 3 pounds of cotton stalks, 3H
to 3% pounds ol wheat or barley straw, 5 to 6 pounds of wet bagasse, and
6 to 8 pounds of wet tan-bark.
About 30,000 cubic feet of natural gas are equal to one ton of coal.
One pound of petroleum is equal to 1.8 pounds of coal.
In estimating for a consumption of 14 pounds of coal per square foot of
srrate per hour, about 8 pounds of water may be taken as the rate of evapo-
ration per pound of coal, which can be done with a good natural draught.
Percentage of Saving of Fuel By Heating Feed Water
(Steam at 60 I/bs.)-
K Pu r!
INITIAL
TEMPERATURE OF
WATEE
32°
40°
50o
60°
70°
80°
90°
100°
120°
H0°
160°
180°
200°
60°
2.39
1.71
0.86
0.
80°
4.09
3.43
2.59
1.74
0.88
0.
100°
5.79
5.14
4.32
3.49
2.64
1.77
0.90
0.
120°
7.50
6,85
6.05
5.23
4.40
3.55
2.68
1.80
0.
140°
9.20
8.57
7.77
6.97
6.15
5.32
4.47
3.61
1.84
0.
160"
10.90
10.28
9.50
8.72
7.91
7.09
6.26
5.42
3.67
1.87
0.
ISO''
12.60
12.00
11.23
10.46
9.68
8.87
8.06
7.23
5.52
3.75
1.91
0.
200°
14.30
18.71
13.00
12.20
11.43
10.65
9.85
9.03
7.36
5.62
3.82
1.S6
0.
220°
16.00
15.42
14.70
14.00
13.19
12.33
11.64
10.84
9.20
7.50
5.73
3.93
1.98
240°
17.79
17.13
16.42
15.69
14.96
14.20
13.43
12.65
11.05
9.37
7.64
5.90
3.97
26U°
19.40
18.85
18.15
17.44
16.71
15.97
15.22
14.45
11.88
11.24
9.56
7.86
5.96
280°
21.10
20.56
19.87
19.18
18.47
17.75
17.01
16.26
14.72
13.02
11.46
9.73
7.94
300°
22.88
22.27
21.61
20.92
20.23
19.52
18.81
18.07
16.49
14.99
13.37
11.70
9.93
One dollar per day saved in cost of fuel amounts, v/ith interest, to the
following:
YEARS.
4 PER CENT.
6 PER CENT.
8 PER CENT.
1 0 PER CENT.
1
$324.48
1.757.50
3,895.76
6.497.24
9,662.39
$330.72
1,864.20
4,359.14
7.697.82
12,165.72
$336.96
1,976.80
4,881.40
9,149.18
15,419.94
$343.20
5
10
2,095.26
5,469.73
15
10,904.30
19,656.78
20
Softening Cast-Iron.
Heat the cast-iron to a red heat and quench in water about the same
heat, and use the same judgment as you would in quenching a piece of steel,
then heat again to a red heat, and allow to cool slowly, the same as you
would anneal steel. There may be a difficulty in large pieces, from their
liability to crack in quenching, but this process will soften them. Careful
heating, however, will go largely towards preventing cracking.
158
FLUES — FISH PLATES.
WROUGHT IRON FI,UES.
Resistance to Collapsing Pressure.
11
cd
S£
Ph t3
X
ao
£ ^
<
% ■
0
s
H
z
PRING
PER 8Q
INCH.
ft
3
8S
s
if
Ins.
Feet.
Ins.
Lbs.
Ins.
Feet.
Ins.
Lbs.
6
10
.2
417
iiy2
12
.2
197
61/2
10
.2
385
iiy2
12
^4
368
7
10
.2
357
iiy2
12
1^6
532
7
10
1/4
580
12
15
.2
153
71/2
10
.2
333
12
15
y4
239
71/2
10
1/4
542
12
15
A
415
8
10
.2
312
i2y2
15
l^
229
8
10
1/4
508
12^2
15
h
308
8y2
10
.2
294
13
15
Va.
220
81/2
10
y4
478
13
15
1%
384
9
10
.2
278
i3y2
15
V4
212
9
10
1/4
451
i3y2
15
I'e
369
91/2
10
.2
163
14
18
y4
176
91/2
10
1/4
427
14
18
lA
305
10
12
.2
227
I4y2
18
y4
168
10
12
1/4
354
I4y2
18
1^6
294
10
12
1^.
612
15
20
y4
157
10V2
12
.2
216
15
20
1^6
276
ioy2
12
y4
337
i5y2
20
y4
152
lOVa
12
1^6
583
i5y2
20
h
267
11
12
.2
206
16
20
V4.
148
11
12
¥4
322
16
20
h
231
11
12
1^6
557
Weight and Number of Fish Plates and Bolts Required Per
Mile.
Lengths of
No. of Joints
Lbs. of Plates
Lbs. of Bolts
Total Weights
Rails.
per mile.
per mile.
per mile.
per mile.
18 feet.
588
9,408
2,352
11,760
21 "
528
8.448
2,112
10,560
24 •*
440
7,040
1,760
8.800
25 "
423
6,768
1,682
8.460
27 "
391
6,256
1,564
7.820
30 "
352
5,632
1,408
7,040
Note. — If double nuts are used, add 37/i
bolts.
per cent to the weight of the
l^IRE — FORCE.
159
Temperature of Fire.
APPEARANCE.
TEMP. FAHR.
APPEARANCE.
TEMP. FAHR.
Red, just visible
'« dull
977°
1290°
1470°
1650°
1830°
Orange, deep
2010°
" clear
White heat
2190°
" cherry, dull...
full .
2370°
" bright
2550°
" " clear..
*' dazzling
2730°
Freezing Points.
Acid Nitric 55° below zero.
" Sulfuric 1°
Ether 47° "
Mercury 39°
Milk .....30°
Olive Oil 36°
Linseed Oil 11° "
ProofSpirits 7°
Spirits Turpentine 16°
Vinegar 28°
Water 32°
Water expands in freezing ^ of its bulk.
Morin's I^aws of Friction.
1st. — The friction bears to the pressure on the surfaces in contact a
ratio which is constant for the same materials, and with the same condition
of surfaces.
2nd. — The measure of the friction is independent ot the extent of the
surfaces in contact, the pressure and the condition and character of the sur-
faces remaining the same.
3rd. — The friction is entirely independent of the velocity of continuous
motion.
CBNTRIFUGAI, FORCE.
To Find the Centrifugal Force of a Given Weight.
Rule. — Multiph^ the square of the revolutions per minute, by the radius
of the circle, in feet, in which the weight revolves, and this product by the
weight itself. This product multiplied b^' the constant, .000331, will give
the centrifugal force in terms of the weight of the body.
Example. — A weight of 40 pounds revolving 75 times per minute is
suspended 3 feet from center of shaft. What is its centrifugal force?
752 X 3 X 40 X .000331 = 223.425 lbs. Ans.
160 FREIGHT.
In Billing Railroad Freights the Following Weights Are
Taken, When the Freight is Not Actually Weighed,
Ale and Beer 320 lbs. per bbl.
Apples, green 150 " " "
Beef. 320 " " "
Barley 48 " " bu.
Beans 60 " " "
Cider 350 " " bbl.
Corn Meal.. 220 " " '*
Corn, shelled 56 " " bu.
Corn in the ear 70 " " "
Clover 60 " " "
Eggs 200 " '' bbl.
Fish 300 " " "
Flour • 200 " '• "
Highwines 350 " " "
Lime : 200 " " "
Nails 108 " " keg.
Oil 400 " " bbl.
Oats 32 " " bu.
Pork 320 " " bbl.
Potatoes, Irish 150 " " "
Salt, fine 300 " " "
" coarse 350 * '' "
" in sacks 200 " " sack.
Wheat 60 " " bu.
'Whisky 350 " " bbl.
Mending Broken Belts.
According to Campe, broken belting can be re-united by the use of
chrome glue. With a lap of four or five inches, the re-united part is appar-
ently as firm as any part of the band, though it is v^^ell to take the precau-
tion to tack down the ends of the lapped pieces with a few stitches of stout
thread. The chrome glue is prepared in this way: Take a 100 parts of
glue soaked 12 hours in water, then pour off the surplus water, melt the
glue, add 2 per cent, of glycerine and 3 per cent of red chromate of potash,
melting them with the glue. This mixture, thinned by warming, is applied
to the lapped ends after having been roughened with a rasp, and then placed
between two hard wood strips in a vise and well pressed for 24 hours.
GAUGES.
161
Wire Gauges, Nos. and Sizes.
BIRMINGHAM
BROWX &
WASHBURN &
TRENTO.V IRON
NUMBER.
OR stub's
sharpe's
MOEX'S GAUGE.
go's GAUGE.
GAUGE.
GAUGE.
7-0
.490
6-0
.460
5-0
.430
.450
4-0
.454
.46000
.393
.400
3-0
.425
.40964
.362
.360
2-0
.380
36480
.331
.330
1-0
.340
.32495
.307
.305
1
.300
.28930
.283
.285
2
.284
.25763
.263
.265
3
.2.-^9
.22942
.244
.245
4
.238
.20431
.225
.225
5
220
.18194
.207
.205
6
.203
.16202
.192
.190
7
.180
.14428
.177
.175
8
.165
.12849
.162
.160
9
.148
.11443
148
.145
10
134
. .10189
.135
.130
11
.120
.09074
.120
.1175
12
.109
.08081
.105
1050
13
.095
.07196
;092
.0925
14
.083
.06408
.080
.0800
15
.072
.05707
.072
.0700
16
.065
.05082
.063
.0610
17
.058
.04526
.054
.0525
18
.049
.04030
.047
.0450
19
.042
.03589
.041
.0400
20
.035
.03196
.035
.0355
21
.032
.02846
.032
.0310
22
.028
.02535
.028
.0280
23
,025
.02257
.025
.0250
24
.022
.02010
.023
.0225
25
.020
.01790
.020
.02075
26
.018
.01594
.018
.01900
27
.016
.01419
.017
.01750
28
.014
.01264
.016
.01650
29
.013
.01126
.015
.01550
30
.012
.01002
.014
.01450
31
.010
.00893
.0135
.01375
32
.009
.00795
.013
.01300
33
.008
.00708
.011
.01200
34
.007
.00630
.010
.01100
35
.005
.00561
.0095
.01000
36
.004
.00500
.009
.00900
37
i
.00445
.00825
38
.00396
.00775
39
.00353
.00725
40
j
.00314
.00675
When plumbago is put on a hot journal the fine powder fills up the cav-
ities and grooves caused by the heating and abrasion of the surfaces thus
forming as it were a new surface.
Plumbago being of a fine metallic nature puts a polished surface upon
a journal which with a little attention will cool down and cause no more
trouble.
li
162
GAUGES.
Si^es of the Numbers of Steel Music Wire Gauge.
Size of each No. in
Size of each No. in
No. of Gauge,
decimal parts of
No. of Gauge.
decimal parts of
an inch.
an inch.
12
.0295
21
.0461
13
.0311
22
.0481
14
.0325
23
.0506
15
.0343
24
.0547
16
.0359
25
.0585
17
.0378
26
.0626
18
.0395
27
.0663
19
.0414
28
.0719
20
.043
STANDARD SAW GAUG:^.
To be Observed When Ordering Circular Saws.
Gauge No. 4 is 14 inch scant.
5 is /a
'*
6 is ,%
" full.
7 is 1^6
" scant.
8 is s%
"
9 is 3^
" scant.
0 is 1/8
' full.
1 is Vs
' scant.
12is^
16 is i^g
full,
full.
J0BB:^RS' DRIlyl^ GAUGie.
Sizes of Gauge in Decimals.
SIZE.
DEC.
SIZE.
DEC.
1^6-
.0625
it
.29687
6^4
.07812
.3125
3%
.09375
1^
.32812
ii
.10937
H
.34375
Vs
.125
11
.35937
ii
.14062
.375
A
.15625
II
.39062
H
.17187
if
.40625
1%
.1875
11
.42187
a
.20312
/e
.4375
/2
.21875
If
.45312
ii
.23437
if
.46875
y*
.25
li
.48437
ii
.26562
V2
.50
s%
.28125
GAUGES.
163
Twist Drill and Steel Drill Rod Gauge.
^ 2 si
NEAREST
SIZE IN
FRACTIONS
OF INCH.
52»
S S z
REST
E IN
TIONS
NCH.
2 o fH
CO w o
Q
REST
E IN
TIONS
INCH.
5^5
<n a S^
REST
B IN
'TIONS
INCH.
NOS.
ii§
NOS.
-< N U "
M H. <J fc
NOS.
«) N ^ .
H -< •< fe
g ® ca o
NOS.
f.h
1
0.228
16
0.177
31
0.120
46
0.080
o
0.221
3^.
17
0.173
32
0.116
47
0.079
A
3
0.213
18
0.170
u
33
0.113
48
0.076
4
0.209
19
0.166
34
0.111
49
0.073
5
0.206
20
0.161
35
0.110
64
50
0.070
c
0.204
hi
21
0.159
36
0.106
51
0.067
0.201
22
0.156
^% j
37
0.104
52
0.064
8
0.199
23
0.154
38
0.101
53
0.060
1^5
9
0.196
24
0.152
39
0.100
54
0.0.54
10
0.194
25
0.150
40
0.098
55
0.052
11
0.191
26
0.148
41
0.096
56
0.047
b\
12
0.188
."s
27
0.145
1
42
0.094
3^2
57
0.044
i:}
0.185
28
0.141
b\
43
0.089
58
0.042
14
0.182
29
0.136
44
0.086
, 59
0.041
15
0.180
30
0.129
%
45
0.082
■ 60
0.040
Yearly Table of Gas Burning Hours.
Showing the number of hours from sunset to ten o'clock at night, for each
month in the year, with the average for each month, and
the comparative length of the evenings.
Month.
June
July
May
August
Apn'l
September
March
Februar3-..
October ....
November.
January-....
December..
Total per
Month.
'6 hrs. 55 min.
83 '
' 52
88 '
' 38
99 '
' 16
102 '
' 47
115 '
' 24
127 '
' 06
132 '
' 59
140 '
41
153 '
35
163 '
16
168 '
' 25
Average per
Night.
21
irs. 34
2
" 42
2
" 51
3
" 12
3
" 25
3 " 51
06
55
31
07
16
26
Comparative
Length of
Eveninirs.
100
100
115
132
134
150
165
172
182
199
212
218
164
GLASS.
WINDOW GlyASS.
Window glass is sold by the box, which contains, as nearly as possi-
ble, 50 square feet, whatever may be the size of panes.
The thickness of ordinary or "single thick" window glass is about 1-16
of an inch, and of "double thick" nearly % of an inch.
The tensile strength of common glass varies from 2,000 lbs. to 3,000
lbs per square inch, and its crushing strength from 6,000 lbs. tolO,0001bs.
A
u
5
u
z
gi
^
ii
g
u
'n .
m .
Oj .
03 .
M .
Va
t X
•
E- X
•
■r-X
•
fr- X
'A
HX
U
3! O
w
a o
K
a o
u
a c
u
a o
N
c2 n
2
O M
N
;; pq
X
2 '*'
N
o «
CO
kJ
m
^
5
I-]
ai
S
53
n
6X8
150
11 X 24
27~
14 X 18
29
18 X 18
22
24 X 30
10^
7X 9
115
26
25
20
26
20
20
32
10
8X 10
90
28
23
22
24
22
18
34
9
12
75
30
22
24
22
24
17
36
9
13
69
32
20
26
20
26
16
38
8
14
64
34
19
28
19
28
14
40
8
15
60
36
18
30
17
30
14
42
7
16
56
38
17
32
16
32
13
44
7
18
50
40
16
34
15
34
18
46
7
20
45
42
15
36
14
36
11
48
6
9X11
73
12 X 12
50
38
14
38
11
26X26
11
12
67
13
46
40
13
40
10
28
10
13
62
14
43
42
12
42
10
30
9
14
57
15
40
44
12
44
9
32
9
15
53
16
38
46
11
46
9
34
8
16
50
18
34
15 X 15
32
20 X 20
18
36
8
18
44
19
32
16
30
22
17
38
7
20
40
20
30
18
27
24
15
40
7
22
36
22
27
20
24
26
14
42
7
10 X 12
60
24
25
22
2i
28
13
44
6
13
55
26
23
24
20
30
12
46
6
14
52
28
22
26
19
32
11
48
6
15
48
30
20
28
17
34
11
2SX 28
9
16
45
32
19
30
16
36
10
30
9
18
40
34
18
32
15
38
10
34
8
19
38
36
17
34
14
40
9
34
8
20
36
38
16
36
13
42
9
36
7
22
33
40
15
38
13
44
8
38
7
24
30
42
14
40
12
46
8
40
7
26
28
13 X 15
37
42
11
22X22
15
42
6
28
25
16
35
44
11
24
14
44
6
30
24
18
31
16 X 16
28
26
13
46
6
32
22
20
28
18
25
28
12
48
5
34
21
22
25
20
23
30
11
30X30
8
36
20
24
23
22
21
32
10
32
7
38
19
26
21
24
19
34
10
34
7
40
18
28
20
26
17
36
9
36
•7
42
17
30
18
28
16
38
9
38
7
11 X 12
55
32
17
30
15
40
8
40
6
14
47
34
16
32
14
42
8
42
6
15
44
36
15
34
13
44
7
44
6
16
41
38
15
36
13
46
7
46
5
18
37
40
14
38
12
48
7
48
5
19
34
42
13
40
11
24 X 24
12
50
5
20
33
14 X 14
37
42
11
26
12
22
30
16
32
44
10
28
11
In buying anthracite coal, that quality should be selected which has a
conchoidal fracture and a bright appearance. If it is of a dull appearance
and shows seams and cracks, it will fly into fragments in the furnace, and
will not prove economical. With soft coal if the fracture presents a whitish
film or rusty stains, they are indications of sulphur and pyrites, and such
coal should be rejected for furnace use.
165
Number of Panes Per 50 Feet, or in One Box.
SIZE. PANES.
6by H
7 '• 9
150
114
90
82
75
80
73
67
61
57
53
50
60
55
51
48
45
4-<J
40
59
55
50
47
44
41
39
36
50
46
12 by 14
■ 15
16
17
18
14 by 24
15 " 15
20 by 24
20 " 25
20 " 26
20 " 28
27
24
26
28
28
30
32
30
SIZE OF WINDOWS.
l-2LiauTS.
4 LIGHTS.
HEIGHT.
7 X 9 or 1014
X 18
3 ft 5 in.
8x 10 '
12
x20
3
9 "
HX 12 •
12
x24
4
'5 "
9x 12 •
13'.;
x24
4
• 5 '•
Ox 13 '
1314
x20
4
• 9 "
0x14 '
131;
x28
5
• 1 •'
(!x 15 '
13%
x30
5
'5 ■'
10 X 15 '
15
X 30
f,
' 5 "
10x16 '
15
x32
5
'9 "
10x17 '
15
X 34
6
' 1 •'
lOx 18 '
15
X V{]
6
■5 "
12x18 '
18
x3)
6
'5 "
12x20 •
IH
X 40
7
' 1 "
11 X 16
12 li
-.Its.
5
'9 "
11 X 17
]-l
6
• 1 "
llx 18
12
•'
6
' 5 '•
14x26
4
"
4
'9 "
14x28
4
"
5
1 "
14x30
4
"
5
'5 "
14 X 32
1
"
r,
' 9 "
16 X 32
4
"
5
' 9 "
16 X 34
4
"
f.
• 1 "
16 X 36
4
"'
n
' 5 '■
8x 10
24
.f)
'5>4-
8 X 12
24
•'
i\
' 5'4--
9x12
24
•'
6
'5V„-'
9x13
24
6
Ml 4"
ft. 0%
" 353
2 '•
2 '•
2 "
2 "
2 "
2 "
2 "
2 "
3 "
3 •'
3 "
3 "
3 "
3 "
6?'8
65^
m
9%
3V8
05,;
II 58
U%
3^8
3%
-IZE OF CELLAU, 1 LIGHT, AND 4 LIGHT SASH,
6x 8 3 lights.
i HEIGHT.
WIDTH.
0 IL 11 14 in.
1
n. 9%1U
6x 8 4
0 •• 1114 '•
2
'• 3%"
7x 9 3
il " 014 <•
2
" 0^8 "
7x 9 4
1 " 014 "
2
" 7% "
8x10 3
1 " 114 "
2
" 3%"
8x12 3 "
1 " 31/4 "
2
" 3%"
8x12 4
1 " 314 '•
2
" 11% "
'■ 9x12 3
I " 314 "
2
" 6^1"
9x12 4
1 " 314 "
3
" 3%"
9x13 3
1 " 41.4 "
2
" 6%'-
9x13 4
1 " 414 "
3
" 3%'-
9x15 3
1 " 6I4 '•
2
" 6% "
10x12 3
1 " 314 "
2
'• 9-/8-
10x14 3
1 " 514 "
2
" 95^8 '•
10x15 3 . "
1 '■ 614 '^
2
" 9S/8-
10x16 3
1 " 714 "
2
" 95/8"
10x18 3 "
1 " 914 "
2
" 95/8"
9x13 1
1 " 414 "
1
• 014"
10x14 1
1 " 514 "
1
" 114"
10x15 1
1 - 614 "
1
" II/4"
7x 9 4
1 " 91/2 "
1
" 51/0 "
.«-xl0 4
1 " IIH "
1
" 71/2-
9x12 4 "
2 '• 314 "
1
" 91/2-
9x13 4
2 " 5^ "
1
" 9/2"
SKr LIGHT SASH.
2 fr. 0in.x2 fi. 6 in.
1 ft. 10io.x3ft Oin.
2 ft. 0iTi.x3fr.(tin.
2 ft. 2in.x3f[. Oin.
2 ft. Oin.x3ft. 6in.
2ft. 2iii.x3ft. 6in.
The semi-biLuminous coals occupy rather the smallest space per ton
weiojht (42.0372 cu. ft.), the anthracite ranking next (42.13 cu. ft.), the
bituminous coals of Pennsylvania ranking third (42.671 cu. ft.), and next
the coking coals of Virginia, being the only free burning coals which are
decidedly l^srhter (45.8804 cu. ft.) indicating that anthracite is the heaviest
class of coal.
166
GRINDSTONES.
grindston:8s.
Weights of Grindstones.
Rule.— Square the diameter (in inches), multiply by thickness (in
inches), then multiply by decimal .06363.
Example. — Find the weight of a stone 4 feet 6 inches in diameter and
7 inches thick. 4 feet 6 inches = 54; square of 54 = 2916; multiplied bj' 7
= 20412; multiplied by .06363 = answer 1298.815 pounds weight ofstone.
Grindstone Speeds.
For Ohio grindstones, from 2,000 to 3,000 feet per minute.
For Lake Huron stones, from 2,800 to 4,000 feet per minute.
To find the rate of speed for a grindstone.
Rule.— Multiply the diam.eter in inches b\' 3.1416 and divide by 12,
then multiply by the number of revolutions, the product will give the num-
ber of feet per minute at which the stone is traveling.
Standard Table of Weights of Ohio Grindstones.
DIAMETER IN FEET AXD INCHES.
THICKNESS
7-0
7—1
7—2
7-3
7—4
7-5
7-6
7—7
7-8
7-9
7-10
7—11
8-0
5 inch.
2244
2298
2353
2408
2463
2520
2577
2634
2692
2751
2811
2871
2932
5U "
2469
2528
2588
2648
2710
2772
2834
2898
2962
3026
3092
3158
3223
6 "
2693
27.58
2823
2889
2956
3024
3092
3161
3231
8301
a373
3445
3518
G1/2 "
2918
2988
3058
3130
3202
3276
33.50
3424
3.500
3577
3654
3732
?811
7 "
3142
.3218
3294
;3371
3449
a528
3607
3688
3769
3852
3935
4019
4104
7»4 "
336?
3447
3529
3612
3695
3780
3865
3951
4039
4127
4216
4306
4398
8 "
3591
3677
3764
3852
3941
4032
4123
4215
4308
4402
4497
4594
4691
814 "
3S16
3907
4000
4093
4188
4284
4380
4478
4577
4677
4778
4881
4984
9 "
4040
4137
4235
4334
4434
4536
4638
4742
4847
4952
5060
5168
5277
91 2 "
426.5
4:367
4470
4575
4680
4788
4896
5005
5116
5228
5341
5455
5570
10
4489
4597
4706
4816
4927
5040
51.54
5269
53S5
5503
5622
5742
5864
1-^2 "
4714
4827
4944
5056
5173
5292
.5411
5532
4654
5778
5903
6029
6157
11
4938
5056
5176
5297
5420
5.544
5669
5796
5924
6053
6184
6316
&i50
lP/2 "
5163
5286
5411
5538
5666
5796
5927
6059
6193
6328
&465
6603
6743
12 "
5387
5516
.5647
5779
5912
6048
6184
6322
6462
6603
6746
6891
70.36
12!4 •'
5611
5746
5882
6020
61.59
6300
6442
6586
6782
6879
7027
7178
7330
13 "
5836
5976
6117
6260
6415
6552
6690
6849
7001
7154
7308
7465
7623
1314 "
6060
6206
6353
6501
6651
6804
6957
7113
7270
7429
7589
7752
7916
14
6285
6436
6588
6742
6S98
70.56
7215
7376
7539
7704
7871
8039
8209
UYz "
6509
6665
6823
6983
7144
7308
7473
7fi40
7809
7979
8152
8326
a502
15 "
6734
6895
7059
7224
7391
7560
7731
7903
8078
8254
8433
8613
8796
1514 "
6958
7125
7294
7464
7637
7812
7988
8169
8347
8529
8714
8901
9089
16
71p3
7355
7529
7705
7883
8064
8246
8430
8616
8805
8995
9188
9382
All stones over 200 pounds are sold by measurement weight; less
than 200 pounds, by actual w^eight on scales.
The pressure per square inch (14.7 IIds. at the level of the sea), was dis-
covered bv Torricelli in 1645.
GEARING.
16'
GEARING.
Teeth of Wheels-
-Cast
Iron
•
d
Table Showing the Horse-Power that may
be Transmitted by each
inch of Breadth
of Tooth, with Different Velocities and Pitches.
ii
PITCH OF TEETH IN INCHE3.
H f^
%
I
1J4
m
IK
2
2H
3
4
5
6
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
h.p.
hp.
h.p.
}i
.008
.015
.023
.033
.045
.06
.093
.135
.24
.37
.54
Vi
.017
.03
.047
.67
.09
.12
.18
.27
.43
.75
.11 '8
u
.025
.045
.07
.101
.138
.18
.281
.4
72
1.12
1.62
1
.033
.06
.094
.135
.184
.24
.375
.54
96
1.5
2.16 •
2
.067
.12
.188
.27
.366
.48
.75
1.08
1.9
3.0
4.3
3
.10
.18
.28
.40
.55
.72
t.l
1.6
2.8
4.5
6.4
4
.13
.24
.37
.54
.73
.96
15
2.1
3.8
6.
8.6
5
.17
m
.47
.67
.91
1.2
1.8
2.7
4.8
7.5
10.8
6
.20
.36
.56
.81
1.1
1.4
2.2
3.2
5.7
9.
U.9
7
.23
.42
.65
.94
1.28
1.68
2.6
3.7
6.7
10.5
15.1
8
.27
.48
.75
1.1
1.4
1.9
3.
4.3
7.6
12.
17.2
9
.30
.54
.8t
1.2
1.6
2.1
3.3
4.8
8.6
13.5
19.4
10
.33
.6
.94
1.35
1.8
2.4
3.7
54
9.6
15.
21.6
12
.40
.72
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.8
4.5
6.4
11.5
18.
259
14
.47
.84
1.3
1.8
2.5
3.3
5.2
7.5
13.4
21.
30.2
16
.54
.96
1.5
2.1
2.9
38
6.
8.6
153
24.
34.5
18
.61
1.1
1.7
2.4
3.3
4.3
6.7
9.7
17.3
27.
38.9
20
.66
1.2
1.9
2.7
3.6
4.8
7.5
10.8
19.2
30.
43.2
22
.74
1.3
2.1
2.9
4.
53
8.2
11.9
21.1
33.
47.5
24
.81
1.4
2.2
3.2
4.4
57
9.
12.9
23.
36.
51.8
26
.88
1.5
2.4
3.5
4.7
6.2
9.7
14.
24 9
39.
56.1
28
.95
1.6
2.6
3.7
51
6.7
10.5
151
26.9
42.
60.4
hO
1.01
1.8
2.8
4.
5.5
7.2
11.2
16.2
28.8
45.
64.8
35
1.2
2.1
3.3
4.7
6.4
8.4
13.1
18.9
33.6
52.5
75.6
40
1.3
2.3
3.7
5.4
7.3
9.6
15.
21.6
38.4
60.
86.4
The diametral pitch of a gear is the number of teeth to each inch of its
pitch diameter.
The circular pitch is the distance from the center of one tooth to the
center of the tooth, measured along the pitch circle.
168
GEARING
Table of Pitch Diameters.
FOR ONE INCH CIRCULAR PITCH.
u
1
u
so
w
ti
S « -
w
11
10
3.18
38
12.10
66
21.02
94
29.93
11
3.50
I 39
12.42
67
21.33
95
30.25
12
3.82
40
12.74
' 68
21.65
96
30.56
13
4.14
! 41
13.05
69
21.97
97
30.88
14
4.46
42
13.37
■ 70
22.29
98
31.20
15
4.78
43
13.66
71
22.60
99
31.52
16
5.09
44
14.00
72
22.92
100
31.84
17
5.40
45
14.33
73
23.24
18
5.73
46
14.65
74
23.56
19
6.05
47
14.96
75
23.88
'art ^15
20
6.37
48
15 28
76
24.20
21
6 69
49
15.60
77
24.52
1 1 sis
22
7.00
50
15.92
78
24.83
§ ^ ^ o a5
23
7.32
51
16.24
79
25.15
24
7.64
52
16.56
80
25.47
25
7.96
53
16.87
81
25.79
^ >^-g ° 2i S
26
8.28
54
17.19
82
26.10
27
8.60
55
17.52
83
26.43
28
8.90
56
17.83
84
26.74
a 3 V- g rQ a
29
9.23
57
18.15
85
27.06
30
9.55
58
18.47
86
27.38
-5 £ t^ ^ 2
31
9.87
59
18.78
1 87
27.70
32
10.19
60
19.10
88
28.02
0 ';:^ r: rC "^ I:
33
10.50
61
19.42
89
28.34
34
10.82
62
19.74
90
28.65
35
11.14
63
20.06
91
28.97
^ ^^^^ i
36
11.46
64
20.38
92
29.29
37
. 11.78
65
20.69
93
29.60
A sharp point of hardened steel will cut glass nearly as well as a dia-
mond, Take an old worn-out three-cornered file, grind the end to a three-
cornered point, heat it red hot, and immediately plunge it into a mixture of
snow and salt. Retouch it on the stone to remove the scale, and it is
read\^ for use. If rightlj^ done it will give very good satisfaction. In using
it hold the file nearly perpendicular, slightly inclined forward, and with a
gentle pressure draw it rapidly over the glass without changing its inclina-
tion to the surface. In cutting thick glass it is safer to cut on both sides
before attempting to separate the pieces, but thin glass may be cut with
the greatest facility.
When the point becomes dull from use it will produce only a ragged
surface — scratch — but will not cut. It then needs regrinding.
GEAR WHEELS.
169
Table Showing the Diameter of a Wheel for a Given Pitch, or
the Pitch for a Given Diameter.
<
<
1
i
<
^
1^
o
s
%
0
O
o
o
O
o
o
d
"A
n
tf
6
"A
H
S
•A
<
o
<
A
<
o
<l
Q
,,
o /
3
60
1.1547
0.9549
68
2 38
49
21.6537
21.6450
4
45
1.4142
1.2731
69
2 36
31
21.9717
21.9633
5
36
1.7013
1.5915
70
2 34
17
22.2895
22.2816
6
30
2.0000
1.9098
71
2 32
7
22.6068
22.5999
7
25
42
51
2.3046
2.2249
72
2 30
22.9256
22.9182
8
22
30
2.6131
2.5464
73
2 27
57
23.2430
23.2365
9
20
2.9238
2.8647
74
2 25
57
23.5613
23.5548
10
18
3.2361
3.1830
75
2 24
23.8808
23.8731
11
16
21
5
3.5495
3.5014
76
2 22
6
24.1993
24.1914
12
15
3.8637
3.8197
77
2 20
16
24.5155
24.5098
n
13
50
46
4.1786
4.1.S80
78
2 18
28
24.8340
24.8281
14
12
51
26
4.4939
4.-I563
79
2 16
43
25.1517
25.1464
15
12
4.8097
4.7746
80
2 15
25.4713
25.4647
16
11
15
5.1258
5.09'^
81
2 13
20
25.7896
25.7830
17
10
a5
18
5.4421
5.4118
82
2 11
42
26.1092
26.1013
18
10
5.7588
5 72P5
83
2 10
72
26.4268
26.4196
19
9
28
26
6.0756
6.0478
84
2 8
34
26.7452
26.7319
20
9
6.3924
6.3661
85
2 7
4
27.0608
27.0562
21
8
34
17
6.7095
6.6844
86
2 5
35
27.3803
87.3745
28
8
10
f5
7.0266
7.0028
87
2 4
8
27.71 00
27.6928
23
7
49
34
7.3439
7.3211
88
2 2
44
28.0158
28.0112
24
7
30
7.6613
7.6394
89
2 1
21
28.3351
28.3295
25
7
12
7.9787
7.9577
90
o
28.6587
28.6478
26
6
55
23
8.2963
8.2760
91
1 58
41
28.9715
28.9661
27
6
40
8.6138
8.5943
1 92
1 57
23
29.2921
29.2844
28
6
25
43
8.9314
8 9126
93
1 56
8
29.6074
29 6027
29
6
13
25
9 2490
9.2309
94
1 54
54
29 9250
29.9210
30
6
9.5668
9.5492
95
1 53
41
30.2452
30.2393
31
5
48
23
9.8846
9.8675
96
1 52
30
30.5632
30.5576
32
5
37
30
10.2023
10.1858
97
1 51
20
30.8833
30.8755
33
5
27
16
10.5203
10..50419
98
1 50
12
31.2008
31.1912
34
5
17
39
10.8379
10.8225
99
1 49
5
31.5202
31.5126
35
5
8
34
11.1560
11.1408
100
1 48
31.83(12
31.8309
36
5
11.4737
11.4591
101
1 46
56
32.1537
32.1492
37
51
54
11.7913
11.7774
102
1 45
53
32 4725
32.4675
38
44
13
12.1093
12 0957
103
1 44
51
32.7923
32.7858
39
36
55
12.4278
12.4140
104
1 43
51
33 1080
33.1041
40
30
12.7455
12.7323
105
1 42
51
33.4298
33.4224
41
23
25
13.0634
13.0506
106
1 41
53
33.7449
33.7407
48
17
9
13.3820
13.3«89 1
107
1 40
56
34.0644
34.0590
43
11
10
13.6992
13.6872 1
108
1 40
34.3823
34.3773
44
5
27
14.0178
14.0056 1
109
1 39
5
34.7003
34.6956
45
14.3356
14.3239
110
1 38
11
35.0183
35.0140
46
3
54
47
11,6536
1-1.6422
111
1 37
18
35.3361
35 3323
47
3
49
47
14.9720
14.9605
112
1 36
26
35.6536
35.6506
48
3
45
15.2898
15.2788
113
1 35
35
35.9706
35.96a5
49
3
40
24
1.5.6084
15.7971
114
1 34
44
36.2932
.36.2872
50
3
36
15.9260
15.9154
115
1 33
55
36.6088
36.6055
51
3
31
46
16.2439
16.2.337
116
1 33
6
36.9298
36.9238
52
3
27
42
16.5616
16.5.520
117
1 32
18
37.2498
37.2421
53
3
23
46
16.8809
16.8703 1
118
1 31
32
37.5618
37.5004
54
3
20
17.1984
17.1886
119
1 30
45
37.8859
37.8787
55
3
16
22
17.5163
17.5071
120
I 30
38.2015
38.1970
56
3
12
51
17.83.^)3
17.8253
121
1 29
15
38.5225
38.5154
57
3
9
28
18.1535
18.1436
122
1 28
31
38.8415
38.8337
58
3
6
12
18.4717 i
18.4619
123
1 27
48
39.1585
39.1520
59
3
3
3
18.7892 i
18.7802
124
1 87
6
39. 475 i
39.4703
60
3
19 1073 1
19.0985
125
1 26
24
39.7929
39.7886
61
2
57
3
19.4254
19.4168
126
1 25
43
40.1101
40.1069
62
2
54
12
19.7429
19.7351
127
1 25
2
40.4323
40.4252
63
2
51
26
20.0613 !
20.0534
128
1 24
22
40 7517
40.7435
64
2
48
45
20.3800
20.3717
129
1 23
43
41.0681
41.0618
65
2
46
9
20.6987 i
20 6900
130
1 23
5
41.3811
41.3801
66
2
43
38
21.0168
21.0084
131
1 22
27
41.6989
41.6984
67
2
41
12
21.3338 '
21.3267
132
1 21
49
42.0217
42.0168
170
GEAR WHEELS.
Table Showing the Diameter of a Wheel for a Given Pitch, or
the Pitch for a Given Diameter.
{Continued,)
S
^
^
<
S
»
»
-0
^
H
s
<
&<
Q
<
b
»
p
fj
^
^
Q
Q
O
^i
c:
O
J
K
o
■ o
u
o
O
O
6
\Zi
ta
s;
6
%
S
BS
>S!
<
u
■<
^
<
u
■<
133
0 ,
1 21
12
42.3407
42.3351
167
0 /
1 4
40
53.1642
53.1576
134
1 20
c6
42.6559
42.6534
168
1 4
17
53.4811
53.4759
135
1 20
42.9759
42.9717
169
1 3
54
53.8019
53.7942
136
1 19
25
43.2913
43.2900
170
1 3
32
54.1124
54.1125
137
1 18
50
43.6116
43.6083
171
1 3
9
54.4408
54.4398
138
1 18
16
43.9273
43.9206
172
1 2
47
54.7587
54.7491
139
1 17
42
44.2476
44.2449
173
1 2
26
55.0657
55.0674
140
1 17
9
44.5630
44.5600
174
1 2
4
55.3910
55.3857
141
1 ]6
36
44.8829
44.8815
175
1 1
43
55.7051
55.7040
142
1 16
3
45.2074
45.1998
176
1 1
22
56.0227
56.0224
143
1 15
31
45.5267
45.5182
177
1 1
56.3440
56.3407
144
1 15
45.8403
45.8365
178
1 0
40
56.6690
56.6590
145
1 14
2?
46.1582
46.1548
179
1 0
20
56.9820
56.9773
146
1 13
58
46.4805
46.4731
180
57.2987
57.2956
147
1 13
28
46.7968
46.7914
181
0 59
40
57.6187
57.6139
148
1 12
58
47.1174
47.1997
182
0 59
20
57.9424
57.9322
149
1 12
29
47.4316
47.4280
183
0 59
1
58.2532
58.25(15
150
1 12
47.7500
47.7463
184
0 55
42
.58.5675
58.5688
151
1 11
31
48.0726
48.0646
185
0 58
23
58.8a52
58.8871
352
1 11
3
48.3883
48.3829
186
0 58
4
59.2063
.59.2055
153
1 10
35
48.7082
48.7012
187
0 57
45
59.5308
59.5238
154
1 10
8
49.0207
49.0196
188
0 57
27
59.8417
59.8421
155
1 9
41
49.3372
49.3375
189
0 57
9
60.1558
60.1604
156
1 9
14
49.6579
49.6562
190
0 56
51
60.4732
60.4787
157
1 8
47
49.9826
49.9745
191
0 56
33
60.7940
60.7970
158
1 8
21
50.2995
50.2928
192
0 56
15
61.1182
61.1153
159
55
50.6204
50.6111
193
0 55
58
61.4276
61.4336
160
1 7
30
50.9328
50.9294
194
0 55
40
61.7586
61.7519
161
5
51.2492
51.2460
195
0 55
23
62.0745
62.0702
]62
1 6
40
51.5694
51.5660
196
0 55
6
62.3937
62.3885
163
1 6
15
51.8937
51.8843
197
0 .54
49
62.7161
62.7069
164
1 5
51
52.2089
52.2026
198
0 54
33
63.0227
63.0252
165
1 5
27
52.5279
52.5210
199
0 54
16
63.3517
63.3435
166
1 5
4
52.8374
52.8393
200
0 54
63.6646
63.6618
To Find the Pitch Diameter of a Gear Wheel.
Rule: Divide the number of teeth by the pitch.
This rule applies only when it is required to find the pitch diameter
from the diametral pitch.
When the circular pitch is used the rule is:
Multiph^ the pitch and number of teeth together, and divide the prod-
uct by 3.1416.
When the chordal pitch is used, the rule is:
Divide 180 degrees by the number of teeth. Find the sine of the quo-
tient, and divide it into the given pitch. The quotient will be the pitch
diameter of the gear.
Note: See table of natural sines for sine of angle found by dividing
180 degrees by the number of teeth.
GEAR WHEELS. 171
To Find the Diameter of a Gear Blank, the Pitch and the
Number of Teeth Being Given.
Figuring from the diametral pitch.
Rule: Divide the number of teeth by the pitch the quotient will be
the pitch diameter.
Figunng from the circular pitch.
Rule: Multiply the number of teeth by the pitch and divide the prod-
uct'by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the pitch diameter.
Figuring from the chordal pitch.
Rule: Divide 180 degrees by the number of teeth. Find the sine of
the quotient. Divide the pitch by the sine, and the quotient will be the
pitch diameter of gear blank.
To Find the Pitch of a Gear, When the Diameter Pitch is
Wanted.
Rule: Add 2 to the number of teeth and divide by the whole diameter
of gear.
When the Circular Pitch is Wanted.
Rule: .Divide the circumference of the pitch circle by the number of
teeth.
When the Chordal Pitch is Wanted.
Rule: Divide 180 degrees b}^ the number of teeth. Take the sine of
this angle and multiph' it b}^ the pitch diameter.
To find outside diameter of spur gear blanks, add two parts of the
pitch to the pitch diameter; thus, for an 8-pitch gear of forty teeth the out-
side diameter of blank is 42-8ths, equal to 5^ inches; for a 12-pitch gear of
thirty-six teeth the outside diameter of blank is 38-1 2ths, equal to 3^ inches;
tor a 16-pitch gear of fortj^-six teeth the outside diameter of blank is 48-
16ths, equals 3 inches. This rule applies to gears of any pitch, and if al-
ways at hand will insure blanks of the right size, saving time and aimoy-
ance.
The diametral pitch of a gear is the number of teeth to each inch of its
pitch diameter, and when understood is so simple and convenient that fev/
gears are now cut by the almost obsolete circular pitch method.
To obtain the distance between the centers of two gears, add the num-
ber of teeth together and divide half the sum by the diametral pitch, thus:
If two gears have 40 and 30 teeth respectively, and are 5-pitch, add 40 and
30, making 70, divide by 2 and then divide this quotient 35 by the dia-
metral pitch 5, and the result, 7 inches, is the distance between centers
Spur gear blanks are always of the same denomination as the pitch.
The diameter of 8-pitch gear cannot be in lOths or 12ths of an inch, nor a
16 pitch in 20ths or 40ths. but a 6-pitch gear is always in 6ths, a 10-pitch
in lOths, a 48 in 48ths, etc.
172
GRADING.
GRADING.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG.
Table 1. Level Cuttings. Roadway 14 feet wide, side-slopes lli to 1. For single
track embankment.
HtlGHT
IN FT
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.•.,
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C.~Yd7
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yd.-^.
0
5,24
10.6
16.1
21.6
27 3
33.1
39.0
45.0
51.2
1
57.4
63.8
70.2
76.8
83.5
90^3
97.2
104.2
111.3
118.6
2
125.9
133.4
141.0
148.6
156.4
164.4
172.4
180.5
138.7
197 1
3
205.6
214.1
222.8
231.6
240.5
249.5
258.7
267.9
277 3
288.7
4
296.3
306.0
315.8
325.7
335.7
345.8
356.1
366.4
376.9
387.5
5
3ij8.1
408.9
419.9
430.9
442.0
453.2
464.6
476.1
487.6
499.3
6
511.1
523.0
535.0
547.2
559.4
571.8
584.2
596.8
609.5
6'?2.3
7
635.2
648.2
661.3
674.6
687.9
701 4
714.9
728.6
742.4
756.3
8
770.3
784.5
798.7
813.1
827.5
842.1
856.8
871.6
886.5
901 5
9
916.7
931.9
947.3
962.7
978.3
994.0
1010
1026
1042
1058
10
1074
1090
1107
1123
1140
1157
1174
1191
1208
1225
11
1243
1260
1278
1295
1313
1331
1349
1367
1385
1404
12
H22
1441
1459
1478
1497
1516
1535
1554
1574
1593
13
1613
1633
1652
1672
1692
1712
1733
1753
1773
1794
14
1815
1835
1856
1877
1898
1920
1941
1962
1984
2006
15
2028
2050
2072
2094
2116
2138
2161
21 h3
2206
2229
16
2252
2275
2298
2381
2344
2368
2391
2415
2439
2163
17
. 2487
2511
2535
2559
25S4
2608
2633
2658
26-3
27'08
18
2733
2759
2784
2809
2835
2861
2886
2912
2v^38
2964
19
2991
3017
3044
3070
3097
3124
3151
3178
3205
3232
20
3259
3287
3314
3342
3370
3398
3426
3454
3482
3510
21
3539
3567
3596
3625
3654
3683
3712
3741
3771
3800
22
3830
3859
3889
3919
3949
3979
4009
4040
4070
4101
23
4132
4162
4193
4224
4255
4287
4318
4349
,4381
4413
24
4444
4476
4508
4541
4573
4605
4638
4670
4703
4736
25
4769
4802
4835
4868
4901
4935
4968
5002
5038
5070
26
5104
5138
5172
5206
5241
5275
5310
5345
5380
5415
27
5450
5485
5521
5556
5592
5627
5663
5699
5735
5771
28
5807
5844
5880
5917
5953
5990
6027
6064
6101
6139
29
6176
6213
6251
6289
6326
6364
6402
6440
6479
6517
30
6556
6594
6633
6672
6711
6750
6789
6828
6867
6907
31
6946
6986
7026
7066
7106
7146
7186
7226
7267
7307
32
7348
7389
7430
7471
7512
7553
7595
7636
7678
7719
33
7761 .
7803
7845
7887
7929
7972
8014
8057
8099
8142
34
8185
8228
8271
8315
8358
8401
8445
8489
8532
8576
35
8620
8664
87U9
8753
8798
8842
8887
8932
8976
9022
36
9067
9112
9157
9203
9248
9294
9340
9386
9432
9478
37
9524
9570
9617
9663
9710
9757
9804
9851
9898
9945
38
9993
10040
10088
1U135
10183
10231
10279
10327
10375
10424
39
10472
10521
10569
10618
10667
10716
10765
10815
10861
10913
40
10963
11013
11062
11112
11162
11212
11263
11313
11364
11414
41
11465
11516
11567
11618
11669
11720
11771
11823
11873
11926
42
11978
12029
12081
12134
12186
12238
12291
12343
12S96
12449
43
12502
12555
12608
12661
12715
12768
12822
12875
12929
12983
44
13037
13091
13145
13200
13254
13309
13363
13418
13473
13528
45
13583
13639
13694
13749
13805
13861
13916
13972
14028
14084
46
14141
14197
14254
14310
14367
14424
14480
14537
14595
14652
47
14709
14767
14824
14882
14940
14998
15056
15114
15172
15230
48
15289
15347
15406
15465
15524
15583
15642
15701
15761
If 820
49
15880
15939
15999
18059
16119
16179
16239
16300
16360
16421
50
16481
16542
16603
16664
16725
16787
16848
16909
16971
17033
51
17094
17156
17218
17280
17343
17405
17467
17530
17593
17656
52
17719
17782
17845
17908
17971
18035
18098
18162
18226
182911
53
18354
18418
18482
18546
18611
18675
18740
18805
18870
18935
54
19000
19065
19131
19196
19262
19327
19393
19459
19525
19591
55
19657
19724
19790
19857
19923
19990
20057
20124
20191
20259
56
20326
20393
20461
20529
20596
20664
20732
20800
20869
20V37
57
21005
21074
21143
21212
21280
21349
21419
21488
21557
21627
58
21696
21766
21836
21908
21976
22046
22116
22186
22257
22327
59
22398
22469
22540
22611
226'<2
!^2753
22825
22896
22988
23039
60
23111
23183
23255
23327
23399
:^34T2
23544
23617
23689
23762
For continuation to IGO feet see Table 7.
GKAD.NG.
173
Grading.— Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG.
Table 2. Level cuttings. Roadway 24 feet wide, side-slopes I'i to 1. For double-
track embankment.
HEIGHT
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
IN FT
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. YMs
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
0
8.94
18.0
27.2
36.4
45.8
55 3
64.9
74.7
84 5
1
94.4
104.5
114.7
124.9
135.3
145.8
1.56.4
167 2
178.0
188 9
2
200.0
211.2
222.4
2.33.8
245.3
2.56.9
268.6
280.5
292.4
304 4
3
316.6
3:28.9
341.2
353.7
366.3
379.0
391.9
404.8
417.8
431.0
4
444.4
4.^7.8
471.3
484.9
498.6
5 '2.4
526.4
540.4
554.6
568.8
5
583.3
597.8
612.4
627.1
642.0
656.9
671.9
687.1
702.3
717.7
6
733.3
748.9
764.7
780.5
796.4
812.5
828.7
844.9
861.3
877.8
7
894.4
9112
928.0
944.9
962.0
979.2
996.4
1014
1031
1049
8
1067
1085
1102
1121
1139
1157
1175
1194
1212
1231
9
1250
1269
12K8
1307
1326
1346
1365
1.385
1405
1425
10
1444
1465
1485
1505
1525
1546
1566
1.587
1608
1629
11
1650
1671
1692
1714
17.35
1757
1779
1800
1822
1845
12
1867
1889
1911
1934
19.'56
1979
2002
2025
2048
2071
13
2094
2118
2141
2165
2189
2213
2236
2261
2285
2309
14
2333
2358
2382
2407
2432
2457
2462
2507
2532
2558
15
2583
2009
2635
2661
2686
2713
2739
2765
2791
2818
16
2844
2871
2898
2925
2952
2979
3006
3034
3061
3089
17
3117
3145
3172
3201
3229
3257
3285
3314
3342
3371
18
3400
3429
3458
3487
3516
3546
3575
3605
3635
3665
19
3694
3725
3755
3785
3815
3846
3876
3907
3938
3969
20
4000
4031
4062
4094
4125
4157
4189
4221
4252
4285
21
4317
4349
4381
4414
4446
4479
4512
4545
4.578
4611
22
4644
4678
4711
4745
47i-9
4813
4846
4881
4915
4949
23
4983
5018
50.52
5087
5122
5157
5192
5227
5262
5298
24
5333
5369
5405
5441
5476
5513
5549
5585
5621
5658
25
5694
5731
5768
5805
5842
5879
5916
5954
5991
6029
26
6067
6105
6142
6181
6219
6257
6295
6334
6372
6411
27
6450
6489
6528
6567
6606
6646
6685
6725
6765
6885
28
6844
6885
6925
6965
7005
7046
7086
7127
7168
7209
29
7250
7291
7332
7374
7415
7457
7499
7541
7582
7625
30
7667
7709
7751
7794
7836
7879
7922
7965
8008
8051
31
8094
8138
8181
8225
8269
8313
8356
8401
8445
8489
32
8533
8578
8622
8667
8712
8757
8802
8847
8892
8938
33
8983
9029
9075
9121
9166
9212
9259
9305
9351
9398
34
9444
9491
9538
9585
9632
9679
9726
9774
9822
9822
35
9917
9965
10012
10061
10109
10157
10205
10254
10302
10351
36
10400
10449
10498
10547
10596
10646
10695
10745
10795
10845
37
10894
109-15
10995
11045
11095
11146
11196
11247
11298
11349
38
11400
11451
11502
11.554
11605
11657
11709
11761
11812
11865
39
11917
11969
12021
12074
12126
12179
12232
12285
12.338
12391
40
12444
12498
12551
12605
12659
12713
12766
12821
12875
12929
41
12983
13U38
13092
13147
13202
13257
13312
13367
13422
13478
42
ia533
13589
13645
13701
13756
1.3813
1.3869
13925
13981
14038
43
14094
14151
143 -8
14265
14S22
14379
14436
14494
14551
14609
44
14667
14725
14782
14840
14899
14957
1.5015
1.5074
151.S2
15191
45
1.5250
15309
1.5368
1.5427
15486
1.5.546
15605
1.5G65
15725
15785
46
158 14
1.5905
15965
16025
16085
16146
16206
16267
16.328
16389
47
164.50
16511
16572
16634
16695
16757
16819
16881
16942
17005
48
17067
17129
17191
17254
17316
17379
17442
17505
17-68
17631
49
17694
17758
17821
17885
17949
18013
18076
18141
18205
18269
50
18333
18398
18462
18527
18592
18657
18722
18787
18852
18918
51
18983
19049
19115
19181
19246
19313
19379
19445
19511
19578
52
19644
19711
19778
19845
19912
19979
20046
20114
20181
20249
53
20317
20.385
204.52
20521
20589
20fi57
20725
20794
20862
20931
54
21000
21069
211.38
21207
21276
21346
21415
21485
21555
21625
55
21694
21765
21835
21905
21975
2 046
22116
22187
22258
22329
56
22400
22471
22542
22614
22085
22757
228-^9
22901
22972
23045
57
23117
23189
23061
23334
234' 6
23479
2a5.52
23625
23698
23771
58
2.S844
23918
23991
240a5
24139
24213
24286
24361
24435
24509
59
24583
24658
24732
2480r
24^82
24957
25032
25107
,25182
25258
CO
25333
25409
25485
i 255G1
25636
25713
25789
25865
'25941
2^«18
For continuation to 190 feet, see Table 7.
174
GRADING.
Grading.— Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTION
Table 3. Level Cuttings. Roadway 18 feet wide
track excavation.
100 FEET LONG.
ize slopes 1 to
1. For single-
HEIGHT
IN FT.
.0;
.1
.2 1 .3 ;
.4
.5
.6
.7 j
.8
.9
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds. C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.'
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
0
6.701
13.51 20.3
27.3
34.3
41.3
43. 5j
.55.7
63.0
1
70.4
77.8
85.31 92.9
100.6
108.3
116.1
124.0
132.0
140.0
2
148.1
156.3
164.6! 172.9
181.3
189.8
198.4
207 0
215.7
. 224.5
3
233.3
242.3
251.3 260.3
269.5
278.7
288.0
297.4
306.8
316.3
4
325.9
a35.6
345.31 355.1
365.0
375.0
385.0
395.1
405.3
415.6
5
425.9
436.3
446.8 457.4
468.0
478.7
489.5
500.3
511.3
5-22.3
6
533.3
544.5
555. 7i 567.0
578.4
589.8
601.3
612.9
624.6
636.3
7
648 1
660.0
672.0 684.0
696.1
708.3
720.6
732.9
745.3
7.57.8
8
770.i
783 0
795.7 808.5
821.3
834.3
847.3
860.3
873.5
886.7
9
900.0
913.4
926.8 940.3
953.9
967.6
981.3
995.1
1009
1023
10
1037
1051
1065 1080
1094
1108
1123
1137
1152
1167
11
1181
1196
1211 ! 1226
1241
1256
1272
1287
1302
1318
12
1333
1349
1365 1380
1396
1412
1428
1444
1460
1476
13
1493
1509
1525 : 1542
1558
1575
1592
1608
1625
m2
14
1659
1676
1693 i 1711
1728
1745
1763
1780
1798
1816
15
1833
1851
1869 i 1887
1905
1923
1941
1960
1978
1996
16
2015
2033
2052
2071
2089
2108
2127
2146
2165
2184
17
2204
2223
2212
2262
2281
2301
2321
2340
2360
2380
18
2400
2420
2440
2460
2481
2501
2521
2542
2562
2583
19
2604
2624
2645
2066
2687
2708
2729
2751
2772
2793
20
2815
2836
28-i8
2880
2901
2923
2945
2967
2989
3011
21
3033
3056
3078
3100
3123
3145
3168
3191
3213
3836
22
3259
3282
3305
3328
3352
3375
3398
3422
3445
3469
23
3493
3516
3540
3564
a=>88
3612
3636
3660
3685
3709
24
3733
3753
3782
3807
3823
3856
3881
3906
3931
39.56
25
3981
4007
4032
4057
4083
4108
4134
4160
4185
4211
26
4237
4263
4289
4315
4341
4368
4394
4420
4447
4473
27
4500
4527
4553
4580
4607
4634
4661
4688
4716
4743
28
4770
4798
4825
4853
4fe81
4908
4936
4964
4992
5020
29
5U48
5076
5105
5133
5161
5190
5218
5247
5276
5304
30
5333
5362
5391
5420
5449
5479
5508
5537
5567
5596
31
ri6<;6
5656
5685
5715
5745
5775
5805
5835
5865
5896
32
5926
5956
5987
6017
6045
6079
6109
6140
6171
6202
33
623^
6264
6296
6327
6358
6390
6421
6453
6485
6.516
34
6548
6580
6612
6644
6676
6708
6741
6773
6805
6838
35
6870
6903
6936
6968
7001
7034
7067
7100
7133
7167
36
72U0
7233
7267
7300
7334
7368
7401
7435
7469
7503
37
7537
7574
7605
7640
7674
7708
7743
7777
7812
7847
38
7e8i
7910
7951
7986
8021
8056
8092
8127
8162
8198
39
8233
8269
8305
8340
8376
8412
8448
8484
8520
8556
40
85 3
8629
8665
8702
8738
8775
8812
8848
8885
89-32
41
8959
8996
9033 i 9071
9108
9145
9183
9220
9258
9296
42
9333
9371
9409 9447
94a5
9523
9561
9600
9638
9676
43
9715
9753
9792 9831
9869
9908
9947
9986
10025
10063
44
10104
10143
10182 1 10222
10261
10301
loaii
10380
10420
10460
45
10500
10540
10580 1 10620
10661
10701
10741
10782
10522
10863
46
10904
1C944
10965 i 11026
11067
11108
11149
11191
11232
11273
47
11315
11356
11398 11440
11481
11523
11565
11607
11649
11691
48
11733
!ll776
11818 1 11860
11903
11945
11988
12031
12073
12116
49
12159
12202
12245 1 12288
12332
12375
12418
12462
12505
12549
50
12593
12636
12680 \ 12724
12768
12812
12856
12900
12945
12989
51
13033
13078
13122 1 13167
13212
13256
13301
13846
13391
13436
52
13481
13527
13572 : 13617
13663
13708
13754
13800
13845
13891
53
13937
13983
14029 ; 14075
14121
14168
14214
14260
14307
14a53
54
\ 14400
! 14447
14493 . 14540
14587
14(i34
14681
14728
14776
14823
55
1 14870
14918
14965 ; 15013
15061
15108
15156
15204
15252
15300
56
15348
15396
15445 ' 1.5493
15541
15590
l.=i638
15687
15736
15784
57
15833
115882
15931 15980
16029
16079
16128
16177
162-.i7
16276
58
16326
1 16376
16425
16475
16525
16575
16625
16675
16725
16776
59
16826
116876
16927
16977
17028
1 17079
17129
17180
17231
17282
60
17333
17385
17436
17487
17538
1 17590
i 17641
17693
17745
17796
For continuation to 100 feet deep, see Table 7.
GRADING.
175
Grading. — Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OP SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG,
Table 4. Level Cuttings. Roadway 18 feet wide, side-slopes P/^ to 1. For single
track excavation.
DEPTH
IN FT.
.0
.1
1 2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
C. Yds
C. Yds.
C. Yds
0. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds
C. Yds.
C. Yds
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
0
6.72
13.6
20.5
27.6
34.7
42.0
49.4
56.9
64.5
1
72.2
80.1
88.C
96.1
104.2
112.5
120.9
129.4
138.0
146.7
2
155.5
164.5
173.5
182.7
191.9
201.3
210.8
220 4
230.1
240.0
3
249.9
260.0
270.1
280.4
290.8
301.3
311.9
322 .'ei 333.4
344.5
4
355.5
366.7
378.0
389.4
400.9
412.5
424.2
436 oi 448.0
460.0
5
472.2
484.5
496.9
509.4
522.0
534.7
547.6
560 £5
573.6
586.7
6
600.0
613.4
626.9
640.5
654 2
668.1
682.0
696 1
710.2
724.5
7
738.9
753.4
768.0
782.7
797.6
812.5
827.6
842 7
858.0
873 4
8
888.9
904.5
920.2
936.1
952.0
968.1
984.2
1001'
1017
1033
9
1050
1067
1084
1101
1118
1135
1152
1169
1187
1205
10
1222
1240
1258
1276
1294
1313
1331
1349
1368
1387
11
1406
1425
1444
1463
1482
1501
1521
1541
1560
1580
12
1600
1620
1640
1661
1681
1701
1722
1743
1764
1785
13
1806
1827
1848
1869
1891
1913
1934
1956
1978
2000
14
2022
2045
2067
2089
2112
2135
2158
2181
2204
2227
15
2250
2273
2297
2321
2344
2368
2392
2416
2440
2465
16
2489
2513
2538
2563
2588
2613
2638
2663
2688
2713
17
2739
2765
2790
2816
2842
2868
2894
2921
2947
2973
18
3000
3027
3054
3081
3108
3135
3162
3189
3217
3245
19
3272
3300
3328
3356
3384
3413
3441
3469
3498
3527
20
3556
3585
3614
3643
3672
3701
3731
3761
3790
3820
21
3850
3880
3910
3941
3971
4001
4032
4063
4094
4125
22
4156
4187
4218
4249
4281
4313
4344
4376
4408
4440
23
4472
4505
4537
4569
4602
4635
4668
4701
4734
4767
24
4800
4833
4867
4901
4934
4968
5002
5036
5070
5105
25
5139
5173
5208
5243
5278
5313
5348
5383
5418
5453
26
5189
5525
5560
5596
5632
5668
5704
5741
5777
5813
27
5850
5887
5924
5961
5998
6035
6072
6109
6147
6185
28
6222
6260
6298
6336
6374
6413
6451
6489
6528
6567
29
6606
6645
6684
6723
6762
6801
6841
6881
6920
6960
30
7000
7040
7080
7121
7161
7201
7242
7283
7324
7365
31
7406
7447
7488
7529
7571
7613
7654
7696
7738
7780
32
7o22
7865
7907
7949
7992
8035
8078
8121
8164
8207
33
8250
8293
8337
8381
8424
8468
8512
8556
8600
8645
34
8689
8733
8778
8823
8868
8913
8958
9003
9048
9093
35
9139
9185
9230
9276
9322
9368
9414
9461
9507
9553
36
9600
9647
9694
9741
9788
9835
9882
9929
9977
10025
37
10072
10120
10168
10216
10264
10313
10361
10409
10458
10507
38
10556
106U5
10654
10703
10752
10801
10851
10901
10950
11000
39
11050
11100
11150
11200
11251
11301
11352
11403
11454
11505
40
115=>6
11607
11658
11709
11761
11813
11864
11916
11968
12020
41
12072
12125
12177
12229
12282
12335
12388
12441
12494
12547
42
12600
12653
12707
12761
12814
12868
12922
12976
13030
13085
43
13139
12193
13248
13303
13358
13413
13468
13523
13578
13633
44
13689
13745
13800
13856
13912
13968
14024
14081
14137
14193
45
14250
14307
14364
14421
14478
14535
14592
14649
14707
14765
46
11822
14880
14938
14996
15054
15113
15171
15229
15288
15347
47
15406
15465
15524
15583
15642
15701
15761
15821
15880
If- 940
48
16000
16060
16120
16181
16241
16301
16362
16423
16484
16545
49
16606
16667
16728
16789
16851
16913
16974
17036
17098
17160
50
17222
17285
17347
17409
17472
17535
17598
17661
17724
17787
51
17850
17913
1V977
18041
18104
18168
18232
18298
18360
18425
52
18489
18553
18618
18683
18748
18813
18878
18943
19008
19U73
53
19139
19205
19270
19336
19402
19468
19534
19601
19667
19733
54
19800
19867
19934
20000
20068
20135
20202
20269
20337
20405
55
20472
20540
20608
20676
20744
20813
2u881
20949
21018
21087
56
21156
21225
21294
21363
21432
21501
21571
21641
21710
21780
57
2175')
21920
21990
22061
22131
22201
22272
22343
22414
22485
58
22556
22627
22698
22769
22841
22913
22984
23056
23128
232J0
59
23272
23345
23417
23489
2a562
23635
23708
23781
23854
23927
60
240'K)
24073
24147
24221
24294 24368 1
24442
24516
24590
24665
For continuation to 100 feet see Table 7.
176
GRADING.
Grading.— Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG.
Table 5. Level Cuttings. Roadway 23 feet wide, side slopes 1 to 1. For double-
track excavation.
DEPTH
IN FT.
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
C. Yds.
.9
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
0
10.4
20.9
31.4
42.1
52.8
63.6
74.4
85.3
96.3
1
107.4
118.6
129.8
141.1
152.4
163.9
175.4
187.0
198.7
210.4
2
222.2
234.1
246.1
258.1
270.2
282.4
294.7
307.0
3 9.4
331.9
3
344.4
357.1
369.8
382.6
395.4
408.3
421.3
434.4
447.6
460.8
4
474.1
487.4
500.9
514.4
528.0
541.7
555.4
.569.2
583.1
597.1
5
nii.i
625.2
639.4
653.7
668.0
682.4
696.9
711 4
726.1
740.8
G
755 6
770.4
785.4
800.4
815.5
830.6
845.8
861.1
876.5
891.9
7
907 5
923 0
938.7
954.5
970.3
986.2
1002
1018
1034
1050
8
1057
1083
1099
1116
1132
1149
1166
1182
1199
1216
9
1233
1250
1267
1285
1302
1319
1337
1354
1372
1390
10
1407
1425
1443
1461
1479
1497
1515
1534
1.552
1570
11
1589
1607
1626
1645'
1664
1682
1701
1720
1739
17.59
12
1778
1797
1816
1836
1855
1875
1895
1914
1934
1954
13
1974
1994
2014
2034
2055
2075
2095
2116
2136
2157
14
2178
2199
2219
2240
2261
2282
2304
ft395
2346
2367
15
2389
2410
2432
2454
2475
2497
2519
2.541
2563
2585
16
2607
2630
2652
26 r4
2697
2719
2742
2765
2788
2810
17
2833
2856
2879
2903
2926
2949
2972
2996
3019
3043
18
3067
3090
3114
3138
3162
3186
3210
3234
3259
32 3
19
3307
3332
3356
3381
3406
3431
3455
3480
3505
3530
20
3556
3581
3606
3631
3657
3682
3708
3734
3759
3785
ai
3811
3837
3863
3889
3915
3942
3968
3994
4021
4047
22
4074
4101
4128
4154
4181
4208
4235
4263
4290
4317
23
4344
4372
4399
4427
4455
4482
4510
4538
4566
4594
24
4622
4650
4679
4707
4735
4764
4792
4821 -
4850
4879
25
4907
4936
4985
4994
5024
5053
5082
5111
5141
5170
26
5200
5230
5259
5289
5319
5349
5379
5409
5439
5470
27
5500
5530
5561
5591
5622
5653
5684
5714
5745
5776
28
5807
5839
5870
5901
593^
5964
5995
6027
6059
6090
29
6122
6154
6186
6218
6350
6282
6315
6347
6379
6412
30
6444
6477
6510
6543
6575
6B08
6641
6674
6708
6741
31
6774
6ti07
6841
6874
6908
6942
6975
7009
7043
7077
^Z
7111
7145
7179
7214
7248
7282
7317
7351
7386
7421
33
7456
7490
7525
7560
7.595
7631
7666
7701
7736
7772
34
7807
7843
7879
7914
7950
7986
8022
8058
8094
8130
35
8167
8203
8239
8276
8312
8349
8386
8423
8459
8496
b6
8533
8570
8Bo8
8645
8682
8719
8757
8794
8832
8870
37
8907
8945
8983
9021
9059
9U97
9135
9174
9212
9250
38
9289
9327
9366
9407
9444
9482
9521
9560
9599
9639
39
9678
9717
9756
9796
9835
9875
9915
9954
9994
10034
40
10074
10114
10154
10194
10235
10275
10315
10356
10396
10437
41
10478
10519
10559
10600
10641
10682
10724
10765
10806
10847
i2
10889
10930
10972
11014
11055
11097
11139
11181
11223
11265
43
11307
11350
11392
11434
11477
11.519
11562
11605
11648
11690
44
11733
11776
11819
11863
11906
11949
11992
12036
12079
12123
45
12167
12210
12254
12298
12342
12386
12430
12474
12519
12563
4j
12607
12652
12696
12741
12786
12831
12875
12920
12965
13010
47
13056
13101
13146
13191
13237
13282
13328
13374
13419
13i65
48
13511
13587
13603
13649
13695
13742
13788
13834
13881
13927
4J
13974
14021
14068
14114
14161
14208
14255
14303
14350
14397
50
14444
14492
14539
14587
14635
14682
14730
14778
14826
14874
51
14922
14970
15019
15067
15115
15164
15212
15261
15310
15359
53
15407
15456
15505
15554
15604
15653
15702
1.5751
15801
15850
53
15900
15950
15999
16049
16099
16149
16199
16249
16299
16350
54
16400
16456
16501
16551
16602
16653
16704
16754
16805
16856
55
16907
16959
17010
17061
17112
17x64
17215
17267
17319
17370
56
17422
17474
17526
17578
17630
17682
17735
17787
17839
17892
57
17944
17997
18050
18103
18155
18208
18261
18314
18368
18421
5S
18474
18527
18581
18634
18688
18742
18795
18849
18903
18957
59
19011
19065
19119
19174
19228
19282
19337
19391
19446
19501
60
19556
19610
19665
19720
19775
19831
19886
19941
19996
20052
For continuation to 100 feet, see Table 7.
GRADING.
177
Grading. —Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG.
Table 6. Level cuttings. Roadway 28 feet wide, side-slopes 1^4 to 1. For double-
track excavation.
DEPTH
IN FT.
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
C. Yds.
0
10.4
21.0
31.6
42.4
53 2
64.2
75.9
86.5
97.9
1
109.3
120.8
132.5
144.3
156.1
168.1
180.2
192.4
204.8
217.2
2
229.6
242.3
255.0
267.9
280.9
294.0
307.2
320.5
334.0
347.5
3
361.2
374.9
388.8
402 8
416.9
431.1
445.4
459.9
474.4
489.1
4
503.7
518.6
533.6
548.6
563.9
579.3
594.7
610.2
625.8
641.6
5
657.5
673.4
689.5
705.7
722.1
738.5
755.0
771.7
788.4
805.3
6
822.2
839.3
856.5
873.8
891.2
908.8
9:^6.4
944.2
962.0
980.0
7
998.1
1016
1035
1053
1072
1090
1109
1128
1147
1166
8
1185
1204
1224
1243
1263
1283
1303
1322
1343
1363
9
1383
1403
1424
1445
1465
1486
1507
1528
1549
1571
10
1592
1614
1635
1657
1679
1701
1723
1749
1767
1790
11
1812
1835
1858
1881
1904
1927
1950
1973
1997
2020
12
2044
2063
2092
2116
2140
2164
2164
2213
2238
2262
13
2287
2312
2337
2362
2387
2413
2438
2464
2489
2515
14
2541
2567
2593
2619
2645
2672
2698
2725
2752
2779
15
2806
2833
2860
2887
2915
2942
2970
2997
3025
3053
16
3081
3109
3138
3166
3195
3223
3252
3281
3310
3339
17
3368
3397
3427
3456
3486
3516
3.546
3576
3606
3636
18
3667
3697
3728
3758
3789
3820
3851
3882
3913
3944
19
3975
4007
4039
4070
4102
4134
4166
4198
4231
4263
20
4296
4328
4361
4394
4427
4460
4493
4527
4560
4594
21
4627
4661
4695
4729
4763
4797
4832
4866
4900
4935
22
4970
5005
5040
5075
5111
5146
5181
5217
5253
5288
23
5324
5360
5396
5432
5469
5505
5542
5578
5615
5652
24
5689
5726
5763
5800
5S38
5875
5913
5951
5989
6027
25
6065
6103
6141
6179
6218
6257
6295
6334
6373
6412
26
6451
6491
6530
6570
6609
6649
6689
6729
6769
6809
27
6850
6890
6931
6971
7012
7053
7094
7135
7176
7217
28
7259
7300
7342
7384
7426
7468
7510
7552
7594
7637
29
7680
7722
7765
7808
7851
7894
7937
7981
8024
8067
30
8111
8155
8199
8243
8287
8331
8375
8420
8424
8509
31
8554
8598
8643
8688
8734
8779
8824
8870
8915
8961
32
9007
9053
9099
9145
9191
9238
9284
9331
9378
9425
33
9472
9519
9566
9613
9661
9708
9756
9804
9851
9900
34
9948
9997
10045
10093
10142
10190
10239
10288
10337
10386
36
10435
10484
10534
10583
10633
10683
10732
10782
10832
10882
36
10933
10983
11034
11083
11135
11186
11237
11288
11339
11391
37
11443
11494
11546
11598
11649
11701
11753
11806
11858
11910
38
11963
12016
12068
12121
12174
12227
12281
12334
12387
12441
39
12494
12548
12602
12656
12710
12764
12819
12873
12928
12982
40
13037
13092
13147
13202
13257
13312
13368
13423
13479
13535
41
13591
13647
13703
13759
13815
13872
13928
13985
14042
14099
42
14156
14213
14270
14327
14385
14442
14500
14558
14615
14673
43
14731
14790
14848
14906
14965
15024
15082
15141
15200
15259
44
15318
15378
15437
15497
15556
15616
15676
15736
15796
15856
45
15917
15977
16038
16098
16159
16220
16281
16342
16403
16465
46
16526
16587
16649
16711
16773
16835
16897
16959
17021
17084
47
17146
17209
17272
17335
17398
17461
17524
17587
17651
17714
48
17778
17842
17905
17969
18093
18098
18162
18226
18291
18356
49
1842)
18485
18550
18615
18680
18746
18811
18»T7
18942
19008
50
19074
19140
19206
19272
19339
19405
19472
19538
19605
19672
51
19739
19806
19873
19940
20008
20075
20143
20211
20279
20347
52
20415
20483
20551
20620
20688
20757
20826
20894
20963
21032
53
. 21102
21171
21241
21310
21380
21450
21519
21589
21659
21730
54
21800
21870
21941
22012
22082
22153
22224
22295
22366
22438
55
22509
22581
22^52
22724
22796
22868
22940
23012
23085
23157
56
23'A30
23302
23375
23448
23521
23594
23667
23741
23814
23888
57
23961
24035
24109
24183
24257
24331
24405
24480
24554
24629
58
24701
24779
24854
24929
25004
25079
25155
25230
2.5306
25381
59
25457
25533
25609
25686
25762
25838
25915
25992
26068
26145
60
26222
2G299
26376
2645 1
26531
26609
26686
26764
26842
26920
For continuation to 100 feet, see Table 7.
12
178
GRADING.
Grading. — Continued.
CUBICAL CONTENTS OF SECTIONS 100 FEET LONG.
Table 7. Level Cuttings. Continuation of the six foregoing Tables of Cubic Contents, to
100 feet of height or depth.
HEIGHT
OB DEPTH
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4
Table 5.
Table 6.
IN FEET.
Cubic Ydp.
Cubic Yds.
Cubic Yds.
Cubic Yds.
Cubic Yds.
Cubic Yds.
61
23835
■ 26004
17848
24739
20107
26998
.5
24201
26479
18108
25113
20386
27390
62
24570
^6867
18370
25489
20667
27785
.5
24942
27257
18634
25868
20949
28183
63
25317
27650
18900
26250
21233
28583
..5
25694
28046
19168
26635
21519
28986
64
26074
28444
19437
27022
21807
29393
.5
26457
28846
19708
27413
22097
29801
65
26843
29250
19981
27806
22389
30213
.5
27231
29657
20256
28201
22682
30627
66
27622
30067
20533
28600
22978
31044
.5
28016
30479
20812
29001
23275
31464
67
28413
30894
21093
29406
23574
31887
.5
28812
31313
21375
29813
23875
32312
68
29215
31733
21659
30222
24178
32741
..5
29620
32157
21945
30635
24482
33172
69
30028
32583
22233
31050
24789
33605
.5
30438
33013
22523
31468
25097
34042
70
30852
33444
22814
31889
25407
34481
.5
31268
33879
23108
32313
26719
34924
71
31687
34317
23404
32789
26033
35269
.5
32108
34757
23701
33168
26349
35816
72
3->533
35200
24000
33600
26667
36267
.5
32960
a5646
24301
34035
26986
36720
73
33390
36094
24604
34472
27307
37176
.5
33823
36546
24907
34913
27631
37635
74
34259
37000
25214
35356
27956
38096
.5
34697
37457
25522
35801
28282
38561
75
35139
37917
25832
362.50
28611
39028
.5
35582
38379
26144
36701
28942
39498
76
36029
38844
26458
37013
29174
39970
.5
36479
39313
26774
37156
29608
40446
77
36931
39783
27092
38072
29944
40924
.5
37386
40257
27411
38535
30282
41405
78
37844
40733
277:^3
39000
30622
41889
.5
38305
41213
28056
39468
30964
42375
79
38768
41694
28381
39939
31307
42865
.5
39235
42179
28708
40413
31653
43357
80
39704
42667
29037
40889
32000
43852
81
40650
43650
29700
41850
32700
44850
82
41607
44644
30370
42822
33407
4.5859
83
42576
456,50
31048
43S06
34122
46880
84
43555
46667
31733
44800
34844
47911
85
44546
47694
32426
4f806
35574
48954
86
45.548
48733
33126
46822
36311
50008
87
46581
49783
33833
47850 ,
37056
51072
88
47585
50844
34548
48889
37807
52148
89
48620
51917
35270
49939
,38567
53235
90
49667
53000
36000
51000
39333
54333
91
50724
54094
36737
52072
40107
55443
92
51793
55200
37481
53156
40889
56563
93
52872
56317
38233
54250
41678
57694
94
53963
57444
38993
55356
42474
58837
95
55065
58583
39759
56472
43278
59090
96
56178
59733
40533
57600
44089
61155
97
57302
60894
41315
58739
44907
62331
98
.58437
62067
42104
59889
45733
63518
99
59583
63250
42900
61050
46567
64716
100
60741
64444
43704
62222
47407
65926
The invention of the compound microscope has been credited to Zachias
Janson and his son, spectacle makers at Middleburg A. D. 1590.
GRADING.
179
Table 8, of Cubic Yards in a 100-foot station of level cutting or filling,
to be added to, or subtracted from, the quantities in the preceding seven
tables, in case the excavations or embankmeilts should be increased or
diminished 2 feet in width. Cubic yards in a length of 100 feet; breadth 2
feet; and of different depths.
S.9
"O
^
S.2
c.S
o.;=
4
*-ja
^
*^S3
u
■-ja
tK
■^■°
k<
^J2
i:
•^■^ ■
O 03
o a
ja-^ .
O OS
O CS
•^■^ ■
<J si
.^J^^t
■2>^
Mi
■^>^
S^H
Mi
■^>^
StH
<np..ii
3
j|ScJ
3
4J^ 0)
s
th^ V
3
Qj ^, .Oi
g
o
152
o
o
Q
.5
3.70
.5
.5
300
.5
448
.5
.596
1
7.41
21
156
41
304
61
4.52
81
600
.5
11.1
.5
159
.5
307
.5
456
.5
604
2
14.8
22
163
42
311
62
459
82
607
.5
18..5
.5
167
.5
315
.5
463
.5
611
3
22.2
23
170
43
319
63
467
83
615
.5
25.9
.5
174
.5
322
.5
470
.5
619
4
29.6
24
178
44
326
64
474
84
622
.5
33.3
.5
181
.5
330
.5
478
.5
626
5
37.0
25
1&5
45
333
05
481
85
630
.5
40.7
.5
189
.5
337
485
.5
633
6
44.4
26
193
46
341
60 "'
489
86
637
.5
48.1
.5
196
.5
344
.5
493
.5
641
7
51.9
27
200
47
348
67
496
87
644
.5
55.6
.5
204
.5
.352
.5
500
.5
648
8
59.3
28
207
48
356
68
504
88
652
.5
63.0
.5
211
.5
359
.5
507
.5
656
9
66.7
29
215
49
363
69
511
89
659
.5
70.4
.5
219
.5
366
.5
515
.5
663
10
74.1
30
222
53
370
70
519
90
667
.5
77.S
.5
226
.5
374
.5
523
.5
670
11
81.5
31
230
51
378
71
526
91
674
.5
85.2
.5
233
.5
381
.5
530
.5
678
12
88.9
32
237
52
385
72
533
92
681
.5
92.6
.5
241
.5
389
.5
537
.5
685
13
96.3
33
244
53
393
73
541
93
689
.5
100
.5
248
.5
396
.5
544
.5
693
14
104
34
252
54
400
74
548
94
696
.5
107
.5
256
.5
404
.5
552
.5
700
15
111
35
2.59
55
407
75
556
95
704
.5
115
.5
263
.5
411
.5
559
.5
707
16
119
36
267
56
415
78
563
96
711
.5
122
.5
270
.5
419
.5
567
.5
715
17
126
37
274
422
77
570
97
719
.5
1.30
.5
278
.5
426
.5
574
.5
722
18
1.33
38
281
58
430
78
578
98
726
.5
137
.5
285
.5
433
.5
581
.5
730
19
141
39
289
59
437
79
595
99
733
.5
144
.5
293
.5
441
.5
589
.5
737
20
148
40
296
60
444
80
593
100
741
When a boiler is cold and filled with water, it will be found that, after
the tire is lighted and steam is raised to the regular pressure, the gauge-
cocks and water-glass show a higher water level than before the fires were
started, which is owing to the expansion of the water by heat. If now the
throttle be opened and the engine started, the water will rise still higher in
man}' boilers, showing a false water-line — for the w^ater will drop to its
proper level upon stopping the engine. This is owing to the violent ebulli-
tion going on in the boiler to supply the steam required, and which is being
constantly drawn off — and it is more marked when the steam room is
small and the pressure high.
180
GRADES.
Ris:^ PER Mii/B OF VARIOUS grad:i^s.
Grade
Kise per
Grade
Rise per
Grade
Rise per
Grade
Rise per
loTft.
Mile.
KxTft.
Mile.
KxTft.
Mile.
lO^O^ft.
Mile.
.01
.528
.61
32.208
1.21
63.888
1.81
95.568
.02
1.056
.62
32.736
1.22
64.416
1.82
96.096
.03
1.584
.63
33.264
1.23
64.944
1.83
96.624
.04
2.112
.64
33.792
1.24
65.472
1.84
97.152
.05
2.640
.65
34.320
1.25
66.000
1.85
97.680
.06
3.168
.66
34.848
1.26
66.528
1.86
98.208
.07
3.696
.67
35.376
1.27
67.056
1.87
98.736
.08
4.224
.68
35.904
1.28
67.584
1.88
99.264
.09
4.752
.69
36.432
1.29
68.112
1.89
99.792
.10
5.280
.70
36.960
1.30
68.640
1.90
100.320
.11
5.808
.71
37.488
• 1.31
69.168
1.91
100.848
.12
6.336
.72
38.016
1.32
69.696
1.92
101.376
.13
6 864
!73
38.544
1.33
70.224
1.93
101.904
.14
7.392
.74
39.072
1.34
70 752
1.94
102.432
.15
7.920
.75
39.600
1.35
71.280
1.95
102.960
.16
8.448
.76
40.128
1.36
71.808
1.96
103.488
.17
8.976
77
40.656
1.37
72.336
1.97
104.016
.18
9..504
!78
41.184
1.38
72.864
1.98
104 544
.19
10.032
.79
41.712
1.39
7.3.392
1.99
105.072
.20
10.560
.80
42.240
1.40
73.920
2.00
105 600
.21
11.088
.81
42.768
1.41
74.448
2.10
110.880
.22
11.616
.82
43.296
1.42
74.976
2.20
116.160
.23
12.144
.83
43.824
1.43
75.. 504
2.30
121.440
.24
12.672
.84
44.352
1.44
76.032
2.40
126 720
.25
13.200
.85
44.880
1.45
76.560
2.50
132.000
.26
13.728
.86
45.408
1.46
77.088
2.60
137.280
.27
14.256
.87
45.936
1.47
77.616
2.70
142.560
.28
14.784
.88
46.464
1.48
78.144
2.80 ,
147.840
.29
15.312
.89
46.992
1.49
78.672
2.90
153.120
.30
15.840
.90
47.520
l.m
79.200
3.00
158.400
.31
16.368
.91
48.048
l.cl
79.728
.3.10
163.680
.32
16.896
.92
48.576
1..52
80.256
3.20
168.960
.33
17.424
.93
49.104
1.53
80.784
3.30
174.320
.34
17.952
.94
49.632
1.54
81.312
3.40
179.520
.35
18.480
.95
50.160
1.55
81.840
3.50
184.800
.36
19.008
.96
50.688
1.56
82.368
3 60
190.080
.37
19.536
.97
51.216
1.57
82.896
3.70
195.360
.38
20.064
.98
51.744
1.58
83.424
3.80
200.640
.39
20.592
.99
52.272
1.59
83.952
3.90
205.920
.40
21.120
1.00
52.800
1.60
84.480
4.00
211.200
.41
21.648
1.01
53.328
1.61
85.008
4.10
216.480
.42
22.176
1.02
53.856
1.62
85.536
4.20
221.760
.43
22.704
1.03
54.384
1.63
86.064
4.30
227.040
.44
23.232
1.04
54.912
1.64
86.592
4.40
232.320
.45
23.760
1.05
55.410
1.65
87.120
4.50
237.600
.46
24.288
1.06
55.968
1.66
87.648
4.60
242.880
.47
24.816
1.07
56.496
1.67
88.176
4.70
248.160
.48
25.344
1.08
57.024
1.68
88.704
4.80
253.440
.49
25.872
1.09
57.552
1.69
89.232
4.90
258.720
.50
26.400
1.10
58.080
1.70
89.760
5.00
264.000
.51
26.928
1.11
58.608
1.71
90.288
5.10
269.280
.52
27.456
1.12
59.136
1.72
90.816
5.20
274.560
.53
27.984
1.13
59.664
1.73
91.872
5.30
285.120
.54
28.512
1.14
60.192
1.74
91.872
5.40
285.120
.55
29.040
1.15
60.720
1.75
92.400
5.50
290.400
.56
29.568
1.16
61.248
1.76
92.928
5.60
295.680
.57
30.096
1.17
61.776
1.77
93.456
5.70
300.960
.58
30.624
1.18
62.304
1.78
93.984
5.80
306.240
.59
31.152
1.19
62.832
1.79
94.512
5.90
311.520
.60
31.680
1.20
63.360
1.80
95.040
6.00
316.800
GAS— GRAVITY.
181
Illuminating Gas.
Coal gas, enriched for illuminating purposes, has about the following
composition :
PER CENT.
Hydrogen 45.00
Light Carburetted Hydrogen 40.00
Carbonic Oxide 6.50
Heavy H3'dro-Carbon 5.50
Water Vapor 1.50
Carbonic Acid, Nitrogen and other Deleterious or
Negative Matter 1.50
100.00
Table showing proportionate size and length of service pipes to give
perfect flow of gas :
Size of Pipe.
Inches.
Greatest
Length
Allowed.
Feet.
Greatest
Number of
Burners.
Size of Pipe.
Inches.
Greatest
Length
Allowed.
Feet.
Greatest
Number of
Burners.
%
V2
%
0
20
30
40
50
1
3
6
12
20
1
IV4
IV2
2
70
100
150
200
85
60
100
200
By experiment, 30,000 cubic feet of gas, specific gravity of .42, were dis-
charged in an hour through a main 6 inches in diameter and 22.5 feet in
length; and 852 cubic feet, specific gravity .398, were discharged, under a
head of 3 inches of water, through a main 4 inches in diameter and 6 miles
in length.
The loss of volume of discharge by friction, in a pipe 6 inches in diam-
eter and 1 mile in length, is estimated at 95 per cent.
Specific Gravity.
The specific gravit^^ of a bodj^ is the measure of its weight or density.
The best mode of expressing it is by comparing it with the weight of water
as a standard. A cubic foot of distilled water weighs at a temperature 01*
60° Fahrenheit 1 ,000 ounces. A cubic foot of ice weighs 925 ounces, and
of lard 945 ounces. If, then, in the comparison we call the gravity of wa-
ter 1, the gravity of ice would be expressed by the decimal .925, and of
lard by .945. Beaume's hj^drometer calls the gravity of water 10° at a
temperature of 60°; the numbers above that in the gradation being the
measure of lighter liquids, and those below the measure of heavier. It is
an arbitrary standard, and should be discarded for one more sensible. To
measure the gravity when the temperature is above OO'' for every ten degrees
of difierence, subtract one degree from the readings of Beaume's hydrometer
and add .005 to the readings of the water standard. When below 60°,
subtract in place of adding and vice versa.
182
GRAVITY.
Gauging by Weight.
To gauge by weight, knowing the gravity, use the following rule :
Divide the net weight of the oil by the weight of one gallon as found in
the following table opposite the proper specific gravity. The weights
should be expressed in the same denominations and due regard paid to the
decimals.
To find the specific gravity of a liquid without an hydrometer:
Divide the weight of a gallon, expressed in ounces and decimals of an
ounce, by 133.68, the quotient will be the gravity by the"water standard,"
and by reference to the table below the corresponding gravity by Beaume's
hydrometer can be found.
Comparison of Beaume's Scale with the Water Standard, and
the Actual Weight of One Gallon for Bach Degree,
in Ounces and Decimals.
BEAUME.
WATER
STANDARD.
WEIGHT
ONE GALLON
IN OZ. 1
BEAUME.
WATER
STANDARD.
WEIGHT
ONE GALLON
IN OZ.
10°
1.000
133.68
36°
.849
113.49
11
.993
132.74
37
.844
112.83
12
.986
131.81
38
.839
112.16
13
.980
131.01
39
.834
111.49
14
.973
130.07
40
.830
110.95
15
.967
129.27
41
.825
110.29
16
.960
128.33
42
.820
109.62
17
.954
127.53
43
.816
109.08
18
.948
126.72
44
.811
108.41
19
.942
125.92
45
.807
107.88
20
.936
125.12
46
.802
107.21
21
.930
124.32
47
.798
106.68
22
.924
123.52
48
.794
106.14
23
.918
122.69
49
.789
105.47
24
.913
122.05
50
.785
104.94
25
.907
121.25
51
.781
104.40
26
.901
120.65
52
.777
103.87
27
.896
119.78
53
.773
103.34
28
.890
118.98
54
.768
102.67
29
.885
118.31
55
.764
102.13
30
.880
117.64
56
.760
101.60
31
.874
116.84
57
.757
101.20
32
.869
116.17
58
.753
100.66
33
.864
115.50
59
.749
100.13
34
.859
114.83
60
.745
99.59
35
.854
114.16 1
61
.741
99.06
Note. — In one gallon there are 231 cubic inches. In a barrel of forty-
five gallons there are 6 cubic feet (and an excess of only 27 cubic inches).
The Imperial standard gallon contains 10 lbs. of distilled water, and
measures 277.27 cubic inches.
Problems in Specific Gravity.
I. To Find the Magnitude of a Body from its Weight.
Find the weight of the body in ounces, and divide by the specific grav
ity, the quotient will be the number of cubic feet in the contents.
GRAVITY.
183
II. To Find the Weight of a Body from its Magnitude.
Find the number of cubie feet in the body, and multiply by the specific
gravit3% the product will be the number of ounces in the weight.
III. To Find the SpeciBc Gravity of a Body.
Case 1. — When the body is heavier than water, weigh the body both
in air and in water, annex three ciphers to the weight in air, and divide by
the difference of the weights, the quotient will be the specific gravity.
Case 2. — When the body is lighter than water: Having weighed the
light body in air, and a body heavier than water both in air and in water,
fasten them together by a slender tie, then weigh the compound in water
and subtract its weight from the weight of the heavy body in water ; to
the remainder add the weight of the light body in air, and by the sum divide
one thousand times the weight of the light body in air, the quotient will be
the specific gravity of the light body.
IV. To Find the Quantity of Each Ingredient in a Mixture of Two Sub-
stances.
1. Multiply the specific gravity of the mass by the difference between
the specific gravities of the two ingredients for a hrst product.
2. Multiply the specific gravity of that ingredient whose quantity is
desired, by the difference between the specific gravities of the mass and that
of the other ingredients for a second product.
3. Multiply the weight of the whole mass by the second product, and
divide by the hrst product, the quotient wmU be the weight of the ingredient
sought.
Specific Gravity.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
GRAVITY. PER CU. FT.
Water at 62 deg. Fahr 1.000 62.321
METALS.
Platinum 21.522 1342.000
Gold 19.425 1205.000
Mercury 13.596 848.750
Lead 11.418 712.000
Silver -. 10.505 655.000
Bismuth 9.900 616.978
Copper, hammered 8.917 556.000
sheet 8.805 549.000
cast 8.600 537.000
Gun Metal, 84 copper, 16 tin 8.560 533.468
83 " 17 " 8.460 527.235
Nickel, hammered 8.670 540.223
" cast 8.280 516.018
Bearing Metal, 79 copper, 21 tin 8.730 544.062
Brass, wire 8.540 533.000
" cast, 75 copper, 25 zinc 8.450 526.612
" 66 " 34 ".•••• 8.300 517.264
" 60 " 40 " 8.200 511.032
Bronze 8.400 524.000
Steel 7.852 490.000
Iron, wrought, average 7.698 480.000
" cagt 7.110 444.000
184
GRAVITY.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
GRAVITY. PER CU. FT.
