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_WILLIAM H. DALL | :
SECTION LIBRARY 1
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS
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Jyh DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS tecamietis
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VELIGER
A Quarterly published by
CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.
Berkeley, California
VOLUME 7 Marcu 15, 1965 SUPPLEMENT
A GLOSSARY
OF
A THOUSAND-AND-ONE TERMS
used in
CONCHOLOGY
compiled
by
WINIFRED H. ARNOLD
<THSONTE
fm ms May \
( JUL 6 1970
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VELIGER
A Quarterly published by
CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.
Berkeley, California
VOLUME 7 MarcH 15, 1965 SUPPLEMENT
A GLOSSARY
OF
A THOUSAND-AND-ONE TERMS
used in
CONCHOLOGY
compiled
by
WINIFRED H. ARNOLD
Tucson, Arizona
eA
eer ay
Me
a0
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
Page III
Introduction
The aim in compiling this glossary has
been to provide a convenient reference book of
definitions for terms used in the description of
shells — and in related subjects — for the ama-
teur as well as the more advanced student of
conchology. Even though some of the terms are
no longer used, or only rarely, their definitions
are necessary for the understanding of the de-
tailed descriptions found in older books.
Many shell books include a brief glossary,
but these are frequently somewhat limited in
their scope, and a need was seen for a book that
would include as many of the unfamiliar terms
as possible under one cover. Much interesting
information is lost to the reader if he is unable
to understand the terminology used.
The glossary includes the derivations of
terms with the hope that those not familiar with
Latin, Greek, or other languages will find it
helpful in explaining the definitions and clarify-
ing the meanings of the scientific names. Ab-
breviations used are as follows:
Am Ind = American Indian
AS = Anglo-Saxon
Dan = Danish
Fr = French
G = German
Gr = Greek
Hind = Hindustani
Ice = Icelandic
L = Latin
LL = Low Latin or Late Latin
MD = Middle Dutch
ME = Middle English
Norw = Norwegian
OFr = Old French
Sp = Spanish
My appreciation is expressed to Dr. Rudolf
Stohler who has been most encouraging with
constructive comments and criticism and has
attended to the editing and innumerable tasks
connected with publication. I should like to ex-
press my special thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Craw-
ford N. Cate for their interest and their many
helpful suggestions, and for all the time that
Jean Cate has spent on proofreading. My com-
pliments go to the fine artist, Mrs. Emily Reid,
for her excellent original drawings which have
added so much to the book, and to Mrs. Heidi S.
Norskog for the careful preparation of the type-
script.
-- Winifred Haynes Arnold
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Vol. 7; Supplement
A
ab-a-lo'ne (corruption of the Spanish aulon or
aulone): an ear-shaped, flattened, slightly
spiral shell with a series of perforations;
a sea-ear (i. e., Haliotis -- called ''abalone"'
on the U. S. Pacific coast; ''paua'' in New
Zealand; ''perlemoen'" in Afrikaans; and
"ormer'! in French)
ab-ap'er-tur-al (L ab = away; apertura = an
opening): away from the shell aperture
ab-ap'ic-al (L ab = away; apex = apex): away
from the apex along the axis or slightly
oblique toward the base
ab-ax'i-al (LL ab = away; axis = axis):
away from the axis or central line outward
Apeioeiweate (laad = ito; brevis) = sihiort): to
shorten, reduce, compress, contract
ab-er'rant (Lab = from; erro = wander):
ating from the usual type of its group; ab-
normal, wandering, straying, different
ab-o'ral (L ab = from; os[oris] = mouth):
taining to or situated in the part most re-
situated
devi-
per-
mote from the mouth
a=-bort'ed (IL ab = from; orior = grow):
or become abortive, arrest in or fail of de-
to make
velopment, coming to naught, rudimentary,
imperfectly developed
Aiberadeui(derab)— trom; Gado — scrape, Tub): to
rub or wear off, to waste by friction
a-byss'al region (Gr abyssos = a-privative;
byssos = bottom): bottomless, the cold,
deep, and dark area of the ocean; from 300
fathoms down
ac-an-tha'ceous (Gr akantha =
with prickles; acanthoid:
thorn): armed
spiny
ac-ces'so-ry (L ad = to; cedo = go): aiding the
principal design; contributory, supple-
mental, additional
accessory lamellae: shelly plates in the hinge
of certain pelecypods; shelly accessory
plate as in Barnea costata Linnaeus (Fig. 1)
ac-cli'mate (L ad = to; climat = region): to
adapt or habituate to a foreign or different
climate
ac-cliv'i-ty (L ad = to; clivus = hill): an upward
slope; opposite to declivity
-acea: a suffix, a combining form for names of
classes or the superfamily (i. e., Tonnacea,
Veneracea); see -idae and
‘a-cic'u-la (L acicula = a small needle): a slen-
-inae
der needle-like process, a spine or prickle;
Acicula: a genus of minute turreted gas-
tropods
a-cin'a-ci-form (L acinaces = a scimitar +
form): scimitar-shaped, having one edge
TEE WELIGER
abalone — adnate
Page I
thick and slightly concave, the other thin
and convex, so as to resemble a scimitar
— an oriental sword of extreme curve
Ac-ti-no-don'ta (Gr aktis = ray; dont = teeth):
an order of bivalves where the teeth radi-
ate downward from the umbo; in the early
actinodont dentitions, the centrally located
teeth were short and likely to be heavy,
whereas the outer or posterior ones were
elongated and slender
a-cu'le-ate (L aculeatus = a sting): having
prickles, sharp points, or spines; aculei-
form: having the form of a prickle (i.e.,
Pholadidae)
a-cu'mi-nate (L acuo = sharpen):
terminating
in a long tapering point
a-cute' (L acutus = to sharpen): sharp at the
end, acute-angled, having a sharp or sharp-
ly tapering point; acutissimus: very acute,
very pointed
ad-ap'er-tur-al (L ad = to; apertura = an open-
ing): toward the shell aperture
ad-ap'ic-al (L ad = to; apex):
oblique or along the axis toward the apex
apex = slightly
ad-ax'i-al (L ad = to; axis = axis): inward to-
ward the shell axis
ad-duc'tors (L ad = to; duco = lead):
cles of a bivalve mollusk, which are at-
the mus-
tached to the valves internally, adduct or
draw together the two portions of the shell
and so close it; adductor scars: depres-
sions which mark the attachment area of
the muscles which close the bivalve shell
(GEiieea2))
accessory
lamella adductor scars
“ Barnea
costata
Figure | Figure 2
ad-her'ent (L ad = to; haereo = stick): attached,
clinging or sticking fast
ad-me'di-an (L ad = to; medius = middle): the
lateral teeth of a radula, between the cen-
tral and the marginal
ad'nate (L ad =
joined together at the dorsal margin by the
substance of the shell itself, the valves ap-
to; nascor = be born): valves
pearing to grow together in such a manner
that they cannot be separated without one
being broken
adpressed — anastomose
Page 2
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
ad-pressed' (L ad = to; premere = to press):
overlapping whorls with their outer sur-
faces very gradually converging; preferred
to the term appressed
a-dult' (L adultus = grow up): pertaining to ma-
ture life, full grown, full growth
ad=vo=lute! i @eiad:= to voluto? = tom nollh tus):
whorls that do not distinctly overlap, but
just barely touch each other
aes'thete (Gr aisthetes = one who perceives):
the sensory organs terminating in the teg-
mentum of some chitons; the larger ones,
in the form of eyes, are called megalaes-
thetes, and the smaller ones micraesthetes
aes-ti-va'tion (L aestas = summer): a period of
suspended animation during hot or dry wea-
ther; dormancy in summer of certain land
snails
af'fer-ent (L ad = to; fero = bear): conducting
inward, toward the center or to some part
or organ, opposed to efferent
ag-glom'er-ate (L ad = to; glomus = ball): gath-
ered into a mass or cluster as some mus-
sels, clustered densely, piled or heaped to-
gether
ag-glu'ti-nate (L ad = to; gluten = glue; Fr glu =
birdlime): join by adhesion, to unite as with
glue, cause to stick together
al-a-bas'trine (Gr alabastos = alabaster box):
pertaining to or like alabaster, smooth and
white
a'late (L ala = wing): winged, wing-like projec-
tions as on some Unios and Pectens; refers
to the outer lip as the wing-like outer lip of
Strombus (Fig. 3)
Figure 3
al-bi'no (L albus = white):
mentation, unnaturally white;
lacking normal pig-
al'bi-not'ic:
white
al'i-vin'cu-lar hinge (L ala = wing; vincio =
bind): a somewhat flattened cord from one
umbo to another, the long axis transverse
to the planes of the margins and the axis of
motion (i. e., Spondylus)
allopatric (Gr allos = other):
butional ranges of closely related species
which complement each other in space; that
applied to distri-
is, they do not overlap
al'lo-type (Gr allos = other; typos = strike): a
paratype of different sex from the holotype
al'ti-tude (L altus = high): in gastropods, the
greatest length parallel to the shell axis
through the columella; in pelecypods, the
greatest vertical dimension through the
beak at right angles to a line bisecting the
adductor scars; the term height is preferred
am-big'u-ous (L ambi = around; ago = drive):
vague, doubtful, having more than a single
meaning
am'e-thys'tine (Gr a=priv.; methy = wine): per-
taining to or resembling amethyst, a bluish-
violet color, as distinguished from Tyrian
or hyacinthine purple
am'mon-ite (L cornu Ammonis =
mon): any fossil ammonean cephalopod
shell curved into a spiral like a ram's horn,
varying in size from a few grains to three
or four feet in diameter, common in Paleo-
zoic and Mesozoic rocks of all parts of the
world; ammonoid: shell covered cephalopod
(e. g., ammonites, ceratites, and goniatites)
a-moe'boid (Gr amoibe = change + oid): resem-
bling an ameba, as in its changeable form
a-mor'phous (Gr a = priv.; morphe = form):
without distinctive form, structureless, un-
horn of Am-
shapely, shapeless
am-phib'i-ous (Gr amphi = double; bios = life):
capable of living both on land and in the
water
am'phi-det-ic (Gr amphidetic = bound all around):
said of the ligament of certain bivalves
which extends both before and behind the
beak (e.g., Lima, Glycymeris)
Am-phi-neu'ra (Gr amphi = around;
nerve): one of the five classes of mollusca,
the chitons
a'nal (L anus = ring): pertaining to or situated
in the region of the anus; anal fasciole: a
band close to the adapical suture and anal
opening caused by an indentation of the out-
er lip; anus: the opening through which the
excrement is expelled
a-nal'o-gous (Gr ana = according to;
proportions): resembling in certain re-
neuTon —
logos =
spects, similar, related
an-ap'ty-chus (Gr ana = back; ptychos = a fold):
a shelly plate found in some fossil cepha-
lopods, used perhaps to close the shell
a-nas'to-mose (Gr ana = again; stoma = mouth):
fusing or running together to form a net-
work; a union; interlacing or running into
one another
Vol. 7; Supplement
a-nas'tro-phic (Gr ana = back; strepho = turn):
the nucleus of the shell directed toward the
base (i. e., as in Architectonica)
an-cip'i-tal (L anceps = double-headed): two-
edged, double-faced, double-formed, shell
having two varices which are continuous
like Ranella (Fig. 4)
an'cy-loid (Gr ankylos = hooked; eidos = form):
shaped like the patelliform shell of the ge-
nus Ancylus, a minute freshwater limpet-
like mollusk, with the apex definitely di-
rected anteriorly
an-frac'tu-ose (L an = about; frango = break):
winding, full of windings or turnings
an'gu-late (L angulus = corner): having angles,
sharp corners; angulation: an angular for-
mation or edge where two surfaces meet at
an angle
an-gus'tate (L angustus = narrow):
compressed, diminishing rapidly in breadth
TM ANEGIET ORS
aniso- (Gr anisos = unequal): a prefix signifying
unequal or dissimilar; a-ni-so-my-ar!'i-an
a bivalve with the anterior adductor more
highly developed than the posterior one
an-not'i-nate (L annotinus = a year old): de-
pressed lines placed at irregular distances
across some bivalve shells, marking their
yearly growth
an'nu-lar (L anus =
with rings or bands; annulations:
ring): ring-shaped; marked
made up
of rings, circular or ring-like formations
an-o-mal-o-don'ta (Gr anomalos =
dont = teeth): an order of bivalves; denti-
tions, when present, characterized by teeth
irregular;
that are quite small or wanting altogether;
a group mostly edentulous in the weak
valve, but denticles may be present and a
calcareous buttress or ridge inside just un-
der the beak serving to reinforce the hinge
process
a-nom'a-lus (Gr anomalos = irregular): deviat-
ing from the common or usual rule, form,
THE VELIGER
anastrophic — apex
Page 3
or manner; irregular, exceptional, abnor-
mal
an-om'pha-lous (an = a negative prefix; Gr om-
phalos = the navel): lacking an umbilicus
an'te-al (L ante = before): being in front of be-
fore, farther front or forward (rare)
an-te-pe-nult'i-mate whorl (L ante = before;
penultimate = last but one): pertaining to
the last but two of any series; the second
whorl before the body whorl
an-te'ri-or (L ante = before): situated in front,
in lower animals relatively nearer the head,
the front end; in bivalves, the umbones usu-
ally turn toward the front, and the pallial
sinus 1s at the rear or posterior end; in
gastropods, the lower canal is the anterior
being nearest to the head of the animal, and
the spire represents the posterior end; in
limpets, the apex is usually nearer the an-
terior end; in scaphopods, the anterior end
is the larger end of the shell (Fig. 5)
anterior keel: the high point of the whorl next
to the suture at lower edge nearest to the
anterior end of the shell
versus = turn):
leaning forward, or forward and upward
an-trorse' (NL antro = before;
ap'er-ture (L apertura = an opening): the open-
ing in a gastropod shell; an open passage,
hole;
when its peristome or margin is not inter-
orifice, the aperture may be entire
rupted by any notch or canal, or prolonged
at its posterior end into a canal; apertural:
on the same side as the aperture or per-
taining to it
a'pex (L apex = the tip, summit): the highest
point of anything, tip, vertex, peak; the point
at the tip of the spire of a gastropod. The
apex is the extreme top of the spire and
generally consists of the embryonic shell,
which may often be recognized by its entire
want of sculpture; when the embryonic shell
happens to be large, the apex is often mam-
millated, as in Voluta (Fig. 6)
Figure 5
7 apex
Figure 6
apical — asthenodonta
Page 4
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
ap'ic-al: situated or belonging to the apex or
top, as of a conical figure;
same as the spire angle if the whorls in-
crease at a regular rate; apical orifice: an
apical angle:
opening at the top or apex of a shell (Fig.
7); apical spur: the initial pointed plug
forming a posterior septum in some trun-
cate shells (e.g., Caecum) (Fig. 8)
a-poph'y-sa-ry(Gr apo = from; phyo = to grow):
a process of bone or shell, an offshoot;
apophysis: a bony protuberance, finger-
like structure; spoon-shaped,
(e.g., as in Pholadidae)
ap-pressed' (L ad = to; premere = to press):
pressed or applied closely against some-
thing, adherent
a-privative = privative:
so.as to express a negative instead of a
calcareous
an "'a'' altering a word
positive {In this glossary indicated as fol-
lows:) 2)= priv ;
ap'ter-ous (Gr a = priv.; pteron = wing): desti-
tute of any wing-like processes; wingless,
without wings or wing-like expansions
ap'ty-chus (Gr a = priv.; ptychos = a fold): a
double calcareous plate found in many fos-
sil ammonites, supposedly an operculum
a-quat'ic (L aqua = water): pertaining to, living,
growing in, or adapted to the water, native
to water; aquiferous: supplying water or
watery fluid, as the aquiferous canals of
certain mollusks (Polinices)
a-rach'noid (Gr arachne = spider + oid):
spider's web, thin and fine, filmy
ar'a-go-nite (from Aragon, in Spain): a calcium
carbonate, dimorphous with calcite; the in-
nermost layers of a shell are commonly
like a
aragonite
ar-bo-res'cent (L arbor =
character or appearance, branching like a
tree): tree-like in
tree; some species of Murex are said to be
arboresicent) (Hig .7 9)
archaeo- (Gr archaios = ancient): a prefix de-
noting ancient or old (e. g., Archaeogastro-
poda)
ar'chi-ben'thic region (Gr archos =
thos = depth): the zone extending from the
chief; ben-
et apt
apical orifice pieals spur
OP
||
As1|\
Z..~~
iN \
Li
Uy
ih
Figure 7
sublittoral to a region between 800 to 1,100
meters
ar'chi-type or archetype (Gr archi = chief;
ancestral type established
hypothetically by eliminating
typos = strike):
specialized
characters of known later forms
arc'u-ate (L‘arcus = a bow): curved as a bow,
or arched, as the ventral edge in some
pelecypods (e.g., Glycymeris)
ar-e-na'ceous (L arena = sand): of sandy con-
sistency; pertaining to or like sand; full of
or growing in sand
ar-gen'te-ous (L argentum = silver): like sil-
ver, silvery
ar-gil-la'ceous (L argilla = white clay): con-
taining, consisting of, or like clay; clayey
ar'go-naut (Gr argo = Jason's ship; nautes =
pelagic octopods; the female se-
cretes a papery, unchambered shell which
serves as a receptacle for the eggs and as
a dwelling chamber (e.g., Argonauta, the
paper nautilus)
Aristotle's lantern: the skeleton of the mouth
parts of a sea urchin
ark (lL areca = a chest, box):
bivalve with an equivalve shell, hinge
sailor):
a marine arcoid
crossed by numerous transverse or oblique
teeth, heavy box-like shell, ark-shell (e. g.,
Arcidae) (Fig. 10)
artenkreis: a series of geographically contigu-
ous subspecies forming what may be termed
a superspecies
ar-tic'u-la-mentum (L artus = joint): indicates
the crystalline shell layer between the teg-
mentum and hypostracum in chitons
ar-tic'u-lated (L articulatus = jointed): the
union forming a joint as the interlocking
teeth of the hinge plate in pelecypods
as'per-ous (L asper = rough): with very dis-
tinct elevated dots, more uneven than scab-
rous; rough to the touch
As-the-no'donta (Gr a =
dont = teeth): an order of bivalve borers
and burrowers in which the teeth have be-
come obsolete; the shells gape at the ends
and have a chondrophore in one valve (e. g.,
Myacea)
priv.; stenos = strength;
q Figure |O
Figure 9
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
astragal — beak
Page 5
as'tra-gal (Gr astragalos = ankle bone): a
strong, rounded, steep-sided elevation ex-
tending spirally around the whorls
as-ym-met'ri-cal (Gr a = priv.; syn = with;
metron = measure): not even on both sides
of an axis, bilaterally unequal, lack of sym-
metry
at'ro-phied (Gr a = priv.; trepho =
wasted away or withered, starved, failure
of an organ or part to grow because of in-
sufficient nutrition or for other reasons
a'trous (L ater = black): intensely black
at-tach'ed (Fr attacher = to tie, fasten): joined,
connected, or firmly fixed to some object
at-ten'u-ate (L ad = to; tenuis = thin): to be-
come thin, slender, fine, drawn out, grow-
ing narrower, tapering
at-tri'tion (L ad = to; tero = rub): a rubbing out
or grinding down by friction; the sculpture
nourish):
is generally obliterated, being worn down
by the attrition caused by moving sand
au'ger (ME nauger = bore, point): a slender
pointed univalve living just under the sur-
face of the sand in shallow tropical waters;
auger shells (e.g., Terebra) (Fig. 11)
au'ri-cal (L auris = ear): an ear or ear-shaped
appendage or part; auricula - a small ear-
shaped appendage; auriculate - eared or with
ear-like appendages or projections, as in
Pecten; auriform - shaped like or resemb-
ling an ear
aus'tral (L auster = south): southern, torrid
southerly, or belonging to the south
a-vic'u-loid (L avis = bird + oid): having wing-
like projections
ax'i-al (L axis = axis): around or along an axis,
term applied to ribs or color bands which
are longitudinal, not spiral; parallel to the
axis of coiling in gastropod; axis, also
termed pillar: the central structure of a
spiral shell, around which the volutions re-
volve; a line, real or imaginary, on which
something rotates, or around which some-
thing is symmetrically arranged (Fig. 12)
B
bac'u-lite (L baculum = rod): straight shelled
ammonite, becoming extinct at the end of
the Cretaceous Period
bar'na-cle (ME barnakylle, dim. of bernake =
the goose): a crustacean, not a mollusk,
but included with the latter as late as 1830;
the name originally applied to the bird, not
to the shell; any number of related shell-
bearing sea animals that attach themselves
to rocks, wharves, and ship bottoms, ob-
taining food by sweeping through the water
a bundle of cirri which are protrusile from
an opening in the shell
base (Gr basis = a pedestal):
posite the apex of the spire;
the extremity op-
basal: the
bottom or lower part; basal lip: aperture
margin from the foot of the ‘columella to
the suture, part of the outer lip; abapical
bath-y-lim-netic (Gr bathys = deep; limnetic =
living in fresh water, marshes): pertaining
to or inhabiting the depths of fresh water
lakes
bath-y-met'ric (Gr bathys = deep; metron=mea-
sure); bathymetric zone: one of the hori-
zontal divisions of the ocean; bathymetry:
the science of measuring depths or the art
of deep sea sounding
bath-y-pe-lag-ic (Gr bathys = deep; pelagos =
the open sea): living on or near the bottom
in the abyssal depths of the ocean
bat'tle-ment (OF r bastiller = to fortify): a par-
apet indented along the upper line, alter-
nating solids and open spaces
beak (L beccus =a beak): the rounded or pointed
extremity of a pelecypod or brachiopod
shell at which it began to grow; the apex or
umbo of a bivalve shell; the beaks are ei-
ther straight as in Pecten, curved as in
Venus, or spiral as in Isocardia; also, a
short rudimentary siphonal canal near foot
of the columella; beaked valves of chitons
are called mucronate (Fig. 13)
a
Figure II Figure |2
Straight
Figure I3
beard — bivalve
Page 6
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
beard (L barba = beard):
kinds of mollusks such as mussels;
the byssus of certain
con-
sisting of relatively fine threads or hairs
by which shells fasten themselves to rocks,
etc.; bearded: as the coarse periostracum
on Arca and Volsella (Fig. 14)
be-lem'nite (Gr belemnon = a dart or arrow): a
generic name for the organic remains of
extinct fossil bodies found in Cretaceous
formations, having straight tapering shells
and belonging to the class Cephalopoda; the
pointed cylindrical fossil internal shell of
a belemnitoid cuttlefish; a thunderstone
bel-ler'o-phonts (Gr Bellerophon, the slayer of
the mythological monster Chimaera): a ge-
nus of fossil gastropods of the Paleozoic
age coiled symmetrically in one plane and
having a grooved or keeled periphery with
a central notch or slit :
ben'thos (Gr benthos = depth of the sea): the
whole assemblage of plants or animals liv-
ing in or upon the sea bottom; benthal: per-
taining to or designating depths of ocean
exceeding 1,000 fathoms
bi-a'late (L bi = two; ala = wing):
as some Pectens
bi-an'gu-lar (L bi = two; angulus = corner): with
two angles or double keeled
bi-can-a-lic'u-late (L bi =
channel, pipe): two canals posteriorly con-
two-winged
two; canalis =a
tracted near their junction and drawn out
to form a groove (Fig. 15)
bi-con'ic-al (L bi = two; Gr konos =
similar in form to a double cone;
diamond-shaped; similar in form
a peak or
cone):
biconic:
to two cones placed base to base; the spire
of about the same shape and size as the
body whorl (Fig. 16)
bi-cus'pid-ate (L bi = two; cuspid = point): hav-
ing two cusps or points, double pointed
Figure I6
Figure I14 Figure |5
bi'fid (L bi = two; findere = to cleave, divide):
divided into two branches, arms, or prongs,
or into two equal parts by a cleft; sepa-
rated down the middle by a slit; divided by
a groove into two parts
bi-fur'ca-ted (L bi = two; furca = fork): divid-
ed into two branches or stems, double-
pronged; bifurcation: division into two
branches; the bifurcate cardinal tooth in
Mactra
bi-ju'gate (L bi = two; jugum = a yoke): yoked
two together, two-paired, in two pairs;
bijugum
bi-lam'el-lar (L bi = two; lamina =a thin plate):
two-lipped, having two lamellae or plates
bi-loc'u-lar (i bi = two; locuilu's)= a cell poss):
two-celled, divided into two cells or cham-
bers or compartments
bi-mac'u-late (L bi =
fleck,
with two colored spots of rather large size
bi-mar'gin-ate (L bi = two; margo = edge, bor-
der, margin): having two margins; term
applied to shells which have a double mar-
gin as far as the tip
bi-nod'u-lose (L bi =
knob):
ings of small size
two; macula = a spot,
stain): having two spots, marked
a little
having two nodes, knobs, or swell-
two; nodulus =
bi-no'mi-al no'men-cla-ture (L bi = two; no-
men = name; calare = to call): the system
adopted by the International Congress of
Zoology by which an organism's scientific
name is designated by both a generic anda
specific trivial name
bi-o'ta (Gr biotikos = pertaining to life): the
flora and fauna, collectively, of a particu-
lar region
bi'o-type (Gr bios = life; typos = strike): a pop-
ulation or a group of individuals having the
same type species in common
bi-par'tite (L bi = two; partire = to divide): with
two distinct parts
bi-pli'cate (L bis = twice; plicatus = fold): twice
plaited or folded
bi-ra'mous (L bi = two; ramus = a branch): re-
ferring to appendages of a crustacean with
two branches
bi-se'ri-al(L bi = two; series = row, sequence):
arranged in two rows, existing in two se-
ries
bi'valve (L bi = two; valva =
lusca are all aquatic and, except for a few
door): bivalve mol-
genera, are marine; any mollusk having
Vol. 7; Supplement
MBE NW ELGER
body — byssus
Page 7
ee Ee ee eENNSN— ———— ———— —e——_ — 9 9 939595959S9S0.-qm
two valves or shells hinged together as a
mussel or clam. The valves are generally
connected by an elastic ligament and are
closed by one adductor, as in oysters, or by
two, as in clams. However, there are also
bivalved gastropods (e.g., Julia, Berthel-
linia, etc.)
body whorl: the basal and usually the largest
whorl of a univalve shell; the last whorl of
a spiral shell, i.e., from the outer lip back
to a point immediately above the outer lip;
the last turn of a shell ending with the ap-
erture is usually very capacious, the others
are collectively called spire whorls (Fig.
