Full text of "The Victoria history of the county of Suffolk"

3 1822 00040 7890

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822 00040 7890

0\je i

V.I

XTbe IDlctoria Ibistov^ of the
Counties of lEnolanb

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

A HISTORY OF
SUFFOLK

IN SIX VOLUMES

VOLUME I

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTIES
OF ENGLAND

SUFFOLK

DAWSON

FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Published by

Archibald Constable & Company Limited

in 1911

Reprinted for the University of London

Institute of Historical Research

William Dawson & Sons Ltd

Cannon House

Folkestone. Kent, England

1975

ISBN: 7129 0647 9

Originally printed in Great Britain by
Eyre & Spottiswoode, H.M. Printers, London
Reprinted in Belgium by Jos Adam, Brussels

INSCRIBED

TO THE MEMORY OF

HER LATE MAJESTY

QUEEN VICTORIA

WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE

THE TITLE TO AND

ACCEPTED THE

DEDICATION OF

THIS HISTORY

THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY

His Grace The Lord Arch-
bishop OF Canterbury

His Grace The Duke of
Bedford, K.G.
Fretident of the ZooUpcal Society

His Grace The Duke of
Portland, K.G.

His Grace The Duke of
Argyll, K.G., K.T.

The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
rosebery and midlothian,
K.G., K.T.

The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
Coventry
Late Preiident of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society

The Rt. Hon. The Viscount
Dillon

Late President of the Society of
Antiquariei

The Rt. Hon. The Lord Lister

Late President of the Royal Society

Thb Rt. Hon. The Lord
Alverstone, G.C.M.G.

Lord Chief Justice

The Hon. Walter Rothschild,
M.P.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick
Pollock, Bart.,LL.D., F.S.A.,
era

Sir Edward Maunde Thompson,
K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,F.S.A.,
etc.

Late Director of the British Museum

Sir Clements R. Markka m,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Late President of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society

Sir Henry C. Maxwell-Lyte,
K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., etc.

Keeper of the Public Records

Sir E. Ray Lankester, K.C.B.,
LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., etc.

Late Director of the Nat. Hist.
Museum^ South Kensington

Sir Jos. Hooker, G.C.S.I.,M.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC.

Col. Sir Duncan A. Johnston,
K.C.M.G., C.B., R.E.

Late Director General of the Ord-
nance Survey

Sir Archibald Geikie, LL.D.,
F.R.S., etc.

Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D.,
F.S.A., etc.

Lionel Cust, M.V.O., M.A.,

F.S.A., ETC.
Late Directi r of the National Por-
trait Gallery

Charles H. Firth, M.A., LL.D.

Regius Professor of Modern Hiitory,
Oxford

Albert C. L. G. Gunther, M. A.,
M.D., F.R.S., Ph.D.

Late President of the Linnean Society

F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D.,
F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History

Reginald L. Poole, M.A., Ph.D.

University Lecturer in Diplomatic^
Oxford

J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.

Walter Rye

W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.

Among the original members of
the Council were

The Late Duke of Devonshire
The Late Duke of Rutland
The Late Marquess of Salisbury
The Late Dr. Mandell

Creighton, Bishop of London
The Late Dr. Stubbs, Bishop

of Oxford

The Late Lord Acton

The Late Sir William Flower

The Late Col. Sir J. Farqu-

HARSON

The Late Sir John Evans
The Late Professor F. York
Powell

General Editor — William Page, F.S.A.

GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT

The Victoria History of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey
which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history,
and archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it
a worthy and permanent monument to her memory.

Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been
no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form.

Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in ifierit ; the best of them are very rare
and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal
adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history.

VII

In the Victoria History each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of man} ,
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar
undertakings.

The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a
guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department
of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past
and of the social, institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories
are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is
hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than
welcome to the man of culture.

THE SCOPE OF THE WORK

The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social,
and economic history , architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private
papeib. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public
records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet
far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local
institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain
for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political,
ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and
social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to
generation. The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact
that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is
directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research.
The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con-
tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that although an immense amovmt of work has been done by individual effort, the entire
absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto
robbed the results of much of their value.

In the Victoria History, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our
national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising
the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts
has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are
fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among
workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information
is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible.

THE RECORDS COMMITTEE

Sir EnwARD Maunde Thompson, K.C.B. C. T. Martin, B.A., F.S.A.
Sir Henry Maxwell-Lyte, K.C.B. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D,

W. J. Hardy, M.A., F.S.A. S. R. Scargill-Bird, F.S.A.

F. MaDAN, M.A. W. H. SlEVENSON, M.A.

G. F. Warner, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A.

CARTOGRAPHY

In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro-
graphical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps; also maps illustrating the articles on
Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The Series
contains many hundreds of maps in all.

ARCHITECTURE

A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other
monastic foundations.

In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture,
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. Peers, M.A.,
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work : —

ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE

J. BiLsoN, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.

R. Blomfield, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. Knowles, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

Harold Brakspear, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. Roland Paul, F.S.A.

Prof. G. Baldwin Brown, M.A. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.

Arthur S. Flower, M.A. Percy G. Stone, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

J. A. Gotch, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. H. Thaciceray Turner, F.S.A.

Flora
Fauna

The general plan of Contents and the names among others of those
who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as follows : —

Natural History

Geology. Climent Reid, F.R.S., Horace B. Woodward, F.R.S., G. A. Lebour, M.A., J. E. Marr,
D.Sc, F.R.S., and others

Palaeontology. R. Lydekker, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.

/Contributions by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., J. G. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc., G. C. Druce,
M.A., F.L.S., Walter Garstanc, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Rev. Canon A. M. Normak,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Rev. O.
Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B.
Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc and other Specialists

Prehistoric Remains. W. Boyd Dawkins, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Geo. Clinch, F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.,

John Garstang, M.A., B.Litt., F.S.A. , and others

Roman Remains. F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., and others

Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. Hercules Read, LL.D., F.S.A., Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A., and others

Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists

Architecture. C. R. Peers, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. St. John Hope, M.A., Harold BRAioiPEAR, F.S.A.,
A.R.LB.A., and others

Ecclesiastical History. R. L. Poole, M.A., Rev. H. Gee, D.D., F.S.A., Rgv. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.,
A. G. Little, M.A., and others

Political History. Prof. C. H. Firth, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt., F.S.A., W. H. Stevenson, M.A., J. Horace
Round, M.A., LL.D., Prof. T. F. Tout, M.A., Prof. James Tait, M.A., and A. F. Pollarp,
M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.

History of Schools. A. F. Leach, M.A., F.S.A.

Maritime History of Coast Counties. Sir John K. Laughton, M.A., M. Oppenheim, and others

Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities

Agriculture. Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., Late Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and others

Forestry. John Nisbet, D.CEc, and others

Industries, Arts and Manufactures

Social and Economic History

Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. Cuming, the Rev. E. E. Dorling, M.A., and others
Cricket. Sir Home Gordon, Bart.

[ By Various Authorities

C-PH<S.T30i JS.»-,S.;=\

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTY OF

SUFFOLK

EDITED BY

WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

VOLUME ONE

DAWSON

FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

County Ccminittce for Suffoll?

Formed in 1907

THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF BRISTOL
Lord Lieutenant^ Chairman

His Grace The Duke of Grafton,

K.G.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl Cadogan, K.G.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl Howe,

G.C.V.O.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Stradbroke
The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Iveagh,

K.P.
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Francis

Hervey
The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ely
The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of

Norwich
The Rt. Rev. The Bishop of Thetford
The Rt. Hon. The Lord de Saumarez
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Bateman
Col. The Hon. H. W. Lowry-Corry
The Rt. Hon. Sir William Brampton

Gurdon, K.C.M.G., C.B.
The Hon. Stanhope Tollemache
The Rev. Sir William Hyde-Parker,

Bart.
Sir Ralph Blois, Bart.
Sir Thomas Gooch, Bart.
Sir Collingwood Hughes, Bart.
Sir Charles Dalrymple, Bart.
Sir William Dunn, Bart.
Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bart.
Sir E. Walter Greene, Bart.
Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., F.S.A., F.L.S.
Sir Thomas H. Tacon, D.L.
The Worshipful The Mayor of Alde-

BURGH

The Worshipful The Mayor of Bury

St. Edmunds
The Worshipful The Mayor of Ipswich
The Worshipful The Mayor of South-

WCLD

The Worshipful The Mayor of Sud-
bury
W. C. Heaton Armstrong, Esq., M.P.
Col. N. Barnardiston, J. P., D.L.
Edward Beauchamp, Esq., M.P.

E. F. Bisshopp, Esq.
Edward Brooke, Esq.
Henry C. Casley, Esq.

The Ven. Archdeacon Chapman, M.A.
T. B. Chevalier, Esq.

A. TOWNSHEND CoBBOLD, EsQ.

John D. Cobbold, Esq. J.P., D.L.

Russell Colman, Esq.

W. A. CoPiNGER, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

F.R.S.A.
T. W. Cotman, Esq.

G. MiLNER-GlBSON-CuLLUM, EsQ., M.A.,

F.S.A.
The Rev. Francis J. Eld, M.A., F.S.A.
The Rev. E. Farrer, F.S.A.
Harry S. Foster, Esq., J. P., D.L.
H. Rider Haggard, Esq., J. P.
G. A. Hardy, Esq., M.P.
The Rev. D. P. Harrison, M.A.
The Rev. J. F. A. Hervey, M.A.
The Rev. E. Hill, M.A.
The Rev. J. Holden, M.A.
J. Sancroft Holmes, Esq., J. P., D.L.
Oliver D. Johnson, Esq., J. P.
Roger Kerrison, Esq., J.P.
Col. H. Mussenden Leathes
John Seymour Lucas, Esq., R.A.
George Manners, Esq., J.P., D.L.
T. TiNDAL Methold, Esq., J.P.
Claude Morley, Esq., F.E.S.
Col. O. H. Oakes
R. H. Inglis Palgrave, Esq., F.R.S.,

JP-
Capt. E. G. Pretyman, J.P., D.L.

F. H. Pretyman, Esq.
Capt. W. G. Probert

Vincent B. Redstone, Esq., F.R.Hist.S.
F. S. Stevenson, Esq., B.A., J.P., D.L.
The Rev. Julian G. Tuck, M.A.
The Rev. Canon Warren, B.D., F.S.A.

B. Eaton White, Esq., J.P.
John Wood, Esq.

XIll

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

Dedication ......

The Advisory Council of the Victoria History

General Advertisement

The Suffolk County Committee .

Contents ....

List of Illustrations and Maps ,
Preface .....

Table of Abbreviations
Natural History

Geology ....

Palaeontology

Botany ....

Introduction

Botanical Districts

List of Phanerogamia

Characeae {Stonetuorts)

Musci (Mosses) .

Hepaticae {Liverworts)

Freshwater Algae and Diatoms

Marine Algae .

Lichenes {Lichens)

Fungi ....
Zoology

Marine ....

Molluscs (Non-Marine)

By H
By R
Edi
By C

ted

B. Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S.
LvDEKKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.

by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, M
E. Salmon

By the Rev,
By the Rev

G. R. Bullock-Webster, M
E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F

A.,F

A.
E.S.

E.S.

By the late H. C. Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
By B. B. Woodward, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., and
A. Mayfield

Insects ....

Orthoptera {Earwigs, Grass
hoppers, Crickets, etc.) .

Neuroptera {Dragpn-Jlies, Stone-
flies, Lacezvings, etc.) .

Hymenoptera {Ants, Bees,
tVasps, Saw-flies, Gall-flies,
etc.) . . . .

Coleoptera {Beetles)

Lepidoptera {Butter/lies and
Moths) . . . .

Diptera {Flies)
Hemiptera {Bugs) .
Spiders . . . . .

By Claude Morley, F.E.S.

PACE
V

vii
vii
xiii

xvii
xxi

xxiii

By Claude Morley, F.E.S., and the Rev. E. N.

Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S. . . . .

By Claude Morley, F.E.S

47
51
60
69

7«
73
74
77

79
81

85
96

lOI

104

107
122

128

'35
141
150

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

Natural History — {continue^/)
Zoology — [continued )
Crustaceans

Fishes ....
Reptiles and Batrachians .
Birds ....
Mammals
Early Man ....
Palaeolithic Age .
Neolithic Age
Topographical List of Palaeolithic

and Neolithic Localities
Bronze Age
Early Iron Age .
Topographical List of Bronze Age
and Early Iron Age Antiquities
Romano-British Suffolk

Appendix on Santon Downham hoard
Anglo-Saxon Remains
Introduction to the Suffolk Domesday

Translation of the Suffolk Domesday

Ancient Earthworks

Social and Economic History

Part I

Part II

Table of Population 1801-1901

By the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbinc, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S

By J. T. CUNNI.NGHAM, M.A.

By G. T. Rope

By the Rev. Julian Tuck, M.A. .

By G. T. Rope

By W. Allen Sturce, M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P.

By W. A. DuTT

By George Clinch, F.G.S., F.S.A. (Scot.)

By the late George E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A.
By Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A.

jt j» ?» • •

By Beatrice A. Lees, Oxford Honours School of

Modern History .....
Adapted from the Translation by the late Lord Hervey
By J. C. Wall

By Professor George Unwin, B.A. .

By Dorothy Kemp, Oxford Honours School of

Modern History .....
By George S. Minchin ....

«53
163

173

'77

2'5

235

235
248

256

263

270

275
279
321
325

357
418

583
633
633

660
683

XVI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

* Anglo-Saxon Antiquities from Suffolk
Early Man :

Plan of Mildenhall District
Sections of the Warren Hill Ridge
Flint Implements. Plate I

Plate II .
Plate III .
Plate IV ,
Boyton : Gold Torque
Lakenheath : Bronze-Age drinking cup
Saape : Cinerary urn
Fornham : Celt
Lakenheath : Celt
Mildenhall : Celt .
Honington : Palstave
Mildenhall : Bronze finger-ring .
Ornament on lid of bronze box .
Westhall : Enamelled bronze harness-ring
Lakenheath : S-shaped brooch with typical late Ce

„ Small socketed bronze axe

Mildenhall : Iron bill-hook of the Early Iron Age
Westhall : Bronze cylinders
Romano-British Suffolk :

Burgh Castle : Plan showing position .
„ „ Plan of Gariannonum .

Walton Castle : Plan showing position
Chart of entrance to Harwich Harbour in 1686
Walton Castle : Ground plan and ruins
„ „ Vase from cemetery .

Whitton : Fragment of mosaic pavement
Rougham : Contents of barrow .
Barking Hall : Bronze figure
Icklingham : Pewter from the Acton Collection
Coddenham : Mirror case ....
Cowlinge : Bronze jar or household god (Hercules)

,. (Mercury)
Herringfleet : Bronze vessel ....

Icklingham : Plan of Roman house, Horselands .
Kesgrave : Medallion in terra cotta
Icklingham : Square pewter dish and other pieces .
M.irtlesham : Base of bronze figure
Melton : Plan of tile kiln . . . •

xvii

Itic ornament

PAGE

colowcd plate, frontispiece

. 237

. 242

full-page plate, facing 248

„ „ 252

„ „ 254

,, .. 256

» „ 266

267
267
268
268
268
271
272

full-page plate, facing 272

273

283
284
287
288
288

full-page plate, facing

11 77

full-page plate, facing

290

294
297
298
302

304

308
309

full-page piate, facing 3 1 2

t »

3'3

* Reproduced in black and while in this edition.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Anglo-Saxon Remains :

Snape : Cinerary urn ......

„ Gold ring with Roman int.iglio

„ Boat in grave-mound .....

» »»»»)» .....

Sutton near Woodbridge : Gold front of jewelled brooch

Ipswich : Bronze square-headed brooches . . . 1

„ Square-headed and circular brooches and buckle )

Cinerary urns found in Suffolk. Plate III .

Ixworth : Bronze brooch ......

Cinerary urns found in Suffolk. Plate IV .

Ixworth : Bronze-gilt disk-head of pin .

Two bronze mounts of sword-scabbard (.') •

Akenhain H.dl, Ipswich : Pair of long brooches )

West Stow Heath : Bronze brooch . . J

Warren Hill, Mildcnhall : Bronze badge (?) offish form

Mitchell's Hill, Icklingham : Gilt-bronze buckle

Ipswich : Iron axe-head ....

Mildenhall : Lead weight with bronze-gilt top

„ Bronze-gilt brooch with silver mounts

„ Part of bracelet-clasp

„ Bronze brooch, once enamelled

Felixstowe : Lion brooch of bronze

Bronze brooch in form of bee

Blythburgh : Whale's bone tablet for writing
Ancient Earthworks :

Burgh (near Woodbridge) : Castle Field

Clare : Camp .

Burgh Castle .

Chcvington Hall Farm

Great Ashfield : Castle Hill

Orford Castle .

Bungay Castle .

Clare Castle .

Eye Castle

Framlingham Castle .

Denham Castle

Haughley Castle

Ilketshall St. John : The Moun

Lidgate Castle

Lindsey Castle

Milden Castle

Otley : Site of Castle

Gisleham Manor House : Moat round Site

Mettingham Castle .

Wingfield Castle

Lawshall : The Warbanks

PAGB

327
3^7
3*8
330

fu.'-p.ige plate, facing 332

334

. . . . 336

fu 'l-p.ige plate, facing 336

• 337

. ■ ■ • 338

full-page plate, facing 338

34*

343
343
345
345
346
346
348
349
35«

587
588

589
589
591
592
593
594
596

597

598

599
600
601
602
603
603
610
621
622
624

XVill

LIST OF MAPS

PACE

t Geological Map facing I

• Orographiciil Map ............ „ 17

• Botanical Map ............ ,.47

Prehistoric Map ............ ,,235

Romano-British Map ........... ,,279

Anglo-Saxon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,325

Domesday Map . . . . . . . . . . . . » 357

Ancient Earthworks Map . . . . . . . , . . . »» 5^3

t Not reproduced in this edition owing to technical difficulties.

• Reproduced in black and white with red over print.

PREFACE

EAST ANGLIA exhibits a peculiar difficulty to the county
historian on account of the small size, and consequently the
large number, of its parishes and manors. This is probably
the cause of various unsuccessful attempts to' write the
history of Suffolk. Some of these efforts have so far matured as
to reach the stage of the publication of one or two volumes, while
others have not got beyond the stage of preliminary manuscript
collections. The first to attempt a county history of Suffolk was
John Gage, F.R.S., F.S.A., who, in 1838, took the name of Rokewode.
He published, in 1822, The History and Antiquities of Hengrave, in which
parish was the family seat of his father and afterwards of his elder
brother. In 1838 he issued the first volume of his proposed larger work,
The History and Antiquities of Su^olk, containing the history of the hundred
of Thingoe, the only part of his history which reached publication. His
work is careful and exhaustive, and it is much to be regretted that it was
not completed. His valuable collections for the continuation of the
work are now preserved at Hengrave Hall. The next to take up the
history of the county was Alfred Inigo Fox, LL.B., who, in 1820, took
the name of Suckling. He began the publication of his History and
Antiquities of Suffolk in 1846, but, like Gage, he only completed the
history of one hundred, that of Lothingland. Kirkby's Suffolk Traveller,
published in 1848, and its later edition, with supplement by Augustine
Page, published in 1844, cannot be strictly called county histories,
although they contain much useful information. An admirable history
of the county was undertaken by the late Mr. W. A. Coppinger, M.A.,
LL.D., F.S.A., who, in 1905, published The Manors of Suffolk, with
Notes on their History and Devolution. This volume contains the history
of the hundreds of Babergh and Blackburn. In 1908 the second
volume, including the hundreds of Blything, Bosmere, and Claydon,
appeared. Dr. Coppinger's Materials for the History of Suffolk, containing
references to sources for a history of the county, is of great value to all
those interested in the topography of Suffolk. Besides the printed
histories of the county, there are several manuscript collections for histories,
principal among which are those of David Ehsha Davy, B.A., which were
purchased by the British Museum in 1852 (Add. MSS. 1 9077-1 9207) ;
of Davy's friend, H. Jermyn, which were presented to the British
Museum by Herbert Gurney in 1830 (Add. MSS. 8168-96) ; and of
Craven Ord, F.R.S., F.S.A., most of whose collections are also now in
the British Museum (Add. MSS. 71 01-2, 8986-7),

XXI

PREFACE

During the preparation of this volume the Editor has had to deplore
the death of Mr. H. C. Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., who left the
rough draft of his article on the Marine Zoology of the county, the re-
vision of the proofs of which was generously undertaken by the Rev.
Canon Norma/i, D.C.L. The Editor also greatly regrets the loss of his
old and much esteemed friend, Mr. George E. Fox, Hon. M.A., F.S.A.,
whose profound knowledge of Roman archaeology and kindly sympathy
endeared him to a large circle of friends. Mr. Fox died before finally
revising the proofs of his article on the Roman Remains of the county,
for the correction of which the Editor is responsible. The late Canon
Raven was to have written the articles on Early Man and the Anglo-
Saxon Remains of the county, but died before commencing the work.

The Editor has to express his thanks to Lord Francis Hervey for
advice and assistance ; to the Society of Antiquaries, the Suffolk Institute
of Archaeology and Natural History, the British Archaeological Associa-
tion, the Royal Archaeological Institute, the Prehistoric Society of East
Anglia, Mr. C. D. Pridden, M.A., Mr. Frank Woolnough, Mr. W.
Allen Sturge, M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P., and Miss Nina Layard, for
illustrations and information ; and to Mr. Vincent Redstone for his
ready help in many ways while passing the sheets through the press.

Owing to unforeseen circumstances there has been a delay in the
publication of this volume ; hence it is possible that works issued during
the past year, touching upon the subjects with which it deals, may not
have been consulted.

XXll

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

O.)

Abbrev. Plac. (Rec

Com.)
Acts of P.C.
Add. . . .
Add. Chart.
Admir. .
Agarde .
Anct. Corresp.
Atict. D. (P.R

A 2420
Ann. Mon.
Antiq. .
App. .
Arch.

Arch. Cant
Archd. Rec
Archit. .
Assize R.
Aud. Off.
Aug. Off
Ayloffe

Bed. . .
Beds . .
Berks .
Bdle. .
B.M. .
Bodl. Lib.
Bore.
Brev. Reg.
Brit. . .
Buck. .
Bucks

Cal. .
Camb.
Cambr.

Campb. Chart

Cant.

Cap. . . .

Carl. . .

Cart. Antiq. R.

C.C.C. Camb. ,

Certiorari Bdles.

(Rolls Chap.)
Chan. Enr. Decree

R.
Chan. Proc.
Chant. Cert.

Chap. Ho. .
Charity Inq.
Chart. R. 20 Hen.
III. pt. i. No. 10

Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re-
cord Commission)

Acts of Privy Council

Additional

Additional Charters

Admiralty

Agarde's Indices

Ancient Correspondence

Ancient Deeds(Public Record
Office) A 2420

Annates Monastici

Antiquarian or Antiquaries

Appendix

Archa;ologia or Archaeological

Archaeologia Cantiana

Archdeacons' Records

Architectural

Assize Rolls

Audit Office

Augmentation Office

Ayloffe's Calendars

Bedford

Bedfordshire

Berkshire

Bundle

British Museum

Bodley's Library

Borough

Brevia Regia

Britain, British, Britannia, etc.

Buckingham

Buckinghamshire

Calendar

Cambridgeshire or Cambridge

Cambria, Cambrian, Cam-
brensis, etc.

Campbell Charters

Canterbury

Chapter

Carlisle

Cartx Antiqua; Rolls

Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge

Certiorari Bundles (Rolls
Chapel)

Chancery Enrolled Decree
Rolls

Chancery Proceedings

Chantry Certificates (or Cer-
tificates of Colleges and
Chantries)

Chapter House

Charity Inquisitions

Charter Roll, 20 Henry III.
part i. Number 10

Chartul. .
Chas.
Ches.
Chest. .
Ch. Gds.

K.R.)
Chich. .
Chron. .
Close
Co. . .
Colch. .
Coll.
Com.

Com. Pleas
Conf. R.
Co. Plac.
Cornw. .
Corp.
Cott. .
Ct. R. .
Ct. of Ward
Cumb. .
Cur. Reg.

D. . .
D. and C.
Dc Banc. R
Dec. and Ord
Dep. Keeper's
Derb. . .
Devon .
Dioc. . .
Doc. . .
Dods. MSS.
Dom. Bk. .
Dors.

Duchy of Lane
Dur. .

(Exch

East.

Eccl. .

Eccl. Com.

Edw. .

Eliz.

Engl. .

Engl. Hist.

Enr.

Epis. Reg.

Esch. Enr. Accts.

Excerpta e Rot. Fin

(Rec. Com.)
Exch. Dep.
Exch. K.B.
Exch. K.R. .

Exch. L.T.R. .

Rep,

Chartulary

Charles

Cheshire

Chester

Church Goods (Exchequer

King's Remembrancer)
Chichester

Chronicle, Chronica, etc.
Close Roll
County
Colchester
Collections
Commission
Common Pleas
Confirmation Rolls
County Placita
Cornwall
Corporation
Cotton or Cottonian
Court Rolls
Court of Wards
Cumberland
Curia Regis

Deed or Deeds

Dean and Chapter

De Banco Rolls

Decrees and Orders

Deputy Keeper's Reports

Derbyshire or Derby

Devonshire

Diocese

Documents

Dodsworth MSS.

Domesday Book

Dorsetshire

Duchy of Lancaster

Durham

Easter Term
Ecclesiastical

Ecclesiastical Commission
Edward
Elizabeth

England or English
English Historical Review
Enrolled or Enrolment
Episcopal Registers
Escheators Enrolled Accounts
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium

(Record Commission)
Exchequer Depositions
Exchequer King's Bench
Exchequer King's Remem-
brancer
Exchequer Lord Treasurer's
Remembrancer

xxni

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Eich. of Pleas, Plea

R.
Exch. of Receipt .
Exch. Spec. Com. .

Feet of F. . . .
jod. Accts. (Ct. of

Wards)
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of

Wards)
Feud. Aids .

fol

Foreign R. . . .
Forest Proc.

Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll

Exchequer of Receipt
Exchequer Special Commis-
sions

Feet of Fines

Feodaries Accounts (Court of

Wards)
Feodaries Surveys (Court of

Wards)
Feudal Aids
Folio

Foreign Rolls
Forest Proceedings

Gaz Gazette or Gazetteer

Gen Genealogical, Genealogica,

etc.

Geo George

GIouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester

Guild Certif (Chan.) Guild Certificates (Chancery)
Ric. II. Richard II.

Hants

Harl.

Hen.

Heref

Hertf

Herts

Hil. .

Hist.

Hist. MSS. Com.

Hosp.

Hund. R. . .

Hunt. . . .

Hunts .

Inq. a.q.d.
Inq. p.m.
Inst. . .
Invent. .
Ips. .
Itin. . .

Jas. .
Journ.

Lamb. Lib.

Lane

L. and P. Hen.

VIII.
Lansd.
Ld. Rev. Rec. . .

Leic

Le Neve's Ind.

Lib

Lich

Line

Lond

Mem

Hampshire

Harley or Harleian

Henry

Herefordshire or Hereford

Hertford

Hertfordshire

Hilary Term

History, Historical, Historian,

Historia, etc.
Historical MSS. Commission
Hospital
Hundred Rolls
Huntingdon
Huntingdonshire

Inquisitionsad quod damnum
Inquisitions post mortem
Institute or Institution
Inventory or Inventories
Ipswich
Itinerary

James
Journal

Lambeth Library
Lancashire or Lancaster
Letters and Papers, Hen.

VIII.
Lansdowne

Land Revenue Records
Leicestershire or Leicester
Le Neve's Indices
Library
Lichfield

Lincolnshire or Lincoln
London

Membrane
Memorials

Memo. R. .

Memoranda Rolls

Mich. . .

Michaelmas Term

Midd. . .

Middlesex

Mins. Accts.

Ministers' Accounts

Misc. 13ks. (Exch.

Miscellaneous Books (Ex

K.R., Exch

chequer King's Remem

T.R. or A

brancer. Exchequer Trea

Off.)

sury of Receipt or Aug-
mentation Office)

Mon. . .

Monastery, Monasticon

Monm. . .

Monmouth

Mun. . .

Muniments or Munimenta

Mus. . .

Museum

N. and Q. .

Notes and Queries

Norf. . .

Norfolk

Northampt.

Northampton

Northants .

Northamptonshire

Northumb. .

Northumberland

Norvv. .

Norwich

Nott. . .

Nottinghamshire or Netting

N.S. .

Off. .
Orig. R.
O.S. .
Oxf. .

Palmer's Ind.
Pal. of Chest.
Pal. of Dur.
Pal. of Lane.
Par. . . .
Pari. . . .
Pari. R. . .
Parl.^rv. .
Partic. for Gt;.
Pat. . . .
P.C.C. . .

Pet

Peterb

Phil

Pipe R

Plea R

Pop. Ret. . . .
Pope Nich. Tax.

(Rec. Com.)
P.R.O

Proc. . . .
Proc. See. Antiq.

pt.
Pub.

Rec. . . .
Recov. R. . .
Rentals and Surv.

Rep

Rev

Ric

ham
New Style

Office

Originalia Rolls
Ordnance Survey
Oxfordshire or Oxford

Page

Palmer's Indices

Palatinate of Chester

Palatinate of Durham

Palatinate of Lancaster

Parish, parochial, etc.

Parliament or Parliamentary

Parliament Rolls

Parliamentary Surveys

Particulars for Grants

Patent Roll or Letters Patent

Prerogative Court of Canter-
bury

Petition

Peterborough

Philip

Pipe Roll

Plea Rolls

Population Returns

Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re-
cord Commission)

Public Record Office

Proceedings

Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries

Part

Publications

Roll

Records

Recovery Rolls

Rentals and Surveys

Report

Review

Richard

XXIV

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Roff. .... Rochester diocese
Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Curijc Regis
Rut Rutland

Topog.

Sarum ....

Ser

Sess. R

Shrews

Shrops ....

Soc

Soc. Antiq. .

Somers

Somers. Ho.

S.P. Dom. . . .

StaiF. ....

Star Chamb. Proc.

Stat

Steph

Subs. R. . . .

SufF.

Surr

Suss

Surv. of Ch. Liv-
ings (Lamb.) or
(Chan.)

Salisbury diocese
Series

Sessions Rolls
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
Society

Society of Antiquaries
Somerset
Somerset House
State Papers Domestic
Staffordshire

Star Chamber Proceedings
Statute
Stephen
Subsidy Rolls
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex

Survey's of Church Livings
(Lambeth) or (Chancery)

Trans.
Transl.
Treas.
Trin.

Univ.

Valor Eccl.

Com.)
Vet. Mon. .
V.C.H. . .

Vic. . . .

vol. . . .

(Rec.

Warw. .
Westm. .
Westmld.
Will. .
Wilts .
Winton.
Wore.

Yorb

Topography or Topograph!.

cal
Transactions
Translation
Treasury or Treasurer
Trinity Term

University

Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record

Commission)
Vetusta Monumenta
Victoria County History
Victoria
Volume

Warwickshire or Warwick

Westminster

Westmorland

William

Wiltshire

Winchester diocese

Worcestershire or Worcester

Yorkshire

A HISTORY OF
SUFFOLK

GEOLOGY

SUFFOLK forms part of the East Anglian plain, and consists
almost wholly of an undulating region which rarely attains an
elevation of 400 feet. The greater portion of the county rises
from 80 to 200 feet above sea-level ; there are no prominent hills,
and even the district between Stowmarket and Harleston, to which the
term ' High Suffolk ' has sometimes been applied, lies below 200 feet.
The highest ground is between Haverhill and Bury St. Edmunds, and
this reaches 417 feet at Rede. The great alluvial tract of the Fenland
extends to Mildenhall in the north-western portion of the county, and
constitutes a lower plain.

The main features are those of the river valleys, notably along the
lower courses, which widen out into the pleasant estuarine waters of the
Deben, Orwell and Stour, or expand — as in the case of the Waveney
where it joins the Yare — into the brackish water ' broad ' known as
Breydon Water.

The coast line is nowhere protected by hard rocks, the cliffs being
formed of loose sands, gravels and clays, which yield so readily to the
combined attacks of land-springs and sea that the losses have been dis-
astrous.

The geological structure of Suffolk is comparatively simple. The
Chalk forms the foundation of almost the entire county. Its base would
be reached just below ihe fens of Mildenhall, and it is inclined gently
towards the south-east. Thus at Culford near Bury St. Edmunds it has
a thickness of 526 feet ; at Stowmarket and to the south-east it is over
800 feet. It forms part of that shallow trough or syncline known as the
' London Basin,' which in the southern and eastern parts of the county
where the Chalk is thickest supports a mass of Eocene strata. These
appear at the surface at Sudbury and Ipswich, and have been proved in
borings at various places, including Southwold and Lowestoft.

Stretching irregularly across the worn surfaces of the Eocene in the
southern, and on to the Chalk in the north-eastern parts of the county,
are found the several divisions of the Crag formation for which Suffolk
is especially famous. Nowhere else in England is there a better hunting-
ground for the collector of fossils than that portion of the Crag district
which extends from Felixstow to Aldeburgh and inland to Ipswich and
Woodbridge. There in many a pit shells and other organic remains in
great abundance and variety may at all times be obtained.

These richly fossiliferous strata have been partially destroyed and
I I I

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

extensively buried up by the succeeding glacial deposits, which form a
mantle over by far the greater part of the county. The chalky Boulder
Clay occupies much of western and central Suffolk, and the lighter
Glacial sands and gravels much of the eastern part. To them the
agricultural characters of the land and its scenery are principally due :
the strong loam of the Boulder Clay forming arable tracts, and the sands
and gravels, together with the Crag series, giving rise to those pleasant,
gorse-covered commons which form a marked feature in eastern Suffolk,

Later deposits belonging to old valleys, but some of high antiquity,
have attained renown, notably at Hoxne and Brandon, as repositories of
the flint implements of Paleolithic man ; while the more recent accu-
mulations — marine, estuarine and freshwater — occupy lower levels in the
valleys and fringe the coasts.

The chief industries connected with geology are lime-burning and
brick-making. The old gun-flint manufactory at Brandon is practically
extinct, while the ' coprolite diggings ' have been abandoned owing to
the introduction of foreign phosphates.

Although the geological structure of the county has been spoken of
as simple, the particular relations of many of the sub-divisions in the
Pliocene and newer strata have formed the subject of much controversy,
and mainly on this account the literature is voluminous.

For some of the earlier records relating to the county we are
indebted to the Rev. William Branwhite Clarke,' who was born at East
Bergholt, and who ultimately became the ' Father of Australian Geo-
logy.' To Searles Valentine Wood of Hasketon and Martlesham, and
to his son S. V. Wood, junior ; to Edward Charlesworth, Sir Joseph
Prestwich, John Ellor Taylor, Professor E. Ray Lankester, Mr. William
Whitaker, Mr. E. T. Newton, Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. F. W.
Harmer we are especially indebted for our knowledge of the Tertiary
and newer strata and their organic remains.^ To Mr. A. J. Jukes-
Browne and Mr. William Hill we owe our special knowledge of the
Chalk. To the publications of the Geological Survey we are likewise
indebted, and frequent reference is made to the Memoirs issued by that
institution.

The strata or formations known in Suffolk may be grouped as
follows, the names in italics referring to those not exposed at the sur-
face.

' ' On the Geological Structure and Phzenomena of tlie County of Suffolk,' Trans. Geo!. Soe. sec. l,
V. 359.

* For bibliography see list in Whitaker's 'Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh
and Felixstow,' Geol. Survey (1885), p. 134 ; with addenda in 'Geology of Parts of Cambridgeshire
and Suffolk,' Geol. Survey (1891), p. i 21. See also ' Sketch of the Geology of Suffolk,' by J. E.Taylor,
reprinted from the fourth edition of White's History, etc., of the county (1884.).

GEOLOGY

Period

Formation

Character of the Strata

Approximate thick-
ness in feet

Recent to

Neolithic

Alluvium, including sub-
merged Forest and Fen
Beds

Blown Sand

Shingle Beaches . . .

Mud, silt, clay, peat and
gravel

Clean sand

Chiefly flint pebbles . .

10 to 50

10 to 15
up to 50

Pleistocene,
Palaeolithic
and Glacial

Valley Gravel and Brick-
earth
Boulder Clay ....

Glacial Sand and Gravel .
Glacial Loam ....

Sub-angular flint gravel
and loam

Chalky clay, with flints
and erratics ....

Shelly sand and gravel

Loam

10 to 25

up to 170
10 to 100
10 to 25

Pliocene

Cromer Forest Bed . .

Norwich Crag Series with

Chillesford Clay
Red Crag Series
Coralline Crag ....

Gravel, laminated clay and
peaty loam with rootlets

Shelly sand and gravel and
laminated clay .

Red and brown shelly sand

Calcareous shelly sand and
sandy limestone . . .

10 to 25

20 to 150
10 to 40

40 to 60

Eocene

London Clay ....
Reading Beds ....
Thanet Beds ....

Brown and blue clay with
septaria and sandy clay

Mottled clay, sand and
sandstone

Green clayey sand .

up to 130

20 to 70

10 to 15

Upper
Cretaceous

Upper Chalk ....
Middle Chalk ....
Lower Chalk ....

Gault

Soft chalk with nodular
flints

Harder chalk with few
nodular and tabular flints

Grey and white blocky
chalk with curved joint-
ing and grey marl .

Grey marly clay . . .

500

200 to 220

160 to 170
50 to 90

Lower
Cretaceous

Lower Greemand .

Ferruginous and calcareous
sandstone

30 to 35

Jurassic

Kimeridge Clay ....

Dark shale with bands
and nodules of lime-
stone

100

Palasozoic

Silurian ? (or older)

Slaty rock

unknown

PALAEOZOIC

Rocks of ancient date, the age of which cannot at present be deter-
mined, have been proved at Stutton in the low ground south of Crepping
Hall, on the borders of the Stour.

There at a depth of 994 feet beneath Gault, Chalk and other over-

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lying strata certain slaty rocks were entered. In character they re-
sembled beds reached beneath the Gault at Harwich, now believed to
belong to the Silurian or an older formation. The enterprise at Stutton,
as remarked by Mr. Whitaker, was the first attempt made by the
Eastern Counties Coal-boring Association.^

An earlier boring at Culford Park to the north-west of Bury
St. Edmunds proved dark slaty rock and hornstone beneath the Lower
Greensand and overlying rocks, at depths of from 637I to 657^ feet.^

This is all we at present know of the Paleozoic floor in Suffolk.

JURASSIC

KIMERIDGE CLAY

This formation perhaps directly underlies the alluvium in the
northern portion of Mildenhall Fen in a very small area in Suffolk, but
it may extend beneath the Lower Greensand and Gault and overlying
strata towards Newmarket and Mildenhall. Its thickness is not likely
to exceed 100 feet, and where exposed beyond the borders of Suffolk
it consists of dark shales and clays with nodules and bands of limestone.
The occurrence of limestones in the Kimeridge Clay, as at Littleport
north of Ely, is interesting, as in other Jurassic formations the develop-
ment of limestones at the expense of clays occurs in proximity to old
land-tracts.' The Kimeridge Clay, if not faulted against the older
rocks, must abut against them in the area to the west of Culford.

CRETACEOUS

LOWER GREENSAND

In the boring at Culford, previously mentioned, the Pala20zoic rock
was immediately overlain by greyish-brown ferruginous sandstone and
sandy limestone with foraminifera and fragments of echinoderms, mol-
lusca and brachiopods, as well as lignite. These strata occurred beneath
the Gault, from 605 to 637I feet in depth, and they have been referred,
with doubt, by Mr. Whitaker and Mr. Jukes-Browne to the Lower
Greensand, though they mention the possibility of their being Jurassic*

GAULT

Although the Gault nowhere appears at the surface in Suffolk, it
cannot be far below ground over much of Mildenhall Fen, and it prob-
ably everywhere underlies the Chalk. It occurs at a depth of 532 feet
below Culford, and consists of a mass of grey marl 73 feet thick, in

1 See address by W. Whitaker to Geo]. Section, Rep. Brit. Asm. for 1895, p. 667, also pp. 436,
693 ; and Geol. Mag. (1895), p. 466.

* Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^lart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1. 492.

* H. B. Woodward, 'Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' vol. v. (1895), Geol. Sutfey, p. 172.

* ^art. Joun:. Geol. Soc. 1. 493.

GEOLOGY

which phosphatic nodules and a few fossils such as Belemnites attenuatus,
fish-vertebra^, etc., have been observed/ Its thickness may be greater
under Mildenhall Fen, probably as much as 90 feet.

At Stutton the Gault was reached at a depth of 944 feet, and its
thickness was about 50 feet. It there rests directly on Palccozoic rock.

No evidence of Upper Greensand has been met with, for although
at Combs near Stowmarket the lower part of the Chalk was proved at
a depth of 874 feet, and green sandy beds and clays were then reached,
these may in part belong to the base of the Chalk, as noted further on."

CHALK

While the Chalk enters so much into the foundation of the county,
it is only in the western parts that it appears to any prominent extent
at the surface. Elsewhere it is largely concealed by newer deposits, and
on the eastern side it lies more than 200 feet below the surface of Orford
marshes, 126 feet at Saxmundham, and as much as 475 feet at Lowes-
toft.

The full thickness proved in the deep boring at Stutton amounts to
874I feet, a good deal less than that known to occur in Norfolk. In
other localities thicknesses of over 800 feet have been proved, as at
Landguard Fort (base not reached), and at Combs near Stowmarket,
where the highest beds of Chalk were not present.

The divisions recognized in the Chalk are as follows : —

Zones

Upper Chalk

Chalk with flints: Chalk Rock
at base

Actinocamax quadratui
Manupites
Micraster
Holaster planus

Middle Chalk

Bedded Chalk with few flints :
Melbourn Rock at base

TerehratuUna
Rhynchonella cuvieri

Lower Chalk

Grey Chalk or clunch : Tottern-

hoe stone at base
Chalk marl

Holaster subglobosus
Ammonites varians

In the eastern part of the county it is probable that the lowest
portion of the Chalk formation is a dark green glauconitic marl a few
feet thick, recognized in some deep borings, as at Stutton, and belonging
perhaps to the sub-zone of Stauronema carteri.^ In the western part of
the county it is likely that the Cambridge phosphate bed may occur at
the base of the Chalk, as it was proved in a boring at Isleham, and it
has been worked near Soham in Cambridgeshire. In this case it would

* Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1. 49 1 •

2 Whitaker, Geol. Mag. (1895), p. 465; Jukes-Browne, 'Cretaceous Rocks of Britain,' vol. i.
(1900), Geol. Survey, pp. 372, 373.

' Jukes-Browne, ' Cretaceous Rocks of Britain ' vol. i. (1900), Geol. Survey, p. 373.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

be found beneath the alluvium of Mildenhall Fen, and perhaps for some
distance beneath the levels west of Lakenheath.

The base of the Lower Chalk has nowhere been exposed in the
county, and indeed only the higher portions of the grey Chalk marl,
which is reckoned to be 60 or 70 feet in thickness, outcrop in the north-
west. This marl is surmounted by the Totternhoe Stone, which com-
prises about I 2 feet of grey gritty limestone, largely made up of commi-
nuted fragments of Inoceratnus and containing green-coated phosphatic
nodules at the base. The beds have been worked for freestone at Isle-
ham, and they probably outcrop to the north-west of West Row. At
this locality a band of light red chalk was observed by Mr. Jukes-Browne
in the grey chalk which occurs above the Totternhoe Stone.' This
higher portion of the Lower Chalk consists for the most part of grey
and white blocky chalk or clunch, about 80 feet in thickness, with at
top a layer 3 or 4 feet thick of yellow shaly marl and hard chalk, char-
acterized by Actinocamax plenus. These beds extend from West Row
eastwards to near Mildenhall, Eriswell and Lakenheath.^

The Middle Chalk comprises at its base the Melbourn Rock, a
hard sandy nodular layer about 8 feet thick, named from Melbourn in
Cambridgeshire. It has been observed near Worlington. The overlying
yellowish and somewhat nodular chalk yields Rhynchonelia cuvieri,
Inoceramus mytiloides and Galerites siibrotundus. The beds are exposed in
pits east of Mildenhall, to the east and north of Eriswell and to the
north-east of Lakenheath.^

The higher portion of the Middle Chalk, characterized by Tere-
bratulina, consists of softer white chalk with layers of marl and nodules
of flint ; and it extends from Newmarket, east of Mildenhall, to the
neighbourhood of Brandon, a region where the Chalk is much hidden by
drift sand.

Only in the neighbourhood of Newmarket does the Chalk present
its characteristic features of open downs with short, springy turf, such
as we find over the well-known training grounds and racecourse.*
Northwards to Mildenhall and Thetford, owing partly ' to the cappings
of Drift as well as to the amount of sand that seems to have been blown
over the Chalk, the usual features of a chalk-tract are almost absent.
We have no sharp escarpment, no deep valleys, and the flood of sand has
given rise, in places, to barren heath-land.' Large plantations of fir and
larch have been made, elsewhere much of the ground is ' little else than
a gigantic rabbit warren,' although rye, barley and potatoes are grown
in places. ° In this region, as might be expected, there is a scarcity of
surface water.

1 Geol. Mag. (1887), p. 24.

^ Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^arl. Joum. Geol. Soc. xliii. 547, 554; Whitaker and others,
'Geology of South-western Norfolk,' etc., Geol. Survey (1893), p. 29.

^ Jukes-Browne and Hill, ^arl. Journ. Geol. Soc. xliii. 563, 564; Jukes-Browne, Stiatlgraphical
Geology (1902), p. 442.

* See F. J. Bennett, 'Geology of Bury St. Edmunds and Newmarket,' Geol. Survey (1886), p. 2.

* Whitaker and others, ' Geology of Parts of Cambridgeshire and Suffolk,' Geol. Survey (1891), p. 4.

GEOLOGY

The Upper Chalk, consisting of chalk with nodular and tabular
flints, underlies the greater part of Suffolk, from Haverhill through Bury
St. Edmunds to Brandon, and in the country to the east, where however
it is so much obscured by Glacial drift and Tertiary strata that it appears
seldom at the surface and few fossils have been recorded.

Chalk with Micraster occurs at Bury St. Edmunds and onwards,
probably to Ixworth, Fakenham and Euston Park. At Great Horringer
it has been extensively excavated in subterranean workings or galleries.

The Marsupite zone probably extends through the country from
near Wickhambrook to Elmswell, Botesdale and Redgrave.

Near Needham Market the Chalk yields Actimcamax quadratus,
Inoceramus mytiloides and Ostrea acutirostris. There are Chalk pits at
Coddenham, while to the north-east the Chalk appears in the Deben
Valley below Debenham and at Earl Soham.

Chalk above the zone of Actimcamax quadratus might have been
expected along the borders of the Eocene covering from Sudbury, east-
wards to Claydon and Bramford near Ipswich ; but at Sudbury no indi-
cations of higher beds have been proved, the few fossils found there
including Lima hoperi and teeth of the sharks Lamna and Oxyrhina. It
is to be borne in mind that the thickness of Chalk proved at Combs
near Stowmarket is but little less than that below Stutton, where the full
local thickness occurs. Along the eastern borders of the county it may
be that higher beds occur, but information derived solely from borings is
necessarily meagre.

The Chalk is the great storehouse for water, and wells and borings
have been carried into it in all parts of the county, excepting into its
lowest division of grey marl, which is impervious. Although so much
of the Chalk is deeply buried beneath newer strata, which consist largely
of impervious clays and effectually keep out the direct rainfall, yet an
abundant supply of good water has been obtained at Ipswich, Wood-
bridge and other places far from the main outcrop. Under such con-
ditions a supply is not always freely obtained, and it may be necessary to
penetrate the formation to depths ranging up to 250 feet before a fissure is
met with ; while along the sea borders, as at Southwold, Leiston, Orford
and Landguard Fort, brackish or saline waters have been encountered.
In west Suffolk, where the Drift coverings are neither so thick nor
so impervious as in central Suffolk, water is more readily obtained. Mr.
Whitaker has called attention to an intermittent stream or ' nailbourne '
at Coddenham. After much dry weather, when the plane of saturation
in the Chalk is low, the brook which flows over Boulder Clay in its
higher course sinks into the permeable Chalk, but after long-continued
rain there is a continuous flow of water.'

The Chalk is burnt for lime at Sudbury, Bramford, near Bury St.
Edmunds and other places; and it has been used with an admixture
of river-mud for cement making at Waldringfield and Burgh Castle. In

• 'Geology of the Neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' Geol. Survey (1881), p. 18,

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a few places, as near Brandon, hard beds have been employed for build-
ing purposes.

The most interesting industry connected with the Chalk has been
that of the manufacture of gun-flints in the neighbourhood of Brandon.
The flint was largely obtained from Lingheath, a tract described by Mr.
S. B. J. Skertchly ' as completely honeycombed with pits, many of
them old, and most of them approached through shafts about 45 feet
deep. These occur from Brandon Park on the west to Santon Down-
ham Warren on the east. Good flint has also been obtained at Elvedon,
and at one time it was largely extracted from pits on Icklingham Heath.
According to the same author the best bed of flint is the ' Floor Stone,'
which is the band to which the pits are sunk, and from which most of
the gun-flints have been made. It is generally a continuous layer,
smooth at the base, and with a somewhat irregular surface. Other
layers have been occasionally used for gun-flints, but have been more
extensively employed for building purposes, a trade still carried on.
About the year 1835, when percussion caps were introduced, the gun-
flint manufactory rapidly declined, the materials subsequently shaped
being chiefly for export to Africa.

Dressed flints have been much used in building churches, and fine
examples may be seen at Southwold and elsewhere. Flint boulders from
gravels have also been largely used for building purposes.

The Chalk is a deep-sea formation made up of calcareous ooze
derived from the accumulation and decay of various organisms, notably
foraminifera, as well as mollusca and echinoderms. Together with these
were sponges, whose siliceous structures have furnished the material
which has segregated into the irregular nodules known as flints. These
nodules follow the planes of bedding. Other forms of flint occur as
tabular layers and as vertical or oblique veins, and these have probably
been formed by subsequent infiltration of waters which held silica in
solution and deposited it along the more or less vertical and horizontal
joint-planes.

That the Chalk extended over the greater part of England is gener-
ally admitted, so that on the partial upheaval of the area in Tertiary
times Chalk cliffs alone yielded material in its flints for the formation
of pebble beds. In Suffolk the Eocene strata do not yield any con-
spicuous flint pebble beds such as we find in Hertfordshire and other
southern counties, but in Pliocene and later times there were great
accumulations of flint gravel which tell of the destruction of Chalk — a
loss that is likewise manifest from the irregular extension of Pliocene
and Glacial drifts across the eroded surface of the Chalk.

This great plain of denudation is by no means a uniformly level
tract ; it was worn down during successive stages of the Eocene period
by encroachment of the sea westwards and northwards, and modified in
various ways by the marine, fluviatile and glacial agents of subsequent
ages, to which attention will be directed.

' 'Manufacture of Gun-Flints,' Geol. Survey (1879).
8

GEOLOGY

EOCENE
THANET BEDS

The oldest Eocene strata in this country are the Thanet Beds, and
their presence in the neighbourhood of Sudbury was made known in 1874
by Mr. Whitaker. Above the Chalk he observed at Ballingdon, a suburb
on the Essex side, 14 feet of green clayey sand, which in all probability
represents the Thanet Beds/ Traces of the same deposit, sometimes
with green-coated flints, have also been observed by him At Cosford
Bridge and Kersey Mill in the Brett valley, and at Somersham, Little
Blakenham, Claydon, Barham, Bramford and Ipswich.

Nucula and Cardium are the only fossils which have locally been
found in the strata.

READING BEDS

Overlying the thin representative of the Thanet Beds, and other-
wise persistent in Suffolk, is the variable group of strata known as the
Reading Beds. They comprise alternations of mottled clay, brown and
grey clay, grey and green sand, with occasional masses of concretionary
sandstone of the nature of greywethers. Black flint pebbles occur here
and there, but not in prominent layers ; and no fossils have been ob-
served in the strata in Suffolk. The outcrop of the group can be traced
by means of pits and borings from Sudbury to Kersey near Hadleigh
and the neighbourhood of Ipswich, where the thickness is reckoned by
Mr. Whitaker at 37 feet. The thickness however varies like the strata,
even within short distances, being from 43 to a little over 60 feet in the
neighbourhood of Felixstow, 36 feet at Trimley, 27 to 34 feet near
Woodbridge, as much as 70 feet at Southwold, and nearly 80 at Leiston.
In these localities our information is derived wholly from records fur-
nished by well-sinkers. The main mass of the Reading Beds extends
to Saxmundham and Lowestoft, but not so far inland as Beccles.

The possible occurrence of an outlier of Reading Beds beneath
Drift and Crag at Hoxne has been suggested by Mr. W. H. Dalton,
and he records the occurrence of ' plastic blue loam ' near Halesworth
which 'may belong to this series'; but the evidence in both cases is
questionable.^ In a well made at Brettenham it is possible that Reading
Beds occur beneath the Drift, but Mr. Whitaker, who has published
the section, does not favour this view.^

The Reading Beds having a narrow outcrop and being much con-
cealed by newer strata enter but little into the surface features of the
county. The clays are worked for brick-making near Sudbury, Bram-
ford and Ipswich, and the sandy beds are water-bearing.

At Stoke near Ipswich Mr. Whitaker noticed a few feet of sandy

' Stuart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxx. 401.

» See ' Geology of the Country around Halesworth and Harleston,' Geol. Survey (1887), pp. 3.

37, 38-

^ ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. lix.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

gravel and buff sand, hardened in places into stone, which may belong
to the Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds. Again, beneath the London
Clay at Leiston, a boring proved 26 feet of loamy sand with flint peb-
bles and sandstone, which may also represent the same group, and per-
haps to some extent the basement bed of the London Clay.'

LONDON CLAY

This formation consists mainly of bluish-grey clay which weathers
to a brown clay at and near the surface. It contains selenite, iron
pyrites, and also nodular masses of argillaceous limestone or septaria,
which were formerly dredged up at the entrance to the Orwell and
Stour and burnt at Harwich for Roman cement. Some of these stones
were used in old times for building purposes, as in Wrabness and Chel-
mondiston churches and in the keep of Orford Castle.

The London Clay is exposed beneath the Crag at Felixstow and
Bawdsey, and the septaria are said to form rocky ground beneath the sea
off the mouth of the Ore.^ The clay comes to the surface along the
borders of the Deben below Woodbridge, along the Orwell and its
tributaries below Burstall and Ipswich, and along the Stour and its tribu-
taries below Boxford and Assington to the north of Nayland.

The basement bed, from 8 to nearly 30 feet in thickness, comprises
loamy sand with black flint pebbles and occasional sandstone with casts
of shells. One of the most interesting sections was that at Kyson
(Kingston) on the banks of the Deben about one mile below Wood-
bridge, where teeth of the shark Odontaspis ('Lamna'), and also remains
of Hyracotherium (formerly regarded as the remains of a monkey) were
obtained.' The lower beds have also been exposed at Hadleigh brick-
yard.

The full thickness of the London Clay is nowhere developed in
Sufl^olk because the formation has suffered extensive erosion. As much
as 130 feet was proved in a well at Orford, about 68 feet at Southwold,
and rather less than 50 feet at Leiston, the base of the London Clay
occurring in Mr. Whitaker's opinion a little east of Saxmundham.
Further south there was proved at Felixstow 64 feet of London Clay,
at Trimley 88 1 feet, and at Stutton Hall 71 feet, the varying thickness
being dependent locally on the elevation of the ground. The beds have
been worked in places for the manufacture of bricks and tiles.

The fossils of the London Clay include remains of turtles, of the
sharks Otodus and Odontaspis, of the eagle-ray Myliobatis, the crab {Plagio-
lophus) and the lobster {Hoploparia), as well as mollusca such as Nautilus
and the boring shell Teredo, brachiopods, pyritized plants and fossil wood.
Coprolites have also been met with.

' ' Geology of the Country around Ipswich,' etc., p. 15;' Geology of South-western Norfolk,'
etc., Geol. Survey (1893), p. 163 ; and Geo/. Mag. (1895), p. 463.

' Capt. H. Alexander, 'Treatise on the Nature and Properties of the Soils of Norfolk, Suffolk and
Essex' (1841), p. 15.

* Prestwich, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. 272.

GEOLOGY

Where exposed at the surface the London Clay would under ordi-
nary circumstances yield a stiff clayey soil, but in Suffolk it is mainly
exposed along the borders of valleys and the soil is lightened and en-
riched by down washes from higher sandy and shelly strata. The soil
has therefore been described as a ' rich loam,' and as such it is met
with here and there from Hadleigh eastwards to the borders of the Stour,
Orwell and Deben.

It is impossible now to say how far the Eocene strata formerly ex-
tended over Suffolk. In some areas deep ' pipes ' in the Chalk have
preserved portions of the strata at a distance from the main mass, but
apart from the doubtful evidence furnished by well sections no such
relics have at present been proved to occur in Suffolk.

It may be that there was overlap of the successive members of the
Eocene series, and that Bagshot Beds formerly extended into the county,
yielding materials for some of the Pliocene and Glacial sands and pebble
beds. Indeed, S. V. Wood, jun., suggested that the middle Glacial
sands might largely have been made up of Bagshot Beds.' The occur-
rence moreover of Oligocene fossils in the basement beds of the Crag
in Norfolk is also a significant fact.

The Chalk surface has been furrowed in places by ' pipes ' and traces
of clay-with-flints were noticed by Mr. F. J. Bennett in such pipes
beneath Boulder Clay near Saxham," while irregular channels have
occasionally been formed in Pleistocene times and filled with Glacial
Drift.

Some disturbances have been proved in the Chalk south of Ipswich
and at Woodbridge,^ while a few small faults have been noticed in the
London Clay at Felixstow and Bawdsey.

PLIOCENE

The Crag Series consists of sands, pebbly gravels and laminated
clays, but the characteristic and prominent beds are shelly sands which
have for a long period been dug as manure for fertilizing the land and
as material for garden walks.*

CORALLINE CRAG

The lowest division, known as the Coralline Crag, owes its name
to the fact that much of it is composed of bryozoa. In some places it
appears in the form of loose shelly sands ; elsewhere it is composed of
comminuted shells and bryozoa, locally hardened into stone, the joints

• ' Remarks in Explanation of Map of the Upper Tertiaries of the Counties of Norfolk, Sufiblk,
etc' (1866), p. 13.

' * Geology of Bury St. Edmunds,' p. 12.

' Whitaker, ' Geology of Ipswich,' p. loo ; and ^uart. Joum. Gnl. See. lix.

* For full particulars of the Pliocene strata, see S. V. Wood, 'The Crag Mollusca,' PaUmtograph.
Soc. ; Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 115, 325, 452 ; F. W. Harmer, ibid. liv. 308, lyi.
705 ; Whiuker, 'Geology of the country around Ipswich,' p. 32 ; C. Reid, 'The Pliocene Deposits
of Britain' (1890), Geol. Survey ; and E. T. Newton, 'The Vertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of
Britain ' (1891), Geol. Survey.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of which are sometimes filled with calcareous veins. Beds of this
character have been used for building purposes, as in the tower of
Chillesford church ; they have been quarried like a freestone, and perhaps
on this account the name 'crag' may have been introduced into East
Anglia. Blocks also have been obtained from the ' Thorpe Rocks ' on
the beach near Aldeburgh.

The stone beds do not yield the rich variety of mollusca found in
the loose sands, but this, as pointed out by Mr. F. W. Harmer, is owing
to the fact that the shells have been largely dissolved away by the action
of acidulated water. Consequently the sub-divisions made in the Coral-
line Crag by Prestwich are not to be regarded as successive zones, but
rather as altered local conditions in the strata. In proof of this Mr.
Harmer has pointed out that at Brick-kiln farm, Iken, a lenticular patch
of the shelly sands occurs in the midst of a mass of the indurated beds.^

The Coralline Crag attains a thickness of 50 or 60 feet, and from
its pale buff tint it has sometimes been termed the White Crag, in dis-
tinction from the Red Crag which overlies it. At some depth below
ground all the Crag beds are usually grey in colour. The principal
exposures of Coralline Crag are at Tattingstone, south of Ipswich ; at
Sutton and Ramsholt, south of Woodbridge ; and at Gedgrave, Sud-
bourne, Orford and Aldeburgh. From the abundance of fossils at
Gedgrave the formation has been termed the ' Gedgravian ' by Mr.
Harmer, and characterized as the zone of Mactra triangnla.

Among the more abundant and noteworthy fossils are Cardita senilis,
Pectunculus glycimeris, Cyprina islandica, C. rustica, Astarte omalii, Diplo-
donta rotundata, Nucula nucleus, Pecten opercularis, P. tigrinus, Trophon
consocialis, T'urritella incrassata, Calypraa chinensis. Valuta lamberti, etc.

At the base of both Coralline and Red Crag, but chiefly below the
Red Crag, there occurs a remarkable nodule and pebble bed which has
yielded numerous derived fossils, many of them phosphatized. It is
well known as a ' Coprolite bed,' and will be referred to more particu-
larly in reference to the Red Crag. It forms a layer 12 to 15 inches
thick beneath the Coralline Crag at Sutton, and has there yielded pebbles
of quartz, quartzite, flint, septaria from the London Clay, bones of
Jurassic saurians, and a large boulder of red porphyry, weighing about
a quarter of a ton." Coprolites were worked at this locality for a short
period. The most interesting fossils are those enclosed in rolled frag-
ments of sandstone and known as ' boxstones.' They include Valuta
auris-leparis, Conus dujardini, Nassa conglobata and Isocardia car (and var.
lunulata), and these with other forms characterize an older Pliocene
deposit, no longer existing in situ in this country. The boxstones, which
thus represent remnants of an earlier fauna than the Coralline Crag, have
been locally used for road metal. The fauna of the Coralline Crag, as
observed by Lyell, indicates a warmer temperature than that of the later
stages of the crag. The sea was open to the south, and the mollusca

' Proc. Geol. Asioc. xv. 436, xvii. 424.
• Prestwich, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 117 ; E. Ray Lankcster, ibid. xrvi. 493.

GEOLOGY

are of Mediterranean type. The formation as noted by Mr. Harmer
was laid down in water of moderate depth as submarine shell-banks with
drifted mollusca and with occasional reefs of bryozoa,

RED CRAG

The Red Crag is a reddish and yellowish brown sand with much
oblique and false bedding, with abundant mollusca, some broken and
most of them stained red. Rusty brown veins of ironstone and films
of ferruginous sandstone pervade the strata. The iron ore, as suggested
by J. E. Taylor, may have been derived to some extent from pyrites in
the London Clay, but much of it, according to Prestwich, appears to
have been introduced subsequently, as the staining and the infiltration
bands are very irregularly distributed.

The Red Crag has been opened in places to a depth of 1 5 or 20
feet, while its full thickness does not appear to exceed 40 feet, if we
accept Mr. Harmer's grouping, and regard as Norwich Crag those beds
which lie to the north of Aldeburgh.

The Red Crag rests irregularly on the worn surfaces of the Coral-
line Crag and elsewhere on the London Clay. Lyell described an old
cliff in the Coralline Crag at Sutton against which the Red Crag rested,'
and the two crags have been seen in irregular conjunction at Tattingstone
Park and Ramsholt. In opposition to earlier observers Mr. Harmer
believes that not many of the Red Crag mollusca have been derived from
the Coralline Crag, although he admits that upheaval and some denuda-
tion of the older deposit took place, and that its basement bed remained
in certain areas to form the foundation of the Red Crag.^

It is generally agreed that the older portion of the Red Crag is that
of Walton-on-the-Naze, a stage not recognized in Suffolk. In that region
it contains most of the characteristic Coralline Crag shells, as well as
mollusca which entered the crag basin from areas on the north with
which communication had been opened up. Thus Mr. Harmer has
come to regard the Red Crag as the marginal accumulations of a sea
which gradually retreated northward, so that the deposits as we approach
Norfolk yield species more boreal as well as more recent in character.

The oldest layers of Red Crag in Suffolk would be those that occur
between the Stour and the Orwell, at Shotley and Erwarton, at Tatting-
stone and Bentley, and as far west as Stoke and Polstead in the neighbour-
hood of Sudbury. These beds have not been separately designated by
Mr. Harmer, who groups the Suffolk Red Crag into two stages, based
on the abundant forms that occur in the districts.

The older he terms the Newbournian, from Newbourn, south of
Woodbridge ; it constitutes the zone of Mactra constricta, and includes
the well-known Red Crag of Felixstow, which rests on the London
Clay in the cliff section, and also the Crag at Trimley, Ramsholt, Sutton
and Shottisham.

• Proc. Geol. Soc. iii. 127 ; Prestwich, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 339, 342.

* ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 707, 708, 719, 721 ; Proc. Geol. Assoc, xvli. 428.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The newer division, termed the Butleyan, and known to all col-
lectors in the well-known pit near the Butley Oyster Inn, is characterized
as the zone of Cardium grosnlandicum, and is recognized by Mr. Harmer
in the cliff at Bawdsey, where the Red Crag overlies the London Clay ;
also in pits at Alderton, Hollesley, Boyton, Chillesford, Sudbourne and
Iken.

The characteristic fossils of the Red Crag are Neptiwea {T'rophon)
antiqua, N. contraria. Purpura lapillus, Natica (several species), Cassidaria
bicatenata, Nassa (several species), T'urritella incrassata, Tellina obliqua, T'.
prcetenuis, Mactra ovalis, M. constricta, Cardium angustatum, Pectunculus
glycimeris, Scrobicularia plana (in upper beds), Pecten opercularis, Mytilus,
My a, etc.

The basement bed, to which reference has previously been made,
is of considerable interest, as it contains many bones as well as other
fossils, and masses of hardened clay or septaria from the London Clay,
all rolled and phosphatized, and known commercially as ' coprolites.'
The bed is from 6 inches to about 3 feet thick, and the phosphatic
nodules or coprolites, which are occasionally dispersed through the
formation, have been extensively dug since the middle of last century.
In 1847 about 500 tons were raised, in 1854 12,000 tons, in 1889
5,000 tons, since which date the trade has gradually declined, and was
finally abandoned owing to the introduction of foreign phosphates.

Attention was first directed to the nodules by the Rev. J. S.
Henslow,' for many years rector of Hitcham, who in 1842 observed
the curious nodules in the Red Crag at Felixstow, and afterwards found
some which were clearly coprolites. They have been found to yield
from 44 to 60 per cent, of phosphate of lime ; and have been worked
at Walton, Trimley, Falkenham, Foxhall, Bawdsey, Ramsholt, Shottis-
ham, Sutton and Boyton.'^

Many vertebrate remains have been obtained from the coprolite
bed, and notable collections have been made by the Rev. H. Canham
of Waldringfield, Messrs. Whincopp and J. Baker of Woodbridge, and
Mr. E. Cavell of Saxmundham. Among the remains there occur the
ribs and ear-bones (cetotolites) of whales, bones and teeth of mastodon,
rhinoceros, tapir, hyaena, etc.

NORWICH CRAG

To the north of Aldeburgh the place of the Red Crag appears to
be occupied by the Norwich Crag. The Crag loses its markedly red
colour, and the abundant fossils indicate somewhat more boreal condi-
tions. Whether the whole of the Norwich Crag is newer than any
portion of the Red Crag may reasonably be doubted ; indeed, the
generally accepted view that the upper part of the Red Crag, which
is sometimes termed the Scrobicularia Crag, is equivalent to the lower
part of the Norwich Crag, has much evidence in support of it. This

' Proc. Geo!. Soc. iv. 281.

' Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 6.

GEOLOGY

view, although recently opposed by Mr. Harmer, accords with the
general evidence along the East Anglian coast of successively newer
stages as we proceed from south to north.

In the Norwich Crag we have a series of shelly sands, orange-
coloured and white pebbly sands and gravels, and thin seams and
extensive 'jambs' of laminated clay, to the more persistent masses of
which the name Chillesford Clay has been applied. It is indeed a
great series compared with the Coralline and Red Crags, for it has
been found to attain a thickness of nearly 200 feet in places, the thick-
ness increasing from the outcrop,' probably to some extent owing to
erosion of the strata during the Pleistocene period.

In 1849 Prestwich described the sections at Chillesford near Orford
where the Red Crag with Scrobkularia is exposed in a stackyard, over-
lain by buff shelly sand and a band of loamy clay, to which the name
Chillesford Clay has since been applied.^ This clay occurs over some
extent of ground near Chillesford and at Iken. Somewhat disturbed and
rearranged beds of the clay overlie the Norwich Crag at Dunwich ; it
is not seen at Southwold, but thinner layers representing it occur in the
shelly sand and pebbly gravel at Easton Bavent. It occurs also at Cove-
hithe and Kessingland, at Beccles, near Herringfleet, Somerleyton and
Blundeston. It is not to be regarded as the highest portion of the
Norwich Crag Series, for in Norfolk it is represented only here and
there sometimes overlain by shelly gravel, and elsewhere apparently
replaced by the highest stage of the Norwich Crag, known as the
Weybourn Crag and Bure Valley Beds. Here we enter the region of
controversy, and it will be sufficient to mention that this highest group
is succeeded in Norfolk by the Forest Bed Series, which is represented
in places on the Suffolk coast.

Following Mr. Harmer we may regard the Norwich Crag as
extending from the neighbourhood of Thorpe or Aldringham Common
near Aldeburgh to Dunwich, Southwold, Bulchamp and Wangford, and
to the Waveney valley near Bungay and Beccles.

These include the most famous localities for fossils, but in many
parts of Suffolk, as in Norfolk, we find few or no fossils, as in the
Minsmere valley at Darsham and Y oxford, and in the Blyth valley at
Thorington, Halesworth and Walpole. In some cases no doubt the
shells have been dissolved away. Thicknesses of 105 feet at Saxmund-
ham, 133 at Leiston, 147 feet at Southwold and 80 feet at Beccles have
been assigned from the evidence of well borings to the Norwich Crag,
without including certain pebbly gravels which at any rate at Southwold
and Beccles most likely belong to the series.^

* See Whitaker, G«/. Mag. (1895), p. 464; Harmer, ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. Hi. 767; Pm.
Geol. Assoc, xvii. 443.

^ Sluart. Joum. Geol. Soc. v. 345 ; xxvii. 336, 337. See also Harmer, ibid. liv. 309 ; Ivi. 708,
721 ; and Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 100.

^ Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 201 ; and H. B. Woodward, 'Geology of the country
around Norwich,' Geo/. Survey (1881), p. 31. See also Prestwich, ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 343,

3H-

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The lower portion, the main mass indeed which occurs beneath the
Chillesford Clay, where that clay is present, is the more shelly portion,
to which the name Icenian has been restricted by Mr. Harmer, and
which he regards as the zone of Mactra subtruncata ; while the Chil-
lesfordian stage he places as the zone of Leda oblongoides.

The shelly beds of the Norwich Crag yield Cerithium tricinctum,
Turritella terebra, T. incrassata. Purpura lapillus, Neptunea {Trophon)
antiqua, Buccimim undatum, Littorina littorea, Cyprina islandica, Cardium
edule, Mya arenaria, Tellina obliqua, T. prcetenius, T. lata, Pecten opercularis,
Astarte borealis, Nucula cobboldia, fish remains such as Platax woodwardi,
occasional coprolites, and bones and teeth of mastodon. The organic
remains have been studied by Dr. W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles, Mr.
E. T. Dowson of Geldeston and others.

That the Norwich Crag was formed in shallow bays into which
streams brought land and freshwater moUusca has been generally
admitted. The Chillesford Clay itself has been regarded as of a more
estuarine character, its laminated structure and the occurrence of re-
mains of a cetacean to some extent supporting this view. The Chilles-
ford fossils found in the sands beneath the clay at Chillesford are forms
met with in the Norwich Crag, but on the whole the assemblage is
regarded as rather more boreal in character than the lower or main
portion of the Norwich Crag. The species include 'Turritella terebra,
Natica catena, Leda oblongoides, Nucula cobboldice, Cardium edule and C.
grcelandicum.^ Prestwich^ has recorded a number of shells from the
Chillesford Clay at Easton Bavent, where however the clay is inter-
bedded with much sand and shingle.

The impersistence of the Chillesford Clay and its replacement by
beds of sand and pebbly gravel are well-established facts. At Southwold
we find the shelly gravel and sand of the crag at the north end of the
cliff, with no representative of the Chillesford Clay ; and beds of this
character, with occasional subordinate seams of clay, extend towards
Westleton, where they are overlain by a newer group of pebbly gravels,
which appear to be associated with the Middle Glacial Sands.^

Northwards we find below the Glacial Drift, along the Waveney
valley near Somerleyton, some 20 feet of pebbly gravels ; and there are
beds as far west as the Stantons, Bardwell and Wattisfield, which may
be of Pliocene age. G. Maw noticed shelly gravel between Codden-
ham and Crowfield, but there the shells were probably derived from
Crag beds which are no longer preserved in situ*

The Crag Series forms a water-bearing group, and where it rests on
the London Clay or other Eocene clays water is held up and springs are
thrown out. Where the Crag rests on Chalk the supply is modified by
the relation to the plane of saturation in the Chalk, and by the local
occurrence of the beds of Chillesford Clay.

* Hanner, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 721. - Ibid, xxvii. 345, +62.

' Proc. Geol. Assoc, xv. 440. * Geol. Mag. (1864), p. 295.

IlISTOHY OF srFKOUt

OROGRAPHICAL MAP.

GEOLOGY

CROMER FOREST BED

Overlying the Chillesford series at Kessingland and exposed also at
the foot of the cliffs at Corton is the Cromer Forest Bed — the Cromerian
or zone of Elephas meridionalis — a series of freshwater and estuarine de-
posits, comprising dark peaty clay with seeds and other plant lemains,
greenish stony clay, and gravel some lo or 15 feet thick. The dark
peaty clay forms a black bed, perhaps an old lacustrine deposit, which
lies in hollows above the rootlet bed, and these strata at Kessingland
appear generally to occupy an eroded surface of the Chillesford Clay.
The greenish stony clay is penetrated by roots, and has been termed the
rootlet bed ; remains of freshwater shells are found in the XJnio bed, a
gravelly layer at the base of the black bed, in which occur Unto pictorum
and Pisidium astartoides ; while remains of elephant, hyaena, rhinoceros
and deer are found at different horizons in the Forest Bed Series.

These interesting layers have attracted much attention from John
Gunn, J. H. Blake and others, while the organic remains from Corton
were specially looked after by J. J. Colman.' The bed with rootlets
was first described by S. R. Pattison in 1863.^

It is however a difficult task to clearly make out the sequence along
the cliffs from Kessingland to Corton, because not only does the Forest
Bed Series rise very little above the sea-level, but a great portion of
the cliffs along their base is usually obscured by talus and blown sand.
It requires an attentive study on many occasions during successive winter
and spring seasons before a clear notion of the relations of the strata can
be gained.

The story however has been made out, and Mr. Clement Reid
remarks that the Pliocene land fauna and flora is mostly of temperate
species. There were forests of oak, Scotch pine, beech, birch, elm,
hazel, hornbeam and cornel. The lakes were full of yellow water-lily,
water-crowfoot and various existing species of pond weeds ; their shores
were occupied by thickets of alder and willow, by osmunda, or dense
growths of reeds and sedges.'

PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT

GLACIAL DRIFT

It must be borne in mind that the divisions in geological time are
simply convenient groupings. The Pliocene and Pleistocene periods
merge imperceptibly whether we consider the physical changes or the
strata which furnish the records.

The Glacial Drifts of earlier Pleistocene age were spread irregularly
across the entire country, and to this mantle of clays, sands and gravels

* Blake, 'Geology of the country near Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' Geol. Survey (1890), p. 17 ;
Prestwich, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 463 ; E. T. Newton, ' Vertebrata of the Forest Bed Series.'
^ Geologist, vi. 207.
^ Natural Science, vii. 176 ; 'Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' pp. 146, etc.

I 17 3

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the agricultural characters and the aspect of the land are most largely
due.'

GLACIAL LOAM

The earliest Glacial Drift is a stony loam which underlies the
middle Glacial sands and gravels in the cliff between Hopton and Gorton,
where the sequence in descending order of Chalky Boulder Clay, sands,
and loam with occasional boulders, led John Gunn to recognize an Upper
and Lower Boulder Clay.^

This stony loam, 21 feet thick, occurs at Blundeston and at
Somerleyton, where no doubt it forms a southerly continuation of the
' Contorted Drift ' of the Cromer coast. It contains boulders of igneous
rock and fragments of marine shells, and may in general terms be
regarded as a Lower Boulder Clay, or Lower Glacial Drift. It is used
for brick-making.

Higher up along the borders of the Waveney valley there are other
beds of loam near North Cove, to the south of Beccles, at Withers-
dale, Weybread, Stuston, Palgrave and Redgrave. These appear to
underlie the main mass of Chalky Boulder Clay (Upper Glacial), but
they cannot in all cases be definitely assigned to the Lower Glacial
Drift.

The fact must be borne in mind that the Chalky Boulder Clay when
much weathered and decalcified becomes a brown stony loam, while in
the Middle Glacial sands and gravels there are lenticular masses of
laminated loam. Some of these beds, moreover, are rather difficult to
distinguish from the earlier Chillesford Clay. Hence there are many
difficulties in the identification of particular beds of loam in Suffolk, and
such difficulties give rise to divergent opinions. Under these circum-
stances it will be best to mention briefly the more important beds of
loam, without in all cases indicating their relative ages.

The brickyard at Withersdale Cross, south-east of Harleston, showed
1 2 feet of laminated brickearth with alternations of sand and gravel,
much contorted towards the surface by glacial action. Underlying the
brickearth was a considerable thickness of sand and gravel. Somewhat
similar beds were noted by Mr. W. H. Dalton to the south of Mendham
Priory, where pottery works formerly existed.'

More definite evidence of Lower Glacial or Contorted drift occurs
in Weybread brickyard, where there is a brown stony loam with
fragments of Cyprina and other shells. Here the Chalky Boulder Clay
overlies and at one point dovetails into the loam. Similar loam occurs at
Sotterly, and sandy loam with streaks of chalky loam underlies the
Boulder Clay at Walpole near Halesworth.*

' See 'General View of the Agriculture of Suffolk,' ed. 3, (1804,) by Arthur Young; and
' Farming of Suffolk,' by Hugh Raynbird, Joui~n. Roy. jlgiic. Soc. vii. 261.

2 J. Trimmer, ^arl. Journ. Gcol. Soc. xiv. 171 ; Rose, Geo/ogist, iii. 137.

3 Whitaker and Dalton, ' Geology of the countrj' around Halcsworth and Harleston,' Geo/. Survey
(1887), p. 16.

* Whitaker and Dalton, op. cit. p. 19.

GEOLOGY

Mr. F. J. Bennett has described mottled clay and loam at Wattis-
field, from which coarse red pottery was formerly made ; while at the
kiln west of the church at Rickinghall Superior, 12 feet of dark lamin-
ated sandy clay with freshwater shells and plant remains was observed by
him beneath the Boulder Clay and Glacial Sand. Again at Knattishall
he noticed about 15 feet of blue and grey clay overlain by 3 feet of
sandy loam/

Brickearth also occurs at Reddenhall, Rushbrooke, Wetherden,
Stowmarket, Needham Market and Boxford ; some beds, as noticed
further on, are found in the Middle Glacial Drift, while other deposits
are of distinctly later date.

Near Brandon and Santon Downham there are patches of Glacial
loam and gravel, the loam being sometimes dug to a depth of 10 feet
for brickearth. To these loamy beds, which are more prominently
developed on the Norfolk side of the Ouse, Mr. Skertchly applied the
name ' Brandon Beds ' — they occur in places beneath Boulder Clay, and
from £ome beds which he-regarded as equivalent, he recorded the finding
of flint flakes and implements.^ Boulder Clay was not however to be
seen above the loam in which the implements were found, and hence
doubt necessarily exists with regard to the high antiquity which he
assigned to the implement-bearing deposits. Near Mildenhall the loam
furnishes a good soil.

Loam occurs above the Chalky Boulder Clay at Bury St. Edmunds,
often merely as weathered and decalcified surface portion of it.

GLACIAL SANDS AND GRAVELS

The same difficulty which is experienced with the loams is met
with in the case of the older Pleistocene sands and gravels. Cases occur
where it is difficult to fix the position of some of the deposits. This is
natural enough when we bear in mind that gravels are used up again and
again at diflxrent periods, and that contemporaneous organic remains and
the evidence of stratigraphical position are often wanting.

The greater part of the sand and gravel of Suffolk is beneath the
Chalky Boulder Clay and belongs to the Middle Glacial division of S. V.
Wood, jun. In the eastern part of the county we find a great spread
mainly of sands, often very fine in grain and minutely current-bedded.
Much of it looks as if it might have been wind-drifted. The beds
extend from Gorleston, Bradwell and Belton to Fritton, Herringfleet
Hills, Lound and Hopton ; they occur at Oulton, Carlton Colville and
Kirkley, and further south on the higher grounds over much of the
eastern margin of the county, where they rest on the Crag series.

The sands and gravels are from a few feet up to 100 feet in thick-
ness, and they contain in places, especially at Gorleston and Corton,
shelly patches somewhat like those of the Crag, and with many broken

' 'Geology of the country around Diss, Eye, Botesdale and Ixworth,' Geol. Survey (1884), p. 12.
' ' Geology of South-western Norfolk,' etc., Geol. Survey (1893), pp. 49-51.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

shells such as Cyprina islandica, Cardium edule, Mya arenaria, Mactra ovalis,
Pectunculus glycimeris, Turritella incrassata. Purpura /apillus, and many-
other species. They were looked upon by the earlier observers, amongst
whom was C. B. Rose, as re-constructed Crag, and this view is sup-
ported by the fact that of more than loo species, all but two or three are
found in the Crag, and that these shells do not occur in the Glacial sands
remote from Crag regions.' Mr. Harmer, however, maintains that the
fauna is contemporary.^

The sands contain a good deal of black carbonaceous matter, or
comminuted lignite, that may have been derived from the Estuarine beds
of Yorkshire. They contain also grains of chalk and much fine chalky
material, especially at and near the junction with the overlying Boulder
Clay. On this account by the dissolution of the carbonate of lime and
its redeposit as a cement, the sands have been locally hardened into a
calcareous sandstone. Beds of this character may be seen near Lowestoft,
while curious concretionary columns of sandstone were met with at
Mutford Wood,' and large consolidated blocks were observed near
Coddenham.* The stone has been locally used for building purposes.

Another feature of interest in the sands is the occurrence of
occasional beds of fine loam. A bed of this nature was employed in the
manufacture of the once famous Lowestoft china, the works being in
existence from 1 756-1 802.'

West of Bury St. Edmunds there are finely-bedded sands, loams and
clays, much contorted in places ; while near Woolpit there is about 30
feet of brown laminated loam and dark bluish-grey clay, the brown loam
being used for the manufacture of red bricks, and the clay for the white
bricks for which Woolpit has been famous since the time of Queen
Elizabeth.'

Of considerable geological interest are the shingle beds or beds of
pebbly flint gravel which occur in the sands near Fritton, Oulton,
Kirkley and Pakefield, and appear to be the equivalents of the mass of
the Westleton shingle on Westleton Common, and in the higher part of
Dunwich Cliff.' This is one of the controverted questions in geology.
It has not been doubted that the pebble gravel at Fritton, Oulton,
Kirkley and Pakefield is part of the Middle Glacial ; but it has been
maintained by Prestwich and others that the mass of shingle at Westle-
ton, Halesworth and Henham is older, and of early Glacial or early
Pleistocene age.

There is much gravel somewhat similar in character in the upper
part of the Norwich Crag Series, in the subdivision termed 'Bure Valley
Beds,' but this is rightly regarded by Mr. F. W. Harmer as distinct

H. B. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, ix. iii.

Froc. Geol. Assoc, xvii. 459.

H. K. Creed, Proc. Suffilk Inst. iv. (1872), 244.

G. Maw, Geol. Mag. (1867), p. no.

J. H. Blake, ' Geology of the countrj' near Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' p. 96.

Ibid. ' Geology of the neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' p. 13.

H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. (1902), p. 27. (Herein are references to other papers.)

GEOLOGY

from the Westleton shingle.' It is a subdivision that may be repre-
sented in the Crag Series at Easton Bavent and Southwold, and it may be
remarked that the pebble gravel at the northern end of Southwold cliff,
regarded by Prestwich as ' Westleton Beds,' ' is clearly a part of the Crag
Series, which probably extends over the whole of Southwold. We find,
in fact, re-arranged Chillesford Clay in the Middle Glacial sands at
Dunwich, shingle in the sands at Pakefield and Kirkley, reconstructed
Crag in the sands at Gorleston.

As before mentioned, we find on the Chalk tracts in north-western
Suffolk much sand of no great thickness, as on Lakenheath Warren. It
is a region known as the ' Fieldings,' and noted as subject to sandstorms.
As long ago as 1668, Thomas Wright gave a brief description of the
devastation caused by the drifting of sand, but the trouble has been
exaggerated by subsequent writers owing to the title of Wright's paper,
' A curious and exact Relation of a Sand-floud, which hath lately over-
whelmed a great tract of Land in the County of Suffolk.'^ He remarked
that previously the sand had been drifted by the south-west winds over
many acres of land, but that it had first reached the bounds of Downham
(known as Santon Downham or Downham Arenarum) some 30 or 40 years
prior to 1668, and eventually a number of meadows and pastures were
ruined by ' the extream Sandiness of the Soyl, the levity of which, I
believe, gave occasion to that Land-story of the Actions that use to be
brought in Norfolk for Grounds blown out of the Owners possession.'
Until improved by the application of marl this was no doubt the poorest
land in the county.

The greatest thickness of sand and gravel (mostly sand) is 100 feet,
recorded at Market Weston near Bury St. Edmunds, in which district
the beds rest on Chalk. Coarse mixed gravel, often with lumps of Chalk,
occurs in places below, in, and above the Chalky Boulder Clay, and is
perhaps more intimately connected with the Boulder Clay than the mass
of the Middle Glacial sands and pebbly gravels. It may mark places
where the debris-laden ice was melted, and its constituents were distri-
buted by torrential streams.

Thus gravel with boulders of limestone, sandstone and grit occurs
beneath Boulder Clay at Great Horringer ; coarse gravel is hkewise
found at Gallows Hill, south-east of Needham Market ; and a mass of
chalky gravel was observed in the Boulder Clay at Halesworth. Some
of the patches of gravel now seen on Boulder Clay may have occurred
originally in it before the surface had been lowered by denudation.
Coarse gravel with large flints occurs at Cockfield and Lavenham, and
gravel over Boulder Clay has been exposed to a depth of i 2 to 18 feet at
Tostock, Elmswell, Woolpit and Shelland ; a mass of it extends from
Great Waldingfield to Cornard Heath, Newton Green and Assington ;
it is met with also to the north and west of Lowestoft and Gunton,
north of Hopton and at Herringfleet Hall. Where the gravel occurs at

' ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 724 ; Proc. Geo/. Assoc, xvii. 453.
» Ibid, xxvii. 462. ' Phil. Trans, iii. (1668), 725.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the surface it is usually decalcified, but where protected by Boulder Clay
the Chalk and other calcareous fragments may be preserved.

Sometimes, as near Lowestoft, this newer gravel extends irregularly
from higher to lower ground, from Boulder Clay on to the Middle
Glacial gravels, and where one gravel rests on another it is often difficult
to determine any plane of separation.

Occasionally a large erratic block has been met with, and J. E.
Taylor obtained a mass of ' Hertfordshire puddingstone,' weighing about
a ton and a half, from the sands near Ipswich.

The Glacial sands and gravels have furnished local supplies of water
to many a village and small town. The gravels are employed for
road mending, and the larger flints are sometimes used for building
purposes.

Speaking generally, the sands and gravels form the less fertile areas
in Suffolk, the so-called ' waste ' grounds which form the picturesque
commons of East Suffolk at Walberswick, Dunwich and Westleton ; and
the ' Sandlings ' which extend southwards from Saxmundham, Orford and
Woodbridge. The neighbourhood of Yoxford has sometimes been
termed the ' Garden of Suffolk.' Over much of the region mentioned,
the Glacial sands and gravels rest on the porous shelly sands of the
Crag Series, which are more fertile in character ; together they con-
stitute the lighter lands of Suffolk.

BOULDER CLAY

The Chalky Boulder Clay occupies the surface over the greater
part of central and western Suffolk, and it occurs in tracts along the
eastern borders. In the central and eastern parts of the county it presents
its characteristic features of a tough, bluish-grey, unstratified stony clay,
with many small pebbles of Chalk, flints, and stones and fossils from a
variety of geological formations, notably from the Secondary strata.
Thus Red Chalk, Spilsby Sandstone, Kimeridge Shale and Oxford Clay,
Oolites and Lias are represented, and we find Saurian bones, Ammonites,
Belemnites, Gryph^a and other fossils. Much of the Chalk and many
other blocks of rock, and sometimes fossils such as Belemnites, are scored
and scratched, no doubt by sharp fragments, such as shattered flint, that
were embedded in the ice to which the Boulder Clay owes its origin.

It attains a thickness of from 130 to 150 feet at Wickhambrook,
Naughton, Great Thurlow and Hartest, and 170 feet at Bradfield St.
George. Elsewhere, as at Botesdale, St. Margarets Southelmham, Men-
dlesham, Cockfield, Lavenham and southwards to Assington and Leaden-
heath, it is from 50 to 100 feet. In western Suffolk, especially about
Elvedon and on Icklingham Heath, the Boulder Clay is thinner, more
chalky and more sandy, and often riot more than i 2 feet thick. Much
of the Boulder Clay is obscured by a thin sandy soil, which Mr. F. J.
Bennett regards as to some extent a decomposition product, and as feed-
ing the sandstorms which arise.*

* 'Geology of Diss, Eye, Botesdale and Ixworth,' Geol. Survey (1884).