Zinc, sheet 7.200 449.000
" cast 6.860 424.000
Tin 7.409 462.000
Antimonj- 6.710 418.174
IronOres \ ^'''^^ 327.247
i 3.829 238.627
Aluminum, cast = 2.560 159.542
MINERALS, MASONRY. ETC.
Manganese , 8.00 498.568
Basalt 3.00 187.000
Glass, flint 3.00 187.000
" plate... = 2.70 169.000
Marble j 2-84 176.991
' 2.52 157.019
Granite \ ^'^^ 190.702
( 2.36 147.077
Soapstone 2.73 140.000
Flint 2.63 164.200
Feldspar 2.60 162.300
Limestone \ 2-80 175.000
( 2.70 169.000
Slate \ 2.90 181.000
(2.80 175 000
Trap Rock 2.72 170.000
Quartz. \ ^'^^ 78.524
( 2.65 165.000
Shale 2.60 162.000
Sandstone 2.30 144.000
Gypsum 2.30 144.000
Masonrv \ ^-SO 144.000
( 1.85 116.000
Graphite 2.20 137.106
Brick \ 2167 135.000
( 2.000 125.000
Chalk ] 2.78 174.000
i 1.87 117.000
Sulphur 2.00 125.000
Clay ,.. 1.92 120.000
Sand, damp 1.90 118.000
dry 1.42 88.600
Gravel, damp , . 1.90 118.000
dry 1.42 88.600
Marl 3 1-90 119.000
i 1.60 100.000
Mud 1.63 102.000
Coal, anthracite 1.602 100.000
bituminous \ ^'^^ ^^-^^O
1.24 77.400
GRAVITY. 18v
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
GRAVITY. PER CU. FT.
Coke, dry, loose, avera.sre. .. 0.449 28.000
Scoria 0.830 51.726
Cement, American, loose 60 000
well shaken ., .. 70.000
" " thoroughly shaken 80.000
*' " struck bushel 75 lbs
LIQUIDS.
Acid, sulphuric
" nitric
' ' acetic
Milk
Sea Water
Linseed Oil
Sperm Oil
Olive Oil
Alcohol, proof spirit
" pure
Petroleum
Turpentine, oil
Naphtha
Ether =
TIMBER.
Ash
Bamboo
Beech
Birch
Blue Gum
Boxwood
Cedar of Lebanon
Cherry, dry
Chestnut
Cork
Ebony, West India
Elm
Greenheart
Hawthorn
Hazel
Hemlock, dry
Holly
Hickory
Hornbeam
Laburnum
Lancewood >
Lignum Vitae j
1.840
114.670
1.220
76.031
1.080
67.306
1.030
64.100
1.026
64.050
0.940
58.680
0.923
57.620
0.915
57.120
0.920
57.335
0.791
49.380
0.878
54 810
0.870
54.310
0.848
52.940
0.716
44.700
0.753
47.0
0.400
25.0
0.690
43.0
0.711
44.4
0.834
52.5
0.960
60.0
0.486
30.4
0.672
42.0
0.535
33.4
0.250
15.6
1.193
74.5
0.544
34.0
1.001
62.5
0.910
57.0
0.860
54.0
0.400
25.0
0.760
47.0
0.850
53.0
0.760
47.0
0.920
57.0
1.010
63.0
0.675
42.0
1.330
83.0
0.650
41.0
186
GRAVITY.
SPECIFIC
WEIGHT
GRAVITY. PER CU. FT.
lyOCUSt
Mahogany, Honduras .
" Spanish. . .
Maple . . . =
Oak, live, dry
" white, dry
Pine, " " .
" yellow, *'
** Southern, dry. . . .
Sycamore
Teak, India
Water Gum .
Walnut
Willow ....
Yew
MISCELLANEOUS.
Ivory
India Rubber
Lard
Gutta Percha
Beeswax
Turf, dry, loose
Pitch
Fat
Tallow ^
GASES.
Weight per cubic foot at 32 deg. Fahr. and under
pressure of one atmosphere :
Air •
Carbonic Acid
Hydrogen
Oxygen •
Nitrogen • . •
Steam • -
Vapor of Ether
" " Bi-Sulphide of Carbon
Olefient Gas
0.710
0.560
0.850
0.790
0.950
0.830
0.400
0.550
0.720
0.590
0.880
0.660
1.001
0.610
0.400
0.800
1.82
0.93
0.95
0.98
0.97
0.401
1.15
0 93
0 936
44.0
35.0
53 0
49.0
59.3
51.8
25.0
34.3
45,0
37.0
55.0
41 0
62.5
38.0
25.0
50.0
114.000
58.000
59.300
61.100
60.500
25.000
71.700
58. 000
58.396
0.080728
0.12344
0.005592
0.089256
0.078596
0.05022
0.2093
0.2137
0.0795
To Find the Bulk of a Given Weight of Any Substance.
Rule: Multiply the weight of a cubic foot of water by the specific
gravity of the substance, and divide the given weight by that product.
The quotient is the required bulk in cubic feet.
Example : What is the bulk of 20,000 ounces of lead ?
1,000 ounces X 11.36 = 11,360
20,000
11,360
= 1.76 4- CU. ft. Ans.
HAWSERS— BOILING POINT
P. 187
Steel Hawsers.
CIRCUMFERENCE.
BREAKING STRENGTH.
SIZE OF MANILLA HAWSER
OF EQUAL STRENGTH.
21/2 inches.
• 23/4 "
3
3^2 "
4
15 tons.
18 "
22 "
29 "
35 "
7 inches.
71/2 "
81/2 "
10
121/2 "
Effect of Heat Upon Various Bodies.
DEGREES.
Ammonia boils 140
Ammonia (liquid) freezes — 46
Antimony melts 951
Arsenic melts 305
Bismuth melts 476
Blood (human) heat of 98
" " freezes 25
Brand\' freezes —7
Brass melts 1,900
Cadmium melts 600
Coal Tir boils 325
Cold, greatest artificial — 166
" " natural — 56
Common Fire 790
Copper melts 2,548
Glass melts 2,377
Gold (fine) melts 2,590
Gutta-percha softens 145
Heat, cherry red 1,500
" (Damcl) 1,141
" bright red 1,860
" red, visible by day 1,077
'' white 2.900
Ice melts 32
Iron (cast) melts 3,479
Iron (wrought) melts 3,980
DEGREES.
Iron, bright red in the dark 752
" red hot in twilight 884
Lead melts 504
Mercury boils 662
volatilizes 680
freezes « -39
Naphtha boils 186
Petroleum boils .306
Platinum melts 3,080
Potassium melts 135
Proof spirit freezes —7
Saltpetre melts 600
Sea-water freezes 28
Silver (fine) melts 1,250
Snow and Salt equal parts 0
Spirit of Turpentine freezes 14
Steel melts 2,500
" polished, blue 580
" " straw color 460
Strong Wines freeze 20
Sulphur melts., 226
' ' Acid (sp.grav. 1 .641)freezes — 45
Tin melts 421
Vinous fermentation 60 to 77
Water in vacuo boils 98
Zinc melts 740
orO.
The sign — before the figures indicates that many degrees below zero
Boiling Points of Various Fluids. •
DEGREES.
Ether 96 to 104
Alcohol 173.5
Nitric Acid 210
Sea Salt 224.3
Common Salt ...226
Sulphuric Acid 600
Sea Water 213.2
DEGREES.
Petroleum 316
Oil of Turpentine 304
Phosphorus 554
Sulphur 570
Linseed Oil 640
Sweet Oil 412
Water 212
188
HEATING APPARATUS.
Hot Water Heating Apparatus.
One square foot of boiler surface exposed to the direct action of the tire,
or three square feet of flue, will be sufficient in a hot water apparatus to
suppl^^ the necessary heat to about 50 superticial feet of 4 inch cast iron
pipe. Water in pipes of 200 deg. P'ahr.
Every square foot of glass cools about li/4 cubic feet of air as many de-
grees per minute as there is diiference between the inside and outside tem-
perature.
If the difference between the inside and outside temperature should be
50 degrees, then 1^ cubic feet of air will be cooled 50 degrees b3' each square
foot of glass, or as much heat as is equal to this will be given off", by each
square foot of glass. This applies also to iron.
The expansion of water between the temperatures of 40 and 212 de-
grees is equal to 1 gallon in ex^vy 24.
A pipe 1 inch diameter will cool four times as fast as a pipe 4 inches
diameter, a pipe 2 inches twice as fast, and a pipe 3 inches diameter one
and one-third times as fast.
Table showing the amount of pipe, four inches diameter, that will heat a
house having a glass exposure of 800 square feet any required number
of degrees, the temperature of the p'pes being 200 degrees.
temperature
temp, at which the house is REQUIRED TO BE KEPT.
OP KXTFR-
NAL AIR.
40
45
50
55
60
65
354
70
75
80
20
211
236
263
291
322
389
428
470 ]
18
204
229
255
283
314
346
380
419
460
16
197
222
248
275
306
338
372
410
450
14
190
215
240
268
298
330
363
401
441
12
183
207
233
260
290
321
355
392
431
10
176
200
225
252
281
313
346
383
422
8
169
194
217
245
273
305
337
374
413
6
162
186
210
237
265
296
329
365
403
4
155
178
203
229
257
288
320
356
394
2 Below
148
171
195
221
249
280
312
347
385
Zero
141
164
187
214
241
271
303
338
375
2 Above
134
156
179
206
233
262
294
329
366
t
4
127
150
172
198
225
254
286
320
356
fe
6
120
141
165
190
217
246
277
311
347
> u
8
113
134
157
182
209
238
268
302
338
03
^o
105
126
150
174
200
229
259
292
328
i4
12
98
119
142
166
192
220
251
283
318
14
91
112
135
159
184
212
242
274
309
16
84
105
127
151
176
204
233
265
300
18
77
98
120
143
168
195
225
256
290
20
70
91
112
135
160
187
216
247
281
22
63
83
105
128
152
179
207
238
271
24
56
76
97
120
144
170
199
229
262
26
49
69
90
112
136
162
190
220
253
28
42
61
82
104
128
154
181
211
243
30
35
54
75
97
120
145
173
202
234
32
28
47
67
89
112
137
164
193
225
HEATER— STEAM HAMMER.
189
MONBY VAI,UB OF F:eii;D-WAT]^R HBAT:eR.
In Purifyingf and Heatingf the Feed Water by [Exhaust
Steam.
INITIAL TEMPERATURE OF WATER. STEAM 60 LBS.
FINAL
TEMPJERA
TURE.
32°
40«
50"
6':"
70«
80"
90°
100"
120'*
140°
160°
180°
60^
2.39
1.71
0.86
80
4.09
3.43
2.59
1.74
0.88
100
5.79
5.14
4.32
3.49
2.64
1.77
0.90
120
7.50
6.85
6.05
5.'<i3
4.40
3.55
3.68
1.80
140
9.20
8.r>7
7.77
6.97
6.15
.5.32
4.47
3.61
1.84
160
10.90
10.28
9.50
8.72
7.91
7.09
6.26
5.42
3.67
1.87
180
12.60
12.00
11.23
10.46
9.68
8.87
8.06
7.23
5.52
.3.75
1.91
200
14.30
13.71
13.00
12.20
11.43
10.65
9.85
9.03
7.36
5 62
3.82
1.96
220
16.00
15.42
14.70
14.<J0
13.19
12. .33
11.64
10.84
9.20
7.50
5.73
3.93
240
17.79
17.13
16.42
1.5.69
14.96
14.20
13.43
12.65
11.05
9.37
7.64
5.90
260
19.40
18.85
18.15
17.44
16.71
1.5.97
1.5.22
14.45
11.88
11.24
9.56
7.86
The foregoing table shows the saving in fuel by heating feed- water by
exhaust steam. To this must be added the saving obtained by purifyino-
the water. This saving is found in the economy of fuel, due to clean boil-
ers, and in the reduced cost of repairs and stoppages caused thereby; also
in prolonging the life of the boiler. The saving from all these sources may
amount to several times the cost of the boilers during their life. The dif-
ference in fuel required between a clean boiler and one having a scale in it
of only one-sixteenth oi an inch in thickness is placed by good authorities
at 13 per cent in favor of the clean boiler. But for comparison we will
call it 10 per cent. A 100-horse power boiler will require say four pounds of
coal per horse power, and for 300 da3'S of ten hours 1,200,000 pounds, ten
Ijer cent of whicli is 120 000 pounds; at one-quarter cent per pound is
$300 for the 300 days and $3,000 in ten years — enough to buy 200-horse
power of boilers. To this add the saving of repairs and lengthening the
life of the boilers. Altogether the saving is almost be\'ond belief These
statements are sustained bj'^ both tests and experience, and by the best
authority-.
To Find the Force of the Blow of a Steam Hammer.
Rule: Add together the weight of ram and piston in pounds. Add to
gether the stroke in feet, and depth of penetration of blow^s in feet. Multi-
ply those two sums together and divide the product by the depth of pene-
tration of blows in feet. The quotient will be the force of the blow in
pounds.
Table Showingf the Relation of Height to Weight in Man.
Heisrht.
Weio^ht.
feet from 102 to 150 lbs.
5
" 1 inch
5
" 2 "
5
" 3 "
5
" 4 "
5
" 5 "
5
" 6 "
o
" 7 "
o
" 8 "
5
" 9 "
5
"10 "
5
"11 "
6
"
106 to 155
109 to 160
112 to 165
116 to 170
119 to 175
122 to 180
127 to 188
133 to 195
138 to 203
143 to 210
148 to 218
153 to 225
190
HEAT — HEATING.
Table of I^atent Heat, etc., of Vapors.
NAME.
UNITS OF LA-
TENT HEAT
OF .VAPOR.
1
SPEC. GRAY SPEC. GRAY.
OF VAPOR.! OF LIQUID.
(AIR = 1) j (water =1)
BOILING POINT
OF
LIQUID.
Water
962
385
162
133
210
900
300
170
0.45
1.25
2.26
3.21
2.60
0.59
1.53
4 00
1.00
0.80
0.71
0.99
1.27
0.76
0.80
0.60
212° Fah.
176° "
Alcohol
Ether
95° "
Oil of Turpentine
Bisulphide of Carbon . . .
311° "
112° "
— 30° •'
—112° "
Chymogene
+ 28° "
Heating By Steam.
In heating buildings by steam, the amount of boiler and heating pipe
depends largely on the kind of building and its location.
Wooden buildings require more than stone, and stone more than brick.
Iron fronts require still more, and glass in windows demands twenty times
as much heat as the same surface in brick walls. Also, if the heating be
done by indirect radiation, from 50 to 100 per cent more heating pipe will
be required than when direct radiation is used. To find the number of
square feet of radiating surface necessary to heat a room, hall or building:
Rule: Add together the square feet of glass in the windows, the number
of cubic feet of air required to be changed per minute, and one-twentieth the
surface of external wall and roof; multipl3' this sum by the difference be-
tween the required temperature of the room and that of the external air at
its lowest point, and divide the product by the difference in temperature
between the steam in the pipe and the required temperature of the room.
The quotient will be the required radiating surface in square feet.
In indirect heating — that is, where a current of air is driven or drawn
through a box containing coiled pipe— the efficiency of the radiating surface
will increase, and the temperature of the air will diminish, when the quan-
tity of the air caused to pass through the coil increases. Thus one square
foot of radiating surface, with steam at 212 degrees, has been found to
heat 100 cubic feet of air per hour from zero to 150 degrees, or 300 cubic
feet from zero to 100 degrees in the same time.
Small pipes are more effective than large.
When the diameter is doubled 20 per cent additional surface should be
allowed, and for three times the diameter, 30 per cent additional is required.
Where the condensed water is returned to the boiler, or where low pressure
of steam is used, the diameter oi mains leading from the boiler to the radiat-
ing surface should be equal in inches to one-tenth the square root of the radi-
ating surface, mains included, in square feet.
Thus a one inch pipe will supply 100 square feet of surface, itself in-
. eluded.
Return pipes should be at least % inch in diameter, and never less than
V2 diameter of main — longer returns requiring larger pipe.
The amount of air required for ventilation is from 4 to 16 cubic feet
per minute for each person, the larger amount being for prisons and
hospitals.
MEATINO. 191
From V2 to 1 cubic foot per minute should be allowed for each lamp or
gas burner used.
One square foot of boiler heating surface will supply from 7 to 10 square
feet of radiating surface, depending upon the size of boiler and the efficiency
of its surface, as well as that of the radiating surface. Each horsepower
oi boiler will supply from 240 to 360 feet of one inch steam pipe, or 80 to
120 square feet of radiating surface.
For rough calculations, under ordinary conditions one horse power
will heat, approximatelj^, in
Brick dwelhngs, in blocks 15.000 to 20,000 cubic feet
" stores " 10,000 ' 15,000
" dwellings,exposed ail round. 10, 000 " 15,000
" mills, shops, factories, etc 7,000 " 10,000
Wooden dwellings, exposed 7,000 " 10,000
Foundries and wooden shops 6,000 " 10,000
Exhibition buildings, largely glass. 4,000 " 15,000
In heating buildings care should be taken to supplj^ the necessary
moisture to keep the air from becoming dr^^ and uncomfortable. The
capacity of air for moisture rises rapidly as it is heated, it being four times
as great at 72 degrees as at 32 degrees. For comfort air should be kept at
about "50 percent saturated." This would require one pound of vapor
to be added to each 2,500 cubic feet heated from 32 degrees to 70 degrees.
In steam heating the best results are attained by using indirect radia-
tion to supply the necessary ventilation, and direct radiation for the rest
of the heat.
Boiling by Steam and the Necessity of Steam Traps.
To boil by steam economically, it is absolutely' necessary to have all
the steam which is used for boiling condensed inside of the heating coil, and
nothing but condensed water should be allowed to escape from the tail
pipes of the coils, and this should be discharged as soon or as fast as it is
formed. If 1 pound of steam of 80 pounds pressure passes through a heat-
ing coil without condensing, and escapes w^ith a pressure of 1 atmosphere,
it can raise 104 pounds of water 1 degree; but the same 1 pound of steam,
if all condensed inside of the coil, can raise 1,071 pounds of water 1
degree, which is over nine times as much. This 1 pound of steam con-
densed gives 1 pound of water of 212 degrees; if this remains in the heat-
ing coil it will raise 1 pound of water of 90 degrees to 151 degrees, and
lowering its own temperature to 151 degrees, which is too low to boil in
the open atmosphere. If this water is not or only partly discharged it will
cover the inside surface of the coil, and leave no space for fresh steam to
enter to take the place of the steam already condensed, whereby the heating
process will be slower and slower, and finally cease.
When boilers are used for heating water in tanks, either by coils or by
the steam entering the water, care should be taken that the outlet for steam
from the boiler is not too large.
Steam flowing into a vacuum at an expansive pressure equal to the
atmosphere, travels at the rate ot 1,550 feet per second, and flowing into
the air at the rate of 650 feet per second, for a pressure of 15 pounds per-
square inch.
192
HEATING.
By this it will be seen that a small pipe will discharge a very large
quantity of steam.
A two-inch pipe will discharge over 100-horse pov/er of steam into a
coil surrounded by water sufficient to produce a vacuum, and about the
same when the steam is discharged into water. In such cases there should
be no more than one square inch of steam opening from the boiler for
every 50-horse power of its capacit3% and at that rate ibr all sizes of boilers.
When steam is used for heating water in tanks by discharging it into
the water, there should be about 5 pounds of water brought to a tempera-
ture of 212 degrees for every pound of water evaporated in the boiler.
Where coils are used for heating water, they should be located above
the boiler, and the condensed water returned to the boiler, by its own grav-
ity, or a pump may be used to return the water, thereb^^ saving as much
fuel as has been used to bring this water to the temperature at which it
leaves the coils.
BuiFalo Hot Blast Heater, with Engine Attached.
Horse Power of
Cubic Feet of Air
Delivered per
Minute at One
Ounce t^ressure.
Horse Power
Required to Drive
Fan.
Number of Lineal
Feet of One
Inch Pipe in
Heater.
Boiler Required
to Drive Fan and
Supply Necessarv
Steam to Heat-
er Coil.
-8,74.0
3.1
1,000
12
11,000
4.
1,200
15
15,280
4.5
1,600
20
19,900
6.
2,000
25
25,900
7.2
2.500
30
32,500
9.1
3,000
35
39,300
11.
3,500
42
49.161
13.5
4,000
48
57,720
15.
4,500
54
81,120
20.
5,000
62
101,250
22.
6,000
72
Size
and capacity of blowers and heaters for hot blast appai
-atus.
^TER.
BLOWER.
he;
Perpend' r
Outlet
Diameter Jq^.^-^.
H. P.
Capacity in
Cubic Feet
No. ft. of 1
No. ft. of 1
Diameter
Width and
and Face of
to Drive
Per Minute
m. Pipe for
in. Pipe for
of Hous-
Height in
Pulley on ^^^^^^
Blower.
1 Ounce
Warming
Dry
ing.
Inches.
Blower.
Pressure.
Buildings.
Houses.
40 in.
15 1 p
19 h^
22M [ o
lOx 4K
825
1.5
6,350
300
450
50 "
12x 5H
650
2.3
10,200
500
750
60 *'
14x 6H
550
3.
14,300
600
900
70 ''
26 ^
16x 7H
475
4.6
19,100
900
1,350
80 "
24 X 28
18x 7H
400
6.
24,150
1,200
1,800
90 "
28 X 30
20x 8K
350
7.6
30,200
1,500
2,250
100 "
32 X 32
20x 8%
325
9.4
36,800
1,800
2,700
120 "
42 X 42
24xlOK
275
13.5
63,400
2,500
3,750
140 "
48 X 48
28xl2>i
230
18.4
82,800
3,500
5.250
160 "
48 X 54
32xl2M
200
24.
93,150
4,600
6,900
A cubic foot of air at 32^ Fah. will carry off two grains of water, while
at 160° it will carry off ninetj^ grains.
HYDRAULIC RAM. 193
Sturtevant's Patent Steam Hot Blast Apparatus.
It is the ordinary practice among engineers to base the calculation of
heating capacity upon tlie number of pounds or cubic feet of air which may
be heated by the condensation of one pound of steam. The specific heat of
air at constant pressure is about .25, compared with water as a standard.
That is to say, the heat absorbing power of air is one-fourth that of water,
and the amount of heat required to heat one pound of water through 1° F.,
will heat four pounds of air through the same distance. In addition, one
pound of water, evaporated into steam of 70 lbs. pressure, has a latent
heat of 891 heat units. Or, as a heat unit is capable of raising the tem-
perature of one pound of w^ater through 1° F. ,the heat present in one
pound of steam of 70 lbs. pressure, will heat 891 lbs. of water, or 4 X 891
=3500 (nearly) lbs of air through 1° F. One cubic foot of air at 70° F.
weighs about .075 lb., and 3500 lbs. will occupy 3-\oJ> =about 46,600 cubic
feet; i. e., the volume of air which may be heated one degree b3^ the con-
densation of one pound of steam of above pressure. Upon this basis the
exact amount of steam required to raise the temperature of any given vol-
ume of air through any number of degrees can be readily calculated. Sup-
pose it is desired to heat 500,000 cubic feet in an hour from 50° to 170°. As
one pound of steam is required to heat 46,600 cubic feet one degree, ^^'goo*
=about 10%. lbs. will be required to heat 500,000 cubic feet one degree, or
120° X 10%=1290 lbs per hour to heat this volume through 120°, which
at 30 lbs per H. P. equals 43 H. P. It is thus evident that, with the same
volume of air, the amount of steam condensed varies directly with the rise
in temperature of the air entering the heater. Hence may be seen the great
advantage of returning the air to the heater, thereby reducing the amount
of steam condensed. In the above case if the air had been returned to the
heater at a temperature of 70° instead of 50°, the rise in temperature would
have been only 100°, and the H. P. required would be reduced to i§g of 43
H. P., or 35.8 H. P. Or when returned at 90° the rise will be 80°, and
only f^Q of 43 H. P., or 28.7 H. P. will be required, resulting in a saving
of 33 per cent of the steam used in the first instance, to do the same amount
of heating.
Hydraulic Ram.
The length of supply pipe should not be less than % of the height to
which the water is to be raised.
One-seventh of the water may be raised to about 4 times the head of
supply, or i\ eight times, or a^g sixteen times, etc.
To Find the Quantity of Water Used in Cube Feet Per
Minute.
Rule: Multiply the constant number 881 by the effective horse-power
and divide the product by head of water in feet.
To Find the i^ffective Horse-Power.
Rule: Multiply the constant number .00113 by the quantity of water
used in cube feet per minute, and this product by the head of water in feet,
the result will be the effective horse-powder.
The diameter of supply pips should equal the constant number 1.45
multiplied by the square root of the quantity of water used in cube feet per
minute.
13
194
HYDRAULICS.
The diameter of delivery pipe should equal the constant number .75
multiplied by the square root of the quantit\^ of water used in cube feet per
minute.
The contents of air vessel should equal the contents of delivery pipe.
Hydraulic rams can be used with delivery pipes 800 to 1,000 feet in length,
and drive pipes from 25 to 50 feet lono^.
Flow of Water Through Nozzles.
DIAMETER OF NOZZLES.
2-INCH.
3-INCH.
4-INCH.
5-INCH.
6-INCH.
7-INCH.
8-lNCH.
Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Feet.
Cu.Feet
50
1.15
2.59
4.60
7.19
10.36
14.10
18.40
100
1.63
3.66
6.52
10.17
14.64
19.94
26.08
150
2.00
4.48
8.00
12.46
17.92
24.42
32.00
200
2.30
5.10
9.20
14.34
20.64
28.20
36.80
250
2.58
5.80
10.32
16.09
23.20
31.54
41.28
300
2.82
6.30
11.28
17.62
25.44
34.54
45.12
350
3.05
6.84
12.20
19.04
27.30
37.32
48.80
400
3.26
7.32
13.04
20.35
29.28
39.89
52.10
450
3.46
7.76
13.84
21.59
31.04
42.31
55.36
500
3.64
8.20
14.56
22.75
32.80
44.00
58.24
Application of above Table.
Let the quantity of water which a 6-inch nozzle, under a 200-foot head,
will discharge per second be required.
In "head"' column of table, find 200 feet, opposite which in "diameters
of nozzles in inches, 6" column, will be found 20.64 cubic feet, the quantity
sought. The entire fall between the inlet end of a pipe 36 inches diameter,
4 miles long, and the outlet end, at a hj-draulic mine, being 284 feet, and the
quantity of water being 1,500 statutory miner's inches, let it be required
to find the efficient head and the diameter of the requisite nozzle. Divide
the given number statutory miner's inches by 50. Thus 1,500 -t- 50 = 30
cubic feet.
In "diameters, 36 inches" column; table of "Flow of water per second
in clean iron pipes," find 30 cubic feet, or nearest approximate to it, 30.29
cu, ft., opposite which, in "fall per mile" column, will be found 8.45 feet, the
loss of head per mile. Then, 8.45 X 4 = 33.8 feet loss for the 4 miles'
length, 284 — 33.8 = 250.2 feet efficient head sought. In "head" column
above table, find 250, opposite which the nearest approximate number to
30 (equivalent to 1,500 miner's inches) is 31.54 cubic feet in "diameter of
nozzles in inches, 7" column. Then, 7 inches is the diameter of the nozzle
sought.
Water Pipes.
The quantity of water which will flow through a pipe depends uponits
head, and upon the diameter and length of the pipe. The head is the verti-
cal distance between the level of the water's surface in the reservoir and
the center of the outlet end of the pipe. A portion of this head is expended
in overcoming the resistances of entry and in generating the velocity of dis-
charge; the remainder of the head is expended in overcoming the resistances
within the pipe. This remaining head is termed the fall, dividing which by
the length of the pipe in miles gives the fall per mile.
HYDRAULICS.
195
In pipes several miles long the entry and velocity head can be omitted,
in practice, without material error.
A water pipe, from its inlet en«d, should be funnel form, or conic, for a
distance equal to three times its diameter.
The diameter of its inlet end should be fully 20 per cent larger than the
diameter of the main portion of the pipe. The"bell mouth" is recommended
as the best form for the inlet end.
The following table has been computed for the carrying capacities of
pipes, whose lengths are not less than a thousand times their respective
diameters.
The computations have been made for those sizes most in use. Those
of 9, 11, 15 and 22 inches diameters are termed at the pipe manufactories
"running sizes."
Flow of
Water Per Second in Clean Iron Pipes
PALL PER
6-INCH
9-INCU
1 1-INCH
15-INCH
22-lNCH
30 INCH
36-INCH
44 INCH
MILE.
DIAMETER
DIAM.
liIAM.
DIAMETER BIAMETER
DIAMETER
DIAMETER
DIA3IETEB
Feet.
Cu.Ft.
Cu. Ft
Cu.Ft
Cu. Ft.
Cu. Ft.
Cu. Ft.
Cu. Ft.
Cu. Ft.
1.58
7.78
12.70
22.22
2.11
8.99
14.56
25.55
2.64
10.24
16.35
28.87
3.17
4.61
10.97
18.02
31.46
3.70
5.25
11.90
19.76
34.47
4.22
2.05
5.62
12.84
20.85
37.05
4.75
2.19
6.01
13.48
22.30
39.01
5.28
2.30
6.32
14.21
23.47
41.06
5.81
2.43
6.62
15.05
24.91
42.09
6.34
1.12
2.54
6.94
15.81
26.12
44.97
6.86
1.17
2.65
7.24
16.47
27.20
46.77
7.39
1.22
2.75
7.51
17.81
28.24
48.83
7.92
1.27
2.84
7.78
17.94
29.19
50.62
8.45
.779
1.32
2.94
8.05
18.58
30.29
52.46
8.98
.803
1.36
3.08
8.36
19.21
31.42
54.04
9.50
.827
1.40
3.11
8.55
19.66
32.48
55.48
10.03
.851
1.45
3.21
8.85
20.32
33.40
57.01
10.56
.298
.875
1.49
3.29
9.07
20.79
34.49
58.85
11.62
.314
.917
1.58
3.47
9.55
21.80
36.15
61.71
12.67
.330
.960
1.65
3.63
10.01
22.83
37.74
64.35
13.73
.346
1.00
1.72
3.79
10.48
23.93
39.40
66.87
14.78
.359
1.04
1.79
3.95
10.91
24.86
40.86
69.57
15.84
.377
1.09
1.85
4.11
11.29
25.87
42.88
72.32
18.48
.395
1.17
2.00
4.46
12.25
27.96
45.95
77.95
21.12
.444
1.27
2.14
4.78
13.12
29.84
48.83
83.60
26.40
.496
142
2.40
5.37
14.78
33.55
54.89
93.37
31.68
.548
1.56
2.64
5.91
16.20
36.79
59.95
103.28
36.96
.589
1.69
2.86
6.46
17.53
39.66
65.17
111.74
42.24
.631
1.81
3.06
6.90
18.78
42.39
69.80
119.93
47.57
.672
1.92
3.23
7.31
19.93
45.23
74.33
128.26
52.80
.721
2.03
3.42
7.70
21.06
47.71
78,46
63.36
.784
2.24
3.76
8.31
23.07
52.91
82.84
73.92
.858
2.43
4.02
9.15
24.68
57.65
84.48
.922
2.61
4.39
9.81
26.97
95.04
.975
2.77
4.68
10.47
29.70
105.60
1.02
2.93
5.25
11.09
31.15
158.40
1.26
3.63
6.09
13.66
211.20
1.48
4.22
7.02
15.84
,
264.00
1.67
4.76
8.24
196
HYDRAULICS.
Application of Table.
Let it be required to rind the flow of water per second in a pipe 22 inches
diameter, having 26.40 feet fall per mile ; also to find its equivalent flow in
statutory miner's inches, or inches measured under a 4-inch pressure.
In "fall per mile" column of table find the given head, 26.40. opposite
which in "22-inch diameter" column will be found 14.78 cubic feet, the
quantity sought.
In table "Flow of Water Through Vertical Rectangular Openings," in
column "Head on Center," find 4 inches, opposite which in "Miner's
Inches" column will be found 51.13. Then 14.78 X 51.13 = 755.7 statu-
tory miner's inches. Or, as in common practice, 14.78 X 50 = 739 statu-
tory miner's inches.
Flow of Water Over Weirs.
FLOW PER SEC-
OND OVER 1
FOOT LENGTH.
Ui
'ER SEC-
OVER 1
LENGTH,
FLOW PER SEC-
OND OVER 1
FOOT LENGTH.
W ^
33
FLOW I
OND
FOOT
Inches
Cubic Feet. !
Inches.
Cubic Feet.
1 Inches.
Cubic Feet.
1.00
.0785
4.00
.6380
7.0
1.4868
1.25
.1101
4.25
.6985
7.5
1.6483
1.50
.1448 i
4.50
.7435
8.0
1.8158
1.75
.1825
4.75
.8253
8.5
1.9951
2.00
.2235
5.00
.8913
9.0
2.1682
2.25
.2672
5.25
.9634
9.5
2.3511
2.50
.3139
5.50
1.0329
10
2.5394
2.75
.3622
5.75
1.1043
12
3.3390
3.00
.4334
6.00
1.1771
14
4.2087
3.25
.4654
6.25
1.2513
16
5.1407
3.50
.5210
6.50
1.3271
18
6.1341
3.75
.5725
6.75
1.4043
24
9.4300
A boiler should have its feed water supplied regularly and continuously
and the water line should be kept at a regular height, and there should
never be less than three or four inches of water over the highest part of the
furnace, flues, or connections exposed to the flaines or hot gases, but it is
very bad practice to carry the water too high in a boiler, and as a general
thing the above-mentioned depth should not exceed five inches above the
"fire-line." Blowing off steam at the safety-valve, or opening the furnace
doors, to prevent a rise of steam pressure, causes loss of heat, which is
synonymous with waste of fuel, and will never occur where a boiler is
properly managed, except upon an emergency.
HYDRAULICS.
197
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198
HYDRAULICS.
Friction of Water.
Friction-loss in pounds pressure in 23^-inch fire hose for each 100 feet
of length, at each 5 gallons discharged per minute.
Friction-Loss.
Gallons
Discharged Per
1 Minute.
Friction -Less.
Gallons
Discharged Per
Minute.
Friction-Loss.
! Gallons
Discharged ]
Minute.
rO O
li
.Q o
Rubber
1- Hose.
50
1.40
2.90
155
8.43
10.83
260
24.29
27.81
55
1.53
3.07
160
8.99
11.44
265
25.26
28.84
60
1.69
3.27
165
9.56
12.06
270
26.26
29.90
65
1.86
3.48
170
10.16
12.71
275
27.27
30.97
70
2.06
3.72
175
10.77
13.37
280
28.31
32.07
75
2.27
3.97
180
11.41
14.06
285
29.36
33.18
80
2.51
4.25
185
12.06
14.76
290
30.44
34.32
85
2.76
4.54
190
12.74
15.49
295
31.53
35.47
90
3.04
4.86
195
13.43
16.23
300
32.65
36.65
95
3.33
5.19
200
14.15
17.00
310
34.94
39.07
100
3.65
5.55
205
14.88
17.79
320
37.31
41.57
105
3.98
5.93
210
15.64
18.60
330
39.76
44.15
110
4.34
6.33
215
16.41
19.43
340
42.29
46.81
115
4.71
6.75
220
17.21
20.28
350
44.90
49.55
120
5.11
7.19
225
18.02
21.15
360
47.59
52.38
125
5.52
7.65
230
18.86
22.04
370
50.36
55.29
130
5.96
8.13
235
19.71
22.95
380
53.21
58.28
135
6.41
8.63
240
20.59
23.88
390
56.14
61.35
140
6.89
9.15
245
21.48 1
24.83
400
59.15
64.50
145
7.39
9.69
250
22.40 ,
25.80
150
7.90
10.25
255
23.33 t
26.79
Iron pipe having a continuous flow of water through it will corrode
much faster than one having but a slight or no current through it. An 8.
inch cast-iron pipe, coated, 1,000 ft. long, having a continuous current
through it, being supplied by a 24-inch pipe and discharging through an
open end, discharged but % as much water at the end of 6 years as when
first put down.
A recent experiment at Holyoke, Mass., showed that a 3-inch Globe
valve in a line of 3-inch pipe caused a loss of pressure of from 80 lbs. to 41
lbs. per sq. inch.
Superheated steam is the safest and most economical method of using
steam. First, it follows a different law from saturated steam ; it is gov-
erned by Marrote's law of gases and air. You can, by the addition of 480
deg. of heat to the steam in a separate vessel, or superheated, double its
volume and also its pressure; if it were attempted to raise steam in a boiler
to 692 deg., it would have to be strong enough to stand a pressure of
2,500 lbs. to the square inch.
HYDRAULICS.
199
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Hi-(T-(rHrirHr^T-ir-iTHHririHriC^(N:^(N04C^C^
■<Ju:Ct^XC5rHX-<j(rH00TjHXlO00O5-^XCOX<Nr^TfHX-^MO5
01C<:T}<lOOt-aiC50Hi-iCMCOCOT^OU3?DCDI>t>-XXC500T-i(NC^
r-HTHHHHT-lHHrHHHTHrHHH01(NiNC^(N
NNN!MCIMiNXTf<r-lt^Ma!lOiMcr)-*XiMCOT-(inOOiNXTf'Hb-
ac0'*lCCDt^XX05OOrirH(NC0M't-*lCinCDC0l>l>XX0iOO
ririrHr-THHr-iHTHTHi-lTHHHHrHHHC^M
OiXt^O>OTJ<TKr,lfiOCDi-t-CCX-*OCOl:-OT}.XClX'*CJT}«OtO
T-iNCO-«JnCCCh-t^Xa>OiOCTHriMCCCCCC-^TJ<'*lOlCtO(Dt>XX
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COOOOJiOJ-^CiTfiCl-^OMXJlCDXHCOCXOCOCCfJTfiC
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I
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200
HYDRAULICS.
l/oss by Friction of Water in Pipes.
This table shows the loss in pounds pressure per square inch for each
100 feet in length due to friction, when discharging the given quantities of
water per minute.
PS .
SIZES OF PIPES-INSIDE DIAMETEK.
2^
Min.
lin.
IMin.
P/zin.
2 in.
i'Ain.
3 in.
4 in.
6 in.
Sin.jlOiu.
12 in.
14)n.
I6in.
ISin.
5
3.3
13.0
28.7
50.4
78.0
0.84
3.16
6.98
12.3
19.0
27.5
37.0
48.0
0.31
1.05
0.12
0 47
10
0.12
15
2.38' 0.97
4.07 1.66
6 40 2 62
20
0.42
25
0.21
0.10
30
9.15
12.4
16.1
20.2
24.9
56.1
3.75
5.05
6.52
8.15
10.0
22.4
39.0
0.91
!
Si
i
40
1.60
1
45
i ■■
50
2.44
5.32
9.46
14.9
21.2
28.1
37.5
0.81
1.80
3.20
4.89
7.0
9.46
12.47
19.66
28.06
0.35
0.74
1.31
1.99
2.85
3.85
5.02
7.76
11.2
15.2
19.5
25.0
30.8
0.09
1
75
I
100
0.33
0.05
f
)25
150
0.69
0.10
1
175
1
'>00
1.28
1.89
2.66
3.65
4.73
6.01
7.43
0.17
0.26
0.37
0.50
0.65
0.81
0.96
2.21
3.88
2.50
300
350
400
450
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1?50
2000
2250
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0.07
0.09
0.12
0 16
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 06
0.01
0.02
0.20l 0.07
0 25: 0 09
0 03
0.04
0,08
0.13
0.20
0.29
0.38
0.49
0.63
0.77
0.017
0.009
0.005
1
0.53
0.94
1.46
2.09
0.18
0.32
0.49
0.70
0.95
1.23
0.062
0.036
0.020
1
0.135
0.071
0 040
0.234
0.123
0 071
0.362
0.188
0.267
0.365
0.472
0.593
0.730
0.107
1
1.110.515
0 1.50
i
0.697
0.910
0.204
1
0 263
1
0.333
:: ...
0.408
One pound of water heated in a boiler to 212 deg. is, by the addition
of 966 units of heat, converted into 1,720 volumes of steam at atmos-
phere pressure. The 1,720 volumes maybe taken as the measure of the
available mechanical force — the 966 units of heat are worth 1,720 volumes
of steam. Now, if these 1,720 volumes of -steam at 212 deg. be raised 480
deg. higher, or to 692 deg. we will have 3,440 volumes of steam at double
the pressure, or 15 lbs. to the square inch. The 480 deg. used upon the
steam has given us the same quantit}^ as 966 units used upon the water.
Heat goes /bur times /urtAer on steam than it does on water — if the
heat costs the same as when used upon water, the clear gain is 25 per cent,
hence the great economy in using superheated steam.
HYDRAULICS.
201
O a; s
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202
HYDRAULICS.
• in £_. »-^
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HYDRAULICS.
203
V:^I.OCITY AND DISCHARG]^ OF WAT:^R.
TABLE No. 1.
Of the actual velocities and discharges through a pipe 1 foot in diameter ; 1
mile or 5,280 diameters in length ; and of cast iron, smooth and straight.
Head in Feet
Per
100 Feet.
Head in Feet
Per Mile.
Velocity in
Feet
Per Second.
.0019
.1
.208
.0038
.2
.293
.0057
.3
.359
.0076
.4
.415
.0095
.5
.464
.0114
.6
.508
.0132
.7
.549
.0151
.8
.585
.0170
.9
.623
.0189
1.
.656
.0237
.25
.735
.0284
.5
.805
.0331
.75
.871
.0379
2.
.928
.0426
.25
.984
.0473
.5
1.04
.0521
.75
1.08
.0568
3.
1.13
.0758
4.
1.31
.0947
5.
1.47
.1136
6.
1.61
.1325
7.
1.74
.1514
8.
1.86
.1703
9.
1.96
.1894
10.
2.08
.2273
12.
2.27
.2652
14.
2.45
.3030
16.
2.62
.3409
18.
2.78
.3788
20.
2.93
.4735
25.
3.28
.5682
30.
3.59
.6629
35.
3.88
.7576
40.
4.15
.8523
45.
4.40
.9470
50.
4.64
1.136
60.
5.08
1.326
70.
5.49
1.515
80.
5.85
1.704
90.
6.23
L.894
100.
6.56
2.083
110.
6.87
2.272
120.
7.18
2 462
130.
7.47
2 652
140.
7.76
2.841
150.
8.05
3.030
160.
8.30
3.219
170.
8.55
3.408
180.
8.80
Discharge in
Discharge in
Cubic Feet Per
Cubic Feet Per
Second.
24 Hours.
.1633
14,114
.2301
19,880
,2819
24,360
.3267
28,229
.3638
31,435
.3989
34,464
.4311
37,247
.4602
39,760
.4901
42,343
.5144
44,431
.5753
49,701
.6322
54,604
.6832
59,011
.7276
62,870
.7696
66,484
.8168
70,572
.8482
73,284
.8914
76,982
1.028
88,862
1.150
99,403
1.264
109,209
1.366
118,022
1.455
125,740
1.539
132,969
1.633
141,145
1.782
153,964
1.924
166,233
2.057
177,724
2.183
188,611
2.301
198,806
2.572
222,156
2.819
243,604
3-047
263,260
3.267
282,288
3.451
298,209
3.638
314,352
3.989
344,649
4.311
372,470
4.602
397,613
4.900
423,435
5.144
444,312
5.395
466,128
5.639
487,209
5.866
506,822
6.094
526,521
6.322
546,048
G.534
564,576
6.715
580,176
6.903
596.418
204
HYDRAULICS.
TABLE No. 1— Continued.
Head in Feet
Velocity in
Discharge in
Discharge in
Per
Head in Feet
Feet
Cubic Feet Per
Cubic Feet Per
100 Feet.
Per Mile.
Per Second.
Second.
24 Hours.
3.596
190.
9.04
7.100
613,440
3.788
200.
9.28
7.276
628,704
4.261
225.
9.84
7.696
664.848
4.735
250.
10.4
8.168
705,728
5.208
275.
10.8
8.482
732,844
5.682
300.
11.3
8.914
769,824
6.629
350.
12.3
9.621
831,168
7.576
400.
13.1
10.28
888,624
8.532
450.
13.9
10.91
943,056
9.47
500.
14.7
11.50
994,032
10.41
550.
15.4
12.09
1,044,576
11.36
600.
16.1
12.64
1,092,096
12.30
650.
16.7
13.11
1,132,704
13.25
700.
17.4
13.66
1,180,224
14.20
750.
18.0
14.13
1,220,832
15.15
800.
18.6
14.55
1,257,408
16.09
850.
19.1
15.00
1,296,000
17.04
900.
19.6
15.39
1,329,696
17.99
950.
20.3
15.94
1,377,216
18.94
1000.
20.8
16.33
1,411,456
22.73
1200.
22.7
17.82
1,539,648
26.52
1400.
24.5
19.24
1,662,336
30.30
1600.
26 2
20.57
1,777,248
34.08
1800.
27.8
21.83
1,886,112
37.87
2000.
29.3
23.01
1,988,064
47.35
2500.
32.8
25.72
2,221,560
56.81
3000.
35.9
28.19
2,436,040
Head is the vertical distance from the surface of the water in the reser-
voir to the center of gravity of the lower end of the" pipe when the discharge
is into the air; or to the level surface of the lower reservoir when the dis-
charge is under water.
To reduce cubic feet to U. S. Gallons. Alultiply by 7.48. Since, there-
fore, 8 cubic feet are equal to 60 gallons (about), if we divide the cubic feet
per 24 hours b\^ 8, we get the number of persons that may be daily sup-
plied with 60 gallons each, by a pipe constantly running- full, and at the
velocity given in the third column.
Don't forget that the grain of a well-hardened and broken piece of steel
is much finer than that of the bar it was taken from. If the grain is as
coarse as, or coarser than the original bar, the heat used (whatever it may
have been) was too high to refine the steel in hardening. Don't decide the
quality of any bar of steel by the appearance of its grain. The coarseness
or fineness depends much more on the heat at which it left the hammer or
rolls than on its quality.
Don't try to harden any bar of steel without first removing the scale
from it, as the outside will be likely to be soft enough to file easily.
Don't try to harden large tools in a small bath, or in still water.
HYDRAULICS.
205
1
5
132704
190144
232960
265408
294912
324096
353888
380928
398080
427584
842336
1189552
1258656
1684912
1884432
2063920
2228656
2380032
2527488
2663424
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a^"3g||§|||
8?SSS|||'g|
206
HYDRAULICS.
Weight of Water (At 62^A lbs. per Cubic Foot) Contained in
One Foot I^engtb of Pipe of Different Bores.
BORE.
WATER.
BORE.
WATER.
BORE.
WATER.
BORE.
WATER.
Ins.
Lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
Vs
.00531
3
3.0557
73/4
20.392
18
110.00
V4
.02122
31/8
3.3156
8
21.729
i8y2
116.20
%
.04775
31/4
3.5862
8I/4
23.109
19
122.56
V2
.08488
33/8
3.8673
8V2
24.530
191/2
129.10
%
.13263
3V2
4.1591
834
25.993
20
135.81
%
.19098
3%
4.4615
9
27.501
2L
149.73
%
.25994
33/4
4.7745
9V2
30.641
22
164.33
1
.33952
3%
5.0980
10
33.952
23
179.60
11/8
.42969
4
5.4323
IOV2
37.432
24
195.56
IV4
.53050
414
6.1325
11
41.082
25
212.20
1%
.64190
41/2
6.8750
111/2
44.901
26
229.51
11/2
.76392
43/4
7.6601
12
48.891
27
247.51
1%
.89654
5
8.4880
121/2
53.049
28
266.18
1%
1.0398
5V4
9.3580
13
57.379
29
285.53
1%
1.1936
51/2
10.270
i3y2
61.877
30
305.57
2
1.3581
53/4
11.225
14
66.545
31
326.27
2%
1.5331
6
12.223
I4y2
71.384
32
347.66
21/4
1.7188
61^
13.262
15
76.392
33
369.74
23/8
1.9150
6%
14.345
i5y2
81.568
34
392.48
21/2
2.1220
63/4
15.469
16
86.916
35
415.90
2%
2.3395
7
16.636
I61/2
92.434
36
440.0
234
2.5676
714
17.846
17
98.121
2%
2.8063
7y2
19.098
171/2
103.97
And in larger pipes, as the squares of their bores. Thus a pipe of 40 or
60 inches bore will contain four times as much as one of 20 or 30 inches
bore; and one of ^q, one-fourth as much as one of % inch. At 62i/4 lbs. per
cubic foot, a square inch of water 1 foot high weighs .432292 of a lb.
Water is sometimes used for testing boilers through its expansion by
heat, and this is the ratio of its increase: At a temperature of 42 degrees
Fahr. it is at its greatest density, or 1.00000 in bulk; at 62 deg. its bulk is
increased to 1.00083; at 92 deg. 1.00477; at 122 deg. 1.01116; at 152
deg. 1.01934; at 182 deg. 1.02916 ; at 212 deg. it is 1.04012.
Every boiler should be supplied with two nozzles, one for steam outlet
and one for the safet\'-valve. The practice of putting up a nest of boilers
with only one safety-valve is dangerous and pernicious. Every boiler
should have its own independent safety-valve. There should be a door at
rear end of setting 3 by 2 feet. This is important to facilitate cleaning the
bottom of boiler, and for removing ashes that may accumulate in rear of
bridge wall. The man-hole frame should be put on the inside of boiler
shell. If well done, a more effective reinforcing of the strength of man-hole
is secured, as well as a tighter joint. Many boiler foundations are simply
brick-work laid on the ground. This is wrong. When the boiler has been
used a short time, the foundations settle and the walls crack and tumble
down. The walls should be heavy, with air spaces in the center to prevent
fractures from expansion and contraction.
HYDRAULICS.
207
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208
HYDROSTATICS.
Pressure of Water Per Square Inch for Different Heights.
;-i
u
!-i
u
<u
n3
<u
72 .
-(->
^
t^
■+J
^
t^
P^
CLh
Ph
a,
fe
(^
fo
Clh
1
0.43
135
58.48
270
116.96
425
184 10
5
2.16
140
60.64
275
119.12
450
195.00
10
4.33
145
62.81
280
121.29
475
205.77
15
6.49
150
64.97
285
123.45
500
216.58
20
8.66
155
67.14
290
125.62
525
227.42
25
10.82
160
69.31
295
127.78
550
238.25
30
12.99
165
71.47
300
129.95
575
249. 09
35
15.16
170
73.64
305
132.12
600
259.90
40
17.32
175
75.80
310
134.28
625
270. 73
45
19.49
180
77.97
315
136.46
650
281.56
50
21.65
185
80.14
320
138.62
675
292.40
55
23.82
190
82.30
325
140.79
700
303.22
60
25.99
195
84.47
330
142.95
725
314.05
65
28.15
200
86.63
335
145.12
750
324.88
70
30.72
205
88.80
340
147.28
775
335.72
75
32.48
210
90.96
345
149.45
800
346.54
80
34.65
215
93.13
350
151.61
825
357.37
85
36.82
220
95.30
355
153.78
850
368.20
90
38.98
225
97.46
360
155.94
875
379.03
95
41.15
230
99.63
365
158.10
900
389.86
100
43.31
235
101.79
370
160.27
925
400.70
105
45.48
240
103.96
375
162.45
950
411.54
110
47.64
245
106.13
380
164.61
975
422.35
115
49.81
250
108.29
385
166.78
1000
433.18
120
51.98
255
110.46
390
168.94
1500
650.00
125
54.15
260
112.62
395
171.11
2000
866.50
130
56.31
265
114.79
400
173 27
3000
1300.00
To compute the pressure per square inch of a column of water, raulti-
ply the head in feet by .434.
A stop valve should in all cases be placed upon the feed-pipe to a boiler,
and as close to the boiler as possible. The chief object being to cover all
valves behind it so that if anything happens to the check valve or any part
of the pump, communication with the boiler can be shut off at once, allow-
ing any necessary work to be done. The object of a check-valve is not only
to hold the water from returning through the pipes, but is necessary to re-
lieve the pressure, also lessen the wear and tear upon the valves of the
pump. A pump will, if in good order, supply a boiler without a check-
valve, but should any air get inside the pump, it will be found very difficult
if not impossible, to start it.
209
WE^IGHT OF FI/AT ROI^l^E^D IRON PER I,INEAI<
FOOT.
For Thicknesses from ^^ in. to 2 in and Widths from i in.
to 12% in.
weighing 480 lbs. per cubic foot.
Thickness
V
1 '4
1
IK" '
ill Inches.
i'«
.208
.260
.313
M
.417
.521
.625
^
.625
.781
.938
H
.833
1.04
1.25
h
1.04
1.30
1.56
%
1.25
1.56
1.88
/g
1.46
1.82
2.19
li
1.67
2.08
2.50
h
1.88
2.34
2.81
%
2.08
2.60
3.13
H
2,29
2.86
3.44
%
2.50
3.13
3.75
\%
2.71
3.39
4.06
%
2.92
3.65
4.38
^1
3.13
3.91
4.69
1
3.33
4.17
5.00
l/e
3.54
4.43
5.31
1%
3.75
4.69
5.63
li^e
3.96
4.95
5.94
IM
4.17
5.21
6.25
^h
4.37
5.47
6.56
1%
4.58
5.73
6.88
1/g
4.79
5.99
7.19
1)1
5.00
6.25
7.50
u%
5.21
6.51
7.81
1%
5.42
6.77
8.13
Hh
5.63
7.03
8.44
\%
5.83
7.29
8.75 1
111
6.04
7.55
9.06
1%
6.25
7.81
9.38
lit
6.46
a 07
9.69
2
6.67
8.33
10.00
1%"
.365
.729
1.09
1.46
1.82
2.19
2.55
2.92
3.28
3.65
4.01
4.38
4.74
5.10
5.47
5.83
6.20
6.56
6.93
7.29
7.66
8.02
8.39
8.75
9.11
9.48
9.84
10.21
10.57
10,94
11.30
11.67
2''
1
214^^
.417
.469
.833
.938
1.25
1.41
1.67
1.88
2.08
2.34
2.50
2.81
2.92
3.28
3.33
3.75
3.75
4.22
4.17
4.69
4.58
5.16
5.00
5.63
5.42
6.09
5.83
6.56
6.25
7.03
6.67
7.50
7.08
7.97
7.50
8.44
7.92
8.91
8.33
9.38
8.75
9.84
9.17
10.31
9.58
10.78
10.00
11.25
10.42
11.72
10.83
12.19
11.25
12.66
11.67
13.13
12.08
13.59
12.50
14.06
12.92
14.53
13.33
15.00
.521
1.04
1.56
2.08
2 60
3.13
3.65
4.17
4.69
5.21
5.73
6.25
6.77
7.29
7.81
8.33
8.85
9.38
9.90
10.42
13.02
13.54
14.06
14.58
15.10
15.63
16.15
16.67
234^/
.573
1.15
1.72
2.29
2 86
3.44
4 01
4.58
5.16
5.73
6,30
6.88
7.45
8.02
8.59
9.17
9.74
10 31
10.89
11.46
10.94 12.03
11.46 12.60
11.98 13.18
12.50 13.75
14.32
14.90
15.47
16.04
16.61
17.19
17.76
18.33
12^
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
32.50
35.00
37.50
40.00
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
52.50
55.00
57.50
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
14
210
IRON.
WEIGHT OF PLAT ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL POOT.
{Continued.)
Thick-
ness in
Incties.
3^^
3V^''
3V2^^
33/4^^
4^^
41/i^^
41/2'^
4%''
12^'
1^6
.625
.677
.729
.781
.833
.885
.938
.990
2.50
i
1.25
1.35
1.46
1.56
1.67
1.77
1.88
1.98
5.00
h
1.88
2.03
2.19
2.34
2.50
2.66
2.81
2.97
7.50
i
2.50
2.71
2.92
3.13
3.33
3.54
3.75
3.96
10.00
h
3.13
3.39
3.65
3.91
4.17
4.43
4.69
4.95
12.50
1
3.75
4.06
4.38
4.69
5.00
5.31
5.63
5.94
15.00
1 6
4.38
4.74
5.10
5.47
5.83
6.20
6.56
6.93
17.50
\
5.00
5.42
5.83
6.25
6.67
7.08
7.50
7.92
20.00
i%
5.63
6.09
6.56
7.03
7.50
7.97
8.44
8.91
22.50
1
6.25
6.77
7.29
7.81
8.33
8.85
9.38
9.90
25.00
\h
6.88
7.45
8.02
8.59
9.17
9.74
10.31
10.89
27.50
1
7.50
8.13
8.75
9.38
10.00
10.63
11.25
11.88
30.00
n
8.13
8 80
9.48
10.16
10.83
11.51
12.19
12.86
32.50
8.75
9.48
10.21
10.94
11.67
12.40
13.13
13.85
35.00
il
9.38
10.16
10.94
11.72
12.50
13.28
14.06
14.84
37.50
1
10.00
10.83
11.67
12.50
13.33
14.17
15.00
15.83
40.00
iiV
10.63
11.51
12.40
13.28
14.17
15.05
15.94
16.82
42.50
ll
11.25
12.19
13.13
14.06
15.00
15.94
16.88
17.81
45.00
U^s
11.88
12.86
13.85
14.84
15.83
16.82
17.81
18.80
47.50
1^'
12.50
13.54
14.58
15.63
16.67
17.71
18.75
19.79
50.00
li'e
13.13
14.22
15.31
16.41
17.50
18.59
19.69
20.78
52.50
11
13.75
14.90
16.04
17.19
18.33
19.48
20.63
21.77
55.00
I/g
14.38
15.57
16.77
17.97
19.17
20.36
21.56
22.76
57.50
1|
15.00
16.25
17.50
18.75
20.00
21.25
22.50
23.75
60.00
ll^e
15.63
16.93
18.23
19.53
20.83
22.14
23.44
24.74
62,50
11
16.25
17.60
18.96
20.31
21.67
23.02
24.38
25.73
65.00
111
16.88
18.28
19.69
21.09
22.50
23.91
25.31
26.72
67.50
1|
17.50
18.96
20.42
21.88
23.33
24.79
26.25
27.71
70.00
IB
18.13
19.64
21.15
22.66
24.17
25.68
27.19
28.70
7^.50
1|
18.75
20.31
21.88
23.44
25.00
26.56
28.13
29.69
75.00
IM
19. 38
20.99
22.60
24.22
25.83
27.45
29.06
30.68
77.50
2
20.00
21.67
23.33
25.00
26.67
28.33
30.00
31.67
80.00
Inertia is that property of all bodies by which they can not stop them-
selves if started in motion, nor start themselves if not in motion, nor
change their direction or speed of motion if they are moving. They must
be started, stopped, slowed, hastened, or swerved by some force from with-
out.
WEIGHT OF FLAT ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL FOOT.
{Continued.)
211
Thickness
in Inches
IM
1 3
IH
IM
li^
1^
1%
* 1 fi
1%
2
5''
514"
5V2''
1.04
1.09
1.15
2.08
2.19
2.29
3.13
3.28
3.44
4.17
4.38
4.58
5.21
5.47
5.73
6.25
6.56
6.88
7.29
7.66
8.02
8.33
8.75
9.17
53/4'^
1.20
2.40
3.59
4.79
5.99
7.19
8 39
9.58
9.38 9.84 10.31 10.78
10.42 TO. 94 111.46 11.98
11.46 12.03 12.60
12.50 13.13 13.75
1.25
2.50
3.75
5.00
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
11.25
12.50
13.18 13.75
14.38 15.00
13.54 14.22
14.58 115.31
15.63 16.41 17.19 1 17.97
14.90 ; 15.57
16.04 16.77
16.67
17.71
18.75
19 79
20.83
17.50
18.59
19.69
20.78
21.88
18.33 i 19.17
19 48
20 63
21.77
22.92
21.88 22.97 j24 06
22.92 124.06 |25,21
23.96 25.16 26 35
25.00 126.25 '27.50
26.04
27.08
28.13
29.17
30.21
31.25
32.29
33.33
27.34 28.65
28.44 29.79
29.53 30 94
30.63 32.08
31.72
32.81
33.91
35.00
33.23
34.38
35.52
36.67
20.36
21.56
22.76
23.96
25.16
26.35
27.55
28.75
29.95
31.15
32.34
33.54
34.74
35.94
37.14
38.33
16.25
17.50
18.75
20.00
21.25
22.50
23.75
25.00
26.25
27.50
28.75
30.00
31.25
32.50
33.75
35.00
36.25
37-50
38.75
40.00
61/4'
1.30
2.60
3.91
5.21
6.51
7.81
9.11
10.42
11.72
13.02
14.32
15.63
16.93
18.23
19.53
20.83
22,14
23.44
24.74
26.04
27.34
28.65
29.95
31.25
32.55
33.85
35.16
36.46
37.76
39.06
1.35
2.71
4.06
5.42
6.77
8.13
9.48
10.83
12.19
13.54
14.90
16.25
17.60
18.96
20.31
21.67
23.02
24.38
25.73
27.08
28.44
29.79
31.15
32.50
33. 85
35.21
36.56
37.92
39.27
40.63
63/4^^
1.41
2.81
4.22
5.63
7.03
8.44
9.84
11.25
12.66
14.06
15.47
16.88
12^
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
18.28 32.50
19.69 35.00
21.09 37.50
22.50 40.00
40.36 i 41.98
41.67 ' 43.33
23.91
25.31
26.72
28.13
29.53
30.94
32.34
33.75
35 16
36.56
37.97
39.38
40.78
42.19
43.59
45.00
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
52.50
55.00
57.50
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
The feed- water for a boiler should be introduced through its own inde-
pendent pipe, with a suitable check and stop valve. It is not good practice
to blow and feed through the same pipe. Tubes of greater diameter than
3 inches may be used with good results; all depends upon their proper ar-
rangement. All internal boiler braces should be made of iron one inch in
diameter with no weld, and only the best iron should be used, preferably
Norway, or Swedish iron.
212
WEIGHT OF FLAT ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL FOOT.
(Continued.)
Thickness
in Inches
7-
714'^
7^2^^
73/4^^
1
8''
sy^''
SVa^^
8%''
12^^
1^6
1.46
2.92
4.38
5.83
1.51
3.02
4.53
6.04
1.56
3.13
4.69
6.25
1
1.61
3.23
4.84
6.46
i 1.67
3.33
5.00
1 6.67
1
r
1 1.72
3.44
5.16
6.88
1.77
3.54
5.31
7.08
1.82
3 65
5.47
7.29
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
%
V2
7.29
8.75
10.21
11.67
7.55
9.06
10.57
12.08
7.81
9.38
|10.94
12.50
8.07
9.69
11.30
12.92
8.33
10.00
11.67
13.33
8.59
10.31
12.03
13.75
8.85
10.63
12.40
14.17
9.11
10.94
12.76
14.58
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
11
13.13
14.58
16.04
17.50
13.59
15.10
16.61
18.13
14.06
15.63
17.19
18.75
14.53
16.15
17.76
19.38
15.00
16.67
18.33
20.00
15.47
17.19
18.91
20.63
15.94
17.71
19.48
21.25
16.41
18.23
20.05
21.88
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
13
1 6
%
1
18.96
20.42
21.88
23.33
19.64
21.15
22.66
24.17
20.31
21.88
23.44
25.00
20.99
22.60
24.22
25.83
21.67
23.33
25.00
26.67
22.34
24.06
25.78
27.50
23.02
24.79
26.56
28.33
23.70
25.52
27.34
29.17
32.50
35.00
37.50
40.00
1%
1'4
24.79
26.25
27.71
29.17
25.68
27.19
28.70
30.21
26.56
28.13
29.69
31.25
27.45
29.06
30.68
32.29
28.33
30.00
31.67
33.33
29.22
30.94
32.66
34.38
30.10
31.88
33.65
35.42
30.99
32.81
34.64
36.46
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
It
ll'e
30.62
32.08
33.54 ,
35.00;
31.72
33.23
34.74
36.25
32.81
34.38
35.94
37.50
33.91
35.52
37.14
38.75
35.00
36.67
38.33
40.00 ,
36.09
37.81
39.53
41.25
37.19
38.96
40.73
42.50
38.28
40.10
41.93
43.75
52.50
55.00
57.50
60.00
1%
36.46 '
37.92
39.38 I
40.83
37.76
39.27
40.78
42.29
39.06
40.63
42.19
43.75
40.36
41.98
43.59
45.21
41.67
43.33
45.00 1
46.67 f
1
42.97
44.69
46.41
48.13
44.27
46.04
47.81
49.58
45.57
47.40
49.22
51.04
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
iM
1%
111
2
42.29
43.75
45.21
46.67
43.80
45.31
46.82
48.33
45.31
46.88
48.44
50.00
46.82
48.44
50.05
51.67
48.33
50.00 :
51.67
53.33
49.84
51.56
53.28
55.00
51.35
53.13
54.90
56.67
52.86
54.69
56.51
58.33
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
It is not practicable to lift water as high as 333^ feet. It might be pos-
sible under favorable conditions at the level of the sea -where the atmos-
pheric pressure would just about balance a column of water of that height.
The height to which a pump will lift water depends on the pressure of the
atmosphere, which is different at different heights from the sea, being less
as the height increases. On a high mountain a pump will not lift water as
high as it will at the level of the sea. The pressure of the atmosphere also
varies slightly at different times on the same level.
WEIGHT OF FLAT ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL FOOT.
{Continued. )
213
Thickness
in Inches.
1,^
1 5
1%
IH
nh
J- 16
IK
IIS
9"
1.88
3.75
5.63
7.50
91/4''
9.38 9.64
11.25 11.56
13.13 13.49
15.00 15.42
1.93
3 85
5.78
7.71
16.88
18.75
20.63
22.50
24.38
26.25
28.13
17.34
19.27
21.20
23.13
25.05
26.98
28.91
30.00 30.83
31.88
33.75
35.63
137.50
139.38
41.25
43.13
|45.00
46.88
48.75
50.63
52.50
54.38
56.25
58.13
60.00
32.76
34.69
36.61
38.54
40.47
42.40
44.32
46.25
48.18
50.10
52.03
53.96
91/2'
1.98
3.96
5.94
7.92
9.90
11.88
13.85
15.83
17.81
19.79
21.77
23.75
25.73
27.71
29.69
31.67
33.65
35.63
37.60
39.58
41.56
43.54
45.52
47.50
49.48
51.46
53.44
55.42
9%'
W
55.89 57.40
57.81 59.38
59.74 61.35
61.67 63.33
2.03
4.06
6.09
8.13
10.16
12.19
14.22
16.25
18.28
20.31
22.34
24.38
26.41
28.44
30.47
32.50
34.53
36.56
38.59
40.63
42.66
44.69
46.72
48.75
50.78
52.81
54.84
56.88
58.91
60.94
62.97
65.00
2 08
4.17
6.25
8.33
10.42
12.50
14.58
16.67
18.75
20.83
22.92
25.00
27.08
29.17
31.25
33.33
35.42
37.50
39.58
41.67
43.75
45.83
47.92
50.00
52.08
54.17
56.25
58.33
60 42
62.50
64.58
66.67
low
2.14
4.27
6.41
8.54
10.68
12.81
14.95
17.08
19.22
21.35
23.49
25.62
lOVo
2.19
4.38
6.56
8.75
10.94
13.13
15.31
17.50
1034'
12'
2.24
4.48
6.72
8.96
11.20
13.44
15.68
17.92
36.30
38.44
40.57
42.71
44.84
46.98
49.11
51.25
53.39
55.52
57.66
59.79
61.93
64.06
66.20
68.33
37.19
39.38
41.56
43.75
45.94
48.13
50.31
52.50
54.69
56.88
59.06
61.25
63.44
65.63
67.81
70.00
38.07
40.31
42.55
44.79
47.03
49.27
51.51
53.75
55.99
58.23
60.47
62.71
64.95
67.19
69.43
71.67
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
19.69 20.16 I 22.50
21.88 22.40 25.00
24.06 24.64 1 27.50
26.25 I 26.88 ! 30.00
27.76 28.44 \ 29.11 ] 32.50
29.90 30.63 1 31.35 35 00
32.03 32.81 ! 33.59 37.50
34.17 35.00 i 35.83 ; 40.00
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
52. 50
55.00
57.50
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
At the instant steam is generated, in a boiler, from the water heated to
212 deg. temperature, the steam has a pressure of one atmosphere, about
15 lbs. per square inch above zero or vacuum gauge, and the pressure in the
boiler b\' a vacuum gauge would show 15 lbs., the same as atmospheric
pressure would show on a zero pressure or vacuum gauge. The steam pres-
sure in the boiler when the ste im gauge indicates 15 lbs. pressure is 15 lbs.
above the pressure of the air outside, and is (nearly) 30 lbs., actual or ab-
solute pressure above zero or no pressure.
214
IRON.
WEIGHT OF FLAT ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL FOOT.
{Continued.)
Thickness
in Inches.
11^'
113^^^
IIK'^
IIM''
12'"
12%''
12K'^
12%"
le
2.29
2.34
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.66
H
4.58
4.69
4.79
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.21
5.31
3
Is
6.88
7.03
7.19
7.34
7.50
7.66
7.81
7.97
^i*
M
9.17
9.38
9.58
9.79
10.00
10.21
10.42
10.63
re-
11.46
11.72
11.98
12.24
12.50
12.76
12.02
13.28
1^^
%
13.75
14.06
14.38
14.69
15.00
15.31
15.63
15.94
h
16.04
16.41
16.77
17.14
17.50
17.86
18.23
18.59
y^
18.33
18.75
19.17
19.58
20.00
20.42
20.83
21.25
2-1
11^
iG
20.63
21.09
21.56
22.03
22.50
22.97
23.44
23.91
22.92
23.44
23.96
24.48
25.00
25.52
26.04
26.56
-Sgx
\h
25.21
25.78
26.35
26.93
27.50
28.07
28.65
29.22
-.•^
%
27.50
28.13
28.75
29.38
30.00
30.63
3L25
31.88
1-
i-I
29.79
30.47
31.15
31.82
32.50
33.18
33.85
34.53
- <^ U
%
3208
32.81
33.54
34.27
35.00
35.73
36.46
37.19
in
il
34.38
35.16
35.94
36.72
37.50
38.28
39.06
39.84
1
36.67
37.50 38.33
39.17
40.00
40.83
41.67
42.50
Ire
38.96
39 84
40. 73
41.61
42.50
43.39
44.27
45.16
<Li en lu
1%
41.25
42.19
43.13
44.06
45.00
45.94
46-88
47.81
sts-
li\
43.54
44.53
45.52
46.51
47.50
48.49
49.48
53.47
ps
1^
45.83
46.88
47.92
48.96
50.00
51.04
52.08
50.13
!|
lA
48.13
49.22
50.31
51.41
52.50
53.59
54.69
55.78
■lih
ik
50.42
51.56
52.71
53.85
55.00
56. 15
57.29
58.44
•o'Cq
I/g
52.71
53.91
55.10
56.30
57.50
58.70
59.90
61.09
■^^0
IK
55.00
56.25
57.50
58.75
60.00
61.25
62.50
63.75
ll^6
57.29
58.59
59.90
61.20
62.50
63.80
65.10
66.41
H PI be
1?^
59.58
60.94
62.29
63 65
65.00
66.35
67.71
69.06
IM
61.88
63.28
64.69
66 09
67.50 ! 68.91
70.31
71.72
^0^
1%
64.17
65.63
67.08
68.54
70.00 i 7L46 1 72.92
1 1
74.38
111
66.46
67.97
69.48
70.99
72.50
74.01
75.52
77.03
1%
68.75
70.31
71.88
73.44
75.00
76.56
78.13
79.69
tl^t
IB
71.04
72.66
74.27
75.89
77.50
79.11
80.73
82.34
cxil
2
73.33
75.00
76.67
78.33
80.00
81.67
83.33
85.00
If a rule be required to find the whole number of teeth a milling cutter
should have, use this one : If the teeth are to be % inch apart on the cir-
cumference, multiply the diameter of the cutter by 12 ; if f% apart, multiply
by 10; if % apart, by 8; if /g, multiply b3' 7; and, if i/^-inch, multiply by
6. This rule gives the space as stated quite as close to accuracy as is nec-
essary, for this purpose and will save time if it is remembered.
IRON.
215
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
For thicknesses from ig in. to 2 in. and Widths from 1 in. to 12% in.
Thickness
in inches.
1"
IV4''
iy2"
i%"
2^'
2V4'^
2V2''
2%''
12"
.063
.125
.188
.250
.078
.156
.234
.313
.094
.188
.281
.375
.109
.219
.328
.438
.125
.250
.375
.500
.141
.281
.422
.563
.156
.313
.469
.625
.172
.344
.516
.688
.750
1.50
2.25
3.00
■ i
.313
.375
.438
.500
.391
.469
.547
.625
.469
.563
.656
.750
.547
.656
.766
.875
.625
.750
.875
1.00
.703
.844
.984
1.13
.781
.938
1.09
1.25
.859
1.03
1.20
1.38
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
.563
.625
.688
.750
.703
.781
.859
.938
.844
.938
1.03
1.13
.984
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.13
1 25
138
1 50
1.27
1.41
1.55
1.69
1.41
1.56
1.72
1.88
1.55
1.72
1.89
2.06
6.75
7.50
8.25
9.00
1
.813
.875
.938
1.00
1.02
1.09
1.17
1.25
1.22
1.31
1.41
1.50
1.42
1.53
1.64
1.75
1.63
1.75
1.88
2.00
1.83
1.97
2.11
2.25
2.03
2.19
2.34
2.50
2.23
2.41
2.58
2.75
9.75
10.50
11.25
12.00
IJi
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.33
1.41
1.48
1.56
1 59
1.69
1.78
1.88
1.86
1.97
2.08
2.19
2.13
2.25
2.38
2.50
2.39
2.53
2.67
2.81
2.66
2.81
2.97
3.13
2.92
3.09
3.27
3.44
12.75
13.50
14.25
15.00
1%
lie
1.31
1.38
1.44
1.50
1.64
1.72
1.80
1.88
1.97
2.06
2.16
2.25
2.30
2.41
2.52
2.63
2.63
2.75
2.88
3.00
2.95
3.09
3.23
3.38
3.28
3.44
3.59
3.75
3.61
3.78
3.95
4.13
15.75
16.50
17.25
18.00
li%
1?^
IH
1%
1.56
1.63
1.69
1.75
1.95
2.03
2.11
2.19
2.34
2.44
2.53
2.63
2.73
2.84
2.95
3.06
3.13
3.25
3.38
3.50
3.52
3.66
3.80
3.94
3.91
4.06
4.22
4.38
4.30
4.47
4.64
4.81
18.75
19.50
20.25
21.00
1%
111
2
1.81
1.88
1.94
2.00
2.27
2.34
2.42
2.50
2.72
2.81
2.91
3.00
3.17
3.28
3.39
3.50
3.63
3.75
3.88
4.00
4.08
4.22
4.36
4.50
4 53
4 69
4.84
5.00
4.98
5.16
5.33
5.50
21.75
22.50
23.25
24.00
It is not good practice to locate the pump between the boiler and
heater, for, in this case, it has to work water at a temperature at, or near
212 deg. Fahr., and it is apt to "kick" or stop working. This is caused
by the water vaporizing in the pump barrel, which destro\^s the vacuum.
The same is liable to occur if the pump has to lift hot water even ior a
short distance, unless the pump is lower than the source of the hot water.
216
IRON.
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
{Continued.)
Thickness
in Inches.
3''
31/4''
31//'
33/4'/
4'/
41/4"
41/2''
43/4-
12^'
iV
.188
.203
.219
.234
.250
.266
.281
.297
.750
%
.375
.406
.438
.469
.500
.531
.563
.594
1.50
1%
.563
.609
.656
.703
.750
.797
.844
.891
2.25
H
.750
.813
.875
.938
1.00
1.06
1.13
1.19
3.00
1%
.938
1.02
1.09
1.17
1.25
1.33
1.41
1.48
3.75
%
1.13
1.22
1.31
1.41
1.50
1.59
1.69
1.78
4.50
7o
1.31
1.42
1.53
1.64
1.75
1.86
1.97
2.08
5.25
M
1.50
1.63
1.75
1.88
2.00
2.13
2.25
2.38
6.00
f%-
1.69
1.83
1.97
2.11
2.25
2.39
2.53
2.67
6.75
rs
1.88
2.03
2.19
2.34
2.50
2.66
2.81
2.97
7.50
Ih
2 06
2.23
2.41
2.58
2.75
2.92
3.09
3.27
8.25
%
2.25
2.44
2.63
2.81
3.00
3.19
3.38
3.56
9.00
if
2.41
2.64
2.84
3.05
3.25
3.45
3.66
3.86
9.75
%
2 63
2.84
3-06
3.28
3.50
3.72
3.94
4.16
10.50
fl
2.81
3.05
3 28
3.52
3.75
3.98
4.22
4.45
11.25
1
3.00
3 25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
12.00
^h
3.19
3.45
3.72
3.98
4.25
4.52
4.78
5.05
12.75
IM
3.38
3 66
3.94
4.22
4.50
4.78
5.06
5.34
13.50
li\-
3.56
3.86
4.16
4.45
4.75
5.05
5.34
5.64
14.25
1J€
3.75
4.06
4.38
4.69
5.00
5.31
5.63
5.94
15.00
1t6
3.91
4.27
4.59
4.92
5.25
5.58
5.91
6.23
15.75
ik
4.13
4.47
4.81
5.16
5.50
5.84
6.19
6.53
16.50
It's
4.31
4.67
5.03
5.39
5.75
6.11
6.47
6.83
17.25
1>^
4 50
4 88
5.25
5.63
6.00
6.38
6.75
7.13
18.00
lr%
4.69
5.08
5.47
5.86
6.25
6.64
7.03
7.42
18.75
ik
4.88
5 28
5.69
6.09
6.50
6.91
7.31
7.72
19.50
11 G-
5.06
5 48
5.91
6.33
6.75
7.17
7.59
8.02
20.25
1%
5.25
5.69
6.13
6.56
7.00
7.44
7.88
8.31
21.00
111
5.44
5.89
6 34
6.80
7.25
7.70
8.16
8.61
21.75
\%
5.63
6.09
6.56
7.03
7.50
7.97
8.44
8.91
22.50
11:1
5.81
6.30
6.78
7.27
7.75
8.23
8.72
9.20
23.25
2
6.00
6 50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
24.00
Velocity is speed or rate of motion, and is the second element in dynam-
Time implies a continuous perception, recognized as duration, or thai
measured by a clock, and is the third element in dynamics.
IRON.
217
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
{Continued.)
Thickness
ill inches.
5"
5V/'
5V2"
5%"
i 6"
61/4^^
6V2"
6%'^
12"
.313
.625
.938
1.25
.328
.656
.984
1.31
.344
.688
1.03
1.38
.359
.719
1.08
1.44
1 .375
' .750
|1.13
1.50
.391
.781
1.17
1.56
.406
.813
1.22
1.63
.422
.844
1.27
1.69
.750
1.50
2.25
3.00
1%
1.56
1.88
2.19
2.50
1.64
1.97
2.30
2.63
1.72
2.06
2.41
2.75
1.80
2.16
2.52
2.88
1.88
2.25
2.63
3.00
1.95
2.34
2.73
3.13
2.03
2.44
2.84
3.25
2.11
2.53
2.95
3.38
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
2.81
3.13
3.44
3.75
2.95
3.28
3.61
3.94
3.09
3.44
3.78
4.13
3.23
3.59
3.95
4.31
3.38
3.75
4.13
4.50
3.52
3.91
4.30
4.69
3.66
4.06
4.47
4.88
3.80
4.22
4.64
5.06
6.75
7.50
8.25
9.00
4.06
4.38
4.69
5.00
4.27
4.59
4.92
5.25
4.47
4.81
5.16
5.50
4.67
5.03
5.39
5.75
4.88
5.25
5.63
6.00
5.08
5.47
5.86
6.25
5.28
5.69
6.09
6.50
5.48
5.91
6.33
6.75
9.75
10.50
11.25
12.00
5.31
5.63
5.94
6.25
5.58
5.91
6.23
6.56
5.84
6.19
6.53
6 88
6.11
6.47
6.83
7.19
6.38
6.75
7.13
7 50
6.64
7.03
7.42
7.81
6.91
7.31
7.72
8.13
7.17
7.59
8.02
8.44
12.75
13.50
14.25
15.00
It
6.56
6.88
7.19
7.50
6.89
7.22
7.55
7.88
7.22
7.56
7.91
8.25
7.55
7.91
8.27
8.63
7.88
8.25
8.63
9.00
8.20
8.59
8.98
9.38
8.53
8.94
9.34
9.75
8.86
9.28
9.70
10.13
15.75
16.50
17.25
18.00
7.81
8.13
8.44
8.75
8.20
8.53
8.86
9.19
8.59
8.94
9.28
9.63
8.98
9.34
9.70
10.06
9.38
9.75
10.13
10.50
9.77
10.16
10.55
10.94
10.16
10.56
10.97
11.38
10.55
10.97
11.39
11.81
18.75
19.50
20.25
21.00
HI
2
9.06
9.38
9.69
10.00
9.52
9.84
10.17
10.50
9.97
10.31
10.66
11.00
10.42
10.78
11.14
11.50
10.88
11.25
11.63
12.00
11.33
11.72
12.11
12.50
\1.78
12.19
12.59
13.00
12.23
12.66
13.08
13.50
21.75
22.50
23.25
24.00
The lead of a valve is the width of the steam induction port-opening
at the instant the piston commences its stroke; and the valve lead, or
amount of the port-opening, is made great enough to supph' full pressure
of steam into the cylinder to start the piston before it commences its stroke.
By increasing the lap and lead of the valve the steam is cut off quicker and
the exhaust closed quicker, producing greater steam expansion and com-
pression, which is found in locomotive and quick running engines to be the
most efficient use of the steam. •
218
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
{Continued,}
Thickness
in Inches.
r-I
71/4'^
71/2"
T^6
'4
.438
.875
1.31
1.75
.453
.906
1.36
1.81
.469
.938
1.41
1.88
h
2.19
2.63
3.06
3.50
2.27
2.72
3.17
3.63
2.34
2.81
3.28
3.75
3.94
4.38
4.81
5.25
4.08
4 53
4.98
5.44
4.22
4.69
5.16
5,63
1
5.69
6.13
6.56
7.00
5.89
6.34
6.80
7.25
6.09
6.56
7.03
7.50
1^
7.44
7.88
8.31
8.75
7.70
8.16
8.61
9.06
7.97
8.44
8.91
9.38
1)^
9.19
9.63
10.06
10.50
9.52
9.97
10.42
10.88
9.84
10.31
10.78
11 25
li%
liH
1%
10.94
11.38
11.81
12.25
11.33
11.78
12.23
12.69
11.72
12.19
12.66
13.13
1%
2
12.69
13.13
13.56
14.00
13.14
13.59
14.05
14.50
13.59
14.06
14.53
15.00
73/^
.484
.969
1.45
1.94
2.42
2.91
3 39
3.88
4.36
4.84
5.33
5.81
6.30
6.78
7.27
7.75
8.23
8.72
9.20
9.69
8'^
12.11
12.59
13.08
13.56
14.05
14.53
15.02
15.50
.500
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4 00
4 50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9 00
9.50
10.00
10.17 10.50
10.66 11.00
11.14 111.50
11.63 12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16 00
81/4
.516
1.03
L55
2.06
2.58
3.09
3.61
4.13
4.64
5.16
5.67
6.19
6.70
7.22
7.73
8.25
8.77
9.28
9.80
10.31
10,83
11.34
11.86
12.38
12.89
13.41
13.92
14.44
14.95
15.47
15.98
16.50
8y2
8%'
12'^
.531
1.06
1.59
2.13
2.66
3.19
3.72
4.25
4.78
5.31
5.84
6.38
6.91
7.44
7.97
8.50
9.03
9.56
10.09
10.63
11.16
11.69
12.22
12.75
13.28
13.81
14.34
14.88
15.41
15.94
16.47
.547
1.09
1.64
2.19
2.73
3.28
3.83
4.38
4.92
5.47
6.02
6 56
7.11
7-66
8.20
8.75
9.30
9.84
10.39
10.94
11.48
12.03
12.58
13.13
13.67
14.22
14.77
15.31
15.86
16.41
16.95
17.00 1 17.50
.750
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50
8.25
9.00
9.75
10.50
11.25
12.00
12.75
13.50
14.25
15.00
15.75
16.50
17.25
18.00
18.75
19.50
20.25
21.00
21.75
22.50
23.25
24.00
The pressure should always come against the bottom of a globe valve
pressing the valve against the screw. The reasons are that when the valve
is closed, the steam does not exert a pressure upon the packing, or tend to
burn it out. It may also be renewed with a pressure upon the valve.
Steam will also pass more freely through valve in enteiing from the under
gide, besides the valve is more safe, and will wear much longer.
IRON.
219
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
{Continued.)
Thickness
in Inches.
9"
9U"
9V2^^
9W
10''
101/4^'
IOI/2'''
103/4^^
12^'
Tg
.563
.578
.594
.609
.625
.641
.656
.672
.75
^
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.28
1.31
1.34
1 50
1%
1.69
1.73
1.78
1.83
1.88
1.92
1.97
2.02
2.25
k
2.25
2.31
2.38
2.44
2.50
2.56
2.63
2.69
3.00
i%
2.81
2.89
2.97
3.05
3.13
3.20
3.28
3.36
3.75
%
3.38
3.47
3.56
3.66
3.75
3.84
3.94
4.03
4.50
i\
3.94
4.05
4.16
4.27
4.38
4.48
4.59
4.70
5.25
H
4.50
4.63
4.75
4.88
5.00
5.13
5.25
5.38
6.00
h
5.06
5.20
5.34
5.48
5.63
5.77
5.91
6.05
6.75
%
5.63
5.78
5.94
6.09
6.25
6.41
6.56
6.72
7.50
n
6.19
6.36
6.53
6.70
6.88
7.05
7.22
7.39
8.25
%
6.75
6.94
7.13
7.31
7.50
7.69
7.88
8.06
9.00
\i
7.31
7.52
7.72
7.92
8.13
; 8.33
8.53
8.73
9.75
%
7.88
8.09
8.31
8.53
8.75
8.97
9.19
9.41
10.50
li
8.44
8.67
8.91 9.14
9.38
9.61
9.84
10.08
11.25
1
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.00
10.25
10.50
10.75
12.00
IrV
9.56
9.83
10.09
10.36
10.63
10 89
11.16
11.42
12.75
IH
10.13
10.41
10.69
10.97
11.25
11-53
11.81
12.09
13.50
If'c
10.69
10.98
11.28
11.58
11.88
12.17
12.47
12.77
14.25
IM
11.25
11.56
11.88
12.19
12.50
12.81
13.13
13.44
15.00
ll%
11.81
12.14
12.47
12.80
13.13
13.45
13.78
14.11
15.75
1%
12.38
12.72
13.06
13.41
13.75
14.09
14-44
14.78
16.50
ll\
12.94
13.30
13.66
14.02
14.38
14.73
15.09
15.45
17.25
IK
13.50
13.88
14.25
14.63
15.00
15-38
15.75
16.13
18.00
li'e
14.06
14.43
14.84
15.23
15.63
16.02
16,41
16.80
18.75
1^
14.63
15.03
15.44
15.84
16.25
16.66
17.06
17.47
19.50
iH
15.19
15.61
16.03
16.45
16.88
17.30
17.72
18.14
20.25
1^
15.75
16.19
16.63
17.06
17.50
17.94
18.38
18.81
21.00
HI
16.31
16.77
17.22
17.67
18.13
18.58
19.03
19.48
21.75
1%
16.88
17.34
17.81
18.28
18.75
19.22
19.69
20.16
22 50
111
17.44
17.92
18.41
18.89
19.38
19.86
20.34
20.83
23.25
2
18.00
118.50
19.00
19.50
20.00
20.50
21.00
21.50
24.00
Iridium is many times harder than the hardest steel, and will not rust
or corrode in any atmosphere or fluid. It defies the file and resists all acids.
The only means of cutting iridium is by friction with a soft metal wheel
charoed with diamond dust or fine corundum.
220
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
{Continued.}
Thickness
in Inches.
11^'
\^X"
\\y%'
\v%"
12''
12^"
12>i'^
12%"
<B5 O
.ii lO O
h
.688
.703
.719
.734
.750
.766
.781
.797
lot
H
1.38
1.41
1.44
1.47
1.50
L53
1 .56
1.59
re-
2.06
2.11
2.16
2.20
2.25
2 30
2.34
2.39
^^S
X
2.75
2.81
2.88
2.94
3.00
3.06
3.13
3.19
•9 '-'^
I""
h
3.44
3.52
3.59
3.67
3.75
3.83
3.91
3.98
%
4.13
4.22
4.31
4.41
4.50
4.59
4.69
4.78
1s^x
h
4.81
4.92
5.03
5.14
5.25
5.36
5.47
5.58
^CCH
K
5.50
5.63
5.75
5.88
6.00
6.13
6.25
6.38
h
6.19
6.33
6.47
6.61
6.75
6.89
7.03
7.17
.•ti«,«!
%
6.88
7.03
7.19
7.34
7.50
7.66
7.81
7.97
•Shx
\k
7.26
7.73
7.91
8.08
8.25
8.42
8.59
8.77
5,-^
%
8.55
8.44
8.63
8.81
9.00
9.19
9.38
9.56
fl
8 94
9.14
9.34
9.55
9.75
9.95
10.16
10.36
7/
9.63
9.84
10.06
10.28
10.50
10.72
10.94
11.16
t£S
tI
10.31
1055
10.78
11.02
11.25
11.48
11.72
11.95
St;
1
11.00
11.25 |11.50
11.75
12.00
12.25
12.50
12.75
C fe es
If'e
11.69
11.95
12.22
12.48
12.75
13.02
13.28
13.55
1l^
IM
12.38
12,66
12.94
13.22
13.50
13.78
14.06
14.34
i^-
^h
13.06
13.36
13.66
13.95
14.25
14.55
14.84
15.14
^-^.s
1¥
13.75
14.06
14.38
14.69
15.00
15.31
15.63
15.94
H^
!"^^
li%
14.44
14.77
15.09
15.42
15.75
16.08
16.41
16.73
i- 93 jj
\%
15.13
15.47
15.81
16.16
16.50
16.84
17.19
17.53
1^^
If 6
15.81
16.17
16.53
16.89
17.25
17.61
17.97
18.33
Vi
M f^ 2 li
IK
16.50
16.88
17.25
17-63
18.00
18.38
18.75
19.13
^h
17.19
17.58
17.97
18.36
18.75
19.14
19.53
19.92
H 03 l* o
\%
17.88
18.28
18.69
19.09
19.50
19.91
20.31
20.72
•2°a;Ji
iH
18.56
18.98
19.41
19.83
20.25
20.67
21.09
21.52
«c5g
1%
19.25
19.69
20.13
20.56
21.00
21.44
21.88
22.31
ItI
19.94
20.39
20.84
21.30
•21.75
22.20
22.66
23.11
1%
20.63
21.09
21.56
22.03
22.50
22.97
23.44
23.91
Irl
21.31
21.80
22.28
22.57
23.25
23.73
24.22
24 70
cXil
2
22.00
22.50
23.00 1 23.50
24.00
24.50
25.00
25 50
The best way to enlarge a shaft, when the bearing is close to the end, is
to drill a hole in the end of the shaft about one-third as large as the shaft,
fill the hole with lard oil to within half an inch of the end, then plug it tight
with a steel plug. Heat it slowly until it gets red hot — then let it cool
slowly, then dress the bearing down to fit.
IRON.
221
WEIGHT AND AREAS OF SQUARE AND ROUND BARS
OF WROUGHT IRON, AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF
ROUND BARS.
ONE CUBIC FOOT WEIGHING 480 LBS.
Thickness
Weight of
Weight of
Area of
Area of
Cir. of
orDiam.
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Round bar
in inches.
one ft. long
one ft. long.
in sq. inches.
in sq. inches.
in inches.
0
.013
.010
.0039
.0031
. .1963
%
.052
.041
.0156
.0123
.3927
h
.117
.092
.0352
.0276
.5890
%
.208
.164
.0625
.0491
.7854-
h
.326
.256
.0977
.0767
.9817
%
.469
.368
.1406
.1104
1.1781
h
.638
.501
.1914
.1503
1.3744
M
.833
.654
.2500
.1963
1.5708
i\
1.055
.828
.3164
.2485
1.7671
%
1.302
1.023
.3906
.3068
1.9635
{h
1.576
1.237
.4727
.3712
2.1598
%
1.875
1.473
.5625
.4418
2.3562
M
2.201
1.728
.6602
.5185
2.5525
%
2.552
2.004
.7656
.6013
2.7489
ti
2.930
2.301
.8789
.6903
2.9452
1
3.333
2.618
1.0000
,7854
3.1416
1*6
3.763
2.955
1.1289
.8866
3.3379
^
4.219
3.313
1.2656
.9940
3.5343
h
4.701
3.692
1.4102
1.1075
3.7306
¥
5.208
4.091
1.5625
1.2272
3.9270
1^6
5.742
4.510
1.7227
1.3530
4.1233
%
6.302
4.950
1.8906
1.4849
4.3197
/g
6.888
5.410
2.0664
1.6230
4.5160
3^
7.500
5.890
2.2500
1.7671
4.7124
f^6
8.138
6.392
2.4414
1.9175
4.9087
%
8.802
6.913
2.6406
2.0739
5.1051
H
9.492
7.455
2.8477
2.2365
5.3014
%
10.21
8.018
3.0625
2.4053
5.4978
M
10 95
8.601
3.2852
2.5802
5.6941
%
11 72
9.204
3.5156
2.7612
5.8905
\%
12.51
9.828
3.7539
2.9483
6.0868
Work is the product obtained by multiplxMUg together the three simple
elements, force, velocity and time.
222
IRON.
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS.
(Continued.)
Thickness
or Diam.
in inches.