17)
bo're-al (Gr Boreas = god of the north wind): of
or belonging to the north, northern
bor'er: a pelecypod that burrows in stone or in
wood, as a shipworm or Teredo, a piddock
or pholad; a gastropod that bores through
the shell of an oyster or other mollusk
[e. g., Urosalpinx cinereus (Say)]
boss (Fr bosse = hump, bump): to ornament
with a boss or bosses, a circular promi-
nence, a knob, a stud; bosselated: covered
with small knob-like projections, composed
of or covered with small protuberances
bot-ry-oid'al(Gr botrys =cluster; eidos = form):
clustered like a bunch of grapes, said usu-
ally of minerals
Brach-i-op'oda (Gr brachion = the arm; poda =
foot): lamp shells; marine animals with a
shelly upper and lower valve, not mollusks,
although at one time included in that phylum
bran'chi-ae (Gr branchia = gills): gills, respi-
ratory organs for breathing the oxygen dis-
as those of crustaceans
solved in water,
and mollusks
breadth: in pelecypods — the distance between
the anterior and posterior extremities of
the shell; in gastropods — the diameter of
the body whorl at its periphery (Fig. 18)
bry-o-zo'an (Gr bryon = moss; zoon = an ani-
mal): small aquatic animals forming tuft-
like or moss-like aggregate masses; some
nudibranchs and some chitons feed on bry-
ozoans
buc'cal (L bucca = the cheek): pertaining to the
mouth or cheek; buccal mass: a bulging,
tongue-like object, made up of cartilage and
muscle, which supports the center of the
radula
buc-cin'i-form (L buccinum=a shell-fish, from
a trumpet): resembling the shape
of the Buccinidae; buccinal: resembling a
trumpet in shape
bulb'ous (Gr bolbos = a bulb):
len like a bulb; bulbous nucleus:
buccina =
inflated or swol-
nucleus
slightly larger than the next succeeding
whorl
bul'late (L bulla = bubble): having a blister-like
appearance, swollen, inflated; bullina: a
small bubble; bulloid: like a bubble
bur'sa (L bursa = a purse, a pouch): a pouch or
sac, a sac-like cavity
but'tress (OFr bouterez = push or butt): a ra-
diating ridge on the interior of some pele-
cypods serving to reinforce the hinge
processes; a support
byssal notch:
ventral margin for the passage of the bys-
a small opening or notch on the
sus (e.g., in Arca)
bys'sus (Gr byssos = a fine flax): the beard, fi-
bers, or small bundle of silky threads se-
creted by the pelecypod foot by which they
attach themselves to rocks and solid ob-
jects; usually byssus spinners as Modiolus,
Pinna, and Mytilus are inhabitants of the
shoreline in situations where -at low tide
they are exposed above the waters and thus
subject to the wash and lifting power of the
incoming waves and, but for their anchor-
like fastenings, would be torn away from
their habitats (Fig. 19)
spire
manors
body
whorl
pelecypod
breadth
Figure |8
Figure 19
caducous — carina
Page 8
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
C
ca-du'cous (L caducus = falling): having the
tendency to fall off early or before maturi-
ty, as the nuclear whorls of Caecum
cae'cum (L caecus = blind): a blind pouch or
cavity open at one end; Caecum: a genus of
gastropods
caeno- (Gr kainos = new, recent): a prefix de-
noting new or recent
cal'car (L calcar = a spur): a spur-like projec-
tion; cal'car-ate: having a spur, spurred
cal-ca're-ous (L calx = lime): composed of,
containing, or of the nature of limestone or
calcium carbonate, a shelly substance; al-
so, some opercula as in Turbo
cal'lous (L callosus = hard skin): coated with
callus or a thickened inductura; callosity:
a local thickened part of the callus or in-
ductura
cal'lus (L callus = hardened skin): an unusually
hardened or thickened part, a smooth shelly
layer secreted by the surface of the mantle
and spreading from the interior side of the
aperture over the columellar lip, called
inductura; callum: a sheet of shelly mate-
rial filling in the anterior gape in adult
shells (e. g., Pholadidae)
cal'y-cle (L calyx = cup): a small cap on the
umbones
Cam'bri-an Period (Latin name for Wales):
lowest division of Paleozoic Era, contains
fossils of shallow water invertebrates and
calcareous algae
cam'e-o (L cammaeus =
stone, as onyx or agate, or a shell carved
in relief, derived from the Arab word sig -
nifying bas-relief; the shell is
relief so as to show the design ina layer
of one color with another color as back-
ground (e.g., the cameo shell, Cassis cor-
cameo): a striated
carved in
nuta Linnaeus)
cam'e-ra-ted (Gr kamara = a vaulted chamber):
divided into chambers as the Nautilus
cam-pan'u-late (L campanula dim. of campana
= a bell): formed like a bell, bell-shaped
ca-nal' (L canalis = channel): a groove, tube,
or duct, as for the siphon in gastropods;
as the tube-like anterior siphonal canal in
Murex; the continuation of the mouth or
opening of a shell into a kind of beak which
becomes tubular and forms a gutter or
groove (e. g., the posterior canal at the up-
per end of the aperture in Bursa corrugata
resembling a canal,
as deep sutures in some shells, a distinct
groove; canalifera: having a canal-like ex-
tension of the aperture, small grooves or
Perry); canaliculate:
furrows
can'cel-la-ted(L cancellatus = lattice-like): lon-
gitudinal ribs crossed by spiral ones of
equal development, cross-barred, latticed;
a network formed by small] interlacing
bars, a reticulation, sculpture lines inter-
secting at right angles (e.g., Chione can-
cellata Linnaeus) (Fig. 20) ma,
Chione cance/lata
Figure 20
ca-pa'cious (L capax = hold): able to contain or
receive much, roomy, large, ample, spa-
cious (e.g., Tonnidae)
cap'il-la-ry (L capillaris = hair): long and
slender, like hair, fine, small in diameter
though long; having a hair-like bore
cap'i-tate (L caput = head): provided with a knob
at the end, having a head, enlarged termi-
nally; capituliform: an enlarged terminal
part, as of antennae
ca-pit'u-li-form tooth (L caput = head; forma =
the broad, flat topped, outermost
admedian on either side, as on the radula
in Neritidae
capuliform: having the form of a depressed
cone, slightly coiled, and an eccentric apex,
as Capulus
car'di-form (Gr kardia =
sembling the shape of a heart
car'di-nal (L cardinalis = pertaining to a hinge,
important): applied to the central or prin-
cipal teeth in the hinge of pelecypods;
form):
heart + form): re-
cardinal area: a flat or curved surface be-
tween the beak and the hinge line; cardinal
the margin containing the inter-
margin:
locking hinge teeth; cardinal plate: the in-
folded dorsal margin interlocking the two
valves; cardinal teeth: central teeth of the
hinge
car-di-na'lis (L cardinalis = hinge): a muscle
that opens the shell in brachiopods
ca-ri'na (L carina = a keel of a ship): a prom-
inent keel or keel-shaped formation, a pro-
jection like a spiral ridge, knife-edged
Vol. 7; Supplement
ridge; carinated: angled, applied to any
shell having a raised thin ledge, passing
round a whorl or any other part of the
shell; with a sharp keel or ridge; revolv-
ing sculpture; sharp
ca'ri-ous (L caries = decay): decayed, cor-
roded
car'ne-ous (L caro = flesh): of or like flesh,
flesh-colored
car-niv'o-rous (L caro = flesh; voro = devour):
eating or living on flesh (e.g., Olividae,
Muricidae, Conidae)
car'ri-on (L caro = flesh): dead or putrefying
flesh of animals
car'ti-lage (L cartilago = gristle): a translu-
cent, elastic substance found in bivalves
supplementing the ligament which controls
the openings of the valves; cartilage pit:
depression for the inner part of the liga-
ment
cGanlun—cke (1s caruncla, dim. of caro = flesh):
a fleshy excrescence, as a cock's comb, an
outgrowth of shell as on some fresh water
pelecypods
cast (Ice. kasta = throw): (fossil) an extraneous
substance molded in the interior of a shell,
the shell itself having disappeared
chestnut):
to or of the color of a chestnut, sepia color
cau'dal (L cauda = a tail): a tail or tail-like ap-
pendage or extremity; cau'date: having the
cas-ta'ne-ous (L castanea = relating
columella elongated at the base
cav'i-ty (L cavus = hollow, excavated): the in-
terior or hollow part of the shell, which is
a single, conical, or spiral chamber
cel'lu-lar (L cella = cell): consisting of or con-
taining cells
Cen-o-zo'ic Era (Gr kainos = new; zoe = life):
highest segment of the geologic column,
Age of Mammals, abundance of pelecypods
and gastropods (see appendix)
central area: the upper surface of an interme-
diate valve of chitons, lying centrally, and
sometimes differing in sculpture from the
lateral areas
a center or
cen'trum (Gr kentron = center):
central mass
ceph-al'ic region (Gr kephale = head): of, per-
taining to, on, in, or near the head
_Ceph-a-lop'o-da (Gr kephale = head; pous =
foot): one of the five classes of mollusca —
squid or cuttlefish, octopus, argonaut, spi-
rula; some with internal shells, as pens or
cuttlebone, others with external shells, as
nautilus
THE VELIGER
carious — chitinous
Page 9
cer'as (Gr keras = horn): a horn or horn-like
appendage
cer'a-tite (Gr keras = horn): an ammonoid
cephalopod found in the Permian Period
and typical of Triassic deposits
cer'nu-ous (L cernuus = stooping forward):
drooping, bent, having the apex more or
less bent downward or inclining
cham'bered (Gr kamara = anything with an
arched cover): having divisions across the
cavity in the hollow of the shell; separating
or dividing the same into chambers, as the
Nautilus
chank (Hind. cankh = conch shell):
top-shaped gastropod which is carved into
a pear- or
ornaments and bangles and held sacred by
the Hindus; images of the god Vishnu hold
a chank shell in one hand; Hindu artists
carve the shells and suspend them as oil
vessels for temple illumination; a sinistral
specimen sometimes found in India, China,
or Ceylon is very costly and highly prized
(e.g., Xancus pyrum Linnaeus, the pear
Turbinella)
chan'neled (L canalis = water pipe): grooved or
formed like a channel; passage, with a deep
furrow or groove; deeply channeled suture
on Busycon canaliculata Linnaeus; the ap-
ical or basal channels of Ovula
chi-as-to-neu'ral (Gr chiastos = marked witha
letter ''x'
's neuron = nerve): visceral nerve
cords which are crossed in certain gastro-
pods
chink (AS cinu= chink, a crack): a long and nar-
row cleft, crack, slit, as on the margin of
the columella in Lacuna, umbilical chink
(Fig. 21)
Figure 2l
chivno mya Or icheironym (Gr cheim = hand:
onyma = name): a manuscript name, an un-
published scientific name
chi'tin-ous (Gr chiton = a tunic, a covering): a
colorless, hard amorphous compound that
forms the principal constituent of the hard
covering of insects and crustaceans, the
same horny material as inthe ligament of
chiton — coeloconoid
Page 10
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
bivalves, the internal shell remnant of the
squids, the horny operculum of many gas-
tropods, as Littorina, Architectonica
chi'ton (Gr chiton = a tunic, cloak): the coat-of-
mail shells, found mostly on rocky shores
in all parts of the world; an armored shell
composed of eight pieces bound together in
a leathery girdle or muscular belt; noctur-
nal in habit, sluggish, chitons curl up when
disturbed; family Chitonidae in the class
Amphineura
chon'dro-phore (Gr chondros =
= bearing): pit or large spoon-shaped form
projecting from the hinge plate, usually
supplemented by a prop extending to the
surface of the valve (e.g., Mactra)(Fig. 22)
cartilage; phero
5
chondrophore
Figure 22 Figure 23
chro'ma-to-phore (Gr chroma = color; pherein
= to bear): one of the pigment-bearing sacs
with contractile walls by which changes of
color are effected in various animals
chrys'al-loid (Gr chrysos = gold;
golden
cicla=-trix (ly cicatrix = a, sican): a iscamonisicar—
like marking, as that left on the interior of
a bivalve shell by the attachment of the ad-
ductors
cil'i-a (L cilium = eyelid): hair-like processes
on the surface of a cell or organ, shorter
and more numerous than flagella; ciliated:
having cilia, edged with parallel hairs,
fringed, having minute hairs
cinct (L cinctus = encircled): belted or girdled,
bound around (rare)
ci-ne'’re-ous (L cinereus = ashy):
ashen, having the color of wood ashes
cin'gu--lum (lL cingo = gird, encircle): a cel-
ored band, zone, or girdle, or a raised
spiral line on certain univalves; cingulate:
having colored or other bands, encircled by
oid = like):
ash-gray,
revolving ribs
cir-cum-bo're-al(L circum = about; Gr Boreas
= god of the north wind): pertaining to the
north, i.e., distribution around the boreal
region
cir-cum-col-u-mel'lar (L circum = about; col-
umen = column): surrounding the columella
cir-cum-vo-lu'tion (L circum = around; volvo =
roll):
revolution, a whorl, the act of winding
around an axis or center, rotation,
Ginirate Gi icitsnulse—
hair):
group of crustaceans having a number of
long, curled processes for feet, curl-footed,
a Einglet, (curl ormtuttaot
having curls or cirri; Cirripedia: a
barnacles
eit'rine (Ib citrus = citron tree) eweenish—
yellow, having the same color as a lemon
clam (AS clom = clamp): name originally ap-
plied to bivalves that burrow in sand or
soft mud, as the Barnea; some clams live
in fresh water but most live in salt water;
many are edible; some burrow into coral,
sandstone, wharf piling, clay, other shells,
or clean sand; the largest clam is Tridacna
gigas Lamarck
clath'rose (L clathri = atrellis, grate):
striae crossing each other at right angles,
cancellated with furrows, divided like lat-
having
ticework
clau-sil'i-um (LL claudo = close): a calcareous
lid with an elastic stalk that closes the ap-
erture in certain pupoid land snails (e.g.,
Clausilia)
cla'vate (L clave = club, a knotty stick): with
one extremity of the shell attenuated, the
other ventricose or globular, club-shaped
(Fig.23)
cline (lL; clino = lean):
change of character in continuous popula-
a gradual, continuous
tions
closed (L claudo = close): refers to pelecypods,
the shells of which do not gape
clyp'e-i-form (LL clypeus = a round shield;
shaped like a shield
come to-
forma = form):
co-a-lesce'(L coalesere = to unite):
gether into one, fuse, blend; coalescent: a
growing together, uniting, as cardinals of
Mactra
co-are'tate (IL coarctatus = p re siss together):
crowded together, compressed, contracted,
especially at the base, narrowed
coch'le-ate (L cochlea = snail): spirally twisted
like a snail shell, screw-shaped
cock'le (ME cokel = a shell): the heart-shaped
shells of the Cardiidae family, a large
group of worldwide distribution, the edible
European bivalve Cerastoderma edule Lin-
naeus; many fancy articles, such as shell
flowers, are made from cockle shells
coe-lo-co'noid (Gr koilos = a hollow; konos =
an almost conical
cone; eidos = form):
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
coelom — condyle
Page II
shape but with concave sides
coe'lom (Gr koilos = a hollow): body cavity, the
space between the viscera and the body wall
coinductura (L cum = with; inductura = a coat-
ing, a covering): thickened layered shelly
coating covering part of the inductura, oc-
cur in some bellerophont gastropods
collabral (col = a prefix, with or together; L
labrum = lip): the growth lines conforming
to the shape of the outer lip
col'u-brine (L coluber = a serpent): snake-like
col-u-mel'la (L columen = column): the axial
pillar, the central pillar of a univalve shell
around which the whorls are built, extend-
ing from the apex to the base; a portion of
the columella is seen at the aperture of
most spiral univalves; columellar: per-
columellar fold:
spiral ridge on the columella projecting
into the interior of the shell; columellar
taining to the columella;
lip: the inner edge of the aperture includ-
ing that part of it which covers the last
whorl
com-men'sal (L cum=together; mensa = table):
two or more different species usually liv-
ing with one another, but not as parasite-
and-host, nor deriving any apparent advan-
tage from the association, as an oyster
crab with an oyster or as Myochama on
Glycymeris
com'mi-nu-ted (L com = together; minuo = di-
minish): shells reduced to minute particles
as in the calcareous beach sand
com'mis-sure (L commissura=a seam, a band):
the point of union of two bodies, parts, or
organs; a junction, seam, closure
co'mose (lL coma = hair): having hairs, hairy,
ending in a tuft, comate
com'pli-ca-ted (L cum = together; plica = fold):
folded together in an irregular manner
com-pressed! (L cum =
press):
BOM Otel Ow, | joreraale) =
flattened laterally or pressed to-
gether as in some pelecypods; nearly flat,
with reduced thickness, shallow shells
(Chica eeandoxra,, wlelilina)
con-cam!'er-a-ted (L con = together; camero =
arch): divided into chambers or cavities;
an arched hollow near the hinge area
con-cat'e-nate (L con = with; catena = chain): to
join or link together; connect ina series;
with a series of points placed in regular
order
con'cave (L con = with; cavus = hollow): hol-
lowed out, excavated; rounded and hollow,
as the interior of a sphere
con-cen'tric (L con = with; centrum = center):
lines or ridges curving about a center; ap-
plied to curved ridges on a bivalve, arcs
having the same center; opposed to radial
lines or ridges (Fig. 24)
conch (L concha = shell): a trumpet shell, a
large marine mollusk univalve shell; a
shell blown as a horn, the shell blown by
Tritons as represented in ancient art [| Tri-
ton, a son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Am-
phitrite, represented as a man in his upper
parts, with a dolphin's tail, who raised or
calmed the billows by blowing on a conch-
shell]
con-chif'er-ous (L concha = shell; ferre = to
bear): producing or having a shell, testa-
ceous
con-chi'ol-in (L concha = shell): organic com-
pound forming the thin outer layer of mol-
luscan shells
con-chit'ic: limestones and marbles in which
the remains of shells are a noticeable fea-
ture
con-chol'o-gy (L concha = shell; logos = de-
scription): the branch of zoology which
embraces the arrangement and description
of mollusks based upon a study of the hard
parts; the science or study of shells and
shell-fish; conchologist: a student of con-
chology, a collector of shells
con-chyl-i-o-mor'phite: the fossil imprint of a
shell
con-col'or (L con = with; coloro = tint): of uni-
form color, having the same coloration
con-cres'cence (L con =
grow):
union of parts originally unconnected; con-
cretion: any mass of particles united and
solidified; formation of a mass
con'dyle (Gr kondylos = knuckle): an enlarged
and prominent end of a bone, a rounded end
(e.g., Parapholas) (Fig. 25)
together; cresco =
a growing together, joining, the
Figure 24
Figure 25
confluent — corroded
Page 12
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Vol. 7; Supplement
con'flu-ent (L con = together; fluo = flow): flow-
ing together so as to form one, blended into
one, running together without marked line
of distinction, as confluent spots
con-ge-ner!'ic (L con = together; genus = race):
of or belonging to the same kind, class, or
stock; generically allied
con'ic (Gr konos = peak): cone-shaped, conical,
peaked (e. g., Conus) (Fig. 26)
co-ni-spi'ral (L conus = cone; spira = a coil):
with the spire of the shell projecting as a
cone
con'ju-gate (L con = together; jugum = yoke):
joined in pairs, coupled, paired
con'nate (L con = together; nascor = be born):
existing together, as valves firmly joined
at birth
con-niv'ent (L con=together; nictg= wink): con-
verging or coming close together; arched
inward so that the points meet, as stamens
or wings
co'noid (Gr konoeides = cone-shaped): anything
having the form of a cone, conical; conoidal:
resembling a cone in shape
con-spe-cif'ic: of or pertaining to the same
species; members of the same species
con-strict' (L con = draw
tight)
some point; bind, cramp, constrict
(L conterminus = bordering
together; stringo =
to compress or draw together at
con-ter'mi-nous
upon): touching at the boundary, contiguous,
having a common boundary line
con-tig'u-ous (L contiguus = touching): touching
or joining at the edge; whorls resting upon
or touching each other
continuous variation: individuals differing from
each other by minute steps, often just
barely discernible
con-tort'ed (L con = together;
twist): twisted or wrenched out of shape or
torquere = to
place, distorted
con-tour' (LL contornare = to go around): the
exterior surface around the edge ofa shell,
the periphery
con-tract'ile (L contractus = to draw together):
capable of contracting; shorten or draw in-
to smaller dimensions
arched, vaulted): curv-
ing outward like a segment of a globe ora
circle, bulging out (e.g., valves of Cardi-
um (Fig. 27%)
con'vo-lute (L con = together; volvo =
con'vex (L convexus =
TO) EO
roll together, wind around something; to
turn or wind upon itself, with the last whorl
concealing the earlier ones (e. g., Ammon-
lite) (Ceci 28)
co-qui'na (Sp shellfish, cockle): a soft rock
made up of marine shell fragments, used
as a building material
cor'al-line (LL corallinus = coral-red): con-
sisting of coral, resembling coral in color,
pinkish-red; corallinite: fossil coral; cor-
allite: an individual skeleton of a coral-
polyp; coralline zone:
15 to 50 fathoms
cord (Gr corde =
from approximately
string): coarse, rounded, spi-
ral or transverse linear sculpture on the
shell surface; smaller than costa
GE Ycordusy =
having the form’ of a heaxt;
heart-shaped (Fig. 29)
co-ri-a'ceous (L coriaceus = leather): tough
and leathery, like skin on a chiton or the
cor'date a heart): heart-shaped,
cordiform:
mantle; leathery texture
cor'ne-ous (L cornu = horn): consisting of horn,
of a horn-like texture, as the opercula of
some mollusks suchas Littorina or Busy-
con; corniform: horn-shaped, long, pointed
cor'o-na-ted (L corona = crown): having a se-
ries of processes forming a crown-like
part; bearing a row of tubercles or promi -
nent nodes, especially on the shoulder of
the last whorl (e. g., Melongena and Strom-
bus) (Fig. 30)
cor-ro'ded (L corrodo = to gnaw away):
away by degrees as the umbones, apices, or
other thick parts which are frequently worn
eaten
away by the element in which the mollusks
live
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29 Figure 30
Vol. 7; Supplement
cor'ru-gate (L cor = together; ruga = wrinkle):
roughened by wrinkles; to contract into al-
ternate ridges and furrows (e.g., Haliotis
corrugata Gray) (Fig. 31)
cor'tex (L cortex = bark, rind):
the epidermis; corticate:
covered with an epidermis
rib): rounded ridge on the
an outer skin,
having a cortex,
cos'ta (L costa =
surface of a shell, larger than a cord; cos-
tate:
costella:
costellate:
(Eiig-. 32)
cotype: any one of a series of specimens to
which equal weight has been given in de-
having costa or a rib-like structure;
resembling costa, but smaller;
finely ribbed, having costellae
scribing a species
cow'rie or cow'ry (Hind. kauri = a cowrie): the
family Cypraeidae; money cowries: Cy-
praea moneta Linnaeus, formerly used as
money in Africa and the South Seas
cras'sus (L crassus = thick, solid): coarse or
thick in structure
cra-ter'i-form (Gr krater = a great cup; forma
= form): having the form of a crater, cup-
shaped, saucer-shaped
cre'nate (L crena = a notch):
toothed with even rounded notches, having
blunt teeth, indented, notched) (e. g., mar-
Sucraylalto;predi on:
gin of Glycymeris)
cren'u-la-ted (L crena=a notch): finely notched
or delicately corrugated, wrinkled on the
edges, indented or scalloped margin of a