GEOLOGY

Opinions differ with regard to the agent which formed the Boulder
Clay. That it was the product of ice-action is not seriously disputed,
but whether directly due to a mass, or masses, of land-ice, has been
questioned. Ice may have occupied the bed of the North Sea, and
spread thence in places inland as maintained by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh.'
Ice may also have come from north-eastern parts of England. That the
materials came largely from the north-west and north is to be inferred
from the Red Chalk, the Jurassic detritus, the carbonaceous fragments
which may have come from the Estuarine beds of Yorkshire, and the
occasional Carboniferous rocks. The matrix has received attention from
the Rev. Edward Hill, rector of Cockfield, and he observes that all the
minor materials may have had a westerly origin, and that they are for the
most part derived from Secondary strata.^

With regard to the question of an ice-sheet, it has been remarked
by Mr. Clement Reid that ' we should not forget, however, that an ice-
sheet flowing over a flat country, where the average temperature is near
the freezing point, is subjected to conditions entirely unlike those of an
alpine glacier flowing down a steep valley into a temperate climate. It
is, therefore, only with the ice-sheets of the Arctic regions, or with the
wide glaciers of Alaska, that we can profitably compare the ancient
glaciation of the North Sea basin.' '

The Boulder Clay occurs in patches along the eastern coast at
Gorleston, Somerleyton, Corton and Lowestoft, and is nowhere better
seen than in the cliffs at Kessingland and Pakefield, where it is about 20
or 30 feet thick and overlies, somewhat evenly and in gentle undulations,
the Middle Glacial sands and gravels. Where it rests on sands they
often appear to be undisturbed, but in places where stratification is pre-
served they show marked contortions, as was noticeable in cuttings near
Corton and Hopton on the new Yarmouth and Lowestoft direct railway.

More striking evidences of disturbance are met with where the
Boulder Clay rests on beds of variable character. It is found indifferently
on any of the older formations, occupying slight hollows or occasionally
deep channels, the result of prior or contemporaneous erosion. Thus, a
deep channel in the Chalk at St. Peter's Quay, Ipswich, noticed by Mr.
Whitaker, was filled with i 27 feet of Drift.*

Intruded tongues of Boulder Clay have been observed by Mr. F. J.
Bennett in the Chalk at Barrow, to the west of Bury St. Edmunds,
where a mass, 3 feet thick, extended some 20 feet into the Chalk.°
Again at Claydon the Boulder Clay has been thrust beneath the Crag
series.*

» Geol. Mag. (1901), p. 142 ; see also H. B. Woodward, ibid. (1897), p. 485 ; Harmer, Proc.
Geol. Assoc, xvii. 465.

- Sluart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Iviii. 179 ; see also Rev. R. A. Bullen, ibid. Ivii. 285.

■^ ' Geology of Ipswich,' A'^jto/'ij/ SaVnc^, vii. 177.

* 'Geology of Ipswich,' Geol. Sutvey, p. 118.

' ' Geology of Bury St. Edmunds,' p. 1 1.

" Whit.iker and others, 'Geology of the neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' p. 10 ; H. B. Woodward,
Ceol. Mag. (1897), p. 494.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Near Sudbury the Drifts are intensely contorted, and yet in places
they rest on seemingly undisturbed Tertiary strata, a fact explained by
Mr. J. E. Marr on the supposition that the naturally soft strata had been
frozen into a hard and unyielding condition. At the same time in
places the Boulder Clay contained fragments torn off the underlying for-
mations.'

Contortions are often prominent where Boulder Clay rests on
laminated clays and sands, as to the west of Bury St. Edmunds and at
Halesworth Kiln. Disturbances are also met with in the Crag Series
at Ipswich, and in the Chalk at Botesdale, where overlain by Boulder
Clay.

Some curious and possibly slipped masses of Boulder Clay have
been observed in the cliffs at League Hole near Corton.' In connexion
with these it may be interesting to mention, on the authority of the
late J. H. Blake, that when Sir Morton Peto made the esplanade at
Lowestoft he protected the cliff at Kirkley by tipping a lot of Boulder
Clay down the face of the cliff.

While the Boulder Clay weathers into a brown stony loam not
unlike the loam of the Contorted Drift, it forms the heavier lands (the
' strong loam ') of central and south-western Suffolk and of small areas
elsewhere. Wheat and beans and also barley flourish on the soil. The
district in places is well wooded, and the hedgerows are luxuriant ; in-
deed, the so-called ' woodlands ' of High Suffolk form a part of this
Boulder Clay tract.

It is not to be regarded as a water-bearing formation, and yet it
includes beds of sand and gravel which here and there yield supplies of
water, sometimes of an artesian character. Such supplies are apt to fail
in seasons of drought.

Ordinary bricks and pottery are in a few places manufactured from
the Boulder Clay, as near Ipswich and Burgh Castle, while elsewhere
sun-dried bricks are made from the clay mixed with chopped straw.

VALLEY DEPOSITS

Deposits of gravel and loam of later age than the Boulder Clay
occur under two distinct conditions. The older are high level deposits
connected with a system for the most part distinct from that of the
present drainage, but sometimes initiating it. Some of the coarse
gravels which overlie the Boulder Clay are of this character. There are
also ancient lacustrine deposits.

Succeeding the main glaciation represented by the Boulder Clay,
and when, as Mr. C. Reid points out, the land stood somewhat higher
than at present, the streams excavated channels, as at Hoxne, ' slightly
below that of the present main channel of the river Waveney.' Gradual
subsidence turned the Hoxne channel into a shallow freshwater lake,

• Geol. Mag. (1887), p. 262.

' Rev. E. Hill, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Hi. 302

GEOLOGY

which became silted up with clay, and then supported a vegetation
whose remains indicate a temperate flora. Later deposits of black peaty
earth prove that the climate became colder, indeed Arctic or sub-Arctic ;
and these were succeeded by somewhat torrential deposits yielding
Palaeolithic implements.' At St. Cross (Sancroft) near South Elmham a
deposit somewhat similar to the bed at Hoxne with temperate flora was
found by Mr. C. Candler. It consists of peaty loam and clay evidently
deposited in a lake or pool that occupied a hollow in the Boulder Clay.
Bones of elephant as well as seeds of plants were obtained.^ At South-
wold a peaty bed has been exposed at the base of the north cliff, but its
age is uncertain.^

The gravel and loam or brickearth of the present rivers are found
here and there along their margins above the level of the ordinary
alluvium. The greater part of these accumulations appear to be of
Pleistocene age, as remains of the elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus
have been found in several localities.

In thickness the deposits vary from a few feet up to about 25 feet.
They occur along the Waveney at Homersfield, Wortwell and Redden-
hall, at Bungay where the Common is based on a bar of gravel bordered
by a loop of the river, and at Beccles racecourse. They fringe the
Ouse valley, and by Warren House at Santon Downham curious caves
were described by Sir John Evans, some of sufficient magnitude to allow
of a man standing inside. They were formed in consequence of the
lower beds being let down into hollows of the Chalk, owing to its dis-
solution by water charged with carbonic acid.*

Extensive deposits occur in the Lark valley above Mildenhall,
while along the Stour and its tributaries there are gravels at Long
Melford, Sudbury, Nayland, Lavenham and Brantham. Perhaps the
most interesting deposit is the brickearth at Stutton, which has yielded
Corbicula fluminalis, Hydrobia marginata. Helix fruticum and other mollusca,
as well as remains of elephant.'

Along the borders of the Gipping and Orwell, at Needham and
Sproughton, and along the Deben there are occasional beds of loam and
gravel, while at the north end of Southwold a small tract of brickearth
yielding remains of elephant was at one time exposed.

Evidence of the antiquity of man was obtained at a very early date
in Suffolk, although its significance was not until long after realized.
Thus in the year 1797 John Frere called attention to the finding of
stone implements at Hoxne,* and this discovery, although briefly referred

* 'The Relation of Palxolithic Man to the Glacial Epoch,' by C. Reid, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1896,
1897, p. 400 ; 'Origin of British Flora,' pp. 52, 77.

" ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlv. 504 ; Reid, 'Origin of British Flora,' p. 90.
3 H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. (1896), p. 354.

* Geo!. Mag. (1868), p. 444.

" S. V. Wood, ' Crag Mollusca,' i. and ii. 304, etc. ; Whitaker, ' Geology of Ipswich,' p. 96.

^ Archaoh^a, xiii. 204. See also J. Evans, ibid, xxxviii. 299, and ' Ancient Stone Implements
of Great Britain,' ed. 2 (1897), pp. 543-7^ ; Prestwich, Phil. Trans, i860, p. 304 ; C. Reid, Rep.
Brit. Assoc, for 1 896.

I 25 4

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to on one or two subsequent occasions,' was practically lost sight of for
upwards of sixty years. Attention had then been more prominently
drawn to the occurrence of worked flints in the Somme valley, and Sir
John Evans recalled to notice the flint implements at Hoxne. The
researches made by him and Sir Joseph Prestwich with regard to the
relation of the implement-bearing deposits to the Boulder Clay have
been confirmed by Mr. C. Reid, who (as before mentioned) has proved
that the Paleolithic deposits at Hoxne overlie the Boulder Clay, and are
separated from it by layers yielding remains first of temperate and after-
wards of arctic plants.

In 1862 Henry Prigg of Bury St. Edmunds (who subsequently
changed his name to Trigg) found flint implements in the valley gravel
and afterwards in a black peaty layer at the base of loam or valley
brickearth at that locality. Later on he found an imperfect fragment of
a human skull in loam at Westley near Bury St. Edmunds ; but the
specimen has since been destroyed.^

In the valley of the Little Ouse flint implements were discovered
also in 1862, the first example being obtained at Santon on the Norfolk
side,' and many have since been found. In this neighbourhood, as
remarked by Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, ' from Paleolithic times to the
present day the vicinity of Brandon has been one of the great emporia
for flint ' ; but, as before mentioned, the evidence which he brought
forward of implements beneath the Boulder Clay in the neighbourhood
of Brandon and Mildenhall has not been deemed satisfactory. His early
Palaeolithic stage was represented by the Brandon Beds (see p. 19).
These he regarded as older than the Boulder Clay, which in his opinion
was intruded into and beneath these loamy beds. He recognized them
at Mildenhall, Bury St. Edmunds, West Stow and Culford ; * but the
deposits may not be all of one age.

Paleolithic implements occur in certain gravels which are newer
than the Boulder Clay, and which cap the hills about 70 to 120 feet
above the present Little Ouse river. They have been found at Brandon
Field or Gravel Hill, two miles south-west of Brandon, at Lakenheath
Hill, and Portway or Marroway (Mareway) Hill east of Eriswell. The
gravels are regarded as old valley deposits, and they probably represent
lines of drainage independent of the modern courses of streams. At
present they must be regarded as the oldest Paleolithic deposits. With
them however may be included the beds at Hoxne, and certain deposits
lately discovered near Ipswich by Miss N. F. Layard.^

According to Mr. S. H. Warren the higher gravels of the Little
Ouse and Lark, at Santon Downham and High Lodge near Mildenhall,
yield implements of a newer type than those of the earlier drainage

1 R. C. Taylor, ' Geology of East Norfolk' (1827), pp. 14, 27.

- H. Prigg, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866, sections p. 50 ; Joun. Anthrop. Inst. xiv. 51 ; and Proc.
Norwich Geo!. Soc. i. 163 ; E. T. Newton, Proc. Geol. Assoc, xv. 257.
^ J. W. Flower, ^mt. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxiii. 45, xxv. 449.
* 'Manufacture of Gun Flints,' Geol. Survey (1879), p. 65.
' Nature, May 22, 1902, p. 77.

GEOLOGY

system, while in lower levels of the present valleys, at Warren Hill east
of Mildenhall and Redhill, both derived and contemporary implements
are found.*

The consideration of these old valley deposits is a subject which
leads on to that of the origin of the present scenery.

The main features over great part of England were sculptured
prior to the Glacial period. The main features in Suffolk are of subse-
quent date.

Thus the Chalk escarpment in pre-Glacial times may have risen in
Suffolk to heights comparable with those now found along the Chiltern
Hills, the Dunstable and Royston Downs. It has in any case been
considerably planed down, and excepting near Newmarket, where the
ground rises to 275 feet, and at Mildenhall, its distinctive features have
been obliterated.

The widespread Glacial Drifts practically overwhelmed the county ;
ice-action tended to smooth the inequalities of the land, though here
and there a deep trough was excavated ; and the subsequent features
have been carved out of the somewhat irregular accumulations of these
erratic deposits, and partially out of the underlying strata.

The melting of the ice led to torrential waters, which marked out
some of the earlier valleys,'' and distributed masses of coarse gravel here
and there. The erosion of the ground has revealed no traces of the earlier
scenery ; indeed, over a great part of the county the thick drifts have not
been intersected. Streams flow over them to join the main river courses
which have cut deeply into the land.

Subsequent depression, which took place no doubt slowly, has
tended to arrest excavation, and the rivers widen, but, except in the
higher courses, no longer deepen their channels. They have become
sluggish, and in a few localities the hollows which were formed by
estuarine action, or by the serpentine wanderings of the rivers, have been
preserved as broads : tracts which are being slowly silted up and narrowed
by the growth of marsh plants. Some of the broads, like Fritton Decoy
and Oulton Broad, are held up by means of artificial embankments ;
others, like those of Easton and Benacre, are barred by recent shingle.
Small meres sometimes arise in areas where, owing to dissolution of the
Chalk, the ground has subsided below the plane of saturation in that
formation, as in the case of Barton Mere.

The Alluvium, which forms level meadow or marsh land bordering
the rivers, is one of the latest deposits, and may be said to be still in
process of formation. It comprises deposits of varied character, but
mainly silt and clay with peaty layers and gravel, altogether 20 to 30
feet in thickness.

These low-lying tracts occupy a small area in north-western
Suffolk, a part of the Bedford Level, itself a portion of the Fenland ; and
strips of alluvium fringe the higher courses of the Lark and the Ouse.

1 Geol. Mag. (1902), p. 105.

^ See also Rev. O. Fisher, ^mt. Joum. Geol. Sec. xvii. 2.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the lower reaches of the Waveney, from Beccles to Breydon Water,
there are extensive levels which in places lie beneath highwater sea
level, and are protected by raised banks along the margin of the river.
These marshes are liable to floods, as the sluggish rivers cannot readily
convey the water they receive during the heavy rains ; but in general
the water in the dykes that intersect the marshes is pumped into the
river.

Near Burgh St. Peter the alluvial deposits have yielded Cardium
edule and Scrobicularia plana in addition to land and freshwater shells.'

Lothingland, on which the old town of Lowestoft and Gorleston
stand, is now practically an island through the artificial cut which con-
nects Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, formerly a continuation of the
Broad, with the sea. At one time a stream flowed westwards as a
tributary of the Waveney, but the sea afterwards formed a channel at
Lowestoft gap, which was open during the Roman occupation, but
closed by an embankment about the middle of the seventeenth century.
It is spoken of by R. C. Taylor as the ' ancient and long abandoned
haven of Kirkley.' ^

The marshes near Southwold and Dunwich have been inundated in
old times by the sea, and the land on which Southwold is built is practi-
cally an island. Further south there are salt marshes near Orford, and
there are alluvial islets in the channel of the Ore, based on the London
Clay and connected by shingle.

The alluvial tracts, and especially those along the course of the
Waveney, furnish the chief meadow and grazing lands.

Peaty beds occur in places on the borders of the Ouse and Lark in
their lower courses, also at Lopham, at Easton Broad, over Westwood
Marshes near Southwold, and in the estuary of the Deben near Bawdsey.
Where such valleys are open to the sea the peaty beds become exposed
on the foreshore at low tide and give rise to submerged forests. Thus
in the estuary of the Orwell, extending from Ipswich to Pin Mill, a
submerged forest was described by J. E. Taylor in 1874.^ It contained
leaves of plants, hazel nuts, etc., in a peaty bed, which was 9 feet thick
in places. The mammoth was obtained, but this doubtless was derived
from older deposits.

The depths of the Alluvium indicate that the land stood higher at
one time, an elevation which would have enlarged the drainage area and
promoted denudation.

The ordinary remains obtained from these deposits are the red deer,
wolf, ox, etc., as was the case in Barton Mere.*

The coast from near Gorleston southwards is noted for the ravages
made by the sea, especially in ancient times at Dunwich, which was an
important city in the time of Henry II.

* J. H. Blake, ' Geology of Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' p. 66.

' R. C. Taylor, ' On the Geology of East Norfolk ' (i 827), p. 47 ; and Supplementary Notes, p. 52 ;
J. H. Blake, op. cit. pp. 73-5.

* Geol. Mag. V. 44 1; Refi. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, sections, p. 82.

* Rev. H. Jones, ^art. Joum. Suffolk Inst. (1869), p. 31.

GEOLOGY

Of late years the cliffs at Covehithe and Easton Bavent have
suffered much, 5 or 6 yards a year having been removed at the former
place, and as much as 10 yards a year (1889-95) ^t the latter place.'
Southwold, Pakefield aad Kirkley have likewise lost, while at Dunwich
there has been less waste during recent years. It is considered likely
that Easton Bavent was the most easterly part of England at the time of
the Roman occupation.

Felixstow has suffered a good deal of loss, partly owing to the
digging in former years of cement stones from the London Clay, a pro-
cess as detrimental as that of the indiscriminate removal of shingle from
Landguard Point.

Excepting in important residential or industrial districts there seems
little hope of preserving the coast, for, as remarked by Mr. W. H.
Wheeler, when the land is used for agricultural purposes and is of
ordinarily fertile character, the cost of the preservation of the cliffs may
be greater than the value of the land.'^

The beach deposits are for the most part shingly, as there are
considerable masses of pebbly gravel in the cliffs, and the waste is con-
tinually supplying material, the general trend of which is to the south.
Sands however occur from Gorleston to Lowestoft, and to a variable
extent onwards to Southwold, while shingle occurs mainly to the south.
Flint pebbles are most abundant in the beaches, but many carnelians are
met with, derived no doubt from the Glacial Drifts.

Land has been gained and lost at Lowestoft. The Ness, now the
most easterly point of England, extends in front of an old sea cliff, and
comprises hillocks of blown sand and patches of shingle, forming a tract
known as the Denes. During recent years this tract has suffered loss.
The great shingle beach of Orford Ness extends southwards from Alde-
burgh, and has diverted the Ore or Aide some ten miles from its original
outlet, Orford Haven, which was nearly opposite the castle in the time
of Henry VIIL^"

Blown sand is not very prominently developed on the Suffolk coast.
We find low hillocks between Landguard and Felixstow, also north of
Aldeburgh, and others 8 to 10 feet high, bordering the marsh of
Minsmere Level. Much sand is blown inland from the loose sands in
the cliffs between Gunton and Gorleston, and this greatly influences the
soil along the sea borders.

Suffolk possesses no remarkable mineral waters. Chalybeate springs
have been observed here and there, but none have attained any fame ;
indeed, the only noteworthy wells are those dedicated to saints. There
is perhaps no part of Suffolk from which small supplies of water could
not locally be obtained, whether from spring, brook or shallow well.
Consequently in early times settlements became scattered all over the

1 Whitaker, 'Geology of Southwold' (1887), pp. 45, 47 ; Capt. H. Alexander, Proc. Geo/. Soc.
iii. 445 ; J. Spiller, Geo/. Mag. (1896), p. 23.
' 'The Sea Coast' (1902), p. 2.
' J. B. Redman, Proc. Inst. Cir. Eng. xxiii. 1 86 ; see also Proc. Suffolk Inst. Arc/i. x. 215.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

county. The industries have been mainly those of agriculture and
fishing, and the population has grown irrespective of any geological
conditions affecting water supply, but rather owing to convenience of
position in regard to river or railway, or to the bracing air and other
attractions of the seaside.

PALAEONTOLOGY

THE claim of Suffolk to a foremost position among English
counties of special interest to the student of vertebrate palason-
tology is based on the mammalian and other fossils from the
Red and Coralline Crags. It is true that remains of many of these
Crag species are also met with in the corresponding formations of Essex ;
but the majority of them are known only or chiefly from Suffolk. In
addition to these Red and Coralline Crag fossils, Suffolk has also yielded
remains of vertebrates from the Norwich Crag and the overlying Forest
Bed, as well as from superficial strata of still newer age. The great bulk
of the vertebrate remains from the Forest Bed and Norwich Crag have
however been collected in Norfolk, and since they have been mentioned
at some length in the volumes of this work devoted to that county, a
brief reference to some of those which occur in Suffolk will suffice in
this place.

Before going further, it may be well to mention that many of the
vertebrate fossils from the Red and Coralline Crags, especially those found
in the so-called nodule bed, exhibit unmistakable signs of rolling by the
action of the sea ; and some of them have been undoubtedly derived
from the breaking up of much older beds. These older derived Crag
fossils are treated of in a separate section below. As regards the other
fossils, some may quite likely have been washed out of strata a little older
than even the Coralline Crag, but the majority, at all events, appear to
belong to animals which flourished during some portion of the Pliocene
epoch — the epoch in which the Crags themselves were deposited.

From deposits in the county of newer age than the Forest Bed have
been obtained remains of a considerable number of the ordinary British
Pleistocene mammals. Those of the cave-lion {Felis leo spelcea), the
otter [Lutra Intra), and a bear which has been identified with the North
American grizzly (Ursus arctus horribilis) have, for instance, been recorded
from Ipswich. The skull of a wolf {Cam's lupus) dug up from beneath
the Norman tower in Bury St. Edmunds is, or was, in the museum of
that town. Among the ungulate or hoofed mammals, the great extinct
ox or aurochs [Eos taurus primigenius) has left its remains at Lowestoft,
and, according to Mr. Norgate of Bury St. Edmunds, at Maid's Cross,
Lakenheath. Numerous bones and teeth of the Celtic shorthorn and
pig, as well as red deer antlers, were dug up some years ago in a blackish
stratum about a couple of feet below the surface at West Stow Heath,
in association with Saxon implements. Antlers of red deer, fallow deer

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and roe are also stated to have been dug up in the peat of Undley Fen,
Mildenhall ; while a single roe antler from Burnt Fen, Mildenhall, is in
the possession of Mr. Norgate.

From river gravel at Warren Hill, Mildenhall, the gentleman last
named records remains of the Pleistocene bison [Bos priscus) in associa-
tion with those of the mammoth and chipped flint implements. In
addition doubtless to many other localities in the county, remains of the
red deer {Cervus elaphus) are known from Woodbridge, and those of the
giant fallow deer or ' Irish elk ' (C. giganteus) and roe-deer [Capreolus
capreolus) from Ipswich. Bones and teeth of the wild horse {Equus
caballus fossilis) are recorded from Ipswich, Felixstow and Kingston near
Woodbridge, and those of the great woolly Siberian two-horned rhino-
ceros [Rhinoceros antiquitatis) from gravel at Ipswich. Remains of the
mammoth [Elephas primigenius), the Pleistocene representative of the
existing Indian elephant, occur in river deposits in many parts of the
county, notably Bury St. Edmunds, Hoxne, Icklingham, Ipswich, Orford
and Southwold. Mr. Norgate writes that molars and tusks which he
assigns to the mammoth and its relative the straight-tusked elephant
[E. antiquus) were found some years ago in considerable numbers in
gravel at the back of the old gaol at Bury St. Edmunds. The mammoth
remains from Icklingham in the valley of the Lark near Bury St.
Edmunds were associated with roughly hewn flint implements.^ Al-
though no mammalian remains have been obtained from the stratum
at Hoxne which yielded the celebrated flint implements described by
Mr. John Frere in the year 1806, bones of red deer, horse and mam-
moth have been dug up from an underlying bed.^ In 1876 the British
Museum acquired an associated series of molar teeth and tusks, together
with a vertebra, of a small individual of the extinct race of the hippo-
potamus [Hippopotamus amphibius major), which had been dug out of a
superficial deposit at Lavenham.'

Among the mammals recorded from the Forest Bed within the
limits of the county are the wolf [Canis lupus) from Kessingland, the
cave race of the South African spotted hysna [Hycena crocuta spelcea),
from both Kessingland and Corton, and the great cave-bear [Ursus
spelceus). Remains of the red deer and of that race of the giant fallow
deer, or ' Irish elk,' commonly known as Cervus verticornis, but pre-
ferably designated C. giganteus belgrandi, have also been obtained at
Kessingland and Pakefield * near Lowestoft. The former locality has
likewise afforded evidence of the presence of the wild boar [Sus scrofa
ferus), the horse, and the extinct Etruscan rhinoceros [Rhinoceros etruscus).
Although not uncommon in the Pliocene deposits of the Val d Arno,
Tuscany, remains of the species last named are rare in Britain, where
they have been met with only in the Forest Bed of Norfolk and Suf-r

1 See Prestwich, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xvii. 363, and Lyell, Jnti'juily of Man, ed. 3, 169.

* See Lyell, op. cit. p. 167, and Howorth, Geol. Mag. (4) viii. 337 (1901).
^ See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. ii. 279.

* Specimens in Norwich Museum.

PALEONTOLOGY

folk, and quite recently in the Pliocene cave at Dove Holes near
Buxton, Derbyshire. Of the great southern elephant {Elephas meridio-
nalis), the Norwich Museum possesses some fine teeth and jaws from
Corton and Pakefield. From the Forest Bed of both Suffolk and Nor-
folk have been obtained remains of an extinct vole, Mimomys intermedius,
which has recently been made the type of a special genus' common to
the Forest Bed and the Norwich Crag, and characterized by its partially
rooted cheek teeth and the presence of an islet of enamel on the worn
crown of the last of the series.

The Forest Bed at Pakefield has yielded a cetacean tooth apparently
belonging to the existing killer-whale [Orca orcd).

Of fishes, remains of the perch [Perca Jiuviatilts) are recorded
from the Forest Bed at Kessingland. More common are the clavicles
and so-called ' butterfly bones ' (really fin-supports) of the extinct horse-
mackerel Platax woodwardi, which are also known from the Norwich
Crag of Easton Bavent.

Of the few mammalian remains that have been obtained from the
Norwich Crag in Suffolk perhaps the most interesting are certain molar
teeth of the straight-tusked elephant [Elephas antiquus) from Easton and
Southwold.^ In many cases this species was a contemporary of the
mammoth, but here it occurs in an horizon where the latter animal is
unknown. Remains of the otter have been said by Sir R. Owen [British
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 121) to have been discovered in the Nor-
wich Crag at Southwold, but the statement has not been substantiated by
subsequent researches.^ Some kind of hollow-horned ruminant is indi-
cated by a bone of the hind-leg (metatarsal) from the Norwich Crag at
Easton. Fragments of teeth from the same locality and deposit apparently
belong to the mastodon referred to below as Mastodon borsoni. A frag-
ment of the lower part of the (incisor) tooth of a beaver from the
Norwich Crag of Sizewell Gap near Southwold was long considered to
belong to the living European beaver. According however to Mr. E. T.
Newton * it is more probably referable to the extinct Forest Bed genus
known as Trogontherium, and possibly to the small 7". minus. This speci-
men is in the collection of the Geological Society of London. From
Kyson have been obtained remains of an extinct vole [Mimomys pliocenicus),
of which the typical horizon is the Pliocene of the Val d'Arno.^

Specimens in the Norwich Museum from the Chillesford Crag beds
of Aldeby were identified many years ago by Sir W. H. Flower with
the dolphin [Delphinus delphis). From the same locality and deposit Sir
William also identified remains of the guillemot [Uria troile).

Coming to the carnivora of the Red and Coralline Crags, we find that

' See F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, i. 102.

2 See Newton, ' Vcrtebrata of Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 47.

3 Ibid. pp. 14, 15.
■* Ibid. p. 49.

^ See F. Major, P/w. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, i. 105. M.ptiorenicus ind the smiWei M. neui/oni
occur in Norfolk, but were not described when the palaeontology of that county was written. At that
time Mimomys intermedius was known as Microtus intermedius.

I 33 5

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a member of the cat tribe agreeing approximately in size with the
leopard is represented by a lower carnassial or flesh-tooth from the Red
Crag of Newbourn near Woodbridge. Upon this specimen, which is
preserved in the museum at Ipswich, Sir R. Owen ^ founded his Felts
pardoides, but there is no evidence to show that this is really distinct from
the leopard [F. pardus), of which it probably represents an extinct race.
A second tooth of the same feline subsequently found near Newbourn
was also described by Owen.^ Although the spotted hyasna is unknown
in the Crag, the striped species is represented by certain cheek-teeth
from the Red Crag of Felixstow originally described by Professor E. Ray
Lankester' as Hyana antiqua ; as well as by a right upper carnassial in
the Ipswich Museum from the Red Crag of Trimley St. Mary, and a
corresponding tooth of the opposite side, preserved in the York Museum,
from Woodbridge. The latter specimens present no characters by which
they can be satisfactorily distinguished from the corresponding teeth of
the existing striped hysna, but since the Crag representative of that
animal probably formed a distinct race, it may be designated H. striata
antiqua. Remains of the wolf [Canis lupus) have been recorded from the
Forest Bed within the county, and the occurrence of the same species in
the Red Crag is indicated by three teeth in the York Museum, two of
which came from Boyton. The imperfect skull of a fox (C. vulpes)
from above the nodule bed at the latter place, now preserved in the
British Museum, has been regarded by some as not a true Red Crag fossil,
but this opinion was not shared by the late Mr. R. Bell, by whom it
was collected. A worn tooth, now in the York Museum, from the Red
Crag of Woodbridge, was described by Professor Lankester as Canis
primigenius, but, judging from the structure of the enamel, Mr. Newton
is inclined to believe that it is really cetacean.

Among the weasel family it is possible that the polecat [Mustela
putorius) may have lived in the Crag period, as the British Museum
possesses a fragment of the lower jaw of that animal from the Coralline
Crag of Orford ; it does not appear however to be certain that the
specimen is really of Crag age. An otter, provisionally identified with
the extinct continental species known as Lutra dubia, is represented by
a lower jaw from the Red Crag nodule bed of Foxhall near Wood-
bridge.*

Of far greater interest is a fragment of a lower jaw from the
nodule bed of the Red Crag at Felixstow, now preserved in the York
Museum, which has been described under the name of JElurus
anglicus by Professor W, B. Dawkins.^ The genus to which this
species belongs is represented at the present day only by the long-
tailed panda or red cat-bear {/E. splendens) of the eastern Himalaya, and
till the identification of the fossil jaw no extinct representative of the
group was known. Another fragment of the jaw of the Crag species,

* Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 169 (1846). ^ ^arl. Journ. Geo/. Soc. xii. 266 (1856).

* jinn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiii. 56. * See Newton, op. cit. p. 12.

* Sluart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlvi. 451 (1890).

PALEONTOLOGY

also in the York Museum, is known from the nodule bed at Wood-
bridge ; while the Museum of the Geological Survey possesses a com-
plete upper molar from Butley.' The latter specimen serves to indi-
cate that the Crag panda was about a third larger than the living
Himalayan species. Panda remains have been subsequently obtained
from certain Tertiary strata on the continent, a complete skull forming
the type of a distinct genus.

To some extent, perhaps, connecting the pandas with the more
typical bears is the extinct Hycenarctus, first described from the Plio-
cene strata of northern India, but subsequently found in Europe. The
only known evidence of the occurrence of this primitive bear-like
animal in Britain is afforded by certain teeth from the nodule bed of
the Suffolk Red Crag. One of these specimens, an upper molar, was
obtained near Waldringfield, and is preserved in the Ipswich Museum,
while a second upper molar, from Felixstow, is in the York Museum.
The latter collection also contains a lower molar and a tusk, both from
Felixstow, which probably belong to the same genus. It is to the late
Sir W. H. Flower^ that we owe the identification of Hycenarctus in the
Red Crag.

Some doubt exists as to whether remains of typical bears occur in
the Crag deposits, certain specimens which have been described as such
having apparently been misinterpreted.'' According however to Mr.
Newton,* a tooth from the nodule bed of Woodbridge, preserved in the
Museum at York, may possibly belong to the small bear first described
from the Pliocene deposits of the Auvergne under the name of JJrsus
arvernensis. A single tusk, or canine tooth, from the crag of Kessingland,
preserved in the Museum at Wisbech, indicates an undetermined carni-
vore apparently distinct from all the foregoing.

Several of the molluscs met with in the Red Crag indicate the pre-
valence in Britain at the time of the deposition of these strata of arctic
or sub-arctic conditions ; and this is confirmed by the occurrence in the
nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county of portions of tusks of a large
walrus [Odobcetius huxleyi), such remains having been first described in
1865 by Professor E. Ray Lankester ^ as Trichecodon. Till recently the
walrus was known as T'richechus^ but the earlier name Odobcenus is now
coming into general use.

The Crag being a shore deposit it is only natural to expect that it
would contain the remains of seals ; and as a matter of fact bones of
those animals do occur there, although far from abundantly. Of Suffolk
specimens, a bone of the fore-limb (humerus) in the collection of Major
E. C. Moor of Great Bealings, from the nodule bed of Foxhall, has been
made the type of a species with the name of Phoca moori. There is a
similar bone, from the same horizon at Waldringfield, in the Museum
of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. P. moori was a seal of small bodily

1 Newton, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xlvi. p. 13 (1890). '^ Ibid, xxxiii. 534 (1877).

' See Newton, op. cit. p. 15. * Ibid. p. 16.

^ ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxi. 226.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

size; but a third Crag humerus from Foxhall, also in the collection of
Major Moor, as well as a fourth specimen of the same bone from the
Crag, preserved in the York Museum, indicate a still smaller species,
which has been provisionally identified with one described on the evidence
of remains from the Antwerp Crag under the name of Phocanella minor.
Whether this seal really belongs to an extinct generic type may perhaps
be open to doubt.

Passing on to the hoofed or ungulate mammals, it may be men-
tioned in the first place that teeth and limb bones from the Red Crag
of Boyton and other localities in the county undoubtedly demonstrate
the occurrence in that deposit of a member of the ox tribe. It has
been suggested that the species in question is the Pleistocene bison, but
it is perhaps more likely that it is identical with the extinct Etruscan
ox {Bos etruscus) of the Pliocene deposits of the Val d'Arno, a primitive
species of which the cows were hornless. Cheek-teeth of more than
one form of large ruminant are known from the Red Crag nodule bed
of Boyton, Sutton, Woodbridge and elsewhere which not improbably
belonged to antelopes of several kinds. Two bones of the foot of a
small ruminant in the Museum of Practical Geology, said to be from
the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, present a considerable resemblance to
the corresponding elements of the skeleton of the musk-deer [Moschus
moschiferus). Antlers and teeth of deer are exceedingly common in the
Suffolk Crags, and a large number of so-called species have been based
on remains of the former description. Although the number of these
nominal species is undoubtedly too large, their reduction is a matter of
extreme difficulty, and since it is impossible in some instances to be
certain even of the generic position of these Crags, they are but very
briefly noticed in this place. Certain fragments of antlers in the British
Museum from the nodule bed of the Red Crag have been identified with
a fallow deer first described from the Norwich Crag under the name of
Cervus falconeri, but the right of the type of the latter to specific distinc-
tion is more or less doubtful. The beam of a large antler from the
Red Crag of Suffolk was referred by Sir R. Owen' in 1856 to the giant
fallow deer or 'Irish elk,' now known scientifically as Cervus giganteus;
although, as pointed out by Mr. Newton,^ it is most likely that this
specimen does not belong to the typical form of that species, it is quite
probable that it may pertain to one of the older races of the same, such as
the so-called C. "verticorms of the Forest Bed of both Norfolk and Suffolk.
Of quite a different character are the antlers from the Red Crag nodule
bed of Sutton and other localities in the county, on the evidence of which
the species C. suttonensis was based by Professor Boyd Dawkins' in 1878.
This species was probably allied to the Oriental rusine deer.

Tusks, incisors and cheek-teeth of swine are now and again met
with in the nodule bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk, the York Museum

* Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xii. 226. ' ' Vercebrata of Pliocene Deposits,' p. 29.

^ ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxvi. 441.

PALAEONTOLOGY

possessing one lower tusk from Waldringfield and a second from Wood-
bridge, while the Ipswich Museum has an incisor. Cheek-teeth from
the Crag indicate the occurrence of two species of wild pig — a larger
and a smaller. The larger may be identical with one of the two con-
tinental Pliocene forms described as Sus antiquus and S. erymanthius, while
the smaller may be the same as S. palceochcerus of the German Pliocene.

Of the horses (or perhaps asses or zebras) remains are rare in the
Crag, but there is one tooth of an Equus from the Red Crag of Bawdsey
in the British Museum, and a second from Felixstow in the York
Museum. Less uncommon are cheek-teeth of the three-toed horses of
the genus Hipparion, which can be readily distinguished from those of
Equus by the pattern on the grinding surface. All the known speci-
mens of these teeth appear to come from the Red Crag nodule bed ;
the species to which they belong is probably the widely spread H. gracilis
of the continental Pliocene.

Cheek-teeth of rhinoceroses, often broken, are not uncommonly
met with in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county, most of which it
was once thought might belong to some of the Pleistocene representa-
tives of the genus. They may however with more probability be as-
signed to continental Pliocene types, such as the hornless Rhinoceros
incisivus and the two-horned K. schleiermacheri of Germany. Tapirs,
too, are represented in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county by their
teeth, and are perhaps specifically identical with the continental forms
described as Tapirus arvernensis and T. priscus. The occurrence of these
fossil European tapirs, it may be incidentally remarked, is a fact of con-
siderable interest, since they serve to connect the present widely separated
habitats — Malaya and tropical America — of this primitive group of odd-
toed ungulates.

With the exception of the recently discovered Pliocene cave near
Buxton, the Crags of Norfolk and Suffolk are the only deposits in Britain
from which are obtained the teeth of those primitive elephants known
as mastodons. In these mastodons the cheek-teeth, or molars, are of a
much more simple structure than those of the true elephants, being in
fact in many respects more like those of gigantic pigs than of the latter.
In place of consisting of a great number of closely packed tall parallel
plates, the crowns of the molars of the mastodons are formed by a
few low columns or ridges, with open valleys between them. Some
mastodons have three ridges or rows of columns in each molar save
the two front pairs and the last, but in others the number of ridges is
four in the teeth in question. Many of the Crag mastodons belong to
the species with four-ridged molars originally described from the Auvergne
under the name of Mastodon arvernensis, and characterized by the alter-
nating arrangement of the cusps on the crowns of those teeth and the
slight prolongation of the front of the lower jaw. Other teeth from
the Red Crag belong to a second four-ridged species, the continental
M. longirostris. One particular molar, with three ridges, from the Red
Crag nodule bed near Woodbridge, now preserved in the York Museum,

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

has been the subject of some discussion. Originally regarded by Professor
E. Ray Lankester as the complete tooth of a three-ridged species, it was
subsequently considered by the present writer^ to be an imperfect tooth
of the four-ridged M. longirostris. A re-examination of the original
specimen showed however that this view was untenable, and Professor
Lankester ' eventually regarded the specimen as indicating a variety of
the three-ridged continental M. angustidens, with the varietal name of
lattdens. Since however there is an Indian species known as M. latidens
this nomenclature cannot be adopted ; and if the specimen really indicate
a race of the aforesaid species, the name M. angustidens latior would be
appropriate. The writer is however by no means sure that the speci-
men is not an abnormally formed molar of the aforesaid M. longirostris —
a species which, by the way, differed from modern elephants in being
furnished with tusks in the lower as well as in the upper jaw. Three-
ridged molars of quite a different type to the foregoing specimen are
met with occasionally in the nodule bed of the Red Crag, as well as in
the coprolite bed below the Coralline Crag at Sutton and other localities
in the county.^ Many of these specimens, at any rate, appear to belong
to the continental Pliocene species known as M. borsoni. It may be
added that M. longirostris apparently also occurs in the coprolite bed at
the base of the Coralline Crag, a fragmentary tooth being reported to
have been obtained from that horizon at Sutton.*

Doubt was long entertained as to whether remains of true elephants
ever occurred in the Crag. The question is however set at rest by por-
tions of two molars in the British Museum ^ from the Red Crag, one of
which was obtained at Felixstow, and the other at Falkenham near
Woodbridge. These teeth belong to the southern elephant {Elephas
meridionalis) , a gigantic species more nearly alied to the living African
than to the Indian elephant, whose remains are met with abundantly in
the Pliocene strata of the continent and the Norfolk Forest Bed, as well
as in a remarkable deposit at Dewlish in Dorsetshire.

A much-worn mammalian skull, now preserved in the museum at
Ipswich, from the nodule bed of the Red Crag at Foxhall, was described
in 1874 by Sir William Flower," and identified with an extinct genus of
sea-cow, but made the type of a separate species under the name of Hali-
therium canhami. The genus Halitherium, which is allied to the modern
manati, is met with on the continent in strata of Miocene age, so that
the Foxhall skull may be somewhat older than the majority of Red Crag
fossils.

As would naturally be expected from the small size of most mem-
bers of the order, remains of rodents, or gnawing mammals, are very
scarce in the Crag. Two cheek-teeth from the Red Crag nodule bed
(one from Woodbridge), in the Museum of Practical Geology are how-

' See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. iv. 62. * Geol. Mag. (4) vi. 289, (1899).

^ See Newton, op. cit. p. 44. * Ibid. 14.

' See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. iv. 1 13. ° ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xxx. i.

PALAEONTOLOGY

ever provisionally assigned by Mr. Newton to the existing European
beaver [Castor fiber). Certain other beaver teeth from the same horizon
at Sutton and other localities in the county have been made the types of
a distinct species by Professor Lankester with the name of C. veterior.
From the characters of the folds of the cheek-teeth, as compared with
those of the living beaver, Mr. Newton confirms the distinctness of this
species. The type specimens are in the York Museum, but there are
others at Ipswich.

Remains of the rabbit have been stated to occur in the Crag, but
the evidence on which the statement is made is not forthcoming. Mr.
Newton records however a cheek-tooth of some species of Lepus from
the Red Crag.

Remains of whales, porpoises and dolphins are exceedingly common
in the Suffolk Crag, as they also are in the Belgian Crag at Antwerp.
In the case of the larger whalebone whales, the remains most easy of
identification, and also those most commonly found, are the bones of
the internal ear, of which one (the tympanic) is hollow and shell-like,
while the other (the periotic) is solid and massive. In the beaked
whales, on the other hand, the part most commonly preserved is the solid
ivory-like rostrum, or beak, from which the group takes its name. Of
the larger toothed whales akin to the modern sperm-whale, teeth are the
most abundant remains. As early as 1843 Sir R. Owen' named some of
these Crag cetaceans on the evidence of ear bones, and others from their
teeth. A revision of cetaceans from the Crag was published by the
present writer^ at a much later date. Tympanic bones from the nodule
bed of the Red Crag of the county indicate by their shape so-called
' right-whales,' that is to say species allied to the Greenland whale and
southern right- whale of the present seas. To one of these types Owen
gave the name Balcena affinis ; while a second appears identical with the
right-whale from the Belgian Crag described by the late Professor
Van Beneden as B. primigenia. Certain variations noticeable in the form
of the ear-bones of these whales may be due to differences in the age of
the individuals to which they belonged. Tympanies of a much smaller
right-whale from the Red Crag have been identified with the two
Belgian species B. insignis and B. balcenopsis. The first vertebra of a
whale from the Coralline Crag of Sudbourn, in the collection of the
British Museum, was referred by Van Beneden himself to the last-
mentioned species. It may be well to observe here that as the tympanic
and other bones of whales found in the Belgian Crag, belonging to the
same species as those from the Red Crag, are not rolled, it is evident that
the whales of whose skeletons they formed a part Hved in the Pliocene seas,
and it therefore follows that the whales of the Red Crag likewise lived
about the time when that deposit was laid down. It may also be men-
tioned that Mr. F. W. Harmer' considers the majority of the remains

1 Pm. Geol. Soc. iv. 283 ; see also ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. i. 39, and Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds.

2 ^lart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xliii. 7, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. v. 16.
' ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 728 (1900).

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of extinct land mammals from the nodule bed of the Red Crag to be
derived from older deposits. ' There is indeed,' he writes, ' no more
evidence for the existence of Mastodon in England during any part of the
Crag era than for that of Hipparion or of the Eocene Hyracotherium.^
Against this view maybe urged the occurrence oi Mastodon arvernensis in
the Upper Pliocene deposits of the Auvergne and Val d'Arno, and above
all in the British Pliocene cave recently discovered near Buxton.

Other and apparently somewhat less common types of tympanic
from the nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county are of a more rounded
and shell-like character, and indicate extinct species of those groups of
whalebone whales respectively known as humpbacks and finners or
rorquals. To a humpbacked whale from the Belgian Crag described by
Professor Van Beneden as Megaptera affinis, are apparently referable two
tympanies in the Museum of Practical Geology ; the one from the Coral-
line Crag of Sudbourn, and the other from the nodule bed of the Red
Crag near Ipswich. Another species of the same genus, M. similis, like-
wise typically (as is the third) from the Belgian Crag, is represented by a
periotic bone in the British Museum from Woodbridge ; while a third
and smaller form, M. minuta, is known in England by one ear-bone from
the Coralline Crag of Suffolk in the Museum at Ipswich, and a second
from the nodule bed of the Red Crag at Foxhall in the Museum of
Practical Geology.

Of the rorquals, whose tympanic bones are of a more elongated form
than those of the humpbacks, two Red Crag species, Balcenoptera definita
and B. emarginata, were originally described by Owen (as Balcena) on the
evidence of tympanies from the nodule bed of the county. Two other
species, B. goropi and B. borealina, first described from the Belgian Crag,
appear to be represented in the nodule bed of the county by tympanies
in the collection of the British and Ipswich Museums.

But even these last by no means exhaust the list of Suffolk Crag
cetaceans, for certain remains from that deposit have been identified with
species of two extinct genera of rorquals named by continental writers
Cetotherium and Herpetocetus. One of these species, C. brialmonti, appears
to be represented by a vertebra from the Red Crag in the British
Museum, and a second, C. dubium, by tympanies from the nodule bed in
the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons and other collections.
Certain vertebrae from the Red Crag of Suffolk may perhaps pertain to
the Belgian species known as C. hupschi and C. brevifrons. A tym-
panic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology from Felixstow, and
a second in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, indicate the
occurrence in Suffolk of the species described in Belgium as Herpetocetus
scaldiensis.

With the last-named species we come to the end of the whalebone
whales, and pass on to the toothed group, commencing with the forms
allied to the modern sperm-whale. Large teeth of the general type of
those of the latter are met with commonly enough in the Red Crag
nodule bed of the county, but owing to their damaged condition their

PALAEONTOLOGY

specific identification is a matter of difficulty. The earliest name for
teeth of this type is Balt^nodon physaloides^ given by Sir R. Owen in 1846,
and typified by a Red Crag specimen. It has been considered that other
equally large Suffolk Crag teeth belong to the Belgian whale described
as Eucetus amblyodon. Teeth of smaller spermwhale-like cetaceans from
the Red Crag nodule bed of the county have been tentatively assigned to
the continental forms described under the names of Physeterula dubusii,
Physodon grandis, P. fustformis, Hoplocetus crassidens, H. borgerhoutensis, and
H. curvidens. If an Argentine Pliocene skull be rightly assigned to it,
Physodon differs from the modern sperm-whale in having a full series of
teeth in the upper as well as in the lower jaw.

The occurrence of a whale closely allied to the existing bottle-nose
in the Red Crag was made known by the present writer in the following
words : ' Hyperoodon is represented by a very perfect right periotic in
the Ipswich Museum. This specimen, which has the accessory ossicle
still attached, cannot be distinguished from the corresponding bone of the
existing H. rostratus, and evidently indicates the existence either of that
or of a closely allied form in the Pliocene ; the occurrence of cervical
vertebra of a member of this genus in the Antwerp Crag has been
recorded by Professor Van Beneden.' Since it is practically certain that
the Crag bot-tle-nosed whale is distinct from the existing species it may
be appropriately named Hyperoodon taylori, after the late Dr. J. E. Taylor,
some time curator of the Ipswich Museum.

Beaked whales, as already said, are very numerously represented by
their beaks, or rostra, which in the living species are characterized by
their ivory-like appearance and hardness. One type has been referred to
a supposed extinct genus, Choneziphius, of which it has been thought that
there are three representatives in the Red Crag, namely C planirostris,
C. planus and C packardi. Apparently Choneziphius is not generically
distinct from the existing beaked whale commonly known as Ziphius, and
since the latter term is barred by previous usage in another sense, the
former name is entitled to stand for the genus. Of the beaked whales
belonging to the same genus as the existing Mesoplodon videns (which
occasionally visits the British shores) a large number of species have been
named on the evidence of Crag specimens, but it is probable that some at
least of these are merely nominal. The list is as follows, viz. Mesoplo-
don longirostris, M. tenuirosfris, M. angustus, M. angulatus, M. compressus,
M.Jloris and M. scaphoides, in addition to others which are obviously
synonyms. It may be added that one specimen of the periotic bone of
a member of this genus is known from the Red Crag nodule bed, pre-
served in the Museum of Practical Geology.

A totally extinct family of cetaceans, the shark-toothed dolphins, in
which the hinder teeth are serrated and double-rooted, is represented by
isolated teeth from the nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county.
Some of these rare and curious teeth are in the Museum at Ipswich, and
others at York. They not improbably belong to the species from the
Antwerp Crag described as Squalodon antwerpiensis .
I 41 6

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Among the true dolphins and porpoises a species of killer-whale,
probably identical with an Italian Pliocene form described as Orca citoni-
ensis, is represented in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county by a tooth
in the Ipswich Museum and a periotic in the Museum of Practical
Geology. Certain teeth and ear-bones from the nodule bed originally
described as Delphinus uncidens appear generically identical with the so-
called blackfish, and are accordingly now known as Globicephalus uncidens.
A specimen from the Red Crag nodule bed of the county, supposed to
be the swollen base of the aborted tusk of a narwhal, has been considered
sufficient to justify the inclusion of the genus Monodon in the Crag fauna.
Possibly two Red Crag vertebra; in the Jermyn Street Museum may
afford evidence of the occurrence of a species of white whale [Delphi-
napterus) in the Crag sea. Finally a vertebra from the Coralline Crag of
Ramsholt in the British Museum, and two others from the same forma-
tion in the Museum of Practical Geology, may be referable to a dolphin
of the genus Tursiops.

Very noteworthy is the occurrence in the Suffolk deposits of
remains of an albatross, for which the name Diomedea anglica has been
proposed by the present writer.' The species is typified by two bones
of the foot, now in the Ipswich Museum, found in the sandy bed
overlying the Red Crag at Foxhall, and most probably of Red Crag
age. Part of a wing-bone (ulna) from the Coralline Crag at Orford,
preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, belongs to the same or
an allied species. It may be added that the museum last named also
possesses a wing-bone (ulna) of an albatross from the brick-earth of
Ilford, Essex.

The fishes of the Crag are for the most part represented by detached
teeth. Among these certain smooth and polished molar-like teeth,
specimens of which are known from the Red Crag of Woodbridge,
Waldringfield and elsewhere, as well as from the Coralline Crag of
Gedgrave, indicate a species of sea-bream generically identical with the
existing gilt-head [Chrysophrys aurata). They do not however admit of
specific determination. To the family of the horse-mackerels belongs
Platax woodwardi, a species commonly occurring in the Forest Bed and
Norwich Crag, but also represented in the Red Crag of Felixstow and
elsewhere, and, it is said, in the Coralline Crag. An extinct thunny
{Thynnus scaldist), first described from the Antwerp Crag, is known by
vertebrae from the Coralline Crag of Aldeburgh and elsewhere. A
single tooth in the Museum of Practical Geology from the Coralline
Crag of Gedgrave presents no characters by which it can be distinguished
from the existing wolf-fish, Anarrhichas lupus. A wrasse of the genus
Labrus is indicated by a specimen of the lower pharyngeal bone from
the Red Crag of the county, preserved in the British Museum. Species
of cod {Gadus) are indicated by ear-bones (otoliths) from the Coralline
Crag of Sudbourn, Broomhill, near Orford and elsewhere ; others from

' Cat. Foil. Birdi Brit. Mui. 189 (1891).
42

PALAEONTOLOGY

the Red Crag have been described as a race of the whiting with the
name of G. merlangus suffblcensis ; while yet another form, typically
from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, has been regarded as indicating
an extinct species (G. pseudoeglifinus) nearly allied to the haddock.
Fish spines in the York Museum indicate the occurrence of a sturgeon
[Acipenser) in the Red Crag ; but whether the remains are contempora-
neous or washed out of an older deposit does not appear to be ascer-
tained.

The occurrence of species of dog-fishes and sharks in the Suffolk
Crag is indicated by numerous remains. Among these two teeth from
the Red Crag of Little Bealings near Woodbridge are regarded as belong-
ing to a species nearly related to the common tope [Galeus canis).
Certain spines from the Red Crag of Woodbridge and elsewhere were
shown by Sir W. H. Flower to be indistinguishable from those with
which the ' claspers ' of the gigantic basking-shark [Cetorhinus maximus)
of modern seas are armed. The largest member of the shark tribe now
living, the widely distributed Rondeleti's shark {Carcharodon rondektii) is
represented by teeth from the Red Crag of Sutton and elsewhere and the
Coralline Crag of Orford. Still larger teeth of the same type from the
Red Crag of Woodbridge, Felixstow and other places in the county
are assigned to the extinct C. megalodon, whose remains are met with in
later Tertiary strata almost all over the world. Large teeth similar to
these fossil specimens were dredged during the Challenger expedition
from the depths of the Pacific in such a condition as to lead to the
belief that the species was still living at a comparatively recent epoch.
Rondeleti's shark is known to attain a length of 40 feet, but the fossil
teeth (some of which measure 4 inches across and 5 in height) must
indicate a fish half as large again. Shark teeth from the Red Crag
nodule bed belonging to forms allied to the porbeagle have been referred
to the species known as Oxyrhina hastalis, Odontaspis elegans and O. con-
tortidens. With regard to teeth of the second form Mr. E. T. Newton
writes as follows : ' Numerous examples from the Red Crag nodule
bed are in the Museum of Practical Geology ; some of them are
probably derived from older beds, being much rolled and worn ; but
many of them are beautifully perfect, with the cutting edge quite sharp,
and these it is thought must be of a Red Crag age.' Nearly similar
remarks will apply to those of the third species. Very characteristic of
the Crag are the teeth of a large species of comb-toothed shark, which
have been identified by Dr. Smith Woodward with Notidanus gigas, a
species typically from the Pliocene strata of Tuscany. According to
Mr. Newton remains of this species have been found in the nodule bed
of the Red Crag at Woodbridge, Butley, Felixstow and other localities
in the county.

Remains of eagle-rays of the genera Myliobatis and Mtobatis are not
uncommon in the Red Crag of the county ; but the majority of these,
as noticed below, are evidently derived from Eocene strata ; the name
M. tumidens has however been applied to a species typified by Red Crag

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

specimens. Numerous dermal plates from the Coralline Crag of Orford
and Gedgrave, as well as from the nodule bed of the Red Crag, are
indistinguishable from those of the living thornback skate {Raia clavata),
while a single tooth from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave has been
assigned to the common skate {R. batis). Other dermal plates, from the
Red Crag at Boyton and the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave, are regarded
by Mr. Newton as indicating a third (perhaps generically distinct) kind
of ray. Finally, a small tooth in the British Museum from the nodule
bed of the Red Crag of the county indicates a species of monk-fish
[Squatind). A second tooth of similar type has been obtained at Little
Bealings, and there is a third in the Museum at York, also from the
Red Crag.

Allusion has already been made to the ' derived ' vertebrate fossils of
Suffolk, or those which are definitely known to have been washed out
of older formations. These may now be mentioned somewhat more
fully. In 1856 Sir R. Owen' described a mammalian tooth from the
Red Crag of the county, which he regarded as referable to that primitive
group of Carnivora of which the Eocene genera Pterodon and Hycenodon
are well known representatives. Although the specimen cannot now be
found it is probable that the determination is correct, and that the tooth
originally came from the London Clay. That formation is certainly the
horizon whence was derived part of a skull of the Eocene mammal
Hyracotherium leporinum obtained from the Red Crag of the county and
described by Sir R. Owen.^ The genus and species in question, it may
be observed, were first described from the London Clay of Kent, and
form one of the ancestral types of the horse line. Teeth of a much
larger size from the Red Crag of the county, some of which are pre-
served in the Museum at Ipswich and others in the Museum of Practical
Geology, belong to Coryphodon eocanus, another primitive odd-toed
mammal typically from the London Clay of Essex. An imperfect skull
in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, said to be from the
Red Crag of the county, has been described by Sir W. H. Flower,' and
provisionally assigned to the genus Xiphodon, under the name of X. platy-
ceps, of which it forms the type. As the teeth are wanting the genus
to which this curious specimen belongs cannot be definitely determined.
Mr. Newton observes that although its exact age is uncertain, yet it
approximates most nearly in general appearance to the so-called box-
stones of the Suffolk Crag.

The only reptilian remains recorded from the Crag of the county
appear to be the skulls of turtles, which have evidently been washed out
of the London Clay, and doubtless belong to the forms characteristic of
that deposit, such as species of Argillochelys and Lytoloma.

Fish palates and teeth, likewise mainly of Lower Eocene types, are
far from uncommon in the nodule bed of the Red Crag. Among them

' ^imrt. Jcurn. Geol. Sk. xii. 227. * Geol. Mag. (i) ii. 339.

' Proc. Zool. Sx. 1876, p. 3.

PALAEONTOLOGY

are specimens of the dentition of the extinct genus Phyllodus, referable
to the three species P. speciosus, P. hexago?ius and P. toliapicus. A frag-
ment of a fin-spine from Foxhall is referred by Mr. E. T. Newton to
the extinct cat-fish Arius egertoni, whose typical horizon is the Middle
Eocene of Sussex. Of the pycnodont ganoids, or those with rounded or
oval crushing teeth, specimens from the Crag have been assigned to the
genera Pycnodus, Gyrodus, Pisodus and Lepidotus ; those belonging to the
first and third being probably derived from the London Clay and the
others from still older formations. Dental plates' of fishes allied to the
living chimasra or king-of-the-herrings are also met with in the Red
Crag, and have been assigned to the Eocene genera Edaphodon and
Elasmodus. To the same group belongs a fragment of a fish-spine from
Woodbridge, now in the British Museum, which has been referred to
the Eocene Ccelorhynchus rectus.

Allusion to ' derived ' teeth of sharks belonging to the genus
Odontaspis has been made in an earlier paragraph. In addition to these
occur larger teeth belonging to the Eocene shark known as Otodus obli-
qiius. The large roller-like dental plates of eagle-rays of the genus
Myliobatis, occasionally met with in the Red Crag, have for the most
part been identified with the Eocene species M. dixoni and M. toliapica.
Others belong to the allied genus /Etobatis. The Ipswich Museum
possesses a few fragments of the well known crushing teeth of the
Cretaceous genus Ptychodus, which have been identified with P. polygyrus,
so abundant in the English Chalk. Lastly, fragments of teeth from
Woodbridge indicate a saw-fish [Pristis), doubtless identical with a lower
Eocene species.

Of far more interest than the above derived specimens are certain
fossils obtained in the year 1839 by the late Mr. W. Colchester of
Ipswich in the Lower Eocene sand of Kingston near Woodbridge, some
of which are described in Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds.
Among these a fragment of a lower jaw, showing one entire cheek tooth,
has been referred to an opossum with the name Didelphys (?) colchesteri ;
but the real affinities of the specimen must remain undecided. Another
mammal, typified by two cheek teeth of the upper jaw, was named by
Owen Hyracotherium cuniculus, as these teeth, although smaller, appeared
generically identical with those of H. leporinum. A fragment of the
lower jaw, with two teeth, of the former species included among
Mr. Colchester's collection was at first regarded as indicating a monkey,
and accordingly named Macacus eoccenus. Another mammalian tooth
from Kingston is figured by Owen (op. cit. p. 17), and provisionally
regarded as that of some kind of bat.

A fragment of a jaw from Kingston described by Sir R. Owen as
Lacerta (?) eocana, appears to be certainly reptilian, although its precise
generic determination is probably impossible. Certain fish-scales from
Kingston presented to the British Museum by the Rev. J. Middleton
in 1854, are referred by Dr. Smith Woodward to the genus Lepidosteus,
now represented by the bony pike of the rivers of North America. From

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the same deposit and locality have been obtained teeth of the shark.
Odontaspis cuspidata}

So far at least as published records are concerned vertebrate remains
appear to be exceedingly scarce in the Suffolk Chalk, and no species
seem to have been named from that formation in the county. Probably
fish teeth have been obtained from some of the chalk pits of the county,
but it must suffice to mention that the British Museum possesses some of
the well know^n crushing teeth of the ray-like Ptychodus latissimus from
the Upper Chalk of Orford/ As regards fossils from pre-Cretaceous
deposits there is a vertebra of Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus from the
Kimeridge Clay of Stanton near Bury St. Edmunds in the collection,
last named.'

* See Cat.Fots. Fisi. Brii. Mm. i. 369. * Ibid. i. 149.

^ See Cat. Yon. Reft. Brit. Mtu. ii. 39.

H1ST0H\' OF SrFt'OLK

BOTANICAL DISTRICTS

THE VICTORIA HiSTOBY OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND

BOTANY'

jA S the Flora of a county is, in a great measure, dependent upon
/% its geological formation and physical conditions, a brief sum-

/ % mary of these features of the county of Suffolk seems a
necessary preface to an account of its botanical productions.

Chalk, forms the foundation of the whole county, with the possible
exception of certain tracts beneath the Fenland west of Mildenhall,
where the underlying Gault and Kimmeridge Clay may possibly come to
the surface.

South of a line (roughly) drawn between Sudbury and Aldeburgh
the chalk is covered by Eocene deposits, consisting of Thanet Sands,
Reading Beds, and London Clay, the last-mentioned being the most
important ; these beds, however, are in their turn covered (partially in
the south-east part of the county and wholly in the north-east) by the
later Pliocene (Crag) deposits, peculiar to the counties of Essex, Suffolk,
and Norfolk. The oldest, the Coralline Crag, consisting of a light yellow
calcareous deposit with a little sand, is found in an isolated area between
Aldeburgh and Boyton and near Shottisham.

The later Red Crag occurs in the south-east part of the county and
consists of shelly sands coloured red by oxide of iron, hence the name.
In the north-east are found the variable group of sands, laminated clays,
and pebbly gravels which make up the Norwich Crag.

All these strata, however, are covered for the most part by Boulder
Clay, brick earth, sand, and gravel belonging to the Pleistocene Period,
and mainly glacial in origin. The Boulder Clay, the most important of
the group, consists chiefly of stiff chalky and stony bluish-gray clay
and occupies a considerable area in central, or (as it is locally termed)
' High ' Suffolk.

More than two-thirds of the county consists of heavy land ; richer
districts occur between the Orwell and the Stour, the extreme north-east
of the county, and the country between Hopton, Euston, and New-
market.

Light sandy soils are found in the north-west — a tract known as the
Breck District, the most interesting part of the whole county botanically,
and fully dealt with under Division I — and again in the extreme east,
many species of plants occurring only in the county in these two districts.

' In the preparation of the Phanerogamic portion of this article the following gentlemen kindly
assisted in various ways, and thanb are due to them : — Messrs. A. Bennett, Rev. G. R. Bullock-Webster
(Characes), W. A. Dutt, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Rev J D. Gray, Rev. W. M. Rogers.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

As a county Suffolk may be said to be comparatively flat, falling
away into marshes on the north-west and north-east ; what hills there are,
are of slight elevation, and for the most part even the higher land is not
more than 200 ft. above sea level. The greatest elevation occurs about
6 miles south-west of Bury : — Rede (420 ft.), Ousden (405 ft.), Depden
(404 ft.), and Lawshall (347 ft.) — the River Lark rises at the last-named
place.

The coast line, about 50 miles in length, is also low with here and
there moderate cliffs or sand dunes, as at Lowestoft Ness (the most
easterly point in Great Britain), Kessingland, Easton Bavent, Dunwich,
and Bawdsey.

Coast erosion is very prevalent, Pakefield, Southwold, and Dunwich
being amongst the chief sufferers.

The principal rivers of this well-drained county are the Little
Ouse and Waveney, separating it from Norfolk on the north ; the Stowe,
dividing it from Essex on the south, and there are also the Gipping
(known as the Orwell below Ipswich), Blyth, Deben, Ore, and Lark, all
more or less important waterways. All these flow eastward except the
Little Ouse and Lark, which find their way into the Wash.

The lakes and broads of Suffolk cannot compare with those of
Norfolk either in size or interesting features, and the lakes in the
western portion have almost all been artificially enlarged, as Livermere
(2 miles long) and Redgrave (46 acres). Broads of a brackish nature
are Breydon Water at Yarmouth, a magnificent stretch of tidal water
5 miles long, and Lake Lothing (also tidal) at Lowestoft, 2 miles long,
and separated from Oulton Broad by a lock.

Fresh-water broads, some subject to inroads from the sea at excep-
tional tides, are Fritton Decoy (500 acres), Barnby, Easton, and Benacre,
all small broads, and Barton Mere near Packenham (12 acres). Thorpe
Mere near Aldeburgh, formerly a lake of some thousand acres, is now
mainly a rush-grown swamp and mud-flat.

East Anglian botany may be well compared with that of low-lying
Holland, at one time contiguous and now only separated by a shallow
sea. If East Anglian plants are estimated at 1,350 species, and those
of Holland at 1,480, about 1,120 species are common to both. The
more or less Northern types, which are, or have been, found in Suffolk,
such as Antennaria dioica, Scirpus rufus, and Carex limosa, occur in Holland,
as well as the following species, which are almost, or entirely (*) confined
to East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex) : — ^Silene
Otites, Holosteum umbellatum, *Medicago falcata, M. minima, ^\Lathyrus
tuberosus'], Tillaa muscosa, Galium anglicum, Peucedanum palustre, ^Gna-
phalium luteo-album, * Artemisia campestris, *Senecio paludosus, *S. pa/ustris,
So/ichus pa/uslris, Melampyrum arveme, * Veronica •verna, V. triphyllos, ^V.
spicata, 'Teucrium Scordium, Primula elatior, Scleranthus perennis, ^Herniaria
glabra, Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex pedunculata, Liparis Loeselii, Stratiotes
a hides, * Carex ericetorum, Phleum phalaroides, "^ Apera interrupta, *Wein-
gaertneria canescens, and Lastraa cristata.

BOTANY

Compared with its adjoining counties Suffolk would seem to exceed
them all in number of recorded species, with the exception of Norfolk ;
1,1 80 appears to be a fair estimate for species in Suffolk, whilst in
addition about 90 varieties are known for the county.

Norfolk is credited with 1,197 species and with probably as many
varieties or forms as Suffolk ; Essex comes next below Suffolk with
1,083 species and 44 recorded varieties, and Cambridgeshire (with
practically no maritime plants) last with 1,007 species and about
50 varieties.

Suffolk contains a great many interesting species, but as Norfolk or
Cambridgeshire can also claim nearly all, Pulmonaria officinalis is left to
stand alone as the county's unique production. It is considered by its
discoverer, Mr. C. J. Ashfield, the Rev. E. S. Marshall and others to be
a true native of Suffolk.

The following species may be noted as being remarkable absentees
from Suffolk : — Lathyrus montanus,\N\\\c\\ occurs in North and South Essex
and West Norfolk; CEnanthe croc^/^, growing in South Essex and East and
West Norfolk ; Vaccinium jnyrtillus, found in South Essex and East
Norfolk ; Narthecium ossifragum, plentiful in East and West Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire; and Luzula maxima, seen in all portions of the adjoining
counties.

The seeds of the following species, no longer natives of Suffolk,
have been found in the county in a fossilized condition : — Trapa natans,
Betu/a nana, Sa/ix myrsinites, S. herbacea, S. polaris, Najas marina, and
N. minor,

Betu/a nana, Sa/ix myrsinites and herbacea are northern British species,
and N. marina occurs in Norfolk ; the others are now ultra-British plants.

An article on Suffolk Botany would not be complete without a few words upon those
observers who have resided in the county or contributed to our knowledge of its plants, both
in the past and at the present time.

Of botanists resident in the county undoubtedly the first to be mentioned is Sir John
Cullum, F.R.S.,of Hawstead,who was born in 1733 and died in 1785. His MS. Naturalists'
Journal (i 772-85) contains much that is interesting, and fully describes the plants of the
Bury district, where he first discovered Genista pi/osa, Veronica verna, and Muscari racemosum
in England. His published History of Haiustead (1774) contains a list of the species to be
found in that parish. A very large number of Suffolk species were first reported by this
careful observer, including Anemone Pulsatilla, Sisymbrium Irio, Holosteum umbellatum, Dianthus
deltoides, Linum perenne, Akhemilla vulgaris^ Potentilla verna, Antennaria dioica, Galium anglicum,
Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Verhascum Lychnitis, Melampyrum cristatum, Calamintha Nepeta,
Hippophae rhamnoides. Orchis ustulata, Ophrys aranifera, &cc.

In 1804-5 Sir T. G. Cullum, F.R.S., brother to the above, enriched the county's flora
in a noteworthy manner, adding many new species in Gillingwater's History of Bury, and the
Botanists' Guide : these included Medicago sylvestris, Trifolium suffocatum, Lythrum hyssopifolia,
Hypochaeris maculata, Herniaria glabra, Rumex maritimus and limosus, Herminium Monorchis,
Liparis Loeselii and others. This botanist was born in 1 741, practised as a surgeon at Bury,
and died at Hawstead in 1831. In 1774 there appeared a small unfinished work upon
British plants from his pen, Florae Anglicae Specimen, which it is said he gave up in favour of
his friend Mr. Hudson's well-known book.

Next, in chronological order, appeared George Crabbe,^ the poet, born at Aldeburgh in
1754. During the earlier part of his life he resided in Suffolk, and compiled lists of plants

' J. Groves in Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, and Nat. Hist. 1905, vol. xii, part 2, 'Crabbe as a Botanist.'

I 49 7

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

•observed in the various parishes where he held curacies, Aldeburgh, Great Yarmouth, Fram-
lingham, &c. In later years he held livings in Leicestershire and Wiltshire. Whilst in
Suffolk he added to the county, Trigonella purpurascens, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Pulicaria
vulgaris, Carduus eriophorus, Ga/eopsis versicolor. Crocus vernus, Damasonium stellatum, Stratiotes
Mloides, Spartina stricta, &c.

Crabbe died in 1832, and before that date Dawson Turner, a banker in Yarmouth, had
attracted attention as a botanist by producing, in conjunction with L. W. Dillwyn, the
Botanists' Guide (1805). In this book Turner reported for the first time several species from
the county, chiefly from the north-east corner, such as Gagea fascicularis, Carex axillaris, C.
filiformis, ice.

Lilly Wigg (i 749-1 828) also contributed Suffolk records to the Botanists' Guide ; he was
trained for a shoemaker, turned schoolmaster, and eventually became a clerk in Dawson
Turner's bank at Yarmouth. His mention of localities in the county for Trifolium squamosum,
Peucedanum palustre, Pyrola rotundifoUa, Verbascum Blattaria, Centunculus minimus, Polygonatum
multijiorum, Rhyncospora alba, Scirpus pauciflorus, and some others, appear to be the earliest
notices.

T. J. Woodward (who flourished during the end of the i8th century), living at
Bungay, was the means of adding to the county Helleborus viridis, Pyrus Aria, Schollera
Occycoccus, Statice bahusiensis, Suaeda fruticosa, Alopecurus bulbosus, znA others. He died in 1820.

D. E. Davy, who also contributed to the Botanists' Guide, residing at Ufford and Yox-
ford, seems to have been the first to have found the following in Suffolk : — Crambe maritima,
Dianthus Armeria, Pyrus tormina/is, Erythraa pulchella. Cyclamen hederaefolium, Verbascum
Virgatum, Lastraa cristata, &c.

In 1 834 there appeared a book, The Natural History of Yarmouth, by two brothers, Charles
and James (afterwards Sir James) Paget, the former undertaking the entomological portion and
James the rest. The latter became an eminent surgeon in London and was obliged to
relinquish his hold upon botany ; a bust by Boehm at the Royal College of Surgeons and a
portrait by Millais at St. Bartholomew's Hospital are evidences of his popularity. The fresh
species to Suffolk in the abovermentioned work include Lepidium hirtum, Chenopodium ficifolium,
Myrica Gale, Ruppia rostellata, Carex limosa, and Lastraa Oreopteris. Sir James Paget died
in 1899.

The first Flora of Suffolk was that published in i860 by the Rev. J. S. Henslow and
Edmund Skepper, who, besides contributing original matter themselves, included much
material gathered from the Phytologist (old series). Old and New Botanists' Guides, English Botany,
iic, and notes from contemporary observers.

The Rev. J. S. Henslow (1796-1861), better known perhaps as Professor Henslow,
became the rector of Hitcham in 1837, and resided there until his death ; his collaborateur,
Edmund Skepper, spent the major part of his life at Bury as a druggist. He was a much
younger man than Professor Henslow, being born in 1825, but he only survived the latter
six years. The Flora produced by these two botanists did not pretend to be an exhaustive
one, but aimed merely to call attention to what little had already been done, and to stimulate
others to complete the task. The editors themselves recorded for the county Raphanus
maritimus, Erythraa littoralis. Allium vineale, f uncus compressus, Potamogeton coloratus, P. trichoides,
Alopecurus fulvus, Calamagrostis lanceolata, &c.

The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, who formerly lived at Glemham and is now rector of
Guestling, Sussex, contributed to this Flora, and added Orchis hircina (now probably extinct,
as one plant only was found and that in 1847), Scirpus cernuus, Festuca Myurus, &c. ; he also
rediscovered for the county, in 1855, Eryngium campestre in a fresh locality (found by Buddie
in the 17th century in Lothingland), but this is now again lost.

Mention may also be made of F. K. Eagle (discoverer of Sanguisorba officinalis, Gnapha-
lium luteo-album and Senecio paludosus) ; the Rev. K. Trimmer, author of the Flora of Norfolk,
and the Rev. W. W. Newbould, wTio found Glyceric Borreri and Apera intcrrupta in the
county, all of whom contributed to the volume.

In 1889 there appeared a new work upoh the plants of the county, the Flora of Suffolk
by the Rev. W. M. Hind, rector of Honington from 1875 to 1894. He was born in 18 15
in Ireland, studied at Trinity College, Dublin, was appointed curate at Pulverbach, Salop, and
then at Pinner, Hertfordshire, until 1875. The title of LL.D. was conferred upon him in
1870 at the time of his presentation to Trinity College, Dublin, of his large Herbarium.

Although by no means a critical botanist. Dr. Hind showed by his Flora that he was
capable of much thoroughness in gathering together material from various out-of-the-way

BOTANY

sources, such as the examination of many private herbaria inaccessible to most, and compiling
a readable and interesting book, and from it much of this account of Suffolk botanists has
been derived. Dr. Hind died suddenly whilst addressing a meeting in 1894, and left a
collection of Suffolk specimens, illustrating, in a large measure, his Flora ^ to the Ipswich
Museum. Dr. Hind's Flora and, by the kindness of the museum authorities, the specimens
illustrating it, have been of great value in preparing this paper upon Suffolk plants, but it has
been found necessary to omit some of the species included in the Flora as the examples
representing them in the museum are insufScient or incorrectly named. In compiling material
for his work Dr. Hind was very considerably helped by the Rev. Churchill Babington, rector
of Cockfield (whose name appears on the title-page of the Flora), who undoubtedly intended
to become joint editor, but unfortunately his death in January 1889 prevented this.

Many lists and actual specimens were examined by Dr. Hind, the chief contributors
being the following : — Herbarium and lists of Sir C. J. F. Bunbury (1809-86) of Mildenhall
and Barton, who found Scirpus rufus and Phleum phalarotdes ; Mrs. French of Woolpit, who
botanized in the south-west of the county and discovered Vicia gracilis, CEnanthe fluviatiln^
Myoiotis sylvatica, and Polygonum maculatum ; Rev. G. R. Leathes of Shropham Hall, who
found Malaxii paludosa and Allium oleraceum ; and lastly, Dr. Hind himself, who added to
the county Fumarta demijiora, Filago gallica, Mentha gentilis, Luzula Forsteri, and Bromus
madritensis.

Botanists of the past have also to be reckoned with in compiling first evidences of the
Flora of a county, and it would appear that the earliest mention of a Suffolk plant may be
found in Miller's Gardener^i Dictionary, ed. 8 (1768), where it records the fact(!) that Lathyrus
OT(7r/WOT«j sustained the people of Orford during a time of scarcity in 1555. The passage
runs : —

The English Sea Pea is found wild upon the shore in Sussex and several other counties in
England. This was first taken notice of in the year 1555 between Orford and Aldborough,
where it grew upon the heath where nothing, no, not grass, was ever seen to grow ; and the
poor people being in distress by reason of the dearth that year, gathered large quantities of
these peas and so preserved themselves and families. This is mentioned by Stowe in his
Chronicle and Camden in his Britannia, but they were both mistaken in imagining that they
were peas cast on shore by a shipwreck, seeing they grow in divers other parts of England and
are undoubtedly a different species from the common Pea.

The following botanists, of more than British fame in the olden days and now, should
also be noted : — John Caius [alias Key) (15 10-73), who again reported Lathyrus maritimus ;
John Gerard (1545-1612) of Herbal fame, who noticed Astragalus danicus and Elymus
arenarius ; William How (1619-56), who mentioned in his Phytologia Britannica that Si lene
Otites had been found by Mr. Sare ; the well-known John Ray (i 627-1 705), whose Synopsis
added Frankenia laevis, Medicago minima, Trifolium glomeratum, Cicuta virosa, and Scleranthus
perennis ; Adam Buddie, who died in 1 7 15 and for a time had his home at Henley in Suffolk,
is credited with finding Medicago falcata, Lathyrus palustris, Eryngium campestre, Equisetum
hyemale, znd Lycopodium clavatum ; James Sherard (1666-1737), vvho had a remarkable garden
at Eltham, Kent, and who is responsible for Hellehorus foetidus, Senecio palustris, and Sonchus
palustris; J. J. Dillenius (1687-1747), of German nationality, brought to England by
W. Sherard (elder brother of above), who included in his edition of Ray's Synopsis, Verbascum
pulverulentum, Thesium humifusum, and Urtica pilulifera ; T. Willisell, who flourished in
Merrett, Ray, and Sherard's days, and collected plants for them all over the United Kingdom,
and who found Artemisia campestris and Veronica triphyllos ; James Crowe, of Salix fame, who
died in 1807 and who reported Daphne Mezereum and Fritillaria Meleagris ; Sir J. E. Smith
(1759-1828), the founder of the Linnean Society, who mentioned in his Flora Britannica,
Silene conica, Sedum albescens, Diotis candidissima, Chcnopodium botryodes, Panicum glabrum, Wein-
gaertneria canescens and Poa bulbosa ; and W. Borrer (1781-1862), the Sussex botanist, who
'bund Limosella aquatica and Tolypella intricata.

BOTANICAL DISTRICTS

Tr. H. C. Watson, in Topographical Botany, has divided the county, for botanical pur-
poses to East and West Suffolk (vice-counties 25 and 26), the boundary line being I deg.
east Ic.jitude, but this is (as he himself says) 'not a good division because traceable on maps
only, unseen on the ground.' In the Rev. W. M. Hind's Flora of Suffolk, the county was

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

further sub-divided into five districts corresponding to the divisions representing the county in
Parliament, but these do not seem suitable for scientific purposes.

The map therefore attached to this article shows the county separated into five divisions
based upon the natural water-basins, the boundary lines obviously following the lines of water-
sheds. Divisions I and II nearly coincide with Watson's West Suffolk (v.c. 26), and III, IV',
and V with East Suffolk (v.c. 25).

It will be seen, by reference to the map,' that the boundaries of the divisions follow
roads and lanes almost invariably, in order that the lines may be accurately traced upon the
ground.

I. Little Ouse

This division lies on the chalk, mostly overlaid with gravels, clay, and sand, but better
exposed in the west, the chalk itself cropping out at Newmarket, Icklingham, Cavenham, &c.
In the extreme north-west of the division fens occur, once t' ; home, doubtless, of Senedo
paludoius, S. palustris, Liparis, &c., an J still a most interesting district to the botanist. Of
more interest still, perhaps, is a tract of wild heath and moorland country, extending into
Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, known as the Breck district, and is referred to below.

This division is watered by the Little Ouse and its tributaries, and the River Lark, which
receives the waters of the Kennett.

A small detached portion of Suffolk, about 4 miles by 3, containing Newmarket and
Exning, is included in this district, which is coloured green on map.

The Breck district of Suffolk may be said roughly to lie north of the railway from New-
market to Thurston, and west of the river from Thurston to Euston, and the majority of the
' Breck plants ' are included in this area.

The subsoil is chalk, mostly covered with light, loose sand (apt to be wind-drifted, as at
Brandon), or gravel, and on the higher land chalk is frequently seen at the surface ; there are
many gravel and chalk pits. The greater part has probably never been cultivated, but some
portions, broken up for growing rye, were called ' Brecks,' hence the name for the district.

There are many wild and open spots chiefly used as sheep walks and rabbit warrens,
favoured haunts of Norfolk plover and wheatear ; but more recently larch and other plantations
have been formed, various inclosures made, and portions now strictly preserved as cover for
game, much to the discomfiture of the naturalist. A peculiar point of interest respecting the
Breck district is the presence there of distinctly maritime birds, insects, and plants, and by
some it is thought that an arm of the sea extended to Thetford from the south coast of
Suffolk ; others surmise, and this seems the more reasonable idea, that a branch of the Wash
reached Thetford from the west, and that the Wash itself extended in the line of the Little
Ouse as far as Brandon, Wangford, and Lakenheath, and, further south, to Mildenhall,
Icklingham, and Lackford, along the course of the River Lark. Two shallow meres near
Roudham Heath, four miles north-east of Thetford, may be relics of this former extension.

Evidence seems to point to an actual range of coast sands near Brandon and Thetford at
a comparatively recent stage (geologically speaking) of the Post Glacial Period, whilst the great
valley of the Fens was still submerged.

Pottia Heimii, FUrm., a distinctly maritime moss, is found at Wattisfield, and, amongst
the Phanerogams, such sea-coast plants as Rumex maritimus and Carex arenaria (chiefly
maritime), and Phleum arenarium and IFeingaertneria canescens (wholly maritime) occur.

The following plants may be said to be typical of the sandy or chalky fields and heaths
of the Breck country, some of them occurring in local abundance : —

Anemone Pulsatilla Astragalus danicus Scleranthus perennis

Silene Otites Potentilla verna Herniaria glabra

— conica Artemisia campestris Carex ericetorum
Alsine tenuifolia Hypochaeris glabra Phleum phalaroides
Genista pilosa Veronica spicata Apera interrupta
Medicago sylvestris — verna Festuca ambigua

— falcata — triphyllos

' This has been reduced to such a small scale that many roads cannot be shown, but it should be
compared with the Four-Miles-to-One-Inch Map when the object of the irregular lines of the boun-
daries will be apparent. Owing to an error on the part of the map-makers the whole of Thetford
Warren has been left uncoloured, this is a portion of Division I, and the error, no doubt, partly arose
from the Government Ordnance Surveys confusing the Parish with the County Boundary. The latter is
undoubtedly the Little Ouse river.

BOTANY

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in division in larger type)

T'halictrum CoU'mum : Lakenheath and several other spots in the Breck district.
Further examination of examples of this plant is desirable. Anemotie Pulsatilla : New-
market and near Cavenham and Saxham, but no recent records. A typical chalk plant,
growing only where that formation is exposed, of Watson's Germanic (or Eastern) type.
Fumaria densiflora grows about Higham and Mildenhall. \Sisymbriutn Irio is recorded
from Bury and Gazely ; it is called London Rocket, because it sprang up plentifully after the
Fire of 1666, although known in that neighbourhood before that date. Reported from about
a dozen counties, but it is perhaps sporadic except about Berwick, Dublin, and in the Channel
Isles.] Polygala serpyllacea, var. ciliata, grows at Elveden and Knettishall, a scarce
form only occurring elsewhere in Cambridgeshire and Sussex. Diatlthus deltoides :
Many localities in the Breck district. Silene Otltes, a dioecious generally wind-
fertilized plant (unusual in Si/ene), occurs in many spots in the Breck district and on
Newmarket Heath, where it was first recorded for England in 1650. Known only from
Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire. S. conica^ of Watson's Germanic type, has its head quarters
in the county in the Breck district, but also occurs in Division III. Holosteum umhellatum is an
interesting species (Germanic) that grows (or grew) upon old walls and thatched roofs at
Bury. First noticed there in 1773, last in 1855. An extremely rare early flowering species,
known only until quite recently from Norfolk and Suffolk, but found in Surrey in 1905 on
old walls and sandy places, and it may be overlooked in other spots on account of its being
usually quite burnt up by May (see Journ. Bat. 1905, p. 189). Arenaria tenuifolia grows in
many places in the Breck country, and its two varieties, laxa and hybrida occur with it
occasionally. LtnUfn perenne, handsomest of all the flax family, is Germanic in type ; it
seems confined to the Ixworth and Bury districts. Genista pilosa may be seen in several
spots in the Breck district, and was found at Icklingham in 1771, when it was new to England.
Known besides only from Cornwall, Sussex, Kent, and Pembrokeshire. Medicago sylvestris
seems to be peculiar to Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire, and was first found in England, near
Bury, in 1805. It grows in several other places in the Breck district, and is supposed by
many botanists to be a hybrid between sativa and fakata, and its flowers, often green-tinged,
seem to be a blend of the purple flowers of the former and yellow of the latter. M. falcata,
as a true native, is also quite an East Anglian species, occurring only in the three counties
mentioned above ; it is found in many localities in this district, chiefly in the Breck country.
M. minima, a species restricted to the south-east of England, and Astragalus datUCUS
occur at Newmarket and in many other places in the Breck district. Lathyrus palustris has
been found at Lakenheath and Tuddenham ; it is a decreasing plant in England, with a wide-
spread distribution, not reaching, however, higher than Yorkshire (see Trans. Norf. and
Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 472). {L. montanus should be searched for anew in the county ; it is
reported very doubtfully from Honington, and is known for Essex and Norfolk, but not for
Cambridgeshire.) Potetltllla vema grows in several spots in a limited area around Cavenham
and West Stow. Akhemilla vulgaris : Between Lidgate and Cowlinge. Poterium officinale :
Thelnetham and Hinderclay Fens, and at Lakenheath. Geum intermedium : Stanton and
Bradfield St. George. Sedum reflexum, var. albescens : A scarce plant of dry hills and
lieaths ; the type naturalized and common, the variety wild at Mildenhall and near Torquay.
Drosera anglica : Mildenhall and Redgrave districts ; the hybrid D. obovata {anglica
X rotundifolia) occurs at Redgrave. Lythrum hyssopifoUa is a rare and uncertain annual,
and has not been seen in Suffolk for many years ; it formerly grew at Bury, Barrow Bottom,
and east of Barton Mere. Peucedanum palustre is an interesting Fen plant, occurring about
Mildenhall, with a limited distribution in Britain [Naturalist, 1901, p. 267 ; Trans. Norf. and
Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 467). Larvae of the Swallow-tailed Butterfly are very partial to its foliage.
Oeyianthe silaifolia occurs near Bury. Caucalis latifolia, an uncertain cornfield weed,
has not been seen in its recorded stations — Saxham and Newmarket — for many years.
Galium anglicum is a scarce delicate annual or biennial found in sandy places and on walls,

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

as at Thetford, Mildenhall, Bury, &c. Asperula cynanchica : Watson's Germanic type.
A lover of chalk, and frequent in many parts of the district, especially where that formation is
exposed. Fl/ago Spathulata has been found near Fornham, Wangford, Icklingham, and
Honington, and is doubtless sometimes passed over from its likeness to F. germanica.
Aster salignus may be seen in Redgrave Fen. Gnaphalium lllteo-album was un-
doubtedly found at Eriswell in the middle of the last century, and as a fragment was sent for
identification from Mildenhall in 1896 it may still survive in the district. It is an interesting
plant, also found near Wells (recently) and Harling, Norfolk, but now extinct in Cambridge-
shire and Sussex ; if, indeed, it ever grew in the latter county. Watson's Germanic type.
Antennaria dioica is properly a northern species of Watson's Scottish type, but occurs in
isolated spots as far south as Cornwall, Devon, and Hampshire, and also in the lowlands of Hol-
land. Its SuflFolk localities are Newmarket, Cavenham, and Culford. Artemisia campestris
is locally plentiful in certain spots in the Breck district. It grows now only in West Suffolk
and East and West Norfolk, but formerly in Cambridgeshire, where its record in 1650 is its first
notice for England. A distinct East Anglian or Germanic type. \SeneciO paludosus
no longer grows, it is feared, in this county nor in England ; it formerly grew near Laken-
heath. It is a Germanic type of plant, and although specimens exist from East and West
Norfolk, North and South Lincoln, and Cambridgeshire, it is probably now extinct in all its
localities.] 5. paluitris : Brandon, Wangford, and Lackford, but not seen recently. A disappear-
ing plant of East Anglia, but it may still exist in East Norfolk. Likely extinct in Sussex,
Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincoln, and West Norfolk, where at one time it
undoubtedly grew. (For this and former species, see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. vi, 457.)
S. campestris : First record for England, Newmarket Heath, 1660, where it
still grows. Hypochaeris maculata: Newmarket and about Cavenham. First dis-
covered in England in 1663 at Newmarket. It is a very local species in England with a
decided preference for chalk or limestone (i\r<7/ttra/;j/, 1902, p. 369). Gentiatia baltica :
Near Bury. Doubtless passed over occasionally for G. campestris (see 'Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 2, and 1904, supp. 124). Primula elatior has a restricted distribution in the county, occur-
ring in many localities between Stowmarket and the western boundary and also in a few
isolated spots south of Thetford. It grows only on Boulder Clay here and elsewhere in
England, and avoids Chalk, Gault, and Greensand ; it only occurs in five other south-eastern
counties, and is very local in each (see Journ. Linn. Soc. 1897 (Bot.), xxxiii, 172-20 1,
2inA Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 145). Pulmonaria officinalis grows in abundance in Burgate
Wood and at Botesdale, where it seems to exist under truly native conditions (see Phytol.
1862, p. 351). In the wild plant (unlike the garden form) the leaves are unspotted or only
very faintly marked. Possibly this is its only native station in England. Verhascum puher-
ulentum : A true East Anglian species, Norfolk only besides producing it. It grows about
Bury, chiefly to the north and south of that town. Limosella aquatica : Barton Mills.
Feronica triphyllos : Norfolk, Suffolk, and Yorkshire only. It grows in many places in the
Breck district, usually in sandy fields, flowering in April. ' Mervell in Suffolk' (Ray, 1670)
is its first record for Britain. F. verna : Norfolk and Suffolk only; truly Germanic. Abundant
in many parts of the Breck district, chiefly on the heaths, flowering in May. First found in
Britain near Bury in 1775. V. Spicata : Newmarket Heath and in two or three spots
in the Breck district. Also recorded — but erroneously — from Norfolk, but without doubt
found in Cambridgeshire. First found as a British plant in 1660 on Newmarket Heath, and
I have a specimen collected there in 1902. One of the scarcest of British plants.
Melampyrum cristatum : Absent from the Breck district, but occurs in Burgate Wood and
in many localities south of a line drawn from Dalham to Norton. JJtricularia intermedia :
Thelnetham Fen. Pinguicula vulgaris, of Watson's Scottish type, and rare in most of
the southern counties, grows in several places between Redgrave Fen and Hopton, and in
the neighbourhoods of Mildenhall and Stowlangtoft. Mentha gentilis : Honington.
Scutellaria minor seems to be remarkably scarce in the county ; it is recorded from Tud-
denham (where recent observers have failed to find it) and one other locality only.
Hermaria glabra : Very local, in the Icklingham, Risby, and Higham districts. It is
distinctly East Anglian, known only from Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Lincoln-
shire. Var. subciliata occurs on Kentford Heath. Sckranthus perennis : Many

BOTANY

localities in the Breck district. Known at Elden (Elveden) since Ray's time (1677), when
it was first noticed as British. Asarum europaeuttl, a very rare woodland species, has
been found at Rougham. Thesium humtfusum, flourishing on a chalky soil, may be
found on Newmarket Heath and in the Bury and Brandon districts. Watson's Ger-
manic type. Euphorbia platyphyllos: Hardwick. Malaxh paludosa : Redgrave Fen.
LtpariS Loesehl : An interesting epiphyte, very uncertain in its appearance year by year,
found in spongy bogs as at Redgrave, Thelnetham, Lakenheath, and Tuddenham. For-
merly found in Kent and Huntingdonshire, and still growing in Cambridgeshire, Glamor-
ganshire, Carmarthenshire, and Norfolk ; I saw it in the last county in 1900 (see Trans.
Norf. and Norw. Nat. Sac. vii, 333). Orchis UStulata : Germanic. Newmarket Heath,
Dalham, and near Cavenham. Ophrys aranifera : Germanic. Kennett, and in the
Saxham and Sicklesmere neighbourhoods ; rare. HerminiutTl monorchtS .' Germanic.
Around Little Saxham and Sicklesmere. Muscarj racemosum : This East Anglian
species is only found in a wild state in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. First dis-
covered as a British plant at Cavenham and Hengrave in 1805 ; it also occurs in fallows
and plantations in a few other stations in the Breck district, funcus compressus : Livermere
Lake and Barnham. Potamogetotl ZOsteraefoHus: Ditch near River Lark, 2 miles from
Prickwillow. P . trichotdes : Tuddenham, Barton Mere, and Wortham Long Green.
Carex paradoxa : Near Icklingham St. James and at Market Weston. (For the distri-
bution of this plant, sparing but wide, see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 695.)
C. ertcetorum : A dwarf early-flowering species, only known to occur in West Suffolk,
West Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire. It grows at Mildenhall, Icklingham, and near Risby.
Panicum glabrum : A local annual of sandy fields, occurring near Bury, though possibly not
a true native of the county nor of England. Only found in Suffolk, Norfolk, Hampshire,
and Surrey. Germanic. Phleum phalaroides ." Germanic type. Found only in six
eastern counties. It grows in about half-a-dozen places in the Breck district, as Milden-
hall, Lakenheath, &c. Alopecurus fulvus : Pools near Welnetham. Apera interrupta :
Gathered in 1848 near Thetford and then new to England. Subsequently found in many
spots in the Breck district, and at Higham, &c., and also in the counties of Essex, Norfolk,
and Cambridge. IVeingaertneria canescens : Between Lakenheath and Wangford, and on
Lackford Heath. In these localities, and at Homersfield (district 5), it is unique in England
as occurring inland ; elsewhere in Suffolk and Norfolk (its only other county) it is a true
maritime plant. Festuca ambigua occurs in many places in the Breck district, as Thet-
ford, Brandon, Mildenhall, &c. It flowers in May. Cystopteris Jragilis: Old wall
near Barton. Equisetum hyemale : About Woolpit and in the Bury neighbourhood.
Lycopodium clavatum : Tuddenham Heath, very sparingly; known there since 1773. A
very scarce species in Suffolk.