Weight of
Sqr. Bar
one ft.long
Weight of
Round bar
one ft.long
Area ol
Square Bar
in sq. inches.
Area of
Round Bar
in sq. inches.
Circumference
of Round Bar
in inches.
2
i^6
13.33
14.18
15.05
15.95
10.47
11.14
11.82
12.53
4.0000
4.2539
4.5156
4.7852
3.1416
3.3410
3.5466
3.7583
6.2832
6.4795
6.6759
6.8722
16.88
17.83
18.80
19.80
13.25
14.00
14.77
15.55
5.0625
5.3477
5.6406
5.9414
3.9761
4.2000
4.4301
4.6664
7.0686
7-2649
7.4613
7.6576
%
20.83
21.89
22.97
24.08
16.36
17.19
18.04
18.91
6.2500
6.5664
6.8906
7.2227
4.9087
5.1572
5.4119
5.6727
7. 8540
8.0503
8.2467
8.4430
II
25.21
26.37
27.55
28.76
19.80
20.71
21.64
22.59
7.5625
7.9102
8.2656
8.6289
5.9396
6.2126
6.4918
6.7771
8.6394
8.8357
9.0321
9.2284
3
h
30.00
31.26
32.55
33.87
23.56
24.55
25.57
26.60
9.0000
9.3789
9.7656
10.160
7.0686
7.3662
7.6699
7.9798
9.4248
9.6211
9.8175
10.014
35.21
36.58
37.97
39.39
27.65
28.73
29.82
30.94
10.563
10.973
11.391
11.816
8.2958
8.6179
8.9462
9.2806
10.210
10.407
10.603
10.799
40.83
42.30
43.80
45.33
32.07
33.23
34.40
35.60
12.250
12.691
13.141
13.598
9.6211
9.9678
10.321
10.680
10.996
11.192
11.388
11.585
%
if
Vs
if
46.88
48.45
50.05
51.68
36.82
38.05
39.31
40.59
14.063
14.535
15.016
15.504
11.045
11.416
11.793
12.177
11.781
11.977
12.174
12.370
Dynamics is the science of that branch of mechanics which treats of
force in motion, power and work. It comprehends the action of all kinds
of machinery, manual and animal labor, in the transformation cf 2)hys-
ical work.
IRON.
223
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS.
{Continued. )
Thickness
Weight of
Weight of
Area of
Area of
Cir. of
orDiam.
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Round Bar
in inches.
one ft. long
one ft. long.
in sq. inches.
in sq. inches.
in inches.
4
53.3v3
41.89
16.000
12.566
12.566
iV
55.01
43.21
16.504
12.962
12.763
1 6
56.72
44.55
17.016
13.364
12.959
r\
58.45
45.91
17.535
13.772
13.155
K
60.21
47.29
18.063
14.186
13.352
1^6
61.99
48 69
18.598
14.607
13.548
%
63.80
50.11
19.141
15.033
13.744
h
65.64
51.55
19.691
15.466
13.941
H
67.50
53.01
20.250
15.904
14.137
i%
69.39
54.50
20.816
16.349
14.334
%
71.30
56.00
21.391
16.800
14.530
n
73.24
57.52
21.973
17.257
14.726
%
75.21
59.07
22.563
17.721
14.923
13
77.20
60.63
23.160
18.190
15.119
%
79.22
62.22
23.766
18.665
15.315
\%
81.26
63.82
24.379
19.147
15.512
5
■83.33
65.45
25.000
19.635
15.708
A-
85.43
67.10
25.629
20.129
15.904
M
87.55
68.76
26.266
20.629
16.101
f^6
89.70
70.45
26.910
21.135
16.297
%
91.88
72.16
27.563
21.648
16.493
1%
94.08
73.89
28.223
22.166
16.690
%
96.30
75.64
28.891
22.691
16.886
/e
98.55
77.40
29.566
23.221
17.082
3^
100.8
79.19
30.250
23.758
17.279
1^6
103.1
81.00
30.941
24.301
17.475
%
105.5
82.83
31.641
24.850
17.671
1-i
107.8
84.69
32.348
25.406
17.868
%
110.2
86.56
33.063
25.967
18.064
M
112.6
88.45
33.785
26.535
18.251
%
115.1
90.36
34.516
27.109
18.457
H
117.5
92.29
35.254
27.688
18.653
Function is any compound result or product of two or more different
elements. A function is resolved by dividing it with one or more of its
elements.
224
IRON.
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS.
(Continued. )
Thickness
Weight of
Weight of
Area of
Area of
Circumference
or Diam.
Sqr. Bar
RoundBar
Square Bar
Round Bar
of Round Bar
in inches.
one ft.long
oneft.long
in sq. inches.
in sq. inches.
in inches.
6
120.0
94.25
36.000
28.274
18.850
i'e-
122.5
96.22
36.754
28.866
19.046
Ys
125.1
98.22
37.516
29.465
19.242
x%
127.6
100.2
38.285
30.069
19.439
M
130.2
102.3
39.063
30.680
19.635
h
132.8
104.3
39.848
31.296
19.831
%
135.5
106.4
40.641
31.919
20.028
h
138 1
108.5
41,441
32.548
20.224
y^
140.8
110.6
42.250
33.183
20.420
h
143.6
112.7
43.066
33.824
20.617
%
146.3
114.9
43.891
34.472
20.813
\h
149.1
117.1
44.723
35.125
21.009
%
151.9
119.3
45.563
35.785
21.206
^1
154.7
121.5
46.410
36. 450
21.402
%
157.6
123.7
47.266
37.122
21.598
• M
160.4
126.0
48.129
37.800
21.795
7
163.3
128.3
49.000
38.485
21.991
1^6
166.3
130.6
49.879
39.175
22.187
%
169.2
132.9
50.766
39.871
22.384
h
172.2
135.2
51.660
40.574
22.580
M
175.2
137.6
52.563
41.282
22.777
1%
178.2
140.0
53.473
41.997
22.973
181.3
142.4
54.391
42.718
23.169
h
184.4
144.8
55.316
43.445
23.366
y^
187.5
147.3
56.250
44.179
23.562
1%
190.6
149.7
57.191
44.918
23.758
%
193.8
152.2
58.141
45.664
23.955
\l
197.0
154.7
59.098
46.415
24.151
%
200.2
157.2
60.063
47.173
24.347
\%
203.5
159.8
61.035
47.937
24.544
%
206.7
162.4
62.016
48.707
24.740
if
210.0
164.9
63.004
49.483
24 936
Element is an essential principle which cannot be resolved into two or
more different principles. The simple physical elements of dynamics are
force, velocity and time, and the functions of these elements are power,
space and work.
IRON.
225
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS.
{Continued.)
Thickness
Weight of
Weight of
Area of
Area of
Cir. of
or Diam.
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Sq. Bar
Round Bar
Round Bar
in inches.
one ft. long
one ft. long.
in sq. inches.
in sq. inches.
in inches.
8
213.3
167.6
64.000
50.265
25.133
I'e
216.7
170.2
65.004
51.054
25.329
Vs
220.1
172.8
66.016
51.849
25.525
^%
223.5
175.5
67.035
52.649
25.722
H
226.9
178.2
68.063
53.456
25.918
h
230.3
180.9
69.098
54.269
26.114
%
233.8
183.6
70.141
55.088
26.311
^
237.3
186.4
71.191
55.914
26.507
K
240.8
189.2
72.250
56.745
26.704
i%
244.4
191.9
73.316
57.583
26.900
%
248.0
194.8
74.391
58.426
27.096
n
251.6
197.6
75.473
59.276
2^.293
H
255.2
200.4
76.563
60 132
27.489
13
1 6
258.9
203.3
77.660
60 994
27.685
Vs
262.6
206.2
78.766
61.862
27.882
15
16
266.3
209.1
79.879
62.737
28.078
9
270.0
212.1
81.000
63.617
28. 274
1^6
273.8
215.0
82.129
64.504
28.471
}i
277.6
218.0
83.266
65.397
28.667
3
16
281.4
221.0
84.410
66.296
28.863
H
285.2
224.0
85.563
67.201
29.060
i%
289.1
227.0
86.723
68.112
29.256
%
293.0
230.1
87.891
69.029
29.452
h
296.9
233.2
89.066
69.953
29.649
K
300.8
236.3
90.250
70.882
29.845
1^6
304.8
239.4
91.441
71.818
30.04.1
%
308.8
242.5
92.641
72.760
30.238
B
312.8
245.7
93.848
73.708
30.434
%
316.9
248.9
95.063
74.662
30.631
13
6
321.0
252.1
96. 285
75.622
30.827
Vs
325.1
255.3
97.516
76. 589
31.023
15
1 6
329.2
258.5
98.754
77.561
31.220
Force is any action which can be expressed simply by weight, and which
can be realized only by an equal amount of reaction, and is the first element
in dynamics.
16
226
IRON.
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS.
{Continued.)
Thickness
Weight of
Weight of
Area of
Area of
Cir. of
or Diam.
Sqr. Bar
Round Bar
Sq. Bar
Round Bar
Round Bar
in inches.
one ft. long
one ft. long.
in sq. inches.
in sq. inches.
in inches.
10
333.3
261.8
100.00
78.540
31.416
1^
337.5
265.1
101.25
79.525
31.612
M
341.7
268.4
102.52
80.516
31.809
1%
346.0
271.7
103.79
81.513
32.005
X
350.2
275.1
105.06
82.516
32.201
1%
354.5
278.4
106.35
83.525
32.398
%
358.8
281.8
107.64
84.541
32.594
h
363.1
285.2
108.94
85.562
32.790
K
367.5
288.6
110.25
86.590
32. 987
h
371.9
292.1
111.57
87.624
33.183
%
376.3
295.5
112.89
88.664
33.379
\l
380.7
299.0
114.22
89.710
33.576
%
385.2
302.5
115.56
90.763
33.772
1.3
389.7
306.1
116.91
91.821
33.968
%
394.2
309.6
118.27
92.886
34.165
\%
398.8
313.2
119.63
93.956
34.361
11
403.3
316.8
121.00
95. 033
34.558
tV
407.9
320.4
122.38
96.116
34.754
%
412.6
324.0
123.77
97.205
34.950
h
417.2
327.7
125.16
98.301
35.147
"4.
421.9
331.3
126.56
99.402
35.343
h
426.6
335.0
127.97
100.51
35.539
%
431.3
338.7
129.39
101.62
35.736
h
436.1
342.5
130.82
102.74
35.932
K
440.8
346.2
132.25
103.87
36.128
1%
445.6
350.0
133.69
105.00
36.325
%
450.5
353.8
135.14
106.14
36.521
ii
455.3
357.6
136.60
107.28
36.717
%
460.2
361.4
138.06
108.43
36.914
1-1
465.1
365.3
139.54
109.59
37.110
%
470.1
369.2
141.02
110.75
37.306
n
475.0
373.1
142.50
111.92
37.503
The surface of a journal may be increased bj- adding to its length with-
out increasing the friction or the power necessary to overcome it. Nor,
will the friction be increased by adding to the diameter of a journal, but
the power necessary to overcome this friction will certainly be increased.
227
Angle Irons.
Weights per Foot corresponding to thicknesses varying by i^g'
Foot weighing 480 lbs.
one Cubic
SIZE
INCHES.
Vs^' h"
1/4^^
5 //
16
W
h''
V2''
N'
W'
W
3/4^/
W'
Vs''
Equal Legs
6X6
4 X 4
3V2 X 3y2
31/4 X 3V4
3 X 3
2% X 23/4
2V2 X 21/2
2V4 X2 V4
2X2
1% X 13/4
iy2 X 1V2
IV4. X IV4.
IVs X 1V8
1 X 1
19.2
12.9
11.2
10.4
9.7
8.8
8.0
7.3
21.7
14.5
12.7
11.7
10.9
24.2
16.2
14.1
13.1
12.2
26.7
17.9
29.2
19 5
31.7
34.2
' "\
9.5
8.3
7.7
7.2
6.5
5.9
5.4
4.8
4.3
3.6
11.2
9.7
9.0
8.4
7.7
7.0
6.4
5.6
5.0
1
15.6J17.0
14 4! 15. 8
'*' 1
5.9
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
1
1 1
1
3.5
3-1
2.8
2.4
2.0
1-8
1 6
2.1
1.8
1.0 1.5
0.9 1.4
0.8 1.2
0.6 0.9
1
3/4 X %
1
1 1
Unequal Legs
6 X 4
13.9
12.7
11.9
11.2
10.5
9.7
9.0
7.4
7.8
7.1
6.4
16.0
14.5
13.7
12.9
12.0
11.2
10.4
8.5
9.0
8.1
7.3
18.1
16.4
15.5
14.5
13.6
12.7
11.7
20.2
18.3
17.2
16.2
15,2
14.1
13.1
22.3
20.2
19.0
17.9
16.7
15.6
14.4
24.4
22.0
20.8
19.5
18.3
17.0
15.8
26.4
5 X 4
10.8
10.2
9.5
8.9
8.3
7.7
6.4
6.7
6.0
5.4
4.0
5 X 3V2
5 X 3
4 X 3V2
4 X 3
3y2 X 3
314 X 2
4.2
4.4
4.0
3.5
2.6
5.3
5.5
5.0
4.5
3.3
3 X 2V2
3 X 2
2y2 X 2
2 X 13/8
1
Power {^ the product of force and velocity ; that is to say, a force mul-
tiplied by the velocity" with which it is acting, is the power in operation.
Power is the differential of work or any action which produces work,
"whether mental or physical. Power multiplied b^-^ the time of action is
work — work divided by time is power.
228
IRON.
T Irons.
^ «5
Z c«
^ «
25 05
tt w
° s
« w
0 w
-9j
"5 M
<
n
w 5
_}
H .
!^
^
^1
^ S
^§
^.i
fe §
K H
o«
,r W
Ci 0
^ D
-a
0 0
oj s
g^
<
|2
5X3
13
3.90
3 X 4
i2y4
3.68
5 X 21/2
IOV4.
3.08
3 X 3y2
11%
3.53
4y2 X 31/2
15
4.50
3X3
7.6
2.28
4X5
14
4.20
3 X 2y2
6
1.80
4 X 41/2
I3y2
4.05
2V2 X 3
6y2
1.95
4 X 4
12
3.60
2y2 X 2%
6.6
1.98
4X3
9%
2.78
2y2 X 2y2
5.4
1.62
4 X 2y2
7V2
2.25
2y2 X 114
3
0.90
4X2
6^2
1.95
3y2 X 4
1114
3.38
3V2 X 3y2
10
3.00
3y2 X 3
9y4
2.78
Star Irons.
THICKNESS IN
SIZE. INCHES.
WEIGHT PER FT.
INCHES AT END AND
AREA.
LBS.
ROOT OF FLANGE.
SQUARE INCH.
4X4
12
% - 1%
3.60
3y2 X 3V2
9y2
%-y^
2.85
3X3
714
1% - if
2.18
2y2 X 2y2
5^2
1.65
2x2
334
J€ -if
1.13
iy2 X iy2
2.3
i% - 1%
0.69
Weight of Tire Iron Per Set of 54 Feet.
%\*
Ix J€
45
1
1 X /e i 1 X %
56 68
lysxii
50
IVs X r^e
63
iy8x3/8
75
IVsx^
83
lygxK
101
lJ€x)^
56
l^Xi^-
70
13^x3/8
85
l^x/e
99
114 xy2
113
13/8 X 3/8
93
i^xys
124
IK X 3/8
;ioi
IKxK
135
m X %
169
1% X y2
148
1% X %
183
1% X K
158
134 X %
197
134x3/4
236
2xK
180
2x%
225
2x%
270
229
Wagon Box Iron.
WIDTH.
GAUGE.
WEIGHT PER FOOT.
NO. OF FEET IN TON
OF 2,000 LBS.
%
%
%
%
1
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No, 10
No. 11
No. 10
.295
.264
.233
.350
.309
.400
6,770
7,575
8,580
5,710
6,470
5,000
Half Round, Oval and Half Oval Iron.
SIZE. HALF
SIZE — OVAL.
WEIGHT
SIZE— HALF
WEIGHT PER
ROUND.
PER FOOT.
OVAL.
FOOT.
%
% X ^
.186
% X3\
.093
i^6
/eX/,
.253
/e X 6^
.127
V2
1/2 X 1/4
.331
V2 X 1/8
.166
%
% X ,%
.517
% X 3\
.259
%
% X 3/8
.744
% X j3e
.372
Vs
% A' j^e
1.013
% X /^
.507
1
1 xy2
1.323
1 xl/4
.662
1 Vs
11/8 Xi^e
1.624
11/8 X 3^2
.812
1 1/4
ll/i X %
2.067
11/4 X i^e
1.034
1 1/2
11/2 X %
2.976
11/2 X 3/8
1.488
All the above are estimated weights only.
Hoop and Scroll Iron. Number of Feet in a Bundle of Fifty -
six Pounds.
HOOP IRON.
SCROLL IRON.
Size.
Size.
Feet in
Bundle.
Feet in
Bundles.
Width.
Thick.
Width.
Thick.
% inches.
No. 21
815
l^ inch.
No. 10
240
34 " 1 " 20
630
%
" 16
430
Vs "
" 19
450
%
•' 14
347
1
•• 18
360
%
'
. " 10
190
11/8 "
u ^^
278
%
(
" 16
360
11/4 "
" 16
217
%
«
" 14
290
11/2 "
•' 15
160
%
i
" 12
208
13/4 "
" 15
139 !
%
'
" 10
160
2
" 14
110
I
'
" 16
" 14
" 12
'• 16
" 14
310
249
175
270
216
1 ''1
" 12 i
152
230
Corrugated Sheet Iron.
Weight
Weight
Weight per Squareof 100 Square
No. Bir-
per
per
Feet, when Laid, allowing 6
mingham
Thickness.
Square
Square
in. Lap in Length and 21/2111. or
Gauge.
Foot
Foot, Gal-
one Corrugation in Width of
Black.
vanized.
Sheet, for Sheet Lengths of -
Inches.
Ounces.
Ounces
5 ft.
6 ft.
7 ft. 8 ft. 9 ft.
10 ft
16
.065
53
54
365
358
353 350 348
346
18
.049
39
40
275
270
267 1 264
262
261
20
.035
29
31
196
192
190
188
186
185
22
.028
23
25
156
154
152
150
149
148
24
.022
19
21
123
121
119
118
117
117
26
.018
18
18
101
99
97
97
96
95
Galvanised Sheet Iron.
STANDARD SIZES.
Nos. 10 to 17 iron 24, 26, 28 and 30 x 72, 84 and 96 inches.
" 18 to 20 " 24, 26, 28 and 30 X 72, 84 and 96 inches.
" 21 to 24 " 24, 26. 28 and 30 X 72, 84 and 96 inches.
" 25 to 26 '• • 24, 26, 28 and 30 X 72, 84 and 96 inches.
" 27 to 28 " 24, 26, 28 and 30 X 72, 84 and 96 inches.
EXTREME SIZES.
Nos. 10 to 17 iron 44 x 120
'' 18 to 20 " 44 X 120
" 21 to 24 '' 44 X 96
" 25 to 26 " 36 X 96
" 27 to 28 " 30 X 96
WEIGHT OF GALVANIZED SHEET IRON.
*No. Wire Gauge. Weight per sq. ft.
14 60 oz.
16 48 "
17 43 "
18 38 "
19 :33 "
20..... 28 "
21 24 "
22 21 "
*Birmingham wire gauge.
No. Wire Guage. Weight per sq. ft.
23 19 oz.
24 17 "
25 16 "
26 15 "
27 14 "
28 13 "
29 ,...,. 13 *
IRON.
231
Russia Sheet Iron.
SIZE 28x56 INCHES = 10.88 square feet.
Russian
Weight
Weight
Birmingham
Gauge
per Sheet.
per Square Foot.
Wire Gauge
No.
lbs.
lbs.
No.
7
6.25
0.574
29
8
7.25
0.666
28
9
8.
0.735
27
10
9.
0.827
26
11
10.
0.918
25
12
10.75
0.987
24V2
13
11.75
1.08
24
14
12.50
1.15
23V4
15
13.50
1.24
223/8
16
14.50
1.33
21 y2
PlyAT^ IRON.
Weight of Superficial Foot.
Thickness,
Thickness. Brmingham
1 Wire Gauge.
Weight.
!
Thickness.
Thickness,
Birmingham
Wire Gauge.
Weight.
Inches.
-3L==.03125
i>e=.0625
3\=.0937
^-125
g\ — .1562
No.
21
17
13 light
103^
8V2 •
6V2
5
4
3
Pounds
1.25
2.519
3.788
5.054
6.305
7.578
8.19
10.09
11.38
Inches.
i56=.3125
%=.375
/6=.4375
% = .625
^=.75
%=.875
l=.l
No.
00
000
Pounds.
12.58
15.10
17.65
20.20
22 76
A— .1875
25.16
^,=.2187
M — -25
30.20
35.30
A— .2812
40.40
To Ascertain the Weight of Plate Iron.
For Rectangular Sheets.
Rule. — Multiply the product of length b^v breadth in inches by one of
the following decimals, according to thickness, and their product will be
the weight required.
i^e Thick X .0526 i^e Thick x .1226
H " X.07 }4 " X.14
f^ " X.0874 f9g " x.158
% " " .1048
For Circular Sheets.
Rule.— Multiply the square of the diameter by one of the following
decimals:
7« Thick X .0962
X .055
X .0686
X .0823
x.ll
X.124
232
IRON.
Weight of Sheet and Plate Iron Per Square Foot.
BIRMINGHAM WIRE GAUGE.
No.
Lbs.
No.
Lbs.
No.
Lbs.
1
11.25
11
5.
21
1.40625
2
10.625
12
4.375
22
1.25
3
10.
13
3.75
23
L12
4
9.375
14
3.125
24
1.
5
8.75
15
2.8125
25
.90
6
8.125
16
2.50
26
.80
7
7.5
17
2.1875
27
.72
8
6.875
18
1.875
28
.64
9
6.25
19
1.71875
29
.56
10
5.625
20
1.5625
30
.50
Thickness of Plate and Sheet Iron.
BIRMINGHAM WIRE GAUGE.
Fractional
Fractional
No.
part of an inch.
No.
part of an inch.
1
3^
11
%
2
hi
12
3
'4
13
3^
4
gl
14
6^4
5
/z
15
rifi
6
il
16
h
7
^
17
rle
8
H
18
6^4
9
f-.
20
rla-
10
i.
22
^\
Superheated steam has been demonstrated by the most distinguished
engineers, from Watt down to the present day, as the best means of prevent-
ing "cylinder condensation," to which has been attributed the true cause
for the enormous loss sustained in the use of the steam engine by the pres-
ent method of using saturated steam. The way this loss occurs is exem-
plified as follows : With a cylinder in which steam at half stroke, or 50
per cent cut-off, is used — say at any pressure— imagine the steam admitted
until the piston reaches half stroke, the boiler communication closed, and
the steam allowed to expand through the rest of the stroke, the exhaust
opened, and the piston returned — then upon the steam coming in on the
next stroke, we should expect to find the internal surfaces in the same con-
dition as they were at first. But experiments and all experience have shown
us, that in the operations which have gone on during the first stroke,
the internal surfaces have become chilled to a certain extent, and that a
considerable portion of the steam entering is condensed by them, and con-
verted into water.
IRON.
233
Table of Weight of Cast Iron.*
Assuming 450 lbs. to a cubic ft., a pound contains 3.8400 cubic inches
a ton 5 cubic ft.; and a cubic inch weighs .2604 lbs.
II
II
1!
1
i
Si
5|
3 00
cr-a
if
II
03
'a
Xi
b..d
u V
^ 3
u-O
t, a;
i.sl
O
So
-1
" o
^ o
(E.g
li
2 « 0
r
•50
3
^ 2
3 .
ll
Eh
H
^
^
^
^
H
^
^
^
^
^
3*2
T0026
1.173
.003
.002
S.Va
.2604
117.3
30.52
23.97
4.162
4
.0052
2.344
.012
.010
^4
.2708
121.8
33.01
25.93
4.681
.0078
3.516
.027
.021
.0001
%
.2813
126.5
35.60
27.95
5.243
II
.0104
4.687
.048
.038
.0003
Vi
.2917
131.2
38.28
30.07
5.816
6
.0130
5.861
.076
.060
.0005
%
.3021
135.9
41.07
32.25
6.498
i^
.0156
7.032
.110
.086
.0009
%.
.3125
140.6
43.95
34.51
7.193
.0182
8.203
.150
.118
.0014
%
.3229
145.3
46.93
36.85
7.934
4
.0208
9.375
.195
.154
.0021
4.
.3333
150.0
50.01
39.27
8.726
3*5
.0234
10.54
.247
.194
.0030
%
.3438
l.'i4.7
53.18
41.77
9.572
fs
.0260
11.73
.305
.240
.0042
Va.
.3542
159.3
56.46
44 33
10.47
■U
.0287
12.89
.370
.290
.0056
%
.3646
164.0
59.82
46.99
11.42
%
.0313
14.06
.440
.346
.0072
'A
.3750
168.7
63.33
49.71
12.43
35
.0339
15.24
.516
.400
.0092
%
.3854
173.4
66.86
52.52
13.49
15
.0365
16.41
.598
.470
0114
%
.3958
178.1
70.52
55.39
14.62
!l
.0391
17.56
.687
.540
0140
%
.4063
182.8
74.28
58.34
15.81
.0417
18.75
.781
.610
.0170
5.
.4167
187.5
78.12
61.37
17.05
T^B
.0469
21.10
.989
.777
0243
Vs
.4271
192.2
82 10
64.47
18.35
%
.0521
23.44
1.221
.959
.0334
^4
.4375
196.9
86.14
67.65
19.73
IB
.0573
25.79
1.478
1.161
.0444
%
.4479
201.6
90.29
70.52
21.18
M
.0625
28.12
1.758
1.381
.0575
Vi
.4583
206.2
91.54
74.26
22.68
f
.0677
30.47
2.064
1.621
.0732
%
.4688
210.9
98.89
77.66
24.27
.0729
32.81
2.393
1.880
.0913
M
.4792
215.6
103.3
81.16
25.93
il
.0781
3,5.16
2.747
2.1.58
.1124
%
.4896
220.3
107.9
84.72
27.41
1.
.0833
37..50
3.125
2.4.55
.1363
6.
.5000
225.0
112.5
88.30
29.44
fB
.0885
39.84
3.528
2.771
.1636
H
.5208
234.4
122.1
95.89
33.28
Vs
.0938
42.19
3.955
3.107
.1942
H
.5417
243.8
132.0
103.7
37.44
TS
.0990
44.53
4.407
3.461
.2284
M
.5625
253.1
142.4
111.9
41.94
H
.1042
46.87
4.883
3.835
.2664
7.
.5833
262.5
153.2
120.2
46.77
T5
.1094
49.22
5.384
4.229
.3084
54
.6042
271.9
164.2
129.0
51.97
%
.1146
51.57
5.909
4.640
.3.546
1/2
.6250
281.3
175.8
138.1
57.54
§
.1198
53.91
6.461
5.0 < 3
.4058
3£
.6458
290.7
187.7
147.4
63.47
.12.50
.56.26
7.033
5.. 523
.4603
8.
.6667
300.0
200.1
157.0
69.82
i
.1302
58.60
7.632
5.993
.5204
Vi
.6875
309.4
212.7
167.0
76.58
.13.54
60.94
8.2.53
6.484
.5852
Vz
.7083
318.8
225.8
177.3
83.74
.1406
63.28
8.900
6.991
.6555
%
.7292
328.2
239.3
187.9
91.35
M
.1458
65.63
9.572
7.518
.7310
9.
.7500
337.4
253.1
198.8
99.42
%
.1.510
67.97
10.27
8.064
.8122
/i
.7708
346.8
267.4
210.0
107.9
.1563
';0..32
10.99
8.630
.8991
V2
.7917
358.2
282.1
221.5
116.8
n
.1615
72.66
11.73
9.215
.9920
%
.8125
365.6
297.0
233.3
126.3
2
.1667
7.5.01
12.50
9.821
1.073
10.
.8333
375.0
312.5
245.5
136.3
%
.1771
79.70
14.11
11.09
1.308
/4
.8542
384.4
328.4
257.8
146.8
n
.1875
84.40
15.83
12.43
1.554
Vz
.8750
393.7
344.5
270.6
157.9
%
.1979
89.07
17.63
13.85
1.827
%
.8958
403.1
361.2
283.7
169.3
V4
.2083
93.75
19.54
1.5.34
2.131
11.
.9167
412.5
378.2
297.0
181.5
%
.2188
98.44
21..54
16..56
2.467
^4
.9375
421.9
395.5
310.6
194.2
.2292
103.2
23.64
18.. 56
2.835
V2
.9583
431.2
413.3
324.6
207.3
%
.2396
107.8
25.84
20.29
3 241
%
.9792
440.6
431.4
338.8
219.2
3.
.2500
112.6
28.13
22.10
3.682
12.
IFt.
450.
4.50.
353.4
235.6
*For copper, multiply by 1.2; lead, multiply by 1.6; brass, add l-7th;
zinc, multiply by .97. All approximate.
Flutes of reamers should be 10 or 12 to the inch diametrical pitch.
234
Value of Iron Per Gross Ton.
At from 1 cent to 11% cents per lb.
$22.40
4%
$103.60
sy^
$184.80
1^
25.20
4^
106.40
8^
187.60
IH
28.00
4%
109.20
83^
190.40
1%
30.60
5
112 00
S%
193.20
ly.
33.60
5^
114.80
s%
196.00
IH
36.40
5^
117.60
8%
198.80
\%
39.20
5%
120.40
9
201.60
1%
42.00
5^
123.20
9^
204.40
2
44.80
^%
126.00
9J€
207.20
2%
47.60
5H
128.80
9%
210.00
2\
50.40
5%
131.60
9K
212.80
2%
53.20
6
134.40
^%
215.60
2K
56.00
6}4
137.20
9%
218.40
2%
58.80
6H
140.00
9%
221.20
2%
61.60
6%
142.80
10
224.00
2%
64.40
6K
145.60
lOJ^
226.80
3
67.20
6^
148.40
103€
229.60
?>%
70.00
6%
151.20
10%
232.40
3X
72.80
evs
154.00
lOK
235.20
.3%
75.60
7
156.80
10^
238.00
3M
78.40
IVs
159.60
10%
240.80
3^
81.20
7H ■
162.40
10%
243.60
3%
84.00
7%
165.20
11
246.40
3%
'86.80
7%
168.00
11^
249.20
4
89.60
7%
170.80
11^
252.00
^%
92.40 i
7%
173.60
11 p^
254.80
^\
95.20 I
7%
176.40
UK
257.60
4%
98.00 j
8
179.20
11^
260.40
4>^
100.80 '
8^
182.00
11%
263.20
Decimal
Value of
Iron Per Gross Ton.
At fro I
n i*o cent to
10 cents per pound.
Cts.
Dolls.
CIS.
Dolls.
Cts. Dolls.
cts.
Dolls.
.1
2.24
2.6
58.24
5.1 114.24
7.6
170.24
.2
4.48
2.7
60.48
5.2 116.48
7.7
172,48
.3
6.72
2.8
62.72
5.3 118.72
7.8
174.72
.4
8.96
2.9
64.96
5.4 120.96
7.9
176.96
.5
11.20
3 0
67.20
5.5 123.20
8.0
179.20
.6
13.44
3.1
69.44
5.6 125.44
8.1
181.44
.7
15.68
3.2
71.68
5.7 127.68
8.2
183.68
.8
17.92
3.3
73.92
5.8 129.92
8.3
185.92
.9
20.16
3.4
76.16
5.9 132.16
8.4
188.16
1.0
22.40
3.5
78.40
6.0 134.40
8.5
190.40
1.1
24.64
3.6
80.64
6.1 136.64
8.6
192.64
1.2
26.88
3.7
82.88
6.2 138.88
8.7
194.83
1.3
29.12
3.8
85.12
6.3 141.12
8.8
197.12
1.4
31.36
3.9
87.36
6.4 143.36
8.9
199.36
1.5
33.60
4.0
89.60
6 5 145.60
9.0
201.60
1.6
35.8-4
4.1
91.84
6.6 147.84
9.1
203.84
1.7
38.08
4.2
94.08
6.7 150.08
9.2
206.08
1.8
40.32
4.3
96.32
6.8 152.32
9.3
208.32
1.9
42.56
4.4
98.56
6.9 154.56
9.4
210.56
2.0
44.80
4.5
100.80
7.0 156.80
9.5
212.80
2.1
47.04
4.6
103.04
7.1 159.04
9.6
215.04
2.2
49.28
4.7
105.28
7.2 161.28
9.7
217.28
2.3
51.52
4.8
107.52
7.3 163.52
9.8
219.52
2.4
53.76
4.9
109.76
7.4 165.76
9.9
221.76
2.5
56.00
5.0
112.00
7.5 168.00 10.0
224.00
IRON.
235
Value of Iron.
Value per gross ton (2240 lbs.) of Iron, at from ^^ of a cent to 12)^
cents per lb., increasing at the rate of j'gth and % of a cent per lb.
Per lb. in
Per lb. in
Per lb. in
cents
Price per ton.
cents
Price per ton.
cents
Price per ton.
and i^gths.
and figths.
and Vgths
i\
$1.40
2%
$58.80
73/8
$165.20
H
2.80
2U
60.20
71/2
168.00
^
4.20
2i^
61.60
7%
170.80
5.60
2\l
63.00
73/4
173.60
3
7.00
2%
64.40
7%
176.40
%
8.40
m
65.80
8
179.20
/e
9.80
3
67.20
81/8
182.00
K
11.20
3M
70.00
814
184.80
i%
12.60
3J^
72.80
83/8
187.60
%
14.00
3%
75.60
81/2
190.40
H
15.40
3>i
78.40
8%
193.20
H
16.80
3%
81.20
834
196.00
fl
18.20
3%
84.00
8V8
198.80
Vs
19.60
3%
86.80
9
201.60
M
21.00
4
89.60
91/8
204.40
22.40
4M
92.40
914
207.20
ifV
23.80
4^
95.20
93/8
210.00
1^
25.20
4%
98.00
91/2
212.80
ii^-
26.60
4K
100.80
93/4
218.40
IH
28.00
4^
103.60
97/8
221.20
U%
29.40
4%
106.40
10
224.00
1%
30.80
4%
109.20
101/8
226.80
li^e
32.20
5
112.00
1014
229.60
I'A
33.60
SYs
114.80
103/8
232.40
1^
35.00
S%
117.60
101/2
235.20
1^
36.40
5%
120.40
10%
238.00
iH
37.80
5>^
123.20
103/4
240.80
1^
39.20
5^
126.00
107/8
243.60
lU
40.60
5%
128.80
11
246.40
1%
42.00
5%
131.60
111/8
249.20
iJI
43.40
6
134.40
1114
252.00
2
44.80
6)^
137.20
113/8
254.80
2i^e
46.20
QM
140.00
111/2
257.60
2M
47.60
6%
142.80
iiys
260.40
2,^6
49-00
6y,
145.60
113/4
263.20
2J€
50.40
6%
148.40
11%
266.00
2i%
51.80
6H
151.20
12
268.80
2%
53.20
6%
154.00
121/8
271.60
27e
54.60
7
156.80
121/4
274.40
2%
56.00
7)^
159.60
123/8
277.20
'^h
57.40
7J<
162.40
121/2
280.00
In a chimney where the draught is produced by the excess of weight of
the outside air over that of the hot gas in the chimney, the greatest quan-
tity of gas by weight will pass up the chimney when its temperature is
about 625 degrees greater than that of the outside air. But it is a well-
known fact that natural draught is not so economical as a forced draught,
because a certain amount of heat is wasted in producing this draught —
about 25 per cent. — and the cost of a forced draught to burn the same
amount of coal in the same time is not half so great.
236
Weight of Wrought and Cast Iron and Steel.
Wroug'tlron
per lb.
Steel
per lb.
40.83
.284
490.
Cast Iron
per lb.
Per superficial foot, 1 inch thick
Per cubic inch
40.42
.281
485.
37.5
.2
Per cubic foot
450
Average Breaking and Crushing Strains of Iron and Steel.
Breaking strain of wrought iron = 23 tons...]
Crushing strain of wrought iron = 17 tons... I
Breaking strain of cast iron about 7V2 tons... !
Crushing strain of cast iron = 50 tons
Breaking strain of steel bars about 50 tons.
Crushing strain of steel bars up to 116 tons
Per square inch of
section.
Strength of Iron— Charcoal Pig.
By whom
tests were
made.
No. of
sam.
tested.
r Mean
American
U. S. Ord.
Dept.
56
I Least
[ Great
English
Brit. Ord.
(-Mean
- Least
Dept.
51
Great
lbs. per
sq. inch.
9,409
8,014
10,717
7,102
5,538
9,120
Tensile
strength.
Specific
gravity.
lbs. per
sq. inch.
27,232
7.302
22,402
7.163
31,027
7.402
23,257
7.140
17,958
7.052
28 960
7.259
Tests by U. S. Ord-
nanceDepartraent have
determined.
1. That the strength
and density of iron are
greatly increased by its
continued infusion, and
by its being remelted.
2. That the transverse
strength is augmented
by rapid cooling in
small castings.
3. That the tensile
strength is increased
by slow cooling inlarge
masses.
soI/D:e^ring iron and stireI/.
Dr. Siebvirger publishes the following methods for soldering iron and
steel:
If large and thick pieces of iron and steel are to be joined, sheet copper
or brass is placed between the perfectly clean surfaces to be united, which
are then tightly wired together. The joint is covered with wet claj-- free
from sand, and dried slowly near the fire. When the mud is dry the joint
is heated by a blast to a white heat and cooled, suddenly if iron, and slowly
if steel. When brass is used, it requires less heat, of course than copper.
For objects of moderate size, hard brass solder is made by fusing to-
gether 8 parts of brass and 1 part tin. Soft brass solder is composed of 6
parts brass, 1 part zinc, and 1 part tin.
For soldering small iron or steel articles, a hard silver solder composed
of equal parts of fine silver and malleable brass is used, the mass being pro-
tected by borax. Soft silver solder differs from this only in the addition of
3^6 part tin.
Very fine and delicate articles are soldered either with pure gold or a
gold solder composed of 1 part gold, 2 parts silver, 3 parts copper.
237
Weight of Sheets of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass.
WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT. THICKNESS BY BIRMINGHAM GAUGE.
No. of
Gauge.
Thickness
in inches.
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass.
0000
.454
18.22
18.46
20.57
19.43
000
.425
17.05
17.28
19.25
18.19
00
.38
15.25
15.45
17.21
16.26
0
.34
13.64
13.82
15.40
14.55
1
.3
12.04
12.20
13.59
12.84
2
.284
11.40
11.55
12.87
12.16
3
.259
10.39
10.53
11.73
11.09
4
.238
9.55
9.68
10.78
10.19
5
.22
8.83
8.95
9.97
9.42
6
.203
8.15
8.25
9.20
8.69
7
.18
7.22
7.32
8.15
7.70
8
.165
6.62
6.71
7.47
7.06
9
.148
5.94
6.02
6.70
6.33
10
.134
5.38
5.45
6.07
5 74
11
.12
4.82
4.88
5.44
5.14
12
.109
4.37
4.43
4.94
4.67
13
.095
3.81
3.86
4.30
4.07
14
.083
3.33
3.37
3.76
3.55
15
.072
2.89
2.93
3.26
3.08
16
.065
2.61
2.64
2.94
2.78
17
.058
2.33
2.36
2.63
2.48
18
.049
1.97
1.99
2.22
2.10
19
.042
1.69
1.71
1.90
1.80
20
.035
1.40
1.42
1.59
1.50
21
.032
1.28
1.30
1.45
1.37
22
.028
1.12
1.14
1.27
1.20
23
.025
1.00
1.02
1.13
1.07
24
.022
.883
.895
1.00
.942
25
.02
.803
.813
.906
.856
26
.018
.722
.732
815
.770
27
.016
.642
.651
.725
.685
28
.014
.562
.569
.634
.599
29
.013
.522
.529
.589
.556
30
.012
.482
.488
.544
.514
31
.01
.401
.407
.453
.428
32
.009
.361
.366
.408
.385
33
.008
.321
.325
.362
.342
34
.007
.281
.285
.317
.300
35
.005
.201
.203
.227
.214
Specific Gravity,
7.704
7.806
8.698
8.218
Weight Cubic 'Foot.
481.25
487.75
543.6
513.6
" Inch,
.2787
.2823
.3146
.2972
Incrustation is commonly stated to be a bad conductor of heat, and
that any great thickness of it on the plates of a boiler causes a largely- in-
creased expenditure of fuel. It is not clearly determined yet whether the
increased expenditure of fuel is quite so great as has been claimed. In
many instances it is grossly exaggerated.
238
IRON.
Weight of Sheets of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and BraSvH.
(Continued.)
WEIGHT PER SQ. FOOT. THICKNESS BY AMERICAN (BROWNE & SHARPE's)
GAUGE,
No. of
Gauge.
Thickness
in inches.
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass.
0000
.46
18.46
18.70
20.84
19.69
000
.4096
16.44
16.66
18.56
17.53
. 00
.3648
14.64
14.83
16.53
15.61
0
.3249
13.04
13.21
14.72
13.90
1
.2893
11.61
11.76
13.11
12.38
2
.2576
10.34
10.48
11.67
11.03
3
.2294
9.21
9.33
10.39
9.82
4
.2043
8.20
8.31
9.26
8.74
5
.1819
7.30
7.40
8.24
7.79
6
.1620
6.50
6.59
7.34
6.93:
7
.1443
5.79
5.87
6.54
6.18
8
.1285
5.16
5.22
5.82
5.50
9
.1144
4.59
4.65
5.18
4.90
10
.1019
4.09
4.14
4.62
4.36
11
.0907
3.64
3.69
4.11
3.88
12
.0808
3.24
3.29
3.66
3.46
13
.0720
2.89
2.93
3.26
3.08
14
.0641
2.57
2.61
2.90
2.74
15
.0571
2.29
2.32
2.59
2 44
16
.0508
2.04
2.07
2.30
2.18
17
.0453
1.82
1.84
2.05
1.94
18
.0403
1.62
1.64
1.83
1.73
19
.0359
1.44
1.46
1.63
1.54
20
.0320
1.28
1.30
1.45
1.37
21
.0285
1.14
1.16
1.29
1.22
22
.0253
1.02
1.03
1.15
1.08
23
.0226
.906
.918
1.02
.966
24
.0201
.807
.817
.911
.860
25
.0179
.718
.728
.811
.766
26
.0159
.640
.648
.722
.682
27
.0142
.570
.577
.643
.608
28
.0126
.507
.514
.573
.541
29
.0113
•452
.458
.510
.482
30
.0100
.402
.408
.454
.429
31
.0089
.358
.363
.404
.382
32
.0080
.319
.323
.360
.340
33
.0071
.284
.288
.321
.303
34
.0063
.253
.256
.286
.270
35
.0056
.225
.228
.254
.240
As there are many gauges in use differing from each other, and even the
thicknesses of a certain specified gauge, as the Birmingham, are not assumed
the same by all manufacturers, orders for sheets and wire should always
state the weight per square foot, or the thickness in thousandths of an inch.
239
Iron.
The specific gravity of electro deposited iron is 8.139; that of steel bars
and plates averages 7.823; that of tilted or hammered iron bars and forg-
ings ranges from 7.76 to 7,798; that of rolled iron plates or bars varies
between 7.76 and 7.54.. The specific gravity of cast iron ranges between
6.85 and 7.35; that used in construction averaging 7.1. Wrought iron is
very bad in quality when its specific gravity is less than 7.5.
Table Showing the Number of Square Feet in Circular Heads
(Unflanged) of Given Diameter.
Diam. in
Area in
Diam. in
Area in
Diam. in
Area in
Inches.
Sqr. ft.
Inches.
Sqr. ft.
Inches.
Sq. ft.
12
.7854
57
17.72
101
55.64
13
.922
58
18.35
102
56.75
14
1.07
59
18.99
103
57.86
15
1.23
60
19.64
104
58.99
16
1.40
61
20.09
105
60.13
17
1.58
62
20.97
106
61.28
18
1.77
63
21.65
107
62.44
19
1.97
64
22.34
108
63.62
20 .
2.18
65
23.04
109
64.80
21
2.41
66
23.76
110
66.
22
2.64
67
24.48
111
67.20
23
2.89
68
25.22
112
68.42
24
3.14
69
25.97
113
69.64
25
3.41
70
26.73
114
70.88
26
3.69
71
27.49
115
72.13
27
3.98
72
28.27
116
73.39
28
4.28
73
29.06
117
74.66
29
4.59
74
29.87
118
75.94
30
4.91
75
30.68
119
77.24
31
5.24
76
31.50
120
78.54
32
5.59
77
32.34
121
79.85
33
5.94
78
33.18
122
81.18
34
6.30
79
34.04
123
82.52
35
6.68
80
34.91
124
83.86
36
7.07
81
35.78.
125
85.22
37
7.47
82
36.67
126
86.59
38
7.88
83
37.57
127
87.97
39
8.30
84
38.48
128
89.36
40
8.73
85
39.41
129
90.76
41
9.17
86
40.34
130
92.17
42
9.62
87
41.28
131
93.60
43
10.08
88
42.24
132
95.03
44
10.56
89
43.20
133
96.48
45
11.04
90
44.18
134
97.93
46
11.54
91
45.17
135
99.40
47
12.05
92
46.16
136
100.88
48
12.57
93
47.17
137
102.37
49
13.10
94
48.19
138
103.87
50
13.64
95
49.22
139
105.38
51
14.19
96
50.27
140
106.90
52
14.75
97
51.32
141
108.43
53
15.32
98
52.38
142
109.98
54
15.90
99
53.46
143
111.53
55
16.50
100
54.54
144
113.10
56
17.10
240
LOGARITHMS.
I^OGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
10
0000
0043
0086
0128
0170
0212
0253
0294
0334
0374
40
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0414
0792
1139
1461
1761
2041
2304
2553
2788
0453
0828
1173
1492
1790
2068
2330
2577
2810
0492
0864
1206
1523
1818
2095
2355
2601
2833
0531
0899
1239
1553
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
0569
0934
1271
1584
1875
2148
2405
2648
2878
0607
0969
1303
1614
1903
2175
2430
2672
2900
0645
1004
1335
1644
1931
2201
2455
2695
2923
0682
1038
1367
1673
1959
2227
2480
2718
2945
0719
1072
1399
1703
1987
2253
2504
2742
2967
0755
1106
1430
1732
2014
2279
2529
2765
2989
37
33
31
29
27
25
24
23
21
20
3010
3032
3054
3075
3096
3118
3139
3160
3181
3201
21
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3222
3424
3617
3802
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3243
3444
3636
3820
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
3263
3464
3655
3838
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
3284
3483
3674
3856
4031
4200
4362
4518
4669
3304
3502
3692
3874
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
3324
3522
3711
3892
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
3345
3541
3729
3909
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
3365
3560
3747
3927
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
3385
3579
3766
3945
4116
4281
4440
4594
4742
4886
3404
3598
3784
3962
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
4900
20
19
18
17
17
16
16
15
14
30
4771
4786
4800
4814
4829
4843
4857
4871
14
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
4914
5051
5185
5315
5441
5563
5682
5798
5911
4928
5065
5198
5328
5453
5575
5694
5809
5922
4942
5079
5211
5340
5465
5587
5705
5821
5933
4955
5092
5224
5353
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
4969
5105
5237
5366
5490
5611
5729
5843
5955
4983
5119
5250
5378
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
4997
5132
5263
5391
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5011
5145
5276
5403
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5024
5159
5289
5416
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5038
5172
5302
5428
5551
5670
5786
5899
6010
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
11
No
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 1 7 1
8
9
Diff.
The best mode of oiling a belt is to take it from the pulleys, and im-
merse it in a warm solution of tallow and oil; after allowing it to remain a
few moments, the belt should be immersed in water heated to 100 degrees
Fahr., and instantly removed. This will drive the oil and tallow all in, and
at the same time properly temper the leather.
LOGARITHMS.
241
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
{Continued.)
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
40
6021
6031
6042
6053
6064
6075
6085
6096
6107
6117
11
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
6128
6232
6335
6435
6532
6628
6721
6812
6902
6138
6243
6345
6444
6542
6637
6730
6821
6911
6149
6253
6355
6454
6551
6646
6739
6830
6920
6160
6263
6365
6464
6561
6656
6749
6839
6928
6170
6274
6375
6474
0571
6665
6758
6848
6937
6180
6284
6385
6484
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6191
6294
6395
6493
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6201
6304
6405
6503
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6212
6314
6415
6513
6609
6702
6794
6884
6972
6222
6325
6425
6522
6618
6712
6803
6893
6981
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
50
6990
6998
7007
7016
7024
'7033
7042 7050
7059
7067
9
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
7076
7160
7243
7324
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
7084
7168
7251
7332
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
7093
7177
7259
7340
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
7101
7185
7267
7348
7427
7505
7582
7657
7731
7110
7193
7275
7356
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7118
7202
7284
7364
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
7126
7210
7292
7372
7451
7528
7604
7679
7752
7135
7218
7300
7380
7459
7536
76L2
7686
7760
7143
7226
7308
7388
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7152
7235
7316
7396
7474
7551
7627
7701
7774
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
60
7782
7789
7796
7803
7810
7818
7825
7832
7839
7846
7
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
7853
7924
7993
8062
8129
8195
8261
8325
8388
7860
7931
8000
8069
8136
8202
8267
8331
8395
7868
7938
8007
8075
8142
8209
8274
8338
8401
7875
7945
8014
8082
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
7882
7952
8021
8089
8156
8222
8287
8351
8414
7889
7959
8028
8096
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
7896
7966
8035
8102
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
7903
7973
8041
8109
8176
8241
8306
8370
8432
7910
7980
8048
8116
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
7917
7987
8055
8122
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
No.
0
1
2
1 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
Water contracts and becomes denser in cooling, until it reacher 39.2 de-
grees Fahrenheit, when it has reached its greatest densit}'. Belowthis point
it expands, and at 32 degrees Fahrenheit it becomes solid, or freezes, and
in the act of freezing expands considerably. Owing to the expansion, ice is
lighter than water, it having a specific gravity of 0.916, water being
1.000. ig
242
LOGARITHMS.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
(Continued.)
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
70
8451
8457
8463
8470
8476
8482
8488
8494
8500
8506
7
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
8513
8573
8633
8692
8751
8808
8865
8921
8976
8519
8579
8639
8698
8756
8814
8871
8927
8982
8525
8585
8645
8704
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
8531
8591
8651
8710
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
8537
8597
8657
8716
8774
8831
8887
8943
8998
8543
8603
8663
8722
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8549
8609
8669
8727
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8555
8615
8675
8733
8791
8848
8904
8960
9015
8561
8621
8681
8739
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8567
8627
8686
8745
8802
8859
8915
8971
9025
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
80
9031
9036
9042
9047
9053
9058
9063
9069 9074
9079
6
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
9085
9138
9191
9243
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
9090
9143
9196
9248
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9096
9149
9201
9253
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9101
9154
9206
9258
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9106
9159
9212
9263
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9112
9165
9217
9269
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9117
9170
9222
9274
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9122
9175
9227
9279
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9128
9180
9232
9284
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9133
9186
9238
9289
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
90
9542
9547
9552
9557
9562
9566
9571
9576
9581
9586
4
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
9590
9638
9685
9731
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
9595
9643
9689
9736
9782
9827
9872
9917
9961
9600
9647
9694
9741
9786
9832
9877
9921
9965
9605
9652
9699
9745
9791
9836
9881
9926
9969
9609
9657
9703
9750
9795
9841
9886
9930
9974
9614
9661
9708
9754
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
9619
9666
9713
9759
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
9624
9671
9717
9763
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
9628
9675
9722
9768
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
9633
9680
9727
9773
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 ! 9 iDiff.
Water containing carbonate of lime, held in solution by free carbonic
acid, boils steadily, and is not liable to cause foaming. As the water boils
the carbonic acid gradually escapes, the carbonate of Hme then being de-
posited in the insoluble, and frequently in the crystalline state. The more
slowly it is deposited, the more crystalline it will be, sometimes becoming
hard like a rock, and requiring to be chipped off with hammer and chisel.
LONGITUDE.
243
Hyperbolical Logarithms.
No.
;
Logarithm.
No.
Logarithm.
No.
Logarithm.
1.25
.22314
5.
1.60943
9.5
2.25129
1.5
.40546
5.25
1.65822
10.
2.30258
1.75
.55961
5.5
1.70474
11.
2.39789
2.
.69314
5.75
1.74919
12.
2.48490
2.25
.81093
6.
1.79175
13.
2.56494
2.5
.91629
1 6.25
1.83258
14.
2.63905
2.75
1.01160
6.5
1.87180
15.
2.70805
3.
1.09861
6.75
1.90954
16.
2.77258
3.25
1.17865
I 7.
1.94591
17.
2.83421
3.5
1.25276
7.25
1.98100
18.
2.89037
3.75
1.32175
7.5
2.01490
19.
2.94443
4.
1.38629
7.75
2.04769
20.
2.99573
4.25
1.44691
8.
2.07944
21.
3.04452
4.5
1.50507
8.5
2.14006
22.
3.09104
4.75
1.55814
9.
2.19722
Hyperbolic logarithms are used for computing the areas included within
hyperbolic curves, and are most convenient for that purpose. For the man-
ner in which this is done, see Weisbach's Mechanics of Engineering.
I/cngths of a Degree of Longitude in Different Latitudes,
at Sea Level.
Deg. of
Latitude.
Miles.
: Deg. of
Latitude.
Miles.
Deg. of
Latitude.
Miles.
Deg. of
Latitude.
Miles.
0
69.16
1 26
62.20
52
42.67
78
14.42
2
69.12
28
61.11
54
40.74
80
12.05
4
68.99
30
59.94
56
38.76
82
9.66
6
68.78
32
58.76
58
36.74
8
68.49
34
57.39 i
60
34.67
10
68.12
36
56.01 ;
62
32.55
12
67.66
38
54.56
64
30.40
14
67.12
40
53.05
66
28.21
16
66.50
42
5L47
68
25.98
18
65.80
44
49.83
70
28.72
20
65.02
46
48.12
72
21.43
22
64.15
48
46.36
74
19.12
24
63.21
50
44.54
76
16.78
Dynamite is simply nitro-glycerine mixed with various ingredients,
such as nitrate of soda, carbonate of magnesia, and wood pulp. It is put
up in paper shells, usually one and a quarter inches in diameter, and eight
inches in length, and weighs about one-half pound to each shell or car-
tridge.
Dynamite will not explode from any ordinary fall or jar; it will burn
without explosion, and freezes at forty-two degrees, ten degrees above
ordinary freezing point. The fumes of nitro-glycerine produce intense
headache, which can be cured bj' taking a very small dose of it internally.
244
SAP JOINTS— LOCOMOTIVES.
Fairbairn's Table for Proportioning the Riveting for Steam
and Water-tight I/ap Joints.
Thickness
of each
plate.
Diameter
of
Rivets.
Length
of Shank
before
driving.
From
Center to
Center of
Rivets.
Lap in
Single
Rievting.
Lap in
Double
Riveting.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
1^6
%
%
%
y^
%
%
16
il
ly^
%
1%
2%
3M
1¥
2
2y
3
1%
2
2%
2%
3^
2/6
2y^
3r*6
3%
4^
5K
Joints for boilers and water tight cisterns are usually proportioned
about as per the above table. Mr. Fairbairn considers the strength of the
single-riveted lap joint to be about .56, and that of the double-riveted
about .7 that of one of the full unholed plates, when both joints are
proportioned as in the above table, Trautwine thinks .5 and .6 (or about
one-seventh part less than Fairbairn's assumption) can be relied upon as
safe for practice, with fair qualities of plate and rivet iron. For important
work holes should be drilled, not punched. For steel plates the above pro-
portions are too small.
To Find the Horse Power of a I^ocomotive.
Rule: Multiply the mean effective pressure per square inch of piston by
the length of stroke in feet, and this product by the area of piston in square
inches, and this product by the number of strokes per minute, and finally,
multiply this last product by 2, for both cylinders, and divide by 33,000.
Example: What is the horse-power of a locomotive with cylinders 17
inch diameter and 24 inch stroke, mean effective pressure 120 pounds per
square inch, and drivers making 152 revolutions per minute?
120 X 2 = 240
240 X 226.9 =54456.0
54456.0 X 304=16554624.0
16554624.0 X 2 =33109248.0
33109248.0
33,000
=1003 horse-power nearly.
Hauling Capacity of I^ocomotives.
The following table shows the loads or weights of train which locomo-
tives can haul on different grades and curves, at a speed of 20 miles an
hour under ordinary conditions, in tons of 2,000 lbs., not including engine
and tender. The calculations are made for the following types of engines:
Type A. — American locomotive with lour driving-wheels and 12,000 lbs.
weight on each wheel, the total weight of engine being 36 tons.
Type B. — Mogul or ten-wheeled locomotive, with six driving-wheels
LOCOMOTIVES.
245
and 12,000 lbs. weight on each wheel, the total weight of engine being
about 42 tons.
Type C. — Consolidation locomotive with eight driving-wheels and 12,-
000 lbs. weight on each wheel, the total weight of engine being about 54
tons.
ON STRAIGHT TRACK :
Level
Grade 20 ft. per mile
40 " "
60 " "
80 " "
100 " "
ON 5-DEGREE CURVES.
Level
Grade 20 ft. per mile .....
40 " "
60 " "
80 " "
100 " "
ON 10-DEGREE CURVES:
Level
Grade 20 ft. per mile
40 " "
60 " ''
80 " "
100 " •'
TYPE "a."
TPYE "b."
TYPE"C."
1,096
1,664
2,226
547
8403^
1,128
350
545
734
249
390K
522
188
302
410
148
242
330
921
1,4013^3
1,876
464
716
962
310
485
654
227
360 K
488
173
279K
380
137
225}4
308
662
1,013
1,358
401
621K
836
278
477
590
207
330K
448
160
260
354
128
212
290
Under the most favorable conditions, loads about 50 per cent, greater
than these can be hauled.
Table of Gradients and Resistance Due to Gravity Per Ton, for
Each.
VERTICAL RISE.
VERTICAL RISE.
RESISTANCE
PER TON.
1
RESISTANCE
Ratio.
Per Mile.
Ratio.
Per Mile.
PER TON.
one in.
feet.
lbs.
one in.
feet.
lbs.
100
52.8
22.4
60
88.
37.3
98
53.9
22.8
58
91.
38.6
96
55.
23.3
56
94.2
40.
94
56.1
23.8
54
97.7
41.4
92
57.5
24.3
52
101.5
43.
90
58.6
24.9
50
105.6
44.8
88
60.
25.4
48
110.
46.6
86
61.3
26. i 46
115.
48.6
84
62.8
26 6 44
120.
50.9
82
64 3
27 3 1 42
125.7
53.3
80
66.
28.
' 40
132.
56.
78
67.6
28.7
38
138.9
58.9
76
69.4
29.4
36
146.6
62.2
74
71 3
32.2
34
155.3
65.8
72
73.3
31.1
32
165.
70.
70
754
32.
30
176.
74.6
68
77.6
32.9
28
188.5
80.
66
80.
33.9
26
203.
86.1
64
82.5
35.
24
220.
93.3
62
85.1
36.1
22
240.
101.8
246 LOCOMOTIVES.
Resistance of Trains, on a I^evel, at Different Speeds, in I<bs. Per
Ton, of I^oad.
V = Velocity in miles per hour.
R = Resistance in lbs. per ton of train.
The resistance of curves may be reckoned as 1 per cent, for each degree
of the curve occupied by the train.
Imperfections ot road var\' from 5 to 40 per cent.
Strong side winds, 20 per cent.
Velocity of trains in miles per hour 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70
Resistance on straight line in lbs. per ton SYs 9^4 IO14 13J4 1714 22% 29 36H
with sharp curves and strong winds*. 13 14 15% 20 26 34 4314 55
* 50 per cent, added to resistance on straight line.
Adhesive Power of l/ocomotives.
Adhesion per ton of load on the driving wheels:
When the rails are very dry 600 lbs. per ton.
When the rails are very wet 550 " "
In misty weather if the rails are greasy .300 " "
In frosty or snowy weather 200 " "
In coupled engines the adhesive force is due to the load on all wheels
coupled to the driving wheels.
The adhesive power must exceed the tractive force of an engine on the
rails, otherwise the wheels will slip. For loads on driving wheels see below.
Distribution of Weight in lyocomotives.
The average distribution of the weights of a six-wheeled locomotive on
its wheels is:
Assuming the total weight of the engine in working order to be 1 :
PASSENGER FREIGHT
ENGINES. ENGINES.
Load on leading wheel 32 .34
" driving wheels 48 .36
" trailing wheels 20 .30
Total weight of engine 1.00 1.00
Passenger engines, narrow gauge, average from 20 to 30 tons.
Freight engines " 24 to 32 "
Broad-gauge engines, first-class " 35 "
Incline engines " 40 to 47 "
Tractive Power of I^ocomotives.
Let D = Diameter of cylinder in inches.
" P = Mean pressure of steam in cylinders in lbs. per square inch.
" L = Length of stroke in inches.
" W = Diameter of driving wheel in inches.
DoPL
Tractive force on rail in lbs. will equal
W
LOCOMOTIVES— MEASURING LAND. 247
To Find the I/oad which an Engine will Take on a Given Incline.
Let G = Resistance due to gravity on the steepest gradient in lbs. per ton.
(See Index for "Gradients.")
" R = Resistance due to assumed velocity of train in lbs. per ton. (See
Index for "Resistance of Trains.")
" T = Tractive power of engine in lbs. as found above.
" W = Weight of engine and tender in tons.
The load the engine can take in tons including the v(^eight of the
T
wagons but not that of engine and tender will equal =W.
G+R
I^og I/ine.
A log-line is a knotted cord, the distance between the knots being r|o
of a nautical mile apart, that is, 50i% f<?et. The log Hne is allowed to run
out for 30 seconds, which is ^^g of an hour, so that the distance between
knots on the cord bears the same ratio to a degree that the time does to
the hour.
Thus if 8 knots on the log-line run through the hand of the seaman
while the sand in the V2-minute glass is running out, it is an indication that
the vessel is traveling 8 nautical miles per hour.
A lyine.
A line is one-twelfth of an inch, and is usually employed in measuring
the diameter of lenses, watch glasses, etc.
I/ubricant for Milling Cutters, Etc.
10 lbs. Whale Oil Soap.
15 lbs. Sal. Soda.
2 galls, best Lard Oil.
Shave the soap so that it will dissolve readily and put the whole in a
clean 4G gallon cask, and fill with water. Introduce a steam pipe into the
water so that it may be boiled. W'hen thoroughly dissolved it is ready for
use. Keep warm in winter.
Measuring I^and.
A lot 5 3'ds. wide X 968 yds. long = 1 acre.
10 " X 484 ': = 1 "
40 " X 121 " = 1 "
80 " X 6OV2 " =1 "
70 " X 69f " =1 "
" 220 ft. long X 198 ft. wide = 1 acre.
" 440 " X 99 " =1 '«
" 110 ft. wideX 396 ft. long = 1 "
" 240 ft. long X ISlVs ft, wide =^ 1 "
43,560 sq. ft, = 1 acre.
4,840 sq. yds. = 1 '♦
248 LUMBER.
Average Weight of I/umber Per Foot.
One foot Green Yellow Pine weighs 3K lbs.
Dry " " 3 "
Green Walnut " 4^ "
Dry " " 3H "
•* Green Poplar " 31^"
Dry " " 2H "
" Green Oak " 5 "
Dry " " 4J^ "
" Green Ash " 4K "
Dry ♦• " 3K "
Cherry, same as Walnut. Hickory-, same as Oak.
Table of Weight of I^umber.
Pine, thoroughly seasoned 3,000 lbs. per 1,000 ft.
Hemlock, " "
Poplar, " " " •' *'
Black Walnut, " " 4,000 lbs. " "
Ash, " "
Maple, " "
Cherry, " "
Pine, green *' " "
Hemlock, "
Poplar, " " " "
Black Walnut, " 4,500 lbs. ** "
Ash, "
Maple, " " " **
Cherry, " " " "
Oak, Hickory and Elm, dry, 4,000 lbs. " "
Oak, " " green 5,000 lbs. " "
Shingles, green 375 lbs. per 1,000
Lath, " 500 lbs.
Weight of IfOgs.
Weight of green logs to scale 1,000 feet, board measure.
Yellow Pine (Southern) 8,000 to 10,000 lbs.
Norway Pine (Michigan) 7,000 to 8,000 lbs.
White Pine(Michigan) 1 °ff«^'«tump 6,000 to 7,000 lbs.
(out of water 7,000 to 8,000 lbs.
White Pine (Pennsylvania), bark off. 5,000 to 6,000 lbs.
Hemlock (Pennsylvania), bark off. 6,000 to 7,000 lbs.
Four acres of water are required to store 1,000,000 feet of logs.
Weight of one cord of seasoned wood, 128 cubic feet per cord.
Hickory or Sugar Maple 4, 500 lbs.
White Oak 3,850 lbs.
Beech, Red Oak or Black Oak 3,250 lbs.
Poplar, Chestnut, or Elm 2,350 lbs.
Pine (White or Norway) 2, 000 lbs.
Hemlock Bark, dry (1 cord bark got from 1,500 ft. logs). 2,200 lbs.
MENSURATION.
249
Mensuration.
To find the area of a parallelogram.
Rule: Multiply the length by the perpendicular height, and the product
will be the area.
To find the area of a triangle.
Rule: Multiply the base by the perpendicular height, and half the pro-
duct will be the area.
To find the area of a triangle whose three sides only are given.
Rule: From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side severally.
Multiplj^ the half sum and the three remainders continually together, and
the square root of the product will be the area required.
An\' two sides of a right angled triangle being given to find the third
side.
1. When the two legs are given to find the hypothenuse.
Rule: Add the square of one of the legs to the square of the other, and
the square root of the sum will be equal to the hj^pothenuse.
2. When the hypothenuse and one of the legs are given to find the
other leg.
Rule: From the square of the hypothenuse take the square of the given
leg, and the square root of the remainder will be equal to the other leg.
To find the area of a trapezium.
Rule: Multiply the diagonal by the sum of the two perpendiculars
falling upon it from the opposite angles, and half the product will be the
area.
To find the area of a trapezoid, two of whose opposite sides are
parallel.
Rule: Multiply the sum of the parallel sides bj-- the perpendicular dis-
tance between them, and half the product will be the area.
To £nd the area of a regular polygon.
Rule: Multiph^ half the perimeter of the figure by the perpendicular
falling from its center upon one of the sides, and the product will be the
area.
Note: The perimeter of any figure is the sum of all its sides.
To find the area of a regular polygon, when the sides only are given.
Rule: Multiply the square of the .sides of the polygon bj' the number
standing opposite to its name in the following table, and the product will
be the area.
NO. OF
SIDES.
NAME.
MULTIPLIERS.
3
Trigon.
0.433013—
4
Tetragon.
1.000000+
5
Pentagon.
1.720477+
6
Hexagon.
2.598076+
7
Heptagon.
3.633912+
8
Octagon.
4.828427+
9
Nonagon.
6.181824+
10
Decagon.
7.694209—
11
Undecagon.
9.365640—
12
Duodecagon.
11.196152+
250 MENSURATION.
The diameter of a circle being given, to £nd the circumference.
Rule: Multiply the diameter by 3.1416, and the product will be the
circumference.
The circumference of a circle being given, to find the diameter.
Rule: Divide the circumference by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the
diameter.
7'o find the length of any arc of a circle.
Rule: To 15 times the square of the chord, add 33 times the square of
the versed sine, and reserve the number.
To the square of the chord, add 4 times the square of the versed sine,
and the square root of the sum will be twice the chord of half the arc.
Multiply twice the chord of half the arc by 10 times the square of the
versed sine, divide the product by the reserved number, and add the quo-
tient to twice the chord of half the arc: The sum will be the length of the
arc very nearly.
To find the area of a circle.
Rule: Multiply half the circumference by half the diameter, and the
product will be the area.
Or. Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the product
will be the area.
Or. Multiply the square of the circumference by .07958, and the prod-
uct will be the area.
To find the area of a sector.
Rule: Find the length of the arc, by preceding rule, then multiply the
radius by the length of the arc of the sector, and half the product will be
the area.
Or. As 360 is to the degrees in the arc of a sector, so is the area of the
whole circle, whose radius is equal to that of the sector, to the area of the
sector required.
To find the area of a segment of a circle.
Rule:
1. Find the area of the sector, having the same arc with the seg-
ment, by the last problem,
2. Find the area of the triangle formed by the chord of the segment,
find the radii of the sector.
3. Then the sum, or difference, of these areas, according as the seg-
ment is greater or less than a semicircle, will be the area required.
To find the area of the space included between the circumference of two
concentric circles.
Rule: The difi'erence between the areas of the two circles will be the
area of the ring, or space sought
Or. Multiply the sum of diameters by their difference, and this product
again by .7854, and it will give the area required.
To find the circumference of an ellipse, the transverse and conjugate
diameters being known.
Rule: Multiply the square root of half the sum of the squares of the
two diameters by 3.1416, and the product will be the circumference
nearly.
To find the area of an ellipse, the transverse and conjugate diameters
being given.
Rule: Multiply the transverse diameter by the conjugate, and the
product again by .7854 and the result will be the area.
MENSURATION. 251
To find the area of a parabola, its base and height being given.
Rule: Multiply- the base b3^ the height, and % of the product will be the
area required
To find the area of a frustrum of a parabola.
Rule: Divide the difference of the cubes of the two ends of the frust-
rum by the difference of their squares, and this quotient multiplied by % of
the altitude will give the area required.
To find the solidity of a cube, the height of one of its sides being given.
Rule: Multiply the side of the cube by itself, and that product again
by the side, and it will give the solidity required.
To find the solidity of a prism.
Rule: Multiply the area of the base into the perpendicular height of the
prism, and the product will be the solidity.
To find the convex surface of a cylinder.
Rule: Multiply the periphery or circumference of the base by the height
of the cylinder, and the product will be theconvex surface required.
To find the solidity of a C3'linder.
Rule: Multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height of the
cylinder, and the product will be the solidity.
To find the convex surface of a right cone.
Rule: Multiply the circumference of the base by the slant height, and
half the product w^ill be the surface required.
To find the convex surface of the frustrum of a right cone.
Rule: Multiply the sum of the perimeters of the two ends by the
slant height of the frustrum, and half the product will be the surface re-
quired .
To find the solidity of a cone or pyramid.
Rule: Multiply the area of the base by one-third of the perpendic-
ular height of the cone or pyramid, and the product will be the solidity.
To find the solidity of a frustrum of a cone or pyramid, the diameter of
the two ends and the height being given.
Rule: Add together the square of the diameter of the greater end,
the square of the diameter of the less end, and the product of the two
diameters; multipW the sum by .7854, and the product by the height; Va of
the last product will be the solidity-.
To find the solidity of the frustrum of a pyramid whose sides are regular
polygons.
Rule: Add together the square of a side of the greater end,the square of
a side of the less end, and the product of these twosides; multiply the sum by
the proper number in Table of Polygons, and the product bj^ the height; %
of the last product will be the soliditv-
To find the solidity of the frustrum of a pyramid when the ends are not
regular polygons.
Rule: Add together the areas of the two ends and the square root of
their product; multiply the sum bj^ the height, and 1/3 of the product will be
the solidit3'.
To find the sohdity of a wedge.
252 MENSURATION.
Rule: Add twice the length of the base to the length of the edge, and
reserve the number.
Multiply the height of the wedge by the breadth of the base, and this
product b\^ the reserved number; I of the last product will be the solidity.
To find the solidit3' of a prismoid.
Rule: To the sum of the areas of the two ends add four times the area
of a section parallel to and equally distant from both ends, and this last
sura multiplied by ^ of the height will give the solidity.
To find the convex surface of a sphere.
Rule: Multiph^ the diameter of the sphere b\^ its circumference, and the
product will be the convex superficies required.
To find the solidity- of a sphere or globe.
Rule: Multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236, and the product will
be the solidity.
To find the solidity of the segment of a sphere.
Rule: To three times the square of the radius of its base add the square
of its height; and this sum multiplied by the height, and the product again
by .5236, will give the soHdit3'.
To find the solidit\^ of the frustrum of a sphere.
Rule: To the sum of the squares of the radii of the two ends, add one-
third of the square of their distance,or of the breadth of the zone, and this sum
multiplied bj^ the said breadth, and the product again b3^ 1 5708, will give
the solidity.
To find the solidity of a spheroid.
Rule: Multiply the square of the revolving axe bj^ the fixed axe, and
this product again by .5236, and it will give the solidity" required.
Note: .5236 is equal to ^ of 3.14-16.
To find the solidity of the middle frustrum of a spheroid, its length, the
middle diameter, and that of either of the ends, being given.
When the ends are circular, or parallel to the revolving axis:
Rule: To twice the square of the middle diameter add the square of the
diameter of either of the ends, and this sum multiplied bj-^ the length of the
frustrum, and the product again b\^ .2618, will give the solidity.
Note: .2618 equals ^2 of 3.1416.
To find the solidity- of a tetraedron.
Rule: Multiply ^^ of the cube of the linear side by the square root of 2,
and the product wnll be the solidit\\
To find the solidity of an octaedron.
Rule: Multiply 3i3 of the cube of the linear side b\' the square root of 2,
and the product will be the solidity.
To find the solidity of a dodecaedron.
Rule: To 21 times the square root of 5 add 47, and divide the sum by
40; then the square root of the quotient being multiplied by 5 times the
cube of the linear side will give the solidity required.
MENSURATION.
253
Table.
Surface and Solidities of the Regular Bodies,
NO. OF
SIDES.
NAMES.
SURFACES.
SOLIDITIES.
4
6
8
12
20
Tetraedron
Hexaedron
Octaedron
Dodecaedron
Icosaedron
1.73205
6.00000
3.46410
20.64578
8.66025
0.11785
1.00000
0.47140
7.66312
2.18169
The superficies and solidit\' of any of the five regular bodies may be
found as follows:
Rule: Multiply the above tabular area by the square of the linear edge,
and the product will be the superficies.
Or: Multiply the tabular solidity by the cube of the linear edge, and
the product will be the solidity.
To find the convex superficies of a cylindric ring.
Rule: To the thickness of the ring add the inner diameter, and this sum
being multiplied by the thickness, and the product again by 9.8696, will
give the superficies required.
To find the solidity of a cylindric ring.
Rule:
To the thickness of the ring add the inner diameter, and this sum
being multiplied by the square of half the thickness, and the product again
by 9.8696, will give the solidity.
Properties of the Circle.
Diameter X 3.14159 = circumference.
" X .8862 = side of an equal square.
" X .7071 = side of an inscribed square.
Diameter ^ x .7854 = area of circle.
Radius X 6.28318 := circumference.
Circumference -^ 3. 14159 = diameter.
Diameter of circle of equal periphery as square = side of square X
1.2732.
Length of arc of a circle = the number of degrees X diameter X
0 008727.
Circumference of a circle whose diameter is 1 =^ 3.14159265-j-.
The circle contains a greater area than any plane figure, bounded by
an equal perimeter or outline.
The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diameters.
Any circle whose diameter is double that of another circle contains four
times the area of the other.
Area of a circle is equal to the area of a triangle whose base equals the
circumference, and perpendicular equals the radius.
254 MENSURATION.
Diameter X .8862 = side of an equal square.
Circumference X .2821 = "
Diameter X.7071= " " the inscribed square.
Circumference X .2251 = " " "
Area X .6366= " " "
Side of a square X 1.4142 = diameter of its circumscribed circle.
" " " X 4.443 = circumference of its circumscribed circle.
" " " X 1.128 = diameter of an equal circle.
" " X 3.545 = circumference of an equal circle.
The circle is regarded as composed of an infinite number of triangles
whose common altitude is the radius, and the sum of whose bases is the
circumference.
Hence, the area = Y^ the sum of bases multiplied by the altitude; or,
Area of circle = V2 circumference X radius.
Area of circle = ^ circumference X diameter.
The perimeter of a polygon of 1536 sides equals 6.28318092.
The perimeter of a polygon of 3072 sides equals 6.28318420.
If the distance from center to vertices be taken % instead of 1, the re-
sults will be 3.141590 + and 3.141592 +. Carried to 18 decimal places
3.141592653589793238.
To find the size of a tank to hold a certain number of gallons.
Rule: Multiply the required number of gallons by 231. Reduce this
product to cubic feet, by dividing by 1728. Extract the cube root of the
quotient, and the result will be the length and breadth of one side, when the
tank is in the form of a cube.
To find the weight of a safety valve hall, when scales are not handy.
Rule: Multiply the diameter of the ball into itself twice, and divide the
product by 1377; this will give the weight ver3' nearly.
To find the largest square that can be cut from a circular sheet of given
size.
Rule: Multiply the diameter b3' 0.7071, and the product will be the
side of the square.
To find the cubic contents of a tapering vessel.
Rule: Add together the square of the top and bottom diameter. Add
to this the product of one diameter, multiplied by the other, and multiply
the sum total by .7854, and this product by one-third of the height of the
vessel; the result will give the contents in cubic inches or feet, as the dimen-
sions may be given.
Example:
What is the capacity, in cubic inches, of a tank 60 inches diameter at
the top, 50 inches diameter at the bottom, and 60 inches high?
60 X 60 = 3600
50 X 50 = 2500
60 X 50 = 3000
9100
9100 X .7854 = 7147.1400
7147.1400 X 20 = 142942.8000 cubic inches. Answer.
And 142942.8000
231
619 gallons nearly.
METRIC SYSTEM. . 255
METRIC SYSTEM OF I^ENGTHS.
One Millimeter = 0.001 Meter = 0.039 inches,
One Centimeter = 0.01 " = 0.393 "
One Decimeter = 0.1 " = 3.937
One Meter =1 " = 39.37 "
One Decameter = 10 " = 393.7
OneHectometer= 100 " = 328 feet.
One Kilometer = 1000 " = 3280 "
One Minameter= 10000 " = 6.2137 miles.
The Meter is the 10,000,000 part of the distance on the earth's surface
from the equator to either pole, or 39.37079 inches.
The Kilometer is commonly used for measuring long distances, and is
about ^ of a mile (.62135 mile).
Comparative Table of French and United States Measures.
MEASURES. NO.
One gramme = grains , 15.433
One kilogramme = pounds avoirdupois , 2.2047
One tonne = tons of 2240 lbs 0.9843
One tonne = tons of 2000 lbs 1.1024
One millimetre = inch 0.0394
One metre = feet 3.2807
One kilometre = mile 0.6213
One square millimetre = square inch 0 00155
One square metre = square feet 10 763
One are (100 square metres) = acres 0.02471
One square kilometre = square mile 0.3861
One cubic centimetre = cubic inch 0.0610
One cubic metre or stere = cubic feet 35.3105
One cubic metre = cubic yards 1 3078
One litre (one cubic decimetre) = cubic inches 61.017
One litre = quarts, dry measure 0.908
One litre =; quarts, liquid or wine measure 1.0566
One kilogrammetre = foot poimds 7.2331
One kilogramme per metre = pounds per foot 0.6720
One kilogramme per square millimetre = pounds per square inch 1422
One kilogramme per square metre =: pounds per square foot 0.2048
One kilogramme per cubic metre = pounds per cubic foot 0.0624
One degree centigrade = degrees Fahrenheit 1.8
256
MEASURES— METALS.
Comparative Table of United States and French Measures.
MEASURES. NO.
One grain = gramme 0.0648
One pound avoirdupois = kilogramme 0.4536
One ton of 2240 lbs = tonnes 1.0160
Onetonof2000 1bs=tonne 0.9071
Oneincli = millimetres 25.400
One foot = metre 0.3048
One mile = kilometres 1.6094
One square inch = square millimetres 645.2
One square foot = square metre 0.09291
One acre = are (100 square metres) 40.47
One square mile = square kilometres 2.590
One cubic inch = cubic centimetres 16.39
One cubic foot = cubic metre 0.02832
One cubic yard = cubic metre 0.7646
One quart dry measure = litres 1.101
One quart Hquid or wine measure = htre 0.9465
One foot pound = kilogrammetre 0.1383
One pound per foot = kilogrammes per metre 1.488
One thousand pounds per square inch = kilogramme per square
millimetre 0. 703
One pound per square foot = kilogrammes per square metre 4.882
One pound per cubic foot = kilogrammes per cubic metre 16.02
One degree Fahrenheit = degree centigrade 0.5556
In Relative Malleability, the I/eading Metals Run in the Follow-
ing Order.
Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Platinum, Lead, Zinc, Iron.
Copper 1.00
Silver 98
Gold 1.13
Iron 5.63
Lead 10.76
Mercury 50.00
Palladium 5.50
Platinum 6.78
Specific Resistances of Metalsl
Tin Wire 6.80
Zinc Wire 3.70
Brass Wire 3.88
German Silver Wire 11.30
Nickel Wire 7.70
Calcium Wire 2.61
Aluminium Wire 1.75
The metal Aluminum was discovered by F. Wohler in 1827.
Arsenic was discovered by Schroder in 1694.
•ax
METALS.
'jai
Conductivity and Non- Conductivity.
1 Dry Air (Worst)
10 Dry Paper
19 Lead.
2 Paraffine.
11 Porcelain.
20 Tin.
3 Hard Rubber.
12 Dry Wood.
21 Iron.
4 Shellac.
13 Dry Ice.
22 Platinum.
5 India Rubber.
14 Water.
23 Zinc.
6 Gutta Percha.
15 Saline Solutions.
24 Gold.
7 Sulphur.
16 Acids.
25 Copper.
8 Glass.
17 Charcoal or Coke.
26 Silver.
9 Silk.
18 Mercury.
Weight of a Square Foot of Cast and Wrought Iron, Copper
I<ead, Brass and ^inc.
From ,V to 1 inch in thickness.
Thickness.
Cast Iron.
Wrought
Iron.
Copper.
Lead.
Brass.
Ziuc.
Inch.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
I'e
2.346
2.517
2.89
3.691
2.675
2.34
Vs
4.693
5.035
^.781
7.382
5 35
4.68
^
7.039
7.552
8.672
11.074
8.025
7 02
M
9.386
10.07
11.562
14.765
10.7
9.36
i%
11.733
12.588
14.453
18.456
13.375
11.7
%
14.079
15.106
17.344
22.148
16.05
14.04
1^6
16.426
17.623
20.234
25.839
18.725
16.34
IZ
18.773
20.141
23.125
29.53
21.4
18.72
9^
16
21.119
22.659
26.016
33.222
24.075
%
23.466
25.176
28.906
36.913
26.75
• \h
25.812
27.694
31.797
40.604
29.425
%
28.159
30.211
34.088
44.296
32.1
11
30.505
32.729
37.578
47.987
Vs
32.852
35.247
40.469
51.678
il
35.199
37.764
43.359
55.37
1
37.545
40.282
46.25
59.061
Note. — The wrought iron and the copper is that of hard rolled plates.
Nitro-glycerine was discovered b}^ Nobel, a Swedish chemist. Nitro-
glycerine is made by mixing sulphuric and nitric acid with sweet glycerine,
the same that is used by the ladies to prevent chapped hands. Mixing the
acids and glycerine is where the great danger lies iu the making of nitro-
glycerine. The mixing tank, or agitator, as it is called by dynamite mak-
ers, is a large steel tank, filled inside with many coils of lead pipe, through
which, while the mixing is in progress, a constant flow of ice water is main-
tained. This flow of ice w^ater is used to keep the temperature of the mix
below eighty-five degrees, as above that point it would explode, and a hole
in the ground would mark where the factory had been. The nitro-glycer-
ine is stored in large earthenware tanks, which are usually sunk in the
ground to guard against blows or severe concussion.
17
258
MUNTZ METAL— MILLS.
Weights of Metals.
Kind of Metal.
Brass, cast
Brass,rolled ,
Bronze, gun metal ,
Copper, cast
Copper, rolled ...,
Gold, hammered
Iron, cast, average
Iron, wrought, average.
Lead, rolled
Platinum, rolled
Silver, cast
Steel, cast, average
Steel, wrought
Tin, average ,
Zinc, cast, average ,
Zinc, rolled
Lead, cast
Mercury, 60°
Brass, w^ire
Weight of one
Weight of one
cubic inch in
cubic foot in
pounds.
pounds.
0.298
515.
0.308
533.
0.303
524.
0.311
537.
0.318
549.
0.700
1210.
0.257
444.
0.278
480.
0.412
712.
0.798
1350.
0.379
655.
0.283
489.
0.286
494.
0.267
461.
0.252
435.
0.260
449
0.4106
709.5
0.4911
848.7
0.3033
524.
Muntij Metal Bars.
WEIGHTS PER LINEAL FOOT.
Yellow
Metal.
Yellow Metal.
Size, inches.
Round.
Square.
Round.
Square.
%
.41
.50
1%
10.18
12.68
i%
.55
.69
2
11.58
14.35
1/2
.72
.90
21/8
13.12
16.40
1^6
.92
1.15
21/4
14.64
18.20
%
1.13
1.40
23/8
16.36
20.40
u
1.37
1.72
21/2
18.08
22.60
%
1.63
2.05
2%
21.88
27.24
n
1.91
2.40
3
26.04
32.52
%
2.22
2.75
31/4
30. 60
38.20
^i
2.54
3.15
31/2
35.48
44.00
2.90
3.65
33/4
40.72
50.72
IVs
3.66
4.55
4
46.32
57.40
11/4
4.52
5.65
41/4
52.48
65.60
1%
5.47
6.81
41/2
58.66
72.80
11/2
6.51
8.13
43/4
65.44
81.60
1%
7.65
9.55
5
72.32
90.40
1%
8.87
11.00
FI^OUR AND CORN Mllyl^S.
Roller Corn Mill.
Size.
Capacity
per Hour.
Power Required.
Corn meal.
Mixed Feed.
6x12
6x15
6x18
9x14
9x18
9x24
12 to 15 bu.
16 to 20 bu.
20 to 25 bu.
30 to 35 bu.
35 to 45 bu.
45 to 50 bu.
25 to 30 bu.
35 to 40 bu.
40 to 45 bu.
60 to 70 bu.
70 to 85 bu.
85 to 100 bu.
4 horse-power.
5
6
7
8
10
MILLS.
259
Two Pair High Roller Corn Mill.
Capacity per Hour.
Size
Power Required.
Meal.
Feed.
6x12
12 to 15 bu.
25 to 30 bu.
4 to 6 h.-p.
6x16
20 to 25 bu.
30 to 40 bu.
6 to 8 "
7x14
20 to 25 bu.
30 to 40 bu.
7 to 8 "
7x18
30 to 50 bu.
70 to 80 bu.
7 to 9 "
7x24
40 to 60 bu.
80 to 100 bu.
10 to 12 "
Upper Runner Buhr Mill.
Size of
Grinding Capacity.
Size of Pulley
Speed.
Stones.
Corn. Bushel
per hour.
Wheat. Bushel
per hour.
H.-P.
30 in.
36 in.
42 in.
20 to 25
25 to 30
35 to 40
10tol2
14 to 17
19 to 21
20x10
24x10
30x10
360
300
240
10
12
15
Under Runner Buhr Mill.
Grinding Capacity.
Speed.
Size of Stones.
Corn. Bushel
per hour.
Size of Pulley.
14x7
14x7
16x7
16x7
20x8
20 X 10
24 X 10
H.-Power.
18 inch.
20 "
22 "
24 "
26 "
30 "
36 "
8 to 10
10 to 12
12 to 15
15 to 18
18 to 20
20 to 25
25 to 30
600
500
500
480
440
400
330
4
5
5
6
8
10
12
Corn and Wheat Mills. Pulley Driven.
Size.
Size of Pulley
Inches.
Number of revo-
lutions per
minute.
Requis-
Capacity
per hour.
Bushels.
Weights.
Diameter of
stone. Ins.
Diam. Face.
ite h.-p
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
36
lOx 8V2
12x 8V2
14x 8V2
16x 91/2
16x 91/2
I8XIOV2
18x1 OV2
24x121/2
400 to 700
400 to 700
400 to 700
350 to 600
350 to 600
350 to 500
350 to 500
300 to 400
6
6
8
10
12
15
18
30
8 to 12
10 to 15
10 to 16
12 to 20
15 to 25
18 to 30
20 to 40
40 to 60
612
700
1,050
1,210
1,300
1,450
1.650
2,000
Titanium was discovered by Gregoi, in titanic iron, in 1789, in Corn-
wall, England
The metal Thorium was discovered by Berzelius in 1828.
The metal ThalHum was discovered by Crookes in 1861.
260
miner's inch.
Miner's Inch.
In California the term "miner's inch" is employed to express that quan-
tity of water which under a given head or pressure, as 4, 7, 9, etc., inches,
will flow through each square inch of the discharge opening; or, in other
words,whichwill flow through each square inch of cross-section of a stream
of water.
The quantity of water so flowing in a minute, an hour, twenty-four
hours, etc., is designated "minute inch," "hour inch," "twenty-four hour
inch," etc., according to the length of time specified.
Under the head "Water Rights," the laws of California provide: "That
he (the locator) claims the water there flowing to the extent of [speciiied)
rnches measured under a 4-inch pressure."
On these data the value of the statutory miner's inch is as follows:
CU. FEET.
For one second, "second inch" 0.02
For one minute, "minute inch" 1.20
For one hour, "hour inch" 72.00
For twenty-four hours, "24-hour inch" 1,728.00
If a cubic foot be divided by the flow in one second, there will result the
number of miner's inches equal to the discharge of 1 cubic foot per second.
Thus 00 2 = 50 statutory miner's inches; that is, 50 statutory miner's
inches are equal to 1 cubic foot flow per second.
And 38.74 miner's inches under a 7-inch pressure are equal to 1 cubic
foot flow per second. See following table.
Flow of Water Through Vertical Rectangular Openings.
^
^«
u
o-t:
9J
U c
a*
i
i
Q
1-s
o
0
i
K TO
^
Si
u
h- 1
u
^%
o
^ Eh
<u
3
2 c
iS
o
^
^
O
4>
s
0
4.
Inches.
Cubic Feet.
Cubic Feet.
Cubic Feet.
Cubic Feet.
Miner's Ins.
3
.0169
1.014
60.84
1,460
59 18
4
.0195
1.173
70.42
1,690
51.13
5
.0218
1.309
78.54
1,885
45.86
6
.0239
1.434
86 00
2,064
41.85
7
.0258
1.548
92.92
2,230
38.74
8
.0276
1.655
99.33
2,384
36.24
9
.0293
1.755
105 33
2,528
34.17
10
.0308
1.851
111.04
2,665
32.42
11
.0323
1.941
116 46
2,795
30 91
12
.0338
2.028
121.67
2,920
29 59
MORTALITY.
261
Table of Mortality Based
on American l^xperience.
AGE, YEARS.
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
YEARS.
AGE, YEARS.
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.
YEARS.
lo"
48.72
53
18.79
11
48.08
54
18.69
12
47.44
55
17.40
13
46.82
56
16.72
14
46.16
57
16.05
15
45.50
58
15.39
16
44.85
59
14.74
17
44.19
60
14.09
18
43.53
61
13.47
19
42.87
62
12.86
20
42.20
63
12.26
21
41.53
64
11.68
22
40.85
65
11.10
23
40.17
66
10.54
24.
39.49
67
10.00
25
38.81
68
9.48
26
38.11
69
8.89
27
37.43
70
8.48
28
36.73
71
8.00
29
36.03
72
7.54
30
35.33
73
7.10
31
34.62
74
6.68
32
33.92
75
6.28
33
33.21
76
5.88
34
32.50
77
5.48
35
31.78
78
5.10
36
31.07
79
4.74
37
30.35
80
4.38
38
29.62
81
4.04
39
28.90
82
3.71
40
28.18
83
3.30
41
27.45
84
3.08
42
26.72
85
2.77
43
25.99
86
2.47
44
25.27
87
2.19
45
24.54
88
1.93
46
23.80
89
1.69
47
23.08
90
1.42
48
22.36
91
1.19
49
21.63
92
.98
50
21.91
93
.80
51
20.20
94
.64
52
19.49
95
.50
The first steamboat plied the Hudson in 1807.
The first sawmaker's anvil was brought to America in 1819.
The first use of a locomotive in this country was in 1820.
Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826.
The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7.
The first lucifcr match was made in 1829.
The first iron steamship was built in 1830.
The first air pump was made in 1650.
The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652.
The first copper cent was coined in New Haven in 1687.
262 MATERIALS.
STRJ^NGTH OF MATi^RIAlVS.
Ultimate Tensile Strength in I^bs. per Square Inch.
METALS. Average.
Brass, cast 18,000
" wire 49,000
Bronze or gun metal 36,000
Copper, cast 19,000
sheet 30,000
wire 60,000
Iron, cast, 13,400 to 29,000 16,500
" wrought, ordinary bar 45,000
" bar, double refined 50,000 to 54,000
" boiler plates 48,000 to 56,000
" wire 70,000 to 100,000
'* ropes 90,000
Lead, cast 2,000
pipe 1,650
Steel 65,000 to 120,000
Tin 4,600
Zinc 3,500
A bar of wrought iron will expand or contract 151200th of its length
for each degree of heat; and assuming that the extreme range of tempera-
ture in this country is 140°, it will expand or contract with this change the
1080th of its length, which is equivalent to a force of 20,740 lbs., or 9M
tons per square inch of section. The tensile strength is increased, in from 1
to 6 reheatings and rollings, from 43,904 to 61,824 lbs., and decreased
again to 43,904 lbs. in from 6 to 1 2.
The tensile strength at different temperatures is as follows: 60°, 1;114°,
1.14; 212°, 1.2; 250°, 1.32; 270°, 1.35; 325°, 1.41; 435°, 1.4.
TIMBER, SEASONED.