shell, regularly indented; crenula: a small
notch (e.g., minutely crenulated ventral
margin of Nucula)
cres-cen'tic (L crescens = to grow, increase):
shaped like a crescent
erest (L crista = a comb, tuft): crested like the
comb of a cock; some oysters are crested
(GisitoeS)3))
Cre-ta'ceous Period (L creta = chalk): exten-
sive chalk deposits, formed largely by mi-
croscopic foraminiferan shells, and coal,
shale, and sandstone deposits containing
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corrugate — Cusp
Page 13
many fossils, largest ammonites, numer-
ous sea urchins, variety of clams, large
dinosaurs, and many plants; cretaceous:
consisting of or resembling chalk, chalky
cris'pate (L crispus = curled, uneven):
a wrinkled, fluted margin, ruffled, irregu-
having
larly twisted
crop (AS cropp = craw):
esophagus where food may be temporarily
a widened part of the
stored before being passed on to the stom-
ach
to torture):
eru!ci-ate (lL cruciatus = cross-
shaped
enrulran(le, exis; =— the wleg); (eruls: va stalk or
peduncle, a limb or support
crus-ta'cean (L crusta = crust): one of the
Crustacea, a prime division of arthropods,
having a crust-like shell, including crabs,
lobsters, and barnacles
cryptic species: two or more closely related
species, reproductively isolated although
morphologically identical or almost so (=
sibling species)
cryptomphalous (Gr kryptos = hidden; omphalous
= the navel): the opening of the umbilicus
completely obscured by a plug
hidden;
oldest major division of geologic
Cryptozoic Eon (Gr kryptos = Zoe =
life):
time, from 520 to 3,500 million years ago,
Precambrian (see appendix)
cten-id'i-um (Gr kteis = comb):
one of the respiratory organs of mollusks;
a gill-comb,
plural is ctenidia
cu-cul'late (L cucullus = hood):
a hood-like part or mark (Fig. 34)
hooded, having
cui-rass'(Fr cuirasse=breastplate of leather):
a hard covering serving as a protection
cul'trate (L cultratus = knife-shaped): shaped
like a pruning knife, sharpedged-and pointed
cu'ne-ate (L cuneatus = wedge-shaped): wedge-
shaped; cu'ne-i-form: wedge-shaped
cu'pre-ous (LL cupreus =
colored, coppery
cusp (L cuspis = a point): a prominence or point
copper: copper-
Pecten subnodosus
Haliotis corrugata
Figure 3l Figure 32
Ostrea_ cristagall Puncturella cucullata
Figure 33 Figure 34
cutaneous — dendroid
Page 14
especially on the crown of a tooth, denticle;
cuspidate: prickly pointed
cu-ta'ne-ous (L cutis = the skin): consisting of,
pertaining to, affecting, or of the nature of
skin
cu'ti-cle (L cutis = skin): the thin outermost
layer of skin covering the body of the mol-
lusk, epidermis
cy-ath'i-form (Gr kyathos = a cup; forma =
form): cup-shaped, a little widened at the
top
cy-clo'dont (Gr kyklos = circle; dont = teeth):
the dentition is characterized by the lack
of a flat hinge plate; the teeth curving out
from under the umbones and twisted into
line in the cardinal margin; this tooth de-
velopment is believed to be the result of
extreme torsion in the dentition of the um-
bonal extremity over the past ages (e.g.,
Cardium)
cy-dar'i-form (L cydarum = kind of ship; forma
= form): globose, orbicular, but truncated
at opposite ends
cy-lin'dric-al(L cylindrus =a roller, a cylin-
der): round, like a cylinder with parallel
sides (e.g., Oliva); cylindroconic: having
the form of a cylinder terminating in a cone
cym'bi-form (L cymba = a bowl, boat, hollow
vessel; forma = form): boat-shaped, sca-
phoid
cypraeiform: oval, rolled inward from each
side
cone;
almost a cone in shape but
cyrtoconoid (Gr cyrto = curved; konos =
eidos = form):
with convex sides
D
de-cid'u-ous (L deciduus = falling off): having
the tendency to fall off early or before ma-
turity, as the nuclear whorls of Caecum
deck (D dekken = cover):
sheet of shelly substance in the umbonal
a septum or small
region connecting the anterior and posteri-
or ends of a valve; also used to describe
the diaphragm of Crepidula (Fig. 35)
de-cliv'i-tous (L de = down; Clivis = a hill, a
slope): same as declivous; sloping down-
ward, gradually descending; opposite to
acclivity
de-col'late (L de = from; collum = neck): de-
capitate, cut or broken off as the apex on
some land gastropods, worn away at the
apex, deprived of apical whorls (e. g., Me-
lanias)
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Vol. 7; Supplement
de-cor'ti-ca-ted (L de = from; cortex = bark):
divested of exterior coating, deprived of
the cortex or outer coat; outer layer has
been partially or entirely eroded away
de-cum'bent (L de = down; cubo = lie): bending
down, upright at the base and bending down
at the tip
de-cus'sa-ted (L decussare = to divide cross-
wise in the form of an X): intersected,
striations crossing at acute angles, a lat-
ticed surface of fine ribs not necessarily at
right angles (e. g., radial ribs of Crenella)
def-i-ni'tion (L de = off; finis = end): in taxo-
nomic work, the formal statement of char-
acters delimiting the taxonomic category
de-flect'ed (L de = away; flecto = bend): bent
backward or to one side or downward
de-his'cent (L dehisco = to split open): the
periostracum which bursts off abruptly (as
a capsule when discharging seeds in some
plants)
de-lim!'it-ing (Fr delimiter = to limit): fixing
the limits of, marking out the boundaries
of, demarcating
del-tid'i-um (Gr delta = triangle): the triangu-
lar space between the beak and the hinge
bone of brachiopod shells, usually covered
by a shelly plate, deltidial plates
del'toid (Gr delta = a triangle; eidos = form):
shaped like a delta, spear-shaped, trowel-
shaped, triangular; deltoidal: more or less
triangular
deme (Gr demos =
tion within a species
dend-rit'ic (Gr dendron= tree): branching in
form, tree-like; dendrite: a branching, tree-
like mark; branched part of a nerve cell
dendrogram (Gr dendron = tree; gramma =
writing): a tree-like diagram suggesting
relationships of species or higher cate-
gories, based upon similarities in shape
and development
den'droid (Gr dendron = tree; form):
shrub-shaped, the shape of a small tree;
dendriform (Fig. 36)
country, people): a popula-
eidos =
Figure 35 Figure 36
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
Page 15
den'tate (L dentatus = tooth):
resembling teeth as in the aperture of some
gastropods, tooth-like processes; dental
unshaped thickening that forms
points or nodules
callosity:
the teeth in edentulous pelecypods; dentate-
lirate:
or grooves (Fig. 37)
having teeth and fine raised lines
den-tic'u-late (L denticulatus = furnished with
small teeth): like fine teeth, having little
teeth or raised points;
teeth or projecting points; dentiform: with
denticles; dentition: arrangement and char-
acter of teeth and sockets of pelecypods
de-nu'ded (L de = from; nudus = bare): without
covering of any kind, exposed to view; di-
denticles: minute
vested of all covering
(L de = from;
to impoverish, exhaust, falling
de-pau'per-ate
beggar):
short of the natural size or development
from being impoverished or starved; im-
pauper = poor,
perfectly developed
de-pressed' (L depressus =
lowered in position, pressed or kept down,
flattened from above, sunk below the gen-
eral surface
to press down):
de-scrip'tion (L de = fully; scribo = write): a
more or less complete, formal statement
of characters of a taxonomic category with-
out delimiting it from other categories
Des-mo-don'ta (Gr desmos = ligament; dens =
tooth): an order of bivalves with the hinge
lacking lateral teeth but sometimes with
rudimentary cardinal teeth; shells vary in
shape, generally thin and usually burrow-
ing in sand or mud; usually with well de-
veloped siphons (e. g., Teredinidae)
des'qua-ma-ted (L de =
peeled or scaled off
de-tached' (OF r destacher = loosen, unfasten):
whorls not touching each other, discon-
from; squama = scale):
nected, separated (e.g., Tenagodidae)(Fig.
38)
de-tor'sion (L de = away; torques = twist): the
act of twisting back or removing torsion;
unwinding
de-tri'tus (L detritus =a rubbing away): a mass
of disintegrated, fragmentary material, bits
of seaweed, waste on the ocean floor, food
for animals such as Turritella
de'vi-ate (L de = from; via = way): to turn aside
from the straight or regular course, as the
axis of the protoconch forming a distinct
angle with the axis of the teleoconch
Fig. 38)
Dev-o'ni-an Period (pertaining to Devonshire,
(see
southwestern England): period of Paleozoic
Era rich in fossil fauna, numerous brachi-
opods, pelecypods, gastropods, and cepha-
lopods in sandy deposits; Age of Fishes
dex'tral (L dexter = to the right): having the
aperture on the right side of the shell when
the apex is upward, right-handed, coiled in
a right-hand spiral, in a clockwise manner;
opposed to sinistral (Fig. 39)
(Gr dia = gignosko =
know): a formal statement of the charac-
di-ag-no'sis between;
ters distinguishing one taxonomic category
from closely related categories
di-am'e-ter (Gr dia = through; metron = mea-
sure): the greatest width of the shell at
right angles to the shell axis
di-aph;a-nous (Gr dis = through; phaino = show):
showing light through its substance, trans-
parent, clear, pellucid, translucent
di-au'lic (Gr diaulus =
nel): two separate ducts open to the sur-
a double pipe or chan-
face
di-chot'o-mous (Gr dichotomos = a cutting in
two): regularly dividing by pairs from top
to bottom, successive bifurcation, two-
forked
did'y-mous (Gr didymos = double): twin, formed
in pairs, growing double, when a pair of
spots touch or are confluent
dif-fract'ed (L dis=apart; frango = break): bent
in opposite directions, separated into parts
dif-fuse'(L diffusus = to spread by pouring out):
spreading, widely spread out, extended;
applied to the aperture of a gastropod when
it is spread out or widened
Vermicularia pellucida *
eburnea
Figure 37
Figure 38
dextral
g
Northia northiae
sinistral
Antiplanes perversa
Figure 39
digitated — dorsal
Page 16
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
dig'i-ta-ted (L digitus = finger):
clawed, divided into finger-like parts;
digitiform: finger-like, branched out in
fingered or
long points
di-lac'er-ate (L dis = apart; lacerare = tear):
to tear to pieces, tear apart; interrupted or
broken markings
di-la'ted (L di = apart; latus =
panded in all directions as the aperture of
carried): ex-
some gastropods, distended
di-mor'phism (Gr dimorphos = two forms):
occurrence of two distinct morphological
(e. g. different male and female forms =
sexual dimorphism; successive generations
in the same year, due to seasonal factors,
may appear to be different 'species' = sea-
sonal dimorphism) types ina single popula-
tion
dim-y-a'ri-a (L di = two; mys = muscle): a
general name for those bivalves whose
shells are closed by two adductors; dimy-
arian
di-oe'cious (Gr di = two; oikos = house): having
the male and female organs present in dif-
in the majority of
ferent individuals, as
bivalves; opposed to monoecious
dis'coid (Gr diskos = disk): disk-shaped, hav-
ing the form of a disk as certain univalve
shells with the whorls coiled in one plane;
discal: shaped like a disk; discoidal: when
the whorls are so horizontally convolute as
to form a flattened spire (Fig. 40)
dis-con-nect'ed: whorls separated as in Spirula
spirula Linnaeus (Fig. 41)
discontinued varices: when the varices of one
revolution are not in a straight line with
those of the next, as in Tritons(Fig. 42)
discontinuous variation: individuals of a sample
fall into distinct separable classes which
do not grade into each other
dis-crep'ant (L discrepare = to sound differ-
dis-junct' (L disjunctus = separate): detached;
shell with the whorls not
touching one another
disk (Gr diskos = disk): the space between the
umbo and the margin of a bivalve shell
dis'tal (L di = apart; sto = stand): relatively
remote from the center of the body or point
loosely coiled
of attachment
di-ur'nal (L diurnus = daily): animals active
during the daytime; opposed to nocturnal
di-var'i-ca-ted (L di = apart; varicus = strad-
dling): diverging, meeting in a point as the
teeth on the hinge of Placuna; sculpture
consisting of chevrons as Acila castrensis
Hinds; divaricating lines: to branch off or
diverge, fork; divaricator:
a muscle that
causes parts to separate, as the one that
opens the shell in brachiopods
di-ver'gent (L diversus = turned different
ways): differing one from another or from
a standard, receding farther and farther
from each other, extending in different di-
rections from the same origin; diverging:
separating from a point
Doc-o-glos'sa (Gr dokos = bearing-beam; glossa
= tongue): a suborder of dioecious gastro-
pods, limpets, with an entire heart with two
auricles, beam-like teeth, lance-like or
claw-like in shape, in transverse rows on
the radula; the marginals or admedians
may be absent (e.g., Patellidae, Acmaei-
dae, Lepetidae)
dog-whelk (or dogwinkle): as the genus Thais
do-lab'ri-form (L dolabra = ax; forma = form):
hatchet-shaped, shaped like the head of an
ax as the foot of some pelecypods
do'li-oid (L dolium = a large jar; eidos = form):
globose, capacious (e.g., Tonnidae) (Fig.
44)
dor'mant (Fr dormir = to sleep, be inactive): in
the state of torpor or sleep, hibernating,
ently): discordant, disagreeing, contrary, quiescent
different; "ears" often discrepant on Chlamys_ dor'sal(L dorsum = the back): the back edge of
(Fig. 43) a bivalve, in the region of the hinge; the
1
Figure 40
Figure 42
7 Ze:
FA
A RAW
Figure 43 Figure 44
dorsoventral — elongate
Vol. 7; Supplement THE VELIGER Page 17
back of a gastropod remote from the aper- ecophenotypic variation (Gr oikos = house;
tues thie) conical) top surface of a limpet; phaino = show; typos = strike): a non-
dorsum: the back opposite the aperture of
a gastropod
dor-so-ven'tral-ly (L dorsum = back; venter =
belly):
ventral,
having two surfaces, a dorsal anda
bifacial; in the axis or direction
from dorsal to ventral surfaces
drill (MD drille = hole):
salpinx cinereus Say which feeds on oys-
sters by drilling holes in their shells
a shell such as Uro-
du'pli-ca-ture (L duplicatus = to fold in two):
folding backward, folding upon itself, a fold
tending backward
Dys-o-don'ta (Gr dys = hard, ill; dont = teeth):
an order of bivalves characterized by the
absence or near absence of hinge teeth;
teeth feebly developed; with a series of
denticles along the dorsal margin or small
tubercles; anterior muscle is small or ab-
sent; the foot usually possesses a byssus
(e.g., Mytilidae)
E
having ear-like appendages, external
projections or a triangular prolongation at
the umbones of bivalves (e. g., Pecten)
eaves: in chitons, the portions of the tegmen-
tum just over the points where the inser-
tion plate and sutural laminae push from
under it;
ears:
eave tissue: a spongy or porce-
laneous shell material that forms the eaves
CBeumca raven (l&mey—mptrivin, icalcaa —ialspur):
destitute of spur or calcar
e-car'i-nate(L e = priv.; carina = a keel): des-
titute of keel or carina
ec-cen'tric (Gr ek = out of; kentron = center):
departing from the usual custom; an oper-
culum is eccentric when the growth is only
on one side of a nucleus, to one side of the
center
ech'i-na-ted (Gr echinos = hedge hog): spinous,
surface of the body covered with spines,
such as in sea urchins, echinoderms
e-col'o-gy (Gr oikos = house; logia = to speak);
same as oecology: the study of the rela-
tionship between organisms and their en-
vironment, both animate and inanimate;
ecological isolation: interbreeding between
two or more sympatric populations is pre-
vented by mating in different ecological
niches
hereditary modification of the phenotype by
specific ecological conditions, especially
of the habitat
ecotype (Gr oikos = house; typos = strike):
races of varying degrees of distinctness,
owing the most conspicuous characters to
the effects of local environment
ec-to-par'a-site (Gr ecto = outside; parasitos =
a parasite): a parasitic animal, such as the
small Pyramidellidae, infesting the out-
sides of some bivalves, piercing the shell
with a buccal stylet, and feeding upon the
host
e-den'tate (L edentatus = without teeth): without
teeth or folds, as the hinge plate of some
pelecypods or the aperture of some gastro-
pods; edentulous: having no teeth
ef'fer-ent (L ex = out; fero = being): carrying
or carried outward, discharging; opposed
to afferent
ef-fuse' (L ex = out; fundo = pour): the lip is
effuse when the basal or anterior extremity
is slightly produced, depressed, or re-
flected as in Melania; having the aperture
extended from one end of the shell to the
other and open at both extremities; having
the lips separated by a groove, expanded
(Fig. 45)
e-flect'ed(L e = out; flect = bend): bent abrupt-
ly outward, somewhat angularly
el'e-va-ted (L elevatus = to lift up, raise): when
the spiral cone advances more in height
than in width (Fig. 46)
el-lip'tic-al (Gr elleiptikos = elliptical): oblong
oval shape
long): drawn out,
with rounded ends,
e-lon'gate (L e = out; longus =
lengthened, as the spire of some gastro-
pods; in pelecypods, when the length is
greater than the height (e. g., Ensis, Solen)
(Fig. 47)
Figure 45 Figure 46
Figure 47
cmarginate — evolute
Page 18
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
e-mar'gin-ate (L e = from; margo = margin):
bluntly notched or hollowed out, having the
margin interrupted or notched; the lip is
emarginate when incised or slit, as in
Pleurotomaria (Fig. 48)
escutcheon
Chrone pulicaria
Figure 50
Ensis californicus
Figure 48 Figure 49
em-bry-on-ic (Gr en = in; bryo = swell): rudi-
mentary, undeveloped, a larval stage as
the free-swimming embryo of an oyster;
embryonic shell: shell formed before
hatching
en-am'el (OFr esmail = enamel): the substance
which forms a hard glossy coating
en-ceph'a-la (Gr enkephalos = brain): mollusks
possessing a head and usually protected by
a spiral shell
en-dem!'ic (Gr endemios = native):
introduced; having the habitat in a certain
region or country
en-do-gas'tric (Gr endon =
stomach): the normal, adult gastropod ex-
tends backward as it rests on the crawling
head-foot mass and the head withdraws into
the shell before the foot; opposite to exo-
gastric
en-do-skel'e-ton (Gr endon = within; skeleton =
dried body): a bone-like interior frame-
work of an animal such as a cuttlefish; dis-
tinguished from exoskeleton
en'si-form (L ensis = sword; forma = form):
sword-shaped; two-edged and tapering to-
wards the point (Fig. 49)
en-tire' (L integer = untouched):
pallial sinus, without sinuosity; the aper-
ture when the margin is without a sinus,
native, not
within; gaster =
without a
siphonal canal, or crenulations
E'o-cene Epoch (Gr eos = early period; kainos
= recent): middle division of the Paleogene
Period
ep-i-der'mis (Gr epi = upon; derma = skin):
outer skin; skin covering; according to
some writers, epidermis is the incorrect
name for the periostracum which is the ex-
ternal protective, horny skin covering of a
shell
ep'i-phragm (Gr epiphragma = a covering, lid):
a sheet of dried mucus across the aperture
an
of a land snail to prevent loss of moisture
during aestivation or hibernation
ep-i-po'di-um (Gr epi= on; pous= foot): a mus-
cular lobe developed from the lateral and
upper surfaces of the foot, as the wing-like
expansions of a pteropod
e-qual-i-brat'ing (L aequalis =
balance): balancing equally
e-qui-dis'tant (L aequus = equal; distans = dis-
tant): equally spaced; an equal distance
from the same point as the spiral lines on
some gastropods
equal; libra =
e-qui-lat'er-al (L aequus = equal; latus = side):
an equilateral shell is one in which a trans-
verse line, drawn through the apex of the
umbo, divides the valves equally (e.g.,
Glycymeris)
e'qui-valve (L aequus = equal; valve = leaf ofa
door); also aequivalve: when the two valves
of a pelecypod are the same shape and of
equal size as mussels or Crenella
e-ra'di-ate (L e = from; radius = ray): to shoot
forth as rays of light; to radiate
e-ro'ded(L e=
ing as if eaten or gnawed away; erose: un-
off; rodere = to gnaw): appear-
even, gnawed or eaten away
er-yth'ro-stoma (Gr erythos =
mouth): red mouth
es-cutch'eon (L scutum=a shield): an elongated
or heart-shaped depression behind the lig-
ament ina bivalve; a smooth shield-shaped
surface (Fig. 50)
e-soph'a-gus (Gr oisophagos = the gullet): a
membranous tube or canal through which
masticated food or drink passes from the
pharynx to the stomach; esophageal: per-
taining to or near the esophagus
es'ti-vate (L aestivare = to spend the summer):
to pass the summer in torpor; the dorman-
red; stoma =
cy in summer of some land snails
es'u-rine (L esuritus = be hungry): eating, cor-
roding (obsolete)
eurytopic (Gr eurys = broad, wide; topica =
local): a group name for animals which
range widely in the same community, such
as limpets; see stenotopic
eu-thy-neu'rous (Gr euthys = straight; neuron =
nerve): in gastropods, straight visceral
nerve loops
ev-a-nesce! (L evanesco =
by degrees, vanish gradually; evanescent:
tending to vanish or pass away like vapor
e-vert'ed (L e = out; verto = turn): turned back-
ward or outward as the edge of the outer lip
ev'o-lute (L e = out; volvo = roll): as in am-
monites with whorls coiled out of contact
vanish): to disappear
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
excavated — faveolate
Page 19
ex'ca-va-ted (L ex = out; cavus = hollow): hol-
lowed out as the columella of some shells
ex-cen'tric (Gr ek = out of; kentron = center);
same as eccentric: one-sided, out of the
center, not having the same center
ex-curved' (L ex = out; curvare = to curve):
curved outward as antennae; excurvate:
bent outward
ex-ha'lant (L ex = out; halo = breathe): having
the quality of exhaling or evaporating; ex-
halant canal or channel: a channel between
extensions or at the junction of the parietal
and outer lips, where the exhalant current
leaves the mantle cavity; exhalant siphon:
a short outlet for the exhalant current
ex-ig'u-ous (L exiguus = scanty, small): small,
slender, diminutive
ex-o-gas'tric (Gr exo = outside; gaster = stom-
ach): found only in the early developmental
stage where the gastropod shell extends
forward over the head and the foot with-
draws into the shell first, normal
Nautilus; opposite to endogastric
skeleton=a
as a
in the
ex-o-skel'e-ton (Gr exo = outside;
dried body): skeleton,
shell; an outer skeleton; an external struc-
ture that supports the body, commonly
called a shell
ex-ot'ic (Gr exotikos = foreign): foreign to that
locality, not native; introduced from a for-
the external
eign country; strange
ex-pand'ed (L expando = spread out): spread out
as the lip of some gastropods
ex'pla-nate (L explanatus = to flatten out): the
outer lip extending outward and flattened as
if marginally dilated
ex-sert'ed (L exsertus = projecting, open):
pushed out, protruded from surrounding
parts
ex-ten'sile (L ex = out; tendere = to stretch):
capable of being thrust out or extended (the
sand dollar creeps along beneath the sand
with a slow gliding motion by means of the
myriads of minute extensile tubefeet which
it possesses)
ex-ter'nal (L externus = outward): a shell which
contains the animal and is not covered by
the mantle
ex-tra'ne-ous growth (L extraneus = foreign):
external, having no essential relation to or
not belonging to a shell
ex-tra-trop'i-cal: not within the tropics
ex-um-bil'i-cate
navel, venter):
51)
(L ex = out of; umbilicus =
destitute of umbilicus (Fig.