2. Stour

This division is in the south-west of the county, is coloured purple on map, and is
watered by the River Stour and its numerous tributaries.

The greater part of the division is on a chalk sub-stratum with surface soils of chalky
Boulder Clay and patches of sand or gravel ; exposed chalk occurs here and there. In the
south-east, which may be indicated as lying south of Long Melford, Edwardstone, and Semer,
the chalk is overlaid by the Eocene deposits, of which the London Clay is the most important.
Still farther to the east these beds are in their turn covered by the red-coloured shelly sands
belonging to the Red Crag formation ; these sands, however, rarely come to the surface
except on the slopes of the valleys intersecting the district, as they are generally covered by
the sands and clays of the Glacial series.

A small portion of the banks of the Stour, close to its mouth, produces a few maritime
plants.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Species worthy of Special Noticb
(^hose unique in Division in Larger Type)

Vicia gracilis : Washdall Wood, Thurlow, and Nayland. Epilobium roseum :

Near Nayland. Akhemilla vulgaris, var. filicaulis, Cockfield. Geum intermedium : Cockfield,
Hitcham, and Bergholt. Pulmanaria officinalis: Recorded from Polstead, but with no
particulars or evidence to show that it is native there as in Division i [Lithospermum
purpureo-caeruleum: 'Bergholt' in Watson's Topographical Botany. This requires
investigation, and should not be accepted until confirmed ; Mr. H. C. Watson could get
no more information.) Veronica triphyllos : Little Thurlow. Melampyrum- cristatum :
Hitcham and Stanstead. Primula elatior : Many localities, as Cockfield, Rede, Stansfield,
west of Hitcham, &c. Statice Bahusiensis : Stutton. Salicornia radicans : Stutton. Urtica
pilulifera : Clare. J uncus compressus : Hitcham. Luzula Forsteri : Polstead Wood.
Carex strigosa : Brent Eleigh and Nayland. C. laevigata: Near Nayland. Spartlna
stricta : Stutton. A lopecurus fulvus : Groton. Apera interrupta : Rede. Bromus madritensis :
Rede. Equisetum hyemale : Hitcham.

3. Orwell

This division, coloured pink on map, is in the south of the county, and includes a small
piece of coast line which produces some very interesting maritime species ; it is well watered
by the River Orwell (called the Gipping above Ipswich) and the Deben with its numerous
side streams.

North of a line drawn through Bramford, Ashbocking Green, Otley, Monewden, and
Earl Soham this district is on the chalk mostly overlaid with chalky Boulder Clay, with patches
of sand or gravel. South of this line the newer ferruginous shelly Red Crag formation crops
up, but it is rarely exposed owing to the glacial sands and gravels overlying it ; along the
rivers the underlying London Clay may be cut into.

An isolated deposit of Coralline Crag occurs south-west of Shottisham, and Coprolite Beds
have been worked near by and also at Sutton, Bawdsey, and Trimley, but are becoming
worked out. The beds are pebbly, rich in phosphate of lime, and are used as manure.

Species worthy of Special Notice

(Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Brassica oleracea .* Felixstowe. Lepidium latifolium : By the River Orwell and a pond
near Ipswich. Frankenia laevis, a plant typical of Eastern England, grows at Felixstowe.
Silent conica : Wherstead. Medicago falcata : Landguard Common and Boulge. AI. minima
and Trifolium suffocatum grow on Landguard Common and about Bawdsey. Vicia lutea :
Between Landguard Fort and Felixstowe. Lathyrus maritimus occurs near Landguard Fort.
Alchemilla vulgaris : Woodbridge. Pyrus torminalis : Helmingham. FilagO galHca :
A rare Germanic cornfield weed, which has been found at Sutton. Essex is the county
from which most British Herbaria are supplied, Berechurch and Castle Hedingham being its
localities there. It formerly grew in Kent and Buckinghamshire, and in 1867 occurred near
St. Martha's Chapel, Chilworth, Surrey. Pulicaria vulgaris : Bramford. \_Diotis Catldi-
Jissima^ a remarkable plant with woolly leaves and stem, has been found near Landguard
Fort, but not recently. It is a decreasing species in England, and almost extinct now ; it
possibly lingers in Cornwall, Hampshire, Suffolk, Anglesey, and Jersey, whilst it is still locally
plentiful in Ireland (Waterford and Wexford)]. Primula elatior : Finborough. Statice
Bahusiensis grows at Chelmondiston and Wherstead ; at the former spot, S. Limonium grows
with it, and the hybrid S. Neumani may be observed (see Journ.Bot. 1904, p. 361). Veronica
triphyllos : Shottisham and Barham Heath. Melampyrum cristatum : Clopton Park, Rattlesden,
and Bramford. Salicornia radicans : Walton and near Landguard Fort. S. appressa : Chel-
mondiston. Hippophae rhamnoides : Lane between Shottisham Church and Sutton Heath

BOTANY

Leucojum aestivum is plentiful at Little Stonham, and is also found near Great Bealings
Church. This is a beautiful plant, and where found in abundance, as by the River Lodden
in Berkshire, it whitens the meadows and banks in late April. Gagea fmcicularh is known in
four places in the Ipswich neighbourhood. Rupp'ta spiralis and Carex divisa may be found at
Bawdsey, Felixstowe, and Walton. Panicum glahrum : Ipswich and Shottisham, Spartina
stricta : Ipswich, Ramsholt, and Walton Ferry. Poa bulhosa may be observed on Felix-
stowe Common and at the mouth of the River Deben. Glyceric Borreri : Walton.
Festuca uniglumis : Near Landguard Fort. Lastrcea cristata : Bexley Decoy, near
Ipswich. This is a decreasing species in England, known from almost a dozen counties,
but believed to be extinct now in most ; it certainly still occurs in Norfolk in abundance,
and probably exists in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire (see Trans. Norf. and Norw.
Nat. Soc. vii, 695).

4. Ore

Coloured yellow on map and lies in the east of the county, and includes by far the greater
portion of the coast line. It is watered by the River Ore (called the Aide above Aldeburgh),
receiving the Butley River near its mouth, and other smaller streams ; north of the Ore, in
the order named, occur Hundred River (running into Thorpe Mere), Minsmere, Dunwich
and Blyth Rivers, and another Hundred River.

The whole coast line is generally flat with occasional unimportant cliflfe, and near the
shore are found interesting pieces of water known as Benacre, Easton, and Covehithe Broads,
all liable to be flooded by the sea at exceptionally high tides ; Thorpe Mere, now much grown
over by rushes and coarse grass, also occurs in this division. In two or three places near the
coast a few of the remarkable ' Breck ' plants re-appear.

This division is composed of Crag deposits, but a great part is covered with Drift. The
older Coralline Crags (light yellow calcareous deposits consisting chiefly of organic debris with
some sands) are found in a small area between Aldeburgh and Boyton, and Coprolite Beds,
belonging to this series, have been worked at Butley, Bawdsey, and Boyton.

Red Crag deposits with its usual characteristics are found in the south part of the district,
whilst the north part consists of the sands, clay, and pebbly gravels which make up the
Norwich Crag.

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Lepidium latifolium : Blythburgh, Snapebridge, and between Aldeburgh and Orford.
Crambe maritima is reported from several places between Aldeburgh and South wold, and
may still survive, but Dr. Hind believed it to be extinct. Frankenia laevis grows about South-
wold and Thorpe. [Linum angustifolium, supposed to be now extinct in Suffolk, undoubtedly
once grew at Darsham.] Medicago falcata : Dunwich, Orford, and Sudbourne. M. minima
occurs in several places near the coast. Trifolium squamosum : Shingle Street, Hollesley.
Said by Lilly Wigg to also grow near Yarmouth in former days (district 5). T. sulcatum :
Several spots near the coast. Ficia lutea stills grows on Orford Beach, where it was known as
long ago as 1775. Lathyrus maritimus was first found in England at Orford in 1555, and is
still there ; it also grows at Aldeburgh. Pyrus tormina lis : Darsham. \Fryngium Campestre
is now lost at Dunwich (where it undoubtedly grew in 1856) by the cliffs falling away. It
was also found in the 17th century at Lothingland (district 5) by Adam Buddie. It is a
plant gradually becoming extinct in England ; known from Cornwall, Somerset, Kent,
Devonshire, and Northamptonshire, but probably lost now in the last two counties.] Crithmum
maritimum : Southwold is the only record for Suffolk, and it has not been observed there in
recent years. A decreasing species in England ; as ' Samphire ' it was formerly in much
request for pickling and for using in salads. Inula crithmoides, the golden samphire, is used in
the same way. Young shoots of glasswort [Salicornia herhaced) are sometimes substituted for
the above and sold as marsh samphire. Pulicaria vulgaris : Framlingham. [Diotis candidissima
was found in former days in three or four places on the coast between Benacre and
Orford, but has not, I think, been seen there at all recently.] Campanula latifoUa : About

I 57 8

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Chediston. Pyrola rotundifolia : Near Theberton. Erythnea littoralis : Sizewell. Verbas-
cum puherulentum : Dunwich. Veronica verna : Cookley and Thorpe. Its head quarters are
in the * Breck ' district. V. trlphyllos, another ' Breck ' plant, grows at Snape and Aldeburgh.
Mentha rotundifolia : Chediston. Scutellaria minor : Friston. Cyclamen hederaefoHum :
Henham Park, Bramfield (fig. in English Botany), and Abbey Wood, Sibton. One of the
rarest of British plants, if indeed a native of this country, which its distribution in Southern
Europe is against. Besides Suffolk, it grows apparently wild in woods near Sandhurst, Kent,
and Borrer also considered it native near Hastings, Sussex. Statice Bahusiensis : Walberswick.
Suaeda frilticosa is a scarce plant of Southern England ; it occurs about Walberswick and
Aldeburgh. Salicornia appressa : Aldeburgh. S. radicans : Orford. ji triplex pedunculata is
of Germanic type, and occurs about Walberswick, Shingle Street, and Aldeburgh. It is an
uncertain annual of salt marshes, where plants of such duration are extremely rare, in Kent,
Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Cambridgeshire, but probably extinct in the last two counties. It
has been reported from Connemara, Ireland (see Tram. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 40).
Hippophae rhamnoides : Thorpe. [^Daphne Mezereum formerly grew at Laxfield.] Urtica
pilulifera : Thorpe and Aldeburgh. OrcMs h'lrcina : A single specimen of this fine
orchis was found on gravel at Great Glemham in 1847, ''"'■ ^^ '^'^^ been seen there since.
In former years it grew in West Kent (1879) and it has been reported from Surrey and Hamp)-
shire ; it exists still in East Kent, near Wye, and was found in Sussex in 1907. Polygonatum
riiultiflorum : Sternfield. Gagea fascicularis : Great Glemham. \^Damasomum Stellatum
formerly grew at Framlingham.] Ruppia maritima : Aldeburgh and Orford. Scirpus cemuus :
Snape. S. rufus grows (or grew) by the edge of the Mere, Aldeburgh, but has not been
reported recently. It is quite a northern species, of Watson's Scottish type, and is completely
out of its range in Suffolk, where it is much farther south than any other locality in Britain.
It occurs also in Holland. Carex divisa may be seen at Southwold, Dunwich, and Hollesley,
chiefly growing by the side of brackish ditches. Spartina stricta : Aldeburgh and Orford neigh-
bourhoods. Apera interrupta, one of the ' Breck ' plants ; grows on Westleton Heath.
Weingaertneria canescens occurs in three or four places on the coast between Easton Broad and-
Pakefield. Poa bulhosa may be observed, early in the year, at Southwold and Aldeburgh.
Glyceria Borreri grows between Dunwich and Walberswick. Bromus madritensis : Westleton
Heath. Lastraa cristata has been known for many years at Westleton Decoy.

5. Waveney

This is coloured brown on map, lies in the north-east of the county, and includes all
that portion drained by the River Waveney and its tributaries, the Beck, Dove, &c.

Geologically, by far the greater part of this division is composed of the variable sands,
clays, and gravels belonging to the Norwich Crag ; westward of Oakley, however, the under-
lying chalk crops up again.

The coast between Lowestoft and Yarmouth includes a range of low hills, grassy denes,
and sand dunes.

Interesting fen-lands occur near the Waveney between Beccles and Yarmouth, and
produced many a rarity in days gone by ; even now it is a home for many interesting species,
such as Lathyrus palustris, Slum latifolium, Peucedanum palustre, Sonchus palustris, [Senecio palustris,]
Myrica, Malaxis, Cladium, Carex limasa, C. filiformis, Lastnea cristata ; a number of these
only occur elsewhere in the county in the extreme west.

Fritton Decoy, Oulton and Barnby Broads, Lake Lothing, and Breydon Water are in
this division.

Of late years the changes round Lowestoft and Yarmouth have destroyed, or caused to
become scarce, many species mentioned in Dr. Hind's Flora as occurring in these neighbour-
hoods ; the crumbling away of cliffs, too, between Lowestoft and Kessingland, is another cause
of the disappearance of some plants ; and Lowestoft Denes, again, are much altered, and many
species diminished in numbers by sea incursions, protective and harbour works, golf links, &c.

The vegetation around Lake Lothing has altered much in recent years, and very little
salt marsh is left ; boat-building yards are chiefly responsible for this.

The * Bogs at Lound,' frequently referred to by Dr. Hind and others, have been much
interfered with by the late alterations connected with the Lowestoft Waterworks, and now
can scarcely be said to exist.

BOTANY

Improved drainage is also gradually extinguishing such plants as Lathyrus pa/ustris, Sonchui
pa/ustrisy and Epipactis palustris.

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Brassica oleracea : Pakefield, but not seen recently. [Frankenia laevis used to grow in
Lothingland.] Holosteum umbellatum is very rare ; old walls at Eye and Hoxne are localities
where it was first observed in 1836 and last in 1889. [Linum angustifoHum is supposed no
longer to grow about Lowestoft, where once it flourished.] Medicago falcata : Lowestoft and
Stuston. M. mi/lima : Lowestoft. Trifolium suffocatum grows at Bungay, Lowestoft and
Gorleston. Lathyrus palustris is recorded from many localities in the north-east of this
division, such as North Cove, Oulton, Beccles, Blundeston, &c., and certainly still grows in
some of them. Poterium officinale : Palgrave. Pyrus torminalis : Bungay. This is possibly
on the Norfolk side of the river, as Stock's list of Bungay plants — on which many records rely
— included both counties. This fact must be noted also in connexion with other species.
Peucedanum palustre : Several localities in the north-east of the division, as North Cove
Fritton, Blundeston, &c. [Diotis candidissima, now killed by sea encroachments, formerly grew
between Lowestoft and Pakefield.] [Senecio palustris, it is feared, is now quite extinct in its old
localities at Lothingland, Worlingham, Lound, Haddiscoe, and near Yarmouth.] Sonchus
palustris : This formerly grew in five or six localities in marshes not far from the Waveney
between Beccles and Yarmouth, and in the Oulton district, and still exists in at least two of
them ; it is also recorded from Palgrave. Known as the marsh sow-thistle, this fine species
is now very scarce, and disappearing in East Anglia ; it has not been seen in Essex for some
forty years; in Cambridgeshire the last example occurred about 1850; records also exist
from Middlesex, Huntingdonshire, and North Lincolnshire. It still grows by the Thames
and Medway in Kent, also in Oxfordshire and South Lincolnshire ; and was seen in East
Norfolk up to 1899 (see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 35). Campanula latifolia :
About Shipmeadow. Schollera OCCycoccus : Worlingham Common, near Beccles ; prob-
ably extinct now. [Pyrola rotundifolia has not been seen for many years in its old locality
near Bradwell, where it is reported that only a single example ever existed.] Erythnea
littoralis : Lowestoft and Gorleston ; but not reported by recent observers. Gentiana
Pneumonanthe : Considered by Dr. Hind and others to be probably extinct in Suffolk,
although it had several localities, as Carlton, Hopton, and Corton Heaths ; there must be some
suitable spots where this beautiful plant should be searched for anew ; it still grows in Norfolk
in plenty in similar situations. [Myosotis repens ; One doubtful record alone for Suffolk —
St. Margaret's. It may be really absent, only reaching as far east as Cambridgeshire.) \Orobanche
ramosa. Now extinct. It formerly grew in three or four places as a parasite upon hemp
which is no longer cultivated. It also occurred upon Galeopsis tetrahit in one spot.] Verhascum
pulverulentum is said to be now extinct in its two or three known localities between Fritton and
Oulton and at Gorleston, but should be searched for. [^Limosella aquatica no longer grows at
Lowestoft, local alterations causing this.] Veronica verna has been found at Lowestoft and V. tri-
phyllos at Bungay ; both are more abundant in the ' Breck ' district. Mentha alopecuroides
grows at Oakley, and its near ally, M. rotundifolia^ about Withersdale : the former may be
known by its longer corolla and calyx-teeth. Chenopodium botryodes : A very rare and
uncertain annual, known from near Lowestoft since 1828, where it grows near Southtown
Marshes. It is an East Anglian species, also occurring in Kent and Norfolk, and reaching
Sussex and Hampshire. Atriplex pedunculata is now very rare or else extinct in its recorded
localities at Breydon Water and between Yarmouth and Gorleston. Salicornia appressa :
Breydon Water. Urtica pilulifera : This, I fear, may no longer be found in East Suflfblk,
where it had half a dozen localities in this division, as Gorleston, Lowestoft, Bungay, &c.
Malaxis paludosa lias been found at Belton and south of Fritton Decoy ; it probably no longer
occurs in the former locality. Gagea fascicularis grows at Shipmeadow in some plenty.
Potamogeton angustifolius : Beccles. Ruppia maritima : Lowestoft and Southtown, Ryn-
chospora alba is possibly now lost at Lound and Belton Bog, owing to drainage. Scirpus
cernuus : Lowestoft. Carex limosa : Belton Bog. A very local plant in the south, its
head quarters being Northern Britain. It occurs, however, in Norfolk and Holland. Panicum

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

glabrum : Bungay. Alopecurus bulbosus is known from marshes at Belton, Burgh Castle,
Breydon, and Southtown. Apera interrupta : Between Homersfield and St. Cross, ff^ein-
gaertneria canescens : Lowestoft Denes (from early times) and (more recently) inland at Homers-
field, on a bed of post-glacial gravel. Poa bulbosa is still to be found on Lowestoft Denes.
Glyceric Borreri : Breydon Water and Lowestoft. Lastraa cristate : Fritton Decoy.
Pilularia globuUfera grows at Flixton and is also on record from Hopton Common and Bungay.
Equisetum hyemale is reported, on somewhat ancient authority, from Lothingland ; recent
observers have not noted it.

COMPLETE LIST OF SUFFOLK PLANTS

Explanation of Signs

[ ] = supposed extinct. { ) = requires confirming, t = not indigenous. The
letters E. or W., following specific names indicates that the species occurs only in that division of
Watson's Topographical Botany. The numbers I— 5 distinguish species found only in those
divisions adopted in this article.

For the sake of convenience the nomenclature is that of the London Catalogue, ed. 9.

PHANEROGAMIA

Ranunculaceae

Clematis Vitalba, L.
Thalictrum collinum, Wallr.
W. I

— flavum, L.

o. sphaerocarpum.Lej.

p. riparium, Jord. W.

Anemone Pulsatilla, L. W. I

— nemorosa, L.

t — ranunculoides, L.
t — apennina, L. E.
tAdonis autumnalls, L.

Myosurus minimus, L.

Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth

— fluitans, Lam.

— pseudo-fluitans, Bab. E.

— trichophyllus, Chaix.

— Drouettii, Godr.

— heterophyllus, Web.

— peltatus, Schrank.

var. penicillatus,Hiem.
W.

— Baudotii, Godr. E.

var. confusus, Godr. E.

— Lenormandi, F. Schultz. E.

— hederaceus, L.

— sceleratus, L.

— Flammula, L.

— Lingua, L.

— auricomus, L.

— acris, L.

var. Boraeanus, Jord.
W.

— repens, L.

— bulbosus, L.

— sardous, Crantz.

var. parvulus, L. E.

— parviflorus, L.

— arvensis, L.

— Ficaria, L.

var. incumbens, F.
Schultz.

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)

Ranunculaceae {cant.)

Caltha palustris, L.

var. Guerangerii, Bor.
W.
Helleborus viridis, L.
— - foetidus, L.
tEranthis hyemalis, Salisb.

Aquilegia vulgaris, L.
tDelphinium Ajacis, Reichb.

Berberideae
Berberis vulgaris, L.

Nymphaeaceai

Nymphaea lutea, L.
Castalia speciosa, Salisb.

Papa VE RACE AB

tPapaver somniferum, L.

— Rhaeas, L.

var. strigosum, Boenn.

— dubium, L.

var. Lecoqii, Lamotte

— Argemone, L.

— hybridum, L.
Glaucium flavum, Crantz. E.
Chelidonium majus, L.

FuMARIACEAB

tNeckeria bulbosa, N.E. Br.
t — lutea, Scop.

— claviculata, N.E. Br. E.
Fumaria capreolata, L. E.

— Boraei, Jord. E.

— officinalis, L.

— densiflora, DC. W. i

— parviflora, Lam.

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)

Cruciferab

tCheiranthus Cheiri, L.
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.
var. siifolium, Reichb.
var. microphvUum,
Reichb.

— sylvestre, R. Br.

— palustre, DC.

— amphibium, R. Br.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.

t — praecox, R. Br.
Arabis hirsuta, Scop.

— perfoliata, Lam.
Cardamine amara, L.

— pratensis, L.

— hirsuta, L.

— flexuosa. With.
tAlyssum incanum, L. W.
t — calycinum, L.

t — maritimum, L. E.
Erophila vulgaris, DC.

— praecox, DC. W.
Cochlearia officinalis, L. E.

— danica, L. E.

— anglica, L. E.
tHesperis matronalis, L.

Sisymbrium Thalianum, J.
Gay

— officinale, Scop.

t[ — polyceratium, L. W.]
t — pannonicum, Jacq.

— Sophia, L.

[- Irio, L. W. I]

— Alliaria, Scop.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.

t — perfoliatum, Crantz..
tCamelina sativa, Crantz.
Brassica oleracea, L. E.
t — Napus, L.
t — Rutabaga, DC.
t — Rapa, L.

— sinapioides. Roth.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAM I A (com.)
Cruciferae (tone.)

Brasiica sinapistrum, Boiss.

— alba, Boiss.

t — Erucastrum, Vill. E.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. E.

— rauralis, DC.

var. Babingtonii, Syme
Bursa bursa-pastoris, Weber
Coronopus Ruellii, All.
Lepidium latifolium, L. E.

— ruderale, L. E.
■f — sativum, L. W.

— campestre, R. Br.

— hirtum, Sm.
+ — Draba, L.

Thlaspi arvense, L.
tiberis amara, L. W.

Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br.
"tls.itis tinctoria, L.

Crambe maritima, L. E. 4

Caliile maritima. Scop. E.

Raphanus raphanistrum, L.

— maritimus, Sm. E.

Resedaceae

tReseda alba, L. E.

— lutea, L.

— luteola, L.

CiSTINEAE

Helianthemum Chamaecistus,

Mill.

ViOLARIEAE

Viola palustris, L. E.

— odorata, L.

f. alba, Lange

— hirta, L.

— silvestris, Reich.

— Riviniana, Reich.

— ericetorum, Schrader

— lactea, Sm. E. 5

— tricolor, L.

— carpatica, Borbas. W. I

— arvensis, Murr.

PoLYGALEAE

Polygala vulgaris, L.

— oxyptera, Reichb. W. I

— serpyllacea, Weihe. W. i

var. ciliata, Lebel.
W. I

Frankeniaceae
Frankenia laevis, L. E.

Caryophylleak

Dianthus Armaria, L.

— deltoides, L. W. i
t[ — plumarius, L. VV. i]

PHANEROGAMIA (con/.)

Caryophylleae (cont.)

tDianthus Caryophyllus, L. E.
tSaponaria Vaccaria, L. E.

— officinalis, L.
Silene Cucubalus, Wibel.
- — maritima. With. E.

— conica, L.

— anglica, L.

— Otites, Wibel. W. I

— noctiflora, L.
Lychnis alba. Mill.

— dioica, L.

— Flos-cuculi, L.

— Githago, Scop.
Holosteum umbeliatum, L.
Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl.

— tetrandrum, Curtis

— semidecandrum, L.

— glomeratum, Thuill.

— triviale, Link.

— arvense, L.
Stellaria aquatica. Scop.

— media, Cyr.

var. Boraeana, Jord.
var. major, Koch. W.

— umbrosa, Opiz. W. I

— Holostea, L.

— palustris, Retz.

— graminea, L.

— uliginosa, Murr.
Arenaria tenuifolia, L.

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)

Hypericineae

Hypericum Androsaemum, L.
t — calycinum, L.

— perforatum, L.

var. angustifolium.
Gaud.

— dubium, Leers

— quadratum, Stokes

— humifusum, L.
• — hirsutum, L.

■ — pulchrum, L.
— elodes, L.

Malvaceae

Althaea officinalis, L. E.
tLavatera arborea, L. E.
Malva moschata, L.

— sylvestris, L.

— rotundifolia, L.

Tiliaceae

tTilia platyphyllos. Scop,
t — vulgaris, Hayne
t — cordata. Mill.

Lineae

Radiola linoides, Roth.
Linum catharticum, L.

— perenne, L. W. i

var. laxa, Jord. W. i

[ — angustifolium, Huds. E.]

var. hybrida, Vill.

t — usitatissimum, L.

W. I

— trinervia, L.

Geraniaceae

— serpyllifolia, L.

var. glutinosa, Koch.

Geranium sanguineum, L.

var. leptoclados, Guss.

t— phaeum, L.

— peploides, Froel. E.

— pratense, L.

Saglna maritima, Don. E.

— pyrenaicum, Burm. fil.

— apetala, L.

— molle, L.

• — ciliata, Fr.

— pusillum, L.

— procumbens, L.

. — rotundifolium, L.

— nodosa, Fenzl.

— dissectum, L.

Spcrgula arvensis, L.

— columbinum, L.

a. vulgaris, Boenn.

— lucidum, L.

/3. sativa, Boenn.

— Robertianum, L.

Buda rubra, Dum.

var. purpureum, anct.

— marina. Dum. E.

angl. E.

var. neglecta, Kindb.

Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit.

a. vulgatum, Syme

— media. Dum. E.

/8. chaerophyllum,Cav.

Oxalis acetosella, L.

+ — corniculata, L.

PoRTULACEAE

t — stricta, L.

tClaytonia perfoliata, Donn.

timpatiens parviflora, DC.

Montia fontana, L.

a. repens, Pers.

Ilicineab

/3. erecta, Pers. W.

Ilex aqui folium, L.

Tamariscineae

Celastrineae

tTamarix gallica, L. E.

Euonymus europaeus, L.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA {cmt.)
Rhamneae

Rhamnus catharticus, L.

— frangula, L.

Sapindaceak

tAcer Pseudo-platanus, L.

— campestre, L.

Leguminosab

Genista anglica, L.

— pilosa, L. W. I

— tinctoria, L.
Ulex europaeus, L.

— Gallii, Planch. E.

— nanus, Forster
Cytisus Scoparius, Link.
Ononis repens, L.

a. inermis, Lange.
yS. horrida, Lange. E.

— spinosa, L.

Trigonella purpurascens, Lam.
E.
tMedicago sativa, L.

— sylvestris, Fr. W. I

— falcata, L.

— lupulina, L.

— denticulata, Willd.

— arabica, Huds.

— minima, Desr.
Melilotus officinalis, Lam.

t— alba, Desr. W.
t — arvensis, Wallr.
t— indica. All. E.
Trifolium subterraneum, L.

— pratense, L.

var. parviflorum, Bab.
W.

— medium, L.

— ochroleucum, Huds.

— squamosum, L. E.
+ — incarnatum, L.

t— Molinerii, Balb. W

— arvense, L.

— striatum, L.

— scabrum, L.

— glomeratum, L.

— suffbcatum, L. E.
t — hybridum, L.

var. telegans, Savi.
— - repens, L.

— fragiferum, L.

t — resupinatum, L. E.

— procumbens, L.

— dubium, Sibth.

— filiforme, L.
Anthyllis vulneraria, L.
Lotus comiculatus, L.

— tenuis, W. & K.

— uliginosus, Schkuhr.
Astragalus danicus, Retz. W. i

— glycyphyllos, L.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Leguminosak (com.)

Ornithopus perpusillus, L.
Hippocrepis comosa, L.
Onobrychis viciaefolia. Scop.
Vicia hirsuta. Gray

— gemella, Crantz.

— gracilis, Loisel. W. t

— Cracca, L.

— sepium, L.

— lutea, L. E.
t — sativa, L.

— angustifolia, L.

var. Bobartii, Koch.

— lathyroides, L.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L.

— Nissolia, L.

— pratensis, L.

t — tuberosus, L. W. I

— sylvestris, L.

— palustris, L.

— maritimus, Bigel. E.
( — montanus, Bernh.)

Rosaceab

Prunus spinosa, L.

— insititia, Huds.
t — domestica, L.

— avium, L.
t — Padus, L.

— Cerasus, L.
Spiraea Ulmaria, L.

— Fllipendula, L.
Rubus idaeus, L.

— plicatus, Wh. & N.

— affinis, W. & N. E.

— Lindleianus, Lees.

— rhamnifolius, W. & N.

— nemoralis, P. J. Muell.

var. glabratus, Bab.

— pulcherrimus, Neum.

— Selmeri, Lindeb. E.

— rusticanus, Merc.

X leucostachys, E.

— macrophyllus, W. & N.

var. Schlechtendalii,
Weihe. E.

var. amplificatus, Lees.
E.

— pyramidalis, Kalt. E.

— leucostachys, Schleich.

— mucronatus, Blox. E.

— echinatus, Lindl.

— podophyllus, P. J. Muell.

— mutabilis, Genev. W.

— foliosus, W. & N. W.
( — rosaceus, W. & N.)

var. hystrix, W. & N.
W.

sub.-sp. infecundus,
Rogers. W.

sub.-sp. adornatu),
P. J. Muell. W.

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)

Rosaceae (cont.)

Rubus Koehleri, W. & N. W.
sub.-sp. dasyphyllus,
Rogers

— dumetorum, Weihe.

var. diversifolius,Lindl.
W.

var. tuberculatus, Bab.
W.

var. fasciculatus, P. J.
Muell. W.

— corylifolius, Sm.

a. sublustris. Lees
yS cyclophylluSjLindcb.
W.

— Balfourianus, Blox. W.

— caesius, L.
Geum urbanum, L.

— rivale, L.

X urbanum = (inter-
medium, Ehrh.)
Fragaria vesca, L.
t — elatior, Ehrh. W.
Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh.

— verna, L. W. i

— silvestris. Neck.

— procumbens, Sibth.

— reptans, L.

— Anserina, L.

— argentea, L.

— palustris. Scop.
Alchemilla arvensis. Scop.

— vulgaris, L.

var. filicaulis, Buser.
W.
Agrimonia Eupatoria,L.
Poterium Sanguisorba, L.
t — polygamum, W. & K.

a. platyphyllum, Jord.

— officinale. Hook, fil.
Rosa spinosissima, L.

— tomentosa, Sm .

var. subglobosa, Sm.

— rubiginosa, L.

— micrantha, Sm.

( — obtusifolia, Desv.)

var. frondosa. Baker
var. tomentella,Leman

— canina, L.

var. lutetiana, Leman

f. andegavensis. Bast.

var. surculosa. Woods

var. sphaerica, Gren.

var. senticosa, Ach.

var. dumalis, Bechst.

f. verticillacantha,
Merat.

var. urbica, Leman

var. dumetorum,
Thuill. W.

var. arvatica, Baker
(— glauca, Vill.)

var. subcristata, Baker.
W.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA (coiit.)

ROSACEAE (cont.)

Rosa stylosa, sp. coll.

var. systyla, Bast. W.

var. leucochroa, Desv.
W.
— • arvensis, Huds.
Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. E.

— Aria, Ehrh. W. 2

— Aucuparia, Ehrh.

— communis, L.

a. pyraster, L. W.
yS. Achras, Gaert.

— Malus, L.

a. acerba, DC.
i(3. mitls, Wallr.
Crataegus Oxyacantha, L.
a. oxyacanthoides,
Thuill.

. monogyna, Jacq.

Saxifrageae

Saxifraga Tridactylites, L.

— granulata, L.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium,

— alterniflorum, L.
Parnassia palustris, L.

tRibes Grossularia, L.

— rubrum, L.

ta. sativum, Reichb.

— nigrum, L.

Crassulaceae

Tillaea muscosa, L.

Sedum Telephium, L.
t— album, L. W.
t — dasyphyllum, L. W. i

— anglicum, Huds. E.

— acre, L.

t — reflexum, L.

var. albescens. Haw.
W. I
tSempervivum tectorum, L.

Droseraceae

Drosera rotundifolia, L.

— anglica, Huds. I

X rotundifolia ( = ob-
ovata (M. & K.). E. I

— intermedia, Hayne

Halorageae

Hippuris vulgaris, L.
Myriophyllum verticillatum,

var. pectinatum, DC.

— spicatum, L.

— alterniflorum, DC. W.

PHANEROGAMIA («»/.)
Halorageae («»/.)

Callitriche verna, L.

— stagnalis. Scop.

— hamulata, Kuetz.

— obtusangula, Le Gall.

Lythrarieae

Peplis Portula, L.
Lythrum Salicaria, L.

— Hyssopifolia, L. W. I

Onagrarieae

Epilobium angustifolium, L.
E.

— hirsutum, L.

— parviflorum, Schreb.

— montanum, L.

— roseum, Schreb. W. 2

— adnatum, Griseb.

— obscurum, Schreb.

— palustre, L.
tCEnothera biennis, L.

Circxa lutetiana, L.

CUCURBITACEAH

Bryonia dioica, Jacq.

Umbelliferae

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L.
Erj'ngium maritimum, L. E.
[ — campestre, L. E. 4]
Sanicula europaea, L.
Conium maculatum, L.
Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.
Bupleurum rotundifolium, L.
W.

— tenuissimum, L. E.
Apium graveolens, L.

— nodiflorum, Reichb., fil.

— inundatum, Reichb., fil.
Cicuta virosa, L.

tAmmi majus, L. W.
tCarum Petroselinum, Benth. &
H. f.

— segetum, Benth. & H. f.
t — Carvi, L.

Sison Amomum, L.
Sium latifolium, L.

— erectum, Huds.
./Egopodium Fodagraria, L,
Pimpinella Saxifraga, L.

— major, Huds.
Conopodium denudatum,Koch.
Chaerophyllum temulum, L.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.
Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh.

— sylvestris, HofFm.

t — Cerefolium, HofFm. E.
Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)
Umbelliferae (com.)

Crithmum maritimum, L. E.

4
CEnanthe fistulosa, L.

— silaifolia, Bieb. W. i

— Lachenalii, C. Gmel.
( — crocata, L.)

— Phellandrium, Lam.

— fluviatilis, Colem.
.^thusa Cynapium, L.
Silaus flavescens, Bernh.
Angelica sylvestris, L.

tArchangelica officinalis, Hoffm.
Peucedanum palustre, Moench.

— sativum, Benth. & H. f.
Heracleum Sphondylium, L.

tCoriandrum sativum, L. E.

Daucus Carota, L.
tCaucalis latifolia, L. W. I

— daucoides, L. W.

— arvensis, Huds.

— Anthriscus, Huds.

— nodosa. Scop.

Araliaceak
Hedera Helix, L.

Corn ace AB
Cornus sanguinea, L.

Capri FOLiACEAE

Adoxa Moschatellina, L.
Sambucus nigra, L.

— Ebulus, L.
Viburnum Opulus, L.

— Lantana, L.
fLonicera Caprifolium, L.

— Periclymenum, L.

t — Xylosteum, L. W.

RUBIACEAE

Galium Cruciata, Scop.

— verum, L.

— erectum, Huds.

— Mollugo, L.

a. elatum, Thuill.
/3. insubricum. Gaud.

— saxatile, L.

— palustre, L.

var. elongatum, Presl.
W.

var. Witheringii, Sm.

— uliglnosum, L.

— anglicum, Huds. W. i

— aparine, L.

— tricorne, Stokes
Asperula odorata, L.

— cynanchica, L. W. I
Sherardia arvensis, L.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA {com.)
Valerianeab

Valeriana dioica, L.

— Mikanli, Syme

— sambucifolia, Willd.
t — pyrenaica, L. E.
tCentranthus ruber, DC. W.

Valerianella olitoria, Poll.

— carinata, Loisel. W.

— denuta, Poll.

var. mixta, Dufr. E.

DiFSACEAE

Dipsacus sylvestris, Huds.

— pilosus, L.
Scabiosa succisa, L.

— Columbaria, L.

— arvensis, L.

COMPOSITAB

Eupatorium Cannabinum, L.
Solidago Virgaurea, L.

var. angustifolia,
Koch. E.
Bellis perennis, L.
Aster Tripolium, L.
t — salignus, Willd. E. I
tErigeron Canadense, L.

— acre, L.

Filago germanica, L.

— apiculata, G. E. Sm.

— spathulata, Presl. W. I

— minima, Fr.

— gaDica, L. E. 3
Antennaria dioica, R. Br. W. I

tAnaphalis margaritacea, Benth.

& H. f.
Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.

— luteo-album, L. W. i

— sylvaticum, L.
Inula Helenium, L.

— Conyza, DC.
Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaertn.

— vulgaris, Gaertn. E.
tXanthium Strumarium, L. W.

Bidens cemua, L.

var. radiata, Sond. E.

— tripartita, L.
Achillea millefolium, L.

— Ptarmica, L.

[Diotis candidissima, Desf. E.]
tAnthemis tinctoria, L.

— Cotula, L.

— arvensis, L.

— nobilis, L.
Chrysanthemum segetum, L.

— Leucanthemum, L.
t — Parthenium, Pers.

Matricaria inodora, L

var. salina, Bab. E.

— Chamomilla, L.
Tanacetum vulgare, L.

PHANEROGAMIA (cone.)

COMPOSITAE (cent.)

Artemisia Absinthium, L.

— vulgaris, L.

— campestris, L. W. i

— maritima, L. E.

var. gallica, Willd. E.
Tussilago Farfara, L.
tPetasites fragrans, Presl.

— officinalis, Moench.
tDoronicum Pardalianches, L.
t — plantagineum, L. E.

Senecio vulgaris, L.

— sylvaticus, L.

var. lividus, Sm. W.

— TISCOSUS, L.

+ — squalidus, L. W. I

— erucifolius, L.

— Jacobaea, L.

— aquaticus, Huds.

— paludosus, L. W. i]

— palustris, DC.

— campestris, DC. W. i
[Carlina vulgaris, L.

Arctium majus, Bernh.

— minus, Bernh.

— intermedium, Lange. E.
Carduus tenuiflorus. Curt. E.

— nutans, L.

— crispus, L.

var. acanthoides, L.

— lanceolatus, Willd.

— eriophorus. Roth.

— palustris, Willd.

— pratensis, Willd.

— acaulis, Willd.

— arvensis, HofFm.
Onopordon Acanthium, L.

tMariana lactea. Hill.

Serratula tinctoria, L. W.
tCentaurea Jacea, L. W.

— nigra, L.

var. decipieus, Thuill.
E.

— Scabiosa, L.

— Cyanus, L.

— Calcitrap.i, L.
+ — solstitialis, L.

Cichorium Intybus, L.
Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn.
Lapsana communis, L.
Picris hieracioides, L.

var. arvalis, Jord.

— echioides, L.
Crepis foetida, L.

— taraxacifolia, Thuill.
t — setosa. Hall. W.

— virens, L.

— 'biennis, L.
Hieracium pilosella, L.

t — aurantiacum, L.

— murorum, L. W.

— pellucidum, Laest.

var. lucidulum, hey,
W.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

CoMPosiTAE {cant.)

Hieracium vulgatum, Fr.

var. maculatum, Sm.
W.

— sciaphilum, Uechtr. W.

— umbellatum, L.

— boreale, Fr.
Hj-pochaeris glabra, L.

var. nana, Dunn. W,

— radicata, L.

— maculata, L. W. i
Leontodon hirtus, L.

— hispidus, L.

— autumnalis, L.
Taraxacum officinale, Web.

var. laevigatum,DC. E.
var. erythrospermum,
Andrz. W.

var. palustre, DC. E.
Lactuca virosa, L.

— Scariola, L. W. i

— muralis, Fresen.
Sonchus oleraceus, L.

— asper, Hoflin.

— arvensis, L.

var. glabrescens. Hall.
E.

— palustris, L. E. 5
Tragopogon pratense, L.

var. minus, Mill.
t — porrifolium, L.

Campanulaceab

Jasione montana, L.
C.impanula glomerata, L. W.
•^ Trachelium, L.

— latifolia, L.

+ — rapunculoides, L.

— rotundifolia, L.
t — Rapunculus, L.

Specularia hybrida, A. DC.

Vacciniaceae
Schollera Occycoccus, Roth. E.
5

Ericaceae

Calluna Erica, DC.

var. incana, auct. E.
Erica Tetralix, L.

— cinerea, L.

[Pyrola rotundifolia, L. E.]

MoNOTROPEAE

Hypopitj's Monotropa, Crantz.
Plumbagineae

Statice Limonium, L. E.

f. pyramidalis, Syme.
E.

— Bahusiensis, Fries. E.

X Limonium (= Neu-

mani, C. E. Salmon.) E.

Armeria maritima, Willd. E.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA (com.)

Primulaceae

Hottonia palustris, L.
Primula acaulis, L.

var. caulescens, Koch.
X veris ( = variabilis,
Goup.). E.

— veris, L.

— elatior, Jacq.

Cyclamen hederaefolium, Ait.

E.
Lysimachia vulgaris, L.

— Nummularia, L.

— nemorum, L.
Glaux maritima, L.
Anagallis arvensis, L.

var. carnea, Schrank.

— caerulea, Schreb.

— tenella, L.
Centunculus minimus, L.
Samolus Valerandi, L.

Oleaceak

Fraxinus excelsior, L.
Ligustrum vulgare, L.

Apocynacbab

tVinca major, L.

— minor, L.

Gentianeae

Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds.
Ery;hraea Centaurium, Pers.

— littoralis, Fr. E.

— pulchella, Fr. E-

[ Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L.
E. 5]

— Amarella, L.

— campestris, L. W.

— baltica, Murb. W. I
Menyanthes trifoliata, L,

tLimnanthemum peltatum, S. P.
Gmel. W.

BoRAGINEAE

Cynoglossum officinale, L.
tAsperugo procumbens, L.

Symphytum officinale, L.

• var. patens, Sibth.

tBorago officinalis, L.
tAnchusa officinalis, L. E.
t — sempervirens, L.

Lycopsis arvensis, L.

Pulmonaria officinalis, L. E. 1

Myosotis caespitosa, F. Schultz

— palustris, Re'.h.

var. strigulosa, M. &
K.
( — repens, G. Don. E. 5)

— sylvatica, Hoifm.

PHANEROGAMIA (rout.)

Boragineae (con/.)

Myosotis arvensis, Lam.

var. umbrosa, Bab.
W.

— coUina, Hoffrn.

var. Mittenii, Baker,
W.

— versicolor, Reichb.
(Lithospermum purpureo-caeru-

leum, L. E. 2

— officinale, L.

— arvense, L.
Echium vulgare, L.

Convolvulaceae

Volvulus sepium, Junger.

— Soldanella, Junger. E.
Convolvulus arvensis, L.

[tCuscuta Epilinum, Weihe. E.]

— europaea, L.

— Epithymum, Murr.
+— Trifolii, Bab.

Solanaceae

Solanum Dulcamara, L.

— nigrum, L.
tLycium barbarum, L.

Atropa Belladonna, L.

tDatura Stramonium, L.

Hyoscyamus niger, L.

Scrophularineae

Verbascum thapsus, L.
X nigrum

— pulverulentum, Vill.

— Lychnitis, L.

— nigrum, L.

— virgatum, Stokes

— Blattaria, L.
tLinaria Cymbalaria, Mill.

— Elatine, Mill.

— spuria. Mill.

— vulgaris. Mill.

— viscida, Moench.
tAntirrhinum majus, L.

— Orontium, L.
Scrophularia aquatica, L.

— nodosa, L.

t — vernalis, L. W. I
Llmosella aquatica, L.
Digitalis purpurea, L.
Veronica hederaefolia, L.

— polita, Fr.

var. grandiflora, Bab.
W.

— agrestis, L.

— Tournefortii, C. Gmel.

— triphyllos, L.

— verna, L.

— arvensis, L.

— serpyllifolia, L.

PHANEROGAMIA (con/.)
Scrophularineae (con/.)

Veronica spicata, L. W. i

— officinalis, L.

— Chamoedrys, L.

— montana, L.

— scutellata, L.

var. hirsuta, Weber.
W.

— Anagallis, L.

— Beccabunga, L.
Euphrasia nemorosa, H. Mart.
Bartsia Odontites, Huds.

o. verna, Reichb.
p. serotina, Reichb.
Pedicularis palustris, L.

— sylvatic.i, L.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L.
Melampyrum cristatum, L.

— pratense, L.

var. latifolium, Bab.

Orobanchaceae

t[Orobanche ramosa, L. E. 5]

— major, L.

— elatior, Sutton

— minor, Sm.

Lentibularieae

Utricularia vulgaris, L.

— neglecta, Lehm. E.

— minor, L.

— intermedia, Hayne. W. l
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. I

Verbenaceae
Verbena officinalis, L.

Labiatae

Mentha rotundifolia, Huds.

— alopecuroides, Hull. E. 5

— longifolia, Huds.

var. mollissima, Borkh.
t — viridis, L.

— piperita, L.

— hirsuta, Huds.

var. subglabra. Baker.
E.

— sativa, L.

var. paludosa. Sole.
W.

— rubra, Sm.

— gentilis, L. W. I

— arvensis, L.

var. Allionii, Bor. W.
I

— Pulegium, L.
Lycopus europaeus, L.
Origanum vulgare, L.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)
Labiatae {eent.)

Thymus Serpyllum, Fr.

— Chamoedrys, Fr.
Calamintha Clinopodium,

Spenn.

— arvensis, Lam.

— parviflora, Lam.

— officinalis, Moench.
tMelissa officinalis, L. W.

Salvia Verbenaca, L.
+ — verticillata, L.
Nepeta Cataria, L.

— Glechoma, Bcnth.
Scutellaria galericulata, L.

— minor, Huds.
Prunella vulgaris, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Stachys Betonica, Benth.

— palustris, L.

X sylvatica, L.

— sylvatica, L.
Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh.

— versicolor, Curt.

— tetrahit, L.

var. bifida, Boenn.
tLeonurus Cardiaca, L.
Lamium amplexicaule, L.

— hybridum, Vill.

— purpureum, L.

var. decipiens, Sender,
t — maculatum, L.

— album, L.

— Galeobdolon, Crantz.
Ballota nigra, L.

(Teucrum Scordium, L. W. i)

— Scorodonia, L.
Ajuga reptans, L.

Plantaginbab

Plant.-.go major, L.

var. microstachys,
Wallr. E.

— media, L.

— lanceolata, L.

var. tTimbali, Reichb.
fil.

— maritima, L.

— Coronopus, L.
Littorella juncea. Berg.

Illecebracear

Herniaria glabra, L. W. I
var. subciliata, Bab.
W. I

Scleranthus annuus, L.

var. bfennis, Reuter

— perennis, L. W. i

Amaranthaceae
tAmaranthus Blitum, L. W.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)
Chenopodiaceak

Chenopodium polyspermum, L.

— \'ulvaria, L.

— album, L.

var. viride, Syme
var. viridescens, St.
Am. W.

— ficifolium, Sm.

— murale, L. E.

— hybridum, L.

— urbicum, L.

var. intermedium,
Moq.

— rubrum, L.

var. pseudo-botryoides,
H. C. Wats. W.

— botryodes, Sm. E. 5

— Bonus-Henricus, L.
Beta maritima, L. E.
Atriplex littoralis, L. E.

var. serr.ua, Moq. E.

— patula, L.

var. erecta, Huds.

— hastata, L.

— deltoidea, Bab.

var. prostrata, Bab.

— Babingtonii, Woods. E.

— laciniata, L. E.

— portulacoides, L. E.

— pedunculata, L. E.
Salicornia herbacea, L. E.

var. procumbens, Moq.
E.

— stricta, Dum. E.

— appressa, Dum. E.

— radicans, Sm. E.
Suaeda fruticosa, Forsk. E. 4

— maritima, Dum. E.

var. procumbens,
Syme. E.
Salsola Kali, L. E.

Polvgonaceab

Polygonum Convolvulus, L.

var. subalatum, V.
Hall. W.

— aviculare, L.

var. agrestinum, Jord.
W.

var. vulgatum, Syme.
W.

var. arenastrum, Bor.
W.

var. microspermum,
Jord. W.

var. rurivagum, Jord.
W.

var. littorale, Linic. E.
• — Hydropiper, L.

— minus, Huds. E.

— mite, Schrank

PHANEROGAMIA (ront.)

Polygonaceae (com.)

Polygonum Persicaria, L.

var. elatum, G. & G.
W.

— lapathifolium, L.

— maculatum, Trim. & Dyer.

— amphibium, L.

— Bistorta, L.
fFagopyrum esculentum,

Moench.
Rumex conglomeratus, Murr.

— sanguineus, L.

var. viridis, Sibth.

— maritimus, L.

— limosus, Thuill.

— pulcher, L.

— obtusifolius, L.

— crispus, L.

var. subcordatus, War-
ren. E.

var. trigranulatus,

Syme. E.

X obtusifolius (= acu-
tus, L.). W. I

— Hydrolapathum, Huds.

— Acelosa, L.

— Acetosella, L.

var. angustifolius,

Koch. W.

Aristolochiacbab

Asarum europaeum, L. W. i
tAristolochia Clematitis, L.

Thymeiaeaceae

[Daphne Mezereum, L. E.]

— Laureola, L.

Elaeagnaceab
Hippophae rhamnoides, L. E.

Loranthaceab
Viscum album, L.

Santalaceae

Thesium humifiisum, DC. W,
I

Eufhorbiaceae

Euphorbia Helioscopia, L.

— platyphyllos, L. W. I

— amygdaloides, L.

t — Cyparissias, L. W.

— Paralias, L. E.

— Peplus, L.

— exigua, L.

t — Lathyris, L.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAM lA (con/.)

EUPHORBIACEAE {cOtlt.)

Mercurialis perennis, L.

— annua, L.

var. ambigua, L. E.

Urticaceae

Ulmus montana, Stokes

— surculosa, Stokes

a. suberosa, Ehrh.
p. glabra, Mill.
Humulus Lupulus, L.
Urtica dioica, L.

var. holosericea, Fries.
W.

var. angustlfolia, A.
Blytt. W.
t — pilulifera, L.

— urens, L.
Parietaria officinalis, L.

Myricaceab
Myrica Gale, L.

CUPULIFERAB

Betula verrucosa, Ehrh.

— pubescens, Ehrh.
Alnus glutinosa, Medic.
Carpinus Betulus, L.
Corylus Avellana, L.
Qucrcus Robur, L.

a. pedunculata, Ehrh.
p. sessili flora, Salisb.
tCastanea sativa, Mill.
Fagus sylvatica, L.

Salicineae

tSalix pentandra, L. E.

— triandra, L.

var. Hoffmanni.ina,
Sm. W.

X viminalis ( = undu-
lata, Ehrh.)

— fragilis, L.

f. britannica, F. B.
White. E.

— alba, L.

var. caerulea, Sm. W.
var. vitellina, L.

— cinerca, L.

var. aquatica, Sm.
var. oleifolia, Sm.

— aurita, L.

X Capraea

— Capraen, L.

— repens, L.

X aurita ( = ambigua,
Ehrh.). E.

f. incubacea, Syme

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Salicineae {cont.)

tSalix viminalis, L.

X Capraea ( = Smith-
iana, Willd.)

a. stipularis, Sm. W.
p. acuminata, Sm. W.

— purpurea, L.

f. Lambertiana, Sm.
X viminalis ( = rubra,
Huds.). W.

f. Forbyana, Sm.
Populus alba, L.

— canescens, Sm.

— tremula, L.

a. villosa, Lange
/3. glabra, Syme
t — nigra, L.

Ceratophylleab

Ceratophyllum demersum, L.

— submersum, L.

CONIFERAB

Taxus baccat.1, L.
tPinus syUestris, L.

Hydrocharideab

tElodea canadensis, Michx.
Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, L.
Stratiotes Aloides, L.

Orchideab

Malaxis paludosa, Sw. E.
Liparis Loeselii, Rich. I
Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.
Listera ovata, R. Br.
Spir.mthes autumnalis. Rich.
Eplpactis latifolia, All.

— media, Fr. W. i

— palustris, Crantz.
Orchis hircina, Scop. E. 4

— pyramidalis, L.

— ustulata, L. W. I

— Morio, L.

— mascula, L.

— incarnata, auct. britt. non

— latifolia, L.

— maculata, L.

Aceras anthropophora, R. Br.
Ophrys apifera, Huds.

— aranifera, Huds. W. I

— muscifera, Huds.
Herminium Monorchis, R. Br.

W. I
Habenaria conopsea, Benth.

— viridis, R. Br.

— bifolia, R. Br.

— chloroleuca, Ridley

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Irideae

Iris foetidissima, L.
— Pseudacorus, L.

var. acoriformis, Bor.
var. Bastardi, Bor. W,
tCrocus praecox. Haw. W.
t — aureus, Sibth. W.
t — vernus, All.

Amaryllideae

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L.
t — bifloris, Curtis
t — poeticus, L.
tGalanthus nivalis, L.

Leucojum aestiyum, L. E. 3

DiOSCOREAE

Tamus communis, L.

LiLIACEAE

Ruscus aculeatus, L.
Asparagus officinalis, L.

a. taltilis, L.
Polygonatum multiflorum. All.

E.
Convallaria m.ijalis, L.
Allium vineale, L.

— oleraceum, L. W.

— ursinum, L.

Muscariracemo3um,Mill. W. I
Scilla festalis, Salisb.

tOrnithogalum nutans, L.

— umbellatum, L.
tLilium Martagon, L. E.

Fritillaria Meleagris, L.
Tulipa sylvestris, L.
Gagea fascicuhris, Salisb. E.
Colchicum autumnale, L.
Paris quadrifolia, L.

JuNCACEAK

Juncus bufonius, L.

— squarrosus, L.

— compressus, Jacq. W,

— Gerardi, Loisel. E.

— glaucus. Leers

— efFusus, L.

X glaucus (- diffusus,
Hoppe)

— conglomeratus, L.

— maritimus. Lam. E.

— supinus, Mocnch.

var. fluitans, Lam.

— obtusiflorus, Ehrh.

— lamprocarpus, Ehrh.

— acutiflorus, Ehrh.
Luzula Forsteri, DC. W.

X vernalis(= Borrer
Bromf.). W.

— vern.i'is, DC.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA («v/.)

JuNCACEAE («»/.)

Luzula campestris, DC.

— erecta, Desv.

var. congesta, Lej.
var. pallescens, Kcx:h.
W.

Typhaceai

Typha latifolia, L.

— angustifolia, L.
Sparganium ramosum, Huds.

— neglectum, Beebjr

— simplex, Huds.

— minimum, Fr.

Aroideab

Arum maculatum, L.
Acorus Calamus, L.

Lemnaceae

Lemna trisulca, L.

— minor, L.

— gibba, L.

— polyrrhiza, L.

Alismaceab

Alisma Plantago, L.

var. lanceolatum, Afz.

— ranunculoides, L.
Sagittaria sagittifolia, L.
[Damasonium stellatum, Pers.

E. 4]
Butomus umbellatus, L.

Naiadaceab

Triglochin palustre, L.

— maritimum, L. E.
Potamogeton natans, L.

— polygonifolius. Pour. E.

— coloratus, Hornem.

— alpinus, Balb.

— heterophyllus, Schreb.

— lucens, L.

var. acuminatus, Fr.

— angustifolius, Presl. E. 5

— praelongus, Wulf.

— perfoliatus, L.

— crispus, L.

f. serratus, Huds. E.

— densus, L.

— zosterlfolins, Schura. W. I

— obtusifolius, M. & K. E.

— Friesii, Rupr.

— pusillus, L.

var. tenuissimus, Koch.

— trichoides, Cham. I

— pectinatus, L.

— interruptus, Kit. E.
Ruppla spiralis, Hartm. E.

— rostellata, Koch. E.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Naiadaceae {cont.)

Zannichellia palustris, L.

var. repens, Boenn.

— brachystemon, J. Gay

— pedunculata, Reichb. E.
Zostera marina, L. E.

var. angustifolia, Fr. E.

Cypf.raceae

Eleocharis acicularis, R.Br

— ■ palustris, R. Br.

( — uniglumis, Reichb. E.)

— multicaulis, Sm.
Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.

— caespitosus, L.

— fluitans, L.

— cemuus, Vahl. E.

var. pygraaeus, Kunth,
E.
- — setaceus, L.

— lacustris, L.

— Tabernaemontani, Gmel.

— maritimus, L. E.

— sylvaticus, L.

— Caricis, Retz.

— rufus, Schrad. E. 4
Eriophorum angustifolium,

Roth.

— latifolium, Hoppe.
Rynchospora alba, \'ahl. E,
Schoenus nigricans, L.
Cl.idium jamaicense, Crantz
Carex dioica, L.

— pulicaris, L.

— divisa, Huds. E.
• — disticha, Huds.

— arenaria, L.

— teretiuscula. Good.

— paradoxa, Willd. W.

— paniculata, L.

— vulpina, L.

— muricata, L.

var. Leersii, F. Schultz.
W.

— divulsa, Good.

— echinata, Murr.

— remota, L.

— axillaris, Good.

— curta. Good. E.

— ovalis, Good.

— Hudsonii, Ar. Benn.

— acuta, L.

— Goodenowii, J. Gay

var. juncella. Fries. W.

— flacca, Schreb.

— 1 mosa, L. E. 5

— pilulifera, L.

— ericetorum, Poll. W. 1

— verna, Chaix.

— pallescens, L.

— panicea, L.

— pendula, Huds.

— strigosa, Huds.

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)
Cyperaceae {cont.)

Carex sylvatica, Huds.

— laevigata, Sm. W. 2

— binervis, Sm.

— distans, L. E.

— fulva. Good.

— extensa. Good.

— fiava, L.

var. lepidocarpa,
Tausch.

var. minor. Towns.

— fillformis, L.

— hirta, L.

— Pseudo-cyperus, L.

— acutiformis, Ehrh.

var. spadicea, Roth.
W.

— rlparia, Ciu-tis

— rostrata, Stoke*

— vesicaria, L.

Gramineae

tPanicum sanguinale, L.

— glabrum. Gaud.
t — Crus-galli, L.

Setaria viridis, Beauy.
t — glauca, Beauv.

Spartina stricta. Roth. E.
tPhalaris canariensis, L.

— arundinacea, L.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.

t— Puelii, L. & L. W.
Alopecurus myosuroides, Huds.

— fulvus, Sm. W.

— geniculatus, L.

— bulbosus, Gouan. E. 5

— pratensis, L.
Milium efFusum, L.
Phleum pratense, L.

var. nodosum, L.

— phalaroides, Koel. W. I

— arenarium, L.
Agrostis canina, L.

— palustris, Huds.

var. stolonifera, L. E.

— vulgaris. With.

var. pumila, L.
Calamagrostis epigeios, Roth.

— lanceolata. Roth.
Apera Spica-venti, Beauv.

— interrupta, Beauv.
Ammophila arundinacea. Host.

E.
Aira caryophyllea, L.

— praecox, L.
Weingaertneria canescens,

Bernh.
Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv.
- — flexuosa, Trin.
Holcus mollis, L.

— lanatus, L.
Trisetum pratense. Pers.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA {cmt.)
Gramineae {cont.)

Avena pubescens, Huds. W.

— pratensis, L.

t — strigosa, Schreb.

— fatua, L.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum,

Beauv.

var. nodosum, Reichb.

E.
Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh.
Phragmites communis, Trin.
Cvnosurus cristatus, L.
Koeleria cristata, Pers.

var. gracilis, Boreau,

W.
Molinia varia, Schranic.
Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv.
Melica uniflora, Retz.
Dactylis glomerata, L.
Briza media, L.
Poa annua, L.

— bulbosa, L.

— nemoralis, L.

— compressa, L.

— pratensis, L.

var. subcaerulea, Sm.

— trivialis, L.

var. glabra, Doell. W,
Glyceria fluitans, R. Br.

— plicata, Fr.

var. pedicellata,Towns.

— aquatica, Sm.

— maritima, M. & K. E.

— distans, Wahl.

— Borreri, Bab. E.
Festuca procumbens, Kunth. E.

— rigida, Kunth.

— rottboellioides, Kunth. E.

— uniglumis, Soland. E. 3

— ambigua, Le Gall. W. I

— Myuros, L.

— sciuroides, Roth,

— ovina, L.

— rubra, L.

var. arenaria, Osb. E.
var. fallax, Thuill.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Gramineae {cont.)

Festuca elatior, L.

var. pratensis, Huds.

— arundinacea, Schreb.
Bromus giganteus, L.

var. triflorus.Syme. W.

— ramosus, Huds.

— erectus, Huds.

var. villosus, Bab. E.

— madritensis, L.

t — tectorum, L. W.

— sterilis, L.

— s:calinus, L.

— racemosus, L.

— commutatus, Schrad.

— interruptus, Druce

— mollis, L.

var. glabratus, Doell.
t — arvensis, L.
Brachypodium gracile, Beauv.
Lolium perenne, L.

var. titalicum, Braun.

— temulentum, L.

var. arvense, With.
Agropyron caninum, Beauv.

— repens, Beauv.

var. barbatum, Duval-
Jouve. E.

— pungen;, R. & S. E.

var. littorale, Reichb.
E.

— acutum, R. & 8. E.

— junceum, Beauv. E.
Lepturus filiformis, Trin. E.
Nardus stricta, L.
Hordeum secalinum, Schreb.

— murinum, L.

— marinum, Huds. E.
Elymus arenarius, L. E.

CRYPTOGAMIA

FiLICES

Pteris aquilina, L.
Lomaria Spicant, Desv.

CRYPTOGAMIA {cont.)

FiLicES {cont.)

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum,
L.

— Trichomanes, L.

— Ruta-muraria, L.
Athyrium Fiiix-foemina, Roth.
Ceterach officinarum, Willd.
Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. W. i
Polystichum lobatum, Presl.

var. aculeatum, Syme

— angulare, Presl.
Lastraea Thelypteris, Presl.

— Oreopteris, Presl.

— Filix-mas, Presl.

— cristata, Presl. E.

— spinulosa, Presl.

— dilatata, Presl.
Polypodium vulgare, L.

var. serratum, Willd.
W.
Osmunda regalis, L.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, L.
Botrychium Lunaria, Svv.

Equisetaceab

Equisetum maximum. Lam.

— arvense, L.

— palustre, L.

var. polystachyum,
Auct.

— limosum, Sm.

var. fluviatile, L.

— hyemale, L.

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium inundatum, L.

— clavatum, L. W. i

Marsileacbab
Pilularia globulifera, L.

CHARACEAE {Stoneworts)

Suffolk cannot claim to yield a Chara-^orz. like that of Norfolk, though a more careful
and extended examination of its waters may well reveal some unsuspected treasures.

Probably there are few orders of aquatics which demand a more patient and thorough
search than the Characeae to secure a full yield of species. A stream which may exhibit no
trace whatever of their presence at a given time may yet have been full of excellent specimens
three or four weeks earlier. Again, a piece of water which seemed to be wholly destitute
of Characeae at one end may prove to possess an abundant supply at the other ; whilst
again a ditch or pit carefully examined for years without result may only require to be
cleaned or re-dug to yield a remarkable crop the following spring.

It will thus be seen that no locality can be regarded as exhaustively worked for Characeae
till the examination has covered every piece of water at all times of spring and summer

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

under varying circumstances and conditions ; added to this is the fact that successful Chara-
hunting makes large if not exclusive demands on a botanist. The plants do not appear above
the surface of the water, and hence the collector requires to be provided with a drag or rake,
sometimes both. They cannot survive exposure to the air, and so necessitate a fairly air-
tight vasculum ; they are exceedingly fragile and brittle, and are thus unfit to be carried in
a collecting tin with other plants ; they grow in ditches, pools, and marshes, most happily on
a rich mud bottom, and so necessitate stout boots, sometimes wading boots, and not seldom
a boat where it may be had.

In these circumstances it is not surprising that the Characeae of our counties have not
received the attention which is required to supply anything like a complete record of their
distribution.

By far the most interesting of the Suffolk Characeae are Chara connivens, Braun, and
C. canescens, Lois. The latter was first collected in Suffolk in 1896 by Messrs. E. S. and
C. E. Salmon in Easton and Benacre Broads, previous to which its only known habitats were
two stations in Cornwall and Dorset, right away in the west of England. Three years
later it was found by the Rev. G. R. Bullock-Webster in Hickling Broad in the neighbouring
county of Norfolk. C. connivens, an equally rare plant, was only known to have occurred in
three stations in Hampshire, Devonshire, and Norfolk, until it was collected by Mr. Bullock-
Webster in Benacre Broad in 1897. Both these species are brackish-water plants, and the
near neighbourhood of Benacre Broad to the sea, with occasional inundations at exceptionally
high tides, is favourable to their growth.

Chara contraria, Kuetz., has also been found in Benacre Broad and at Livermere. The
latter locality also produces Tolypella intricata, Leonh. ; and T. glomerata, Leonh., has been
found near Yarmouth South Town.

Lychnotbamnus stelliger, Leonh., which occurs so abundantly in the Norfolk Broads, has
not so far been recorded from Suffolk, nor yet Nitella tenuissima, Kuetz. or Tolypella proUfera,
Leonh., both of which have been collected in the marshes of the Waveney Valley on the
Norfolk side, the former near Diss, and the latter near Becclcs.

There is evidently much work to be done in Suffolk before anything like a complete
record can be compiled.

Characeae Characeae (con/.) Characeae (con/.)

Chara fragilis, Desv. i Chara contraria, Kuetz. Tolypella intricata, Leonh. W.

var. Hedwigii, Kuetz. — hispida, L. I

W. I — vulgaris, L. — glomerata, Leonh.

— connivens, Braun. E. 4 var. longibracteata, Nitella translucens, Agardh.

— aspera, Willd. Kuetz. E. 5

var. desmacantha, H. var. papillata, Wallr. — flexilis, Agardh. E. 5

& J. G. W. I — canescens, Loisel. E. 4 — opaca, Agardh.

— polyacantha, Braun. W. i

Thus far full lists have been given of the Phanerogams and a portion of the Cryptogams,
the Filices, Equisetaceae, &c. ; there remain the numerous species of the Musci, Hepaticae,
Lichens, Algae, and Fungi.

Before enumerating them, however, it will be well to give a short account of what has
been done thus far with respect to the Suffolk records in these orders. I believe there are
very few, if any, counties where they have been formerly so carefully collected as in Norfolk
and Suffolk, and the Suffolk early records will bear favourable comparison with those of
almost any county.

At the beginning of the last century there were a good number of botanists in Norfolk
and Suffolk who diligently collected these Cryptogams ; among the best known of these were
Sir James Smith, Sir William Hooker, Rev. G. R. Leathes, and Mr. Dawson Turner, all of
whom resided in Norfolk, but who have contributed very many records of Suffolk plants.
Cryptogams and others. At the same time there were good Cryptogamic botanists residing
in Suffolk, as Sir Thomas Gage, Mr. Woodward, and others. These have recorded their
observations in the Botanist's Guide, English Botany, Hooker's British "Jungermanmae, &c.
Even before this time many Cryptogams had been observed by Sir John CuUum of Hawstead,
near Bury, and recorded by him in his journal for the years 1772-85.

BOTANY

Somewhat later than the above, Mr. F. K. Eagle of Bury St. Edmunds diligently collected
Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens in the county. His collection is incorporated with that of Sir
C. Bunbury, who was also a collector, and whose herbarium is now in the University
Botanical Museum at Cambridge.

In i860 was published Messrs. Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk, which contains
very good and reliable lists of all Orders of Cryptogams. The lists of Mosses, Hepatics, and
Lichens were, it is believed, in a great measure by Mr. F. K. Eagle and Mr. Stock of
Bungay, who combined their own observations with the records of the Botanist's Guide, and
doubtless other sources, such as Smith's English Botany and Paget's Natural History of Yarmouth.
The list of Diatomaceae and Fungi, both of which are very good, were by Mr. Skepper.
Little has been done since Mr. Skepper's death in 1867, but what has been done since that
time will be mentioned in the notices of each order.

MUSCI {Mosses)

In such a county as Suffolk only a very limited Moss flora could be expected, for there
are no high hills, much less mountains, and, indeed, a very small part of the county is more
than 200 ft. above sea level. Again, there are no hard rocks, nor indeed anything worthy of
the name of rock, and very little bog. Moreover the annual rainfall is rather scanty, averaging
for the county about 25 in., and there are no quickly-flowing streams with rocky beds in and
by the side of which so many mosses delight to grow. The extensive mud flats and large
brackish meres near the coast scarcely produce any species of mosses.

It is not surprising therefore with such conditions that the mosses do not number quite
two hundred species, and that the Moss flora taken as a whole is somewhat featureless. With
very few exceptions the species are such as occur generally throughout the lowlands of
England and central Europe. Among the more noteworthy exceptions are Amblyodon
dealbatus, which was discovered by Mr. F. K. Eagle, and Cinclidium stygium, discovered by
Mr. Skepper, both at Tuddenham ; these species are generally of northern distribution ; the
latter is scarce in Britain. The cupola-shaped peristome of the Cinclidium is one of the most
beautiful objects in British Mosses. It was gathered by Mr. Skepper abundantly in fruit and
growing very luxuriantly both in November i860 and November 1862 ; it is very probable
that both these species are now extinct in Suffolk.

On the other hand Tortula cuneifolia and Bryum Donianum are of southern, indeed
Mediterranean, distribution, and reach in Suffolk one of their highest northern points.
Other interesting species are Bryum lacustre, for a long time known only from Suffolk in the
British Isles, and now only recorded for two or three other counties, and Thuidium hystricosum.
The latter, though probably only a marked form of the more generally distributed T. atietinum,
is striking enough as a form and has only been recorded from a very limited area. Barhula
latifoUa, which is very rarely fertile, was collected by Mr. F. K. Eagle fruiting freely. Barhula
sinuosa from Sweffling was not recognized until lately, and with B. laevipila var. laevipilaeformis,
from Grundisburgh, and Pterigonium gracile from Icklingham, had not previously been recorded
for the county. Several species of the genus Hypnum may also be mentioned : H. Sendtneri
var. hamatum at Tuddenham ; H. rugosum, which is very fine in several places in the Breck
district ; H. fakatum at Gorleston and Tuddenham ; H. giganteum, not very uncommon in
Suffolk ; and H. elodes, Redgrave Fen, recorded by Mr. E. M. Holmes.

Although the prehistoric deposits do not appear to have yielded such rich results in
mosses as those of Norfolk, yet, as recorded by Dr. Hind in his Flora of Suffolk, remains of
Hypnum turgescens have been found here and there in local deposits of clay. This, as pointed
out by Dr. Hind, is a typically Arctic plant, though it is also found at high elevations in tlie
Alps. It has recently been recovered for our flora in a living state by the Rev. C. H.
Binstead, who gathered it high up on Ben Lawers in 1902.

Besides the list in Henslow and Skepper's Flora two papers on the Moss Flora of Suffolk
by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield were published in the yournal of Botany in 1885 and 1888.
These two papers were combined and many new localities and a few new species added in
his ' List of Suffolk Mosses' printed in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists
Society for 1 900- 1, vol. vii, to which a few corrections were added in the Transactions for
1901-2. To these latter papers we would refer any one who desires detailed information
on this subject.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In order to show in some degree the distribution of the Mosses, &c., the county is
divided into the Watsonian districts — E. East SufFolk, and W. West Suffolk ; these letters
indicate that the species is recorded only for that district.

Sphagnaceae

Sphagmim cymbifolium, Ehrh.
var. squarrosulum, N. &
H. E.

— papillosum, var. confertum,

Ldb.

— rigidum. var. compactum,

Ldb. W.

— subsecnndum, Nees. E.

var. contortum, Schp. E.

— obesum, Wils. E.

— squarrosum, Pars.

— acutifolium, Ehrh.

var. deflexum, Schp.

— fimbriatum, Wils. E.

— intermedium, HofRn. E.

POLVTRICHACFAK

Catharinea undulata, W. & M.
Polytrichum nanum. Neck.

— aloides, Hedvy.

— umigerum, L. W.

— piliferum, Schreb.

— juniperinum, Willd.

— strictum, Banks. E.

— gracile, Dicks. W.

— formosum, Hedvy. W.
■^ commune, L.

DiCRANACEAB

Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. W.

— subulatura, B. & S.

— alternifolium, Rab. W.
Ditrichum flexicaule, Hpe. W.
Seligeria cakarea, B. & S. W.
Ceratodon purpureas, Brid.
Dicranella heteromalla, Schp.

— cerviculata, Schp.

— crispa, Schp. E.

— rufescens, Schp.

— varia, Schp.
Dicranoweissia cirrhata, Ldb.
Campvlopus flexuosus, Brld. E.

var. paradoxus, Husn. E.

— pyriformis, Brid.

— fragilis, B. & S. E.
Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not.

— scoparium, Hedw.
Leucobryum glaucum, Schp.

FlSSIDENTACEAE

Fissidens incurvus, Stke. W

— bryoides, Hedw.

— adiantoides, Hedw.

— taxifolius, Stke.

Grimmiaceae

Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw.
— pulvinata, Sm.
Rhacomitrium canescens, Brid.
var. ericoides. B, & S.

TORTULACEAE

Acaulon muticum, C. M. W.
Phascum cuspidatum, Schr.
Pottia recta, Mitt. W.

— bryoides, Mitt.

— Heimii, Furnr.

— truncatula, Ldb.

— intermedia, Furnr.

— crinita, Wils. E.
.^ minutula, Furnr.

— Starkeana, C. M.

— lanceolata, C. M.
Tortula pusilla, Mitt. W.

— lamellata, Ldb. W.

— rigida, Schrad. W.

— aloides, De Not.

— cuneifolia, Roth. E.

— marginata, Spr. E.

— muralis, Hedw.

— subulata, Hedw.

— mutica, Ldb. (latifolia)

— laevipila, Schwgr.

var. laevipilaeformis,
Limpe. E.

— intermedia. Berk.

— ruralis, Ehrh.

— ruraliformis, Dixon

— papillosa, Wils.
Barbula lurida, Ldb. E.

— rubella. Mitt.

— tophacea, Mitt. W.

— fallax, Hedw.

— rigidula, Mitt. W.

— cylindrica, Schp. E.

— vinealis, Brid. W.

— sinuosa, Braithw. E.

— revoluta, Brid.

— convoluta, Hedw. W.

— unguiculata, Hedw.
Weissia crispa, Mitt. E.

— microstoma, C. M. W.

— viridula, Hedw.

Encalyptaceai
Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw.

O RTHOTRICH ACEAE

Zygodon viridissimus, R. Br.
Ulota crispa, Brid.

var. intermedia, Braithw.
£.

Orthotrichaceae (cone.)

Ulota phyllantha, Brid. W.
Orthotrichum anomalum,
saxatile, Milde

— cupulatum, HofFm. E.

— leiocarpum, B. & S.

— Lyellii, H. & T.

— affine, Schrad.

— tenellum, Bruch. W.
-^ diaphanum, Schrad.

Spuchnaceae
Splachnum ampullaceum, L.

Funariaceae

Fphemerum serratum, Hpe.
Physcomitrella patens, B.&S. W.
Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid.
Funaria fascicularis, Schp.

— hygrometrica, Sibth.

Meesiaceab

Amblyodon dealbatus, P. Beau.

W.
Aulacomnium palustre, Schwgr.

— androgynum, Schwgr. E.

Bartramiaceae

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.
Philonotis fontana, Brid.

var. falcata, Brid. W,

Brvaceae

Leptobryum pyriforme.Wils. W.
Webera nutans, Hedw.

— carnea, Schp.

Bryum pendulum, Schp. W.

— lacustre, Brid.

— inclinatum, Bland. E.

— pallens, Sw. W.

— bimum, Schreb. W.

— pseudo-triquetrum, S;hwgr.

— intermedium, Brid. W.

— caespiticium, L.

— capillare, L.

— Donianum, Grev. W.

— atropurpureum, W. & M.

— argenteum, L.

— roseum, Schreb.
Mnium affine, Bland. W,

— cuspidatum, Hedw.

— rostratum, Schrad.

— undulatum, L.

— hornum, L.

— serratum, Schrad. W.

— punctatum, L.

— subglobosum, B. & S. W.
Cinclidium stygium, Swartz. W.

BOTANY

FoNTlNALACEAE

Fontinalis antipyretica, L.

Cryphaeaceae
Cryphaea heteromalla, Hedvr.

Neckbraceae

Neckera complanata, HUbnm.
Homalia trichomanoides, Brid.

Leucodontaceae

Antitrichiacurtipendula, Brid. E.
Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr.
Pterigonium gracile, Swartz.
Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt.

Leskeaceae

Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. E.
Anomodon viticulosus, H. & T.
Thuidiumabietinum, B. &S. W.

— hystricosum. Mitt. W.

— tamariscinum, B. & S.

Hvpnaceae

Climacium dendroides, W. & M.
Camptothecium sericeum, Kindb.

— lutescens, B. & S.

— nitens, Schreb. W.
Brachythecium glareosum, B. & S.

£.

Hypnaceae (cont.)

Brachythecium albicans, B. & S.

— rutabulum, B. & S.

— rivulare, B. & S. W,

— velutinum, B. & S.

— illecebrum, De Not. W,

— purum, Dixon
Eurhynchium piliferum, B. & S.

— praelongum, Hobk.

— Swartzii, Hobk. W.

— pumilum, Schp. E.

— tenellum, Milde. E.

— myosuroides, Schp. E.

— myurum, Dixon

— striatum, B. & S.

— rusciforme, Milde.

— murale, Milde.

— confertum, Milde.
Plagiothecium denticulatum,

B. & S.

— sylvaticum, B. & S. W.

— undulatum, B. & S. W.

— ? latebricola, B. & S. E.
Amblystegium serpens, B. & S.

— filicinum, De Not.

— varium, Ldb. (radicale). W.
Hypnum riparium, L.

— elodes. Spruce. W.

— polygamum, Schp. W.

var. stagnatum, Wils.
W.

— stellatum, Schreb.

Hypnaceae {cont.)

Hypnum aduncum, Hedw. W.
var. Kneiffii, Schip.

— Sendtneri

var. hamatum, Lindb.
W.

— fluitans, L.

— exannulatum, Gumb. W.

— uncinatum, Hedw.

— revolvens

var. Cossoni, Rem. W.

— commutatum, Hedw.

— falcatum, Brid.

— cupressiforme, L.

var. resupinatum, Schp.

W.
var. filiforme, Brid. W.
var. ericetorum, B. & S.
var. elatum, B. & S.

— moUuscum, Hedw.

— palustre, Huds.

— scorpioides, L.

— stramineum, Dicks. E,

— cordifolium, Hedw.

— giganteum, Schp. W.

— cuspidatum, L.

— Schreberi, WiUd.
Hylocomium splendens, B. & S.

— squarrosum, B. & S.

— triquetrum, B. & S.

— rugosum, De Not. W.

HEPATICAE {Liverworts)

If the county is one which is unfavourable for a varied moss flora, it is still more un-
favourable for the Hepaticae. We have very few of them, and these few for the most part
very common species ; even the usually abundant Diplophyllum albicans is not yet recorded,
but probably occurs in the county, since it is plentiful in some parts of Norfolk.

The cause of this dearth of Hepaticae is not far to seek. There are no rocks, no swift
streams nor waterfalls, scarcely any springs, while the air is very dry, the county of Suffolk
having perhaps as little rainfall as any part of England. Besides the scanty supply of rain, the
heavy clay soil which covers more than two-thirds of the county, and the thin calcareous soil
which occurs in West Suffolk, are both very unfavourable to the production of a rich Hepatic
flora. The late Abbe Boulay, in speaking of the flat, dry, and highly-cultivated district of north-
eastern France, especially in Champagne, says that * one may go through many square kilo-
metres without meeting a single species of this class, except perhaps Riccia glauca in neglected
fields, or Radula complanata and Frullania dilatata on the trunks of trees,' and there are wide
areas in Suffolk of which the same remarks would hold good. It is only in the small and
diminishing area of the fen and bog-land, such as Tuddenham Fen and the bogs at Westleton
and Helton, that any wealth of species is to be found. It is probable, however, that the
Hepatic Flora is slightly richer than the subjoined list would indicate, since many of the
species recorded by the older botanists, to whom nearly all the records are due, embrace
several forms held to be specifically distinct at the present day. The list of Suffolk Hepaticae
published in the Journal of Botany for 1885 by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield only enumerates
forty species, and of these the greater number only occur in very limited localities. Three
species have, however, since been added : Lunularia cruciata, which has been sent from Bungay
and Waldringfield — this is doubtless common, but has escaped record as being supposed a form
of Marchantia polymorpha ; Kant'ia Sprengelii, of which a specimen sent to him by Mr. Skepper
is figured by Pearson ; and Pellia endiviaefolia, ' Various parts 0"" Suffolk,' Hooker's British
y ungermanniae,

I 73 10

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Among the more interesting Hepatics recorded for the county are Targionia hypophylla,
discovered by the Rev. W. Kirby, the noted entomologist, at Nayland. It is a species of
irregular distribution in Britain, but its head quarters are in the countries bordering the Medi-
terranean ; the figure in English Botany was taken from a specimen sent from this station.
Cephalozla Francisci, recorded from wet heaths in Norfolk and Suffolk by Hooker, is considered
rare elsewhere, though it is probably often overlooked, and Sphaerocarpus Michelii, a small and
interesting species on the borderland between the Marchantiaceae and the Jungermanniaceae
also occurs. Like Targionia hypophylla this has a generally southern distribution, and has only
been recorded from four other English counties.

Besides these may be mentioned Riaia crystaUina, a scarce species gathered by Dr. Hind
on Thetford Heath; the curious fringed aquatic Ricciocarpus natans sent by Prof. Henslow from
Hitcham with Ricciella Jluitans and recorded from Lakenheath, and by Ray from Hadleigh ;
Cephalozia bifida CJ. byssacea. Hook.), recorded by Hooker as far from uncommon on heaths,
&c., in Norfolk and Suffolk. No doubt this record refers to the aggregate species, but the
plant figured by Hooker is that which is now known as C. bifida, which appears to be the
rarer of the two species in Britain, and Ptilidium ciliare, not uncommon in the Breck district,
and recorded from Lound in the BotanistU Guide.

RiCCIACEAB

Riccia glauca, L.

— crystallina, L. W.

— fluitans, L.
Ricciocarpus natans (L.)

March ANTiACEAB

Targionia hypophylla, L. W.
Conocephalum conicum (L.)
Lunularia cruciata (L.). E.
Marchantia polymorpha, L.

JUNGBRMANIACEAB

Sphaerocarpus Michelii, Bell
Aneura pingui> (L.) E.
— multifida (L.)
Metzgeria furcata (L.)
Pellia endiviaefolia (Dicks.)

JUNGERMANIACEAE {cotlt.)

Pellia epiphylla (L.)
Fossombronia pusilla (L.). 1
Nardia scalaris (Schrad.). E
Aplozia crenulata (Sm.)
Lophozia inflata (Huds.)

— ventricosa (Dicks.)

— excisa (Dicks.)

— incisa (Schrad.) E.
Sphenolobus exsectaeformis

(Breidl.)
Plagiochila asplenioides (L.)
Mylia anomala (Hook.). E
Lophocolea bidentata (L.)

— heterophylla (Schrad.)
Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.)

— connivens (Dicks.)

— Francisci (Hook.)
Cephalozia byssacea (Roth.)

— bifida (Schreb.)

JUNGERMANIACEAE («»/.)

Odontoschisma sphagni (Dicks.).
E. E.

E. Kantia trichomanis (L.)

— Sprengelii (Mart.)
W. Lepidozia setacea (Web.). E.

Ptilidium ciliare (L.)
Scapania compacta (Roth.)

— nemoros.i (L.)

— ? undulata (L.)

— irrigua (Nees.)
Radula complanata (L.)
Madotheca platyphylla (L.)
Frullania tamarisci (L.). W.

— dilatau, (L.)

AnTH OCE ROTACEAE

Anthoceros punctatus, L.

FRESHWATER ALGAE AND DIATOMS

Among the data used in compiling this account of these lowly groups of plants, the
following books have been used : — the Flora of Suffolk by Henslow and Skepper, the Old
Botanist's Guide, the History of Yarmouth (Norfolk and Suffolk), and through the kindness of
the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, a manuscript of Mr. Skepper's and other data. The list of
diatoms is almost entirely due to Mr. Skepper. A collection was made in May 1896 by my
late son, Wm. West, jun., B.A., when botanizing on Cavenham Heath, the result being the
addition of about ten species, marked *.

There is considerable scope for future workers, particularly among the desmids, as very-
few of this family are recorded. Investigators should be forthcoming in these days, when
cheap and good modern microscopes are a\'ailable. It will be found to be a most interesting
study at almost all times of the year, as wherever there is any permanent moisture, algae of
some kind are sure to be found, and they require no preparation before examination. Even
diatoms can usually be determined without boiling in nitric acid, after being kept in strong
spirit for some days. For the nreservation of algae for future examination an equal volume
of five per cent, formalin should be added to the same volume of the water containing the
algae ; this will preserve thtm indefinitely for future examination. It is advisable to make
notes as to colour, &c., before preserving them. A large number of the algae are verv

BOTANY

minute, and in order to obtain these some advice is necessary as they are not visible to the
naked eye ; these forms are often found about the stems and leaves of constantly submerged
plants, such as Utricu/aria, Myriophyllum, Nuphcr, Nymphaea^ Potamogeton, Sphagnum, &c.
To collect from plants like these it is best to remove them (or parts of them) from the water
with as little mud as possible and allow them to drain for about a minute, after which they
should be gently squeezed over a wide-mouthed bottle. Gatherings made in this way are
usually very rich in minute species.