Ash, American 11,000 to 14,000
Beech " 15,000 to 18,000
Box 20,000
Cedar, American, red 10,300
Fir or Spruce 10,000 to 13,600
Hickory, American 12,800 to 18,000
Mahogany 8,000 to 21,000
Oak, American, white 18,000
Pine, American, white, red, and pitch 10,000
long leaf yellow 12,600 to 19,200
Poplar 7,000
Walnut, black 16,000
Ultimate Resistance to Compression.
METALS.
Brass, cast 10,300
Iron, " 82,000 to 145,000
' " wrought 36,000 to 40,000
MATERIALS— METALS. 263
Timber, Seasoned, Compressed in the Direction of the Grain.
Ash, American 4,400 to 5,800
Beech, " 5,800 to 6,900
Box 10,300
Cedar, American, red 6,000
Fir or Spruce 5,100 to 6,800
Oak, American, white 7,200 to 9,100
Pine, " " 5,000 to 5.600
yellow 6,000
Walnut, black 7,500
Brick, weak 550 to 800
strong 1,100
" fire 1,700
Brickwork, ordinary, in cement 300 to 450
best 1,000
Granite 5,500 to 11,000
Limestone 4,000 to 11,000
Sandstone, ordinary 4,000
Ultimate Resistance to Shearing.
Iron, cast 27,700
" wrought, along the fiber 45,000
Steel 67,000
To £nd the breaking load in tons for a horizontal hollow wrought
iron welded tube, supported at both ends and loaded at the center.
Rule: Multiply the area of metal in square inches by the mean depth of
tube in inches, and this product by the constant number 1.09. Divide this
last product by the clear span in feet, the quotient will give the load in tons.
When the load is evenly distributed over the entire length, it may be twice
as heavy as a center load.
THE RARER MBTAI^S AND THEIR COST.
Aluminum (Metallic) per lb $ 1.00
Arsenic " " .20
Barium " " 975.00
Bismuth " ** 2.40
Cadmium " ** 1.25
Calcium " per oz 150.00
Cerium " " 160.00
Chromium " per lb 200.00
Cobalt " " 6.00
Didj'mium " per oz 160.00
Erbium " " 140.00
Gallium " " 3,250.00
Glucinum " " 250.00
Indium " *' 158.00
Iridium " per lb 650.00
Lanthanum " per oz, 175.00
Lithium " " 160.00
Magnesium, per lb i 4.50
Manganese (Metallic) per lb 1.10
Molybdenum * * per oz„ 6.00
264
METALS.
Niobium (Metallic) per oz 128.00
Osmium " per lb 640.00
Palladium " " 400.00
Platinum " " 130.00
Potassium " " 32.00
Rhodium " " 512. 00
Ruthenium " per oz 112.00
Rubidium " " 200.00
Selenium " " 3.00
Sodium " per lb 3.00
Strontium ** per oz 128.00
Tantallum " " 144.00
Telurium " " 9.00
Thallium *' " 3.00
Titanium " " 32.00
Thorium " " 272.00
Tungsten " per lb 1.25
Vanadium '* per oz 320.00
Yttrium " " 144.00
Zirconium " " 240.00
The price of rarer metals is reduced, as improved methods for their pro-
duction are discovered from time to time. Thus, aluminum, which a few
years ago cost $10 per pound, is now quoted at $1 per pound, in lots of
1,000 pounds.
Order of Hardness.
Order of Tenacity.
MalleabiHty.
Ductility.
Platinum.
Lead, 1.
Gold.
Gold.
Iron.
Tin, 1.3
Silver.
Silver.
Antimony.
Gold, 5.6
Copper.
Platinum.
Copper.
Zinc, 8.
Platinum.
Iron.
Silver.
Silver, 8.9
Iron.
Copper.
Gold.
Platinum, 13.
Tin.
Zinc.
Zinc.
Copper, 17.
Zinc.
Tin.
Aluminum.
Iron, 26.
Lead.
Lead.
Tin.
Silenium.
Bismuth.
Lead.
A metal that expands in cooling is composed of-
Lead, 9 parts.
Antimony, 2 parts.
Bismuth, 1 part.
Babbit Metal.
50 pounds of tin.
2 " " copper.
4 " " antimony.
First melt copper,
all are well mixed.
Then add antimony, then about Vs of the tin, until
METALS.
265
The following table presents a list of metals arranged according to
weight — the weight of water being the unit. The table also presents the
quality of each metal in the most useful particulars.
to
f
<
-t-»
Name.
1
o
I
fa
U O .
7u
i-Ae
11^57
645
II
1 QQ 2
22.477
22.4
21.46
19.265
18.33
16.54
13.595
12.26
12.1
11.86
11.4
11.256
10.4
9.82
8.94
8.6
8 546
8.5
8.297
7.844
7.5
7.42
7.29
7.14
6.915
6.81
6.728
6.715
6.544
6.3
6.25
6.163
5.9
5.7
5.5
4.15
4.
2.583
2.5
2.1
2.
1.88
1.743
1.578
1.52
- 1.00
.9735
Osmium ..
.0311
.0326
.0324
.0324
.0619
.0334
.0333
.0611
.0588
.0335
.0593
.0314
.0570
.0308
.0952
.0722
.0506
.1069
.109
.1138
3992
3992
3592
2990
3632
4352
—40
3935
3935
529
3632
617
1832
507
1990
3832
442
3272
2912
2012
1 QS
Iridium ...
197.4
Platinum
10.5
77.9
.84
197.
1 18 S
Gold
.532
Uranium
1S4
Tungsten
Mercury ...
200
1.63
104 4
Ruthenium ..
10^3 8
TiVe
100 0
3h
yb
sii
1 04 4
Rhodium
204.
Thallium
9.30
106 6
Palladium
207
Lead
8.32
100.
1.19
94.4
85
108
Silver
1.00
208
Bismuth
63 4
Copper
736
92.
Molybdenum
112
Cadmium
4^8
809
yk
8^9
22.10
17.22
13.11
16.81
58.
Cobalt
Nickel
Iron
58.
56
.119
178
Thorium
75 6
Indium
.2934
.0562
.0722
.0956
.100
.0447
.0508
.0456
176
442
3452
707
3992
4*2
3k
340
116.
Tin
11.5
.154
55.
Manganese
65.
Zinc
29.
.190
52.
Chromium
92.
Cerium
120.3
Antimony
842
9b
33.76
95.
Didymium
94.
Niobium
128.
Tellurium
.0475
.0448
.079
752
5*6
93.6
Lanthanum
Gallium
86
75.
Arsenic
-1^8
51.37
Vanadium
3992
887
1562
89.6
Zirconium
137.
Barium
27.5
Aluminum
.2143
ilo
19.6
6.71
87.5
Strontium
94.
Columbium
4.7
Glucinum (Benglium)
Caesium
.64
133.
24.
Magnesium
.250
1382
1562
135
25.47
22.14
40.
Calcium
85.4
Rubidium ... .
Water
23.
Sodium
.293
194
37.42
266
METALS— MINERALS.
o
<
Name.
1
m
1
g-i
Linear expan-
sion, 32 to
212,deg.F.
39.1
.875
.594
Potassium
.166
.9408
136
374
20.83
19.
7.
Lithium
112.6
Erbium
79.4
Selenium
.a701
.h
50.
Titanium
182.
Tantalum
61.7
Yttrium
Terbium
Mile.
1 Statute mile equals ^ 5,280 feet.
1 Geographic mile equals 6,072 "
1 German short mile equals 6,859 yards.
1 German long mile equals 10,126
1 German geographical mile equals 8,100
1 Irish mile equals 2,240
1 Swiss mile equals 9,153
1 Roman mile equals 1,628
1 Prussian mile equals ... 8,237
1 Swedish mile equals 11 ,700
1 Danish mile equals 8,244
Saw Mills.
It takes about the same amount of power to cut a foot of lumber in a
given time, no matter whether it be muley, gang or circular saw. To drive
a 60 inch saw to cut 2,000 feet per hour, will require 40-horse power and
in that proportion as the power is reduced.
Minerals.
The relative hardness of minerals is shown in the following table, the
diamond being the hardest of all minerals.
Degree 1 Talc.
2 Gypsum.
3 Calcite.
4 Fluor Spar.
5 Apatite.
6 Feldspar.
7 Quartz.
8 , Topaz.
9 Corundum.
10 Diamond,
MAGIC TABLE — MACHINERY.
267
Magic Table.
A person's age may be found thus: Let the person point out the col-
umns in which their age, at nearest birthday, occurs. Add together the
figures at head of columns and the sum will be the age sought for.
1
2
4
8
16
32
3
3
5
9
17
33
5
6
6
10
18
34
7
7
7
11
19
35
9
10
12
12
20
36
11
11
13
13
21
37
13
14
14
14
22
38
15
15
15
15
23
39
17
18
20
24
24
40
19
19
21
25
25
41
21
22
22
26
26
42
23
23
23
27
27
43
25
26
28
28
28
44
27
27
29
29
29
45
29
30
30
30
30
46
31
31
31
31
31
47
33
34
36
40
48
48
35
35
37
41
49
49
37
38
38
42
50
50
39
39
39
43
51
51
41
42
44
44
52
52
43
43
45
45
53
53
45
46
46
46
54
54
47
47
47
47
55
55
49
50
52
56
56
56
51
51
53
57
57
57
53
54
54
58
58
58
55
55
55
59
59
59
57
58
60
60
60
60
59
59
61
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
Example: Suppose a person's age to be 54 years. We find 54 in the
second, third, fifth and sixth columns. Then we add together 2, 4, 16 and
32, which equal 54.
Horse Power Required for Driving Machinery in Good Order.
An 18-inch swing engine lathe ^-horse power.
A 30-inch swing engine lathe ^
A 16-inch swing hand lathe i^o
A 36-inch swing drill 14
A 16-inch swing drill. ., ^
A 6-foot planer M
A 12-foot planer 1/2
A 12-inch shaper 14
Countershaft for each tool ^
268
NUMBERS.
Useful Numbers for Rapid Approximation.
Feet X .00019 = miles.
Yards X .0006 = miles.
Links X .22 = yards.
Links X .66 = feet.
Feet X 1.5 = links.
Squareinches X .007 = square feet.
Circular inches X .00546 = square feet.
Square feet X .111 = square yards.
Acres X .4840 = square yards.
Square yards X .0002066 = acres.
Width in chains X 8. = acres per mile.
Cube feet X .04 = cube yards.
Cube inches X .00058 = cube feet.
U. S. bushels X .0495 = cube yards.
U. S. bushels X 1.2446 = cube feet.
U. S. bushels X 2150.42 = cube inches.
Cube feet X .8036 = U. S. bushels.
Cube inches X .000466 = U. S. bushels.
U.S. gallons X .13367 = cube feet.
U.S. gallons X 231. = cube inches.
Cube feet X 7.48 = U. S. gallons.
Cylindrical feet X 5.874 = U. S. gallons.
Cube inches X .004329 = U. S. gallons.
Cylindrical inches X .0034 = U. S. gallons.
Lbs X .009 = cwt.
Lbs X .00045 =tons.
Cubic foot of water X 62.5 =lbs. avoirdupois.
Cubic inch of water X .03617 =lbs. avoirdupois.
Cylindrical foot of water X 49.1 =lbs. avoirdupois.
Cj'lindrical inch of water X .02842 =lbs. avoirdupois.
U. S. gallons of water X 13.44 = 1 cwt.
U. S. gallons of water X 268.8 = 1 ton.
Cubic feet of water X 1.8 = 1 cwt.
Cubic feet of water X 35.88 = 1 ton.
Cylindrical foot of water X 6. = U. S. gallons.
Column of water, 12 in. high, 1 in. diameter = .341 lbs.
183,346 circular inches = 1 square foot.
2,200 cylindrical inches = 1 cubic foot.
French metres X 3.281 = feet.
Kilogrammes X 2.205 = avoirdupoislbs.
Grammes , X .002205 = avoirdupois lbs.
Tungsten, a metal used in the making of self-hardening steel, and which
gives it that property, was discovered by the brothers D'Elhujar, eminent
chemists, in the year 1783.
NUMBERS.
269
Square Roots and Cube Roots of Numbers from .i to 20.
NO.
SQ.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
i
1
NO.
SQ. RT.
2.098
C. RT.
1.639
NO.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
J
.01
.001
.316
.464
.4
~V
3.240
2.189
.15
.023
.003
.387
.531
.5
2.121
1.651
.6
3.256
2.197
.8
.04
.008
.447
.585 j
.6
2.145
1.663
.7
3.271
2.204
.25
.063
•016
.500
.630 1
7
2.168
1.675
.8
3.286
2.211
.3
.09
.027
.548
.669
'.S
2.191
1.687
.9
3.302
2.217
.35
.123
.043
.592
.705
.9
2.214
1.699
11.0
3.317
2.224
.4
.16
.064
.633
.737
5.0
2.236
1.710 ,
.1
3.332
2.231
.45
.203
.091
.671
.766
.1
2.258
1.721
.2
3.347
2.237
.5
.25
.125
.707
.794
.2
2.280
1 733
.3
3.362
2.244
.55
.303
.166
.742
.819 t
.3
2.302
1.744
.4
3.376
2.251
.6
.36
.216
.775
.843 t
.4
2.324
1.754
.5
3.391
2.257
.65
.423
.275
.806
.866
.5
2.345
1.765
.6
3.406
2.264
.7
.49
.343
.837
.888
.6
2.366
1.776
.7
3.421
2.270
.75
.563
.422
.866
.909
7
2.388
1.786
'.8
3.435
2.277
.8
.64
.512
.894
.928
'.8
2.408
1.797
.9
3.450
2.283
.a5
.723
.614
.922
.947
.9
2.429
1.807
12.0
3.464
2.289
.9
.81
.729
.949
.965
6.0
2.450
1.817
.1
3.479
2.296
.95
.9a3
.8.57
.975
.983
.1
2.470
1.827
.2
3.493
2.302
1.
1.000
1,000
1.000
1.000
2.490
1.837
.3
3.507
2.308
.05
1.103
1.158
1.025
1.016
!3
2.510
1.847
.4
3.521
2.315
1.1
1.210
1.331
1.049
1.032
.4
2.530
1.857
.5
3.536
2.321
.15
1.323
1.521
1.072
1.048
.5
2.550
1.866
.6
3.550
2.327
1.2
1.440
1.728
1.095
1.063
.6
2.569
1.876
.7
3.564
2.333
.25
1.563
1.953
1.118
1.077
.7
2.588
1.885
.8
3.578
2.339
1.3
1.690
2.197
1.140
1.091 ,
.8
2.608
1.895
.9
3.592
2.345
.35
1.823
2.460
1.162
1.105 '
.9
2.627
1.904
13.0
3.606
2.351
1.4
1.960
2.744
1.183
1.119
7.0
2.646
1.913
.2
3.633
2.363
.45
2.103
3.049
1.204
1.132 1
.1
2.665
1.922
.4
3.661
2.375
1.5
2.250
3.375
1.225
1.145 :
.2
2.683
1.931
.6
3.688
2.38?
.55
2.403
3.724
1.245
1.157 ,
.3
2.702
1.940
.8
3.715
2.399
1.6
2.560
4.096
1.265
1.170
.4
2.720
1.949
14.0
3.742
2.410
.65
2.723
4.492
1.285
1.182
.5
2.739
1.957
.2
3.768
2.422
1.7
2.890
4.913
1.304
1.194 •
.6
2.757
1.966
.4
3.795
2.433
.75
3.063
5.359
1.323
1.205
.7
2.775
1.975
.6
3.821
2.444
l.R
3.240
5.832
1.342
1.216
.8
2.793
1.983
.8
3.847
2.455
.85
3.423
6.332
1.360
1.228
.9
2.811
1.992
15.0
3.873
2.466
1.9
3.610
6.859
1.378
1.239
8.0
2.828
2.000
.2
3.899
2.477
.95
3.803
7.415
1.396
1.249
2.846
2.008
A
3.924
2.488
20
4.000
8.000
1.414
1.260
.2
2.864
2.017
.6
3 950
2.499
.1
4.410
9.261
1.449
1.281
.3
2.881
2.025
.8
3.975
2.509
2
4.840
10.65
1.483
1.301
.4
2.898
2.033
16.0
4.000
2.520
.3
5.290
12.17
1.517
1.320
.5
2.916
2.041
.2
4.025
2530
.4
5.760
13.82
1.549
1.339
.6
2.933
2.049
.4
4.050
2.541
.5
6.250
15.63
1.581
1.357
.7
2.950
2.057
.6
4.074
2.551
.6
6.760
17.58
1.613
1.375
.8
2.967
2.065
.8
4.099
2.561
.7
7.290
19.68
1.643
1.393
.9
2.983
2.072
17.0
4.123
2.571
.8
7.840
21.95
1.673
1.409
9.0
3.000
2.080
.2
4.147
2.581
.9
8.410
24.39
1.703
1.426
.1
3.017
2.088
.4
4.171
2.591
3.0
9.00
27.00
1.732
1.442
.2
3.033
2.095
.6
4.195
2.601
.1
9.61
29.79
1.761
1.458
.3
.3.050
2.103
.8
4.219
2.611
9
10.24
32.77
1.789
1.474 1
.4
.3.066
2.111
18.0
4.243
2.621
".3
10.89
35.94
1.817
1.489 '
.5
3.082
2.118
.2
4.266
2.630
.4
11.56
39 30
1.844
1.504
.6
3.098
2.125
.4
4.290
2.640
.5
12.25
42.88
1.871
1.518
.7
3.115
2.133
.6
4.313
2.650
.6
12.96
46.66
1.897
1.533
.8
3.131
2.140
.8
4.336
2.659
.7
13.69
50.65
1.924
1.547
.9
3.146
2.147
19.0
4.359
2.668
.8
14.44
54.87
1.949
1.561
10.0
3.162
2.154
.2
4.382
2.678
.9
15.21
59.32
1.975
1.574
.1
3.178
2.162
.4
4.405
2.687
4.0
16.00
64.00
2.000
1.587
.2
3.194
2.169
.6
4.427
2.696
.1
16.81
68.92
2.025
1.601
.3
3.209
2.177
.8
4.4.50
2.705
.2
17.64
74.09
2.049
1.613
.4
3.225
2.183
20.0
4.472
2.714
.3
18.49
79.51
2.074
1.626
I
The Island of Banca produces the purest tin ore in the world. A re-
cent analysis of Banca tin ore gave the following results: Tin, 99.961 per
cent; iron, 00.019; lead, 00.014; copper, 00.006; total, 100. This metal
was called by the ancients "Kassiteros," from the Greek.
270
NUMBERS.
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, and Cube Roots, of
Numbers from i to looo.
KO.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
NO.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
0. RT.
1
1
1
1.0000
1.0000
71
5041
357911
8.4261
4.1408
2
4
8
1.4142
1.2599
72
5184
373248
8.4853
4.1602
3
9
27
1.7321
1.4422
73
5329
389017
8.5440
4.1793
4
16
64
2.0000
1.5874
74
5476
405224
8.6023
4.1983
5
25
125
2.2361
1.7100
75
5625
421875
8.6603
4.2172
6
36
216
2.4495
1.8171
76
5766
438976
8.7178
4.2358
7
49
343
2.6458
1.9129
77
5929
456533
8.7750
4.2543
8
64
512
2.8284
2.0000
78
6084
474552
8.8318
4.2727
9
81
729
3.0000
2.0801
79
6241
493039
8.8882
4.2908
10
100
1000
3.1623
2.1544
80
6400
512000
8.9443
4.3089
11
121
1331
3.3166
2.2240
81
6561
531441
9.0000
4.3267
12
144
1728
3.4641
2.2894
82
6724
551368
9.0554
4.3445
13
169
2197
3.6056
2.3513
83
6889
571787
9.1104
4 3621
14
196
2744
3.7417
2.4101
84
7056
592704
9.1652
4.3795
15
225
3375
3.8730
2.4662
85
7225
614125
9.2195
4.3968
16
256
4096
4.0000
2.5198
86
7396
636056
9.2736
4.4140
17
289
4913
4.1231
2.5713
87
7569
658503
9.3274
4.4310
18
324
5832
4.2426
2.6207
88
7744
681472
9.3808
4.4480
19
361
6859
4.3589
2.6684
89
7921
704969
9.4340
4.4647
20
400
8000
4.4721
2.7144
90
8100
729000
9.4868
4.4814
21
441
9261
4.5826
2.7589
91
8281
753571
9.5394
4.4979
22
484
10648
4.6904
2.8020
92
8464
778688
9.5917
4.5144
23
529
12167
4.7958
2.8429
93
8649
804357
9.6437
4.5307
24
576
13824
4.8990
2.8845
94
8836
830584
9.69.54
4.5468
25
625
15625
5.0000
2.9240
95
9025
857375
9.7468
4.5629
26
676
17576
5.0990
2.9625
96
9216
884736
9.7980
4.5789
27
729
19683
5.1962
3.0000
97
9409
912673
9.8489
4.5947
28
784
21952
5.2915
3.0366
98
9604
941192
9.8995
4.6104
29
841
24389
5.3852
3.0723
99
9801
970299
9.9499
4.6261
30
900
27000
5.4772
3.1072
100
10000
1000000
10.0000
4.6416
31
961
29791
5.5678
3.1414
101
10201
1030301
10.0499
4.6570
32
1024
32768
5.6569
3.1748
102
10404
1061208
10.0995
4.6723
33
1089
a5937
5.7446
3.2075
103
10609
1092727
10.1489
4.6875
34
1156
39304
5.8310
3.2396
104
10816
1124864
10.1980
4.7027
35
1225
42875
5.9161
3.2711
105
11025
1157625
10.2470
4.7177
36
1296
46656
6.0000
3.3019
106
11236
1191016
10.2957
4.7326
37
1369
50653
6.0828
3.3322
107
11449
1225043
10.3441
4.7475
38
1444
54872
6.1644
3.3620
108
11664
1259712
10.3923
4 7622
39
1521
59319
6.2450
3.3912
109
11881
1295029
10.4403
4.7769
40
1600
64000
6.3246
3.4200
110
12100
1331000
10.4881
4.7914
41
1681
68921
6.4031
3.4482
111
12321
1367631
10.5357
4.8059
42
1764
74088
6.4807
3.4760
112
12544
1404928
10.5830
4.8203
43
1849
79507
6.5574
3 5034
113
12769
1442897
10.6301
4.8346
44
1936
85184
6.6332
3.5303
114
12996
1481544
10.6771
4.8488
45
2025
91125
6.7082
3 5569
115
13225
1520875
10.7238
4.8629
46
2116
97336
6.7823
3.5830
116
13456
1560896
10.7703
4.8770
47
2209
103823
6.8557
3.6088
117
13689
1601613
10.8167
4.8910
48
2304
110592
6.9282
3.6342
118
13924
1643032
10.8628
4.9049
49
2401
117649
7.0000
3.6563
119
14161
1685159
10.9087
4.9187
50
2500
125000
7.0711
3.6840
120
14400
1728000
10.9545
4.9324
51
2601
132651
7.1414
3.7084
121
14641
1771561
11.0000
4.9461
52
2704
140668
7.2111
3.7325
122
14884
1815848
11.04.54
4 9.597
53
2809
148877
7.2801
3.7563
123
15129
1860867
11.0905
4.9732
54
2916
157464
7.3485
3.7798
124
15376
1906624
11.1355
4.9866
55
3025
166375
7.4162
3.8030
125
15625
1953125
11.1803
5.0000
56
3136
175616
7.4833
3.8259
126
15876
2000376
11.2250
5.0133
57
3249
185193
7.5498
3.8485
127
16129
2048383
11.2694
5.0265
58
3364
195112
7.6158
3.8709
128
16384
2097152
11.3137
5.0397
59
3481
205379
7.6811
3.8930
129
16641
2146689
11.3578
5.0528
60
3600
216000
7.7460
3 9149
130
16900
2197000
11.4018
5.0658
61
3721
226981
7.8102
3.9365
131
17161
2248091
11.4455
5.0788
62
3844
238328
7.8740
3.9579
132
17424
2299968
11.4891
5.0916
93
3969
250047
7.9373
3.9791
133
17689
2352637
1 1.5326
5.1045
64
4096
262144
8.0000
4.0000
134
17956
2406104
11.5758
5.1172
65
4225
274625
8.0623
4.0207
135
18225
2460375
11.6190
5.1299
66
4366
287496
8.1240
4.0412
136
18496
2515456
11.6619
5.1426
87
4489
300764
8.1854
4.0615
137
18769
2571353
11.7047
5.1551
68
4624
314432
8.2462
4.0817
138
19044
2628072
11.7473
5.1676
69
4761
328509
8.3066
4.1016
139
19321
2685619
11.7898
5.1801
70
4900
343000
8.3666
4.1213
140
19600
2744000
11.8322
5.1995
NUMBERS.
271
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to looo— Continued.
NO.
SQITARB.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. BT.
NO.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
c. RT.
141
19881
2803221
11.8743
5.2048
211
44521
9393931
14.5258
5.9533
142
20164
2863288
11.9164
5.2171
212
44944
9528128
14.ofi02
5.9627
143
20449
2924207
11.9583
5.2293
213
45369
9663597
14.5945
5.9721
144
20736
2985984
12.0000
.5.2415
214
45796
9800344
14.62b7
5.9814
145
21025
3048625
12.0416
5.2536
215
46225
9938375
14.6629
5.9907
146
21316
3112136
12.0830
5.2656
216
46656
10077696
14.6969
6.0000
147
21609
3176523
12.1244
5.2776
217
47089
10218313
14.7309
6.0092
148
21904
3241792
12.1655
5.2896
218
47524
10360232
14.7648
6.0185
149
22201
3307949
12.2066
.5.3015
219
47961
10503459
14.7986
6.0277
150
22500
3375000
12.2474
5.3133
220
48400
10648000
14.8324
6 0368
151
22801
3442951
12.2882
5.3251
221
48841
10793861
14.8661
6.0459
152
23104
3511808
12.3288
5.3368
222
49284
10941048
14.8997
6.0550
153
23409
3581577
12.3693
5.3485
223
49739
11089567
14.9332
6.0641
154
23716
3652264
12.4097
5.3601
224
50176
11239424
14.9666
6.0732
155
24025
3723875
12.4499
5.3717
225
50625
11390625
15.0000
6.0822
156
24336
3796416
12.4900
5.3832
226
51076
11543176
15.0333
6.0912
157
24649
3869893
12.5300
5.3947
227
51529
11697083
15.0665
6.1002
158
24964
3944312
12.5698
5.4061
228
51984
11852352
15.0997
6.1091
159
25281
4019679
12.6095
5.4175
229
52441
12008989
15.1327
6.1180
160
25600
4096000
12.6491
5.4288
230
52900
12167000
15.165S
6.1269
161 ,
25921
4173281
12.6886
5.4401
231
53361
12326391
15.1987
6.1358
162
26244
4251528
12.7279
5.4514
232
53824
12487168
15.2312
6.1446
163
26569
4330747
12.7671
5.4626
233
54289
12649337
15.2643
6.1534
164
26896
4410944
12.8062
5.4737
234
54756
12812904
15.2971
6.1622
165
27225
4492125
12.8452
5.4848
235
552^5
12977875
15.3297
6.1710
166
27556
4574296
12.8841
5.4959
236
55696
13144256
15.3623
6.1797
167
27889
4657463
12.9228
5.5069
237
56169
133120.53
15.3948
6.1885
168
28224
4741632
12.9615
5.5178
238
56644
13481272
15.4272
6.1972
169
28561
4826809
13.0000
5.5288
239
57121
13651919
15.4596
6.2058
170
28900
4913000
13.0384
5.5397
240
57600
13824000
15.4919
6.2145
171
29241
5000211
13.0767
5.5505
241
58081
13997521
15. .5242
6.2231
172
29584
5088448
13.1149
5.5613
242
58564
14172488
1.5.5563
6.2317
173
29929
5177717
13.1529
5.5721
243
59049
14348907
15.5885
6.2403
174
30276
5268024
13.1909
.5.5828
244
59536
14526784
15.6205
6.2488
175
30625
5359375
13.2288
5.5934
245
60025
14706125
15.6525
6.2573
176
30976
5451776
13.2665
5.6041
246
60516
14886936
15.6844
6.2658
177
31329
5545233
13.3041
5.6147
247
61009
15069223
15.7162
6.2743
178
31684
5639752
13.3417
5.6252
248
61504
15252992
15.7480
6.2828
179
32041
5735339
13.3791
5.6357
249
62001
15438249
15.7797
6.2912
180
32400
5832000
13.4164
5.6462
250
62500
15625000
15.8114
6.2969
181
32761
5929741
13.4536
5.6567
251
63001
15813251
15.8430
6 3080
182
33124
6028568
13.4907
5.6671
252
63501
16003008
15.8745
6.3164
183
33489
6128487
13.5277
5.6774
253
64009
16194277
15.9060
6.3247
184
33856
6229504
13.5647
5.6877
254
64516
16387064
15.9374
6.3330
185
34225
6331625
13.6015
5.6980
255
65025
16581375
16.9687
6.3413
186
34596
6434856
13.6382
5.7083
256
65536
16777216
16.0000
6.3496
187
34969
6539203
13.6748
5.7185
257
66049
16974593
16.0312
6.3.579
88
35344
6644672
13.7113
5.7287
258
66564
17173512
16.0624
6.3661
189
35721
6751269
13.7477
5.7388
259
67081
1V3V3979
16.0935
6 3743
190
36100
6859000
13.7840
5.7489
260
67600
17.576000
16.1245
6.3825
191
36481
6967871
13.8203
5.7.590
261
68121
17779581
16.1555
6.3907
192
36864
7077888
13.8564
5 7690
262
68644
17984728
16.1864
6.3988
193
37249
7189057
13.8924
5.7790
263
69169
18191447
16.2173
6.4070
194
37636
7301384
13.9284
5.7890
264
69696
18399744
16.2481
6.4151
195
38025
7414875
13.9642
5.7989
265
70225
18609625
16.2788
6.4232
196
38416
7529536
14.0000
5.8088
266
70756
18821096
16.3095
6.4312
197
38809
7645373
14.0357
.5.8186
267
71289
19034163
16 3401
6.4393
198
39204
7762392
14.0712
5.8285
268
71824
19248832
16.3707
6.4473
199
39601
7880599
14.1067
.5.8383
269
72361
19465109
16.4012
6.4553
200
40000
8000000
14.1421
.5.g480
270
72900
19683000
16.4317
6.4633
201
40401
8120601
14.1774
5.8578
271
73441
19902511
16.4621
6.4713
202
40804
8242408
14.2127
5.8675
272
73984
20123648
16.4924
6.4792
203
41209
8365427
14.2478
5.8771
273
74529
20346417
16.5227
6.4872
204
41616
8489664
14.2829
5.8868
274
75076
20570824
16.5529
6.4951
205
42025
8615125
14.3178
5.8964
275
75625
20796875
16.. 5831
6.5030
206
42436
8741816
14.3527
5.9059
276
76176
21024.576
16.6132
6..5108
207
42849
8869743
14.3875
5.9155
277
76729
21253933
16.6433
6.5187
208
43264
8998912
14.4222
5.9250
278
77284
21484952
16.6733
6.5265
209
43681
9129329
14.4568
5.934*
279
77841
21717639
16.7033
6.5.343
210
44100
9361000
14.4914
5.9439
280
78400
2195?O00
16.7332
6.5421
272
NUMBERS.
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to looo— Continued.
NO.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
NO.
351
SQUARE.
CUBE.
8Q. RT.
C. RT.
281
78961
22188041
16.7631
6.5499
123201
43243551
18.7350
7.0540
282
79524
22425768
16.7929
6.5577
352
123904
43614208
18.7617
7.0607
283
80089
22665187
16.8226
6.5654
353
124609
43986977
18.7883
7.0674
284
80656
22906304
16.8523
6.5731
354
125316
44361864
18.8149
7.0740
285
81225
23149125
16.8819
6.5808
355
126025
44738875
18.8414
7.0807
286
81796
83393656
16.9115
6.5885
356
126736
45118016
4549929^
18.8680
7.0873
287
82369
23639903
16.9411
6.5962
357
127449
18.8944
7.0940
288
82944
23887872
16.9706
6.6039
358
128164
45882712
18.9209
7.1006
289
83521
24137569
17.0000
6.6115
359
128881
46268279
18.9473
7.1072
290
84100
24389000
17.0294
6.6191
360
129600
46656000
18.9737
7.1138
291
84681
24642171
17.0587
6.C267
361
130321
47045881
19.0000
7.1204
292
85264
24897088
17.0880
6.6343
362
131044
47437928
19.0263
7.1269
293
85849
25153757
17.1172
6.6419
363
131769
47832147
19.0526
7.1335
294
86436
25412184
17.1464
6.6494
364
132496
48228544
19.0788
7.1400
295
87025
25672375
17.1756
6.6569
365
133225
48627125
19.1050
7.1466
296
87616
25934336
17.2047
6.6644
366
133956
49027896
19.1311
7.1531
297
88209
26198073
17.2337
6.6719
367
134689
49430863
19.1572
7.1596
298
88804
26463592
17.2627
6.6794
368
135424
49836032
19.1833
7.1661
299
89401
2673U899
17.2916
6.6869
369
136161
50243409
19.2094
7.1726
300
90000
27000000
17 3205
6.6943
370
136900
506.53000
19.2354
7.1791
301
90601
27270901
17.3494
6.7018
371
137641
51064811
19.2614
7.1855
302
91204
27543608
17.3781
6.7092
372
138384
51478848
19.2873
7.1920
303
91809
27818127
17.4069
6.7166
373
139129
51895117
19.3132
7.1984
304
92416
28094464
17.4356
6.7240
374
139876
52313624
19.3391
7.2048
305
93025
28372625
17,4642
6.7313
375
140625
52734375
19.3649
7.2112
306
93636
28652616
17.4929
6.7387
376
141376
53157376
19.3907
7.2177
307
94249
28934443
17.5214
6.7460
377
142129
53582633
19.4165
7.2240
308
94864
29218112
17.5499
6.7533
378
142884
54010152
19.4422
7.2304
309
95481
29503629
17.5784
6.7606
379
143641
54439939
19.4679
7.2368
310
96100
29701000
17.6068
6.7679
380
144400
54872000
19.4936
7.2432
311
96721
30080231
17.6352
6.7752
381
145161
55306341
19.5192
7 2495
312
97344
30371328
17.6635
6.7824
382
145924
55742968
19.5448
7.2558
318
97969
30664297
17.6918
6.7897
383
146689
56181887
19.5704
7.2622
314
98596
30959144
17.7200
6.7969
384
147456
56623104
19 5959
7.2685
315
99225
31255875
17.7482
6.8041
385
148225
57060625
19.6214
7.2748
316
99856
31554496
17 7764
6.8113
386
148996
57512456
19.6469
7.2811
317
100489
31855013
17.8045
6.8185
387
149769
57960603
19.6723
7.2874
318
101124
32157432
17.8326
6.8256
388
150544
58411072
19.6977
7.2936
319
101761
32461759
17.8606
6.8328
389
151321
58863869
19.7231
7.2999
320
102400
32768000
17.8885
6.8399
390
152100
59319000
19.7484
7.3061
321
103041
33076161
17.9165
6.8470
391
152881
59776471
19.7737
7.3124
322
103684
33386248
17.9444
6.8541
392
153664
60236288
19.7990
7.3186
323
104329
33698267
17.9722
6.8612
393
154449
60698457
19.8242
7.3248
S24
104976
34012224
18.0000
6.8683
394
155236
61162984
19.8494
7.3310
325
105625
34328125
18.0278
6.8753
395
156025
61629875
19.8746
7.3372
326
106276
31645976
18.0555
6.8824
396
156816
62099136
19.8997
7.3434
327
106929
34965783
18.0831
6.8894
397
157609
62570773
19.9249
7.3496
328
107584
35287552
18.1108
6.8964
398
158404
63044792
19.9499
7.3558
329
108241
35611289
18.1384
6.9034
399
159201
63521199
19.9750
7.3619
a30
108900
35937000
18.1659
6.9104
400
160000
64000000
20.0000
7 3681
331
109561
36264691
18.1934
6.9174
401
160801
64481201
20.0250
7.3742
332
110224
36594368
18.2209
6.9244
402
161604
64964808
20.0499
7.3803
333
110889
36926037
18.2483
6.9313
403
162409
65450827
20.0749
7.3864
334
111556
37259704
18.2757
9.9382
404
163216
65939264
20.0998
7.3925
335
112225
37595375
18.3030
6.9451
405
164025
66430125
20.1246
7.3986
336
112896
37933056
18.3303
6.9521
406
164836
66923416
20.1494
7.4047
337
113569
38272753
18.3576
6.9589
407
165649
67419143
20.1742
7.4108
338
114244
38614472
18.3848
6.9658
408
166464
67917312
20.1990
7.4169
339
114921
38958219
18.4120
6.9727
409
167281
68417929
20.2237
7.4229
340
115600
39304000
18.4391
6.9795
410
168100
68921000
20 2485
7.4290
341
116281
39651821
18.4662
6.9864
411
168921
69426531
20.2731
7.4350
342
116964
40001688
18.4932
6.9932
412
169744
69934528
20.2978
7.4410
343
117649
40353607
18.5203
7.0000
413
170569
70444997
20.3224
7.4470
344
118336
40707584
18.5472
7.0068
414
171396
70957944
20.3470
7.4530
345
119025
41063625
18.5742
7.0136
415
172225
71473375
20.3715
7.4590
346
119716
41421736
18.6011
7.0203
416
173056
71991296
20.3961
7.4650
347
120409
41781923
18.6279
7.0271
417
173889
72511713
20.4206
7.4710
348
121104
42144192
18.6548
7.0338
418
174724
73034632
20.4450
7.4770
349
121801
42508549
18.6815
7.0406
419
175561
73560059
20.4695
7.4829
350
122500
42875000
18.7083
7.0473
420
176400
74088000
20.4939
7.4889
NUMBERS.
273
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to zooo.— Continued.
No.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
No.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
421
177^41
74618461
20.5183
7.4948
491
214081
118370771
22,1585
7.8891
422
178084
75151448
20.5426
7.500r
492
242064
119095488
22.1811
7.8944
423
178929
75686967
20.5670
7.5067
493
^3049
119823157
22.2036
7.8998
424
179776
76225024
20.5913
7.5126
494
244036
120553784
22.2261
7.9051
425
180625
76765625
20.6155
7.5185
495
.245025
121287375
22.2^86
7.9105
426
181476
77308776
20.6398
7.5244
496
246016
122023926
22.2711
7.9158
427
182329
77854483
20.6640
7.N302
497
247009
122763473
22.2935
7.9211
428
183184
78403752
20.6882
7.5361
498
248004
123505992
22.3159
7.9264
429
184041
78953589
20.7123
7.5420
499
249001
124251499
22.3383
7.9317
430
184900
79507000
20.7364
7.5478
500
250000
125000000
22.3607
7.9370
431
185761
80062991
20.7605
7.5537
.501
251001
125751501
22.3830
7.9423
432
186684
80621568
20.7846
7.5595
502
252004
126506008
22.4054
7.9476
433
187489
81182737
20.8087
7.5654
503
253009
127263527
22.4277
7.9528
434
188356
81746504
20.8327
7.5712
504
254016
128024064
22.4499
7.9581
435
189225
82312875
20.8567
7.5770
505
255025
128787625
22.4722
7.9634
436
190096
82881856
20.8806
7.5888
506
256036
129554216
22 4944
7.9686
437
190969
83453453
20.9045
7.5886
507
257049
130323843
22.5117
7.9739
438
191844
84027672
20.9284
7.5944
508
258064
131096512
22.5389
7.9791
439
192721
84604519
20.9523
7.6001
509
259081
131872229
22.5610
7.9843
440
193600
85184000
20.9762
7.6059
510
260100
132651000
22.5838
7.6896
441
194481
85766121
21.0000
7.6117
511
261121
133432831
22.6053
7.9948
442
195364
86350888
21.0238
7.6134
512
262144
134317728
22.6274
8.0000
443
196249
86938307
21.0476
7.6232
513
263169
135005697
22.6495
8.0052
444
197136
87528384
21.0713
7.6289
514
264196
135796744
22.6716
8.0104
445
198025
88121125
21.0950
7.63.56
515
2^5225
136590875
22.6936
8.0156
446
198916
88716536
21.1187
7.6403
516
266256
137388096
22.7156
8.0208
447
199809
89314623
21.1424
7.6460
517
267289
138188413
22.7376
8.0260
448
200704
89915392
21.1660
7.6517
518
263324
138991832
22.7596
8.0311
449
201601
90518849
21.1896
7.6574
519
269361
139798359
22.7816
8.0363
450
202500
91125000
81.2132
7.6631
520
270400
140808000
22.8035
8.0415
451
203401
91733851
21.2368
7.6688
521
271441
141420761
22.8254
8.0466
452
204304
92345408
21.2603
7.6744
523
272484
142236648
22.8473
8.0517
453
205209
92959677
81.8838
7.6801
523
273529
143055667
22 8692
8.0569
454
206116
93576664
21.3073
7.6857
524
274576
143877834
22.8910
8.0620
455
207025
94196375
21.3.307
7.6914
525
275625
144703125
22.9129
8.0671
453
207936
94818816
21.a542
7.6970
526
276676
145531576
22.9347
8.0723
457
208849
95443993
21.3776
7.7026
527
277729
146363183
22.9565
8.0784
458
209764
96071912
21.4009
7.7082
528
278784
147197952
22.9783
8.0825
459
210681
96702579
21.4243
7.7138
529
279841
148035889
23.0 00
8.0876
460
211600
97336000
21.4476
7.7194
530
280900
148877000
23.0217
8.0927
461
212521
97972181
21.4709
7.72-50
531
281961
149721291
23.0434
8.0978
462
213444
98611128
21.4942
7.7306
532
283024
150568768
23.0651
8.1028
463
214369
99252847
21.5174
7.7362
533
284089
151419436
23.0868
8.1079
464
215296
99897344
21.5407
7.7418
534
285156
152273304
23.1084
8.1130
465
216225
100544625
21.5639
7.7473
535
286225
153130375
23.1301
8.1180
466
217156
101194696
21.5870
7.7529
536
287296
153990656
23.1.517
8.1231
467
218089
101847563
21.6102
7.7.5&4
537
288369
154854153
23.1733
8.1281
468
219024
102503232
21.6333
7.7639
538
289444
155720872
23.1948
8.1332
469
219961
103161709
21.6564
7.7695
539
290521
156690819
2.3.2164
8.1382
470
220900
103823000
21.6795
7.7750
540
291600
157464000
23.2379
8.1433
471
221841
104487111
21.7025
7.7805
541
292681
158340421
23.2.594
8.1483
472
222784
105154048
21.7256
7.7860
542
293764
159220088
23.2809
8.1.583
473
223729
105823817
81.7486
7.7915
543
294849
160103007
23.3024
8.1583
474
224676
106496424
21.7715
7.7970
544
295936
160989184
23.3238
8.1633
475
225625
107171875
21.7945
7.8025
545
297025
161878625
23.3458
8.1683
476
226576
107850176
21.8174
7.8079
546
298116
162771336
23.3666
8.1733
477
227529
108531333
21.8403
7.8134
547
299209
163667323
23.3880
8.1783
478
238484
109215352
21.8632
7.8188
548
300304
164566592
23.4094
8.1833
479
229441
109908239
21.8861
7.8243
549
301401
165469149
23.4307
8.1882
480
230400
110592000
21.9089
7.8297
5.50
302500
166375000
23.4521
8.1932
481
231361
111284641
21.9317
7.83.52
551
303601
167284151
23 4731
8.1982
482
232324
111980168
21.9545
7.8406
552
304704
168196608
23.4947
8.2031
483
233289
112678587
21.9773
7.9460
553
305809
169112377
23.5160
8.2081
484
234256
lia379904
22.0000
7.8514
554
306916
170031464
23.5372
8.2130
485
2352^5
114084125
22.0127
7.8568
555
308025
170953875
23.5584
8.2180
486
236196
114791256
22.0454
7.8622
556
309136
171879616
23.5797
8.2229
487
237169
115501303
22.0681
7.8676
557
310249
172808693
23.6008
8.2278
488
238144
116214272
22.0907
7.8730
558
311364
173741112
23.6220
8.2327
489
•239121
116930169
22.1ia3
7.8784
559
313481
174676879
23.6432
1 8.2377
490
240100
117649000
22.1359
7.8837
560
313600
175616000
23.6643
1 8.2426
18
274
NUMBERS.
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to Tj00o~{Continved.)
NO.
SQUARE.
CUfiE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
^-o.
SQUARfi.
CUBE.
SQ. Rf.
C. Rt.
561
314721
176558481
23.6854
8.2475
631
398161
251239591
25.1197
8.5772
562
315844
177504328
23.6065
8.2524
632
399424
252435968
25.1396
8..58lt
563
316969
178453547
23.7276
8.2573
633
400689
253636137
25.1595
8-5862
564
318096
179406144
23.7487
8.2621
634
401956
254840104
2.5.1794
8.5907
565
319225
180362125
23.6697
8.2670
635
403225
2.56047875
25.1992
8.5952
566
320356
181321496
23.7908
8.2719
686
404496
257259456
25.2190
8.5997
567
321489
182284263
23.8118
8.2768
637
405769
258474853
25.2389
8.6043
568
322624
183250432
23.8328
8.2816
638
407044
259694072
25.2587
8.6088
569
323761
184220009
23.8527
8.2865
639
408321
260917119
25.2784
8.6132
570
324900
185193000
23.8747
8.2913
640
409600
262144000
25.2982
8.6177
571
326041
186169411
33.8956
8.2962
641
410881
263374721
25.3180
8.6222
572
327184
187149248
23.9165
8.3010
642
412164
264609288
25.3377
8.6267
573
328329
188132517
23.9374
8.3059
643
413449
265847707
25.3574
8.6312
574
329466
189119224
23.9583
8.3107
644
414736
267089984
25.3772
8.6357
575
330625
190109375
23.9792
8.3155
645
416025
268336125
25.3969
8.6401
576
331776
191102976
24.0000
8.3^3
646
417316
269586136
25.4165
8.6446
577
332929
192100033
24.0208
8.3251
647
418609
270840023
25.4362
8.6490
578
334084
193100552
24.0416
8.3300
648
419904
272097792
25.4558
8.6535
579
335241
194104539
24.0624
8.3348
649
421201
273359449
25.4755
8.6579
580
336400
195112000
24.0832
8.3396
650
422500
274625000
25.4951
8.6624
581
337561
196122941
24.1039
8.3443
651
423891
275894451
25.5147
8.6668
582
338724
197137368
24.1247
8.3491
652
425104
277167808
25.5343
8.6713
583
339889
198155287
24.1454
8.3539
653
426409
278445077
25.5539
8.6757
584
341056
199176704
24.1661
8.3587
654
427716
279726264
25.5734
8.6801
585
342225
200201625
24.1868
8.3634
655
429025
281011375
25.5930
8.6845
586
343396
201230056
24.2074
8.3682
656
430336
282300416
25.6125
8.6890
587
344569
202262003
24.2281
8.3730
657
431649
283593393
25.6320
8.6934
588
345744
W3297472
24.2487
8.3777
658
432964
284890312
25.5515
8.6978
589
346921
204336469
24.2693
8.2825
659
434281
286191179
25.6710
8.7022
590
348100
205379000
24.2899
8.3872
660
435600
287496000
25.6905
8.7066
591
349281
206426071
24.3105
8.3919
661
436921
288804781
25.7099
8.7110
592
350464
207474688
24.3311
8.3967
662
438244
290117528
25.7294
8;7154
593
351649
208527857
24.3516
8.4014
663
439569
291434247
25.7488
8.7198
594
352836
209584584
24 3721
8.4061
664
440896
292754944
25.7682
8.7241
595
354025
210644875
24.3926
8.4108
665
442225
294079625
25.7876
8.7285
596
355216
211708736
24.4131
8.4155
666
443556
295408296
25.8070
8.7329
597
356409
212776173
23.4336
8.4202
667
444889
296740963
25.8263
8.7373
598
357604
213847192
24.4550
8.4249
668
446224
298077632
25.8457
8.7416
599
358801
214921799
24.4745
8.4296
669
447561
299418309
25.8650
8.7460
600
360000
216000000
24.4949
8.4343
670
448900
300763000
25.b844
8.7503
601
361201
217081801
24.5153
8.4390
671
4.50241
302111711
25.9037
8.7547
602
362404
218167208
24.5357
8.4437
672
451584
353464448
25.9230
8 7590
603
363609
219246227
24.5561
8.4484
673
452929
304831217
25.9422
8.7634
604
364816
220348864
24.6764
8.4530
674
454276
306182024
25.9615
8.7677
605
366025
221445125
24.5967
8.4577
675
456625
3J7546875
25.9808
8.7721
606
367236
222645016
24.6171
8.4623
ere
456976
3J89 15776
26.0000
8.7764
607
368449
223648543
24.6372
8.4670
677
458329
310288733
26.0192
8.7807
608
369664
224775712
24.6577
8.4716
678
459684
311665752
26.0384
8.7850
609
370881.
225866529
24 6779
8.4763
679
461041
313046839
26.0576
8.7893
610
372100
226981000
24.6982
8.4809
esa
462400
314432000
26 0768
8.7937
611
373321
228099131
24.7184
8.4856
681
463761
315821241
26.0960
8.7980
612
374544
229220928
24.7386
8.4902
982
465124
317214568
26.1151
8.8023
613
375769
230346397
24.7588
8.4948
683
466489
318611987
26.1343
8.8066
614
376996
231475544
24.7790
8.4994
684
467856
320013504
26.1534
8.8109
615
378225
232608375
24.7992
8.5040
685
469225
321419125
26.1725
8.8152
616
379456
233744896
24.8193
8.5086
686
470596
322828856
26.1916
8.8194
617
380689
234885113
24.8295
8.5132
687
471969
324242703
26.2107
8.8237
618
381924
236029032
24.8596
8.5178
688
473344
335660672
26.2298
8.8280
619
383161
237176659
24.8797
8.5224
689
474721
327082769
26.2488
8.8.323
620
384400
238328000
24.8998
8.5270
690
476100
328509000
26.2679
8.8366
621
385941
239483061
24.9199
8.5316
691
477481
329939371
26.2869
8.8408
622
386884
240641848
24.9399
8.5362
692
478864
331373888
26.3059
8.8451
623
388129
242804367
24.9600
8.5408
693
480249
332812557
26.3249
8.8493
624
389376
242970624
24.9800
8.5453
694
481636
334255384
26.3439
8.8536
625
390625
244140625
25.0000
8.5499
695
483025
335702375
26.3629
8.8578
626
391876
245314376
25.0200
8.5544
696
484416
337153536
26.3818
8.8621
627
393129
246491883
25.0409
8.5590
697
485809
338608873
26.4008
8.8663
628
394384
247673152
25.0599
8 5635
698
487204
340068392
26.4197
8.8706
629
395641
248858189
25.0799
8.5681
699
488601
341532099
26.4386
8 8748
630
396900
250047000
25.0998
8..5726
700
490000
343000000
26.4575
8.8790
NUMBERS.
275
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, and Cube Roots, of
Numbers from i to zooo,— Continued.
NO.
SQUARE.
CUBE,
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
NO.
— *
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
701
491401
344472101
26.4764
8.8833
771
594441
458314011
27.7669
9.1696
702
492804
345948408
26.4953
8.8875
772
595984
460099648
27.7849
9.1736
703
494209
347428927
26.5141
8.8917
773
597529
461889917
27.8029
9.1775
704
495616
348913664
26.5330
8.8959
774
599076
463684824
27.8209
9.1815
705
497025
350402625
26.5518
8.9001
775
600625
465484375
27.8388
9.18.55
706
498436
351895816
26.5707
8.9043
776
602176
467288576
27.8568
9.1894
707
499849
353393243
26.5895
8.9085
777
603729
469097433
27.8747
9.1933
708
501264
354894912
86.6083
8.9127
778
605284
470910952
27.8927
9.1973
709
502681
356400:^29
26.6271
8.9169
779
606841
472729139
27.9106
9.2012
710
504100
357911000
26.6458
8.9211
780
608400
474552000
27.9285
9.2052
711
505521
359425431
26.6646
8.9253
781
609961
476379541
27.9464
9.2091
712
506944
360944128
26.6833
8.9295
782
611524
478211768
27.9643
9.2130
713
508369
362467097
26.7021
8.9337
783
613089
480048687
27.9821
9.2170
714
509796
363994344
26.7208
8.9378
784
614656
481890304
28.0000
9.2209
715
511225
365525875
26.7395
8.9420
785
616225
483736625
28.0179
9.2248
716
512656
367061696
26.7582
8.9462
786
617796
485587656
28.0357
9.2287
717
514089
368601813
26.7769
8.9503
787
619369
487443403
28.0535
9.2326
718
515524
370146232
26.7955
8.9545
788
-620944
489303872
28.0713
9 2365
719
516961
371694959
26.8142
8.9587
789
622581
491169069
28.0891
9.2404
720
51*400
373248000
26.m9A
8.9628
790
624100
493039000
28.1069
9.2443
721
519841
374805361
26.8514
8.9670
791
625681
494913671
28.1247
9.2482
722
521284
376367048
26.8701
8.9711
792
627264
496793088
28.1425
9.2581
723
522729
377933067
26.8887
8.9752
793
628849
498677257
28.1603
9.2560
724
524176
379503424
26.9072
8.9794
794
630436
500566184
28.1780
9-2599
725
525625
381078125
26.9258
8.9835
795
632025
502459875
28.1957
9.2638
726
527076
382657176
26.9444
8.9876
796
633616
504358336
28.2135
9.2677
727
528529
384240583
26.9629
8.9918
797
635209
506261573
28.2312
9.2716
728
529984
335828352
26.9815
8.9959
798
636804
508169592
28.2489
9.2754
7-4\)
531441
387420489
27.0000
9.0000
799
638401
510082399
28.2666
9.2'/93
730
fi32900
389017000
27.0185
9.0041
800
640000
510000000
28.2843
9.2832
731
534361
390617891
27.0370
9.0082
801
641601
513922401
28.3019
9.2870
73ti
535824
392223168
27.0555
9.0123
802
643204
515849608
28.3196
9.2909
733
537289
393832837
27.0740
9.0164
803
644809
517781627
28.3373
9.2948
734
538756
395446904
27.0924
9.0205
804
646416
519718464
28.3549
9.2986
735
540225
397065375
27.1109
9.0246
805
648025
521660125
28.3725
9.3025
7:^6
541696
398688256
27.1293
9.0287
806
649636
523606616
28.3901
9.3063
737
543169
400315553
27.1477
9.0328
807
651249
525557943
28.4077
9.3102
738
544644
401947272
27.1662
9.0369
808
652864
527514112
28.4253
9.3140
739
546181
403583419
27.1846
9.0410
809
654481
529475129
28.4429
9.3179
740
547600
405224000
27.2029
9.0450
810
656100
531441000
28.4605
9.3217
741
549081
406869021
27.2213
9.0491
811
657721
533411731
28.4781
9.3255
742
550564
408518488
27.2397
9.0532
812
659344
535387328
28.4956
9.3294
743
552049
410172407
27.2580
9.0572
813
660969
537367797
28.5132
9.3332
744
553536
411830784
27.2764
9.0613
814
662596
539353144
28.5307
9.3370
745
555025
413493625
27.2947
9.0654
815
664225
541343375
28.5482
9.3408
746
556516
415160936
27.3130
9.0694
816
665856
543338496
28,5657
9.3447
747
558009
416832723
27.3313
9.0735
817
667489
545338513
28.5832
9.3485
748
559504
418508992
27.3496
9.0775
818
669124
547343432
28.6007
9.3523
749
561001
420189749
27.3679
9.0816
819
670761
549353259
28.6182
9.3561
750
562500
421875000
27.3861
9.0856
820
672400
551368000
28 6356
9.3599
751
564001
423564751
27.4044
9.0896
821
674041
553387661
28.6531
9.3637
752
565504
425259008
27.4226
9.0937
822
675684
555412248
28.6705
9.3675
753
567009
42695777?
27.4408
9.0977
823
677329
557441767
28.6880
9.3713
754
568516
428661064
27.4591
9.1017
824
678976
559476224
28.70.54
9.3751
755
570025
430368875
27.4773
9.1057
825
680625
561515625
28.7228
9.3789
756
571536
432081216
27.4955
9.1098
826
682276
563559976
28.7402
9.3827
757
573049
433798093
27.5136
9.1138
827
683929
565609283
28.7576
9.3865
75 S
574564
4a55195l2
27..5318
9.1178
828
685584
5676635521
28.7750
9.3902
759
576081
4.37245479
27.5500
9.1218
829
687241
5697227891
28.7924
9.3940
760
577600
438976000
27.5681
9.1258
830
688900
571787000
28.8097
9.3978
761
579121
440711081
27.5862
9.1298
831
690561
573856191
28.8271
9,4016
762
580&44
442450728
27.6043
9.1338
832
692224
575930368!
28.8444
9.4053
763
582169
444194947
27.6225
9.1378
833
693889
578009537:
28.8617
9.4091
764
583696
445943744
27.6405
9.1418
834
695556
580093704
28.8791
9.4129
765
585225
447697125
27.6.'386
9.1458
835
697225
5821828751
28.8964
9.4166
766
586756
449455096
27.6767
9.1498
836
698896
584277056
28.9137
9.4204
767
588289
451217663
27.6948
9.1537
837
700569
586376253
28.9310
9.4241
76S
589824
452984832
27.7128
9.1577
838
702244
588480472
28.9482
9.4279
769
591361
454756609
277308
9,1617
839
703921
5905897191
28.9&55
9.4316
770
592900
456533000
27 7489
9.1657
840
705600
5927040001
28.9828
9.4354
276
NUMBERS.
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to x^ooo— Continued.
KO.
SQUABE.
CUBE.
SQ. KT.
C. RT.
NO.
SQUARE.
CUBE.
8Q. RT.
c. RT.
841
707281
594823321
29.0000
9.4391
911
829921
756058031
30.1828
9.6941
842
708961
596947688
29.0172
9.4429
912
831744
758550528
30.1993
9.6976
843
710649
599077107
29.0345
9.4466
913
833569
761048497
30.2159
9.7012
844
712336
601211584
29.0517
9.4503
914
835396
763551944
30.2324
9.7047
845
714025
603351125
29.0689
9 4541
915
837225
766060875
30.2490
9.7082
846
715716
605495736
29.0861
9.4578
916
839056
768575296
30.2655
9.7118
847
717400
607645423
29.1033
9.4615
917
840889
771095213
30.2820
9.7153
848
719104
609800192
29.1204
9.4652
918
842721
773620632
30.2985
9.7188
849
720801
611960049
29.1376
9.4690
919
844561
776151559
30.3150
9.7224
850
722500
614125000
29.1548
9.4727
920
846400
778688000
30.3315
9.7259
851
724201
616295051
29.1719
9.4764
921
848241
781229961
30.3480
9.7294
852
725904
618470208
29.1890
9.4801
922
850084
783777448
30.3645
9.7329
853
727609
620650477
29 2062
9.4838
923
851929
786330467
30.3809
9.7364
854
729316
622835864
29 2233
9.4875
924
853776
788889024
30.3974
9.7400
855
731025
625026375
29.2404
9.4912
925
855625
791453125
30.4138
9.7435
856
732(36
627222016
29.2575
9.4949
926
857476
794022776
30.4302
9.7470
857
734449
629422793
29.2746
9.4986
927
859329
796597983
30.4467
9.7505
858
736164
631628712
29.2916
9.5023
928
861184
799178752
30.4631
9.7540
859
737881
633839779
29.3087
9.5060
929
863041
801765089
30.4795
9.757b
860
739600
636056000
29.3258
9.5097
930
864900
804357000
30.4959
9.7610
861
741321
638277381
29.3428
9.5134
931
866761
806954491
30.5123
9.7645
862
743044
640503928
29.3598
9.5171
932
868624
809557568
30.5287
9.7680
863
744769
642735647
29.3769
9.5207
933
870489
812166237
30.5450
9.7715
864
746496
644972544
29.3939
9.5244
934
872356
814780504
30.5614
9.7750
865
748225
647214625
29.4109
9.5281
935
874225
817400375
30.5778
9.7785
866
749956
649461896
29.4279
9.5317
936
876096
820025856
30.5941
9.7829
867
751689
651714363
29.4449
9.5354
937
877969
8J2656953
20.6105
9.7854
868
753524
653972032
29.4618
9.5391
938
879844
825293672
30.6268
9.7889
869
755161
656234909
29.4788
9.5427
939
881721
827936019
30.6431
9.7924
870
756900
658503000
29.4958
9.5464
940
883600
830584000
30.6594
9.7959
871
758641
660776311
29.5127
9.5501
941
885J81
833:^37621
30 6757
9.7993
872
760384
663054848
29.5296
9.5537
942
8S7364
8358«6888
30.6920
9.8028
873
762129
665338617
29.5466
9.5574
943
889249
838561807
30.7083
9.8063
874
763876
667627624
29.5635
9.5610
944
891136
841232384
30.72^6
9.81197
875
765625
669921875
29.5894
9.5647
945
893025
843908625
30.7409
9.81S2
876
767376
672221376
29.5973
9.5683
946
894916
846590536
3(.7571
9.8167
877
769129
674526133
29.6142
9.5719
947
896809
849278123
30 7734
9.8201
878
770884
676836152
29.6311
9.5756
948
898704
851971392
30.7!" 96
9.8236
879
772641
679151439
29.6479
9.5792
949
900601
854670349
30.8058
9.8270
880
774400
681472000
29.6648
9.58<i8
950
902500
857375000
30.8221
9.83 6
881
776161
683797842
29.6816
9.5865
951
904401
860085351
30.8383
9.8339
8fe2
777924
686128968
29.6985
9.5901
952
906304
862801408
30.8545
9.8374
883
779689
688465387
29.7153
9.5937
953
908209
865523177
30.8707
9.8408
884
781456
690807104
29.7321
9.5973
954
910116
868250664
30.8b69
9.8443
885
783225
693154125
29.7489
9.6010
955
912025
870983875
30.9031
9.8477
8S6
784996
695506456
29.7658
9.6046
956
913936
873722816
30.9192
9.8511
887
786769
697864103
29.7825
9.6082
957
915849
876467493
30.9354
9.8546
8S8
788544
700227072
29.7993
9.6118
958
917764
879217912
30 9516
9.8580
889
790321
702595369
29.8161
9.6154
959
919681
881974079
30.9677
9.8613
890
792100
704969000
29.8329
9.6190
960
921600
884736000
30.9839
9.8648
891
793881
707347971
29.8496
9.6226
961
923521
887503681
31.0000
9.8683
892
795664
709732288
29.8664
9.6262
962
925444
890277128
31.0161
9.8717
893
797449
712121957
29.8831
9.6298
963
927369
893056347
31.0322
9.8751
894
799236
714516984
29.8998
9.6334
964
929296
895841344
31.0483
9.8785
895
801025
716917375
29.9166
9.6370
965
931225
898632125
31.0644
9.8819
896
802816
719323136
29.9333
9.6406
966
933156
901428696
31.0805
9.8854
897
804609
721734273
29.9500
9.6442
967
935089
904231063
31.0966
9.8888
898
806404
724150792
29.9666
9.6477
968
937024
907039232
31.1127
9.8922
899
808201
726572699
29.9833
9.6513
969
938961
909853209
31.1288
9.8956
900
810000
729000000
30.0000
9.6549
970
940900
912673000
31 1448
9.8990
901
811801
731432701
30.0167
9.6585
971
942841
915498611
31.1609
9.9024
902
813604
733870808
30.0333
9.6620
972
944784
918330048
31.1769
9.9058
903
815409
736314327
30.0500
9.6656
973
946729
921167317
31.1929
9.9092
904
817216
738763264
30.0666
9.6692
974
948676
924010424
31.2090
9.9126
90")
819025
741217625
30.0832
9.6727
975
9.50625
926859375
31.2250
9.9160
906
820836
743677416
30.0998
9.6763
976
952576
929714176
31.2410
9.9194
907
822649
746142643
30.1164
9.6799
977
954529
932574833
31.2570
9.9227
908
824464
748613312
30.1330
9.6834
978
956484
935441352
31.2730
9.9261
909
826281
751089429
30.1496
9.6870
979
958441
938313739
31.2890
9.9295
910
828100
753571000
30.1662
9.6905
980
960400
941192000
31.3050
9.9329
NUMBERS — NAILS.
277
Table of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots and Cube Roots of
Numbers from i to i,ooo — Continued.
i
KO.
SQUARE.
CCBH.
SQ. KT.
CRT.
NO.
991
SQUARE.
CUBE.
SQ. RT.
C. RT.
981 '
962361
944076141
31.3209
9.9363
982081
973242271
31.4802
9.9699
982
9W.324
946966168
31.3369
9.9396
992
9^064
976191488
31.4960
9.9733
98.S
066289
949^62087
31.3528
9.9430
993
986049
9791468.57
31.5119
9.9766
984
968256
952763904
31.3688
9.9464
994
988036
982107784
31.5278
9.9S0O
985
9T0225
955671625
31.3847
9.9497
995
990025
985074875
31.5436
9.9833
986
972196
958.5&5256
31.4006
9.9531
996
992016
988047936
31.5595
9.9866
987
974169
961504803
31.4166
9.9565
997
994009
991026673
31.5753
9.99CO
988
976144
964430272
31.4325
9.9598
998
996004
994011992
31.5911
9.9933
98!)
97M121
967361669
31.4484
9.9632
999
998001
997002999
31.6070
9.9967
990
980100
970299000
31.4643
9.9666
1000 1
1000000
1000000000
31.6228
10.0000
FIRST EIGHT POWERS OF FIRST TEN NUMBERS.
Powers.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4-
8
16
32
64
128
256
3
9
27
81
243
729
2187
6561
4
16
64
256
1024
4096
16384
65536
5
25
125
625
3125
15625
78125
390625
6
36
216
1206
7776
46656
279936
1679616
7
49
343
2401
168071
117649
823543
5764801
8
64
512
4096
32768
262144
2097152
16777216
9
81
729
6561
59049
531441
4782969
43046721
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000.000
10,000,000
100,000,000
LENGTHS AND NU
MBI
:r of cut naii^s to one pound.
2
0)
2
O
s
2
K
■<
e
i £
< c
i
s:
£
i
\ in.
800
500
376
224
180
3£ in
% m
% ;
IH '
2M '
2% '
3 '
4 ^ '
r- :
6U '
2d
800
464
296
224
168
120
88
70
60
48
36
24
17
13
9H
1,..^.
1100
720
523
410
268
188
146
130
102
76
62
54
1000
800
368
1
3d
4d
398
5d
178
126"
98
75
65
55
40
27
130
96
82
68
6d
95
74
62
53
46
42
38
33
20
84
64
48
36
30
24
20
16
224
7d
8d
128
110
91
71
54
40
33
27
74
60
52
9d
lOd
28
■22"
141/2
»./.
6
5H
41/2
2H
12d
16d
20d
30d
40d
50d
60d
'
'
$^'..
8 •
5 lbs. of 4-d, or 334 lbs. of 3d. will lay 1000 shingles; 534 lbs. of 3d fine will put
on 1000 laths, 4 nails to the lath.
278
NAILS.
l4
CD
Q
P
gift «0 OiC CQ o
CS t- lO-^
oiii^iooa
aaaava
g^g
p .
Q -aj J
< ►^ tf
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OmHOOlii
•xoa
aaanva
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HXOOKS
aaaava
•OKIHSIKIJ
-<}< M •?• — >
lgS2§g§SS^J§^S22^;
C'l -* <N C'J ■M t- t^ ec — 00 — i^ ift
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Cs .-I 00 — — eci>.iC!M05C^if:-^oc
CO cs ic ■<*< eo w -H — —
o JO ■^ooaooO'— i^-M-^oo
lO — 00 — • — CO i- IC 5} 05 1- Ift •* CO
CO Ci ifjTfCCi^!— — —
1 0»C IC O QO
oo C5
ift oi ir: ^^ (M 5^ — '
c
to
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CO
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0
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•a
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CO
T.
V
be
c
X
A
o
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n
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^
cS
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c
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£
en
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X
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rt
u
s
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o
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i l- ?0 05 00 t-
SgS2Sg§§g§?
•XOKKOD
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t-» ?o ificoocooiOs?DiflT(<ec(
00 ic eoi<>oi —
8 ^SSgf?8feSSi5?$55JS3i
t- -* CO 5<! — « — -H t
279
SI5JBS AND WEIGHTS OF HOT PRESSiED SQUARE NUTS.
The sizes are the usual manufacturers', not the Franklin Institute
Standard. Both weights and sizes are for the unfinished nut. The weights
are calculated, one cubic foot weighing 480 lbs.
Size of
Bolt.
Weight of
100 Nuts.
Rough
Hole.
Thickness
of Nut.
Side of
Square.
Diagonal.
No. of Nuts
in 100 lbs.
0
1.5
2.9
4.9
7
3 2
ft
h
%
%
.71
.88
1.06
6800
3480
2050
7.7
8.6
11.8
1%
h
&
K
1
1.24
1.24
1.41
1290
1170
850
%
%
16.7
17.7
22.8
y2
%
%
IK
IM
1.59
1.59
1.77
600
570
440
%
%
%
%
32.3
39.8
53.
63.
H
n
1%
%
1%
IK
11
1.94
2.12
2.30
2.47
310
251
190
159
1
1
1%
68.
94.
103.
137.
%
%
16
IK
IM
2
2X
2.47
2 83
2.83
3.18
146
106
97
73
1%
1%
145.
186.
247.
if;
ij€
1^
2k
2K
2%
3 18
3.54
3.89
69
54
41
■ 1}4
IK
319.
400.
500.
620.
ifi
1^
1%
1%
1%
3
3k
3K
3%
4.24
4.60
4.95
5.30
31.3
24.8
19 9
16.2
2
2%
750.
780.
930.
ni
1%
2
2
2%
2y^
4
4
4k
5.66
5.66
6.01
13.4
12.8
10.7
2%
23^
2%
960.
1 1130.
! 1370.
2%
2K
2h
2%
2M
2%
4k
4K
4%
6.01
6.36
6.72
10 4
8.9
7.3
3
3^
3K
1610.
2110.
2750.
2\l
2f|
3^
3
3 k
3^
5
5K
6
7.07
7.78
8.49
6.2
4.7
3.6
Meaning cf Terms "Brash," **Foxy," "Doatiness," and *'Doi5y."
"Brash" is when the wood is porous, of a reddish color, and breaks off
short, without splinters. It is generally consequent upon the decline of a
tree from age. "Foxy," is a yellow or red tinge, indicating incipient decay.
"Doatiness," is a speckled stain, but when the timber is called "Dozy" it is
understood that dry-rot has commenced; this isclosely allied to "Foxiness."
280
NUTS.
SI^^S AND W15IGHTS OF HOT PRESSED HEXAGON
NUTS.
The sizes are the usual manufacturers', not the Franklin Institute
Standard. Both weights and sizes are for the unfinished nut. The weights
are calculated, one cubic foot weighing 480 lbs.
Size of
Bolt.
1/4
5
16
%
%
1
1
11/4
1%
iy2
1%
1%
1%
2
21/8
21/4
21/2
23/4
3
31/4
3V2
Weight of
100 nuts.
1.3
2.4
4.1
6.8
7.1
9.8
14.0
14.7
19.1
22.9
27.2
39.
44.
50.
57.
64.
96.
134.
180.
235.
300.
370.
460.
450.
560.
560.
680.
810.
980.
1150.
1340.
1580.
Rough
Hole.
li^e
lr\
li^e
l/e
-^ le
iH
111
1%
2
2M
2J€
2H
3M
Thickness
of Nut.
1
IJ^
IX
1%
IK
1^
1%
1%
2
2
2M
2J€
2%
2M
2^
3
3J^
3K
Short I Long
Diameter. Diameter.
1
IM
IH
1%
IK
1%
1%
IH
IH
2
2X
2K
2H
3
3^
3K
4
4J€
4K
4%
5
.58
.72
.87
1.01
1.01
1.15
1.30
1.30
1.44
1.44
59
73
88
1.88
2.02
2.02
2.31
2 60
2.89
3.18
3.46
3.75
4.04
4.04
4.33
4.33
4.62
4.91
5.20
5
5
I 6
48
,77
,06
No. ofNuts
in 100 lbs.
8000
4170
2410
1460
1410
1020
710
680
520
440
370
256
226
198
176
156
104
75
56
42
33.4
26 7
21.5
22.4
18.0
17.7
14.7
12.3
10.2
8.7
7.5
6.3
The Metric System of Weights and Measures was first suggested about
A..D. 1528 by Jean Fernal, physician to Henry II of France. It was pro-
posed for adoption by Talleyrand to the members of the National Assem-
bly of France iu 1790, and went into effect January 1st, 1840.
281
TABI,]^.
Sliowing the average number of square and hexagon nuts in a box or
keg of 200 pounds of the raanufacturers'standard sizes.
SQUA
RE NUTS.
HEXAGON NUTS
Width
Thick- ]
ness.
Hole.
No. in 200
lbs.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Hole.
No. in 200
lbs.
y^
y^
/«
14.844
'A
14
h
17,332
%
h
3^
7,880
%
i%
,%
8,964
%
h\
4,440
%
%
hh
5,016
%
h
1%
2,732
%
h
hi
2,988
%
h
h
2,450
%
y
h
2,674
1
y.
h
1,816
y
h
2,160
i>^
K
K
1,390
IM
h
y
1,445
iM
%
.%
1,174
IM
%
&
1,310
1J4
%
h
898
rii
■ %
N
1,028
r%
%
u
662
iM
%
1%
920
IH
%
M
538
ly
%
U
752
1%
%
25
32
392
ly
%
U
510
IH
%
826
1%
y
11
450
IH
1
%
304
1^
1
¥2
428
2
1
%
224
1%
1
%
372
2
1^
15
214
1%
1^
y
336
2^4
1^
IS
152
2
IM
\%
211
2%
IJi
l/e
143
2%
1%
Ir^e
159
2%
13€
ll^g
108
2y
yy
^h
119
2%
1%
Ife
83
2%
1%
1^
88
3
1>^
ll^6
65
3
\%
ll\
69
3J€
1%
l/e
51
3%
ly
u%
56
3>^
1%
l,"e
42
'sy
2
lU
44
m
1%
lU
1 22
sy
2
lil
43
4
2
IM
! 27
4
2
IB
29
Machine Screw Nuts.
NUMBER. THREADS.
8 30 and 32
10 24-30 and 32
12 20 and 24
14 20 and 24
16 16-18 and 20
18 16 and 18
20 16 and 18
22 16 and 18
24 14 and 16
26 14 and 16
28 14 and 16
30 14 and 16
Stove Bolt Nuts.
DIAMETER OF BOLT. THREADS.
3% 30
^e 24
^ 24
H o. 18
h 18
% 18
282 ORES.
Relative Valtie of Non-Conductors.
Wool Felt 1.000
Mineral Wool, No. 2 832
Mineral Wool with Tar 715
Sawdust 680
Mineral Wool, No. 1 676
Charcoal 632
Pinewood, across Fiber 553
Loam, dry and open 550
Slacked Lime 480
Gas-house Carbon 470
Asbestos 363
Coal Ashes 345
Coke, in lumps 277
Air space, undivided 186
Measures of Ores, Barth, :^tc.
13 cubic feet of ordinary gold or silver ore, in mine = 1 ton = 2,000 lbs.
20 cubic feet of broken quartz = 1 ton = 2,000 lbs.
In calculating the quantity of ore "in place" in a mine, an allowance is
generally made for moisture in the ore. determined by the character of the
ore.
18 feet of gravel in bank = 1 ton.
27 cubic feet of gravel when dry =: 1 ton.
25 cubic feet of sand = 1 ton,
18 cubic feet of earth in bank = 1 ton.
27 cubic feet of earth when dry = 1 ton.
17 cubic ieet of clay = 1 ton.
44.8 cubic feet bituminous coal when broken down = 1 long ton, 2240 lbs.
42.3 cubic feet anthracite coal when broken down = 1 long ton, 2240 lbs.
123 cubic feet of Charcoal = 1 ton, 2240 lbs.
70.9 cubic feet of Coke = 1 ton, 2240 lbs.
1 cubic foot of Anthracite Coal = 50 to 55 lbs.
1 cubic foot of Bituminous Coal = 45 to 55 lbs.
1 cubic foot Cumberland Coal = 53 lbs.
1 cubic foot Cannel Coal = 50.3 lbs.
1 cubic foot Charcoal (Hardwood) = 18.5 lbs.
] cubic foot Charcoal (Pine) = 18 lbs.
1 cord of Wood, 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft , = 128 cubic feet.
Iron Ores.
The chief iron ores are the following: Magnetite, containing, when
purest, over 72 per cent of iron.
Hematite (with its varieties, "specular iron," "kidney iron," "micaceous
iron," etc.), containing, when purest, nearly 70 per cent.
Limonite (with its varieties, "kidney iron" and "bog iron ore"), con-
taining, when purest, about 60 per cent,
OILS. 283
Gothite, containing about 73 per cent Chalybite, with its varieties,
"spathose iron ore," ''clay band" and "black band," containing, when
purest, about 48 per cent. Of these, the first two are anhydrous oxides,
the next two hydrous oxides, and the last a carbonate.
In addition to these names, iron ores are named from their physical
characteristics.
Hard and soft, which names need no explanation.
Specular, so-called from its bright, shining micaceous look. The term
micaceous is also sometimes applied to this variety of ore.
Brown and red hematites, so-called from the color of the ore.
I/ubricating Oils.
Mineral oil has no action on zinc and copper, and acts least on brass
and most on lead.
Rape oil has no action on brass and tin; acts least on iron and most on
copper.
Tallow oil acts least on tin and most on copper.
Lard oil acts least on zinc and most on copper.
Sperm oil acts least on brass and most on zinc.
Iron is least affected by seal oil and most by tallow oil.
Brass is not affected by rape oil, least by seal oil and most by olive oil.
Tin is not affected by rape oil, least by olive oil, and most by cotton-
seed oil.
The following are used in compounding lubricating oils:
Lard oil, cotton-seed oil, sperm oil, whale oil, menhaden oil, tallow
oil, cocoanut oil, neatsfoot oil, horse oil, castor oil, neutral oil, parafline
oil, animal and mineral gelatine, cylinder stock and axle grease. Alum curds
are also used to give 'body."
Neutral oil is a product of petroleum too heavy for illuminating, and
too light for lubricating purposes. It is used for cutting animal and fish
oils, also cylinder stock,
Paraffine oil is a heavier product and a lubricant in itself, and is also
used for cutting animal oils, and for thinning cylinder stock.
Cylinder stock is a very heavy product of petroleum, and when pure
hardens like tallow.
It has a high fire test, and is the basis of all first-class cylinder oils. Its
color is greenish. Lard oil decomposes at about 385 degrees, Fahr., and is
unfit for a cylinder oil on this account. Tallow oil, unless deacidized, is un-
fit for a cylinder oil.
The following formulas will be found useful in mixing oils for lubricat-
ing purposes.
Heavy Machinery Oil.
M gal. 25 gravity paraffine oil.
% gal. best grade cylinder stock.
Engine Oil.
V2 gal. best cylinder stock.
V4, gal. neutral oil.
^gal. lard oil,
284 OILS.
I^ight Machinery Oil.
^A gal. pure W. S. lard oil.
3^ gal. 25 gravity paraffine oil.
Sewing Machines.
% pure sperm oil.
yi 25 gravity paraffine oil, or a cheaper oil as follows:
1/2 neutral oil.
1/2 pure W. S. lard oil.
Cylinder Oil.
Best grade of cylinder stock, cut w^ith 25 gravity paraffine oil, so as to
make it flow freely.
Any oil largely composed of cylinder stock will thicken in cold weather,
and should be cut with 25 gravity paraffine oil, in order to make it flow
freely from hand oil can.
None but the following oils are necessary in compounding the best
lubricating oils but they should be pure and free from all gritty matter.
Pure sperm oil.
Pure W. S. lard oil.
24 or 25 gravity paraffine oil.*
Best grade of cylinder stock.
The following are market quotations for best grades of oils used in
compounding lubricating oils. Prices are for car load lots, and subject to
fluctuation:
Sperm, bleached winter ,.,. per gal 81 cents.
Whale, extra bleached ..,..,, " 58
Menhaden, extra bleached " 35
Tallow, city, prime ^| 44
Neatsfoot, prime • " 75
Black, 29 gravity, 15 cold test " 9>2
Cylinder, dark, filtered '' 20
Paraffine, red, 21 to 22 gravity " ^^^i
There are several cheaper grades of above oils, and only the very best
grades are quoted above.
A lubricating oil should have viscosity sufficient to prevent its running
off the bearing, but too much viscosity creates friction.
A heavy "jbodj"— so called in oils, does not always indicate the best
oil. A "body" can be given the very poorest possible oils for lubricating
purposes.
In the distillation of crude petroleum, the classification of the various
products is usually as follows :
All above 88° of Baume's hydrometer is called chymogene; from 88° to
70°, gasoline; from 70° to 50°, naphtha; from 60° to 50°, benzine; from
50° to 35°, kerosene; from 35° to 28°, lubricating oil. Below 28° come the
paraffines and cylinder stocks from which lubricating oils are commonly
made,
PIPE.
285
<
<
CO
Q
o
M
I
w
o
o
m
5/2
!-
A
(«
a.
O
Oh
_o
m
^
3
05
^3
S
U
>->
'O
•— '
Q
>,
^-
o
a
I-;
.^
.s
t
Q
p
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286
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287
Wrought Iron Pipe.
MEASUREMENTS OF SOCKETS
Nominal inside
Contents of
ON
PIPE.
diameter
one foot in length
in
Gallons.
in
Inches.
Actual outside di-
ameter. Inches.
Length of
Socket. Inches.
>^
.002
.60
.81
M
.002
.78
1.00
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5
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6
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7.34
3.70
7
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8.34
4.31
8
2.61
9.44
4.56
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10.47
5.75
10
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11.50
6.25
11
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12
5.87
13.78
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13
6.89
14
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15
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16
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11.79
The oldest work on algebra is that of Diophantus, a Greek writer, who
flourished as early as the 4th century. It was introduced into Spain by
the Saracens about A.D. 900.
It was introduced into Italy by Leonardo de Pisa about A.D. 1202.
Algebraic signs were invented by Stifelius of Nuremberg, A.D. 1544.
The introduction of symbols for quantities was made by Francis Vieta
ofFrance, in A.D. 1590.
The oldest treatise on arithmetic is by Euclid about 300 years B.C.
It was introduced from Egypt into Greece by Thales about 600 years B.C.
Notation by nine digits and zero w^as known in India as early as the
6th century. This notation was introduced from India into Arabia about
A.D. 900. The Indian notation was introduced into France by Gerbert
A.D. 991; into Spain A.D. 1050; into England A D. 1253. The oldest text
l)ook using the Indian figures, and the decimal system, is that of Avicenna,
an Arabian physician who lived in Bokhara about A.D. 1000.
288
PIPE.
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290
PIPE.
Tarred or Asphalted Wrought Iron Steam, Gas and
Water Pipe.
BUTT-WELDED. LAP-WELDED.
Nominal Size
Nominal Weight
Nominal Size
Nominal Weight
Inside Diameter.
per Foot.
Inside Diameter.
per Foot.
Inches.
Pounds.
Inches.
Pounds.
1/4
.42
l!/2
2.69
%
.56
2
3.66
V2
.85
2^2
5.77
%
1.12
3
7.54
1
1.67
3V2
9.05
iy4
2.25
4
10.72
lyap-Welded Tuyere Pipe, for Coiling Purposes.
Nominal Size
Inside Diameter.
Actual Outside
Diameter.
Thickness.
Nominal Weight
per Foot.
Inches.
1
11/4
Inches.
1.315
1.66
Inches.
2.21
3.13
Wrought Iron Stay Bolt Tubes.
Inside
Diameter.
Outside
Diameter.
Weight per
ft., lbs.
Inside
Diameter.
Outside
Diameter.
Weight per
ft., lbs.
1
1
1.70
2.21
2.40
2.61
1
n
3.
3.10
3.39
3.99
Thickness of Iron Required for Flush Joint Pipe and Tubing.
SIZE.
10
-si
^1
to
Is
"5 ^
0 Oj g
00
ooHQ
■gs.
OS
1^"
III
Thickness of Iron, inches. .
u.
14
3%
5%
1%
1^5
U
M
^^
u
SIZE.
M
ava
Sw5
5£
■SSs
S3 6
0 p.
III
ill
^1|
SS5
3^5
Thickness of Iron, inches. . .
%
%
%
%
%
%
Si
II
J§
PIPE.
291
CAST IRON FI,ANG:eD PIP:^,
tr.
a
0
be
HOLBS.
Si
o
0
ii
B
Q
V
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8
CO
o
0
0
u
X
B
0
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Q
Pounds.
Inch.
Inch.
Lbs.
Per Sq.
Inch.
Feet.
Inch.
No.
Inch.
Inch.
3
^
8
50
5
7
4
%
5?i
3
t\
10
100
5
7
4
rs
5%
3
%
12
150
5
7
4
%
Z%
4
12
40
6
8
4
%
eu
4
/a
15
70
6
8
4
%
Q%
4
%
20
100
6
8
4
%
6U
4
i
25
150
6
9
4
M
7H
4
30
200
6
9
4
%
7H
5
15
40
6
9
4
7H
5
15
20
70
6
9
4
i
7H
5
%
25
100
6
9
5
%
71/2
5
%
30
150
6
10
6
%
83i
5
5^
35
150
6
10
6
%
8M
6
^
20
40
6
10
6
\
8%
6
i-^s
25
70
6
10
6
M
8^4
6
%
30
100
6
10
6
Va.
8M
6
^2
35
125
6
11
6
%
9^2
6
5Z
40
150
6
11
6
%
9H
7
1^5
25
40
8
12
6
K
lOH
7
%
35
70
8
12
6
%
101/2
7
^/2
45
100
8
13
8
%
11%
7
%
55
125
8
13
8
%
11%
8
i^e
30
40
8
13
8
%
11%
8
%
40
70
8
13
8
%
11%
8
^2
50
100
8
14
8
%
12^2
8
%
60
125
8
14
8
%
121/2
10
/b
50
50
10
16
10
M
14^
10
1*5
65
75
10
16
10
M
1414
10
^^
80
100
10
16
10
%
1434
10
^i
100
125
10
16
10
%
14M
12
7
IB
65
50
10
18
12
%
16%
12
1%
80
75
10
18
12
%
16%
12
\k
95
100
10
18
12
%
16%
12
H
110
125
10
18
12
%
16%
One of the best varnishes for smoke-stacks or steam pipes, is good as-
phaltum dissolved in oil of turpentine.
Eighty parts of sifted cast-iron turnings, two parts of powdered sal-
ammoniac, and one part sulphur made into a thick paste with water and
mixed fresh for use, makes a good cement for stopping holes in castings.
Put pure olive oil into a clear glass bottle with strips of sheet lead and
expose it to the sun for two or three weeks, then pour off the clear oil and
the result is a lubricailt which w^ill neither gum nor corrode. It is used for
watches and fine machinery of all kinds.
Cement for Joints. — Paris white, ground, four pounds; litharge,
ground, ten pounds; yellow ochre, fine, half a pound; half ounce of hemp,
cut short; mix well with linseed oil to a stiff putt3\ This cement is good
for joints on steam or water pipes. It will set under water.
292
PIPE.
standard Flange Pipe.
(U
bOu
^^.
«3
1 ^ t
p.
Vt-,
0
Length, alio win
Vs of an inch fo
Gaskets.
Diameter of
Flanges.
Diameter from
Center to Cente
of Holes.
Number of Bolt
Size of Bolts.
Medium Weigh
per Length
including Flang<
in.
ft. in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
lbs.
3
11- 117/s
SVs
6H
4
%
160
4
11—117/8
9
7}i
4
%
240
6
11-11%
12
10)^
6
%
400
8
11-11%
14
12^4
6
%
580
10
11—11%
16
14
8
%
800
12
11-11%
18%
16
8
%
1020
14
11-11%
20
IS'4
10
%
1400
16
11—11%
23
20lh
10
%
1600
18
11—11%
25
22K
12
%
1800
20
11-11%
28
25K
12
%
2100
24
11—11%
32
29K
14
%
2800
30
11—11%
40
36%
20
1
4500
36
11—11%
46
42%
24
1
5200
40
11—11%
50
46 >2
26
1
6200
48
11-11%
58
54^
30
1%
8200
HowiSouND Travels. — In dry airat 82 deg. 1,142 feet per second, or
about 775 miles per hour; in water, 4,900 feet per second; in iron, 17,500
feet; in copper, 10,378 feet; and in wood from 12,000 to 16,000 feet per sec-
ond. In water, a bell heard at 45,000 feet could be heard in the air out of
the water but 656 feet. In a balloon the barking of dogs on the ground can
be heard at an elevation of 4 miles. Divers on the wreck of theHuzzar frigate,
100 feet underwater, at Hell Gate, nearNew York, heard the paddle wheels of
distant steamers hours before they hove in sight. The report of a rifle on a
still day may be heard at 5,300 yards; a military band at 5,200 yards.
The firing of the English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard 130 miles.
Dr. Jamieson said he heard, during calm weather, every word of a sermon
at a distance of two miles.
Mercury freezes at 40 degrees below zero, and melts at 39 degrees-
Ether freezes at 47 degrees below zero; wine freezes at 20 degrees; sea water
freezes at 28.3 degrees. Alcohol has been exposed to 110 and 120 degrees
below zero without freezing.
1>IPE.
293
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294
PIPE.
Table of Dimensions and Weights of Cast-Iron Pipes.
3 inch and larger, 12 foot lengths. Smaller, 8 foot lengths.
Size, Inches.
Thickness in
Weight per
Weight per
Adapted to head
Inches.
foot, Lbs.
length, Lbs.
of water Feet.
iy2
M
5
35
75
iy2
1^6
6^4
433/4
75 to 125
1V2
%
71/2
521/2
125 to 175
1%
I's
9
63
175 to 225
2
'A
6
42
75
2
7y2
521/2
75 to 125
2
%
9
63
125 to 175
2
/e
101/2
731/2
175 to 225
3
A
11
136
75
3
%
121/2
154
75 to 125
3
i'e
15
180
125 to 175
3
H
171/2
216
175 to 225
4
h
IGV2
203
75
4
%
18
222
75 to 125
4
il
19V2
240
125 to 175
4
fe
21
259
175 to 225
6
%
25
309
75
6
h
301/2
376
75 to 125
6
M
321/2
400
125 to 175
6
K
35
432
175 to 225
8
h
401/2
499
75
8
^f
43
530
75 to 125
8
^1
481/2
598
125 to 175
8
h%
54
666
175 to 225
10
1%
53
654
75
10
y^
57
703
75 to 125
10
h%
67
826
125 to 175
10
M
73
900
175 to 225
12
K
68
839
75
12
H
72
888
75 to 125
12
%
84
1,036
125 to 175
12
ft
97
1,196
175 to 225
14
H
84
1,043
75
14
H
94
1,167
75 to 125
14
H
108
1,341
125 to 175
14
11
127
1,577
175 to 225
16
r%
101
1,254
75
16
%
117
1,453
75 to 125
16
%
134
1,664
125 to 175
16
%
155
1,925
175 to 225
18
if
120
1,490
75
18
132
1,639
75 to 125
18
16
162
2,011
125 to 175
18
ll
187
2,322
175 to 225
20
%
140
1,738
75
20
n
154
1,912
75 to 125
20
%
194
2,409
125 to 175
20
1
221
2,744
175 to 225
Other weights adapted to any head or pressure.
All pipes are tested to 300 pounds per square inch.
All pipes cast vertically in dry sand, in length of 12 feet, exclusive of
the bell, except 13^ inch and 2 iijch.
PIPE.
295
Standard Weight of Pipe for Gas and Water Per Foot and
Per Ifengthy Including Bells.
For
Gas.
For Water.
0
53
•S
•r'
1
0
n3
in
-M
-»-»
^
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fe
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CO
1^
0 +J
.biOo
II
Q
>A
^J
J
kJ
^
Q
0
•—J
Q
tt
in.
ft. in.
in.
in.
in.
Lbs.
%
3
11
132
12
144
12—4
31/2
h
1%
31/2
0-«
4
18
216
20
240
12—4
31/2
h
1%
41/4
6
281/2
342
3IV2
378
12—4
4
h
1%
61/4
8
40
480
45
540
12—4
4
h
1%
81/4
10
55
660
60
720
12-4
4
h
1%
101/4
%^
12
70
840
80
960
12—4
4
A
2
13
14
90
1080
100
1200
12—4
4
1%-
2
15
■^t:
16
110
1320
125
1500
12-4
4
%
2V8
241/4
-a^
18
140
1680
156
1875
12-4
4
%
2V8
271/4
■'1
0 .,
20
150
1800
175
2100
12—4
4
%
2V8
303/4
24
200
2400
230
2760
12—4
4
%
21/4
381/4
^§
30
290
3480
340
4080
12—4
4
7
16
23/8
563/4
u 0
36
360
4320
420
5040
12—4
4
^
2V2
791/2
^^
40
420
5040
500
6000
1-2-4
5
M
21/2
883/4
J!
48
560
6720
1 670
' 8040
12—4
5
K
2%
111
5 per cent claimed for variation from 3 to 24 inch, and 3 per cent from
24 to 48 inch.
Pipe 12 feet long has 440 joints per mile.
Good steel will not bear a white heat without falHng to pieces, and will
crumble under the hammer at a bright red heat, while at a middling heat
it may be drawn out under the hammer to a fine point. Care should be
taken that before attempting to draw it out to a point, the fracture is not
concave, and should it be so, the en 1 should be filed to an obtuse point be-
fore operating. Steel should be drawn out to a fine point and plunged into
cold water; the fractured point should scratch glass.
To test its toughness, place a fragment on a block of cast-iron ; if good,
it may be driven by the blow of a hammer into the cast-iron; if poor, it
will crush under the blow.