F
face): a small surface
sickle): scythe-shaped,
fac'et (Fr facette =
fal'cate (L falcatus =
new moon-shaped, hooked; falciform: in
shape of a sickle, curved like a sickle (Fig.
52)
Ws Figure 5l Figure 52
false umbilicus: a cavity or depression in the
base of the last whorl, a pseudumbilicus
farc'tate (L farctus = to stuff): filled full, dis-
tended; to swell out
fas'ci-a(L fascia = a band): a broad and well-
defined band of color, striped; fasciated:
marked with transverse bands of color
fas-cic'u-la-ted (L fascis = a bundle): a bundle
of fibers, arranged or growing in a close
cluster or bundle; a little bunch of hairs or
bristles against each end of each valve
characterizing some species of chiton
fas'ci-ole (L fascia = a band): a small band; one
of the bands of minute spine-bearing tuber-
cles in spatangoid sea urchins; a distinct
band of color; a spiral band formed in gas-
tropods by the successive growth lines on
the edges of a canal; fascio-maculata: with
spots disposed in bands; fascio-punctate:
ornamented with colored points disposed in
bands
fath'om (AS faethm = the space reached by the
arms extended, an embrace): a nautical
unit of measure, six feet, used principally
for measuring cables and the depth of the
ocean by means of a sounding line
fau'ces (L fauces = the throat): throat; that por-
tion of the interior of a spiral shell which
can be seen by looking into the aperture
fau'na (LL fauna = sister of Faunus, god of
agriculture and of shepherds): the animals
living within a given area or existing within
a stated period
fa-ve'o-late (L favus = honeycomb): pitted, hav-
ing depressions or cells resembling those
of a honeycomb;
favose: producing a
honeycomb-like incrustation
fecal — fossa
Page 20
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
———_ See
fe'cal (L faex = dregs): sediment, refuse, or
excrement; feces: the alimentary refuse
ejected from the anus
(L fenestra
window-like opening or hole, a foramen
fente (OFr fente = a hole): an opening or slit
which appears on the slopes
near the hinges, when the valves are closed
(Bags 53)
fer-ru'gi-nous (L ferruginus = iron rust):
colored, brownish or yellowish red
fi'brous (L fibra = fiber): composed of or hav-
ing the character of fibers
fe-nes'tra-ted = a window): a
of bivalves,
rust
fil'i-form (L filum = a thread; forma = form):
thread-shaped, long and slender and of
equal thickness from top to bottom, thready;
filose: having a thread-like appendage,
terminating in a thread-like process
fil'lets (L filum = a thread, band): bands of fi-
bers
fim'bri-a-ted (L fimbriatus = fringed): having a
fringed edge or border (e. g., Zirfaea cris-
pata Linnaeus) (Fig. 54) ass
fis'sile (L fissilis = cleave, split): cloven,
separated
ca-
pable of being split or into
layers, divided into parallel lamellae
fis'sure (L fissura = a cleft, split): a little slit,
narrow opening, cleft, crevice, furrow, as
Tenagodus squamatus Blainville; fissate:
deeply cleft, nearly split
fis'tu-lar (L fistula = a tube, a pipe): resem-
bling, or “of the nature ‘ofja fistula;va reed
or pipe, hollow organ; fistulous: having the
form or nature of a fistula (Fig. 55)
fla-bel'li-form (L flabellum = a small fan;
forma = form): radiating structure from a
single point as the base or apex, fan-shaped
flac'cid (L flaccus = flabby): lacking firmness
or elasticity; relaxed, flabby, limber
flag'el-late (L flagellum = a whip): having flag-
ella or whip-like processes, a lash-like
appendage as the terminal part of an an-
tenna
flam'mules (L flammula = a small flame): spots
of color resembling a small flame, red-
dish, tinged with red
flange: a projecting rim, edge, or an external
or internal rib (Fig. 56)
flar'ing (Norw. flara= blaze): to open or spread
outward, to project outward, a spreading
from within outward, asa lip
fla'vous (L flavus = golden yellow): yellow;
flavescent: growing yellow, turning yellow
flex'u-ous (L flexuosus = full of turns): winding
or bending gently to and fro in opposite di-
rections, zigzag
flex'ure (L flexura = a winding): the progres-
sive folding or warping of one or both of
the valves
floc'cu-lent (L floccus = lock of wool): clinging
together in bunches; resembling wool, a
loose tuft like wool
flu'vi-a-tile (L fluvius =
ers;
a river): living in riv-
growing near or belonging to rivers
or fresh water, existing in a river
fold (AS folde = a fold): one part doubled over
another, a spiral ridge on the columella
projecting into the interior of the shell
leaf-like, flat-
tened, projecting like tiles; sculpture that
has a leaf-like appearance, as the folia-
tions on Chama macerophylla Gmelin;
foliated: consisting of laminae or thin
plates (Fig. 57)
the muscular undersurface of the body of
a mollusk upon which the animal rests or
moves; fleshy organ of locomotion
fo-li-a'ceous (L folium = leaf):
foot:
fo-ra'men (L forare = to bore): an orifice or
short passage, an opening through a bone
or shell, a round opening at or near the
beak of a brachiopod, accommodating the
pedicle; foramina: small openings especi-
ally in shells of Foraminifera
for'ni-ca-ted (L fornix = ial’ El ae GS Ja))g
concave within, convex without; arched,
vaulted; fornix: the cavity on the inside
under the hinge of a bivalve, the upper or
convex shell in an oyster, the more arched
a vault,
valve of a bivalve that has unequal valves
fos'sa (L fossa = a ditch, a trench): a shallow
depression or cavity as in Cuspidaria;
fossette: a dimple, pit-like or small de-
Zirfaea crispata
Figure 54
Papyridea aspersa
Figure 53
Figure 55
Figure 56 Figure 57
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
fossil — gemmule
Page 21
eS
pression, a depression for the resilium; the
fossettes are placed at the hinge in some
bivalves; fossula: a little fossa or small
pit with reduced partitions (Fig. 58)
fos'sil (L fossilis = dug out): any hardened re-
mains or traces of plant or animal life of
some previous geological period, pre-
served in rock formations in the earth's
crust
fo've-o-late (L fovea = a small pit):
veolae or little pits or depressions
fringe (L fimbriae = a fringe, border):
type of epidermis which extends over the
having fo-
edging,
edge of the mantle
fron-dose' (lL frond = leaf):
vided into leaf-like expansions
Murex species (Fig. 59)
fru-giv'o-rous (L frux = fruit;
vour): feeding upon succulent fruits
fry (ME fry = offspring): the young or recently
hatched brood of fishes and oysters
fu-ga'cious (L fugio=to flee): having a tendency
to flee away or disappear; not permanent,
falling or perishing very early, lasting but
more or less di-
as many
vorare = to de-
a short time
ful'crum (L fulcio = prop up):
against which a lever rests; the portion of
a pelecypod to which the cartilage is at-
tached
ful-gu-ra'tions (L fulgeo = flash): the act of
flashing or lightning, to throw out flashes
the support on or
fu-lig'i-nous (L fuligo = soot): of, pertaining to,
or like soot or smoke, or having the color
of soot; dark colored, sooty opaque brown
ful'vous (L fulvus = deep yellow): orange in col-
or, reddish yellow, tawny, rust color, red-
dish brown
fu-nic'u-lar (L funis = a rope, a cord): per-
taining to a cord, shaped like a small cord
or band; funicle: a narrow ridge of callus
spiraling into the umbilicus as in Natici-
dae; funiculate:
der ridge
forming a narrow or slen-
Figure 58 Figure 59
fur'row (AS furh = a furrow): a gutter; longitu-
dinal shallow groove which, when bivalves
are closed, runs parallel to the hinge
fus'cous (L fuscus = dark, dusky):
grayish black, tawny, dusky; fuscescent:
brown or
dark brown
fu'si-form (L fusus = a spindle; forma = form):
spindle-shaped with a long canal and an
equally long spire, tapering from the mid-
dle toward each end; applied to univalves
(exec; Fusinus); fusoid: spindle-form (Fig.
60)
G
gan'gli-on (Gr ganglion = a tumor): a well de-
fined collection of nerve cells and fibers
forming a subsidiary nerve center; plural
ganglia
ga'ping (Ice. gapa = to yawn, gape): an opening
somewhere along the margin of a bivalve
shell, the edges of which do not naturally
shut tightly together, as in soft shelled
clams; gapers (e.g., Mya, Solen, Ensis)
(Fig. 61) aes
Gas-trop'o-da (Gr gaster = stomach; pous =
foot): a class of mollusks; a scientific
term for univalves with the stomach situ-
ated in the region of the foot, shell in one
piece, usually spirally coiled, unsymmet-
rical; living in the sea, fresh water, and on
land; herbivorous and carnivorous
a theory holding that no two spe-
cies with identical ecological requirements
can coexist in the same place
ge-lat'i-nous (L gelare = to congeal): like jelly,
as the eggs of some mollusks
Gause's rule:
gem!'i-nate (L geminus = twin, two-fold): to
double; occurring in pairs, twins; duplica-
ting
gem'mule (L gemma =a bud): a bud-like out-
growth which becomes an independent indi-
vidual; gemmate: to put forth buds
Fusinus irregularis
Figure 60
—— ns C=
i i il E Z
“Solen rudis
Figure 6|
generitype — granulated
Page 22
generitype (now obsolete):
generotype (obsolete):
genetic isolation:
more populations is prevented by sterility
barriers
ge-nic'u-late (L genu = the knee): to bend or be
bent abruptly like a knee joint
see type species
see type species
interbreeding between two or
gen'o-type: see type species for taxonomic
meaning of term; biologically, this refers
to the genetic constitution of an organism
regardless of the outward appearance
(phenotype) of the same
ge'nus (L genus = race, tribe): a taxon includ-
ing one to many species of presumed com-
mon phylogenetic origin, separated from
related but similar taxa by a decided gap
ge-oph!'i-lous (Gr ge = earth; philo = to love):
ground loving, as land snails
ge-ron'tic (Gr geron = an old man):
deteriorating
gib'bous (L gibbosus =
decadent,
hunched):
rounded as the whorls in some snails;
very much
hump-backed, irregularly rounded, bunched
out, embossed, swollen, inflated (Fig. 62)
Figure 65
Figure 63
gill (ME gile = a gill) or ctenidium, plural
ctenidia: an organ for breathing the air
dissolved in water; the respiratory organ
of a mollusk
gir'dle (AS gyrdel =a girdle): a flexible, lea-
thery, muscular integument holding the
chiton valves in place, often ornamented
with scales, spicules, or hairy processes
(Fig. 63)
giz'zard (L gigeria = cooked entrails of poultry):
a thickened muscular stomach designed for
crushing food; a peculiar stomach paved
with calcareous plates, as in Bullidae, be-
ing strong enough to crush small shellfish
gla'brous (L glaber = without hair, smooth):
without hair, smooth surfaced
gla'di-us (L gladius = a sword): internal shell,
the horny endoskeleton or pen of a cuttle-
fish
gland'i-form (L glans=an acorn; forma = form):
acorn-shaped
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
glass'y (AS glaes = glass): vitreous, transpar-
ent, pellucid, clear (e.g., Vitrinidae —
minute land snails; Atlanta peroni Lesueur
— pelagic sea snail)
glau'cous (L glaucus = bluish-green):
green or pale bluish-green color
glo-big-e-ri'na (L globus = a round body; ge-
rere = to bear): a genus of minute pelagic
a S€a-
Foraminifera with globose calcareous
shells which live abundantly at or near the
surface of the sea; their dead shells, fall-
ing to the bottom, make up a large part of
the soft chalky mud which covers vast
areas of the depths of the ocean and is
called globigerina ooze
glo'bose (L globus = a sphere, a ball): rounded,
sphere-shaped, like a globe or ball, nearly
globular, subspherical; globular: spherical
(e.g., Polinices) (Fig. 64)
glo-chid'i-um (Gr glochis = arrow-point): the
much modified larvae of certain fresh
water clams (Anodonta); these larvae are
liberated by the female when a fish swims
near by, and they then attach themselves to
the gills or fins of the fish where they be-
come encysted; after a parasitic existence
for a variable period of time, these larvae
finally emerge as young mussels
glo'chis (Gr glochis = arrow-point): a barbed
hair, bristle, spine, point, or the like, as
the radula in Conus (Fig. 65)
glom'er-ate (L glomus = a ball): to mass, com-
pactly or densely clustered; to collect into
a spherical form or mass
gon'ad (Gr gonos = seed):
which eventually becomes a testis or ovary,
an oviduct or
a generative tissue
a germ gland; gonoduct:
seminal duct
go-ni-a-ti'te (Gr gonia =
tinct Paleozoic ammonoid cephalopod, ap-
pearing in Middle Devonian Period
slender, thin): gracefully
angle, corner): ex-
grac'ile(L gracilis =
slender or slight
gra'date (L gradus = step): arranged in a series
of rising steps as the whorl shoulders
grained (L granum = grain, seed): dotted with
small tubercules or grain-like elevations
gran-o'sus (L granosus = full of grains): re-
sembling a string of beads or grains, cov-
ered with minute grain-like elevations
gran'u-la-ted (L granum = a seed): covered
with minute grains or beads or small nod-
granulata: sand-like roughness;
a very small or minute elevation;
ules;
granule:
pustular surface sculpture; granulose: re-
sembling grains, as the valve surface of
Poromya and Euciroa
Vol. 7; Supplement
gre-ga'ri-ous (L gregarius = a flock, herd):
having the habit of associating in flocks,
herds, or companies, living in colonies
with others of the same species (e. g., Tur-
ritella, Pteropoda) ion
gris'e-ous (LL grisius = gray): white mottled
with black or brown, light gray, bluish gray
growth lines: lines on the shell surface indica-
ting rest periods during growth, denotinga
former position of the outer lip; growth
rugae: undulations or wrinkled ridges on
the shell surface formed by a previous po-
sition of the outer lip (Fig. 66)
gu'lar (L gula = throat):
to the innermost part of the aperture (Fig.
67)
gut'tate (L gutta = a drop): spotted as if sprin-
kled with drops of color
in mollusks referring
gut'ter (OFr gutiére = a gutter): the elongated
projection beyond the mouth
Murex (Fig. 68 ); guttered
Gym-no-glos'sa (Gr gymnos = destitute of;
glossa = tongue): a suborder of gastropods
in some
in which the radula and jaws are wanting
and not needed since they are parasitic on
star fish and sand dollars (e.g., Pyrami-
dellidae, Eulimidae)
gy-ra'tory (Gr gyros = moving in a
circle, having a circular or rotary motion
circle):
Figure 68
Figure 70
Figure 7
THE VELIGER
gregarious — herbivorous
Page 23
H
hab!i-tat (L habito = habit):
race,
the region where a
individual naturally or
usually lives or is found
ha'li-o-toid (Gr halos = the sea; otos = ear):
ear-shaped, typical of the Haliotidae, com-
monly called sea ears (Fig. 69)
ham'a-type (Gr hama = together + type): a spe-
cimen from the type lot of a species, not
species, or
used as holotype or paratype; a special
group of topotype; a term no longer used
has'tate (L hasta =a spear): triangular or
halberd-shaped with the base diverging on
each side into an acute lobe;
head valve:
70)
hec-to-cot'y-lus (Gr hekaton=a hundred; kotyle
=a smali cup): one arm of the male ceph-
alopod that serves as an instrument of
copulation
height: in gastropods, the greatest length
parallel to the shell axis through the colu-
mella; in pelecypods, the greatest vertical
dimension through the beak at right angles
to a line bisecting the adductor scars (also
called altitude, but the term height is pre-
ferred)
helico-, helic- (Gr helix = spiral): a prefix
used to signify a spiral; helicocone: an ex-
panding cone-like tube, closed at the apex
and open at the other end; the usual form
of gastropods
hel'ic-al (Gr helix = a spiral): spirally coiled,
following the course of a spiral; helicoid:
a geometric term not suitable for describ-
ing the form of a gastropod shell; helici-
a line, or the like, curved into a
shape such as it would assume if wound in
a single layer around a cylinder, a form
like a screw thread (Fig. 71)
he'lix (Gr helix = anything spiral): a common
garden snail (en 2.5 Helix pomatia, Helix
aspersa)
hel'met shell (AS helm = helm, a covering): the
genus Cassis; some species, as Cassis
cornuta Linnaeus, used as the material on
which cameos are sculptured
hemiomphalous (Gr hemi = half; omphalos = the
navel): when the opening of the umbilicus
is partly plugged with shelly matter
hem-i-spher'i-cal (Gr hemi = half; sphaira =
a half sphere
spear-shaped
the anterior valve of chitons (Fig.
form:
sphere):
her-biv'o-rous (L herba = grass, herbage;
vorare = to devour): feeding on vegetable
hermaphrodite — homonym
Page 24
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
matter, eating or living on plants (e.g.,
Strombus, Acmaeidae)
her-maph'ro-dite (Gr Myth = Hermaphroditus,
the fabled son of Hermes and Aphrodite):
having the sexes united in the same indi-
vidual as in some mollusks (e.g., in cer-
tain species of Pecten, Teredo,
Tivela, oysters)
Tridacna,
a crustacean with a soft abdo-
men; for protection it thrusts this part into
various empty univalve shells, carrying
her'mit crab:
this habitation with it and changing to a
larger shell as it increases in size
Het-er-o-don'ta (Gr heteros = different; dens =
tooth):
few interlocking teeth,
dinals and laterals, which may be reduced
an order of bivalves, usually with
consisting of car-
or even absent; there are two adductors,
and the mantle is furnished with siphons
(e.g., Tellinidae)
het-er-o-ge'ne-ous (Gr heteros = other;
= kind): dissimilar, possessing different
characteristics; opposed to homogeneous
genos
het-e-ro-my-a'ri-an (Gr heteros = different;
mya = muscle): a group of Bivalvia having
unequally developed adductors (e.g. Mytil-
idae)
het-er-o-pod (Gr heteros = different; pous =
foot): sea snail with a compressed foot
adapted for swimming, pelagic inthe
warmer seas (e.g., Carinaria lamarcki
Peron & Lesueur)
het-er-os'tro-phy (Gr heteros =
strophe = turn):
different;
a turning in a contrary
direction, reverse or left-hand coiled, as
in certain univalve shells as some Busy-
cons; also applied to protoconchs (Fig.
72)
Busycon contrarium
hinge teeth
hinge plate
Figure 74
Figure 72 Figure 73
Figure 75
hex-ag'o-nal (Gr hex = six; gonia = corner,
angle): six-sided, having six sides and six
angles (e.g., apex of Dentalium floridense
Henderson)
hi-a'tus (L hiatus = to gape):
opening, a foramen
to gape, a gap or
hi-ber-na'tion (L hibernans = to pass the win-
ter): suspended animation during dry or
cold weather; inactivity; to pass the winter
in a torpid condition or in seclusion
hinge (ME hengen = hang): the interlocking
toothed devices in a bivalve; hinge line: the
edge of a bivalve shell along which the two
parts are held together (Fig. 73 ); hinge
plate: the dorsal margin carrying the hinge
teeth (Fig. 74); hinge teeth: interlocking
teeth that unite the valves
rough, shaggy): covered
hir-sute! (L hirsutus =
with coarse hairs or hair-like processes,
set with bristles, shaggy
his'pid (L hispidus = hairy, prickly):
covered with a hairy periostracum, rough
densely
with minute spines or bristles
hol-o-se-ri'ceous (Gr holos = whole; serikos =
silken): covered with minute silky or shiny
hairs, having a silky appearance
(Gr holos = whole; stoma =
having the mouth of the shell
rounded or entire, without a canal, notch,
or any extension; holostomatous (Fig. 75)
hol'o-type (Gr holos = whole + type): the origi-
nal type; a single specimen upon which a
ho-los'to-mate
mouth):
species is based
homeostrophic (Gr homoios = like; strophe =
turn): having the teleoconch and the proto-
conch whorls clearly coiled in the same
direction
ho'me-o-type (Gr homoios = same+ type): a
specimen which has been carefully com-
pared with and identified with an original
primary type
ho-mo-ge'ne-ous (Gr homos = same;
race): having a resemblance in structure
due to descent from a common progenitor;
of the same composition or structure
as an inner porcel-
genos =
throughout, uniform,
laneous layer of shell with no visible struc-
ture; opposed to heterogeneous
ho-mol'o-gous (Gr homos = same; lego = speak):
corresponding in structure, identical in
nature, makeup, or relation
hom-o'nym (Gr homos = same; onyma = name):
the name of more than one object; the lat-
ter of identical names given to two or more
different genera or species
Vol. 7; Supplement
hy'a-line (Gr hyalos =
parent, a glassy surface, transparent like
glass): glossy or trans-
glass or water
hy'brid (L hybrida = a mongrel):
breeding, the offspring of an animal pro-
mixed, inter-
duced by the crossing of different species,
as found in some limpets
hy-droph'a-nous (Gr hydro = water; phanerus =
visible): made transparent when immersed
in water
hy'per-stroph'ic (Gr hyper = over; strophe =
turn): an apparently sinistral shell with a
dextrally organized animal (ultradextral);
a seemingly dextral shell with a sinistrally
organized animal (ultrasinistral); usually
detected only from a study of the soft parts
hypodigm: the entire known material of a spe-
cies available to the taxonomist
hy'op-plax (Gr hypo =
broad):
the valves ventrally on
flat and
an accessory shell piece between
under; plax =
some burrowing
clams
hypostracum (Gr hypo =
shell): refers to the lowest ventral cal-
careous layer of a chiton valve
hy'po-type (Gr = under, less than + type):
from the type locality; a figured or listed
specimen
under; ostrakon =
not
|
a suffix to the stem name of a genus to
denote the family (e.g., Patellidae, Coni-
dae); see -acea and
i-den'tic-al(L idem = the same): uniform with
something else in quality, condition, ap-
pearance, as when a fossil form is per-
fectly similar to a recent species
im'bri-ca-ted (L imbricatus = to cover with
gutter tiles): overlapping one another at the
margins, shingle-like, to lay or arrange
regularly so as to overlap one another, as
the ribs on some Chlamys (Fig. 76)
im-bued' (L imbuo = moisten): impregnate by
absorption, colored more or less deeply in
the substance of the shell
im-mac'u-late (L in = not; maculatus = spotted,
mottled): without spots or mottling, with-
out blemish, not spotted
im-mar'gin-ate (L in = not;
-idae:
-inae
marginatus = to
enclose with a border): having no elevated
or colored margin or rim
im-mersed' (L in= in; mergo = to dip): liga-
ment deeply impressed; apex concealed by
subsequent whorls, involved deeply (Fig.