FRESHWATER ALGAE

Only a moderate number of species have been noted as yet from the county ; this is due
to lack of local workers during recent times, most of the records being old ones. Excluding
diatoms, not more than forty genera and less than seventy species have been recorded. The
districts about Tuddenham, Bradwell, Belton, Bury, Lound, and Ipswich, would certainly
yield further results if worked. Among these recorded plants is the beautiful netted-purse
plant, Hydrodictyon utriculatum, found at Bungay and other places. About ten genera of
unicellular plants, excluding diatoms and desmids, are known to occur ; these include the
pretty coenobial genera Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Volvox globator is frequent, and V. aureus
is probably present ; the latter can be distinguished from the former by its smooth spores and
smaller size. The Conjugatae are represented by seven genera including the Desmidiaceae,
only four genera belonging to the latter being recorded. The genus Vancherla is well
represented, by six species, including V. dichotoma, which is seldom absent from maritime
counties. The beautiful orange-coloured aerial algae, Trentepohlia {Chroolepus) aureum occurs
on trees. The two British species of the delicately-branched genus Draparnald'ia are frequent.
The gelatinous genus Chaetophora is represented by two species. As only two or three species
of the Oedogoniaceae are known to occur, it is evident that more work can be done in this
group. The remaining genera of the green algae which are known are those of common
occurrence.

The blue-green algae usually known as the Cyanophyceae (Myxophyceae is an earlier
name) are represented by about fourteen species under eight genera, the genus Oscillatoria
being represented by seven species.

The only freshwater algae belonging to the Red Algae that are recorded are Batracho-
spermum monUiforme and B, vagum, both very elegant species, and a species of Lemanea.

DIATOMS

This well-known group of plants includes both freshwater and marine species, as well as
some that are usually only found in brackish water, or sometimes in the latter as well as in
freshwater, or, in the case of some species, in either marine or brackish water. These are
unicellular plants of very varied form ; they occur wherever water is constantly found ; they
differ from all the other algae in having their cell-wall impregnated with silica, which prac-
tically renders them — as regards their form and markings — indestructible, hence large fossil-
deposits of them are found which are used commercially for various purposes, one important
one being in the preparation of dynamite. The cell-walls are beautifully and symmetrically
sculptured, although they are extremely thin. A fair number of species are known for the
county, about 200 species under about fifty genera ; this includes the strictly maritime species.
The genus Gyrosigma {Pkuroslgma), with its finely marked cell-walls, is well represented by
twenty species. Under the genus Navicula (including Pinnularia) about forty species are
recorded, and for the genus Nitzschia about twelve species. The genera Stauroneis, Gom-
phoncma, and Synedra, are represented by from four to six species each, while the genera
Surirella and Epithemia have eight and five species respectively, the genus Amphora also having
five. None of the other genera are represented by more than four species, the genera
Campylodiscus, Eupodiscm, Cocconeis, and Amph'iprora, have each several species. Fewer species
are recorded for the genera Cymbella, Coscinodlscus, Actinocyclm, Cydotella, Tryhlionella, Cymato-
pleura, Cocconema, Doryphora, Podosphaenioy Rhiphidophora, Aferidion, Bacillaria, Odontidium,
Fragi/aria, Achnanthes, Achnanthidium, Rhahdonema, Diatoma, Grommatophora, Tahellaria^
Amphitetras, Biddulphia, Podoiira, Melosira, Orthoura, Maitoglota, Encyonema, Colletsnema, and
Schizonema, the species recorded usually varying from one to three.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The following is a list of most of the species known to occur ; a few of the diatoms are
those of brackish water : —

DiATOMACEAR

Melosira Borreri, Grev.

— varians, Ag.

Cyclotella Kutzingiana, Chauvin

— astraea, Kutz.
Cylindrotheca gracilis, Grlln.
Tabellaria flocculosa, KUtz.

— fenestrata, KUtz.
Meridion circulare, Ag.
Diatoma vulgare, Bory

— elongatum, Bory

— Ehrenbergii, forma grandis,

W. Sm.
Fragilaria capucina, Desm.

— mutabilis, GrUn.

— construens,var. binodis, Grlln.
Synedra Ulna, Ehren.

— radians, W. Sm.

— pulchella, Kiltz.
Eunotia lunaris, GrUn.
Achnanthes linearis, W. Sm.
Cocconeis pediculus, Ehren.

— placentula, Ehren.
Navicula serians, Kutz.

— cuspidata, Kutz.

• — • Iridis, var. firma, W. Sm.
var. producta, W. Sm.

— elliptica, W. Sm.

— elegans, W. Sm.

— limosa, var. gibberula, Van

Heurck.

— ambigua, Ehren.

— Amphisboena, Bory

— tumens, W. Sm.

— binodis, W. Sm.

— pygmaea, KOtz.

— major, Kotz.

— 'nobilis, Kutz.

— viridis, Ktltz.

— oblonga, Kfltz.

— peregrina, Kutz.

— Tabellaria, var. 'acrosphaeria,

Raben.

— radiosa, KOtz.

— acuta. Van Heurck.

— gracilis, KUtz.

— digitato-radiata, var. Cypri-

nus. Van Heurck.

— divergens, Ralfi

— Brebissonii, Kutz.

— Johnsonii, W. Sm.

— mesolepta, Ehren.

— Rabenhorstii, GrUn.

— crucicula. Van Heurck.
V'anheurckia rhomboides, Breb.
Stauroneis Phoenicenteron, Eh-
ren.

— anceps, Ehren.

var. linearis. Van Heurck.
Pleurosigma acuminatum, W.Sm.

— tttenuatum, W. Sm.

— Spencerii, V/. Sm.

DlATOMACEAE {cOJIt.)

Gomphonema augur, Ehren.

— constrictum, Ehren.

— acuminatum, Ehren.

— olivaceum, Ehren.
Rhoicosphenia curvata, GrQn.
Encyonema prostratum, Ralfs

— caespitosum, Kutz.
Cymbella affinis, Kotz.

— cuspidatum, Kutz.

— Ehrenbergii, Kutz.
Cocconema lanceolatum, Ehren.

— cymbiforme, Ehren.

— Cistula, Ehren.
Amphora salina, W. Sm.
- — hyalina, Kutz.

— ovalis, Kotz.

var. affinis, KUtz.
var. pediculus, Kutz.
Epithemia turgida, W. Sm.

— sorex, Kutz.

— zebra, Kutz.

— gibba, Kutz.

— ventricosa, KUtz.
Bacillaria paradoxa, Gmel.
Nitzschia sigmoidea, W. Sm.

— linearis, W. Sm.

— sigma, W. Sm.

— spectabilis, Ralfs

— Amphioxys, W. Sm.

— vivax, W. Sm.

— bilobata, W. Sm.

— plana, W. Sm.

— acicularis, W. Sm.

— gracilis, Raben.

— lanceolata, W. Su..

— constricta, Pritch.
Cymatopleura Solea, W. Sm.

var. apiculata, Pritch.

— elliptica, W. Sm.
Surirella biseriata, Breb.

— linearis, W. Sm.

— gracilis, GrUn.

— striatula, Turp.

— Brightwellii, W. Sm.

— minuta, Breb.

— ovata, Kutz.

var. salina, W. Sm.
Campylodiscus noricus, var.
costata, W. Sm.

— Echineis, Ehren.

The following are marine
diatoms : —

Podosira hormoides, KUtz.

— maculata, Sm.
Melosira nummuloides, Ag.

— sulcata, Kutz.
Hyalodiscus stelliger. Bail.
Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehren.

DlATOMACEAE (cOHt.)

Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ehren
var. concinnus, W. Sm.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Ehren.
Auliscus sculptus, Ralft
Eupodiscus Argus, Ehr.
Actinocyduscrassus.Van Heurck.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

— pulchella. Gray

— rhombus, W. Sm.

— Smithii, Van Heurck.

— Favus, Van Heurck.
Synedra affinis, Kutz.

— fulgens, W. Sm.

— superba, Kutz.
Achnanthes longipes, Ag.

— brevipes, Ag.
Schizonema eiimium, Thur.

— crucigerum, W. Sm.

— GreviUii, Ag.
Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr.

— diaphana, W. Sm.
Navicula Smithii, Ag.

— didyma, Ehren.

— marina, Ralfs

— Hennedyi, var. clavata.

Van Heurck.

— Lyra, Ehren.

— directa, W. Sm.

— aspera, Ehren.
Scoliopleura Westii, GrUn.

— latestriata, GrUn.

— tumida, Rabenh.
Stauroneis salina, W. Sm.
Pleurosigma formosum, W. Sm.

— decorum, W. Sm.

— speciosum, W. Sm.

— rigidum, W. Sm.

— elongatum, W. Sm.

— strigosum, W. Sm.

— quadratum, W. Sm.

— angulatum, W. Sm.

— Aestuarii, W. Sm.

— Balticum, W. Sm.

— Fasciola, W. Sm.

- — intermedium, W. Sm.

— acuminatum, VV. Sm.

— praelongum, W. Sm.

— tenuissimum, W. Sm.

— littorale, W. Sm.

— Hippocampus, W. Sm.
Doryphora amphiceros, Kutz.
Amphiprora alata, Kutz.

— constricta, Ehren.
^r vitrea, W. Sm.

— elegans, W. Sm.
Mastogloia Smithii, Thw.
Rhoicosphenia curvata, var.

marina, W. Sm.

Epithemia musculus, var. con-
stricta, W. Sm.

Tryblionella acuminata, W. Sm.

BOTANY

DiATOMACEAK (rOllt.)

Tryblionella marginata, W. Sm.
Nitzschia angularis, W. Sm.

— longissima, Ralfs

— closterium, W. Sm.
Surirella Gemma, Ehren.
Campylodiscus Hodgsonii, W.Sm.

— parvulus, W. Sm.
Podosphaenia Ehrenbergii, Kutz.
Rhipidophora elongata, Kutz.

— paradoxa, Kutz.
.-\mphitetrasantediluviana,Ehren.
Grammatophora marina, Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum, Kutz=

— minutum, Kutz.

Among the few other fresh-
water Algae known to occur are
the following : —

Rhodophyceae

Lemanea torulosa, Ag.
Batrachospermum moniliforme
Ag.

— vagum, Ag.

Chlorophyceab

Bulbochaete setigera, Ag.
Oedogonium vesicatum, Wittr.
Chaetophora pisiformis, Ag.

— cornu-damae, Ag.

— tuberculosa, Ag.

Chlorophyceae (cent.)

Ulothrix zonata, KUtz.

— rivularis, Kutz.

— parietina, KUtz.
Myxonema tenue, Rabenh.
Draparnaldia glomerata, Ag.
Trentepohlia aurea, Mart.
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link.
Prasiola crispa, Menegh.

— furfuracea, Menegh.
Chaetomorpa linum, KUtz,
Cladophora fracta, Kutz.

— glomerata, Ktltz.
Vaucheria sessilis, var. caespitosa,

Raben.

— dichotoma, Ag.

— geminata, DC.

— ornithocephala, Hass.

— terrestris, Lyngb.
■ — Dillwynii, Ag.
Mougeotia genuflexa, Ag.
Spirogyra nitida. Link,

— decimina, Kutz.

— quinina, Kutz.

— pellucida, Kutz.
Zygnema pectinatum, Ag.

— cruciatum, Ag.

— ericctorum, Hansg.
Pleurotaenium "truncatum. Nag.
Closterium 'Dianae, Ehren.

— 'striolatum, Ehren.

— 'Kutzingii, Brib.

— Lunula, Nitzsch.
Cosmarium 'Botrytis, Meneg.

Chlorophyceae {cone.)

Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb.
Volvox globator, Ehren.
Pleurococcus vulgaris, Meneg.
Hydrodictyon utriculatum. Roth.
Scenedesmus quadricauda, Breb.
Pediastrum Boryanum, Meneg.
Palmella botryoides, Kiitz.
Gloeocystis *gigas. Lager
Hydrianum *heteromorphum,

Reinsch.
Tetraspora, lubrica. Roth.
Ophiocytium cochleare, A. Br.
Tribonema 'bombycina, Derb.

and Sol.

Myxophyceae

Porphyridium cruentum. Nag.
Tolypothrix distorta, Kutz.
Anabaena Flosaquae, Breb.
Lyngbya ochracea, Thur.
Phormidium autumnale, Go-

mont.
Oscillatoria tenuis, Ag.

— nigra, Vauch.

— limosa, Ag.

Nostoc sphaericum, Vauch.

— coeruleum, Lyngb.

— commune, Vauch.

— pruni forme, Ag.

— *microscopicum, Carm.
Gloiotrichia natans, Ag.

MARINE ALGAE

The coast of Suffolk, like that of the neighbouring counties of Norfolk and Essex, is
singularly unfavourable to the growth of marine algae. Few if any rocks are accessible even
at the lowest tides, and the shifting shingle and sand which form the greater part of the fore-
shore of the county offer no secure anchorage for marine plants. The larger sea-weeds (e.g.
Laminaria hyperborean Saccorhiza polyschides, Sec.) are entirely wanting, whilst the bladder- wracks
{Fuci), which are such conspicuous objects on all our rocky coasts, are found in comparatively
small quantity, and usually more or less dwarfed and stunted wliere they occur within the
limits of the county. Many brackish-water species are to be met with at the mouth of the
River Yare and at the influx of the Stour and Orwell. Great musses of Enteromorphae, Ulvae,
Chaetomorphae, &c., are always to be seen floating in the water or stranded on the mud when
the tide recedes ; whilst the dreary salt-marshes which fringe the estuaries produce their crop
of Osdllatoriae and other Myxophycea, which are of great interest to the algologist, but I fear
not very attractive to the ordinary collector.

It is useless to attempt to trace the distribution within the county of the species recorded,
for whilst a few of them were gathered from the rocks at Felixstowe and elsewhere, by far the
greater number were found amongst the rejectamenta on the beach. No doubt many of them
had been detached from submerged rocks in the immediate vicinity of the spot where they
were found, but others showed clearly by their battered condition that they had drifted from
some more distant locality. The amount of sea-wrack cast up at any point on the Suffolk
coast is never very great, and so far as I am aware the farmers of the county do not
trouble to collect it for manure, as is usually done in counties where sea-weed is found
in abundance.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

No attempt has been made in recent years to catalogue the marine flora of Suffolk, the
list of sea-weeds in Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk (London, i860) (H. & S.) being
the most recent known to me. These authors were doubtless greatly assisted in compiling
their list by the account of the Norfolk and Suffolk algae published by Messrs. C. J. and James
(afterwards Sir James) Paget in their Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth in 1834. Various
Suffolk localities are also mentioned in Dawson Turner's Synopsis of the British Fuci, Dillwyn
& Turner's Botanist's Guide (O.B.G.), Greville's yfl^ae Britannic^ (Grev.), and Harvey's
Phycologia Britannica. I have myself collected at various points on the Suffolk coast, and my
friend Mr. George Massee of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, has kindly presented me with a
number of specimens collected by him at Felixstowe. The nomenclature used in the present
list is that of my Catalogue of the British Marine Algae.

No/e. — The writer, the late Mr. E. A. L. Batters, F.L.S., had himself gathered most of the species
here recorded for Suffolk, or had seen specimens from it. In other cases the source of information
is given.

MvXOPHYCrAE

Dermocarpa prasina, Born.
Hvella caespitosa, Born.
Spirulina subsalsa, CErsted.
Oscillatoria Corallinx, Gom.
Lyngbya aestuarii, Liebm.

— semiplena, J. Ag.
Symploca hydnoides, Kiitz.
Plectonema terebrans, Born.
Microleus chthonoplastes, Thur.
Calothrix confervicola, Ag.

— scopulorum, Ag.
Rivularia atra. Roth.
Mastigocoleus testarum, Lsgerh.
Anaboena variabilis, Kiitz.

— torulosa, Lagerh.

Chlorospermeab

Prasiola stipitata, Suhr.
Mono.nroma Grevillei, Wittr.
Percursaria percussa, Rosenv.
Enteromorpha clathrata, J. Ag.

— torta, Reinb.

— compressa, Grev.

— Linza, J. Ag.

— intestinalis. Link.
Ulva l.ictuca, L.
Ulothrix flacca, Thur.
Endoderma Flustrae, Batt.
Tellamia contorta, Batt.
Urospora isogona, Batt.
Chaetomorpha tortuosa, Kutz.

— linum, Kiitz.

— aerea, Kutz.

— Melagonium, Kiitz.
Rhizoclonium riparium, Harv.
Cladophora pellucida, Kiitz. (H.

& S.)

— Hutchinsiae, Harv.

— rupestris, Kiitz.

— hirta, KUtz.

— utriculosa, Kiitz.

— glaucescens, Hary.

— fracta, Kutz.

— arcta, Kiitz.
Gomontia polyrhiza, Bern.
Brjopsis plumosa, Ag.

FUCOIDEAB

Desmarestia viridis, Lamour.

— ligulata, Lamour (Grev.)

— aculeata, Lamour.
Scytosiphon lomentarius, J. Ag.
Punctaria plantiginea, Grev.
Asperococcus fistulosus, Hook.
Ectocarpus confervoides, Le

Jol.

— siliculosus, Kiitz.
Pylaiella litoralis, Kjellm.
Arthrocladia villosa, Duby.

(Grev.)
Elachistea fucicola. Fries.
Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag.
Cladostephus spongiosus, Ag.

— verticillatus, Ag.
Stypocaulon scoparium, Kiitz.
Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag. (H.

& S.)
Mesogloia vermiculata, Le Jol.

(H. & S.)
Leathesia difformis, Aresch.
Sporochnus pedunculatus, Ag.

(Grev.)
Chorda filum, Stackh. (H. & S.)
Laminaria saccharina, Lamour.
var. phyllitis, Le Jol.

— digitata. Lam. (H. & S.)
Cutleria multifida, Grev. (H. &

Fucus spiralis, L.

— vesiculosus, L.

— serratus, L.

Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol.
Pelvetia canaliculata, Decne. &

Thur. (H. & S.)
Himanthalia lorea, Lyngb. (H.

.&S.)
Halidrys siliquosa, Lyngb.
Cystoseira granulata, Ag. (H. &

— ericoides, Ag. Turner

— fibrosa, Ag.

Tilopteris Mertensii, Kiitz. (H.

& S.)
Dictyota dichotom.a, Lamour.
Taenia atomaria, J. Ag. (Grev.)

Florideae

Bangia fuscopurpurea, Lyngb.
Porphyra umbilicalis, Kiitz.

var. laciniata, J. Ag.
Acrochaetium Daviesii, Nag. (H.

& S.)
Scinaia furcellata, Bivona (Grev.)
NaccariaWigghii,EndI. (H.&S.)
Chondrus crispus, Stackh.
Gigartina steliata, Batt.
Phyllophora epiphylla, Batt.

— membranifolia, J. Ag.
Ahnfeltia plicata. Fries.
Callophyllis laciniata, Kiitz.
Cystoclonium purpureum, Batt.
RJiodophyllis bifida, Kiitz.

(Grev.)
Gracilaria conferi'oides, Grev.
Calliblepharis ciliata, Kiitz.
Rhodymenia palmata, Grev.
Lomentaria articulata, Lyngb.

— clavellosa, Gail. (Grev.)
Chylocladia ovata, Batt. (Grev.)
Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb.
Nitophyllum ramosum, Batt.

— Gmelini, Grev.
Phycodr}-s rubens, Batt.
Delesseria sanguinea, Lamour.

— alata, Lamour.

— ruscifolia, Lamour. (Grev.)

— hypoglossum, Lamour.

(Grev.)
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Ag.

(Grev.)
Bostrychia scorpioides, Mont.

(H. & S.)
Rhodometa subfusca, Ag.

— lycopodioides, Ag. (H. & S.)
Laurencia pinnatifida, L:imour.
Chondria dasyphylla, Ag.

(Grev.)
Polysiphonia urceolata, Grev.
var. comosa, Ag.
var. patens, J. Ag.

— elongata, Grev.

— fastigiata, Grev.

— nigra, Batt.

— nigrescens, Grev.

BOTANY

Florideae (con/.)

Brongniartella byssoides, Bory.

(H. & S.)
Heterosiphonia plumosa, Batt.
Spermothamnion Turner!,

Aresch.
Griffithsia flosculosa, Batt.
Halurus equisetifolius, KUtz.

(H. & S.)
Rhodochorton Rothii, NSg.

Florideae (cone.)

Callithamnionpolyspermum, Ag.

— roseum, Har/.

— Hookeri, Ag.

[— tetricum, Ag. (H. & S.)]
Plumaria elegans, Schm.
Antithamnion Plumula, Thur.
Ceramium rubrum, Ag.

— ciliatum, Ducluz. (H. & S.)

(acanthonotum ?)

Florideae (cott/.)

Halarachnion ligulatum, Kutz.

O.B.G.
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour.
Polyides rotundus, Grev. (Grev.)
Corallina officinalis, L.

Excluded Speciss
Sargassum vulgare, Ag.

LICHENES {Lichens)

The list of lichens occurring in the county is more extensive than might have been
expected, the want of rocks being partially compensated by the brick and stone walls, some of
them of great age, to which many lichens are restricted through the utter absence of rock
surfaces. Interesting species are also found on the pebbles, which are scattered over some of
our waste and barren land, and also on the ground in like localities. This is more particularly
the case with the uncultivated portion of the Breck district, such as Thetford Warren, which
is wholly in this county.

Many species of lichens were first admitted into the British flora from specimens
collected in Suffolk and Norfolk, and a considerable proportion of these were due to the
investigation of Mr. Dawson Turner, who, in conjunction with Mr. Borrer, diligently
collected and studied them. A good list of the Suffolk species is given in Henslow and
Skepper's Flora. The additions made since are principally due to Mr. C. Larbalestier, who
has added much to our knowledge of British lichens, and to whom Leighton's Lichen Flora
is dedicated.

All that is known of Suffolk lichens to the present time is recorded by the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield, in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists^ Society (1904-5),
viii, 1 17-37. Here we can only mention a few species.

On walls Lecanora atra and several Lecideei, such as Lecidea canescens, are abundant, while
less common are Lecanora parella and sulphurea, Urceolaria scruposa, and Squamaria saxicola at
Bury. In the north-west Lecanora arenaria is not uncommon, and the scarce Placodium
decipiens has been found at Herringfleet, Framlingham Castle, and Brandon.

On old raihngs various species are found, as Parmelia physodes and saxatilis and other
Parmeliae, &c., and rarely Calicium chrysocephalum, Lecidea ostreata^ and Trachylia tigillaris ;
this latter is a very pretty species, bright yellow, with small black apothecia ; it has occurred
at Southtown and Little Glemham, and Mr. Larbalestier found it in plenty on some old posts
at Felixstowe. T. ty>npanella is not uncommon on tops of posts and on gates, and stains the
fingers touching it, with its sooty spores.

Many species are common on trees, such as various Parmeliae, Parmelia caperata,
pulverulent a., steltaris, Sec. P. acetabulum is both local and scarce, and the handsome Physcia
ciliaris is not uncommon. Sticta pulmonaria is recorded for Suffolk, but must be very
scarce ; the curious batswing Collema nigrescens is conspicuous in wet weather on trees, but
shrinks up when dry. All these are foliaceous species.

Young ash trees appear as if covered in places with patches like wax ; this is due to
Verrucaria nitida. There are also various Graphidei, as Opegrapha lyncea on old oaks, Graphis
scripta, Sec, and Stigmatidium crassum, a very curious but inconspicuous lichen ; although it
well deserves its old name Lichen obscurus, it can be recognized at once by any one accustomed
to its peculiar thallus.

On the barren heaths and denes there are various interesting species, as Cladina rangiferina,
the reindeer moss ; the allied very elegant C. sylvatica, the strange looking prickly Cetraria
aculeuta, and sometimes Lecidea caeruleonigricans. There are also various kinds of the poly-
morphous Cladoniei, as Cladonia endiviaefolia, cariosa, alcicornis, gracilis, &c.

The following scarce species are recorded by Mr. Larbalestier from Thetford Warren : —
Jlectoria jubata, var. chalyheiformis ; Urceolaria scruposa, var. bryophila ; Parmelia conspersa, var.
Mougeotii, Lecanora umbrino-fusca, L. pyreniospora {Conradi) on very old excrements of sheep,

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and the rare Squamaria Itntigtra abundant on the edge of the first deep chalk pit on the left-
hand side of the road from Thetford across the warren.

Our list of Caliciei is a good one, comprising fourteen species, some of which have
been already mentioned ; but there are other scarce species, as Calicium phoeocephalum and
Coniocybe furfuracea. Baeomyces roseus and B. ichmadophilus are very scarce, B. rufus not very
uncommon, Strigula Babingtonii, which grows on the leaves of the common laurel, has been
found at Cockfield, but is now, I believe, considered to be a fungus.

CoLLEMEI

CoUema pulposum, Bernh.
var. tenax

— limosum, Ach.

— crispum, Huds.

— cheileum, Ach.

— nigrescens, Huds.
Leptogium microphyllum, Ach.

— tenuissimum, Dicks.

— cretaceum, Sm.

— lacerum, Ach.

— subtile, Schrad.

— slnuatum, Huds.

— palmatum, Huds.

— turgidum, Ach.

— Schraderi, Bernh.

Calicibi

Sphinctrina tnrbinata, Pers.
Calicium chrysocephalum, .\ch.

— phoeocephalum, Borr.

— aciculare, Sm.

— trichiale,

var. stemomeum, Ach.
var. ferrugineum, Borr.

— hyperellum, Ach.

— trachelinum, Ach.

— quercinum, Pers.

— curtum, Borr.

— subtile, Pers.
Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach.
Trachylia tigillaris, Fr.

— tympanella, Fr.

Bazomycei

Baeomyces rufus, DC.

— roseus, Pers.

— ichmadophilus, Ehrh.

Cladomiei

Pycnothelia papillaria, Duf.
Cladonia endiviaefolia, Fr.

— pungens; Flk.

— cervicomis, Schaer.

— cariosa, Flk.

— delicata, Flk.

— alcicornis, Flk.

— pyxidata, Fr.

— gracilis

var. chordalis, Ach.

— furcata, Hoffin.

— comucopioides, Fr.

Cladoniei (iron/.)

Cladonia digitata

var. macilenta, Hoffm.
Cladina sylvatica, Hoffrn.

— rangiferina, Hoffhi.

— uncialis, Hoffm.

Stereocaclei
Stereocaulon paschale, Ach.

UsNEEI

Usnea barbata

var. florida, L.

var. hirta, L.

var. articulata, Ach.

Ramalinei

Alectoria jubata, L.
Evernia furfuracea, Mann.

— prunastri, L.

var. stictocera, Ach.
Ramalina farinacea, L.

— fraxinea, L.

var. ampliata, Ach.

— fastigiata, Pers.

— pollinaria, Ach.

var. humilis, Ach.

Cetrariei

Cetraria aculeata, Fr.

var. muricata, Ach.
Platysma sepincola, Ehrh.

— diffusum, Web.

— glaucum, L.

Peltigerei

Pehigera canina, L.

— rufescens, Hoffm.

— spuria, Ach.

— polydactyla, Hoffm.

Parmeliei

Sticta pulmonaria, Ach.
Parmelia caperata, L.

— olivacea, L.

— physodes, L.

— perlata, L.
tiliacea

var. scortea, Ach-

Parmeliei {cont.)

Parmelia conspersa, Ehrh.

— acetabulum. Neck.

— saxatilis, L.
Physcia parietina, L.

— ciliaris, L.

— pulverulenta, Schreb.

var. pityrea, Ach.

— obscura, Ehrh.

var. virella, Ach.
var. ulothrix, Ach.

— stellaris, L.

var. tenella. Scop.
var. caesia, Hoffm.

Pannariei

Psoroma hypnorum, Vahl.
Pannaria pezizoides

var. coronata, Ach.

— microphylla, Sw.

— nigra, Huds.

Squamariei

Squamaria lentigera, Web.

— saxicola. Poll.
Placodium murorum, Hoffm.

— decipiens. Am.

— citrinum, Ach.

— fulgens, Sw.

Lecanorei

Lecanora vitellina, Ach.

— candelaria, Ach.

— fuscata, Schrad.

— varia, Ehrh.

— atra, Huds.

— circinata, Pers.

— snlphurea, Hoffm.

— expallens, Ach.

— subfusca, L.

— galactina, Ach.

— hageni, Ach.

— calcarea,

var. Hoffinanni, Ach.

— gibbosa

var. porinoidea, Flot.
- — parella, L.

var. Turneri, Sm.

— ferruginea, Huds.

— colobina, Ach.

— cerina, Ehrh.

BOTANY

Lecanorei {cont.)

Lecanora pyracea

var. ulmicola, DC.
var. holocarpa, Ehrh.
var. pyrithroma, Ach.

— arenaria, Pers.

— sophodes, Ach.

var. exigua, Ach.
var. roboris, Duf.

— pyreniospora, Nyl.

— haematomma, Ehrh.

— Conradi, Nyl.

— umbrino-fusca, Nyl.

Pertusariei

Pertusaria dealbata, Ach.

— communis, DC.

— fallax, Pers.

— velata, Turn.

— faginea, L.

— globulifera, Turn.

— leioplaca, Ach.
Phylctls agelaea, Ach.

— argena, Ach.

Thelotremei

Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach.
Urceolaria scruposa, L.

var. bryophila, Ach.

Lecideei

Lecidea decipiens, Ehrh.

— ostreata, HofFm.

— dispansa, Nyl.

Lecideei {com.)

Lecidea prominula, Borr.

— flexuosa

var. aeruginosa, Borr.

— decolorans, Flk.

var. escharoides, Ehrh.

— dubia, Borr.

— quernea, Dicks.

— parascma, Ach.

var. elaeochroma, Ach.

— uliginosa, Schrad.

— coarctata

var. elachista, Ach.

— contigua, Fr.

— canescens, Dicks.

— myriocarpa, DC.

var. chloropolia, Fr.
var. pinicola, Ach.
var. muscicola, Pers.

— caeruleonigricans, Lightf.

— tricolor. With.

var. insignis

— Ehrhartiana, Ach.

— diluta, Pers.

— alboatra, HofFm.

var. epipolia, Ach.

— aromatica, Sm.

— milliaria, Fr.

var. syncomista, Flk.

— premnea, Ach.

— rubella, Ehrh.

- — bacillifera, Nyl.

— muscorum, Sv/.

— effusa, Sra.

— cupularis, Ehrh.

— epigaea, Schr.

Opegrapha herpetica, Ach.
var. rubella, Pers.
var. rufescens, Pers.

— atra, Pers.

— Turneri, Leight.

— saxicola,

var. Chevallieri, Leighl

— varia

var. pulicaris, Lightf.
var. notha, Ach.
var. tigrina, Ach

— vulgata, Ach.

— Leightonii, Crombie

— lyncea, Sm.
Stigmatidium crassum. Dub.
Arthonia Swartziana, Ach.

— epipasta, Ach.

— cinnabarina, Wallr.

— pruinosa, Ach.
Graphis scripta, Ach.

var. serpentina, Ach.

Pyrenocarpei

Endocarpam hepaticum, Ach.
Verrucaria mauroides, Schaer.

— nigrescens, Pers.

— fuscella. Turn.

— polysticta, Borr.

— viridula, Schrad.

— rupestris, Schrad.

var. muralis

— calciseda, DC.

— gemmata, Ach.

— nitida, Weig.

FUNGI

The first, and until very lately the only list of Suffolk fungi, is that contained in
Henslow and Skcpper's Suffolk Flora. It is a good and extensive one, and is mostly due to
Mr. Skepper, who for several years collected very diligently, especially in 1856, about Bury,
and was very considerably assisted by the Rev. M.J. Berkeley, at that time our great authority
on fungi. After the publication of his Flora of Suffolk in 1889, Dr. Hind paid much
attention to the larger fungi, thus adding materially to the list of species ; many of his
specimens were determined or confirmed for him by Mr. G. Worthington Smith, and a few
by Dr. Cooke. We are also indebted for records of some of the rarer species to Dr. Badham,
author of the Esculent Funguses of England, who resided at East Bergholt, in this county. A
list of the species thus far recognized in Suffolk is given by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield
in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society (1905-6), viii, 246-64.

Although the fungi are of small economic importance as articles of food, yet on the
other hand they are often very destructive in various ways. The only species usually eaten
in this country are the common and horse mushrooms, Agaricus campestris and arvensis, which
are both wholesome and much esteemed. The morel and truffle are well known and appre-
ciated, but are scarce.

Many other species are esteemed on the Continent, such as the Fairy-ring Cham-
pignon, the Cantharelle, &c., but are seldom tasted in this country. Many species are very
poisonous, even a small piece producing very severe illness or even death. Some of the
larger species are very destructive to trees and timber, while many of the small kinds are well-
known pests, such as the potato blight, the corn mildew, hop mildew, smut and bunt in corn, &c.
I 81 II

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

It was at one time supposed that the larger fungi, such as some of the Agarics, Polypori,
&c., only attacked dead or decaying trees, but though the spores may only gain access through
injuries or decay, the mycelium spreads into the surrounding parts, and thus kills the tree or
portions of it.

Another point worth mentioning is the very restricted nature of the matrix on which
some alone will grow. Thus Agaricus muddus only grows on beech, Polyporus hetulinus on
birch, P. dryadeus on oak. Boletus laricinus under larch trees, while many others show a marked
preference for one particular species of tree, as P. squamosus for ash, P. giganteus for beech,
P. sulphureus and Fistu/ina hepatka for oak, while others are not at all particular, but attack
many species of trees. The same is true of the smaller fungi.

The north-eastern part of the county, like the adjacent portion of Norfolk, is noted
among mycologists for the very rare Trichogastres — Batarrhea and species of Geaster — which
have occurred there.

No one since Mr. Skepper's death has paid much attention to the smaller species, which
are not given here, but may be found in the Flora of Suffolk.

HYMENOMYCETES
Agaricini

Amanita virosa, Fr.

— vaginata, Bull

— phalloides, Fr.

— muscaria, L.

— strobiliformis, Fr.

— rubescens, P.

— asper, Fr.
Lepiota procera, Scop.

— rachodes, Vitt.

— acutesquamosa, Wm.

— clypeolaria, Bull.

— cristata, Fr.

— cepaestipes. Sow.

— granulosa, Batsch.
Armillaria mellea, Vahl.
Tricholoma equestre, L.

— nictitans, Fr.

— rutilans, Schoeff.

— vaccinum, P.

— tcrreum, Schoeff.

— scalpturatum, Fr.

— cartilagineum, Bull

— sulphureum, Bull

— arcuatum, Bull

— acerbum, Bull

— grammopodium, Fr.

— subpulverulentum, Pers.

— nudum. Bull

— personatum, Fr.
Clitocybe nebularis, Batsch.

(canaliculatus)

— odora, Bull

— cerussata, Fr.

— candicans, Fr.

— dealbata, P.

— gallinacea. Scop.

— maxima, Fr.

— infundibuliformis, Schoeff.

— geotrupa, Bull

— flaccida, Sow.

var. lobatus (fimbriatus, b).

— cyathiformis, Fr.

— fragrans, Sow.

— laccata. Scop.

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

Agaricini {cont.)

Clitocybe phyllophila, Fr.
Pleurotus ulmariu?, Bull

— subpalmatus, Fr.

— fimbriatus, Bolt.

— ostreatus, Jacq.

— acerosus, Fr.
Collybia radicata, Relh.

— longipes, Bull (pudens)

— fusipes. Bull

— maculata, A. & S.

— butyracea. Bull

— velutipes, Curt.

— confluens, P.

— stipitaria, Fr.

— conigena, P.

— dryophila, Bull.

— exsculpta, Fr.

— tenacella, P.

— esculenta, Jacq.
Mycena pura, P.

— strobilina, Pers.

— lactea, P.

— galericulata, Scot.

— polygramma. Bull

— alcalina, Fr.

— galopus, Schrad.

— epipterygia. Scop.

— corticola, Schum.

— acicula, Schoeff. (clavus)
Omphalia pyxidata, Bull

— umbellifera, L.

— fibula, BuU
Pluteus leoninus, Schoeff.

— phlebophorus, Ditm.
Entoloma sinuatum, Fr.

— sericeum, ? Bull (pascuus)
Clitopilus prunulus. Scop.
Claudopus euosmus. Berk.

— variabilis, P.
Leptonia chalyboea, P.

— incana, Fr. (Sowerbei)
Nolanea pascua, P.
Pholiota praecox, P.

— capistrata, Cooke

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

Agaricini {cont.)

Pholiota squarrosa, MuU.

— adiposa, Fr.

— mutabilis, Schoeff.

— pudica, Bull

— heteroclita, Fr.
Hebeloma sinapizans, Fr.

— crustuliniforme, Bull

— fastibile, Fr.

— obscurum, P.

— rimosum. Bull

— geophyllum, Sow.
Flammula flavida, Schoeff.

— .apinea, Fr.
Crepidotus mollis, Schoeff.
Naucoria horizontalis, Bull

— melinoides, Fr.

— semiorbicularis, Bull

— siparia, Fr.
Galera tener, Schoeff.

— hypnorum, Batsch.
Tubaria furfuracea, P.
Psalliota an'ensis, Schoeff.

var. villaticus, Brond.

— campestris

var. pratensis, Vitt,
var. rufescens. Berk.
Stropharia aeruginosa, Curt.

— obturata, Fr.

— stercoraria, Fr.

— semiglobata, Batsch.
Hypholoma sablateritium, Fr.

— fasciculare, Huds.

— lacrymabundum, Fr.

— velutinum, P.

— Candollianum, Fr.

— appendiculatum. Bull
Psilocybe semilanceolata, Fr.

— foenisecii, P.

Panaeolus separatus, L. (senu-
ovatus)

— fimiputris. Bull

— papillionaceus, Bull
Psathyrella gracilis, Fr.

— atomata, Fr.

BOTANY

HYMENOMYCETES («»/.)

Agaricini (cont.)

Psathyrella disseminata, Fr.
Coprinus comatus, Fr.

— atramentarius, Fr.

— picaceus, Fr.

■ — fimetarius, Fr.

— niveus, Fr.

— micaceus, Fr.

— radians, Fr.

— radiatus, Fr.

— ephemeras, Fr.

— plicatilis, Fr.
Bolbitius titubans, Fr.

— fragilis, Fr.
Cortinarius purpurascens, Fr.

— collinitus, Fr.

— violaceus, Fr.

— anomalus, Fr.

— hinnuleus, Fr.
Paxillus involutus, Fr.

— panuoides, Fr.
Hygrophorus hypothejus, Fr.

— pratensis, Fr.

— virgineus, Fr.

— ceraceus, Fr.

— coccineus, Fr.

— miniatus, Fr.

— puniceus, Fr.

— conicus, Fr.

— psittacinus, Fr.

— vitellinus, Fr.
Gomphidius ? glutinosus, Fr.

— viscidus, Fr.
Lactarius torminosus, Fr.

— turpis, Fr.

— insulsus, Fr.

— blennius, Fr.

— vellereus, Fr.

var. exiuccus, Otto.

— piperatus, Fr.

— pyrogalus, Fr.

— deliciosus, Fr.

— pallidus, Fr.

— quietus, Fr.

— fuliginosus, Fr.

— glyciosmus, Fr.

— volemum, Fr.

— subdulcis, Fr.
Russula nigricans, Fr.

— rubra, Fr.

— foetens, Fr.

— emetica, Fr.

— Integra, Fr.

— alutacea, Fr.
Cantharellus cibarius, Fr.

— aurantiacus, Fr.
Marasraius peronatus, Fr.

— oreades, Fr.

— ramealis, Fr.

— androsaceus, Fr.

— rotula, Fr.

— caulicinalis, Fr.

— epiphyllus, Fr.
Lentinus Dunalii, Fr.

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)
Agaricini {com.)

Lentinus lepldeus, Fr.

— cochleatus, Fr.
Panus stypticus, Fr.
Schizophyllum commune, Fr.
Lenzites betulina, Fr.

POLYPOREI

Boletus luteus, L.

— flavus. With.

— flavidus, Fr.

— laricinus. Berk.

— granulatus, L.

— bovinus, L.

— sanguineus, With.

— variegatus, Fr.

— chrysenteron, Fr.

— subtomentosus, L.

— edulis, Bull

— ? aestivalis, Fr. (pachypus)

— Satanas, Lenz.

— luridus, SchoefF.

— scaber, Fr.

— cyanescens, Bull
Polyporus lentus, Berk.

— rufescens, Fr. (Daedalea

biennis, Bull)

— perennis, Fr.

— squamosus, Fr.

— varius, Fr.

— lucidus, Fr.

— giganteus, Fr.

— sulphureus, Fr.

— caesius, Fr.

— adustus, Fr.

— hispidus, Fr.

— cuticularis, Fr.

— dryadeus, Fr.

— betulinus, Fr.

— fomentarius, Fr.

— igniarius, Fr.

— ribis, Fr.

— salicinus, Fr.

— annosus, Fr.

— connatus, Fr.

— fibula, Fr.

— velutinus, Fr.

— hirsutus, Fr.

— versicolor, Fr.

— abietinus, Fr.

— ferruginosiis, Fr.

— vaporarius, Fr.
Daedalea quercina, P.

— unicolor, Fr.
Merulius tremellosus, Schrad.

— corium, Fr.

— lachrymans, Fr.
Fistulina hepatica, Fr.

Hydnei

Hydnum imbricatum, L.

— repandum, L.

— auriscalpium, L.

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

AURICULARINI

Thelephora caryophyllea, Fr.

— palmata, Fr.

— laciniata, P.
Stereum purpnreum, Fr.

— hirsutum, Fr.

— sanguinolentum, Fr.

— rugosum, Fr.

— acerinum, Fr.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa. Lev.
■ — tabacina. Lev.
Auricularia mesenterica. Bull
Corticium giganteum, Fr.

— laeve, Fr.

— coeruleum, Fr.

— ochraceum, Fr.

— quercinum, P.

— cinereum, Fr.

— incarnatum, Fr.

— nudum, Fr.

— confluens, Fr.

— polygonium, P.

— comedens, Fr.

— sambuci, P.
Cyphella galeata, Fr.

Solenia ochracea, HofFra. (Peziza
anomala)

Clavariei

Clavaria amethystina. Bull

— fastigiata, DC.

— muscoides, L.

— cristata, Holmsk.

— rugosa. Bull

— abietina, Schum.

— stricta, P.

— inaequalis, Mull.

— vermiculata. Scop.

— acuta, Sow.
Calocera cornea, Fr.
Typhula Grevillei, Fr.

Tremellini

Tremella follacea, P.

— mesenterica, Retz.

— albida, Huds.

— intumescens, Sow.

— viscosa, Berk.
Exidia recisa, Fr.

— glandulosa, Fr.
Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk.
Dacrymyces deliquescens, Dub.

— stillatus, Nees.
Ditiola radicata, Fr.

GASTEROMYCETES

HyPOGAEI

Melanogaster ? variegatus, Tul.
(T. moschatum)

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

GASTEROMVCETES (cont.)
Phalloidki

Phallus Impudicus, L.

— iosmus. Berk.
Cynophallua caninus, Fr.

Trichogastres

Batarrea phalloides, P.
Tulostoma mammosum, Fr.
1} caster coliformis, P.
' — fornicatus, Fr.
• — striatus, DC.

— Bryantii, Berk.

— limbatus, Fr.

— mammosus, Che7.

— rufescens, Fr.

— hygrometricus, P.
Bovista nigrescens, P.

— plumbea, P.
Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch.

— caelatum, Fr.

— atropurpureum, V^itt.

— saccatum, Vahl.

— gemmatum, Fr.

— pyriforme, SchoefF.
Scleroderma vulgare, Fr,

— verrucosum, P.

M^TtOGASTRES

Lycogala epidendrum, Fr.
Reticularia umbrina, Fr.

— maxima, Fr.
Aethalium septicum, Fr.
Spumaria alba, DC.
Diderma vernicosum, P.

— spumariodes, Fr.

— globosum, Fr.
Didymium hemisphericum, Fr.

— squamulosum, A. and G.

GASTEROMVCETES (<•««/.)

MVXOGASTRES {cont.)

Didymium farinaceum, Fr.

— nigripes, Fr.
Physarum nutans, P.

var. aureum, P.

— album, Fr.

Angioridium sinuosum, Grev.
Badhamia hyalina, Berk.

— fulvella. Berk.

— pallida, Berk.

— nitens. Berk.
Craterium minutum, Fr.

— leucocephalum, Ditm.
Stemonitis fusca. Roth.

— ovata, P.

Fnerthenema elegans, Bowm.
Arcyria punicea, P.

— incarnata, P.

— nutans, Fr.
Trichia fallax, P.

— clavata, P.

— turbinata, With.
Perichaena popnlina, Fr.

NiDULARIACBI

Cyathus striatus, HofFm.

— vernicosus, DC.
Crucibulum vulgare, Tul.
Sphaerobolus stellatus, Tode.

ASCOMYCETES
Elvellacki

Morchella esculenta, P.

— semilibera, DC.
Helvella crispa, Fr.

— lacunosa, Afz.

— elastica, Bull

ASCOMYCETES {c<mt.)

Elvellacei (cont.)

Verpa digitaliformis, P.
Sp.ithularia flavida, P.
Leotia lubrica, P.
Geoglossum glutinosum, P.
■ — glabrura, P.

— hirsutum, P.

— difForme, Fr.
Peziza acetabulum, L.

— tuberosa. Bull
. — venosa, P.

— b.idia, P.

— cochleata, Huds.

— aurantia, Fr.

— repanda, Wahl.

— cerea. Sow.

— cupularis, L.

— lanuginosa, Bull

var. Sumneri

— sepulta, Fr.

TUBERACEI

Tuber aestivum, Vitt.

Sphaeriacei

Torrubia militaris, Fr. (Isaria

farinosa)
Claviceps purpurea, Tul.
Epichloe typhina. Berk.
Hypocrea rufa, Fr. (Trichoderma

viride)

— alutacea, Fr.

Xylaria polymorpha, Grev.

— digitata, Grev.

— hypoxylon, Grev.

— carpophila, Fr.
Poronia punctata, Fr.
Ustulina vulgaris, Tul.
Hypoxylon concentricum, Grev.

ADDENDA

Since this list was compiled, the following species and varieties of flowering plants have
been recorded for the county : —

f^iola rurafis, Jord.

Acer campatre, L. var. leiocarpon, Wallr.

Kubus nitUtis, W. and N. E.

R. GoJroni, L. and L. W.

R. raJula, Weihe.

Hieracium scanicum, Dahlst. W.

Melampyrum arvense, L. W. Recorded in
Henslow and Skepper's ' Fl. SufF.' i860, and a
specimen exists collected in 1773 by Sir J. Cullum,

so the pl.int is something more than a casual in
the county as Hind (' FI. SufF.' 1889) suggests may
be the case.

{Orobanche caryofhylkcea, Sm. W.).

O. Pkridis, F. Schultz. W. Specimen seen in
Hb. Skepper.

Colchicum autumnak, L. var. album.

A'so Erythrj^a pukhella, Fr. Jias been found in
SuiFolk West.

ZOOLOGY

MARINE ZOOLOGY

For more than twenty years I have spent a considerable part of the
summer months on board my yacht The Glimpse in the various estuaries
of Suffolk, chiefly at Harwich, Mistley, Pinmill, Bawdsey, Woodbridge,
Orford, and Aldeburgh, occupying much of my time in trawling and
dredging, and in collecting on the surface of the water and on the banks
left dry at low tide. I have never been in the district at any other
season, and what I say about the marine animals relates only to the warm
part of the year, from May to September inclusive. In hot weather the
temperature of the estuaries is high owing to the great extent of mud
banks left dry at low water, and I have known it as much as 74 deg. in
the Orwell at Pinmill, whereas in winter the surface is sometimes
frozen. I have never been out in the more open sea in very hot and
still weather, and the highest temperature I have observed there was
67 deg., but no doubt the water in winter is warmer than in the estuaries.
These differences must have a great influence on the kinds of animals met
with in the different localities and at different seasons of the year. In
some cases even a few weeks make a considerable difference, for some of
the animals might be called annuals. There is also a great difference in
different years. My observations extended from 1882 to 1903 both
inclusive, and in that period there were great changes in nearly all
districts. Some animals common at the earlier part were scarce or not
found at the later, and the reverse, but it is impossible to say to what
extent this was a periodic or permanent change. I hope that the
account I now give of the numbers and species found in the above-named
years may throw light on this question. At the same time it is im-
portant to bear in mind that much depends on the methods used in
collecting, living on board a yacht being very different from living on
shore with the occasional use of a boat.

Characteristic Features of the Coast

In giving an account of the marine animals of Suffolk it seems
reasonable to include those I have collected on the southern side of the
Stour at and above Harwich, though it really belongs to Essex. This I
examined much more because the northern side was farther away and
less convenient for landing. I have spent a considerable time in Harwich
Harbour and collected on the shore and trawled and dredged inside and

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

outside. It is an excellent district for collecting animals like Medusae
drifted in by the strong tide from the more open sea. Passing westward
up the Stour there are large tracts of mud covered by Zostera marina^ in
some places as much as a mile wide, left dry at low water, and at a dis-
tance looking much like green fields. Dr. Laver of Colchester informed
me that many interesting fishes may be caught by trawling over these
flats, and possibly some interesting animals may occur in parts I have not
been able to examine, as for instance near Wrab Ness. I have spent a
good deal of time at Mistley, and have obtained some animals which
I have not found elsewhere ; but on the whole it is too far up the estuary
to be satisfactory.

I have lived many months on the Orwell at Pinmill, and have very
often dredged and trawled and collected on the surface and shores in a
long series of years. Here also are wide tracts of mud covered by Zostera
left dry at low water. In some places the edges of these left dry when
the tide is low have yielded a number of rare and interesting animals,
several of which I have never found elsewhere, whilst one had not been
previously found in England. The character of the deeper water near
Pinmill changed remarkably from 1895 to 1902, and furnished an
excellent illustration of the effect of changing condition on the animals
living at the bottom. At about 1895 and earlier, before extensive dredg-
ing operations were carried on to improve the navigation to Ipswich,
the water was remarkably clear and the bottom covered by an unusual
variety of living animals, some of which I have seldom or never found
elsewhere. Later the deposit of mud caused the bottom in 1897 to be
covered by tough material built into imperfect tubes by countless
numbers of Amphipods, mainly Jassa pulche/Ia. In 1898 and 1899 the
bottom was comparatively clean, and still more so in 1900, but still
even in 1901, when it had become fairly good, most of the interesting
animals which had been displaced had not returned, and the ground was
almost completely usurped by vast numbers of Ascidklla aspersa. Since
then I have not been able to visit the locality and learn how far the
original conditions have been restored.

Passing north of Felixstowe are some rocks left dry at low water
which, unfortunately, I have examined very imperfectly. The estuary
of the Deben is in some respects similar to the Orwell and yet differs
materially. I have studied it fairly well all the way to Woodbridge and
found in considerable numbers several animals which are rare elsewhere.

North of the Deben the conditions begin to change, and the amount
of coarse moving gravel increases much and is most remarkable near the
mouth of the Aide, very properly called ' Shingle Street.' I have studied
this estuary to a good way above Aldeburgh, where it must often be
under the influence of fresh water. Taken as a whole the animals differ
considerably from those in the Orwell and Deben.

Passing the mouth of the Aide we come to Ortord Ness and enter
the North Sea, where the conditions of the coast differ much from those
in the more southern parts of the county. The coast here is more

MARINE ZOOLOGY

exposed, and the sand and shingle are little suited for collecting marine
animals as they are so apt to be washed away or covered up. I know
little of the coast except near Dunwich and Southwold, but both there
and at Lowestoft the shore looked so unpromising that I never attempted
to dredge, which, moreover, would have been very inconvenient when
living on a yacht since there is no available harbour except Lowestoft.

Density of the Water

The amount of various soluble salts as measured by the density of
the water has often such a preponderating influence on the local distri-
bution of many marine animals that it is important to consider it specially.
It even seems to have a decided effect when the difference is com-
paratively small. My observations have extended over a considerable
area and for a number of years, but have all been made in the summer
months from May to September inclusive, just at the time when the
distribution of the animals was studied. In the cold part of the year
nearly everything would be different.

First with regard to the more open water along the coast. My
observations north-west and south-east of Harwich have been sufficiently
numerous, but north of Orford Ness have been confined to only one
season, viz. 1886. There is a very decided difference in the means of
different years and therefore I compare the densities for that year alone.
I then found that the density gradually decreased from the Wallet off
the Colne to the North Sea off Lowestoft as follows : —

Off the Colne

. 1026-87

Off Clacton and Walton .

. 102673

Near the Cork Light

. 1026-37

Off Southwold ....

• 1025-53

Off Lowestoft .....

. 1024-57

The explanation of this probably is that at the south-west end there is so
much more shallow water exposed to evaporation, while at the north-
east end the great bulk is of the deeper water of the North Sea. It is,
however, very desirable that this conclusion should be confirmed by
observations in other years. Judging from what I have learned in the
estuaries, such a difference is quite sufficient to materially influence the
local distribution of some marine animals.

In comparing the various estuaries one of the most important
points to consider is the difference between the mean density of the high
and low water in different parts. This alone is sometimes quite sufficient
to explain why the animals differ. This difference in density at the
lower parts of an estuary depends on a considerable number of circum-
stances, and may be looked upon as a very good index of the general
character of the species found there. To enter into detail would be out
of place here, but I may say that the extent of this difference seems to
go far to explain the local distribution of many animals as shown in
my lists, and on comparing the different estuaries along the coast of

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Essex and Suffolk it also seems to show why some are good for the culture
of oysters and others unfit, and why they sometimes turn green and in
other estuaries lose greenness acquired elsewhere.

Marine and Freshwater Plankton

When carrying out researches in the Thames in 1882 in connexion
with the main drainage of London on behalf of the Board of Works it
occurred to me that it was desirable to ascertain the number per gallon
of water of such small animals as Cyclops, since their excrements were
often so abundant in the mud as to indicate that they might play an
important part in destroying the sewage material. Subsequently from
the early part of May to the end of September I systematically and regu-
larly carried out similar inquiries in the various estuaries and rivers of
Suffolk, Essex, and Kent, and in the more open seawater off the coast.
At that time little or no attention had been paid to this subject, which
is now looked upon as very important because such small animals form so
large a part of the food of larger species.

By the method adopted I obtained in a small bulk of water all the
living animals too of an inch or more in diameter in a known volume of
water, collected near the surface, near the bottom, and half way between.
I found it most convenient to give the number per 10 gallons in order to
avoid fractions when dealing with mean results, though as a general rule
only 2J gallons were collected. No attempt was made to distinguish the
species, which would have made the study much more difficult and com-
plicated, but the different groups of animals could easily be recognized
by their manner of swimming. The numbers thus found varied enor-
mously from 10 gallons, in fact from only two or three up to 10,000 or
more.

One object which I had in view was to ascertain the influence of
the varying amount of salts on the kind and number of the small free-
swimming animals in passing down the rivers from where the water was
fresh till we come to the sea water itself. This is a question of paramount
importance in studying estuaries, which in the case of Suffolk have so
great an extension. At the same time the results depend not merely on
the amount of salts, but also on associated conditions of different kinds.
In order therefore to properly elucidate the facts I determined the excess
in the weight of the volume of 1,000 grains of rain water.' The rivers
and estuaries I studied in 1884 were: in Suffolk the Aide, Butley,
Orwell, and Stour ; in Essex the Colne, Blackwater, Crouche, and
Roche; and in Kent the Medway. Since 1884 I have much extended
these observations.

' The late Dr. H. C. Sorby evidently intended to give tables showing the distribution of animals
similar to those printed in F.C.H. Essex, i, 74, but no details on this point have been found among
the MS. notes relating to his article [Editor V.C.H.].

MARINE ZOOLOGY

Ceratium

The Orwell is occasionally characterized by the occurrence of a
large number of the small Peridinean Ceratium. This multiplies to a
remarkable degree in the dock at Ipswich so as to completely alter the
colour of the water. In fine sunny weather it rises to the surface and is
more or less drifted into the sheltered upper corner, so that the whole
looks of a peculiar coffee colour. By careful division and counting I
found that near the surface the water may contain several millions per
gallon and the bottom only about one-twentieth of that number, and that
when cold and dull the surface may contain only 40,000 per gallon.
This is the only locality in which I have seen anything of the kind.

I. PROTOZOA

Noctilura mi/iarii. The number of this per gallon
of water varies enormously in different places
and in different seasons and in different years.
Sometimes they are very few, but on one

occasion the average number from top to
bottom in Harwich Harbour was about
4,000 per gallon

II. PORIFERA {Sponges)

I. CALCAREA II. SILICEA

Leuctsoltnla lacunsia, Johnston. Dredged in the

Wallet by Mr. H. W. Unthank
— iofryciJei, Ellis & Solander. Found in the
Orwell near Pinmill and in the Wallet

Specimens of G. coro-
nata and compreaa,
which attain extra-
ordinary size, were
procured by Rev.
W. B. Clarke in
the Orwell (see
Bowerbank Brit-
ish Spongtadae),
(A.M.N.)

Grantia coronata, Ellis & Sol.
— compresia, O. Fabr.

Chalmo oculata, Pallas. In the Orwell near Pin-
mill and in Harwich Harbour

Hatuhondria panicea, Pallas. Previous to 1895 this
was very abundant in the Orwell near Pin-
mill, and is more or less common in other
places

Isodictya fucorum, Bowerbank. Dredged in the
Wallet by Mr. Unthank

— palmata, i Bowerbank. Found in the Wallet
by Mr. Unthank

C/iona celata, Grant. Found in oyster shells,
into which it bores and does much in-
jury

III. COELENTERATA {Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, &c.)

I have not myself collected the more minute species, but Mr. Wm. Cole lent me a
collection made by Mr. G. H. Hope in the neighbourhood of Harwich, and the species have
been identified by Dr. Walter Garstang.

I. HYDROZOA

1. Hydroid Zoophytes

Coryne vagitia/a, Hincks. Found by Mr. Hope in
June and July

Tubularia larynx, Ellis & Sol. I have often ob-
tained this from the bottom of my yacht
after lying in Suffolk waters

— indivisa, Linn. I am almost certain that I have
found this in Suffolk, but it does not appear
to be common, and 1 have not seen it lately

I 89

I. HYDROZOA (««/.)

I. Hydroid Zoophytes (cont.)

ObeRa gelatinosa, Pallas. I have obtained several

tine specimens from the Orwell
Sertukrell: polyxomas,]J\xin. Found near Harwich

by Mr. Hope
Sertularia pumila, Linn. Mr. Hope says he has

found this at all seasons near Harwich
— operculata, Linn. Found by Mr. Hope near

Harwich

A HISTORY OF SlJFFOLK

I. HYDROZOA {cimf.)

I. Hydroid Zoophytes (cent.)

Sertularta abietina, Linn. Collected by Mr Hope
near Harwich

— argentea, Ellis & Sol. Found near Harwich

by Mr. Hope

Hydrallmama fakata, Linn. Collected near Har-
wich by Mr. Hope

Antennularia antennina, Linn. Found near Harwich
by Mr. Hope

Plumularia setacea, Ellis. Specimens bearing
gonophores occur in the Orwell near Fin-
miU

— echinulata, Lamarck. Specimens taken by

Mr. Hope in June and October bear gono-
phores

2. Medusae

{a) Hydromeditsa

I have obtained a number of specimens by means
of a tow net, and in sievings of the water;
they were not well preserved for indenti-
fication, but appeared to be some species of
Phialidium. Probably many others could be
obtained if specially looked for

(^) Discomedusa

Chrysaora isosceles, Linn. I have collected more of
this in Harwich Harbour than elsewhere.
In 1 899 I saw an unusually large one at
Felixstowe, estimated to have a disc a foot
in diameter, and tentacles five or six feet
long

Cyanea capUlata, Linn. For some years I have
seen considerable numbers in Harwich
Harbour, in the Orwell, and in the Aide at
Orford. They were chiefly of a creamy
white, or of a more or less brown orange
colour. The amount of solid matter in
these animals is surprisingly small. One
from which the salt was removed by keep-
ing in dilute formalin was found to contain
at least 99 J per cent, of water

— lamarckii, Peron & Les. This beautiful blue

purple medusa is usually rare, but in Sep-
tember 1 884. was fairly common in the Aide
near Shingle Street, and possibly I once
jaw it in the Orwell

In 1 884 1 obtained a medusa in the Orwell,
of which I made a coloured drawing, which
differed from any of the above species of
Cyanea in having the lower appendages of a
fine brown colour, but the drawing is not
sufficiently detailed to identify the species

I. HYDROZOA {com.)

2. Medusae {cent.)
{b) Discomedusa (cont.)

Jurfiia aurita, Linn. This is by far the most
abundant of all the medusae. The number
in the Orwell is often most remarkable, so
that occasionally there appear to be 100
or so in each square yard. I never remem-
ber seeing anything like so many in the
Stour, Deben, or Aide. Sometimes I have
seen specimens in Harwich Harbour i 5 in.
in diameter. I have an interesting series of
more or less rare abnormal varieties, some of
which may be due to injuries when young

Rhizostoma octopus, Linn. I have never seen this
in any of the estuaries of Suffolk, but havs
met with a few large individuals in the Wallet,
though not so many as farther south-west

II. CTENOPHORA

Pkurobrachia pileus, Fleming. Both large and small
specimens used to be very abundant in the
Stour and Orwell about 1 897, but afterwards
seemed to become more and more scarce,
and in 1900 and 1901 I obtained very few,
though carefully looking for them

III. ANTHOZOA (Sm Anemones and Corals)

Akyonium digitatum, Linn. Found off Harwich
outside the harbour, but the specimens
are small and not common

Actinoloba dianthus, Ellis. I have often obtained
the white and flesh-coloured, but not the
dark brown varieties at extreme low water
level from the piers at Harwich and Parkston

Sagartia troghdites. In the Orwell near Pinmill I
have often dredged specimens too small for
proper identification attached to large indi-
viduals o{ Ascidiella aspersa

I have been informed that this species
occurs on the rocks left dry off Felixstowe,
but am not sure the identification was
correct, and it may be the species just noticed

Tealia crassicornis, O. F. MuUer. I have collected
this many times in the Orwell near Pinmill,
and it was very abundant off Harwich at
low water level in 190 1. It was also com-
mon in the Aide opposite Orford, and may
be so now

Halcampa ckrysantkellum, Gosse. I have occasionally
found this in the mud near Pinmill, but not
in later years

IV. NEMERTINEA

Lineus obscurus, Desor. The only place in which
I have found this was in the mud of the
Stour near Mistley. It is remarkable for
the extent to which it can elongate itself

Amphiporus kctifloreus, Johnston. I have found
only one specimen, which was a good many
years ago, in the mud of the Orwell at Pin-
mill

MARINE ZOOLOGY

V. NEMATODA (?)

Nectonema (?). I have seen only one specimen,
which was caught when swimming near the
surface in Harwich Harbour. It is white,
Jijin. long, and about ^V '"■ wide from

end to end. When examined with a
microscope it is seen to be full of eggs, and
is probably a fish parasite which escaped
from its host when mature

VI. ANNELIDA

I. POLYCHAETA

Aphrodita aculeata, Linn. Some years ago I often
dredged this in the Stour off Harwich, but
I have not obtained it there recently. It
is much more abundant in the Wallet

Lep'idonotus squamatus, Linn. This occurs in most
localities, but not in great numbers

Nereis diversicolor, Milll. Common in the various
estuaries in the mud left dry at low water, and
in 1901 was very abundant in the Orwell
at Pinmill not much below high-water mark.
Some specimens are red, from the amount
of h.iemoglobin, others are pale, and some
deeply coloured by a peculiar green pigment

■ — cuhrifera, Grube. In 1901 this was com-
mon in the sandy mud near low-water off
Harwich. It can be distinguished at once
from the other species by its peculiar man-
ner of swimming

— pelagtca, Linn. Before 1 901 this was com-

mon, and of large size outside Harwich
Harbour, being dredged up with masses of
the sandy tubes of Sabellaria spinulosa, but in
1 90 1 this material had been bro'cen up. I
found only a few small specimens or none
at all. I have also occasionally dredged it
in the Aide off Orford

— kngissima. In 1901 I obtained from the mud

near Pinmill the only specimen of by far
the largest Nereis I have ever found irt the
south-east of England. It is 7 in. long, and
above \ in. thick, and agrees with specimens
collected near Queenborough in the Hete-
ronereis collection identified by Dr. E. J.
Allen. It was so strong and active that it
broke itself in two when put into diluted
formalin, which I do not remember to
have happened in the case of any other
Nereis. On 24 May 1889, when sailing up
the Orwell, I saw several specimens of a
large Heteronereis swimming near the surface
which may have belonged to this species, but
none were collected and properly examined

— dumerilii, Aud. & M. Edw. Probably com-

mon in many places, but often lost out of
the dredge. The best specimens I ever
obtained were from an old buoy near Pin-
mill. When kept alive they soon built a
semi-transparent branching tube open at
both ends, from which they came out to
feed on Ulva latissima, and went back again.
One which I had kept alive for a consider-
able time laid in a few minutes eggs carefully
estimated at about 10,000, and had not

I. POLYCHAETA (f«./.)

passed into the Heteronereis condition. I
never found it completely changed except
when swimming near the surface. Though
I have lived so long on the estuaries of
Suffolk I saw this only on one occasion,
which was in the early morning of 16 July
1898, when they were so numerous for a
few hours in Harwich Harbour that there
were probably something like a million.
All those caught appear to be males or females
containing no ova. The maximum size
was about i \ in long, which is about one
half that of those found at Pinmill, some of
which contain ova

Nephthys hombergii, Cuvier. I have obtained many
from the mud of the Orwell, and it is fairly
common in the other estuaries of Suffolk.
It varies considerably in colour, being more
or less red or brown

— caeca, Fabr. I have found a few specimens
off Harwich and near Pinmill, but it is ytxy
much more rare than the other species

Phyllodoce maculata, Mull. Occurs in the sandy
mud near low-water level off Harwich, but
is comparatively rare

Syllis armillaris. Mull. Obtained from material
dredged in the Stour off Harwich, and may
be common, but often lost on account of its
small size. It is interesting from the
manner in which it multiplies by the forma-
tion of one or more heads in the length of
the body and subsequent division

Nerine foHosa, Aud. and M. Edw. I have found
this in the mud of the Orwell, but it appears
to be rare

Scolopus armiger, O. F. Muller. All my preserved
specimens were collected in Essex, but I
think it very probable that I have found it
in the sandy mud off Harwich

Cirralu/us cirratus. Malm. Though rare elsewhere
in the district of the Thames estuary, and
I have not found it in any other place in
Suffolk, it was most remarkably abundant
in 1900 and 1901 in the mudbanks of the
Orwell near Pinmill, so that hundreds could
be collected in a short time. Though most
of them seem to me to be somewhat smaller
than they were about 1890, the species
has so greatly increased in numbers that it
has probably driven away many other animals
that at one time were common. Most of
the specimens are of dark colour, but others
pale. One that I kept alive laid in a short time

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

I. POLYCHAETA {con/.)

Cirratulus cirratus. Mull, {conf.)

eggs, which hy careful division and counting
were estimated at about 600,000, so that it is
not difficult to account for increased numbers

— tentaculatus, Flem. Dr. W. Garstang thought
that one of my preserved specimens collected
about 1890 belonged to this species, but in
1 90 1 I carefully examined many living
indiyiduals, and could not convince myself
that there was more than one species

Flabelligera affinis, Sars. About 1890 and earlier
this was inconveniently abundant in the
Orwell near Pinmill, many objects dredged
up being almost covered with it. At the
season of reproduction many were seen
wriggling about near the surface, and when
caught soon deposited eggs, which quickly
hatched. In 1899 and 1900 it had become
so scarce that I obt.iined few, and in 1 90 1
none. I never saw it elsewhere

Notomastus ktericeus, Sars. Found in sandy mud
near low-water level off Harwich, but is
apparently not common

Arenuola marina, Linn. Fine specimens are com-
mon in the mud of the Orwell and Stour,
but in some of the estuaries only small
individuals occur

Lanke cmchikga. Pall. Fairly common in the mud
of the Orwell near low-water level, and
probably in many other similar localities

Denofhilus (?) tieniatiu, Harmer. According to Mr.
Harmer this small worm occurs in pools on
the shore near Harwich

Amfhitrite johnstoni, Malmgren. Before 1901 this
was not uncommon in the mud of the Or-
well, but was then comparatively rare. One
kept alive laid eggs, which by careful re-
peated division and counting were found to
be about two millions in number

NUoka zostericola, Orst. About 1 890 great num-
bers of this chaetapod crept out of the
material dredged up in the Orwell near
Pinmill, when it was kept in sea-water, but
I have not found any since 1 897, when the
character of the bottom became so changed

I. POLYCHAETA {cm.)

Polycirrus auraittiacus, Grube. I obtained a very
fine specimen from the mud at Pinmill, the
body of which was scarcely anything but a
mass of eggs. In the course of a day when
kept in sea-water, the head end free from
eggs detached itself, and seemed still as
much alive as ever

Melinna crlstata, Sars. Well-grown specimens were
common in the mud of the Deben opposite
to Ramsholt, and I have found a few small
ones near Pinmill and off Harwich

Tercbeliides straemii, Sars. The occurrence of this
in the mud of the Orwell at Pinmill is of
much interest, since it had previously never
been obtained in England, and only once in
Scotland by Dalyell more than a hundred
years ago. About the year 1890 I was able
to collect quite a number, but have preserved
only four mounted specimens, not then
knowing that it was so rare. In 1 90 1 I
spent much time in looking for it, but was
able to find only one

Sabelkria spinuksa, Leuck. Large masses of the
sandy tubes built by these worms were com-
mon outside Harwich Harbour, but since
1900 they hare been broken up and almost
disappeared

Sabetla pavonina, Sav. Common in the Orwell at
the level of low tide, where dark-coloured
specimens are more abundant than in most
other localities

II GEPHYREA

Priafulus caudatus. In the mud of the Deben near
Waldringfrith they were for many years so
common near low-water level that I could
collect a hundred in a few hours. Many
had tails longer than their bodies, and now
and then one was found with two tails. At
one time large specimens were met with,
but after a very cold winter they were com-
paratively small. During the summer months,
when living on the Deben, I never saw any
indication of developed eggs

VII. ARTHROPODA

I. COPEPODA

I had collected many of these, but unfortu-
nately the material had been kept too long
before it was carefully examined, and had
deteriorated too much for the proper identifi-
cation of the species.

II. PANTOPODA (Sm Spiders)

Pynogmum littorak, StrOm. I do not remember find-
ing any in Suffolk, though I can scarcely believe
it is absent. At the same time I do not know
of any locality similar to that at Burnham in
Essex where fine specimens are common

II. PANTOPODA (fw/.)

Nymphon rubrum, Hodge. By far the best locality
I have ever met with for collecting this
animal is in the Deben below Woodbridge.
When sunny and the water clear, by stand-
ing up in a boat they may be seen swim-
ming in a curious sprawling manner, and are
easily caught in a sieve fixed to the end of
a long stick. The average size is about
an inch. I have kept many alive, and it is
curious to see how they fold themselves up
and lie on the bottom, and when disturbed
open themselves out like an umbrella and
swim away.

MARINE ZOOLOGY

VIII. MOLLUSCA

I have not paid special attention to some groups of these animals, and have recorded only
such as attracted my attention when collecting others. I must therefore express my thanks
to the Rev. Carleton Greene of Great Barford near St. Neots for the list of shells collected
by him, and to Mr. Wm. Cole for a list of those collected by Mr. A. Mayfield of Mendlesham.
I have also incorporated the species given by Mr. A. Patterson in his paper on the shells
collected by him near Great Yarmouth, published in the Zoologist for 15 May 1903,
though no doubt some w^ere obtained just outside Suffolk. In giving the following list I
combine all these with my own, and express the authority by the initials, viz. G. for Greene,
M. for Mayfield, P. for Patterson, and S. for Sorby.

The nomenclature is that of the Conchological Society in the Journal of Conchology
(1901), No. I, with subsequent corrections by Mr. W. E. Hoyle.

Many of my specimens have been examined and identified by Professor Herdman.'

I. AMPHINEURA

Crasfedochilus cinereus (G., P.)

• — • onyx, i

Acanthochites fascicular'is, ?

II. PELECYPODA {Bivalves)

Nucula nucleus (G., P., S.)

— nitida (P.)

Anamia efhippium (G., M.)
Mytilus edulh (G., M., P., S.)
Volsella modiolus (G., P.)
Modiolaria marmorata (G.)

— discors (G.)

Ostrea edulis (G., M., P., S.)
Chlamys varius (G., M., P.)
Mquipecten opercularis (G., P.)
Cyprina islandica (G.)
Montacuta bidentata (P.)
Syndosmya nitida (G.)

— alba (G.)

— tenuis (G., M.)
Scrobicularia plana (G., M., P., S.)
Tellina tenuis (G., S.)

— fabula (P., S.)

Macoma balthica (G., M., P., S.)
Donax vittatus (G., P.)
Mactra stultorum (G., P., S)
Spisula solida (G., P.)

— subtruncata (G.)

Tapes aureus (S.). In Orwell,
rare

— puUastra (G.)
Cardium exiguum (G., P.)

— edule (G., P., S.)

Mya arenaria (G., M., P., S.)

— iruncata (G., P., S.)
Pholas dactylus (G., P.)

II. PELECYPODA (cont.)

Bnrnea Candida (G., P., S.)
— ■ parva (G.)
Zirphaea crispata (G.)
Teredo navalis (G., P.)

III. GASTROPODA PROSO-
BRANCHIA {Univalves)

Patella vulgata (G., P.)
Helcion pellucidum (P.)
Acmaea virginea (P.)
Gibbula cineraria (G., M., P., S.)

— umhilicata (G., M.)
Calliostoma zizyphinus (G., M., P.)
Lacuna divaricata (G., M., P.)

— pallidula (G., P.)

Littorina obtusata (G., M., P., S.) '

— rudis (G., M., P.)

— littorea (G., M., P., S.)
Rissoa parva (G., M., P.)

— inconspicua (P., S.)
Paludestrina stagnalis (G., M.)
Truncate lla truncata (G.)
Calyptraea chinensis (G.)
Natica catena (G., M., P.)
Bittium reticulatum (P.)
Odostomia unidentata (P.)
Turbonilla lactea (G.)
Eulimella commutata (G.)
Turritella communis (G., M.)
Buccinum undatum (G., M., P., S.)
Neptunea antiqua (G., M., P.)
Ocinebra erinacea (G., M., P.)
Purpura lapillus (G., M., S.)
Nassa reticulata (G., M., P., S.)

— incrassata (G., M., P.)

III. GASTROPODA PROSO-
BRANCHIA {cont.)

Beta turricula (G., M., P.)
- rufa (G., P.)

IV. GASTROPODA OPIS-
THOBRANCHIA

Tetrabranchia

Tornatina truncatuk (G., M., P.)

— obtuta (G., P.)
Haminaea hydatis (G.)
Acera bulkta (G., S.)
Philine aperta (G., M., S.)

NUDIBRANCHIA

Facelina coronata (S.). Orwell
Fiona marina (S.). Orwell and

Stour
Acanthodoris pilosa (S.). Stour
Goniodoris castanea (S.). Orwell

V. CEPHALOPODA

Sepia officinalis (G., P.)
Sepiola atlantica (S.)

— scandica (P.)
Loligo media (P., S.)
Polypus vulgaris (P.)

About 1890 Sepiola atlantica
was much more common in
the Orwell and Stour than about
1 900, and the same may be said
of Loli^ media in the Stour, the
numbers of both seeming to de-
crease year by year.

' Journ. of Linn. Soc. 'Zoology,' xxiii, no. 148, p. 558.

' A very remarkable variety of this species was found by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in the Deben at
Shottisham Creek near Sutton and at Manningtree. It was named by him var. crstuarii, and is described
and figured by him in British Conchology, vol. v, p. 205, PI. ci, fig. 8 (A.M.N.).

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

IX. POLYZOA

I have myself paid little attention to these animals, and am obliged mainly to rely ort
the specimens collected near Harwich by Mr. G. P. Hope, lent to me by Mr. William Cole
and identified by Dr. Garstang. The nomenclature is that of Hinck's work on British
Marine Polyzoa.

Gemellaria hricata. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Mcnipea ternata. Harwi:h (G.P.H.)

Scrufocellaria reptans. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Bkellaria ciliata. Orwell.

Bugula plumosa. Harwich (G.P.H )

Notamia bursaria. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Flustra foliacea. Met with in the more open water,

but not common
— papyracea. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Membrampora lacroixii. Common in old shells,

&c., in the Orwell and elsewhere. The

larva {Cyphonantes) is often met with in

sievings of the sea water

Membranipora monostachys. Busk, \iT.fossaria, Hincks.

The Ore (Norman)
— pUosa. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Membramporella melolontha. Dredged in the Or-
well (Harmer)
Tubuliporaflabettaris. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Akyonidium gebtinosum. So very abundant in some
of the estuaries that the bottom must be
covered with it in some places
Ves'tcularia spinosa. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Amathla lendigera. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Anguinella palmate. Orwell (Harmer). Deben

(Norman)
Valker'ta uva. Harwich (G.P.H.)

The most interesting species in the foregoing list are M. monostachys, var. fossaria and
M. melolontha, which are, as far as is yet known, confined to the estuaries of the south-east
of England (A.M.N.)

X. ECHINODERMATA

Echinus miliaris, Linn. This occurs in great
numbers in the Stour off Harwich, so as to
be the chief feature in the material dredged.
It is also common in the Aide some miles
below Orford, and was so in the Orwell in
1898

Solaster papposus, Fabr. Occurs in most of the
estuaries, but is nowhere abundant

Ophiura ciliaris, Linn. Dredged in Harwich
Harbour, and is probably fairly common in
many other places

Ophiothrix frafflis, O. F. Mliller. Some years
ago this was abundant in the Orwell twisted
about inside and outside sponges, but was
not common in later years. I have also
occasionally dredged it in Harwich Har-
bour

Synapta inhaerens, O. F. Muller. For a number
of years I was able to obtain many excellent
specimens of this interesting animal from

the mud near low water on the south-west
side of the Orwell, a short distance below
Pinmill, but it had become comparatively
scarce in 1900, possibly on account of the
greatly increased numbers of Cirratulus
ctrratus. This local abundance of Synapta is
remarkable, for I do not remember finding
a single specimen in any other locality in
the district of the Thames estuary

Cucumaria (?). A fairly fine Holothurian was mode-
rately common in the Stour off Parkeston
about 1890, but I have not found one
for some }-ears, though I have carefully
dredged for it. Unfortunately no entire
specimen was preserved, and those portions
which I mounted as a lantern slide are inade-
quate to prove what species it was

Tiyone fusus, O. F. Muller. Found in the Orwell
and Stour, but only single specimens in
each estuary, and these somewhat small

XI. TUNIC ATA {Simple Ascidians)

Styelopsis grossularia, Van Beneden. More or less
common in the lo.wer part of the estuaries
and more open water, attached to stones,
shells, and algae. Common in the Deben
near Waldringfield

Polycarpa comata. Alder. Sometimes very abundant
in particular places in the Orwell near Pin-
mill, and less so in the other estuaries of
Suffolk. It is usually so covered with
attached sand as to look like a sandy con-
cretion

Polycarpa pomaria, Savigny. Was and may still be
very abundant in the Deben a little below
Martlesham Creek in a part where scarcely
any other animal was found. I obtained a
number in the Orwell near Pinmill in
1 90 1, though I had net seen any before

Ascidiella aspersa, O. F. Moller. In 190 1 this
was most remarkably abundant in the Or-
well below Pinmill, the botttom in some
places being covered by small ones, and
large masses being found like bunches of

MARINE ZOOLOGY

Ascidiella aspersa, O. F. MuUer (cont.) j^sdriia productii,V{3.ncoQk. In 1901 this was fairly

white grapes. Lower down large and ex- abundant in the lower part of the Orwell,

cellent specimens were obtained. Fairly often much attached along its side to dead

common in the lower parts of all the shells and other objects

estuaries. The great number of the larvae Ciona intfstina/is, Linn. In 1890 unusually good

in the water is shown by the fact that we specimens could be obtained by dredging at

have sometimes cleaned off the bottom of the ' the Rocks ' in the Deben above Ramsholr,

yacht so many young individuals mainly of but not in later years. It occurs in most of

this species that I estimated them at about the other estuaries and in the open water

100,000 which must have attached them- outside, but is not common, and often very

selves within no considerable period of time dirty

— virginea, O. F. MilUer. Compared with the Clavelina lepad'iformis, O. F. Milller. I do not

above-named species this is rare remember finding this actually in Suffolk,

Ascidia pkbein. Alder. Found in the lower part but cannot believe it is absent, since it is

of the Stour, but is not common fairly common within a few miles in Essex

COMPOUND ASCIDIANS

Some of these are conspicuous and attractive objects, and some very obscure and of little
interest, except for microscopic observation.

In the later months of summer the banks of the Orwell near Pinmili at extreme low
water are an excellent locality for the study of Botrylli., but this is made somewhat difficult by
the fact that they so soon die and decompose in hot weather, even when kept in a large
aquarium, so that it is almost impossible to compare living specimens collected on different
days. The individual colonies differ very greatly in colour from dark blue and dark grey to
flesh colour and yellow, and the difficulty is to make out how far this is due to difference ir
species or to extreme variation. This fact is fully recognized by Professor Herdman in his
paper on the classification of the Tunicata in the Journal of the L'tnnean Society?

After many trials I found that it was possible to preserve the specimens mounted in
Canada balsam, so that they could be compared in subsequent years with lower or higher
magnifying powers. The only important change is that the formalin used in the preparation
soon alters the blue pigment of some varieties into a brownish red one, similar to, if not
identical with, that which occurs naturally in the closely allied genus Botrylloides. On
examining these specimens it was soon seen that not only the well-preserved colour varies from
a more or less brown red to pale yellow, but there is much variation in its distribution, and a
very great difference in the general character of the individual animals. The difficulty, how-
ever, is that these differences are not those taken notice of in the published accounts of the
different species, so that, although it is easy to recognize what may be specific differences, it is
difficult to assign the proper names. It was soon seen that independent of colouring they could
be separated into three groups which differ so much that one feels constrained to look upon
them as species until a more extensive series of specimens furnishes connecting links. One of
these groups, however, shows great differences, and one must conclude that there is either a
single very variable species or else three or even four closely-related species, which differ mainly
in the extent and manner in which the colour is distributed. One of these possible species
seems to correspond with Botryllus sch/osseri, and another may be what has been called B.
polycyclus, but the difficulty of corroborating the observed structures with published descriptions
seems to show that much remains to be learned before anything more can be said than that,
though there may be several true species there is very great variation in some members of
the group, and it is difficult or impossible to say whether the characters are or are not of
specific value.

Botrylloides rubrum, M. Edw. I have found a few specimens in the Orwell, but since the

specimens on the pier at Harwich and in water has been muddy they have been

the Orwell, but it is far from common inferior in colour

— leachu,?>dLV. Previous to 1900 good specimens Didemnum ; Leptocl'mum ; Diplosoma. These occur

could be dredged in the Orwell below Pin- in the Orwell, but the species have not

mill, but after that they were inferior, been studied in a satisfactory manner

mainly owing to the muddy state of the Appendicularia (Chamisso). Specimens of these

water animals are common in the sievings of sea

Polyclinum aurantium. I have dredged a few water along the coast

' Aug. 1 891, xxiii, 606.
95

MOLLUSCS

(NON-MARINE)

That SufFolk, despite the apparent lack of diversity in its physical
features and the covering of drift with which the greater part of its
surface is masked, is a county favourable to the development of molluscan
life is attested by the large number of species that make it their habitat.

Not that they are at all evenly distributed. In the middle of the
county they are far from abundant, while the Breck district is the
poorest. Some species are absent from certain localities while common
in others. Thus Hygromia rufescem, one of our commonest snails, is
extremely rare in the most easterly part of the county, but common
and abundant in all parts farther west. On the other hand Helicella
Cantiana (the Kentish snail) is the commonest road-side snail in the east,
but rare to the west. While near Mendlesham that agricultural pest,
Agriolitnax agrestis, the grey slug, is said to be far from plentiful.

Out of the 145 or so species that are known to inhabit the British
Islands, no fewer than 116 have been recorded as occurring within the
area, and to this number not more than a bare half dozen are ever likely
to be added.

Four records have had to be rejected. Clausilia biplicata, which
appears to have been an error of either observation or determination :
Sphaerium rrvicola, which rests on specimens in the Ipswich Museum
doubtfully referred to that neighbourhood, though no examples have been
met with by recent collectors despite careful search: Pisidium fontinale and
P. pusillum, the specimens so named proving on investigation to belong
to other species.

The Pseudamnicola anatina, recorded from Oulton Broad in 1904 as
new to Britain, was considered by Dr. Boettger, who identified it from
dead specimens, to be doubtfully distinct from Paludestrina confusa, and
Mr. E. A. Smith, I.S.O., of the British Museum (Natural History),
after a careful observation of living specimens lately procured from the
same spot, states that the mollusc in question cannot be differentiated
from the latter form, pointing out in addition that there is considerable
doubt as to what shells were meant by the two separate authors who
severally employed the trivial name ' anatinus.' Mr. Smith's conclusion
has been adopted in the appended list.

The occurrences in SufFolk estuaries of the two forms Paludestrina
confusa and the recently discovered Assemania Grayana, hitherto known

MOLLUSCS

in these Islands only from the estuary of the Thames, is of great interest,
inasmuch as it adds another link to the chain of evidence that the
Thames and the East Anglian rivers were formerly connected with each
other and the Rhine in the broad valley now beneath the waters of the
North Sea.

Assemania has been found on the other side of this old valley in
Belgium and Denmark. Paludestrina confusa on the other hand is known
in the fossil state at West Wittering and Stone on the Sussex and Hants
seaboards.

'Jaminta tripltcata, another recent discovery, though considered by
some competent malacologists to be merely a variety of y. muscorum^ is
retained as a valid species.

The pretty little molluscs referred to the genus Vertigo seem very
partial to Suffolk, all the British species save V. alpestris, which is a
northern form, being represented. Of these the latest addition has been
V. Moultnsiana, and though its claim to be considered a Suffolk shell at
present rests on the presence of a single, recently dead, shell, there can
be no doubt of its existence in some one of those swamps in which it
loves to dwell and into which the ordinary collector does not love to
penetrate. The species is now known in nine English counties from
Derby to Devon, as well as in Galway, and occurs besides in several
post-tertiary deposits, so that it is widely spread but probably largely
overlooked on account of its uninviting habitat.

The Roman snail {Helix pomatid) here attains the furthest north-
easterly limit of its distribution in England. Originally thought to have
been introduced by the Romans, whence its popular name, it has now
been proved an old inhabitant by its occurrence in a deposit of pre-Roman
age near Reigate.

In a Pleistocene deposit at Stutton the following species that no
longer live in the British Islands have been found : — Eulota fruticum,
Paludestrina marginata, Um'o /ittora/is, Corbicula Jiuminalis, and Pisidium
astartoides. The first three still live on the Continent ; Corbicula dwells
to-day in the Nile; while the last seems entirely extinct.

A Holocene deposit at Knettishall has yielded a continental form,
Planorbis vorticulus, no longer living in Britain.

The literature dealing with the mollusca of Suffolk is not extensive.
The most important papers are : — One by the Rev. Carleton Greene
{Proc. of the Suff. Inst, of Arch, and Nat. Hist., vii, 275; Additions,
xi, 424), and two, one on East, one on West Suffolk, by Mr. A.
Mayfield {Journ. of Conchology, x, 295 ; xi, 333).

From these, with the assistance of stray notes and the Records of
the Conchological Society, the appended list has been compiled.

97 13

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A. GASTROPODA

Common

I. PULMONATA

a. Stylommatophora

Testacella hal'totidea, Drap. Blaxhall ; Bury
St. Edmunds ; Dallinghoo Rectory ;
Woolverstone; Martlesham, near Wood-
bridge

— scutulum, Sby. Campsey Ash (A. S.

Kennard)
Limax maximus, Linn. "1

— flavus, Linn. J

— arborum, Bouch. -Chant. Locai : Mendle-

sham ; Wetheringsett ; Haughley ; Rat-
tlesden ; Brandon
Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.). Only too com-
mon

— /amis (Mull.). Plentiful in damp places
Milax [ = Amalia] Sowerhyi (F^r.). Wood-
bridge ; Mendlesham ; Bramford ; Ips-
wich

— gagates (Drap.). St. Margaret's, Ipswich
Vttrina pellucida (Mttll.). ) ^

Vitrea crystamna\yi^\\.).\ Conimon

— luc'tda (Drap.). Ipswich

— cellaria (MuIl.). Common everywhere

— Rogersi, B. B. Woodw. [= glabra, Brit.

Auct.]. Common

— alliaria (Miller). Rare : Brandon ; Men-

dlesham

— nitidula (Drap.). Very common in dis-

tricts

— pura (Alder). Rare : Gt. Fakenham ;

Haughley ; Mendlesham ; Thornham ;
Bramford; Sproughton

— radiatula (Alder). Rare : Haughley ;

Brandon ; Lowestoft ; Mendlesham ;
Wickham Skeith
Zonitoides nitidus (Miill.). Rather rare : Gt.
Fakenham ; Wyverstone ; Brandon, nr.
Lake Lothing ; Lowestoft ; Needham
Market ; Sproughton

— excavatus (Alder). Hardwick
Euconulus \_Vitrea'\fulvus{M.iX\\.). Uncommon:

Drinkstone ; Knettishall; Tuddenham ;
Mendlesham; Bramford
Arion ater (Linn.). Common

— intermedius. Norm. Local : fairly dis-

tributed

— bortensis, F^r. Common

— fasciatus. Nils. [— circurnscriptus, John.].

Woodbridge ; Mendlesham ; Thwaite ;
Needham Market
Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Drinkstone ;
Haughley ; Gt. Fakenham ; Rattles-
den

I. PULMONATA (<:««/.)
a, Stylommatophora [cont!)

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap ). Rare at Wal-
sham-le-Willows ; plentiful in Mendle-
sham Churchyard ; Hopton

Pyramidula rotundata (Mtlll.). Common
everywhere

{Fairly common
throughout, ex-
cept on the clay
soils

— caperata (Mont.). Common

— Cantiana (Mont.). Not common, local,

plentiful where it does occur

— Cartusiana (MiilL). One dead specimen

at Little Glemham ; another at Gt.