296
PIPE.
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298
PIPE.
Capacity of Sewer Pipe.
When the area to be drained and the fall of the sewer per hundred feet
is known, the size of the pipe required can be easily determined, by referring
to the following table, which shows the number of gallons discharged per
minute for specified sizes and grades. In main sewers this flow of course
is greatly increased by the added pressure of connecting laterals.
CARRYING CAPACITY — GALLONS PER MINUTE.
Size of
Pipe.
.o
s o
h
II
CO-"
k
c o
*'"' r-(
. o
CO
do
=1
k
CO
3 in
13
27
75
205
422
740
1168
2396
4187
19
38
105
23
47
1 9Q
32
66
183
503
1033
1818
2860
5871
10257
40
81
224
617
1273
2224
3508
7202
12580
46
93
258
711
1468
2464
4045
8303
14504
64
131
364
1006
2076
3617
5704
11744
20516
79
4? *'
163
6 "
450
9 '•
290 355
596 730
1021 1282
1651 2022
3387 i 4152
5920 725*2
1240
12 "
2554
15 "
4467
:i8 "
7047
24 "
14466
30 "
25277
Rules for lyaying Drainage Pipes.
Soils.
Coarse gravel sand
Light sand with gravel
Light loam
Loam with clay
Loam w^ith gravel
Sandy loam
Soft clay
Stiff clay
Depth of Pipe.
4 ft. 6 in.
0 '•
6 '
2 "
3 "
9 "
9 ''
2 " 6 "
Distance Apart.
60 ft.
50 "
33 "
21 "
27 "
40 "
21 "
15 "
Greatest fall of rain is 2 inches per hour. This equals 54308.6 gallons
per acre.
Cl^MlENT TO FASTEN IRON TO STONE.
Take 10 parts of fine iron filings,
30 " " plaster of Paris,
14 " " Sal ammoniac;
Mix with weak vinegar to a fluid paste and apply at once.
PIPE.
299
WJI^IGHTS OF I^^AD PIPB.
Caliber.
14 inch tubing
% inch aqueduct . .,
light
medium
strong
ex. strong ,
V^ inch aqueduct. ..
ex. light....
liRbt
medium....
strong
ex. strong.
% inch aqueduct...
ex. light
light
medium ....
strong
ex. strong.
% inch aqueduct ..
ex. light ...
light
medium ....
strong
ex. strong.
% inch aqueduct ..
ex. light.. .
light
1 inch aqueduct..
ex. light . . . .
light
medium ....
strong
ex. strong.
1 14 inch aqueduct . .
ex. light. ..
light
medium....
strong
ex. strong.
Weight
per
Foot.
lbs.
oz.
6
8
12
8
10
12
4
12
8
12
4
12
8
8
8
8
8
4
12
8
12
12
CaHber.
Weight
per
Foot.
114 inch
1% inch
2 inch
2 inch
21/2 inch
3 inch
3V2 inch
4 inch
414 inch
5 inch
aqueduct .
ex. light...
light
medium ...
strong ,
ex. strong
ex. light...
light
medium ....
strong
ex. strong,
waste
ex. light...,
light
medium ...,
strong
ex. strong,
3-16 thick
1/4 thick ....
5-16 thick.
% thick
waste
3-16 thick
^4 thick....
5-16 thick
% thick....
14 thick....
5-16 thick
% thick
waste
14 thick ...
5-16 thick
% thick....
7-16 thick
waste
waste
lbs
3
3
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
6
8
3
4
5
7
8
9
8
11
14
17
5
9
12
16
20
15
18
21
5
16
21
25
30
6
8
Bars of wrought iron will expand or contract 151200ths of their
length for each degree of heat. With the range of temperature of the U. S.
from 40° below zero to 120° above equal to 160°, wrought iron will expand
or contract more than 1080th of its length, equal to a force of 20,740 lbs.,
or 914 tons per square inch of cross section. Tensile strength increases in
from 1 to 6 re-heatings and rollings, from 43,904 lbs. to 61,824 lbs. ; in
from 6 to 12 it is redticed again to 43,904 lbs.
300
PIPE.
TABIvB OF THICKN:eSS OP I/i^AD PIPE.
To bear internal pressures with a safety of 6. taking the ultimate
cohesion of lead at 1,400 lbs. per square inch.
HEADS IN FEET.
100
200 300
400 1
500
Internal
Diame-
PRESSURE IN LBS. PER
SQ. INCH.
ter in
Inches,
43.4
86.8 130
174 1
217
THICKNESS IN INCHES.
14
.026
.055
.089
.128
.171
%
.038
.083
.134
.192
.256
y^
.051
.111
.179
.256
.341
%
.064
.138
.223
.320
.427
%
.076
.166
.268
.383
.512
%
.089
.193
.313
.447
.597
1
.102
.221
.357
.511
.682
iM
.127
.276
.447
.639
.853
1V2
.153
332
.536
.767
1.02
1%
.178
.387
.626
.895
1.20
2
.204
.442
.714
1.02
1.36
PURB BIvOCK TIN PIPB.
Wt.pr
Foot.
CALIBER.
Wt. per Foot.
CALIBER.
Lbs.
Oz.
Lbs.
Oz.
^ inch strong
2y2
5
6
6V2
6
8
61/2
10
1/2 inch dbl. ex. strong
% inch ex. strong
15
9
dbl. ex. strong
5-16 inch dbl. ex strong
% inch ex. strong
dbl ex stronp
dbl. ex. strong
% inch ex. strong
dbl. ex. strong
1 inch ex. strong
14
i
11
0
14
^ inch stron g '
dbl. ex. strong
1
4
A mixture of 30 per cent of wrought iron with cast-iron, carefully fused
in a crucible, increases the strength of cast-iron one-third.
Chilling the underside of cast-iron, materially increases its strength.
Chilled bars of cast-iron deflect more readily than unchilled. Cast-iron, at
2.5 tons per square inch, will extend same as wrought iron at 5-6 tons.
801
WEIGHT OF RIVBTED IRON AND COPPER PIPES
Per Running Foot, Including I^aps for Riveting and Calking,
but Not the Weight of Rivets.
Inter.
Diara.
Thick-
ness.
Iron.
Copper.
Inter.
Diam.
Thick-
ness.
Iron.
Copper.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
5
^
7.12
8.14
11
1^
22.75
26.30
A
10.68
12.21
J€
30.50
34.85
Va
14.25
16.28
i^6
38.15
43.70
5V2
Ys
7.78
8.89
12
h
24.08
28.50
1%
11.66
13.33
Y^
33.13
38.00
H
15.56
17.78
h
41.25
47.50
6
%
8.44
9.64
13
h
26.75
31.20
1%
12.65
14.46
%
35.75
41.50
'4
16.88
19.29
h
44.55
51.80
6V2
%
9.10
10.40
14
h
28.75
33.20
1%
13.65
15.60
Ya
38.50
44.00
%
18.2
20.80
h
47.00
55.50
7
%
9.78
1L18
15
h
30.83
35 50
h
14.68
16.78
3€
41.00
47.25
y^
19.57
22.37
1^6
51.50
59.30
71/2
H
10.49
12.00
16
X
43.75
50.50
h
15.73
17.98
h
54.75
63.00
K
20.90
23.87
17
M
46.50
53.20
s
%
11.20
12.60
h
58.00
66.50
h
16.70
19.08
18
'4
49.20
56.50
Ya.
22.25
25.44
1%
61.50
70.50
SVs
%
11.9
13 50
19
Y.
51.75
59.50
h
18.0
20.20
h
64.70
75.00
Va.
23.60
26.96
20
M
55.60
62.60
9
h
18.75
21.50
1%
68.00
78.00
^
25.00
28.58
24
1%
81.33
93.60
9V2
i^e
19.75
22.50
25
h
84.50
97.50
Y^
26.33
30.09
28
h
94.56
107.95
10
Y4.
h
21.00
27.75
34.50
24.00
31.71
40.00
30
-h
101.14
115.60
WEIGHTS OF GAI<VANI^ED IRON PIPE.
IN POUNDS PER RUNNING FOOT.
Diam
of pipe
in ins.
No. 24'no. 22No. 20
No. 18
No. 16
Diam.
of pipe
m ins.
!
No. 24 No. 22 No. 20
No. 18 No 16
Gauge.
Gauge.
Gauge.
Gauge.
Gauge.
Gauge. Gauge Gauge
Gauge
Gauge
4
IVe
IM
2
21/2
314
28
9/2
11^2
14
18
21/2
5
IM
2
21/2
3^2
4
30
10
1214
15
191/2
23
6
2H
21/2
3
4
434
32
10%
13
16
21
24/2
7
2%
3
31/2
41/2
51/2
34
11/2
14
17
22
26
«
2?|
3%
4
514
6%
36
12
15
18
24
27/2
9
314
334
41/2
5M
7
38
12M
16
19
25
29/2
^0
34
4
5
6 1/2
7%
40
13/2
17
20
26 V,
31
11
3M
414
51/2
7
8M
42
18
21
28
33
12
4
4%
6
71/2
9
44
19
22
30
35
13
414
5
6%
8/2
10
46
20
23
31/2
37
14
4%
5/2
7
9
11
48
21
24
33
39
15
5
6
71/2
9M
12
50
22
25
35
41
16
5?^
6 1/2
8
1014
13
52
26
36/2
43
18
6
7^
9
11^
1414
54
27
38^
45
20
GVb
8
10
12%
151/2
56
28
40
47
22
7H
8%
11
14
1634
58
29
42
49
24
8
9%
12
15li
I8/2
60
30
44
51
26
8U
101/2
13
16/2
20
302
PIPE.
TABI^B
Showing Square Feet of Surface on Pipes of Various I/engths
and Diameters.
i
NOMINAL INSIDE DIAMETER.
I
NOMINAL INSIDE DIAMETER.
1
1"
134"
iw
2"
2Y2"
3"
1"
IH"
1^2"
2"
2^2"
3"
"^-
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
'k?-
Sq. ft.
25.3
\f
Sq. ft.
Sq. ft.
1
.434
.497
.621
.752
.916
51
17.5
38.4
46.7
2
.7
.9
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
52
17.9
22.6
25.8
32.3
39.1
47.6
3
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.7
53
18.2
23.0
26.3
32.9
39.9
48.5
4
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.7
54
18.6
23.4
26.8
33.5
40.6
49.5
5
1.7
2.2
2.5
3.1
3.8
4.6
55
18.9
23.9
27.3
34.2
41.4
50.4
6
2.1
2.6
3.0
3.7
4.5
5.5
56
19.3
24.3
27.8
34.8
42.1
51.3
7
2.4
3.0
3.5
4.3
5.3
6.4
57
19.6
24.7
28.3
35.4
42.9
52.2
8
2.8
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.3
58
20.0
25.2
28.8
36.0
43.6
53.1
9
3.1
3.9
4.5
5.6
6.8
8.2
59
20.3
25.6
29.3
36.6
44.4
54.0
10
3.4
4.3
5.0
6.2
7.5
9.2
60
20.6
26.0
29.8
37.3
45.1
55.0
11
3.8
4.8
5.5
6.8
8.3
10.1
61
21.0
26.5
30.3
37.9
45.9
55.9
12
4.1
5.2
6.0
7.5
9.0
11.0
62
21.3
26.9
30.8
38.5
46.6
56.8
13
4.5
5.6
6.5
8.1
9.8
11.9
63
21.7
27.3
31.3
39.1
47.4
57.7
14
4.8
6.1
7.0
8.7
10.5
12.8
64
22.0
27.8
31.8
39.7
48.1
58.6
15
5.2
6.5
7.5
9.3
11.3
13.7
65
22.4
28.2
32.3
40.4
48.9
59.5
16
5.5
6.9
8.0
9.9
12.0
14.7
66
22.7
28.6
32.8
41.0
49.6
60.5
17
5.8
7.4
8.5
10.6
12.8
15.6
67
23.0
29.1
33.3
41.6
50.4
61.4
18
6.2
7.8
8.9
11.2
13.5
16.5
68
23.4
29.5
33.8
42.2
51.1
62.3
19
6.5
8.2
9.4
11.8
14.3
17.4
69
23.7
29.9
34.3
42.8
51.9
63.2
20
6.9
8.7
9.9
12.4
15.0
18.3
70
24.1
30.4
34.8
43.5
52.6
64.1
21
7.2
9.1
10.4
13.0
15.8
19.2
71
24.4
30.8
35.3
44.1
53.4
65.0
22
7.6
9.5
10.9
13.7
16.5
20.2
72
24.8
31.2
35.8
44.7
54.1
66.0
23
7.9
10.0
11.4
14.3
17.3
21.1
73
25.1
31.7
36.3
45.3
54.9
66.9
24
8.3
10.4
11.9
14.9
18.0
22.0
74
25.5
32.1
36.8
46.0
55.6
67.8
25
8.6
10.9
12.4
15.5
18.8
22.9
75
25.8
32.6
37.3
46.6
56.4
68.7
26
8.9
11.3
12.9
16.1
19.6
23.8
76
26.1
33.0
37.8
47.2
57.2
69.6
27
9.3
11.7
13.4
16.8
20.3
24.7
77
26.5
83.4
38.3
47.8
57.9
70.5
28
9.6
12.2
13.9
17.4
21.1
25.6
78
26.8
33.9
38.8
48.4
58.7
71.4
29
10.0
12.6
14.4
18.0
21.8
26.6
79
27.2
34.3
39.3
49.1
59.4
72.4
30
10.3
13.0
14.9
18.6
22.6
27.5
80
27.5
34.7
39.8
49.7
60.2
73.3
31
10.7
13.5
15.4
19.3
23.3
28.4
81
2r.9
35.2
40.3
50.3
60.9
74.2
32
11.0
13.9
15.9
19.9
24.1
29.3
82
28.2
35.6
40.8
50.9
61.7
75.1
33
11.4
14.3
16.4
20.5
24.8
30.2
83
28.6
36.0
41.3
51.5
62.4
76.0
34
11.7
14.8
16.9
21.1
25.6
31.1
84
28.9
36.5
41.7
52.2
63.2
76.9
35
12.0
15.2
17.4
21.7
26.3
32.1
85
29.2
36.9
42.2
52.8
63.9
77.9
36
12.4
15.6
17.9
22.4
27.1
33.0
86
29.6
37.3
42.7
53.4
64.7
78.8
37
12.7
16.1
18.4
23.0
27.8
33.9
87
29.9
37.8
43.2
54.0
65.4
79.7
38
13.1
16.5
18.9
23.6
28.6
34.8
88
30.3
38.2
43.7
54.6
66.2
80.6
39
13.4
16.9
19.4
24.2
29.3
35.7
89
30.6
38.6
44.2
55.3
66.9
81.5
40
13.8
17.4
19.9
24.8
30.1
36.6
90
31.0
39.1
44.7
55.9
67.7
82.4
41
14.1
17.8
20.4
25.5
30.8
37.6
91
31.3
39.5
45.2
56.5
68.4
83.4
42
14.4
18.2
20.9
26.1
31.6
38.5
92
31.6
39.9
45.7
57.1
69.2
84.3
43
14.8
18.7
21.4
26.7
32.3
39.4
93
32.0
40.4
46.2
57.8
70.0
85.2
44
15.1
19.1
21.9
27.3
33.1
40.3
94
32.3
40.8
46.7
58.4
70.7
86.1
45
15.5
19.5
22.4
27.9
33.8
41.2
95
32.7
41.2
47.2
59.0
71.4
87.0
46
15.8
20.0
22.9
28.6
34.6
42.1
96
33.0
41.7
47.7
59.6
72.2
87.9
47
16.2
20.4
23.4
29.2
35.3
43.1
97
33.4
42.1
48.2
60.2
72.9
88.9
48
16.5
20.8
23.9
29.8
36.1
44.0
98
33.7
42.5
48.7
60.9
73.7
89.8
49
16.9
21.3
24.4
30.4
36.8
44.9
99
34.1
43.0
49.2
61.5
74.4
90.7
50
17.2
21.7
24.9
31.1
37.6
45.8
100
34.4
43.4
49.7 1 62.1
75.2
91.6
A cast-iron beam will bend with one-third of its breaking weight, if the
load is laid on gradually — one-sixth if laid on at once, will produce the
same effect, lience should be capable of bearing six times the greatest weight
which can be laid on it.
PIPE.
303
DIAM:ieT:^R OF BI/AST PIPES.
Table Showing the Necessary Increase in Diameter for the
Different I^engths.
Tt will bP seen bv reference to the following table, that the diameter of pipe for transmitting
or carrvinc air from one point to another, changes with the length or distance which the air is
carried from the blower to the furnace, or other point of delivery. ^ ^ ^ . ^.
As ai? moves through pipes, a portion of its force is retarded by the friction of its particles
alon^ the sides of the pipe, and the loss of pressure from this source increases directly as the
fengrh of the pipe, and :is the square of the velocity of the moving air.
Thififirt has iono- been known, and many experimenters and engineers, by close observa-
tion and long continued experiments have established formulas by which the loss of pressure
and the additional amount of power required to force air or gases through pipes of any length
and diameter may be computed.
As these formulas are commonly expressed m algebraic notation, not in general use, we
have thought it desirable to arrange a table showing at a glance all the necessary proportionate
increase in diameter and length of blast pipe and conical mouth-pieces, in keeping up the
pressure to the point of delivery. It is often the case where a blower is condemned as being
i/i«/?!aen<, the cause of its failure is. that the pipe connections are too small for their length
and laro^e number of short bends, without regard to making the pipe tight, which is a necessity.
The table, diameter of pipes, given below, showing the necessary increase in the size of
pipes in proportion to the length is what we call a practical one, and experience has proven
the necessity for it.
LENGTH OF PIPE.
30 ft.
60 ft.
■£9
11
90 ft.
120 ft
150 ft
1
180 ft.
210 FT.
240 ft
270 ft
300 ft
1.
S|
II
II
11
41/2
5
534
I2
II
P
11
c 0
s
3
4
3%
41/8
42i
4
41/2
51/8
414
4%
5%
434
5«
5
51/2
614
51/8
5%
6/2
5%
5%
51/2
6
5
51/2
61/2
5%
6
7
534
6%
7%
6
ex
63%
81/^
9
7
734
9%
714
81/8
934
71/2
8%
101/8
7%
834
10/2
7
8
9
7%
10
814
9/2
8%
lOi/a
11/2
10^
121/8
10
11%
12%
10%
11%
13%
10%
11%
12%
141/2
1134
13%
151/8
121/8
13%
15%
10
11
12
11
18
131/8
11%
13
1414
12^
13%
15^
131^
1434
161/8
1414
14%
16%
17%
151/2
171/8
18%
161/8
1734
19%
16M
I81/2
201/8
17%
191/8
20%
13
14
15
1414
15%
I6I/2
15%
16%
161^
1734
19
nl/i
.18%
201/8
18%
193£
2l>4
1914
20M
2214
201/8
21 M
2314
21
22%
2414
2\%
231/2
251/8
22%
2414
26
16
17
18
171/2
17%
1934
19
201/8
21%
203^
21/2
222£
211/2
2234
2414
22%
24
251/2
23%
2634
24 3^
26%
27%
25%
27>^
291/8
26%
281/2
301/8
27M
291/2
3114
19
20
21
20%
22
23
221/2
23%
24%
24
253^
26%
251/2
27%
2814
27
28%
2934
311/8
150 ft.
2814
2934
311/8
291/2
31
321/2
30 3£
3214
33%
31%
331/2
3514
33
3434
36%
22
23
24
241/8
2514
261/2
261/8
2714
27%
291/^
303/3
29/2
30%
3214
32%
3414
35%
341/8
35%
3714
351/2
371/8
38%
36%
381/2
4014
381/8
39%
41%
Length of Pipe.
30 ft.
60 ft.
90 ft.
120 ft.
180 ft.
210 ft.
240 ft.
270 ft.
300 ft.
Length of Mouth-piece.
9 in.
15 in.
21 in.
27 in.
33 in.
39 in.
42 in.
48 in.
54 in.
60 in.
The longer the Pipe, the larger the Diameter.
304
PIPE.
To £nd the weight, per running foot, of pipes and tubes.
Rule: Square the external diameter of the pipe, or tube, in inches.
Square, also, the internal diameter. Subtract the latter from the former,
and multiply the remainder by the constant number 2.64 for wrought iron,
2.45 for cast iron, 2.82 for brass, 3.03 for copper, and 3.86 for lead, and
the product will be the weight per lineal foot.
To And ths loss of pressure in air pipes by reason of friction.
Rule: Divide the coefficients, in the following table, corresponding to
the diameter of the pipe, and multiply the quotient by the square of the
number of cubic feet of air passing per second, and this product by the
weight of one cubic foot of air in ounces, and this product by the constant
number .000733, and this product by the length of pipe in yards, and the
result will be the total loss of pressure in line of pipe.
Table of Coefficients.
Diameter of Pipe
in Inches.
Coefficient.
Diameter of Pipe
in Inches.
Coefficient.
.394
58395000 00
5.905
25.32
.787
1169250.00
7.087
9.918
1.063
222800.00
7.874
5.785
1.575
26280.00
9.055
2.836
2.126
5267.50
10.236
1.517
2.362
3010.40
11.024
1.042
3.150
601.00
12.205
0.621
3.543
356.90
13.386
0.339
3.937
206.20
14.173
0.291
5.118
52.92
14.961
0.221
Cubic feet of air passing per second, may be calculated from the strokes
of the air compressor.
Medical Divisions of the Gallon.
69 Minims— (M) = 1 Fluidrara M f3 il
8 Fluidrams— (f 3) = 1 Fluidounce = 480
lOFluidounces— (fl) = 1 Pint = 7,680= 128
8 Pints— (O) = 1 Gallon (Cong.) = 61,440 = 1,024 =128
0 is an abbreviation of octans, tht Latin for one-eighth; Cong, for
congiarium, the Latin for gallon.
1 Common teaspoonful =: 45 drops.
1 Common teaspoonful = V4, common tablespoonful = 1 fluidram.
1 Common tablespoonful = Vs common teacup = about X fluidounce.
1 Common teacup = about 4 fluidounces.
1 Pint of water = about 1 pound.
^ is an abbreviation for recipe, ortake; a aa., for equal quantities ; j.
for 1 ; ij. for 2 ; iij. for 3 ; ss. for semi, or half; gr. for grain ; P for particula,
or little part ; P. seq. for equal parts ; q. p., as much as you please.
PIPE.
30^
AR^AS AND C0NT:^NTS OF PIPES, AND SQUARE
ROOTS OF DIAMETERS.
s
Q
Diameter in Feet.
Area in sq. ft.;
also cubic ft. in 1
ft. length of Pipe.
0 c
«■;:
Si!
P
7J
+->
1)
B
Q
1 Diameter in Feet.
1 Area in sq. ft.;
also cubic ft. in 1
ft. length of Pipe.
Square Root of
1 Diameter in Feet.
1
V4.
.0208
.0003
.145
111/2
.9583
.7213
.979
%
.0313
.0008
.177
113/4
.9792
.7530
.990
V2
.0417
.0014
.204
12
1.
.7854
, 1.000
%
.0625
.0031
. 250
1214
1.021
.8184.
1.010
1
.0833
.0055
.289
121/2
1.042
.8522
1.020
IV4
.1042
.0085
.322
123/4
1.063
.8866
1.031
IV2
.1250
.0123
.354
13
1.083
.9218
1.041
2
.1667
.0218
.408
131/4
1.104
.9576
1.051
2V2
.2083
.0341
.457
131/2
1.125
.9940
1.060
23/4
.2292
.0412
.478
133/4
1.146
1 031
1.070
3
.2500
.0491
.500
14
1.167
1 069
1.080
31/4
.2708
.0576
.520
141/2
1.208
1.147
1.099
31/2
.2917
.0668
.540
l43^
1.229
1.187
1.110
33/4
.3125
.0767
.560
15
1.250
1.227
1.118
4
.3333
.0873
.579
151/4
1.271
1.268
1.127
41/4
.3542
.0985
.596
151/2
1.292
1.310
1.136
41/2
.3750
.1104
.612
153/4
1.313
1.353
1.146
43/4
.3958
.1231
.629
16
1.333
1..^96
1.155
5
.4167
.1363
.645
I61/4
1.354
1.4.40
1.163
5V4
.4375
.1503
.660
I61/2
1.375
1.485
1.172
51/2
.4583
.1650
.677
163/4
1.396
1.530
1.181
53/4
.4792
.1803
.693
17
1.417
1.576 ,
1.190
6
.5
.1964
.707
1714
1.437
1.623
1.199
614
.5208
.2131
.722
171/2
1.458
1.670
1.207
6V2
.5417
.2304
.736
173/4
1.479
1.718
1.216
63/4
.5625
.2485
.750
18
1.5
1.767
1.224
7
.5833
.2673
.764
I81/2
1.542
1.867
1.241
714
.6042
.2867
.777
19
1.583
1.969
1.258
71/2
.6250
.3068
.791
20
1.667
2.182
1.291
73/4
.6458
.3276
.803
21
1.750
2.405
1.323
8
.6667
.3491
.817
22
1.833
2.640
1.354
81/4
.6875
.3712
.829
23
1.917
2.885
1.384
81/2
.7083
.3941
.841
24
2.000
3.142
1.414
83/4
.7292
.4176
.854
25
2.083
3.409
1.443
9
.75
.4418
.866
26
2.166
3.687
1.472
9V4
.7708
.4667
.879
27
2.250
3.976
1.500
91/2
.7917
.4922
.890
28
2.333
4.276
1.528
93/4
.8125
.5185
.902
29
2.416
4.587
1.555
10
.8333
.5454
.913
30
2.500
4.909
1.581
101/4
.8542
.5730
.924
32
2.666
5.585
1.633
101/2
.8750
.6013
.935
35
2.916
6.681
1.708
103/4
.8958
.6303
.946
40
3.333
8.727
1.825
11
.9167
.6600
.957
42
3.500
9.621
1.871
111/4
.9375
.6903
.968
20
306
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308
PIPE.
CONTENTS OF CYI,IND:^RS AND PIPES IN CUBIC
FEET AND GAI,I,ONS.
f3
For one foot
s
For one foot
S
For one foot
03
Q
in Length,
Q
in Length.
Q
in Length.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Ins.
Cubic
of 231
Ins.
Cubic
of 231
Cubic
of 231
Feet.
cubic
Feet.
cubic
Ins.
Feet.
cubic
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
M
.0003
.0025
V4
.0985
.7369
1/2
.6013
4.498
fe
.0005
.004
V2
.1104
.8263
%
.6303
4.715
%
.0008
.0057
%
.1231
.9206
11
.66
4.937
7
i.fi
.001
.0078
5
.1364
1.02
1/4
.6903
5.164
y,
.0014
.0102
1/4
.1503
1.125
1/2
.7213
5.396
1%
.0017
.0129
V2
.165
1.234
%
.753
5.633
'A
.0021
.0159
%
.1803
1.349
12
.7854
5.875
H
.0026
.0193
6
.1963
1.469
1/2
.8522
6.375
%
.0031
.0230
1/4
.2131
1.594
13
.9218
6.895
\%
.0036
.0269
1/2
.2304
1.724
1/2
.994
7.436
%
.0042
.0312
%
.2485
1.859
14
1.069
7.997
M
.0048
.0359
7
.2673
1.999
1/2
1.147
8.578
1
.0055
.0408
14
.2867
2.145
15
1.227
9.180
%
.0085
.0638
1/2
.3068
2.295
1/2
1.31
9.801
Vi
.0123
.0918
%
.3276
2.45
16
1.396
10.44
%
.0167
.1249
8
.3491
2.611
1/2
1.485
11.11
2
.0218
.1632
1/4
.3712
2.777
17
1.576
11.79
Va.
.0276
.2066
1/2
.3941
2.948
1/^2
1.67
12.49
y^
.0341
.255
%
.4176
3.125
18
1.767
13.22
%
.0412
.3085
9
.4418
3.305
1/2
1.867
13.96
3
.0491
.3672
1^
.4667
3.491
19
1.969
14.73
3€
.0576
.4309
1/2
.4922
3.682
1/2
2.074
15.51
y
.0668
.4998
%
.5185
3.879
20
2.182
16.32
%
.0767
.5738
10
.5454
4.08
22
2.640
19.75
4
.0873
.6528
1/i
.573
4.286
25
3.409
25.50
To find contents of larger pipe than given above.
Take 1/2 the size and multiply by 4, or take 14 the size and multiply by
16, thus; contents of pipe 30 inches diameter = 9.180 (contents of 15 inch
pipe) X 4 = 36.72 gallons.
Contents of pipe 50 inches diameter = 8522 (contents of 12K inch
pipe) X 16 = 13.6352 cubic inches.
Cubic inches in a gallon = 231.
Gallons in a cubic foot = 7.4805.
A cubic foot of water = 621/3 lbs. usually taken at 623^ lbs.
Weight of a gallon of water = SVs lbs.
PIPE.
309
TABI,E OF FI^OW OF STiEAM THROUGH PlPi^S.
Diameter of pipe in inches. Length of pipe = 240 times its diameter.
>ure
e. L
sq.i
H 1
IK 2 1 2K 1 3 4 1 5
6
Press
per
Weight of steam per minute in pounds, with one pound loss
of pressure.
1
1.16
2.07
5.7
10.27
15.45
25.38
46.85
77.3
115.9
10
1.44
2.57
7.1
12.72
19.15
31.45
58.05
95.8
143.6
20
1.70
3.02
8.3
14.94
22.49
36.94
68.20
112.6
168.7
30
1.91
3.40
9.4
16.84
25.35
41.63
76.84
126.9
190.1
40
2.10
3.74
10.3
18.51
27.87
45.77
84.49
139.5
209.0
50
2.27
4.04
11.2
20.01
30.13
49.48
91.34
150.8
226.0
60
2.43
4.32
11.9
21.38
32.19
52.87
97.60
161.1
241.5
70
2.57
4.58
12.6
22.65
34.10
56.00
103.37
170.7
255.8
80
2.71
4.82
13.3
23.82
35.87
58.91
108.74
179.5
269.0
90
2.83
5.04
13.9
24.92
37.52
61.62
113.74
187.8
281.4
100
2.95
5.25
14.5
25.96
39.07
64.18
118.47
195.6
293.1
120
3.16
5.63
15.5
27.85
41-93
68.87
127.12
209.9
314.5
150
3.45
6.14
17.0
30.37
45.72
75.09
138.61
228.8
343.0
Elevation of l/ocalities Above the I^evel of the Sea.
Locality.
Feet.
Locality.
Feet.
Tunnel, C. &. O. R. R., Peru...
City of Potosi, Bolivia
Lake Titicaca, Peru
City ofCuzco, Peru
..15,645
.13,330
..12,846
..11,380
..10,883
.. 9,543
.. 9,343
.. 8,732
.. 8,242
. 7,963
.. 7,852
.. 7,471
.. 7.200
., 7,042
.. 6.395
. 6,360
.. 6.216
.. 6,041
.. 6,000
.. 6,000
.. 5,866
.. 5,000
.. 4.340
. 4.340
.. 4,220
. 4,137
Pyramid Lake, Nevada
City of Jerusalem, Syria
" Madrid, Spain
Munich, Bavaria...
Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland..
Gibraltar, Spain
Lake Lucerne, Switzerland
" Zurich, "
" Constance, "
City of Geneva,
Moscow. Russia
Lake Superior, U. S
City of Lima. Peru
Lake Michigan, U. S
'■ Huron, "
..4,000
..2,730
..1,995
..1,764
..1,437
..1,400
..1,380
..1,363
..1,250
..1,230
.. 928
.. 627
600
" Quito, Ecuador
" Chuquisaca. Bolivia...
" Bogota, Columbia
" Sherman, Wj'oming:....
Hospice Gt. St. Bernard, Alps
City of Arequipa, Peru
" Mexico, Mexico
" Pueblo "
" Summit. California....
" Valladoiid, Mexico
.. 587
574
" Cabul. Afghanistan...
Lake Tahoe, California
Erie. "
" Ontario, "
.. 555
282
City of Cheyenne, Wvoming...
Popayan, Colombia...
Kelat.Beloochistan....
" Truckee, California....
Cashmere, India
" Jalapa, Mexico
Ogden, Utah
Great Salt Lake, Utah
City of Paris, France
•' San Jose, California
" London. England
" Sacramento, Cal
Depression.
Caspian Sea, Europe and Asia.
Lake Gennesaret , Syria
Dead Sea, Syria
.. 115
.. 114
64
.. 56
83
.. 653
City of Teheran, Persia
..1,317
'The Surface of the Earth as to inequalities can be illustrated as follows: The
equatorial diameter of the earth is about 7,925 miles. The highest mountain of
the earth is Mount Everest, which has an altitude of 29.002 feet. An elevation of
one-sixteenth of an inch on the surface of a globe, seven and one-half feet in diam-
eter, is in the same proportion.
310
PIPE.
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•1
PIPE.
311
Although the combined area of four 8-inch pipes is equal to that of one
16-inch pipe, the four small pipes will not convey as much air as the large
one, at the same pressure, on account of the increased friction; it will really
require 5.7 8-inch pipes.
To find from table how many pipes of smaller diameter will convey at
a given pressure the same amount of air as one of greater diameter, find
the diameter of large pipe in first vertical column, and follow along
horizontally until reaching the column headed by the diameter of the
small pipes, and the required number will be found.
The pressure or densitj^ of a blast is usually denoted by the height of a
column of mercur3^ or water which it will sustain. At a temperature of 60
degrees, 1 ounce pressure per square inch equals a column of mercury
.1273 inches high, or, a column of water 1.729 inches high. Or, 1 pound
pressure per square inch equals a column of mercury 2.0376 inches high,
or a column of water 27.671 inches high.
l/oss of Heat from Steam Pipes.
Table of mone\^ loss from 100 feet of naked steam pipe, for one year of
3,000 working hours. The temperature of the air surrounding the pipe is
taken at 70 degrees. It is further assumed that 10 pounds of water, " at
and from 212 degrees " are evaporated by one pound of coal, and, finally,
that the value of coal is $6 per ton of 2,000 pounds.
The outside surface of straight pipe, is that on which the calculations
are based.
NOMINAL
STEAM PRESSURES.
DIAMETER
OF PIPE.
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
$13.15
$13.70
$14.20
$14.66
$15.08
$15.47
1'4
16.58
17.29
17.92
18.49
19.02
19.51
1^
18.98
19.78
20.51
21.17
21.77
22.33
2
23.72
24.73
25.63
26.45
27.21
27.91
2y,
28.72
29.94
31.03
32.03
32.94
33.79
3
34.97
36.45
37.78
38.99
40.10
41.14
4
44.96
46.86
48.57
50.13
51.56
52.89
5
55.57
57.92
60.04
61.96
63.73
65.38
6
66.27
69.08
71.60
73.89
76.01
77.96
To find the head in feet due to friction, in a pipe running full.
Rule: Multiply the length of the pipe in feet, by the square of the
number of gallons per minute, and divide the product by 1,000 times the
5 th power of the diameter of the pipe in inches. The quotient, less 10 per
cent, is the head in feet necessary to overcome the friction.
Table of sth Powers.
Diameter
1.00...
1.25...
1.50...
Diameter ^
1.0
3.0
7.6
312 PIPE.
Diameter. Diameter ^
1.75 16.4
2.00 , 32.0
2.50 97.6
3.00 243.0
3.50 525.0
4.00 , 1,024.0
4.50 1,845.3
5.00. •. 3,125.0
5.50 5,032.8
6.00 7.776.0
7.00 16,807.0
8 00 , 32,768.0
9.00 59,049.0
10.00 100,000.0
12.00 248,832.0
14.00 525,324.0
16.00 1,048,576.0
Example: A pipe 4 inches in diameter and 4,000 feet long, is to deliver
200 gallons per minute, what head of water in feet is equivalent to the
friction ?
4,000 X 40,000 j^gg ^Q ^^^^ ^ ^gg — 15 = 141 feet.— Ans.
1,000X1,024
The resistance to the flow of water through pipes, is as the square of
the velocity.
Spiral Riveted Steam Pipe.
Approximate Approximate
Bursting pressure per weight per
Diameter. Gauge. square inch. foot.
Pounds. Pounds.
3 in No. 18 1300 1%
4 " " 1000 2y2
5 " " 800 3
6 " No. 16 800 434
7" " 700 5V2
8 " No. 14 800 8V2
9 " " 750 91/2
10 " " 650 IOV2
11 " " 600 IIV2
12" " 550 13y2
13" '• 500 141/2
14 " " 470 15V2
15 " " 450 17
16 " " 400 1834
18 " " 370 21
28 " " 300 23
313
Bursting Pressures of Spiral Riveted Steam Pipe.
Diameter. Bursting pressure per square inch.
3 in 500 to 1300 pounds.
4 " 400tol000
5 " 350to 800
6 " 300 to 800
7 " 250 to 700
8 " 225to 800
9 " 200to 750
10 " 175to 650
11 " 150to 500
12 " 140to 550
From 13 to 20-inch bursting pressures range from 500 to 350 pounds
to the square inch, according to diameter and gauge.
Spiral Riveted Steam Pipe.
Table of Iron and Rivets required for Punched and Formed Sheets.
Number of square feet of iron required to make 100
Approximate num-
lineal feet punched and formed sheets when put to-
ber of rivets 1 in.
gether.
apart, required for
100 lineal feet of
punched and
Diameter.
Width of Lap.
Square Feet.
formed sheets.
3 inch.
1 inch.
90
1600
4 "
1
116
1700
5 •'
iy2 "
150
1800
6 "
1V2 "
178
1900
7 "
11/2 "
206
2000
8 "
1V2 "
234
2200
9 "
2
260
2300
10 "
2
295
2400
11 "
2
323
2500
12 "
2
349
2600
13 "
2
379
2700
14 "
2
405
2800
15 "
2
434
2900
16 "
2
46-3
3000
18 "
2
517
3200
20 "
2
573
3500
22 "
2
630
3700
24 "
2 "
683
3900
26 •♦
2
740
4100
28 "
2 "
795
4400
30 "
2 "
850
4600
Green-sand iron castings are 6 per cent, stronger than dry sand, and
30 per cent, stronger than chilled; but when castings are chilled and an.
nealed, a gain of 115 per cent, is attained over green sand castings.
314
PIPE.
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315
Boiler Feed or Pressure Pumps.
SIZES AND CAPACITIES.
1
a
1
I.
Capacity per minute at
'i
p.
^■^ 0
0 oj «
2
It
=3^
ordinary speed.
0
CO «
2 ="
.2 <^
00
^
^
0
CO
pi
CO
Q
Em
n
2H
IH
3
.023
150 Strokes. 3% gals.
Ji
%
Vi
9^
17x 5
3
IM
3
.031
150 " 4% •'
%
%
1/2
18x 5
SH
2*
4
.05
150 " 71/2 "
14
%
1^4
1
26x 6
25
3H
2M
4
.07
150 " 101/2 "
'A
%
1^4
1
28x 7
40
4
24
5
.11
150 " I6V2 "
V2
%
IJi
1
31x 8
60
5
3^
7
.25
125 " 31
\
1
2
l!/2
44x13
90
5»4
38
7
.35
125 " 42
%.
1
2
14
45x14
130
7
4*
7
.39
125 " 49 "
1^
2^2
2
45x14
160
7
41/2
10
.69
100 " 69
1^
3
2!/2
55x16
200
7H
5
10
.85
100 •' 85 "
iH
3
21/2
55x16
250
8
5
12
1.02
100 '• 102
iH
4
4
67x19
300
10
6
12
1.47
100 " 147 "
U4
11/2
4
4
67x19
400
12
7
12
2.00
100 " 200 "
2
21/2
5
5
67x20
600
14
8
12
2.61
100 " 261
2
21/2
5
5
67x20
16
10
16
5.44
75 " 408 "
2^
3
6
6
80x22
18
12
24
11.75
50 " 588
31/2
4
8
6
110x27
20
14
24
16.00
50 " 800 "
34
4
10
8
111x29
BESSBM^R STBBI/.
This process of making steel consists in melting several tons of pig
iron, as free as possible from sulphur and phosphorus, in a cupola, and al-
lowing it to run into a huge vessel called a "converter," which is supported
b3' two trunnions to allow of its being easily tilted. Air is driven through
the molten mass, through the bottom of the converter, causing it to bubble
and boil, and producing a most intense combustion. The object is to burn
out all the carbon in the iron, and purify it of all dirt, etc. The blowing
process takes about 20 minutes. When the iron is rid of its carbon, and
purified, the blast is shut off, and a certain quantity of "spiegeleisen" and
silex is added in a molten state to convert the mass of quiescent molten pig
iron in the converter into steel. It requires an expert to determine when
the blast is to be shut off. The molten mass (now steel) is poured into
molds to form ingots.
"Spiegeleisen" is pig iron rich in carbon and manganese. The ingots
are re-heated and then hammered into billets. The billets are re-heated and
rolled into rails, etc.
316
PUMPS.
Tank or Ifight Service Pumps.
These pumps are principally used at railroad water stations, gas and
oil works, bleacheries, tanneries, refineries, plantations, distilleries, etc. A
variety of valves are used adapted for pumping hot, cold, thick, thin, alka-
line or other liquids.
For quarries and clay pits, also for coffer dams, tunnels, foundation
pits, ore beds, sewerage and irrigating purposes, these pumps are especially
adapted, having large water passages and valve openings.
SIZES AND CAPACITIES.
1
1
s
i
.g
.9
J3
aj
a;
"S^
'>>
g
ii
B
s.
.2*
Floor Space
^^
^«
'"'
P. .
Capacity per minate at
ft
-4J QD
"^rL
Required.
u^
s
«l
ordinary speed.
a
S.S
§^
Inches.
0) 0
M
° 2
OS «
•rz 0
> 0
s (=>
% ^
0
^i^
C3
.a fl
« G
:= fl
-2'-'
^"
(-C
S3 aa
-2
W"
o'"'
0)1-1
DO
^
0
CD
W
m
a
3^
334
4
.15
125 Strokes, 18 gals.
Vz
%
IH
134
28 xlO
4
4
5
.27
125 " 33 •'
v%
Va
2
1^2
34 xU
5
4
7
.39
125 " 49 "
%
1
23/2
2
44 xl2
51/2
51/2
7
.72
125 " 90 "
%
3
23/2
44 X13I/4
6
5%
7
72
125 " 90 "
3
21/2
44 XI31/2
6
6
12
l!47
100 " 147 "
%
4
4
6654x19
6
7
12
2.00
100 " 200 "
5
5
66Mxl9
m
7
10
1.66
100 " 166 "
m
5
5
56^2X19
7%
71/2
10
1.91
100 " 191 "
134
5
5
561/2x19
8
6
12
1.47
100 " 147 "
1
134
4
4
662£xl9
8
7
12
2.00
100 " 200 "
134
5
5
66^x19
8
8
12
2.61
100 " 261 "
134
5
5
66^x20
8
9
13
3.30
100 " 330 "
13€
6
6
66^x21 H
8
10
12
4.08
100 " 408 "
134
6
6
6654x211/2
10
10
12
4.08
100 " 408 "
13i
1^2
6
6
66i5£x2H4
10
10
16
5.44
75 " 408 "
m
IK2
6
6
78^x211^
10
12
12
5.87
100 " 587 "
134
X^
8
6
663^x2334
10
12
16
7.83
75 " 587 "
134
8
6
781/2x235^
12
10
12
4.08
100 " 408 "
2
23I
6
6
6624x211/2
12
10
16
5.44
75 " 408 "
2
234
6
6
78^x211/2
12
12
12
5.87
100 " 587 "
2
23/2
8
6
663£x235£
12
13
16
7.83
75 " 587 "
2
21/2
8
6
781/2x2354
14
12
12
5.87
100 " 587 "
2
21/2
8
6
66^x2354
14
12
16
7.83
75 " 587 "
2
2^2
8
6
78i/2X^?£
14
14
16
10.66
75 " 800 "
2
21/2
10
8
78i/ax27
14
14
Zi
16.00
50 " 800 "
2^2
3
10
8
108 x27
14
16
16
14.92
75 " 1020 "
2^2
3
12
10
80 X351/2
14
16
24
20.88
50 " 1044 "
2^2
3
12
10
108 X35J4
16
14
16
10.66
75 " 800 "
2^2
3
10
8
781/2x27
16
14
24
16.00
50 " 800 "
2^2
3
10
8
108 x27
16
16
16
14.92
75 " 1020 "
2!/2
3
12
10
80 X351/2
16
16
24
20.88
50 " 1044 "
21/2
3
12
10
108 X351/2
16
18
24
26.44
50 " 1322 "
21/2
3
12
10
108 x38
16
£0
24
32.64
50 " 1632 "
21/2
3
14
12
108 x40
18
16
24
20.88
50 " 1044 "
31/2
12
10
110 X351/2
18
18
24
26.44
50 " 1322 "
31/2
12
10
110 x38
18
20
24
32. 6i
50 " 1632 "
3^/2
14
12
110 x40
18
22
24
39.50
50 " 1975 "
31/2
4
14
14
110 x42
20
18
24
26.44
50 " 1322 "
3H
12
10
118 x38
20
20
24
32.64
50 " 1622 "
3^2
14
12
118 x40
20
22
24
39.50
50 " 1975 "
31/2
14
14
118 x42
20
24
24
47.00
50 " 2350 "
3^2
16
16
118 x44
A unit of work is the labor requisite to raise one pound through the
space of one foot.
PUMPS.
317
DUPLEX ST^AM PUMPS.
For Water Pressure Not iExceeding 150 lbs. Speed from 50 to
100 feet per Minute.
s
5
a
6
0
0
er Strokes per
lute of one
inger,varying
h kind of
rk and Pres-
e.
ered
by
ers,
mber
0 «
acement
onsperst
ne Plung
ns deliv
minute
;h Plung
stated nu:
Strokes.
ecu
1^
g
ill
2 SOh ^ ^ S
-^ a^ CO 0
s
s
^
Q
eu
0
3
2
3
.04
100 to 250
8 to 20
4V2
234
4
.10
100 to 200
20 to 40
5V4.
31/2
5
.20
100 to 200
40 to 80
6
4
6
.33
100 to 150
70 to 100
71/2
41/2
6
.42
100 to 150
85 to 125
71/2
5
6
.51
100 to 150
100 to 150
71/2
41/2
10
.69
75 to 125
100 to 170
9
51/4
10
.93
75 to 125
135 to 230
10
6
10
1.22
75 to 125
180 to 300
10
7
10
1.66
75 to 125
245 to 410
12
7
10
1.66
75 to 125
245 to 410
14
7
10
1.66
75 to 125
245 to 410
12
81/2
10
2.45
75 to 125
365 to 610
14
81/2
10
2.45
75 to 125
365 to 610
16
8V2
10
2.45
75 to 125
365 to 610
I8V2
81/2
10
2.45
75 to 125
365 to 610
20
8y2
10
2.45
75 to 125
365 to 610
12
IOV4
10
3.57
75 to 125
530 to 890
14
101/4
10
3.57
75 to 125
530 to 890
16
1014
10
3.57
75 to 125
530 to 890
I8V2
101/4
10
3.57
75 to 125
530 to 890
20
1014
10
3.57
75 to 125
530 to 890
14
12
10
4.89
75 to 125
730 to 1220
16
12
10
4.89
75 to 125
730 to 1220
I81/2
12
10
4.89
75 to 125
730 to 1220
20
12
10
4.89
75 to 125
730 to 1220
ISVa
14
10
6.66
75 to 125
990 to 1660
20
14
10
6.66
75 to 125
990 to 1660
17
10
15
5.10
50 to 100
510 to 1020
20
12
15
7.34
50 to 100
730 to 1460
20
15
15
11.47
50 to 100
1145 to 2290
25
15
15
11.47
50 to 100
1145 to 2290
If 3f times the difference between the diameter of cylinder and the out-
side diameter of a cast iron piston ring, be cut out of same, it will go into
the cvHnder when cold. In the case of brass rings, more should be cut out,
as brass expands more than cast iron.
See table of expansion of metals.
318
PtMPg.
Centifugal Pumps.
Diameter of dis-
charge Opening
in Inches.
Economical capac-
ity in Gallons per
Minute.
Actual capacity
in Gallons per
Minute.
Horse power re-
quired for each
foot of lift, Min-
imum Quantity.
IV2 •
20 to 40
160
.01
1%
40 to 60
225
.016
2
60 to 80
325
.019
21/2
80 to 100
400
.039
3
120 to 180
675
.047
4
200 to 300
1300
.078
5
350 to 500
1900
.14
6
500 to 700
2700
.22
8
900 to 1300
4800
.34
10
1600 to 2200
7500
.64
12
2000 to 3000
10500
.88
15
3000 to 5000
16500
1.20
18
5000 to 7000
22000
1.80
22
7000 to 10000
35000
2.90
Steam Jet Pumps.
Size of
Suction
Discharge
Steam
Steam
Capacity
Pump.
Pipe.
Pipe.
Pipe.
Opening.
Per Minute.
'% inch.
% inch.
1/2 inch.
% inch.
3-16
8 galls.
1
1
% "
1/2 "
4-16
15 "
11/4 "
114 "
1
1/2 "
5-16
20 "
11/2 "
11/2 "
11/4 "
% "
6-16
30 "
2
2
11/2 "
% "
7-16
40 "
21/2 "
21/2 "
2
1
8-16
50 "
3
3
21/2 "
1
9-16
60 "
Tempera,ture of Different Altitudes as shown by Observations
in Balloons.
Altitude.
Gay-Lussac
and Biot.
Welsh and
Green.
Glasier and Coxwell.
1,000 ft.
1804.
Sept. 16.
1862.
Nov. 10.
1862.
July 17.
1862.
Sept. 5.
1863.
April 18.
0
87.4
50.0
50.0
59.5
56.0
61.0
1
59.2
2
57.0
3
51.0
4
45.0
45.0
45.0
41.0
36.5
40.0
48.2
5
44.2
6
35.8
35.8
40.1 -
•7
35.9
•^
32.5
32.5
9
10
54.4
52.0
47.5
26.0
26.0
32.0
31.2
32.0
11
12!.""
26.0
26.0
31.0
PUMPS.
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PUMPS.
Fire Streams.
Table showing the pressure required at pump and at nozzle, with
smooth 1 inch, and li/i-inch nozzles, and 2K-inch rubber hose.
SIZE OF NOZZLE
Pressure at nozzle
Pressure at pump or hydrant with 100
feet and 21/2-inch rubber hose
Gallons per minute
Distance thrown, horizontal
Distance thrown, vertical
1 INCH.
40
60
48 73
155 189
109 I 142
79 i 108
80
97
219
168
131
SIZE OF NOZZLE.
Pressure at nozzle
Pressure at pump or hydrant with 100
feet and 2V2-inch rubber hose
Gallons per minute
Distance throw^n, horizontal
Distance thrown, vertical
1¥
INCH.
40
60
80
61
242
118
82
92
297
156
115
123
342
186
142
100
121
245
186
148
100
154
383
207
164
To £nd the Horse-Power of Boikr necessary to run a steam pump.
Data necessary to computation.
Diameter of water cylinder.
Stroke of water piston.
Strokes of water piston per minute.
Gallons of water raised per minute.
Height, vertical, from surface of water to be raised, to water cylinder,
in feet. Height, vertical, from water cylinder to point of delivery, in feet.
Note: A column of water 2^q feet high, weighs one pound per square
inch.
First Rule: Divide the total lift of water in feet (measuring vertically
from surface of water in well or pond, to point of delivery) by 2. Allow
the j^o for friction. Then multiply this quotient by the area of water piston
and this product by speed of piston, in feet per minute. Add 20 per cent
for friction a7id waste of steam, and divide the sum by 33,000. The quo-
tient will be the horse power of boiler required.
Second Rule: Multiply the total lift in feet by the weight of water to
be lifted per minute. One gallon of water weighs 8.33111 pounds.
Add 25 per cent for friction, and an additional 10 per cent for waste
of steam, and divide the sum by 33,000.
Example: A steam pump with water cylinder 12 inches diameter, and
12 inches stroke, making 100 strokes per minute is required to lift 587
gallons of water per minute to a height of 80 feet above the pump. Dis-
tance from pump to surface of w^ater in well 18 feet.
Solution by first rule.
98
49 X 113 square inches = 5537 X 100
for friction and steam waste = 664440 -4- 33,000
: 553700 + 20 percent
20 + h. p.
321
Solution b\' second rule.
587 X 81/2 = 4-990 X 98 = 489020 foot pounds + 25 per cent for fric-
tion = 611275 pounds + 10 per cent for steam waste = 672402 pounds
H- 33,000 = 20 + h. p.
Pump Notes.
A cubic foot of pure, fresh water, at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahr.
weighs 62.321 pounds avoirdupois. A uniform column of water one inch
62.321
square at the base and one foot high will weigh
144
.433 of a pound.
A column of water 33.96 feet in height will weigh 33.96 X .433 =
14.70 pounds.
The pressure of the atmosphere at the level of the sea = 14.7 pounds
per square inch.
From the foregoing it will be seen that water cannot be raised by the
pressure of the atmosphere much over 26 feet, and under the very best con-
ditions not much over 28 feet.
CAST IRON SASH WEIGHTS.
Table showing the length of one pound of cast iron sash weights C)\
different diameters:
Diameter.
Length of 1
lb. in inches.
Length of 1
lb. in inches.
1
1 Diameter.
Length of liLength of 1
lb. in inches lb. in inches.
i
INCHES.
ROUND.
SQUARE.
INCHES.
ROUND
SQUAR2
IRON.
IRON.
IRON.
IRON
K
19.67
15.38
! 2%
.86
.68
%
12.63
9.83
21/2
.78
.60
%
8.69
6.85
2%
.70
.55
%
6.41
5.02
2%
.64
.50
1
4.44
3.84
278
.59
.46
11/8
3.87
3.03
3
.54
■ .42
liA
3.13
2.45
31/8
.50
.39
1%
2.58
2.03
31/4
.46
.36
IH
2.17
1.70
3%
.42
.33
1%
1.85
1.45
Sh
.39
.31
1%
1.59
1.25
3%
.37
.2i,
1%
1.39
1.09
33/4
.34
.27
2
1.22
.96
3%
.32
.25
21/8
1.08
.85
4
.30
.24
21/4
.96
.75
322
PlATES.
Table of Standard or Regular Tin Plates.
Size and Kind of Plates — Number and Weight of Sheets in a Box, and Wire
Gauge Thickness of Even- Kind and Size.
Size.
Grade.
tj o
Z CQ
m O
Size.
Grade.
i2 !^
w O
||
2«
*5
3«
^S
10 by 10
IC
225
78
29
13 by 13
IC
225
130
29
<(
IX
225
98
27
'•
IX
225
164
27
a
IXX
225
112
26
((
IXX
225
190
26
a
IXXX
225
124
25
"
IXXX
225
216
25
a
IXXXX
225
140
24K
14 by 14
IC
225
152
29
10 by 14
IC
225
108
29
"
IX
225
192
27
((
IX
225
136
27
"
IXX
225
221
26
((
IXX
225
159
26
"
IXXX
225
250
25
((
IXXX
225
178
25
"
IXXXX
225
279
241/2
((
IXXXX
225
200
24^
15 bv 15
IX
225
221
27
10 bv 20
IC
225
156
29
"
IXX
225
255
26
"
IX
225
196
27
((
IXXX
225
288
25
11 by 11
IC
225
95
29
(C
IXXXX
225
322
243^
"
IX
225
118
27
16 by 16
IC
225
200
29
"
IXX
225
135^
26"^
4i -
IX
225
252
27
11 by 15
SDC
200
164
26
"
IXX
225
290
26
"
SDX
200
185
25
"
IXXX
225
328
25
"
SDXX
200
206
-243^
■ " -
IXXXX
225
368
24K
((
SDXXX
200
226
24
17 by 17
IX
112
140
27
((
SDXXXX
200
248
23
"
IXX
112
162
26
22 by 15
SDC
100
164
26
'<-.
IXXX
112
184
25
((
SDX
100
185
25
"
IXXXX
112
205
243^
((
SDXX
SDXXX
100
100
206
226
24K
24
JL8 by. 18.
IX
112
158
182
27.
ii
IXX
112
26
((
SDXXXX
100
248
23
"
IXXX
112
206
25
12V2byl7
DC
100
96
28
"
IXXXX
112
231
24K
n
DX
100
124
26
22 by 22
IXX
56
135
26
((
DXX
100
145
24
"
IXXX
56
25
>(
DXXX
100
166
23
((
IXXXX
56
24 K
((
DXXXX
100
185
22
24 bv 24
IXX
56
157
26
15 by 21
DX
100
183
27
''
IXXX
56
25
((
DXX
100
214
24
((
IXXXX
66
'.'.'.'.'.'.
24 >^
((
DXXX
100
245
23
((
DXXXX
DC
100
50
276
96
22
28
TERNE PLATES.
25 by 17
14 by 20
IC
112
108
29
((
DX
50
124
26
1
IX
112
136
27
(C
DXX
50
145
24
i 20 by 28
IC
112
216
29
"
DXXX
50
166
23
"
IX
112
272
27
((
DXXXX
50
185
22
20 by 200
IC
172
29
14 by 20
IC
112
108
29
"
IX
216
27
((
IX
112
136
27
((
IXX
112
157
26
TIN TAGGERS.
((
IXXX
112
178
25
10 by 14 1 J 450 J 1081 38
((
IXXXX
112
200
24 M
((
IXXXXXX
112
240
23K
BLACK TAGGERS.
12 by 12
IC
225
108
29
10 by 14
256
108
32
((
IX
225
136
27
"
300
108
34
((
IXX
225
157
26
((
360
108
36
((
IXXX
225
178
25
"
450
108
38
PLATES.
323
W:ISIGHT OF IRON, COPPER AND BRASS WIRE AND
PIRATES.
Diameters and Thickness Determined by American Gauge.
V
WEIGHT OF WIRE PER 1,000
WEIGHT OF PLATES PER
^
LIXEAL FEET.
SQUARE
FOOT.
0
o3
Size of
Each
No.
o
o
o
1 Wi'ought
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass.
Wrought
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass
Inch.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbe.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbe.
0000
.46000
560.74
566.03
640.51
605.18
17.25
17.48
20.838
19.688
000
.40964
' 444.68
448.88
507.95
479.91
15.3615
15.5663
18.557
17.533
00
.36480
352.66
355.99
402.83
380.67
13.68
13.8624
16.525
25.613
0
.32486
279.67
282.30
319.45
301.82
12.1823
12.3447
14.716
13.904
1
.28930
221.79
223.89
253.34
239.35
10.8488
10.9934
13.105
12.382
2
.2.5763
175.89
177.55
200.91
189.82
9.6611
9.7899
11.671
11.027
3
.22942
1 139.48
140.80
159.32
150.52
8.6033
8.7180
10.393
9.8192
4
.20431
1 110.62
111.66
126.35
119.38
7.6616
7.7638
9.2552
8.7445
5
.18194
87.720
88.548
100.20
94.666 .
6.822S
6.9l3r
8.2419
7.787
6
.16202
69.565
70.221
79.462
75.075
6.0758
6.1568
7.3395
6.9345
7
.14428
55.165
55.685
63.013
59.545
5.4105
5.4826
6.5359
6.1752
8
.12849
43.751
44.164
49.976
47.219
4.8184
4.8826'
5.8206
5.4994
9
.11443
34.699
35.026
39.636
37.437
4.2911
4.3483
5.1837
4.8976
10
.10189
27.512
27 772
31.426
29.687
3.8209
3.8718
4.6156
4.3609
11
.090742
21.820
22.026
24.924
23.549
3.4028
3.4482
4.1106
3.8838
12
.080808
17.304
17.468
19.766
18.676 !
3.0303
3.0707
3.6606
3.4586
13
.071961
13.722
13.851
15.674
14.809
2.6985
2.7345
3.2598
3.0799
14
.064084
10.886
10.989
12.435
11.746
2.4032
2.4352
2.9030
2.7428
15
.057068
8.631
8.712
9.859
9.315
2.1401
2.1686
2.5852
2.4425
16
.050820
6.845
6.909
7.819
7.587
1.9058
1.9312
2.3021
2.1751
17
.045257
5.427
5.478
6.199
5.857
1.6971
1.7198
2.0501
1.937
18
.040303
4.304
4.344
4.916
4.645
1.5114
1.5315
1.8257
1.725
19
.035890
3.413
3.445
3.899
3.6S4
1.3459
1.3638
1.6258
1.5361
20
.031961
2.708
2.734
3.094
2.920
1.1985
1.2145
1.4478
1.3679
21
.028162
2.147
2.167
2.452
2.317
1.0673
1.0816
1.2893
1.2182
22
.025347
1.703
1.719
1.945
1.838
.95051
.96319
1.1482
1.0849
23
.022571
1.350
1.363
1.542
1.457
.84641
.8577
1.0225
.96604
24
.020100
1.071
1.081
1.223
1.155
.75375
.7638
.91053
.86028
25
.017900
0.8491
0.8571
.9699
0.9163
.67125
.6802
.81087
.76612
26
.015940
0.6734
0.6797
.7692
0.7267
.59775
.60572
.72208
.68223
27
.014195
0.5340
0.5391
.6099
0.5763
.53231
.53941
.64303
.60755
28
.012641
0.4235
0.4275
.4837
0.4570
.47404
.48036
.57264
.54103
29
.011257
0.3358
0.3389
.3835
0.3624
.42214
.42777
.50994
.48180
30
.010025
0.2663
0.2688
.3042
0.2874
.37594
.38095
.45413
.42907
31
.008928
0.2113
0.2133
.2413
0.2280
.3348
.33926
.40444
.38212
32
.007950
0.1675
0.1691
.1913
.1808
.29813
.3021
.36014
.34026
33
.007080
0.1328
0.1341
.1517
.1434
.2655
.26904
.3-2072
.30302
34
.006304
0.1053
0.1063
.1204
1137
.2364
.2:3955
.28557
.26981
35
.005614
.08366
.08455
.0956
0.9015
.21053
.21333
.25431
.24028
36
.005000
.06625
.06687
.0757
.0715
.1875
.19
.2265
.2140
37
.004453
.05255
.05304
.06203
.0567
.16699
.16921
.20172
.19059
38
.003965
.04166
.04205
. .04758
.04496
.14869
.15067
.17961
.1697
39
.003531
.03305
.03a36
.03755
.03566
.13241
.13418
.15995
.15113
40
.003144
.02620
.02644
.02992
.02827
.1179
.11947
.14242
.13456
SPI/ICING I^EATHER BEI/TS.
The splicing of leather belts may be made as strong as the solid leather
by dissolving Nelson's opaque gelatine in acetic acid, using just enough of
the acid to dissolve the gelatine on a warm place on an oven or boiler;
the splices, which should be made quite thin, are then pasted with the
cement, brought together and cramped between two pieces of wood. For
a series of joints, the belt should be laid out on the floor, each splice
separately pasted and rubbed on top with a thin piece of wood, as much
cement as possible being squeezed from between the joints. Leave over
night until properly set.
324
PLATES— PISTON SPEEDS.
Weight of a Square Foot of Cast and Wrought Iron,
Copper and Brass.
From one-sixteenth to one inch in thickness.
Thickness.
Cast Iron.
Wrought Iron.
Copper.
Brass.
Inches.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
1^6
2.346
2.517
2.89
2.675
%
4.693
5.035
5.781
5.35
1%
7.039
7.552
8.672
8,025
'4
9.386
10.07
11.562
10.7
t^6
11.733
12.588
14.453
13.375
%
14.079
15.106
17.344
16.05
1%
16.426
17.623
20.234
18.725
k
18.733
20.141
23.125
21.4
1%
21.119
22.659
26.016
24.075
%
23.466
25.176
28.906
26.75
\l
25.812
27.694
31.797
29.425
%
28.159
30.211
34.688
32.1
M
30 505
32.729
37.578
34.775
%
32.852
35.247
40.469
37.45
If
35.199
37.764
43.359
40.125
1
37.545
40.282
46.25
42.8
Approximate
Weights of Munt^
per Square Foot.
Metal Plates
%
inch thick 10.76 lbs
13.48
16.25
19.00
21.65
24.30
27.12
32.46
37.85
43.30
Table of
^ inch thick 48
54
1^
1%
1%
1%
1%
2
21/4
2V2
3
Piston Speeds.
. 59
65
. 70
, 75
. 86
. 97
.108
,129
.69 lbs.
.18
.55
.00
.35
.86
.60
.36
.25
.90
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE.
In.
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
350
466.7
583>^.
700.
816.7
933.3
1050.
1166.7
1233.3
400.
533.3
666 7
800
933.3
1066.7
1200.
1333 3
1466.7
•+->
s
<u
c
416.7
500.
583.3
666.7
750.
833.3
916.7
1000.
1250.
s
1— 1
400.
466.5
533.4
600.
666.7
733.3
800.
1000.
u
p
^
400
450
500
550
600
750
900
300.
333.4
366.7
400.
500.
600.
700.
800.
0
m
166-7
183.3
200.
250.
300.
350.
400.
450.
500.
550.
600.
250
275
300
375
450
525
600
675
0
«
rC
a
UJ
c
c
^
s
PRESSURES.
325
TABIvB OF SAF:e WORKING STiJ^AM PR^SSUR^,
For Iron Boilers of Various Si^es, Based Upon a Standard of
One-Sixth of Tensile Strength of Plates.
a! Ti
LONGITUDINAL SEAMS.
LONGITUDINAL SEAMS.
u u
SINGLE RIVETED.
DOUBLE RIVETED.
§
B2
01
TENSILE
STRENGTH
3F If ON.
TENSILE STRENGTH
OF IRON.
iJ ►:
i
45,000 lbs.
50,000 lbs.
55,000 lbs.
45,000 lbs.
50,000 lbs.
55,000 lbs.
S
H
Pressure.
Pressure.
Pressure.
Pressure.
Pressure.
Pressure.
M O
"^"
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
36]
104
116
127
125
139
152
130
145
159
156
174
191
38]
%
99
110
121
119
132
145
T*B
123
137
151
148
164
181
40
14
94
104
115
113
125
138
IB
117
130
143
140
156
172
42
14
89
99
109
107
119
. 131
T^B
112
124
136
134
149
163
44
14
85
95
104
102
114
125
I'k
107
118
130
128
142
156
46
¥4
82
91
100
98
109
120
I^B
102
113
125
122
136
150
I
%
78
87
96
94
104
115
48-^
ft
98
109
120
118
131
144
1
118
131
144
142
157
173
%
75
83
92
90
100
110
50-
ft
94
104
115
113
125
138
112
125
138
134
150
166
14
72
80
88
86
96
106
52
%
90
100
110
108
120
132
108
120
132
130
144
158
i"b
87
96
106
101
112
122
54-
%
104
116
127
120
134
148
I^B
121
135
148
140
156
172
78
87
95
94
104
114
60
94
104
115
113
125
138
1
109
121
134
131
145
160
s
85
95
104
102
114
125
G&\
/b
99
111
121
120
133
146
\
112
117
138
137
152
167
\
%
78
87
96
94
104
115
72-^
/e
91
102
112
110
122
134
%
102
117
128
125
140
153
To Compute Pressure for a given thickness and diameter, or thickness for a
given pressure and diameter:
For Pressure.— Rule: Multiply thickness of plate in inches, by one-sixth of
tensile strength of metal, and divide product by radius or half diameter of shell in
inches. For double riveted seams add one-fifth to result obtained by the rule.
For Thickness. — Rule: Multiply pressure by radius of shell, and divide product
by one-sixth of tensile strength of metal.
To find the distance of thunder: Count the seconds between the flash
and report, and multiply b\^ 1,142. The result will give the distance in
feet. Sound flies at the rate of 1,142 feet per second.
326
INCLINED PLANES.
For Different Initial Pressures f and Points of Cut-off.
Non-condensing, t
POINTS OF CUT-OFF IN PARTS OF PISTON STROKE.
1^6
^8
i¥ij
s
M
m
%
i%
H
40
3.36
6.35
9.09
13.85
17.93
21.46
24.54
25.94
27.20
31.63
45
5.01
8.28
11.27
16.46
20.92
24.76
28.13
29.66
31.03
35.87
50
6.66
10.20
13.44
19.07
23.90
28.07
31.71
33.37
34.86
40.10
55
8.31
12.13
15.62
21.68
26.88
31.37
35.30
37.09
38.69
44.34
60
9.96
14.05
17.79
24.29
29.86
34.68
38.89
40.80
42.52
48.57
65
LI. 62
15.98
19.97
26.90
32.85
37.98
42.48
44.52
46.35
52.81
70
13.27
17.90
22.14
29.51
35.83
41.28
46.06
48.23
50.18
57.04
75
14.92
19.83
24.32
32.12
38.81
44.59
49.65
51.95
54.01
61.28
80
16.57
21.75
26.49
34.73
41.79
47.89
53.24
55.66
57.84
65.51
85
18.22
23.68
28.67
37.34
44.78
51.20
56.82
59.38
61.67
69.75
90
19.87
25.60
30.84
39.95
47.76
54.50
60.41
63.09
65.50
73.98
95
21.52
27.53
33.02
42.56
50.74
57.80
64.00
66.81
69.33
78.22
100
23.17
29 45
35.19
45.17
53.73
61.10
67.58
70.52
73.16
82.45
The above table represents the theoretic pressures obtained under the
conditions given, neglecting the items of clearance and compression, which
are varying amounts in diflferent engines, clearance having the effect of
increasing, and compression of reducing, the mean, effective pressure. In
practice, therefore, the mean effective pressure, as figured from the indicator
diagram, is something less than the quantities given in the table.
* The mean effective pressure is the average pressure in cylinder throughout the
stroke.
tThe pressure by gauge (or above the atmosphere) in the cyUnder at com-
mencement of stroke.
J If engine is worked condensing, 10 lbs. may be added to the figures given in
table, as that additional amount may reasonably be expected from condenser.
INCI.INBD PI,AN:eS.
In order to enable users to ascertain the size of rope required, we sub-
join two tables, by which the strain produced by any load can be easily
calculated.
Table 1. A body on an inclined plane will be supported by a weight
which bears the same proportion to it that the height does to the length of
the plane. Thus: Take an angle of 28°; we have here the length and height
of the plane in the proportion of 1 to .46947; therefore, the weight that
would support, say 2240 pounds, at this angle would be
As 1 : .46947 : : 2240 : 1051.61
This is what we call the "Gravity due to Inclines" in the table. The weight
shown has been obtained by multiplying the number of pounds in a ton of
2240 pounds, by the line of the different angles. The use of the figures will
be exemplified as below:
INCLINED PLANES.
327
Example: The weight of the cars, coal, rope, etc., which is pulled up a
slope, whose angle is 26°, amounts to, say 70 cwt., or 7840 pounds. To
how much weight is this equivalent lifted vertically, or what is the work-
ing load of the rope, independent of friction?
Opposite angle 26°, in column B, we find 981.94; then, as
2240 : 981.94 : : 7840 : 3437 pounds.
Then by referring to the "Table of the Weight and Strength of Ropes," we
shall ascertain the size of rope required for the work.
Table 2 gives the strain produced on a rope by a load of one ton of
2000 pounds, an allowance of friction being made. An additional allow'
ance for the weight of the rope will have to be made.
Example: For an inclination of 50 feet in 100, corresponding to an
angle of 26i/4°, a load of 2000 will produce a strain of the rope of 905
pounds, and for a load of 7840 pounds the strain on the rope will be
905 X 7840
= 3547
2000
Note.— These tables have been given for tons of 2240 pounds and 2000
pounds respectively.
Table No. i.
O CO
Vertical
Measure,
Hypothenuse
being A.
Gravity
due to Incline,
per Ton,
in pounds.
B.
Jco
Vertical
Measure,
Hypothenuse
being A.
Gravity
due to Incline,
per Ton,
in pounds.
B.
1
.01745
30.08
22
.37461
839.12
2
.03490
78.18
23
.39073
875.23
3
.05224
117.24
24
.40674
911.09
4
.06976
156.26
25
.42262
946. 66
5
.08716
195.24
26
.43837
981.94
6
10453
234.14
27
.45399
1016.93
7
.12187
272.98
28
.46947
1051.61
8
.13917
311.74
29
.48481
1085.97
9
.15643
350.40
30
.5
1120.00
10
.17305
388.97
31
.57504
1153.68
11
.19081
427.41
32
.52992
1187.02
12
.20791
465.71
33
.54464
1219.99
13
.22495
503.88
34
.55919
1252.58
14
.24192
541.90
35
.57358
1284.81
15
.25822
579.75
36
.58778
1316.62
16
.27564
617.43
37
.60181
1348.05
17
.29237
654.90
38
.61566
1379.07
18
.30902
692.20
39
.62922
1409.67
19
.32557
729.27
40
.64279
1439 84
20
.34202
760.12
41
.65006
1469.57
21
.35837
802.74
....
328
PULLEYS.
Table No. 2.
(U
G
Strain in lbs.
on Rope
for a load of
2,000 lbs.
1 L
c
Strain in lbs.
on Rope
for a load of
2,000 lbs.
Angle of El
vation.
Degrees
li
Angle of El
vation.
Degrees.
II
C3 0
2%
5
112
28 1
55
975
5K
10
211
31
60
1040
8M
15
308
33tS
65
1100
:«ii
20
404
35
70
1156
14iS
25
497
37
75
1210
16%
30
586
38^
80
1260
19i
35
673
40M
85
1304
21^
40
754
42
90
1347
241^
45
832
43 K
95
1385
26 K
50
905
45
100
1419
Factor of safety for inclines, 5; for hoisting in shafts, 7. That is, the
working load of the rope should only be one fifth or one-seventh of its
breaking strain.
Table of Dimensions for Standard Pulleys.
Diameter of
Thickness of
Thickness of Arm
Thickness of Arm
Pulley.
Rim.
at Rim.
at Hub.
6 inches.
3\
It^g X h
1¥ X K
8 ''
il
1 X %
1%X %
10 "
h
1X9^
1%X %
12 "
h
Ir'e X 1^6
l/eX %
14 "
h
lt^6 X h
li^X %
15 "
lA- X h
l/eX %
16 "
A
1'4 X /e
IK X n
18 "
M
1% X /e
i^x H
20 "
¥-
1% X }4
i%x U
22 "
%
1% X %
2 X %
24 "
Va
l/e X H
2% X \%
26 "
Ya
IK X H
2% X \%
28 "
h
1% X U
2% X 1
30 "
h
IH X H
2% X 1
32 "
h
2 X %
2% X IH
34. •'
%
2ys X %
2% X IK
36 "
2y X 11
3 XlU
38 ''
h
2% X \%
3,^ X IM
40 "
h
2% XI
3K X Ih
42 "
y^
3^ XI Vs
4 X 1^
48 "
%
^y XI h
4H' X IJ-I
52 "
h
3^ XI 'A
4% X 1%
60 "
%
3% XI h
5M X 2
The form of arm, covered by the figures in above table, is elliptic, and
dimensions given in third and fourth columns are the longer and shorter
diameter of arm.
•ULLEYS— PAINTS. 329
Speed of Pulleys.
The diameter of the driven pulley being given to find its number of rev-
olutions.
Rule: Multiply the diameter of the driving pulley by its number of
revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of the driven pulley,
the quotient will be its number of revolutions.
The diameter and revolutions of the driver being given, to find the
diameter of the driven, that shall make any given number of revolutions in
the same time.
Rule: Multiph' the diameter of the driver by its number of revolu-
tions, and divide the product b}^ the number of revolutions of the driven;
the quotient will be its diameter.
To find the diameter of the driver.
Rule: Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of revolu-
tions which it is required to make, and divide the product by the revolu-
tions of the driver; the quotient will be the size of the driver.
In ordering pulleys observe the following data.
Diameter of pulley.
Face of pulley.
Bore of pulley.
Whether crowning, or straight face.
Whether whole, or split pulle^^
Whether for single, or double belt.
Whether keyed, or set-screwed.
Whether cast iron, wrought rim, or wood split pulley.
Hydrostatic Presses.
To find the thickness of metal required for the cylinder of a hydro-
static press to stand any given pressure.
Rule: Multiph' the pressure on ram in tons per square inch, by half
the diameter of cylinder in inches, and this product by .41 for cast iron;
.22 for gun metal; .14 for wrought iron, and .6 for steel
Example: What should be the thickness of walls of cylinder of a hy-
drostatic press to withstand a pressure of 150 tons on a 9-inch ram? Ma-
terial of c^'linder cast iron.
Area of 9" ram = 64 sq. in. nearly.
1 50
= 2.34 tons per sq. m. pressure.
2.34 X 41/2 = 10.53 X .41 = 4.32 inches thickness of walls. Ans.
To Mix Different Colored Paints.
Color. Mix Together.
Brown Venetian red and lamp black.
Buff White, yellow ochre, red.
Chestnut Red, black, yellow.
Chocolate Raw umber, red, black.
Copper Red, yellow, black.
Cream Same as buff, with more white.
330 PAINTS — PAPERS.
Color. Mix Together.
Dove White, vermillion, blue, yellow.
Fawn White, yellow, red.
Flesh White, yellow ochre, vermilion.
Freestone Red, black, yellow ochre, vermilion.
French Gray White, prussian blue, lake.
Gray White lead, black.
Green (dark) Lampblack, chrome green
Green (pea) White lead, yellow, red.
Green (bronze) Chrome green, black, yellow
Gold White, stone, ochre, red.
Lead White lead, black.
Lemon White, chrome yellow.
Limestone White, yellow ochre, black, red.
Olive Yellow, blue, black, white.
Orange Yellow, red.
Peach White, vermilion.
Pearl White, black, blue.
Purple Violet, red, white.
Red White lead, vermilion, scarlet, lake, Venetian red, red.
lead or burnt ochre.
Rose White, madder, lake.
Salmon White lead, blue, yellow, red.
Sandstone White, yellow ochre, black, red.
Snuff. Yellow, vandyke brown.
Stone White lead, spruce ochre.
Straw White lead, yellow.
Violet Red, blue, white.
Whatman's Drawing Papers.
SIZES OF SHEETS.
Antiquarian 52x31 inches.
Double Elephant 40x27
Atlas 34x26
Colombier 34a'23
Imperial 30x22
Elephant 28x23
Super-roj'^al 27x19
Royal 23x19
Medium 22x17
Demy 20x15
The diameter of boiler tubes in inches should be about % of their
length in feet. For instance, a 3^^ diameter tube should be 3X48=144"-t-
12^^=12 feet long. And 12 feet-i-4=3''=diameter of tube when the feet
are changed to inches.
RAILS.
331
Rails Required for One Mile of Single Track; 2,000 lbs.
to the Ton.
WEIGHT OF RAIL PER YARD.
8 lbs
12 '
16 "
20 "
25 "
30 "
35 "
TONS PER MILE.
14 tons 160 lbs.
21 " 240 "
28 " 320"
35 " 400"
44 "
52 " 1,600"
61 " 1,200"
Rails Required for One Mile of Single Track; 2,240 lbs.
to the Ton.
WEIGHT OF RAIL
TONS PER
WEIGHT OF RAIL
TONS PER
PER YARD.
MILE.
PER YARD,
MILE.
8 lbs.
12
tons 1,280 lbs.
45 lbs
70 tons 1,600 lbs.
10 "
15
" 1.600 "
56 "
88
12 "
18
" 1,920 "
60 "
94
640 "
16 "
25
320 "
62 "
97
960 "
20 "
31
960 "
64 "
100
' 1,280 "
25 "
39
640 "
65 "
102
320 "
28 •'
44
68 "
106
' 1,920 "
30 "
47
320 "
70 "
110
35 "
55
72 "
113
320 "
40 "
63
" 1,920 "
76 "
119 " 960 "
I^OGGING RAII^ROAD.
Rails and Fastenings Required Per Mile.
TONS RAIL PER MILE
(GROSS.)
FASTENINGS PER MILE FOR DIFFERENT LENGTHS.
w
CO
<«
»2
M
vx
^
<u
-M
4J
<U
<u
FOR DIFFERENT WEIGHTS
PER YARD.
6
0
1
0
6
6
7^
1
5
X
^
Z
^
^
«
12:
K^T,,^
Tp
CO
12 lb. -18. 71
35 lb.-55.
18 ft
587
1,174
2,348
12
11,740
40
27
12
16 lb. -25.14
40 1b.-62.86
20 ft
528
1,056 2,11211
11.616
40
27
12
18 lb. -28.30
45 lb.-70.71
22 ft
480
9601,980;i0
11,5201 40
27
12
20 lb. -31. 43
50lb.-78.57
24 ft
440
8801,7601 9
11,440' 40
27
12
22 lb.-34.57
56 lb.-88.
26ft
406
812 1,624
8
11,372 40
27
12
24 lb. -37.71
58 lb.-91.14
28 ft
377
754 1,508
7V2
11,314 40
27
12
30 lb. -47. 14
60lb.-94.30|30ft
352
704 1,408
7
11,2541 40 1 27
12
The standard taper for wrought iron gas, steam and water pipe, is %
of an inch to the fgot.
332
RAILS — RODS,
TAl
BlvlS
OF MIDDI^IS ORDINATBS FOR B:eNDING RAII^S.
i
1
LENGTHS OF RAILS.
1
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
Deg.
Feet.
Ft.
Ft.
FtT
~Ft~
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft.
Ft7
Ft.
Ft.
Ft"
.5
11480.
.010
.008
.006
.005
.004
.004
.003
.002
.002
.001
.001
.000
.000
1.
5730.
.020
.016
.013
.011
.009
.008
.006
.005
.004
.003
.002
.001
.001
1.5
3820.
.029
.026
.021
.018
.016
.013
.010
.008
.006
.004
.003
.002
.001
2.
2865.
.038
.034
.029
.025
.021
.017
.014
.011
.008
.006
.004
.003
001
2.5
2292.
.049
.043
.037
.031
.027
.022
.018
.014
.010
.007
.005
.003
.002
3.
1910.
.058
.051
.044
.037
.031
.026
.022
.017
.012
.009
.006
.004
002
3.5
1667.
.070
.061
.052
.043
.037
.031
.025
.020
.015
.011
.008
.0b5
.003
4.
1433.
.079
.069
.060
.050
.042
.035
.029
.023
.018
.013
.009
.006
.003
4.5
1274.
.088
077
.067
.056
.047
.039
.032
.026
.020
.015
.010
.007
.004
5.
1146.
.099
.086
.074
.063
.053
.044
.035
.029
.022
.016
.0111
.007
.004
5.5
1042.
.108
.094
.082
.070
.0.59
.048
.039
.032
.024
.018
.012 1
.008
.004
6.
955.4
.117
.102
.088
.076
064
.052
.042
.034
.026
.019
.013!
.008
.005
6.5
882.
.128
.112
.097
.082
.069
.057
.046
.037
.028
.021
.014 1
.009
.005
7.
819.
.137
.120
.104
.089
.074
.061
.049
.039
.030
.022
.015
.010
.005
7.5
764.5
.146
.127
.111
.094
.079
.065
.053
.042
.032
.024
.016
.010
.006
8.
716.8
.158
.137
.119
.100
.085
.070
.056
.045
.034
.025
.017 1
.011
.006
8.5
674.6
.166
.145
.126
.106
.090
.074
.060
.048
.036
.027
.018
.012
.007
9.
637.3
.175
.153
.133
.112
.095
.078
.063
.050
.038
.029
.019
.012
.007
9.5
603.8
.187
.163
.141
.119
.101
.083
.067
.054
.042
.031
.021
.013
.003
10
573.7
.196
.171
.148
.125
.106
.087
.071
.057
.045
.032
.022
.014
.008
11
521.7
.216
.188
.163
.139
.117
.097
.077
.063
.049
.036
.024
.016
.009
12
478.3
.236
.206
.179
.151
.128
.105
.085
.069
.053
.039
.026
.017
.010
13
441.7
.2.54
.222
.192
.163
.138
.113
.092
.075
.057
.042
.028
.019
.010
U
410.3
.275
.239
.207
.175
.148
.122
.099
.080
.061
.045
.030
.020
.011
15
383.1
.295
.257
.223
.188
.159
.131
.106
.085
.065
.049
.033
.021
.012
16
359.3
.313
.273
.236
.200
.170
.139
.113
.091
.070
.052
.035
.023
.013
17
338.3
.333
.290
.2.52
.213
.180
.148
.120
.096
.074
.055
.037
.024
.014
18
319.6
.351
.306
.265
.225
.190
.156
.127
.102
.078
.058
.039
.025
.014
19
302.9
.371
.324
.280
.238
.201
.165
.134
.108
.082
.061
.(•41
.027
.015
20
287.9
.392
.341
.296
.250
.212
.174
.141
.114
.087
.066
.044
.028
.016
21
274.4
.410
.357
.309
.262
.222
.182
.148
.120
.091
.069
.046
.030
.017
22
262.
.430
.375
.325
.275
.233
.191
.1.55
.126
.096
.072
.048
.031
.118
23
250 8
.450
.390
.338
.287
.243
.199
.162
.131
.100
.075
.050
.033
.019
24
240.5
.469
.408
.354
.2^9
.253
.208
.169
.137
.104
.078
.052
.034
019
25
231.
.486
.424
.367
.311
.263
.216
.176
.142
.108
.081
.054
.035
.020
26
222.3
.506
.441
.382
.323
.274
.225
.183
.148
.112
.084
.056
.037
.021
27
214.2
.524
.457
.396
.335
.284
.233
.190
.153
.116
.087
.058
.038
.022
28
206.7
.545
.475
.411
.348
.294
.242
.197
.1.58
.120
.090
.060
.039
,022
29
199.7
.564
.490
.424
.361
.303
.250
.203
.163
.124
.093
062
.041
.023
Weight of Round Copper and Brass Rods.
COPPER.
Diameter in
Inches.
%
%
%
1
1^
IK
1%
IX
IH
\%
1%
2
Weight, per foot in
length, in Pounds.
.424
.755
1.17
1.69
2 31
3.02
3.82
A..l\
5.71
6.79
7.94
9.21
10.61
12.08
BRASS.
Diameter in
Inches.
%
%
%
1
IVs
1'4
1^
IK
m
1%
2
Weight, per foot in
length, in Pounds.
.411
.731
,13
.64
24
.93
.70
4.56
5.53
6.57
7.69
8.92
10.28
11.70
ROOFING.
333
Cost of Tin Roofing.
The following table shows the cost per square and per square foot of
tin roofing, laid with 14x20 tin, at prices from ^4 to ^12 per box. A
square is 100 square feet.
Flat Seam Roofing — Cost with 14x20 Tin.
Price of Tin
per Box.
$4.25
450
Cost per Square
of Flat Roof
14x20 Tin.
Cost per
sq. Foot.
$2.21 7^0221
2.34 0234
4.75 2.47 ,0247
5.00.
5.25.
5.50.
5.75.
6.00.
6.25.
6.50
6.75.
7.00
7.25.
7.50.
7.75.
8.00.
2.60 0260
2.73 0273
2.86 0286
2.99 0299
3.12 0312
3.25 0325
3.38 0338
3.51 0351
3.64 0364
3.77 0377
3.90 0390
4.03 0403
4.16 0416
Price of Tin
per Box.
Cost per Square
of Flat Roof
14x20 Tin.
$8.25 $4.29.
8.50 4.42.
8.75 4.55
9.00 4.68.
9.25 4.81.
9.50 4.94.
9.75 5.07.
10.00 5.20
10.25 5.33.
10.50 5.46
10.75 5.59.
11.00 5.72.
11-25 5.85.
11.50 5.98.
11-75 6.11.
12.00 6.24.
Cost per
q. Foot.
.0429
.0442
.0455
.0468
.0481
.0494
.0507
.0520
.0533
.0546
.0559
.0572
.0585
.0598
.0611
.0624
Standing Seam Roofing— Cost with 14x20 Tin.
Cost per sq. of Stand-
Price of Tin intr Seam Roof Cost per
per Box. with 14x20 Tin. sq. Foot.
$4.25 $2.37 0237
4.50 2.51 0251
4.75 2.65 0265
5.00 2.79 0279
5.25 2.93 0293
5.50 3.06 0306
5.75 3.20 0320
6 00.
6.25.
6.50.
6.75.
7.00.
3.34 0334
3.48 0348
3.62 0362
3.76 0376
3.90 0390
Cost per sq. of Stand-
Price of Tin ing Seam Roof
per Box. with 14x20 Tin.
$7.25 $4.03
7.50
7.75
8 00
8.25.0....,
8.50
8.75
9 00 5.01
9.25 5.15
Cost per
sq. Foot.
,. .0403
4.17 0417
4-.31 0431
4.45 0445
4.59 0459
4.73 0473
4.87 0487
0501
0515
9.50 5.29 0529
9.75 5.43 0543
10.00 5.57 0557
334
ROOFING.
Roofing: Paint.
Take 7 pounds of Prince's Metallic Paint, dry, and 1 gallon of pure
linseed oil (1/2 boiled and >^ ra w). Mix. The above amount will cover 500
square feet of tin roofing.
General Rule for Computation of Slate Roofing.
From the length of the slate take three inches, or as many as the third
covers the first; divide the remainder by 2, and multiply the quotient by
the width of the slate, and the product will be the number of square inches
in a single slate. Divide the number of square inches thus procured by 144,
the number of square inches in square foot, and the quotient will be the
number of feet and inches required. A square of slate is what will cover
100 feet square when properly laid upon the roof.
TABLE OF SIZES AND NUMBER OF SLATES IN ONE SQUARE.
Size in
Inches.
No. of
Slate in a
Square.
9x 14
ill
291
Size in
Inches.
1
No. of
Slate in a
Square.
N t-H
No. of
Slate in a
Square.
6x12
533
10x18
192
11x22
137
7 X 12
457
10 X 14
261
11 X 18
174
12x22
126
8x12
400
12x 14
218
12x18
160
14 X 22
108
9x12
355
8 X 16
277
14xl8J
L 137
12X--24
114
10x12
320
9x 16
246
10x20
169
14x24
98
12x12
266
10x16
221
11 X 20
154
16x24
86
7x 14
374
12x16
184
12x20
141
14x26
89
8x14
327
9x18
213
14x20
121
16x26
78
The weight of a Square of Slate is estimated in a general way (varying
according to the thickness of the different makes), at from 600 to 700
pounds per square.
In some engines the initial pressure upon the piston is as low as two-
thirds of the boiler pressure, while in improved automatic cut-off engines it
is within a pound or two of the boiler pressure.
A hollow shaft is very much stronger for its weight than a solid one.
RESERVOIRS.
335
CAPACITY OP RESERVOIRS IN GAl^I/ONS.
Note.— The columns headed Length and Width denote the length and
width in feet; the columns headed Gallons denote the capacity in U. S.
gallons of one foot in depth.
Length
Length
Length
Length
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
Width
Width.
Width.
Width.
Ix 1
7.481
15 X 7
785.455
23x10
1720.519
13x13
1264.208
2x 1
14.961
16 X 7
837.818
24x10
1795.325
14x13
1361.454
3x 1
22.442
17 X 7
890.182
25x10
1870.130
15x13
1458.701
2x 2
.29.922
18 X 7
942.545
26x10
1944.935
16x13
1555.948
3x 2
44.883
19 X 7
994.909
27x10
2019.740
17x13
1653.195
4x 2
59.844
20x 7
1047.273
28x10
2094.545
18x13
1750.442
5x 2
74.805
21 X 7
1099.636
29x10
2169.351
19x13
1847.688
6x 2
89.766
8x 8
^8.753
30x10
2244.156
20x13
1944.935
3x 3
67.325
9x 8
538.597
11x11
905.143
21x13
2042.182
4x 3
89.766
10 X 8
598.442
12x11
987.429
22x13
2139.429
5x 3
112.208
11 X 8
658.286
13x11
1069.714
23x13
2236.675
6x 3
134.649
12 X 8
718. 130
14x11
1152.000
24x13
2333.922
7x 3
157.091
13 X 8
777.974
15X11
1234.286
25x13
2431.169
8x 3
179.532
14 X 8
837.818
16x11
1316.571
26x13
2528.416
9x 3
201.974
15 X 8
897.662
17x11
1398.857
27x13
2625.662
4x 4
119.688
16 X 8
957.507
18X11
1481.143
28x13
2722.909
5x 4
149.610
17 X 8
1017.351
19x11
1563.429
29x13
2820.156
6x 4
179.532
18x 8
1077.195
20x11
1645.714
30x13
2917.403
7x 4
209.455
19 X 8
1137.039
21X11
1723.000
31x13
3014.649
8x 4
239.377
20 X 8
1196.883
22X11
1810.286
32x13
3111.896
9x4
269.299
21 X 8
1256.727
23x11
1892.571
33x13
3209.143
10 X 4
299.221
22x 8
1316.571
24x11
1974.857
34x13
3306.390
11 X 4
329.143
23 X 8
1376.416
25x11
2057, 143
35x13
3403.636
12 X 4
359.065
24 X 8
1436.260
26x11
2139.428
36x13
3500.883
5x 5
187.013
9x 9
605.922
27x11
2221.714
37x13
3598.130
6x 5
224.416
, lOx 9
673.247
28x 11
2304.000
38x13
3695.377
.7x5
261.818
llx 9
740.571
29x11
2386.286
39x13
3792.623
8x 5
299.221
12 x 9
807.896
30x11
2468.571
14x14
1466.182
flx 5
336.623
13 X 9
875.221
31x11
2550.857
15x14
1570.909
10 X 5
374.026
14 X 9
942.545
32x11
2633.143
16x14
1675.636
llx 5
411.429
15 X 9
1009.870
33x11
2715.429
17x14
1780.363
12 X 5
448.831
16 X 9
1077.195
12x12
1077.195
18x14
1885.091
13 X 5
486.234
523.636
17 X 9
1144.519
13x12
1166.961
19x14
1989.818
14 X 5
18 X 9
1211.844
14x12
1256.727
20x14
2094.545
15 X 5
561.039
19 X 9
1279.169
15x12
1346.493
21x14
2199.263
6x 6
269.299
20x 9
1346.493
16x12
1436.260
22x14
2304.000
7x 6
§14.182
21 X 9
1413.818
17x12
1526.026
23x14
2408.727
8x 6
359.065
22x 9
1481.143
18x12
1615.792
24x14
2513.454
9x 6
403.948
23x 9
1548.467
19x12
1705.558
25x14
2618.182
10 X 6
448.831
24 X 9
1615.792
20x12
1795.325
26x14
2722.909
11 X 6
493.714
25x 9
1683.117
21 xl2
1885.091
27x14
2827.636
12 X 6
538.597
26 X 9
1750.442
22 X 12
1974.857
28x14
2932.364
13 X 6
583.480
27x 9
1817.766
23x12
2064.623
29x14
3037.091
14 X 6
628.364
10 X 10
748.052
24x13
2154.390
30x14
3141.818
15 X 6
673.247
11 xlO
822.857
25x12
2244.156
31x14
3246.545
16 X 6
718.130
12 X 10
897.662
26x12
2333.922
32x14
3351.273
17 X 6
763.013
13x10
972.467
27x12
2423.688
33x14
3456.000
18 X 6
807.896
14x10
1047.273
28 X 12
2513.455
34x14
3560.727
7x 7
366.545
15x10
1122.078
29x12
2603.221
35x14
3665.454
8x 7
418.909
16x10
1196.883
30x12
2692.987
36x14
3770.182
9x 7
471.273
17x10
1271.688
31x12
2782.753
37x14
3874.909
10 X 7
523.636
18x10
1346.493
32x12
2872.520
38x14
3979.636
llx 7
576.000
19x10
1421.299
33x12
2962.286
39x14
4084.364
12 X 7
628.364
20x10
1496.104
34x12
305?,, 052
40x14
4189.091
13 X 7
680.727
21 X 10
1570.909
35x 12
3141.818
41 X 14
4293.818
14 X 7
733.091
22x10
1645.714
36x12
3231.585
42x14
4398.545
The diameter of a circular sheet multiplied by .7071 will give the side
of the largest square that can be cut trom it.