77)
THE VELIGER
hyaline — incurved
Page 25
im-per'fo-rate (L in = not; perforatus =
through):
when the spire is quite flat, the umbilicus
vanishes entirely; when the whorls are so
to bore
not perforated or umbilicated;
compactly coiled on an ascending spiral
that there is no umbilicus, the shells are
termed imperforate; the term anomphalous
is preferred (Fig. 78) eee eae eS,
im-pressed' (L in = in; premo = to press):
marked by a furrow, sunk below the sur-
face as the spiral lines on some univalves
(Eee)
im-punc'tate (L in = not; punctum = a point, a
puncture): without pits, spots, or holes
-inae: a suffix used in forming Latinized
names of subfamilies (e. g., Fissurellinae,
see -idae and -acea
in-ae-qui-par'tite (L
equal): when one end of a bivalve is longer
than the other
in-ar-tic'u-late (L NOM raurEtHaCuMle a tuNS se —
jointed): not jointed or fitted together;
inarticulate hinge: having no visible teeth
Diodorinae);
in = not; aequipartus =
a =
or furnished only with callosity
in-cised' (Lin = into; caedo = cut): having deep
notches; into deeply;
Sharply cut grooves
cut):
cut sculptured with
in-ci'sure (L incisus = a cut, an incision,
notch
in-cras'sate (lL. in = in; crassus = thick, solid);
thickened, to make or become thick or
thicker
in-cre-men'tal lines (L incrementum = growth,
increase): lines or faint marks on the shell
indicating the growth; shells grow at inter-
mittent periods with intervals of absolute
rest
in-crus-ta'tion (L in = on; crusta = rind, bark,
crust): to cover with a crust or hard coat;
a deposit of calcareous matter upon the
shell
in-curved! (L incurvus = bent, bowed, curved):
the state of being curved or bent, bent over
as the apex in some shells (Fig. 80)
DP Nautilus a
pompilus
Tegula rugosa
Figure 78
Figure 80
indented — internal
Page 26
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
in-dent'ed (L in = in; dens =a tooth): notched,
abruptly pressed inward; a cut or notch in
an edge or border
in-dig'e-nous (L indigena = native): native to
the country, originating in a specified place
or country
inductura (L inductura = a coating, a covering):
a smooth shelly layer secreted by the
mantle spreading from the interior side of
the aperture and over the columellar lip
and sometimes over the shell exterior;
callus
in-e-qui-lat'er-al (L in = not; aequus = equal;
latus = side): having the anterior and pos-
terior sides of the valves unequal; the um-
bones nearer one end than the other; valves
dissimilar in shape and size (Fig. 81)
in-e'qui-valve (L in = not; aequus = equal; valva
= leaf of a door): when one vaive is larger
than the other or more convex or of a dif-
ferent form from the other; unequal valves
as the shell of an oyster, the left valve be-
ing larger; the right valve of Corbula is
larger; the right valve in Pectens is con-
vex (Fig. 82)
in-fla'ted (L inflatus = blown up): applied to
rotund shells of thin structure, swollen,
increased unduly, distended, ventricose
(e.g., Tonnidae) (Fig. 83)
in-flect'ed (L in = in; flecto =
margin turned inward, a bending or bend,
inflexed; bend inward or downward (Fig.
84)
in-fract'ed (L infractus = break):
as if broken, bent inward abruptly, like a
bent): turned in,
bent inward
bent knee, geniculate
in-fra-me'di-an(L infra =below; medius = belt):
relating to a belt or zone along the sea bot-
tom which is between 50 and 100 fathoms
in depth
in-fra-su'tur-al (L below;
seam): below the seam or suture
in-fun-dib'u-li-form (L in = into; fundo = pour;
forma = form): funnel-shaped; the siphon
or funnel of a cephalopod
in-ha-lant (L in = in; halo = breathe): to breathe
infra = sul tural =
Corbula
borrattiana
Figure 82
Figure 83
Tonna maculosa
in; inhalant siphon: a tube-like organ along
which water, containing oxygen, is drawn
into the mantle cavity
inner line: the part of the peristome against
the pillar (Fig. 85)
in-o-per'cu-late (L in = not; operculum = a cov-
er, lid): lacking an operculum, as a garden
snail
insertion plates: narrow marginal extensions of
the articulamentum of the valves of chitons
projecting into the girdle (Fig. 86)
inshore: being or occurring near the shore, in
the water near the shore or within a cer-
tain distance from it
in-spis'sate (L in = in; spissus = thick, dense):
to give greater consistency to, to thicken
in-te-gri-pal'li-ate (L integer = whole, entire;
pallium = mantle): having a pallial im-
pression entire; a bivalve shell without a
Sinus, as clams or oysters
in-teg'u-ment (L in = upon; tegulum = a cover-
ing): a natural outer covering, as the skin
of an animal, epidermis
in-ter'ca-lar-y (L intercalaris = that which is
introduced in the
to insert or
inserted): inserted or
midst of others; intercalated:
interpolate; intercalation: growth which
takes place other than at the apex or in the
usual place
in-ter-cos'tal(L inter = between; costa = a rib):
placed or occurring between the ribs;
intercostate: between the ribs or ridges
in-ter-med'i-ate valves (L inter = between;
medius = middle):° the six valves between
the anterior and posterior valves of chitons
in-ter'nal (L internus = inward): a shell is said
to be internal when enclosed within the or-
ganism or mantle of a mollusk (e.g., a pen
of Sepia, or the internal shell Spirula Spi-
rula Linnaeus); internal cast: the mold
formed inside a fossil shell by an extrane-
ous substance which entered the shell; in-
ternal ligament: the ligament of a bivalve
placed within the hinge and not visible when
the valves are closed
Trivia solandri FUSUG 1S
Figure 84 inner line
Figure 85
Vol. 7; Supplement
in-ter-spa'ces (L inter = between;
space):
ribs, shallow and narrow space or channels
spatium =
intervening space, spaces between
between ribs
in ter-sti-ces (L interstitium = a space be-
tween): crack, crevice, chink, a narrow
space between the parts of a body or things
close together; interstitial: pertaining to,
existing in, or forming an interstice
intertidal zone: the area bounded by the high
and low tides
in'ter-val (L inter = between; vallum = wall):
the space between elevations or depres-
sions, distance between points
in-tor'tion (L in = in; torqueo = twist): a turn-
ing or twisting toward one side or the
other, or in any direction from the vertical
in-trorse' (L intro = inwardly; versus = turn):
turned inward or turned toward the axis
in'vo-lute (L in = in; to roll): the
whorls nearly or entirely concealing the
volvere =
axis or earlier volutions, the outer lip
rolled inward, as in Cypraea (Fig. 87)
ir-i-des'cent (Gr iris = a rainbow): exhibiting
rainbow colors due to the interference of
light when reflected from thin films or fine
striations, as those seen in mother-of-
Picadl ep GIsmatic (Cc Olloms! reflected (le. ig,
Haliotis)
ir'ro-rate (L in =
ros = dew): covered
with minute color marks
upon;
or very minute
grains or specks of color
I-so-dont'a(Gr iso= equal; dont = tooth): equally
developed teeth, each valve with two main
teeth slightly curved and fitting into cor-
responding sockets; an order of bivalves
i'so-stroph'ic (Gr isos = equal; strophe = turn):
a symmetrically sided shell coiled in one
plane, a flat spiral, planispiral (e.g., Bel-
lerophonidae)
sutural
laminae
jugal sinus
Nin ZP
Woyx
jugum
Figure 87 iaiguge (66
keel
labrum
outer lip
Corbula tenuis
Figure 89 Figure 90
THE VELIGER
interspaces — laciniated
Page 27
J
joint (L junctus = join): an articulation or place
of natural or easy separation
ju'gal sinus (L jugum = a yoke): sometimes
called a sutural sinus, the depression be-
tween the sutural laminae; jugal tract: the
surface of the tegmentum adjacent to the
jugum; jugum:
or rounded, on some intermediate chiton
valves (Fig. 88)
junc'tion (L jungere = to join): the circular line
where one turn of the spire meets another;
the meeting of the whorls of the
a longitudinal ridge, sharp
juncture:
spire, the suture, an articulation, a seam
Ju-ras'sic Period (named from Jura mountains,
a range near France in Switzerland): mid-
dle period of Mesozoic Era; fossils are
abundant, varied, and well preserved
ju've-nile (L juvenis = young): an immature
shell
K
keel (Ice. kjoir = a keel of a ship): the longitu-
dinal ridge; a carina, a prominent spiral
ridge usually marking a change of slope in
the outline of the shell (Fig. 89)
kitch'en-mid-den (Danish kjokkenmodding =
kitchen leavings, a shell mound): a mound
composed of sea shells and bones, the
kitchen refuse of ancient dwellings along
the coast of northern Europe, eastern and
western United States, and many parts of
the world
L
la'bi-al(L labium = the lip): pertaining to the
lip of the shell; labial area: a flattened
surface extending from the inner lip; labi-
ate: having lips or lip-like parts, lipped
la'bi-um (L labium = the lip): the inner lip of a
univalve shell, the inner side of the aper-
ture or columellar lip extending from the
origin at the lip of the labrum and resting
on the columella (Fig. 90)
la'brum (L labrum =a lip): the outer lip of a
univalve shell, the right side of the aper-
ture is formed by the outer lip; labral:
pertaining to the labrum (Fig. 90)
lac'er-a-ted (L laceratus = mangled): cut, rag-
ged, torn, or with edges jagged or irregu-
lar
la-cin'i-at-ed (L lacina = a flap):
cut irregularly into narrow lobes or seg-
ments; bordered with fringe; jagged
slashed or
lactescent — limpet
Page 28
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
lac-tes'cent (L lac =
in appearance or consistency; yielding or
secreting a milky fluid; lacteous: milky,
of white or milky color
lac'u-nose(L lacuna = a hollow, cavity): marked
by shallow depressions; having the surface
milk): something like milk
covered with small cavities, pitted; lacu-
nate: with a small gap or pit Faas
la-gen'i-form (L lagena=a flask; forma = form):
flask-shaped, dilated and ending in a nar-
row neck, like a bottle
lam-ba'ta (L lambo =
smoothened
la=mieltia (is) lamella =a thin sp Vartte)s) 7a thin
plate, flared axial projections of the outer
ton secs) Mlatckceyc
lip occurring at various stages in the shell
growth; lamellae: thin plates of hard or
lamellated: covered with
scales, divided into thin plates; lamelli-
soft tissue;
form: having the form of scales or thin
plates; lamello-fibrous: refers to shell
when one part is composed of fibers and
the other of laminae; lamellose: composed
of or full of thin plates, scales, or lamel-
aves (Tiong)
La-mel-li-bran'chi-a (L lamelli = thin plate;
branchiae = gills): an alternate name for
pelecypods
lam'i-na (L lamina = a thin plate, a layer): a
thin plate or scale; laminae: thin layers of
solid material, as bone or enamel; lami-
nated: consisting of overlapping plates or
scales
lam-i-nar'i-an zone: that zone of the sea, from
10 to 100 feet in depth, in which the lami-
narias (dark-spored seaweeds) are found
lan'ce-o-late (L lancea = a light spear): shaped
like a lance, gradually tapering to a point
(Fig. 92)
lap'i-drous (L lapis =
a stone
lap'pet (AS laeppa = a flap): a fold, a small flap,
lobe, or loose hanging portion
last whorl: the last, and usually the largest,
complete volution of a spiral shell; a term
preferred to body whorl
lat'er-al (L latus = the side): pertaining to the
side; the teeth on either side of the cardi-
nals; lateral area: a diagonally sculptured,
triangular shape situated at the sides to-
ward the anterior of the intermediate valves
of some chitons, and set off by a diagonal
ridge from the central area; lateral teeth:
interlocking teeth of a pelecypod, not func-
tioning as a hinge but serving to prevent
valves from sliding upon each other when
closed
a stone): of the nature of
lat-er-o-fron'tal (L latus = siden frons=
situated on the side in front
lat-i-cos'tate (L latus = wide, broad; costatus =
ribbed): having broad ribs; latus:
lat'ticed (Gr latte = lath):
to cross or interlace
lec'to-type (L lectus =
brow):
a side
cancellated, crossed;
chosen + type): a speci-
men selected from a syntypic series, upon
which a revised species is based
left valve (AS left = weak): determined by point-
ing the beaks of a pelecypod away from you
with the hinge up and the pallial sinus to-
ward the observer, then the left valve is on
the left
length (AS lang = long): in gastropods, the dis-
tance from the apex to the anterior end of
the shell, same as height; in pelecypods,
the greatest horizontal dimension at right
angles to the height; in chitons, the great-
est dimension parallel to the axis
len-tic'u-lar (L lenticularis = a lentil): having
the shape of a double convex lens, after the
fashion of a lens with curved sides; lens-
shaped (Fig. 93)
lep'rous (L lepra = peel):
scale-like,
with loose irregular
scales; covered with scales
(Fig. 94)
lig'a-ment (L ligula = a tongue): a horny band
located above the hinge, generally posterior
to the beaks; usually the greater part of the
ligament is externally placed but may be
entirely or partially internal in some gen-
era (Pig. 95)
LS
Odostomia
bisuturalis
Figure 92
2G
Figure 93
Figure 94
Figure 95
lig'u-late (L ligula = a tongue): thin, slender,
like a tongue or strap
li-mac!'i-form (L limax =a slug; forma = form):
having the form of a limax or slug
lim'pet (L lambo = lick; petra = rock): a gas-
tropod with an open conical shell, adheres
to rocks (e.g., Acmaeidae; Patellidae; an
edible Hawaiian limpet called "opihi'')
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
linear — mamunillated
Page 29
lin'e-ar (L linea =a line): marked with lines;
very narrow and elongate; lineated: marked
longitudinally with depressed parallel lines;
lineolated: marked with minute lines
lingual ribbon (L lingua = tongue): the radula or
odontophore; linguiform: tongue-shaped
lip (AS lippa = lip): the outer or inner edges of
the aperture in gastropods; any structure
that bounds an orifice, margin, edge
lipo- (Gr leipo = lacking): a prefix, a combin-
ing form, to signify lacking (e.g., Lipodon-
tida, a suborder of bivalves lacking teeth,
as Solemyacidae)
li'rate (L liratus = to plow):
or fine grooves on the shell surface, orna-
mented with sharp, raised threads, marked
with parallel grooves or ridges; thread-
fine raised lines
like sculpture; lira; lirae
lith-o-des'ma (Gr lithos =
a calcareous reinforcement of the internal
ligament (Fig. 96)
li-thoph'a-gous (Gr lithos = stone; phagein = to
eat): perforating stones; Lithophaga: the
elongate, cylindrical bivalve which bores
or other
plural:
stone; desma = bond):
into soft rocks, coral blocks,
shells
lit'to-ral (L litoralis = the
seashore between high and low tide lines;
littoral zone, tidal zone
li-tu'ra(L litura = a smearing, a blot):
scure color spot, paler at one margin as if
daubed or blotted
liv'id (L lividus = to be black and blue):
purplish-brown, lead-colored, ashy-pale
lo'bate (Gr lobos = lobe): provided with lobes,
lobed, a lobate process; lobulate: divided
into small lobes or having lobes or lobelets
seashore, coast):
an ob-
pale
/mpertalis
Barnea costata
Figure 96 Figure 97
lo'co-type (L locus = place + type): a shell ob-
tained from the same locality of the holo-
type; same as topotype
lon-gi-tu'di-nal (L longus = long): the length of
a shell or direction of the longest diameter,
the longitudinal ribs, as on Dentalium
lor'i-cate (L lorica = a coat of mail): to cover
with a protective coating or crust
loz'enge (OFr lozenge = a square window pane):
a figure with four equal sides having two
acute and two obtuse angles; lozenge-shaped,
a rhomb, diamond-shaped, similar to the
color spots on Conus ebraeus Linnaeus
lu'cid (L lucidus = clear, bright, shining):
from opaqueness, clear, translucent, pel-
free
lucid, shining
lu'men (L lumen = light):
ing; cavity of a tubular organ
lu'nate (L luna = the moon): semicircular, fal-
cate, crescent-shaped, as the aperture in
shaped like a small
passageway or open-
some shells;
crescent; lunulate:
bling a small crescent
lu'nule (L lunula = crescent-shaped): the heart-
shaped impression in front of the beaks in
a bivalve, one half being on each valve; a
crescent-shaped part or marking (e.g., as
in Pitar fulminata Menke) (see Fig. 95)
lu'rid(L luridus = pale yellow, ghastly): a dirty
yellowish color, dismal, dingy, dirty brown
lunular:
moon-shaped, resem-
color
lu'te-ous (L luteus =
especially an orange or reddish yellow;
golden yellow): yellow,
tawny yellow
lu'tose (L lutum = to daub with mud):
with clay, muddy; luteous: muddy
ly'rate (L lyra = a lyre): shaped like a lyre,
spatulate and oblong with small lobes to-
luteofulvous:
covered
ward the base
M
mac-ro-scop'ic(Gr makros = long, large; skopeo
= view): megascopic, visible to the naked
eye; opposed to microscopic
mac'u-la (L macula = spot, a stain): a colored
spot of rather large size; maculated:
spotted, blotched; maculose:
covered with spots (e.g., Terebra maculata
splashed or
Linnaeus)
mal-a-col'o-gy (Gr malos = soft-bodied; logia =
to speak): the study of molluscous or soft
animals; the branch of zoology which deals
with mollusks, the animal within the shell
mal'le-a-ted (L malleus = a hammer): appear-
ing as though hammered; malleations: a
hammered appearance
mam'mil-la-ted (L mamilla = the breast):
nished with rounded protuberances or with
wart-like projections; bluntly rounded as
the apex of Voluta (Fig. 97)
fur-
mantle — modioliform
Page 30
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
man'tle (L mantellum = a cloak, mantle): a
fleshy tunic, a membranous covering of a
mollusk that secretes the shell from mar-
ginal glands and provides the periostracum;
pallium
mar-ga-ri-ta'ceous (Gr margarites = a pearl):
glossy white with changeable tints of purple,
green, and blue; pearly in texture, resem-
bling mother-of-pearl, nacreous; margari-
tiferous: pearl-bearing
mar'gin(L marginare = to furnish with a bor-
der): the edge of a shell, sometimes waved,
a thick-
ened edge or border, especially the outer
crenated, or dentated; marginate:
lip; marginated: having a margin, especi-
ally one of a distinct character or appear-
ance; thicker
mar'gin-als (L margo = border): teeth on either
side of the median, central, or rachidian
tooth; on the most fully developed radulae
of most plant-eating gastropods; also called
uncini
mar'mo-rate (L marmor = marble): marble-
like, having color distributed as in marble
maz-a-rine' blue (named after Cardinal Maza-
rin): a deep rich blue
me'di-an (L medius = middle):
the middle, along the axial plane, passing
through or along the middle; median tooth:
the central or rachidian tooth,
pertaining to
a single
tooth in the middle of each row in most ra-
dulae
meg-a-scop'ic (Gr megas = large; skopeo =
view): visible to the naked eye; opposed to
microscopic
mel-a'ni-a (Gr melas = black, dark): blackness;
melanism: a shell with an abnormal black
color, the reverse of albinism; melanistic:
black; melanoid: looking black or dark
mem'bra-nous (L membrana = a thin skin): con-
sisting of membranes; soft and pliable, thin;
membranaceous
men-is-coi'dal (Gr meniskos = a crescent): with
one side concave, crescent-shaped
mes'i-al-ly (Gr mesos = middle): of, relating
to, or situated on or toward the meson or
medial plane, the vertical plane dividing the
animal into right and left halves
protoplax
Modiolus modiolus
Figure lOO
Pholadidae penita
Figure 98
meso- (Gr mesos = middle): a prefix used to sig-
nify the middle or dividing line; mesostra-
cum: calcareous shell layer between the
tegmentum and articulamentum in the more
highly developed chitons
mes'o-plax (Gr mesos = middle; plax = tablet):
a calcareous accessory shelly piece above
the umbone of some Pholadacea (Fig. 98)
Mes-o-zolic Era (Gr mesos = middle; zoe =
life): major time division from 60 to 185
million years ago; pelecypods and gastro-
pods increasing in importance, sea urchins
common, Age of Ammonites, Age of Rep-
tiles, Age of Cycadeoids (see Appendix)
met-a-mor'pho-sis (Gr metamorphosis = a trans-
formation): a pronounced change in form
from one growth stage to another, as the
metamorphosis of a soft larval mollusk into
one with a shell
met'a-plax (L meta = behind; plax = tablet): ac-
cessory plate behind the umbone of some
Pholadacea (Fig. 98)
mi-cro-pa-le-on-tol'o-gy (Gr mikros = small;
palaios = ancient): the study of microscopic
fossils, especially Foraminifera
mi-cro-scop'ic (Gr mikros = small; skopeo =
view): exceedingly minute, visible only un-
der a microscope; opposed to macroscopic;
microscopically: with minute inspection,
so as to require a microscope
mil-le-punc'ta-tus (L mille = a thousand; punc-
tum = a prick, a puncture): covered or
studded with many dots, points, or minute
depressions
mil'li-me-ter (L mille = a thousand; Fr m@tre
= meter): one-thousandth of a meter,
0.03937 of an inch; 25.4 millimeters (ab-
breviated mm) are equal to one inch
min-i-a'ceous (L minium = red lead): of the
color of minium or red lead
Mi'o-cene Epoch (Gr meion = less; kainos = re-
cent): earliest division of Neogene Period;
contains fewer fossils of recent species
Mississippian Period (named from the abun-
dantly fossiliferous strata in central Mis-
sissippi Valley): name used in North Amer-
ica and on some other continents; fossils
are identical with fossils found in Late Car-
boniferous rocks of Europe and Asia
mi'tra (Gr mitra = a turban): Mitra, a genus of
marine gastropods whose outline suggests
a bishop's miter, a pointed headdress worn
by various church dignitaries (Fig. 99)
mo-di'o-li-form (L modiolus =
or drinking vessel,
a small measure
form): the
form of a Modiolus or horse mussel (Fig.
100)
forma =
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
mollusca — mytiliform
Page 31
mol-lus'ca (L molluscus = meaning soft): in-
vertebrates with a soft unsegmented body
and covered usually with a double or single
shell, or having an internal shell; the phy-
lum Mollusca is divided into five classes:
Amphineura (chitons), Gastropoda (uni-
valves), Scaphopoda (tusk shells), Pelecy-
poda (bivalves), Cephalopoda (squids, etc.)
mo-nil'i-form (L monile = necklace; forma =
contracted or jointed at regular in-
tervals, resembling a string of beads; re-
form):
fers to some antennae
mo-noe'cious (Gr mono = one; oikos = house):
having the sexes united in the same indi-
vidual; opposed to dioecious
mon'o-graph (Gr mono = one; graphe = a writ-
ing): an account or description of one thing
or class of things; a treatise discussing a
single subject in detail
mon-o-my-a'ri-a (Gr mono = one; mys =
cle): only one muscle scar present, as in
oysters and pectens (Fig. 101)
mus-
mon!'o-type (Gr mono = one + type): the original
shell of a species described from a single
specimen
monotypic (Gr mono = one; typos = type): one
type, a single representative, as a mono-
typic genus
mor-pho-log'ic-al (Gr morphe = form; logike =
speak): the structure or form; the mor-
phological features of a spiral shell are:
aperture, body whorl, columella, outer lip,
and spire (Fig. 102)
mot'tled (OFr mattele = curdled): spotted with
different colors; blotched; maculated
mouth (AS muth = mouth): aperture of a uni-
valve shell (see Fig. 102)
mu'cro(L mucro =a sharp point):
sharp, rigid point, a small pointed process
or part; mucronate:
ending in a
terminating abruptly
in a short sharp point or spine
mul-ti-loc'u-lar (L multus = many; loculus =
little place): many celled or chambered,
having several divisions or compartments
(Fig. 103)
mul-ti-se'ri-al (L multus = many; series = a
row): having many series or rows, as teeth
on the radula
mul-ti-spi'ral (L multus = many; spira = a coil):
consisting of many whorls, as the opercula
of Trochidae, Livona, or Turritella (Fig.