Fakenham ; a flourishing colony on a

chalky hedge bank at Needham Market

Hygromia fusca (Mont.). Cockfield ; Felsham

— granulata (Alder). Local

— hisplda (Linn.). Common. The true

H. sericeoy Drap., appears to have been
confounded with this species, and it
is thought will prove common in
Suffolk

— rufescens (Penn.). Common
Acanthinula aculeata (MolL). Haughley ;

Drinkstone ; Gunton ; Mendlesham ;
Ipswich
Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Mendlesham ;
Bramford ; &c.

— excentrica, Sterki. Knettishall ; Wes-

thorpe ; &c.

— costata (Mull.). Hengrave ; Tuddenham
Helicigona lapicida (Linn.). Local

— arhuitorum (Linn.). Rare : Mildenhall ;

Oulton; Somerleyton
Helix aspena, Milll. Very common every-
where

— pomatia, Linn. Found in 1 897 by Mr.

Claude Morley in a chalk pit at Bram-
ford, but whether it had been intro-
duced there or not seems uncertain ;
a colony was introduced at Blaxhall in
part from Normandy in 1882, and in
part from Surrey in 1884, t>ut does not
appear to have bred

— nemoralis, Linn. Common

— hortemis, MqII. Commoner than the

preceding
Ena [ = Buliminus] montana (Drap.). Local :
in places south-west of Bury St. Ed-
mund's. The species, however, appears
to be dying out

MOLLUSCS

I. PULMONATA {cont.)
a. Stylommatophora {cont.)

Ena obscura (Mali.). Not common : locally

and widely distributed
Cochlicopa luhrica (Mull.). Common
Azeca tridens (Pult.). Friston ; plentiful in

the Mendlesham district ; Wickham

Skeith ; Thwaite
CaeciUoides [= Caecilianella] acicula (MolL).

Mendlesham; Aldeburgh; Ipswich; Old

Newton ; Ixworth Thorpe
"Jaminia [ = Pupd\ cyl'tndracea'\ Local, but

(DaC). [ widely dis-

— muscorum (Linn.). ) tributed

— triplkata (Stud.). Brandon ; Barton Mills
Fertigo minutissima (Hartm.). One specimen

on the wall of Burgh Castle, Gt. Yar-
mouth

— antivertigo (Drap.). Rare : near Lake

Lothing ; Lowestoft ; Brandon; Milden-
hall; Needham Market; Knettishall

— substriata (Jeff.). Thornham ; Hopton

— pyg^oea (Drap.). Haughley; Tudden-

ham ; Herringswell ; Lowestoft ; Men-
dlesham ; Wetheringsett

— Moulimiana (Dupuy). Rejectamenta of

Little Ouse at Knettishall

— /i«j/7/a. Mull. Near Woodbridge; Thwaite

— angustior, Jeff. Aldeburgh

Balea perversa (Linn.). Rare : Walsham-le-
Willows ; Mendlesham ; Wickham
Skeith

Clausilia laminata (Mont.). Rare : Haughley ;
Hitcham ; Mendlesham

— bidentata (Strom). Common : a white

variety was also found at Gislingham
Succinea putris (Linn.).

— e/eganSy Risso,

Fairly common

b. Basommatophora

Carychium minimum, MuU. Very common

Phytia [= Alexia] myosotis (Drap.). Coast
from Dunwich to Southwold

Ancylus Jiuviatilis, Miill. Rare : Brandon;
Mildenhall ; Bramford ; Needham Market

Acroloxus [ = Felletia'] lacustris (Linn.), Rare :
Gt. Fakenham ; Knettishall (dead
shells); Sudbury; Mendlesham; Ips-
wich

Limnaea auricularia (Linn.). Local

— pereger (Mull.). Common everywhere

— palustris (MulL). Local

— truncatula (Moll.). Fairly common

I. PULMONATA {cont.)
b. Basommatophora {cont.)

Limnaea stagnalis (Linn.). Common

— g/abra (Mull.). ' Suffolk ' (Leach)
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Mull.). Mildenhall ;

two specimens at Needham Market
Planorbis corneus (Linn.). ] Local, but widely

— a/bus, (Mall.). J distributed

— crista [ = nauti/eus'] (Linn,). Rare : Men-

dlesham

— carinatus, Mall.

Local, but
widely
d i s t r i-
buted

Very local, but widely

— umhilicatus, Mull. [

ginatus, Drap.].

— vortex (Linn.).

— spirorbis (Linn.).

— contortus (Linn.).

— fontanus (Lightf.).

distributed

Segmentina nitida (MuU.) [= Planorbis lineatus
(Walker)]. Rare : Mildenhall ; Need-
ham Market

Physa fontinalis (Linn.). Local, but widely
distributed

Aplecta [ = Physa] hypnorum (Linn.). More
local, but also widely distributed

IL PROSOBRANCHIA

Paludestrina confusa (Frau.). Oulton Broad ;
Blythburgh

— Jenkinsi (Smith). Oulton Broad ; Wal-

berswick ; Aldeburgh ; River Orwell

— ventrosa {M.on\.^. Aldeburgh; Southwold;

Woodbridge; Lowestoft; Breydon

— stagnalis (Bast.). Woodbridge and estu-

aries all down the coast
Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.). Common

— Leachii (Shepp.). Local, but widely dis-

tributed
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.). Near Oulton
Broad ; Ipswich ; Bramford

— contecta (Millet). Oulton Broad; several

localities in West Suffolk
Valvata piscinalis (Mull.). Widely distributed

— cristata, Mall. Very common
Assemania Grayana, Leach. Blythburgh ;

Aldeburgh; River Orwell

Pomatias elegans (Mall.). Lavenham ; Sud-
bury ; Bramford

Acicula lineata (Drap.). IpswiCh ; Sudbury ;
Oulton

Neritina fiuviatilis (Linn.). Rare : Brandon;
Mildenhall; Bramford

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

B. PELECYPODA

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.). Breydon

Vnio pictorum (Linn.). Gt. Fakenham ; near

Mildenhall ; near Oulton Broad
Anodonta cygnaea (Linn.). Local, but widely

distributed
Sphaerium corneum (Linn.). Common
— lacuitre (Mull.). Gt. Fakenham; Wal-

sham-le-Willows ; Mildenhall ; Barton

Mere ; Sudbury ; Mendlesham
Piiidium amnicum (MqU.). Widely distributed

Pisidium Henslowianum (Shepp.). Mildenhall;
Needham Market

— suhtruncatum, Malm. Mildenhall

— pulchellum, Jenyns. Mildenhall

— obtusale, Pfr. Wyverstone ; Mendlesham ;

Lowestoft

— nltidum, Jenyns. Wetherden ; Mendles-

sham ; Mildenhall

— Gassiesianum, Dupuy. Santon Downham j

Lowestoft

NOTE

Since the compilation of the above list a flourishing colony of Helisi pomatta has been
discovered in a large chalk pit at Rickinghall in the north of the county.

100

INSECTS

Not erroneously has Suffolk been termed ' that best of entomological
counties,' for I firmly believe that there is not another in Britain, with the
possible exception of Surrey, which lacks the sea-coast species, to compare
with it in the number and variety of its insect-fauna ; and if its list of at-
present discovered kinds is not equal to that of other districts the fact must
be attributed to lack of observers rather than to paucity of material. It is not
my province to set forth the very varied geological and floral features which
go so far to influence its insects' presence, but it is only fit that those localities
which may most advantageously be visited by the entomologist and their
peculiar treasures should be indicated in order ; and this will explain the
constant recurrence in the following account of some dozen of them with, I
trust, unnauseating frequency. The visitor leaves the railway at Bentley
station, and, after a glance at the crag-pits at Tattingstone and the Brantham
Dale on the east, strikes off west and begins his hunt at the Bentley
Woods, where for twelve years I collected weekly or oftener, and on my last
visit took a new Psocid ! It is a wood locality with oak on the one side, fir
on the other, and a marshy meadow between. The Raydon Woods, still
keeping westward, are similar though less wild ; and, farther on, Assington
Thicks is part of the same ancient forest-track, and its fauna has, perhaps,
been less disturbed through the ages. Then comes an unprofitable track
through Sudbury and Melford to Haverhill in the south-west corner of the
county, which is all heavy land, and with the single exception of Stanstead
Wood, of little use to us. Turning north we are soon on the chalky slopes
about Newmarket, which should yield many new things, though I have always
been disappointed there. Some ten miles to the east is Bury St. Edmunds
and Tostock, where Mr. Tuck has found many good things in the broad
woods, though it is all heavy land. But straight ahead we come to Tudden-
ham and Herringswell, which once formed part of the great fen level, and we
still find such inn-signs as ' The Anchor ' there. This is the best marsh-
collecting in the county : the Angelica grows 8 ft. high, one falls over
tussock-grasses hidden bv herbage, and on the southern side are scattered
woods of alder merging into birch, with broad open tracks of wild heather
and rabbits' warrens ; while on the north it is bounded by the sluggish and
weedy Lark River, on the banks of which, a little farther west, is good
collecting at Barton Mills and Mildenhall. The chalk at Worlington is
worth a visit from the latter town. Continuing northward we come to the
best heath collecting in the county ; between Eriswell and Brandon there is
heath, as far as the eye can reach nothing but heath — and rabbits. Maidcross
Hill at Lakenheath is worth a visit — it is all sand ; and Palmers' Heath
between it and Brandon is also productive. We are now at Brandon,

lOI

A HIStORY OF SUFFOLK

and south, east, and west, and along the Ouse River on the north, are
all most prolific ; but especially Town Street, the island by the Staunch
(which is not strictly in Suffolk), and the high sandy fields by the water-
works. It is all grand collecting on the sandy Thetford Warren, to Elveden
and Wordwell ; many good things were found in the old days at Livermere,
and then we get back to the greasy heavy lands about Mendlesham, Deben-
ham and Monk Soham, or keep along the northern rivers. Little Ouse and
Waveney. The latter is good for insects at Wortham and Bungay, and at
Beccles begins to broaden out into the Suffolk Broads, which at Barnby and
Oulton are in no way inferior to those larger ones of Norfolk. Continuing
north-east we find the coast at Gorton cliffs prolific ; and it is one of the
best localities for Aculeates in Britain — through Lowestoft, Kessingland,
Benacre and Covehithe and Easton Broads to glorious Southwold. Southwold
is an island : to the north are sandhills and sandy heaths ; to the south are
salt marshes along the River Blyth, the valley of which is all sweeping sandy
heath ; and this light soil stretches out southward to Westleton, Dunwich,
Snape, and Aldeburgh ; and yet farther south to Bromeswell, Butley, Orford,
Hollesley and Alderton: anywhere in this 40-mile coast, or within from 5 to
10 miles of it inland, good things are constantly turning up, and at Staverton
is a genuine primeval forest, well worth a visit. Felixstowe is no better
than the rest of the coast, though oftener visited, and its brackish ditches yield
well to the water-net. The whole peninsula of which it forms the apex,
with its bases at Woodbridge and Ipswich, is sandy land, and the heaths at
Nacton, Martlesham, and especially Foxhall, have added species to the British
list. The valley of the Gipping is worth a final excursion, for here is where
Kirby took most of his classic bees at Barham ; Glaydon Bridge, Bramford,
Great Blakenham and the chalk-pits at Little Blakenham are all productive of
their particular marsh and chalk insects.^ Roughly we may say that the
county is noted for its marsh insects at Tuddenham and Barton Mills in the
west, Oulton and Barnby in the north-east, and the salt marshes at Benacre,
Southwold, and Felixstowe ; for its heath or ' breck ' insects about Brandon,
Elveden, and Icklingham, which are very different from the ordinary heath
insects of the coast sands and Foxhall ; and, in a less degree, for its forest
insects at Bentley, Assington, Tostock, and Staverton. It is just this variety
of wooded heavy land in the south, chalk in the west and south-east, sandy
valley-gravels in the north-west, and light heathy coast line with its external
salt marshes, that enables us to enrol six and a quarter thousand different kinds
of insects in the list for Suffolk,

ORTHOPTERA

Earwigs, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Cockroaches, S-c

Even if we include the Dermaptera or earwigs, there are only about forty different kinds of
these voracious and interesting insects in Britain, so it is hardly surprising to find that just half this
number have been found to inhabit Suffolk. Of our forty kinds several were not originally natives,
but have, at various more or less remote periods, been introduced in ships plying between
English and Eastern ports. Some of them are of such extremely rare occurrence as to be regarded
as only casual visitors ; and others so nocturnal and retiring in their habits as to be but rarely seen,

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 265 : 'A Day in Kirby's Country.'

102

INSECTS

even where they exist in numbers. Several kinds were observed about Yarmouth by the Pagets ;
and a few on the coast by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield and Mr. E. Saunders, but there are no
notable records of them in periodical literature.

The little earwig, Labia minor, is of general distribution, and is not uncommonly found singly,
flying in the sunshine in June, July, and September, as well as upon the damp mud at the margins of
ponds, at Bentley, Claydon Bridge, Walton, Wickham Market, Framlingham, Tuddenham Fen, and,
Paget says, about Yarmouth.' Our only other earwig is the \xh\(\\x\toviS Forficula auricularia,-vf\\\ch
I have frequently seen flying to the light of street lamps, beneath which, if one did but look, they
often congregate in great numbers ; by day they hide away beneath stones, &c., but may occasion-
ally be seen assimilating the nectar from Angelica and ragwort flowers ; and upon one occasion my
hand received quite a sharp pinch from the forceps, usually supposed only capable of folding away
the wings. I have noticed the \zx\^ty forcipata, Steph., on nettles at Belstead ; and Paget mentions
its occurrence on the Yarmouth sandhills. Only two of the four smaller cockroaches have been
noticed, of which the first, Phyllodromia germanica, has established a footing in Ipswich houses ; the
latter is Ectobia Panzeri, and is common upon the coast sandhills among the marram grass from Felix-
stowe to Gorton ; Saunders found it at Lowestoft in August, and the larvae are equally common in
June and July. In the Hope Museum at Oxford there is one specimen of this species labelled
' Rev. W. Kirby, lapponica,' which was very likely taken in Suffolk nearly a century ago.^ Paget
says the common or household cockroach, Blatta orienta/is, was to be found in most Yarmouth
houses in 1834, and it is doubtless only too common throughout the county, though it would be
interesting to know if this imported species has yet penetrated to the more rural districts ; we have
none at Monk Soham. In June 1894 I took a male which appeared to have been attracted by, and
was crawling beneath, an electric light in the middle of Ipswich. B. Australasiae is not infrequently
imported in linseed, &c., from abroad.

Among the grasshoppers, Mecoitethus gmssus has been found in several Norfolk localities, and
appears to be the species referred to by Paget under the name Locusta flavipes, which he says was
common in Helton Bog, Suffolk. All the Stenobothri, except S. Uneatus, have been observed here ;
S. viridulus is not uncommon in marshy spots about Beccles, Barnby Broad, Southwold, and Tudden-
ham Fen. Some doubt must be entertained regarding the record of S. rufipes, which I took at
Beccles in 1892, but am now unable to remember upon which side of the Waveney. Bloomfield
has found S. elegam in July at Southwold ; it has occurred to me in Tuddenham Fen, and not
uncommonly in the marshes at Burgh Castle in August. 5. bicolor and 5. parallelm are abundant
everywhere ; one day my attention was called to two males of the former which were apparently
courting a single female at Foxhall by the unusually dull note they were both emitting ; and on
another occasion at Southwold I found an example on a first-story window, which was a curious
circumstance in so low-flying a species. Of Gomphocerus I have only noticed the common
G. maculatus, which is widely distributed about Foxhall, Corton sandhills, Southwold, and on the
Breck sands at Lakenheath and Brandon. The remainder of the short-horned grasshoppers, with
two exceptions, cannot be termed indigenous since they are but casual visitants. Both these excep-
tions are members of the genus Tettix ; T. bipunctatus, which appears to be the Acridium bipumtatum,
taken commonly about Yarmouth by Paget, is an extremely abundant kind and, unlike most Acri-
diodea, hibernates in the perfect state, the larvae being found in August. T. subu/atus is very local
in Suffolk, where I have met with it only among the dwarf sallows in the Poor Fen at Tuddenham
in June.

Of the long-horned grasshoppers, Leptophyes punctatisiima is generally distributed ; it sometimes
occurs upon ' sugar ' in the Bentley Woods, and has been observed at Felixstowe, Bramford, Assing-
ton, Farnham, Dennington, and Monk Soham. The pretty green Mecomma varium is not rare on
oaks and frequently visits sugared trees at Ipswich, Bentley Woods, and Tostock, but is rarely seen
in its earlier stages. Throughout the fen and broads districts the lovely chocolate and green
Xiphidium dorsale is to be swept from reeds : I first saw it not uncommonly in Barnby and Benacre
Broads in August, occasionally upon the flowers of Angelica, and it has subsequently turned up in
Tuddenham Fen and the salt marshes about Southwold ; it does not appear to obtain maturity till
the end of July, and is quite possibly the Acrida aptera which Paget records as common in damp
places in Lound Wood in September. The great green Locusta viridissima is occasionally not
uncommon on the banks of the Gipping at Sproughton ; and in the same neighbourhood I have
found it licking the stylopods of Angelica sylvestris at Claydon in September ; Mr. Tuck has taken it
at Bury St. Edmunds, Mr. Maynard at Orford, and there are specimens in Wheel's collection from
Assington. Thamnotrizon cinereus is mainly nocturnal in its habits, and is very frequently attracted
by 'sugar' in the Bentley Woods ; it has also occurred at Bungay and Wherstead. Among the

' It was flying in great numbers in my garden at Monk Soham on i May 1908.
' Cf. E>!t. Rec. 1900, p. 98.

103

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

crickets we can only boast of Gryllus domesticus, which is often heard shrilling in bake-houses in
Ipswich and Yarmouth, though rarely seen ; it is said to be an immigrant from northern Africa,
appears to be confined to such warm situations as the above, and has, at least in Suffolk, never been
found in the open country. Mr. Tuck tells me he has found Gryllus campestris about Tostock, in
Mid-Suffolk ; and it is extremely probable that the Mole Cricket {Gryllotalpa vulgaris) also lives in
the county, since Kirby and Spence record it from Ickleton, in Cambridgeshire.

NEUROPTERA

Dragon-flies, Stone-flies, Lacewings, Caddis-Jiies, i^c.

Under this head I shall, for the sake of convenience, group all the heterogeneous families that
have at various times been allowed to pass as possible members of this order of insects since, in a
work like the present, it is good to give as comprehensive a conspectus as can be set out.
Among the dragon-flies we find many species have been recorded from Suffolk in The Entomalogists'
Annual of 1 86 1, Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, znA The Entomologist, in Y.vans^ British Libellulidae,
MacLachlan's Trichoptera, and Lucas's recent work ; Paget refers to a few, and Winter collected
some nice things in the neighbourhood of Aldeby near Beccles, which are mentioned in the
Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer, vol. ix. Personally I have never been able to raise the enthusiasm
in these insects necessary to their thorough investigation, but have picked up a goodly number at
odd times by casual collecting ; the present list forms a fair basis for future work, but can scarcely
be considered thoroughly representative of, nor to do justice to, our fine stretches of both running
and stagnant water. My sluggishness in this direction is the more inexcusable, since Mr. MacLachlan
had hoped great things from our broads of the north-east.

The Thysanura have, with little justification, been included in this Order, and may be treated
of here, since but two species have been noticed. I have no doubt that the Silver Fish, Lepisma
saccarina, so common in the store-cupboards of old houses, occurs here in plenty, though I have met
with it only in my own house and in Monk Soham Church. The other species, of which I shook
two examples out of a grass-sod at Hitcham, Prof. Henslow's parisji, early in October 1899, is
Campodea staphylinus, and is said by Lord Avebury to represent the ancestral type of insect. These
Thysanura undergo no metamorphoses, and never develop wings ; they consequently fall into the
ametabolic section of the Insecta. The Plecoptera, Ephemeridae, and Odonata, on the contrary,
do undergo transformations of a modified form, that is to say, that, although the larva, pupa, and
imago differ from one another, there is no quiescent stage in their lives. To the former also
belong the CoUembola or ' spring-tails,' of which a great many species are extremely common,
though they have never been adequately collected, in Suffolk. In 1904 I put a few specimens of
this curious group in spirits while collecting other insects in the Ipswich district ; they proved to
belong to eight species : Orchesella cincta, Linn. ; O. pilosa, Geof. ; Tomocerus plumbeus, Linn. ;
Templetonia crystallina, MilU. ; Seira domestica, Nic. ; S. Buskii, Lub. ; the rare Lepidccjrtus curvi-
collis, Bour. ; and DeGeeria Nicoletii, Lub. Among the Pseudo-neuroptera, Airopos divinatcria is
sometimes quite a pest in my collections, and radical measures become occasionally necessary for its
extermination. I have taken at Sproughton, Ipswich, and on gorse in the Bentley Woods, Clothilla
picea, or the rural book-louse. Of the pretty genus Psocus, P. longicornis is widely distributed on
trees in the Bentley Woods, Barham, and Barnby Broad ; P. nebulosus is not rare in the former
locality in the autumn ; I have taken P. fasciatus at Barton Mills and Brandon in June, and
P. bifasciatus, recorded from Suffolk by Hagen, in Tuddenham Fen in September. Hagen also
records P. variegatus, which has occurred to me at Freston, and P. morio from our county, Steno-
psocus cruciatus is common in the Bentley Woods, Staverton, Ipswich, and Monk Soham ; S. immacu-
latus and S. stigmaticus are also found here, the latter at Foxhall and Brandon. Caecilius pedicularius
seems to be attracted by light since I have taken it in my study at night ; once it occurred to me
commonly in a dead calf at Foxhall ; ^ it is doubtless abundant, and C. flavidus has been observed
on the banks of the Gippingat Ipswich in September, and at Tuddenham, Wherstead, Freston, and
Foxhall ; C.piceus was swept from reeds at Southwold in September 1907, and C.fuscopterus was very
common in Bentley Woods in September 1904. In October 1899 I was so fortunate as to sweep
a specimen of the extremely rare C. atricornis in a small marshy wood at Bramford ;' this would
appear to have been little more than the second known specimen ; and in September 1907 another
turned up in a ditch at Mildenhall at the other extremity of the county. Mr. J. J. King took
about twenty examples of C. Kolbei,'Tetens, the first in Britain, on 16 August 1892, just within the
entrance to Tuddenham Fen, by sweeping the dry stems of ragwort, in the vicinity of Coots fir.*

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. i 899, p. 273. • Ibid. 272. ' Ibid, v, 244.

104

INSECTS

Elipsocus unipunctatui is not uncommon at Brandon, Whitton, and the Bentley Woods ; E. hyalinus
at Monk Soham, Bentley Woods, and Tuddenham Fen ; E. TVestwoodi has occurred to me at Box-
ford and Tuddenham in July ; and E. abieth is everywhere common on fir trees, upon which four
specimens of £■. fy<7«o/ij, Rost., are recorded from Tuddenham Heath at the end of June 1880.'*
Recently E.Jlaviceps and E. consimi/is, both from Foxhall, have been added to our list, together with
Ectopsocus Brigsii from Wherstead and the Bentley Woods in March, as well as Peripsocus albogut-
tatus in September and August in Tuddenham Fen, and P. phaeopterus at Brandon. Much remains
to be done among the Perlidae, of which the record of even Chloroperla grammatica is not positive,
though I believe I took it here in 1893. Leuctra fusciventris has been swept at Foxhall and Wher-
stead, where L. Klapahki is not rare on alder in the autumn ; and L. genkulata has been found at
Brandon Staunch in September. Nemoura variegata is common, especially in the early spring, at
Bentley and Aspall Woods, Sotherton, Barham, Ickworth, Sudbury, and Tuddenham. N. cinerea
has once been found about Ipswich, but N. incomptcua occurs in the Bentley Woods and Bixley
Decoy annually in April, and sometimes again in September, when N. praecox may also be found
in the latter locality. Mayflies are often common, but there appears to be but very small variety
among them ; Ephemera vulgata is very rarely as abundant here as in other counties where I have
observed it ; Leptophlebia marginata has only turned up once, on the banks of the Gipping in May,
though quite possibly it constantly occurs there ; L. iubmarginata is rarely noticed at Foxhall in the
same month. Cloeon dipterum is by no means uncommon in Southwold, Assington, Shrubland Park,
and Mr. Chitty once took C. simile at Brandon in June ; though the ubiquitous Baetis Rhodani is
everywhere met with.

Among the Odonata, or dragon-flies, we are able to instance most of the commoner kinds as of
indigenous occurrence. Sympetrum striolaium is common, S. flaveolum flies in Tuddenham Fen in
August, but has not been seen elsewhere ; Platetrum depressum is not very common, though widely
distributed ; Libellula quadrimaculatum has occurred to me in the marshes at Beccles, to Prest near
Lowestoft, and to Paget rarely at Lound. Of the very rare and local L.fulva I captured an
example in the marshes at Beccles in 1892,' another in Barnby Broad in July 1905 ; and Paget
records it from Lound. Orthetrum caerulescens I saw abundantly on the outskirts of Henham Park,
Covehithe, and at Hulver Bridge in 1900 ; and 0. cancellatum is nearly certain to be found in the
broads of the north-east, since I have noticed it in Wroxham Broad in Norfolk. Cordulia aenea is
said to be rare in Fritton Wood in May, and has several times been mentioned from Martlesham
Heath ; Brachytron pratense is recorded by Lucas from the Lowestoft Broads, and I found it at Hen-
stead in 1905. Harwood has found the rare Aeschna mixta flying over the Stour at Wiston, and I
took an example in a Beccles house m 1892 ; * another has occurred to me in an Ipswich garden in
October ; and it is very probable that Paget's A. varia. Curt., is also referable to this species.
Aeschna cyanea and A.grandis are both quite common.' Both kinds of Calopteryx have turned up
and Fitch reports great numbers of C.virgo near the source of the Stour.* The smaller dragon-flies
have been much neglected. Lestes sponsa at Westleton, Claydon, Oulton, and Barnby Broads ;
Platycnemis prnnipes at Blakenham, Claydon, Bentley Woods, Sproughton, and Bures ; with the
common Pyrrhosoma nymphula and Ischnura elegans have been noted. Erythromma najas, at present
uninstanced, certainly only requires a little searching in June to put in an appearance. Agrion pul-
chellum at Brandon, Lowestoft, and Tuddenham Fen, and A. cyanthigerum at Blakenham, Claydon,
and Barnby Broad are uncommon, though A. puella swarms everywhere from Lakenheath and
Wortham to Nayland and the coast salt-marshes.

The Neuroptera-plannipennia, regarded by Prof. Miall as the true representatives of the Order,
are in very fair profusion in Suffolk, where Sialis lutaria swarms. The curious snake-fly, Raphidia
notata, occurs sparingly in Belstead Wood and Assington Thicks, which, though 30 miles apart, have
a wonderfully analogous fauna ; upon one occasion I bred this species from a larva found in burrows
in a solid holly stem. R. xanthostigma has occurred to me singly at Brandon, and in a very wet
part of Tuddenham Fen in June. Sisyra fuscata is ohcn common by running water ; Micromusvarie-
gatus occurs at Stanstead, Tuddenham, and Bentley Woods, where, as well as at Wherstead, M. paganus
has been found. The pretty genus Hemerobius is well represented by H. nitidulus on pine trees in
Bentley Woods, H. humuli commonly, H. lutescens at Belstead and Harleston, H. limbatus common
from Brandon to Ipswich, H. stigma abundant in Belstead Woods, and beaten from pine-hedges at
Elvcden and Tuddenham in August, H. subnebulosus occasionally at electric light, &c., about Ipswich
and Lowestoft ; H. nervosus once found at Bentley in May, and H. concinnus beaten from fir in the
same locality at the end of June. At Kessingland I have swept H. micans among marram grass.

• Ent. Mo. Mag. xvii, 21,71. ' Ibid. 1897, p. 106. * Ibid.

' Lucas says Aeuhna isosceles used to be common near Yarmouth, but there is no direct evidence of it
having occurred on our side of the border, though five specimens were taken and many seen near Stalham in
the Norfolk Broads in 1903.

' Entom. 1879, p. 288.

1 105 14

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Of the twelve British Chrysopaty all but C. abbrevlata have been observed by me here ; the large
C. vlttata was flying in Bentley Woods in June ; C . Jlava, flavtfrons, tenella, septempunctata^ and the
widely distributed C. phyllochroma are all attracted to electric light in Ipswich ; C. alba was taken
about Lowestoft ; C.prasina and C. ventralis in Bentley Woods (Mr. Gimingham has also found the
latter recently at Dunwich) ; C. vulgaris and C. perla are generally distributed, the former often
occurring on reeds in salt-marshes. The pretty scorpion-flies Panorpa communis and P. germanica are
very widely spread ; and the rarer P. cognata occurs in Barnby Broad in July. I have once or
twice noted Coniopteryx psociformis in the Bentley Woods in July ; C. lactta at Brandon, Foxhall,
and Freston in Jime, and C. aUyrodiformis on elms and sallows at Wherstead and Foxhall.

The water flies, caddis worms, or Trichoptera, are the only section of the Neuroptera, with
the exception of the Plannipennia, which undergoes complete transformations, and is consequently
known as holometabolic. The large and handsome Phryganea grandis, which I have bred from its
larva at Ipswich, is not infrequent ; P. striata has turned up in my house at Monk Soham in May ;
and Mr. A. Gibbs has taken several P. varia at sugar in the marshes at Orford. Neuronia ruficrus
and Agrypnia Pagetana (which Curtis named after our Yarmouth observer) are uncommon ; I have
taken the latter once or twice in the broads about Lowestoft, and Winter says that a fine specimen
was captured by the River Waveney, near Beccles, in i860. Colpotaulius incisus is common, and
GrammotauHus atomarius with Glyphotaelius pellucidus not rare. We have most of the extensive
genus Limnophilus in Suffolk ; L. rhombicus, marmoratus, lunatus, politus, affinis, and sparsus are all
common and widely distributed. L. nigriceps once occurred to me not uncommonly on the banks of
the Gipping near Ipswich in October.' Mr. MacLachlan tells us L. borealis once turned up in
some abundance in the Suffolk Broads.^" L. auricula has been found at Beccles, Brandon, and Tud-
denham ; L. flavicornis and L. centralis in my garden at Monk Soham ; and L. extricatus once in
July at Ipswich. L. hirsutus is probably abundant in the broads in June ; I have taken it at Milden-
hall ; L. fuscicomis is not uncommon on sugar, and Anabolia nervosa often a perfect pest. Phacopteryx
flew into light at Monk Soham House in September 1906. Stenophylax permistus, sequax (also taken
at Monk Soham), and stellatus rarely put in an appearance about Ipswich, where, at electric light, on
23 April 1895, I caught the only British specimen of Mesophylax aspersus}^ Halesus radiatus and
Chaetopteryx villosa are quite common ; but Sericostoma personatum has only occurred to me at Farn-
ham, on the banks of the Aide, and on those of Belstead Brook at Wherstead. Notidobia ciliaris a.nd
GSera pilosa are widely distributed, though I have taken but one Lepidostoma hirtum near Ipswich in
July, in which month Agrayka multipunctata has been attracted to artificial light at Southwold.
Winter records Hydroptila pulchricornis from Aldeby, and I have found H. wj/a/zV abundantly on reeds
at Brandon and Claydon Bridge.

Of the Leptoceridae, Molanna angustata is common and, with Leptocerus fiilvus, senilis, cinereus,
and aterrimus, may be seen flying low on the surface of the Gipping and Little Ouse. I have observed
Triaenodes bicolor at Oulton Broad and Walberswick ; and T. conspersa has been attracted to electric
light in the middle of Ipswich. The pretty little Mystacides nigra and azurea are not rare at Brandon
and Ipswich ; I took M. longicornis in Beccles in September 1907, and I have since confirmed what
MacLachlan thought^ was probably a mangled Oecetis lacustris a.t Blakenham, while Adicella reducta
has turned up in June at Tuddenham Fen, and Setodes tineiformis in August in Barnby Broad.
Hydropsyche angustipennis and H, guttata are probably common, Tinodes waeneri being abundant
everywhere from Brandon to the Gipping. Lype phaeopa has occurred by sweeping at Belstead and
on the banks of the Little Ouse and of the Gipping ; and Plectrocnemia conspersa occasionally flies to
sugar in Ipswich, Tuddenham Fen, and Bentley Woods. I have only seen Polycentropus fiavomacu-
latus at Nayland, Icklingham, and Brandon, though Holocentropus picicomis seems to have a wide
range about Bramford, Barnby Broad, Southwold, and Lowestoft. Towards the end of April 1897
I was so fortunate as to make the third British capture of H. stagnalis, . Alb., in the Bramford
marshes ; " there was no sign of it in the same locality at the beginning of May 1898 ; but on
the 9th of that month in 1899 it swarmed upon the water-weeds of one particular pond there, and
I captured a fine series. Of the rest, Cyrnus trimaculatus is not uncommon from Ipswich to Blaken-
ham, often upon Scrophularia ; Agapetus fuscipes and Berea pullata are found at Foxhall, though the
former appears to be uncommon there ; and in July 1903 I swept B. maurus in Tuddenham Fen.

From the above accoimt of the Neuroptera, in the broadest sense of the term, which have been
actually observed in Suffolk, it is evident that there are but 164 species, including Hydroptila pulchri-
cornis, which Winter records as having been abundant on the railway bridge across the Waveney,
near Aldeby, which connects this county with Norfolk. This is indeed a small total for our well-
watered county, when we consider that nearly 450 kinds have been found in Britain.

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1898, p. zi. '" Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 39.

" CLEnt. Mo. Mag. Nov. 1895. " Ibid. 1897, p. 266. " Ibid. 1897, p. 280.

106

INSECTS
HYMENOPTERA

AnU, Bees, Wasps, Saw-flies, Gall-flies, Ichneumons, &c.

The classification of this Order has always been a difficult subject owing to the dissimilarity
exhibited by the great number of families, &c., into which the vast variety of its species has been
divided. This is by no means the place to enter into the subject, of which I shall only say that
those kinds noted in SuflFolk have, in the following brief account, been grouped more or less in the
three-fold manner propounded by Konow in the Deut. Ent. Zeit. of 1890, and followed by me in
the Ichneumonologia Britannica, though the minor groups stand, in some instances, as placed by
Ashmead in the Proceedings of the U.S. Nat. Museum of 1 900, which was in the first place a
dichotomous system. The three sub-orders of which the whole is composed are : — The Vespoidea,
or Aculeata with Chrysididae ; the Ichneumonidea, including all the entomophagous (as well as the
phytophagous Cynipidae) kinds ; and the Tenthredonidea, or sawflies and Siricidae.

VESPOIDEA

Chrysididae

Of the twenty-one species recorded from Britain by Morice,^ we find that twelve have been
observed in Suffolk. All these have been quite recently noted with the single exception of Cleptes
paUidipes, which Paget says used to be common on the Yarmouth sand-hills in 1834 ; Mr. R. C. L.
Perkins tells me he has seen it about Brandon, and I have myself found it on flowers by the
Gipping in June ; C. nitidula, recorded from Suffolk by Smith,^ has occurred to me at Bramford,
Mildenhall, and upon Chaerophyllum in Brantham Dale. We owe the inclusion of Notozus Panzeri
and Elampus auratus to Perkins, who noted them in the Breck district in 1899, together with
E. aenea, which I have once captured upon tansy in the Bramford marshes in the middle of July.
Hedychridium ardens has turned up about Mildenhall, and Morice records the very rare H. integrum
from the same locality.' I was so fortunate as to take a couple of the \ovt\y Hedychrum nobile upon
the flowers of Heracleum at Bramford in 1 90 1, one with a blue, and one with a green, thorax, and
both with brilliant red-gold body. Of the ten British species of Chrysis, we can boast but four,
though C. hirsuta and C. viridula, which have been found in Norfolk, probably inhabit the county.
C. cyanea may often be seen about the borings of Fossors at Bentley and Assington Woods,
Brantham Dale and Tuddenham Fen ; C. ignita, the ruby-tail, is even commoner at Finborough,
Ipswich, HoUesley, Bealings, Brantham, Dodnash, and Bentley Woods ; Perkins has found C. Ruddii
in the Breck district ; and one or two examples of the rare C. succincta occurred to me on Herac-
leum in the Bentley Woods in 1894, though I have not seen it there since that time. So few
localities appear to be honoured by the presence of this last species that I may be forgiven for
mentioning my capture of an example at Oxshott in Surrey, 10 July 1 90 1. C. flilgida should also
occur with us, since it is found in the fens at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire.

Aculeata

In treating of this group it will be best to follow the nomenclature generally in vogue among
British students at the present time, in which the ants hold first place, followed by the fossors and
wasps, the bees being grouped at the end of the sub-order. In the last, we in Suffolk, take pre-
eminence in historical interest by virtue of the Rev. William Kirby's fundamental work upon the
British species, his Monographic Apum Angliae, which was published in Ipswich in 1 802 ; in it we
learn a great deal concerning the local entomologists of that date : — Nicholas Gwyn, M.D., of
Ipswich ; Rev. Peter Lathbury, of Woodbridge ; Rev. James Coyte, of Ipswich ; Rev. Revett
Sheppard, B.A., curate of Nacton, &c., &c. Many additions, as well as notices of the other three
divisions, were brought forward by the Pagets, Curtis, and Parfitt ; Fred Smith in his Catalogues
of Fossors, and Bees, and in the Entomological Annual, 1859-68 ; Rothney, Morice, and Tuck in the
Entomologist^ s Monthly Magazine, Kirby in Transactions of the Linnean Society, and Ransom in the
Entomologist. Bridgman, R. C. L. Perkins, A. PifFard, Harwood, and others have also collected
here. Mr. W. H. Tuck published a very full list of the species observed by him about Tostock
in the Transactions of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society in 1895 ; and early in 1898 I brought forward
a similar one for the Ipswich district in the Entomologist. Mr. Edward Saunders has found many rare

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1896, p. 124. ' Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 8$.

^ Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 108.

107

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

kinds about Lowestoft, which are mentioned in his AniUata of the British Islands. From this mass of
material I was enabled to draw up in 1899, *"/ ' Aculeata of Suffolk,' * and in it to enumerate 282
species out of a total of 374 in all Britain ; and yet a few of the commoner fossors had not been
met with. Since that time only thirteen species, of which four were for the first time known to
inhabit Britain, have been added, bringing the total to 295 different kinds — the longest county list,
I believe, in England, with perhaps one exception. It will, consequently, be unnecessary in the
following summary to refer to the insects in detail, and I shall indicate only those kinds which
are of special interest, of historical note, or individual rarity.

Regarding the ants, we find in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, 1834, xxv, that Formica
rufa is sometimes quite troublesome in the county, but it has now become rare and very local. Smith,
in his Fossorial Hymenoptera tells us that Kirby sent Formica emarginata to Latreille, though no
example of it existed in the former's collection. Smith further states * that a female, F. brunnea, the
only British specimen, had been captured on the coast at Pakefield ; this was probably referable to
Lasius umbratus. He also once took the very rare Myrmecina Latreillei at Southwold in 1859.
Stenamma Westwoodi has been found in a bees' nest at Tostock and in moss in the Bentley Woods ;
and the interesting little Monomorium Pharaonis, always found in shops and houses, where it is
imported in foreign produce, once occurred to me by sweeping a hedge-bottom at Wherstead, at
least a mile from any shop, &c. Mutilla europaea used to be found at Southwold and upon Lound
Heathjwhich I am informed is now reduced to a very small area, practically only a clay-pit, and few
know it by its old name. In the Entomological Annual, 1866, Smith records the rare Methoca Ichneu-
monoides from Suffolk ; and Tiphia femorata is everywhere abundant in the Breck district upon
Angelica and carrot flowers in August, as well as upon the coast. The fourth British specimen
of Pompilus unicolor was captured at Pakefield in 1858 ; and Perkins has turned up P. bicolor, niger,
and spissus about Brandon. Salius obtusiventris has been found at Needham Market and Tostock,
whence Tuck sent me a single male, probably the first of that sex noticed in Britain, in July
1900. Kirby, in erecting the genus, records Ammophila sabulosa, hirsuta, and lutaria, which have all
been since found here, from Suffolk. Spilomena troglodytes is not uncommon about Brandon ; and
in an Ipswich garden I have several times taken Stigmus Sohkyi among Aphides upon Heracleum,
which fact appears to clear up the doubt expressed by Saunders as to its larva's pabulum. Pem-
phredon JVesmaeli and P. morio, till lately one of our very rarest British species, have both been
found by Tuck at Tostock ; the latter has also occurred to him at Rougham in August, and locally
to Perkins in the Breck. Curtis records Mimesa atra from Suffolk ; there are several in Kirby 's
collection, and Smith once saw it on a flower at Lowestoft. The rare Didineis lunicornis has been
found by Smith at Carlton Wood, by Piffard near Felixstowe, and I once met with a male in the
act of sucking honey from Smyrnium Olusatrum on the cliffs there in August. The interesting
genus Crabro is represented by twenty-three species, of which C. tibialis is certainly uncommon
at Stanstead Wood, Monk Soham, and Alderton ; C. capitosus has been bred from bramble
stems at Ipswich by Rothney ; C. varius, anxius, and JFesmaeli are uncommon ; Tuck says C. litur-
atus is rare at Tostock, and I have only once detected it in the vicinity of Ipswich.

Hornets, though occasionally observed in our woods, are not unpleasantly common in Suffolk,
and the social wasps do not occur with the frequency of the southern counties ; they are sometimes
attracted into street lamps by the flies which have come to the light at night ; the males of Vespa
rufa may sometimes be freely found upon Angelica flowers, and Mr. Tuck has observed nests of
V. sylvestris built, like a martin's, beneath house eaves in August. The rare F. norvegica has
been noticed nesting at Aldeburgh, Tostock, and twice at Lowestoft in recent years ; it constructs
nests in trees and bushes, often in gardens, of the size of a cricket ball. Of the Odyneri, the usually
common O. splnipes is certainly rare here, having been found only about Brandon, and quite recently
about Copdock, by the late Rev. J. H. Hocking ; O. pictus is very local ; O. trimarginatus is con-
fined to the coast (it has not occurred at Tostock) ; and the handsome O. antilope is uncommon
about Bury St. Edmunds and in the Breck district.

To turn to the bees, we find 164 kinds recorded out of a British total of about 204. Of
Colletes, we cannot claim C. cunicularia, which seems to be nearly confined to the Liverpool and
Chester districts ; C. marginata, Perkins says, is not uncommon on the Breck sands. Prosopis
pictipes is found in the same district and has once occurred at Tostock to Tuck, who has also
noticed Sphecodes longulus in May at Drinkstone. S. rubicundus was first brought forward as British
in 1895, and during the following year it was found to be not uncommon at Tostock by Tuck ;
it has also been taken about Ipswich by Hocking and myself. Only five localities appear to be
known for Halictus quadricinctus, one of which is Little Blakenham in Suffolk, as is indicated in a
MS. note in Kirby's interleaved copy of his Monographia. His record of H. xanthopus from Barham
has recently been confirmed by the capture of examples at Brandon, Tostock, and Copdock ; but

* See The Hymenoptera of Suff. pt. i. ' Op. cit. 224.

108

INSECTS

Kirby's H. laevigatas and H. sexnotaius, originally described from their author's parish of Barham, have
not been since met with in Suffolk. H. prasinus has been found about Brandon and Bury St. Edmunds,
and in the latter locality H. pauxillus occurs rarely in flowers of Inula dysenterica. Of H. laevts,
Saunders writes in 1896, 'the only British exponent of this species was taken at Nacton, Suffolk, as
recorded by Kirby in his Monographia ' ; Kirby says simply ' Barhamiae semel capta, iterum in
Nacton, Suffolciae ' ; this certainly refers to two distinct specimens which, if I be not mistaken,
both still exist in Kirby's collection in the British Museum. There are some fifty species of
Andrena in Britain, and forty have been found in this county ; A. pilipes is widely distributed ;
A. thoracha and A. cineraria are distinctly rare ; and the only occurrence of A. florea is that of a
female on Ruhui flower in the Bentley Woods in August in 1896. Though A.nigriceps is common
cnougL from July to August, Kirby's record of it, ' Barhamiae. Aprili ineunte, 1800,' must surely
bean error or refer to a distinct kind. Mr. Hocking tells me that he has confirmed Kirby's record
A. tridentata, at Melton and Barham, by the capture of an example in Suffolk in 190 1 ; it occurs
upon ragwort and appears to have been elsewhere observed only at Bournemouth, Christchurch, and
Norwich. A. coitana, named after Coyte of Ipswich, is often in the utmost profusion on Heracleum
flowers at Southwold^ &c. ; and the very rare A. proximo has turned up singly at Barham, Copdock,
and Great Blakenham.' A. fulvago^ not a rare species in most parts of Britain, still rests in our
county list upon Kirby's record of 1799 ; he says he has usually found it scarce about Barham at
the beginning of June, but that in 1799 it was very plentiful. I once found A. similis in the
Bentley Woods ; it was beaten from a white poplar in the middle of June.

Panurgus calcaratus has only been found at Martlesham Heath by Kirby ; but Paget, Smith,
and Piffard have all taken P. ursinus. Nomada fucata and A'^. Lathhuriana have not been observed
for over a hundred years; and N. lineola seems very scarce. In May 1897, I was so fortunate as
to capture the second British example of T>} . guttulata, sitting upon a composite flower in Belstead
Woods ; the first, without locality, is in Mr. Edward Saunders' collection.' Perkins has found
N. bifida about Brandon, and Tuck N. horealis at Tostock in April. Coelioxys vectis has occurred
at Lowestoft (but not at Tos'ock) ; C. rufescem has turned up in several localities, and its variety
umbrina at Lowestoft. Megachile maritima is still common, with M. argentata in its original
locality near Landguard Fort at Felixstowe, and has also been found inland at Rougham, Bungay,
and Brandon. M. versicolor was once bred by Tuck at Tostock,* and is widely distributed in the
Breck district. We have all the British Osmiae, excepting O. parietina, which is confined to Wales
and the North ; the local 0. pilicornis has occurred at Lowestoft, Copdock, and once to me in June
(not September) in Brantham Dale. 0. xanthomelana from Somersham and O. auruhnta from
Henley, still stand upon Kirby's records, though that of 0. spinulosa from Witnesham and Little
Blakenham has been confirmed by Tuck, who annually found it at Tostock. The three species of
Stelis frequent the Breck sands ; and I have recently taken Anthidium manicatum commonly at South-
wold at flowers of Petasites officinalis. For six years my single female of Anthophora retusa was the
only known Suffolk specimen ; then Tuck took one at Thurston, and subsequently fair quantities
from two colonies at Bungay in June 190 1, the males occurring at Geranium pyrenaicum and
Lotus corniculatus : lately it has again been found at Bentley Woods and Copdock. Sarapoda has
not been found for a century, nor, indeed, has Bombus Cullumanus ; but B. Smithianus is widely
distributed and not uncommon about Brandon, and the common humble bees are frequent
everywhere.

I shall conclude the Aculeata with a list of the only thirteen species which have been added to
the county catalogue since it was published by me in 1899 ; and indeed with so full a list one
cannot expect to have much new information to impart in this respect.

Additions, 1900- 1907

Tiphia minuta. Males singly on Angelica sylvestris Odynerus bifasciatus. Several found by Tuck at

flowers at Brandon and Tuddenham Fen, and Tostock (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 106)

upon Heracleum sphondylium at Lackford Prosopis palustris. First described from Suffolic in

Bridge, in Aug. 1900 Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxvi, 49 ; I have found it

Calicurgus hyalinatus. Found upon young poplar in the utmost profusion in Tuddenham Fen, as

singly in Assington Thicks, in July 1902 well as at Brandon, Icklingham, and the Nezu

Psen unicolor. Taken in a marshy spot at Tostock by Forest

Mr. Tuck — cornuta. A single female was taken at Timworth,

Gorytes laticinctus. Taken at Barton Mills in August near Bury St. Edmunds, in July (cf. Ent. Mo.

1 90 1 (A. H. Hamm) Mag. 1907, p. 67)

Crabro anxius. A female on parsley at Tostock in Halictus zonulus. One found at HolUsley early in

Aug. (cf Norf. Trans. 1897) Aug., by Mr. Hocking

' Cf Ent. Mo. Mag. Ixxxiii, 265. ' Ibid, xxxiii, 280.

' Cf. Trans. Nor/, and Norw. Nat. Soc. and Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894.

109

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Additions, 1900- 1907 {continued)

Halictus breviceps. Two females taken near Cojidock Andrena hattorfiana. Two males on Knautia

in 1899. arvensis at Copdock in July, by Hocking

Andrena niveata. Probably not uncommon ; taken Nomada sexfasciata. There was only indirect evi-

at Brandon in May by Perkins, and on panley- dence of this species' occurrence till one was

flowen at Tostock in June and July, by taken at the burrows of Eucera longicornis at

Tuck Copdock

ICHNEUMONIDEA

EVANIIDAE

Only seven species of this family had been found in Britain in 1872, since which time I am
aware of the addition of but one kind.' Only two of these species appear to be at all common in
Britain ; and these are parasitic upon Aculeata, Chelostoma, &c., but do not prey, like the typical
genus Evania, upon the egg-capsules of cockroaches. Both these species appear to be abundant
throughout Suffolk, since Perkins in the Breck district about Brandon, and Tuck about Bury St.
Edmunds have observed them, but only one of the remaining five has been recorded hence. The
first of these, Foenus jaculator, has not been noticed about Ipswich, though I have found it upon carrot
flowers at Tuddenham St. Mary in August ; the second, F. aiiectator^ is common everywhere in July,
and has occurred to me upon flowers of Heracleum sphondylium, &c., at Ipswich, Bramford, Bentley
Woods, and Tuddenham Fen, but especially at Barham, where it is to be met with freely. Evania
appendigaster was first found in Britain by the Rev. James Coyte of Ipswich, in Suffolk ;'* it is very
rare, and even now regarded as being hardly permanently established in our Islands.

Chalcididae

No group of British insects is more in want of elucidation than the pretty little members of
this extensive family, which are abundant everywhere upon herbage and flowers. Walker's works
upon them are indeed ' love's labour lost,' for they are quite unintelligible to the modern systematist ;
and I believe Wood's ambitious attempt at listing the whole of the British insects to contain the
only catalogue — a quite valueless one — of them in existence. I have from various sources obtained
the names of a very few of my numerous captures in this group, but until some student arises to
propound a feasible classification, we shall for the most part have to content ourselves with the mere
compilation of specimens and the observation of their interesting economy, which is considerably
complicated, since the majority are hyperparasites. Nevertheless the following notes may be of some
little value as regards the distribution of the Chalcididae in Suffolk, though only some fifteen species
have been determined.

I once found Chalcis minuta, Linn., on umbelliferous flowers by the Gipping at Sproughton j
and Smicra sispes, Linn., which is said to prey upon Stratiomyid Diptera, is not uncommon in
Oulton Broad; Tuck has found it at Finborough and in Benacre Broad, and Paget records it as
rather common in marshes at Gorleston during August, in 1834, under the name Clavipes, Fab.
The handsome Perilampus ruficornis. Fab., is often common in the spring in Bentley and Assing-
ton Woods among the undergrowth. I have taken Torymus nobilis. Boh., at Bentley, and several
times bred Torymus regius, Nees, from the marble galls of Cynips Kollari at Bentley, where
T. erucarum has occasionally been noticed ; and the pretty little Micromelus pyrrhogaster is by no
means rare at Bramford in the autumn. Claeonymus depressus has turned up at Little Blakenham,
with Eupelmus excavatus, Dalm., in September. On the window of a house at Bentley I took an
example of the strange Caratomus megacephalus, Fab., of Stephens' Illustrations, on I July 1 903 ; it
resembles nothing so much as the hammer-headed shark. Megastigmus dorsalis. Fab., has been swept
at the Lowestoft denes in August. Callimome lasioptera appears widely distributed ; and at Felix-
stowe the apterous Cerocephala formiciformis, Westw., has been found upon the book I was read-
ing at the end of May. Eurytoma rosae, Nees, has occurred at Burgh Castle in August, and in the
Bentley woods many Oligosthenus stigma. Fab., have emerged from the galls of Rhodites rosat.
The very distinct Decatoma higuttata, Swed., was swept from flowers at Bramford early in August
1897 ; but of the rest, though they comprise members of the genera Eulophus, Isosoma, Callimomty
&c., I have utterly failed to obtain reliable identifications, excepting Cheiropachus quadrum. Fab.,
once found commonly at Sotherton and once at Belstead ; and Cerapterocerus mirabilis, which
Saunders took at Southwold in July 1877. Comys Swederi, Dalm., too, has turned up at Wherstead
and Tuddenham.

' Cf. Eaiom. i88o, p. 89. '" Donovan, Nal. Hist, of Brit. Insects, x, pi. 329.

INSECTS

Since the above paragraph was written I have been doing some desultory work on this family,
and consider the determination of the following local species sufficiently satisfactory for publication : —
Eucharii adscendem, Fab., the only British exponent of its family, was swept in Tuddenham Fen on
6 May 1907. Males of Eurytoma aterrima, Sch., at Brandon on 27 September 1907, and o{ E.
nitida, Walk., at Barton Mills on 12 June 1 900. Isosoma longicornis, Walk., at Bentley Woods on
21 June 1901 ; /. brevis, Walk., at Southwold on 31 May 1905 ; /. angustlpennis, Walk., at Bentley
on 13 May 1900, and in Tuddenham Fen on 6 May 1907 ; /. minor. Walk., at Belstead on
23 May 1896 ; /. elongata, Walk., at Foxhall on 27 May 1907 ; /. angustata. Walk., at Barnby
Broad on 5 July 1906 ; /. depressa, Walk., swept from grass at Nacton 26 May 1 900 ; and /,
attenuata. Walk., at Wortham on 9 June 1900. Callimome curtus, Walk., was beaten from birch
in the Bentley Woods on 4 May 1895, and is frequently common on the underside of lime leaves
in my garden here at Monk Soham ; C, Jlavipes, Walk., was found on Angelica flowers at Claydon
Bridge on 10 August 1899 ; and C. chloromerus, Walk., in the Bentley Woods on 13 May 1900.
Mr. Tuck has taken at Tostock several specimens of the interesting Monodontomerus nitidus, Newp.,
which lives in bees' nests. Two species of Chalcids were described by Rev. W. Kirby,'**^ Ma-
croglenes penetrans and Eulophm damicornis.

I have recently been engaged upon the compilation of a Catalogue of British Chalcididae, shortly
to be published by the Entomological Society, and find that upon the closest scrutiny there appear to
be 1,408 species in our isles.

Cynipidae

Of this family we have a much more representative, though still quite an elementary, list, and
one which could with ease be extended with a little attentive working. Though a large proportion
of these insects are phytophagous in their habits, they have nothing in common with the Tcnthre-
donidea structually, and many are known to be parasitic upon Aphides. The majority, however,
construct galls upon the leaves and roots of herbage and trees which were for long, and still are by
the vulgar, supposed to be of vegetable origin ; many are inquiline in the galls of their relatives ;
and several harbour commensals which play no part in the galls' construction. I am much indebted
to Mr. G. C. Bignell for assisting me in the determination of the following thirty-three species,
of which only one was noticed by the older collectors.

The curious and distinct species of Eigites, Kkditoma, and Eucoela are not uncommon from
June to November ; Figites scute/Iaris, Rossi., has been found at Marlesford, and Anacharis
tincta, Walk., in Tuddenham Fen ; Kleditoma nigra, Htg., in the Bentley Woods ; and Aegilipes
rufipes, Westw., by Tuck about Tostock, and by Flatten in Ipswich. The extensive genus
Eucoela is represented by E. nigricornis. Cam., common at Mildenhall, Claydon, and Bury
on carrot flowers ; E. proximo. Cam., at Framlingham in June ; E. diaphana, Htg., at Burgh
Castle and Bentley ; E. crassiscornis, Westw., found about Bury by Tuck, and E. gracilicomis,
in the Bramford marshes. What are, perhaps, E. rapae, Westw., and E. testaceipes. Cam., have
been seen respectively at Bentley and Foxhall. The large and very rare Ibalia cultellator, Fab.,
was first taken in Britain by Mr. W. H. C. Edwards, who captured a male flying in his garden
at Bungay ; this specimen is figured by Curtis ; ^ and is said to be parasitic upon Sirex
juvencus. The galls of Cynips kollari, Htg., are common everywhere upon oak trees ; but Andricus
radicis. Fab., is more often met with in the perfect state and frequently swept from herbage in
Bentley Woods ; the galls of A. fecundatrix, Htg., may be commonly observed in the same locality,
where I once found A. Sieboldi, Htg., and probably also A. gemmatus, Adl. ; Synergus Reinhardi,
Mayr, inquiline upon C. Kollari, is very common ; S. Hayneanus, Htg., occurred to me at Foxhall
in June 1895 ; S. incrassatus, Htg., inquiline upon Aphilothrix corticus, Htg., is common, the pretty
males having been found at Bentley and about Bury ; and both S. vulgaris, Htg., and S. melanopus,
Htg., are common. The imagines of Aphilothrix quadrilineatus, Htg., occur in Bentley Woods,
where I have met with Trigonaspis megaptera, Panz. Biorrhixa terminalis. Fab., is found at Belstead
and Ipswich in November, and both Neuroterus lenticularis, Oliv., and iV. aprilinus, Gir., are abundant,
but N. tricolor, Htg., has only once been noted in the Bentley Woods, where I have seen galls of
N. numismatis, Oliv., Andricus ostreus, Gir., and Dryophanta divisa, Htg. The woolly bedeguar galls
of Rhodites rosae are not uncommon about Bentley and Wrentham ; and I have taken the much
rarer R. nervosus. Curt., at Framlingham in June. Allotria pedestris. Curt., and A. megaptera. Cam.,
were found at Brandon in June 1903 ; I have observed galls of Diastrophus rubi on blackberry at
Debenham, and Mr. Rasor has sent me those of Aulax glechomae, Htg., from Woolpit.

'°* Trans. Linn. Soc. 1800, p. 109, and 1825, p. 112.
" Brit. Ent. xxii.

Ill

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

ICHNEUMONIDAE

Of this extremely interesting family, the species of which are often large and brightly coloured,
always preying upon insects of all orders, as well as upon spiders and false-scorpions, there were
I,i86 different kinds known in Britain in 1872, which number had risen to 1,719 in 1901, when
my paper upon the subject was read before the Entomological Society. The determination of these
insects, however, is fraught with so much difficulty that the family has been almost entirely neglected
in our isles, with the consequence that in Suffolk there have been but few observers. Paget, Curtis,
and Rev. E. N. Bloomfield have recorded a very few of the commoner and more striking kinds ;
there are one or two in the British Museum found about Lowestoft by F. Smith ; and others
have been noticed by Bedwell, Tuck, and Ransom. In my Ichneumons of Britain '^ I have recorded
a goodly number of the first two sub-families from the county ; and in working upon my second
volume I have noticed many Cryptids ; but the remaining three sub-families are very poorly repre-
sented, because, although I possess some thousands of Suffolk specimens, opportunity has not yet
been found for working out the correct names of the great majority. Hence we find that but little
over four hundred species can with accuracy be referred to in the following precis, which, as nothing
has at present appeared upon the general subject, is dealt with in some detail.

Taking the five sub-families in their usual order, we find among the Ichneumoninae Hoplis-
menus alhifrom has been captured on flowers at Walberswick and Brandon ; Automalm alboguttatus
from Bury St. Edmunds, in the late Mr. Alfred Beaumont's collection ; that we can include the
tawny Tragus lutorim, on the strength of specimens bred from poplar hawk-moths at Yarmouth by
Paget and from Delephila galii by Mr. Peek at Aldeburgh, with T. exaltatorius and Protichneumon
fuscipennis on the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw's authority ; P. laminatorius is a common parasite of the
elephant hawk-moth at Ipswich and Sudbury, and was once bred from the bedstraw hawk at Alde-
burgh. Coelichneumon Uneator is sometimes found in the Bentley Woods, C. liocnemis at Brantham and
C. castaneiventris at Ipswich and Assington ; while of the genus Stenichneumon, S. trilineatus is very
often seen hibernating beneath the bark of pine and aspen trees in winter, and swept from
reeds in the Southwold marshes. Cratkhneumon rufifrons is common in the Bentley Woods, Staver-
ton Thicks, and Brandon ; C nigritarius was recorded from Covehithe at the end of June by Curtis
and is still not rare on the undergrowth in our woods ; C. fabricator and C. annulator are abundant
everywhere in the late spring, and I have found C . fiigltivus at Ipswich with the variable C. coruscator.
The Rev. A. H. Wratislaw took C. Gravenhorsti near Bury St. Edmunds, and both C. lanius and
C. varipes occur on low bushes in the Bentley Woods, though the latter is certainly rare there.
Melan'uhneumon leucomelas has been taken by Bedwell at Oulton Broad, Flatten in Ipswich, and
Beaumont near Bury ; the marsh-frequenting M, bimaculatorius was swept by Elliott at Covehithe
Broad in October 1900 ; I have found M. saturatorius in the same place, as well as at Brandon,
Af. perscrutator on carrot flowers at Tuddenham, and the rare M. sangtdnator once flying in the
sunshine at Bentley in July. Of the genus Barlchneumon we can claim B. anator, B. vesti-
gator, and B. derogatory which have been found about Bury by Mr. Tuck ; B. incubitor and B.
lepidus from Tuddenham Fen in August ; B. angustulus from Copdock by Hocking, and B. albi-
cinctus is common in marshy places at Ipswich and Barton Mills ; Tuck has, moreover, once
captured B. hilunulatus in Finborough Park. We next come to the long and difficult typical genus
Ichneumon, which comprises over fifty British kinds, and of which we only have /. xanthorius at
Tostock, Bentley, and Ipswich, often at roots of Aira caapltoia in the winter; /. sarcitoriui, common
at Claydon, Aldeburgh, Lowestoft, Ipswich, Barham, and Westleton, upon flowers in August and
September ; a female of the very rare /. /autatorius was once found by Bedwell on the sandhills at
Kessingland. I.latrator and I.subquadratus are common among grass in the winter, and the males in
autumn on flower-heads ; /. mo/itorius has been found at Sproughton, Foxhall and, Paget says,
commonly about Gorleston ; /. suspiciosus at Tostock, Bramford, and Henstead on Angelica blossoms,
and /. extensorius is common everywhere ; but of /. primatorius only one male example has occurred
to me upon the flower of Angelica sylvestris in Barnby Broad, and at the end of August 1 902, I
took the first British specimen of /. gradarius (which I have since that time received from Ireland)
from the same kind of flowers in Tuddenham Fen.

Chasmias motatorius is abundant in grass-tufts and beneath pine bark in the winter, and its
males are found on flowers in September ; the linear Limerodes arctiventris is occasionally found
among marram grass and Matricaria on the coast at Lowestoft and Southwold. I have bred
Ctenichneumon castigator at Ipswich in 1893, and Beaumont has obtained C.funereus from the Rev. A.
H. Wratislaw's collection, found about Bury St. Edmunds. In the British Museum is an example of
C. messorius from Suffolk, where C. divisorius is widely distributed and to be seen on various flowers
in August. Spilichneumon occisorius occurs at roots of grass in the Bentley Woods in winter; but the

" Claude Morley, F.E.S., &c., Ichneumonoloffa Britannica (2 vols. 1903 and 1907 ; vol. iii in Press).

112

INSECTS

usually abundant Amblyteles paUiatorius has never been noted in the county ; though A. vadatorius
on Angelica flowers and A. castanopygus (which is parasitic upon Dasypolia templi " on reed-stems)
sometimes turn up in Tuddenham Fen. We also have noted A. negatorius at Claydon Bridge and
the Southwold cliffs ; A. subier'tcam at Tostock with, once only, the universally abundant A. arma-
torius ; and Mr. Wratislaw took A. uniguttatus at Bury St. Edmunds in the 'sixties. Bridgman named
Hepiopelmui leucostigmus from Tostock, where Mr. Tuck has also found both sexes of Probolus alticola.
We have only four of the eighteen species of Platylabus ; P. pedatarius is rare in the Bramford
marshes and Tuddenham Fen, P. nigrkollis occurs sparingly in the Bentley Woods, and P. phaleratus,
with P. a/binus, in Tuddenham Fen on dwarf-sallow bushes. Coming now to the Phaeogenides,
we find our catalogue somewhat fuller with Stenodontus marginellus on Fkia sativa in the Bentley
Woods ; Herpestomus brunnicorn'n on fir trees in the spring at Tostock, and Phaeogenes argutus com-
monly in grass-tufts about Bentley during the winter. P. stipator hibernates, and has occurred to
me on umbelliferous flowers at Ipswich in September ; P. semivulpinus once or twice to Tuck at
Tostock ; P. melanogonus in May and October in the Bentley Woods, where P. infimus is common
in the spring upon fir trees. P. ophthalmicus is not infrequent in August in the Lowestoft Broads
and at Henstead ; and I have taken the only known British example of P. eques on the under-
growth in Assington Thicks towards the end of May. P. ischiomelinus has been found about i. ury
by Tuck ; P. maculicornis on fir trees at Bentley and Foxhall, with P. stimulator ; P. callopus and
P. fiilvitarsis are recorded from Aldeburgh, Tostock, and Bentley Woods ; P. rusticatus, too, has been
noted in June in Tuddenham Fen. Two kinds, which I have doubtfully referred to P. socius,
Holmgr., and P. macilentus, Wesm. [Ichn. Brit, i, Appendix), have been noticed at Foxhall and Rush-
ford respectively. Of Diadromus, we only have D, troglodytes, which is not uncommon in Bentley
Woods, with D. subtilicornis from Brandon, and D. collaris from the Coniferae at Finborough,
Tostock, Bramford, and Foxhall. All the five British species of the diflScult genus Aethecerus are
found here ; Ae. longulus once on the banks of the Gipping at Ipswich ; Ae. placidus at Burgh
Castle, Ae. nitidus about Barton Mills in June, Ae. discolor in the autumn in Bentley Woods, and
Ae. dispar at Dunwich. Dicaelotus pumilus and Colpognathus divisus are abundant, with the much
rarer Centeterus opprimator in winter moss. In 1895 I was so fortunate as to breed the first British
specimen of Hemichneumon elongatus at Ipswich, and to take Melanomicrus Elliotti, a species new to
science, in the Bentley Woods. I could give a long list of localities for Alomyia debellator in Suffolk,
where it is frequent in the late summer upon umbelliferous flowers, but will only instance Barnby
Broad, where it is especially common and ranges from the pale form, known as semiflava, to the
very dark one, called nigra.

The second sub-family, the Cryptinae, have never been noticed from Suffolk, and I have con-
sequently striven to collate all the material at present available which bears upon them. Of the
typical genus Cryptus, we find C. tarsoleucus commonly at Tostock, Copdock, and Sudbury ; the
distinct C. viduatorius at Felixstowe, Barnbj Broad, and Farnham ; C. obscurus has been bred from
the pupa of Taeniocampa instabilis in Ipswich, and is common everywhere upon hedges ; C. alba-
torius has been found by Hocking at Copdock and by Tuck at Tostock ; I have, too, once taken C.
tuberculatus at Ipswich. Habrocryptus porrectorius is often beaten from oak trees in the Bentley Woods,
and Pycnocryptus peregrinator occurs in the spring at Belstead and about Tostock. Agrothereutes
batavuSj which is the brachypterous form of Spilocryptus incubitor, is found about Ipswich in Septem-
ber, and S, cimbicis occurs commonly in the hedge cocoons of Trichiosoma at Westerfield and
Debenham. S. abbreviator, which is now considered identical with S. Hopei, is not rare at Ipswich
and the Bentley Woods ; and I have several times bred Gambrus ornatus from Burnet cocoons on
the grass-stems in Oulton Broad in July. The handsome Aritranis carnifex is sometimes swept in
the marshes of Brandon, Oulton Broad, and by Elliott in Tuddenham Fen ; while the delicate
A. signatorius may be beaten from poplar trees at Foxhall and Tostock, where it preys upon the
social wasps. The very rare Nematopodius formosus, which was only known as British by one un-
localized specimen in the British Museum, turned up in my house at Monk Soham, on the upper
windows in July 1905. Among the Phygadeuonides, we find that Plectocryptus digitatus occurs
around Ipswich, Cratocryptus stomaticus in the Bentley Woods and the Bramford marshes, C. sub-
petiolatus at bees' nests in the former locality, and C. parvulus at Henstead and Barnby Broad in
August. The curious aquatic Trichocryptus cinctorius has been dredged out of the ditches at Barnby
and Oulton Broads, and Microcryptus graminicola found in Holbon Marsh near Beccles. M. rufipes
and M. perspicillator are uncommon in Bentley Woods, M. abdominator and M. nigrocinctus turn up
everywhere; M. basizonius has been noticed only in Dodnash Wood, and M. bifrons only at the roots
of Juncus in a swampy meadow at Wherstead. The very distinct Acanthocryptus flagitator is found
at Harkstead, Tostock, and Barton Mills ; A. quadrispinosus in tufts of grass during the winter in the
Bentley Woods, and A. nigricollis on Heracleum flowers by Tuck at Tostock. Glyphicnemis vagabunda

" See Newman, Moths, 279.
I 113 15

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and G. profligator, which are very closely related species, arc abundant on umbelliferous flowers
throughout the county in July ; Tuck has once taken Phygadeuon Gravenhorsti in the nest of Bombus
hartorum near Bury St. Edmunds ; I have caught P. variabilis in Shrubland Park ; P. hercynicus is
common about Lowestoft in August ; P. brevitarsis has been turned up in Bentley Woods, where
P. fumator is abundant during hibernation, while the closely allied P. dimidiatui once fell to my net
in Barnby Broad. The elegant genus Panargyrops is only here represented by two species,
P. pellucidator and P. tenuipesy both of which have been sent to me from Tostock by Mr. W. H.
Tuck, M.A.

Last autumn I worked out the sixty-nine British species of the genus Hemitcles, and I am now
able to say that H. fuhipes, which is a common hyperparasite of the white butterflies, occurs at
Southwold and Ipswich ; H. varitarsus I bred from a spider's nest in the Reydon marshes, and found
on flowers at Claydon Bridge ; H. necator, H. bicolorinus, and the omnivorous H. areator are abun-
dant, and I have often found H. cingulator on windows at Butley and Monk Soham in June. H.
inimicus inhabits the Brandon marshes and Monk Park Wood, H. pedestris the Bentley Woods, in
which both H. subzonatus, of which I have taken the undescribed male, and H. niger hibernate.
H. similis is common at Kenton, Southwold, &c. ; as also is H. tristator. H. Jaevigatus occurs at
Alderton and in Tuddenham Fen ; H. incisus in Finborough Park ; H. distinctus about Brandon ;
Tuck has found H. gracilis at Tostock, and H. aestivalis is plentiful throughout the county.
Orthopelma luteolator preys extensively upon the bedeguar galls of Rhodites rosae, locally known as
' robins' pin cushions,' and I have received Cecidonomus IVestoni from Tuck, found at Tostock. In
revising the British Stilpnides, Ifound that Stilpnus gagates had occurred at Blakenham ; S. deplanatus
in Finborough Park, S. pavoniae at Witnesham, and the rare 5. Dryadum at Barton Mills in June.
The genus Atractodes, which is now placed in this group of the Cryptinae, is here represented by
A. gravida' at Southwold, and A. piceicornis at Foxhall, while A. vestalis and A. exilis are common.
A. bicelor, whose economy is not yet known, is occasionally found in carrion j A. croceicornis rarely
at Barton Mills and A. gilvipes at Brandon, as well as at Tostock by Tuck, who also turned up A.
y^vwAi/Kf at Aldeburgh in September 1899. We have all the four species of Exolytus, -wh-xcYi I
consider to be stable in Britain ; the extremely abundant E. laevigatas, the common E. scrutator ;
E. splendens at Ipswich and Mildenhall, and E. petiolaris, which is but recently recorded from
Britain, found at Foxhall.

To this list of Cryptinae I am now able to add considerably through quite recent investigation
among my specimens. One of the only two known British specimens of Trichocryptus aquaticus was
taken by Tuck in Finborough Park ; and he found several Cubocephalus oviventris at Benacre Broad
in 1899. Males of Microcryptus arridens, M. galactinus, and M. leucostictus are common on flowers,
with, more sparingly, those of M. erythrinus, M. sperator, and M. lahralis. I introduced M.
tricinctus as British on the strength of a 5 taken in the Bentley Woods, where both sexes of M.
brachypterus and M. micropterus have also been found. Acanthocryptus Hopei and Glyphicnemis
Suffhkiensis are species new to science found by me here, with G. brevis, G. erythrogastra, and G,
senilis. Several more Pbygadeuones have also been noted : — P. rufulus, P. speculator, and P. sodalis are
rare ; and only one P. nyctemerus has been seen, flying about the burrows of Hylesinus crenatus in
an ash at Ashfield in September 1907. P. vagans isiA P. leucostigmus are not uncommon about South-
wold in autumn ; and I took the second known specimen of P. Scoticus in the Bentley Woods.
P. brachyurus and P. flavimanus seem rare, but P. assimilis, P. dumetorum and P. exiguus arc frequently
met with, though P. mixtus, P. inflatus, and P. scaposus are infrequent. Spinolia fulveelata and
Hemiteles varicornis are common among reeds ; my new H. hrunneus is also found here, and
Cecidonomus xylonomoides, Mori., is described from an example found in Bentley Woods. Cremnodes
atricapillus, Stilpnus hlandus, and Goniocryptus titillator are not at all common.

The majority of the British Pezomachoides have occurred in the county, and are interesting as
a group on account of their apterous condition and the great variety of their hosts, which include
spiders, braconids, moths, and beetles ! Pezomachus aquisgranensis, P. Kiesenwetteri, and P. zonatus are
found in moss in Bentley Woods in winter ; P. costatus at Kessingland, P. rufipes in grass-tufts, and
P. aemulus are uncommon ; P. acarorum, P. festinans, and P. nigritus appear local species. Oulton
Broad produces P. micrurus, and Bentley Woods both P . formicarius and P. Miitleri ; P. attentus,
P. anthracinus, and P. timidus are somewhat rare ; but P. vagans, P. fraudulentus, and P. modestus arc
abundant. By sweeping at dusk in September quantities of P. corrupter and P. carnifex may be
obtained, with a rare P. comes and P. geochares. P. instabilis and P. intermedins are very common,
but P. nigricornis distinctly rare, on fir trees in the spring ; the most ubiquitous of the whole genus,
however, is P. fasciatus, which turns up everywhere.

This brings us to the third sub-family, the slender-bodied Ophioninae, of which I have found
Henicospilus ramidulus commonly on reeds in the salt marshes, as well as at light at midnight at
Southwold ; H. merdarius preys on Dlanthaecia irregularis at Tuddenham ; Ophion minutus is rare
in Assington Thicks in May, but both 0. obscurus and 0. luteus are very common at street lamps and

114

INSECTS

electric light in Ipswich ; sometimes too they are attracted by sugar in the Bentley Woods, and
Paget says that the latter was frequently met with in Yarmouth in 1834. Anomalon ruficorne and
A. penpicuum have been found about Ipswich, Agrypon JIaveolatum at Lavcnham, and A. tenuicorne at
Alderton. Paget once bred Opheltts glaucopterus from the chrysalis of Cimbex varians, which he
instances at Lound Wood, and I possess an example taken near Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. Wratislaw,
probably in Tuddenham Fen, where I have myself beaten it from birch bushes. Paniscus cephalotes,
the well-known parasite of the puss-moth, was not uncommon here in 1894 ; P, virgatus has been
bred by Ransom at Sudbury from Melanippe fluctuata ; P. testaceus is often attracted to light at
night ; in the Bentley Woods I have once found P. tarsatus, and at Leiston P. cristatus once. Several
kinds of Campoplex are common, but I can only refer to C. angustatus and C. tenuis with any degree
of certainty ; and in the extensive, though at present inadequately worked, genus Limneria but few
species have been satisfactorily determined. I have met with L. annulata about Lowestoft in
August ; L. chrysosticta at Bramford and Claydon Bridge ; L. crasskirnis not uncommonly at Oulton
and Barnby Broads, and Henstead ; L. exareolata and L. Faunus also in the marshes at Henstead ;
L. fulvivmtris at Dunwich and Brandon ; L. fenestralis at Barnby Broad and in a fungus at
Ipswich ; L, horealis at Burgh Castle and on the banks of the Orwell ; L. claviptnnh not uncom-
monly in the Lowestoft district : L. iitoralis at Barnby Broad ; L. rufipa at Burgh Castle, and L.
rufiventr'ti on the banks of the Gipping. I have, however, over seven hundred specimens of this
genus from which most of the British species may with all probability be recorded. Cremastus
interruptus has occurred to me at Claydon bridge and the Felixstowe cliffs upon flowers. Porixon
hostilii and P. harpurus are common upon Angelica flowers in the autumn. Plectiscus zanatus has
been found by Tuck at Tostock. Mesechorus pectoralii has been swept from thistles in the Bentley
Woods in November ; M. confusus found on fennel flowers at Alderton ; M. vittator in Barnby
Broad in August, and Tuck has found M. tetricus at Bury St. Edmunds. Thersilochus virsutus has
been taken at Ipswich, where T. moderator is often bred from the pink larvae of Orchesia micam in
Boleti on trees. Curtis took both sexes of Collyria calcitrador in Suffolk,'* and it is still abundant at
Tostock, Bentley, Lavenham, &c., doubtless doing much good since it preys upon the Cephus
pygmaeus, which is so injurious to wheat. Exetastes dnctipes is common in Ipswich and Woodbridge
gardens, devouring the caterpillars of the cabbage moths ; I have captured E. il/usor on the banks of
the Orwell in July ; E. guttatorius has been observed in Finborough Park, and is doubtless widely dis-
tributed. Smith found the very rare Arotes albicinctus near Lowestoft," and both Wratislaw and
Curtis '° have noticed Banchus pictus, which occasionally turns up in Bentley Woods, in the county.
I have found B. variegatus sparingly about Ipswich, and B. fakator in the greatest profusion on
Heracleum sphondylium flowers by the sea at Easton Bavents.''

The Tryphoninae are by no means well represented in our list, though we can instance over
eighty kinds, and a great deal of heterogeneous material awaits elucidation. The pretty Mesoleptus
cingulator is common on Screphularia in the Bramford marshes, Tuddenham Fen, and at Tostock ;.
M. typhae has occurred in Bentley Woods, where M. testaceous is uncommon ; M. melanocephala
occasionally falls to the beating stick in Tuddenham Fen in August ; M. paludicola and M. sulphu-
ratus, together with what I believe to be M. furax, have been taken in Oulton Broad, whence
Bedwell has given me Euryproctus geniculosus. E. nemaralis has turned up upon Angelica flowers at
Barton Mills, and Tuck has found E. atomator in Finborough Park. Catoglyptus fortipes is common,
and I have once captured C. fuscicornis in the Bentley Woods. Perilissus praertgater is abundant
everywhere on flowers in the late autumn, with P. fiUcornis in Tuddenham Fen. Priinopoda glabra
lives at Southwold in July, and Thymaris compressus at Tuddenham. Megastylus cruentator has been
noted about Tostock and Lowestoft ; M. mediator at Wherstead in the end of October, and M.
horealis in Staverton Thicks in June. Mesoleius sanguinicollis and M. virgultorum are found in the
Bentley Woods ; M. caligatus in Herringswell Fen, M. aulicus at Foxhall, M. armillatorius with
M. insolens at Brandon, and M. semicaligatus not rarely in the marshes about Beccles. Of the
typical genus Tryphon, T. elongattr is common at Ipswich, Tostock, Lowestoft, and Dodnash ; T.
rutilator at Bentley Woods and Felixstowe ; T. vulgaris at Ipswich ; T. trochanteratus on Heracleum
at Moulton ; T. signator at Tostock by Tuck ; T. assimilis in Barnby Broad ; T. bicornutus at
Claydon, Tostock, and Foxhall ; and I once swept the handsome T. scotopterus in some numbers in
Stanstead Wood, where also has occurred an example of Grypocentrus lativentris, G. albipes has been
found at Barton Mills, and G. basalis is very abundant in our woods in the spring. Trematopygus
albipes has occurred to Tuck at Benacre Broad, and in the Bentley Woods Eumesius crassicornis is.
found sparingly in May. The larviparous Polyblastus varitarsus and P. cothurnatus are not rare on
flowers in the autumn ; and I have once found P. mutabilis in Tuddenham Fen in June, and
P. pinguis once upon the Southwold cliff's. P. calcar is attracted to fennel-flowers at Alderton, P.
JVestringi inhabits Barton Mills, and P. carinator is not uncommon. Erromenus hrunnicornis is.

'« Cf. Farm Insects, 257. " Cf. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. liz.

" Brit. Ent. 588. " Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 157.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

common at Westleton and Tostock, E. frenator at Fordley and Kenton, and I have taken both
Acrotomus lucidulus in Tuddenham Fen and Cteniscus succinctus in the Bentley Woods. The distinct
Exyston c'lnctulum has been once or twice noticed about Bury and Aldeburgh.

Among the Prosopi have been observed Exochus mansuetor, commonly on the windows of Monk
Soham House, E. Jlavomarginatus at Assington in May, E. consimilis, and at Lowestoft E. nigripalpls,
Chorinaeus crutator has occurred to me at Henstead and Burgh Castle ; C. funebris at Covehithe ;
and, in April, Tuck has sent me C. talpae from Tostock. The Schizodontes '' are somewhat more
fully represented by Bassus laetatorlus, which abounds from Lackford bridge to Slaughden beach ;
B. alhoslgnatus rare at Southwold ; B. annulatus and B. varicoxa at Monk Soham, and both B.
tricinctus and B. multicolor are common locally. Zootrephus holmgreni is not uncommon about Tud-
denham Fen and Barton Mills, with Z. rufiventris from Brandon and the Lowestoft Broads.
Homoporus cinctus and H. hixonarius occur sparingly at Tostock, Finborough Park, and the Bentley
Woods ; H. graculus at Barnby Broad and Tuddenham Fen ; H. porectorius at Assington Thicks
and Tuddenham Fen ; H. tarsatorius and H. flavoUneatus in woods in the spring ; H. fissorius
appears to be very rare on Angelica flowers at Foxhall in September ; H. ornatus is abundant in
the coast marshes at Southwold, and H. dimidiatus everj'where in August ; H. longiventris and H.
crasstcrus were first taken in Britain in Suffolk ; H. pumilus at Tostock and Brandon ; the only
specimen of H. strlgator was taken on flowers in Henstead Marsh in August 1898; H. signatus is
common in July at Monk Soham ; Tuck has found the widespread H. elegans at Bury, and H.
xanthasp'is first occurred in England in Tuddenham Fen in August 1905, with the commoner H.
h\grobius, Promethu! sulcator, P. festivus, and P. pulchellus are also abundant ; one j of P. laticarpus has
turned up at Henstead, and I have P. dorsalis from Monk Soham, Brandon, and about Lowestoft,
and P. cagnatus from Southwold, Brandon, Clare, and Barnby Broad. Paget says Metopius micra-
torius used to occur in Yarmouth gardens, sometimes abundantly ; and Curtis records it from
Southwold, where Mr. Tuck recently found it.^' I have once seen it in the Bentley Woods, but
it is certainly now quite rare in Suffolk.

The last sub-family, the Pimplinae, comprises such handsome insects as Rhyssa persuasoria, the
parasite of the wood-wasp, which measures 4 inches over all ; this giant has been taken in Ipswich
by Baylis and by Tuck at Bury and Rushbrooke. Ephialtes imperator is said to have been common
about Yarmouth by Paget, who may, however, have referred to E, carbonarius, which has occurred
to Tuck at Tostock and to me at Bramford ; and I once found a male of the exclusively marsh
Acaenitus arator on Angelica flowers in Tuddenham Fen. Perithous mediator and P. varius, parasites
of fossors, are not uncommon. Of the genus Pimpla we can record the common P. instigator^
which I have bred from Smerinthus iiliae at Beccles and from Arctia menthastri at Ipswich ; P.
fxaminator diuA P. turionellae commonly in June; P. rufator at Ipswich in 1893 ; P. flavonotatOy
not uncommon upon reeds in the Southwold salt marshes ; P. brevicornis, P. scanica, always abundant
with P. pomorum and the handsome P. diluta, upon Coniferae in the spring ; P. alternans bred from
a moth's pupa in Barnby Broad ; P. oculatoria and P. graminellae not uncommon ; P. calobata at
Ipswich, and P. didyma, of which I once bred two dozen examples of both sexes from a single
larva of Odonestis potatoria. P. robuita occurs about Lowestoft in August, P. sagax at Fin-
ningham and Eye, P. strigpleuris at Aldeburgh and Tostock in September, and P. detrita is common
everywhere upon flowers in August. Ischnocerus rusticus has been found at Copdock, and Clistopyga
incitator at Ipswich by Flatten and at Tostock by Tuck. The interesting genus Glypta is well repre-
sented by G. bicornis, G. pedata^ and G. annulata in Barnby Broad ; G. nigrina on windows of Monk
Soham House ; G. ceratites and G. bifoveolata are generally distributed ; G. trochanterata and G.
jncisa at Ipswich ; G. sculpturata at Sibton Abbey ; G. parvicornuta in Tuddenham Fen ; G.
elongata at Dunwich ; G. pedata at Lackford Bridge ; G. elongate at Southwold ; G. haesitator at
Belstead in early June ; G. scalaris at Burgh Castle ; G. femorata at Stanstead ; G. resinanae at
Tostock with G. mensurata and G. lugubrina, while G. Jlavolineata and G. annulata are common on
the flowers. I have found Schizopyga analis at Barton Mills ; and Stilbops vetula, with Colpomeria
Jnanis, abundantly in all our woods in May. Lissonota maculatoria has occurred to Tuck at Tostock ;
L. verberans at Brandon, L. variabilis at Foxhall ; L. bellator and L. commixta are common every-
where in August, with L. sulphurifera and L. cylindrator on flowers. Meniscus murinus is often
abundant upon blackthorn blossom in April ; M. catenator occurred to me in Barnby Broad in July
1906, and M. setosus was found at Bury by Wratislaw. Phytodietus segmentator has turned up at
Stoke by Clare, P. coryphaeus at Dunwich, and Oedemopsis scabriculus is locally common on flowers
in August. The curious and widely distributed Xylonomus pilicornis has only once been seen in
Suffolk, in the marshes near Wortham Ling in June.

In recently working out material for the third volume of my Ichneumons of Britain^ I found
the following Pimplinae to also inhabit our county : — Pimpla arundinator is common in marshy

" Cf. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1905, pp. 419-38. " Cf. Trans. Norf. and None. Nat. Soc. vii, 14.

116

INSECTS

places ; P. roborator^ Grav., has been taken by Flatten in Woodbridge ; P. puncttventris, Thorns.,
is not rare, though mixed with P. calobata, Grav. ; P. nucum, Ratz., has been found in Monk Park-
Wood in June ; and Mr. Tuck has once taken P. ornata about Tostock. I bred a female of Poly-
sphincta multicolora, Grav., from a spider in my garden last year ; its larva is an external parasite,
and lies like a muffler round its host's neck. Schizopyga podagrica, Grav., has also occurred in Monk
Soham. The handsome Lycorina triangulifera, Holmgr., once fell to my beating-stick in the Bent-
ley Woods in June 1902. Cryptopimpla cakeator, Grav., and C. errabunda, Grav., have been met
with singly at Foxhall and Lowestoft, but are rare. L'monota is an extensive genus, and we can
now also claim L. leucogona and L. nitida on flowers at Monk Soham, L. trochanUrata commonly at
Marlesford, &c. ; Mr. Tuck has found L. deversor at Tostock ; and L. segmentator once occurred to
me in Assington Thicks, L. nigridens on Angelica flowers at Harkstead in September, L. dubia at
Brandon in June, and L. errabunda, Holmgr., in the Bentley Woods. Meniscus plantarius was once
found by Mr. Wratislaw about Bury St. Edmunds, and Collyria puncticeps is a common species.
Phytodietus obscurus occurs in Bentley Woods, and I have described Thymaris fenestralisy Mori., from
specimens taken on the windows of Monk Soham House in July.

From the above account of the Suffolk Ichneumonidae, which is the best at present obtainable,
it will be seen that the sub-families are very unequally represented, and that they may be thus
summarized ; —

Ichneumoninae ..........92 species

Cryptinae 139 „

Ophioninae ........... 48 „

Tryphoninae ........... 89 „

Pimphnae ........... 87 „

Braconidae

In Suffolk but little attention has been paid to this extensive family, so closely resembling in
structure and economy the Ichneumonidae, from which, however, its members may be known by
the possession of only one recurrent nervure in the fore-wing, or, in such as be apterous, by the
chitinous abdomen. One species is recorded hence in Wood's Insects at Home, and a few were
Srst described by Curtis from this county in his British Entomology ; but for the most part I have
ad to rely upon my own intermittent efforts at collecting and determination for the representation
)f the following species, which in all probability constitute about one half of the number actually
occurring with us.

The typical genus Bracon is fairly well represented *•* by B. minutator, found occasionally
about Tostock by Tuck; B. fulvipes found here by Bedwell and myself; B. variegator, of which
Tuck bred one from a spider's nest in April 1902; B. stabilis, common; B. fuscicoxis, about
Brandon ; B. guttiger, at Nacton in May ; B. satanas, rarely ; B. fraudator and B. epitriptus, at Monk
Soham in July ; B. praetermissus, at Oulton Broad, and B. discoideus, on flowers at Brandon and
Claydon ; B. regularis, at Bramford and Foxhall ; B. variator and B. osculator are common ; B.
«bscurator has once occurred at Wherstead, and B. anthracinus once on herbage in the Bentley
Woods. Rhyssalus indagator once occurred to me at Assington in the middle of June, and Tuck
took Spathius rubidus at Tostock in September 1902. The common 5. exarator, which preys most
beneficially upon the death-watch beetle, has turned up in Dodnash Woods, and at Tuddenham,
where also Hecabolus sulcatus is found in August. Doryctes imperator was taken, flying in the sun-
shine, at Ipswich in June 1896 ; and Tuck has given me D. spathiiformis, which he bred from a
spider's nest at Tostock. Clinocentrus excubitor inhabits the Bentley Woods and Heterogammus dispar
was swept in Herringswell Fen in August 1905. The ubiquitous Rhogas circumscriptus has been
met with at Foxhall, Belstead, Bury St. Edmunds, and Barnby Broad ; ^^ R. armatus and R.
dimidiatus occur about Ipswich ; R. irregularis in the Lowestoft district, Tuddenham, and Herrings-
well Fens ; the rare R. nigricornis has once turned up in Barnby Broad in July, and Curtis ^
describes his R. suhucola from Suffolk in the middle of May. Respecting the interesting Crypto-
gastres, cf. Entomologist, 1907, p. 879, where I have recorded from Suffolk Phanerotoma dentata from
Tuddenham Fen ; Chelonus inanitus, of which Wood says " that F. Smith took fifty at Lowestoft,
is common throughout the county ; C. carbonator, not rare at Bramford, Foxhall, Blythburgh, and
Westleton ; C. secutor, from Brandon ; C. sulcatus, common at Barton Mills, Claydon, and
Brandon ; and a single C. dispar at Foxhall in September. Several species of Ascogaster are also
mentioned : A. rufipes from Tuddenham, A. rufidens from Bildeston, A. variipes from Henstead,
and A. quadridentatus at Tostock, Grundisburgh, and the Bentley Woods. Of the nine British
Sigalphi, only four have been noted here : S. luteipes at Benacre Broad, Aldeburgh, and Kenton ;

° Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1906, p. 106. " Ibid. 1902, p. 10.