336
RESERVOIRS.
Capacity of Reservoirs in Gallons,— Continued.
Length
Length
Length
Length
and
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
and
Gallons.
Width
Width.
Width.
Width.
15 X 15
1683 117
28x17
3560.727
33x20
4937.143
52x28
10891.636
16 X 15
1795.325
29x17
3687.896
34x20
5086.753
54 X 28
11310.545
17 X 15
1907.532
30 X 17
3815.065
35x20
5236.364
56x28
11729.454
18 X 15
2019.740
31 X17
3942.234
36x20
5385.974
30x30
6738,467
19x15
2131.948
32x17
4069.403
37x20
5535. 5&4
32x30
7181.299
20 X 15
2244.156
33x17
4196.,571
38x20
5685.195
34x30
7630.130
21 X 15
2356.364
34x17
4323.740
39x20
5834.805
36x30
8078.961
22x15
2468.571
18x18
2423.688
40x20
5984.416
38x30
8527.792
23 X 15
2580.779
19x18
2558 338
22x22
3620.571
40x30
8976.623
24X15
2692.987
20x18
2692.987
24x22
3949.714
42x30
9425.454
25x15
2805.195
21 X18
2827.636
26x22
4278.857
44x30
9874.286
26x15
2917.403
22x18
2962.286
28x22
4608.000
46x30
10323.117
27 X 15
3029.610
23X18
3096.935
30x22
4937.143
48x30
10771.948
28X15
3141.818
24X18
3231.584
32x22
5266 286
50x30
11220.779
29 X 15
3254.026
25X18
3366.234
34x23
5595.429
52x30
11669.610
30 X 15
3366.234
26X18
3500.883
36x22
5924.571
54x30
12118.442
31X15
3478.442
27X18
3635.532
38x22
6253.714
56 X 30
12567,273
32X15
3590.649
28X18
3770.182
40x22
6582.857
58x30
13016.104
33X15
3702.857
29X18
3904.831
42x22
6912.000
60x30
13464.935
34X15
3815.065
30 X 18
4039.480
44x22
7241.143
32x32
7660.052
35X15
3927.273
31 xi8
4174.130
24x24
4308.779
34x38
8138.805
36X15
4039.480
32X18
4308.779
26x24
4667.844
36x32
8617.558
37 X 15
4151.688
33X18
4443.429
28x24
5026.909
38x32
9096.312
38X15
4263.896
34X18
4,578.078
30x24
5385.974
40x32
9575.065
39X15
4376.104
35X18
4712.727
32x24
5745.039
42 X 32
10053.818
40X15
4488.312
36X18
4847.377
34x24
6104.104
44x32
10532.571
41x15
4600.519
19x19
2700.467
36x24
6463.169
46x32
11011.325
42X15
4712.727
20X19
2842.597
38x24
6822.234
48x32
11490.078
43 X 15
4824.935
21x19
2984.727
40x24
7181.299
50x32
11968.831
44X15
4937.143
22X19
3126.857
42 X 24
7540.364
52 X 33
12447.584
45 X 15
5049.351
23X19
3268.987
44x24
7899.429
54x32
12926.338
16x16
1915.013
24X19
3411.117
46x24
8258.493
56x32
13405.091
• 17X16
2034.701
25x19
3553.247
48 X 24
8617.558
58x32
13883.844
18x16
2154.390
26X19
3695.377
26x26
5056.831
60x32
14362.597
19X16
2274.078
27X19
3837.506
28x26
5445.818
62 X 32
14841.351
20x16
2393.766
28X19
3979.636
30x26
5834.805
64x32
15320.104
21X16
2513.454
29X19
4121.766
32x26
6223.792
34x34
8647.480
22X16
2633.143
30X19
4263.896
34x26
6612.779
36x34
9156.156
23X16
2752.831
31X19
4406.026
36x26
7001.766
38x34
9664.831
24X16
2872.519
32x19
4548.156
38x26
7390.753
40x34
10173.506
25X16
2992.208
33X19
4690.286
40x26
7779.740
42x34
10682.182
26X16
3111.896
34X19
4832.416
42x26
8168.727
44x34
11190.857
27X16
3231.584
35X19
4974.545
44x26
8557.714
46x34
11699.532
28x16
3351.273
36X19
5116.675
46x26
8946.701
48x34
12208.208
29x16
3470.961
37x19
5258.805
48x26
9835.688
50x34
12716.863
30x16
3590.649
38x19
5400.935
50x26
9724.675
52x34
13225.558
31x16
3710.338
20x20
2992.208
52x26
10113.662
54x34
13734.234
32x16
3830.026
21x20
3141.818
28x28
5864.727
56x34
14242.909
17x17
2161.870
22X20
3291.429
30x28
6283.636
58x34
14751.584
18x17
2289.089
23 X 20
3441.039
32 X 28
6702.545
60x34
15260.260
19x17
2416.208
24x20
3590.649
34x28
7121.454
62x34
15768.935
20x17
2543.377
25x20
3740.260
36x28
7540.364
64x34
16277.610
21x17
2670.545
26x20
3889.870
38x28
7959.273
66x34
16786.286
22x17
2797.714
27x20
4039.480
40x28
8378.182
68x34
17294.961
23x17
2924. 883
28x20
4189.091
42x28
8797.091
36x36
9694.753
24x17
3052.052
29x20
4338.701
44x28
9216.000
38x36
10233..351
25x17
3179.221
30x20
4488.312
46x28
9634.909
40x36
10771.948
26 x 17
3306.390
31 x20
4637.922
48x28
10053.818
42x36
11310.545
27x17
3433.558
32x20
4787.532
50x28
10472.727
44x36
11849.143
The United States inspection laws.allow 20 per cent more pressure to
be carried on boilers with double-riveted longitudinal seams, than on single-
riveted boilers.
ROADWAYS— ROPE .
337
ROADWAYS.
Table of Acres Required per Mile, and per loo Feet, for
Different Widths.
u
u ■
Ih
u .
u
u .
i-
u .
5.:
&,
^^
a.
^s
s.,
*|
^ .
tl
•o H
w.*;;
a)%H
"O V.
w.-S
a)<M
"0 a
c««
■^11
(»:3
M«
■$&
gs
S^
ss
So
g£
ii
^9.
oO
bS
S§
<
<;h
<
<r^
<
^H
<
<3H
1
.121
.002
26
3.15
.060
52
6.30
.119~
78
9.45
.179
2
.242
.005
27
3.27
.062
53
6.42
.122
79
9.58
.181
3
.364
.007
28
3.39
.064
54
6.55
.124
80
9.70
M84
4,
.485
.009
29
3.52
.067
55
6.67
.126
81
9.82
.186
5
.606
.011
30
3.64
.069
56
6.79
.129
82
9.94
.188
6
.727
.014
31
3 76
.071
57
6.91
.131
V2
10.0
.189
7
.848
.016
32
3.88
.073'
%
7.00
.133
83
10.1
.190
8
.970
.018
33
4.00
.076'
58
7.03
.133
84
10.2
.193
v*
1.00
.019
34
4.12
.078,
59
7.15
.135
85
10.3
.195
9
1.09
.021
35
4.24
.080
60
7.27
.138
86
10.4
.197
lO
1.21
.023
36
4.36
.083;
61
7.39
.140
87
10.5
.200
11
1.33
.025
37
4.48
.085.
62
7.52
.142
88
10.7
.202
12
1.46
.028
38
461
.087:
63
7.64
.145
89
10.8
.204
13
1.58
.030
39
4.73
.090
64
7.76
.147
90
10.9
.207
14
1.70
.032
40
4.85
.092
65
7.88
.149
%
n.o
.209
15 11.82
.034
41
4.97
.094.
66
8.00
.151
91
11.0
.209
16 il.94
.037
y4
5.00
.094
67
8.12
.154
92
11.2
.211
1/2 2.00
.038
42
5.09
.096
68
8.24
.156
93
11.3
.213
17
2.06
.039
43
5.21
.099
69
8.36
.158
94
11.4
.216
18
2.18
.041
44
5.33
.101
70
8.48
.161
9,5
11.5
.218
19
2.30
.044
45
5.45
.103
71
8.61
.163
9'6
11.6
.220
20
2.42
.046
46
5.58
.106
72
8.73
.165
97
11.8
.223
21
2.55
.048
47
5.70
.108
73
8.85
.168
98
11.9
.225
22
2.67
.051
48
5.82
.110
74
8.97
.170
99
12.0
.227
23
2.79
.053
49
5.94
.112
V4
9.00
.170
100
12.1
.230
24
2.91
.055
V2
6.00
.114
75
9.09
.172
%
3.00
.057
50
6.06
.115
76
9.21
.174
25'*
3.03
.057
51
6.18
.117
77
9.33
.177
MANII,I,A R0P:E.
Circ.
Weight
Breaking load.
Circ.
Weight
Breaking load.
per foot
per foot
lbs.
Tons.
lbs.
lbs.
Tons.
lbs.
.239
%
.019
.25
560
1.91
6
1.19
11.4
25536
.318
1
.033
.35
784
2.07
6y2
1.39
13.0
29120
.477
11/2
.074
.70
1568
2.23
7
1.62
14.6
32704
.636
2
.132
1.21
2733
2.39
7y2
1.86
16.2
36288
,795
21/2
.206
1.91
4278
2.55
8
2.11
17.8
39872
.955
3
.297
2.73
6115
2.86
9
2.67
21.0
47040
1.11
3y2
.404
3.81
8534
3.18
10
3.30
24.2
54208
1.27
4
.528
5.16
11558
3.50
11
3.99
27.4
61376
1.43
4y2
.668
6.60
14784
3.82
12
4.75
30.6
68544
1.59
5
.825
8.20
18368
4.14
13
5.58
33.8
75712
1.75
5V2
.998
9.80
21952
4.45
14
6.47
37.0
82880
The strength of Manilla ropes, like that of bar iron, is very variable; and so
with hemp ones. The above table supposes an average quality. Ropes of good
Italian hemp are considerably stronger than Manilla; but their cost excludes them
from general use. The tarring of ropes is said to lessen their strength; and when
exposed to the weather, their durjsbility also. We believe that the use of it in
standing rigging is partly to diminish contraction and expansion by alternate wet
and dry weather.
The strength of pieces from the same coil may vary 25 per cent.
A few months of exposed work weakens ropes 20 to 50 per cent,
22
338
ROPE.
Transmission and Standing: Rope.
With Seven Wires to the Strand.
IRON.
i
Weight per
Foot in Lbs.
of Rope with
Hemp Cen.
Breaking
train in Tons
)f 2,000 Lbs.
roper Work-
ing Load in
Tonsof2,000
Lbs.
ircumfcrence
of Hemp
ope of Equal
Strength.
s
o
C/2 ^
Ph
U P!i
11/2
4%
3.37
36.
9
103/4
1%
414
2.77
30.
71/2
10
IVa
33/4
2.28
25.
6V4
9V4
IVs
33/8
1.82
20.
5
8
1
3
1.50
16.
4
7
Vs
2%
1.12
12.3
3
■ 6V4
%
23/8
0.88
8.8
2V4
5V4
n
21/8
0.70
7.6
2
5
%
lys
0.57
5.8
iy2
43/4
1%
1%
0.41
4.1
1
4
V2
13/8
0.31
2.83
%
3V4
/e ~
• 11/4
0.23
2.13
V2
2%
%
11/8
0.19
1.65
2y2
i^e
1
0.16
1.38
2^4
5%
%
0.125
1.03
2
CAST STEEL.
11/2
4%
3.37
62
13
15
13/8
41/4
2.77
52
10
13
11/4
334
2.28
44
9
12
11/8
33/8
1.82
36
71/2
103/4
1
3
1.50
30
6
10
%
2%
1.12
22
41/2
8V2
3/4
23/8
0.88
17
31/2
7V4
Ih
21/8
0.70
14
3
6V2
%
1%
0.57
11
21/4
5V2
1%
1%
0.41
8
13/4
5
V2
13/8
0.31
6
11/4
43/4
%
11/8
0.19
4
1
33/4
1^6
0.16
3
3/4
3^4
Ropes with 19 wires to the strand are generally used for hoisting and
running rope.
Ropes with 12 wires and seven wires to the strand are stiffer, and bet-
ter adapted for standing rope, guys and rigging.
The cube of the diameter of a cast iron ball multiplied by .1377 will
give its weight very nearly.
ROPE.
339
Standard Hoisting Rope.
With 19 Wires to the Strand.
IRON.
4>
r Foot
nds of
with
en.
•2§
ence of
ope of
rength.
0 p.
u
11
.5 c
,5 0 .
B
s
bc_^ 0 <u
••c .S 0^ W
|«.s
21/4
6%
8.00
74
i 15
153^2
8
2
6
6.30
65
13
14)i
7
1%
5M>
5.25
54
11
13
6K
1%
5
4.10
44
9
12
5
1^2
43/4
3.65
39
8
' UK
4%
1%
43/8
3.00
33
6K
lOJi
4K
11/4
4
2.50
27
5X
9K
4
11/8
31/2
2.00
20
4
8
3K
1
31/8
1.58
16
3
7
3
%
23/4
1.20
11.50
23^
6
2H
%
21/4
0.88
8 64
m
5
2K
%
2
0.60
5.13
1¥
4K
2
x"«
1%
0.44
4.27
H
4
1%
¥2
IV2
0.35
3.48
'A
3K
IK
%
IV4
0.26
2.50
K
3
1
CAST STEEL.
2V4 1
63/4
8.00
155
31
9
2
6
6.30
125
25
8
1%
5V2
5.25
106
21
15%
7K
1%
5
4.10
86
17
14 K
6
IV2
43/4
3.65
77
15
13>^
5K
1%
43/8
3.00
63
12
12 Ji
53€
IV4
4
2.50
52
10
UK
5
IVs
31/2
2.00
42
8
10
4K
1
31/8
1.58
33
6
93^
4
Vs
23/4
1.20
25
5
8
3%
%
21/4
0.88
18
31/2
6K
3K
%
2
0.60
14
21/2
53i
3
1%
1%
0.44
9
IV2
4%
2%
V2
11/2
0.35
TVs
1
4K
2
Note: In no case should galvanized wire rope be used for running rope.
The weight of wire center ropes is 10 per cent, more than that of ropes with
hemp centers.
For safe working load, allow one-fifth to one-seventh of the ultimate
strength, according to speed.
When substituting wire rope for hemp rope, allow for the former the
same weight per foot which experience has approved for the latter.
The greater the diameter of sheaves, pulleys or drums, the longer wire
ropes will last.
It is better to increase the load than the speed of wire ropes.
Wire rope must not be coiled or uncoiled like hemp rope.
340
ROPE.
Galvanised Iron Wire Rope.
For Ship's Rigging and Guys for Derricks,
charcoal rope.
Circumference
in Inches.
Weight per
Circumference of
Breaking Strain
Fathom
Hemp Rope of
in Tons of
in Pounds.
Equal Strength.
2,000 Pounds.
5K
26K
11
43
5M
24 K
lOK
40
5
22
10
35
4%
21
9K
33
43^
19
9
30
4^
16K
8K
26
4
14M
8
23
3H
12%
7K
20
3K
10%
7
16
SH
9K
6K
14
3
8
6
12
2H
6%
5K
10
2%
5K
5
9
2K
4K
4K
8
2
3K
4
7
1%
2K
3K
5
IK
2
3
3K
IM
1%
2K
2K
1
%
2
2
%
}i
IK
1
Galvanised Steel Cables for Suspension Bridges.
Diameter in Inches.
Ultimate Strength in
Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Weight per Foot,
Pounds.
2%
220
13
2%
200
11.3
2%
180
10
2}^
155
8.64
2
110
6.5
1%
100
5.8
1%
95
5.6
1%
75
4.35
IK
65
3,7
Air expands ^^^ part of its bulk for every degree of heat added. The
temperature of air compressed from dry atmospheric condition to 130 lbs.
per square inch would be about 700 degrees.
The most common taper for a lathe center is 60 degrees.
341
TABI/B OF TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY WIRE
ROPES.
4/ 43
3
?i
o
o
Rev
o
<4-i
o
o
fc «
2
^ c
t»
l-B
TJ 1
^
H
so
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
100
120
140
80
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
22
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
\ 20
^9
%
fl6
3
3>i
4
4'^
4
5
6
7
9
11
13
15
14
17
20
23
20
25
30
35
26
32
39
45
\ 47
) 48
0
fRevoUi-
of Rope.
of Rope.
Diameter
in Feet.
II
o
a
u
-M
1
Q
9
100
j 20
1 19
[^ rs
9
120
\ 20
119
\^ %
9
140
i 20
119
[t%- ?^
; 10
80
M9
ii8
\% H
10
100
j 19
i 18
(% H
10
120
\ 19
1 18
[% \h
10
140
j 19
■ 18
\% H
12
80
M8
1l7
[h ^
12
100
U8
U7
[h %
12
12
120
140
U8
14
80
1 ?•
[i 1^^
14
100
1 ?
[i 1^
o
a
en
u
O
j 58
{ 60
69
73
82
84
64
68
80
85
96
102
112
119
f 93
I 99
S 116
\ 124
140
149
173
141
148
176
185
The above table gives the power produced b\' Patent Rubber-Hned
Wheels and Wire Belt Ropes, at various speeds.
Horse powers given in this table are calculated with a liberal margin
for any temporary increase of work.
Equivalent Belt.
It is often required to convey- the entire power of a certain shaft which
is driven b\' a belt of a given size. In such a case a simple rule agreeing
with the average result of practice is, that 70 square feet of belt surface are
equal to one horse power.
Take, for example, a belt one foot wide, running at the rate of 1,400
feet per minute; then the
1400^+1'
Horse power = n.-^, ^ 20 ;
and by referring to the table we find the diameter of the wheel correspond
ing to' this horse power, and making the same number of revolutions that
the belt pulley does.
342
IRON riv:ets.
Weight per loo.
Length
DIAMETERS.
undei- Head.
%
%
K
%
%
%
1
1
1.895
4.848
9.66
16.79
26.49
39.3
55.2
%
2.067
5.235
10.34
17.86
27.99
41.4
57.9
%
2.238
5.616
11.04
18.96
29.61
43.5
60.7
%
2.410
6.003
11.73
20.03
31.13
45.6
63.4
■L/
2.582
6.402
12.43
21.04
32.74
47.8
66.2
%
2.754
6.789
13.12
22.11
34.25
49.9
68.9
%
2 926
7.179
13.81
23.31
35.86
52.0
71.7
%
3.098
7.566
14.50
. 24.28
37.37
54.1
74.4
2
3.269
7.956
15.19
25.48
38.99
56.3
77.2
%
3.441
8.343
15.88
26.56
40.40
58.4
79.9
}4
3.613
8.733
16.57
27.65
42.11
60.5
82.7
%
3.785
9.120
17.26
28.73
43.67
62.6
85.4
y^
3.957
9.511
17.95
29.82
45.24
84.8
88.2
%
4.129
9.898
18.64
30.90
46.80
66.9
90.9
%
4.301
10.29
19.33
31.99
48.36
69.0
93.7
%
4.473
10.67
20.02
33.08
49.92
71.1
96.4
3
4.644
11.06
20.71
34.18
51.49
73.3
99 2
%
4.816
11.44
21.40
35.27
53.05
75.4
101.9
%
4.988
11.84
22.09
36.35
54.61
77.5
104.7
%
5.160
12.23
22.78
37.44
56.17
79.6
107.4
K
5.332
12.62
23.48
38 52
57.74
81.8
110.2
%
5.504
13.01
24.17
39.60
59.30
83.9
112.9
%
5.676
13.39
24.86
40.69
60.86
86.0
116.7
%
5.848
13.78
25.55
41.78
62.42
88.1
119.4
4
6.019
14.17
26.24
42.87
63.99
90.3
121.2
Vs
6.191
14.56
26.93
43.94
65.55
92.4
123.9
H
6.363
14.95
27.62
45.01
67.11
94.5
126.6
100 Heads.
.519
1.74
4.14
8.10
13.99 1 22.27 1
33.15
Length of Rivets required to make one Head = 13^ diameters of Round
Bar.
I^loyd's Rule for Shipbuilding.
Dia. of
Rivets.
Thick-
ness of
Plates.
%''
%''
%''
v
//
//
//
//
/,'
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
h
1%
-h
h
h
\%
\\
M
il
i-l
il
11
Rivets to be ^A in.
larger in diame-
ter in the stem,
stern post, and
keel.
Boilermaker's Rule.
Diameter of Rivets equals twice the thickness of the Plate, the Pitch
equals 2V2 to 3 diameters of the Rivet. Lap for single joints equals 3
diameters. Lap for double joints equals 5 diameters.
RIVETS.
343
Weights of Rivets and Round-Headed Bolts Without Nuts
Per 100.
LENGTH FROM UNDER HEAD.
ONE CUBIC FOOT WEIGHING 480 LBS.
Length.
DIAMETER-
-INCHES.
Inches.
%
K
%
%
%
1
IVs
114
IV4
5.4
12.6
21.5
28.7
43.1
65.3
91.5
123.
iy2
6.2
13.9
23.7
31.8
47.3
70.7
1 98.4
133.
1%
6.9
15.3
25.8
34.9
51.4
76.2
105.
142.
2
7.7
16.6
27.9
37.9
55.6
81.6
112.
150.
214
8.5
18.0
30.0
41.
59.8
87.1
119.
159.
2Vo
9.2
19.4
32.2
44.1
63.0
92.5
126.
167.
2%
10.0
20.7
34.3
47.1
68.1
98.0
133.
176.
3
10.8
22.1
36.4
50.2
72.3
103.
140.
184.
314
11.5
23.5
38.6
53.3
76.5
109.
147.
193.
31/2
12.3
24.8
40.7
56.4
80.7
114.
154.
201.
33/4
13.1
26.2
42.8
59.4
84.8
120.
161.
210.
4
13.8
27.5
45.0
62.5
89.0
125.
167.
218.
41/4
14.6
28.9
47.1
65.6
93.2
131.
174.
227.
41/2
15.4
30.3
49.2
68.6
97.4
136.
181.
236.
434
16.2
31.6
51.4
71.7
102.
142.
188.
244.
5
16.9
33.0
53.5
74 8
106.
147.
195.
253.
514
17.7
34.4
55.6
77.8
110.
153.
202.
261.
51/2
18.4
35.7
57.7
80.9
114.
158.
209.
270.
53/4
19.2
37.1
59.9
84.0
118.
163.
216.
278.
6
20.0
38.5
62.0
87.0
122.
169.
223.
287.
6V2
21.5
41.2
66.3
93.2
131.
180.
236.
304.
7
23.0
43.9
70.5
99.3
139.
191.
250.
321.
71/2
24.6
46.6
74.8
106
147.
202.
264.
338.
8
26.1
49.4
79.0
112.
156.
213.
278.
355.
81/2
27.6
52.1
83.3
118.
164.
223.
292.
372.
9
29.2
54.8
87.6
124.
173.
234.
306.
389.
91/2
30.7
57.6
91.8
130.
181.
245.
319.
406.
10
32.2
60.3
96.1
136.
189.
256.
333.
423.
101/2
33.8
63.0
101.
142.
198.
267.
347.
440.
11
35.3
65.7
105.
148.
206.
278.
361.
457.
111/2
36.8
68.5
109.
155.
214.
289.
375.
474.
12
38.4
71.2
113.
161.
223.
300.
388.
491.
Heads.
1.8
5.7
10.9
13 4
22.2
38.0
57.0
82.0
344
RIVETS.
Number of Rivets to One Hundred Pounds.
LENGTHS.
%
h
K
%
H
%
%
%
1965
1419
1092
%
1948
1335
1027
597
1
1692
1222
940
538
450
IV4
1437
1036
797
487
389
356
228
IV2
1300
949
730
440
357
280
180
1%
1200
900
693
390
325
262
169
2
1100
789
608
360
297
243
156
21/4
999
721
555
347
280
232
149
2V2
945
682
525
335
260
220
141
2%
900
650
500
312
242
208
133
3
828
598
460
290
224
197
127
3V4
779
562
433
267
212
180
115
3y2
743
536
413
248
201
169
108
33/4
715
513
395
241
192
160
102
4
236
184
158
99
41/2
210
171
146
94
5
190
161
135
87
5V2
172
151
124
80
6
157
140
115
74
Number of Belt Rivets and Burs in One Pound.
Inch.
K
i^
%
i^6
y^
1^6
%
%
%
1
^M
IK
I'A
Burs.
No 7
272
250
228
180
164
160
148
112
112
100
84
80
69
345
" 8
276
268
248
200
178
172
152
136
110
104
96
390
" 9
340
280
272
248
228
220
184
176
156
136
....
....
610
" 10
544
448
384
340
304
300
272
238
204
....
716
" 12
588
512
452
404
364
334
304
272
985
" 13
996
852
532
....
....
1640
Number of Copper Braziers' Bivets
in One Pound.
Nos.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
148
100
70
44
34
24
18
12
9
6
4
The proper angle for a friction clutch is about 55 degrees.
In friction wheels the driver should be of the softer material.
RIVETS— SPIKES.
345
Shearing^ and Bearing Value of Rivets
•
Diam. of Rivet
iu Inches.
Area
of
Rivet
Single
Shear at
7,500 lbs
per
Sq.Inch
Bearing Valne for Different Thicknesses of Plate at 15,000
lbs. per Sq. Inch. (= Dia. of Rivet x Thickness of Plate
X 15,000 lbs.)
Fracti'n
Decimal
^4"
^"
%'•
x\"
V2"
"b
%"
ir
%••
\r
Js"
K \ ?17!^
.1104
.1503
.1963
.2485
.3068
.3712
.4418
.5185
.6013
.6903
.7854
.8866
.9940
1.1075
828
1130
1470
1860
2300
2780
3310
3890
4510
5180
5890
6650
7460
8310
Il410
1640
1880
2110
2340
2580
2810
3050
3280
3520
3750
3980
4220
4450
4375
2050
2340
2&40
2930
3220
3520
3810
4100
4390
4690
4980
5270
5570
9
.5
5625
2810
3160
3520
3870
4220
4570
4920
5270
5620
5980
6330
6680
3690
4100
5^
RO?;
\l ' .6875
4510
5160
% .75
11 1 8125
4920 5630
5330 6090
,5740 6560
6330
6860
7380
7910
8440
8960
9490
10020
7620
8200
8790
9380
9960
10550
11130
% ! 875
\%
.9375
1.0
1.0625
1.125
1,1875
6150
6560
6970
7380
7790
7030
7500
7970
8440
8910
9670
10310
10960
11600
12250
11250
11950
12660
13360
12950
13710
14470
14770
15590
WROUGHT SPIKES.
Hook Head Railroad Spikes— No. to Keg of 150 Pounds.
Size.
Average No.
Ties 2 ft. between centers,
Rails used.
per Keg.
4 spikes f tie make ^ M.
Weight ^ yd.
6 x,%
5K X j«e
264
289
5998 lb
5522 '
s. = 40 kegs.
' =37 "
[ 45 to 70
5 X ,«g
312
5058 *
' =35 "
40 " 56
5 X K
412
3843 '
' =25 "
35 " 40
4Kx M
456
3474 '
' =23 "
30 " 35
4 X %
510
3104 '
' =21 "
28 " 35
4K X 7e
550
2882 '
' = 19 "
25 " 30
4 x/«
613
2587 '
' =17 "
3M X h
675
2344 '
' =16 "
■ 20 " 25
4 X %
819
1932 '
' =13 "
3>^ X %
965
1647 '
* =11 "
[ 16 " 20
3 X ^^
1114
1425 •
' = 91/2 "
3V2 X ,%
1360
1162 '
' = 7y^ "
12 " 16
3 x,««
2V2 X i^e
1550
1802
1023 '
876 '
' = 6
1 8 " 12
Street and Tram I
tail Spike-
-Countersunk Heads.
Size.
No. to Keg
150 lbs.
of
No.
to lay 1 mile 2 ft. Apart.
21/2 X K
2300
345 = 2% kegs.
21/2 X i\
1720
565= 3% "
3 x,««
1250
640= 4>i "
3V2 X i^e
1150
690= 4% "
5 X 1%
900
880 = 5% "
6 X ^6
840
940= 6>^ "
4 x>^
530
1500 =10 "
■ 4V2 X K
480
1650 = 11 "
6 X K
360
2190 = 14% "
6 x^
270
2930 = 19K "
346
SPIKES— SHINGLES.
Boat or Ship Spike— No. to Keg of 150 Pounds.
Length.
'4
1%
%
t\
y^
3
2250
1890
1650
1464
1380
1292
1161
SV2
1208
1135
1064
930
868
662
635
573
4
4y2
5
742
570
482
455
424
391
6
7
8
445
384
300
270
249
236
306
256
9
240
10
222
11
203
12
180
Weight of iElliptic Springs.
TEMPERED, PER PAIR.
1)^ X 3, 34 inches long 26 lbs.
IH
x3,
36
IH
x4,
34
1%
x4,
36
IK
x3,
34
IK
x3,
36
IK
x4,
34
IK
x4,
36
IK
x5,
34
IK x5, 36 inches long 50 lbs
28 "
lKx6, 36
34 "
1^x4,36
36 "
l%x5, 36
32 "
1^x6,36
34 "
2 X 4, 36
41 "
2 X 5, 36
44 "
2 x6, 36
47 "
2 X 7, 36
"S iJ^
' 60
' 51
' 58
' 69
' 64
' 68
' 83
' 92
The elastic limit of tempered spring steel, and of hard drawn steel
spring wire, will range from 120,000 to 140,000 pounds per square inch,
one-half of which, or 60,000 pounds, may be safely taken as the maximum
working stress.
The diameter of the spring should not be less than four or five times
the diameter of the wire, in order that it may not be injured in coiling, and
a larger diameter is desirable when it can be had.
Shingles.
Weights of shingles differ according to the character and specific gravity
of the timber from which they are cut. In ordinary white pine a car load
of 22,000 pounds of green shingles will be as follows:
16 inch, Green 60,000 to 65,000
16 " Dry 70,000 to 75,000
18 inch
18 "
Green 52,000 to 55,000
Drv 60,000 to 65,000
The above for an average. There have been loaded 90,000 eighteen-
inch shaved shingles, five butts to two and one-fourth inches, shingles one
year old, seasoned under cover, on a ten-ton rate. One thousand shingles
should lay one square, or a space of 10 feet by 10 feet.
To calculate the number of shingles for a roof, ascertain the number of
SAWS— SHOES.
347
square feet and multiply by 4, if 2 inches are laid to the weather; and by 8,
if 41/2 inches; and by 7i, if 5 inches are exposed.
The length of rafter of 1/3 pitch is equal to | of width of building adding
projection.
Table of Speed for Circular Saws.
Size of Saw.
Revolutions
Size of Saw.
Revolutions
Inches.
per Min.
Inches.
per Min.
8
4,500
42
870
10
3,600
44
840
12
3,000
46
800
14
2,585
48
750
16
2,222
50
725
18
2,000
52
700
20
1,800
54
675
22
1,636
56
650
24
1,500
58
625
26
1,384
60
600
28
1,285
62
575
30
1,200
64
550
32
1,125
66
545
34
1,058
68
529
36
1,000
70
514
38
950
72
500
40
900
Weights of Horse and Mule Shoes.
Horse Shoes.
No.
0, Fore..
1, " ..
2, " ..
3, " ..
4, " ..
5, " ..
6, " ..
7, •' ..
0, Hind.
1, " ..
2, " ..
3, " ..
4, " ..
5, " ..
6, " ..
7, " ..
Light Pattern.
Medium Pattern.
12 ounces.
14
17
20
24
29
36
i'o ''""
11
14
18
22
27
32
17 ounces.
20
24
28
34
41
48
14 '"'*'
16
20
24
29
35
38
Heavy Pattern.
19 ounces.
23
26
32
39
46
15
18
23
27
32
38
No. 1, Mule 10 ounces.
"■ 2, " 12
" 3, " 15
'• 4, " 19
" 5, " 24
348
SHAFTING.
TRANSMITTING :^FFICI]5NCY OF TURNED IRON
SHAFTING, AT DIFF]eR:eNT SPEEDS.
As Prime Mover or Head Shaft, Carrying Main Driving Pulley
or Gear, Well Supported by Bearings.
Diameter of
NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE.
Shaft.
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
Inches.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
1%
2.6
3.4
4.3
5.4
6.4
7.5
8.6
9.7
10.7
11.8
12.9
2
3.8
5.1
6.4
8
9.6
11.2
12.8 14.4
16
17.6
19.2
214
5.4
7.3
8.1
10
12
14
16 18
20
22
24
2V2
7.5
10
12.5
15
18
22
25 28
31
34
37
2%
10
13
16
20
24
28
32 36
40
44
48
3
13
17
20
25
30
35
40 45
50
55
60
3V4
16
22
27
34
40
47
54 61
67
74
81
3y2
20
27
34
42
51
59
68 76
85
93
102
33/4
25
33
42
52
63
73
84 94
105
115
126
4
30
41
51
64
76
89
102 115
127
140
153
4^V2
43
58
72
90
108
126
144 162
180
198
216
5
60
80
100
125
150
175
200 225
250
275
300
5V2
80
106
133
166
199
233
266 299
333
366
400
As Second Movers or I/ine Shafting, Bearings 8 Feet Apart.
Diameter of
Shaft.
NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE.
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
Inches.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
1%
6
7.4
8.9
10.4
11.9
13.4
14.9
16.4
17.9
19.4
20.9
1%
7.3
9.1
10.9
12.7
14.5
16.3
18.2
20
21.8
23.6
25.4
2
8.9
11.1
13.3
15.5
17.7
20
22.2
24.4
26.6
28.8
31
2%
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.2
23.8
26.5
29.1
31.8
34.4
37
2V4
12.6
15.8
19
22
25
28
31
35
38
41
44
2%
15
18
22
26
29
33
37
41
44
48
52
2y2
17
21
26
30
34
39
43
47
52
56
60
23/4
23
29
34
40
46
52
58
64
69
75
81
3
30
37
45
52
60
67
75
82
90
97
105
3V4
38
47
57
66
76
85
95
104
114
123
133
3%
47
59
71
83
95
107
119
131
143
155
167
33^
58
73
88
102
117
132
146
162
176
190
205
4
71
89
107
125
142
160
178
196
213
231
249
For Simply Transmitting Power.
Diameter of
Shaft.
NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE,
100
126
150
175
200
233
267
300
333
367
400
Inches.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
FT. P.!H. P.
H P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
IV2
6.7
8.4
10.1
11.8
13.5
15.7
17.9
20.3
22.5
24.8
27
1%
8.6
10.7
12.8
15
17.1
20
22.8
25.8
28.6
31.5
34.3
13^
10.7
13.4
16
18.7
21.5
25
28
32
36
39
43
1%
13.2
16.5
19.7
23
26.4
31
35
39
44
48
52
2
16
20
24
28
32
37
42
48
53
58
64
2V8
19
24
29
33
38
44
51
57
63
70
76
2%
22
28
34
39
45
52
60
68
75
83
90
23/8
27
33
40
47
53
62
70
79
88
96
105
2V2
31
39
47
54
62
73
83
93
104
114
125
2%
41
52
62
73
83
97
111
125
139
153
167
3
54
67
81
94
108
126
144
162
180
198
216
3y4
3%
68
86
103
120
137
160
182
205
228
250
273
85
107
128
150
171
200
228
257
285
313
342
SHAFTING.
349
Shafting.
To find the power of a shaft when its diameter and speed are given.
Rule: Multiply the cube of the diameter of shaft by 600, and that
product bj' the number of revolutions per minute, and divide by 33,000.
The quotient will be the horse power of shaft approximately.
To find the speed of a shaft when its diameter and the power it is re-
quired to transmit are given.
Rule: Multiply the given power by 33,000 and divide the product by
600, this quotient di^'ided by the cube of the diameter of the shaft will give
the speed required.
To find the requisite diameter of a wrought iron shaft, the horse power
to be transmitted, and the revolutions of shaft per minute being given.
Rule: Multiply the given horse power by 190, divide the p"oduct by
the number of revolutions per minute, and the cube root of the quotient
will be the required diameter of shaft in inches.
Example: 10 H. P. X 190 = 1900.
1900 = 38,
50 revolutions per minute.
The cube root of 38 = 3. 36 nearl v. 3. 36 inches. Ans.
Horse Power I/ine Shafting Will Transmit with Safety, Bear-
ings Say 8 to lo Feet Apart.
Diam. of Shaft
Horse Power in
Diam. of Shaft in
Horse Power in
in Inches.
One Revolution.
Inches.
One Revolution.
1 5
1 6
.008
311
.512
ll\
.016
^h
.728
1/g
.027
411
1.100
IM
.043
5/.
1.328
1^1
.064
511
1.728
2f%
.091
6/6
2.195
2-h
.125
6il
2.744
2M
.166
7/w
3.368
2f|
.216
71i
4.096
3 1=^6
.272
8/.
4.912
3/,
.343
8il
5.824
311
.424
9/6
6.848
Speed in Turning Shafting.
With special shafting lathe 14-inch swing, 50 feet between centers, 2
tools and burnishing die.
lli in. diam 18 feet per hour.
1%
2
2V4
2V2
3
31/2
4
.15
.13^
.12
.101/2
. 9
. 71/2
61^
350
Steam.
Pure steam is composed of two volumes of hydrogen and one of oxy-
gen; or, by weight, one of hydrogen and eight of oxygen. If two cubic feet
of hydrogen and one of oxygen are united, they will form only two cubic
feet of steam, or a volume equal to that of the hydrogen and equal in weight
to both.
Steam is three-eights lighter than common air. An atmosphere of pure
steam would only weigh a little over nine pounds, yet water, of which it is
composed, is 770 times heavier than air. Watt gives the latent heat of
steam at one atmosphere as 988 degrees; at 10 atmospheres as 840 degrees.
Southern gives the latent heat as constant at 950 degrees at all tempera-
tures. Lavoisier at 1,000 degrees. Rumford at 1,009 degrees, and Reg-
nault at 966 degrees.
In measuring the quantity of heat contained in steam, the ordinary
thermometer is useless.
One cubic inch of water generated into steam contains sufficient heat
to raise the temperature of 51/2 cubic inches from 32 degrees Fahr. to 212
degrees, making in all, when condensed, 6^4 inches of water at 212 degrees;
yet the steam only indicated 212 degrees. Hence, if we multiply 6 K by
212 degrees, and deduct the 32 degrees contained in the 5K inches of water,
we will have 1,202 as the amount of heat obtained from 1,700 cubic inches
of steam, or the amount necessary to evaporate one cubic inch of waterinto
steam, yet the steam will indicate, by the thermometer, as having only re-
ceived 108 degrees, when, as shown by the above calculation, it has re-
ceived 1,170 degrees, and yielded up to the 5K inches of water 990 degrees.
Steam flowing into a vacuum at an expansive pressure of 15 pounds
per square inch, travels at the rate of 1,550 feet per second; and flowing
into the air, at the rate of 650 feet per second, for a pressure of 15 pounds
per square inch.
By this it will be seen that a small pipe will discharge a very large quan-
tity of steam.
A 2-inch pipe will discharge over 100-horse power of steam into a coil
surrounded by water sufficient to produce a vacuum, and about the same,
when the steam is discharged into water.
In such cases there should be no more than one square inch of steam
opening from the boiler for every 50-horse power of its capacity, and at that
rate for all sizes of boiler.
When steam is used for heating water in tanks by discharging it into
the water, there should be about 5 pounds of water brought to a tempera-
ture of 212 degrees for every pound of water evaporated in the boiler.
When coils are used for heating water they should be located above the
boiler, and the condensed water returned to the boiler, by its own gravity,
or a pump may be used to return the water, thereby saving as much fuel as
has been used to bring this water to the temperature at which it leaves the
coils.
STEAM,
351
Table of Properties of Saturated Steam.
i
Total Heat in
Relative Vol-
nme or Cubic
Feet of Steam
Pressure per
Temperature
Latent Heat
Heat Units
Square Inch
b3^ Gauge.
in Fahrenheit
Degrees.
in Heat
Units.
From Water
at 32° F.
From One Cu-
bic Ft.of Water
5
227.917
954.415
1151.454
1220.3
10
240.000
945.825
1155.139
984.8
15
250.245
938.925
1158.263 1
826.8
20
259.176
932.152
1160.987
713.4
25
267.120
926.472
1163.410
628.2
30
274.296
921.334
1165.600
561.8
35
280.854
916.631
1167.600
508.5
40
286.897
912.290
1169.442
464.7
45
292.520
908.247
1171.158
428.5
50
297.777
904.462
1172.762
397.7
55
302.718
900.899
1174.269
371.2
60
307.388
897.526
1175.692
348.3
65
311.812
894.330
1177.042
328.3
70
316.021
891.286
1178.326
310.5
75
320.039
888.375
1179.551
294.7
80
323.884
885.588
1180.724
280.6
85
327.571
883.914
1181.849
267.9
90
331.113
880.342
1182.929
265.5
95
334.523
877.865
1183.970
246.0
100
337.814
875.472
1184.974
236.3
105
340.995
873.155
1185.944
227.6
110
344.074
870.911
1186.883
219.7
115
347.059
868. 735
1187.794
212.3
125
352.757
864.566
1189.535
199.0
135
358.161
860.621
1191.180
187.5
145
363.277
856.874
1192.741
177.3
155
368.158
853.294
1194.228
168.4
165
372.822
849.869
1195.650
160.4
175
377.291
846.584
1197.013
153.4
185
381.573
843.432
1198.319
147.1
235
401.072
831.222
1203.735
114.
285
418.225
819.610
1208.737
96.
335
431.956
810.690
1212.580
83.
385
444.919
800.198
1217.094
73.
Note. — By the term Saturated Steam is meant not as some think wet
steam, but simply c/rj steam, as it is formed in contact with water.
A belt will run toward the ends of the shafts that are nearest tosrether.
A good average consumption of coal per horse power, per hour, for a
good compound engine is about 1.75 pounds of coal.
352
STEAM.
Table of Steam Used Expansively.
Inital Presure
Average Pressure of Steam in lbs. per Square Inch,
for the Whole Stroke.
DS. i^er 1
Portion of Stroke at which Steam is Cut Off.
are Inch.
%
%
K
%
3€
%
5
4.8
4.6
4 2
3.7
2.9
1.9
10
9.6
9.1
8.4
7.4
5.9
3.8
15
14.4
13.7
12 7 .
11.1
8.9
5.7
20
19.2
18.3
16.9
14.8
11.9
7.6
25
24.1
22.9
21.1
18.5
14.9
9.5
30
28.9
27.5
25.4
22.2
17.9
11.5
35
33.8
32.1
29.6
25.9
20.8
13.4
40
37.5
36.7
33.8
29 6
23.8
15.4
45
43.4
41.3
38.1
33.3
26.8
17.3
50
48.2
45.9
42.3
37.0
29.8
19.2
60
57.8
55.1
50.7
44.5
35.7
23.1
70
67.4
64.3
59.2
52.4
41.7
26.9
80
77.1
73.5
67.7
59.3
47.7
30.8
90
86.7
82.6
76.1
66.7
53.6
34.6
100
96.3
91.8
84.6
74.1
59.6
38.4
110
106.0
101.0
93.1
81.5
65.6
42.5
120
115.2
110.2
101.5
89.4
71.5
46.1
130
125.4
119.1
110.0
95.3
77.5
50.0
140
134.9
128.6
118.5
103.8
83.3
53.8
150
144.7
137.8
126.4
111.2
89.4
57.7
160
153.6
147.0
135.4
118.2
95.4
61.5
180
173.5
1 164.6
152.3
132.9
107.3
69.2
200
192.7
1 183.7
1 169.3
148.3
119.3
76.9
Velocity of Steam Escaping Into the Atmosphere.
Pressure Above
Velocity
Pressure Above
Velocity
Atmosphere.
Per Second.
Atmosphere.
Per Second.
Pounds.
Feet.
Pounds.
Feet.
1
540
50
1736
2
698
60
1777
3
814
70
1810
4
905
80
1835
5
981
90
1857
10
1232
100
1875
20
1476 •
110
1889
30
1601
120
1900
40
1681
130
1909
Ordinary %-inch rubber tubing will stand a pressure of from 10 to 15
lbs. per square inch.
SINLS.
353
NATURAIy SINES, TANGENTS AND SECANTS,
ADVANCING BY 10 MIN.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
■
0
00
.0000
,0000
1.0000
7
00
.1219
.1228
1.0075
10
.0029
.0029
1 . 0000
10
.1248
.1257
1.0079
20
.0058
.0058
1.0000
20
.1276
.1287
1.0082
30
.0087
.0087
1.0000
30
.1305
.1317
1.0086
40
,0116
.0116
1.0001
40
.1334
.1346
1.0090
50
.0145
.0145
1.0001
50
.1363
.1376
1.0094
1
00
.0175
.0175
1.0002
8
00
.1392
.1405
1.0098
10
.0204
.0204
1.0002
10
.1421
.1435
1.0102
20
.0233
.0233
1.0003
20
.1449
.1465
1.0107
30
.0262
.0262
1 .0003
30
.1478
.1495
1.0111
40
.0291
.0291
1.0004
40
.1507
.1524
1.0116
50
.0320
.0320
1.0005
50
.1536
.1554
1.0120
2
00
.0349
.0349
1.0006
9
00
.1564
.1584
1.0125
10
.0378
.0378
1.0007
10
.1593
.1614
1.0129
20
.0407
.0407
1.0008
20
.1622
.1644
1.0134
30
.0436
.0437
1.0010
30
.1650
.1673
1.0139
40
.0465
.0466
1.0011
40
.1679
.1703
1.0144
50
.0494
.0495
1.0012
50
.1708
.1733
1.0149
3
00
.0523
.0524
1.0014
10
00
.1736
.1763
1.0154
10
.0552
.0553
1.0015
10
.1765
.1793
1.0160
20
.0581
.0582
1.0017
20
.1794
.1823
1.0165
80
.0610
.0612
1.0019
30
.1822
.1853
1.0170
40
.0640
.0641
1.0021
40
.1851
.1883
1.0176
50
.0669
.0670
1.0022
50
.1880
.1914
1.0181
4
00
.0698
.0699
1.0024
11
00
.1908
.1944
1.0187
10
.0727
.0729
1.0027
10
.1937
.1974
1.0193
20
.0756
.0758
1.0029
20
-1965
.2004
1.0199
30
.0785
.0787
1.0031
30
.1994
.2035
1.0205
40
.0814
.0816
1.0033
40
.2022
.2065
1.0211
50
.0843
.0846
1.0036
50
.2051
.2095
1.0217
5
00
.0872
.0875
1.0038
12
00
.2079
.2126
1.0223
10
.0901
.0904
1.0041
10
.2108
.2156
1.0230
20
.0929
.0934
1.0043
20
.2136
.2186
1.0236
30
.0958
.0963
1.0046
30
.2164
.2217
1.0243
40
.0987
.0992
1.0049
40
.2193
.2247
1.024-9
50
.1016
.1022
1.0052
50
.2221
.2278
1.0256
6
00
.1045
.1051
1.0055
13
00
.2250
.2309
1.0263
10
.1074
.1080
1.0058
10
.2278
.2339
1.0270
20
.1103
.1110
1.0061
20
.2306
.2370
1.0277
30
.1132
.1139
1.0065
30
.2334
.2401
1.0284
40
.1161
.1169
1.0068
40
.2363
.2432
1.0291
50
.1190
.1198
1.0072
50
.2391
.2462
1.0299
a»
354
SINES.
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants.
{Continued.)
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant. Deg
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
14
00
.2419
.2493
1.0306
21
00
3584
.3839
1.0711
10
.2447
.2524
1.0314
10
.3611
•3872
1.0723
20
.2476
.2555
1.0321
20
.3638
.3906
1.0736
30
.2504
.2586
1.0329
30
.3665
.3939
1.0748
40
.2532
.2617
1.0337
40
.3692
.3973
1.0760
50
.2560
.2648
1.0345
50
.3719
.4006
1.0773
15
00
.2588
.2679
1.0353
22
00
.3746
.4040
1.0785
10
.2616
.2711
1-0361
10
.3773
.4074
1.0798
20
.2644
.2742
1.0369
20
.3800
.4108
1.0811
30
.2672
.2773
1.0377
30
.3827
.4142
1.0824
40
.2700
.2805
1.0386
40
.3854
.4176
1.0837
50
.2728
.2836
1.0394
50
.3881
.4210
1.0850
16
00
.2756
.2867
1.0403
23
00
.3907
.4245
1.0864
10
.2784
.2899
1.0412
10
.3934
.4279
1.0877
20
.2812
.2931
1.0421
20
.3961
.4314
1.0891
30
.2840
.2962
1.0429
30
.3987
.4348
1.0904
40
.2868
.2994
1.0439
40
.4014
.4383
1.0918
50
.2896
.3026
1.0448
50
.4041
.4417
1.0932
17
00
.2924
.3057
1.0457
24
00
.4067
.4452
1.0946
10
.2952
.3089
1.0466
10
.4094
.4487
1.0961
20
.2979
.3121
1.0476
20
.4120
.4522
1.0975
30
.3007
.3153
1.0485
30
.4147
.4557
1.0989
40
.3035
.3185
1 .0495
40
.4173
.4592
1.1004
50
.3062
.3217
1.0505
50
.4200
.4628
1.1019
18
00
.3090
.3249
1.0515
25
00
.4226
.4663
1.1034
10
.3118
.3281
1.0525
10
.4253
.4699
1.1049
20
.3145
.3314
1.0535
20
.4279
.4734
1.1064
30
.3173
.3346
1.0545
30
.4305
.4770
1.1079
40
.3201
.3378
1.0555
40
.4331
.4806
1.1095
50
.3228
.3411
1.0566
50
.4358
.4841
1.1110
19
00
.3256
.3443
1.0576
26
00
.4384
.4877
1.1126
10
.3283
.3476
1.0587
10
.4410
.4913
1.1142
20
.3311
.3508
1.0598
20
.4436
.4950
1.1158
30
.3338
.3541
1.0608
30
.4402
.4986
1.1174
40
.3365
.3574
1.0619
40
.4488
.5022
1.1190
50
.3393
.3607
1.0631
50
.4514
.5059
1.1207
20
00
.3420
.3640
1.0642
27
00
.4540
.5095
1.1223
10
.3448
.3673
1.0653
10
.4566
.5132
1.1240
20
.3475
.3706
1.0665
20
.4592
.5169
1.1257
30
.3502
.3739
1.0676
30
.4617
.5206
1.1274
40
.3529
.3772
1.0688
40
.4643
.5243
1.1291
50
.3557
.3805
1.0700
50
.4669
.5280
1.1308
SINES.
365
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants.
{Continued.)
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
28
00
.4695
.5317
1.1326
35
00
.5736
.7002
1.2208
10
.4720
.5354
1.1343
10
.5760
.7046
1.2233
20
.4746
.5392
1.1361
20
.5783
.7089
1.2258
30
.4772
.5430
1.1379
30
.5807
.7133
1.2283
40
.4797
.5467
1.1397
40
.5831
.7177
1.2309
50
.4823
.5505
1.1415
50
.5854
.7221
1.2335
29
00
.4848
.5543
1.1434
36
00
.5878
.7265
1.2361
10
.4874
.5581
1.1452
10
.5901
.7310
1.2387
20
.4899
.5619
1.1471
20
.5925
.7355
1.2413
30
.4924
.5658
1.1490
30
.5948
.7400
1.2440
40
.4950
.5696
1.1509
40
.5972
.7445
1.2467
50
.4975
.5735
1.1528
50
.5995
.7490
1.2494
30
00
.5000
.5774
1.1547
37
00
.6018
.7536
1.2521
10
.5025
.5812
1.1566
10
.6041
.7581
1.2549
20
,5050
.5851
1.1586
20
.6065
.7627
1.2577
30
.5075
.5890
1.1606
30
.6088
.7673
1.2605
40
.5100
.5930
1.1626
40
.6111
.7720
1.2633
50
.5125
.5969
1.1646
50
.6134
.7766
1.2661
31
00
.5150
6009
1.1666
38
00
.6157
.7813
1.2690
10
.5175
.6048
1.1687
10
.6180
.7860
1.2719
20
.5200
.6088
1.1707
20
.6202
.7907
1.2748
30
.5225
.6128
1.1728
30
.6225
.7954
1.2778
40
.5250
.6168
1.1749
40
.6248
.8002
1.2808
50
.5275
.6208
1.1770
50
.6271
.8050
1.2837
32
00
.5299
.6249
1.1792
39
00
.6293
.8098
1.2868
10
.5324
.6289
1.1813
10
.6316
.8146
1.2898
20
.5348
.6330
1.1835
20
.6338
.8195
1.2929
30
.5373
.6371
1.1857
30
.6361
.8243
1.2960
40
.5398
.6412
1.1879
40
.6383
.8292
1.2991
50
.5422
.6453
1.1901
50
.6406
.8342
1.3022
33
00
.5446
.6494
1.1924
40
00
.6428
.8391
1.3054
10
.5471
.6536
1.1946
10
.6450
.8441
1.3086
20
.5495
.6577
1.1969
20
.6472
.8491
1.3118
30
.5519
.6619
1.1992
30
.6494
.8541
1,3151
40
.5544
.6661
1.2015
40
.6517
.8591
1.3184
50
.5568
.6703
1.2039
50
.6539
.8642
1.3217
34
00
.5592
.6745
1.2062
41
00
.6561
.8693
1.3250
10
.5616
.6787
1.2086
10
.6583
.8744
1.3284
20
.5640
.6830
1.2110
20
.6604
.8796
1.3318
30
.5664
.6873
1.2134
30
.6626
.8847
1.3352
40
.5688
.6916
1.2158
40
.6648
.8899
1.3386
50
.5712
.6959
1.2183
1 50
.6670
.8952
1.3421
356
SINES.
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants.
{Continued. )
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
42
00
.6691
.9004
1.3456
49
00
.7547
1.1504
1. 5243
10
.6713
.9057
1.3492
10
.7566
1.1571
1.5294
20
.6734
.9110
1.3527
20
.7585
1.1640
1.5345
30
.6756
.9163
1.3563
30
.7604
1.1708
1.5398
40
.6777
.9217
1.3600
40
.7623
1.1778
1.5450
50
.6799
.9271
1.3636
50
.7642
1.1847
1.5504
43
00
.6820
,9325
1.3673
50
00
.7660
1.1918
1.5557
10
6841
.9380
1.3711
10
.7679
1.1988
1.5611
20
6862
.9435
1.3748
20
.76.)8
1. 2059
1 5666
30
.6884
.9490
1.3786
30
.7716
1.2131
1.-^721
40
.6905
.9545
1.3824
40
.7735
1.2203
15777
50
.6926
.9601
1.3863
50
.7753
1.2276
1.5833
44
00
.6947
.9657
1.3902
51
00
.7771
1.2349
1.5890
10
.6967
.9713
1.3941
10
.7790
1.2423
1.5948
20
.6988
.9770
1.3980
20
.7808
1.2497
1.6005
30
.7009
.9827
1.4020
30
.7826
1.2572
1.6064
40
.7030
.9884
1.4061
40
.7844
1.2647
1.6123
50
.7050
.9942
1.4101
50
.7862
1.2723
1 6183
45
00
.7071
1.0000
1.4142
52
00
.7880
1.2799
1.6243
10
.7092
1.0058
1.4183
10
.7898
1.2876
1 6303
20
.7112
1.0117
1.4225
20
-7916
1.2954
1.6365
30
.7133
1.0176
1.4267
30
.7934
1.3032
1.6427
40
.7153
1.0235
1.4310
40
.7951
1.3111
1.6489
50
.7173
1.0295
1.4352
50
.7969
1.3190
1.6553
46
00
.7193
1.0355
1.4396
53
00
.7986
1.3270
1.6616
10
.7214
1.0416
1.4439
10
.8004
1.3351
1.6681
20
.7234
1.0477
1.4483
20
.8021
1.3432
1.6746
30
.7254
1.0538
1.4527
30
.8039
1.3514
1.6812
40
.7274
1.0599
1.4572
40
.8056
1.3597
1.6878
50
.7294
1.0661
1,4617
50
.8073
1.3680
1.6945
47
00
.7314
1.0724
1.4663
54
00
.8090
1.3764
1.7013
10
.7333
1.0786
1.4709
10
.8107
1.3848
1.7081
20
.7353
1.0850
1.4755
20
.8124
1.3934
1.7151
30
.7373
1.0913
1.4802
30
.8141
1.4019
1.7221
40
.7392
1.0977
1.4849
40
.8158
1.4106
1.7291
50
.7412
1.1041
1.4897
50
.8175
1.4193
1.7362
48
00
.7431
1.1106
1.4945
55
00
.8192
1.4281
1.7434
10
.7451
1.1171
1.4993
10
.8208
1.4370
1.7507
20
.7470
1.1237
1.5042
20
.8225
1.4460
1.7581
30
.7490
1.1303
1.5092
30
.8241
1.4550
1.7655
40
.7509
1.1369
1.5141
40
-8258
1.4641
1.7730
50
.7528
1.1436
1.5192
50
.8274
1.4733
1.7806
SINES.
357
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants*
{Continued.)
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
56
00
.8290
1.4826
1 .7883
63
00
.8910
1.9626
2.2027
10
.8307
1.4919
1.7960
10
.8923
1.9768
2.2153
20
.8323
1.5013
1.8039
20
.8936
1,9912
2.2282
30
.8339
1.5108
1.8118
30
.8949
2.0057
2.2412
40
.8355
1.5204
1.8198
40
.8962
2.0204
2.2543
50
.8371
1.5301
1.8279
50
.8975
2.0353
2.2677
57
00
.8387
1.5399
1.8361
64
00
.8988
2.0503
2.2812
10
.8403
1.5497
1.8443
10
.9001
2.0655
2.2949
20
.8418
1.5597
1.8527
20
.9013
2.0809
2.3088
30
.8434
1.5697
1.8612
30
.9026
2.0965
2.3228
40
.8450
1.5798
1.8699
40
.9038
2.1123
2.3371
50
.8465
1.5900
1.8783
50
.9051
2.1283
2.3515
58
00
.8480
1.6003
1.8871
65
00
.9063
2.1445
2.3662
10
.8496
1.6107
1.8959
10
.9075
2.1609
2.3811
20
.8511
1.6213
1.9048
20
.9088
2.1775
2.3961
30
.8526
1.6319
1.9139
30
.9100
2.1943
2.4114
40
.8542
1.6426
1.9230
40
.9112
2.2113
2.4269
50
.8557
1.6534
1.9323
50
.9124
2.2286
2.4426
59
00
.8572
1.6643
1.9416
66
00
.9135
2.2460
2.4586
10
.8587
1.6753
1.9511
10
.9147
2.2637
2.4748
20
.8601
1.6864
1.9606
20
.9159
2.2817
2.4912
30
.8616
1.6977
1.9703
30
.9171
2.2998
2.5078
40
.8631
1.7090
1.9801
40
.9182
2.3183
2.5247
50
.8646
1.7205
1.9900
50
.9194
2.3369
2.5419
60
00
.8660
1.7321
2.0000
67
00
.9205
2.3559
2.5593
10
.8675
1.7437
2.0101
10
.9216
2.3750
2.5770
20
.8689
1.7556
2.0204
20
.9228
2.3945
2.5949
30
.8704
1.7675
2.0308
30
.9239
2.4141
2.6131
40
.8718
1.7796
2.0413
40
.9250
2.4342
2.6316
50
.8732
1.7917
2.0519
50
.9261
2.4545
2.6504
61
00
.8746
1.8040
2.0627
68
00
.9272
2.4751
2.6695
10
.8760
1.8165
2.0736
10
.9283
2.4960
2.6888
20
.8774
1.8291
2.0846
20
.9293
2.5172
2.7085
30
.8788
1.8418
2.0957
30
.9304
2.5386
2.7285
40
.8802
1.8546
2.1070
40
.9315
2.5605
2.7488
50
.8816
1.8676
2.1185
50
.9325
2.5826
2.7695
62
00
.8829
1.8807
2.1301
69
00
.9336
2.6051
2.7904
10
.8843
1.8940
2.1418
10
.9346
2.6279
2.8117
20
.8857
1.9074
2.1637
20
.9356
2.6511
2.8334
30
.8870
1.9210
2.1657
30
.9367
2.6746
2.8555
40
.8884
1.9347
2.1786
40
.9377
2.6985
2.8779
50
.8897
1.9486
2.1902
1 50
.9387
2.7228
2.9006
358
SINES.
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants.
{Continued. )
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
70
00
.9397
2.7475
2.9238
77
00
.9744
4.3315
4 4454
10
.9407
2.7725
2.9474
10
.9750
4.3897
4.5022
20
.9417
2.7980
2.9713
20
.9757
4.4494
4.5604
30
.9426
2.8239
2.9957
30
.9763
4.5107
4,6202
40
.9436
2.8502
3.0206
40
.9769
4.5736
4.6817
50
.9446
2.8770
3.0458
50
.9775
4.6382
4.7448
71
00
.9455
2.9042
3.0716
78
00
.9781
4.7046
4.8097
10
.9465
2.9319
3.0977
10
.9787
4.7729
4.8765
20
.9474
2.9600
3.1244
20
.9793
4.8430
4 9452
30
.9483
2.9887
3.1515
30
.9799
4.9152
5.0159
40
.9492
3.0178
3.1792
40
.9805
4.9894
5.0886
50
.9502
3.0475
3.2074
50
.9811
5.0658
5.1636
72
00
.9511
3.0777
3.2361
79
00
.9816
5.1446
5.2408
10
.9520
3.1084
3.2653
10
.9822
5.2257
5.3205
20
.9528
3.1397
3.2951
20
.9827
5.3093
5.4026
30
.9537
3.1716
3.3255
30
.9833
5.3955
5.4874
40
.9546
3.2041
3.3565
40
.9838
5.4845
5.5749
50
.9555
3.2371
3.3881
50
.9843
5.5764
5.6653
73
00
.9563
3.2709
3.4203
80
00
.9848
5.6713
5.7588
10
.9572
3.3052
3.4532
10
.9853
5.7694
5.8554
20
.9580
3.3402
3.4867
20
.9858
5.8708
5.9554
30
.9588
3.375S
3.5209
30
.9863
5.9758
6.0589
40
.9596
3.4124
3.5559
40
.9868
6.0844
6.1661
50
.9605
3.4495
3.5915
50
.9872
6.1970
6.2772
74
00
.9613
3.4874
3.6280
81
00
.9877
6.3138
6.3925
10
.9621
3.5261
3.6652
10
.9881
6.4348
6.5121
20
.9628
3.5656
3.7032
20
.9886
6.5606
6.6363
30
.9636
3.6059
3.7420
30
.9890
6.6912
6.7655
40
.9644
3.6470
3.7817
40
.9894
6.8269
6.8998
50
.9652
3.6891
3.8222
50
.9899
6.9682
7.0396
75
00
.9659
3.7321
3.8637
82
00
.9903
7.1154
7.1853
10
.9667
3.7760
3.9061
10
.9907
7.2687
7.3372
20
.9674
3.8208
3.9495
20
.9911
74287
7.4957
30
1 .9681
3.8667
3.9939
30
.9914
7.5958
7.6613
40
1 .9689
3.9136
4.0394
40
.9918
7.7704
7.8344
50
• .9696
3.9617
4.0859
50
.9922
7.9530
8.0156
76
00
' .9703
4.0108
4.1336
83
00
.9925
8.1443
8.2055
10
.9710
4.0611
4.1824
10
.9929
8.3450
8.4047
20
.9717
4.1126
4.2324
20
.9932
8.5555
8.6138
30
.9724
4.1653
4.2837
30
.9936
8.7769
8.8337
40
.9730
4.2193
4.3362
40
.9939
9.0098
9.0652
50
.9737
4.2747
4.3901
50
.9942
9.2553
9.3092
SINES.
359
Natural Sines, Tangents and Secants,
( Continued. )
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Secant.
84
00
.9945
9.5144
9.5668
87
00
.9986
19.081
19.107
10
.9948
9.7882
9.8391
10
.9988
20.206
20.230
20
.9951
10.0780
10.1275
20
.9989
21.470
21.494
30
.9954
10.3854
10.4334
30
.9990
22.904
22.926
40
.9957
10.7119
10.7585
40
.9992
24.542
24 562
50
.9959
11.0594
11.1045
50
.9993
26.432
26.451
85
00
.9962
11.430
11.474
88
00
.9994
28.636
28.654
10
.9964
11.826
11.868
10
.9995
31.242
31.258
20
.9967
12.251
12.291
20
.9996
34.368
34 382
30
.9969
12.706
12.745
30
.9997
38.188
38.202
40
.9971
13.197
13.235
40
.9997
42.964
42.976
50
.9974
13.727
13.763
50
.9998
49.104
49.114
86
00
.9976
14.301
14.336
89
00
.9998
57.290
57.299
10
.9978
14.924
14.958
10
.9999
68.750
68.757
20
.9980
15.605
15.637
20
.9999
85.940
85.946
30
.9981
16.350
16.380
30
1.0000
114.589
114.593
40
.9983
17.169
17.198
40
1.0000
171.885
171.888
50
.9985
18.075
18.103
50
1.0000
343.774
343.775
90
00
1.0000
Infinite.
Infinite.
Gas Pipe Screw Threads.
STANDARD DEPTH OF THREAD.
Number of Threads.
Depth of Thread.
Inches.
8 to the inch
.0955
10 "
.0787
11>^ "
.068
14 "
.054
18 "
.043
27
.032
BOII^:i$R GRATIS.
A good rule for size of grates to burn coal is to m'.ke them as wide as
the diameter of the boiler, and their length Ys of the boiler length. If wood
is to be burned add one foot to length of grate.
360
SCREW THREADS.
Standard Proportions for Screw Threads, Nuts and
Bolt Heads.
Recommetided b\^ the Franklin Institute and adopted by the
Master Car Builders' Association.
Angfle of thread 60°.
Flat at top and bottom = 3^ of pitch
Screw Threads.
Nuts.
Bolt Heads.
C/5 PH
^.^ .!- !
B
B
«r
=^
S
g
en
CO
'2'S
7i o^
o 1
.^^
.2-c
^Xi
.2^
.2^
CO •
It
11
t 0
.H 0
53 to
-Sis
Q.2
C CO
43
H
e
1^
^
H
H
Q
tj)
tfX
i !^
m
In.
No.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
|ln.
In.
In.
In.
y^
20
.185
.0062 j
K
/e
H
i?6
K
7
16
Va.
h
h
18
.240
.0089
H
if
h
J€
M
^1
\\
K
%
16
.294
.0078
H
%
%
iQ
it
5/
\\
h
-h
14
.344
.0089
If
fl
h
%
if
l\
%
^
13
.400
.0096
%
%
h
%
B
h
h
,^6
12
.454
.0104
U
II
h
K
ii
If
%4
K
%
11
.507
0113
ItV
%
r%
1t^6
\\
h
%
10
.620
.0125
1¥
li%-
%
ii
1J€
if\
- %
H
Vs
9
.731
.0138
l/«
r%
%
M
l/e
1%
If
11
1
8
.837
.0156
-1%
^h
11
1^
It^e
16
11
. 1^
7
.940
.0178
lit
IK
i>^
1^
111
1%
if
ll^6
IM
7
1.065^0178
2
11 1
1^
li'g
, 2
lit
1
ll^6
1%
6
1.160
.0208
2t\
2J€
1%
If'e
2t\
2K
i#.
1^6-
IK
6
1.284
.0208
2%
2i%
IK
l/e
, 2%
2r%
ii\
1/e
1%
5M
1.389
.0227
2r^6
2K
1^
li^
2,%
2K
la^
1,-^g
IM
5
1490
.0250
2%
2U
1%
IB
2%
211
1%
lli
1%
5
1.615
.0250
2il
2%
1%
li-l
21-f
2%
IH
111
2
4K
1.712
.0277
31^
3l^6
2
IB
3K
3fV
lr^6
HI
2U
4M
1.962
.0227
3X
3/e
2M
2i\
3K
3i^w
1%
2f^e
2K
4
2.175
.0312
3%
m
2%
2/e
3%
311
11-1
2r^e
2H
4
2.425
.0312
4M
^1%
2%
2B
4J^
^h
2K
2\l
3
3K
2.629'. 0357
4 5^
4i^«
3
2}S
4^
^-h
2i««
211
K X diameter of bolt -|- % inch.
IK X diameter of bolt + -^^ inch.
Short diameter of rough nut =
Short diameter of finished nut
Thickness of rough nut = diameter of bolt.
Thickness finished nut = diameter of bolt — ^q inch.
Short diameter of rough head = IK X diameter of bolt + K inch.
Short diameter of finished head = IK X diameter of bolt + ^^ inch
Thickness of rough head = K short diameter of head.
Thickness of finished head = diameter of bolt — ^q inch.
The long diameter of a hexagon nut = short diameter X 1.155.
The long diameter of a square nut = short diameter X 1.414.
SCREWS — SCREENS.
361
Wood Screws.
Diameter = (Number X 0.01325) -|- 0.056.
Niimber= (Diameter — .056) h- .01325.
No.
Diam.
No.
Diam.
No.
Diam.
No.
Diam.
No.
Diam.
. 0
.056
6
.135
12
.215
18
.293
24
.374
1
.069
7
.149
13
.228
19
.308
25
.387
2
.082
8
.162
14
.241
20
.321
26
.401
3
.096
9
.175
15
.255
21
.334
27
.414
4
.109
10
.188
16
.268
22
.347
28
.427
5
.122
11
.201
17
.281
23
.361
29
30
.440
.453
Needle Slot Stamp Battery Screens.
Xo.
Width of Slot.
Heaviest Iron
Russia Gauge.
Equivalent Bir.
Gauge.
Inches.
No.
No.
1
.047
16
2IV2
2
.042
16
21 Vs
3
.039
16
21 1/2
4
.036
16
21^2
5
.033
16
2IV2
6
.030
16
211/2
7
.027
16
21 V2
8
.024
15
22y2
9
.021
10
26
10
.018
8
28
11
.015
7
29
12
.012
7
29
All needle slots are 1/2 inch long, and set diagonallj- unless otherwise
ordered.
TWIST DRIIvI^S
Should be ground to an angle of 29 degrees and 30 minutes.
x,nAiy pip^.
Three-eighths-inch lead pipe varies from 0.625 to 2K lbs. per foot, and
will stand a cold water pressure of from 20 to 30 lbs. per square inch for
the thinnest, and from 300 to 400 lbs. for the thickest.
362
SHAFTING.
PAT:15NT COIyD ROI/I/ED STiE:^!^ AND IRON
ING, PISTON RODS, :^TC.
SHAFT-
Diameter.
Weight Per Foot.
Diameter.
Weight Per Foot.
43^ inch.
54.11
1% inch.
7.06
4/6 "
52.62
ll"6 "
6.52
4M "
48.26
IV2 "
6.01
4
42.75
13^ "
5.60
311 "
41.04
1,^ "
5.52
3% •'
37.57
m "
5.26
3>i "
32.73
13/8 "
5.05
31^6 "
31.58
lf% "
4.61
3^ "
30.43
Ul "
4.24
31/4 '■■
28.22
If^^tfo "•
4.20
3i^6 •'
27.16
1V4 "
4.17
3y8 "
26.09
If^o "
3.86
3
24.05
1,^« "
3.77
2{| "
23.06
1V8 "
3.38
27/8 "
22.09
US "
3.20
211 "
21.15
u% "
3.11
23/4 "
20.21
ll*« "
3.02
2H "
19.31
1
2.68
2% "
18.41
ii "
2.35
2t% "
17.55
if "
2.20
2>^ "
16.70
7/8 '♦
2.05
2iV "
15.89
n "
1.77
23/8 "
15.07
3/4 "
1.50
2V4 "
13.52
H "
1.26
2^« "
12.80
% "
1.05
21/8 "
12.07
h "
.845
2
10.69
M "
.667
11-1
17/8
111
IH
IH
10.03
9.39
8.78
8.18
7.61
15
32
7
16
A3_
100
.586
.511
.506
.375
.260
.167
THE figur:e^ nine.
A remarkable figure is the 9. Set them down in multiplication, thus:
1X9= 9
2X9=18
3X9=27
4X9=36
5X9=45
6X9=54
7X9=63
8X9=72
9X9=81
10X9=90
Now, do you see in the 10 column that it runs, reading down, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and reading up in the unit column it is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, and another curious fact is that the two columns when added make 9:
1 and 8, 2 and 7, etc.
SOCKETS.
363
ARTESIAN, Oil/ AND SAI,T WEI/I/ TUBING SOCKETS.
Standard Dimensions.
External
Threads Per
Weight of
Size.
Diameter.
Length.
Inch
of Screw.
One
Socket.
Ins.
Ins.
Ins.
Pounds.
1^
1.15
2
14
.30
M
1.41
21/8
14
.42
1
1.72
23/8
IIV2
.64
IH
2.15
31/4
11 V2
1.34
iy2
2.43
SH
ll>i
1.47
2
2.97
33/4
IIV2
2.58
2V2
3 53
33/4
8
3.50
3
4.10
SH
8
3.66
3V2
4.62
3%
8
4.50
4
5.15
4y8
8
7.
4V2
5.75
41/8
8
8.25
5
6.37
4%
8
9.60
6
7 37
51/4
8
12.83
7
8.45
6
8
17.75
8
9.43
6V4
8
19.60
9
10.50
614
8
23.
10
11.62
en
8 •
28.
12
13.87
Q%
8
42.
364
SCREW ENDS.
UPSET scr:ew ]Bnds for round and square bars.
standard Proportions.
ROUND
BARS.
SQUARE
BARS.
Diam. of
Round or
Side of
Square
Bar.
Inches.
Diam. of
Upset
Screw
End.
Inches.
Diam. of
Screw at
Root of
Thread.
Inches.
Threads
perlnch
No.
Excess of
Effective
Area of
Screw End
Over Bar,
Per Cent.
Diam. of
Upset
Screw
End.
Inches.
Diam. of
Screw at
Root of
Thread.
Inches.
Threads
perlnch
No.
Excess of
Effective
Area of
Screw
End Over
Bar.
Per Cent.
K
%
.620
10
54
3/4
.620
10
21
1%
3/4
.620
10
21
7/s
.731
9
33
%
Vs
.731
9
37
1
.837
8
41
u
1
.837
8
48
1
.837
8
17
%
1
.837
8
25
IVs
.940
7
23
11
IVs
.940
7
34
11/4
1 065
7
35
%
11/4
1.065
7
48
1%
1.160
6
38
i-l
114
1.065
7
29
13/8
1.160
6
20
1
1%
1.160
6
35
11/^
1.284
6
29
Ir^o
1%
1.160
6
19
1%
1 389
_ 5^2
34
1%
11/2
1.284
6
30
1%
1.389
53^2
20
U\
11/2
1.284
6
17
13/4
1.490
5
24
IM
1%
1.389
5>,'
23
17/8
1.615
5
31
lr\-
1%
1.490
5
29
17/s
1.611
5
19
1%
1%
1.490
5
18
2
1.712
4>^
22
l/e
1%
1.615
5
26
21/8
1.837
43^
28
IK
2
1.712
43^
30
21/8
1.837
4K
18
li^6
2
1.712
4K
20
21/4
1.962
4K
24
1%
2V8
1.837
4K
28
23/8
2.087
4K
30
HI
2V8
1.837
4J^
18
23/8
2.087
4>^
20
1%
21/4
1.962
4-y,
26
21/2
2.175
4
21
111
21/4
1.962
4K
17
2%
2 300
4
26
1%
23/8
2.087
4.H
24
2%
2.300
4
18
lit
21/2
2.175
4
26
23/4
2.425
4
23
2
21/2
2.175
4
18
2%
2.550
4
28
2r^6
2%
2.300
4
24
27/8
2.550
4
30
2M
2%
2.300
4
17
3
2.629
33^
20
2^
23/4
2.425
4
23
31/8
2 754
3K
24
2%
27/8
2.550
4
28
31/8
2.754
33^
18
2h
27/8
2.550
4
22
314
2.879
3K
22
SCREW ENDS.
365
Upset
Screw
Knds.
{Continued.)
ROUND
BARS.
SQUARK
BARS.
I . i ■ ■ i
Diam. of
Round or
Side of
Square
Bar.
Inches.
Diam. of
Upset
Screw
End.
Inches.
Diam. of
Screw at
Root of
Thread.
Inches.
Threads
perlncb
No.
Excess of
Effective
Area of
Screw End
Over Bar.
Per Cent.
Diam. of
Upset
Screw
End.
Inches.
Diam. of
Screw at
Root of
Thread.
Inches.
Threads
Perlnch
No.
Excess of
Effective
Area of
Screw
End Over
Bar.
Per Cent.
2%
2/e
3
3M
2.629
2.754
33^
3K
23
28
3%
3^
3.004
3.004
3>^
331^
26
19
2M
3}i
2.754
2.879
3>^
33^
21
26
33^
3^
3.100
3.225
33€
33i
21
24
2%
2U
3Ji
3%
2.879
3.004
3K
3K
20
25
3%
3%
3.225
3.317
33^
3
19
20
2%
211
33^
3K
3.004
3.100
3K
33€
19
22
3%
3%
3.442
3.442
3
3
23
18
2%
2\%
3^
3^
3.225
3.225
33i
33€
26
21
4
43^
3.567
3.692
3
3
21
24
3
3M
3%
3K
3.317
3.442
3
3
22
21
43-^
3.692
3.923
3
2%
19
24
3Ji
3^
4
4K
3.567
3.692
3
3
20
20
43^
4%
4.028
4.153
2%
2%
21
19
3^
4Ji
4^
3.798
4.028
2%
2%
18
23
3^
3%
4^
4%
4.153
4.255
2%
2%
23
21
3%
NITROGEN.
A colorless, tasteless, inodorous and uninflammable gas, which consti-
tutes % of our atmosphere, with the oxygen in which it is not chemically com-
bined, but merely mechanically mingled. An animal placed in it dies from
the want of oxygen, and not from any poisonous qualities of the gas.
Lard oil does not volatiHze like the mineral oils, but decomposes, or
burns, at about 550 to 600 degrees, the operation beginning as low as 450
degrees.
366
SMOKE STACKS— STEEL PLATE*
WEIGHTS OF SH^BT-IRON SMOK^ Sl^ACKS, P^R FOOT.
Diameter.
Thickness
Weight.
Diameter.
Thickness
Weight.
Inches.
W. G.
Per Foot.
Inches.
W. G.
Per Foot.
10
No. 16
7.20
10
No. 14
9.40
12
8.66
12
11.11
14
9.58
14
13.69
16
11.68
16
i
15.00
20
13.75
20
1833
22
15.00
22
20.00
24
16 25
24
21.66
26
17.50
26
23.33
28
18.75
28
25.00
30
20.00
30
'
26 66.
W:^IGHT OF PIRATE STBBI/, PER SQUARE FOOT.
Inch.
Lbs.
7.66
10.20
12 76
15.30
Inch.
Lbs.
17.86
20.40
22.96
25.50
Inch.
Lbs.
30.60
35.70
40.80
BAR STEEL.
367
WiEIGHT OF BAR STiEl^Iy, PER FOOT.
SQUARE.
Lbs.
.05
.12
.21
.33
.48
.65
.85
1.08
1.33
1.61
1.92
2.24
2.60
3.06
3.40
4.30
5.31
6.43
7.65
8.98
10.40
11.90
13.60
15.40
17.20
19.20
21.20
23.50
25.70
28.20
30.60
33.13
35.90
38.64
41.60
44.57
47.80
54.40
61.40
68.90
76.70
85.00
93 70
102.80
112.40
122.40
143.60
166.40
217.60
275.60
340.00
411.20
489.60
Size.
1
1^
IH
1%
IK
1%
IH
IVs
2
2}4
2%
2%
2y^
2%
2%
2%
3
^H
3^
3%
3}4
3%
3%
4
^%
43^
4%
5
5Ji
53^
5%
6
6K
7
8
9
10
11
12
Lbs.
.04
.09
.17
.26
.38
.51
.67
.85
1.04
1.27
1.50
1.76
2.04
2.35
2.67
3.38
4.17
5.05
6.01
7.05
8.18
9.38
10.71
12.05
13.60
15.10
16.68
18.39
20.18
22.06
24. 10
26.12
28.30
30.45
32.70
35.20
37.54
42.72
48.30
54.60
60.30
66.80
73.60
80.80
88.30
96.10
113.20
130.80
170.88
218.40
267.20
323.00
384.40
OCTAGON.
Size.
%
1
1^
1%
IK
1%
1%
1%
2
2K
2%
2%
2K
2%
2%
2%
3
3%
3%
3%
3K
3%
3%
4
4J€
4-K
4%
5
5^
5h
o%
6
6K
7
8
9
10
11
12
Lbs.
.04
.10
.18
.28
.40
.54
.70
.89
1.10
1.33
1.58
1.83
2.16
2.48
2.82
3.56
4.40
5.32
6.34
7.32
8.64
9.92
1L28
12.71
14.24
15.88
17.65
19.45
21.28
23.28
25.36
27.50
29.28
32.10
34.56
37.05
39.68
45.12
50.84
56.96
63.52
70.60
77.80
85.15
93.12
101.45
117.12
138.24
180.48
227.84
282.40
340.60
405.80
368
STEEL BAR.
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^
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: ^
rt«
I ^
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r-
T-
r-
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SQUARES— SUBSTANCES.
369
TABIVB SHOWING SIDES OF SQUARES.
Equal in Area to a Circle of Any Diameter, and Area of Each.
DIAH. OF
SIDE OF
AREA
DIAM. OF
SIDE OF
AREA
DIAM. OF
eiDE OF
AREA
CIKCLE
SQUARE
IN
CIRCLE
SQUARE
IN
CIRCLE
SQUARE
IN
IN
IN
SQU^.RE
IN
IN
SQUARE
IN
IN
SQUARE
INCHES.
INCHES,
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
INCHES.
1
.8862
.7854
26
,23.0419
530.93
51
45.1976
2042.
2
1.7724
J. 1416
27
•23.9281
572.56
52
46.0838
2123.
3
2.6587
7.0686
28
24.8144
615.75
53
46.97
2206.
4
3.4549
12.5664
29
25.7006
660.52
54
47.8562
2290.
5
4.4311
19.635
30
26.5868
706.86
55
48.7425
2376.
6
5.3174
28.2744
31
27.473
754.77
56
49.6287
2463.
7
6.2036
38.4846
32
28.a593
804 25
57
50.5149
2552.
8
7.0898
50 2656
33
29.2455
855.30
58
51.4012
2642.
9
7.976
63.6174
34
-30.1317
907.9
59
52.2874
2734.
10
8 8623
78.54
35
31.0179
962.12
60
53.1736
2827.
11
9.7485
95.03
36
31.9042
1017.9
61
54.0598
2922.
12
10.6347
113.10
37
32.7904
1075.2
62
.54.9061
3019.
13
11.5209
132.73
38
33.6766
1134.1
63
55.8383
3117.
14
12.4072
153.94
39
34.5628
1194.6
64
.56.7185
3217.
15
13.2934
176.72
40
35.4491
1256.6
65
.57.6047
■ 3318.
16
14.1796
201.06
41
36.33.53
1320.3
6G
.58.491
3421.
17
15.0659
226.98
48
.37.2215
1385.4
67
.59.3772
3526.
18
15.9521
254.47
43
38.1078
1452.2
68
60.2634
3632.
19
16.8383
283.53
44
38.944
1.520.5
69
61.1-197
3739.
20
17.7245
314.16
45
39.8802
1.590.4
70
62.0359
3848.
21
18.6108
346.36
46
-40.7664
1661 9
71
62.9221
3959.
22
19.497
380.13
47
^1.6527
1734.9
72
63.8083
4072.
23
20.3832
415.47
48
42.5839
1809.5
7;1
64.6946
4185.
24
21.2694
452.39
49
43.4251
1885.7
T4
65.5808
4301.
25
22.1557
490.88
50
44.3113
1963.5
75
66.467
4418.
Ignition Points of Various Substances.
Fahr.
Phosphorus ignites at 150 deg.
Sulphur " 500 "
Wood " 800 "
Coal " 1,000 "
Lignite, in the form of dust 150 "
Cannel Coal 200 "
Coking " 250 "
Anthracite 300 "
Weight of a Cubic Foot of Substances.
Average Weight.
Names of Substances. Pounds.
Anthracite, solid, of Pennsylvania 93
" broken, loose 54
" " moderately shaken 58
" heaped bushel, loose (80)
Ash, American white, dry 38
Asphaltum 87
Brass (Copper and Zinc), cast 504
" rolled 524
Brick, best pressed 150
" common hard 125
" soft, inferior 100
24
370 SUBSTANCES.
Weight of Suhstances*— {Continued.)
Average Weight.
Names of Substances. Pounds.
Brickwork, pressed brick ^^ 140
ordinary 112
Cement, hydraulic, ground, loose, American, Rosendale.. . .. 56
" " " " " Louisville 50
" English, Portland 90
Cherry, dry 42
Chestnut, dry 41
Coal, bituminous, solid 84
" " broken, loose 49
" " heaped bushel, loose (74)
Coke, loose, of good coal 27
" " heaped bushel (38)
Copper, cast 542
rolled 548
Earth, common loam, dry, loose 76
" " " " moderately rammed 95
" as a soft flowing mud 108
Ebony, dry 76
Elm, dry 35
Flint 16^
Glass, common window 157
Gneiss, common 168
Gold, cast, pure, or 24 carat 1204
" pure, hammered 1217
Granite 170
Gravel, about the same as sand, which see.
Hemlock, dry 25
Hickory, dry 53
Hornblende, black 203
Ice 58.7
Iron, cast 450
" wrought, purest 485
" " average , 480
Ivory 114'
Lead 711
Lignum Vitae, dry 83
Lime, quick, ground, loose, or in small lumps 53
" " " " thoroughly shaken 75
" '* " " per struck bushel (66)
Limestones and marbles 168
" " loose, in irregular fragments 96
Mahogany , Spanisli , dry 53
" Honduras, dry 35
Maple, dry 49
SUBSTANCES. 371
Weight of Sxibstances,— Continued.
Average Weight
Names of Substanxes. Pounds.
Marbles, see Limestones.
Masonry, of granite or limestone, well dressed 165
" " mortar rubble 154
"dry " (well scabbled) 138
" " sandstone, well dressed 144
Mercury, at 32° Fahrenheit 849
Mica 183
Mortar, hardened 103
Mud, dry, close 80 to 110
" wet, fluid, maximum 120
Oak, live, dry 59
Oak, white, dry 52
" other kinds 32 to 45
Petroleum 55
Pine, white, dry 25
" 3'ellow, Northern 34
*' " Southern 45
Platinum 1342
Quartz, common, pure . 165
Rosin 69
Salt, coarse, Syracuse, N. Y 45
" Liverpool, fine, for table use 49
Sand, of pure quartz, dry, loose 90 to 106
" well shaken 99 to 117
" perfectly wet 120 to 140
Sandstone, fit for building 151
Shales, red or black : 162
Silver 655
Slate 175
Snow, freshly fallen 5 to 12
" moistened and compacted by rain 15 to 50
Spruce, dry 25
Steel '. 490
Sulphur 125
Sycamore, dry 37
Tar 62
Tin, cast 459
Turf or Peat, drj-, unpressed 20 to 30
Walnut, black, dry 38
Water, pure rain or distilled, at 60° Fahrenheit 62V3
*' sea. 64
Wax, bees 60.5
Zinc or Spelter ? 437
Green timbers usually weigh from one-fifth to one-half more than dry.
372 SPLICE JOINTS— STEEL.
SPI/ICB JOINTS Pl^R Mll^ie OF TRACK.
Two Bars and Four Bolts and Nuts to ^ach Joint.
Rails, 20 feet long, 528 joints.
24 " " 440
26 " " 406
28 " " 378
30 " " 352
The length of rails as usually sold is 90 per cent 30 feet long, and 10
per cent 24 to 28 feet long, requiring 357 splice joints per mile.
The average weight of splice joints (complete with 2 bars and 4 bolts
and nuts) is as follows:
For rails of 16 to 20 lbs. per yard, each joint weighs 5 to 6 lbs.
24 " 28 " *' " " 6 '• 8 "
30 " 35 •' " " " 10 " 12 "
30 " 50 " " " '• 12 " 16 "
56 " 60 " " '* " 18 " 24 "
STBEI/.
Rule for Ascertaining the Weight of Square, Round or Flat
Tool Steel by Measurement.
Square Tool Steel, one foot in length. When the dimensions are given
in fourths of an inch, square the number of fourths in the size given, and
divide the product by 4.5
If given in eighths, the divisor is 18.
" sixteenths. " 72.
thirty-seconds, " 288.
" sixty-fourths, " 1152.
Round Tool Steel, one foot in length. When the dimensions are given
in iourths of an inch, square the number of fourths in the diameter, and
divide the product by 6.
If given in eighths, the divisor is 24.
" sixteenths, " 96.
" thirty-seconds, " 384.
sixty-fourths, ' 1536.
Flat Tool Steel, one foot in length. When the dimensions are given in
fourths of an inch, multiply the width by the thickness in fourths, and
divide the product by 4.5
If given in eighths, the divisor is 18.
" sixteenths, " 72.
" thirty-seconds, " 288.
" sixty-fourths, " 1152.
To find the weight of steel, wrought, and cast iron, by measurement.
Rule: Find the number of cubic inches in the bar, or piece, and multi-
ply by .285 for steel, .28 for wrought iron, and .26 for cast iron.
STEEL.
373
STANDARD FII,15 ST:^]©^ SI^^S.
SIZE OF STEEL.
SIZE OF
FILE
L\ LNCHES.
SQUARE AND
ROUND.
FLAT.
MILL.
3 in.
i-^in.
1% X 14 gauge.
il X 16 gauge.
4 "
#2 "
r'e X 12 "
r\Xl4 "
5 "
ilxio •'
H X 13 "
6 "
3\"
%X 8 "
% X 11 "
7 "
% "
II X 7
11 X 10 "
8 '•
if "
i-lX 6 "
ilX 9 "
•9 "
\\ "
IfX 5 "
ifX 8 "
10 "
% "
1 X '4 in.
1 X ^s in.
11 "
7 »<
16
1^2 X 2 gauge.
l3\ X hi m.
12 "
% "
li\X4tm.
U% X /a in.
13 "
1/2 X li "
I3T X 4 gauge.
14 "
% "
111 X M "
IflX 3 "
15 "
B "
l/e- X % "
li^e X 2 " scant.
16 "
% "
IH X ii "
l^i X 2 " full
17 "
\% '■
irs X M "
1% X 1 "
18 "
Vs "
111 X /e "
111 XI" full.
19 "
if "
lit X li "
11-1 X % in.
20 "
1 "
111 X h% "
HI X ^ "
Standard File Steel Sues.
SIZE OF STEEL.
SIZE OF
FILE.
HALF ROUND.
TAPER.
HORSE RASP.
3 in.
1% X 13 gauge.
a A
3V2"
II "
4 "
h X 11 "
% "
4V2"
H "
5 "
hlX 9 "
/b "
r.y2"
hi "
6 •*
f^ X 7 "
K "
61/2"
11 "
7 "
II X 6 "
r^e "
8 "
1-1 X 4 "
a "
9 "
II X 3 "
n "
10 "
1 X i^ in.
49 <(
R4
16^4 X If in.
11 "
1/4 X f^e "
si "
i|i X 11 "
12 "
1^ X hi "
32
lA X 3% ''
13 "
IHX % '• scant.
M "
lit X 1^ "
.14 "
m X ii "
13S "
1}4 X -H "
15 "
ii^ X n "
1/4 "
111 X ^i "
16 "
111 X n "
lu "
HI X 1^ "
17 "
m X u "
111 X M "
18 "
111 X H "
1% X M "
19 •'
i%x Al "
nixH "
20 "
2 X ,% "
2 X i'e "
374
STEEL.
TD^MPieRING STEEi;.
TEMPERATURE.
COLOR.
USE.
482° Fahr.
Pale yellow.
Surgical instruments.
446° "
Straw.
Penknives, razors, wood
tools.
491° "
Brown yellow.