104)
mul-ti-stri'ate (L multus = many; stria = fur-
row, channel): with many striations, nu-
merous thread-like lines, grooves, or
scratches
mul-ti-vin'cu-lar (L multus = VAlTNCHOMe=
bind): many bonds of union, as in Arca
(Fig. 105)
mu-ri-cate (L murex =
many;
a pointed stone): formed
with sharp elevated points; having the sur-
face covered with sharp points; muricoid:
similar to the Muricidae
mus'cle (L musculus = muscle): that part of a
mollusk's anatomy by which the animal is
attached to its shell; muscle scar: a spot
or depression, circular or ovate in outline,
on the inside of a bivalve shell showing
where the adductors were attached; anteri-
or and posterior muscle scars, as in Venus
mus'sel (L musculus = a sea mussel): a bivalve,
as Mytilus; boring mussel: Lithophaga;
horse mussel: Volsella; freshwater mus -
sel: Unionidae
mu-ta'tion (L mutare = to change): the act or
process of change, variations in form, al-
terations
my'o-phore (Gr myos = to
bear): a spoon-shaped or sickle-shaped
structure beneath the beaks on the interior
of the shell, serving as a place of attach-
ment for certain muscles; same as apophy-
a muscle; phoros =
sis which is a shelly process for the support
of a muscle (e.g., in Pholadidae)
my-til'i-form (L mytilus =
= form): having the form of a mussel shell,
mytiloid (Fig. 106)
a sea mussel; forma
=\ aperture
or
mouth
Mytilus edulis
Figure lO6 |
Figure 105
nacre — nympha
Page 32
N
na'cre (Fr nacre = mother-of-pearl): the pearly
or iridescent substance which lines the in-
terior of some shells; iridescent luster, as
mother-of-pearl; nacreous, as oyster shells
na'ked (AS naced = nude): lacking the usual cov-
ering; not having an external calcareous
shell
na'tant (L natare = to swim): floating, swim-
ming at the surface of the water
nat'i-cid (LL naticae = buttocks):
Natica, a genus of carnivorous sea snails
nau'ti-loid (L nautilus = Gr eidos =
form): resembling the nautilus in shape;
any nautiloid cephalopod shell coiled in a
symmetrical involute spiral, as in the ge-
nus Nautilus; nautilicone: spirally coiled in
a single plane ;
pertaining to
a nautilus;
na-vic'u-lar (L dim. of navis = ship): boat-
shaped, cymbiform, scaphoid
neb'u-lous (L nebula = mist, vapor, cloud):
clouded, marked with many scattered,
abrupt, dilated colors or spots; misty, in-
distinct
Neogene Period (Gr neos = new; genes = born):
latest period of Cenozoic Era, includes
Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Miocene Series
and Epochs; appearance of modern mam-
mals and more highly ornamented gastro-
pods
ne'o-type (Gr neos = new, recent + type): a type
of a species collected later, or selected to
replace the original type if lost or destroyed
ne-phrid'i-um (Gr nephros = a kidney): one of
the tubular renal organs of a mollusk
nep-i-on'ic (Gr nepios = infant): the next devel-
opmental stage immediately succeeding the
embryonic stage
ne-rit'ic (L nerita = sea mussel): pelagic, found
near land on the surface of the water, as
neritic plankton
nes'tlers (AS nestlian = to build a nest): clams
nestling in cavities or seeking protection in
clay or among dead shells which sometimes
produces variations in the shapes of their
shells (e.g., Sphenia, Petricolidae)
niche (It. nicchio = a shellfish, a mussel): a
position or occupation filled by an animal
in the food-web of a community
ni'dus (L nidus = a nest): a place for the natural
deposit of eggs, hatching place; nidamental:
of, pertaining to, bearing, or containing
eggs or egg capsules (e.g., Lima)
ni'ger (L niger = black, dark, dusky):
black; nigerrima: very black
glossy
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
ni-gres'cent (L nigrescens = to grow black):
approaching blackness, blackish, changing
to a black color
nit'id (L nitidus = shining):
brilliant, lustrous;
ing surface
glossy, shining,
nitidus: having a shin-
niv'e-ous (L niveus =
snow
noc-tur'nal (L nocturnus = of the night): occur-
ring or performed at night, seeking food at
night; opposed to diurnal
node (L nodus = a knot, knob):
ing; nodiferous:
snow): snowy, resembling
a knob or swell-
having or bearing nodes;
having tubercules, knobs, knobbed
ribs; nodular: in the form of small knobs
or nodules, small knob-like projections;
nodulose: having nodes of small size
notch(ME nock= a notch): a break or irregular-
ity in the peristome, marking the position
of the siphon; notched: nicked or indented,
as the anterior canal of some gastropods;
"turrid notch'' on the upper portion of the
outer lip in Turridae (Fig. 107)
nodose:
Figure 107
nu'cle-us (L nucleus = a little nut, kernel): the
tip or earliest formed partvorjayshell)
formed when the egg is hatched, the em-
bryonic shell which remains and is trans-
formed into the apex of the adult gastropod
shell, protoconch; nuclear whorls: those
which emerge from the egg; nucleated:
having a nucleus; nuclei: plural of nucleus;
prodissoconch is the embryonic shell of a
bivalve
nu'tant (L nutare = to nod): nodding, drooping,
the tip bent down toward the horizon
nym'pha (L nympha = a nymph): an impressed
area behind the beak of a bivalve strengthen-
ing the margin where the ligament is at-
tached or to reinforce the normal hinge
structure
Vol. 7; Supplement
O
ob-con'ic (L ob = inversion, turn about;
cone):
conic =
in the form of a reversed cone, in-
versely conical (Fig. 108)
o-bese'(L obesus = fat): distended, enlarged,
corpulent
ob-late' (L oblatus = spread out): flattened, ap-
plied to a spheroid of which the diameter is
shortened at two opposite ends; flattened at
the poles
ob-lique' (L ob = before; liquis = awry): to de-
viate from the perpendicular; slanting, as
the aperture of some shells; obliquely ovate:
as Crenella columbiana Dall
ob'long (L oblongus = rather long): elongated,
much longer than broad; elliptical
ob-o!'vate (L ob = inversion, turn about; ovate =
egg-shaped): reversed ovate, as some
shells when the diameter is greater near
the apex than at the lower part;
width above the aperture (Fig. 109)
greatest
Figure 108 Figure 109 Figure |10
Nuculona elenensis
Figure III Figure |l2
ob'so-lete (L obsoletus = to go out of use): ob-
scure; not very distinct; atrophied, rudi-
mental, imperfectly developed; when the
suture is not obvious
ob-tuse! (L obtusus = blunted): blunt or rounded
at the extremity, not pointed
oc-clu'sor (L ob = before; claudo = close): that
which occludes; an organ or muscle that
closes an opening in a body, as the anterior
retractor muscles of brachiopods; occluded:
closed
oc'el-late (L oculus = eye): eye-like, spotted,
having ocelli or eye-like spots; ocelli: mi-
nute simple eyes
o-chra'ceous (Gr ochra = pale
yellow, resembling ocher, brownish yellow
oc'u-lus (L oculus = eye): a spot shaped like an
eye; oculi: plural of oculus; oculiferous:
bearing eyes
yellow ocher):
THE VELIGER
obconic — orbicular
Page 33
oc-tag'o-nal (Gr okto = eight; gonia = angle):
having eight angles or sides
o-don'to-phore (Gr odous =
a name given by Professor Huxley
a tooth; pherein = to
bear):
to the radula, tongue, or lingual ribbon in
classes of gastropods possessing a com-
plicated series of lingual teeth; a bulging,
tonguelike structure, more or less protru-
sile, supporting the radula in most gastro-
pods; also called buccal mass
Ol'i-go-cene Epoch (Gr oligos = few;
recent): latest division of Paleogene Period
kainos =
oligogyral (Gr oligos =
cle): having few spirals, paucispiral
ol-i-va'ceous (L oliva = olive): resembling the
olive, olive-colored, dark greenish, as
few, small; gyros = cir-
Nucula linki Dall; oliviform: oval, resem -
bling an olive in form (e.g., Olividae) (Fig.
110)
om-niv'o-rous (lL omnis = all;
animal and vegetable
vorare = to de-
vour): eating both
food; living on food of all kinds indiscrim-
inately
om'pha-lous (Gr omphalos = the navel): a shell
with an umbilicus
on-tog'e-ny (Gr on [ont] = being; genesis = gen-
eration): the history of the evolution of an
individual organism; distinguished from
phylogeny
o'pal-ine (L opalus = opal):
or milky white with iridescent luster
o-paque' (Fr opacus = shady):
light, not transparent or translucent
opalescent; bluish
impervious to
o-per'cu-lum (L operire = to close or shut): a
horny or shelly plate serving to close the
aperture, wholly or partly, when the ani-
mal is retracted; a chitinous or calcareous
plate present in many groups of mollusks
(ence, unbo, Naticas -buisinulsi, Aus tunavera,
etc.); operculate: having an operculum;
operculigenous: producing an operculum;
operculigerous: having an operculum (Fig.
1e))
opisthocline (Gr opisthen = behind; clino =
usually refers to growth lines which lean
lean):
backward with respect to growth direction
of the helicocone
opisthocyrt (Gr opisthen = behind; kyrtos =
curved): referring to the growth lines that
arch backward with respect to the growth
direction of the helicocone
o-pis-tho-gy'rate (Gr opisthen = behind; gyrate
= revolve): the beaks in a bivalve pointing
backward (e. g., in Nuculidae) (Fig. 112)
or-bic'u-lar (L orbis = circle, spherical): round
and flat, circular, well rounded, having the
Ordovician Period — pallet
Page 34
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
form of an orbit (e. g., Codakia orbicularis
Linnaeus, or Divaricella); orbiculate: tak-
ing the form of an orbit
Or-do-vi'cian Period (Ordovices, an ancient
Celtic tribe in western England and Wales):
early period in Paleozoic Era; Middle Or-
dovician beds contain the oldest known
pelecypods, more variety of marine fossils
found than in the Cambrian rocks
or'i-fice (L os mouth; facere = to make):
= a
small opening into a cavity, a mouth-like
opening
orthocline (Gr orthos = direct; clino = lean): re-
ferring to growth lines which are at right
angles to growth direction of the helicocone
or-tho-gy'rate (Gr orthos = direct; gyrate
volve): the bivalve beaks directed toward
each other (e. g., Cardium) (Fig. 113)
orthostrophic (Gr orthos dilmeiet; strophe
turn): a normally coiled shell, not hyper-
strophic
TC
os-phra'di-um (Gr osphradion = strong scent):
an olfactory organ of some mollusks, a col-
lection of elongated sense-cells over each
gill
os'si-cle (L os = bone): a little bone, a small
calcareous deposit; hard nodular structure;
a chitinous process; osseous: having a bony
skeleton or pertaining to the nature of bone
o'to-cyst (Gr otos bladder): an
auditory vesicle or organ of hearing
ear; kystis =
outer lip: the outer edge of the aperture from
the suture to the foot of the columella, la-
brum (see Fig. 90)
o'vate (L ovatus = an egg): egg-shaped; oval, as
Cypraea; ovate-oblong: between oval and
oblong, having a shape somewhat resem-
bling a longitudinal section of a hen's egg;
ovate-subquadrate: rounded and somewhat
four-sided (e.g., Panope globosa Dall);
ovately-conic: shaped like an egg but with
a somewhat conic apex (Fig. 114)
egg-shaped (e. g., Marginella)
ovoid:
o-vip'a-rous (L ovum = an egg; pario = produce):
Persicula
adamsiana
\
ovate-
producing eggs or ova which hatch some
time after leaving the body of the female
(e.g., Cephalopods, Busycon)
O-vo-vi-vip'a-rous (L ovum = egg; vivus = alive;
pario = bear): producing eggs that are in-
cubated within the female's body and from
which the young emerge just before, during,
or immediately after the eggs are deposited
P
pachy- (Gr pachys = thick): a prefix, a combin-
ing form to signify thick (e. g., Pachyodon-
tida, an order of bivalves with thick teeth,
as Chamidae)
Pa'le-o-cene Epoch (Gr palaios = ancient; kainos
= recent): oldest division of Paleogene Pe-
riod
Paleogene Period (Gr palaios = ancient; genes
= born): includes Oligocene, Eocene, and
Paleocene Series and Epochs; types of gas-
tropods and pelecypods well represented,
period of archaic mammals
pa-le-on-tol'o-gist (Gr palaeo = ancient; ontos
= being; logos = speech): a student of fossil
remains of organisms and mollusca, such
as Ammonites, that lived during ancient
geological eras; palearctic: of or pertain-
ing to the northern part of the old world;
paleotropical: of or pertaining to the tropi-
cal or subtropical regions of the old world
Pa-le-o-zo'ic Era(Gr palaios = ancient; zoe
life): major division of geologic time; char-
acterized by an abundance of ancient or-
ganic remains, Age of Invertebrates (see
Appendix)
pal'let (L palo = spade): one of the two lance-
shaped or spatulate-shaped plates forming
part of the boring apparatus; pallets: two
simple or compound calcareous structures
at the siphonal end of some woodboring mol -
lusks, closing the burrow when the siphons
are withdrawn (paddle-shape in Teredo;
cone-in-cone-shape in Bankia) (Fig. 115)
Panope globosa
Yi >
aN
subquadrate
ovate-oblong
Figure 14
ovately -
conic
Marginella \.
a/buminosa
d Teredo SG8ankia
ovoid
Figure II5
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
pallial line — peduncle
Page 35
pal'li-al line (L pallium = a cloak): a fine,
single-lined impression in a bivalve pro-
duced by the edge of the mantle; pallial
sinus: a notch or recess in the pallial line;
pallium: the mantle of a bivalve mollusk
(Fig. 116)
pal'lid (L pallidus = pale):
or deficient in color; general color paler
pal'mate (L palma = hand): hand-shaped, digi-
tate, parts arising from a common center,
pale, ashen, lacking
flat and wide and having projections like
fingers, as certain corals
pan-du'ri-form (L pandura = a bandore, musical
instrument): fiddle-shaped, oblong at the
two extremities and contracted in the mid-
dle; pandurate
pap'il-lar-y (L papilla = a nipple, pimple): small
nipple-like processes, as the papillae of the
tongue, minute nodes or bumps; papilliform:
shaped like a papilla; papillose:
with an abundance of little bulgings or pim-
covered
ples; verrucose
pap'u-lous (L papula = pimple):
small bumps or pimples, as the operculum
covered with
of Nerita versicolor Gmelin; papula:
isolated pimple or small bump
pap-y-ra'ceous (L papyrus = a writing paper of
ancient Egyptians): thin, paper-like, papery,
pergamentous
par-a-sig-moi'dal (Gr para = beside; sigma =
the letter 5; eidos = form):
reversed letter ''S"’
par-a-sit'ic-al (Gr para = beside; sitos = food):
living in or on another species and deriving
nourishment for the whole or part of its
existence (e. g., Odostomia on oysters, lim-
pets, or scallops)
par'a-type (Gr para = beside + type): a speci-
men collected at the same place and at the
same time as the holotype and used in the
description of a species
pa-ri'e-tal (L paries = a wall): inside wall of a
univalve within the aperture, the broader
upper portion of the inner lip; parietal cal-
lus: a thickening of the inner lip; parietal
fold: spiral ridge on the parietal region;
parietal lip: part of the inner lip; parietal
ridge: a prominence on the parietal lip;
parietal wall: a discontinued, redundant ex-
pression meaning, pertaining to a "wall
wall''; parietes: pertaining to the walls of
an
curved like a
a part or cavity
par-i-vin'cu-lar (L pari = equal; vinculum = to
bind): a ligament similar to a cylinder split
on one side, attached by several edges, one
to each valve (e.g., Tellina, Cardium)
par-vi-co-no-id (L parvus = small; conoid =
cone-shaped): like a small cone
pa-tel'la (L patina =
pan): saucer-shaped, typical of limpets
(eseq, Patellidae) piatellate: saucer= or
small pan, knee cap, knee
limpet-shaped; patelliform: having the form
of a patella or knee pan or a flattened cone
pat-ro-nym'‘ic (Gr pater = father; onyma =
name): the name of the species is derived
from the name of a person (e.g., Sowerby's
Tusk, Dentalium sowerbyi Guilding)
pat'u-lous (L patulus = lie open):
aperture, expanded, distended (e.g., Pur-
pura) (Fig. 117) car
pau-ci-spi-ral (L paucus = little;
coil): only slightly spiral, as some of the
opercula(e.g., in Nerita, Littorina, and the
having a wide
few, spira =
undersurface of the Turbo operculum)
pec'tin-ate (L pecten = a comb, a scallop):
comb-like (e. g., Pecten, a pectinoid bivalve
with radiating ribs); pectunculate: having a
row of minute appendages; pectunculoid;
pectinations: small sharp teeth on outer
edges of the insertion plates in chitons
ped'al (L pedalis =
appendage, as of a gastropod
a little foot):
stalk, peduncle; raised on pedicles, as
goose barnacles (Fig. 118)
pe-dun'cle (LL pedunclus = foot):
stalk, a stem by which some shells are at-
foot): pertaining to a footlike
ped'i-cle (L pediculus = a short
a slender
tached to an object, a wick-like means of
attachment of lamp shells; peduncular
muscles: as in Hemithyris psittacea Gme-
lin; pedunculate: supported on a stem or
stalk, as the eyes of some land snails (Fig.
119)
sinus
Figure 116
Figure I17
pedicle
Figure lI9
Figure lI8
pelagic — Phanerozoic Eon
Page 36
pe-lag'ic (Gr pelagos = the open sea):
ing to or inhabiting the open sea far from
land; animals living at the surface of the
pertain-
water in midocean (e.g., Janthina, Ptero-
poda, Heteropoda); there are pelagic larval
stages of many Cypraeidae and some Nati-
ca, Murex, and Nerita Rigieg
pel-e-cyp'oda (Gr pelekys = ax; pous = foot):
bivalves, shell in two pieces, hinged along
one edge, living in the sea and freshwater
only, (ie g¢., 1cocklicss amiulsisiellishmovsitens:
clams); a division of the phylum Mollusca
pel'li-cle (L pellis = skin);
skin or layer, as the nacreous pellicle of
skin or film, a thin
some shells
pel-lu'cid (L per’ = shine):
transparent or clear, translucent,
through; luceo =
not
opaque; often occurs in deep water shells
pel'tate (L peltatus = armed with a shield):
shield-shaped, scutiform
pen (L penna = feather): an internal shell pres-
ent in most squids, may be slender, very
thin, delicate, horny, or lanceolate; cuttle-
fish bone: the internal, oblong, calcareous
shell of Sepia; cuttlebone: used for canary
birds as a source of lime
pen'du-lous (L pendere = to hang down): hanging
down, to swing by an attached end or part,
pendent, swaying
pen-i-cil'li-form (L penicillus = pencil or small
brush; forma = form): pencil-shaped; tipped
with fine hairs, a bundle of short, close
fibers
pen-na'ceous (L penna =a feather): feathered;
resembling a feather, as a marking
Pennsylvanian Period (named from the leading
coal-producing state): time of coal-making
corresponding to the Upper Carboniferous
Period on other continents
pen-tag'o-nal (Gr pente = five; gonia = angle):
five-sided, having five angles; pentamerous:
composed of five similar parts, as a star-
fish
pe-nult (L pene = almost; ultima = last): the
next to the last; penultimate whorl: the last
but one in/’a series, the last whorl before
the body whorl (Fig. 120)
per'fo-ra-ted (L perforare = through; forare =
to bore): a small opening having the ap-
pearance of being bored (e.g., Fissurella,
Haliotis)
per-ga-me'ne-ous (Pergamon, an ancient city in
Asia Minor which gave its name to parch-
ment): thin, tough, a semi-transparent sub-
stance; having the quality or appearance of
parchment
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
perinductura (Gr peri = around; inductura = a
coating, a covering): in some gastropods
thie edie) of thie mantle siecretes an wouter
shell layer which is reflected back over the
outer lip
per-i-os'tra-cum (Gr peri = around; ostrakon =
shell): a skin or horny covering on the ex-
terior of many shells, a protection against
erosion; sometimes thin and transparent
(e.g., Lunatia), like shellac, or thick, fi-
brous, or hairy (e.g., Arca)
pe-riph'er-y (Gr peri = around; phero = bear):
the greatest circumference of a spiral shell
(Fig..121)
per'i-stome (Gr peri = around; stoma = mouth):
the thickened rim or lip around the mouth;
the lip or margin of the aperture of a spiral
Shellie ( Page 2i2)
-
penultimate
peristome
Figure 122
Figure 120 Figure |2l
L
per'i-treme (Gr peri = around; trema = hole):
the peristome of a univalve; the apertural
margin, continuous without interruption by
the body whorl
per'i-win-kle (AS pinewinclan = sea snails; or
from petty winkle = the small one): a world-
wide gastropod genus living between the
tide marks (the littoral zone), family Lit-
torinidae; the common European edible
species is Littorina littorea Linnaeus
Per'mi-an Period (from Perm, a former prov-
ince of northeastern Russia): during this
latest period of the Paleozoic Era, India,
Australia, central South America, and South
Africa were covered with ice
per'vi-ous (L per = through; via = way): per-
forate or open; very narrowly open, as the
umbilicus in some gastropods
pet'al-oid (Gr petalon = leaf): resembling petals,
consisting of petals
pe-tric'o-lous (L petra = rock; colo = inhabit):
dwelling within stones, crevices, or in hard
clay, as some bivalves (e.g., Petricolidae)
phaneromphalous (Gr phaneros = visible;
omphalos = the navel): a shell with a com-
pletely visible umbilicus
Phanerozoic Eon (Gr phaneros =
life): division of geologic time, from the
visible; zoe =
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
phragmocone — porcate
Page 37
present to 520 million years ago (see Ap-
pendix)
phrag'mo-cone (Gr phragmos = fence, an en-
closure; konos = cone): an internal cham-