" Brit. Ent. 512. »» Op. cit. 325, pi. x, fig. 6.

117

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

S. caudatus at Aldeburgh, Needham, and Claydon ; S. florkola at Southwold, and 5. obscurellus, which
was taken by Tuck at Aldeburgh in September 1899.

In 1906 I paid some little attention to the Microgasterides, so beneficial in destroying the
white butterfly caterpillars on cabbages."* In the extensive genus Apanteles, I have swept A.
ferrugineus zX. Barton Mills and in Tuddenham Fen ; taken A. limbatus about Ipswich in 1893 ;
seen A. glomeratus everywhere on Purls rapae and hrassicae ; received A. spurius from Flatten at
Ipswich ; captured A. geryonis in the Bentley Woods ; instanced A. zygaenarun from Felixstowe
and Brandon ; bred ten A. caiae from Chelonia caia at Ipswich ; received A. nothus from Roths-
child, who bred them from Antklea sinuata, at Tuddenham ; and eleven A. difficilis from Tuck»
who bred them at Bury St. Edmunds ; A.falcatus occurs in Barnby Broad in August ; A. decorus
in the Bentley Woods and Benacre Broad ; A. obscurus at Oulton Broad and Brandon ; A. coniferat
in the Walberswick salt-marshes ; A. fuUginosus at Claydon on Angelica flowers in August ; A.
astrarches at Lakenheath and the Bentley Woods ; A. bicolor in the Southwold salt-marshes in
August; and the common A.fuhipes at Wortham, Tuddenham Fen, Barton Mills, and Stanstead
Wood in June. The allied genus MicropHtis is not so well represented by M. spinolae at South-
wold in Auf;ust ; M. tristis, which Tuck has bred here from Diathecia cucubali ; M, dolens on Angelica
flowers at Claydon in 1899 ; M. spectabilis, a common species about Ipswich ; M. mediana at
Claydon, late in September ; and M. tuberculifera at Ipswich and the Bentley Woods. The typical
genus Microgaster is treated of in the Entomologist for 1906, and mention is made of M.
alvearius at Ipswich ; M. connexus at Bungay ; M. tiro at Henstead in August ; M. suffhlciensisy
Mori., from such distant places as Bury St. Edmunds and Locarno, though in both it was bred from
Nothris verbascella ; M. suhcompletus has occurred at Alderton in September ; M. sticticus at Tostock
and Barnby Broad ; and both AI. globatus and M. tibialis are very common. The review of the
section Areolarii is completed in the Entomologist, 1907, p. 217, where I have instanced the capture
of a new British species, Microdus nugax, on meadow-sweet flowers at Foxhall in August 1 902 }
M. clausthalianus at Barton Mills in June ; and M. tumidulus at Foxhall and Claydon Bridge.
Earinus nitidulus has been swept in Tuddenham Fen and E. gloriatorius beaten from birch-bushes
in the Bentley Woods in May ; Orgilus obscurator occurs in Tuddenham Fen and the Bentley
Woods ; and I have described a species new to science, O. micropterus, which was first taken on the
flowers of Angelica at Foxhall on 12 September 1898.

This brings us to the confusing Polymorph!, among which the Euphorides are here repre-
sented by Euphorus pallidipes and E. picipes, both common in May, the former at Stanstead, Belstead,
Brockdish (Norf.), Brandon and Barton Mills, and the latter in Tuddenham Fen. Microctonus
splendidus has turned up at Southwold in August, and Perilitus rutilus is common among turnips at
Ipswich and Monk Soham. Meteorus albiditarsis has been taken by Elliott in the Bentley Woods ;.
I have beaten M. caligatus from plum at Barham in May ; M. chrysophthalmus at Freston early in
September ; Mr. Sparke has found M. deceptor at Tuddenham Fen ; M. pallidipes is common at
Wherstead, Assington, and Monk Soham ; M. obfuscatus is common about Boleti on elms, since it
preys upon the larvae of beetles feeding therein ; M. atrator has occurred on the windows of Monk
Soham House, with M. scutellator, in August ; M. rubens has been found by Mr. PifFard on the Felix-
stowe sandhills, and M. fragilis is common at Tuddenham, Halesworth, Needham, and Moulton ; M,
punctiventris occurs at Southwold ,■ M.filator was once found ovipositing in a dead rabbit in the Bentley
Woods ; and M. pulchricornis is common about Ipswich. Blacus armatulus is not rare in bracken refuse
in the Bentley Woods, together with B. ruficornis ; " and I have found B. humilis at Claydon Bridge.^
Curtis -' records the beautiful Proterops nigripennis, Wesm., under the name Bracon denigrator, Linn.,
as having been taken by the Rev. William Kirby, probably at Barham; and in the Entomologists'
Monthly Magaxine, 1900, p. 1 74, I have confirmed Helcon annulicornis as a British insect on the
strength of an example captured in Brantham Dale, apparently in search of some ivy-feeding beetle.
Macrocentrus marginator is a very common kind on flowers and reeds at Lowestoft, Brandon, Monk
Soham, Southwold, and Herringswell ; M. thoracicus occurs at Ipswich and in Assington Thicks ;.
M. ahdominalis is abundant throughout the county ; M. infirmus has been noted at Monk Soham^
Southwold, Aldeburgh, and Barton Mills ; and M. coUaris under plants of Erodium cicutarium at
Brandon in August. Diospilus oleraceus is common at Assington, Bentley, Tostock, and Monk
Soham ; and Pygostolus sticticus not rare at Brandon in June. The rare and very aberrant
Pachylomma buccata was found on my study window at Monk Soham early in July 1905 ; but
the Aphidiides are very poorly represented by Aphidius cardui on fennel flowers on the Felixstowe clifl^,
A. granarius bred at Monk Soham from Siphonophora sonchi in 1907, A. avenae and A. pini in the
Bentley Woods, where also Ephedras lacertosus has appeared ; besides these only Trioxys aceris can
be named, though a great many species which I have recently bred from aphides in my garden

** Cf. Entom. 1906, pp. 99-105. * Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 288 ; 1901, p. 17.

" Brit. Ent. Ixix.

118

INSECTS

await determination. The rare Polemon liparae has been swept in the marshes at Barton Mills in
the middle of June, and Dale also tells us that it has been bred from the dipterous Lipara
lucms at Beccles in 1861."'

The Pezomachoid Chasmodon apterus is found at Wherstead and Blythburgh ; and Aphaereta
cephaloUi in the Bentley Woods and ovipositing in dipterous larvae in dung at Southwold. Goniarcha
lucicola occurs among autumnal fiingi at Bramford and Foxhall ; and Dtaspasta contracta in a damp wood
in the former locality in mid-October. The typical Alysla manducator is frequently found ovipositincr
in dipterous larvae amongst carrion at Claydon, Foxhall, Henstead, Barnby Broad, and Tuddenham
Fen ; the allied Homophyla pullata I have seen in a horse-trough in Ipswich, Phaenocarpa conspurcator
ovipositing in dog's droppings, Aspilota ruficornis in Stanstead Wood and Tuddenham Fen, and
once I found several specimens of what the Rev. T. A. Marshall said was A. macu/ipes in a fungus
at Assington Thicks in June. At the same locality Oenone ringens has also been taken ; and the
curious Chaenon anceps is not uncommon at Tostock, Tuddenham, and Lowestoft. Coelinius niger
occurs frequently in marshes at Felixstowe, Dennington, and Barton Mills ; C. gracilis at Brandon ;
and C. elegans is doubtless common in the Broads district. Rhizarcha stramineipes has several
times been taken in the Bentley Woods, and Dacnusa abdita once or twice at Nacton.

Proctotrypidae

Very little is known of the British Proctotrypidae, which have never been adequately mono-
graphed ; and consequently I am greatly indebted to the late Rev. T. A. Marshall, whose contribu-
tion on this subject was, I believe, to have appeared in Andre's great Species des Hyminoptires
d'Europe, for kindly examining and naming the fifty kinds enumerated in the following list, only
two of which had been previously recorded hence by Curtis. These interesting little creatures are,
for the most part, parasitic upon the eggs of other insects and, since more than one often find
sustenence in a single moth's egg to supply the whole of their larval appetite, the minute size of
these ' Fairy Flies ' may be easily imagined ; but their beautiful and varied structure is only to be
appreciated through the microscope. Their classification is still to a great extent in a state of chaos,
from which it may be expected to emerge on the completion of Dr. KiefFer's perhaps too elaborate
European Monograph. We are indebted to Mr. A. J. Chitty for the revision of our species, and
those not here bearing a distinctive name will shortly be described by him.

In the subfamily Proctotrypinae, the typical genus is represented in Suffolk by Proctotrypes
niger, which has occurred to me in Tuddenham Fen and to Tuck at Tostock ; its var. a was swept
at Needham Market, and the var. /3 taken on umbelliferous flowers on the coast at Felixstowe.
Tuck has also taken P. ater, Nees, at Tostock in May and P. buccatus, Thoms., in September ; I
have found the latter at Whitton and Dodnash. The first of Mr. Chitty 's new species was also
taken by Tuck in an old beehive in Bury St. Edmunds, and I discovered the second in a dead
rabbit in the Bentley Woods.^* P. kngicornis, Nees, is common, and has turned up at Bentley
Woods on fir trees, at Felixstowe, Claydon, and Aspall Wood. P. brevipennis, Latr., was once
swept at Westleton by Mr. Elliott, and I caught it running on Foxhall Plateau in July 1904. The
handsome P. gravidator, L., is not uncommon at Foxhall, Brandon, Herringswell, Belstead, and on
the Kessingland cliffs ; whilst an allied species — Chitty 's third — was in my sweep-net in Tuddenham
Fen on 23 August 1905. P.pallidipes has only been found at Wherstead and Barton Mills ; and
P. viator, which destroys wireworms, at Ipswich and Tostock. P. calcar, Hal., is also found at
Tostock and Barton Mills ; but P. laricis, Hal., is confined to the Ipswich district, Bentley Woods,
Bramford, and Bourne Bridge. It is P. parvulus, Hal., that destroys the larvae of Orchesia micans
in fungi on elm, in the same locality. Chitty's fourth species I swept in a little alder wood at
Bramford ; ^' and his fifth occurred to me on long grass at Wortham early in June 1 900. Codrus
apterogynus, Hal., and Lagynodes palUdus, Boh., are not infrequent, the former at Southwold, Corton
cliffs, Sproughton, and Claydon, the latter in the Bramford marshes and amongst moss. Tricho-
steresis nitida. Thorns., has been taken at Nacton ; T. Forsteri, Kief., swept at Southwold in August
1904; Megaspilus alutaceus, Thoms., on the cliffs at Corton; M. halteratus. Boh., in the Bentley
Woods ; M. rufipes, Nees, among moss at Ipswich ; and the apterous form of M. thoracicus, Nees,
in a marshy wood at Bramford. The interesting and perhaps fossorial Bethylus fuscicornis, Jur., is
recorded by Curtis, under the name B. punctatus^^ from rushes on the beach at Covehithe, and it is
common at Ipswich, Bentley Woods, and Oulton Broad ; its for-long-intermixed cousin, B. cepha-
lotes, Forst., has been taken at Brandon in the north and Sudbury in the south. Of the Dryininae,
Chitty has recorded '^ Gonatopus striatus. Kief., from Brandon in May, and G. sepsoides, Westw.,
from Lowestoft. To the genus Antaean he has paid considerable attention, and has just published

" Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1893, p. 115. »» Ibid. 1907, p. 50.

" Ibid. 1900, p. 42. " Brit. Ent. 720. " Ent. Rec. 1907, p. 8 1.

119

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

descriptions of new species. His A. barbatui I took at Bentley in May 1902 ; A. arcuatus, Kief., I
found in the same locality in July 1904, and A. imterhis, Kief., in Assington Thicks in May 1899.
Chitty's A. Kiejfferi was floating on a horse-trough in Ipswich in May 1895. A. Gaullei, Kief.,
occurs on flowers in the Bramford marshes and on fumatory at Tattingstone in July ; while
A. Morleyi, Chitty, affected the flowers of meadow-sweet at Foxhall in August 1902. I have also
taken A. vicinus. Kief., by the Aide at Farnham and A. fusiformis. Kief., in a swamp at Reydon.

Of the very rare Pedinomma rufescens, Westw., I captured the second or third British example
in a chalk pit in Barking on 6 October 1898 ; Mr. Marshall, to whom I gave it, first discovered
the S, also an apterous insect, in 1901. The second of Curtis's records refers to He lor us anomalipeSy
Panz., which he says the Rev. William Kirby had observed in Suffolk," where, indeed, it is fairly
common everywhere, though especially so at Aldeburgh and Sibton Abbey. Among the Belytinae
we have fifteen ill-defined species : an undescribed Acropmia occurred to me at Blakenham in May
1897 ; and in the genus Belyta, B.validicornis, Thorns., was taken at the same time and subsequently
at Brockdish (Norf.). B. depressa and B. abrupta, Thoms., have been found respectively at the Kessing-
land clifis in July and Stanstead Wood in the middle of June. The fourth and fifth species were taken
flying in the Bentley Woods 27 May 1900 ; and B. dorsalls, Thoms., was once swept in Dodnash
Woods in September. I have taken Pantociis brevis, Nees, in moss at Ipswich, and a species of the
same genus or Anectata in the Bentley Woods on 22 September 1899. A new species of Aclista
was also swept there on the same day, as well as A. brachyptera, Thoms., on 28 September 1895.
Single specimens of Ismarus favicornis, Thoms., at Southwold, Oxy/abis armata. Curt., at Bentley
Woods, and of a species of Xenotoma at Stanstead Wood in June, have also been noted. Turning now
to the Diapriinae, we find that Spilomicrus stlgmaticalis has been swept from herbage at Little Blaken-
ham ; S. nigripes, Thoms., is common at Tuddenham Fen, Ipswich, and Barnby Broad ; and that
S. integer has occurred at Wherstead on 27 October, 1903. Aneurrhynchus galeslfcrmh, Westw.,
has been found in Bentley Woods, A. pentatomus, Thoms., at Stanstead Wood and Knight's Dales,
and A. nodicornis, Marsh., has also put in an appearance. Galesusfuscipennis, Curt., occurs at Bentley
and Belstead, and its variety was taken in the former woods on 1 1 July 1 902. Basa/ys antennata,
Nees, has once been taken at Foxhall in September ; and a new species of Paramesius beneath the
bark of a willow tree at Sproughton on 3 September 1897. The genus Loxotropa is represented hy
L. tritoma, Thoms., in Dodnash Woods ; L. tripartita, Marsh, (or dispar, Nees), on the banks of the
Orwell at Wherstead ; L. abrupta, Thoms., in a marshy wood at Bramford ; ^' and Galesus brevi-
cornis or ob/iguus, Thorns., at Bentley. The typical genus Diapria is represented by D. conica.
Fab., in the Bentley Woods, at Southwold and Claydon ; Mr. Chitty's first new species is not
Suffolcian, but the second was found in the centre of Framlingham ; D. verticillata, Latr., has
occurred at Claydon, and the third new species in the Bramford marshes ; £>. nigra, Nees, is
common at Easton Broad, Foxhall Decoy, and perhaps at Barren Heath, near Ipswich ; D. suspecta,
Nees, on brackish mud at Aldeburgh, at the roots of ragwort at Brandon, and of stonecrop at
Tuddenham. A fourth kind has appeared in flood refuse by the Gipping and on firs in the Bentley
Woods. Monelata petiolaris, Nees, has been found in damp moss in the same locality in the
autumn, together with the minute Leptacis scutellaris, Thoms., which sometimes lives in ants' nests.
Late in September 1905 my wife discovered on a white table-cloth, Alaptus minimus. Walk., one
of the most minute of our indigenous insects, measuring one-fiftieth of an inch in length.

TENTHREDONIDEA

The nomenclature of the sawflies is just now in a state or transition from that employed in
Cameron's British Phytophagous Hymenoptera to the more scientific system evolved by Pastor Konow,
as at present being set forth by the Rev. F. D. Morice in The Entomologists' Monthly Magaxine ; and
although Mr. Morice's nomenclature has not yet nearly fully appeared, and is still quite unfamiliar
to British students, it is thought advisable, in the following r&um6 of the Suffolk species, to adopt
for the most part the newer, more correct but less familiar names, which will shortly be the only
ones in genera! use. The sawflies of the county have been comparatively fijlly worked during the
past ten years, though never systematically, and new kinds are still constantly turning up as more
and more of the Broads, Breck, woods, and marsh-lands are explored entomologically.

The curious little Xyela jullii occurs, though sparingly, on pine trees in Bentley Woods, where
Pamphilus sylvarum has once been taken and P. sylvaticus is of periodical appearance. The Cephina
are rather well represented by Janus cynosbati, which Mr. Chitty took at Brandon ; ^* Trachelus
tabidus from Boxford and Claydon ; Cephus pilosulus from Stanstead and Barton Mills ; C. pallidipes
from Moulton and Tuddenham ; and C. pygmaeus, which is only too common everywhere, and very

" Brit. Ent. 403. " Cf. Ent.Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 42. " Ibid. 1903, p. 277.

120

INSECTS

destructive to the wheat crops. The Siricdidae or horntails, which used to be considered distinct
from the Tenthredinidae, have recently been placed here, and are well-represented in Suffolk. Of
this small family, Xiphydrta prolongata has occurred in some numbers to me at Mildenhall in one oak
post,'' and the handsome Sirex gigas occasionally appears throughout the county,'^ and was found in
Ipswich in 1903 ; S. noctilio is of much less frequent observation, and is only recorded from
Tostock, Bury, Great Glemham,and Battisford. The large and handsome Cimbicina are but poorly
worked in the county at present ; Cimbex sylvarum used to be common at Lound in Paget's time,
and C. femorata has only once been found, by the late Mr. E. G. J. Sparke, who dug up the cocoon
near Bury St. Edmund's ; there is also but one example of C. lutea, which was taken at Bury many
years ago by the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw. In August 1 904 I beat a larva of C connata from alder
in Freston Wood.'' Trichiosoma lucorum was found feeding on birch by Paget ; but T. tibialis is
quite common on whitethorn at Sudbury, Debenham, and about Ipswich, being often destroyed by
Cryptus cimbicis ; and I took T. silvatica in the Bentley Woods in 1895. Of the Hylotomae,
H. coeruUscens has occurred to Tuck near Lowestoft, H. ustulata is often common though very
local, H. cyanocrocea is rare at Tostock, Wherstead, and Ipswich, and I have turned up H.fuscipes in
Assington Thicks in May. Ahia uricea is much commoner with us than the usually more widely
distributed A.fasciata, which only lives in the Bentley Woods; and fifty years ago the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield found a Lophyrus, which was probably pini, defoliating the fir-trees at Easton. Larvae of
Argerosae are very destructive to rose-trees ; I took them at Tuddenham in 1906.

Turning to the Nematina, we find Hemichroa crocea in the Brandon and Freston marshes, and
H. alni at Bentley and Lackford Bridge, while Dineura nigricans is common in the Bentley Woods
and in Assington Thicks ; D. stylata has turned up at Brandon, and Mesoneura verna at Belstead
in May. Priophorus padi, Cladius pectinicornis, and Trichocampus viminalis are abundant ; T. ulmi
extends from Ipswich to Tostock and from Leiston to Lowestoft, and Priophorus tristis is found at Bent-
ley. Mr. Norgate has discovered Croesus septentrionalis in north Suffolk, and it would appear, from the
old records of Curtis, Paget, and Westwood,'' to have been widely distributed at that time ; I took
it at Brandon in 1906, but it is certainly rare there, occurring in August. Fifty species of the now
sub-divided genus Nematus have been noticed : — Micronematus monogyniae is found in the Bentley
Woods, Phyllotoma vagans at Brandon, Lygaeonematus compressicornis in Barnby Broad, and Crypto-
campus saliceti is quite common. Pristiphora shows P. fulvipes and ruficomis at ^ramforA, fietcheri at
Ipswich, Felixstowe, and Sudbury, pallidiventris and westoni common in Tuddenham Fen, subbifida
at Aldeburgh, and P. pallidipes in the Reydon alder carr. Nematus, as now restricted, contains only
five Suffolcian kinds : N. crassus once at Tuddenham, aurantiacus by Tuck at Bungay, acuminatus in
the Bentley Woods, luteus rarely at Brandon, and N. consobrinus at Ipswich in 1893. Of Pteronus
we have a dozen species, the Ipswich district contributing P. virescens, curtispina, bergmanni,
hortensis, croceus, and pavidus ; the gooseberry pest, P. ribesii, appears much less prevalent here than
in most places, though it is recorded from six or seven parishes ; P. myosotidis is everywhere abundant,
P. oligospilus has been found at Tuddenham and Ipswich, P. brevivalvis at Foxhall, P. melanaspis
rarely at Henstead marsh and Bentley Woods, and once I found males of P. polyspilus common at
Brandon. Pachynematus adds P. vagus and trisignatus commonly, P. einersbergensis, clitellatus and
turgidus at Barnby Broad, P. albipennis zxl^svf'ich, P. apicalis and xanthocarpus in the Bentley Woods,
P. obductus at Tuddenham, and P. rumicis at both Dunwich and the Reydon alder carr in June.
Holcocneme lucidus is fairly common, but H, caeruleocarpus has only been taken by Tuck at Tostock.
The willow-feeding Pontaniae are P. salicis and leucosticta, which are both common, P. salicis-cinereae
at Tuddenham, P. gallicola at Ipswich, P. hipartita at Walberswick and Dunwich, and P. viminalis
in the Reydon alder carr. The last of these sub-genera is Amauronematus, which includes A.
viduatus from Brandon and Tuddenham, A. vittatus from the latter locality, and A.fallax taken by
me at Ipswich in 1895 and in Tuddenham Fen in 1907.

The pretty Eriocampa ovata is recorded '' plentifully from Lowestoft, E. annulipes has been
found at Brandon, E. varipcs at Walberswick and in the Bentley Woods, E. testaceipes at Tostock,
and the destructive E. Umacina is fortunately rare, as also would appear to be the rose pest, E. aethiops
which I have only seen in the Bawdsey marshes. Suffolk can claim many of the Blennocampae, of
which B. tenuicornis and aterrima, with Monophadnus geniculatus, have only occurred at Ipswich,
M. albipes at Foxhall and in Tuddenham Fen, B. melanocephalus in the Bentley Woods, and
Pareophora nigripes only at Lavenham and Foxhall in May. Scolioneura vicina, S. nana, and S. betulaeti
are beaten from birch in woods in September, May, and June respectively ; Blennocampa alternipes
and assimilis at Bramford, B. pusilla at Bungay and Assington, while Tomostethus luteiventris, dubius,
^nA fuHginosus are all widely distributed. Hoplocampa ferruginea and crataegi are frequent in hedges,
H. pectoralis has occurred to me at Barton Mills, and H. rutilicornis in the Bentley Woods, where

" Ent. Mo. Mag. 1899, p. 190. ^ Ibid. 1898, p. 213. " Ibid. 1905, p. 214.

" Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 840, p. v. " Ent. Ann. I 864, p. I I 2.

I 121 16

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Harplphorus hpldus is sometimes seen. In the genus Emphytus we are rather poor, only being
enabled to claim E. tegatus at Bentley, E. serotinus at Bungay and Bramford in October, and
E. grossulariat rarely in Assington Thicks and Finborough Park ; but E. calceatus and tener are
somewhat common, and Mr. Tuck has recently added E. cinctus and tibialis from Tostock. Fenella
nigrita is rare at Belstead, Fenusa melanopoda local at Barnby Broad and Tostock, F. pygmaea at
Bramford and Brandon, and F. hetulae at Barton Mills. I took Kaliosysphinga ulmi at Foxhall
in May 1507. Athalia annulata is the only unobserved kind or the genus, for A. rosae abounds
everywhere, A. spinarum is recorded by Curtis in his Farm Insects as most destructive about Cove-
hithe, and I have recently found it there, as well as in the Breck district ; A. ancilla is local,
A. Scutellariae has only been taken in Tuddenham Fen and A. lugens is represented by a single female
captured at Southwold by Mr. Tuck. Selandria serva is abundant, 5. stramineipes local at Ipswich,
Brandon, and Assington ; S. morio widely distributed and 5. aperta only noticed at Barton Mills,
Lowestoft, Brandon, and Ipswich. Strongylogaster cingulatus is common among bracken, including
two of the rare male ; and I have taken Stromboceros delicatulus rarely in both Assington and Staverton
Thicks. At Dodnash, Tuddenham, and Lowestoft Taxonus equiseti, which is certainly not common,
has been met with ; T. glahratus is, however, abundant with Poecilosoma excisa at Henstead and
Reydon. P. luteolum occurred to me at Southwold in 1900, P. immusa at Barton Mills and in
Bentley Woods in June, with P. pulveratum once at Foxhall, and P. tridens once at Barnby Broad.
Of P. longicornis I took a single male in Reydon marshes in June 1905.

Of the diflScult Dolerina we have Loderus palmatus at Tostock and Bramford, Dolerus madidus
at Ipswich and Tostock, D. palustris widely distributed but not common, D. liogasterax East Bridge,
D. haematodes at Foxhall and Tostock, D. nigratus at Monk Soham, D. rugosulus at Blakenham,
D. ravus at Stoke-by-Clare and Lavenham in the south, D, fissus in the Bentley Woods, with
D. coruscans and picipes ; while D. pratensis, gonager, anthracinus, aeneus, and Loderus vestigialis are
widely distributed and most of them common. Tenthredopsis campestris, litterata, dorsalis, and
coqueberti are frequently met with in the spring ; T. tiliae is not rare at Tostock and Bentley,
T. ornata is recorded from near Yarmouth by Paget, and has turned up at Belstead, Lavenham, &c.;
and Mr. W. H. Tuck has found T. dorsivittata at Tostock. Rhogogastera lateralis, aucupariae, and
viridis are all common and widely distributed. Pachyprotasis rapae is abundant, but P. antennata, so
common in the south of England, has not occurred with us. Of the handsome genus Macrophya,
the marsh-loving M. 12-punctata is even commoner than M. neglecta, M. blanda and rufipes have
occurred at Copdock, M. rustica at Bungay and Wooipit in July, while at Brandon I once found
M. alhicinctOy and once at Belstead M. ribis. Allantus scrophulariae and arcuatus are abundant,
though A. marginellus is rare, and ^. an^/ttw doubtfully Suflfolcian. In the typical genus Tenthredoy
four kinds — livida, rufiventris, bicincta, and mesomela — are abundant in the woods ; T, velox,
T. solitaria, and T. maculata are all very rare indeed at Bentley, though T. atra is occasionally met
with there, and T. punctulata has only been seen in Assington Thicks ; at Brandon alone 7". picta
has occurred to Mr. Chitty and me in some numbers.

In all one hundred and ninety-one species have been noticed in Suffolk out of the nearly four
hundred which inhabit Britain.

COLEOPTERA

Beetles

At the time of the publication of Canon Fowler's recent work on the beetles of the British Islands,
very little indeed appeared to be known of the Suffolk species ; but a careful and systematic study
of various books and periodicals issued during rather more than the last hundred years reveals the
fact that it was only in comparatively recent times that they had been neglected. In the very first
British book on beetles, the Entomologia Britannica of Marsham, which appeared in 1802, we find
some twenty species recorded from Suflfolk, mainly upon the authority of the Rev. William Kirby,
M.A., F.R.S. The earliest of these records takes precedence, perhaps, of any in Britain, and refers
to Scarabaeus {Geotrupes) vernalis, L., which was found commonly near Woodbridge in 1795. And
in the same year the rector of Barham gave his classical Monographia Apum Angliae with a local
mention of the curious Stylops which bears his name and has since been adopted as the permanent
seal of the Entomological Society. During the following twenty years John Curtis collected
extensively in various parts of the county and many of his better captures are brought forward in the
British Entomology of 1823-40. Denny enumerates several of Kirby's Pselaphi and Scydmaen: in his
Norwich Monographia of 1825 ; and nine years later many beetles are recorded, though without
author's' names, from the north-east corner of the county by the Pagets. Stephens's Manual in
1839 condenses the records set forth in the same author's Illustrations, with many additions; and

122

INSECTS

others are contained in the Annah and Magaxine of Natural History and in the Zoologist of 1 844 and
1849 respectively, by Walton and Prof. Henslow. The venerable William Kirby died in 1850,
and in Mr. Freeman's account of his life, published in 1852, several of his more noteworthy beetles
are referred to, as well as many of his interesting Suffolk wanderings in search of them. Dawson
has new material in his Geedephaga Britannica of 1854, where several full accounts of those of the
older writers may be found. "The Naturalist of 1858 and the Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer oi
1859 to 1861 contain some most useful lists of captures by Leeds Fox, Dr. Garneys, and Tyrer,
who went to live at Eye in April of the former year. Curtis supplements his earlier notes by others
in his Farm Insects in 1 860. The old numbers of the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine contain
several county records from the pens of Rye, Saunders, Walker, Barrett, and the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw
of Bury School, who also wrote on the subject in the Transactions of the Suffolk Archaeological Society
of 1870. Power seems to have collected here very little, but is interesting in the Entomologist of
1865 and 1866. Then comes the gap. Till 1894, when I attacked the beetles of the Ipswich
district, nothing was done, but since that time notes have flowed in broadcast from Messrs. BedwcU,
Baylis, Butler, Chitty, Cottam, Champion, F. Fox, Keys, Norgate, Tomlin, and Tuck.

In 1899 I summed up all that was then known of our beetles, enumerating 1,763 species in
mj Coleoptera of Suffolk ; and we can now show that from 1795 to a few months ago, when a
species not previously known among the three and a quarter thousand in Britain was here discovered,
the county, despite its paucity of observers, has always held its own as a prolific and happy hunting
ground.

An account of the more ubiquitous kinds would occupy far too much valuable space to no
good purpose, and I propose to give simply a brief summary of those species which, from their local
distribution, almost exclusive attachment to our peculiar supersoils, or their individual rarity, appear
to be worthy of especial consideration in a county history, particularly since full lists have already
been printed in my work above referred to.

One of the most handsome, as well as rarest (for it is thought to be hardly indigenous), of our
British insects is Calosoma sychophanta, which was first discovered about 1820, at Aldeburgh, on the
Suffolk coast, by the poet Crabbe, who was undoubtedly a good naturalist or he could not have
written such a splendid risumf of the fauna of Belvoir as is published in Nichols' i//V/arj)<)/"Z,«V«?^r.'
This insect has probably occurred more frequently here than elsewhere in Britain, since we have
also records of it from Southwold, by a lady, and several times at Lowestoft, one as late as
1857, of which some were said to have been floating on the sea. Several continental beetles
appear to have reached our coast in this way, since Licinus cassideus, which is certainly not British, has
been found at Aldeburgh according to Dawson, who also says that Chlaenius sulcicollis, which has a
wide range through Germany, Sweden, &c., was once picked up near Covehithe about 1825. It is
a curious coincidence that these visitants should have all occurred within a few miles of each other.
There are other records of continental species occurring in Suffolk, but the majority of these are
very unreliable, since they were brought forward before our fauna was adequately investigated and
its species determined. Such marsh-frequenting kinds as Dromius sigma and D. longiceps, Odacantha
melanura, which occurs near Manningtree as well as in Benacre and Oulton Broads, and Bradycellus
placidus, are by no means uncommon among rejectamenta left on the banks after a flood ; and I
have enumerated 152 different species found in one bag of it on the margins of the River
Gipping near Ipswich in February, which included two dozen of the very rare Trachys troglodytes}
In May 1897 Mr. E. A. Elliott, F.Z.S., and I discovered Harpalus FrSlichii upon the Foxhall
plateau, which species had not before been found in Britain, and it was by no means rare in this one
restricted locality, where it occurred in company with H. discoideus, ignavus, consentaneus, Medon
castaneus, &c., during 1898. Then it appeared to unaccountably die out ; only one example being
found in 1899, and it was feared that it had entirely disappeared ; ' but it has again turned
up, though very sparingly, in its old haunts.* Upon the Breck sands in the neighbourhood of
Brandon is the only locality in Britain where Harpalus anxius is found inland, and almost the only
one inland for H. picipennis, though on the coast the former is common, with Amara consularis,
Lymnaeum nigropicum, Lionychus quadrillum, and the Pogoni. The first British capture of Polystichus
vittatus was effected by Hewitson in 1828 near Southwold ; and many other interesting Geodephaga
also occur. The last 1 shall refer to is Anchomenus gracilipes, which is nowhere found in our islands
outside this county, though the Rev. W. F. Johnson records it from Donegal ; this latter is,
however, owned to be an error in Mr. Johnson's recent List of the Beetles of Ireland. The first
specimen was taken at the Wisbeach Canal at Lowestoft in 1831 ; a second at Southwold in 1859;
two at Lowestoft in June 1861 ; and the last by Mr. Bedwell at the base of the Corton clifis in
June 1898.'

' Vol. i, pp. cxc-cciii {1795). ' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. April 1897.

' Ibid. 1898, p. 84 ; 1 90 1, p. 64 ; East Co. Mag. ii. No. 5.

• Cf. Eftt. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 205. ' Ibid. Oct. 1898.

123

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The water-beetles, both carnivorous and phytophagous, offer little of note, and much yet
remains to be done concerning them, since, considering the great extent of brackish and fresh water,
there is no reason why all the very rarest, which occur in our latitude, should not be found here.
Mr. E. A. Newbery has recently introduced Haliplus immaculatus, Gerh., into the British fauna, on
the strength of specimens taken at Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. W. H. Tuck, M.A. The fen-
loving Hydroporus halensis was first captured in Britain at Haughley ; and subsequently at Stow-
market and Bungay ; I have found it commonly in a little rain-pool in the Foxhall crag-pits, and
once or twice in the Bramford marshes. Illybius subaeneus is also said to have occurred in the
Waveney near Beccles, though the record appears open to doubt. Marsham noticed Cercyon littor-
alis on the banks of the Orwell near Ipswich, and it is still extremely abundant in the same locality,
with Ahochara algarum, &c. The Brachelytra are represented by some four hundred species ; and
many of Stephens's records cannot be incorporated for lack of synonymy. Microglossa marginalis has
once occurred to me at Martlesham, and the rare Myrmedonia collaris is not unusually found at
Oulton Broad and near Beccles, by sifting the refuse of marsh-hay stacks. Vellim dilatatus has
several times turned up in some numbers ; Prof. Henslow, writing to the Zoologist, says he took
thirty or forty examples in 1848 ; and in 1896 Mr. Tuck found several in the nests of hornets and
wasps at Bury St. Edmunds. In bees' nests the latter found the first British Quedius nigrocaeru/eus,
which was also taken by Bedwell at Kessingland in July 1905.* Ocypus cyaneus is found about
Bury, where it has occurred several times ; and one or two Philonthus lucens have turned up in the
Bentley Woods, in moss. Stilicus fragilis was once found in abundance in Aspall Wood by
Dr. Garneys, but seems to have died out, since I have been unable to rediscover it there. Rye
wrote so fully of the Suffolk Stent that the genus is well represented with us ; its best exponents,
perhaps, being Stenus ater, incrassatus, circu/aris, nigritu/us, Erichsoni, pa/Iidipes, and fornicatus. Oxy-
porus rufui is often common in summer fungi ; and I once took two females of Bledius taurus flying
to electric light in the middle of Ipswich at night.' Prognatha quadricomis is another species first
found in Britain by Kirby near Barham ; it has since occurred to Mr. Tuck at Bury St. Edmunds,
and to me at Lakenheath.

Several of the extensive and heterogeneous genera of the Clavicornia merit especial notice. The
first two, which constituted the subject of Denny's Monographia, are somewhat poorly represented,
primarily on account of their small size, retiring habits, and general rarity ; Batrisus venustus was
first foimd in Britain near Barham, and subsequently by Mr. Waterhouse near Glemsford in an old
stxmip. Curtis figures a Suffolk specimen of Silpha opaca — possibly that taken at Aldeburgh by the
Rev. F. W. Hope — in his British Entomology ; and I have dug up the rare Hister maginatus at the
base of an oak tree near Ipswich. Saprinus virescens has occurred to me at Belstead, and Teretrius
piapes to Garneys near Bungay. All the common ladybirds are very freely met with, though
Coccinella i^-punctata has only been found, and then very rarely, near Bungay and Ipswich.
Scymnus pulchdlus is practically confined to the vicinity of Barham, one specimen only being
recorded from Kent in the Entomologists Annual, 1864, p. 72. There were but two old specimens
in Kirby's collection j and it was not till May 1894 that F. Fox rediscovered it at Coddenham,
upon one side of one particular pine tree. I have taken Rhizophagus parallelocolUs at Blakenham ;
and recently turned up Orthocerus muticus, which had not been taken here for twenty years, upon
the wind-swept heaths of the Breck, near MildenhaU. Aglenus hrunnnts is a well-known British
insect, and there is no need to doubt the accuracy of Dr. Garneys' record of it from Bedingfield.*
The last Clavicorn worthy of note is Heterocerus obsoUtus, Curtis, which its author found on the salt
marshes in Suffolk the beginning of May ; here it is still met with in no inconsiderable numbers,
burrowing in the mud at the ditch-sides and flying freely in the sunshine. Mr. E. C. Bedwell has
recently found that several unsuspected species of this group, including the rare Silvanus surinamensis,
live in our Suffolk flour-mills. The Lamillicorn, Copris lunaris, was also found by Curtis at
Bungay ; and I have taken one specimen, apparently attracted by light, in a street lamp on the out-
skirts of Ipswich. Of the extensive and interesting genus Aphodius, we have noted twenty-five species,
of which A. constans, not noticed since Stephens's record, A. porcus, by no means rare, and A. quadri-
maculatus, which Mr. Fox informed me he had once found at Bawdsey and is now found near
Ipswich, are the best. Odontaeus mobilicornis has once been recorded from the county ; as also have
Ischnodes sanguinicollis and Ludius ferrugineus.

Of the Malacoderma, the fen-loving Silis ruficollis occurs commonly in July along the valley of
the Waveney, extending as far west as Brandon ; together with Anthocomus rufus and Axinotarsus
ruficollis. Psilothrix nobilis, which ranges no farther north than Norfolk, is rarely met with in
flowers of Glaucium flavum on the coast ; and I have once swept Phloeophilus Edwardsi in Dodnash
Woods. Lar\'ae and imagines of Ptinus gtrmanus were very common in an old gate-post at
Wenham in April 1899, having been previously taken once or twice at Bungay, where Dr. Garneys

• Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. Mar. 1896 ; Dec. 1898 ; 1905, p. 279. ' Cf. Eniom. Nov. 1895.

» See Claude Morley, Coleoptera ofSuff. 58.

124

INSECTS

found P. sexpunctatus in his house in May 1 86 1 . A letter, describing the damage done to an oak beam
in Barham Church by Xestoblum tefsellatum, from Mr. Spence, was read before the Entomological
Society in 1847. The Longicornia of the county could probably be augmented by a systematic
working of the ancient woods around Fakenham and Staverton, which former I have never visited ;
most of the commoner kinds are, however, recorded. The lovely and aromatic musk beetle occurs
year after year not uncommonly about Mildenhall, as was at first pointed out to me by Dr. Sharp ;
it resembles a great emerald as it sits upon the white fluffy heads of the Angelica, sipping their
nectar and protesting with loud stridulations to the pressure of one's fingers, with which it is easily
captured ; when flying it looks like a small bird, with its wide-spread elytra, legs, and flowing
antennae. Hylotrupes bajulus from Frostenden, and CalUdium alni from Bungay, have not been met
with for many years. Curtis once took ' a considerable number ' of Clytus arcuatm near the latter
town, and I have recently rediscovered Rhtgium bifasciatum, which is not rare in most parts of
England. Acanthocinus aedi/is, Monochammus sutor, and Phytaecia cylindrica have all occurred spar-
ingly ; the last, which has been recorded from Eye and Coddenham, has recently been found about
Bury by Mr. Tuck.

In the Phytophaga — so called, I suppose, because the species of this division are only a small
part of the plant-feeding beetles ! — we are very rich, more especially, as was remarked by Rye,' in
the leaping species, which include the Turnip ' Fleas.' Sixteen of the nineteen British Donaciae
have been noticed, of which D. dentipes is only known to live at Oulton Broad and Henstead Marsh,
and D. cinerea only in Barnby Broad, where it is confined to a single clump of Arundo phragmites,
though first turned up many years ago by Curtis ; and D. impressa has not been found in Suffolk for
seventy years. Cryptocephalui iexpunctatm has only once been found : I beat an example from
birch in the Bentley Woods in May 1895, and though the spot has since been constantly searched
no more have appeared. Crysomela carnifex is another instance of a continental species found on the
Suffolk coast, this time at Covehithe in April, by Mr. Curtis, who often collected in that neighbour-
hood ; and there is hardly room to doubt the correctness of this record when we find that in June
1897 a specimen of the continental C. gloriosa, var. superba, was taken alive on the cliffs at South-
wold, only a couple of miles farther south, and was carefully examined and undoubtedly correctly
named. It is somewhat uncommon on the Continent, extending from the M^iritime Alps, through
Switzerland and Saxony, to the confines of Poland ; there is, however, no evidence to show that it
has ever occurred in north-west Germany, it is unknown in Holland, and its mode of arrival upon
our coast is entirely open to discussion. It may have been imported with garden produce, since it
feeds upon the umbelliferous Laierpitimn g/abrum, in which case one would rather have looked for it
in a town like Lowestoft, where Carabus auratus, Dawson says, has occurred, than on the open cliffs
of South wold.'" Phytodecta rufipes, Crytocephalui lineola, and Haltica corylizrc common in the Bentley
Woods; and Crepidodera nitidu/a is another rare kind, occurring not uncommonly upon young white
poplars in Assington Thicks. Microxoum tibiale was taken by Kirby and Marsham at Barton Mills,
where it is still often seen, in 1797 ; the former once took Diaperh boleti in 'considerable numbers'
from a fungus near Barham in June, and it has not since been found in Britain. Cteniopus sulphureus
is usually considered to be a coast insect, but in Suffolk we find it throughout the county — at
Belton, Brandon, Tuddenham, Bramford, &c. That interesting beetle whose larva always lives in
wasps' nests, Metaecus paradoxus, is not by any means uncommon here, fifty examples having been
found in one year near Bury by Mr. Tuck ; and I anticipate that its supposed rarity would dis-
appear if collectors cared to more frequently attack its strongholds. Cantharis ves'uatoria is said by
Westwood to have appeared in the county in ' immense profusion ' about 1837. It was recorded
from Tuddenham and Icklingham by Wratislaw ; and has lately been taken, locally abundant, in
Essex and Cambridgeshire ; in 1906 it was common at Newmarket.

Kirby first described the curious and anomalous Choragus Sheppardi from Offten * in Suffblcii '
in 18 1 8," and named it after the Rev. Revett Sheppard, who was curate of Nacton during the
three years following 1804, and a great friend of his ; it is not a rare species here, though always
occurring singly. An inexplicable case of ' distribution ' is furnished by the occurrence of
Rhinomacer attelaboides upon the pine trees in the Bentley Woods early in 1898 ; this species had
never been found south of Ripon before, and no new timber had for a great many years been
imported. '^ Suffolk is rendered classical ground for the charming genus Apion by Kirby's ' Mono-
graph ' upon it in the Linnean Transactions, and some sixty different kinds are noted from the
county, among which A. laevigatum is extremely rare, having been taken in only one other (now
destroyed) locality in Britain." Kirby writes of it ' in arenario quodam prope Gippovicum a Dom.
Sheppard bis lectum ' ; it is said to feed in galls upon the terminal shoots of Gnaphalium gallicum,
A. affine, limonii, Gyllenhali, astragali, and Jlavimanum are also recorded by the older authors, but

' Cf. Ent. Ann. 1865, p. 40. "> E. Anglian Daily Times, 15 Dec. 1898.

" Cf. Linn. Trans, xii, 447. " Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxiv, 166.

" Cf. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1841, p. 32 ; Ent. Rec. viii, 2451.

125

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

have not been taken here for a considerable period. Though several of our three hundred species of
weevils are rare, few claim special notice here. Dorytomus va/idirostris, generally a scarce insect, is very
abundant with us beneath the bark of aspen trees during the winter ; I have upon occasion taken a
hundred examples beneath a single small piece of bark 1 Two specimens of Bagous digiyptus, of
which only two others have been found in Britain, have at diflFerent times occurred to me on the
banks of the Gipping near Ipswich ; and the late G. C. Barrett found the larva of the very rare
Gymnetron linariae at the roots of toadflax at Brandon, where it has recently again turned up spar-
ingly. Stephens* ancient record of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi has recently been confirmed by the
capture of fresh specimens by Mr. E. A. Elliott and others, at Barton Mills and Tuddenham Fen.

The above epitome will show, I think, how many rarities may be found in one ' 'onty by
assiduous collecting. The results of much of my own — some 8,500 specimens — were pre-
sented a short time ago to the Bury St. Edmunds Museum and form a fairly representative
illustration of the local fauna of this group. I will conclude with a catalogue of those species
which have been added to the 1,763 ennumerated in my CoUoptera of Suffolk, since its appearance in
May 1899 until Oct. 1 907, many of which had already been forecasted as of probable, though un-
instanced, occurrence in the footnotes. A full list is given, since the majority are rare kinds.

Additions, i 899-1 907

Harpalus serripes. At roots of plants on crag cliffs at
FeRxstotve

Lemostenus complanatus. Three beneath bark of
felled tree at Ipswich ; Fel'txstotve

Anchomenns oblongus. Bentley IVoods, in grass tufts

Bembidium doris. On margin of ditch in Tuddenham
Ten in July

Demetrias monostigma. Not rare on banks of Little
Oust River at Brandon

Dromius longiceps. Swept by Mr. Chitty by the
Ouse at Brandon, in May 1 906

Brachinns crepitans. Fourteen examples near Land-
guard Fort, FeJixstoae

Haliplus immaculatus. Several captured upon one
occasion in the borough of Bury St. Edmunds,
in June 1 903 (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 4)

Deronectes depressus. Bamby Broad; Bury St. Ed-
munds; and Bungay

Hydroporus discretus. Two at Tostock in July

— bilineatus. Two slightly doubtful females at Tos-

tock in July
Rhantus bistriatus. Tostock and Bury St. Edmunds;
not rare

— grappii. Found singly at OuJton Broad and Tos-

tock
Dytiscus circumcinctus. One dimorphic female at
Tostock in May.

— pnnctulatus. Bungay and Bury St. Edmunds ; very

scarce
Hydaticus transversalis. One male at Bamby in April
Helochares punctatus. Curiously rare ; only found

at (Vherstead in 1904
Limnebius nitidus. Taken at Brandon by the Ouse in

June
Helophorus mulsanti. Found at Tw/wi, 23 May 1902
Ochthebius exaratus. One in a brackish ditch at

Bawdsey
Cercyon terminatus. Found at Tostock in May 1902
Aleochara cuniculorum. Lotoestoft, Staverton and

Brandon; common in rabbit-holes

— spadicea. Taken in moles' nests at Ipswich by

Prof. Beare
Oxypoda misella. Not rare in rabbit-holes about

Brandon (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1 904, p. 60)
Ischnoglossa prolixa. Found at Oulton Broad (cf. Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1906, p. 12)
Ocyusa incrassata. Once found in Ou/ton Broad in

December

One specimen taken with the
a cossus tree at Ou/ton Broad

Ocyusa maura. Probably common ; Bixley Decoy in
refuse in spring

— picina. Brandon and Bixley Decoy, in damp spots

— nigrata, Fairm. Levington, in martin's nest.

New to Britain (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1904,

p. 251)
Ilyobates propinquus. One specimen found at Jps-

tvicA in April
Callicerus rigidicornis.

last
Thamiaria hospita. In

in Aug.
Homalota caesula. In rabbit-holes about Brandon and

Tuddenham

— cuspidata. Not rare under bark, Bentley IVotds in

Feb.

— hepatica. Once found jbout Mercurialis in Bent-

ley Woods

— immersa. In rotten wood ; Trimley Marshes and

Bentley Woods

— intermedia. A somewhat doubtfiil specimen at

Oulton Broad

— mortuorum. Swept singly at Tostock in June

— ravilla. Found in an old wasps' nest at Tostock in

March

— vilis. Two males in Tuddenham Fen in June 1903
Tachyusa atra. Taken by the Little Ouse at Brandon

in June
Xenusa uvida. One beneath seaweed by the Orwell

at Wherstead
Lamprinus saginatus. Taken at Foxhall in April
Hypocyptus seminulum. One swept in Tuddenham

Fen, Aug. 1905
Megacronus inclinans. One in dead leaves in Wool-

verstone Park
Quedius longicomis. Found in a mole's run in

garden of Monk Soham House, Mar. 1905
Staphylinus fulvipes. One flying in Bentley Woods in

June
Philonthus fulvipes. Taken in Tuddenham Fen in

middle of June

— fiimarius. In flood refuse at Benacre Broad
Cryptobium fracticome. Several in reed refuse at

Oulton Broad
Paederus fuscipes. Easton and Covehithe Broads, not

uncommon
Evaesthetus ruficapillus. By the river at Brandon in

June

INSECTS

Stenus argus. Found with the last species

— atratulus. With the last

— fuscipes. Swept in marshes at Tuddinham Fen

and Brandon

— morio. Very rare at Brandon and Lakenheath in

June

— solutus. Found singly at Brandon and Bixley

Decoy in spring
Bledius spectabilis. A male upon Felixstowe beach in

May
Trogophloeus foveolatus. Abundant on mud ol

brackish ditch at Bawdsey
Lestiva muscorum. Found in flood refuse at Oullon

Broad in Apr.
Omalium riparium. Taken by the Oruiell at Nacton

in Apr.

— testaceum. Roots of plants at Witnesham (cf. Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 281)

Phloeocharis subtilissima. Taken at Brandon in June

Euplectus sanguineus. One in an Ipswich garden in
June

Euconnus hirticollis. Root of a thistle, Pannington
Hall, Wherstead

Agathidium nigripenne. Swept in Bentley Woods in
June

Liodes humeralis. Taken at Brandon in June and
May

Anisotoma ovalis. Found at Brandon in early June

Choleva anisotomoides. Singly at Felixstowe inA. Fox-
hall in Apr.

— fusca. A male at Oulton Broad in June

— wilkini. Found about Bury St. Edmunds in 1900

— sericatus. Ipswich and Bentley IVoods ; probably

common
Hister bimaculatus. One flying in the sunshine at
Wickham Market in July

— merdarius. A few beneath oak bark at Brandon

— purpurascens. Ipswich ; both type and var. niger

at Brandon
Paromalus flavicornis. Rare at Brandon, beneath oak

bark
Onthophilus sulcatus. Not rare in Brandon rabbit-
holes (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 204)
Ptenidium punctatum. Taken on banks of Orwell at

Nacton in Apr.
Sericoderus lateralis. Two at Glemsford in June
Phalacrus hybridus. Found at Felixstowe (cf Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 224)
Meligethes rotundicollis. Taken by sweeping at

Kessingland
Aglenus brunneus. Omitted from the original list
Lemophloeus ater. In gorse stem at Brandon in July
Corticaria crenulata. Taken beneath Chenopodium

at Felixstowe
Melanophthalma fulvipes. Probably common ; on

the coast of Felixstowe

— similata. Swept at Tostock in June

Silvanus surinamensis. Abundant in a flour-mill in

Lowestoft
Telmatophilus typhae. In reed refuse at Bixley

Decoy, Foxhall
Cryptophagus populi. Barnby Broad and Tostock (cf

Trans. Norfolk Soc. 1902, p. 332)
Atomaria basalis. Abundant in haystack in Oulton

Broad

— Berolinensis. One in a fungus in the Bentley

Woods

Additions, i 899-1 907 {continued)

Lilargus bifasciatus,

Found very rarely at Mildenhall

(cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. July 1899)
Dermestes undulatus. One captured at Brandon in

early June
Aspidiphorus orbiculatus. One swept in Cutler's

Wood at Freston
Limnius troglodytes. Swept by Mrs. Morlcy on the

banks of the Ouse at Brandon
Aphodius depressus. A couple at Oulton Broad in

Sept.

— tristis. Not uncommon in rabbit-holes about

Brandon

Diastictus vulneratus. The only British specimen on
Brandon Heath (cf. Proc. Entom. Soc. 19 Sept.
1902)

Elater lythropterus. Found in Tuddenham Fen in
1889

Cyphon coarctatus. Captured near Bury St. Edmunds
in 1903

Telephorus figuratus. Not rare at Brandon and Tud-
denham Fen

— thoracicus. Tuddenham Fen, Barton Mills, and

Oulton Broad
Malthodes atomus. Foxhall, Bentley Woods, and

Glemsford, singly
Malachius viridis. Hemley salt marshes in 1904
Ptinus tectus. Abundant in a flour-mill at Lowestoft
Lasioderma serricorne. One specimen on my study

window, Monk Soham.
Anobium paniceum. A few in a flour-mill at Lowestoft
Coenocara bovistae. Brandon in Aug. (cf Ent. Mo.

Mag. 1904, p. 87)
Rhizopertha pusilla. Abundant in malt in Bury St.

Edmunds
Sphindus dubius. Found in fungus, Foxhall (cf Ent.

Rec. 1900, p. 78)
Cis festivus. Common in a fungus at Wherstead

— fuscatus. In a post at Barnby Broad in Sept.

— vestitus. Under pine bark in Bentley Woods
Ennearthron cornutum. Mildenhall, Barton Mills,

Bixley Decoy, and Foxhall
Donacia thalassina. Two found in Oulton Broad in

July
Zeugophora flavicollis. Found once on white poplar

in Islington Thicks
Chrysomela graminis. Swept from reeds at Brandon

upon several occasions
Plagiodera versicolora. On the banks of the Waveney

at Beccles
Hydrothassa aucta. Taken at Oulton Broad in Sept.
Luperus rufipes. Found in Tuddenham Fen on birch

in June
Galerucella calmariensis. Wangford St. Martin, Hen-
stead, and Beccles
Longitarsus anchusae. Common on Cynoglossum at

Shrubland Park

— castaneus. In Oulton Broad rarely in Mar.

— dorsalis. Not uncommon beneath ragwort at

Brandon in June

— aeruginosus, Foud. Darsham, Kessingland, and

Southwold ; overlooked
Aphthona herbigrada. Locally common in Aug. in

Tuddenham Fen
Epitrix pubescens. On Solanum dulcamarae ; local

at Brandon and Tuddenham
Chaetocnema Sahlbergi. Oullon Broad (Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1905, p. 68)

127

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Additions, i 899-1 907 {continued)

Cassida vittata, Vill. Grass-tufts ; Bentley Woods and
East Bergholt

Blaps Gages, Linn. The only British specimen at
Bury (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 174)

Tribolium confusum. In vast numbers in a flour-
mill in Loa-estoft

Mycetochares bipustulata. Staverton Thicks in June,
one only

Latheticus oryzae. Abundant in the Lotvestofi flour-
mill in Aug.

Anthicus instabilis. On Chenopodium, both sexes,
at FeUxs:o'xe

Rhynchites interpunctatus; On sallow in Bentley
Woods in May

Apion ononidis. On Ononis spinosa in Blakenham
chalk pits

— dissimile. Swept from trefoil, Bentley Woods (cf

Ent. Rec. 1900, p. 78)

— sanguineum. Once said to have occurred at

Brandon (cf Ent. Mo. Mag. 1904, p. 87)
Otiorhynchus raucus. On Felixstowe cliffs in June
Trachyphloeus spinimanus. Sparingly at Toxhall and

Tuddenham
Phyllobius viridicollis. Common in June at Brandon;

tuddenham
Limobius mixtus. Captured at Brandon in early June
Hypera suspiciosa. One female at Oulton Broad in

Mar.

— trilineata. Singly in Bramford marsh and Shrub-

land Park
Orchestes dccoratus. Swept from dwarf sallow in

Tuddenham Fen, Aug. 1905
Liparis coronatus. Bramford Road, Ipstvich ; probably

imported with chalk
Erirrhinus scirpi. One in reed refuse at Benacre

Broad in Sept.

Bagous nodulosus. In dykes at Beccles in June and
Aug.

Tychius tibialis. Found at roots of ragwort at Bran-
don in June

Sibinia potentillae. One found on the Corton clifls
in Aug.

Gymnetron collinus. Brandon, one in June 1903

Ceuthorhynchus ericae. Hollesley Heath and Tudden-
ham Fen, local

— euphorbiae. At Brandon and Glemsford in June
Ceuthorhynchideus Dawsoni. Once in June at

Brandon

— horridus. In a chalk pit at Brandon, very rare

— mixtus. One swept at Wherstead (cf Ent. Mo.

Mag. 1900, p. 287)

— posthumus. Singly at Mildenhall and Foxhall

Plateau

Litodactylus leucogaster. Apparently rare ; Oulton
Broad and Southtvold

Balaninus rubidus. Brandon, and not uncommon in
Tuddenham Fen

Codiosoma spadix. One ' on coasts of Suffolk ' in
Capron's collection ; and at Southzvold, by my-
self

Bruchus affinis. On Angelica at Claydon Bridge in
Aug.

— pectinicornis. One female on Angelica flower at

Foxhall in Aug.
Megacronus cingulatus. Beaten from a birch bush in

Tuddenham Fen early in May 1907
Quedius obliteratus. Wherstead, Ipswich, Bury, and

Westleton

— vexans. Taken by Prof. Beare in moles' nests at

Ipswich in the spring
Oxypoda longipes. Also found in moles' nests at
Ipswich by Prof Beare

These additions go to show how inuch there yet is to be done in the local kinds, and how very
far we still are from the perfect knowledge or catalogue of them, in spite of our 1,930 species;
though, in the compilation of this extensive list, we have had the advantage of visits from nearly all
the best British coleopterists.

LEPIDOPTERA

Butterflies and Moths

The handsome butterflies and moths have always come in for the lion's share of attention
among insects, and Suffolk has not been behind the majority of counties in the investigation of her
indigenous species ; so much so has this been the case that of late years local collectors have been to
a great extent relieved of the pressure of their study, which circumstance probably accounts for the
comparatively full catalogues of the more neglected orders of insects which the few resident collectors
have been enabled to compile. The first list issued by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield was dated 1888,
when, during the compilation of a county catalogue, he found a very much greater mass of in-
formation respecting the Macro- than the Micro-Lepidoptera, and was induced to bring out a
preparatory account of the latter in order that it might be augmented to something approaching the
perfection to which the former had already attained. The result is seen in the very full Lepidoptera
of Suffolk \\c published in 1890, and supplemented in 1900, mainly from the 'records of Canon
Cruttwell, Revs. J- H. Hocking and A. P. Waller, Messrs. Claude Morley, E. Baylis, and the late
C. A. Pyett. The Victoria County lists of Lepidoptera have often run to such length that only a
general outline of those of Suffolk will be given, with especial reference to such species as are
peculiar to, or especially prevalent in, the county or generally rare.

Considering the proximity of Suffolk to both Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, it is curious that
the Swallow-tail butterfly {Papilto Machaon) is so rare with us as to leave considerable doubt whether
it ever breeds here at all ; it is said that years ago it used to be constantly and consistently found ia

128

INSECTS

the north-west, and one was positively caught there (and most laudably liberated) so recently a&
IQOI; but in the other districts it is doubtful whether the single records refer to anything more
than mere escapes, such as is mentioned in The East Anglian Daily Times, 1 6 and 20 August 1900.
Leucophasia sinapis has not been seen for over twenty years, and appears to have become extinct ; as
also curiously enough has Satyrus aegeria, which used to be common ; and Pieris crataegi is recorded,
but probably in error, by Curtis. The Bath White {Pieris daplidice) was taken at Felixstowe and
Aldeburgh in 1872, but has not been since seen. Our two species of Colias are, as elsewhere^
periodical, though C. edusa may be noted singly in most autumns ; its variety helice being much
rarer. Argynnis Lathonia has occurred at long intervals at such widely-spread localities as Aldeburgh,
Ipswich, Lavenham, Icklingham, Stoke-by-Nayland, and Bradwell ; its last appearance being in
1866. A. Niobe, var. eris, has once occurred at Monk Park Wood in 1879, about six miles south
of Bury St. Edmunds; it is the only British specimen of this insect.^ Melitaea artemis has been
found at Stowmarket, Beccles, and various places in the north-west, where it is still to be met with,
though apparently becoming very local ; Mr. Wratislaw says in the early numbers of the Entomologist
it was formerly common there ; M. athalia is only doubtfully indigenous in the county. Vanessa
c-album is very rare, but has been taken at Bury, Needham, and Bungay, while V. antiopa, though
usually very rare, has been taken in many places; it was almost common in 1872. The lovely
White Admiral occurs annually in several of our woods, and in some years most horrible
slaughter of this innocent is made, the collectors (who cannot be called entomologists) gleefully
bring one or even two hundred specimens home at a time ; but the grand Purple Emperor is still
very much rarer, and has hardly been seen of late, though recorded from around Ipswich, Beccles,
Stowmarket, and Sudbury. Arge galathea is extinct, though it was found at Needham before 1850;
but Satyrus semele abounds on all our heaths with all its commoner congeners. Thecla ruhi and
T . quercus are very common, and T. w-album is frequently met with in the south-east ; T . pruni
was once taken at Brandeston by the Rev. J. Green, and T. betulae has occurred at Ipswich, Saxham,
and Raydon, but is very rare. The rarest of all butterflies, the long-extinct Large Copper, is said
by Stephens to have at one time occurred on the coast at Benacre Broad, but this was a record of
the 'thirties. All the common Blues occur sparingly ; Lycaena corydon is, owing to the scarcity of
chalk, by no means common ; L. acts was taken in 1 861 at Foxhall, and L. adonis is only doubtfully
SufFolcian, though in Miss Jermyns's curious Butterfly Collector's Fade Mecum^ Moulton and Dalham
are instanced as localities for the ' Clifton Blue ' ; it has, however, been taken at Newmarket, but
this may have been in Cambridgeshire. L. alsus and Hesperia lineola are very rare, the former being
confined to the neighbourhood of Newmarket, and the latter hitherto found only at Bures ; but
Nemeobius lucina is by no means uncommon in woods at Bentley, Raydon, Needham, and Freston.
Altogether we have fifty-eight out of the sixty-six British butterflies, and of the remainder only one,.
Hesperia paniscus, is at all likely to be found here.

All the hawk-moths, too, have been taken in the county, which is especially celebrated as the
British headquarters of Sphinx pinastri, first found near Waldringfield in 1875, since which time its
range has gradually spread to Ipswich, Aldeburgh, Campsey Ash, Saxmundham, Aldringham, and
Southwold ; it is now firmly established, and specimens have been taken almost every year, and the
larva has even been found feeding upon the Cedar of Lebanon. S. convolvuli is periodically com-
mon, and the coast sands have produced Deilephila euphorbiae, though this species has never been
adequately sought after in Suffolk. The rare C. celerio has turned up singly at Stowmarket, Beccles,
Newmarket, Orford, Ipswich, &c., and the very rare C. nerii was taken in Southtown, Yarmouth,
in August 1872, by the Rev. J. W. Colville. The two species of Macroglossa, fusiformis and
bombiliformis, are scarce, especially the latter. Among the clear-wings, Sesia myopiaeformis is very
local, S, culiciformis not uncommon, S. formiciformis was once found freely at Stoke-by-Nayland ;
S. ichneumoniformis occurred among flowers near Norton Wood to Tuck in July 1899 ; S. cynipiformis
and S. hemheciformis are local ; and S. tipuliformis, with S. apiformis, common, the last being so
abundant that the aspens throughout the county bear marks of their depredations. The curious
little Limacodes testudo is found at Eaton, Playford, and Beccles ; about Ipswich its larvae are common
on oak in September and October. Procris statices and Zygaena trifolii are not uncommon in the
broads of the north-east, but Z. lonicerae is very rare. Nola cuculatella and iV. confusalis are common ;
but N. strigula is rare, though it has been taken by several collectors at the Bentley Woods and at
Felixstowe ; N. centonalis was found at Hemley in 1904. Lithosia muscerda, found elsewhere only
in Norfolk, is recorded from Lakenheath in Mr. Eedle's Fenland, and was taken among alders in
Barnby Broad in August 1898 by the writer; L. aureola, L. quadra, and L. rubricollis are all
more or less rare in Suffolk ; and L. helvola is doubtfully also recorded. The interesting Deiopeia
pulchella has been taken singly at Rougham, Finborough, Rickinghall, Foxhall, Aldeburgh, Ipswich,
and was last turned up by Mr. Mera at Felixstowe in June 1892 ; and Callimorpha dominula is very

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, pp. 41, 89. Published at Ipswich in 1827.

1 129 17

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

rare, being confined to the marshes of the north-west, where Euthemonia russula is common on the
heaths. Arctla plantaginis has been found at Bentley, SpUosoma ful'iginosa and S. mend'ica are un-
common ; and S. urticae very rare, though it has appeared at Tuddenham, Beccles, and Gorleston.
Orgy'ia fascelina and O. gonost'igma are both rare, the latter only once taken, at Bentley ; but Liparis
monacha and Demas coryli may be found upon oak-trunks about Ipswich. Trichiura crataegi and
Eriogaster lanestris are both rare, for though the latter is said to be common, it does not appear to
have been found in the county for a great many years. Bombyx castrensis has often been bred from
larvae found in the extensive salt marshes at Aldeburgh ; but B. trifo/ii, which is said by Hele, in
his history of Aldeburgh, to have been found in the same locality, is probably a mistake. Endromis
versicolor, which used to be found about Ipswich, has not been seen for many years, though Saturma
carpinl is widely distributed. All the Hooktips, excepting Platypteryx sicula, which is probably
wrongly reported as having been taken at Stowmarket, are found with us ; P. fakula is abundant, and
P. lacertula rare, in the Bentley Woods ; and P. ungmcula beaten commonly from beech-trees about
Bury St. Edmunds. All the Kittens are rare, and the Lobster moth has only been noticed at
West Stow, Holbrook, Bentley, and in 1903 at Needham Market ; but Petasia cassinea is widely
distributed. We have also all the British Prominents, though Notodonta cucullina and N. trilophus
are very rare, and N. carmelita doubtful ; "N . chaonia and !>!. dictaeoides are occasionally attracted to
electric light in Ipswich town ; A'^. dodonea was found not uncommonly by the Rev. Joseph Green.
Clostera curtula and reclusa are widely distributed, though not common.

We next come to the Noctuae, and here we find the lovely Thyatlra bath and T. derasa some-
what commonly attracted to ' sugar ' on tree-trunks, and all the British Cymatephorae represented
with the single exception of C. Jluctuosa, though C. or and C. flavicornis are scarce. Bryophila
glandifera is very rare at Needham and Gorleston, but the handsome Dipthera orion is to be met with
annually at Bentley, where it was at one time not rare. Acronycta leporina and A. ligmtri have been
taken in many places, but A. alni is confined to but few ; and Simyra venoia has turned up at Lowes-
toft, Fritton, and Needham Market. Our list is fairly full in the marsh-loving Leucaniae and
Nonagriae. Of the former genus L. extranea has only once occurred at Leiston in August 1878 ;
L. obsoleta at Needham Market ; L. litoralis only at Lowestoft and Kessingland ; L.pudorina used to
be found at Ipswich alone, but it has recently been discovered by the late Mr. E. G. J. Sparke at
Tuddenham ; L. straminea at Ipswich and recently at Hemley and Needham ; and L. phragmitidis
should be common, if adequately worked, in the Suffolk Broads. Leucania albipuncta has recently'
been added to our list by Mr. Waller, who took it, and both the red and light varieties o( L.Jlavicolor,
in the marshes at Hemley. Senta ulvae is another rare species at Ipswich and Lowestoft, and a
varied series was secured at Hemley in 1905. Many localities are instanced for Nonagria despecta,
both in east and west Suffolk ; and A', lutosa is commonly attracted to light in Ipswich ; but
N. neurica is rare at Lakcnheath, Needham, and Lowestoft, and A'^. sparganii has been bred at
Hemley. Hydraecia petasitis is certainly not uncommon, near Needham, though rarely seen in the
perfect state ; and both Xylophasia sub/ustrls and J!", scolopacina are local and widely distributed. The
rare Xylomiges consplcillaris has occurred, it is said, at Ipswich, but has not been seen for a great many
years, though Neuria saponariae is very widely distributed. Another recent addition to our list is
Aporophyla austraits, several examples of which are recorded from Felixstowe in 1895 by Lord
Rendlesham ; it was also seen both there and at Kessingland in 1902. Luperina caespitis is often
frequent at s.treet-lamps in Ipswich. Mamestra abjecta, anceps, and albicolon are all uncommon ;
the last occurs occasionally in numbers upon the Breck sands of the north-west, as well as upon the
east coast. Apamea fibrosa is local ; but A. ophiogramma, which used to be considered a great rarity,
has been several times taken recently at light in Ipswich. In Suffolk Agrotis valllgera is by no
means confined to the coast, having been taken on the Breck sands, as well as at Needham and
Beccles ; A. puta is very common, but A. sauda is local ; A. r'lpae and A. cursoria occur on the coast,
and though local are sometimes in plenty, with A. praecox, which is less abundant, and they are also
found in the Breck district. A. agath'ma is probably common on the heaths, but A. rav'ida is very
rare at Bury and Brandon. All the Triphaenae occur here, the only rare species, T. subsequa, having
been met with at Ipswich, Waldringfield, Bury, Brandon, and Tuddenham, though T. fimbria is
also somewhat uncommon.

The writer has taken all the fourteen species of Noctua that occur in Suffolk in the course of
a couple of seasons, so perhaps none should be accounted rare : the best are N. neglecta at Brandon
and Ipswich; N. rhomboidea, which is scarce at sugar in the Bentley Woods, &c., in east Suffolk; and
the generally rare but here locally abundant 'N . Dahlii. Most of the Taeniocampae, except the
northern T. opima, are here found more or less commonly, though T. kucographa and T. miniosa are
very local, the former having only once been taken near Stowmarket. The generally rare Orthosia
iuspecta may be sometimes secured in plenty on sugar near Ipswich, together with 0. maciUnta ; and

'Cf. Ent.Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 263.

130

INSECTS

0. upsilon is not common, though widespread. Anchocelh lunosa and Xanth'ia aurago are uncommon
at respectively light and ivy blossom ; but X, gilvago and cttrago are of frequent occurrence, and
X. ocellarii has of late been taken at Ipswich, Copdock, Waldringfield, and Bungay. At light
Cirrhoedia xerampelina is sometimes taken, usually singly, from Ipswich to Bsccles ; and both the
Tethtae have been found, though T. retusa is still very rare, occurring only at Ipswich and Bungay.
Dlcycla 00 rests upon the single specimen taken at Tuddenham by Wratisiaw a good many years
ago ; and Cosmia pyralina continues to be one of the possibly obtainable rarities. Widely distributed
but certainly rare is Eremobla ochrokuca ; and only quite recently has Dlanthaecia compersa been found
in the county at Bungay, Kessingland, Oulton Broad, and Ipswich. One of our most exclusive
species is D. irregularis, which was rediscovered as British by Rev. A. H. Wratisiaw at Tuddenham;
this species is nearly confined, in Britain, to the Breck district of Suffolk, whence it has found its
way into most cabinets from the local collectors, who capture great numbers of its caterpillars ; it
has also occurred at Elveden, Brandon, Eriswell, and Icklingham in the same district, and is often
netted at dusk flying to the flowers of the Spanish Campion {Selene otites). Aplecta occulta is only
recorded from the Bentley Woods and Beccles, and Hadena adusta, contigua, and geniitae are local ;
H. iuasa occurs at Brandon and about Aldeburgh, and the rare H. atriplicis singly at Brandon,
Playford, and Stowmarkct. Calocampa exoleta and vetusta are both rather rare in the county, where
Xylina semihrunnea has only occurred at Newmarket and Stowmarket. In 1895 the Rev. J. H. Hocking
took at Copdock the third or fourth British specimen of X. lambda, var. zitiienii,* and Cucullia
scrophulariae is also very rare at Lakcnheath and in the Bury district. C. lychnitis has only been
found at Woolpit and Beccles, C, asteris at Aldeburgh, C. absynthii at Erwarton and Orford, and
C. chamomillae at Southwold, Stowmarkct, Needham, Ipswich, and Tuddenham. The interesting
genus Heliothis is well represented in the Breck district, where H. marginata and H. dipsacea are not
uncommon, though H. peltigera and H. artnigera are very rare at Brandon ; the former also at
Lowestoft and the latter at Needham Market. Acontia luctuosa, Hydrellia unca, and Agrophila
iulphuralis are not infrequent in the Breck district, where the latter was first discovered in Britain,
and it is still hardly found anywhere else, though it is said to have occurred in plenty in Shrubland
Park. Eraslia fuscula and Brephos notha are very widely distributed, but local ; Plmia orichalcia, so
much sought after in Cambridgeshire, has only been found at Middleton once, in 1857 ; Toxocampa
pastinum is local but not rare. The beautiful Catocala fraxini has occurred in various places —
Lowestoft, Aldeburgh, and Ipswich — and in August 1901 Mr. J. F. Green took a perfect
specimen in Benacre Park ;' C. promissa is extremely rare about Bentley, and C. sponsa has probably
become extinct, though recorded from the same locality. Ophiodes lunaris is recorded * from the
Lowestoft lighthouse in 1832, the example being in Captain Chawner's collection. The
last Noctua worthy of mention is Phytometra aenea, which is very local at Tuddenham, Herring-
fleet, &c.

So many of the Geometrae are common that it is only necessary in this family to note that
Ellopia fasciaria, Silene lunaria, S. illustraria, and Ennomos erosaria, though local, are widely
distributed ; and that E. fuscantaria is unusually abundant annually at light. Cleora viduaria is
only of doubtful occurrence, as also are Boarmia roboraria and consortaria, recorded from Bentley,
though none of the British Tephrosiae are uncommon. T. consonaria has been found only at
Stowmarket and Bentley. Ephyra orbicularia was once taken at Lowestoft, and Hyria auroraria
is only found in the Fens at Oulton and Tuddenham. Several nice Acidaliae have turned up here ;
thus A. perochraria at Aldeburgh, A. trigemminata common at Bentley, Hemley, &c., A. rusticata
singly at Stowmarket and Felixstowe, A. emutata and A. inornata very local, A. ornata at Brandeston,
Tuddenham, and Southwold, and above all A. ruhricata, a species nearly confined to Suffolk, but
occurring in the west at Brandon, Thetford, and Tuddenham, and in the east at Leiston, South-
wold, and Aldeburgh. Aleucis pictaria was added to our list by Mr. Hocking in April 1898, and
Minoa euphorbiata is very rare at Stowmarket and Needham. The pretty Fidonia compicuata used
to be quite common about Ipswich half a century ago, but it has only been thrice noticed during
the last fifteen years, and may now be extinct ; and Sterrha sacraria has only once put in an
appearance, in 1863. Aldeburgh is the only known home of Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, which
was taken there by Wratisiaw. All the Hybernidae are common, but Cheimatobia boreata was first
noticed, though it is common, in 1897. Several nice Pugs, such as Eupithaecia succentureata,
plumbeolata, albipunctata, valerianata, dodoneata, and togata occur here, the last at Brandon and
Southwold ; though others, e.g. E. comignata, exiguata, coronata, and debiliata are very rare ; and
E. pusillata, with E. innotata, have only recently been added to the list. Thera juntperata has
occurred among juniper at Dalham, Hypiipetes ruberata at Bury and Ipswich, Melanippe hastata
commonly at Bentley ; but M. galiata, probably owing to our small outcrop of chalk, is very rare
indeed, having been taken singly only at Bentley and Chelmondiston. Anticlea rubidata and

* Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1895, p. 279. » Cf. Knowledge, 1901, p. 231. ' Entom. 1872, p. 14.7.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A. herherata arc found annually at Bury, but Coremia propugnata is by no means common, and
Camptogramma fuvtata has occurred once to Major Nurse in Bury, and once to the writer at
light in Ipswich. The only uncommon Cidariae are C. psittacata and C. sagittata ; and Eubolia
hipunctaraia is still doubtfully a Suffolk species ; E. lineolata and Chesias obliquaria are local ; and
Lithtstege griseata is found in few British localities outside the Breck sands, where, however, it
occurs somewhat freely.

Owing to the smaller number of lepidopterists who are interested in the Micros our list of
them is less complete, and species are still being constantly added to it by even superficial collectors ;
this becomes very plain when we see that against thirteen additions to the Macros up to 1900 there
are 116 among the smaller kinds since 1890. Among the Deltoides, Hypena crassalis and the two
Hypenodes are distinctly rare ; the former is recorded, perhaps by mistake, at Brandeston by the
Rev. Joseph Green, the two latter mainly at Beccles ; several of the Herminiae are also uncommon,
as is the curious Aventia flexula, which, however, once occurred plentifully at Brandeston. Pyralis
fimbrialis is abundant, Cledeobia angustalis somewhat scarce, and Aglossa cuprealis very rare at Bram-
ford and Whitton. The three Pyraustac are seldom met with. Ennychia octomaculalis has occurred
singly at Stowmarket, and E. anguinalis near Tuddenham, while Diasemia literalis has but once
turned up in the former locality. All the British Hydrocampidae are common, Acentropus niveus
being frequently met with in the coast broads. The very rare Botys nuhilalis has been taken at
Felixstowe by Gibbs. B. pandalis is doubtfully recorded from the county ; Ehulea verbascalis is
rare at Ipswich and Brandon ; E. stachydalis at Bentley ; and Mr. Sparke has recently turned up
Pionea margaritalis in some numbers upon one occasion at Tuddenham. Spilodes sticticalls is almost
confined to the same district, but is abundant there. Mecyna polygonalis was once taken at Bury
by Wratislaw in 1869 ; Scoparia Uneola is found at Brandon and on the coast ; and the following
species are all local : — S. basistrigalis, crataegella, coarcta/is, ^nd pallida. Nineteen species of
Pterophori are recorded ; the writer added Agdistes Bennettii to the list at light at Ipswich in
1895, and it has since been found to be not uncommon at Southwold and Hemley ; Platyptilia
gonodadactyla is local, Aciptilia tetradactyla from Barton Mills, and Leioptilui osteodactyla is local at
Ipswich. These last two are quite recent additions, as is also Mimaeuoptilus phaeodactylus from
Felixstowe, and Leioptilus Lienigianus has been taken in several localities near the coast. Three species
have recently been added to the eighteen Crambidae originally recorded from Suffolk : Crambus
alpinellus from Hemley, C. sallnellus from Aldeburgh, and C. fascelinellus from Felixstowe ; the last
is of special interest, as it was only previously known from Norfolk in the vicinity of Yarmouth.
Our four Chilidae are all rare or local ; Sehaenabius gigantellus has been taken only at Needham
Market and Santon Downham.

The interesting Phycidae are well represented by twenty-nine kinds, but most of these are
of rare occurrence. Anerastia Farrella was taken at Lowestoft lighthouse in 1840, but A, lotella is
common at Felixstowe ; five species of Homaeosoma are all more or less scarce, the last addition
being H. nimbella from Southwold ; Nyctigretes achatinella has been taken at Benacre and Felixstowe,
and would appear not to be so rare as formerly ; Cryptoblabes bistriga, recorded from Woolpit,' has
not since been noticed. Other species worthy of mention are Gymnancyla canella near Leiston,
Phycis betulac at Copdock, and Dioryctria splendidella at Southwold.' The genus Rhodophaea
includes seven species ; R. formosa, consociella, advtnalla, suavella, and tumidella are local ; but
R. marmorea has only been taken at Aldeburgh ; and R. rubrotibiella at Brandon. Three species
of Galleriidae are only too common, two of these feeding on the comb of the honey-bee and ruining
the hives, but the rare and interesting Melanohlaptes bipumtanus has only been found at Felixstowe,
where Mr. A. E. Gibbs took a nice series. Of the three beautiful species of Cymbidae, Halias
prasinana may be seen and heard stridulating at Bentley and other woods ; H, quercana is local,
and H. chlorana seems rare, and is only recorded from Ipswich and Beccles.

TORTRICES

The large genus Tortrix is well represented, and most of the species are common ; T. icterana
is local, and T. crataegana, with T. diversana, have been but recently noticed, the former at Bentley
and the latter at Hemley. Pcrone'a crhtana has but once occurred, near Ipswich ; and P. comparana
and P. comar'tana have been lately added. Of the genus Penthina, the best are P. sellana from
Tuddenham, Aldeburgh, and Southwold ; P. picana and P. praelongana at Bentley Woods, and
P. fuligana at Aldeburgh ; the pretty Anthithesia salicella seems scarce, and Sptlonota neglectana is
local. Of the genus Sericoris, the more uncommon are S. litoralis, conchana, and micana ; Mixodia
ratzburghiana is found among Scotch fir. We have all the species of Orthotaenia, though none seem

'£»/. Ann, 1866. ' Ent. Mo. Mag. Sept. 1891.

132

INSECTS

common ; 0. purpurana at Bentley and O. ericetana at Orford, while O. antiquana and O. striana
are recorded from several localities in the east ; Phtheochroa rugosana has been taken at Aldeburgh,
Chelmondiston, and Felixstowe ; and the rare Sciaphila sinuata at the latter place ; and we have
also S. communana and S. chrysantheana ; while C/epsis rusticana occurs at Tuddenham. Of the pretty
genus Phoxopteryx none seem to be common unless it is P. lundana; P. unguicana at Brandon and
Copdock, P. inornatana at Tuddenham, P. comptana at Leiston, and P. lactana at Brandon, Bentley,
and Assington, are all local ; while the rare P. upupana has been taken at Bentley Woods.
Of the numerous species of Grapholithidae may be mentioned Bactra furfurana at Lowestoft,
Grapholitha nigromaculana at Brandon, Elveden, and Aldeburgh ; Phloeodes immundana at Leiston,
Paedisca hilunana with P. occultana at Orford and Felixstowe ; P. oppressana at Brandon, Ipswich,
and Lowestoft ; Olindia ulmana, Semasla ianthinana, S. rufillana, and Hens'imeme fimbr'iana are all
local. The rare Coccyx ochsenheimeriana was taken by Mr. Warren at Brandon ; the pretty
Stigmonota regiana is not rare, S. roseticolana is found near Ipswich, and S. redimitana and S. weirana
at Bentley ; and Carpocapsa grossana at Flixton. C. funebrana, of which the larvae are common
in plums, is rarely met with in the perfect state ; Dkrorampha saturnana, D. plumbagana, and
D. simp/iciana are local, as are also Catoptria Juliana, C. expallidana, and S. candidulana, the last at
Southwold ; while Trycheris mediana is everywhere abundant. Of the Conchylidae the best are
Eupoecilia nana, notulana, and E. rupicela ; E. roseana, first taken in Suffolk at Bungay in -1905,
and E. vcctisana, which occurs plentifully in salt-marshes ; E. DeGreyana and E. anthemidana are
very local, and have only been taken at Brandon ; Argyrolepia Subbaumannia at Tuddenham and
A. xephyrana at Felixstowe. Of the interesting genus Conchylh, C. Francillana, C. dllucidana,
C. Smeathmanniana, and C. inopiana are all local, while C. beatricella was introduced into the British
list from specimens bred near Leiston by the Hon. Beatrice de Grey.

TINEA
We can only mention a few of the rarer and most interesting species of this group.

PSYCHIDAE

Five species, of which Psyche radiella has been taken both in the east near Ipswich and west
at Lakenheath ; P. reticella at Hemley and Easton Broad in 1905.

TiNEIDAE

Of this family there are forty-one species ; and three of the interesting genus Ochsenhelmeria
have occurred, though none seem common ; 0. vaculella was recorded by Kirby, and has since been
taken in several localities, 0. hirdella at Thetford and Barnby Broad, 0. hisontella at Tuddenham
and Bentley Woods. Of the destructive genus Tinea some are very common, but T. imella has
only occurred at Brandon, and T. semifulvella at Copdock and Flixton. Of the beautiful long-horns,
Adela degeerella and viridella are common ; A. sulzella has been recorded by Curtis from Wrentham,
A. rufimetrella taken by the writer at Barnby Broad in 1905, and A. fibulella is occasionally met
with. Nemotois fasciellus does not seem to be rare, having been taken at Orford and several times
both at Ipswich and Aldeburgh, but N. minimellus only in Barnby Broad.

HyPONOMEUTIDAE

These comprise twelve kinds, of which Hyponomeuta evonymellus occurs at Thorpe and Orford,
H. virgiratipunctatus and Anesychia decemguttella at Bungay.

Plutellidae

Of the eleven species, Cerostoma sequella and C. silvella are scarce, Eidophasia messinglel/a has
been taken by Lord Walsingham at Copdock, Plutella porrectella at Hemley ; and Theristii caudella
would seem to be not uncommon at Bentley, though not met with elsewhere.

Gelechiidae

Of these we have about one hundred and eight species, but few of them can be noticed
Of the twenty-four kinds of Depreaaria the following are scarce : — D. umbellana among gorse,

133

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

D. cnicella on Eryngium at Southwold, D. chaerophylli on Chaerophyllum temulum, D. granulosella
on Anthriscus vulgaris, D. badiella and D. ciliella. Of the sixty species of the old genus Gelechia,
G. gerronella, G. celeraella, G. picieila, G. Lyellella, G. Hermannella, G. sequax, and G. alacella are
all scarce. The little Clcodora cytisella has lately been proved to feed on the brake-fern, among
which it is usually taken. To these we may add Hypsilophus fasciellus at Tuddenham, Nothris
verbascella at Bury on Vnbascum pulverulentum, Dasyctra olivierella at Stratford St. Mary and
Felixstowe. Oecophora lunarls is rather common about Ipswich, and the larger O. lamhdtlla, whose
larvae feed in the stems of gorse, has been taken at Aldeburgh, Leiston, and Southwold ; the very
rare Butalh cicadclla has occurred singly at Brandon and Tuddenham ; B. grandipmnis also feeds on
the furze bushes in the latter locality.

Glvphipterygidae

Of our nine species we need only mention RosUrstammia trxlehenella from Ipswich, and the
rare Perithia obscurepunctella from Copdock.

Argyresthiidae

Of the sixteen species scarcely any are rare ; Cedtstis Gysselinella, which used to be considered
a northern species, is now not uncommon in the Breck district, and Zelleria hepariella was taken at
Leiston by the Hon, Beatrice de Grey.

Gracilaridae

Of the eleven species, several hibernate and are found in the spring ; Gracillar'ta stigmatella is
then seen not uncommonly ; the larvae of G. tringipennella mine the leaf-stalks of the ribwort
plantain, G. elongella is found among poplar, and the larvae of Corisctum Brongniartellum lives beneath
the cuticle of oak-leaves, causing extensive bladdery mines.

COLEOPHORIDAE

Lord Walsingham records the rare Cohophora inflatae from Brandon, where occurs the very
local C. saturatella. None of the larger species seem common, but C. anatipennella is found at
Aldeburgh and Bentley Woods, C. palUatella at Copdock, C. currucipennella at Aldeburgh,
C. siccifoliella makes its case of a dead leaf at Lowestoft, and C. fiavaginella occurs at Kessingland.
We have, in all, about twenty-seven species of this family.

Elachistidab

The thirty species include the curious and very local Stathmopoda pedella, Bachtrachedra
pinicolella, the brilliant Cosmopteryx eximia, Laverna lacteella, and the pretty Stephens'ta Brunnichella,
all of which are rare and local.

LiTHOCOLLETIDAE

Most of our fifteen species are common, but LithocolUtis hortella and L. scopariella, both from
Brandon, are scarce and rarely met with, and L. itettinensis was first found at Foxhall, among alders,
by the writer in 1907.

Lyonetidae

Of the ten species we need only mention Opoitega saliciella and Bucculatrix Boyerella, both
from Southwold.

Nepticulidae

These tiny moths have been much neglected, only twenty species being recorded ; they
include Neptkula basiguttella and N. viscerella, both from Tuddenham, A'^. trimaculella from
Brandon, and Bohemannia quadrlmacuhlla from Lowestoft and Fritton.

»34

INSECTS

This rough summary will give the better kinds of those moths and butterflies which have been
noticed in SufFolk, the full figures representing the time-honoured groups are : —

Rhopalocera . . . . . . ". . . . 58 species

Sphinges . . . . . . , . . . 25

Bombyces .......... 89

Noctuae . . . . . . . . . .235

Geometrae . . . . . . . . . .215

Deltoides .......... 11

Pyralides .......... 50

Pterophori .......... lo

Crambi .......... 59

Tortrices . . . . . . . , . .199

Tineae . . . . . . . . , -331

DIPTERA

Flies

From the time of Kirby, who paid considerable attention to the destructive wheat midge, and
Paget, who effected a few very interesting captures of these insects round Yarmouth about 1830, to
the present time, the two-winged flies have received quite as much attention in Suffolk as in most
parts of England. Of late years the local collectors have been of that satisfactorily omnivorous
kind which collects all Orders, with the result that, despite the well-known difficulty always
attending the determination of Diptera, we are able to record 1,171 different species from the
county. When it is remembered that considerably over 3,000 kinds have been observed in Britain,
this total dies not appear large, though the variety of circumstances, local and otherwise, which go
to impede a clear knowledge are so numerous that even this number could only have been com-
piled by the co-operation of all those who have collected here. In this respect we have been
fortunate in the selection by Mr. G. H. Verrall, of a Suffolk residence at Newmarket — his house
and garden, though adjacent to Cambridgeshire, being entirely in Suffolk— and in the summer visits at
various times of other dipterists, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Messrs. A.
Piffard, E. A. Elliott, &c., who have helped to swell the list. Curtis, in his British Entomology,
records several species from the vicinity of Covehithc and Wrentham ; Mr. W. H. Tuck of Bury
St. Edmunds has collected about Tostock, Aldeburgh, Bungay, Southwold, and Lowestoft ; Mr. E.
A. Fitch of Maldon has found a few species here ; and others are noticed by Messrs. Verrall,' Collin,
Henslow, Freeman, Bedwell, Gibbs, Ransom, and others. These scattered notes being all that have
appeared upon the subject, it becomes necessary in the following account to briefly refer to the
individual species which have been noted, though a work like the present is hardly the place to
introduce those interesting details of economy and habits of the species which go to show how varied
are the earlier stages of this extensive and, in some respects, most humanly beneficial family.