Chisels and scissors.
509° "
Purplish
Axles, heavy knives.
527° "
Purple.
Table knives, springs.
534° "
Pale blue.
Watch springs, swords.
563° "
Dark blue.
Fine saws, drills.
600° "
Very dark blue.
Hand saws.
662° "
1
Very dark blue, vergin or
green.
Too soft for any ordinary
tools.
Bath for Hardening Steel.
To 170 gallons of water, add 1/2 pint oil of vitriol, V2 pound of alum, H
pound of borax, % pound prussiate of potash. Add sufficient salt to make
a potato float on the water.
Do not heat steel too highly, and dip vertically.
Directions for Scaling Sheet Steel.
Fill a vat with warm water to about 120 degrees Fahr., and add sul-
phuric acid until it boils up.
Agitate the sheets in this bath until they are free from scale, then rinse
them in two clean cold water baths.
Lastly, pass the sheets through lime water boiling hot.
Crucible Cast Steel.
Commonly called Tool Steel— contains carbon as follows:
Razor Temper, 1^ per cent of carbon.
Turning Tool Temper, l}i per cent of carbon.
Punch Temper, 1 3^ per cent of carbon.
Chisel Temper, 1 per cent of carbon.
Sett Temper, Vs per cent of carbon.
Die Temper, % per cent of carbon.
Mushet Steel.
It is said that Mushet Steel can be annealed by heating it up thoroughly
to a light yellow— just short of burning — and then burying it in hot ashes,
or in perfectly dry Hme so as to exclude the air, and leaving it there until
cold.
To harden it again: Heat as before, and suspend in cold air. It must
not be brought in contact with water, whether it be warm or cold.
SOUND — STONE.
375
Distances in Feet Which Sound Travels in Air,
Time of
Temperature
OF THE Air
, Fahrenheit.
Travel.
Seconds.
50° Feet.
60° Feet.
70° Feet.
80° Feet.
90° Feet.
1
1,109.6
1,120.6
1,131.1
1,142.5
1,153.2
2
2,219.2
2,241.2
2,262.2
2,885.0
2,306.4
3
3,328.8
3,361.8
3,393.3
3,427.5
3,459.6
4
4,438.4
4,482.4
4,524.4
4,570.0
4,612.8
5
5,548.0
5,603.0
5,655.5
5,712.5
5,766.0
6
6,657.6
6,723.6
6,786.6
6,855.0
6,919.2
7
7,767.2
7,844.2
7,917.7
7,997.5
8,072.4
8
8,876.8
8,964.8
9,048.8 '
9,140.0
9,225.6
Screw Cutting.
To set compound gears.
Rule: Divide the number of threads per inch to be cut by the number
of threads per inch on the lead screw. The quotient will be the propor-
tional number.
Select a gear for mandrel, and also one for smaller wheel of compounded
pair, and multiply them together; then multiply the product thus found by
the proportional number.
Select another gear for larger wheel of compounded pair and divide it
into the above product, and the quotient will give the wheel to be placed
upon the lead screw. Judgment must be used in selecting the mandrel
wheel and wheels of compounded pair, as the thread to be cut is either
coarser or finer than pitch of lead screw.
Weights of Stone per Cubic Foot.
Limestone from 120 to 185 pounds.
Sandstone from 120 to 170 pounds.
1 cubic yard of solid stone work makes 1| cubic yards of broken rock.
Average Crushing Loads on Stone, in Tons, per Square Foot.
Limestone and Marble 625 Tons.
Sandstone 350
Brick 170
Portland Cement 112
Concrete, fresh 15
" six months 60
12 " 95
Rubble Masonry in Mortar 35
Rubble masonry work will average about 175 pounds to the cubic foot,
1/4 being considered xjiortar, leaving the weight of rock about 130 pounds
per foot.
Ordinary rubble work will average about 130 pounds per foot.
A perch of limestone rock will weigh about 2,150 pounds.
376
TANKS.
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378
TACKS— TIMBER.
TACKS.
Title.
Length.
No. per Lb.
Title.
Length.
No. per Lb.
1 oz.
Vs inch.
16,000
10 oz.
11-16 inch.
1,600
iy2*'
3-16 "
10,666
12 "
%
1,33?.
2 "
1/4 "
8,000
14 "
13-16 "
1,143
2^2"
5-16 "
6,400
16 "
%
1,000
3 "
% "
5,333
18 "
15-16 "
888
4 "
7-16 "
4,000
20 "
1
800
6 "
9-16 "
2,666
22 "
1 1-16 "
727
8 "
% "
2,000
24 "
IH
666
r:^i,ativ^ dimensions of typ:^.
Pica has 72 lines to the foot.
Long Primer 90 " "
Brevier 112 " "
Nonpareil 144 " "
These figures are not absolutely correct, but are an average of the
bodies of the various typefounders, and accurate enough for all practical
purposes.
STONE WEI/I/ TUBING.
Vitrified and salt-glazed, without socket, in 2 and 3-foot lengths.
Diameter.
Weight.
6-inch bore,
8-inch outside.
15 pounds.
8
10
20 "
9
11
25
10
12
30
12
15
45
15
18
60
18
21
80
TO FIND SOWDITY OF TIMBER.
ROUND TIMBER.
When all the dimensions are in feet.
Length multiplied by square of M of mean girth equal cubicfeet.
When length in feet, girth in inches.
Multiply as above, and divide by 144.
When £ill dimensions are in inches.
Multiply ^s above, and divide by 1728.
TIMBER.
379
SQUARE TIMBER.
When all dimensions are in feet.
Length multiplied by breadth multiplied by depth, equal cubic feet.
When either dimensions are in inches.
Multiply as above, and divide by 12.
When any two of the dimensions are in inches.
Multiply as above, and divide by 14-4.
Or use the following table as shown at foot of same.
TABLE ONE-FOURTH GIRTHS.
14 Girth
Area in
^ Girth
Area in
^ Girth
Area in
14 Girth
Area in
in ins.
Feet.
in ins.
Feet.
in Ins.
Feet.
in Ins.
Feet.
6
.250
lOH
.803
15M
1.66
22y^
3.51
• H
.272
11
.840
%
1.72
23
3.67
}4
.294
4
.878.
16
1.77
H
3.83
H
.317
'A
.918
4
1.83
24
4.00
7
.340
%
.959
%
1.89
3^
4.16
'4
.364
12
1.000
%
1.94
25
4.34
K
.390
4
1.04
17
2.00
y%
4.51
H
.417
A
1.08
4
2.06
26
4.69
8
.444
%
1.12
%
2.12
^
4.87
H
.472
13
1.17
%
2.18
27
5.06
X
.501
4
1.20
18
2.25
K
5.25
H
.531
%
1.26
M
2.37
28
5.44
9
.562
%
1.31
19
2.50
K
5.64
H
.594
14
1.36'
y^
2.64
29
5.84
^
.626
Va.
1.41
20
2.77
K
6.04
%
.659
K
1.46
K
2.91
30
6.25
10
.694
%
1.51
21
3.06
X
.730
15
1.56
K
3.20
K
.766
4
1.61
22
3.36
Area corresponding to the 14. girth in inches multiplied by length in feet
gives solidity in feet and decimal parts for either square or round timber.
In Round Timber take the mean girth. Square Timber take the side,
which in practice corresponds with i/4 of the girth of Round Timber.
To Obtain the Volume, in Cubic Feet, of a Tapering Stick of
Squared Timber.
Rule: Add together the areas of the end and four times the area of
the section at the middle of its length, measured in square feet, and multiply
the sum by one-sixth the length of the stick.
The result divided by 12 will give the contents in feet, in board
measure.
380
TIMBER.
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TIMBER— TILE.
,QI
Board Measure of Timber.
Dimensions
No. ofFeetB, M.
Dimensions
No. ofPeetB. M.
in Inches.
per Linear Foot.
in Inches.
per Linear Foot.
2X6
1
7X 16
QVs
2X8
IX
8X 8
5H
2X 10
IVs
8X10
6^
2X 12
2
8X 12
8
2 X 14
2H
8X14
9X
3X 6
ly.
8X 16
• 10^
3X 8
2
10 X 10
SVs
■ 3X10
2y,
10 X 12
10
3X 12
3
10 X 14
11^
3X14
sy
10 X 16
13>t^
4X 6
2
12 X 12
12
4X 8
2% 1
12 X 14
14
4X 10
3>^
12 X 15
15
4X 12
4
12 X 16
16
4X 14
4%
12 X 18
18
4X 16
5X
14 X 14
16>^
6X 6
3
14 X 16
18^
6X 8
4
14 X 18
21
6X 10
5
f 16X16
21K
6X 12
6
16 X 18
24
6X 14
7
18 X 18
27
6X 16
8
18 X 20
30
- 7X 7
^ih
20 X 20
33X
7X9
5}i
24 X 24
48
To ascertain the contents of a stick, multiply the length by the number
of feet opposite the dimension in the above table.
averag:^ weight and arisa of drain tii^e.
Size in Inch.
Diameter Inside.
Weight pe
1
r Foot. No, Car Load.
Area Deci-
mally Ex.
3 inches.
4
5
5 LI
7 '
9 '
3s. "o.-^a^g
: 1 ^'^-ii
6.9 in.
12.33 " •
19.6 "
6 "
11 '
: ! hiV
28.27 "
7 "
14 •
38.46 "
8 " .
17 '
^•c|^>^
50.26 "
10
22 '
• 78.54 "
12
231/2 '
113.09 "
15
50 '
176.77 '*
18
65 '
sss^a
254.65 "
382
TILE— TUBES.
Carrying Capacity of Tile.
When the number of acres to be drained, and grade of drain is known
it is easy to determine the size of the tile required by the following table,
which shows the number of gallons discharged per minute, for specified
sizes and grades:
CARRYING CAPACITY— GALLONS PER MINUTE.
Size of Tile.
Diameter Inside.
St
^ a
^1
II
6 Inch Fall
per 100 Feet.
11
II
II
11
§1
q Inch
13
27
75
153
205
267
422
740
1168
2396
4187
19
38
105
216
290
378
596
1021
1651
3387
5920
23
47
129
265
355
463
730
1282
2022
4153
7252
32
66
183
375
593
655
1033
1818
2860
5871
10257
40
81
224
460
617
803
1273
2224
3508
7202
12580
46
93
258
529
711
926
1468
2464
4045
8303
14504
64
131
364
750
1006
1310
2076
3617
5704
11744
20516
79
4, "
163
6 "
450
8 "
923
Q "
1240
10 "
1613
12 "
2554
15 •'
4467
18 "
7047
24 "
14466
30 "
25257
Statistics show the maximum rain fall to be about one inch per hour,
except during very heavy and uncommon storms.
One inch rain fall per hour gives 22,633 gallons per hour for each acre,
or 377 gallons per minute per acre.
Drain Tiles are 12 inches long.
Weight of Braised Copper Tubes,
(per RUNNING FOOT, IN POUNDS.)
Diam.
Thickness
in Inches.
Diam.
Thickness in Inches.
Inch.
Inch.
1
i^e
% h
V4
fe
/e
iV
Vs
1%
%
h
T^.
1
.8
1.2
1.7
2.7
3.8
4.9
3
2.3
3.5
4.7
7.3 9.9|l2.5
1%
1.
1.5
2.1
3.3
4.5
6.
3V2
2.7
4.
5.5
8.411.4
14.4
IV2
1.2
1.8
2.5
3.8
5.3
6.9
4
3.
46
6.3
9.5
12.9
16.3
1%
1.4
2.1
28
4.4
6.
7.8
4V2
3.4
5.2
7.
10.7
14.4
18.2
2
1.5
2.4
3.2
4.9
6.8
8.7
5
3.8
5.7
7.8
11.8
16.
20.1
2%
1.8
2.6
3.6
5.5
7.6
9.7
51/2
4.2
6.3
8.5
13.1
17.5
22.5
21/2
1.9
2.9
4.
6.1
8.4
10.6
6
4.6
6.8 9.3
14.1
19.
23.9
2%
2.1
3.2
4.4
6.7
9.1
11.7
TUBING.
383
Brass and Bronze Brazed Tubing— Brown & Sharpe's Gauge.
OUTSIDE DIAMETERS.
Round, plain, from Vs inch to 3 inch — No. 17
(( (( (<
i\ "
" Ih '
' — '
' 22
Square, " "
f% "
" 11/4 '
' — '
' 17
(( (( n
/« "
" A '
' —
' 22
Round, rope, "
6 it
16
" 1
' —
' 17
(( (< <(
% "
" 1V4 '
* —
' 22
cable, "
% "
" 1
' —
' 17
Square, twisted "
% "
.4 1 '<
—
' 17
4( 4< H
% "
" IH
• —
'• 22
Table of Weights per I/ineal Foot of Seamless Brass and
Copper Tubing.
IRON PIPE SIZES.
Same as Iron Size.
WEIGHT PER FOOT.
Outside Diameter.
Brass.
Copper.
Lbs.
Lbs.
n
Vs''
.32
.33
t%
y^"
.43
.44
\h
%''
.58
.60
H
y^"
.81
.85
li\
w
1.19
1.25
ll^6
1 '^
1.66
1.74
1%
1V4^^
2.42
2.54
IH
IV2''
2.92
3.07
2%
2 ''
3.90
4.09
2%
2y2"
5.14
5.41
3K
3 '^
8.08
8.50
4
3V2'^
10.20
10.60
4.H
4 '^
12.70
13.30
5H
5 '^
16.00
16.80
6H
6 ''
18.00
18.90
HYDROGEN.
A gas which, combined with oxygen, in the proportion of 1 part by
weight of hydrogen, to 8 parts of oxygen, produces water. It is colorless,
tasteless, inodorous, inflammable, and will not support animal life. Its
specific gravity as compared with common air is as 69 to 1,000, and is ex-
actly sixteen times hghter than oxygen.
384
TUBING.
Seamless Drawn Brass and Copper Tubing, for l/ocomotive,
Stationary and Marine Boilers, and Many Other Purposes.
LIST OF STANDARD SIZES, WEIGHTS, ETC., OF SEAMLESS DRAWN TUBING.
WT. PER FOOT
1
1
WT. PER FOOT.
Outside
B.&S.
Gauge
Stubs'
Gauge
Outside
Diam.
B.&S.
Gauge
Stubs'
Guage
Diam.
Brass.
Cop'r.
1
Brass.
Copper.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
M
20
21
1%
12
14
1.65
1.74
i^
20
21
1%
11
13
1.79
1.88
¥
17
19
.11
.12
i 2
11
13
2.10
2.21
1%
17
19
.15
.16
! 2U
10
12
2.71
2.85
%
17
19
.18
.19
21/2
10
12
3.02
3.18
h
17
19
.23
.24
2%
10
12
3.33
3.51
1/
16
18
.27
.29
3
9
11
4.01
4.22
1^6-
16
18
.30
.32
31/4
8
10
4.94
5.20
%
16
18
.33
.35
31/2
8
10
5.35
5.63
%
15
17
.46
.49
4
8
10
6.14
6.46
%
15
17
.53
.58
41/4
8
10
6.52
6.86
14
16
.67
.71
4y2
8
10
6.92
7.28
IM
14
16
.76
.80
43/4
8
10
7.30
7.68
Ik'
13
15
.97
1.02
5
8
10
7.67
8.08
\%
12
14
1.22
1.29
6
8
10
9.31
9.79
lU
12 I
14
1.36
1.44
63/8
5
7
12.93
13.60
Seamless Copper Tubes for Coppersmiths' Use.
ALL NO. 14 stubs' GAUGE.
Outside Diameter.
Weight per Foot.
Inside Diameter.
Weight per Foot
2 inch.
1.94
2V2 "
2.45
2
2.09
3
2.95
2H
2.60
3V2 "
3.46
3
3.08
4
3.97
3K
3.60
5
4.98
4
4.13
6
5.99
Boiler Tubes.
To £nd the internal bursting pressure of boiler tubes.
Rule: Multiply the tensile strength of the material of the tube per
square inch in pounds by twice the thickness of the tube in inches, or parts
of an inch. Divide this product by the diameter of the tube in inches, and
the quotient will be the bursting pressure. This rule applies to short tubes.
For long tubes the bursting pressure is less.
TUBING.
385
5
pq
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•n
H
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13
c
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^
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:i
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i.
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o
to
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i:
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4h
^
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TUBES.
I/ap-Welded Charcoal Iron Marine Boiler Tubes.
Of Thickness of Metal Required by U. S. Law for Western Waters.
Diame-
ter,
THICKNESS.
Circum-
ference.
Trans-
verse Area.
External
Surface
perl Foot
Length of
Tube.
Nominal
Weight-
per Foot
Exter.
Inches.
Inches.
Wire
Gauge.
External
Inches.
Internal
Sq. Ins.
Sq. Feet.
Lbs.
12
13
14
15
16
.24
.26
.28
.29
.3125
4
3
2
1
37.699
40.841
43.982
47.124
50.265
104.23
122.33
141.87
163.31
185.66
3.142
3.403
3.665
3.927
4.189
29.8
35.0
40.58
45.06
51.77
CARBON.
A non-metallic elementary solid body, which is widely diffused through-
out nature, being found in all vegetable and animal substances, and form-
ing the principal element of the various kinds of mineral coal; it is the pure
combustible base of charcoal.
CARBONIC ACID.
Is composed of one equivalent of carbon and two of oxygen. When un-
combined, it exists in the form of a gas, but may be reduced to a liquid
under a pressure of 36 atmospheres, and even to a soHd form like snow by
the intense cold consequent on the rapidity of its evaporation from the
liquid state; it is a constant product of combustion and of respiration, and
when unmixed with atmospheric air, extinguishes flame and suffocates
animals.
389
.
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TUBING.
W^I/I/ TUBING.
Flush Joint.
FINISHED SMOOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE.
Nominal Inside
Actual Outside
Weight per Foot.
No. ofThreads
Diameter. Incbes.
Diameter. Inches.
Pounds.
per Inclifof Screw.
2
2.37
3.61
12
2y^
2.87
5.74
12
3
3.50
7.54
12
3K
4.00
9.00
12
4
4.50
10.66
12
4K
5.00
12.34
12
5
5.56
14.50
12
6
6.62
18.76
12
7
7.62
23.27
12
8
8.62
28,18
12
9
9.68
33.70
12
10
10.75
40.06
12
11
11.75
45.02
12
12
12.75
49.00
12
13
14.00
53.92
12
14
15.00
57.89
12
15
16.00
66.00
12
Flush joint tubing is of uniform inside and outside diameter, when
screwed together.
Machine Screw Taps.
AMERICAN SCREW CO.'S STANDARD.
Size of Screw
Gauge.
No. of Threads
to Inch.
Size of Drill to Drill
for Tapping.
No 2
56
No.
53
3
48
"
48
4
36
40
"
43
5
40
"
42
6
32
"
33
8
32
"
28
" 10
24
32
"
24
" 12
24
"
17
" 14
20
24
"
6
" 16
16
18
20
"
3
" 18
16
18
20
^1
inch .
" 20
16
18
17
64
"
" 24
16
19
"
" 28
14
16
21
64
(<
" 30
14
16
H
((
TAPS — THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
391
Speed of Taps for Gas and Steam Pipe Fittings.
Size of Tap. Revolutions per Minute.
y2inch 150
% inch 100
linch 70
114 inch 56
11/2 inch 40
2 inch 20
21/2 inch 14 to 16
3 inch 10 to 12
3V2to 4 inch 8 to 9
SHRINKAGIS OF TIRES.
38 inch diameter, .040 inch allowance for shrinkage.
44 "
.047 "
50 "
.053 "
56 "
.060 "
62 "
.066 "
66 "
.070 '•
Machine steel may be strained to 30,000 pounds per square inch with-
out giving any permanent set, or exceeding its elastic limit.
A strain oi 30,000 pounds causes an elastic stretch of roooth part of
its length.
As a general rule, allow roooth part of an inch for every inch in diam-
eter for shrinkage.
COMPARISON OF THl^RMOMBTRIC SCAI,:i5S.
To convert the degrees of Centigrade into those of Fahrenheit, multiply
by 9, divide by 5, and add 32.
To convert degrees of Centigrade into those of Reaumur, multiply by
4 and divide by 5.
To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Centigrade, deduct 32,
multiply by 5, and divide by 9.
To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Reaumur, deduct 32,
divide by 9, and multiply by 4.
To convert degrees of Reaumur into those of Fahrenheit, multiply by
9, divide by 4, and add 32.
In De Lisle's thermometer, used in Russia, the gradation begins at
boiling point, which is marked zero, and the freezing point is 150.
Example :
• 100° Centigrade equal 212° Fahrenheit.
Thus:
100 X 9 = 900
900
5
180 + 32 = 212
212° Fahrenheit equal 100° Centigrade.
212 — 32 = 180
180 X 5 = 900
^^=100
9
180
392
TRAINS — TIME.
SP^ED TABLE FOR TRAINS.
Speed
Time
OF
Performing.
• Speed
Time
OF
Performing.
per
per
Hour.
Hour.
1/4 Mile.
1/2 Mile.
1 IV
rile.
s.
14 Mile.
V2 Mile.
1 Mile.
Miles.
M
s.
M.
S.
M.
Miles..
M.
s.
M
S.
M.
S.
5
3
0
6
0
12
0
33
0
27
0
54
49
6
2
30
5
0
10
0
34
0
26
0
53
46
7
2
8
4
17
8
34
35
0
25
0
51
43
8
52
3
45
7
30
36
0
25
0
50
40
9
40
3
20
6
40
37
0
24
0
48
37
10
30
3
0
6
0
38
0
23
0
47
34
11
21
2
43
5
27
39
0
23
0
46
32
12
15
2
30
5
0
40
0
22
0
45
30
13
9
2
18
4
37
41
0
21
0
43
27
14
4
2
8
4
17
42
0
21
0
42
25
15
0
2
0
4
0
43
0
20
0
41
23
16
0
56
52
3
35
44
0
20
0
40
21
17
0
53
46
3
41
45
0
20
0
40
20
18
0
50
40
3
20
46
0
19
0
39
18 •
19
0
47
34
3
9
47
0
19
0
38
16
20
0
45
30
3
0
48
0
18
0
37
15
21
0
42
25
2
51
49
0
18
0
36
13
22
0
40
21
2
43
50
0
18
0
36
12
23
0
39
18
2
36
51
0
17
0
35
10
24
0
37
15
2
30
52
0
17
0
34
9
25
0
36
12
2
24
53
0
17
0
34
7
26
0
34
9
2
18
54
0
16
0
33
6
27
0
33
6
2
13
55
0
16
0
32
5
28
0
32
4
2
8
56
0
16
0
32
4
29
0
31
2
2
4
57
0
15
0
31
3
30
0
30
0
2
0
58
0
15
0
31
2
31
0
29
0
58
1
56
59
0
15
0
30
1
32
0
28
0
56
1
52
60
0
15
0
30
0
TABTvB SHOWING DIFFERENCE OF TIME AT 12
O'CI^OCK (NOON) AT NEW YORK.
New York 12.00 Noon.
Buffalo 11.40 A. M.
Cincinnati 11.18
Chicago 11.07
St. Louis 10.55
San Francisco , 8.45
New Orleans 10.56
Washington 11.48
Charleston 11.36
Havana , 11.25
Boston 12.12 P. M.
UNIONS— VALVE.
393
CAST IRON FLANG:^ UNIONS.
Table of Standard Dimensions.
Nominal
External
Thick-
ness of
Metal.
No. of
Bolt
Holes.
From
Size
of
Bolts.
Approx.
Internal
Diameter
of Pipe.
Diameter
of
Flange.
Center to
Center
of Holes.
Weight
Pair.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Pounds.
%
^h
1
3
314
%
5
1
4.«e
1
3
31/2
%
6
1^4
4%
1
4
3^2
K
6>2
11/2
5^4
1
4
3%
1/2
7
2
5%
1
4
4y2
%
8
2V2
6^
1
4
5
%
9
3
1'4
IV4
5
53/4
%
15
31/2
I'A
IV4
5
6
%
17
4
^'A
1%
5
6%
%
23
41/2
9
11/2
6
7V2
%
26
5
9
11/2
6
71/2
%
29
6
10^
IV2
6
8^
%
31
7
11-K
11/2
6
10
%
41
8
13
IV2
6
111/8
%
48
9
14
IV2
6
12
%
54
10
15
1V2^
7
123/4
%
60
11
16
1%
7
14
%
75
12
17
1%
8
15
%
80
13
18
1%
8
16
%
95
14
19
1%
8
171/8
%
100
SAFETY YAJ/Viei CAI,CUI,ATIONS.
Adopted by U. S. Board of Supervising Inspectors.
To £nd the weight required to load a given safety-valve to blow off at
any specihed pressure:
Rule: 1st. Multiply the pressure in pounds per square inch at which
the valve is to be set by the area of the valve in square inches. Set this
product aside and designate it as number one.
2nd. Multiply the weight of the lever in pounds by the distance in
inches of its center of gravity from the fulcrum; divide the product by the
distance in inches from the center of the valve to the fulcrum, and add to
the quotient the weight of the valve and spindle in pounds. Set the sum
aside, and designate it as quantity number two.
3rd. Divide the distance in inches from the center of the valve to the
fulcrum by the distance, also expressed in inches, from the center of the
weight to the fulcrum. Set this quantity aside, and designate it as num-
ber three.
4th. Subtract quantity number 2 from quantity number 1, and multi-
ply the difference by number 3. The product will be the required weight
in pounds.
394 YALYE.
Example: What must be the weight at the end of the lever to make
the blowing off pressure 80 pounds, under following conditions:
Diameter of valve, 4 inches.
Distance from fulcrum to center of weight 36 inches. Distance from
fulcrum to center of valve, 4 inches.
Weight of lever, 7 pounds.
Distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of lever, 15i^ inches.
Weight ofvalve, 3 pounds.
Area of 4 inch valve = 12.566 square inch.
80 X 12.566 = 1005.28.
7 X 15.5 _^ 3 ^ 30.125.
4
4 -i- 36 =.111.
Then (1005.28 — 30.125) X .111 = 108.24 pounds. Ans.
To £nd the length of the kver, or distance from the fulcrum at which
a given weight must be set to cause the valve to blow at any speci£ed
pressure.
Rule:
1st. Multiply the area of the valve in square inches by the pressure in
pounds per square inch at which it is required to blow. Set the product
aside and designate it "number 1."
2nd. Multiply the weight of the lever in pounds by the distance in
inches of its center of gravity from the fulcrum; divide the product by the
distance in inches from the center of the valve to the fulcrum; add to the
quotient the weight of the valve and spindle; set the sum aside, and desig-
nate it "number 2."
3rd. Divide the distance in inches from the center of valve to fulcrum
by the weight of the ball in pounds, and call the quotient "number 3."
4th. Subtract " number 2 " from "number 1," and multiply the differ-
ence by " number 3; " the product will express the distance in inches that
the ball must be placed from the fulcrum to produce the required pressure.
Example:
How far must the weight be placed from the fulcrum to make the
bio wing-off pressure 75 pounds, under the following conditions:
Diameter ofvalve = 4 inches.
Distance from fulcrum to center ofvalve =4 inches.
Weight of lever = 7 pounds.
Distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of lever = 16^ inches.
Weight ofvalve = 3 pounds.
Weight of pi = 108.24 pounds.
Then:
Area of 4'^ valve = 12.566 square inches.
75 X 12.566 = 942.45.
7J< 15.5 ■ 3 ^ 30.125.
4 -^ 108 24 =.0369.
Then: 942.45 — 30.125 — 912.325, and
912.325 X '0369 = 35.66 inches. Ans.
VALVE. 395
To find at what pressure a safety-valve will commence to blow when
the weight and its position on the lever are known.
Rule: Multiply the weight of the lever by the distance of its center gf
gravity from the fulcrum; add to this product that obtained by multiply-
ing the weight of the ball by its distance from the fulcrum; divide the sum
of these two products by the distance from the center of the valve to the
fulcrum, and add to the quotient as obtained the weight of the valve and
spindle. Divide this sum by the area of the valve; the quotient will be the
required blowing-oif pressure in pounds per square inch.
Example:
At what pressure will a safety-valve commence to blow off under the
following conditions?
Diameter of valve = 4 inches.
Distance from fulcrum to center of weight = 36 inches.
Distance from fulcrum to center of valve =: 4 inches.
Weight of lever = 7 pounds.
Distance from fulcrum to center of gravity of lever = 15V^ inches.
Weight of valve = 3 pounds.
Weight of pi =108. 24 pounds.
Then:
Area of 4 inch valve = 12.566 square inches.
7 X 15.5 = 108.5.
36 X 108.24 = 3896.64.
108.5+ 3896.64 = 4005.14.
^^^^•^^=1001.285.
4
1001.285 + 3 = 1004.285.
1004.285^ 79.92 pounds pressure.
12.566
Ans.
And where the weight is placed 33.66 inches from fulcrum, we have:
7 X 15.5=108.5.
33.66 X 108.24 = 3643.3584.
108.5+ 3643.3584 = 3751.8584.
^I51:^5?±_= 937.9646.
4
937.9646 + 3 = 940.9646.
940.9646 ^. OQ ,
=: 74.88 pounds pressure.
12.566 ^
Ans.
To Find the Proper Area of a Safety- Valve for Any Boiler.
UNITED STATES STEAMBOAT INSPECTOR'S RULE.
For a common lever valve.
Allow one square inch of area of valve for every two square feet of area
of grate.
For a spring loaded safety-valve.
Allow one square inch of area of valve, for every three square feet of
area of grate.
396 VALVE.
Example: A boiler grate is 48 inches wide, and 60 inches long, what
should be the diameter of its lever safety valve?
48 X 60 = 2880 sqr. inches. ??^ = 20 sqr. ft.
144
Area of safety valve should be 10 sqr. inches.
^^g^^ =12.7323 +. V'^12.7323 = 3.57 inches nearly. Ans.
Another method.
KlO = 3.162 nearly =: side of a square whose area is 10 sqr. in.
3.162 X 1.128 = 3.57 nearly.
Note: The side of a square multiplied by 1.128 equals the diameter of
an equal circle.
Example: A boiler grate is 48 inches wide and 60 inches long, what
should be the diameter of its spring loaded safety-valve ?
2^^=20 sqr. ft.
144 ^
Area of safety-valve should be 6.6666 square inches.
6.6666 _ g^gg2 +
.7854
Square root of 8.4882 = 2.91 + = diameter of valve in inches.
Or:
Square root of 6.6666 = 2.58. 2.58 X 1.128 = 2.91 + = diameter
of valve in inches.
The following table gives the area of the safety-valve for one square
foot of grate as applied to boilers used at different pressures:
PRESSURES PER SQUARE INCH.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
I I I I I I I I I I I I
1.21 0.79 0.58 0.46 0.38 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17
(Area of safety-valve corresponding to one square foot of grate).
Example: Required area of safety-valve in square inches for boiler
running at 80 lbs. pressure and 30 feet grate surface.
For 1 foot square from table at 80 lbs 0.25
Square feet grate surface 30
Area of valve in square inches 7.50
To Find the Area of Opening of a Conical Safety Valve, the
Diameter of Valve in Inches, the I/ift, Depth of Seat and
Bevel of Valve Being Given.
Rule. Multiply the diameter of the valve by the lift, and this product
by the constant number 2.22. Then multiply the square of the lift by the
constantnumberl.il. Add the two products together and the sum will
equal the area of the opening of valve in square inches.
The above rule applies only to valves with a bevel of 45 degrees.
397
Example: What is the area of opening of a 3 inch valve, with ^ inch
Hft, depth of seat % inch, and bevel of valve 45 degrees ?
3 X .25 = .75
.75X2.22=1.6650.
.25 X .25 =.0625.
.0625 X 1.11 = .069375.
1.6650 + .069375 = 1.734375.
Or, 1% square inches, nearly. Ans.
I<ap on a Slide Valve.
To find the lap on a Slide Valve.
Rule: From the length of the stroke of the piston, subtract the length
of that part of the stroke that is to be made, before steam is cut off. Divide
the remainder by the length of the stroke of the piston, and extract the
square root of the quotient. Multiply the square root thus found by one-
half the length of the stroke of the valve, and from the product take one-
half the lead (if any) and the remainder will be the amount of lap required.
Example: Suppose an engine of 48'" stroke, travel of valve 6" (no
lead) is required to cut off at half stroke, what amount of lap should the
valve have ?
Half stroke = 24'^
— = .50. v^.50 = .707.
48
.707 X 3 = 2.121'^ = amount of lap required. Ans.
Amount of I/ap Required on the Steam Side of the Valve to
Cut the Steam off at Any of the Under Noted Parts of the
Stroke.
Length of Stroke of
the Valve in Inches
3
^'A
4
^A
5
5M
6.
6>i
7
3^
-h
H
-h
\
Vs
h
.86
.81
.75
.68
.61
.53
A4r
1.01
.94
.87
.80
.71
.62
.50
1.16
1.08
1.00
.91
.82
.71
.58
1.30
1.21
1.12
1.03
.92
.80
.65
1.44
1.35
1.25
1.14
1.02
.88
.72
1.58
1.48
1.37
1.25
1.12
.97
.79
1.73
1 62
1.50
1.37
1.22
1.06
.86
1.88
1.75
1.62
1.48
1.32
1.15
.94
2.02
1.89
1.75
1.60
1.43
1.24
1.01
.30
.35
.41
.46
.51
.56
.61
.66
.71
The strength of shafts or bars of iron is, for bending and twisting
strains, as the cubes of their diameters. Thus, a 2-inch shaft is 8 times as
strong as a 1-inch shaft, while a 3-inch shaft is 27 times as strong.
398
WIRE
w:eight of on:^ foot in i,:eNGTH of wire, of
IRON, STl^BI/ OR COPPER.
Diameters by the Birmingham Gauge for Iron
Wire, Sheet Iron, and Steel.
Diameters by Brown «!fc Sharpens Gauge.
i
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
° bo
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
5^^
p
^s
O
Ing.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Ins.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
0000
.454
.546207
.551360
.623913
0000
.46000
.56074
.566030
.640513
000
.425
.478656
.483172
.546752
000
.40964
.444683
.448879
.507946
00
.380
.382660
.386270
.437099
00
.36480
.35^659
.355986
.402830
0
.340
.306340
.309230
.349921
0
.32486
.2796t55
.282303
.319451
1
.300
.2.38500
.240750
.272430
1
.28930
.221789
.223891
.253342
2
.284
.213738
.215755
,244146
2
.25763
.175888
.177548
.200911
3
.259
.177765
.179442
.203054
3
.22942
.139480
.140796
.159323
4
.238
.150107
.151523
.171461
4
.20431
.110616
.111660
.126353
5
.220
.128260
.129470
.146507
5
.18194
.087720
.088548
.100200
G
.203
.109204
.110234
.124740
6
.16202
.069565
.070221
.079462
7
.180
.085860
.086667
.098075
7
.14428
.055165,
.055685
.063013
8
.165
.072146
.072827
.082410
8
.12849
.043751
.044164
.049976
9
.148
.058046
.058593
.066303
9
.11443
.034699
.035026
.039636
10
.134
.047583
.048032
.054353
10
.10189
.027512
.027772
.031426
11
.120
.038160
.038520
.043589
11
.090742
.021820
.022026
.024924
12
.109
.031485
.031782
.035964
12
.080808
.017304
.017468
.019766
13
.095
.023916
.024142
.027319
13
.071961
.013722
.013851
.015674
14
.083
.018256
.018428
.020853
14
.064084
.010886
.010989
.012435
15
.072
.013738
.013867
.015693
15
.057068
.008631
.008712
.009859
16
.065
.011196
.011302
.012789
16
.050860
.006845
.006909
.007819
17
.058
.008915
.008999
.010183
17
.045257
.005427
.005478
.006199
18
.049
.006363
.006423
.007268
18
.040303
.004304
.004344
.004916
19
.042
.004675
.004719
.005340
19
.035890
.003413
.003445
.003899
20
.035
.003246
.003277
.003708
20
.031961
.002708
.002734
.003094
21
.032
.002714
.002739
.003100
21
.028462
.002147
.002167
.002452
22
.028
.002078
.002097
.002373
22
.025347
.001703
.001719
.001945
23
.025
.001656
.001672
.001892
23
.022571
.001 a50
.001363
.001542
24
.022
.001283
.001295
.001465
24
.020100
.001071
.001081
.001223
25
.020
.001060
.001070
.001211
25
.017900
.0008491
.0008571
.0009699
26
.018
.0008586
.0008687
.0009807
26
.015940
.0006734
.0006797
.0007692
27
.016
.0006784
.0006848
.0007749
27
.014195
.0005340
.0005391
.0006099
28
.014
.0005194
.0005243
.0005933
28
.012641
.0004235
.0004275
.0004837
29
.013
,0004479
.0004521
.0005116
29
.011257
.0003358
.0003389
.0003835
30
.012
.0003816
.0003852
.0004359
30
.010025
.0002663
.0002688
.0003042
31
.010
.0002650
.0002675
.0003027
31
.008928
.0002113
.0002132
.0002413
32
.009
.0002147
.0002167
.0002452
32
.007950
.0001675
.0001691
.0001913
33
.008
.0001696
.0001712
.0001937
33
.007080
.0001328
.0001341
.0001517
34
.007
.0001299
.0001311
.0001483
34
.006304
.0001053
.0001063
.0001204
35
.005
.00006625
.00006688
.00007568
35
00.5614
.OOOOJ-366
.00008445
.0000956
36
.004
.0000424
.0000428
.00004843
36
.00.5000
.00< 06625
.00006687
.0000757
Sp. grav
Wts. of a
7.77
7.85
8.89
37
.004453
.00005255
.00005304
.00006003
38
.003965
.00004166
.00004205
.000047,58
cub. foot. . .
485.*
490.
555.
39
.003.531
.00003305
.00003336
.00003775
cub. in
.2807
.2836
.3212
40 .003144 1
.00002620
.00002644
.00002992
Hammered copper is heavier than rolled, and rolled heavier than cast
copper, bulk for bulk.
The pressure of the cross head gibs on the guides of an engine has the
same ratio to the pressure on the piston that the length of crank has to the
length of the connecting rod.
WIRE.
399
TABI^B INDICATING SlZ^y WiEIGHT AND I<BNGTH OF
IRON AND STE:^!/ WIRE.
Washburn & Moen's Gauge.
Gauge
Numbers.
Diameter.
Inch.
Weight of
100 feet.
Pounds.
Weight of
One Mile.
Pounds.
Feet in
2,000 Lbs.
Area.
Sq. Inch.
3-0
.362
34.73
1834
5,759
.102921
2-0
.331
29.04
1533
6,886
.086049
1-0
.307
25.00
1318
8,000
.074023
1
.283
21.23
1121
9,425
.062901
2
.263
18.34
968
10,905
.054325
3
.244
15.78
833
12.674
.046759
4
.225
13.39
707
14,936
.039760
5
.207
11.35
599
17,621
.033653
6
.192
9.73
514
20.555
.028952
7
.177
8.30
439
24.906
.024605
8
.162
6.96
367
28,734
.020612
9
.148
5.80
306
34,483
.017203
10
.135
4.83
255
41,408
.014313
11
.120
3.82
202
52,356
.011309
12
.105
2.92
154
68.493
.008659
13
.092
2.24
118
89.286
.006647
14
.080
1.69
89
118.343
.005026
15
.072
1.37
72
145,985
.004071
16
.063
1.05
55
190,476
.003117
17
.054
.77
41
259,740
.002290
18
.047
.58
31
344,827
.001734
19
.041
.45
24
444,444
.001320
20
.035
.32
17
625,000
.000962
21
.032
.27
14
740,741
.000804
22
.028
.21
11
952,381
.000615
23
.025
.175
9.24
.000491
24
.023
.140
7.39
.000415
25
.020
.116
6.124
.000314
26
.018
.093
4.91
.000254
27
.017
.083
4.382
.000227
28
.016
.074
3.907
.000201
29
.015
.061
3.22
.000176
30
.014
.054
2.851
.000154
31
.0135
.050
2.64
.000143
32
.013
.046
2.428
.000132
33
.011
.037
1.953
.000095
34
.010
.030
1.584
.000078
35
.0095
.025
1.32
.000071
36
.009
.021
1.161
.000064
HOW TO COMPUTE THE CONTENTS OF A HOPPER.
The following rule for computing the contents of a hopper is simple
and easy of application, and will be found reliable in practice:
Multiply the length by the breadth, in inches, and this product by one-
third of the depth, measuring to the point. Divide the last product by 2,-
150 (the number of cubic inches in a bushel), and the quotient thus ob-
tained will be the contents of the hopper in bushels.
400
WIRE.
Weight of Copper and Brass Wire.
DIAMETERS DETERMINED BY AMERICAN GAUGE ( BROWN & SHARPE).
WEIGHT OF WIRE PER 1,000 LINEAL FEET.
0000
000
00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Incli.
.46000
.40964
.36480
.32486
.28930
.25763
.22942
.20431
.18194
.16202
.14428
.12849
.11443
.10189
.090742
.080808
.071961
.064084
.057068
.050820
.045257
.040303
.035890
.031961
.028462
.025347
.022571
.020100
.017900
.01594
.014195
.012641
011257
.010025
.008928
.007950
.007080
.006304
.005614
.005000
.004453
.003965
.003531
.003144
Wrought
Iron.
Lbs.
560.74
444 68
352.66
279.67
221.79
175.89
139.48
110.62
87.720
69.565
55.165
43.751
34.699
27.512
21.820
17.304
13.722
10.886
8.631
6.845
5.427
4.304
3.413
2.708
2.147
1.703
1.350
1.071
0.8491
0.6734
0.5340
0.4235
0.3358
0.2663
0.2113
0.1675
0.1328
0.1053
.08366
.06625
.05255
.04166
.03305
.02620
Steel.
Copper,
Brass.
Specific Gravity 7.7747
Weight per Cubic Footi 485.874
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
566.03
640.51
605.18
448.88
507.95
479.91
355.99
402.83
380.67
282.30
319.45
301.82
223.89
253.34
239.35
177.55
200.91
189.82
140.80
159.32
150.52
111.66
126.35
119.38
88.548
100.20
94.666
70.221
79.462
75.075
55.685
63.013
59.545
44.164
49.976
47.219
35.026
39.636
37.437
27.772
31.426
29.687
22.026
24.924
23.549
17.468
19.766
18.676
13.851
15.674
14.809
10.989
12.435
11.746
8.712
9.859
9.315
6.909
7.819
7.587
5.478
6.199
5.857
4.344
4.916
4.645
3.445
3.899
3.684
2.734
3.094
2.920
2.167
2.452
2.317
1.719
1.945
1.838
1.363
1.542
1.457
1.081
1.223
1.155
0.8571
.9699
0.9163
0.6797
.7692
0.7267
0.5391
.6099
0.5763
0.4275
.4837
0.4570
0.3389
.3835
0.3624
0.2688
.3042
0.2874
0.2132
.2413
0. 2280
0.1691
.1913
.1808
0.1341
.1517
.1434
0.1063
.1204
.1137
.08445
.0956
.0915
.06687
.0757
.0715
.05304
.06003
.05671
.04205
.04758
.04496
.03336
.03755
.03566
.02644
.02992
.02827
7.847
8.880
8.386
90.45
554.988
524.16
WIRE.
401
Weight Per Mile of Copper Wire.
Number.
Roebling.
Birmingham.
Brown &
Sharpe.
English
Legal
Standard
0000
2466
3286
3375
2555
000
2092
2884
2677
2210
00
1750
2305
2123
1933
0
1504
1846
1684
1682
1
1278
1437
1335
1437
2
1104
1287
1058
1216
3
950
1071
839
1012
4.
808
904
665
860
5
684
773
528
718
6
588
657
418
588
7
500
517
332
495
8
419
435
263
409
9
350
350
209
332
10
291
287
166
263
11
230
230
131
215
12
176
190
104
173
13
135
144
83
135
14
102
110
65
102
15
83
83
52
83
16
64
68
41
65
17
47
53 M
33
50
18
35
38
26
37
19
27
28
20%
26
20
19K
19>^
16Ji
20%
21
16%
16^
13
16^
22
12^
12K
lOJi
123^
23
10 ^i
lOJi
8M
9)€
24
8^
1%
6V2
1%
25
6K
QY^
5^
6M
26
5
5
4
5
27
4J^
4
3^
4
28
4
3^
2V2
3M
29
3^
2%
2
3
30
3J€
2%
1%
2X
Hard Copper Telegraph Wire.
Size b}' Brown &
Sharp Gauge.
Resistance in Ohms
per Alile.
Breaking Strength.
Weight per
Mile.
9
4 30
625
209
10
5.40
525
166
11
690
420
131
12
8.70
330
104
13
10.90
270
83
14
13.70
213
66
15
17.40
170
52
16
22.10
130
41
26
402
WIRE
Iron Telegraph Wire.
TABLE OF LENGTH, SIZE, WEIGHT, STRENGTH, ETC.
II
^1
Weight 1
Mile, Gal-
vanized.
Weight 1
ile, not Gal-
vanized.
^1
.S u
►^ -t->
Length of
Bundles in
Feet.
m^
S
^
S
0
0.340
29.44
1490
1416
7280
213
1
0.300
22.92
1210
1150
5650
273
2
0.280
19.97
1054
1002
4930
315
3
0.260
17.22
909
854
4250
363
4
0.240
11.00
775
747
3620
429
5
0.220
12.34
651
619
3040
510
6
0.200
10.19
538
512
2510
609
7
0.185
8.72
461
438
2220
717
8*
0.170
7.37
389
370
1840
858
9*
0.155
6.12
323
307
1560
1026
10*
0.140
4.99
264
251
1280
1260
11*
0.125
3.98
211
200
1000
1587
12
0.110
3.08
163
157
800
2100
13
0.095
2.35
124
118
568
2679
14
0.085
1.84
97
93
456
3426
15
0.075
1.43
76
73
352
4404
16
0.065
1.08
57
55
264
5862
17
0.057
0.83
44
42
208
7620
18
0.050
0.64
34
32
160
9450
19
0.045
0.52
27
26
128
12255
20
0.040
0.41
21
20
104
14736
* Those marked witli star are standard sizes for telegraph use.
Galvanized Telegraph and Telephone Wire.
TABLE OF SIZES AND WEIGHTS.
No. 4 wire, in V^-mile bdls., 730 lbs. per mile.
6 "
" Vb "
'• 540
8 "
" 1/2 "
' 380
9 "
" 1/2 "
' 320
10 "
" V2 "
' 260
11 "
" V2 '•'
' 214
12 "
'' V2 "
' 165
14 "
" 1/2 "
96
A running balance, and a standing balance, are different things.
In counterbalancing a steam engine it can be only balanced for one di-
rection, and practice demonstrates that it is not possible to determine the
weight that will give the best results in any other way than by actual
trial.
WIRE.
403
WASHBURN & MOBN'S GAUGB.
Coiled Wire for Making Needles.
W. G.
Diameter
Inch.
W. G.
Diameter
Inch.
W. G.
Diameter
Inch.
No.
No.
No.
6
.192
.076
.053
7
.177
.075
.052
8
.162
.073
.050
9
.148
15
.072
18
.047
10
.135
.071
.046
11
.120
.069
.043
.118
.065
19
.041
.115
.064
.036
12
.105
16
.063
20
.035
13
.092
.062
21
.032
.081
.057
22
.028
.0805
.056
23
.025
14
.080
.055
24
.023
.079
17
.054
25
.020
For very exact work, it is best to order both Drill Rods and Needle
Wire in thousandths of an inch.
Si^es of American Wire Expressed in Fractions of an Inch.
(approximate.)
No. 00000 if
" 0000 H
000 p
00 U
" 1 (small) 3®^
2 hi
3(full) J€
5 a
6 (small) i^e
No. 8 (small) -g^
" lOM H
" 13 ^
" 14 (small) 6^
" 16 (full) J
" 18 (full) e\
" 20K Jj
"28 ^
" 36 ,ig
Yards of Iron Wire to Bundle.
Wire
Gauge.
Yards in
Bundle.
No. 0
71
" 1
91
" 2
105
" 3
121
" 4
143
•* 5
170
" 6
203
Wire
Guage.
Yards in
Bundle.
No. 7
239
" 8
...286
" 9
" 10
342
420
" 11
529
" 12
700
" 13
893
Wire Yards in
Gauge. Bundle.
No. 14 1142
" 15 1468
" 16 1954
" 17 2540
•' 18 3150
•* 19 4085
" 20 4912
All Wires 63 lbs. per bundle.
404
WIRE.
s
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rt
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t— 1
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lO CO iH J>
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00 lO r-( CO
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rHrHTi^O
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£
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rj3 CD X t^ d
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W
<
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u
4->
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<U
H
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rj
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G
s
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a
15 2 i
m
a
w
a
a
*'
,G
,bjj
*53
405
Approximate Weight, per Thousand Feet, of Copper Braided
Blectric Idght Line Wire.
BROWN & SHARPE'S GAUGE.
Under-
Weather
Under-
Weather
No.
writers'
Proof
No.
writers'
Proof
Insulation.
Insulation.
Insulation.
Insulation.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
00
450
425
10
50
45
0
350
330
11
40
35
1
290
270
12
28V2
25
2
240
204
13
24
21
3
195
177
14
21
18 .
4
155
140
15
17
15
5
125
110
16
13
13
6
105
95
17
12
12
7
81
73
18
10
10
8
73
65
19
9
9
9
55
49
20
8V2
8K
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS WOODS.
The following is a general statement of the commercial value and prop-
erties of the better known woods:
Elasticity. — Ash, hickory, hazel, lancewood, chestnut (small), yew,
snakewood.
Elasticity and toughness — Oak, beech, elm, lignum-vitce, walnut, horn-
beam.
Even grain (for carving and engraving). — Pear, pine, box, lime tree.
Durability (in drj^ works). — Cedar, oak, poplar, j^ellow pine, chestnut.
Building (ship building). — Cedar, pine (deal), fir, larch, elm, oak, locust,
teak. Wet construction (as piles, foundations, flumes, etc. — Elm, alder,
beech, oak, plane tree, white cedar. — House building. — Pine, oak, white-
wood, chestnut, ash, spruce, S3^camore,
Machinery and millwork (frames). — Ash, beech, pine, elm, oak.
Rollers, etc. — Box, lignum-vitae, mahogany. Teeth of wheels — Crab tree,
hornbeam, locust. Foundry patterns. — Alder, pine, mahogany.
Furniture (common). — Beech, birch, cedar, cherry, pine, whitewood.
Best furniture. — Amboyna, black ebony, mahogany, cherry, maple, walnut,
oak, rosewood, satinwood, sandalwood, chestnut, cedar, tulip wood, zebra
wood, ebony.
Of these varieties, those that chiefly enter into commerce in this coun-
try are oak, hickory, ash, elm, cedar, black walnut, maple, cherry, butter-
nut, etc.
The temperature of the water in a steam boiler is the same as that of
the steam generated from it.
Number, Diameter, Weight, J^etigth. and Resistance of Pure
Copper Wire.
BROWN & SHARPE'S GAUGE.
DiAM.
Wei
GHT.
Length.
Resistance of Pure Copper at
6
J5
SP. GR. ■
-8.889
70<' Fahr.
Inches.
Grs. per
Foot.
Lbs. per
1000 Ft.
Feet
per lb.
Ohms per
1000 Feet.
Feet per
Ohm.
Ohms per lb.
0000
.460
4475.33
6.39.33
1.56
.051
19605.69
.0000798
000
.40964
3549.07
507.01
1.97
.064
15547.87
.000127
00
.36480
2814.62
402.09
2.49
.081
12330.36
.0002i>2
0
.32495
2233.28
319.04
3.13
.102
9783.63
.0003120
1
.28930
1770.13
252.88
3.95
.129
7754.66
.00051
2
.25763
1403.79
200.54
4.99
.163
6149.78
.000811
3
.22942
1113.20
159.03
6.29
.205
4876.73
.001^89
.00305
4
.20431
882.85
126.12
7.93
.259
3867.62
5
.18194
700.10
100.01
10.00
.326
3067.06
.00326
6
.16202
555.20
79.32
12.61
.411
2432.22
.00518
7
.14428
440.27
62.90
15.90
.519
1928.75
.008^4
.01311
8
.12849
349.18
49.88
20.05
.654
1529.69
9
.11443
276.94
39.56
25.28
.824
1213.22
.02083
10
.10189
219.57
31.37
31.88
1.040
961.91
.03314
11
.09074
174.15
24.88
; 40.20
1.311
762.93
.05209
12
.08081
138.11
19.73
50.69
1.653
605.03
.08377
13
.07196
109.52
15.65
63.91
2.084
479.80
.13321
14
06408
86.86
12.41
80.59
2.628
380.51
.2118
15
.05706
68.88
9.84
101.63
3.314
301.75
.3368
16
.05082
54.63
7.81
128.14
4.179
239.32
.5355
17
.04525
43.32
6.19
161.59
5.269
189.78
.8515
18
.04030
34.35
4.91
203.76
6.645
150.50
1.3539
19
.03589
26.49
3.78
264.26
8.617
116.05
2.2772
20
.03196
21.61
3.09
324.00
10.566
94.65
3.423
21
.02846
17.13
2.45
408.56
13.323
75.06
5.443
22
.025347
13.59
1.94
515.15
16.799
59.53
8.654
23
.022571
10.77
1.54
649.66
21.185
47.20
13.763
24
.0201
8.54
1.22
819.21
26.713
37.43
21.885
25
.0179
6.78
.97
1032.96
33.684
29.69
34.795
26
.01594
5.37
.77
1302.61
42.477
23.54
55.331
27
.014195
4.26
.61
1642.55
53.563
18.68
87.979
28
.012641
3.38
.48
2071.22
67.542
14.81
139.893
29
.011257
2.68
.38
2611.82
85.170
11.47
222.449
30
.010025
2.13
.30
3293.97
107.391
9.31
353.742
31
.008928
1.69
.24
4152.22
135.402
7.39
562.221
32
.00795
1.34
.19
5236.66
170.765
5.86
894.242
33
.00708
1.06
.15
6602.71
215.312
4.64
1421.646
34
.0063
.84
.12
8328.30
271.583
3.68
2261.82
35
.00561
.67
.10
10501.35
342.443
2.92
3596.104
36
.005
.53
.08
13238.83
431.712
2.32
5715.36
37
.00445
.42
.06
16691.06
544.287
1.84
9084.71
38
.003965
.34
.05
20854.65
686.511
1.46
14320.26
39
.003531
.27
.04
26302.23
865.046
1.16
22752.6
40
.003144
.21
.03
33175.94
1091.865
.92
36223 59
A cement composed of one-fourth of iron bi-hydrogen, and three-
fourths of red lead, or white lead, will make wrought iron steam pij^e
joints perfectly tight.
WASHERS.
407
AVI^RAGB NUMBER OF WASHERS IN A BOX OR KEG
OF 150 I,BS. OF STANDARD SI2JES.
Diameter.
Size of Hole.
Thickness
Wire Gauge
. Number.
Size ot Bolt.
Number in
150 Lbs.
Vi
Va.
18
h
80,000
%
h
16
%
34,285
%
h
16
Ji
22,000
%
%
16
r=6
18,500
1
h
14
%
10,550
IV4
y^
14
h
7,500
1%
h
12
%
4.500
IV2
%
12
h
3,850
1%
\\
10
%
2,500
2
10
%
1,600
21/4
}|
9
%
1,300
2V2
iiV
9
1
950
2%
\y^
9
1^
700
3
\%
9
IM
550
3V2
IK
9
1%
450
Standard Tyist of Wrought Iron Washers.
Width.
Holes. Thi
:kness.
Size of Bolt.
h
li N
0. 18
h
%
i'e
' 16
'4
%
%
• 16
16
l^.
' 14
IH
y
' 14
h
1%
i%
' 12
K
IK
%
' 12
i%
IH
n
' 10
%
2
\i
' 10
%
2H
1.5 "
lis
' 9
%
2K
lA
' 9
2H
Wa
' 9
IH
3
1%
' 9
IH
3H
IK
* 8
1%
3K
1%
* 8
IK
3%
1%
' 8
1%
4
1%
' 8
1%
41-i
2 !
' 8
1%
4K
2K ■ i
' «
2
One or two quarts of crude petroleum introduced into a boiler will re-
move the scale. Use the boiler exactly as if no oil were present. One quart
would be about sufficient for a 50-horse power boiler.
408
WIND — WATER.
Velocity and Force of the Wind.
Description.
Hardly perceptible.
Just perceptible
Gentle breeze
Pleasant breeze
Brisk gale
High wind
'W
^
Very high wind.
Storm
Great storm
Hurricane.
1
2
3
4.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
100
88
176
264
352
440
880
1320
1760
2200
2640
3080
3520
3960
4400
5280
6160
7040
8800
a .
1.47
2.93
4.40
5.87
7.33
14.67
22.0
29.3
36.6
44.0
51.3
58.6
66.0
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
146.6
.005
.020
.044
.079
.123
.492
1 107
1.968
3.075
4.428
6.027
7.872
9.963
12.300
17.712
24.108
31.488
49.200
WAXIER.
A U. S. standard gallon holds 231 cubic inches, and 83^ pounds of
water at 62 deg. Fahr.
A British imperial gallon holds 277.274 cubic inches, and 10 pounds of
water at 62 deg. Fahr.
Sea water (average) has a specific gravity of 1.028, boils at 213.2 de-
grees Fahr., and weighs 64 pounds per cubic foot at 62 deg. Fahr.
A British thermal unit is that quantity of heat which will raise one
pound of water at the freezing point, one degree Fahr.
According to B. F. Sturtevant, a column of water 27 iVo^o inches in height
will give a pressure of one pound to the square inch.
Water at Different Temperatures.
Freezing point at sea level 32 deg. Fahr.
Point of maximum density 39 1 " |^
British standard for specific gravity 62 "
Boiling point at sea level ••• 212
Weight per cu. ft. at 32 deg. Fahr.
39.1 '•
62 "
212 "
Weight per cu. in at 32 "
39.1 "
62 "
212 "
62.418 lbs
62.425
62.355
59.760
.03612
.036125
.03608
.03458
Boiling Point of Water.
Barometer at 31 inches 213.57°
*« 29 " 210.38°
«« 28 " 208.69°
(c << 27 " 206.85°
;*:;■;;''.■..; 88°
m vacuo.
WATER.
409
PRESSURE OF WATER.
The pressure of water in pounds per square inch for every foot in height
to 300 feet; and then by intervals, to 1000 feet head. By this table, from
the pounds pressure per square inch, the feet head is readily obtained; and
vice versa.
Feet
Pressure
I Feet
Pressure
Feet
Pressure
1 Feet
Pressure
Feet
Pressure
Head
per square
inch.
Head
1
per square
inch.
Head
129
per square
inch,
55.88
I Head
per square
inch.
Head
2.57
per square
inch.
1
0.43
65
28.1.5
193
83,60
111.32
2
0.86
66
28.58
130
56.31
194
84.03
258
111.76
3
1.30
67
29.02
131
56.74
195
84.47
259
112.19
4
1.73
68
29.45
132
57.18
196
84,90
260
112.62
5
2.16
69
29.88
133
57.61
197
85.a3
261
113.06
6
2.59
70
30.32
134
58.04
198
85.76
262
113.49
7
3.03
71
30.75
135
58.48
199
86.20
263
lia92
8
3.46
72
31.18
136
58.91
200
86.63
264
114.36
9
3.89
73
31.62
137
59.34
201
87.07
265
114.79
10
4.33
74
32.05
138
59.77
202
87.50
266
11.5.22
11
4.76
75
32.48
139
60.21
203
87,93
267
115.66
12
5.20
76
32.92
140
60.64
1 204
88 36
268
116.09
13
5.63
77
33.35
141
61.07
1 205
88.80
269
116.52
14
6.06
78
33.78
142
61.51
206
89.23
270
116.96
15
6.49
79
34.21
143
61.94
207
89,66
271
117.39
16
6.93
80
34.65
144
62. .37
208
90.10
272
117.82
17
7.36
81
35.08
145
62.81
: 209
90.53
273
118.26
18
7.79
82
35.52
' 146
63.24
i 210
90.96
274
118.69
19
8.22
83
35.95
1 147
63.67
211
91.39
275
119.12
20
8.66
84
36.39
148
64.10
1 212
91.83
276
119..56
21
9.09
85
36.82
149
64.54
213
92.26
277
119.99
22
9.53
86
37.25
: 150
64.97
214
92.69
278
120.42
23
9.96
87
37.68
i 151
65.40
215
93.13
279
120.85
24
10.39
88
38.12
152
65.84
216
93.56
280
121.29
25
10.82
89
38.55
153
66.27
217
93.99
281
121.72
26
11.26
90
38.98
154
66.70
218
94.43
282
122.15
27
11.69
91
39.42
; 155
67.14
219
94.86
283
122.59
28
12.12
92
39.85
156
67..57
220
95.30
284
123.02
29
12.55
93
40.28
157
68.00
221
95.73
285
123.45
30
31
12.99
94
40.72
158
68.43
222
96.16
286
123.89
13.42
95
41.15
159
68.87
223
96.60
287
124.32
32
33
34
35
36
87
13.86
96
41.58
160
69.31
224
97.03
288
124.75
14.29
' 97
42.01
161
69.74
225
97.46
289
12.5. 18
14.72
98
42.45
162
70.17
226
97.90
290
125.62
1.5. 16
99
42.88
163
70.61
227
98.33
291
126.05
15.59
, 100
43.31
1 164
71.04
228
98.76
292
126.48
16.02
101
43.75
' 165
71.47 1
229
99.20
293
126.92
38
16.45
102
44.18
166
71.91
230 ;
99.63
294
127.a5
39
16.89
103
44.61
167
72.34
231 1
100.06
295
127.78
40
41
17.32
104
45.05
168
72.77
232 !
100.49
296
128.22
17.75
105
45.48
169
73.20
233 1
100.93
297
128.65
42
43
18.19
106
45.91
170
73.64
234
101.36
298
129.08
18.62
107
46.34
171
74.07
23b
101.79
299
129.51
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
19.05
108
46.78
172
74.50
236 '
102.23
300
129.95
19.49
109
47.21
173
74.94 i
237 i
102.66
310
134.28
19.92
110
47.64
174
75.37
238
103.09
320
138.62
20.35 1
111
48.08
175
75.80
239
103.53
330
142.95
20,79 1
112
48.51
176
76.23
240 1
103.96
340
147.28
21.22 I
113
48.94
177
76.67
241 1
104.39
350
151.61
21.65 1
114
49. .38
178
77.10
242 1
104,83
360
155.94
22.09 1
115
49.81
179
77.53
243
105.26
370
160.27
22.52 i
116
50.24
180 1
77.97
244
105.69
380
164.61
22.95
117
50.68 1
181
78.40
245
106.13
390
168.94
23.39
118
51.11
182
78.84
246
106.56
400
173.27
23.82
119
51.54
las
79.27
247
106.99
500
216.58
24.26
120
51.98
184
79.70
248 i
107.43
600
259.90
24.69
121
52.41
185
80.14 1
249 1
107.86
700
303,22
25.12
122
52.84
186
80.57
250 1
108.29
800
346.54
25.55
123
53.28
187 !
81.00 1
251 !
108.73
900
389.86
25.99
124
53.71
188 i
81.43 1
252 1
109.16
1000
433,18
26.42
125
54.15 !
189 1
81.87 1
253 !
109.59
26. a"?
27.29 (
126
54. .58 i
190
82.30
254
110.03
127
55.01
191
82.73
255 !
110.46
27.72
128
55.44
192
83.17
256 !
110.89
410
WALLS — WOOD.
To Find the Horse Power of Water Flowing in Streams.
Rule: Multiply the velocity of the current in feet per minute, by the
cross-section area of the stream of water in square feet, and this product
by 62.3. Divide the result thus obtained by 33,000, and the quotient will
be the horse power.
Strength of Biick Walls.
For first-class buildings with good workmanship, the general average
should not exceed a greater number of feet in height than three times the
thickness of the wall in inches, and the length not to exceed double the
height, without lateral supports of walls, buttresses, etc., as follows, for
safety:
Thickness.
Safe Height.
Length.
81^ inch walls.
13 " " .
17 " " .
22 " " .
26 " " .
25 feet
40 "
55 "
66 "
78 "
50 feet
80 "
110 •♦
130 "
150 "
Relative Hardness of Wood.
Hickory ,.. 100
Pignut Hickory 96
White oak 84
White ash .. 77
Dogwood 75
Scrub oak 73
White hazel 72
Apple tree 70
Red oak 69
White beech 65
Black walnut 65
Black birch 62
Yellow and black oak 60
Hard maple 56
White elm 58
Red cedar 56
Cherry 55
Yellow pine 54
Chestnut .,... 52
Yellow poplar 51
Butternut 43
White birch 43
White pine 35
DRIVING WH^BI/S.
Number of Revolutions per Mile.
Diameter of wheel....
Revolutions per mile
Diameter of wheel....
Revolutions per mile
2 ft.
840
51/2 ft.
3051/2
21/2 ft.
672
6 ft.
280
3 ft.
560
61/2 ft.
258V2
31/2 ft.
480
7 ft.
240
4 ft.
420
8 ft.
210
41/2 ft.
373
9 ft.
187
5 ft.
336
10 ft.
168
WHEELS.
411
BUFFAlvO EXHAUST DISK WHE^I/S.
Showing Cubic Feet of Air Removed by Exhaust Wheel per
Minute.
NUMBER OF
AMOUNT OP AIR THROWN IN CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE.
REVOLUTIONS Of
WHKEL PER MINUTE.
24 Inch.
30 Inch.
36 Inch.
42 Inch.
48 Inch.
54 Inch.
60 Inch.
72 Inch.
100
1
4,245
4,676
5,100
5,530
5,965
6,405
6,851
7,302
7,758
8,219
8,686
9,158
9,635
10,117
10,605
11,098
11,596
12,099
12,609
13,122
13,641
14.165
14,695
15,230
15,770
16,315
16,865
17,421
17,982
18,508
19,119
19,696
20.278
20,865
21,457
22,055
22,658
23,268
23,884
24,503
25 127
25.755
26,390
27,030
27,675
28,.325
28,980
29,640
30,283
30,909
31,518
32,110
32,685
33,243
33.784
34,310
34,836
35.362
35,888
36,414
36,940
6,059
6,665
7,278
7,897
8,522
9,154
9,792
10,437
11,008
11,746
12,410
13,088
13,764
14,447
15,136
15,822
16,534
17,243
17,958
18,680
19,408
20,143
20,884
21,632
22,386
23,147
23,914
24,688
2.5.468
26,255
27,048
27,748
28,654
29,467
30,286
31,112
31,944
32,783
33,628
34.480
35.338
36,203
37,074
37,952
38,836
39,727
40,624
41,528
42,438
43,355
44,277
45,208
46,144
47,087
48,036
48.992
49,954
50,923
51,898
52,880
53,858
8,387
9,2.58
10,137
11,024
11,919
12,822
13,733
14,652
15,579
16,514
17,457
18,407
19,367
20,334
21,309
22,292
23,283
24,282
25.289
26,304
27,327
28,358
29,397
30,444
31,499
32,565
33,633
34,712
35.799
36,894
37,997
39,108
40,227
41,3.54
42,489
43,632
44,783
45,942
47.109
48,284
49,467
50,640
51,795
52,632
54.051
55,152
56,235
57.300
58.347
59,376
60,401
14,936
110
16,506
120
18,000
130
19,688
140
21,300
150
22,926
160
24,566
170
26,220
180.
190
5,038
5,321
5,607
5,896
6,188
6,482
6,779
7,0/9
7,382
7,688
7,906
8,307
8,621
8,938
9,258
9,580
9,905
10,233
10.564
10,898
11,234
11,573
11,915
12,260
12,608
12,958
1.3,311
13,967
14,026
14,388
14,752
15,119
15,489
15,862
16,238
16,616
16,997
17,381
17.768
18.158
18,550
18,945
19,345
19,744
20,148
20,554
20,963
21,375
21,790
22.202
22,611
23,017
23,420
27,880
29.570
200
3,594
3,779
3,966
4,155
4,347
4,541
4,738
4.937
5,139
5,343
5,550
5,759
5,971
6,185
6,402
6,621
6,843
7.067
7,294
7,523
7,755
7,989
8,221
8,464
8,706
8,950
9,197
9,446
9,699
9,953
10,210
10,470
10,632
10,897
11,162
11,430
11,702
11,976
12,254
12,534
12,816
13,101
13.388
13.678
13,970
14,265
14.562
14,862
15,164
15.469
15,776
31,267
210
32,976
220
2,341
2,457
2,.575
2,696
2,819
2,945
3,074
3,205
3,338
3,474
3,612
3,753
3,896
4,042
4,190
4,344
4.494
4,650
4,808
4.969
5;i32
5,298
5,466
.5,636
5,808
5,982
6,158
6,336
6,516
6,698
6,882
7,068
7,256
7,446
7,638
7,832
8,028
8,226
8,426
8,628
8,832
9,038
9,246
9,456
9,668
9,882
10,098
10,316
10,536
34,700
230
240
36,438
38,190
250. .
1,307
1,444
1,502
1,561
1,622
1,684
1,747
1,812
1,878
1,945
2,014
2.083
2,154
2,227
2,300
2,375
2,452
2,529
2,608
2,688-
2,770
2,853
2,937
3,022
3,109
3,197
3,286
3,376
3,468
3,561
3,656
3,752
3.849
3,947
4,047
4,148
4,250
4,354
4,459
4,565
4,671
4,779
4,888
4,998
5,109
5.221
39,956
260
41,736
270
43,530
280
45,338
290
47,160
300
48.996
310
50,846
320
52,710
330
54,588
340
a50
56,480
58.386
360
60,306
62,240
64,180
66 103
370
380
390
400 . .
67,985
69 834
410
420 ... .. .
71,650
73,433
75,183
76,900
78,584
80,235
81,8.53
430
440
450
460
470
480 .
490
500
510 .
520
530 . .
540
550
560 ..
570.
580
590
600
610
620
630.
640
650
........
660
670
f 80
690
TOO
The air we breathe consists of ox\^gen and nitrogen in the relative bulks
of 20.90 of the former, to 79.10 of the latter; or by weight 23.10 of oxygen
to 70.90 of nitrogen.
412
WHEELS.
Table of Capacity of I^arge Fan Wheels.
CUBIC FEET OF AIR.
HORSE
POWER.
Diam. of
Pressure
of Blast.
Revolu-
tions.
Wheel.
Narrow.
Wide.
Narrow.
Wide.
J^oz.
137
1 2058
15503
1.23
1.58
6 Feet
V2 "
193
17068
21945
3.49
4.48
% "
237
20915
27091
5.60
7.33
1 •'
273
24144
31043
9.87
12.70
1/4 OZ.
117
15718
21102
1.61
2.15
7 Feet
1/2 "
166
22250
29870
4.55
6.10
% "
203
27264
36601
7.44
9.98
1 "
235
31474
42253
12.74
17.28
%OZ.
102
20671
27561
2.11
2.82
8 Feet
1/2 "
145
29260
39014
5.98
7.97
% "
177
35854
47806
9.77
13.03
1 "
205
41391
55188
16.93
22.57
1/4 OZ.
91
25839
34883
2.64
3.57
9 Feet
1/2 "
128
36576
49377
7.38
10.09
% "
158
44818
60505
12.22
16.69
1 "
182
51739
69877
21.16
28.57
%02.
82
32300
43065
3.34
4.40
10 Feet
V2 "
116
45720
60960
9.34
12.46
% "
142
56023
74697
15.45
20.36
1
164
64674
86232
26.46
35.28
% "
68
46510
62014
4.75
6.34
12 Feet
V2 "
96
65836
87776
13.46
17.95
3/4 "
118
80673
107564
22.00
29 32
1 "
136
93130
124174
38.10
50.80
^ "
58
63306
84336
6.47
8.62
14 Feet
>^ "
82
89611
119380
18.31
24.41
% "
101
109805
146282
29.94
39.89
1 "
117
126761
168071
51.86
68.09
M OZ.
1
51
82685
110247
8.46
11.28
16 Feet
>^ "
72
117043
156057
23.95
31.91
% "
89
143419
191225
39.11
52 15
1 "
102
165565
220753
67.73
90.31
WHEELS.
413
Si^es and Weights of Cast Iron Tramway Wheels.
SPOKE WHEELS.
Diam.
No. of
Spokes.
Tread.
Weight.
Diam.
No of
Spokes.
Tread.
Weight.
20^^
8
^%"
106 lbs.
14''
6
^%''
98 lbs.
18
5
3K
91 "
13
4
4^
50 '
18
5
3%
102 "
12
6
3.H
52 '
18
5
3%
93 "
12
6
2H
36 '
18
5
3%
95 "
12
6
2K
31 '
18
5
3^
87 "
12
5
2y^
27 '
18
5
3%
77 "
10
6
3
29 '
17
6
3%
92 "
10
6
3
38 '
17
6
3K
72 "
10
6
2%
23 '
16
5
3^
87 "
10
5
3
34 '
16
5
3^
80 " '
9^
6
13^
19 "
16
5
3
56 "
Plate Wheels.
Diam.
No. of
Spokes.
Tread.
Weight.
Diam.
No. of
Spokes.
Tread.
Weight.
19"
17
17
6
6
6
2
2
40 1
28 !
14 i
16
12
6
6
2%
1 2V,
42
19
Spoke Wheels Without Flanges.
Diam.
Tread.
Weight.
1
Diam.
Tread.
Weight.
18''
16
14
39^'^
3
4
145 lbs.
140 •*
169 "
12
12
12
6
3
3^8
84 lbs.
46 "
85 "
When wheels are to be pressed on their axles, an iron of medium hard-
ness should be used. If too hard, the hub is apt to split; if too soft, the
hub will "fuller" in a short time and become loose. Scrap iron makes a
cheap, and at the same time, a poor wheel.
414
WAGES.
RATE OF WAGES TABI^E.
35 Cents per Hour.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hdurs.
Amount
K
mis
1
IK
0.35
0.53
16
16K
S5.60
5.78
31
31 K
$10.85
11.03
46
463^
$16.10
16.28
2
23^
0.70
0.88
17
17K
5.95
6.13
32
32K
11.20
11.38
47
47>^
16.45
16.63
3
1.05
1.23
18
18K
6.30
6.48
33
33 K
11.55
11.73
48
483^
16.80
16.98
4
4M
1.40
1.58
19
19K
6.65
6.83
34
34K
11.90
12.08
49
49K
17.15
17.33
5
5K
1.75
1.93
20
20>^
7.00
7.18
35
35K
12.25
12.43
50
503^
17.50
17.68
6
2.10
2.28
21
21 K
7.35
7.53
36
36K
12.60
12.78
51
513^
17.85
18.03
7
7X
2.45
2.63
22
22K
7.70
7.88
37
37>^
12.95
13.13
52
523^
18.20
18.38
8
8M
2.80
2.98
23
23>i
8.05
8.23
38
38^
13.30
13.48
53
53K
18.55
18.73
9
9K
3.15
3.33
24
243^
8.40
8.58
39
39>i
13.65
13,83
54
54 K
18.90
19.08
10
lOK
3.50
3.68
25
25K
8.75
8.93
40
40 K
14.00
14.18
55
553^
19.25
19.43
11
11>^
3.85
4.03
26
26K
9.10
9.28
41
41 K
14.35
14.53
56
56 K
19.60
19.78
12
12K
4.20
4.38
27
2iy,
9.45
9.63
42
423^
14.70
14.88
57
573^
19.95
20.13
13
13K
4.55
4.73
28
28K
9.80
9.98
43
i 433^
15.05
15.23
58
58 K
20.30
20.48
14
14>^
4.90
5.08
29
29K
10.15
10.33
I 44
1 443^
15.40
15.58
59
59X
20.65
20.83
15
153^
5.25
5.43
30
30 .M
10.50
10.68
45
45K
15.75
15.93
1
60
21.00
Eelskins make the best possible strings for lacing belts. One lace will
outlast any belt, and will stand wear and hard usage where hooks or any
other fastenings fail.
WAGES.
415
Rate of Wages Tahle— Continued.
371/2 CENTS p:er hour.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount
K
$0.19
1
IM
0.38
0.56
16
16K
S6.00
6.19
31
31K
$11.63
11.81
46
46K
$17.25
17.44
2
2y,
0.75
0.94
17
17K
6.38
6.56
32
323^
12.00
12.19
47
473^
17.63
17.81
3
3K
1.13
1.31
18
18K
6.75
6.94
33
33K
12.38
12.56
48
483^
18.00
18.19
4
4K
1.50
1.69
19
19K
7.13
7.31
34
34K
12.75
12.94
49
493^
18.38
18.56
5
5}i
1.88
2.06
20
20K
7.50
7.69
35
35>^
13.13
13.31
50
50K
18.75
18.94
6
6V2
2.25
2.44
21
21>i
7.88
8.06
36
363^
13.50
13.69
51
513^
19.13
19.31
7
7y2
2.63
2.81
22
22K
8.25
8.44
37
37 K
13.88
14.06
52
52K
19.50
19.69
8
8J^
3.00
3.19
23
233^
8.63
8.81
38
383^
14.25
14.43
53
53K
19.88
20.06
9
9K
3.38
3.56
24
24K
9.00
9.19
39
393^
14.62
14.81
54
54K
20.25
20.44
10
lOK
3.75
3.94
25
25 >^
9.38
9.56
40
40K
15.00
15.19
55
553^
20.63
20.81
11
UK
4.13
4.31
26
263^
9.75
9.94
41
41 K
15.38
15.56
56
56K
21.00
21.19
12
12K
4.50
4.69
27
27K
10.13
10.31
42
42K
15.75
15.94
57
573^
21.38
21.56
13
13>^
4.88
5.06
28
28y,
10.50
10.69
43
433^
16.13
16.31
58
583^
21.75
21.94
14
143^
5.25
5.44
29
29 K
10.88
11.06
44
44 )i
16.50
16.69
59
593^
22.13
22.31
15
153^
5.63
5.81
30
30>i
11.25
11.44
45
453^
16.88
17.06
60
22.50
The art of cutting diamonds was long practiced in India and China,
but was not known in Europe till after the fifteenth century, when it was
discovered by Louis Van Berguen, of Bruges.
416
WAGES.
Rate ot Wages Tahle,— Continued.
55 CiRNTS PE^R HOUR.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
i Hours.
Amount
K
$0.28
1
IK
0.55
0.83
16
16y2
$8.80
9.08
31
3iy2
$17.05
17.33
46
46y2
$25.30
25.58
2
23^
1.10
1.38
17
i7y2
9.35
9.63
32
32y2
17.60
17.88
47
471/2
25.85
26.13
3
3>^
1.65
1.93
18
i8y2
9.90
10.18
33
33y2
18.15
18.43
48
48y2
26.40
26.68
4
4M
2.20
2.48
19
19V2
10.45
10.73
34
34y2
18.70
18.98
49
491/2
26.95
27.23
5
5y,
2.75
3.03
20
2oy2
11.00
11.28
35
35y2
19.25
19.53
50
5oy2
27.50
27.78
6
6K
3.30
3.58
21
2iy2
11.55
11.83
36
36y2
19.80
20.08
51
5iy2
28.05
28.33
7
3.85
4.13
22
221/2
12.10
12.38
37
371/2
20.35
20.63
52
521/2
28.60
28.88
8
8K
4.40
4.68
23
231/2
12.65
12.93
38
381/2
20.90
21.18
53
531/2
29.15
29.43
9
9K
4.95
5.23
24
24y2
13.20
13.48
39
39y2
21.45
21.73
54
541/2
29.70
29.98
10
lOJ-s
5 50
5.78
25
251/2
13.75
14.03
40
401/i.
22.00
22.28
55
55y2
30.25
30.53
11
IIM
6.05
6.33
26
26y2
14,30
14.58
41
4iy2
22.55
22.83
56
561/2
30.80
31.08
12
121/2
6.60
6.88
27
271/2
14.85
15 13
42
421/2
23.10
23.38
57
571/2
31.35
31.63
13
131/2
7.15
7.43
28
281/2
15.40
15.68
43
43y2
23.65
23.93
58
58y2
31.90
32.18
14
141/2
7.70
7.98
29
291/2
15.95
16.23
44
44y2
24.20
24.48
59
591/2
32.45
32.73
15
151/2
8.25
8.53
30
3oy2
16.50
16.78
45
451/2
24.75
25.03
60
33.00
WAGES.
417
Rate of Wages Table.— Continued.
60 CENTS PER HOUR.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount
Hours.
Amount
V2
$0.30
1
1
11/2
0.60
0.90
16
I61/2
$9.60
9.90
31
31>^
$18.60
18.90
46
46 >^
$27.60
27.90
2
21/2
1.20
1.50
17
171/2
10.20
10.50
32
323^
19.20
19.50
47
47 K
28.20
28.50
3
3V2
1.80
2.10
18
18^2
10.80
1 11.10
33
19.80
20.10
48^
48X
28.80
29.10
4
41/2
2.40
2.70
19
191/2
11.40
11.70
34
20.40
20.70
49
49K
29.40
29.70
5
51/2
3.00
3.30
20
201/2
12.00
12.30
35
35>^
21.00
21.30
50
50)i
30.00
30.30
6
61/2
3.60
3.90
21
211/2
12.60
12.90
36
sex
21.60
21.90
51
51>^
30.60
30.90
7
71/2
4.20
4.50
22
221/2
13.20
13.50
37
SIX
22.20
22.50
52
52K
31.20
31.50
8
8V2
4.80
5.10
23
23V2
13.80
14.10
38
38K
22.80
23.10
53
53>^
31.80
32.10
9
9%
5.40
5.70
24
241/2
14.40
14.70
39
39J^
23.40
23.70
54
54 K
32.40
32.70
10
101/2
6.00
6.30
25
251/2
15.00
15.30
40
40K
24.00
24.30
55
55K
33.00
33.30
11
11^2
6.60
6.90
26
261/2
15.60
15.90
41
41K
24.60
24.90
56
5ex
33.60
33.90
12
121/2
7.20
7.50
27
271/2
16.20
16.50
42
42K
25.20
25.50
57
57K
34.20
34.50
13
13^2
7.80
8.10
28
281/2
16.80
17.10
43
43 K
25.80
26.10
58
58 M
34.80
35.10
14
i4y2
8.40
8.70
29
291/2
17.40
17.70
44
44 H
26.40
26.70
59
593^
1
35.40
35.70
15
151/2
9.00
9.30
30
301/2
18.00
18.30
45
45 K
27.00
27.30
60
36.00
Lead in contact with steam under pressure of over 10 lbs. per square
inch very soon loses its strength, and it is therefore good neither for pack-
ing joints nor for conveying steam.
27
418
WAGES.
Rate of Wages Tahle— Continued.
6a 14 CENTS P:eR HOUR.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
1
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount
K
$0.31
1
IK
0.63
0.94
16
16>^
^10.00
i 10.31
31
313^
S19.38
19.69
46
463^
$28.75
29.06
2
2X
1.25
1.56
17
17K
j 10.63
1 10.94
32
323^
20.00
20.31
47
47K
29.38
29.69
3
3X
1.88
2.19
18
18>^
1J.25
1 11.56
33
333^
20.63
20.94
48
48 >^
30.00
30.31
4
4K
2.50
2.81
19
193^
' 11.88
12.19
34
34>^
21.25
21.56
49
493^
30.63
30.94
5
51/2
3.13
3.44
20
203^
12.50
12.81
35
35 K
21.88
22.19
50
50K
31.25
31.56
6
6 1/2
3.75
4.06
21
21K
13.13
13.44
36
363^
22.50
22.81
51
51^
31.88
32.19
7
7K
4.38
4.69
22
22K
13.75
14.06
37
37K
23.13
23.44
52
523^
32.50
32.81
8
8>^
5.00
5.31
23
233^2
14.38
14.69
38
38^
23.75
24.06
53
53 >^
33.13
33.44
9
9>^
5.63
5.94
24
243^
15.00
15.31
39
39'A
24.38
24.69
54
54 K
33.75
34.06
10
io>.;
6.25
6.56
25
25K
15.63
15.94
40
40 h'
25.00
25.31
55
55K
34.38
34.69
11
ii>^
6.88
7.19
26
26>^
16.25
16.56
41
413^
25.63
25.94
56
56K
35.00
35.31
12
12K
7.50
7.81
27
27K
16.88
17.19
42
42 y2
26.25
26.56
57
57 K
35.83
35.94
13
13X
8.13
8.44
28
28>^
17.50
17.81
43
43 >^
26.88
27.19
58
583^
36.25
36.56
14
143^
8.75
9.06
29
293^
18.13
18.44
44
441/2
27.50
27.81
59
59}4
36.88
37.19
15
i5y.
9.38
9.69
i
30
303^
18.75
19.06
45
453^2
28.13
28.44
60
37.50
The invention of drawing wire is ascribed to Rodolph of Nuremberg, in
A. D. 1410.
WAGES.
419
Rate of Wages Table— Cuntinued.
65 CENTS PER HOUR.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount.
Hours.
Amount,
X
$0.33
1
IK
0.65 !
0.98
16
16%
s^lO 40
10.73
31
31%
$20.15
20.48
46
46%
$29.90
30.23
2
2y^
1.30
1.63
17
17%
11.05
11.38
32
32%
20.80
21.13
47
47% 1
30.55
30.88
3
3^4
1.95
2.28
18
18%
11.70
12.03
33
33%
21.45
21.78
48 i
48% 1
31.20
31.53
4
4K
2.60
2.93
19
19%
12.35
12.68
34
34%
22.10
22.43
49
49%-
31.85
32.18
5
5y,
3.25
3.58
20
20%
13.00
13.33
35
35%
22.75
23.08
50
50%
32.50
32.83
6
3.90
4.23
21
21%
13.65
13.98
36
36%
23.40
23.73 j
51
51%
33.15
33.48
7
7M
4.55
4.88
22
22%
14.30
14.63
37
37%
24.05
24.38
52
52%
33.80
34.13
8
8M
5.20
5.53
23
23%
14 95
15 28
38
38%
24.70
25.03
53
.53%
34.45
34.78
9
9>^
5.85
6.18
24
24%
15.60
15.93
39
39%
25.35
25.68
54
54%
35.10
35.43
10
10%
6.50
6.83 j
25
25%
16.25
16.58
40
40%
26.00
26 33
55
55%
35.75
36.08
11
IIM
7.15
7.48
26
26%
16.90
17.23
41
41%
26.65
26.98
56
56%
36.40
36.73
12
12M
7.80
8.13
i 27
27%
17.55
17.88
42
42%
27.30
27.63
57
57%
37.05
37.38
13
13M
8.45
8.78
28
i 28%
18.20
18.53
43
43%
27.95
28.28
■
58
58%
37.70
38.03
14
14%
^ 9.10
i 9.43
1
i 29
i 29%
18 85
19.18
44
44%
28.60
28.93
59
59%
38.35
38.68
15
15%
1 9.75
i 10.08
30
30%
19.50
19.83
45
45%
29.25
29.58
60
39.00
In the first century B.C., Nicomedes invented a conchoid curve for the
purpoes of bisecting an angle.
420
EMERY WHEELS.
DIAMETERS AND REVOIvUTIONS OF DIFFERENT
KINDS OF EMERY WHEELS.
VITRIFIED WHEEL.
VULCANITE WHEEL.
Diara. in
Revolutions
Diam. in
Revolutions
Inches.
per Minute.
Inches.
per Minute.
Minimum.
Maximum.
1
13000
18000
IK
15000 to 24000
\y^
10500
14000
2
15000 to 24000
2
7900
11000
2yi
10000 to 16000
2K
6330
8800
3
8250 to 13400
3
5275
7400
3,^
7250 to 11600
3K
4500
6300
4
6250 to 10000
4
3950
5500
5
5000 to 8000
43^
3500
4900
6
4200 to 6688
5
3160
4400
6K
3850 to 6170
6
2640
3700 ;
1%
3350 to 5348
7
2260
3160 1
8
3150 to 5045
8
1980
2770 1
8>^
2950 to 4726
9
1760
2460
9>i
2650 to 4222
10
1580
2210
lOK
2450 to 3820
12
1320
1850
12
2100 to 3344
14
1130
1580
14
1800 to 2870
16
990
1380
16
1550 to 2508
18
880
1230
18
1400 to 2230
20
790
1100
20
1250 to 2006
22
720
1000
22
1150 to 1840
24
660
920
24
1050 to 1672
26
600 1 850
26
950 to 1542
30
500
735
30
36
835 to 1336
700 to 1116
48 .
525 to 840
In ordering an emery wheel always state whether the wheel is to run
dry, or in water. Keep the wheel "true." It will last twice as long if you
do so. Emery wheels sometimes burst when they are treated badly. Give
the wheel a chance before you condemn the manufacturer. Every bad effect
has its cause. In the case of emery wheels it is generally ill usage.
EMERY WHEELS.
421
^Emery Wheels,— Continued.
MECHANICAL.
CELLULOID.
CHEMICAL.
Diam. in
Revolutions
Diam. in
Revolutions
Diam. in
Revolutions
Inches,
per Minute.
Inches.
per Minute.
Inches.
per Minute.
IH
10000
%
2
10000
1
2y2
8000
I'A
IK
14400
3
6000
2
2
10800
3M
5000
2K
2K
8640
4
4500
3
7400
3
7200
4K
4000
3K
6425
4
5400
5
3700
4
5450
5
4320
6
3200
! 5
4400
6
3600
7
2700
6
3600
7
3086
8
2400
7
3150
7K
2880
9
2100
8
2750
8
2700
10>^
1800
1 9
2450
9
2400
12
1600
10
2200
10
2150
14
1350
12
1850
12
1800
16
1200
14
1600
14
1570
18
1050
16
1400
16
1350
20
950
18
1250
18
1222
22
900
20
1100
20
1080
24
850
22
1000
22
1000
26
750 '
24
925
1 24
917
30
700
26
611
36
550
CUP WHEELS.
8
1
1200 1
9
1000
12
800
14
700
16
^ 600
18
500
20
450
24
400
The Vitrified Wheel is composed of clav and emery, in different propor-
tions, hardened to vitrifaction in a kiln like crockery- ware. The vulcanite
is composed of emery and rubber vulcanized.
The Celluloid is a composition of gun-cotton and camphor mixed with
emery, and hardened at a low temperature.
The mechanical wheel ic5 made a flux, of which the foundation is linseed
oil, and is hardened under 300 degrees of heat. The chemical wheel is made
422
EMERY WHEELS — ZINC.
by using chemicals that harden into a sort of artificial stone when mixed
with emery.
"The centrifugal force of a body, moving with different velocities in the
same circle, is proportional to the square of the velocity. Thus the centrif-
ugal force of a body making 10 revolutions in a minute is four times as
great as the centrifugal force of the same body making five revolutions in a
minute. Hence in equal circles the forces are inversely as the squares of
the times of revolution."
The centrifugal force evolved by an emery wheel in motion is, as the
square of its velocity; hence a wheel of any given size is subject to four
times the breaking strain at 2,000 revolutions that it is at 1,000, and at
intermediate rates, of course, in proportion.
Experience has demonstrated beyond controversy that, taking into ac-
count safety, durability, and liability to heat, 5,500 feet per minute at the
periphery, or outer surface, gives the best results.
Examples:
Wheel 10^' diam. squared = 100\centrifugal force
5^^ " '■ = 25/equals 4 times.
12" " " = 144\centrifugal force
8'' " " = 64/equals 214 times.
12'' '' " = 144\centrifugal force
^" " " = 16/equals 9 times.
APPROXIMATE WI^IGHT OF SHBiET ^INC.
1
Zinc 1
Numbers.
Weight per
Square Foot.
Thickness in
Decimals of
an Inch.
About Equal
to
Stubs' Gauge.
About Equal
to
B. & S. Gauge.
5
.37
.OiO(j-Jo)
31
30
6
.45
.012
30
28s
7
.52
.014
28
27
8
.60
.016
27
26
9
.67
.018
26
25
10
.75
.020 (Jo)
25
24
11
.90
.024
23
22y2
12
1.05
.028
22
21
13
1.20
.032
21
20
14
1.35
.036
20
19
15
1.50
.040 (5L)
19s
18
16
1.68
.045
18s
17
17
1.87
.050
18f
16
18
2.06
.055
17s
15s
19
2.25
•060(A)
17f
14V2
20
2.62
.070
15s
13s
21
3.00
.080
14s
12
22
3.37
.090
13s
11
23
3.75
•100 (jV)
12
10
24
4.70
.125(14)
i 11
8s
25
9.40
.250(^4)
' 3s
2s
26
14.10
.375(3^)
00s
oof
Vo in.
18.80
.500
lin.
37.60
1.000
ZINC. 4-23
Weights of Pure Zinc Drawn Round Rods, per I/ineal Foot.
%-mch Diameter 33 Lbs.
V2 '•
% "
% "
1 '•
.58
.90
1.30
1.78
2.32
Approximate Weights, per I^ineal Foot, of Braced ^inc
Tubing.
No. 22 B. & S. Gauge.— .02534 Inxh.
Lb. per Foot.
%-inch O. D 0840
V2 " " 1300
% " " 1950
% " '• 2064
% " " 2382
1 " " 2812
m " " 3900
IV2 " " 4687
The ore from which zinc is obtained is called "Black Jack" among
miners and metallurgists. The reduced ore cast into slabs is called
"Spelter." Spelter when rolled into sheets and drawn into tubes is called
zinc, by which name the metal is most generally known. The very rare
metal gallium is extracted from Black Jack. It is found in such minute
quantities, and is so difficult of extraction, as to render it the most costly
of all the rarer metals, being quoted at over $3,000 per ounce.
Electrical Department.
ELECTRICITY. 427
EI/BCTRICITY.
Before dealing with this subject it is necessary that the terms and words
which are used should convey a clear and comprehensive meaning to the
reader. The terms used by the engineer in the electrical work which comes
under his care and direction are the "Ampere," the " Volt," the " Ohm " and
the "Watt."
The Volt.