bered shell of certain cephalopods (e.g.,
Spirula); a thin, conical, chambered internal
shell of belemnoids, a Mesozoic family
phy-log'e-ny (Gr phylon = a tribe;
origin): the history of the ancestral devel-
dis -
tinguished from ontogeny; phylogenetic
phy'lum (Gr phylon =a tribe): a chief or pri-
mary division of the animal or plant king-
genesis =
opment of a species, tribal history;
dom, a series of genetically related animals
or plants (e.g., phylum Mollusca)
phy-toph'a-gous (Gr phyton = a plant; phagein =
eat): feeding on plants, herbivorous (e. g.,
Haliotis, Acmaea)
phytoplankton (Gr phyton = a plant; planktos =
minute pelagic plant life
pic'e-ous (L piceus. = pitchy): black, pitchy,
pitch-black, brownish or reddish black
pid'dock: an edible boring mollusk of the
Pholadidae family, as Pholas,
Pholadidea
pil'lar (L pila = column):
wandering):
Barnea,
resembling a column
in form or use, extending from the apex to
the base around which the whorls are built;
columella; pillar cavity: the umbilicus
(Fig. 123)
pitlose (L pilus =
pecially with fine and soft hair; hairy
pin'nate (L pinnatus = feathered): shaped like a
feather, having lateral processes (e.g.,
Murex pinnatus Wood) (Fig. 124)
pi'si-form (L pisum = a pea; forma =
hair): covered with hairs, es-
form):
shape of a small globular body; pea-shaped
pla'ga (L plaga =
large spot, a stripe or streak of color
plait (L plico = to fold): applied to folds on the
columella or pillar of gastropods; plication
(e. g., Mitra, Cancellaria, Voluta) (Fig. 125)
pla-ni-spi'ral (L planus = level; spira = coil):
shells coiled in one plane like a flat spiral
a blow or stripe): a long,
pillar,
cavity
Mitra belcheri
Figure 125
Lunatia heros
Figure |23
Murex pinnatus
Figure 124
with symmetrical sides; sometimes refers
to shells whorled in a discoid form with
asymmetrical sides; isostrophic
plank'ton (Gr planktos = wandering): pelagic
animals collectively, distinguished from
coast or bottom forms; a general name for
animals or plants living at or near the sur-
face of the water
pla-nor'boid (L planus = flat; orbis =
flat and orb-like; Planorbis: a genus of
freshwater shells of a discoidal form,
a circle):
re-
sembling ammonites but not chambered;
pelagic heteropods such as Atlanta peroni
Lesueur or Oxygyrus keraudreni Lesueur
Pleis'to-cene Epoch (Gr pleistos = most; kainos
= recent): latest division of Neogene Peri-
od, Glacial Age
pleural areas: side slopes of valves of chitons,
not including the jugal tracts
pli'ca (LL plica = to fold): a bend, as a fold of
skin; plicated: folded, plaited, or twisted,
as on the pillar of Voluta; plication: a
small fold or corrugation that affects the
whole shell but does not thicken it, a fold
on the columella; pliciform: having a plait-
like form
Pli'o-cene Epoch (Gr pleion = more;
recent): middle division of Neogene Period;
contains many fossil shells of apparently
Recent species
kainos =
plum'be-ous (L plumbum = lead): lead-colored
plu'mose (L pluma = feather): having fine proc-
esses on opposite sides
po-lyg'o-nal (Gr polys = many; gonia = angle):
many sided, having many angles
pol-y-gy'ral (Gr polys = many; gyros = circle):
a shell having many whorls; multispiral is
the preferred term
pol-y-mor'phic (Gr polys =
form):
many; morphe =
having many forms or types of
structure in the same species; wide varia-
tion
po-lyph'a-gous (Gr polys = many; phagein = eat):
eating a variety of food, subsisting on vari-
ous kinds of food; voracious
polytypic (Gr polys = many; typos = type): hav-
ing many types or forms, as a species with
one or more subspecies (e.g., Conus flori-
danus floridanus Gabb, C. f. floridensis
Sowerby, C. f. burryae Clench)
pon'der-ous (L ponderosus = weight): heavy or
large, huge, bulky
por'cate (L porca = ridge between two furrows):
having longitudinal ridges and furrows, as
a surface
porcelaneous — pseudoselenizone
Page 38
por'ce-la-neous (It porcellana = porcelain): re-
sembling porcelain, like an enameled sur-
face, nacreous luster (e.g., Natica)
po-rose' (LL porosus = full of pores): full of
pores, porous, perforate
por-rect! (1b) por —forth; “regomm= "st metic h):
stretched out, elongated forward, to stretch
out horizontally
post-ap'ic-al (L post = after, behind; apex = the
tip): lateral teeth situated behind the umbo
or apex
post-ba'sal (L post = after; Gr basis =
tal):
pos-ter'i-or (L post = after, behind):
a pedes-
behind, beyond, or near the base
situated
away from the anterior part of the shell; the
small end of dentaliums; posterior notch:
an indentation in the outer lip near the su-
ture
post-nu'cle-ar (L post = after; nucleus = a little
nut, kernel): after the nucleus
pre-da'cious (L praeda = prey): feeding on other
mollusks; predatory: carnivorous, living by
preying upon other animals
pre-hen'sile (L prehensus = to seize): adapted
for grasping or holding, formed to grasp or
coil around and cling to objects
pre-morse' (L prae = before; modere = to gnaw):
terminating abruptly, as if bitten or broken
off, with blunt or jagged termination
pri'mar-y teeth (L primus = first): cardinals or
central teeth below the umbones
Pri-on-o-don'ta (Gr prion = saw; dont = tooth):
an order of bivalves with saw teeth, like
Arca, not chevron-shaped
pris-mat'ic (L prisma = something sawed): ex-
hibiting rainbow tints, resembling the col-
ors formed by the refraction of light through
a prism; microscopically honeycombed,
needle-like prism structure, as in Pinna
pro-dis'so-conch (L pro = before; dis = two;
concha = shell): the rudimentary or em-
bryonic shell of a bivalve mollusk; the pro-
dissoconch of a scaphopod consists of two
shelly valves which unite to form a tube;
the embryonic shell of a univalve is called
the protoconch
pro-duced!' (L pro = before; duco = lead):
gated, extended, drawn out
elon-
pro-fuse' (L pro = forth; fundo = pour): lavishly
marked, abundant
pro-os'tra-cum (Gr pro = before;
shell): a horny pen, the anterior prolonga-
tion of the rostrum of a cephalopod, as a
belemnite
ostrakon =
pro-po'di-um (Gr pro = before; pous = foot): the
foremost division of the foot of a gastropod
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
used to push aside sediment as the animal
crawls
pros-o-cline (Gr proso = forward; clino = lean):
usually referring to growth lines leaning
forward with respect to the growth direc-
tion of the helicocone
pros-o-cyrt (Gr proso = forward; kyrtos =
curved): the growth direction of the helico-
cone curving forward
pros-o-gy'rate (Gr proso = forward; gyros =a
circle): turned forward as beaks which are
anteriorly directed (e. g., Tellina lyra Han-
ley) (Fig. 126) ae
pro'to-conch (Gr proto = first; konche =
the embryonic
shell):
shell of a univalve, fre=
quently different in design, texture, or col-
or from the adult shell; the rudimentary or
embryonic shell of a bivalve mollusk is
called a prodissoconch
pro'to-plax (Gr proto = before): one of the sup-
plementary plates in front of the umbone in
some Pholadacea (see Fig. 98)
pro-tract' (L pro = forward; traho = draw): to
push or extend forward or outward, to draw
forward, to protrude; protractor scars:
scars are situated anteriorly, made by the
muscle
pro-tru'sile (L pro = forward; trudo = thrust):
capable of being thrust out or withdrawn,
usually with rapidity of motion, as the ra-
dula
pro-tu'ber-ance (L protuberare = to swell): a
knob, a prominence, something swelling
beyond the adjacent surface
pro-vin'cu-lum (L pro = primitive; vincium = to
bend): a primitive hinge of some young
pelecypods; rudimentary hinge of very
small teeth which develop before the per-
manent teeth are formed
prox'i-mal (L proximus = nearest):
nearer the central portion of the body or
point of origin; opposed to distal
pru'i-nose (L pruina = hoar frost): to appear as
relatively
if frosted; powdery appearance
psam'mous (Gr psammos = sand): sandy; com-
posed of any material in the form of rounded
grains of sand
pseu-do car'di-nals (Gr pseudo = false; L car-
dinalis = pertaining to the hinge): the thick,
usually triangular and projecting, processes
fitting into one another upon the hinge in
bivalves; false teeth
pseu-do-lat'er-al (Gr pseudo = false; L latus =
the side): false lateral teeth
pseudoselenizone (Gr pseudes = false; selene =
the moon; zone = girdle): a band of cres-
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
Pteroglossa — radicate
Page 39
centic growth lines on the shell surface re-
sembling a selenizone but not caused by a
notch or slit in the aperture
Pte-no-glos'sa (Gr ptenos = feathered; glossa
a tongue): a suborder of gastropods with a
long row of numerous, graduated, hooked
teeth on the radula with the smaller teeth
in the center (e.g., Scalidae and Janthini-
dae)
pter'o-pods (Gr pteron = wing; pous = foot): an
order of mollusks, naked or bearing fragile
shells, of the
foot which serve as swimming organs, gre-
with wing-like expansions
garious, abundant in all seas, affording
food for whales; pelagic gastropods, sea-
butterflies (e.g., Thecosomata, the ones
with shells; Gymnosomata, the ones without
shells)
pu-bes'cent (L pubescentis = becoming downy):
coated with fine wool-like or downy substance
puce (Fr puce = flea colored):
purplish brown
dark brown or
punc'tate (L punctum = a point): covered or
studded with dots over the surface, dotted,
minute color spots; punctum: a spot, pit,
or dot
punc'tured(L pungere = to pierce): a small hole,
a minute or puncture-like depression
pu'pi-form (L pupa=a chrysalis; forma= form):
formed like a pupa, cocoon-shaped, a pupi-
form shell (e.g., Pupidae)
pur-pu-ra'ceous (L purpura = purple): purple in
color (e.g., Conus purpurascens Sowerby,
the purple cone); purpuroid: like purple
pus'tu-late (L pustula = a bubble, a blister): an
elevation resembling a pimple or blister,
wart-like projections, formed into pustules;
pustular:
(e.g., Jenneria pustulata Solander)
marked with pustules, pustulose
py-ram!'i-dal (Gr pyramis = a pyramid): having
the form of a pyramid, conical
pyr'i-form (L pyrum = a pear;
pear-shaped, round and large at one end,
forma = form):
generally tapering to the other (e.g. Conus
(Dendroconus) patricius Hinds)
(Fig. 127)
Conus patricius
° [e)
Figure 129
Mytilus edulis
Figure 130
Arcopsis adamsi
Figure 128
Q
quad-ran'gu-lar (L quadrus = a square; angulus
= angle): four-cornered, having four prom-
inent angles and four sides
quad'rate (L quadratus = square): rectangular
shape, squarish, four-sided in general out-
line (e.g., Arcopsis adamsi E. A. Smith)
(Fig. 128)
quad-ri-den'tate (L quadri = four; dentatus =
tooth): having four teeth or tooth-like proc-
esses
quad'ri-fid (L quadri = four; findere = to divide):
four-cleft, cut into four segments
quad-ri-lat'er-al (L quadri = four; latus = side):
formed or bounded by four lines; four-sided
quad'ri-valve (L quadri = four; valva = leaf of a
door): four-valved
qua'thog (abbr. Am. Ind. poquauhock): a large
common clam (Mercenaria) found on the
Atlantic coast and highly esteemed as food;
quahaug
quin'cunx (L quinque =
arrangement of five things in a square, hav-
five; uncia = twelfth): an
ing one in each corner and one in the cen-
ter; quincuncial (Fig. 129)
R
ra-chid'i-an (Gr rhachis = spine):
or central tooth on the radula is also called
the median
the rachidian tooth; often spelled rhachidian
Ra-chi-glos'sa (Gr rhachis = spine; glossa =
tongue): a suborder of gastropods (i.e.,
Muricidae) with three longitudinal series of
teeth, having a median tooth with from one
to several sharp cusps; the admedians, when
present, are usually broad and rakelike with
many cusps; frequently spelled Rhachiglos-
sa
ra'di-al (L radius =a ray):
Center in a manner of rays;
send out in rays or direct lines froma
ribs or bands of
extending from a
radiated: to
common point; radiating:
color meeting in a point at the umbones of
a bivalve shell and spreading out toward the
ventral margin (e.g., the radial ribs on
Cardium, Pecten)
rad'i-cate (L radicatus = rooted):
permanently established; having a root-like
organ used for anchorage or attachment, as
a byssiferous bivalve (e. g., Mytilus) (Fig.
130)
to become
radula — revolving lines
Page 40
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
rad'u-la (L rado = to scrape, to scratch): a
rasp-like organ, odontophore or lingual rib-
bon armed with toothlike processes, found
in nearly all mollusks except clams (Fig.
S10)
ra'mose (L ramosus = branched): branching,
full of branches, branch-like; ramified
ra'phe (Gr rhaphe = a seam or suture): a fur-
row or seam, a seam-like appearance
ray (L radius = a beam or ray): one of a num-
ber of fine lines radiating from a center
rec'li-vate (L re = back; clivus = slope): having
the form of a sigmoid curve; doubly curved
like the letter S
rec'on-dite (L reconditus =
remote from ordinary or easy perception,
put away, hidden):
concealed; when one part is covered by an-
other; hidden
rec-ti-lin'e-ar(L rectus = straight; linea = line):
straight, formed in straight lines, bounded
by straight lines
re-curved! (L re = back; curvus = bent): turned
backward, curved or bent back or down, as
the anterior short canal of Cassis (Fig.
132)
re-flect'ed (L re = again; flectere = to bend or
turn): thrown back, turned from the gen-
eral course “of the structure, curved or
folded backward; reflexed: turned back up-
on itself or in the direction whence it came,
bent abruptly back (e.g., the lip of Cassis;
the anterior canal of Cerithium (Fig. 133)
re-fract'ed (L re = back; frango = break): to
bend from a direct course, turn aside, bent
back at an acute angle
ren'i-form (L renes = kidney; forma = form):
kidney-shaped, broadly cordate and broader
than long
re-pand' (L re = back; pandus = bent): waved,
with alternate segments of circles and mi-
nute angles, having a wavy or uneven out-
line; sinuate
re'pent (L repens = to creep): creeping, applied
to animals which are attached by the whole
length of their shell, giving the appearance
of creeping or crawling
re-plic'a-tile (L re = again; plico = fold): capa-
ble of being folded back upon itself, as a
wing
re-sil'i-um (L resilio = leap or spring back, re-
bound): a triangular ligament structure, a
tough chitinous’pad, residing in a chondro-
phore or pit along the inner hinge margin
of a bivalve which causes the shell to spring
open when the muscles relax;
(e. ¢., in Mactra)
resilifer
re-sorp'tion (L re = again; sorbeo = drink in):
absorption or removal of previously formed
gastropod shell by its animal
re-su'pi-nate (L resupinare = to bend back):
having the appearance of being upside down,
inverted, reversed; the aperture recurved
toward the spire and not continuing in the
direction of the volutions
re-tic'u-la-ted (L reticulatus = made like a net):
cross-ridged, distinct lines crossing each
other like a network; cancellated; sculpture
not crossing at right angles
ret'i-form (L rete = net; forma = form): sculp-
ture having the form of a net in texture,
composed of crossing lines
re-tract'(L re = back; traho = draw): to draw
back or backward, draw in as within a
sheath, shrink away, recede; retractile:
capable of being drawn in, having the ten-
dency to retract; retractor muscle: that
which draws the head-foot mass into the
gastropod shell; there are two retractor
muscles in the genus Haliotis attached to
the interior of the shell
re-tro-flect'ed (L retro = backward; flectere =
to bend, to turn): bending in different di-
rections, bent or turned backward abruptly
re-trorse!' (L retro = back; versus = to turn):
turned, bent, or directed backward, point-
ing backward
re-tuse!' (L retusus = blunt): terminating in a
round end or apex in which there is a slight
depression
re-versed! (LL reversare = to turn about): when
a spiral shell turns in the opposite direc-
tion; the aperture opening on the left side
when the apex is upward; left-handed, sin-
istral; opposed to dextral (e.g., Peracle
and some Busycon) (see Fig. 39)
re-volv'ing lines (L re = back; volvo = turn
round): moving in a circular course; spiral
lines on a shell which run parallel with the
revolute: curled or rolled back-
ward or downward
sutures;
radula esophagus Cassis
madagas -
carlensis
(EOS
single row
of radular teeth
Figure I3l
Cerithium nicaraguense
Figure 133
Vol. 7; Supplement
rhachidian: see rachidian
Rhachiglossa: see Rachiglossa
Rhip-i-do-glos'sa (Gr rhipis = fan; glossa =
tongue): a suborder of Archaeogastropoda,
except limpets, having a radula with each
transverse row furnished with numerous
long, narrow, hooked marginals arranged
in a fan-like manner and usually five simi-
lar admedians on either side
rhom-boi'dal (Gr rhombos = revolve;
form): like a parallelogram of
sides and with no right angles, as the
eidos =
inequal
somewhat rhomboidal color spots on Conus
ebraeus Linnaeus (Fig. 134)
rib (AS ribb =a rib): a long and narrow ridge,
strip; a firm rib-like elevation; riblets:
small or rudimentary ribs, as the longitu-
dinal riblets on dentaliums
right valve: when the bivalve shell is held with
the hinge up and the apex or umbo pointed
away from and pallial sinus toward the ob-
server, then the right valve is on the right
ri'mate (L rima = a cleft): provided with a very
small hole or crack, a fissure, a chink
(e. g., Rimula frenulata Dall or Puncturella)
(Big. 135)
rin'gent (L ringens = to gape):
valves of certain bivalves (e.g., Mya, En-
sis, Solen) (see Fig. 61)
ro-bust' (L robustus = hardy, robust):
stocky, stout, thick, as a robust hinge
gaping, as the
short,
ro-sa'ceous (L rosa = rose): rose-colored, a
deep intense pink
ros'trate (L rostrum = a beak): extremities
produced, a beak-like process, beaked;
usually used in describing the anterior end
of bivalves; rostriform: having the form ofa
beak (e.g., Leda hamata Carpenter) (Fig.
136); rostrum: extremity of the last whorl
but not the siphonal canal
ro'tate (L rotatus = turned): to turn, cause to
Puncrurella
Rimula frenulata cucullata
Figure 135
Acanthina
spirata
Figure 137
_Leda hamata
Figure 136
THE VELIGER
rhachidian — scabrous
Page 41
turn around its own center or axis, revolve
ro-tel'li-form(LL rotella = a little wheel; forma
= form): the form of the Umbonium shell
(formerly known as the genus Rotella), with
a low obtuse spire and nearly lenticular in
shape
ro-tund'ate (L rotundus = round): rounded out,
nearly circular; rounded at the angles,
sides, or ends
ru-big'i-nose (LL rubiginosus = rusty): rusty
or brownish red, rust-colored; rubiginous
ru-di-men'ta-ry (L rudimentum = a first at-
tempt): being in an initial, early, or incom-
plete stage of development; undeveloped;
embryonic
ru-dis'tids (L rudis = rough): an extinct divi-
sion of inequivalve bivalves with a lower
elongated conical valve composed of built-
up, plate-like layers; the upper valve, a
small lid, with long teeth projecting into
the sockets of the lower valve
ru'fous (L rufus = red): dull red, yellowish or
brownish red, tawny, rust colored, rufes-
cent
ru'ga (L ruga =a wrinkle, a fold):
fold, or crease; rugose: rough, covered
with or full of rugae or wrinkles, corru-
the quality of being rugose
a wrinkle,
gate; rugosity:
or corrugated
notched,
saw-toothed, with incisions inclined back-
ward
rus'ti-ca-ted (L rusticus) = country, rural):
plain, old-looking, antiquated
S
sag'it-tate (L sagitta = an arrow): shaped like
an arrowhead, pointed at the apex and hav-
ing the base prolonged backward into two
acute lobes or ears; sagittal:
an arrow
sa'li-ent (L saliens = to spring forth): standing
out, conspicuous, projecting outward, prom-
inent, as whorls with a salient angle on
Acanthina spirata Blainville (Fig. 137)
sand dollar: a flat sea urchin, a cake urchin
(not a mollusk)
san'guine (L sanguis = blood): having the color
of blood, dull red verging on a dark brown
sat'u-rate (L saturatus = to fill full): very deep
run'ci-nate (L runcina = to plane off):
resembling
or intense, applied to colors; deeply or
very darkly colored
sca'brous (L scabrosus = rough): rough,
roughened with little rigid points or minute
elevations or irregularities
scalariform — shell
Page 42
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
sca-lar'i-form (L scalaris = a staircase, a lad-
der; forma = form): loosely spirally coiled
like ladder shells; having transverse bars
and spaces like a ladder (e.g., Cerithidea
scalariformis Say); scalaroid: like a ladder
scales (AS sceale = scale): usually denotes the
small overlapping or closely set calcareous
bodies ornamenting the dorsal side of the
girdle of many chitons
scal'lop (OFr escalope = a shellfish): a pecten,
a semicircular bivalve shell with radiating
ribs, the muscle used as food; a scallop-
shell worn as a pilgrim's badge; scalloped:
indented, cut at the edge or border into
segments of circles
scalp: a bed of shellfish, especially of mussels
or oysters
Sca-phop'o-da (Gr scaphe = boat; podos = foot):
tusk or tooth shells, a tapering, curved,
tubular shell open at both ends and elon-
gated, foot adapted for burrowing, shell in
one piece, lives exclusively in the sea(e.g.,
Dentaliidae); scaphoid: boat-shaped (Fig.