The fleas are treated in Mr. Verrall's List of British Diptera (ed. 2, 1901), the nomenclature
of which has been here adopted, as an aberrant family of the Diptera, but they have received but
little attention in Suffolk. Nevertheless, Pulex canis, the dog flea, P.erinacei, which was once taken
abundantly from a newly dead hedgehog in Bentley Woods, and P. leporis upon rabbits, have been
noted ; while P. irritans, Trichopsylla fasciatus and T. agyrtes occur in houses. T. hirundinis and
T. gallinae are abundant in martins' nests and on fowls, and T. sciurorum, which once turned up in
a fungus, in those of squirrels. The field-mouse flea, Typhlopsylla gracilis, and that of the mole,
Hystrichopsylla talpae, are by no means rare in the Ipswich district. A flea new to science has
recently been described ^ from a wood-pigeon's nest at Mildenhall, and called Ceratophyllus Farreni.
The destructive Cecidomyidae, of which the Hessian fly is a familiar example, have been entirely
overlooked locally, and only five species can be instanced. The late Mr. H. Goss exhibited a number
of puparia of Cecidomyia destructor from various places in Suffolk at a meeting of the Entomological
Society on 5 October 1887, and in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, iv, 237, the Rev. William
Kirby refers to his Diplosis tritici as doing considerable damage to the wheat crops in the neigh-
bourhood of Barham ; D. buxi is recorded from Suffolk by Fitch.' Recently Collin has found
Rhabdophaga salicis in woody galls on sallow at Bradley, and Perrisia crataegi is abundant in
my garden at Monk Soham. The Mycetophilidae are represented by Sciara Thomae and S.
xarhonaria, which with other species of the genus are common everywhere ; and S. bilineata occurs

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 1 886, 1887, 1888, 1894 ; Monographs of Brit. S^rphidae, DoUchopodidae, &c.
' Ibid. 1905, p. 255. ' Entom. 1880, p. I49.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

in Newmarket. Cordyla flavicepi has been found at Tuddenham, both C. crasslcernis and C. brevicomis
at Newmarket, with Dynatosoma fusc'icorne, Mycetophila luctuosa is found with M. obscura at Tud-
denham, M. punctata, cingulum, and /ineo/a are common in the Bentley Woods ; M. bimaculata in
Ipswich ; unipunctata has been found at Tuddenham, M. dimidiata, xanthopyga and spectahilh at
Newmarket. Rhymosia trunctaia has occurred in Mr. Verrall's study, and Exechia interruptOy
E.spinigera, E. fungorum, and E. tenuicornis in his garden ; £. /(7/fra/« is not uncommonly beaten from
yew trees in Bentley Woods in February. Mycothera dimidiata, Brachycampta alternans, B. bico/or^
B. griselcoUis, and B. serena are all found at Newmarket, the last also at Exning ; Docosia sciarina
has been noted at Coddenham and D. valida is often abundant at Bentley Woods on oak-trunks in
May. Phronia Girschneri is recorded from Newmarket, Collin has taken Sceptort'ia nigra at Tudden-
ham in September, and I have presented Zygomyia pictipennis, from the Bentley Woods in February
on fir trees, to the British Museum, as it was previously doubtfully British. Z. notata, Z. vara^
Z. valida and Acnemia nitidicollis occur at Newmarket. I have taken Sciophila marginata in the
Bentley Woods and at Blakenham ; and hear from Mr. Collin that S. occultans, S. incisurata, and
S. fimbriata all occur at Tuddenham, with S. tumida at Newmarket. Glaphyroptera fasciipennit
affects flowers at Bramford and Foxhall ; and both G. winthemii and G. fasciola are found at New-
market, together with Lasiosoma hirtum and L. luteum. The genus Platyura is represented by
P. marginata at Ipswich, P. atrata at Bildeston, P. cincta and P. nana at Newmarket, and tiie
P. intincta of Shiner at Henstead. I have caught Ceroplates tipuloides in Staverton Thicks ; and
Mycetobia pallidipes on exuding sap at Brandon. Macrocera fasciata, lutea, centralis, stigma, phaleratOy
pusilla, and crassicornis all occur in Newmarket, with Bolitophila fusca, and at Tuddenham,

B. cinerea. Mr. Tuck confirmed Ditomyia fasciata as British by the capture of a specimen at
Tostock.*

The typical genus of the Bibionidae is well represented, but of the others we only have
Anarete candidata, Scatpse clavipes, albitarsis, recurva, and S. brevicornis at Newmarket, S. notata at
Coddenham, S. halterata abundantly at Foxhall, and S. flavicoUis, which I once found ovipositing in
a fungus in Tattingstone Park ; both Dilophus albipennis and D. fehrilis are plentiful. Among the
fifteen species of Bibio in the British list only B. ferruginatus, venosus, and lacteipennis yet remain to
be found here. Simulium ornatum has occurred to me at Foxhall, 6'. reptans and S. (?)argyreata are
abundant in the Breck district, and Verrall has found S. nanum at Tuddenham. The extensive
families Chironomidae and Psychodidae are represented for the most part by specimens from New-
market — understood hereinafter — and elsewhere in Mr. Verrall's collection, where I have seen
Chironomus dorsalis, tentans, chloris, and albimanus. I have found C. plumosus at Oulton Broad and
Ipswich, C. riparius at Wherstead and Whitton, C. rufipes at Claydon, and C dispar in my study
in Ipswich in 1895. Verrall has Cricotopus molitator, bicinctus, and annulipes, Camptocladius aterrimuSy
byssinus, and minimus ; Orthocladius variabilis and stercorius ; with Diamesa ohscurimanus. At Ipswich
I have found Metriocnemus fuscipes at light, and Tanypus varius ; T. nebulosus turns up at Bramford in
May, and T. choreus, carneus, melanops, and pygmaeus are in Verrall's collection. Ceratopogon myrmeco-
philus is the proper name of the species recorded from Bentley Woods ; ' C. pulicaris is common in
Suffolk, with C. y^wcro/M in marshy places; and Verrall has C.piceus,ciliatus,/rutetorum,variuSy
pictipennis, and niger. Among the Psychodidae Verrall has recorded Pericoma nubila and P. fusca
from Fritton ; P. ocellaris and P. auriculata are also in his collection. I have often swept the
common Psychoda phalaenoides from reeds, and P. albipennis, P. sexpunctata, and P. humeralis occur at
Newmarket, with Trichomyia urbica. Of the mosquitoes Anopheles bifurcatus occurs at Foxhall^
Mildenhall, and Wherstead ; the common A. macuUpennis at Newmarket, Southwold, Bury, Hales-
worth, Wickham Market, Blakenham, Bawdsey, and Newbourn, Of the gnats Culex annulatuSy
and pipiens are only too common ; but C. dorsalis, the Aldeburgh biting gnat, said to have been
originally imported in ships from Norway, is decidedly local at that place and at Southwold ; * and

C. bicolor is rarely attracted to sugar on trees in the Bentley Woods. Verrall adds Corethra fusca,
and the Dixid Dixia nebulosa. Ptychoptera contaminata, alhimana, and scutellaris are all common near
streams, and P. paludosa occurs at Exning in August. Among the Limnobidae I have seen Limnobia
bifasciata abundantly on sugar in the Bentley Woods ; L. quadrinotata, nubeculosa, and analis about
Ipswich ; L. nigropunctata abundantly in woods at Assington and Bentley, and L. favipes at Wher-
stead. Verrall has L. tripunctata, Dicranomyia sericata, and Rhipidia maculata from Newmarket,,
with D. modesta from Mildenhall, D. didyma and D. dumetorum from Barton Mills ; D. lutea often
dances in crowds in Ipswich and Southwold, D. chorea occurs in Ipswich houses, and I once found

D. morio in a sand-pit. Both Empeda nubila and Goniomyia tenella, with Acyphona maculata, arc
found in Newmarket, and Chilotricha imhuta at Exning. Molophilus appendiculatus, bifilatus, and
obscurus have been found by Verrall, and M. propinquus occurs at Mildenhall in September. I have
taken Rhypholopus lineatus on willows in Bentley Woods, and Curtis tells us he once took R. nodulosus

* Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 110. ' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, pp. 49, 90. ^ Ibid. 1895, pp. 227-9-

136

INSECTS

commonly in a Suffolk garden. R. haemorrhoidalis is rare, with Erloptera triv'talis at Exning ;
I have taken E. favescens by the Gipping at Ipswich, E. lutea at Dunwich, and Curtis records
E. fuicipennh from our county. Sythplecta sticitica, S. punctipennis, Ephelia marmorata and Dactylolabis
Frauenfeldl are all uncommon, but several of the Limnophilae, such as L. dispar, ferruginea, ochracea^
and dhdcollh are common, though L. lineola is only reported from Exning in July. The winter
gnats are of course abundant, and Trichocera hiemal'n and regelationh may often be seen dancing
about bare hedges, with, in September, T. annulata. Ula pilosa and Amaloph immaculata are not
common, but the large and handsome Pedicia rivosa, which was recorded from Lound Wood by
Paget, is sometimes seen at Tuddenham, Hemley, and Foxhall. The crane flies are well repre-
sented by eight species of Pachyrrhina, including the beautiful P.crocata from Whitton, and eighteen
Tipulae, some of which, as T. nigra, signata, lutescem, and vittata, appear local ; Dictenidia bimaculata
has been captured in Stanstead Wood in May. The last family of the Nematocera, the Rhyphidae,
is abundant in Rhyphus fenestralis and R. punctatus.

The Brachycera have been much more carefully worked, and the first family, the Stratiomyidae,
is somewhat fully represented. Pachygaster ater is often abundant on bracken at Foxhall, and I have
once found P. Leachii at Farnham in July ; Nemotelus pantherinus and N. u/iginosus occur at Felix-
stowe, the latter being widely distributed and recorded by Curtis from Thetford ; N. nigrinus has
been noticed at Ipswich, Bramford, and Barton Mills. The pretty genus Oxycera is represented by
0. pygmaea at Tuddenham, O.formoia not uncommonly at Foxhall in August, O. pukhella taken
here by PifFard, and 0. tril'tneata first noticed by Paget. Stratiomys potamida is found about Ipswich
and Lowestoft, S. riparia not rarely on umbels at Felixstowe, Benacre, and South wold; S. furcata is
common in the Broads, and I have taken one S. longicornn by a brackish ditch at Wherstead ;
Odontomyia angulata is recorded by Verrall from Tuddenham, O. tigrina was once swept by me at
Drinkstone, and O. v'lridula is everywhere abundant on the coast. The beautiful Chrysonotus
hipunctaius has been captured at Foxhall, Great Glemham, and Tostock ; Sargus ^avipes occurs at
Tostock and Lowestoft, S. cuprarius singly at Monk Soham and at Tostock, together with
S. iridatus at the latter locality. Chloromyia formosa, Microchrysa polita and M. Jlavicornis are
common, as also are Beris davipes, vallata, chalybeata, and Chorisops tibialis. Xylomyia marginata has
occurred at Exning in September. One is not inordinately worried by the bellicose Tabanidae, if
we except Heamatopota pluvialis ; H. crassicornis is distinctly rare at Brantham, Felixstowe, and
Ipswich ; Therioplectes tropicus, as well as its variety bisignatus, attacks one in the woods at Bentley,
Raydon, and Barton Mills, and T.solstitialis is not rare in the Broads. Paget records Atylotus Jiihius,
under the name Tabanus alpinus, as having been rare at Belton Bog ; the only members of the
latter genus at present found are T. autumnalis at Southwold and T. bromius at Felixstowe ; Chrysops
relicta is even commoner with us than C. caecutiens. Some of the elegant Leptidae are abundant,
especially Leptis scolopacea, which sits head downwards on tree-trunks, L. tringaria, L. lineola, and
Chrysophilus auratus ; C. aureus is local at Tostock, Bentley Woods, and Bramford. The insecti-
vorous Asilidae are common in June, Leptogaster cylindrica, Dioctria oelandica, rufipes, and Baumhaueri
occurring everywhere, though D. atricapilla is local at Tostock and Wortham, and D.Jlavipes only
met with in Assington Thicks. Isopogon brevirostris has occurred at Newmarket in July, and Tuck
took Laphria marginata in the Bury district in August 1897 ; the handsome Asilus crabroniformis is
widely distributed ; Philonicus albiceps occurs on the coast at Felixstowe and Corton ; Epitriptus
cingulatus and Neoitamus cyanurus are common ; Machimus atricapillus has turned up in the Bentley
Woods, &c. ; and Dysmachus trigonus is often abundant on the Lowestoft and Felixstowe denes, as
well as at Brandon.

Of the hirsute Bombylidae Anthrax Paniscus is widely distributed but uncommon, and Curtis
records A. hottentota (probably referable to the above species) among rushes near the sea-shore at
Covehithe early in July 1822 ; he also gives us a long and interesting account of Phthiria pulicaria,
which he first found in Britain in the same locality and presented to the British Museum. Bomby-
lius discolor and B. major are common, but doubt exists as to the capture of B. minor by Mr. Tuck
at Tostock in 1897, and perhaps fi. canescens, Mik., is the species inferred. The Therevidae comprise
Thereva nobilitata, plehja, and bipunctata commonly, and the local T. annulata at Tostock, Barnham,
Tuddenham Fen, and Brandon. Scenopinus fenestralis is found at Thetford, Tostock, Orwell, and
Monk Soham ; and S. niger is said to have been taken at Tostock in May 1 898. I have only
once met with the rare Omodes gibhosus at Barnby Broad in July ; and Acrocera globulus once on
birch in Tuddenham Fen. Few species of the voraceous Empidae can be referred to, though both
kinds of Hybos, ten of Rhamphomyia, and sixteen of Empis, have been noted ; of the latter we
may mention Empis opaca at Tostock, E, nigritarsis at Wherstead, E. pennaria at Oulton, and E.
pennipes in the Bentley Woods. Pachymeria femorata is common, and P. palparis has occurred in
Barnby Broad ; Hilara ci/ipes, pilosa, maura, clypeata, and pinetorum can be instanced, with Ocydromia
glabricula, Leptopeza flavipes, Clinocara stagnalis, two Trichinae, and Microphorus vetulinus. There is
an example of Ardoptera irrorata from Tuddenham, in the British Museum ; Lepidomyia melanocephala
I 137 18

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

occurs commonly at Bentley, Stilpon lunata at Foxhall, with Tachypeza nubila at Oulton and New-
market ; Tachista connexa is abundant, as was once Chersodromia cursitans on Malva on the beach
at Slaughdon ; Tachydromia alhiseta, by Verrall, at Brandon, T. flavipei at Needham, T. maculipes at
Foxhall, and T. femoralis at Claydon Bridge, have also been observed. Several recent additions
include Oreogeton flav'tpei, Leptopeza Jlavipes, Hemerodromia unilineata, Ardoptera guttata, Thamnodromia
vocatoria, Drapetis assimilis, Tachista arrogans, znd Elaphropexa ephipptata. The beautiful Dolichopo-
didae have recently come in for a good deal of attention, and we can enumerate four species of
Piikpus, Neurigona quadrifasciata, Eutarsus, aulicus and Hygroceuleuthus diadema, the last from Moulton
in June. The typical genus Dolichopus is represented by sixteen species, of which many are only
recorded from the Broads of the north-east or Fens of the north-west. The handsome Poedlobothrus
nobilitatus often occurs on my house-windows at Monk Soham ; Argyrae with silver bodies flit about
streams ; Machaer'mm maritimae is common by the salt-water Orwell ; Sce/Ius notatus may be swept
from reeds in our salt marshes, and the curious little Medeterus are seen sitting abundantly on
tree-trunks, &c. I have recently added Dolichopus griseipennis, D. trivia/is and D. acuticornis from
Monk Soham, D. lepidus and D. planitarsis from Tuddenham Fen, D. clavipes from Southwold, D.
ungulatus from Barham, Reydon, and Easton Broad, Xiphandrium monotrichum from Southwold, and
Hermtomus nigripennis from Henstead. In all seventy-three species of this family have been noticed
in the county. Of the last family of the orthorrhaphous diptera, the Lonchopteridae, we have all
the British kinds but Lonchoptera punctum and L. fuscipennis ; they are common, often turning up
even during the winter months.

The first three families of the cyclorrhaphous diptera, the Platypezidae, Pipunculidae, and the
Syrphidae, are now well known on account of Mr. Verrall's fine work, which treats of them, and in
which, too, many Suffolk records are enumerated. Calllmyia speciosa has occurred at Newmarket,
and C. amoena at Brandon ; Platypeza atra was once found by me in the Bentley Woods ; ' both
P. dorsalis and P. infumata can be mentioned, the former from Newmarket, and the latter taken by
Mr. Piffard at Felixstowe ; Chalarm spurius is recorded from Verrall's garden, and Verrallia aucta
from Suffolk. Thirteen species of the extensive and distinct genus Pipunculus have been noticed
here, but others are sure to turn up, of these the following seem worth recording : Pipunculus halte-
ratus at Tuddenham, which is the only British locality, P. varipes at Bentley Woods and Tudden-
ham, and P. pratorum in Newmarket. I have captured Paragus tibialis at Oulton Broad and Bramford,
and P. bicolor on the banks of the Gipping. Pipizella virens and Pipiza noctiluca are common, P.
luteitarsis and P. bimaculata are recorded from Newmarket, and I took a male of P. lugubris about
Ipswich, in 1894. Cnemodon vitripennis is recorded by Verrall, Orthoneura nobilis has occurred about
Ipswich, and we can include all the species of Liogaster and Chrysogaster except C. macquarti. Of
Chilosia we have seventeen species ; of the rarer kinds may be noticed C, longula from Barton Mills,
C. honesta at Ipswich in 1893, ^- g''0!"i which is widely distributed, C. albipilla singly at Bentley
and Raydon in March, C. impressa common at Barnby Broad, and C. Bergenstammi at Tuddenham.
And of Platychirus eight are recorded ; the best are P. scambus from Aldeburgh and Southwold,
P.fiilviventris from Brandon and Bramford, and P. angustatus from Aldeburgh and Bentley. Pyrophaena
granditarsa is not uncommon, and P. rosarum has also been met with ; oi Melanostoma we have not
yet noticed M. dubium, though the fine Xanthandrus comtus occurs at Copdock, Leucozona leucorum
usually a common species bred from nests of Bombus terrestris by Tuck at Tostock, and I once
captured Ischyrosyrphus laternarius at Bramford in August. Catabomba pryastri is common ; and
Gibbs took C. selenetica at Orford in 1903. Twenty-two species of Syrphus have been identified
from the county, of which may be mentioned S. tricinctus at Lackford and the Bentley Woods,
S. annulatusy S. iriangulifer, S. punctulatus from Newmarket, and S. labiatarum from Barton Mills
and Tostock ; as well as the three Sphaerophoria and both species of the handsome genus Xantho-
gramma, Baccha elongata is local, but Ascia podriagrica a.nd JJora lis occur freely; A. dispar is also said
to have been found here. The rare Brachypoda bicolor has twice been captured by me at so distant
localities as Belstead and Brandon ; Rhingia campestris, Volucella bombylans, and y. pellucens are com-
mon, and I once found V, inflata in the Bentley Woods. We have not found Eristalis cr\ptarum
nor rupium, but the other members of the genus are of frequent occurrence, E. aeneus being often
abundant on the coast. Myiatropa florea and Helophilus pendulus are a nuisance on flowers, though
H. trivittatus in various localities, H. hybridus at Cornard by Harwood, H. transfugus at Walbers-
wick, H. lineatus about Ipswich, and H.. vittatus (the Ruddii of Curtis) from Breydon marshes,
never seem to be met with in any numbers. Merodon equestris occurs at Bury, and I have found it
in an Ipswich house, and Tropidia scita is abundant in the fens and marshes. Criorrhina berberina is
noticed in Bentley Woods, C, oxyacanthae at the same locality and at Bungay,* C. floccosa is bred at
Tostock by Tuck, with the rare and handsome Pocota apiformis. I have captured Xylota nemorum at
Barham, X. segnis at Foxhall, X. lenta has been found at Copdock, and X. sylvarum at Tostock and

"Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1901, p. 281. • Cf. Trans. Norf. flat. Soc. vii, 14.

138

INSECTS

Bungay. Syrlta pipitns is abundant ; Eumerus sahulonum was captured by PifFard near Landguard
Fort andi'. strigatus is not very uncommon. Chrysotoxum sylvarum, C. bicinctum, and C.festivum are
common ; I have found C. elegans at Southwold, and Tuck has bred C. octomaculatum at Tostock in
1896 and 1897. Paget records Sericomyia horealis as occasionally common at Lound Heath, though
not now met with for many years, and I took the fine Criorrhina asi/ica in Bentley Woods in 1904.

The interesting family Conopidae is well represented in Suffolk. Of the typical genus Conops,
C. flavipei, (luadrifasciatOy and ceriiformis are not uncommon, and Tuck has bred the variety vitellinus
at Tostock. Physocephala rufipes and Oncomyia atra are also ubiquitous, but 0. pusilla and Zodion
cinereum are very rarely met with, the former at Dodnash Woods and about Bury, the latter once
only at Foxhall in August, and once at Brandon in June. Sicus ferruginem is often seen on ragwort
flowers in the autumn ; Myopa buccata is recorded hence by Curtis, and more recently from the
Bury district, &c. ; M. testacea was bred at Tostock by Tuck in May 1898, and M. fasciata,
which I have captured at Foxhall, was found at Ipswich by Freeman about 1887. Among the
bot-flies, the Oestridae, we can only positively claim two species, though Hypodermae are sure to
occur ; these are Gastrop^i/us equ't, of which Mr. Tuck took several specimens at Tostock in August
1898, and others at Bungay in July; and Oestrus ovis, the sheep-fly, which he also found in the
former village in July. Many of our parasitic flies of the family Tachinidae have not yet been
determined, but we may mention Meigenia egens from flowers near Ipswich, Ceromasia machairopsis
about Ipswich, C. sordidisquama and C. juvenilis common in Bentley Woods in May, C. senilis from
Felixstowe, by PifFard (in the British Museum), and Dodnash Woods, C. stabulans about Ipswich and
Lowestoft, and C. spectabilis on birch in Assington Thicks in June. Exorista vetula is found at
Assington and Bentley, E. fimbriata and E. apicalrigria occur here (the latter being in the British
Museum), E. perturbans is common on oak-trunks ; Mr. Ransom has bred E. jucunda at Sudbury
from Liparis salicis, and Tuck found E. notabilis at Aldeburgh. Epicampocera succincta is common at
Little Blakenham ; I have Blepharidea vulgaris bred from Pieris rapae and Abraxas grossulariata ;
Myxexorista fauna has been captured in the Bentley Woods, where Bothria caesifrons and Phorocera
serriventris are not rare; Blepharipoda atropivora has been noticed at Bramford, and Sisyropa hortulana
in Bentley Woods ; 5. lucorum I have bred from lepidopterous pupae at Ipswich in July. Chaetolyga
amoena occurs about Bury St. Edmunds, Tachina grandis in the Bentley Woods, T. erucarum at
Felixstowe, and T. rustica with T. agilis about Ipswich ; Gonia divisa was captured in 1894, and at
Foxhall in May I have taken G. ornata with G. lateralis. Monochaeta leucophaea and Thelymorpha
vertigosa are rare about Ipswich ; Aporomyta dubia is abundant in the Bentley Woods ; Somohia
rebaptizata widely distributed, and Pelatachina tibialis once occurred to me at Mildenhall in June.
In the Bentley Woods Maccjuartia grisea, Degeeria medorina, Demoticus Plebejus and D. frontatus,
Myiobia pacifica, Micropalpus pudicus (with the type of Meade's Nemoraea quadraticornis), all occur with
more or less frequency. Ptilops chalybeata has turned up at Bramford, Anthracomyia nana at Hens-
stead and Tostock, Micropalpus pictus at Claydon Bridge, M. vulpinus is certainly uncommon at
Felixstowe and Tostock, but Thelaira leucozona and Erigone radicum are common enough. Tuck
has taken E. rudis about Bury, and I have found E. vivida near Ipswich ; Echinomyia grossa has
occurred to me at Barton Mills, and E. fera to Hocking at Copdock ; Plagia ruralis occurs in the
Bentley Woods and P. trepida at Assington. PifFard says Phorichaeta carbonarius was abundant at
Felixstowe in 1896, and presented it to the British Museum ; Discochaeta muscaria is rare at Assing-
ton, but Roeselia antiqua is generally distributed, as also are Digonochaeta spinipennis and D. setipennis,
Thryptocera crassicornis and T. bicolor, with the two Siphonae, have been noted. Early in 1897 I
took what Dr. Meade said was Exorista [Blepharomyia) ampUcornis on oak-trunks in the Bentley
Woods, and with it occurred what he considered a new species and named Phorocera incerta, a co-
type of which is in the British Museum ; ' these Verrall synonymizes. I was also so fortunate as
to add Phasia Rothi {Xysta cand) to the British list,*" having found it in the vicinity of Ipswich,
where Alophora pusilla is sparingly met with. Few of the remaining sections of the Tachinidae,
the Trixinae, Sarcophaginae, and the Dexinae, require particular mention ; in the first we have
twelve species, including Trixa oestroidea^^ Tryphaera umbrinervis, and Dialyta atriceps ; in the
second fourteen species, several of the typical genus Sarcophaga and the fine northern fly Cynomyia
mortuorum from Orford and Tuddenham, the bee-parasite called Miltogramma punctatum, Hereronychia
chaetoneura, and the interesting little Sphixapata conica from Bramford and Felixstowe ; in the last
only four species, of which Dexiosoma caninum is found sitting commonly on bracken with, rarely,
Dexia rustica in the Bentley Woods, and D. vacua at Worlington, and Prosena sybarita on the Breck
sands, taken by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, in August.

Of the ubiquitous Muscidae, we have found all the Stomoxys, Pollenia, Myiospila, Musca,
Morellia, Mesembrina, Pyrellia excepting P. cyanicolor^ ProtocalUphora, Calliphora, and Euphora ;

»Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 223 ; 1898, p. 35. " Ibid. 1896, p. 212 ; 1898, p. 39.

" Cf. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1901, p. 157.

139

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Graphomyia maculata and Cyrtoneura stabulans are abundant ; C. pabulorum has been bred at Tostock
from nests of Vespa vulgaris ; Luci/ia caesar and L. urica are common on flowers, and I once took a
doubtful L. illuitris at Blakenham. The Anthomyidae are equally common ; of these we have the
two usual Polietes, eighteen species of Hyetodesia, in addition to H. ohscurata taken at Exning in July ;
Alloeostylus flaveola and A. simplex ; six species of Mydaea, twelve of Spilogaster, two of Limnophora,
eleven of Hydrotaea, four of Hydrophoria, fourteen of Hylemyia, seven of Chortophila, twelve of
Phorbia, and five of Pegomyia. Sphecolyma inanis has been bred by Tuck from nests of Vespa
germanica ; Melanochila riparia occurs at Foxhall ; Ophyra leucostoma and Drymia hamata are
occasionally met with ; Trichopticus semipellucidus, with T. cunctans, and all the British species of the
genus Anthomyia are also recorded, the rare A. albicincta having been taken once at Tostock.
Mycophaga fungorum has been found about Bury St. Edmunds and the rare Chirosia abbitarsis at
Foxhall. We have recently added Lasiops Roederi, ctenoctena, and L. Meadii from Newmarket.
Among the Homalomyinae we have fourteen species of the typical genus and five Azelia, three Lispe,
two Caricea, two Coenosia, together with Piezura pardalina, Coelomyia mo/lissa, Hoplogaster mollicula,
and Fucellia maritima. The marsh-loving Cordyluridae are represented by Cordylura pudica at Hen-
stead, C. pubera at Brandon, C. ciliata at Beccles and Claydon, and the common C. umbrosa ;
ParalUlomma albipes at Foxhall and Bentley Woods, Cnemopogon apicalis at Barton Mills, Amaurosoma
tibiella at Oulton Broad, Norellia spinimana, N. liturata, and A'^. spiniger, Trichopalpus fraternus,
and Spathiophora hydromyzina ; eight species of Scatophaga, Ceratinostoma ostiorum on the banks of the
Orwell and the Gipping, and Coniosternum obscurum at Harleston. Helomyza rufa and H. ustulata,
Btepharoptera ruficauda, and B. serrata are common ; H. Zetterstedtii, montana, and H. pallida occur
about Newmarket, and I took Allophyla atricornis at Brandon in 1903 ; Heteromyza atricomis and
Tephrochlamys rufiventris are frequent, T. flavipes is found in the Bentley Woods, arid T. palkscens
was taken in Ipswich in 1896. Trigonometopus frontatus is our only representative of the
Heteroneuridae ; it occurs in some numbers on dead rushes at Foxhall in March, and doubtless
hibernates among them.

The Sciomyzidae in so well-watered a county as Suffolk are abundant ; Mr. Tuck has taken
Actora aestuum at Aldeburgh in September, and both Dryomyza analis and D. flaveola are everywhere
common ; of Sciomyza we have noted nine species, including S. Schoenherri near Ipswich, S. simplex
at Barton Mills, and S. albocostata at Foxhall ; and ten of Tetanocera, of which mention may be made
of T. sylvatica at Barnby Broad, T. punctata commonly, and T. umbrarum in reed refuse at Oulton
Broad, Limnia marginata at Barham and Ipswich, and L, obliterata at Tostock and Aldeburgh.
Elgiva dorsalis and E. rufa are common ; I took E. lineata at Tuddenham in 1 906, and Tuck has
found E. albiseta at Tostock in July. The carrot-fly Psila rosae is too common, I have taken
P. fimetaria at Ipswich and Tuddenham, and both P. nigricornis and villosula are found at New-
market. Chyliza atriseta occurs at Bramford, C. leptogaster in Tuddenham Fen, and in June 1902
Tuck took C. vittata, which was new to Britain, at Bungay ; Loxocera aristata and L. albiseta are
generally distributed, and I once beat L. sylvatica in the Bentley Woods. Micropeza lateralis is rare
upon dry heath grasses at Foxhall, M. corrigiolata common with Calobata ephippium ; C. petronella
occurs commonly in Ipswich gardens, and Verrall took C. cibaria at Fritton in 188 1. Of the
Ortalidae, the only British specimen of Tanypeza longimana was captured at Tostock by Tuck in
July 1899 ; '' Dorycera graminum is not rare, nor also probably is Piilonota centralis. Pteropaectria
frondescentiae is frequent on rushes, and P. afflicta and P. nigrina have been met with here ; Ceroxys
pictus is abundant in the coast salt marshes and C. crassipennis in all the broads and fens. Platystoma
seminationis is often a pest in June, with Rivellia syngenesiae ; Seoptera vibrans is local at Theberton,
Southwold, Monk Soham, and Tuddenham Fen ; Ulidia erythropthalma is not uncommon, but
Chrysomyxa demandata is rare. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the pretty little
Trypetidae, and we can only instance the celery-fly, Acidia heraclei and A. Ifchnidis, Gonyglossum
Wiedemanni at Blakenham and Newmarket, Spilographa Zoe at Tuddenham on birch, Trypeta jaceae
at Yoxford ; T. onotrophes and T. florescentiae are common, T. cornuta has occurred at Ipswich,
T. tussilaginis at Oulton Broad, and T. serratula at Farnham. Urophora solstitialis and U. stylata,
with Sphenella marginata, are frequent ; Ensina sonchi has been taken at Southwold, Urellia stellata
at Foxhall, and six species of Tephritis comprise our list — T. plantaginis abundant about Southwold,
T. formosa at Bentley and Tostock, and the widely-distributed T. bardanae. Of the Lonchaeidae,
L. vaginalis is abundant, L. chorea found near Needham, L. tarsata bred by me from a Tortrix pupa
at Foxhall ; and I also took upon thistles in the Bentley Woods, 1895, what Dr. Meade called
L, fumosa, Egger. Palloptera ustulata, P. umbellatarum, and P. arcuata are common, but I have only
found P. saltuum at Southwold, and Taxoneura muliebris has been taken at Bramford, &c. Peplomyza
Wiedemanni occurs at Barton Mills, Sapromyza marginalis, fasciata, inusta, decempunctatOy biumhrata,
rorida, praeusta, and plumicornis are all recorded from the county, with S. lupulina fron: Wherstead,

" Cf. Ent. Mon. Mag. 1 904, p. 60.
140

INSECTS

Lauxanla Elisae, L. aenea, and, at Oulton Broad by Tuck, L. hyalinata. Balioptera tripunctata is
abundant, though not so B. comhlnata ; Opomyza germinationis and O. florum are of general distribu-
tion ; and at Shotley I have found Pelethophila lutea and P. flava at Tostock.

The long-legged Sepsidae are somewhat fiilly represented, the typical genus comprising Sepiis
pectoralU at Felixstowe, 5. nigripes, violacea, cynipua, and S. pUlpei at Newmarket ; Nemopoda cylindrica
and N. stercoraria are common about Ipswich ; Henicita Leachi and H. annulipes are recorded ; and
at Tuddenham Verrall has taken Mycetaulus hipunctatus in September. The three Themira, putris,
superha, and minor occur in Newmarket, with Saltella sphondylii and S. nigripes. The cheese-mites,
Piophila casei, with five more of the same genus, are of course abundant, and the pretty Madiza
glabra occurs at Ipswich and Southwold. Six Geomyzidae are noticed in Anthomyz.a fiavipes at
Felixstowe, and A. gracilis in Newmarket ; Geomyz.a obscurella has occurred to me at Aldetsurgh,
Diastata nigripennis at Foxhall with D. unipunctata, and D. punctum at Kessingland. The Ephydridae
have been recently much augmented by Mr. Verrall's Suffolk captures, and we now boast of Notiphila
venosa and N. dorsata from Aldeburgh, with five common kinds of the genus ; Trimerina madixans
from Bentley Woods in the winter ; Psilopa hucostoma and nitidula, with Hydrdlia griseola,
commonly. Collin has found Discocerina obscurella at Tuddenham and Philhygria stictica at New-
market. Hyadina scutellata and H. guttata occur, and Paget took Ochthera mantis at Lound Heath ;
two Parhydrae are common with Ephydra riparia and Caenia palustris ; but the curious tiny Scatellae,
of which we have four kinds, are never in great profusion. Among the Drosophilidae, Scaptomyza
graminum and Aulacigaster rufitarsis are rare, though few of our six species of Drosophila are un-
common. The handsome little Chloropidae have received considerable attention from Mr. Collin,
so our list comprises Lipara lucens, common by the River Lark, Platycephala planifrons in profusion
in all the Broads, four kinds of Meromyxa, with Center cerceris and C. myopinus among reeds.
Anthracophaga strigula has occurred to me at Bawdsey, Diplotoxa messoria at Beccles, and D. inconstans
at Claydon Bridge ; our list is augmented by seven species of Chlorops, two of Chloropisca, and five
Oscinus, which, with the common Elachyptera cornuta and abortive E. brachyptera, conclude this
family. Cacoxenus indagator, from Newmarket, represents the Milichidae ; Agromyza lutea at
Claydon and Schoenomyza litorella at Foxhall, the next family ; Phytomyza elegans from Tuddenham
and Chromatomyia affinis, a third ; while the fourth, the Astiadae, adds only Astia amoena, which
abounds in bracken refuse in the winter. It becomes necessary to somewhat fully deal with our
Borboridae since no other county has so good a list, thanks to the assiduity of Mr. Collin. The
typical genus Borborus has eleven representatives, of which B. nitidus has occcurred to me at Bram-
ford, B. pedestris at Ipswich and Brandon, B. longipennis on my study window, and B. geniculatus in
the Bentley Woods ; Collin has also found B. suillorum at Bradley, with B. Roseri, B. sordidus in a
Newmarket paddock, and he described B. notabilis from Bradley." Sphaerocera monilis, pusilla,
vaporariorum, scabricula^ and Collin's new 8. eximia are all found at Newmarket ; while I have seen
S. subsultans at Claydon. Of the extensive genus Limosina we have twenty-seven kinds, among
which I have taken L. frontinalis at Bentley, L. sylvatica at Felixstowe,/,, ochripes at Ipswich, with
Z,. scutellaris, L. erratica at Freston, L. spinipennis at Felixstowe, and L. roralis at Brandon ; all the
remainder have fallen to Collin's net, and they comprise L. ferrugata, lutosa, limosa, vagarts, lugubris,
melania, atomus, acutangula, fungicola, vitripennis, coxata, pumilio, clunipes, hcteroneura, nigerrima,
crassimana, fuscipennis, and minutissima, together with his two new species, H. Halidayi and
L. mirabilisy from Newmarket." In the Phoridae we are not so good, and only possess Conicera
similis, Trineura aterrima, six species of Phora including Verrall's new P. formicarum}^ The last
family, the Hippoboscidae is represented by four kinds : Ornithomyia avicularia which Tuck took at
Tostock in 1897 ; Stenopteryx hirundinis, captured by Dr. Wood at Woolpit ; Oxypterum pallidum,
recorded by Paget from the Yarmouth district, and still a very rare fly ; and the Slieep-fiy, Melo-
phagus ovis, which has occurred to the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield at Great Glemham and to me ;it
Monk Soham.

HEMIPTERA

Bugs
HETEROPTERA

Concerning the Heteroptera of Suffolk, little or nothing has until quite recently been pub-
lished, and it will be advisable to here deal somewhat fully with the subject. Little is to be learned
from modern literature, and nothing whatever (but one or two records in Curtis's British Entomology,
and a few more or less unreliable ones in Paget's Natural History of Great Yarmouth') from the older
authors. Mr. Saunders has done some collecting about Southwold, and Mr. E. A. Butler around

" Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 56. " Ibid. p. 59. " Cf. Meeting of Ent. Soc, 16 Mar. 190.).

141

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Corton near Lowestoft and at Felixstowe ; Mr. Thouless brings forward a few kinds in the Trans-
actions of the Norfolk Naturalists^ Society, and Mr. J. J. Walker mentions one or two from the
vicinity of Brandon. But for the majority of the species — especially the commoner sorts, which
go so largely to swell the proportions of a county list, though of little value in themselves, except
for purposes of ' distribution ' — I have had to rely mainly upon my own efforts and upon those of
Mr. Tuck, who has found several species in the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds.

Odontoscelis fuUginosus has been found at Lowestoft, Felixstowe, and Mildenhall ; it occurred
to me upon the Foxhall Plateau not uncommonly in 1904. Podops inuncta, Gnathoconus albomar-
ginatus, Sehirus tico/or, and S. biguttatus are widely distributed, the last being often found in moss
during the winter. Aelia acuminata is decidedly local, though common on dry grasses at Brandon
and Lowestoft ; Bedwell has recently taken it at Kessingland, and I have once swept it at Barham.
On 25 May 1901 I was so fortunate as to beat the fourth localized British specimen of Perihalus
vernalis from young poplar trees in the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich ; elsewhere it is only known
from Weston-super-Mare, Cumberland, and Sussex.^ Pentatoma prasina is common in the same
locality, and P. baccarum has been taken singly by Elliott, Bedwell, and myself at Benacre and
Oulton Broads and Barton Mills. Piezodorus /ituratus, Tropicoris rufipes, Podisus luridus, Acanthosoma
haemorrhoidakydentatum, znd interstinctum are all common, though Picromerus bidens is certainly rare,
having been taken once only by Baylis at Foxhall Heath in 1895, and once by Bedwell at Herring-
fleet. Of the Coreidae, I have found in some numbers the rare Spathocera Dalmani, not before
seen north of the Thames, crawling upon the bare, sandy Foxhall Plateau in May and September.
Syromastes marginatus and Pseudopbloeus Fallenii have been taken sparingly, the former at Fritton,
Lound, Bungay, and Westleton, the latter upon several occasions uncommonly on the Breck Sands,
though locally abundant at Brandon beneath cranesbili. Coreus denticu/atus, Corizus parumpunctus,
and Alyrmus myriformis are not uncommon ; and Chorosoma SchilUngi was found at Lowestoft and
Southwold by Saunders, and has occurred to me at the latter locality. In May 1903 Tuck
captured Ferlusia rhombea, which was more frequent at Brandon in 1906, at Bury St. Edmunds,
and there is an example of Corizus capitatus in the Cambridge Museum from Mildenhall. Of the
curious Neides, N. tipu/arius has been taken singly by Mr. Newbery and myself about Ipswich, A'^.
crassipes by Thouless about Lowestoft, and by Bedwell at Barnby Broad ; N. minor is common, and
has been found in the nests of Bombus muscorum by Tuck ; N. signoreti occurred in a gravel pit at
Claydon in July ; N. montivagus at Southwold and Hadleigh in moss. Metacanthus puncticeps is
very abundant at the roots of marram grass on the Kessingland sandhills, and also occurs at Lowes-
toft and Kentford.

Of the Lygaeidae, the ubiquitous Nysius thymi, Ischnorhynchus resedae, I. geminatus, and Cymus
glandicolor are abundant, though C. claviculus appears to be confined to the Bentley Woods. The
local Heterogaster urticae occurs in some numbers at Lakenheath, Brandon, Tuddenham, Bungay,
Lowestoft, Aldeburgh, and Hollesley ; Rhoparochromus di/atatus and R. chiragra are not rare, and
R. praetextatus is recorded from Thetford Warren by Curtis. The usually common Chilacis typhae
is only found at Fritton and Ischnocoris angustulus beneath heather everywhere. Macrodema micro-
pterum, Plinthisus brevipennis, and the three Stygni have all been found here ; and I took one speci-
men of the very rare Lasiosomus enervis at Southwold in July 1897 ; Acompus rufipes swarms in all
the true fen country, from Mildenhall and Brandon to Oulton. Peritrechus luniger and P. geni-
cu/atus, Trapezonotus agrestis, Aphanus pedestris, Scolopostethus affinis, S. decoratus, Notochilus contractus,
Drymus sylvaticus, and D. brunnea are all quite common ; though Peritrechus nubilus is distinctly
scarce at the roots of grass on the Kessingland sandhills and in Bentley Woods, as well as in
marsh-hay in Oulton Broad ; Aphanus lynceus has but twice occurred to me, in moss at Barton
Mills in August and in a grass-tuft at East Bergholt in April ; Scolopostethus neglectus, sometimes fully
developed, is found at Tostock, Stoke by Nayland, Lavenham, and Oulton Broad ; and both
Gastrodes have been recorded by Paget, though that his ' abietis, L.' refers to that species is open
to doubt; G. ferrugineus is common at Brightwell Heath, Mildenhall, Battisford, &c. Jennings
took Drymus confusus at Brandon ; ' and Curtis tells us that many Pyrrhocoris apterus have been found
at Beccles in May.

Among the leaf-like Tingididae, both species of Piesma are found, P. qitadrata in profusion
beneath Chenopodium at Felixstowe by Mr. Newbery, and P. capitata widely distributed. Seren-
thia laeta is very local at Tuddenham, Mildenhall, Brandon, and Kessingland. Orthostira parvula,
Monanthia ampliata, M. cardui, and M. humuli are very common. Dictyonota crassicornis has been
found at Bentley Woods, Felixstowe, on the banks of the Gipping, and in an ants' nest at Covehithe
Broad ; D. strichnocera on mullein at Westleton in July ; and Derephysia foliacea has occurred to
Butler at Herringfleet and to me in a dead rabbit in the Bentley Woods. Monanthia ciliata and
M. dumetorum are scarce, the former at Belstead and the latter on whitethorn in Shrubland Park.

* Cf. Ent. Mo.Mag. 1901, p. 302. ' Ibid. 1904, pp. 87, 276.

142

INSECTS

The flat Aradus depressus is often common among pine chips, and Aneuris laevis sometimes socially
abundant in moss on old stumps at Bentley. The two hydrophilous Hebrl occur not uncommonly
in flood refuse at Oulton Broad, and Velia currens, of which I captured a developed form in the
Bramford marshes in September 1895, Hydrometra stagnorum, Gerris thoracica, G. gibbifera, and
G. lacustrii, are all common. M'urovelta pygmaea is fairly abundant at Oulton Broad, and also
occurs in the Bramford marshes ; Gerris najas has once been taken by me in some numbers in a mill-
stream at Nayland, and I once captured an example of the very rare G. rufoscutellata in an inun-
dated cart-rut in the Bentley Woods in 1903. Bedwell has found G. argentata in Oulton and
Barnby Broads. Both species of Ploiaria have been beaten from a faggot-stack at Tuddenham in
August, and P. vagabundus is also rare on holly in the Bentley Woods. The large Reduvius per-
sonatus, which clothes itself in dust, and is said to prey upon bed-bugs, has several times occurred
at Sudbury, Bury, Brandon, and flying to light in an Ipswich house in November ; Coranus subapterus
is somewhat common, with Nabis ericetorum, beneath heather throughout the county. All the
British Nabes have been found in Suffolk ; N. lineatus at Fritton, where it is not rare, Southwold,
Oulton Broad, Henstead, and Herringfleet ; N. boops is supposed to be a very rare species, of which
Butler took one specimen on the sandhills near Lowestoft,' and in 1902 I took it beneath heather
at Foxhall, where I should expect it to be not uncommon if thoroughly searched for. Among the
littoral Saldae much remains to be done, since 5. /i/Vwa, saltatoria,pallidipes,pilosella, opacula^orthochila,
littoralis, lateralis, and cincta are all that have been noticed here at present.

Cimex leciularius is of course only too common in our towns ; and there is a local superstition
that these insects are spontaneously evolved from wall-plaster or the paste with which its paper is
affixed ! Ceraiocombus coleoptratus, Piezostethus gaiactinus, and P. curisitans, Lyctocoris campestris, and
Temnostethus pusillus have all been noted. The three common Anthocores, with Tetraphleps vittata,
Triphleps nigra, T. minuta, and T. majuscula are reported ; and I have lately taken Anthocoris sarothamni
at Brandon and the two Acompocores on fir trees in Barnby Broad. Saunders took two BrachysteUs
parvicornis in 1877 beneath a low elm hedge near Walberswick, which is the only known British
locality for this species excepting Kessingland, where I captured one in 1904. The rare
Cardiastethus fasciiventr'ts has turned up at Monk Soham, Nayland, Raydon Great Wood, and
Coddenham in April and May ; as well as Xylocoris ater and Microphysa elegantula. I made the
second British capture of Xylocorridea brevipennis in the dry moat of Framlingham Castle on 8 April
1 90 1, having first found the species in Britain in Richrnond Park.'' Saunders records both Myrme-
dobia tenella and M. inconspicua from Southwold, and both sexes of the latter at roots of grass on
the Lowestoft sandhills. Bedwell has recently turned up the former at Oulton Broad ; and
Microphysa pselaphiformis has been found at Mildenhall and Tuddenham by Dr. Sharp and Mr.
Chitty.

We now come to the great family Capsidae, of which Pitharms Maerkeli, Miris laevigatus, M.
calcaratus, Megalocera erratica, M. ruficornis, Leptopterna ferrugata, L. dolobrata, and Monalocoris Ulicis
are quite common. Acetropus Gimmerthalii is said to be rare, but occurs annually upon Walbers-
wick Heath and sometimes in the Bentley Woods ; Megalocera longicornis has been found in several
localities ; and Teratocornis antennatus in Easton and Covehithe Broads. Pantilius tunicatus lives
about Brandon and Thetford, Tostock, and Bentley Woods, and Gibbs has found it at Orford ;
Lopus flavomarginatus is very common at Bentley, where I have twice found the variety superciliosus
of L. gothicus. Miridius quadrivirgatus appears to be confined to the south and south-east coasts of
Britain, Lowestoft constituting its most northern limit. Seven species of the slender-legged genus
Phytocoris and seven of the stouter Calocoris, as well as Oncognathus binotatus, have been observed here,
none of which are of especial note, unless it be the unusual rarity of C. fulvomarginatus. In 1904
I added Dichrooscytus rufipennis, from the Bentley Woods and Kessingland, and Plesiocoris rugicol/is,
from Foxhall, to our county list. Of the genus Lygus we have eleven kinds, none, however,
appearing uncommon except the variety nigronasutus of L. lucorum, which has only been recorded
from Corton by Mr. Butler, and Lygus atomarius, which Edwards alone had taken off silver firs at
Stratton Strawless in Norfolk till Mr. W. H. Tuck sent a specimen for identification to Mr. E. A.
Butler, taken at Tostock near Bury St. Edmunds in 1896 or 1897. Zygimus pinastri occurs at
Lowestoft, Corton, Fritton, Somerleyton, and Bramford ; Poeciloscytus unifasciatus sparingly in Tud-
denham Fen ; P. nigritus very rarely in Cutlers Wood at Freston ; and P. Gyllenhalii is common,
as also are Liocoris tripustulatus, Capsus lanarius (which is capable of inflicting a painful puncture),
and Rhopalotomus ater. Camptobochis lutescens is much rarer here than about London ; I have only
seen it from Tostock, Lavenham, Shrubland Park, Henstead, and Tuddenham Fen. In the last-
mentioned locality Mr. E. A. Elliott has taken Pilophorus cinnamopterus singly on the flowers of Spiraea
at the end of August ; and Butler has found Allodapus rufescens at Lowestoft (where it turned up
commonly in 1905) and Herringfleet. Halticus apterus, H. luteicollis, rarely on hazel at Freston,

* Ent. Mo. Mag. 1891, p. 277. * Ibid. Nov. 1898.

143

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Orihocephalus saltatory and, at Lowestoft, 0. mutabilis have been noticed here. Six kinds of Dicyphus
(of which D. pallidkornis is confined to Digitalis purpurea at Freston), Campyloneura virgula^ and
the two species of Cyllocoris are all common on their respective food-plants. Aetorhinus angulatus is
often attracted to light at night ; and I have captured Glohiceps Jlavomaculatus, G. dispar, and Me-
comma ambulans. Butler has taken a macropterous specimen of Cyrtorrhinus flaveolus at Fritton,'
I have found C. caricis at Wherstead, and C. pygmaeus has occurred to Thouless at Fritton. Eleven
species of the genus Orthoty/us have been found in Suffolk, of which O. prasinus, taken by Saunders
at Southwold in 1877, 0. tenellus at Freston, and O. rubidus on Artemisia maritima are the only un-
common ones. Hypsitylus bicolor, Heterocordylus tibialis, Onychumenus decolor, and Oncotylus viridiflavus
are uncommon, and Heterotoina merioptera abundant on nettles. Loxops coccineus has only been seen
at Kentford, with Malacoris chlorixans in the Bentley and Dodnash Woods. The two common
Macrocolei and both the Macrotyli are met with ; Conostethus roseus is abundant upon Foxhall Plateau
and Harpocera tboracica on oaks everywhere. Amblytylus affinis, Byrsoptera rufifrons, the three Phyli
and Atractotomus magnicornis occur sparingly, though A. mali has only been found at Bungay upon one
occasion in 1903. Eleven species of Psallus, among which P. alnicola at Freston and P. Roter-
mundi at Brandon are very local, and six of Plagiognathus, of which P. albipennis is found on Artemisia
maritima all along the coast, have been noticed. Butler took Asciodema obsoletum at Lowestoft in
1891 ; I have recently also turned it up about Ipswich.

Many of the interesting aquatic Cryptocerata await discovery, and few unusual kinds have been
noticed. Naucoris cimicoides is said by Paget to have been very common in ditches about Yarmouth
in 1825 ; it occurs at Oulton Broad, Ipswich, in brackish water at Bawdsey, and swarms in the
Tostocic ponds. Nepa cinerea, the water-scorpion, is generally common ; but the handsome
Ranatra linearis stood on the authority of a single specimen taken many years ago at Battisford
by Baker, till Tuck took several in one pond in the middle of a field at Drinkstone in October
1 901.* Notonecta glauca is abundant, and its vanety furcaia is referred to by Paget ; Plea minutissima
occurs in all the ponds about Ipswich. Of the extensive genus Corixa, comprising the lesser
waterboatmen, we have only fifteen kinds as far as is at present ascertained ; all these are fairly
widely distributed, though C.fallenii is represented by only two individuals taken respectively in
1893 and 1904, C. cohoptrata and C. venusta are restricted to Bixley Decoy and Oulton Broad,
and C. limitata is very rare and local. C. lugubris often occurs, mixed with C. praeusta, in the
utmost abundance among shrimps, in the brackish ditches at Bawdsey, the net becoming weighed
down with a dark mass of them.

From this short resume of the Heteroptera it will be seen that some two hundred and eighty-
four species have been noticed in Suffolk. Considering that I captured over a hundred in 1897
alone, and that less than that number have been added during the following eight years, it is
sufficiently obvious that collecting of late has fallen into neglect, and that assiduous working might
show up many new kinds.

HOMOPTERa

CiCADIDAE

In this group we have had even less observations to draw from than was the case in the
Heteroptera. Mr. Butler noted a few about Lowestoft in 1891, Mr. Edwards mentions one or
two kinds from Southwold and Brandon, and Curtis records, I think, two from the county. It
cannot, therefore, be wondered at that I have been able to include little more than exactly half the
British kinds ; but, with our extensive marsh country, to which many of those insects are restricted,
quite another fifty or sixty kinds should turn up if systematically sought in favourable situations
and upon their particular food plants, for these, like the last group, are entirely phytophagous in their
economy.

The curious Centrotus cornutus is a common species on bushes in the woods about Ipswich,
Bury St. Edmunds, and Lowestoft in June ; but Gargara genistae is very local at Tostock and
Ipswich, though Mr. Norgate has taken it commonly on broom at Barnham and Downham in the
north-west. Issus coleoptratus has only occurred singly at Ipswich in 1894 and 1904, and in a wasps'
nest in a holly bush near Bury ; Cixius pilosus and C. nervosus are common, though C. cunicularis is
decidedly local at Tostock and Assington Thicks in July. The thick-horned Asiraca clavicornis
was first found by Curtis at Henstead near Wangford, and more recently by myself among coniferae
in Bentley Woods, it is not uncommon about Brandon ; I have also found Delphax pulchella to be
somewhat common on reeds in Benacre and Herringfleet Broads in the middle of August. The
extensive genus Liburnia requires much more full investigation than it has hitherto received ; of the

• Ent. Mo. Mag. 1891, p. 277. 'Cf. Tram. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1902, p. 333.

144

INSECTS

fifty British species only eighteen have been observed, amongst which L. notula occurs on reeds in
Oulton Broad, L. lineola in Dodnash Woods, and on the banks of the Orwell, L. longipennh in tufts
of Carex pankulata at Foxhall in the winter ; L. vitttpennis is abundant in Tuddenham Fen, where
Elliott has taken L. fuscovittata in some numbers ; and L. punctulum with L. pelludda and L. scotti
about Lowestoft, where it was found by Butler, as well as at Claydon Bridge and Foxhall.
Mr. Edwards tells us' that L., or Chloriona, glaucescens, Fieb. — formerly thought to be C. unicolor,
H. S. — has been found by him commonly on reeds in the coast marshes at Southwold in August.
L. leptosoma and L. limbata are common, and L. eUgantula local at Foxhall, Kentford, and Tudden-
ham ; but L. speciosa, which does not appear to have been taken in Britain for many years, has been
but sparingly met with by Mr. Elliott and myself in marshes at Ipswich, Barton Mills, Brandon
and Tuddenham Fen. The remaining species are Liburnia difficUis^ discolor, exigua, Fairmairei, and
lineata, whose distribution is not yet fully known.

Of the rest of the Delphacidae, I have seen Dicranotropus hamata from Foxhall to Tuddenham,
and Stiroma pteridis common on bracken, P. albomarginata at Bentley and Tuddenham, P. affinh
once swept at Freston in 1904. The extremely handsome Triecphora vulnerata is by no means
uncommon upon young poplars and flying in the sunshine in the Bentley Woods, Assington Thicks,
and Holbrook Park in June ; both species of Aphrophora live about Ipswich and Bury ; and all the
British Philaeni, or ' Cuckoo-spits,' are common, though P. lineatus appears somewhat local, and
several forms of P. spumarius have not been met with. Ledra aurita is uncommon on oaks in the
Bentley Woods, at Tostock and Battisford ; Ulopa reticulata often swarms beneath heather ; and
Megophthalmus scanicus is very common. Among the pretty family Bythoscopidae, we have a much
better percentage of representatives. Afacropsis lanio is often beaten from oak trees ; Bythoscopus
atni rarely met with on the banks of the Gipping and in Bentley Woods, where as elsewhere
B. flavicollis abounds ; the rare B. rufusculus has occurred singly in Tuddenham Fen and the Bentley
Woods in 1904. Pediopsis scutellatus, P. tibialis, P. impurus, and P. ulmi all occur with fair fre-
quency, and last year I discovered P. cereus in Tuddenham Fen and P. fuscinervis at Foxhall, both
in August ; C. virescens, too, has lately turned up at Tostock, Kentford, and Barham. Idiocerus
adustus, I. populi and /. confusus are not infrequent upon poplars and willows ; an example from
Farnham appears referable to I.fulgidus ; and I have also recently found here /. lituratus in Tud-
denham Fen and /. distinguer.dus in Assington Thicks, which latter Mr. Tuck took at Aldeburgh ;*
/. albicans is local at Freston, Tuddenham, and Brandon, and a single /. tremulae has occurred in
Bentley Woods. Agallia puncticeps and A. venosa both occur, the latter being widely distributed at
Claydon, Southwold, and Brandon. Evacanthus interruptus, upon ragwort, and E. acuminatus are
both found in the Bramford chalk pits ; and Tettigonia viridis is often a pest in marshes throughout
the county. We possess all the British Acoctphali, the only uncommon one being A. flavostriatus,
which Butler has turned up in Fritton Decoy and I have seen at Kessingland. Eupelix cuspidata
has only been noticed on the Breck sands and Foxhall Plateau ; but Doratura stylata and Paramesus
nervosus, of the former of which I captured a specimen of the macropterous form at Ipswich in
1896, are common. I also beat a single Glyptocephalus proceps at Barren Heath near Ipswich in
July 1904.

The Jassidae leave much to be desired ; the only common Athysani being A. hrevipennis,
communis, sordidus, obsoletus, and obscurellus ; Butler has found A. grisescens at Lowestoft. Twelve
kinds of Deltocephalus are enumerated, of which five — D. pascuellus, coronifer, distinguendus, sabulicola,
and punctum — were first taken by Butler about Lowestoft ; Edwards records D. Normani from
Fritton, and I have seen D. argus in the Westleton lamb-pits and at Foxhall, where D. citrinellus,
ocellaris, and striatus also occur. D. Flori and D. pulicaris appear to be rare at Freston.' Allygus
mixtus, Limotettix antennata, and L. quadrinotata are common, as also probably is L. sulphurella,
though I had not met with it till last August, when the rare L. aurantipes occurred to me at
Foxhall and Bramford marshes. Of our six species of Thamnotettix, Tuck met with T. splendidula
at Tostock in October 1899 ; and I beat a couple of T. Torneella from birch in the Bentley Woods
in May and June 1902, from bushes through which I have beaten with no sign of this insect for
ten consecutive years ; it is rare in Britain, but has a wide range from Rannoch to the New Forest.
T. attenuata first turned up, and then commonly, at Foxhall late in September 1 904. Edwards
has found the rare Cicadula jasciifrons at Southwold; and I have once or twice met with C. sep-
temnotata, which is much rarer here than C. sexnotata ; Gnathodes punctatus is local at Bentley Woods
and Foxhall. Alebra albostriella has been observed, and, in Tuddenham Fen, in June 1901, I
took three examples of an allied insect, which was common there on birch, though apparently
hitherto unrecognized in Britain. Dicraneura variata is abundant and D. flavipennis common. The

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1898, p. 60. ' Cf. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1902, p. 332.

' Since the above was written I have been so tortunate as to capture somewhat commonly Deltocephalus
formosus, a species not hitherto noticed jn Britain, in a marshy wood at Brandon, on the banks of the Little
Ouse, which forms the north-west boundary of the county (Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1908, p. 59). — C. M.

I 145 19

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

pretty green Kybos smaragdulus lives not uncommonly in all our marshes ; Chlor'ita flavetcem occurs at
South wold, where it is attracted to lamplight in July ; and C. vlridula is always abundant in the
spring at Bentley and in Ipswich gardens. Of the slender and fragile genus Eupteryx, we have twelve
kinds, all common and widely distributed except E. melissae from Foxhall, E. abrotani in salt marshes
at Southwold, and E. signatipennis, which occurs abundantly, but solely, on Spiraea ulmarla in the
Freston Woods. Only ten species of Typhlocyba have at present been noted, amongst which
T. sexpunctata, ulmi, Douglasi, rosae, and quercus are common ; T. tenerrima occurs at Ipswich and
Carlton Colville, gratiosa at Southwold, geometrica sparingly on alder and mtidula once only on
beech at Foxhall. Xygina flammigera has been found at Wherstead, Z. parvula at Bramford and
Foxhall, where also Z. scutellaris has occurred, and I have once swept the rare Z. hyperici from a
mass of Hypericum hirsutum in the Bentley Woods in the middle of September.

PSYLLIDAK

The difficulty of determining the Psyllina has greatly contributed to their being passed over
in the field, consequently there are comparatively few records. Livia juncorum is certainly rare at
Bramford and Foxhall in the autumn, though it is said to be universally abundant at the roots of
rushes; on 19 August 1904 I swept the two first British specimens of L. limbata, in Tuddenham
Fen. Psyllopsis fraxinicola is abundant on ash trees everywhere, but P.fraxini has only been seen
at Assington and Barham. Aphalara calthae is not rare, but A. exi/is has only occurred at Foxhall
once. Of the clear-winged genus Psylla, we have twelve species, few of which claim especial
attention excepting to point out that many may be beaten from coniferae in the winter : thus
P. pruni has been found in the Bentley Woods, with P. pineti, in March ; P. melanoneura has been
taken by Chitty at Foxhall in the same month, and P. buxi lives in my garden here at Monk Soham
till quite late in the autumn on box-trees. P. visci Curtis described from specimens found at
Rougham, near Bury St. Edmunds, but it has not since been reported from the county. Trioza
urticae, g'tlii, and remota are probably, like Arytaena geniitae^ all abundant ; but T. crithmi has only
once occurred to me, in some numbers in August in the coast salt marshes at Southwold.

Aphididae

For the purpose of adding some account of the green flies of the county to this History, I
began to collect them last May, and succeeded so well in their identification, with the aid of
Buckton's Monograph of the British Aphides, published by the Ray Society, 1876-83, that I am able
to present a very representative account of them. By slavishly following this work I have been
enabled to name nearly every specimen taken upon its own food-plant, and can only regret that so
little interest is shown in this most interesting family in Britain, where I know of no one who
pretends to any knowledge of the subject since the author's death. Except where stated the
following species were taken in the garden of Monk Soham House during 1907.

The first species of the Aphidinae, and one of the most prevalent, was Siphonophora rosae, which
was seen upon the young shoots of both wild and cultivated roses throughout the summer, as well
as upon the leaves of adjacent Aquilegia vulgaris at the end of July. I did not look for S. granaria
till the middle of August, but harvest had hardly begun, and I at once found both the imaginal
forms commonly on some adventitious ears of wheat in my garden and a few females on barley in
neighbouring fields. S. hieracii were very rare beneath flower-heads of Hieracium early in August,
associating with a few females of Aphis rumicis. As early as I June larvae of S. millefoUi appeared
on the flower-stalks of Chrysanthemum segetum, and in early August both winged and apterous
imagines were fairly common on the stems of both that plant and Achillea millifolium, becoming
abundant by the middle of the month ; it also occurs at Brandon. At the end of July I found
S. pisi not very commonly on my garden peas and its larvae on Bursa bursa-pastoris ; in 1 903 I
took it near Ipswich in October. S. ruhi was not observed till the first week in August, when both
imaginal forms were seen on the leaves of Rubus fruticosus with Aphis urticariae. S. urticae has
been scarce ; I took only one apterous female, still attached to her pupal skin, on nettle early in
August. The distinct A. avellanae also appears rare, since of this I have also found but one apte-
rous female on Corylus avellanae in early June. Larvae, pupae, and apterous forms of 5. tanaceti
abounded in a dandelion in the middle of August. On Tusilago farfara numerous dead 5. tussilaginis
were found early in the same month ; and a diligent search revealed but two winged forms.
S. sonchi, in its apterous forms, is one of our commonest species on Centurea nigra at Monk Soham,
Southwold, and Brandon. Larvae, pupae, and apterous imagines of S. cichorii occurred upon a plant
of chicory near Easton Park on 17 August; and I saw it also at Dunwich in the middle of
September. Five S. olivata were taken on Cnicus palustris in the Bentley Woods in August
1904.

146

INSECTS

The small Phorodon humuli was abundant on the underside of hop leaves near Easton Park in
August ; and a protracted examination of Lamium album in my garden revealed a solitary winged
P. ga/eopsidis, on the under side of the leaf, in the same month. On 7 June a score of Myzus cerasi
in all their stages, though only two winged, were found on cherry ; and in early August I took
M. ribis rarely on Ribes rubrum. Quite suddenly on 4 August, Drepanoslphum acertna appeared
commonly beneath maple leaves and those of adjacent hazel and dogwood. Apterous females, larvae,
and pupae of the distinct and presumably rare Megoura vic'iae were found very commonly feeding
upon the pods and stems of Lathyrus pralensis in a damp meadow near Easton Park on I 7 August.
Early in June Rhopalosiphum ribis was found in hundreds in all its stages in rolled leaves of Ribes
nigrum ; and it is certainly the same species that Kirby referred to nearly a century ago when he
wrote :^° ' Last week I observed the top of every young shoot of the currant trees in my garden (at
Barham) curled up by myriads of these insects.' R. nymphae was abundant on the stalks of yilisma
plantago in July and Nymphaea alba in August, in the moat which surrounds my house, but among
thousands of the apterous form I could detect but one winged specimen. A very few winged females
and pupae only of R. Itgustri were taken early in August on privet leaves. Exclusively winged forms
of Siphocoryne pastinaceae were found on wild carrot both here and in the adjacent parish of Bedfield
in August. S. xylostei is a great pest on honeysuckle over the house-windows. S. capreae occurs
commonly on the leaves of willow and, like 5. xylostei, extends throughout the summer. 5. foeniculi
has only been seen on fennel at Dunwich in the middle of September.

The genus Aphis is an extensive one, and many of its species are common. A. brassicae was
forming large powdery masses on the flowers of cabbages on 9 June, and was still abundant up to
the end of August ; but I have seen no winged forms. About the same time I found a little
cluster of four apterous A. crataegi on a leaf of whitethorn in Framlingham Castle moat ; and
A. subterranea was very common on a carrot, just below the ground, at the end of August. On
whitethorn at Bedfield early in the same month A. edentula was not uncommon in all its forms on
terminal shoots. Mallow failed to produce A. malvae, but it occurred abundantly beneath the
flower-heads of yarrow in early August. On i June winged A. mali were somewhat common, with
a few scattered pupal skins on the leaves of the apple trees ; and on the 3rd the apterous females
and larvae were found to be abundant in their curled leaves ; the whole pest had, however, quite
vanished by the end of July. A. urticaria was very common on the stems of nettle early in June ;
and in curled leaves of Prunus spinosa, A. pruni was prevalent at the same time, with a proportion
of one winged to every score of apterous forms. A. atriplicis occurred on the sea lavender and
Aster iripelium in the salt marshes about Southwold early in September. A, hieracii was first seen
very rarely on leaves of Heracleum sphondylium on 9 June, by the middle of July it was common,
and at the beginning of August extremely abundant on the stems of hogweed ; it also appeared at
Southwold. A single plant of the hairy willow herb, among many, produced a dozen larvae and
one of both forms of the female of A. epilohii in the middle of August. A. hederae is only too common
on the ivy around the house. A. rumicis is one of the commonest kinds here, and bewilderingly
omnivorous ; I first took the winged form singly on the young leaves of Rumex acetosa ; it
abounded on broad beans throughout the summer, also attacking Cnicus arvensis, Petasitis officinalis,
beet, and Hieraceum. Thirteen of the very distinct larvae of A. papaveris were clustered together
on a leaf of scarlet poppy on 30 July ; and all the forms of A. pyri were abundant in curled leaves
of pear early in June. Hyalopterus arundinis was so numerous on reeds in the salt-marshes about
Southwold in September as to appreciably weigh down the sweep-net ; and Bucton records H. melano-
cephalus from Brandon.

At the end of May, Chaitophorus aceris was very numerous beneath the leaves of maple, ming-
ling later with Drepanosiphum. Early in August I succeeded in securing three examples of the
winged form of C. salicivorus, among myriads of the apterous one, which were scattered all over the
leaves of sallow ; later I also saw the species at Southwold. In the middle of August C. leucomelas
was not uncommon in its curious blisters on aspen leaves at Monk Soham, Debenham, and Easton
Park. Buckton also records Cryptosiphum artemisiae from Brandon. Callipterus betuleticola is exces-
sively abundant on birch in Tuddenham Fen and at Mildenhall ; C. coryli occurred commonly,
though singly and sparsely, here on hazel leaves in August. It was common in Easton Park in the
middle of the month, together with C. quercus, which I first found on oak leaves in my garden on
4 June. On 27 August 1906 C. casteneae was swept from rough heath grass in Tuddenham
Fen ; and this year I also found it at Brandon. Pterocallis juglandicola turned up on a walnut tree
at Sibton Abbey in the middle of September ; and, on the leaves of alder near Easton Park, winged
P. alni were not rare, though only one apterous imago and but a few larvae were present in the
middle of August. I have twice captured P. tiliae flying in July at Ipswich and Kessingland ;
here the winged form is solitarily abundant on the under side of lime leaves. Phyllaphis fagi was

"• Introd. to Entom. (7th ed.), 152.
147

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

abundant in all stages on the leaves of both old and young beeches at the beginning of June, but
soon disappeared.

Of LachnuSy the presumably rare L. agilis was commonly beaten from pines in the middle of
August, though but three winged forms were seen. Many winged L. macrocephalui were beaten
from spruce at Foxhall on 4 July 1904 ; and Kirby and Spence say '^ that L. plni used to be common
in the garden of Mr. Sheppard, who was curate of Nacton, 1804-7. I have captured winged
L. p'tnicolus in the Bentley Woods in July and at Easton Broad in June ; and in the middle of
August beaten the apterous form abundantly in my garden here, where were no winged individuals.
Three hibernating winged females of the large L. vimina/is were found beneath willow bark by the
Gipping at Ipswich during the winter of 1894-5. Kirby says ^^ that he has taken Aphis radicum
(= Trama troglodytes) in the nest of Lasius flavus — most probably in this county. Of the
Schizoneurinae, Schizoneura lanigera is only too common here and at Brandon on apple bark ; I
have, however, seen none winged ; they were still on the trees 22 October 1907. Apterous
S. fuliginosa are equally abundant in downy masses, one behind the other, on the pinnules of Scots
fir in August ; the earliest winged ones appeared last year on 22 October. Perhaps the ubiquitous
S. corni, more appropriately called vagans, was the species said by Kirby to have occurred in
incredible numbers in Ipswich in 1814 ; it is, at all events, often abundant there, at Wherstead, and
Barren Heath, as well as at Monk Soham, Reydon, Tuddenham, Eriswell, and Brandon, first
appearing on 22 August in 1907. Of the remaining small families I can at present only mention
Cherma laricis, of which I found eggs, larvae, and winged females abundantly on larches at Foxhall
at the end of May, and a big oviparous female here in June ; and Forda formkaria, which
Mr. Chitty took near Brandon in the nest of Tetramorium caespitum early in May.

Aberrant Hemiptera

Under this heading I shall notice the extremely few species of all those various families which
have at different times been thought to possibly belong to this Order, because little or nothing has
been ascertained respecting them in Suffolk, and they appear to have appealed very little to the
collecting instincts of our entomologists. I have, for instance, very often seen Coccidae, or Scale
Insects, on bushes and have passed them by on the other side ; once I did send what I thought to be
a Coccid to Mr. Newstead, but he returned it as the pupa of a Psyllid 1 Mr. Tomlin has found
fluffy Coccids on bushes in the Bentley Woods, and I have no doubt Mytilaspis, Aspidiotus, and the
rest of the pests are only too common with us, but I wot not of them. The only three species of
the family I can refer to are the currant scale, Pulvinaria riiesiaf. Sign., which I saw on my
currant bushes this year, Aspidiotes crataegi on hawthorn, and a white coccid, which simply covered
the bark of a tall beech in my garden last August, but its name I do not know. Only two kinds
of Aleurodidae have been mentioned by Mr. Douglas,'' both taken that year by Mr. Bonnewell ;
Aleurodes proUtella, Linn., on celandine at Coddenham on 7 November, and A. hrassicae. Walk., on
savoys in an Ipswich garden on the 14th of the same month ; the latter species occurred in my
garden at Monk Soham on 3 June and again in October 1906. Of the Mallophaga, too, those
apterous parasites of birds which have no suction-tube with its circle of hooks at the base, but
a biting mouth, only three kinds can be instanced, though a very great many certainly occur, since
each bird is supposed to possess a peculiar one. The first appears to be Laemobothrum laticolle,
Denny, who says it is found on the genus Falco ; this was certainly taken, with many more of the
same species, upon a hawk which a fowler had caught in his net near Ipswich in November 1900;
and in October 1903 Mr. W. A. Dutt sent me apparently the same kind, found on a hobby
hawk {F. subhuteo) at Lowestoft. Two domestic fowl lice, Goniocotes hologaster and Menopon
pallidium, have been found in my hen-house at Monk Soham. The Pediculidae raise more aver-
sion than interest, and the only three kinds at present under notice are Pediculus capitis, Nitz ;.
that so often found on pigs, Haematopinus suis, Leach, and the dog louse, H. pi/ifirus, Burm.
Nor can we claim any authentic Thripsidae, though abundant everywhere and in July often
sweeping over the neighbourhood in myriads, entering picture-frames in such numbers as to neces-
sitate remounting, and tickling everyone's flesh ; the commonest kind here is probably Limothrips
cerealium, Hal., so destructive to corn.'* A second species, Coleothrips fasciata, Linn., has been some-
what doubtfully recorded from Monk Soham by Prof. Poulton."

In 1905 I published The Hemiptera of Suffolk, which brings the total of Heteroptera noted
here up to 281 species, and the Homoptera, of the families Cicadidae and Psyllidae, to 162 species,

" Introd. to Entom. (7th ed.), 185. " Ibid. 336. " Ent. Mo. Mag. 1895, p. 68.

" Cf. my notes in E. Anglian Daily Timet, 7 Aug. 1906.
" Tram. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 409.

148

INSECTS

which numbers may be taken to very fairly represent the fauna of the county, though especial
attention to these groups would doubtless reveal many more ; and indeed I am already able to
add:—

Asopus punctatus. Beaten from rose, Tuddenham Fen,

Aug. 1905, by E. A. Elliott, F.Z.S.
Sehirus morio Found in sand at Brandon, May and

June, by A. J. Chitty, M.A., and myself
Gerris argentata. Oulton and Bantby Broads, early

Apr. 1903, by E. C. Bedwell, F.E.S
Phytocoris Reuteri. I beat one from white poplar at

Brandon, in Aug. 1906
Systellonotus triguttatus. At Brandon, in Aug. 1 906,

by E. A. Elliott and myself
Corixa venusta. Four specimens in a 'swamp at

Bix/ej Decoy, Foxha/l, in Mar. 1897
Ebumia forcipata. I swept this in an alder carr at

Reydon early in June 1905
Idiocerus varius. Beaten from trees at Brandon, in

the middle of Aug. 1906

Allygus modestus. One swept from manh plants in

Tuddenham Fen, in autumn of 1906
Deltocephalus socialis. Captured at Brandon and

Tuddenham Fen, in Aug. 1905
Deltocephalus formosus. A new British species, which

I swept at Brandon, Aug. 1906
Limotettix stactogala. Found commonly on tamarisk

at Southwold, Sept. 1907
Cicadula metria. Swept from reeds near Brandon

Stanch in the early autumn of 1906
Dicraneura similis. Two specimens were swept in

Tuddenham Fen, in Aug. 1905
Aphalara nervosa . One only, taken on ragwort in my

garden. Monk Soham House, 1907

A Summary of the Insects of Suffolk, October 1907

CoLEOPTERA : —

Suffolk

Adephaga 277

Palpicomia 74

Brachelytra 441

Clavicomia 34.3

S8
35
56
34
32

Lamellicomia

Stemoxi

Malacoderma

Teredilia

Longicomia

Phytophaga 187

Heteromera 73

Rhynchophora . . . . 320

Total . . 1,930

Hemiptira : —

Heteroptera 287

Homoptera 171

Aphididae 66

Other Groups 13

Total . . 537

Orthoptera

Grand Total

Britain

44+

777

681

9«

256

118

526

3TI68

43«
3z«

182
c. 299"

1.233

Neuroptera : —

Thysanura ....
Pseudo-neuroptera
Odonata ....
Subnecromorphotica .
Trichoptera . .

Total

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera : —

Chrsyididae
Aculeata
Evaniidae .
Ichneumonidae
Braconidae .
Proctotrypidae
Chalcididae
Cynipidae .
Tenthredinidae

Total

53 DiPTERA . . •

Suffolk, 6,355. Britain

Suffolk

Britaia

III

4*
56

62
164.

174
,443

1,290 <

:. 2,100

295

3
455

«37

380

1,688

596

74
36
38

373
1,408"
180"

191

c. 350"

1,241

5,004

1,171 2,577'

14,678

" This is Dale's computation, and is probably much too low ; he says, Thripsidae, 46 ; Coccidae, 1 8
(cf Newstead) ; Aleyrodidae, i o ; Pediculidae, 1 4 ; and Philopteridae, 211.

" Wallter, Haliday, and Westwood are stated to have described 1,274 ^Y Kirchner {Cat. Hym. Eurofi.) ;
I have found the above total to be correct by the closest scrutiny.

" Marshall says (Ent. Ann. 1874) that he has trebled Curtis's number — 56 ; there is no British list, and
the above total is that of the species described by Cameron, 1893.

" We cannot tell the total till Rev. F. D. Morice has completed his present work on this family {Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1903 et seq.).

™ Excluding all the doubtfully British species in Mr. Verrall's List. — C. M

149

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK
ARACHNIDA

spiders, Harvestmen, False Scorpions, and Mites.

No specialist, so far as I am aware, has ever worked at the Arachnids in Suffolk. Many years
ago, while entomologizing in the neighbourhood of Lowestoft and of Bury St. Edmunds, I observed
numbers of the commoner species of Araneidea, but at that time — 1849-50 — I had not seriously
begun to pay special attention to this group, and unfortunately have no records of the species met
with. Both the districts referred to were evidently such as would abundantly repay careful working.
The following list has been drawn up almost entirely from various collections of spiders sent to me
for identification between 1 90 1 and 1904 by Mr. Claude Morley of Monk Soham, Suffolk, and
collected by him during his entomological researches in difiFerent parts of the county. The list con-
tains one fiundred species of Araneidea (True Spiders), seven species of Phalangidea (Harvestmen),,
three species of Chernetidea (False Scorpions), and two of Acaridea (Mites). This is but a.
meagre representation of the British spiders (whose numbers as at present recorded amount to about
550 species). Among those now recorded for Suffolk some few are local and rare, and one {Tmeticus
commodus) appeared to me to be undescribed at the time I received it ; but the greater number are
among the species more commonly and generally distributed. Seven of the Phalangidea are repre-
sented out of twenty-four recorded British species, and only three of the twenty or so recorded
British Chernetidea (False Scorpions) ; while of the Acaridea (Mites) only two can be named.

For further information upon the systematic arrangement, nomenclature, synonyms, and other
details of the species in the subjoined list, I may refer to the following English publications : — A
History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, by John Blackwall (Ray Soc. 1 86 1 -4) ; Spiders of
Dorset, with an Appendix containing short descriptions of those British species not yet found in
Dorset, by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A. (Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, 1879-
81) ; papers on 'Spiders and other British Arachnids,' by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A.,&c.
(being papers supplementary to 'Spiders of Dorset ' [supra citj], Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and
Antiq. Field Club, 1882-1908) ; List of British and Irish Spiders, by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cam-
bridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c., pp. 1—84, and other papers therein quoted ; (Sime & Co., Dorches-
ter, Dorset, 1900); 'Monograph on the British Species of Phalangidea or Harvestmen,' by the
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. [Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq,
Field Club, xi, 1890) ; 'Monograph on the British Species of Phalangidea or Harvestmen,' by
R. H. Meade, F.R.C.S. {Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. June 1855) ; 'Monograph on the British
Species of Chernetidea or False Scorpions,' by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S.,,
C.M.Z.i., kc. {Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, xiii, 1892); 'The Genus
Tapinocyba,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Trans, of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Nor thumb. Dur.
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne (new ser.), i, pt. 2, pi. vii, viii, 1905) ; The Spiders of Tynedale, by A. Randell
Jackson, M.B., M.Sc, loc. cit. i, pt. 3, 1906 ; 'A Contribution to the Spider Fauna of the County
of Glamorgan,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Cardiff Nat. Soc. Trans, vol. xxxix, 1907);
'On some rare Arachnids captured during 1906,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Proc. of
the Chester Soc. of Nat. Sc. Lit. and Art, pt. 6, no. I, pi. I, May 1907) ; 'The British Spiders of
the Genus Lycosa,' by Frank P. Smith {Journ. of the Quekett Micros. Club, April 1907, pi. 1-4).

ARANEIDEA {True Spiders)

DYSDERIDAE DRASSIDAE {continued^

Segestria, Latreille. Clubiona, Latreille.

Segej/ria senoculata, Linnaeus. Clubiona reclusa, Cambridge.

Dysdera, Latreille. — holosericea, De Geer.

Dysdera CambriJgii, Thorell. — bretipes, Blackwall.

Harpactes, Templeton. Micaria, C. L. Koch.

Harpactes Homberpi, Scopoli. Micaria pulicaria, Sundevall.

ZoRA, C. L. Koch.

x^T, . ^^,T^ . .^ Zorj maculata, Blackwall.

DRASSIDAE Anyphaena, Sundevall.

Drassus, Walckenaer. Anyphtena accentuata, Walcken,icr.

Drassus lapidosus, Walckenaer. Includes Drassus Agroeca, Westring.

cupreus, Blackwall, which appean to be cer- Agroeca brunnea, Blackwall.

tainly a variety only of D. lapidosus.

Prosthesima, L. Koch. DICTYNIDAE

Prosthesima Peliverii, Scopoli. Dictyna, Sundevall.

— Latreillii, C. L. Koch. Dictyna uncinala, Westring.

150

SPIDERS

DICTYNIDAE {continued)

THERIDIIDAE {continued)

Lethia, Menge.

Lelhia humilis, Blackwall.
Amaurobius, C. L. Koch.

Jmaurobius similis, Blackwall.

— feneitralis, Stroem.

AGELENIDAE

DiPLocEPHALUs, Bertkau

Dlphcephalus fascipes, Blackwall.
WiDERiA, Simon.

Wider'ia antlca, Wider.

Argyroneta, Latreille.

Argjroneta aquatica, Latreille.
Tecenaria, Latreille.

Tegenana parietina, Fourcroy. Local, Wood-
bridge.
Agelena, Walckenaer.

Agekna labyrinthtca, Clerck.

THERIDIIDAE

Theridion, Walckenaer.

Thendion vlttatum, C. L. Koch.

— sisyphlum, Clerck.

— rjn'un/, Hahn.

— bimaculatum, Linnaeus.
Pholcomma, Thorell.

Pholcomma gibbum, Westring. Ipswich district. Local
and rare.
Phyllonethis, Thorell.
Ph-jllonethii lineata, Clerck.

LiTHYPHANTES, Thorcll.

lithyphantes corollatus, Linnaeus. Between Brandon
and Elveden. Local and rare.
Crustulina, Menge.

Crustulina guttata. Wider.
Laseola, Simon.

Laseola coracina, C. L. Koch. Ipswich. Local and
rare.
LiNYPHiA, Latreille.

Linyphia montana, Clerck.

— triangularis, Clerck.

— hortensts, Sundevall.

— clathrata, Sundevall.
Leptyphantes, Menge.

Leptyphantes Blackwalhi, Kulczynski.

— ericaea, Blackwall.
Bathyphantfs, Menge.

Bathyphantes concolor. Wider.

— dorsalis, Wider.
Porrhomma, Simon.

Porrhomma egeria, Simon. Blakenham (H. Donis-
thorpe). Rare and local.
Tmeticus, Menge.
Tmetkus rufus. Wider.

_ commodus, Cambridge. (The only example yet
recorded of this species.)
MiCRONETA, Menge.

Microneta t'iaria, Blackwall.
GoNGYLiDiuM, Menge.

Gongylidium fuscum, BlackwalL

— retusum, Westring.

— dentatum. Wider.
Erigone, Savigny.

Erlgone atra, Blackwall.
Neriene, Blackwall. (Sensu restricto.)
'Neriene rubeni, Blackwall.

— rubella, Blackwall.

Enidia, F. p. Smith {Dicyphus, Menge.)
Enidia bituberculala. Wider.

MIMETIDAE

Ero, C. L. Koch.
Ero thoracka. Wider.

EPEIRIDAE

Tetracnatha, Latreille.

Tetragnatha externa, Linnaeus.

— Sslandrii, Scopoli.

— cbtuia, L. Koch. Local
Pachygnatha, Sundevall.

Packygnatha Degeerii, Sundevall.

— Clerckii, Sundevall.
Meta, C. L. Koch.

Meta segmentata, Clerck.

— Merianae, Scopoli
Cyclosa, Menge.

Cyclosa conka, Pallas.
Cercidia, Thorell.

Cercidia prominem, Westring. Bentley Woods.
Local.
Epeira, Walckenaer

Epeira gibbosa, Walckenaer.

— pyramidata, Clerck, Ipswich. Local^and rare.

— diademata, Clerck.

— cucurbitina, Clerck.

— triguttata, Fabricius.

— Redii, Scopoli.

— umbralka, Clerck.

— cornuta, Clerck.

THOMISIDAE

Misumena, Simon.

Misumena vatia, Clerck.
Xysticus, C. L. Koch.

Xystkus crhtatus, Clerck

— pint, Hahn.

— lanio, C L. Koch.

— erraticus, Blackwall.

ulmi, Hahn. Ipswich district. Rare and local

OxYPTiLA, Simon.

Oxyptila atomaria. Panzer.

— praticola, C. L. Koch.

— trux, Blackwall.

— flexa, Cambridge. Rare
Philodromus, Walckenaer.

Philodromus aureolus, Clerck.

— dispar, Walckenaer.
TiBELLus, Simon.

Tibelhs obkngui, Walckenaer. Bramford. Local

PISAURIDAE

PiSAURA, Simon.

Piiaura mirabilis, Clerck.

LYCOSIDAE

DoLOMEDES, Latreille.

Dolomedes fimbriatu!, Clerck
Pirata, Sundevall.

Pirata piratkus, Clerck.

— hygrophilus, Thorell. Local. Ipswich district.

_ latitans, Blackwall, Local. Ipswich district.

151

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

LYCOSIDAE {continud)

Trochosa, C. L. Koch.
Trochosa ruricola, De Geer.

— terricola, Thorell.

— picUi, Hahu. Local. Southwold.
Tarentula, Sundevall.

Tarentula andren'wora, Walckenaer.
Lycosa, Latreille.

Lycosa amentaUi, Clerck.

— n'tgriceps, Thorell.

— pullata, Clerck.

— lugubris, Walckenaer.

— monticola, C. L. Kock.

SALTICIDAE

Epiblemum, Hentz.

Epibkmum scenkum, Clerck.
Heliophanus, C. L. Koch.

HeRophanus cupreus, Walckenaer.
Ballus, C. L. Koch.

Ballus Jepresius, Blackwall. Not common. Bent-
ley Woods.
Attus, Walckenaer.

Attui saltator, Simon. Tuddenham. Rare.
Hasarius, Simon.

Hasaiius falcatus, Clerck.

PHALANGIDEA {Harvestmen)

PHALANGIIDAE

LlOBUNUM, C. L. Koch.

Lioiunum B/aciu-a/fii, Meade.
Phalangium, Linnaeus.

Phakngium op'ilio, Linnaeus.
Flats-bunus, C. L. Koch.

Platybunus corniger, Hermann.

— triangularis, Herbst.

PHALANGIIDAE {continued)
Olicolophi's, C. L. Koch.
Oligolophus agrestis, Meade.
— tridens, C. L. Koch.

NEMASTOMATIDAE

Nemastoma, C. L. Koch.

Nemastoma lugubre, O. F. MuUer.

Chthonius, C. L. Koch.

Chtkonius Ra-ji, L. Koch.
Obisium, Leach.

Obiiium muscorum. Leach.

CHERNETIDAEA {False Scorpions)

Chernes, Menge.

Chernes dubiui, Cambridge.

ACARIDEA {Mites)

GAMASIDAE

Sub-fam. Urofodinab
Glyphopsis.

Glyphopsis coccinea, Michael.

— Bostockii, Michael. (In nest of an ant, Lasius
fiavus ; Monk Soham.)

152

CRUSTACEANS

For studying this class of animals, characteristically though not exclusively aquatic, Suffolk
makes kindly provision. It includes among its natural advantages a wealth of waters helpful to this
purpose. Several slow-flowing rivers at various points form lake-like expansions. Little winding
brooks feed the more important streams. Watercourses wide or narrow frequently intersect the
land to regulate its drainage. Ponds and wells and marshes are not wanting. In all directions
aquatic plants are present to feed, to shelter, or sometimes to entrap innumerable crustacean tenants.
A considerable sea-board allows the species of the North Sea to approach the eastern border of the
county. Fleets of trawlers bring to its harbours a vast variety of fishes, on which a due proportion
of parasitic Entomostraca are always sure to be lurking. Nevertheless, in the past the carcinology
of Suffolk, in regard to several orders and tribes, has been much neglected. To this neglect the
creatures themselves contribute by their prevailing love of concealment. In the fishing industry
the hard necessities of business leave men little time for paying attention to the intrusive fish-lice
and sea-fleas, which are practically their competitors in the same trade. For the more or less popular
pursuit of shore-hunting, the coast-line of Suffolk is not wholly satisfactory. Much of it is too
exposed and unindented to favour the immediate approach of shelter-loving animals. At Yarmouth
the ebb and flow from the north coinciding with the flow and ebb from the south by their counter-
action give to the rise and fall of the tide a very restricted range. Hence any one whose field of
exploration is between tide-marks finds there but little encouragement.