The Volt is the practical unit of electro-motive force — such an electro-
motive force as would cause a current of one ampere to flow against the
resistance of one ohm.
This unit is the one, perhaps, most frequently used in common conver-
sation and print. It is difficult to explain the meaning of this term in pop-
ular language, unless we describe it as somewhat similar to the pressure of
steam or water in a pipe. As we increase the pressure of water in a pipe we
know it will increase thequantity of the current if it is free to move; so if we
increase electrical pressure in a conductor we will increase the quantity of
electrical energy passing through this conductor.
If we increase the pressure of water in a pipe where it has no chance to
flow, we know we will increase the liability to leakage or breaking through
its confinement. This is also true of electrical pressure as measured by
volts. In these comparisons we must always remember that bodies like
water have weight and cause friction when in motion, while in electrical
measurements we can measure effects only. We have no more ability to
see or handle electricity than we can see or handle the human soul.
Electro-motive force is sometimes said to be the soul of matter. Per-
haps we may yet find it the source of all animal and vegetable life as well
as of all motion in the universe. Its effects in producing motion, heat,
light, or in exciting magnetic or chemical changes gives us the only means
to measure it.
Although the conception of the meaning of the term volt is more ideal
than that of bodily pressure, caused bj' a weight or a w^ater pressure, yet
as a measuring unit it is precise and positive in its own province.
The Ohm.
The ohm is the unit of electrical resistance — such a resistance as would
limit the flow of electricity under an electro-motive force of one volt to a
current of one ampere. A meg ohm is 1,000,000 ohms.
A legal ohm is the resistance of a column of mercury one square millo-
meterin area of cross section, and 106 centimeters in length, at a temper-
ature of 0 degrees C. or 32 degrees F.
In popular language the ohm may be compared to the resistance water
meets with as it flows through a pipe. When electricity is going through a
conductor, part of its energy- is expended in the effort. It is like taking toll
428 ELECTRICITY.
from a spirit. It has been found by experiment that a pure copper wire, one-
thousandth of an inch in diameter, at normal temperature, takes its toll from
its ghost-like passenger at the rate of about ten ohms for each foot of wire in
length. This gives us a convenient, practical measure, by which to calcu-
late the resistance that electricity meets w^ith in passing through copper
conductors of various sizes. This resistance varies largely when electricity
passes through different conducting substances depending on the material
as well as on area and temperature. The resistance to the passage oi
electricity through the fine carbon filament of the incandescent lamp, causes
it to glow with its brilliant light. In this case, the electricity pays its toll
in performing useful work. It causes such intense molecular action among
the atoms of the carbon filament as to raise them to an intense heat. It
gives us heat and light without combustion. Cold carbon has about
twenty- five hundred times the resistance of copper of the same temperature
and area, although when the carbon is heated to incandescence, this re-
sistance is decreased to about one-half. A more graphic conception of the
resistance in the carbon filaments of a group of twelve ordinary sixteen-
candle power incandescent lamps can be obtained, when we are told that
as much energy is expended in causing this molecular action as would be
necessary to throw a pound weight each second over the hat of the statue
ofPennwhen placed in its proposed position on the tower of the Philadelphia
City Hall. This is equivalent to about one horse power.
The Ampere.
The ampere is the pfactical unit of electric current — such a current [or
rate of flow, or transmission of electricity] as would pass, with an electro-
motive force of one volt, through a circuit whose resistance is equal to one
ohm; a current of such a strength as would deposit from solution .006084
grain of copper per second.
To carry out the analogj^ between the flow of water and electrical
energy, bearing in mind that we want to know the rate of the flow as well
as the pressure behind it to find this energy, so in electrical measurements
we want the rate of flow expressed in amperes, and the pressure in volts,
to find the electrical efliect. This is what the practical business man wants
to know.
The Watt.
The watt is the unit of electric power — the volt-ampere; the power de-
veloped when 44.25 foot-pounds of work are done per minute, or .7375
foot-pounds per second; y\q horse power.
There are three equations which give the value of the watt: [1st], C E-
watts; [2nd], C2 R=watts; [3rd], - = watts. Where C equals the current
R
in amperes, E equals the electro-motive force in volt, and R equals the re-
sistance in ohms.
A kilo-watt is one thousand watts.
Dynamos are bought and sold, measured by their capacity to deliver
this marketable, although intangible, unweighable influence for practical
every-day use. Builders of electrical generators issue their commercial
ELECTRICITY. 429
lists with the ability of their machines "to do work," marked by the niys-
terious symbol K. W., meaning kilo-watts or one thousand watts.
The watt is the electrical unit of ability to do work and is similar in
use to the well-known mechanical unit horse-power. Seven hundred and
forty-six watts are equivalent to one horse-power.
As the medical profession go farther back in history than the electrical,
they have chosen the dead Latin language for many of their symbols and
terms, while electricians in their measurements have wisely seized the mod-
ern as well as more elegant and precise metric system of the French. It is
an open and most grateful tribute paid by the able men of all nations en-
gaged in electrical affairs, to the nicety and brilliancj^ of the French intdlect.
The names of these units are given in honor of the well-known electricians,
Volta, Ohm, Ampere, while the unit of work is in honor of the great steam
engineer, Watt.
Ohm's I/aw.
The fundemental law which gives the mathematical phase of electrical
engineering is called "Ohm's Law," and is extremely simple. It is " TAe
strength of current [amperes] in any circuit varies directly as the electro-
motive force [volts], and inversely as the total resistance [ohms] of the
circuit/^ Likewise, the current between any two points varies as the dif-
ference of potential between those points, and inversely as the resistance to
be overcome.
This law is usually expressed in units, by means of symbols, where C is
the current in amperes, E the electro-motive force in volts, and R the re-
sistance in ohms. The law is stated, C = —
Candle Power.
The candle-power is the unit of light; and a standard candle is a candle
of definite composition which, with a given consumption in a given time,
will produce a light of a fixed and definite brightness. A candle which burns
120 grains of spermaceti wax per hour, or two grains per minute, will give
an illumination equal to one standard candle.
In comparing the capacity of electrical machines in candle-power a
great mistake is made, as the electrical generators or dynamos do not pro-
duce light, but produce electrical energy; and this energy in being trans-
formed into light, is subject to the efficiency of the lamp which transforms
the one energ}^ into the other — that is, electrical energy into the energy of
illumination.
According to Slinger and Broker, the measurement of candle-power
from standard candles is difficult, as the following causes for incorrect re-
sults are apt to occur and necessitate great care in making observations:
1st. Definite forms of candle-power, which cause a varying consump-
tion of material per second, and consequently a varying light for the stand-
ard candle.
2d. Variations in the consumption of the spermaceti of which the can-
dle is composed, as spermaceti is not a definite chemical compound but con-
sists of a mixture of various substances ; therefore, even if the consumption
is maintained constant, the light-giving power is not necessarily constant.
430
ELECTRICITY.
3d. Variations in the consumption and the character of the wick — such
as the number and size of the threads of which it is formed, and the close-
ness of the strands — all of which circumstances influence the amount of
light given off bj^ the candle.
4th. The light emitted in certain directions varies in a marked degree
with the shape of the wick. The mere bending of a wicks, therefore, may
cause the amount of light to vary considerably.
5th. The light varies with the thickness of the wick. Thick wicks give
less light than thin wicks.
6th. The light given b^' the standard candle varies with the tempera-
ture of the testing room. As the temperature rises the light given off by the
standard candle increases.
7tli. Currents of air, b3' producing variations in the amount of melting
wax in the cup of the candle, var}^ the amount of light emitted.
These difficulties in obtaining a fixed amount of light from a standard
candle, together with the difficulty of comparing a feeble light of a single
candle-power with the light of a much more powerful source, such as the
arc lamp, coupled with the additional difficult^' arising from the difference
in the colors of the light, have led to the use of other standards of light than
those furnished b^^ the standard candle.
Nominal CandJe-Power is, a term sometimes applied to the candle-power
taken in a certain favorable direction. This term is generally used in arc
lighting. In the ordinary arc lamp the greatest amount of light is emitted
at a particular point, viz.: from the crater in the upper or positive carbon.
The term "rated candle-power" is sometimes used for nominal candle-power.
Spherical Candle-Power is the average or mean value of candle-power
taken at a number of points around the source of light.
Efficiency of Incandescent Lamps: As all incandescent lamps are rated
in candle-power, it is well to know the amount of electrical energy that is
used in the lamp to obtain the candle-power at which the lamp is rated.
Lamps in commercial use today vary from three and one-half watts for
each candle-power developed to as high as five and one-half watts. The
following table compiled b^^ Mr George Cutter gives the average of the
amount of energy each lamp consumes per candle-power:
Amperes Per I^amp.
Volts
52
75
110
220
330
440
1000
2000
Watts per C. P....
3.6
3.6 1 4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.6
3.6
IOC. P
.69
.48
.38
.19
.127
.20
.253
.095
.036
.018
16C. P
l.lOj .76| .61
.30
.15
.0576
.0288
20 C. P
1.38J .96| .76
.38
.19
.072
.036
25 C. P
1.73
1.2 1 .95
1.53J 1.22
.475
.61
.32
.41
.63
1.26
.24
.09
.045
32C. P
2.21
.305
.115
.0575
50C. P
3.46
2.4
1.9
.95
.47
.18
.09
100 C.P
6.92
10.38
4.8
7.2
3.8
5.7
1.90
2.85
.94
.36
.18
150 C.P
1.89
1.41
.54
.27
ELECTRICITY
431
Arc Lamps of a nominal 2,000-canclle power require about 500 watts;
and the arc light circuits which are in use today by the standard systems
have a current of from eight to ten amperes.
Horse Power.
A horse-power is a mechanical unit, and is the work done in raising 550
pounds one foot high in one second, or 33,000 pounds one foot high per
minute; 74-6 watts equal one horse-power.
Electrical horse-power and mechanical horse-power are equivalent; both
have the same value, one being expressed in electrical units, the other in foot
pounds.
Methods of Wiring.
Multiple Arc Wiring is the system used most extensivelj'' for incandes-
cent lighting and power purposes, and it is frequently spoken of as wiring
in parallel. Two wires are run side by side, one the negative and one the
1
0 Q
positive, and lamps or motors are connected across from one side to the
other, as shown in diagram No. 1, a constant difference of pressure being
maintained between the positive and negative wires, and the current vary-
ing as the number of devices for utilizing the same are increased or decreased.
The Series System is in the nature of a loop, the greatest difference of
pressure being at the terminals of a loop. The current in this system of
•o
4-
^o^
^:Oqr
432
ELECTRICITY.
wiring is constant, while the pressure varies as the devices are cut in or cut
out of circuit. The principle of this system is shown in diagram No. 2.
The Series Multiple is a system where a number of multiple arc systems
-o
n^! HH
is placed in series, and will be indicated by its name, as shown in diagram
No. 3.
The Multiple Series is a system where a number of small series or de-
vices are connected up on a multiple arc system, as is shown in diagram
No. 4.
The Edison Three-Wire System is in the nature of a multiple series. In-
candescent lamps, not being made to stand a higher pressure than slightly
above 110 volts, a system was devised so that 220 volts could be used by plac-
ing on a multiple arc system two lamps in series, each taking 110 volts, or
the two taking 220 volts. The difficulty with this system was that two lamps
had to be turned off or on at the same time. To avoid this, a third wire,
which is called the neutral wire, was placed between the two lamps of the
ELECTRICITY.
433
series, and run back to the dynamo. In this way, if there were ten lamps
on one side of the neutral wire and but eight on the other, the surplus cur-
rent would flow back to the central station and permit the turning on or
€ — €
0 6
6 0
off of lights at will, arrangements being made at the central station to take
care of the current on the neutral wire. This system is shown in diagram
No. 5.
Conductors and Insulators or Non-Conductors.
All substances offer to the transmission of electrical energy more or less
resistance. The bodies which offer the greatest resistance have been classed
as insulators or non-conductors, and those which offer the least resistance
are called conductors. The transition from a conductor to a non-conductor
is not abrupt, for the poorest conductors are to someextent insulators, and
even the best conductor offers some resistance to the passage of electricity.
The following table exhibits the comparative position occupied by different
substances:
CONDUCTORS. NON-CONDUCTORS OR INSUL.\TORS.
Metals, Ice,
Charcoal, Caoutchouc,
Graphite, Dry air,
Acids, Silk,
Water, Glass,
Animals, Wax,
Soluble Salts. Sulphur and resins,
Amber,
Shellac.
4-34 ELECTRICITY.
Among the metals there is a great difference in the resistance offered to
the transmission of electrical energj^ and the following is a table of rela-
tive resistance, taking silver as a unit:
RELATIVE REStgTANCE.
Silver, at 32° Fahr 1.
Copper " 1.06
Zinc " 3.74
Platinum " 6.02
Iron " 6.46
German silver '' 13.91
Mercury " • 63.24
In the above table there is some question as to the correctness of the
relative resistance of copper, as some experimenters have claimed that cop-
per offers even a lower resistance than silver. Copper, however, in addition
to its electrical qualities, commercially and mechanically offers advantages
which has made it almost universally adopted for the transmission of elec-
trical energy; and in practical work the engineer will find that it is the cop-
per wire that he has to deal with. All electric light and power wiring tables
are based upon copper wire.
• Circular Mill.
A circular mill is the unit of area. A mill is one-thousandth part of an
inch, and a circular mill is the area of a circle whose diameter is one mill.
Let us inquire why we use area of a circle, in giving the size of a wire,
rather than the area of a square as is done in all other mechanical calcula-
tions. Why not use a square mill instead of a circular mill ? As far as the
minuteness in size is concerned, one would answer just as well as the other.
A wire of but one-tenth of an inch in diameter has a sectional area of 10,-
000 circular mills. A circular mill is only about one-fourth smaller than a
square mill. If our wires were square instead of round, electricians would
have used the square mill instead of the circular mill. So we rday answer
that, as wires are round, and as we frequently desire to compare their re-
sp.ective areas, we can do so most conveniently in circular mills. We can
measure their diameters and compute these diameters in thousandths of an
inch. As the areas of all circles vary as the squares of their diameters, then,
by having the diameters, we can, by one simple act of multiplication, find
the number of circular mills contained in each wire. As the electrical capa-
city of a wire to convey electricity varies as its sectional area we use this
simple method to obtain the area, which is of great convenience in ordinary
electrical calculations.
The Resistance of Copper Wire.
The resistance of any conductor varies directly as its length and in-
versely as its sectional area. . That is, if we increase the length of a wire,
just as we increase the length we increase the resistance; and if we double
the area of a wire, we halve the resistance. Knowing this, all that is nec-
essary to determine the resistance of any piece of copper wire is to decide
upon some unit of length and some unit of area, and determine the resist-
ELECTRICITY. 435
ance; and from this we will know that the resistance of any length of wire
will be as many times greater than it is greater than the unit in length, and
as many times less as it is greater in area. The unit of length used in
America is the foot, and the unit of area of the wire is the circular mill. It
is found by experiment that the resistance of one foot of copper wire, one
circular mill in area, at between fifty and sixty degrees Fahr., is about 10.61
ohms. If we had a wire of a thousand circular mills in area and one hun-
dred feet long, and we wish to know the resistance, we would see that, due
to the length, the resistance would be increased 100 times, while, due to the
area, it would be decreased 1,000 times; and we would simply multiply
10.61 ohms by 100 and divide by 1,000, which would give us practically a
result of 1.06 ohms.
Determination of Wires.
The three units and Ohm's law represent the fundamental basis upon
which all electrical wiring is determined.
The resistance of a substance varies directly as its length, and inversely
as its area of cross section. Thus, by increasing the length of a wire we
increase the total resistance in proportion. But, on the other hand, as we
increase the area we decrease the resistance. It requires pressure (volts)
to overcome this resistance, and it is only pressure that is lost or used up.
The analogy of forcing water along a pipe illustrates this point. We lose
the pressure, but the quantity of water remains unchanged; and so it is
with electrical energy. If in this conducting circuit we start out with one
ampere, the ampere is not lost, but returns to the generating apparatus,
and onl3' the pressure (volts generated) is lost in doing the work of over-
coming the resistance in the circuit. The work done in various portions
of the circuit is proportional to the resistance of each portion. In electric
wiring the end in view is to transmit as much of the electrical energy to the
points at which it is to be used and to use as little as possible in the wires
forming the path-way.
Wiring tables have been prepared so that the size of conductors may
be determined for any percentage of loss. Thus, wires figured for two
per cent loss, means that two per cent of the total pressure is to be used
up in forcing the electrical energy along the wire, and ninetj^-eight per
cent of the pressure is utilized in doing the work — in'the incandescent lamp,
or whatever appliance may be in the circuit.
It requires one volt to force an ampere through a conductor having a
resistance of one ohm; or, in other words, we lose just one volt. If we had
fifty-one volts at the start, we would have fifty volts multiplied by one
ampere, or fifty watts of energy available for w^ork, the work done in over-
coming the resistance being one volt multiplied by one ampere, or one watt
— practically, just about two per cent*of the total energy supplied.
Method of Preparing a Wiring Table.
The resistance of one foot of copper one circular mill in area is 10.61
ohms. The resistance of a conductor will change more or less with the
change of temperature, but as far as practical wiring is concerned, resist-
436 ELECTRICITY.
ance is a constant factor. The length of wire in American tables
is in feet, and the area in sizes of some standard wire gauge. The
Brown & Sharpe [B. & S,], or American gauge, and the Birmingham wire
gauge, are the ones in use. In all of the wiring tables given, the wires are
in the B. & S. gauge unless otherwMse stated.
In preparing a wiring table, a certain loss of energy is decided upon,
and the first step is to ascertain the size of wire that will carry an ampere
a distance of one foot, consuming an amount of energy that has been de-
cided upon as the basis for the table. Then, knowing the size to carry one
ampere a distance of one foot, the relative sizes for a number of amperes
and a variety of distances are determined by multiplying this known size
by the number of amperes and the number of feet. A variety of results are
figured out and put in tabular form to simplify the calculation. The areas
in these tables are expressed in the sizes of wire in use in the commercial
world instead of using the number of circular mills.
To illustrate by example will make the explanation more explicit. The
table being determined will be a two-wire multiple arc table, and will have
for the basis 50 volts pressure, with a loss of one per cent. The units in
the table will be amperes and feet. One per cent of 50 volts is one-half
volt. To carry an ampere a distance of one foot would mean carrying it
along two feet of wire, as there would be one foot for the out-going or pos-
itive and one for the return circuit or negative wire, thus making two feet
of wire. The amount of energy consumed depends upon the resistance to
be overcome; and as we have fixed the distance one foot, or the length of
the wire as two feet, the dimensions to determine, in order to obtain the
correct resistance, is the area. The total loss of pressure in the w^ire is
about one-half volt, and the current transmitted one ampere. The resist-
ance [ohms] is equal to the pressure divided by the current. In this case it
is one-half volt, divided by one ampere, which gives us as the required re-
sistance, one-half ohm. The resistance of one foot of copper wire one cir-
cular mill in area is 10.61 ohms, and two feet will be double that, or 21.22
ohms. As the resistance varies inversely as the area, and the resistance of
a wire one circular mill is 21.22 ohms, the area of a wire having but one-
half ohm resistance would have to be as many times greater in area as one-
half is divided into 21-22, which is 42.44; and therefore 42.44 circular
mills is the area required for a w^ire which will carry one ampere a distance
of one foot with the expenditure of one-half volt; and this is constant for a
50-volt table for one per cent loss.
To carry 10 amperes 20 feet the number of amperes is multiplied by the
number of feet, and this is multiplied by the constant [10x20x42.44,]
which is 8488 circular mills, which corresponds approximately with No.
11 B. & S. wire [8234 circular mills equal No. 11 B. & S. wire.]
This operation repeated, starting with one ampere up to 100 am-
peres, with distances of from 10 feet up to 200 feet, will give the
results for a complete wire table. If the table was to be based upon one
volt loss, the constant would be decreased to one-half, or 21. 22. The reason
for this is plain: the pressure to be lost or used in the wire has been doubled,
and the resistance must b^ equally increased; and by doubling the resist-
ELECTRICITY.
437
ance of the same length of wire we halve the area. The constant for a
table based upon amperes transmitted and volts lost is the same for all
voltages, it being dependent upon the volts lost. That is, the constant for
100 volt table for one volt loss, and the constant for a table of 50 volts
with one volt loss, is the same; but the constant for 100 volt table at two
per cent loss, which is two volts, and the constant for a two per cent loss
of fifty volts [which is but one volt], are not the same.
Wiring Tables.
In incandescent wiring the electro-motive force or the pressure in volts
most commonly used are 50 volts, 110 volts and 220 volts. Sometimes
the pressure used in stations will be a little above or a little below these
standards, but in figuring for the sizes of wires to be used, the tables here-
inafter given are all-sufficient.
Wiring Table for 50 Volt, 16 Candle Power I/amps.
LOSS OF 1 VOLT.
DISTANCE IN FEET TO CENTER OF
WIRE SIZES ARE INDICATED BELOW IN
NO. OF
DISTRIBUTION
B. & S. GAUGE.
LAMPS.
20'
25^
30'
35'
40'
45'
_50^
60'
70'
80'
90'
100' 120'
140'
160' 180 '200'
1
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
14
14 13
2
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
15
14
13
13
12
12
Hi 10
3
16
16
16
16
16
15
15
14
13
13
12
12
11
10
10
9 9
4
16
16
16
15
15
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8| 7
5
16
J6
15
14
13
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
16
15
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
7
15
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
8
15
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
9
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
10
14
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
12
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
14
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
16
12
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
18
11
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
20
11
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
25
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
0
0
30
9
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
0
0
0
00
35
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
00
00
000
40
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
00
000
000
000
45
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
00
00
000
000 0000
50
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
00
000
000
ooooloooo
55
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
0
0
00
00
000
0000
0000 0000
60
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
0
0
00
00
000
000
0000
65
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
0
0
00
00
000
0000
0000
70
4
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
00
00
000
000
0000
0000
...'.
75
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
00
00
00
00
000
000
000
000
0000
0000
0000
0000
80
90
3
9
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
00
00
GO
000
000
000
000
0000
0000
0000
0000
100
.........
438
ELECTRICITY.
Wiring Table for no Volt, i6 Candle Power I/amps.
LOSS OF 1 1-10 YOLTS.
DISTANCE IN FEET TO CENTER OF
WIRE SIZES ARE INDICATED BELOW IN
NO. OF
DISTRIBUTION.
B. & S. GAUGE.
LAMPS.
20'
25'
30'
35'
40'
45'
50'
79
60'
70'
19
80'
19
90'
19
100'
19
120'
19
140'
18
160'
17
180'
17
200'
1
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
16
2
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
17
16
16
15
15
14
13
.3
19
19
19
19
19
18
18
17
16
16
15
15
14
13
13
12
12
4
19
19
19
18
18
17
16
16
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
5
19
19
18
17
16
16
16
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
6
19
18
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
7
18
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
18
17
16
15
15
14
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
9
17
16
15
15
14
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
10
17
16
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
12
16
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
14
15
14
13
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
16
15
14
13
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
18
14
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
20
14
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
25
13
12
11
10
10
9
9
H
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
30
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
JIT)
11
10
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
40
11
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1
45
10
9
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
50
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
55
9.
8
8
7
6
G
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
0
0
0
60
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
65
8
8
7
G
G
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
0
0
70
7
7
G
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
75
7
7
G
6
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
80
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
90
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
100
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
' " " '
In figuring for alternating currents, the pressure used for the primary
circuits, or the lines used for transmitting the current before it reaches the
converter, is either 1,000 or 2,000 volts. On the right-hand corner of the
table is shown the amount of current which the different sized candle power
lamps will take at the voltage upon which the table is based.
ELECTRICITY.
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t-i wec-^ino i^ooo50i-i o»ooTt<incD
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ni3jmjo83zig Tii-ii-i !-<«.
ELECTRICITY. 443
Wiring for Motor Circuits.
The size of a motor, which is given in horse power, is the maximum
power that may be safely developed at the pulley. To obtain this mechan-
ical power from the electrical energy there is a loss, and consequently there
is more than one horse power of electrical energy supplied to a motor for
every mechanical horse power developed at the pully.
To determine the size of wire for a motor circuit, it is necessary, first, to
know the number of amperes that will develop the horse power. The elec-
trical energy is the product of the voltage and the amperes. Therefore, the
number of amperes required to develop one horse power will depend upon
the voltage. In determining the number of amperes to develop a horse
power, allowance must be made for the loss of electrical energy. Motors,
though of the same type, yet of different sizes, will vary in efficiency, and
motors of different types transform electrical energy into mechanical
energy with different degrees of economy. To give the number of amperes
required to develop the rated horsepower on different sized motors, and
for motors at different voltages, the following table has been compiled, the
efficiency of the various sized motors being taken at such a per cent that
will approximate nearest to the actual conditions.
Amperes per Motor.
This table is arranged to show the amperes per motor at the efficiencies
indicated for various horse powers up to 150, and various voltages up to
1,200. One column shows the watts per motor, and another shows the
number of 16-candle power lamps that equal the energy the motor draws
from the circuit.
A uniform loss or drop of electrical pressure in service lines should be
established in every central station supplying current for power purposes.
The pressure supplied at the motor brushes should be 110 volts for a
110 volt motor, and for motors of other voltages the pressure should be
the same as the voltage at which they are rated. This is a point sometimes
overlooked; the pressure supplied at the motor brushes being several volts
lower than the pressure for which they are rated.
444
ELECTRICITY.
Amperes per Motor.
Table originated by George Cutter. Recompiled and enlarged by Thos. G. Grier.
(^
^ 1
\
THE TOP KOW INDICATES VOLTS.
I
n
50
75
110
220
400
500
600
800
1,000
1,200
Vi
75
497
8.2
lO.Oi 6.62
4.5
2.25
1.24
l.OOi .83
.62
.497
.41
%
75
746
12.4
14.9
9.94
6.78
3.38
1.86
1.48
1.24
.93
.746
.62
75
995
16.6
20.0
13.24
9.0
4.5
2.5
2.00
1.66
1.24
1.
.82
Wi
80
1,492
24.7
29.8
19.8
13.56
6.78
3.73
2.98
2.48
1.86
1.492
1.24
2
80
1,865
31.1
37.31 24.9
16.9
8.5
4.7
3.8
3.1
2.33
1.9
1.6
3
80
2,797
46.6
55.9I 37.2
25.4
12.7
6.99
5.59
4.66
3.49
2.797
2.33
4
80
3,730
62. 1
74.6! 49.8
33.8
16.9
9.3
7.5
6.2
4.66
3.8
3.1
5
80
4.662
77.7
93.2' 62.1
42.3
21.1
11.65
9.32
7.77
5.82
4.662
3.88
7^2
90
6.217
103.
124.0; 82.9
56.5
28.2
15.54
12.43
10.36
7.77
6.217
5.18
10
90
8,288
138.
165-0 110.
75.3
37.6
20.72
16.57
13.81
10.36
8.288
6.90
15
90
12,433
207. ^
248.0: 165.
113.
56.5
31.08
24.86
20.72
15.54
12.43
10.36
20
90
16,578
276. i
331.01 221.
loO.
75.3
41.44
33.15
27.63
20.72
16.57
13.98
25
90
20.722
345. i
414.0! 276.
188.
94.1
51.8
41.6
34.5
25.9
20.7
17.2
30
90
24,866
414.
497.0 331.
226.
113.
62.
49.7
41.4
31.
24.8
20.7
40
90
33.155
552. i
663.0 442.
301.
150.
82.8
66.3
55.2
41.4
33.1
27.6
50
90
41.444
690. i
828.0 552.
376.
188.
103.
82.8
69.
51.8
41.4
34.5
60
90
49,733
828.
994.0 663.
452.
226.
124.
99.4
82.8
60.
49.7
41.4
70
90
58,022
967.
1160.0 773.
527.
263.
145.
116.
96.7
72.5
58.
48.3
80
90
66.311
1105.
1326.0 884.
602.
301.
165.
132.
110.
82.9
66.3
55.2
90
90
74.599
82.888
1243.
1491.01 994.
678.
339.
186.
149.
124.
93.
74.5
62.
100
90
1381. !
1657.01105.
753.
376.
207.
165.
K^.
103.
82.8
69.
120
90
99.457
1657.
1989.0 1326.
904.
452.
548.
198.
165.
124.
99.
82.8
150
90
24.312
2072.
2486.0 1657.
1131.
565.
310. 248.
207.
155.
124.
103.
Minimum Size Wire for Motor Services.
A copper conductor will not carry with safety more than a certain
number of amperes. In the installation of a motor, the service wires
should always be of sufficient size to carry the number of amperes that
will be required to develop the maximum rated horse power of the motor.
It is not advisable in motor circuits to use wire smaller than No. 14 B.
& S. gauge, as wire of smaller size is liable to be broken.
The table gives the minimum size wire that should be used for motor
services.
ELECTRICITY.
445
Minimum Size Wire for Motor Services.
SIZE WIRE B. & S. GAUGE.
H. P.
110 Volts.
220 Volts.
500 Volts.
M>
14
14
14
1
14
14
14
2
10
14
14
3
8
12
14
4
6
10
14
5
5
8
14
^V2
3
6
12
10
2
5
10
15
00
3
8
20
000
2
6
25
0000
1
5
30
00
4
40
000
2
50
0000
1
Wiring for Motor Services.
This table is designed for any loss that may be adopted. The first
three columns are for the horse power of the motor; the fourth column, the
ampere capacity required by the motor to develop its rated horse power.
The amperes in this table are a close approximation to actual practice,
and so long as the question of efficiency of the motor is a variable one, the
most valuable electric tables must be based upon approximation derived
from actual practice. In the other columns of the table is given the dis-
tance which the various amounts of power can be transmitted on different
sized wires with a loss of one volt. The five lines at the top of the table
give information in regard to the wires of different sizes. The safe carrying
capacity in this table is that which was adopted by the National Electric
Light Association at Montreal, September 10th, 1891. The method used
in applying this table is to divide the total distance from the street connec-
tions to the motor by the number of volts which are to be allowed for loss
in the service wire. This will give the distance for one volt loss. See in
what columns opposite the horse power this distance or the nearest
amount to it is, and this will indicate the size wire required.
446
ELECTRICITY.
er\ O >-■ ^^
S".^8c
ecoo
8 -o-
?ON030(
CO-*
OQOco
•-"OCQO-
c o
knvcwin-HOQOWGp^TfMSReooineoQeooiNotoeooec
2soTr2^<£>eO'-iOL--«oiO'*eocoeo(M(MC<i-iT-iT-iT-ii-i
Oi^^lMlM
00 Tt< CO W »- rt -r-i "^
trcoc^cooi-^030si.-r-030'q'aiiowoo?o<TC>*r-io>ooj>Sif3
• lO CO O QOCO !
ico(>>'-i '^'
OSrr— •0lO00X>ifl»/500'M0l0*<-ir-ir-iT-iT-i
oocoinicir)inQoeoir:aso550t^o05-^coo500CJt-i
Tt^t:'-<»^:'^<^^<W!^J — CO — cx)ln■>*<-^ooit-^>co«n•<3'■
os Oi !> 05 00 o irj Tji Tj< o5 oi w ^ rt r-< -^ T=. •■ >■ ^ -^ ^
00-^ i-H
(M— <t^oooot-inoc5eo«>moTjiooe<5-^ict»-^
(M«oinaoow'--*cciooot-Tf<'M'-H05oot»!Cjn'^"<*i
cox^t^oooknooo — -^t-i/iint-oo-^ooosoo
cO'^i(tOT»<owt-coo5Ttieo — osoot^oiiftTtiTfi
oo-<i<ocooQoeooo:!oocDT-nDQOQo^inoi
ojoccQDW^jifl — oin — oost-^iniCTjioo
oioiooTT-^eoiMJJiM'-i'-i'-i
«Dooocci-<fSot-^MOiooj>«Oir5'*i-<j'eQ
int^OfQCO(MOIi-ii-ir-l
<Midnoo«oift-*t-ciQ?ooooooeoc^
eo — eoo!>otocoeco!>coinkr5'>i'co
<MOlf5C«3C^01r-.->i-lT-i
OO-'S'iCi^QO — o-^ootc
cj>iccoL-«o»ft-rreoco(M
CO i-c t-i
OS
.2 c c ^ bo
si
1.00
2.00
2.30
4.00
4.50
to" t-^ Ci oi CQ «5 QC
2SSS88gS^SS28888
55
w8
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cr
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ir.
IC
a
^
^
ELECTRICITY.
447
To clearly explain the workings of this table, several examples will be
given illustrating different conditions:
Example 1. — A 15-horse power motor, 220 volts, at 400 feet from the
street connection, with eight volts loss allowed for loss in service wire?
Eight volts loss in 400 feet distance means a loss of one volt for every
1/8 of 400 feet, or one volt loss in 50 feet. Referring to the table, we find
15-horse power under 220 volts can be transmitted 43 feet on No. 3 wire,
or 55 feet on No. 2 wire. No. 2 being the nearest size is the wire desired.
Example 2. — Given a 110 volt five-horse power motor, 380 feet, 10
volts loss? Dividing 380 feet by 10 gives 38 feet for one volt. Referring
to the table we find 38 feet, opposite five-horse power 110 volt motor, un-
der No. 5 wire.
Example 3. — A 30-horse power 500 volt motor, 600 feet from street
connection, 10 volts loss allowed? Six hundred feet divided by 10 gives
60 feet for one volt. Sixty-four feet is the nearest to 60 feet, opposite 30-
horse power motor, and indicates No. 2 wire.
Simplified Copper Wire Equations.
BY CHARLES WIRT.
The following formulae are for commercial copper of97 per cent con-
ductivity at 75 degrees Fahrenheit. They are correct within a fraction of
one per cent, and are shorter than the usual form of these equations.
M=Circular Mils.
C^^=Circular Inches.
R= Resistance in Ohms.
W=: Weight in Pounds.
L=Length in Feet.
IIL
R=
M
30000W
W=
30000R
W=C^\x3.03L
Mx3.03L
W=
1000000
MR
L=
11
L= /WR3000
W
C^^=-
3.03L
IIL
M=
R
lOOOOOOW
M=
3.03Iv
448
ELECTRICITY.
Amount of Drop in Wires with a Given Current.
AMERICAN
PALL OP POTENTIAL
AMERICAN
FALL or POTENTIAL
GAUGE,
CIRCULAR
IN VOLTS,
GAUGE,
CIRCULAR
IN VOLTS,
BROWN &
MILS, (d2)
PER AMPERE
BROWN &
MILS, (d2)
PER AMPERE
SHARPES NO.
PER 1,000 FT.
SHARPE'SNO.
PER 1,000 FT.
0000
211600.00
.0505318
9
13094.00
.8165943
000
167805.00
.0637158
10
10381.00
1.03
00
133079.40
.0803503
11
8234.00
1.298521
0
105592.50
.1012593
12
6529.90
1.637494
1
83694.20
.1277612
13
5178.40
2,064841
2
66373.00
.1610920
14
4106.80
2.668524
3
52634.00
.2031469
15
3256.70
3.208450
4
41742.00
.2561507
16
2582.90
4.139673
5
33102.00
.3230183
17
2048.20
5.220349
6
26250.50
.4073238
IS
1624.30
6.582833
7
20816.00
.5136713
19
1252.40
8.537567
8
16509.00
.6476743
20
1021.50
10.46789
Comparative Table of Diameter and Weight of Copper Wire.
AMERICAN GAUGE.
j BIRMINGHAM GAUGE.
No. Of
Diameter
Area in
Pounds
No. of
Diameter
Area in
Pounds
Gauee
in Mile.
CM=d2
per 1,000 ft.
' Gauee
in Mils.
CM=d2
per 1,000 ft.
4-0
4600
211600
639.33
4-0
454
206116
623.925
3-0
4096
167805
507.01
3-0
425
180625
546.76
2-0
3&i8
133079
402.01
2-0
380
144400
437.107
0
340
115600
349.928
0
3249
105592
319.04
1
300
90000
272.435
1
2893
83694
252.88
2
284
180656
244.15
2
2576
66373
200.54
3
259
67081
202.965
3
2294
52634
159.03
4
238
56644
171.465
5
220
48400
146.51
4
2043
41742
126.12
6
203
41209
124.742
5
1819
33102
100.01
7
180
32400
98.076
6
1623
26244
79.32
8
165
27225
82.41
7
1443
20822
62.90
9
148
21904
66.305
8
1285
16512
49.88
10
134
17956
54.354
9
1144
13110
39.56
11
120
14400
43.59
10
1019
10381
31.37
12
109
11881
35.964
11
0907
8226
24.88 *
13
095
9025
27.319
12
0808
6528
19.73
14
083
6889
20.853
13
0722
5184
15.65
15
072
5184
15.692
14
0641
4110
12.41
16
065
4225
12.789
15
0571
3260
9.84
17
058
3364
10.18
16
0508
2581
7.81
18
049
2401
7.268
17
0452
2044
6.19
19
042
1764
5.340
18
0403
1624
4.91
19
0359
1253
3.78
20
035
1225
3.708
20
032
1024
4.09
21
032
1024
3.099
21
0285
820
2.45
22
028
784
2.373
22
0253
626
1.94
23
025
625
1.892
23
0226
510
1.54
24
022
484
1.465
24
0201
404
1.22
25
020
400
1.211
25
0179
320
.97
26
018
324
.9807
26
0159
254
.77
27
016
256
.7749
27
0142
201
.61
28
014
1%
.5933
28
0126
159
.48
29
013
169
.5116
29
0113
127
.38
30
012
144
.4359
30
010
100
.20
31
010
100
.3027
31
0089
79
.24
32
009
81
.2452
32
0079
63
.19
33
008
64
.1937
33
007
49
.15
34
007
49
.1483
34
006
36
.12
35
0056
28
.10
36
005
25
.08
35
005
25
.07568
37
0045
18
.06
38
004
16
.05
33
004
16
.04843
ELECTRICITY.
449
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450
ELECTRICITY.
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oo6«diriT)5
00 -^*< ■»l< O CQ
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CQ in o in 5!
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< CD «>' -- OS I 00 in oj 00 «
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eo in 1-1 OS OS
m-H I- us CO
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t» t-?oin in
in «o CO Tf
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CO C*5 CO c5 CO
ELECTRICITY.
451
Units of Measurement.
As the science of electricity has adopted the more complete and scien-
tific metric s\-stem in the greater part of its work, we give the metric sys-
tem and its equivalents in the units now in common use, also the table of
decimal equivalents of the fractions of an inch.
Decimal ^Equivalents and the Metric System.
TABLE OF DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF 8THS, 16THS, 32dS AND 64tHS OF
AN INCH.
For use in connection with the micrometer caliper.
8ths.
3^2 = .28125
ht =
.296875
^ = .125
11= .34375
It =3
.328125
% = .250
11= .40625
23
fi4
.359375
% = .375
\% = .46875
64 =
.390625
3^ = .500
i|= .53125
27
6 4
.421875 ■
% = .625
kt = .59375
li =
.453125
% = .750
-U = .65625
.484375
Vs = .875
II = .71875
33 =^
.515625
16ths.
ll = .78125
h =
.546875
i^e = .0625
i«6 = .1875
i% = .3125
/g =: .4375
i»6 = -5625
11- = .6875
11 =.8125
11 = .9375
11 _ .84375
Ifzzr .90625
|i = . 96875
64ths.
J4 = .015625
37 _
6 4
11 =
11 =
n =
a =
.578125
.609375
.640625
.671875
.703125
.734375
ii = .046875
g5^ = .078125
g7^ = . 109375
i^ =
i^ =
i^ =
.765625
.796875
.828125
32ds.
e»4 = . 140625
i^ =
.859375
3*2 = .03125
n = . 171875
li =
.890625
3^ = .09375
»i = .203125
11 =
.921875
i^ = .15625
II = .234375
.953125
3^5 = .21875
H= 256625
ii=
.984375
452 ELKCTRICITY.
Quintal
=
100,000 =
Myriagram
=
10,000 =
Kilogram or Kile
=
1,000 =
Hectogram
=
100 =
Dekagram
=
10 =
Gram
=
1 =
Decigram
=
.1 =
Centigram
=
.01 =
Milligram
=
.001 =
The Metric System.— Weights.
Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use.
Weight of what quan-
Names. No. Grams. tity of water at Avoirdupois
maximum density. Weight.
Millier or tonneau = 1,000,000 = 1 cubic meter = 2204.6 pounds.
1 hectoliter = 220.46 pounds.
10 Hters = 22.046 pounds.
1 liter = 2.2046 pounds.
1 deciliter = 3.5274 oimces.
10 c. centimet. = 0.3527 ounce.
1 c. centimet. = 15.432 grains.
.1 c. centimet. = 1.5432 grain.
10 c. millimet. = 0.1543 grain.
1 c. millimet. =: 0.0154 grain.
Measures of I^etigth.
Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use.
Myriameter = 10,000 meters = 6.2137 miles.
Kilometer = 1,000 meters = 0.62137 m. or 3.280 ft. 10 in.
Hectometer = 100 meters = 328 feet and 1 inch.
Dekameter = 10 meters = 393 7 inches.
Meter = 1 meter = 39.37 inches.
Decimeter = .1 of a meter = 3.937 inches.
Centimeter = .01 of a meter = 0.3937 inch.
Millimeter =.001 of a meter = 0.0394 inch.
Measures of Surface.
Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use.
Hectare = 10,000 square meters = 2.471 acres.
Arc = 100 square meters = 119.6 square yards.
Centarc = 1 square meter = 1.550 square inches.
Measures of Capacity.
Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use.
Names. No. Liters. Cubic Measure. Dry Measure. Wine Measure.
Kilohter = 1,000 = 1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards = 264.17 galls.
Hectoliter = 100 = .1 cubic meter = 2 bush. 3.35 pks. = 26.417 galls.
Decaliter = 10 = 10 c. decimeters = 9.08 quarts. = 2.8417 galls.
Liter = 1= Ic.decimeter = 0.908 quart. =1.0567 qrts.
Deciliter = .1= .Ic.decimeter = 6.1022 cubic in. = 0.845 gill.
Centiliter = .01 = 10c. centimeters= 0 6102 cubic in. =0.388fluidoz
Millihter = .001 = Ic. centimeter = 0.061 cubic in. = 0.27 fluid dr.
ELECTRICITY. 453
Dynamo Electric Machinery.
In the practical operation of dynamo electric machinery there are two
expressions commonly used to denote different phases of the current, name-
ly, "direct current" and "alternating current." Both of them at the
present time have about an equal share in the transmission of electrical
energy, the direct current being used for arc lighting and for both central
stations and isolated work in incandescent lighting, and also for street rail-
way and power purposes. The alternating current is used to a very slight
extent in all of the above except in the field of central station lighting, where
it occupies a most prominent position.
Direct Current: The meaning of the expression "direct current" is
almost explained in the name itself. The current is always traveling in
the same direction, the positive wire always being positive and the negative
always being negative.
Alternating Current: In alternating current working the current is
rapidly reversed, rising and falling in a succession of impulses or waves.
Electricity is, in fact, oscillating backwards and forwards through the con-
ductor or conducting line with enormous rapidity, under the influence of a
rapidly reversing electromotive force. The adjectives "alternate," "oscil-
latory," "periodic," "undulatory" and "harmonic," have all been used to
describe such currents. The term "wave currents" perhaps gives a better
expression. The properties of alternate currents differ somewhat from
those of direct or continuous currents. They are affected not only by the
resistance of the circuit, but also by its inertia or self-induction, which di-
minishes the amplitude of the waves, retards their phase and smooths them
down in general.
Induction.
Induction is one of the marked peculiarities of electrical action. In
popular language it may be compared as somewhat similar to the radiation
of heat. The leakage of electricity, on account of imperfect insulation or
the act of leaving the conductor and jumping through the air in search of
another conductor, differs from induction. When a current of electricity is
passing through a conductor, in the ordinary manner, there is an influence
supposedto be encircling the conductor in whirling rings, producing mag-
netic and electrical effects by induction.
The magnetic effect can be shown by passing an electrically insulated
conductor, in a vertical direction, through a small hole in a sheet of paper
and sprinkling iron filings on the paper round the wire. The instant a
direct current of electricity is passed through the wire, the iron filings obey
the unseen power and become magnetic, arranging themselves in regular
circles around the wire.
454 ELECTRICITY.
When the -wires are laid side by side and each of them is electrically in-
sulated, in the ordinary way, and when one of these wires has an electrical
current passed through it, the other one shows some of this influence by
means of delicate instruments or by other practical effects.
When an electrical current is produced in a closed conductor, by passing
it in a certain direction through a magnetic field, we have another one of
the effects of induction. In fact, this is especially the fundamental prin-
ciple of the dynamo.
When an electrical current is passed through an electrically insulated
conductor, coiled around a mass of iron, magnetism is produced by induc-
tion. This is the active principle which is so largely utilized in magnetizing
the iron encasing the armatures of our dynamo. Other illustrations
might be given to show the skill used in practical electrical affairs, either
in using this general principle or showing the ingenious methods taken to
prevent its interference with the satisfactory working of electrical currents.
A principle so active as induction has often puzzled our most skillful elec-
tricians in its successful management.
In static electricity the peculiarities of induction have been longer under
the eye of electricians, and were perhaps more fully understood. In dyna-
mic electricity, since such largely important industries are depending on the
mastering of this manifestation of force in its various forms, the study has
assumed immense commercial importance and utility. As experiment is the
only royal road to scientific knowledge, we are happy to know that there is
a little army of some of the brightest men in the world constantly at work
experimenting in the entire electrical field. They are yearly giving up to us
the valuable products of their labor. Tesla, of late, seems to be one of the
most prolific experimenters in inductive electrical effects produced by alter-
nating currents of enormous frequency. What he has discovered may only
be a foretaste of what may yet be in store for the world.
When an electrical current flows through an electrically insulated con-
ductor, the magnetic force with which that wire is made alive does not seem
to be in the wire itself, but in the space surrounding it. By giving our im-
agination a little play, we may say, "the live wire has two souls." The
electrical is contained in the conductor, entangled among its molecules;
while the magnetic one, seeming even more spiritual, hovers around outside
of the conductor. In all probability the relationship between the two is very
close. Each of these manifestations of force is easily and quickly changed
from one to the other by methods familiar to electricians.
Converters : The utility of converters, or transformers, now so exten-
sively used in connection with the alternating current for incandescent light-
ing, depends on induction. The electric energy which is sent from the dyna-
mo into the street mains does its work in thelamps,"although the conductors
have no direct connection with the lamps. In fact, these conductors are
electrically insulated; They enter and leave the converter, depending on in-
duction in the converter for the execution of their duty in making the carbons
glow. This mysterious outside influence is utilized by grouping coils of wire
ELECTRICITY.
455
connected with the dynamos with another group, in close neighborhood,
leading to the lamps. These respective groups of wire are made effective by
the magnetic action of bundles of soft iron around which the wires are coiled.
By this method electrical energy, of a very high pressure, is transferred on
the street by comparatively small and hence cheap wires. And what is of
immense importance, the pressure is reduced at the pleasure of the construc-
tor so as to suit the capacity of the lamps for endurance, and at the same
FIG. A.— SERIES WOUND
time making the current harmless to human hfe. We are told that this
transformation is made at a loss of only about four per cent.
While only touching the surface of this interesting study, we acknowl-
edge its subtleties, yet we can all comprehend and utilize some of its effects.
The task for the mass of us engaged in electrical industries is not in the field
of discovery, but it requires all our mental energy in the effort to grasp an
understanding of some of the laws so fully described for us by our electri-
456
ELECTRICITY.
cians. We can see the dust raised ahead by our leaders, and all we can do is
to keep within hailing distance of the procession and encourage our foot-
sore comrades engaged with us in asking questions of nature.
The Dynamo.
The dynamo is a machine for generating electrical current. There are
two classes in general use, the direct current and the alternating-current
FIG. B. — COMPOUND WOUND.
dynamo. The direct-current dynamo may be sub-divided or classed as
follows: the constant potential and the constant current. The constant
potential dynamo is used for incandescent lighting and for power purposes.
The constant current dynamo is usually series wound, that is, the field
ELECTRICITY.
457
magnets and the armature unite in series, a diagrammatic representation
of which is given in figure A. The incandescent dynamo, or rather the
constant-potential dynamo, is either compound wound or shunt wound,
as shown in diagrams B and C. The first three diagrams show machines
which are self-exciting; diagram D shows a dynamo which has its fields ex-
cited from some external source.
All dynamos are based upon the discovery made by Faraday in 1831,
FIG. C— SHUNT WOUND.
that electric currents are generated in conductors by moving them in a mag-
netic field. An electromotive force is produced in a conductor when it is
moved in a field of magnetic force in such a way as to cut the lines of force
in a direction at right-angles to the direction of the action, and at right-
angles to the direction of the lines of force. This induced electromotive
force is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, and to the length
and velocity of the moving conductor. According to Ohm's well known
458
ELECTRICITY.
law, the flow of electricity in this conductor is directly proportional to this
electromotive force and inversely proportional to the resistance of the con-
ductor. #"
Alternaters.
Alternating dynamos will be classed in three sorts :
1st. Those with stationary field magnets and rotating armature. The
Westinghouse Electric Co., the Ft. Wayne Jenney Co., the Thomson-Hous-
ton Co., and the National Electric Co. all manufacture alternating current
dynamos of this type.
FIG. D. — SEPARATELY EXCITED.
2d. Those with rotating field magnets and stationary armature. This
type of machine is manufactured by the Brush Electric Co.
3d. Those with both field magnet part and armature part stationary,
the amount of magnetic induction from the latter through the former being
caused to vary or alternate in direction by the revolution of appropriate
pieces of iron called "inductors." The Royal Co. is experimenting with a
machine of this make.
Alternaters are also either series or compound wound ; but all alternat-
ing current dynamos in commercial use to day in the United States are
e?tcitedby a direct current machine ; that is, a small machine is connected to
ELECTRICITY. 459
the coils around the fields, and a direct current produces the magnetism
necessary for the operation of the machine. All machines that are used
for lighting generate a simple two phase current, which means that the
current rapidly oscillates or changes direction.
There are alternating current machines manufactured for the purpose of
driving motors which generate what is called a "multi-phase," and in these
machines there are several currents whose w^ave length is the same, yet one
lags behind the other.
In all alternatersthe electromotive force rises and falls in a rapid periodic
fashion, a wave of electricity being forced through the circuit first in one
direction, then in the other, .with great rapidity. The time taken for one
complete alternation to and fro of the current is called one period. The
frequency used in practice variates between 40 periods per second and 100,
or sometimes 150 periods per second.
Armatures.
Armature Cores: The cores are always luminated, being constructed
of either sheet-iron discs, (2d) iron ribbon, or (3d) iron wire. For drum
armatures and elongated rings, discs stamped out from soft sheet iron are
almost universal. The usual thickness is from 40 to 80 thousandths of an
inch. To obtain the best results, these discs are lightly insulated one from
the other, one side usually being covered with thin varnished paper, or the
face of the disc being enameled. When iron wire is used, it is varnished or
slightly oxidized on its surface and taped externally. The Brush arc light
machines use the Gramme ring almost exclusively. The Edison incandescent
dynamos offer an example as to the drum armature, more frequently known
as the Siemens.
Balancing of Armatures.
It is very needful that armatures should be properly balanced, otherwise
they will set up injurious vibrations in. running. Most makers test their
armatures for balance by laying the journals on two parallel metal rails, or
knife edges, and notice whether the armature remains in any position with-
out tending to roll. Armatures should be balanced with the pulleys on
them.
Binding Wires.
After an armature has been wound, the conductors must be secured in
place by a number of external bands. These must be very strong ; as,
should they become loose through the speed of the armature, the armature
will be burnt or short-circuited,
460 ELECTRICITY.
Commutators.
The insulation between the segments of a commutator should be very
good, and the commutator should always be kept scrupulously clean. Vas-
eline makes a very good lubricator for a commutator, a very little bit being
applied to it, preferably by one's finger.
Brushes.
The kind of a brush most frequently used for receiving currents from
the collector commutator, consists of a quantity of straight copper wires,
or ribbons, soldered together at one end and held in a suitable clamp. The
number of conducting points secured by this method is advantageous in
reducing the sparking. Carbon brushes are coming into use of late to a
great extent, the sparking from a carbon brush being much less than with
the use of copper brushes. In setting brushes, they should be set so that
they are diametrically opposite; and on all commutators center-punch
marks will be found, so that the brushes can be set. The brushes should be
held firmly and joined wnth a good metallic contact with their circuit.
Brushes must be held to make contact at the proper angle to the surface of
the commutator. Brushes must bear with proper pressure upon the com-
mutator— if too light, they will jump and spark; if too heavy, they will cut
the commutator into ruts. The object of a number of brushes on each side
is that, in adjusting the brushes to obviate the sparking when the machine
is running, the circuit will not be broken if one brush should be lifted from
ofi" the commutator. Insulated handles should be provided for all dynamos
working above 100 volts, so that the brushes may be raised and adjusted
without risk of shocks. It is always well to see that the insulation of the
brush, or the brush and brush holders together, is very thorough, as bad
insulation at this point will cause considerable trouble. Dirt on the com-
mutators or armature is one of the greatest difficulties to be guarded against
in the proper operation of the dynamo or motor.
Klectric Motors.
•'Dynamo electric machinery" is a term used to mean machinery for
converting energy in the form of mechanical power into energy in the form
of electric currents, or vice-versa. The electric motor is the inverse of the
dynamo, its function being to convert the energy of electric currents
into the energy of mechanical motion. An electric motor is an appa-
ratus which does the mechanical work at the expense of electrical
energy. Every one knows that a magnet will attract the opposite pole of
another magnet and will pull it around. We also know that every mag-
ELECTRICITY. 461
net, placed in a magnetic field, tends to turn around and set itself along the
lines of force. It is not, therefore, difficult to understand that very soon
after the invention of the electro-magnet, v%^hich gave us for the first time a
magnet whose power was under control, a number of ingenious persons con-
ceived that it was possible to construct an electro-magnetic engine in which
an electro-magnet placed in the magnetic field, should be pulled around, and
that the rotation should be kept up continuously by cutting off or reversing
the current at theproper moment. The first electro-motor which could be con-
sidered a practical success was designed bj' Jacobi for an electric boat in
1883. Professor Henry had designed one as early as 1823, exhibiting a
motor which, though a mere toy, had all the elements of the motor of the
present day.
Counter J^lectromotive Force.
Two points which are of vital importance are the propelling drag and
the counter electromotive force. The first is that the real driving force,,
which propels the revolving armature is the drag which the magnetic field
exerts upon the armature wires through which the current is flowing. In
the generator the drag acts in the direction which opposes rotation, and is,
in fact, the counter force or reaction against the driving force. In a motor
the drag is the driving force and produces rotation. Let it be remembered
that wherever a current flows through some portion of the circuit in which
there is an electromotive force, the current will there either receive or give
up energy, according to whether the electromotive force acts with the cur-
rent or against it. The existence of this counter electromotive force is of
the utmost importance in considering the action of the motor, because upon
the existence and magnitude of this counter electromotive force depends the
degree with which any given motor enables us to utilize electric energ^'that
is supplied to it in the form of an electric current. In fact, this counter
electromotive force is an absolute and necessary factor in the power of the
motor. The counter electromotive force is proportional to the velocity,
and acts as a check to the flow of the current through the armature. An
armature running with a light load will generate a very high electromotive
force; and although the actual resistance ofthewirein the armature is
very low, due to the backing up, as it were, of this counter electromotive
force, only a small portion of current can flow through. As it requires cur-
rent through the armature to do work, it will be easih' understood that as
the load is thrown on the motor, this counter electromotive force wnll grad-
ualh' fall, allowing more current to flow through the armature.
Motors are made in shunt, compound wound and series wound. The
compound wound and series wound motors are used on constant potential
circuits, in which the electromotive force is constant and the quantity of
current varies as the load. The series motors are used principally upon the
arc light circuits, where the current is constant and the diflerence of pressure
between the brushes of the motor varies with the load. Series motors re-
quire a governor, so that the speed can be constant. The governors are
462 ELECTRICITY.
usually made somewhat similar to the ball governors used on throttle en-
gines. They work a lever which cuts in and out the sections of the fields,
the principle of the governor being that the fields are strengthened or weak-
ened accordingly, as the load increases or decreases. Shunt and compound
wound motors which are in commercial use to-day are practically self-gov-
erning within the limits of their rated capacity.
General Remarks on Motors.
In locating a motor, always make allowance for the proper length of
belt. A. horizontal belt is most desirable. Never, when it can be avoided,
place the motor directly above or below the shaft to be driven. This
necessitates a tight belt and a useless and injurious strain upon the arma-
ture shaft. When circumstances will permit, place the motor so that the
angle of belt will not be more than 45 degrees. It is better to transmit the
power from the motor by an open belt. This is easily accomplished, as
most motors can be made to run in either direction.
The Kind of Belt to be Used.
It is found in practice that a thin, soft leather belt, of the width of the
pulley which is furnished with the motor, will transmit the power of the
motor for which it is intended without being drawn tight enough to cause
any sign of heating or slipping. If it is found to do either, it is a sure sign
that the machine is doing more work than it ought or the belt is too tight.
A solid and level foundation, preferably a wooden bench or platform, sev-
eral feet above the level of the floor will give the best results. The starting
box, or rheostat, should always be set up and connected at a place conven-
ient for getting at it. If the bearings are self-lubricating, the old oil
should be drawn out of the box at least once a day. In setting brushes,
make allowance for the end chase of the shaft, and set them far enough
away from the end of the commutator, so that there w^ill be no possibility
of contact between either brush and the commutator head.
Starting a Motor.
See that the bearings are properly lubricated, wipe the ends of brushes,
and adjust them to the proper contact on the commutator. See that the
lever on the rheostat, or starting box, is turned to the extreme end, so that
the resistance will all be thrown in circuit. Close the main-line switch. This
charges the fields. Then start the motor by moving the lever slowly but
steadily, gradually cutting out the resistance in the armature circuit. Never
allow the lever to remain oil any intermediate pin or lift it off of the pin,
but allow it to make contact with each pin as it is moved along.
ELECTRICITY,
463
The Size of Belts.
As electric motors are coming into use more and more, the question as
to what size belt is required freqiiently arises. The layman relies upon the
intelligence of his engineer or the salesman from whom he purchased his
machinery.
The required size of a belt depends upon the speed at which it must
travel, and the horse-power it must transmit at that speed. For those
who are using machinery more or less in their business, yet do not pay any
particular attention to this question, the following table is given, which
will enable one to decide upon the size of belt to use.
SINGLE LEATHER.
BELT
SPEED.
600
1200
1^00
2400
3000
3600
4200
4800
H. P.
5400
6000
WIDTH
H.P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
OF BELT
9
lin.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
2 in.
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
3 in.
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
4 in.
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
5 in.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6 in.
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
Sin.
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
9 in.
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
10 in.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
12 in.
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
14 in.
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112
126
140
16 in.
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
DOUBLE LEATHER.
BELT
SPEED.
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
5000
WIDTH
OF BELT
H.P.
H.P.
H. P.
H. p.
H. P.
H. p.
H. P.
H. P.
H. p.
H. P.
H. p.
4 in.
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
50
6 in.
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
75
8 in.
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
100
10 in.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
12 in.
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
150
16 in.
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
200
20 in.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
24 in.
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
300
30 in.
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
36 in.
36
72
108
144
180
216
252'
288
334
370
450
40 in.
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
500
464 ELECTRICITY.
Stopping a Motor.
First open the cut-out in the main Hne or main line switch, then move
the lever of the cutting box back to the point where all the resistance will be
thrown into the armature circuit, so that the motoris all ready for starting.
Sometimes a motor is connected up to machiner}^ that will make the motor
revolve backward for several turns after it is stopped. In such a case the
brushes should be lifted oif the commutator, to avoid their being caught in
the segments when the armature revolves in the wrong direction.
Turning a Commutator.
When a commutator becomes rough and needs turning down, take the
armature out and put it into a lathe. Choose a tool with a good clean,
sharp edge and good clearance. ' Run it at a lively speed, as a low speed
used for steel will not work so well. After turning it off enough, take a
good sharp file and make it true. This should be done very carefully. Then
look over the divisions carefully and see if there are any chips which project
over the mica. If there are, remove them with the point of a knife, not
cutting into the mica any more than necessary. Never use emery cloth to
smooth the commutator, as it will charge into the copper and stay
there, cutting away the brushes and causing much trouble. If anything
of the kind is to be used, take fine sand-paper.
Detail Apparatus and Instruments.
In operating an electric light or power dynamo, it is essential that they
have indicating and regulating devices, so that the engineer can tell what
pressure or voltage his machine is generating and also the amount of cur-
rent. The instrument used for determining the voltage or pressure of a
machine is called the
Volt Meter.
Volt meters are made upon two principles. One of these is based upon
the contraction and elongation of a wire, due to the variations in temper-
ature caused by an electrical current traversing it. Yolt meters built upon
this principle are gradually coming into use on alternating current circuits,
but are not as yet a commercial commodity. The volt meter which is based
npon the principle of magnetism is the one commonly used, and is the one
that the engineer is the most likely to come in contact with. The simplest
form of this style of volt meter is a solenoid of a high resistance, which draws
or attracts a soft iron core against gravity or a spring, which in turn indi-
ELECTRICITY. 465
cates the extent of its attraction b\' means of a pointer, this pointer show-
ing on a graduated scale the number of volts acting upon the instrument.
A volt meter is alwa\'S placed in multiple, that is, between the positive and
negative poles of the machine whose voltage it is to indicate. A volt indi-
cator or volt meter that is used by some manufacturers simply indicates by
its pointer one predetermined voltage. If the pointer moves to either side
of this point, resistance is thrown into the fields or taken out of the helds,
as circumstances may demand it, so as to regulate the pressure of the ma-
chine to such a point as will bring the pointer back to the center of the
scale. More elaborate methods of employing the magnetic properties of a
currenttoindicatepressure are used, and by referring to the Electrical World
of the Spring of 1892, in a series of articles, a ver\^ extensive description of
the manufacture and principles of several of the finest volt meters can be
seen .
It is exceedingly important that an incandescent dynamo should be
provided with a volt meter, as the life of an incandescent lamp is greatly
lessened if the pressure at which these lamps are operated is increased above
the rated voltage of the lamp; and without the use of a volt meter on the
dynamo it is impossible to maintain the proper pressure, as no dynamos
which are in use commercially can be depended upon to generate a constant
pressure under varying loads.
Ampere Meter.
The ampere meter is an instrument devised to measure the quantity of
current and is made upon the same plan as the volt meter, excepting that
the volt meter is an instrument which takes a very small fraction or infin-
itesimal portion of the current, while in the ampere meter all the current
passes through the instrument. Dynamos are designed to carry a certain
number of amperes; and although it is possible, and also frequently the
case in badly managed stations or plants, to operate a dynamo without
the ampere meter, it is extremely inadvisable.
Safety Devices.
Although the ampere meter will indicate the quantity of current, and
warn the engineer of an excessive amount of current, it does not act as a
safe-guard; but devices have been arranged and invented to automatically
break a circuit in case the quantity of current rises beyond the point
that is considered safe. The simplest and most universal form of safety de-
vice or cutout, is the soft metal alloys, which fuse at a low temperature.
These safety devices are interposed in a circuit, and are of such a size that
an increase of current be)'ond the amount desired, will melt them and open
the circuit. These fuse strips should be placed, and are generally placed,
on a switch-board between the main wires connecting the dynamo and the
80
466 ELKCTRICITY.
instruments on the board, and also are placed where the wires enter a build-
ing, and wherever the wires sub-divide in the distribution inside of the
building they are also placed. They are put in the circuit running to mo-
tors to protect the motors, and in fact wherever a branch runs to feed any
device with an electrical current, these safety devices, or, as they are more
commonly called, cutouts, are interposed in the circuit.
A more rehable, and at the same time more expensive, cutout, based
upon the principle of magnetism, is used where motors or machinery of a
valuable nature require great precautions. These magnetic cutouts are
solenoids, which attract a small armature that is held against this attract-
ion by a tension spring. If the current reaches beyond a certain strength,
the tension of the spring is overcome, and draws the armature in, thus
closing the circuit through a very fine copper or fusible wire, and at the same
time opening the main circuit. The small wire almost instantly melts, and
the circuit is opened. This cutout is extremely useful on motors that are
supplied from street railway circuits, as it acts as a lightning arrester as
well as a cutout.
I/ightning Arrester.
A great source of annoyance and danger to central stations are the in-
juries caused by lightning coming in the station from the outside lines. In-
struments have been devised, known as lightning arresters, to obviate this
difficulty and danger. These instruments are devised so as to cause a direct
and free passage of the lightning to the ground, without, at the same time,
grounding the line and allowing the dynamo current to follow the light-
ning. The simplest form of lightning arrester is made of five copper plates
— two small copper plates being connected to the two poles or wires lead-
ing out from the dynamo, and these two small plates being connected with
longer ones by safety fuses [these two longer plates having their edges
notched], and between these two longer plates is another plate, with its
edges notched, and the points lying close to the points of the two other
long plates. This last plate is connected by a wire directh- to the ground.
When the lightning strikes the wire it comes along and jumps across these
points to the ground; and if the dynamo current followed the arcing of
the lightning, as it passed from these points to the ground, the safety fuse
or soft metal strips would melt. The trouble with this form of lightning
arrester is that as soon as it is struck by lightning it is necessary to put in
new strips so that it would be ready for operation. It is alwa\'s exceed-
ingly difficult and dangerous to put these strips in, and consequently these
lightning arresters were never very popular with the men running central
Stations. To obviate this, the Thomson-Houston company invented a
magnetic lightning arrester for arc light circuits, which was for a long time
the only successful lightning arrester in commercial use; but today numer-
ous forms of lightning arresters have been devised; and the most notable
ELECTRICITY. 467
and scientific arrester is that devised by Wurtz, and which has been placed
on the market by the Westinghouse Electric company. The principle
upon which these lightning arresters have been devised, is that of having
the h'ghtning discharge to the ground occur in an air-tight compartment,
and the expansion of the air, when the lightning discharge takes place,
which is of considerable force, re-sets the instrument for the next discharge.
Lightning discharges could occur in these arresters indefinitely imtil the ar-
rester itself was worn out.
An arrester for pole lines, which is of considerable merit, is the swinging
ball lightning arrester. This looks like an ordinary coffee-pot without a
a spout. In the center of the bottom is a brass plate. This plate is con-
nected with the line; and hanging right above it, in very close proximity
to it, is a metal ball hung from the top of this pot-shaped metal cover.
This cover is connected with the ground. If lightning strikes the wire, it
will pass from the brass plate in the bottom to the metal ball, and direct to
the ground; but the explosion caused by the spark jumping from the copper
plate in the bottom to the metal ball causes the ball to swing to one side, and
so opens the space between the metal ball and the copper plate, thus pre-
venting the dynamo current from following across.
Station Switches.
Switches should be of the knife or jaw pattern, and well insulated from
the ground, and always of a sufficient carrying capacity to prevent the cur-
rent from heating them. The Lang switch is the standard switch for sta-
tion work, and is used by many of the largest central stations in the
country. For controlling small circuits, snap switches are used. The
standard switches for small circuits, from five to ten amperes, is the Paiste
switch; while for larger circuits, in which the switches are made double
pole, the Edison and the Bryant switches are known as the standard. Like
all other devices, as the electrical business has grown, other switches have
come on the market, of more or less merit; but the switches above named
will do to illustrate the point required in snap switches. It is necessary to
make and break a circuit quickl}^, and without drawing an arc. A switch
which accomplishes this purpose, and at the same time meets the views of
the engineer as a good mechanical device, answers the purpose as a good
snap switch.
Rheostats and Resistance Boxes.
According to Ohm's law, with a certain pressure the quantity of cur-
rent would vary inversely as the resistance. In many cases it is desirable to
regulate the quantity of current, and this is done by means of throwing re-
sistance in or out of a circuit. The simple name for these contrivances
would be "Resistance boxes; " but when the resistance box is used for reg-
468
ELECTRICITY.
ulating the pressure of a dynamo, which is done b^" putting it in circuit with
the field coils, and thereby varying the resistance of the field coils, it is
called a rheostat. Also, when resistance coils are used for a similar pur.
pose on street cars, they are called rheostats, and sometimes regulating
boxes; and when used on motors, either stationary or on street cars, they
are termed starting boxes. Another name is applied to them very gener.
ally, and that is regulators.
Insulation.
A very important consideration in the installing and operating of a
plant is the insulation of its various parts from the ground. Well glazed
porcelain should be used; and wherever safety fuses or porcelain insulators
are required, precaution should betaken against dampness. Rubber and
glass are the best two insulators, for their insulating qualities. Mica and
asbestos offer some advantages for different places. Weatherproof cov-
ered wire is of very little value as an insulated wire in localities where
moisture abounds, if the wire is to be used for interior work, such as in
buildings and factories.
It is always well for the engineer operating a station, or electric light
power plant, to ascertain at stated intervals the insulation of his plant.
This can be done b\' means of a Wheatstone Bridge. Some engineers use a
magneto for testing out their stations or their lines, but this is not at all
satisfactory, and is extremely crude. It will only detect very grievous
faults, while with the Wheatstone Bridge incipient faults can be discovered
and remedied, thereby saving much labor and sometimes considerable
money. In almost every tow^n of any size there is at least some one who
owns a complete testing outfit; and it is money well invested, if it is not
possible for the station to own a testing outfit itself, to employ these
parties to test their station. In large cities like New York, Philadelphia
and Chicago, there are men who make a specialty of this kind of work, and
a number of the prominent architects employ specialists on their staff of
superintendents to so inspect the wiring and the electrical insulations in the
buildings they are constructing.
The Wheatstone Bridge is a very simple contrivance, when once thor-
oughly understood. It is simply the action of two currents on a small
galvanometer, so acting against each other as to neutralize their effects
and bring the needle of the galvanometer to rest. It is another case where
Ohm's law comes into pla}'. The Wheatstone Bridge consists of a resist-
ance box, with a number of known resistances, and so arranged that by
pulling out and putting in plugs, an indefinite number of resistances within
a limited amount may be had. These known resistances are put into cir-
cuit on one side, and the unknown resistances, which is the resistance of
the insulation, is put in on the other side. You then take out and put in
plugs, thereby changing the resistance in the box, until the needle of the
ELECTRICITY. 469
galvanometer, to which the i-nstrument is connected, comes to rest; and
when that is so, you know that you have the same resistance in your box
as YOU have in your insulation. The needle being still, indicates that the
two resistances are equal and balance each other. The Electrical Supply
company of Chicago, give in their catalogue a very complete description
of the Wheatstone Bridge.
RUIvES ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAI/ EI<ECTRIC
I,IGHT ASSOCIATION.
Report of the N. E. I/. A. Committee on Tabulating Wiring
and Insurance Rules.
CLASS A. — CENTRAL STATIONS.
FOR LIGHT OR POWER.
These Rules also apply to Dynamo Rooms in Isolated Plants, connected
with or detached from buildings used for other purposes.
Also to all varieties of apparatus, of both
high and low potential.
Generators or Motors — Must be :
1 . Located in a dry place.
2. Insulated on floors or base-frames w^hich must be kept filled to pre-
vent absorption of moisture, and also kept clean and dry.
3. Not exposed to flying or combustible materials.
4. Each covered with a waterproof cover when not operating.
In no case must a generator be placed in a room where any hazardous
process is carried on, such as the working-room of a cotton, jute, flax,
woolen or flour mill.
Care and Attendance.— A competent man must be kept on duty in
the room where generators are operating.
Oily waste must be kept in metal cans and removed daily.
Conductors — From generators, switchboards, rheostats or other in-
struments, and thence to outside lines, conductors must be :
1. In plain sight.
2. Whollj' on non-combustible insulators, such as glass or porcelain.
3. Separated from contact with floors, partitions or walls through
which they may pass, by non-combustible insulating tubes.
4. Kept rigidly so far apart that they cannot come in contact.
5. Covered with non-inflammable insulating material sufficient to pre-
vent accidental contact.
6. Ample in carrjnng capacity to prevent heating. (See Capacity of
Wires table.)
7. Connected by splices or joints equal in carr\'ing capacity to the
1. Presented and adopted by tlie National Electric Light Association, Mon-
treal, P. Q., Sept. 10, 1891.
470 ELECTRICITY.
conductors themselves, soldered if necessary to make them efficient and per-
manent.
8. When under floors or in distributing towers, placed in spaces ample
for inspection and ventilation, and provided with special insulating cover-
ing.
Switchboards— Must be:
1. So placed as to make it impossible to communicate fire to surround-
ing combustible material ; accessible from all sides when the connections are
on the back ; or may be placed against a brick or stone wall when the con-
nections are entirely' on the face.
2. Kept free from moisture.
3. Made of non-combustible material, or of hard wood, filled to pre-
vent absorption of moisture.
4. Equipped with bars and wires in accordance with rules 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
and 7 for placing interior conductors.
Resistance Boxes and Equalizers — Must be :
1. Equipped with metal or non-combustible frames.
2. Treated as sources of heat.
3. Placed on the switch or a distance of a foot from combustible mate-
rial, or separated therefrom by asbestos or cement.
Lightning Arresters— Must be :
1. Attached to each side of every overhead circuit connected with the
station.
2. In plain sight.
3. On the sw^itchboard or in an equally accessible place, away from
combustible material.
4. Connected with at least two earths by separate wires of large size.
5. So constructed as not to maintain an arc after the discharge is
passed.
Testing. — All series and alternating circuits must be tested every two
hours while in operation to discover any leakage to earth, abnormal in
view of the potential and method of operation.
All multiple arc low potential systems (300 volts or less) must be pro-
vided with an indicating or detecting device, readily attachable, to afford
easy means of testing where the station operates perpetually.
Data obtained from all tests must be preserved for examination by in-
surance inspectors.
CLASS B.— ARC (sERIEs) SYSTEMS.
Overhead Conductors. — All outside overhead conductors (including ser-
vices) must be :
1. Covered with some insulating material, not easily abraded.
2. Firmly secured to xjroperly insulated and substantially built sup-
ports, all the wires having an insulation equal to that of the conductors
they donfine.
3. So placed that moisture cannot form a cross-connection between
them, not less than a foot apart and not in contact with any substance
other than proper insulating supports.
4. At least seven feet above the highest point of flat roofs and at least
ELECTRICITY. 471
one foot above the ridge of pitched roofs, over which they pass, or to which
they are attached.
5. Protected whenever necessary, in view of possible accidents to con-
ductors or supports, from possibihty of contact with other conducting
wires or substances to which current may leak, by dead insulated guard
irons or wires. Special precautions of this kind must be taken where sharp
angles occur, or where any wires might possibly come in contact with
electric light or power wires.
6. Provided with petticoat insulators of glass or porcelain. Porcelain
knobs and rubber hooks are prohibited.
7. So spliced or joined as to be both mechanically and electrically se-
cure without solder. They must then be soldered to insure preservation
and covered with an insulation equal to that on the conductors.
The following formula for soldering fluid is approved :
Saturated Solution of Zinc 5 parts.
Alcohol 4 parts.
Glycerine 1 part.
Conductors should not be run over, or attached to, buildings other
than those in which light or power is being, or is to be, used, but on sepa-
rate poles or structures, always easily inspected.
Service Blocks must be covered over their entire surface with at least
two coats of waterproof paint and so maintained.
Telegraph, telephone and similar wires must not be placed on the same
arm with electric or power wires and should not be placed on the same
structure or pole.
interior conductors.
All Interior Conductors— Must be:
1. Where they enter buildings from outside terminal insulators to and
through the walls, covered with waterproof insulation, and must have
drip loops outside, preferably slanting upward toward the inside and
bushed with water-proof and non-combustible insulating tube.
2. Arranged to enter and leave the building through a double contact
service switch, which will effectually close the main circuit and disconnect
the interior wires when it is turned "off." The switch must be so con-
structed that it shall be automatic in its action, not stopping between
points when started, and prevent an arc between the points under all cir-
cumstances: it must indicate on inspection whether the current be "on" or
"off," and be mounted on a non-combustible base in a position where it can
be kept free from moisture, and easy of access to police or firemen.
3. Always in plain sight, never covered, except in special cases, where
an armored tube maj^ be necessary.
4. Covered in all cases with a moisture-proof non-combustible material
that will adhere to the wire, not fray by friction, and bear a temperature
of 150° F. without softening.
5. In dry places, kept rigidly apart at least ten inches, except when
covered (in addition to insulation) by a water-proof, non-conducting and
non-inflammable tubing, which must be strong enough to protect the insu-
472 ELECTRICITY.
lation covering from injury. Conductors thus placed may be run not less
than three inches apart, and be fastened with staples, under which are
placed mechanically rigid insulating strips or saddles of greater width than
the metal of the staple, by which possibility of injury to the tube may be
prevented.
6. In damp places, attached to glass or porcelain insulators, and sepa-
rated ten inches or more.
7. When passing through walls, floors, timbers or partitions, treated
as in cental stations under like conditions.
lamps and other devices.
Arc Lamps Must be in Every Case:
1. Carefully isolated from inflammable material.
2. Provided at all times with a glass globe surrounding the arc, se-
curely fastened upon a closed base. No broken or cracked globes may
be used.
3. Provided with a hand switch, also an automatic switch, that
will shunt the current around the carbons should they fail to feed prop-
erly.
4. Provided with reliable stops to prevent carbons from falling out in
case the clamps become loose.
5. Carefully insulated from the circuit, in all their exposed parts.
6. Where inflammable material is near or under the lamps, provided
with a wire netting around the globe and a spark arrester above, to pre-
vent escape of sparks, melted copper or carbon.
Incandescent lamps on series circuits, having a maximum potential of
350 volts or over, must be governed by the same rules as for arc lights,
and each series lamp provided with a hand switch and automatic cut-out
switch; when lights are in multiple series, such switches and cutouts must
not control less than a single group of lights. Electro magnetic devices
for switches are not approved.
Under no circumstances will incandescent lamps on series circuits be
allowed to be attached to gas fixtures.
CLASS C— INCANDESCENT (LOW PRESSURE) SYSTEMS.
300 VOLTS OR LESS.
OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS.
Outside Overhead Co^fDUCTORs— Must be:
1. Erected in accordance with general rules for Arc (Series) Circuit
Conductors.
2. Separaterl not less than six inches, where they enter buildings as
service conductors, and be provided with a double pole fusible cut-out, as
near as possible to the point of entrance to the building, and outside the
walls when practicable.
UNDERGROUND CONDUCTORS.
Underground Conductors— Must be:
1. Provided with suitable protecting devices at the ends of tube or
ELECTRICITY. 473
conduit services inside the walls of buildings, as a guard against moisture
awd injury.
2. Terminated at a properly placed double pole house cut-out.
3. Of specially insulated conductors after leaving the tube or conduit,
and separated by at least ten inches, until the double pole cut-out is
reached.
INSIDE WIRING.
Wire should be so placed that in the event of the failure or deteriora-
tion of their insulating covering, the conductors will still remain insulated.
At the entrance of every building there shall be a double pole switch
placed in the service conductors, whereby the current may be entirely cut
off.
Conductors must not be:
1. Of sizes smaller than No. 16 B. & S , No. 18 B. W. G., No. 3 E. S.G.
2. Lead or paraffine covered.
3. Covered with soft rubber tube.
4. Laid in mouldings of any kind in damp places.
5. Laid in mouldings with open grooves against the wall or ceiling.
6. Laid in mouldings where less than half an inch of solid insulation
is between parallel wires, and between wires and walls or ceilings.
Mouldings where admissible, must have at least two coatings of water-
proof paint, or be impregnated with a moisture repellent.
Cleatwork is not desirable, and cleats must not be used unless:
1. In a very dry place.
2. In a place perfectly open for inspection at any time.
3. The\^ are of porcelain, or well-seasoned wood, filled, to prevent ab-
sorption of moisture.
4. They are so arranged that wires of opposite polarity, with a differ-
ence of potential of 150 volts or less, will be kept at least two and one-half
inches apart, and that where a higher voltage is used, this distance be in-
creased proportionately.
5. There is a backing provided, of wood at least half an inch thick,
well-seasoned and filled, to prevent absorption of moisture.
Metal Staples must never be used to fasten conductors unless:
1. Provided with an insulating sleeve or saddle rigidly attached to
the metal of the staple, and having such strength and surface as to prevent
mechanical injury to the insulation of the conductor.
2. Under conditions in w^hich cleatwork w^ould be acceptable, or
where driven into a moulding specially adapted for open w^ork.
special wiring.
Wherever conductors cross gas, water, or other metallic pipes, or any
other conductors or conducting material (except arc light wires), they
should be separated therefrom by some continuous non-conductor at least
one inch. In crossing arc light wires the low tension conductors must be
placed at a distance of at least six inches. In wet places an air space must
be left between conductors and pipes in crossing, and the former must be
474 ELECTRICITY.
run in such a way that they cannot come in contact with the pipe accident-
ally. Wires should be run over all pipes upon which condensed moisture rs
likely to gather, or which by leakage might cause trouble on a circuit.
In breweries, dye houses, paper and pulp mills, or other buildings specially
liable to moisture, all conductors, except where used for pendants,
must be:
1. Separated at least six inches.
2. Carefully put up.
3. Supported by porcelain or glass insulators.
Moisture proof and non-inflammable tubing may be accepted in lieu of
such construction.
No switches or fusible cut-outs will be allowed in such places.
Interior Conduits must not be:
1. Combustible.
2. Of such material as will be injured or destroyed by plaster or
cement, or of such material as will injure the insulation of the conductor.
3. So constructed or placed that difficulty will be experienced in re-
moving or replacing the conductors.
4. Subject to mechanical injury by saws, chisels or nails.
5. Supplied with a twin conductor in a single tube where a current of
more than 10 amperes is expected.
6. Depended upon for insulation. The conductors must be covered
with moisture-proof material.
The object of a tube or conduit is to facilitate the insertion or extrac-
tion of the conductors, to protect them from mechanical injury, and, as far
as possible from moisture.
Twin tube conductors must not be separated from each other by rub-
ber or similar material, but by cotton or other readily carbonizable sub-
stance.
Conductors passing through walls or ceilings must be encased in a
suitable tubing, which must extend at least one inch beyond the finished
surface until the mortar or other similar material be entirely drj--, when the
projection may be reduced to half an inch.
DouBivB PoLB Safety Cut-outs must be:
1. Placed where the overhead or underground conductors enter a
building and join the inside wires.
2. Placed at every point where a changeismade in the size of the wire
(unless the cut-out in the larger wire will protect the smaller). This in-
cludes all the flexible conductors. All such junctions must be in plain
sight.
3. Constructed with bases of non-combustible and moisture proof
material.
4. So constructed and placed that an arc cannot be maintained be-
tween the terminals by the fusing of the metal.
5. So placed that on any combination fixture, no group of lamps re-
quiring a current of six amperes or more shall be ultimately dependent
upon one cut-out.
ELECTRICITY.
475
6, Wherever used for more than six amperes, or where the plug or
equivalent device is not used, equipped with fusible strips or wires provided
with contact surfaces or tips of harder metal, soldered or otherwise having
perfect electrical connection with the fusible part of the strip.
Safety Fuses must be so proportioned to the conductors they are
intended to protect, that they will melt before the maximum safe carrying
capacity of the wire is exceeded.
All fuses, where possible, must be stamped or otherwise marked with
the number of amperes equal to the safe carrying capacity of the wire
they protect.
All cut-out blocks when installed must be similarly marked.
The safe carrying capacitj^ of a wire changes under different circum-
stances, being about forty percent less when the wire is closed in a tube or
piece of moulding, than when bare and exposed to the air, when the heat
is rapidly radiated. It must be clearly understood that the size of the fuse
depends upon the size of the smallest conductor it protects, and not upon
the amount of current to be used on the circuit. Below is a table showing
the safe carrying capacity of conductors of different sizes in Birmingham,
Brown & Sharpe, and Edison gauges, which must be followed in the plac-
ing of interior conductors:
Brown &
Sharpe.
Birmingham.
:Edison
Standaed.
Gauge No.
Amperes.
Gauge No.
Amperes.
Gauge No.
Amperes.
0000
175
0000
175
200
175
000
145
000
150
180
160
00.
120
00
130
140
135
0
100
0
100
110
110
1
95
1
95
90
95
2
70
2
85
80
85
3
60
3
75
65
75
4
50
4
65
55
65
5
45
5
60
50
60
6
35
6
50
40
50
. 7
30
7
45
30
40
8
25
8
35
25
35
10
20
10
30
20
30
12
15
12
20
12
20
14
10
14
15
8
15
16
5
16
10
5
10
18
5
3
5
Switches — Must:
1. Be mounted on moisture proofand incombustible bases, such as slate
or porcelain.
2. Be double pole when the circuits which they control are connected
to fixtures attached to gas pipes, and when six amperes or more are to
pass through them. ^
3. Have a firm and secure contact, must make and break readily,
and not stick when motion has once been imparted by the handle.
4. Have carrying capacity sufficient to prevent heating above the sur-
rounding atmosphere.
5. Be placed in dry, accessible places, and grouped as far as pos-
476 ELECTRICITY.
sible, being mounted, when practicable, upon slate or equally indestructible
back boards.
Motors. — In wiring for motive power, the same precautions must be
taken as with the current of the same volume and potential for lighting.
The motor and resistance box must be protected by a double pole cut-out,
and controlled by a double pole switch.
Arc Lights on Low Potential Circuits — Must be :
1. Supplied by branch conductors not smaller than No. 12 B. & S.
gauge.
2. Connected with main conductors only through double pole cut-
outs.
3. Only furnished with such resistances of regulators as are en-
closed in non-combustible material, such resistances being treated as sources
of heat.
4. Supplied with globes protected as in the case of arc lights on high
potential circuits.
FIXTURE WORK.
1. In all cases where conductors are concealed within, or attached
to fixtures, the latter must be insulated from the gas pipe system of the
building.
2. When wired outside, the conductors must be so secured as not
to be cut or abraded by the pressure of the fastenings, or motion of the
fixtures.
3. All conductors for fixture work must have a w^ater-proof insulation
that is durable and not easily abraded, and must not in any case be smaller
than No. 16 B & S., No. 18 B. W. G., or No. 3 E. S. G.
4. All burrs or fins must be removed before the conductors are drawn
into a fixture.
5. The tendency to condensation within the pipes must be guarded
against by sealing the upper end of the fixture.
6. No combination fixture in which the conductors are concealed in a
space less than one-fourth inch between the inside pipe and the outside cas-
ing w^ill be approved.
7. Each fixture must be tested for possible "contacts" between con-
ductors and fixtures, and for "short circuit, "before the fixture is connected
to its supply conductors.
8. The ceiling blocks of fixtures should be made of insulating ma-
terial.
KLECTRIC GAS LIGHTING.
Where electric gas lighting is to be used on the same fixture with the
electric light:
1. No part of the gas piping or fixture shall be in electrical connection
with the gas lighting circuit.
2. The wires used with the fixture must have a non-inflammable in-
sulation, or, where concealed between the pipes and shell of the fixture, the
insulation must be such as is required for fixture wiring for the electric
light.
3. The whole installation must test free from "grounds. "
ELECTRICITY. 477
4. The two installations must test perfectly free of connection with
each other.
PENDANTS AND SOCKETS.
No portion of the lamp socket exposed to contact with outside objects
must be allowed to come into electrical contact with either of the con-
ductors.
Cord Pendants— Must be:
1. Made of conductors, each of which is composed of several strands
insulated from the other conductor by a mechanical separator of carboniz-
able material, and both surrounded in damp places with a moisture-proof
and a non-inflammable layer.
2. Protected by insulating bushings where the cord enters the socket.
3. So suspended that the entire weight of the socket and lamp will be
borne by knots, above the point where the cord comes through the ceiling
block or rosette, in order that the strain may be taken from the joints and
binding screws. All sockets used for wire or cord pendants should have
openings at least equal to one-quarter inch gas pipe size.
4. Allowed to sustain nothing heavier than a four-light cluster, and in
such a case special provision should be made by an extra heavy cord or
wire, as a mechanical reinforcement.
5. Equipped with keyless sockets as far as practicable, controlled by
wall switches. In no case may a lamp giving more than fifty (50) candle
power be placed in a key socket on a flexible pendant.
CLASS D. — ALTERNATING SYSTEMS.
CONVERTERS OR TRANSFORMERS.
Converters — Must not:
1. Be placed inside of any building except the central station, unless as
hereinafter provided.
2. Be placed in any but metallic or non-combustible cases.
3. Be attached to the outside walls of buildings, unless separated there-
from b^^ substantial insulating supports.
4. Be placed in any other than a dry and convenient location (which
can be secured from opening into the interior of the building, such as a
vault) when an underground service is used.
5. Be placed without safety fuses at the junction between main and ser-
vice conductors and safety fuses in the secondary circuits where they will
not be affected by the heat of the converter.
PRLMARY CONDUCTORS.
In those cases where it may not be possible to exclude the transformers
and primary wires entirely from the building, the following precautions
must be strictly observed:
1. The transformer must be located at a point as near as possible to
that at which the primary wires enter the building.
2. Between these points the conductors must be heavily insulated with
a coating of moisture-proof material, and in addition, must be so covered
478 ELECTRICITY.
and protected that mechanical injury to them or contact with them shall
be practically impossible.
3. The primary conductors, if within a building, must be furnished
with a double-pole switch, and also with an automatic double-pole cut-out
where the wires enter the building, or where they leave the main line on the
pole or in the conduit. These switches should if possible, be enclosed in se-
cure and fireproof boxes outside the building.
4. The primary conductors, when inside a building, must be kept
apart at least ten inches, and the same distance from all other conducting
bodies.
SECONDARY CONDUCTORS.
The conductors from the secondary coil of the transformer to the lamps,
or other translating devices must be installed according to the rules for
"inside wiring" for "Low Potential Systems."
CLASS E. — ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
POWER STATIONS.
All rules pertaining to arc light wires and stations shall apply (so far
as practicable) to street railwaj^ power stations and their conductors.
RAILWAY SYSTEMS WITH GROUND RETURN.
Electric railway systems in which the motor cars are driven by a cur-
rent from a single wire, with ground or floor return circuit, are prohibited,
except as hereinafter provided:
1. When there is no liability of other conductors coming in contact
with the trolley wire.
2. When the location of the generator is such that the ground circuit
will not create a fire hazard to the property.
3. When an improved automatic circuit breaker or other device that
will immediately cut off the current in case the trolley wires become
grouded, is introduced in each circuit as it leaves the power station. This
device must be mounted on a fire-proof base, and be in full view of the at-
tendant.
TROLLEY WIRES.
Trolley Wires— Must be:
1. No smaller than No. 0 B. & S., copper, or No. 4 B. & S., silicon
bronze, and must readily stand the strain put upon them when in use.
2. Well insulated from their supports, and in case of the side or
double-pole construction, the supports shall also be insulated from the
poles immediately outside the trolley wire.
3. Capable of being disconnected at the power house, or of being di-
vided into sections, so that in case of fire on the railway route, the current
may be shut ofi" from the particular section and not interfere with the work
of the firemen in extinguishing the flames. This rule also applies to feeders.
4. Safely protected against contact with all other conductors.
CAR WIRING.
All wires in cars must be run out of reach of the passengers, and shall
be insulated with a water-proof insulation.
ELECTRICITY. 479
LIGHTING AND RAILWAY POWER WIRES.
Lighting and power wires must not be permitted in the same circuit
with trolley wires with a ground return, except in street railway cars, car
houses, and power stations. The same dynamo may be used for both pur-
poses, provided the connection from the dynamo for each circuit shall be a
double-pole switch so arranged that only one of the circuits can be in use
at the same time.
CLASS F. — BATTERIES.
When current for light and power is taken from primary or secondary
batteries, the same general regulations must be observed as apply to such
wires fed from dynamo generators, developing the same difference of
potential.
CLASS G. — MISCELLANEOUS.
1. The wiring in any building must test free from "grounds" before the
current is turned on. This test may be made with a magneto that will
ring through a resistance of 20,000 ohms, where currents of less than 250
volts are used,
2. No ground wires for lightning arresters may be attached to gas
pipes within the building.
3. All conductors connecting with telephone, district messenger, burglar
alarm, watch clock, electric time and other similar instruments must, if in
any portion of their length they are liable to become crossed with circuits
carrying currents for light or power, be provided near the point of entrance
to the building with some protective device which will operate to shunt the
instruments in case of a dangerous rise of potential, and will open the cir-
cuit and arrest an abnormal current flow. Any conductor normally form-
ing an innocuous circuit may become a source of fire hazard if crossed with
another conductor through which it may become charged with a relatively
high pressure. (Signed)
A. J. DeCamp, Chairman; M. D. Law, Stephen E. Barton, Wm.
Brophy, T. Carpenter Smith.
Certain questions have come before the committee, which they consid-
ered of too great importance to be decided at this stage. Among these are
the subjects of the grounding of the neutral wire in compensating or three-
wire systems — the grounding, either permanently or through automatic
cut-outs, of the secondary wires in transformer systems — the adoption of a
uniform alloy for fusible cut-outs — and the adoption of better methods for
testing circuits.
From the nature of the electrical business and the rapid advance it is
making, there must, of necessity, questions continually arise which can only
be decided by a later and larger experience, therefore the object of the asso-
ciation w^ould be best served by the appointment of a permanent committee
to whom should be referred all such questions, which they shall consider
and report upon at the next succeeding meeting of the association.
Your committee, therefore, offer the following :
Resolved: That a committee of five be appointed by the president, to
be a permanent committee on safe methods of construction and operation
480 ELECTRICITY.
— any vacancies that may occur on the committee from time to time to be
filled by the president. (Signed) (Committee)
Wm. McDevitt, T. Carpenter Smith, Wm. Brophy, M. D. Law.
Note. — In compiling this chapter on electrical matters, the Westing-
house Electric Company, the Electrical Supply Company, of Chicago, the
Popular Electric Monthly, of Chicago, and John A. Grier, of Philadelphia,
have furnished copyrighted matter from their publications. T. G. G.
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