138)
scro'ti-form (L scrotum = pouch; forma = form);
; purse-shaped, pouch-shaped
sculp'ture (L sculptura = carve):
or pattern of markings upon the surface of
a shell, the raised or depressed surface
markings, incised lines, ornamentation
the markings
scu-tum (L scutum = shield): one of the two
lower valves of a barnacle; scuta: paired
plates of a barnacle; scutiform: shield-
like, peltate; scutellum: a little shield
(eae. 139)
seam (AS seam =a seam, suture): a visible
line of junction between parts, the suture
se'cund (L secundus = following): having the
parts or organs arranged on one side only,
pointed one way, unilateral
se-cu'ri-form (L securis = ax; forma = form):
having the form of an ax or hatchet, hatchet-
shaped
sel-en-i-zone (Gr selene = the moon;
girdle): a formation on the shell surface of
a band of crescentic growth lines caused by
the semicircular end of a notch or slit on
the outer lip (e. g., in Pleurotomariacea)
semi- (L semi = half): a prefix indicating half,
partly, half of, in part, imperfectly;
semidentate: half toothed; semi-elliptical;
half an ellipse; semi-globose: not quite
globose; semilunar: crescent-shaped;
semisagittate: half arrow-shaped; semitu-
bular: nearly tube-shaped;
Zone =
semitranspa-
rent: imperfectly transparent, translucent
sep'tum (L septum = a partition): a calcareous
plate or partition, one of the transverse
partitions of a chambered shell, a dividing
wall; septate: partitioned off into septa;
septiform: having the form of an enclosure
or septum (Fig. 140)
se-ri'ceous (L sericus = silken): having the sur-
face shining by means of dense, minute,
short, silky hairs; giving a silk-like luster
ser'rate (L serratus = to saw): toothed or with
sharp notches along the edge like a saw;
serriform: saw-toothed, in the form of a
series of notches; serrulate: diminutively
serrate, serrate with small fine teeth or
minute notches (e.g., on the operculum of
Strombus or the internal margin of Cardii-
dae) (Fig. 141)
scutellum
tusk shell _
Figure 138
Figure 139
serrate —
Figure 140 Figure I4I
ses'sile (L sessilis = to sit): immediately at-
tached by the base, not supported by a stalk
or stalk-like part; fixed, sedentary, settled
in one place
se-ta'ceous (L seta = a bristle): a bristle or
bristle-like part, a slender spine, attenu-
ated to the tip, as the spines; setiferous:
hairy; setose: bristly, set with bristles,
covered with stiff hairs or setae
sha'greened (shagreen = a kind of untanned lea-
ther prepared in the East from skins of
horses, camels, etc., and covered with
small round granulations by pressing small
seeds into the grain or hair side when moist
and when dry scraping off the roughness,
dyed chiefly green): covered with sha-
green; having numerous tooth-like projec-
tions
shell (AS scell = shell): a hard, rigid, calcare-
ous or chitinous structure encasing an ani-
mal or covering some part of it, as the
univalve or bivalve shell of a mollusk or
the internal shell of the cuttlefish
Vol. 7; Supplement
shipworm: a worm-like marine bivalve that
bores into ship bottoms, wharf pilings, or
other submerged timber (e.g., Teredo,
Bankia)
shoul'dered (AS sculder = shoulder): ridged, as
the whorls in some gastropods (see Fig. 137)
sig'moid (Gr sigma = the letter ©; eidos = form):
shaped like the letter S, sigmoidal
sil'i-qui-form (L siliqua = a pod; forma = form):
having the form of a silique, long, tubular
and narrow like a pod (e.g., Siliqua, Tena-
godus) (Fig. 142)
Si-lu'ri-an Period (strata in region of Silures,
western England and Wales): an earlier
period of the Paleozoic Era, sometimes
called Age of Invertebrates
Boreotrophon :
triangulatus
Siliqua
costata
(~— siphonal
siphonal “© canal
fasciole \
siphonal notch
193
Figure 142 Figure
sim'ple (L simplex = simple): destitute of any
remarkable process or appendage, without
embellishment, plain
sin'is-tral (L sinister = left): having the whorls
of a spiral shell turning toward the left,
twisting to the left side or left hand when
the apex is upward; counter-clockwise, re-
versed; opposed to dextral (e.g., Peracle,
some Busycon, and some Achatinella); see
also reversed
Sin'u-ous (L sinus = bend): undulating, winding
and turning in an irregular course; sinuated:
curved in and out, as on a margin, Wavy,
tortuous; sinuosity: wavy line, series of
regular bends
si-nu-pal'li-ate (L sinus = a curve; pallium =
mantle): having a pallial sinus or recess in
the posterior part of the pallial impression
due to the retraction of the siphons in a bi-
valve
si'nus (L sinus = depression, bend,
embayment; a recess or indentation, as in
the pallial line of a bivalve (see Fig. 116)
a curve):
THE VELIGER
shipworm —~ spindle
Page 43
si'phon (Gr siphon = siphon): a prolongation or
fold of the mantle conveying water into the
mantle cavity in most shells, an inhalant
siphon; siphonal canal: a tubular extension
of the aperture for the enclosure of the si-
phon; siphonal fasciole: curved growth
lines marking the former position of the
siphonal notch: a narrow sinus of the mar-
gin aperture near the base of the columella
(Fig. 143)
si'pho-no-stom'a-tous (Gr siphon =
stoma = mouth):
siphon;
having the shell aperture
notched or formed with a spout or canal for
the protrusion of the siphon
si'phun-cle (L siphunculus = a little tube): the
little tube connecting the chambers in a
nautiloid shell
si'tus (L situs = put): locality, site, situation,
relative position
slit (AS slite = slit): a shallow or relatively
long incision in the outer margin of the
aperture of a gastropod; slit band: a band
of crescentic growth lines, selenizone
slope: refers to a face of a bivalve shell (e.g.,
central, anterior, or posterior slope)
smar'agd-us (Gr smaragdos = emerald): of the
color of the smaragd, emerald-colored,
green
sock'et (L soccus = a shoe): a cavity in the
hinge of a bivalve to receive the tooth of
the opposite valve
so-len'i-form (Gr solen = a pipe; forma =
form): an elongated shell shaped like a
razor handle, razor clam shape (e.g., En-
sis, Solen) (see Fig. 47) ie
so-lute (L solvo = apart): wholly separate,
free; opposed to adnate
spa-tan'goid (Gr spatanges =
a sea urchin): like
the heart sea urchins, the Spatangoids
spat'u-late (Gr spathe = broadsword): oblong
with an attenuated base, shaped like a spa-
tula, a linear form enlarging suddenly into
a rounded extremity; spathate
spe'ci-es (L specio = behold): a group of mol-
lusks, subordinate to a genus, having mem-
bers that differ.among themselves only in
minor details of proportion, structure, or
color
spic'ule (L spiculum = a dart): a small, slender,
hard body, sharp-pointed, often needle-like,
as the spiculose fringe on the girdle of chi-
tons
spin'dle (AS spindle = spin): fusiform, tapering
from the middle toward each end, as Fusi-
nus (Fig. 143)
spines — suctorial
Page 44
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
spines (L spina = spine): a pointed process or
outgrowth, stiff, sharp-pointed; spiniform:
resembling a spine in shape;
having small spines; spinose:
spinulous:
armed with
sharp spines (e.g., Murex, Spondylus)
spi'ral(L spira =a coil): winding outward and
constantly receding from the center, like a
watch spring; an advancing
spiral, winding around an axis and forming
a cone shape (Fig. 144)
spire (L spira = a coil): the whole series of
whorls of a spiral shell except the last one;
the body whorl or the preferred term,last
whorl
spiral conic:
spur (AS spura =a spur): a spur-like projec-
tion, elongated shelly process, calcar
squa'mous (L squamosus = covered with scales):
consisting of scales, divided into upright
pieces and not parallel with the plane, rough
with projecting scale-like processes, squa-
mose; squamiform: having the shape of
scales, squamoid (e.g., Tridacna squamosa
Lamarck) (see Fig. 76)
sta'tion (L status = to stand):
circumstances surrounding the specimens
collected, an area of a certain character
the particular
as being inhabited by certain organisms,
habitat
stel'late (L stella = star-shaped or
star-like, radiating, resembling the rays
of a star (e.g., Astraea) (Fig. 145)
Sten-o-glos'sa (Gr stenos = glossa =
tongue): the suborders, Rachiglossa and
Toxoglossa, have been combined under this
a star):
narrow;
name only because of their narrow radula,
but they have little else in common; re-
named Neogastropoda in 1938
stenotopic (Gr steno = narrow, confined; topica
= local): a group name for species in a
community restricted in range to a narrow
area, such as the limpet Acmaea paleacea
Calliostoma
Architectonica
heliarchus
nobilis
spiral spiral conic
Figure 144
(Gould, 1852) which occurs only on the nar-
row leafed eel grass Phyllospadix torreyi;
see eurytopic
stri'ae (L stria = a furrow, a groove): superfi-
cial furrows or very fine lines which cross
the surface of the shell in different direc-
tions; striate: sculptured with microscopic
lines, either longitudinal or revolving,
marked with fine grooves or incised lines
stri'ga(L striga = a furrow, groove, channel):
a narrow transverse line or streak; stri-
gate: marked with fine closely set grooves;
strigose: rigid or pointed surface, like that
of a file
strom'boid notch (L strombus = a spiral snail):
the wave, curve, or notch in the outer lip of
a Strombus just above the anterior notch;
strombiform: the general shape of a
Strombus (Fig. 146)
sty'loid (L stylus = a pointed instrument):
and slender; styliform: a form with paral-
lel sides and a pointed apex; stylet: a stiff,
pointed process
sub- (L sub = under, below): a prefix indicating
somewhat, almost, not quite, nearly, less
than normal, slightly, secondary, lower in
grade
sub'ge-nus (L sub = not quite; genus = tribe): a
group of closely allied shells varying slight-
ly from the larger group of the genus (e.g.,
genus Cassis, subgenus Cypraecassis)
sub-spe'cies: a variety of the true species (e. g.,
Siphonaria maura maura, S. maura palma-
ta, S. maura pica). a
su'bu-late (L subula = awl): shaped like an awl,
linear, very narrow, very slowly tapering
to a sharp point
suc-cinct (L sub =
short, contracted,
suc-to'ri-al (L suctus = suck): having organs
for sucking or adhesion, the power of cling-
long
under; cingere = to gird):
reduced, compact
ing by suction
Strombus pugilis
Astraea /ongispina
Figure 145 Figure 146
Vol. 7; Supplement
THE VELIGER
suffused — terminal
Page 45
suf-fused' (L suffusus = to pour beneath): over-
spreading, to overspread as with color, to
cover the surface
a furrow):
sul'cus (L sulcus = a groove, longi-
tudinal furrow; sulcate:
by deep broad channels longitudinally, hav-
grooved, scored
ing sulci; sulcations: encircled by channels
the
apex, the top, the highest part of a bivalve
shell in which the hinge is situated
su-per-posed' (L super = above; ponere = to
place): placed directly over some other
part, one layer upon another, superimposed
sutural laminae: also called apophysis plates
which, when present, are anterior plate-
sum'mit (L summum = the highest point):
like projections of the articulamentum ex-
tending from either side of the tail valve
or an intermediate chiton valve
su'ture (L sutura = a seam): the line of junction
or seam along which two hard structures
join, a continuous spiral line marking the
junction of whorls in a gastropod shell
sym-met'ric-al (Gr syn = with; metron = mea-
sure): equal-sided, well balanced, having
similar parts arranged in regular reverse
order on both sides
sympatric (L syn = together, with): co-existing,
formation of two species in one place
sym'phy-note (Gr symphyes = growing together;
noton = back): having the valves firmly
fixed or soldered at the hinge, as in some
river mussels
together; opsis = view):
are virtually
syn-op'tic (Gr syn =
parts that, when compared,
identical
syn'type (Gr syn = together; typos = strike): one
of several specimens of equal rank upon
which a species is based; syntypic: relating
to the same type
T
tab'u-la-ted (L tabula = table):
broad, flat surface,
plates
Tae-ni-o-glos'sa (Gr tainia = a ribbon; glossa =
the form of a
form of laminae or
tongue): a suborder of gastropods with nu-
merous transverse rows of lingual teeth,
usually seven to a row; the median tooth
frequently has cusps, with the largest in the
middle, broad cuspidate admedians and
narrow and hooklike marginals (e.g., Lit-
torinidae)
tal'on (L talus = heel):
guiculate like the opercula in Strombus and
Conus (Fig. 147)
shaped like a claw, un-
tau-ton'y-my (Gr tauto = same; onyma = name):
in the binomial system the use of the same
name for the genus and species (e.g., Rapa
rapa Linnaeus, Lima lima Linnaeus)
Tax-o-don'ta (Gr taxis =
dont = tooth):
the hinge furnished with numerous, similar
interlocking teeth,
order,
an order of bivalves having
arrangement;
and usually with two
muscle scars present (e.g., Arcidae)
tax-on'o-my (Gr taxis = order; nomos = a law):
the laws or principles of the systematic
classification of organisms or of the mor-
phological facts; taxonomist:
teeth (AS toth = tooth): pointed protuberances
at the hinge of bivalve shells which engage
corresponding sockets in the opposite
valves; the tooth-like structures in the ap-
a classifier
exnture Of sSiome shells, as) on the innex lip
of Nerita or on the outer lip of Cassis
teg-men'tum (L tegere = to cover): a covering,
to cover the upper exposed layer of the
valves of chitons; tegument: any natural
outer covering
teleo- (Gr teleos =
tive in various scientific terms to signify
complete): used as a forma-
teleoconch: the entire
gastropod shell except the protoconch
dark,
perfect or whole;
ten'ebrous (L tenebrae = darkness):
gloomy
ten'u-ous (L tenuis = thin): thin, slim, delicate,
slight depth or thickness
ter-a-tol'o-gy (Gr teras = a wonder; ology =
speak): biologically of abnormal or irregu-
lar growth, deviating from the normal type;
teratological: pertaining to teratology
ter'e-brant (L terebrans = boring): that which
bores, a bore, fitted for boring
te-re'do (Gr teredon =a borer): ship worm, a
bivalve mollusk that bores holes in wooden
ships, pilings, and other timber placed in
sea water
te'res (L teres = rounded):
te-rete'(L teres = round): cylindrical or slight-
nearly cylindrical
ly tapering, circular in cross-section
temiigal (me tenoun = back): seterring: to thie
paired posterior plates of the shell of a
cirriped, barnacle
ter'mi-nal (L terminus = a boundary): forming
the end of a series or part, at the extreme
(COKE atlas
lea @E
operculum of
Strombus galeatus
Figure 147
terrestrial — triturate
Page 46
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
end, especially with reference to an ovate
or cylindrical shell
ter-res'tri-al (L terra = the earth):
existing on the earth, having its habitat on
land snails; opposed to
aquatic and arboreal
ter'ti-ar-y (L tertius = third): third in point of
classification; third in degree of standing
tes'sel-la-ted (L tessellatus = checkered):
checkerboard pattern, color patterns on the
shell arranged in checkered square or ob-
long patches (e.g., Cypraea tessellata
living and
the ground, as
Swainson)
test (L testa =
ing or supporting structure of mollusca, the
a shell): a rigid external cover-
calcareous shell of a sea urchin or fora-
miniferon; testaceous: of the nature of
shell, having a hard shell, as distinguished
from crustaceous or soft-shelled; testace-
conchology, the study of shells
angles):
ology:
tet-rag'o-nal (Gr tetares =
four angles and four sides, quadrangular, a
rhombus, oblong,
four; gonia =
square,
trapezoid
thal-as-soph'i-lous (Gr thalassa = the sea; phi-
fond of): inhabiting or dwelling in the
sea, pelagic, thalassic
thread (AS thraed = twist): a slender linear
surface elevation; the silky fibers of the
parallelogram,
los =
byssus
to-men'tose (L tomentum = down):
hairs so close together that individual hairs
covered with
cannot be separated, downy
top'o-type (Gr topos = place; typos = strike): a
species collected at the same locality where
the original type was obtained
to'rous (L torus = a swelling): swelling into
knobs, knobby, cylindrical and swollen at
intervals, having protuberances; torose
tor'pid (L torpidus = to be numb): dormant, in-
active, dull, sluggish, like a snail in hiber-
nation
tor'sion (L torqueo = twist):
twisted spirally, as a gastropod; tortuous:
a twisting around,
twisting, winding
to'rus (L torus = a bulge, a knot): blunt, round-
ed ridge, round swelling or bulging place
Tox-o-glos'sa (Gr toxikon = poison; glossa =
tongue): a suborder of gastropods having a
radula consisting only of long teeth or single
paired lateral teeth (e.g., Conidae, Turri-
dae, Cancellariidae); in Conidae a poison
sac is associated with the large teeth or
fangs
trans-lu'cent (L trans = over;
allowing the passage of light yet so scat-
luceo = shine):
tered that the objects from which the light
comes are not visible; semi-transparent
trans-par'ent (L trans = through; parens = to
appear): admitting the passage of light
without irregular diffusion so that distinct
images may be seen through the medium;
diaphanous, pellucid
(L transversus =
trans-verse' lying across):
lying across, crosswise; bands or striae
running across the shell at right angles to
the axis
trap-e-zoid'al (Gr trapeza = table; eidos =
form): a four-sided plane figure, two sides
of which are parallel and the other two are
not (e. g., Barbatia tenera C. B. Adams and
some Arca)
trema (Gr trema = a pore, a hole):
series of openings occurring in the outer
one OF a
wall of some gastropods for excretory
tremata: plural trema
trench'ant (Fr trencher = cut): sharp-edged, as
a thin outer lip
Tri-as'sic Period (Gr tri =
riod of Mesozoic Era;
marked subdivisions in Central Germany,
but this strata is not generally charac-
teristic
functions;
three): earliest pe-
refers to three well
tri-cos'tate (L tri = three; costa = rib): having
three ribs or ridges
tri-cus'pi-date (L tri = three; cuspis = a point):
a shell armed with three short points; end-
ing in three points
tri'dent (L tri = three; dens = tooth): having
three teeth; three-pronged
tri'fid (L tri = three; findo = split): divided
more or less completely into three parts
or sections
trig'o-nal (Gr tres = three; gonia = angle): per-
taining to or in the form of a triangle,
three-cornered (e.g., the aperture of Tri-
gonostoma or shape of Pinna) (Fig. 148)
trip'ar-tite (L tri =
three; partiri = to divide):
divided into three parts or divisions or
segments
tris'tis (L tristis = sad): sad-colored, gloomy
trit'u-rate (L tritura = to rub to pieces): to re-
duce to fine powder, masticate, pulverize
Pinna
semicostata
Trigonostoma
millert
148
Vol. 7; Supplement
tro'chi-form (L trochus = a top):
form of a top shell, conical, trochoid (e.g.,
Trochidae) (Fig. 149)
troch'le-ar (Gr trochilia =
having the
a pulley): short,
circular, compressed and contracted in the
middle of the circumference like a pulley
block
trun'ca-ted (L truncus = maimed):
Minating abruptly, appearing as if cut or
broken squarely off, lopped off at the top
(e.g., Truncatella or Leda hamata Carpen-
cut off, ter-
ter)
tu'ber-cle (L tuber =
little knob, nodule, pertaining to a rough
a swelling, a hump): a
elevation; tuberculated: having a number
of small knobs, pimples, or small projec-
tions; tuberculose: characterized by tuber-
cles, full of knobs
tu'bu-lar (L tubulus = a small tube): perforated
all through and open at both ends (e.g.,
Dentalium); tubule:
tu'mid (L tumidus = to swell):
a minute tube
swollen, fat, en-
larged, abnormally distended (e. g., Modi-
olus capax Conrad)
tu'ni-ca-ry (L tunica = a tunic):
covered with a
tunic, tunicated
tur'bi-nate (L turbo = a top): top-shaped, the
coils piled one on another and tapering
from a broad base to the apex, conical with
a round base (e.g., Turbo) (Fig. 150)
tur'gid (L turgidus = swollen): bloated, swol-
len, inflated, distended
tur'ret-ed (L turris = a tower):
spire whorls regularly stepped in outline
forming a long spire with somewhat shoul-
tower-shaped,
dered whorls, screw shells;
having the form of a turret, a high conical
turriculated:
spire; turriform: tower-shaped (Go Gon wide
ritella) (Fig. 151) iat
type (L typus = strike): a fundamental structure
common to a number of individuals, having
the essential characteristics of its group,
a specimen or specimens upon which a de-
scription of a species is based; type local-
ity: where the holotype specimen was found
type species: the species used by the author of
a genus to characterize that particular ge-
nus
typh'lo-sole (Gr typhlos = blind; solen = a pipe):
a longitudinal folding of the dorsal intestine
wall into the intestinal lumen
Tyrian purple: a famous purple dye originally
made at Tyre obtained from several spe-
cies of Murex, Purpura, and Thais (e.g.,
Murex trunculus Linnaeus) and used in
ancient times
THE VELIGER
trochiform — undulate
Page 47
Trochus
maculatus
umbilicus
umboniform
Architectonica nobilis
Figure 152
Umbonium giganteum
Figure 153
U
ul-tra-dex'tral (L ultra = beyond; dextral = to
the right): a shell which appears to be sin-
istral but has a dextrally organized animal;
hyperstrophic
ul-tra-sin'is-tral (L ultra = beyond; sinister =
left): a shell which appears to be dextral
but has a sinistrally organized animal; hy-
perstrophic
um-bi-li'cus (L umbilicus = the navel): an in-
dentation or cavity or a circular depression
at the axial base of a spiral shell; the hol-
low formed in spiral shells when the inner
side of the volutions do not join, large and
deep in Architectonica (Fig. 152)
um'bo (L umbo = a knob or boss): that point of
a bivalve situated immediately above the
hinge, the beak, the first formed part of a
bivalve, umbones; umbonal: situated near
or relating to an umbo, as the umbonal
area; umboniform: with a low, blunt or
rounded spire and nearly lenticular in shape
(e. g., like the genus Umbonium) (Fig. 153)
un'ci-nate (L uncinatus = hook): hooked or
barbed at the end, unciniform; uncini:
small hook-like structures which are nu-
merous on the radula of plant-eating gas-
tropods
un'du-late (L undulatus = waved): having a wavy
appearance,-as on a margin; sinuous,
marked with wavy lines or in a series of
regular bends, as some surface sculpture
unguiculated — vitta
Page 48
THE VELIGER
Vol. 7; Supplement
claw-
the
un-guic'u-la-ted (L unguis = the nail):
like, resembling a claw or talon, as
typical operculum of Conus; ungulate
uni- (L unus = one): a prefix denoting one,
single, containing or having one; uniauricu-
late: a single ear-like process, as in some
bivalves; unicameral: having one chamber;
unicarinate: a singlle ridge or keel; uni-
color: one color; unicostate: a single rib
or costa; unilamellate:
lamina;
possessing one
unilateral: one-sided; unimucro-
nate: a single point, mucro; uniplicate: a
single fold; uniserial: a single row; uni-
Spurl a. sane Ke isipikniale
groove or furrow
unisulcate: one
u'ni-valve (L unus = one; valva = leaf of a door):
a mollusk with a shell composed of one
piece, as the spiral shell of a gastropod
ur'ce-o-late (L urceus = a pitcher): pitcher-
shaped, swelling or hollow at the base and
contracted at the orifice
us'tu-late (L ustulatus = scorch or burn): so
marked with brown as to appear scorched;
discolored as if burned
V
valve (L valva =a leaf of a door): one of the
separable portions of a shell of a mollusk,
when
shell
more than two
brachiopod, or cirriped; univalve:
the shell is a single piece; bivalve:
in two sections; multivalve:
sections, as in chitons
var'i-ces (L varix = bent): plural of varix; lon-
gitudinal thickened elevations which occur
at intervals on the outer surface across the
whorls of some univalves, indicates a pe-
riodic resting stage or a former position of
the outer lip of the aperture; varicose: as
Tritons; varicellate: marked with small
varices, having small or indistinct varices
va'ri-e-ga-ted (L varius = various; ago = make):
marked by different shades of colors, hav-
ing marks or patches of different colors
va-ri'et-y (L varius = various): having minor
differences, a subdivision of a species, a
subspecies (e.g., Melongena corona per-
spinosa Pilsbry & Vanatta) ca
vel'i-ger (LL veliger = sail bearing): a larval
mollusk in the stage where it has a ciliated
swimming membrane or membranes; the
bearer of a velum; free-swimming young
(e.g., Littorina littorea Linnaeus)
ve'lum (L velum = a veil): a thin membranous
covering; velated: having a velum
(LL vellutum = velvet): velvet-
like, covered with very thickset upright
short hairs
ve-lu'ti-nous
ve'nose (L vena = a vein): having lines which
branch like veins
ve'nous (L venosus = full of veins): having nu-
merous velns; carried in a vein or veins
ven'tral (L venter = the belly): the edge remote
from the hinge in a bivalve; the ventral
margin is opposite the umbones; opposed to
dorsal
ven'tri-cose (L venter = belly): shells swollen
or inflated in the middle or on one side, the
whorls or valves swollen or strongly con-
vex, rounded out, distended, as the body
whorl of Harpa
ver'di-gris green (OFr verd de gris = verd-
green): a bluish shade of green resembling
verdigris, a green product of corrosion on
copper
ver-mic'u-late (L vermis = a worm): tracery
simulating the tracks of worms, worm-like
markings; vermicular: worm-shaped; ver-
miform: formed like a worm (e.g., Ver-
micularia, a worm shell); vermiculations:
sculpture of irregular wavy lines, grooves,
or channels
ver'ni-cose (NL vernix = varnish): shells ap-
pearing as though varnished or brilliantly
polished; covered with a very thin, pale
green periostracum
ver'ru-cose (L verruca = wart): having small
knobs or lumps on the surface, covered
with wart-like or verruciform elevations,
warty
ver'tex (L vertex = the top): the top, apex, sum-
mit, highest or principal point
ves-tig'i-al(L vestigium = a footprint): small,
atrophied, or degenerated from ancestral
development; structures once more com-
plete in functional activity
vil'li (L villus = shaggy hair):
pile of velvet; plural of villus
wine-colored,
soft hairs like a
vi-na'ceous (L vinum =
reddish
vi-o-la'ceous (L violaceus = violet-colored):
having a violet hue, tinged with violet or
wine):
purple
vir'i-dis (L viridis = green):
or becoming slightly green, viridescent
vis'cid (L viscidus = sticky): having a thick or
sticky or adhesive
glassy):
parent, thin (e. g., Vitrinidae, glass-snails,
a group of small land snails)
vit'ta (L vitta = a ribbon, fillet):
longitudinal, broad stripe or band; fascia
green, greenish
sticky consistency,
vit're-ous (L vitreus = glassy, trans-
a colored,
Vol. 7; Supplement
vi-vip'a-rous (L vivus = alive; parere = to pro-
duce): producing live young, as Vivipari-
dae, a freshwater gastropod born with a
spiral shell; many freshwater bivalves are
viviparous
vo-lute! (L voluto = to roll, turn, twist): a
whorl or turn of a spiral shell; volution: a
single turn of a coiled shell; Volutidae: a
volutoid gastropod found mostly in tropical
and subtropical waters
Ww
wam'pum (Am. Ind. wompam = white):
beads formed from the interior parts of
clam or oyster shells, used by the North
small
American Indians as currency or worn as
bracelets, necklaces, and belts; the beads
were black, dark purple, or white, the white
ones being the wampum proper; the North-
west Indians used tusk shells for wampum
wen'tle-trap (G Wendeltreppe = winding stair-
case): spiral, staircase shells (i.e., Epi-
toniidae)
whelk (AS wealcan = to roll): the family Bucci-
nidae, edible and used for fish bait; preys
on clams
whorl (AS hweorfa = the whorl of a spindle): a
volution or turn of the spire of a univalve
shell; one complete spiral turn; the largest
whorl is the body whorl or the last whorl
width (AS wid = wide): the maximum dimension
measured at right angles to the length or
height of the shell
windowpane shell: a bivalve shell with rather
large, flat, circular, translucent valves;
THE VELIGER
viviparous — zooid
Page 49
the laminated structure
thin sheets like mica and used as window
pane glass inthe Philippines, East Indies,
and China (e. g., Placuna placenta Linnaeus)
ing): a projection, expan-
is separated into
wing (Dan. vinge = wing):
sion, or ear-like extension on a pelecypod
in the hinge line (e.g., Pectens, Pteria)
(Fig. 154)
wrin'kled (ME wrinkel = wrinkle):
into furrows or prominences, ridged on the
to contract
surface, corrugated
(tar i
newcombianus
155
Pecten vogdesi Pteria sterna
Figure 154 Figure
Z
zig'zag (G zickzack = sharp point):
short sharp turns or angles, as the color
markings on Transennella puella Carpenter
or Pitar newcombianus Gabb (Fig. 155)
zon'ate (L zona = a belt, a girdle): marked with
zones or concentric bands of color, ringed,
belted
zo'oid (Gr zoon = animal; eidos =
a series of
form): an in-
dividual animal of a colonial (e.g., certain
corals) or compound (e.g., certain tuni-
cates) organism produced by asexual means
(as by fission, gemmation, etc.)
Page 50 THE VELIGER Vol. 7; Supplement
APPENDIX
MAIN DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME
PHANEROZOIC EON present to 520 million years ago
CENOZOIC ERA present to 60 million years ago
Neogene Period 28 million years duration
Pleistocene Epoch
Pliocene Epoch
Miocene Epoch
Paleogene Period 32 million years duration
Oligocene Epoch
Eocene Epoch
Paleocene Epoch
MESOZOIC ERA 60 to 185 million years ago
Cretaceous Period 70 million years duration
Jurassic Period ; 25 million years duration
Triassic Period 30 million years duration
PALEOZOIC ERA 185 to 520 million years ago
Permian Period 25 million years duration
Pennsylvanian Period * 25 million years duration
Mississippian Period * 30 million years duration
Devonian Period 55 million years duration
Silurian Period 40 million years duration
Ordovician Period 80 million years duration
Cambrian Period 80 million years duration
CRYPTOZOIC EON (Precambrian) 520 to 3,500 million years ago
* Equivalent to Carboniferous Period (European)
FOSSIL SHELLS
Amphineura: In various Paleozoic strata as far back as Ordovician; Mesozoic and Cenozoic
types resemble modern species
Scaphopoda: Well represented since Devonian time; modern forms appear in early Creta-
ceous; common in Cenozoic
Gastropoda: From earliest Paleozoic time; gradually increasing and developing to the pres-
ent time
Pelecypoda: Occur in Middle Ordovician beds; more numerous in Silurian; abundant in
shales and sandstone of later Paleozoic formations; becoming more prominent in
Mesozoic; reaching highest development in Cenozoic
Ammonoidea: Appearing in Devonian; rapidly advancing to Permian; then becoming extinct
in late Mesozoic Era
Nautiloidea: Straight, coiled, or curved; numerous in some formations in Ordovician Period;
abundant and varied in later Paleozoic and Mesozoic Seas; declining and less im-
portant in Cenozoic Era
Brachiopoda: Varied and abundant in Paleozoic rocks; declining to fewer simple types in
Mesozoic and Cenozoic time
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