The earliest notices of Crustacea observed in this county seem to be those which occur in the
earliest writings of Dr. William Elford Leach, who, while quite a young man, nearly a hundred
years ago won distinction for himself and for English science by his scientific treatment of this class.
As will be shown in due course, he mentions from this coast four species of Malacostraca. Then
followed an interval of some fifty years, during which apparently no further records were forth-
coming, until a new epoch opened with Dr. G. S. Brady's important monograph on Recent British
Ostracoda, published by the Linnean Society in 1868. It is rather surprising that this work did not
more largely stimulate the collection of entomostracans in a district so admirably fitted to supply them
in variety and abundance. It may perhaps have revealed only too clearly that to facility of col-
lecting succeeds no little difficulty of discriminating these minute objects. Except for renewed
researches by Dr. Brady himself, in company with his friend, the late David Robertson of Cumbrae,
little effort was made to bring the micro-fauna of Suffolk into greater prominence. In 1875 the
report of Dr. Aug. Metzger, on the invertebrates dredged by the German vessel Pommerania in the
North Sea, added several malacostracans to the hitherto scanty list accredited to this county. Soon
afterwards Dr. Brady, in his Monograph of the Copepoda of Great Britain, published by the Ray
Society, recorded a few species of that order from Suffolk localities.

Although the Malacostraca that have to be named are comparatively few, the species are
distributed over many genera, families, and orders. They are pretty equally divided between the
Podophthalma or stalk-eyed section, which have pedunculate movable eyes, and the sessile-eyed
Edriophthalma, in which the eyes are fixed, without stalk or articulation. To the former section
belong the crab, the lobster, the crayfish, the prawn, and the shrimp, within which alliance the
popular idea of this class is often strictly confined. In the other section are included the woodlouse
and the sandhopper, with many other forms in endless variety, united by the firmest bonds of
relationship to the shrimp and the crab. Mankind are fastidious and, as a rule, eat only those
crustaceans that can waggle their eyes, whereas almost all marine animals and many birds feed
on sessile-eyed • species without reluctance. Among the Podophthalma the highest place is
generally conceded to the Brachyura or short-tails, because in their organization the ganglionic
chain is most concentrated, and because the actions of many among them are, 01 seem to be,
in no small degree intelligent and purposeful. Between a naked savage and the well-dressed
gentleman of to-day an intermediate state of civilization is represented by the Indian in his
feathers and war-paint. The tribe of the Oxyrrhyncha, or crabs with sharpened beaks, behave
much like the Indian. They do not indeed try to make themselves terrible in aspect, but by
I 153 20

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

borrowed plumes and scraps of clothing they seek to efface themselves. Not only do they
allow weeds and sponges and other zoophytes to grow upon their carapaces, but of their own
accord carefully aiBx them. What thus they don, they can also at their pleasure doff. To this
tribe, in the family Inachidae, belongs the species Macropodia rostrata (Linn.), which Mr. Claude
Morley in 1893 observed in the Ipswich Museum, the place of capture being recorded as South-
wold. Mr. Morley laments that at a later date the record of locality had been removed from most
of the crustacean specimens in this museum. The nearly related species M. tenuirostris (Leach) is
reported by Metzger^ as taken by the Pommerania in 23 fathoms depth, south-east of Yarmouth.
In the same tribe Hyas araneus (Linn.), of the family Hyadidae, is recorded by Mr. Morley as
brought in by Southwold fishing-boats, and it may be added that in May 1907 a dead specimen
was picked up on the north beach at Lowestoft. Among the characters which serve to distin-
guish these species one from another, it may be noted that in the genus Hyas the tail-part or pleon
is divided into seven segments, a number never exceeded in any malacostracan pleon, though it is
often enough apparently not attained. In Macropodia the number is only six, owing not to any
real loss of a segment, but to a coalescence which has taken place between the sixth and the seventh.
In this genus also the eyes have no proper orbits, but are salient and non-retractile, whereas in Hyai
there is a cup-like hinder portion of the orbit into which the eye can be deflexed. Between
M. rostrata and M. tenuirostris one mark of difference is that the two closely adjacent arms of the
rostrum in the former are shorter, and in the latter species longer, than the peduncles of the second
antennae. In both the rostrum is more slender than in Hyas. For both the generic name
Stenarynchus, Lamarck, 1818, was long accepted, but Macropodia was instituted by Leach for the
same species three years earlier. M. tenuirostris of Leach was for some time supposed to be a
synonym of Inachus longirostris (Fabricius). The latter form, however, has now been shown by
Miss Rathbun to be a synonym of M. rostrata, so that M. tenuirostris takes rank as an independent
species.

Less interesting to the intellect but more welcome to the palate is Cancer pagurus, Linn., the
well-known representative of the Cyclometopa, or arch-fronted crabs. It belongs to the family
Cancridae, and for mere purposes of recognition would not need to be described. It may, however,
be noticed that technically the front of a crab is the part of the carapace between the orbits, but
when we speak of cyclometopous or circular-fronted crabs, we refer to the segment of a circle
including with the true front and the orbits also the two marginal spaces, which are commonly
divided each into five teeth. These spaces in the great eatable crab form, in place of five dents,
nine bluntish lobes. The supply of this species at Lowestoft in the spring of 1907 did not appear
to be especially plentiful. Mr. Claude Morley notes that the Ipswich Museum possesses an abnormal
claw of a specimen from Aldeburgh. In the same institution he observed Portunus marmoreus. Leach,
brought in by Southwold fishing-boats, and Carcinus maenas (Linn.), which he speaks of as doubtless
abundant. A dead specimen was noticed in 1907 at Lake Lothing, and incidentally the species is
mentioned as occurring in the river at Yarmouth in 1869. While waiting for the tide to turn,
' Robertson and Brady sat down by the side of a little stream, where a great many shrimps were
playing or hunting for prey under a little cascade. There was a little shore-crab, Carcinus maenas,
stationed at the corner, making many a grab at the shrimps, but they eluded each and every attempt
he made by bounding backwards with wonderful dexterity.' ' The genera Carcinus and Portunus both
belong to the family Portunidae or swimming crabs, and agree in regard to the pleon, which in the
female is fully segmented, but in the male has only five segments, the middle three in that sex
being coalesced into a single piece. In Portunus the last joint of the last legs (fifth pair of perae-
opods) is far more expanded than in Carcinus. Really the audacious C. maenas is so much given
to walking about in the open air that a specially paddle-shaped toe for natatory purposes would be
an inconvenient piece of equipment.

The Oxystomata, or sharp-mouthed crabs, owe their name not to any rostral prolongation, but
to the narrowing forwards of the buccal or mouth area. From this tribe Metzger reports Ebalia
cranchii. Leach, as taken in 23 fathoms, south-east of Yarmouth, and E. tumefacta (Montagu) in
23 fethoms, east-south-east of the same town.' They belong to the family Leucosiidae, in which
the afferent channels to the branchiae open at the antero-lateral angles of the endostome or
buccal cavity, and the efferent channels traverse it in the middle line. The branchiae are fewer
than nine in number on each side. According to Leach, Montagu's species has only three
tubercles on the carapace, while his own has five. He further specifies that in Montagu's species
the pleon of the male has not only the third to the fifth segments coalesced, but also the sixth and
seventh, the latter two apparently being separate in C. cranchii. To an eye unsophisticated by

' Nordseefahrt der Pommerania (Jahresbericht coram, zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen
Meeres in Kiel, 1875), 294.

' The Naturaftst of Cumbrae (1891), 256. • NordseefoArt der Pommerania, 293.

154

CRUSTACEANS

study these little crabs with their legs folded up look more like small rudely-chipped bits of stone
than animals high in the scale of organic life.

Passing fi-om the true crabs to the ' hermits,' which are only crabs by courtesy, we have
among the Macrura anomala, in the family Paguridae, the familiar Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.).
Mr. Morley reports this as represented in the Ipswich Museum, and adds his own opinion that it
is 'doubtless abundant.' From the same division Metzger reports, in the family Galatheidae the
species Galathea squamifera. Leach, and G. intermedia, Lilljeborg, both taken south-east of Yarmouth
at the depth of 23 fathoms. From the ' hermits ' these little lobster-like animals are distinguished
by having the pleon symmetrical. Between the two species here named there is a distinction not
immediately obvious. A little examination will show that the appendages of crustaceans are
sometimes branched and sometimes simple. It is not uncommon for the first joint to carry an
accessory branch known as the epipod, and for the next joint to have a branch called the exopod.
The Brachyura and Macrura agree in having five conspicuous pairs of limbs, spoken of as legs,
or technically as peraeopods, though the diversity of functions they fulfil sometimes makes any
common name for them rather inappropriate. Often the first pair are grasping organs, or
chelipeds. Now, in Leach's ' scaly Galathea ' the chelipeds and two following pairs of legs carry
epipods, which in G. intermedia are confined to the chelipeds. To explain the name of the
' intermediate Galathea ' we must notice a third species, G. strigosa (Linn.), in which none of these
limbs have epipods. Thus Lilljeborg's species stands between a species with three pairs and a
species without any. It would be interesting if some of our experimentalists could ascertain
whether these differences are co-ordinated with any differences in the habitual life of the crea-
tures, and whether the simplification of structure should be regarded as an advance or an inferiority.

The genuine Macrura have a familiar representative on the coast of Suffolk in the common
lobster, Astacus gammarus (Linn.), of the family Nephropsidae. The neighbouring family Pota-
mobiidae supplies the river crayfish, Potamobius pallipes (Lereboullet). According to Mr. Claude
Morley, the Ipswich Museum has a specimen of it, taken from the River Gipping at Stow-
market. Mr. Cooper, sadler at Kirkby, Lowestoft, assured us that in his schooldays crayfishes were
common in the River Waveney, near Yarmouth. The crayfish eats animal food, but combines
with this a vegetable diet. Especially it is said to be fond of the Characeae or stone-worts which
abound in the East Anglian Broads. The lime with which these plants incrust their delicate stems
and leaves supplies what is needed for hardening the chitinous skeleton of the crustacean.

The tribe Caridea, embracing so many of the species popularly known as shrimps, is moderately
well represented on this coast. In the family Crangonidae Crangon vulgaris, Fabricius, the common
shrimp, justifies to some extent its specific name and English epithet, although there is another
species also commercially prominent in this part of the world. In the same family Metzger reports
Crangon trispinosus. Hailstone, and C. nanus, Kroyer, both from 22 fathoms, south-east of Yar-
mouth.^ From the same locality he records in the family Hippolytidae Hippolyte pusiola, Krfiyer,
at 23 fathoms,' and Firbius fasciger, Gosse, at 16 fathoms, and in the Pandalidae Panda/us brevi-
rostris (Rathke), at 23 fathoms.* To this group must be added Pandalus montagui. Leach, and in the
Palaemonidae Palaemonetes varians (Leach). Some of these species, however, in the progress of
science during the last hundred years, have undergone various changes of nomenclature, owing to
successive discoveries as to their structure and true systematic position. The first family is dis-
tinguished from the others by the subchelate character of the first legs. They are not fully formed
chelipeds. The sixth joint, or hand, is not produced into a thumb opposable longitudinally to the
seventh joint or finger. The clasping effect is produced by the widened distal margin of the hand,
across which the finger closes more or less obliquely. In the families Hippolytidae and Pandalidae
the second legs have the fifth joint, or so-called wrist, divided into several secondary articulations,
which is not the case in the Crangonidae or Palaemonidae. But whereas the Hippolytidae have
the first legs clearly didactyle, in the Pandalidae these limbs are either simple or only microscopically
chelate. The species cited by Metzger as Crangon trispinosus was placed by Kinahan in a new
genus, Cheraphitus, to which also C. nanus was referred by Sars. The name Cheraphilus, being
open to objection, has since been changed to Philocheras^ and, Kroyer's species having been identified
with Westwood's earlier Crangon bispinasus, the name should now be written Philocheras bispinosus
(Westwood). In the genus Crangon the second pair of legs are subequal in length to the rest, but
they are much shorter than the rest in Philocheras. Recently Dr. Caiman has recalled attention to
the fact that in Crangon vulgaris there are six pairs of branchiae, the arthrobranchia of the third
maxilliped having sometimes been overlooked, which, he says, ' although small, is not at all difficult
to see.'* He refers to Huxley's recognition of this feature given in the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society for 1878,' but does not notice the misleading contradiction which has there slipped into

* Loc. cit. 291. ' Ibid. 286. • Ibid. 289.

' South African Crustacea (1900), pt. i, p. 48.

' National Antarctic Expedition, Nat. Hist. (1907), ii, 6, 'Crustacea.' 'Op. cit. 783.

155

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Huxley's statement. That celebrated writer says, 'In Crangon none of the maxillipedes bear gills,'
but in the very next paragraph adds, 'I can find only one arthrobranchia on the ninth somite.'
This ninth somite is that which carries the third maxillipeds. The respiratory arrangements of
the Podophthalma admit the theoretical possibility of four pairs of branchiae to each of the three
pairs of maxillipeds and the five succeeding pairs of limbs. These breathing-organs are distinguished
as podobranchiae when attached to the first joint of the appendage, as front and hind arthrobranchiae
when on the connecting membrane between the limb and side-plate, and as pleurobranchiae when
attached to the side-plate itself. The full number is never found, and, owing to the crowding to-
gether and easily detachable nature of these organs, they are often miscounted by the careless or
unwary. There are sometimes extraordinary differences between forms in many respects nearly
related. Thus Panda/us montagui agrees with P. brevirostris in having five pairs of pleurobranchiae
and one pair of podobranchiae ; but it has six pairs of arthrobranchiae, of which the latter species has

ly two,

In the Hippolytidae it is now acknowledged that Virbius fasciger is synonymous with Hippclyte
variam. Leach. It was only distinguishable from it, as Metzger observes," by the transverse dorsal
tufts of plumose setae, which readily fall off. These more probably mark some stage of the in-
dividual life than any specific or even varietal difference. Hippolyte pusiola, Krfiyer, has now been
transferred to the very extensive genus Spirontocaris, Bate, in which the mandibles have a palp, and
the second pair of legs have the wrist seven-jointed, whereas in Hippolyte this wrist is three-jointed
and the mandibles are without palp.

In regard to the type species of Leach's genus Pandalus it is interesting to compare that
author's own statements. In the article * Crustaceology ' of the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, after
defining the genus, he writes : — ' Sp. i Montagui. Rostrum turning upwards, with many teeth above,
and the apex emarginate, with six teeth beneath ; antennae ringed with white and red alternately.
Pandalus Montagui, Leach, Malacos. Brit. Pandalus, Tab. A, named in honour of its first discoverer,
Montagu, by whom it was called Jstacus maculatus. The Rev. J. Fleming took this species in
Zetland, whose successful labours in that country speak more than we can do in words.' "

But in the Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanniae^^ Leach gives the name as Pandalus
annulicornis, and writes: — 'This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland, and in
St. Andrew's Bay, Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, who most kindly gave me the specimens I
originally described in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. It was observed also by Montagu, who found
it on the coast of Devon ; and by Mrs. D. Turner it was noticed at Yarmouth, and pointed out to
Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby as distinct from the common prawn. It is used at Yarmouth as an article
of food, and is at that place so much esteemed for the" table as to afford constant employment during
the summer season to several fishermen, who take it in abundance at a considerable distance from
the shore, and name it from that circumstance the sea-shrimp.'

By the common prawn is no doubt intended Leander serratus (Pennant), an early record of
which in Suffolk may therefore be credited to the acute observation of Mrs. Dawson Turner. Why
Leach discarded the name maculatus given by Montagu, and the name montagui given by himself,
to the first species of Pandalus, must be left to conjecture. Possibly maculatus was thought inappro-
priate, and annulicornis especially appropriate, but according to modern ideas the name montagui
found with the earliest description of the species must prevail. Leach described the first pair of feet
as adactylus or fingerless, meaning that they had a simple stiliform ending. In 1899 Dr. Caiman
pointed out that they are in fact microscopically chelate, and at the same time instituted a new
genus Pandalina for Rathke's P. brevirostris. This is distinguished from the preceding species by a
much shorter rostrum, by a much less subdivided wrist of the second legs, as well as by the branchial
formula above described. When the British Association met at Ipswich in 1895, during an excur-
sion, Pandalus montagui was taken abundantly in the River Stour. What diminution in the
salinity of the water this ' sea-shrimp ' can put up with does not appear to have been ascertained.
Palaemonetes varians (Leach) makes itself at home in water that is quite fresh, as well as in the sea.
It was originally placed in the genus Palaemon by Leach, who speaks of it as ' common at Yar-
mouth,' " and ' very common on the Devonshire, Glamorgan, and Norfolk coasts, where it is taken
as an article of food.' ^^ It is distinguished, by having no palp to the mandibles, from Palaemon and
Leander, in which there is a three-jointed mandibular palp.

The Schizopoda, called cleft-footed because the legs have two branches, are here represented
according to Metzger by Mysis inermis (Rathke) and Gastrosaccus sanctus, van Beneden, both taken
at 16 fathoms depth south-east of Yarmouth.'^ The family Mysidae, to which these belong, is
remarkable as having no proper branchiae. M. inermis is often referred to White's g&nvis Macromysis,

'" Caiman, Jnn. Nat. Hist. (1899), Ser. 7, iii, 30, 37. " Nordseefahrt Pomm. 305.

" Op. cit. (1814), vii, 432. " Op. cit. (i Mar. 1815), text to pi. xl.

" Edinb. Encycl. vii. 4.32. " Malac. Pod. Brit, (i May 1816), text to pi. xliii, figs. 14-16.
" Nordseefahrl Pomm. 288, 289.

156

CRUSTACEANS

1847, but that is itself a synonym of the much eadier Praunus, Leach. Metzger quotes Mysis
spimfera. Goes, as a synonym of Gastrosaccus sanctus, but it is now known that these two species are
distinct, G. spinifir having the concave hind margin of its carapace prettily fringed with eight sharp
denticles, which are not present in the other species. From Praunus this genus is distinguished by
the very great development of the side-plates in the first pleon segment. All the three species men-
tioned agree in having the telson apically divided. Thus they are separated from a fourth species in
the same family, Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards), of which a specimen was found by Mrs. T. R. R.
Stebbing, cast up among hydroids on the north beach, Lowestoft, in May 1907. This species has
a very long sharply-pointed rostrum, agreeing in this respect with S. frontalis (Milne-Edwards), but
separated from it by the scale of the second antennae, which in S. armata is distally much
narrower, and by the armature of the telson, wherein the marginal spines are less unequal and the
larger are separated from one another by less numerous small ones. The apical spinules are three
or' four in number.

The Edriophthalma or sessile-eyed Malacostracans offer a few points of interest in the fauna of
Suffolk. In the order Isopoda, tribe Flabellifera, family Sphaeromidae, Mr. Claude Morley reports
Sphaeroma longicauda. Leach, from brackish water, Trimley Marshes. Leach, in establishing a
second species, S. hookeri, at first speaks of it as ' discovered by Mr. W. J. Hooker on the Norfolk
coast,' " but later writes, ' Habitat in Suffolcii ad littora maris ; color cinereus aut rufescens,
punctulis nigris sparsus. Cum copii crustaceorum benignissime communicavit amicus W. J.
Hooker, cujus nomen gerit.' '* It is tantalizing to think of the light which might have been thrown
on the carcinology of this county by the families of Dawson Turner, James de Carle Sowerby,
and William Jackson Hooker, had not their passing interest in it been diverted to other branches of
natural history. As to the two species it is no longer quite certain that they ought to be retained
in the genus Sphaeroma^ and it is a little uncertain whether they should be specifically separated one
from the other. In the same tribe the family Limnoriidae contains the widely distributed gribble,
which Leach in 1814 called Limnoria terebrans. He says of it, 'This new and highly interesting
species was sent to Dr. Leach by Mr. Stevenson, from the Bell Rock, in logs of wood, which it
perforated in the most alarming manner. He has since received it from the coast of Suffolk.'"
Kirby and Spence in their Introduction to Entomology, published in 181 5, had already paid much
attention to injurious insects, but without any notice of the gribble. For this, which they evidently
considered a serious omission, they endeavoured to atone at great length in an Appendix issued the
very next year. Therein it is stated, ' The Linnean order Aptera furnishes another timber-eating
insect, a kind of woodlouse (Z,/OTnor/'a terebrans of Dr. Leach), which in point of rapidity of execution
seems to surpass all its European brethren, and in many cases may be productive of more serious
injury than any of them, since it attacks the woodwork of piers and jetties constructed in salt water,
and so effectually as to threaten the rapid destruction of those in which it has established itself In
December last I was favoured by Charles Lutwidge, esq., of Hull, with specimens of wood from
the piers at Bridlington Quay which woefully confirm the fears entertained of their total ruin by
the hosts of these pygmy assailants, that have within a few years made good a lodgement in them,
and which, though not so long as a grain of rice, ply their masticatory organs with such assiduity
as to have already reduced great part of the woodwork into a state resembling honeycomb.' '''^
Further on the writer says, ' The inhabitants of Bridlington Quay believe that this insect was left
there, a few years ago, by an American vessel, with what foundation I know not : but that it is
an imported insect, and, like the Teredo navalis, not originally an European animal, seems very
probable, from the fact that I can find no description of any species of Oniscus at all resembling it
prior to that of Dr. Leach, who seems first to have given it a name [Linn. Trans, xi, 371), and it
appears highly improbable that, if it had been an European species, it should not long since have
attracted attention and been described.'^' It was rather late in the day for these distinguished
entomologists to be treating this creature as an insect. As a matter of fact it had been described
in 1799 by J. Rathke as Cymothoa lignorum, the generic name clearly indicating that it was known
on the Continent to be a marine crustacean. Three kindred species from various parts of the
world have since been described. How and when Limnoria lignorum was first introduced into
Great Britain it might not be easy now to ascertain. It is unsafe to argue that it was not
living and working among us, because no one had said anything about it till the combined
efforts of Robert Stevenson and Dr. Leach made it notorious.

In the tribe Valvifera the family Astacillidae contains Jstacilla longicornis (Sowerby) of which a
specimen dredged off Yarmouth was given me several years ago by Dr. G. S. Brady. In the
family Idoteidae Metzger reports Idotea tricuspidata, Desmarest, from Yarmouth Harbour.^^ By
this name is probably intended /. halthica (Pallas), which is everywhere common on our coasts.

" Edinb. Encycl, vii, 433. " Trans. Linn. Soc. (1815), xi, 369. " Editib. Er.cycl. vii, 433.

'" Op. cit. 17. " Ibid. 19. " Hordicefahrt Pomm. 285.

157

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

/. viridis (Slabber), a much more slender species, with the pleon apically much less clearly tridendate,
was sent to me by the late Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., from the mouth of the Orwell, In the tribe Asellota,
family Asellidae, the universally distributed freshwater species Astllus aquaticus (Linn.) was found
abundant in a wide ditch near Oulton and in Kirkley Run, Lowestoft. The tribe Epicaridea is one
in which nature, like the giants piling Pelion uf>on Ossa, plants shrimps upon shrimps. It contains
only crustaceans parasitic or semi-parasitic upon crustaceans. In Suffolk the abundant Pandalus
montagui frequently harbours under its abdomen or pleon the lop-sided prolific Hemiarthrus ahdom'i-
nalis (H. Rathke) with her closely attached, small, symmetrical mate. This isopod is said to frequent
impartially ten or eleven different species of shrimps or prawns. Metzger records it under the
preoccupied name Phryxus as taken in 23 fathoms south-east of Yarmouth on Hippolyte pusiola.^
By some oversight he does not include this locality among the places of capture for the host itself,
which, as already explained, is now called Spirontocaris pusiola.

In the tribe Oniscidea, Messrs. Webb and Sillem ^ record only three species from Suffolk.
With another three here added the total assuredly falls far short of the number which will
eventually be found in the county. In the family Oniscidae the extremely common PorceUlo scaber,
Latreille, was taken at Sparrow's Nest Park, Lowestoft, and near Oulton Broad. The smooth
P. /aevis, Latreille, with long-branched uropods, is recorded by Mr. Webb from Ipswich. The
large and common Oniscus aullus, Linn., is reported from the same place by Mr. Claude Morley,
and has also been taken at Lowestoft. At the latter locality the much smaller and more
shining Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli) was found. The straight-fronted Metoponorthus pru'tnosus
(Brandt) has been taken at Ipswich by Mr. Webb, who further records from the same locality
Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) of the family Armadillidiidae. This so-called pill-woodlouse, which
is not always so common as its specific name suggests, was taken variously coloured at Oulton
Broad, and in one instance alive on the sands between tide-marks at south beach, Lowestoft.

The Amphipoda, like the Isopoda, have sessile eyes, and between the headpiece and the pleon
have seven segments of the trunk articulated and uncovered by any carapace. Unlike the Isopoda
they have their breathing organs, not in the pleon, but connected with the limbs of the central
trunk or peraeon. In the tribe of Amphipoda Gammaridea the pleon is almost always strongly
developed, its first three segments as a rule carrying each a pair of pleopods, each pleopod having
two many-jointed branches, and each joint of the branches being furnished with a couple of plumose
setae. To these swimming-organs succeed on the next three segments three pairs of uropods, in
which the branches are stiff, not many-jointed, the terminal segment or telson being as usual without
appendages. From this vast tribe Metzger reports Amathilla sahinei (Leach), as taken in
16 fathoms south-east of Yarmouth." This species, which belongs to the family Gammaridae as
now restricted, was named Gammarus sahini by Leach in 1819, but it has borne several other
names, earlier and later than those given by Leach, and should now be called Gammarellus homari
(Fabricius).^' By its carinate body and feebly emarginate telson it may be distinguished from the
common fresh-water amphipod Gammarus pulex (Linn.), which has the body not carinate and the
telson cleft. The latter occurs in Kirkley Run, as in almost all similar situations throughout the
kingdom. From the Gammaridae the Talitridae are distinguished by having no palp to the man-
dible and by having the third uropod usually single-branched. Talitrus saltator (Montagu), the
sandhopper, though not specially recorded for Suffolk, may be trusted to occur on all our sandy
coasts, A much more rarely observed species, Talorchestia brito, Stebbing, proved to be plentiful
at south beach Lowestoft, in May 1907, The relationships of these genera are rather intricate.
The male and female of Talitrus and the female of Talorchestia have the first legs simple and the
second feebly chelate. The female of the shorehopper Orchestia has the first legs subchelate and
the second feebly chelate. The males of Talorchestia and Orchestia have the first legs subchelate
and the second also subchelate, but in a much more powerful degree. Hence a new species in
these genera cannot easily be assigned to its proper genus unless both sexes are known. In the young
male of Talorchestia brito the first legs or gnathopods are still simple like those of the female, while
the second gnathopods undergo various changes before reaching their final form. Corresponding
changes have been described in detail for the young male of Talorchestia deshayesii (Audouin), one or
two specimens of which occurred on the same beach at Lowestoft, distinguishable by their dark
eyes and (when alive) by the rows of spots on the pleon." Of neither species were full grown males
captured. The eyes of T. brito are white, with dark pigment showing through the centre, the
body colouring, purple markings on a ground of pale orange and white, making this little skipper
difficult to see when it settles on the sand, after its many long and rapid leaps, first in one direction
and then in another. It was first observed in North Devonshire, and has since been recorded from
Gironde in France. From the family Jassidae, which are not burrowing but domicolous, yassa

" Nordsee/airt Pomm. 285. '* The British WoodRce (1906). " Nordseefahrt Pomm. 281.

" Dos Tierreich, Amph. Gamm. (1906), 21, p. 287. " Ibid. 546.

158

CRUSTACEANS

pulchella. Leach, has been obtained by Dr. Sorby in the River Orwell. For a long time the genus
Jassa of Leach was confounded with his Podocerus, established at the same time, but really belong-
ing to a different family.''* Lastly, for the family Corophiidae a record is supplied by the Rev. E. N,
Bloomfield, who, writing in August 1 902, says, 'in a very interesting letter from Dr. Harmer,
F.R.S., of Cambridge, among various creatures met with by him in the salt water ditches near
Aldborough, he mentions the very remarkable amphipod Corophium grossipes.'' This species should
rather be called C. volutator (Pallas). All round our coasts it forms its tubular galleries in the
mud of tidal swamps. From C. crassicorne (Bruzelius), which has been taken in almost fresh
water in Norfolk, C. volutator is separated by a rather uncommon feature of distinction, the latter
species having the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of the pleon normally articulated, while in the
former they are coalesced into a single piece.

The Entomostraca form three principal groups, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, each with
various subdivisions. In the first only the Cladocera now need our attention. Of these the
following examples may be specified. From a small pond near Oulton on 1 4 May 1 907, a specimen
of Daphnia pulex (De Geer) was taken, corresponding with the figure given by Lilljeborg of a
young male taken at Upsala, not in the spring but early in September, and described as Mas junior
autumnalis?^ To the same family Daphniidae belongs Simosa vetula (O. F. MuUer), of which
specimens were obtained from a ditch near Oulton, 13 May 1907. These agree perfectly with
Lilljeborg's account and figures of the femina adulta vernalis.^ The veteran Swedish anthor states
that the female of this species, like Daphnia pulex, is largest in the spring, being about 3 mm.
long, and having then the largest number of eggs in the brood cavity, its shape broad oval, strongly
narrowed in front. In this genus it may be noted that the four-jointed branch of the second or
swimming antennae has one of the apical setae shorter than the other two, minutely uncinate
and thereby prehensile. On the hind body S. vetula has two processes, the anterior standing nearly
upright, the other smaller, bent forward. Behind the caudal setae the upper margin of the tail-piece
runs to an angle, between which and the ungues a very sinuous border carries from nine to ten
spines. The ungues are distinguished from those of other species in the genus by the microscopic
fineness of their spinules. The name vetula, as given by Mailer, may originally have included
more than one species. As defined by Schoedler in 1858 it is now generally accepted for the form
here described. A male specimen was obtained, as well as several of the other sex. In the family
Chydoridae, at the same time and place with S. vetula one example of Eurycercus lamellatus (O.F.M.)
was taken. This family differs from the Daphniidae by having both branches of the swimming
antennae instead of only one of them three-jointed, and by having the intestine with instead of
without a loop. Eurycercus agrees with the Daphniidae in that the intestine has in front two
caecal appendages, which are not present in other members of the Chydoridae. E. lamellatus has the
first antennae thick, with the sensory seta placed near the middle of their single joint. Lilljeborg gives
the length of the female as ranging between 3 and 4 mm., the size somewhat larger in spring and
summer than in autumn, less in brackish water than in fresh." Under the microscope the tail-piece is
a pleasing object with its fringe of 1 00-120 spinules. These gradually increase in size as they pass
from the caudal setae to an angle which is separated from the ungues by a deep sinus. Near the
ungues the sinus also carries spines and spinules. Chydorus sphaericus (O.F.M.), a tiny dwarf in
comparison with the two preceding species, is abundant at Lowestoft, as it appears to be in suitable
waters all over the globe. The sexual differences in this species are well marked, the rostrum of
the female being acute, that of the male obtuse, and the tail of the male being strongly emarginate
at the anal fissure, instead of shallowly as in the female.

For the Ostracoda of Suffolk, the paper by G. S. Brady and David Robertson, published in the
Annals and Magazine of Natural History for July 1870," is the leading authority. The authors
say : 'The Entomostraca of the tidal rivers of Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Cambridge fen-district con-
stitute so remarkable a group that it seems best to speak of them separately, and in so doing we
shall call the area to which we refer the East Anglian District, understanding by that term the whole
tract drained by the rivers Nene, Cam, Bure, Yare, and Waveney. The drainage tract of the
adjoining rivers on the south. Aid, Deben, Stour, &c., is separated by rising ground, and appears to
be zoologically distinct.' Speaking of the Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk in general, they say that
they may be considered as expansions of the various tidal rivers, though situated at such distances
from the sea as to be but slightly influenced by tidal ebb and flow. As to those with which we are
here more especially concerned, they write : ' Lake Lothing is a tidal expanse separated from Oulton
Broad, at i^s western extremity, by an embankment, through which canal boats pass by means of a
lock. In this way some slight communication exists between the waters of the two basins, but the
true outlet of Oulton Broad is by the River Waveney, which from this point takes a circuitous

" Das Tierreich, Amph. Gamm. (1906), 21, pp. 654, 739. " Cladocera Sueciae, pi. xii, fig. 12.

" Ibid. 167, pi. xxiv, figs. 8-18. " Ibid. 386. " Op. cit. 1-33, pis. iv-x.

159

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

course of about 15 miles to Breydon Water. The western end of Lake Lothing has quite a marine
appearance, its stones being coated with the usual Algae of the upper littoral zone. Our gatherings are
from the soft black mud of the channel beyond low-water mark. The sea was once known, on the
occasion of an unusually high tide, to break over the top of the bank into Oulton Broad.' Breydon
Water itself they describe as a large tidal basin about 4 miles long by a mile broad, to the west of
Great Yarmouth, receiving the waters of the rivers Bure, Yare, and Waveney, and having a large
proportion of its surface left dry at low water. From the Deben or the Stour, or both, they give the
following species : In the family Cyprididae, Cypris pratensis, Brady and Robertson, at that date a
new species, C. compressa, Baird, C. laevis, O. F. Mailer, C. gihba, Ramdohr ; Cypridopsis obesa,
Brady and Robertson, Candona Candida (O.F.M.), C. lactea^ Baird, C. albicans, Brady ; in the
Cytheridae, Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars, C. porcellanea, Brady, C. lutea, O.F.M., C. viridis,
O.F.M., C. villosa (Sars), C.fuscaia, Brady, Limnicythere inopinata (Baird), Cytheridea torosa (R.
Jones), Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird), Loxoconcha impressa (Baird), L. elliptica, Brady, L. pusilla,
Brady and Robertson, then new, Cytherura nigrescens (Baird), C. robertsoni, Brady, C. gihba
(O.F.M.) ; in the Paradoxostomatidae, Paradoxostoma variabi/e (Baird), P. fischeri, Sars; in the
family Darwinulidae, Polycheles stevemoni, Brady and Robertson, a new genus and new species. To
this list must be added from Oulton Broad, Lake Lothing, or Breydon Water, and in most cases
from all three, in the Cyprididae, Cypris ovum (Jurine), C. reptans (Baird), Cypridopsis aculeata
(Liljeborg), C. newtoni, Brady and Robertson, a new species, Candona compressa, Koch, C. kingsleii,
Brady and Robertson, a new species ; in the Cytheridae, Metacypris cordata, Brady and Robertson,
genus and species both new, Cythere pellucida, Baird, C. cicatricosa, Sars, C. antiquata, Baird,
Limnicythere monstrifica (Norman), Cytheridea torosa, \zr. teres, Cytherura Jiavescens, Brady, C. striata,
Sars ; Cytheridea subulata, Brady ; Sclerochilus contortus (Norman), with var. abbreviatus ; Para-
doxostoma abbreviatum, Sars, P. ensiforme, Brady. Of the species taken in the rivers above mentioned
only Cvthere villosa and Cytherura gibba were missing from the expanded waters. From other re-
searches may be added Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine) and Cyclocypris serena (Koch), obtained at
Lowestoft in 1907 and submitted to Dr. Brady for identification, also Cytheridea elongata, Brady,
and Cytherura clathrata, Sars, recorded by Brady in 1868, as dredged off Yarmouth by Mr. D. O.
Drewett. Moreover, Paradoxostoma normani, Brady, appears to have been taken by Dr. Brady in
Breydon Water, though at first considered to be a variety abbreviatus of Sclerochilus contortus.^^

To deal with this long series of genera and species so as to make intelligible their numerous
and important but often microscopic differences, would demand a treatise to itself. It must suffice
to allot them to their proper places under the rapid advances of modern classification, and to com-
ment on a few forms in which this county may claim exceptional interest. All the species belong
to the division Podocopa, in which the little animals are without a heart, and which is dis-
tinguished in general from the other division, the Myodocopa, by having no rostral sinus to the
shell-valves. The four families among which these species are distributed cannot be at once known
apart by any single character. But as a rule the Cytheridae have a hard shell with uneven surface,
while the shell in the other three families is thin and smooth. In the Cyprididae the second antennae
usually have a brush of long plumose natatory setae, not found in the other families, and only the
last two pairs of appendages are leg-like, instead of the last three as in the others. The so-called
poison-gland and its duct, formed by the setiform flagellum on the basal joint of the second
antennae, structures found in the Cytheridae and Paradoxostomatidae, are wanting in the Dar-
winulidae. The Cytheridae are mostly marine, and cannot swim. The Paradoxostomatidae
are distinguished by their slender, stiliform mandibles, adapted for piercing instead of biting.

Cypris pratensis, according to Sars, should be called Cyprinotus pratensis, the change of genus in
part depending on the strange circumstance that species of Cypris are found to be in many places
never, or hardly ever, anything but parthenogenetic, while species of Cyprois and Cyprinotus are
more connubial.'^ Cypris compressa, Baird, is now identified with Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine).^'
C. laevis (O.F.M.) and C. ovum (Jurine), must be transferred to the synonymy of Cyclocypris laevis.

The s^ez\cs Cypris Serena, K-och, which since its institution has borne half a dozen different
names, is now to be called Cyclocypris serena. Referring to this species and C. laevis, Brady and
Norman, after re-defining their genus Cyclocypris, say : ' Professor G. O. Sars was certainly quite
right in removing the two preceding species into the genus Cyclocypris. Our figures, pt. I, pi. xi,
figs. 15, 16, were not correct as regards the setae of the limbs drawn, of which we now give correct
descriptions in the character of the genus.'" It should be observed that figs. 15-16 have reference
to Cyclocypris globosa (Sars), a species to which I was inclined to refer my Lowestoft specimens.
These minute ostracods are tumid in shape, brown in colour ; the second antennae of the female

" Ann. Nat. Hist. (1868), Ser. 4, iii, 372.

" Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (1896), Ser. 2, v,- 720.
" Ibid. (1889), Ser. 2, iv, 69. »« Ibid. (1896), v. 718, 719.

160

CRUSTACEANS

have ungues of great length, not exceeded by the natatory setae of the antepenultimate joint,
but much exceeded by a solitary seta issuing apparently from the proximal part of that joint.
This striking feature does not appear to have been recorded by our authorities. Dr. Brady, having
kindly examined a specimen, writes : * In comparing my mounted dissections of C. serena, I find
that they agree with yours as to setose armature of antennae — one (or two) long setae and a few
short ones.' On the caudal rami of these specimens the dorsal seta was not perceived, but is not
necessarily absent ; there is a minute seta in front of the ungues, which are strong, unequal,
curved at the apex, and the dorsal margin of the rami is finely pectinate.

The large and common handsomely-coloured Erpelocyprli reptans (Baird) occurs freely at
Kirkley Run, Lowestoft. As to Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, it is thought probable that two species have
been confounded under one name. These are now called Ilyocypris gibha (Ramdohr), and /. bradyi,
Sars, with a reserve in favour of calling the latter /. hiplkata (Koch). Whether Cypridopsis ohesa
should retain its generic name or be transferred to Pionocypris, and whether it should be accounted
a distinct species or only a variety of C. or P. vidua (O.F.M.), are questions of transcendental
learning. C. aculeata should, it seems, be attributed not to Lilljeborg, but to O. G. Costa, who
independently and earlier chose the same specific name. To the localities for Candona Candida may
be added a broad ditch near Oulton. As to this species, Brady and Norman remark that the
ordinary form 'occurs commonly in ponds and ditches; and the variety tumida is most common in
rivers and dykes subject to tidal influence, as in the fen district of Norfolk and Suffolk.' " In this
genus the second antennae are without a brush of natatory setae, and in fact the animals have no
swimming power. Candona kingsleiiy named in honour of the well-known novelist and naturalist,
Canon Charles Kingsley, has been transferred to a new genus, Candompsis, by the Hungarian author
Vivra.** Candona albicans is now thought not to be an independent species, but to represent the
young of C. compressa and probably other species."

Polycheles stevensoni, after twice lighting upon a preoccupied generic name, is now established as
Darwinula stevensoni, in a distinct family Darwinulidae. Brady and Norman say, ' This is perhaps
the most characteristic Entomostracan of the East Anglian Fen district, where it is widely spread,
and often occurs in considerable abundance.' '"'

Metacypris cordata hovered at first between the Cyprididae and Cytheridae, but is now settled
in the latter family." For the relations between Cythere pellucida, Baird, C. castanea, auctorum,
and C. confusa, Brady and Norman, the monograph by the two latter authors should be consulted,'"
and similarly for those between C. lutea and C. viridis.*^ C. cicatricosa is insecure ; Loxoconcha elliptica
is now regarded as a synonym of L. viridis (O.F.M.) ; Cytherura robertsoni becomes a synonym of
C. gibba (O.F.M.) ; C. flavescens of C. sella, Sars, and C. gihba, Brady, of the same author's
C. cornuta.**

Turning from this prolific branch of Suffolk carcinology to the Copepoda, which may be
equally abundant, we find the records less ample. It is evident, however, that here as elsewhere
the family Cyclopidae, in the tribe Cyclopidea, offers not a few species of Cyclops. This is
a genus almost confined to fresh water. It is perplexing by the number and general similarity
of the species. The first antennae are to a certain extent helpful by the varying number
of the joints. But this character must be used with caution ; for while in adults the number
of joints may vary from six to eighteen according to the species, it may vary from five to
eleven in juvenile stages of a single species. In Cyclops vernalis, Fischer, the highest number
of joints is attained ; but almost all the eighteen except the first are very short, even the
two last being of very moderate length. This species, which has been taken at Lowestoft,
is called C. elongatus by Claus, and Brady in 1891 uses that name for it. C. albidus (Jurine)
has the first antennae 17-jointed. The first, fourth, seventh, and the last three joints are
longer than the rest. The terminal joint has a microscopically serrated ridge. In the
second antennae the antepenultimate joint is pectinate, and the two following joints are
elongate. C. fuscus (Jurine) also has 1 7-jointed first antennae, more slender, and without
pectination of the terminal joint ; the antepenultimate joint of the second antennae setulose instead
of pectinate, and the penultimate joint not elongate. Both these forms occur at Lowestoft.
By Brady they are united as one species under the name C. signatus, Koch. C. viridis
(Jurine), also with 17-jointed antennae, for which Brady in 1878 accepted the name C. gigas,
Claus, includes both that species and Claus's C. brevicornii. Brady found it plentifully in the
Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk.*' C. serrulatus, Fischer, has the antennae 12-jointed. Both
sexes were found at Lowestoft. There also a male specimen of C. affinis, Sars, was obtained,
agreeing with the figures of the anterior antennae, fifth foot, and caudal ramus given by Brady,*' and

" Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. Dubfm Soc. (1889), iv, 99. '» Ibid. (1896), v, 731.

" Ibid, iv, loi. " Ibid. 122. " Ibid. 123. " Ibid. 126-7.

«• Ibid. 128, 185, 188. " Ibid. 140, 185, 192.

" Monograph of Brit. Copepoda (Ray Soc), i, 106. " Ibid. pi. 24B.

I 161 21

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

with Uljanin's figure.*' On the basal joint of the first antennae in the male there is in the Lowestoft
specimen a seta widened near the base, with the border of this widened part pectinate. In this
species the first antennae of the female are ii-jointed. C. fimhriatus, Fischer, which is perhaps the
same as C, crassicornis, O.F.M., has 8-jointed first antennae. The Lowestoft specimen agrees
with Uljanin's figures of the first antennae and labrum.** C. aequoreus, Fischer, with 6-jointed first
antennae, is recorded by Brady from brackish pools of salt marshes, among other places at ' Manning-
tree (Suffolk).' " Manningtree itself is in Essex, but so near to Suffolk that the species mentioned
is no doubt common to both counties. As to C. helleri, Brady, which that author in 1878 reported
from Oulton Broad, among species with lo-jointed first antennae, in 1891 he says, ' It is perhaps
more than probable that the types [now lost] represented one of the stages of development of a
1 7-jointed species, and under this impression it seems best for the present to regard the species as
one of doubtful validity.' ***

In the tribe Calanidea and the family Temoridae, instituted by Sars in 1 903, Eurytemora velox
(Lilljeborg) is reported by Brady as occurring ' in several of the broads of Norfolk and Suffolk,'
and ' in pools near the River Stour at Manningtree.' For the synonymy of this species, which
involves various perplexities, the reader should consult the works of Dr. Brady and Mr. Scourfield.
Both writers agree that it thrives in fresh water, and also flourishes in that which is brackish.
Brady says, in brackish pools fully exposed to the rays of the sun it seems to luxuriate, often
fairly swarming in such places.'^

In the tribe Arpacticidea, and the family Tachidiidae, Tachidius hrevicornis (O.F.M.) is
recorded by Brady from Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, in brackish marsh-pools." By Norman
and Scott, in The Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall [i()ob), this species is said to be T. discipes,
Giesbrecht. From the family Canthocampidae Canthocampus minutus (O.F.M.) has been taken at
Lowestoft. It has been pointed out by Canon Norman that ' Jurine himself quotes Muller's Cyclops
minutus as a synonym for his own Monoculus staphylinus,' so that the latter specific name must give
way to its predecessor." C. palustris, Brady, was taken by that author in brackish pools by the
River Stour, at Manningtree, and in Oulton Broad (Suffolk).'* The variable species Dactylopusia
tisboides (Claus), referred by Sars to the family Thalestridae {Crustacea of Norway (1905), v, 125), is
reported by Brady from ' brackish pools near the River Stour, at Manningtree, Suffolk.' " Lastly,
concerning Platychelipus littoralis, Brady, in the family Nannopidae, at its institution in 1880, the
often-quoted author remarks, ' several examples of this very distinct species were noticed in a
gathering from between tide-marks at Lake Lothing, Suffolk, where the water of Oulton Broad
finds its way to the sea. Though the gathering was made among the fronds of Fuci the water
would no doubt be brackish.' "

A hundred years ago, so far as appears, the carcinology of Suffolk was a simple blank. Its
chronicles are still extremely incomplete. No mention, for instance, has been made of cirripedes,
although none of our coasts are left unfrequented by species of that group. For these and an
indefinite number of other crustacean families, it is assuredly not the representative creatures that
are wanting, but in some cases observers, and in others the published record of observations.

" Crustacea of Turkestan, pi. xi, fig. 4. ** Ibid. pi. viii, figs. 9-16.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda, \, 120. " Tians. Nat. Hist. Soc. Nortiumi. xi, 92.

" Ibid, xi, 105 ; foum. Quekett Microsc. Club (1903), 533.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda (1880), ii, 20. " Joum. Quekett Microsc. Club (1903), 536.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda, ii, 54.. " Ibid. 108. " Ibid. 104.

162

FISHES

The coast of SufFolk extends from Harwich to Yarmouth and includes
only three estuaries of considerable size, namely the Stour, the Orwell, and the
Deben. Besides these there is only one harbour of importance, that of Lowes-
toft. The shore consists of sand and shingle, and slopes gradually seawards
to the 20-fathom line ; beyond this there is a narrow depression running
parallel to the coast and deepening to 25 and 27 fathoms. On the other side
of the depression are the shallow grounds extending to the Dutch coast, the
more northern part of which is known to the Lowestoft trawlers as the Brown
Ridges. The rivers of the county are of no great size, and there is only one
considerable lake, Oulton Broad near Lowestoft.

Scarcely any special accounts of the fishes of Suffolk have been published,
and except at Lowestoft very little attention seems to have been paid to the
ichthyology of the county. In Norfolk there have been many zealous natu-
ralists and among them good ichthyologists, but the study of natural history
has been rather neglected in the sister county. The notes in the following
list are chiefly based on records contained in the ' List of Norfolk Fishes '
by Dr. John Lowe, Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists'
Society^ 1873-4, the additions to that list in the same Transactions, vol.
iii, 1884 and later volumes, and the writer's own observations made at
Lowestoft and on board Lowestoft fishing boats in 1895. A few notes
have been taken from Mr. Nicholas Fenwick Hele's interesting little book.
Notes or Jottings about Aldeburgh, published in 1870. The records in the
Natural History of Tar mouth, by C. J. and James Paget, published in 1 834, have
been incorporated in Lowe's list.

Since 1902 Lowestoft has been the centre for the English portion of the
International Fishery Investigations in the North Sea. The English researches
have been carried out on behalf of the Government by the Marine Biological
Association, which has maintained a laboratory, a scientific staff, and a re-
search steamer at Lowestoft, and has also carried on hydrographical researches
from its laboratory at Plymouth. The researches at Lowestoft have been
principally applied to the trawl fishery and have consisted of investigations of
the distribution, movements, and growth of the fishes which are taken by the
trawl, especially of the plaice. The migrations of the fishes have been followed
by the method of marking large numbers of specimens and setting them free
again at different localities. These experiments have also thrown light on the
rate of growth of the fish. One of the most interesting discoveries made in
the course of the International Investigations is that the age of a plaice is

163

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

indicated in the structure of its otoliths ; the latter are calcareous bodies of
flattened oval shape contained in the cavities of the ears, and they increase in
size by the addition of new deposits on the surface. The successive layers
deposited in successive years can be distinguished by differences of transparency
in the deposits of different seasons, and so the number of years in the age of
the fish can be ascertained. Other calcareous structures of fishes show similar
annual rings, for instance the scales and the bones, but usually they are less
distinct than the rings of the otoliths.

An asterisk prefixed to a name denotes a fresh-water species ; two
asterisks indicate occurrence in both fresh and salt water.

TELEOSTEANS

ACANTHOPTERYGII

*i. Perch. Perca fiuvlatillsy Linn.

Common in the rivers and in Oulton Broad.

**2. Sea Bass. Morone labrax^ Linn. [Labrax
lupus. Day).
Doubtless occurs occasionally off the coast and
in the estuaries, but only as a summer visitor.
Has been taken on the Norfolk coast.

*3. Ruff or Pope, Acerina c^rntttf, Linn.
Not so common as in Norfolk.

4. Shade-fish. Sctaena aqu'tla, Lac^p.

A specimen over 5 ft. in length and weighing
84 lb. is recorded by Hele to have come ashore
at Thorpe near Aldeburgh in August 1868.^
Another specimen was taken near Yarmouth in
November 1875, as recorded by Mr. Tregelles
of Brompton in the Times of I November of that
year. It was 4 ft. 9 in. in length and weighed
75 lb.

5. Common Sea-bream. Pagellus centrodontus,

De la Roche.
Probably occurs occasionally but rarely ; has
been recorded for Norfolk.

6. Gilt-head. Pagrus auratus, Linn.

Very rare : a specimen recorded at Pakefield
by R. Leathes in April 1829.^

7. Scorpaena dactylopterOy De la Roche.

A specimen sfin. in length taken off Yar-
mouth by a shrimper obtained by Mr. A. Pater-
son 29 April 1894 is recorded in Lowe's third
list under the name Sebastes norvegicus. In the
fourth list this specimen is identified as Scor-
paena dactyloptera, and Mr. Paterson saw a second
specimen at Lowestoft in December 1895 which
measured 8 in.

' Notes and Jottings^hout Aldehurgh.
'Lowe, Tisbes o/Norf.

8. Red Mullet. Mullus barbatus, var. surmul/etus,

Linn.

Occurs occasionally. In Paget's Natural
Histtry of Tarmouth it is stated that 10,000 were
sent in one week in May 1831 to the London
market. Mr. Gurney believed that the red mul-
let of the eastern coa?t were plain red mullet,
but this seems unlikely, and Lowe considers that
the plain variety occurs but rarely ; it has not
been proved to occur at all.

9. Ballan Wrasse. Labrus maculatus, Bloch.
A young specimen about 8 in. long was taken

with hook and line in the
Lowestoft in August 1852.

outer harbour of

10. Cook or Cuckoo Wrasse. Labrus mixtus,
Linn.

A specimen under the name L. larvatus is
recorded by Lowe,' probably from Norfolk.

*ii. Miller's Thumb. Coitus goblo, h'mn.

Occurs in the Yare, probably also in the Wa-
veney and other rivers.

12. Father-lasher, Short-spined Bull-head. Cottus

scorpius, Linn.

Common on the coast.

13. Long-spined Bull-head. Cottus bubalis,

Euphr.

Probably occurs.

14. Grey Gurnard. Trigla gurnarduSy hinn.

Common on the Lowestoft trawling grounds ;
numbers are landed in the trawl market. The
grey gurnard in its young stages, when under
9 in. in length is of a uniform reddish colour
without spots, but not so bright a red as Trigla
cuculus. In its adult condition it has bright yel-
low spots.

164

^ Prcc. Zool. Sec. 1859, P- *49'

FISHES

15. Tub, Latchet, or Sapphirine Gurnard. Trig/a

hirundo, Linn.

A considerable number are taken on the
Lowestoft trawling grounds in September and
October.

16. Red Gurnard or EUeck. Trigla cucu/us,

Linn.

Common on the trawling grounds.

17. Streaked Gurnard. Trigla lineata, Linn.

Examples not seldom brought in by trawlers
at Yarmouth and Lowestoft. One landed at
Lowestoft on 9 March 1896 was said to have
been taken near the port.*

18. Pogge or Armed Bull-head. Agonus cata-

phractus, Linn.

Common on the Newcome Sand and along
the coast.

19. Lump-sucker. Cyclopterus lumpus, Linn.

Has been taken off Yarmouth and occurs
occasionally off the Suffolk coast. Hele states
that an enormous specimen weighing over 15 lb.
was captured at Aldeburgh in March 1868 ; its
length was 22^ in., its greatest breadth 13^ in.

20. Sea-snail. Liparis vulgaris, Flem.

21. Montague's Sucker. Liparis montagui, Cuv.

Both these species are recorded as occurring
on the Norfolk coast, and it is probable that they
occur in the Suffork district, but they have not
been recorded.

22. Two-spotted Goby. Gobius ruthensparri,

Euphr.

The Gobius unipunctatus of Yarrell and the
G. pusillus of Lowe, recorded for Norfolk, are
considered by recent authorities as synonyms of
this species. It may occur on the Suffolk coast,
but as it swims among Laminaria and Zostera it
may be rare, the shores of Suffolk consisting
chiefly of shingle with little weed.

23. Freckled Goby. Gobius minutus, Gmel.

Common on the Newcome Sand and probably
on other sandy ground along the coast. Taken
in considerable numbers in shrimp trawls.

24. John Dory. Zeus faber, Linn.

Probably occurs sometimes, as it has been
taken off Yarmouth (Paget). I saw none taken
on the trawling grounds in September 1895. A
specimen 8|^ lb. in weight, taken in drift nets
with herring on 2 October 1896, is mentioned
in Lowe's fourth list.

' Lowe's fourth list.

25. Boar-fish. Capros aper, Linn.

Has been recorded as found at Harwich, and
therefore may occur within the Suffolk limits
occasionally. Southwell mentions a specimen
found on a shrimper at Yarmouth, July 1881,
and another dead on Yarmouth beach in May
1882.

26. Mackerel. Scomber scombrus, Linn.

There is a regular fishery for mackerel off
the Suffolk coast in summer. May and June, and
again in autumn in September and October.
There is reason to believe that they come from
the English Channel and return thither in winter.
In Lowe's supplementary list a quotation is
given from a letter of Mr. Massingham, har-
bour master of Lowestoft, to Mr. Southwell.
The letter is dated 9 November 1875 and com-
ments on the unusual feet of a large number of
mackerel having been taken at that late season
of the year, as they were usually only caught on
that coast in May and June. It would appear
from this that the presence of mackerel in
autumn was previously unknown to the fisher-
men, or at least to the harbour master ; but it is
improbable that mackerel only began to visit the
Suffolk coast in autumn in the year 1875.

27. Tunny. Thynnus thynnnus, Linn.

In the Norwich Museum is a specimen 3 ft. 6 in.
long taken off the Suffolk coast, probably near
Southwold. Another, 6 ft. 9 in. long, weigh-
ing 2241b., was taken at Yarmouth in October
1870. According to Paget small specimens are
not infrequently taken during the mackerel
fishery.

28. Plain Bonito. yfuxis rochet, Risso.

Two taken in June 1839 off Yarmouth, and
a third at the same place in 1847.

29. Sword-fish. Xiphias gladius, Linn.

Specimens have been taken on the shores of
Essex and Norfolk. One was captured at
Lowestoft about November 1882 and another is
mentioned in Lowe's fourth list on the authority
of Paterson as landed at the same place in Sep-
tember 1897.

30. Ray's Bream. Brama raii, Bl. Schn.

Two specimens recorded by Dr. Lowe from
Yarmouth, one of which is in the Norwich
Museum.

31. Opah or King-fish. Lampris luna, Gmel.

Two specimens recorded by Paget as taken at
Yarmouth in 1823 and 1828. This fish reaches
a large size, specimens having been taken which
measured from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in length and weighed

165

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

upwards of i cwt. It is remarkable for its bril-
liant colours. It is an oceanic fish, but not
probably an inhabitant of the great depths. It
is frequently seen on the coast of Norway, and in
Britain the greater number of specimens have
been taken in the north. It evidently enters the
North Sea from the north, as it has not been
recorded on the English coast between Suffolk
and Cornwall.

32. Scad or Horse-mackerel. Caranx irachurus,

Linn.
Common off Lowestoft in the mackerel season,
and taken in mackerel nets.

33. Pilot-fish. Naucrates ductor, Linn.

The only record seems to be that of Mr.
Gurney, who informed Lowe that many years
before 1873 he saw a specimen which had been
recently caught off the Suffolk coast.

34. Greater Weever. Trachinus draco, Linn.

Extremely abundant on the trawling grounds
off Lowestoft (Brown Ridges). Numbers are
fi-equently seen with red and grey gurnard in
heaps in the trawl market, for sale as food.

35-

Lesser Weever.
Val.

Trachinus v'tpera, Cuv. and

Common on the shrimping grounds, such as
Newcome Sand, and also on the trawling grounds,
but too small to have any market value. It is
remarkable that Lowe in his Fishes of Norfolk
scoffs at the ' erroneous idea,' which he says
was still held by the fishermen, that a wound
inflicted by the dorsal fin is poisoned. It may
be true that the spines of the dorsal fin are not
poisonous, but it is certain that the fish possesses
a venomous sting in its opercular spine. The
present writer has had painful experience of the
effects of a prick from this spine, and can testify-
that the venom acts as an irritant to the
nerves. It produced the most intense pain,
extending from the wound in the thumb up to
the shoulder, and lasting for about five minutes,
but did not have any other effects. The wound
did not become inflamed or festered, and the pain,
although almost unbearable while it lasted, soon
subsided completely. The involuntary experi-
ment was made on board a Lowestoft shrimping
boat, and can easily be repeated by anyone who
desires further proof.

36. Dragonet or Skulpin.
Linn.

CaUionymus lyra,

I saw several specimens taken in the trawl on
one of the Lowestoft trawlers in September
1895. Probably the species is common on the
trawling grounds, as, the fish being small and
slender, many would escape through the meshes.

The male and female in this species are very
different and were formerly supposed to be
distinct species, the former being known from its
brilliant colouring as the gemmeous dragonet and
the latter as the sordid dragonet. The male
is adorned with vivid blue and yellow markings
and has the first dorsal fin greatly elongated.
The fishes perform an elaborate process of court-
ship when breeding, which was very completely
studied by Mr. E. W. L. Holt and described by
him in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for
1898.

37. Cat-fish or Wolf-fish. Anarrhichas lupus,
Linn.

Is recorded by Paget from Yarmouth and
therefore probably occurs occasionally.

38. Butterfish or Gunnel.
Linn.

Recorded at Yarmouth.

Centronotus gunnellus.

39. Viviparous
Linn.

Blenny. Zoarces viviparus,

Gurney says that adult specimens are found
near the beach at Lowestoft, and in the later
summer months young ones about an inch in
length are abundant in the upper part of the
inner harbour, where they frequent the mud
banks.

40. Angler, Fishing-frog, or Monk-fish. Lophius
piscatorius, Linn.

Recorded by Paget at Yarmouth. According
to Lowe's fourth list quite a number were
captured by the mackerel boats at Lowestoft in
the autumn of 1897, but he does not explain
how a purely ground fish like this came to be
captured in drift nets ; it is usually taken by the
trawl.

ANACANTHINI

41. Cod. Gadus morrhua, Linn.

Occurs but is not very abundant. It was not
taken in the trawl in the voyage which I made
in a Lowestoft smack, but appears occasionally
in the records of the International Investigations
from Lowestoft grounds.

42. Haddock. Gadus aeglefinus, Linn,

Considerable numbers of haddock are landed
at Lowestoft, but they are chiefly obtained from
the deeper water to the north. On the Brown
Ridges where the depth is mostly from 10 to 15
fethoms I saw none, and they are not mentioned in
the records of the International Investigations as
occurring on the grounds off the Suffolk coast.

166

FISHES

43. Bib or Pout. Gadus lutcus, Linn.

Occurs at Lowestoft according to Mr. Gur-
ney in Dr. Lowe's list. I did not notice it on
the Brown Ridges in September 1895, but it is
recorded from the deep water off Lowestoft
and from other grounds in the neighbourhood,
in the International Investigations.

44. Whiting. Gadus merlangus, Linn.

Abundant both inshore and on the trawling
grounds. They are caught with hook and line
from the piers of Lowestoft Harbour in autumn
and large numbers are landed by the trawlers.
Many small specimens are taken by the shrimpers
and also by the large trawlers ; in fact I did not see
any over 13 in. long. The trawlers often throw
overboard all the whiting caught at the beginning
of a voyage and save only those taken in the last
hauls, as they are of little value after being in
ice for several days

45. Coal-fish. Gadus virens, Linn.

Plentiful at Yarmouth according to Paget,
but this probably refers only to fish landed by the
trawlers, for the coal-fish belongs to more
northern waters ; in the records of the Interna-
tional Investigations it is only occasionally
recorded from grounds about the Dogger.

46. Ling. Molva vulgaris, Flem.

At Yarmouth according to Paget ; is recorded
once or twice from the Lowestoft deep water
{Intern. Invest.).

*47. Burbot. Lota vulgaris, Cuv.
Occurs in the Waveney.

48. Five-bearded Rockling. Motella mustela,
Linn.

At Yarmouth according to Paget.

PLEURONECTOIDEI

49. Halibut. Hippoglossus vulgaris, Flem.

The halibut being a northern deep-water fish
is not commonly taken off the Suffolk coast, but
a specimen 5 ft. 4 in. long was mentioned in
the Norwich papers of 15 February 1873 as
taken ofiF Yarmouth ; Buckland records another,
6 ft. long weighing 161 lb., from the same place
in 1867 ; a third, above 7 ft. in length and
weighing over 300 lb., is recorded in the Norfolk
Chronicle of 29 April 1876 as taken from the
■deep sea ofiF the eastern counties.

50. Turbot. Rhombus maximus, Linn.

Mr. Gurney obtained a large specimen at
Lowestoft which was caught in the deep chan-
nel opposite the esplanade, and he heard that two

had been taken at the head of the inner harbour
just below Mutford Lock. Turbot are fairly
plentiful on the Lowestoft trawling grounds and
of considerable size.

5 1 . Brill. Rhombus laevis, Linn.

Taken with the turbot in about equal numbers
on trawling grounds.

52. Scald-fish or Scald-back. Arnoglossus laterna,

Walb.

I saw several specimens of this fish taken in the
trawl on the Brown Ridges in September. I
have shown that the male of this fish when
mature has the anterior rays of the dorsal fin
elongated. This was formerly considered to
be a distinct species and named A. lophotes ; I
have not seen this form in the North Sea, it is
known to live in deeper water than the young
specimens.

53. Plaice. Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.

Abundant on the trawling grounds and forms
one of the most valuable parts of the catch of the
trawlers. I found that the plaice on the Brown
Ridges were mature at a smaller size than those
from more northern grounds such as the Dogger
Bank, all over 13 in. being mature, while of the
more northern plaice the limit is about 17 in.
The smallest mature on the Brown Ridges are
9 in. long, while on the northern grounds none
are mature under 13 in. : these figures refer to
females, the males being mature at a somewhat
smaller size. In this respect the Lowestoft
plaice are similar to the Channel plaice studied at
Plymouth. The naturalists of the International
Investigations have studied by means of the rings of
the otoliths the relation between age and size on
different grounds, but have not yet published a full
account of the relation between age and maturity.
They find that on shallow grounds like those off
Lowestoft, as well as on both sides of the North
Sea farther to the north, plaice are much smaller
at the same age than those from deep water or
from the Dogger Bank. According to Dr.
Garstang the lower rate of growth on shallow
grounds is due to overcrowding and consequent
scarcity of food, but other conditions, such as
temperature, probably have an influence on the
growth. The marking experiments of the Inter-
national Investigations show a marked general
tendency in plaice in this part of the North Sea
to migrate southwards in winter and northwards
in summer.

54. Lemon Dab.
Donovan.

Pleuronectes microcephalus,

This fish, called usually lemon sole by fisher-
men and dealers, is very scarce on the Brown
Ridges where the water is shallow, but more
plentiful in the deeper water off the Suffolk
coast.

167

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

55. Dab. PUurenectes limanday Linn.
Plentiful.

56. Flounder. Pleuronectes feius, Linn.
Common in the estuaries at Lowestoft, Har-
wich, etc. and in the sea in the spring when it is
spawning.

57. Sole. Solea vulgaris, Quensel.

Fairly plentiful on the trawling grounds. The
young I J in. to 3 in. long are taken in consider-
able numbers by shrimpers on the Newcome
Sand opposite Lowestoft, together with others
from 6 in. to 10 in. in length. Those taken by
the large trawlers are from 8 in. to 1 8 in. in
length.

58. Solenette. Solea lutea, Risso.
Common on the Brown Ridges.

PLECTOGNATHI

59. Sun-fish. Orthagorlscus mola, Linn.

Three specimens are on record as taken at
Yarmouth, one in Sir Thomas Browne's list
written in 1662, one in 1835, and one in 1843.'

PERCESOCES

60. Thin-lipped Grey Mullet. Mugil capita,

Cuv.
At the mouth of the Orwell (Gurney).

6 1 . Atherine. Atherina presbyter, Jenyns.
At Lowestoft according to Gurney.

62. Larger Launce or Sand-eel. Ammodytes lan-

ceolatus, Lesueur.

Dr. Lowe reverses the English names of these
species, calling lanceolatus the lesser, tobianus the
larger launce. He states that lanceolatus occurs in
the Norfolk Estuary, but it probably occurs also
on the Suffolk coast.

63. Lesser Launce, or Sand-eel. Ammodytes to-

bianus, Lesueur.

Common at Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

64. Gar-fish. Belone vulgaris, Fleming.

Taken regularly in small numbers by the mac-
kerel nets off Lowestoft in October. Dr. Lowe
gives some interesting notes on the occurrence of
the Hemirhamphus europaeus of Yarrell, which is
in all probability the young of this species. He
observed them in the Ouse below Lynn in July
1868.

65. Saury Pike, or Skipper. Scombresox saurus,
Bl. Schn.
Occurs at Yarmouth according to Gurney.

' Paget op. cit. and Zool. 1 843,

HEMIBRANCHII

**66. Three-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus
aculeatus, Linn.
Common.

*b']. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus pun^-
tius, Linn.

Probably occurs.

68, Fifteen-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus
spinachia, Linn.
Rare at Yarmouth according to Paget.

LOPHOBRANCHII

69. Broad-nosed Pipe-fish. Siphonostoma typhle,

Linn.
Occurs at Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

70. Greater Pipe-fish. Syngnathits acus, Linn.
Probably common.

71. Sea-horse. Hippocampus antiquorum. Leach,

Is included in Paget's Yarmouth list, but there
is no record of its having been taken on the Suf-
folk coast.

HAPLOMI

*72. Pike. Esox lucius, Linn.

Common in the Norfolk Broads, probably
occurs in Suffolk.

OSTARIOPHYSI

*73. Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn.
Probably occurs.

*74. Gudgeon. Gobio Jluviatilis, Flem.
Common.

*75. Roach. Leuciscus rutilus, Linn.
Common.

*76. Dace. Leuciscus dobula, Linn.
Common.

*77. Rudd. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Linn.
Common.

*78. Minnow. Leuciscus phoxinus, Linn.
Common.

*79. Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.
Common.

168

FISHES

•80. Bream. Abramii brama, Linn.
Common.

•81. White Bream. Abramis blicca, Bloch.
Probably occurs.

•82. Loach. NemachUus barbatula, Linn.
Probably occurs.

MALACOPTERYGII

•*83. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn.

The salmon does not seem to occur in the
Suffolk rivers, although in Sir T. Browne's time
it was said to be taken in the Waveney. It is
recorded that a specimen weighing 25 lb. was
captured off Lowestoft in a trawl net in May
1879, and that this was only the second instance
since 1849.* A specimen of I3jlb. weight is
recorded in Lowe's fourth list as taken in a draw-
net at Gorleston, 17 May 1898.

**84. Salmon Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn.

Lubbock states that the salmon-trout is taken
in the Waveney. Considerable numbers are
taken in the mackerel nets off Lowestoft in Octo-
ber. One which I examined in 1895 was I4|-in.
long. Although great variation occurs in the
proportions of the head, in the shape of the preoper-
culum, and in the number of the coecal appen-
dages, these differences are not constant enough
to distinguish permanent varieties.

*85. Trout. Sa/mo fario, Linn.

According to Lubbock there are no trout in
the Waveney and they are not mentioned as
occurring in the rivers of Suffolk.

**86. Smelt. Osmerus eperlanus, Linn.

Common in all the estuaries, at Lowestoft, in
the Aide, the Deben, the Orwell, and the Stour.
Hele in Notes and Jottings about Aldeburgh
mentions an indenture of 1608 in the town-hall
of that town, agreeing that a reduced payment
should be made to the Priory, of Our Lady of
Snape for every boat fishing for Sperling in Sperling
time. These fish never leave the estuaries
entirely, but they ascend almost to the limits of
the tide to spawn, and deposit their eggs in fresh
water. The ova are adhesive and attach them-
selves by a flexible membrane to piles and piers
or other objects in the water ; but many of them
become detached and move to and fro with the
tide at the bottom of the channel.

87. Anchovy. Engraulis encrasicholus, Linn.

Paget records a specimen found on the beach
at Yarmouth in 1830, and Lowe states that they

Colman, Land and Water, 10 May 1879.

are frequently caught in the Ouse at Lynn in
Norfolk. Although there are no actual records
for Suffolk they probably occur in the sea off the
coast in autumn, as they are abundant in the
Zuyder Zee in Holland in summer and migrate
southwards through the English Channel in the
autumn.

88. Herring. Clupea harengus, Linn.

Immense shoals of herrings arrive off the coasts
of Suffolk and Norfolk at the beginning of Oc-
tober, and from that time to the end of November
a great fishery is carried on at Lowestoft and
Yarmouth, in which not only hundreds of local
boats take part, but large numbers of Scotch
boats. The herrings spawn in November, and
soon after spawning all depart again. Her-
rings are also on the Suffolk coast from March
to July, and in all probability another spawning
takes place some time within that period. No
special study however has been made of these
spring herrings, but there is evidence from other
parts of the coast that herrings spawn at the
beginning of the year as well as in autumn.
There is reason to believe that the fish of the
two seasons are not the same, but perfectly dis-
tinct, and that they form separate races. The
autumn herrings are larger and come from the
deep sea, while the spring herrings spawn nearer
shore and do not migrate to so great a distance.

89. Sprat. Clupea sprattus, Linn.

Caught off the coast with small-meshed drift-
nets from the beginning of November to the
middle of January. This fishery is carried on
at Lowestoft, Southwold, Thorpe, and Aldeburgh,
while at Harwich sprats are caught with stow-
nets in the. estuary. In Lowe's Fishes of Norfolk
Mr. Dowell is quoted as stating that though he
had seen vast quantities of sprats caught, he never
saw one with roe. This fact can now be ex-
plained, for it has been proved that sprats spawn
at some distance from the coast in summer, and
that during the sprat fishery in autumn and win-
ter, when they are in the estuaries or near the
coast, their roes, although of course present, are
not developed. Ripe specimens with large roes have
been obtained occasionally in the trawl, and the
eggs, which are buoyant, are found in the sea from
February to May or June. The young, soon
after hatching, approach the shore and enter the
estuaries, where they are caught as whitebait.

90. Pilchard. Clupea pilchardus, Walb. Artedi.

According to Paget a few specimens are taken
every year in the herring-nets at Yarmouth, but
usually they are rare. In some years at the end
of the 1 8th century, according to the same
authority, these fish were abundant. They have
also been recorded at Harwich.

169

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

**9i. Allis Shad. Clupea alosa, Linn.

Not abundant. According to Paget not un-
common with the herrings at Yarmouth. Two
specimens recorded by Gurney as taken at
Lowestoft in May 1840, a male of 3^ lb. and a
female of 4J lb.

**92. Twaite Shad. Clupta finta^Cm.

Not uncommon at Yarmouth according to
Paget. A specimen over 2 lb. in weight was
caught with hook and line at Lowestoft in June
1867 (Lowe).

APODES
**93. Eel. Anguilla vulgaris, Turton,

Common in the rivers and estuaries. A quo-
tation by Day in his British Fishes states that
Mr. Gurney used to find sharp-nosed eels along
the coast at Lowestoft, sometimes nearly a mile
from the harbour mouth. These were doubtless
males, in which the snout is narrower and sharper
than in the females. Both sexes however may
be taken in the sea, since all eels migrate to the
sea in order to spawn. It has now been proved
that the spawning of the eel takes place and the
young are hatched in the open Atlantic to the
west and south of the British Isles, in the neigh-
bourhood of the 500 fathom line. The larvae are
ribbon shaped and perfectly transparent, and were

formerly known as a species of Leptocephalus under
the name L. hrevirostris. The identification of
this species as the larva of the eel was made by
Grassi and Calandruccio at Catania in Sicily in
1893, and in 1905 specimens of this larva were
taken in considerable numbers ofiF the entrance
to the English Channel, just beyond the 500-
fathom line, by the Danish naturalist Johannes
Schmidt on the Danish investigation steamer
Thor. The spawning eels were not obtained,
but the presence of the larvae shows that the
spawning takes place not far off; the larvae were
not taken at the bottom, but within about 50
fathoms of the surface. Thus all the eels which
live in fresh waters in England or elsewhere in
north-western Europe are originally hatched in
the open Atlantic and migrate thence to the
rivers. Eels spawn only once in their lives;
those which descend to the sea never return, but
die after shedding their eggs and milt.

94. Conger. Conger vulgaris, Cuv.

Not uncommon at Yarmouth according to
Paget. In October 1895 I saw four specimens
landed at Lowestoft by a trawler which had
been fishing in the deep water off the town.
The larva of the Conger is Leptocephalus morrisi,
which has occasionally been taken in shallow
water, but there is no doubt that spawning takes
place in deep water. Like the eel the conger
spawns only once in its life. All the large
specimens taken are females, the males never
exceeding 2 ft. 6 in. in length.

GANOIDS

•*95. Sturgeon. Acipemer sturio, Linn.

Dr. John Lowe mentions a specimen taken off
the Suffolk coast which was 12 ft. 2 in. long and
weighed only 156 lb. In Mr. Hele's little book
on Aldeburgh he writes ' Mr. G. T. Rope of Blax-
hall,Tunstall, has furnished the following interest-
ing particulars concerning the capture of a sturgeon
many years ago. The incident is well remem-
bered by his father, now (1870) in his 90th year.
The fish was taken in the river Aide at Rendham,
according to Mr. Rope senior between the years
1836 and 1840. The capture occurred on the
property of the grandfather of the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield of Guestling Rectory near Hastings,

and that gentleman in a letter to Mr. Rope gives
the following account of the event : — " There had
been a flood, but the water had gone down, so
that the sturgeon was left in a hole of the river
and could not get away. A boy who had been
sent from the Grove, Glenham, where my grand-
father lived, to the farm at Rendham, saw as he
supposed a pig in the river. He therefore told them
at the farm what he had seen. The head man at
once went with a halter to pull the pig out and
so captured the sturgeon. It was a very fine one
and was exhibited at Saxmundham. I think the
sturgeon must have been taken some time before
1835."*

170

FISHES

CHONDROPTERYGIANS

q6. Blue Shark. Carcharias glaucus, Linn.

Mentioned by Paget as seen occasionally at
Yarmouth with the herring. Mr. Gunn records
a specimen 5 ft. 4 in. long stranded on the beach
at Yarmouth in 1866, which Lowe suggests
might have been a tope. Hele records the cap-
ture of a specimen at Aldeburgh, and a second
stranded specimen 6 ft. long at Yarmouth is
recorded in the Zoologht in 1867.

97. Tope. Galeus vulgaris, Flem.

I identified a specimen taken in the trawl
when I was on board a Lowestoft trawler on
the Brown Ridges in 1895. It was a female
25 in. in length.

98. Hammerhead. Zygaena malleus, Risso.

A specimen is on record as taken at Yarmouth
in November 1829.

99. Smooth Hound. Mustelus vulgaris, Mullcr

& Henle.

A specimen 12 in. long was taken during my
voyage on the Brown Ridges in 1895. I also
saw a small specimen taken in the shrimp trawl
on the Newcome Sand. The men called it a
Sweet William, a name given by Dale in his
Antiquities of Harwich, published in 1 830, to
Galeus vulgaris.

100. Rough Hound or Small-spotted Dog-fish.

Scyllium canicula, Linn.

At Lowestoft according to Gurney.

loi. Nurse Hound or Large-spotted Dog-fish.
Scyllium catulus, Cuv.

At Yarmouth according to Paget.

102. Porbeagle. Lamna cornuhica, Gmel.

Two specimens taken at Yarmouth (Paget).
Southwell in his Notes to Sir Thomas Browne's
list states that a specimen 7 ft. long was taken
\t Lowestoft in October 1900, in drift-nets.

103. Thresher. Alopias vulpes, Gmel.

This species was first described by Dr. Caius
in 1570 from a specimen stranded between
Lowestoft and Pakefield. Southwell mentions
specimens at Lowestoft on 1 1 and 29 September
1897. Another occurred at the same place in
November 1898 which was 14 ft. long. It is
not infrequent in the mackerel season ; it preys
on the mackerel and is entangled in the drift-
nets.

104. Basking Shark. Selache maxima, Gmc\.

Paget states that several have been taken at
Yarmouth at different times.

105. Picked Dog-fish or Spur-dog. Acanthias

vulgaris, Risso.

I saw a small specimen caught in the shrimp
trawl on the Newcome Sand, but none on the
Brown Ridges. It is probably common at times,
but being a mid-water swimmer is usually
caught in the drift-nets or by hook and line.

1 06. Greenland Shark. Laemargus microcephalus,

Bl. Schn.
Southwell records a male specimen 12^ ft.
long taken off Kessingland in February 1875.'

107. Angel-fish or Monk-fish. Rhina squatina,

Linn.
A specimen was exhibited by fishermen on
the beach at Lowestoft in August 1874
(T. Southwell).

108. Torpedo or Electric Ray. Torpedo nobi-

liana, Bonap.

In Lowe's supplementary list a fine specimen
of T. vulgaris is stated to have been trawled at
Lowestoft in December 1883. It was in all
probability this species.

109. Common Skate. Rata hatis, Linn.

Probably occurs in the deep water. I did
not see any caught on the shallow grounds when
I was at Lowestoft.

1 10. White Skate, Burton Skate. Rata alba,

Lac6p.
A fine example is mentioned by Day as taken
off Yarmouth in October 1883, the first for
twenty-five years according to the Eastern Daily
Press at the time.

111. Thornback Ray. Raia clavaia, hinn.
Common. I saw three young specimens taken

in the trawl on the Brown Ridges
they were about 12 in. in width.

1895;

112. Spotted Ray or Homelyn Ray. Raia

maculata, Montagu.
Probably occurs, as it is common off Norfolk
according to Lowe.

113. Sting Ray. Trygort pastinaca, hinn.

Mr. Gurney in Lowe's list mentions one
weighing about 2 stone which he saw taken off
Kessingland in 1856 and which had a double
spine. T. E. Gunn records one from Yarmouth
3 ft. 6 in. long which weighed 4 stone.

114. Eagle Ray. Mylicbatis aquila, Linn.

One found dead on Lowestoft beach in June
1867.

'Zoo/. 1875.

171

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

CYCLOSTOMES

•*II5. Sea Lamprey. Petromyzon marinus, *ii6. Lampern or River Lamprey. Petromyzon
Linn. JluviatiliSy Linn,

According to Lowe this species is abundant in Occurs in Norfolk in the Ouse, and perhaps

the Yare in April and May, when numbers in Suffolk rivers, but is not recorded,

ascend the river to breed; it probably occurs *^^^ Planer's Lamprey. Petromyzon branchialis,
also in the Wavcney, and perhaps in other Suf- Linn.

rivers. Occurs in Norfolk according to Lowe and

therefore probably in Suffolk, but not recorded.

172

REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS

Four species only of reptiles and five of batrachians can with certainty
be enumerated for this county. Of the former all have apparently de-
creased in number during the last century, especially the latter half of
it ; three in particular, the common ringed snake, viper and slow-worm,
being no longer found in many of their former haunts. The face of the
country has undergone such changes through a higher system of cultiva-
tion, enclosure of wastes, drainage and other causes, that much of it has
become unfitted for the requirements of these creatures. On the other
hand, the shelter provided by numerous railway cuttings and embank-
ments may, it is to be hoped, serve to retard, and perhaps prevent, the
utter extermination of these and other persecuted members of the British
fauna.

As regards batrachians, the natterjack {Bufo calatnita) is found in
several places near the coast. The Norfolk and Cambridgeshire colonics
of the edible frog [Rana esculenta) do not appear to have spread into
this county. A single specimen, doubtless an escaped one, was found in
a garden at Felixstowe in August 1882 (see note by A. B. R. Battye,
Zoologist, 1883, p. 226). Several of these frogs brought from Normandy
were turned out at Blaxhall in 1882, and a further supply, obtained
from London, in 1892 ; but owing to improper packing a large number
died. A few were seen and heard through the summers of 1893 and
1894, and one, in the adjoining parish of Farnham, in 1895, since which
time none have been observed.

The palmated newt {Molge paimata) has not, as far as I am aware,
been met with in this county, but as it has been found both in Nor-
folk and Essex it seems not unlikely that its presence may eventually be
detected.

Eleven examples of the European water tortoise {Emys lutaria)
were placed in a pond at Blaxhall in 1889, but most of them soon
wandered away in different directions. During the three following
years specimens were from time to time found about the village, and
in 1894 two were discovered in a marsh ditch about a quarter of a mile
off, another in the river (Aide) at about the same distance in an oppo-
site direction, and a third in a ditch at Iken Cliff, more than two miles
off. During the years 1894 and 1895 forty-nine of these tortoises were
turned into ditches and ponds at Blaxhall. A few were at the same
time liberated in some water adjoining a garden at Little Glemham.

^7Z

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

These latter appeared regularly near the same spot for several summers
in succession, but have now ceased to do so. In all cases the tortoises
remained in a healthy and thriving condition, but no young ones have
been seen.

REPTILES

LACERTILIA

1. Common or Viviparous Lizard. Lactrta

vivipara (Jacq.)

Fairly common in some parts of the county
on dry banks facing south or south-east.
About the heaths of east Suffolk it used to
be most abundant ; but in those parts best
known to the writer, where pheasants now
abound, lizards have become very scarce.
Over a large extent of heath land in the
parishes of Blaxhall and Tunstall, much of it
common ground, these little creatures were
within the recollection of the writer extremely
abundant, notwithstanding that kestrels were
at that time much more numerous than at
present, and harriers not uncommon. Since
however the preservation of game has been
extended to this tract of ground, and pheasants
have greatly increased in number, the lizards
have almost if not entirely disappeared.

As regards the western part of the county.
Professor A. Newton writes, ' According to
my experience the viviparous lizard was very
scarce and extremely local in west Suffolk.
At Elveden I knew of only one place where
it was ever to be seen, and even there one
could not be sure of always meeting with it.'

2. Slow-worm. Anguh fragilis, Linn.

This harmless and interesting little reptile
is pretty generally distributed, but reports
from various districts show it to be less com-
mon than it used to be. It is unfortunately
looked upon by many people as a noxious and
dangerous creature, and is therefore destroyed
by them if possible whenever met with. In
many parts of east Suffolk it is now but sel-
dom seen. About Thetford also it is con-
sidered by Mr. W. G. Clarke to be ' rather
rare.'

The increased attention paid to roads and
roadside banks and hedges may perhaps partly
account for the disappearance of this animal
from some of its former haunts, the surface
of the banks being seldom allowed to remain
long undisturbed, and the hedges kept so low
and narrow as to afford little or no shelter or
concealment.

In Earl Soham churchyard slow-worms
have been noticed by the Rev. R. Abbay to
be abundant ; and communications received
from other parts of the county seem to de-

note a particular partiality or these little
reptiles for churchyards in general. In such
situations they would probably have a better
chance of remaining undisturbed than else-
where, and be less exposed to persecution from
men and boys.

OPHIDIA

3. Common or Ringed Snake. 1 ropidonotus
natrix, Linn.

Throughout the whole county this species
is much less numerous than it was thirty or
forty years ago, and from many districts where
it was formerly not uncommon it has now
totally disappeared. It is doubtful indeed if
it can anywhere be called plentiful at the
present time. The much 'cleaner' system of
farming now adopted, involving the abolition
of the old rough banks and wide straggling
hedges of former times, the drainage of swamps
and enclosure and cultivation of waste cor-
ners, have long been encroaching upon and
gradually restricting the former haunts of the
ringed snake. In those woods and waste
grounds where it still maintains a struggle
for existence every man's hand is against it ;
the gamekeepers destroy it as ' vermin,' and
the country people generally, believing this
harmless animal to be a venomous creature
dangerous to mankind, consider it a meritorious
action to kill every one they meet with. In
the neighbourhood of Ipswich there are woods
and heaths where the common snake is still
occasionally seen. Mr. H. Miller of Ipswich
and other observers have met with examples
at Bentley, Foxhall, Raydon and Brantham.
About Needham Market specimens have fre-
quently been observed by Mr. H. Lingwood.
In the Beccles district Mr. W. M. Crowfoot
reports it to be still not uncommon, while
about Herringfleet, a few miles further north,
it appears to have become rare. Reports
from the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds
and west Suffolk generally, mostly agree as to
the increasing scarcity of snakes, though these
reptiles still exist in some places. The Rev.
J. G. Tuck, writing from Tostock near Bury,
refers to the ringed snake as getting rare in
that part of the county. About ten years
ago he used to come across specimens often
enough. In a later communication to the
writer he mentions two snakes having been.

174

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

seen on the railway bank at Elmswell on
9 April 1903. Just over the Cambridgeshire
border at the ' Devil's Dyke ' a large snake
was observed by a friend of Mr. F. Norgate's
in September 1892.

One reason given by Mr. Bateman ' for
the greater scarcity of this species as com-
pared with the viper, is that the eggs of the
former, often deposited in manure heaps and
similar situations, are very liable to injury
and often prevented from hatching, while the
more prolific * viper produces at one time
from thirty to fifty little viperlings, all ready
and able to fight their way in the world.'

For an interesting account of the curious
behaviour of some sparrows and a robin in
the presence of a snake, see the Zoologist for
1869, p. 1918.

4. Common Viper or Adder. Vipera berus,
Linn.

Very much scarcer than it used to be, but
still found in many parts of the county. On
the irregular strip of heath land which runs
more or less parallel to the coast, extending
in places several miles inland, it was up to
thirty or forty years ago fairly common.
Here it probably subsisted principally on the
lizards which then abounded on the same
ground. At that time vipers were not un-
frequently carried into the neighbouring farm-
yards, among loads of furze, brakes (bracken)
and heather brought from the heath. Of

late years Mr. H. Miller has met with
examples at Nacton and Alnesbourne, as
well as in woods at Bentley, Raydon and
Brantham, and Mr. Hudson has until lately
found this reptile common at Foxhall near
the decoy. From the heath about Blaxhall,
Tunstall and Iken, it has almost entirely dis-
appeared. At Gedgrave one was lately killed
by a waggoner with his whip while it was
crossing the road, and was preserved by Mr.
Hudson of Ipswich. Vipers were formerly
common about Blyth burgh, Westleton and
Dunwich, but according to various observers
their numbers have greatly diminished. In-
deed intelligence received from several parts
of the county agrees with respect to the in-
creasing scarcity of this reptile in comparison
with former times. In very few districts
does it still appear to be at all abundant.
Mr. W. M. Crowfoot considers it not un-
common in the neighbourhood of Beccles,
and has found the red variety in Worlingham
Park. He was also told by Colonel Leathes
of Herringfleet Hall, some 4 or 5 miles from
Beccles, that they were a great deal too com-
mon in that parish. Mr. H. Lingwood, in a
letter to the writer, states that it is frequently
met with in the neighbourhood of Needham
Market, also that he has known it take the
water like the common snake. Mr. F.
Norgate killed two vipers at Tuddenham
St. Mary near Mildenhall in May 1893,
and has occasionally met with them there in
previous years.

BATRACHIANS

ECAUDATA

1. Common Frog. Rana tempararia, Linn.

Locally, Fresher or Freshy.
Plentiful in low and moist situations in all
parts of the county. A handsome variety is
sometimes met with, in which the upper
parts are of a rich chestnut with darker spots
or blotches, the under parts yellow, splashed
and sprinkled with light scarlet or blood red.
This occurs about Blaxhall, Farnham and
the surrounding district. The writer has
also seen a specimen near the river Stour at
Bures, and it is probably to be found in other
parts of the county.

2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris^ Laur.

Locally, Hopping-toad.
Common. Breeds abundantly in many
ponds and ditches (though by no means in

' The Ovarium, by the Rev. Gregory C. Bate-
man, A.K.C., p. zzz.

all of them) throughout the county. Great
numbers both of toads and frogs are de-
stroyed and partly devoured at the com-
mencement of the spawning season by rats.

3. Natterjack Toad. Bufo calamita, Laur.

This very local species occurs in more than
one part of the county, showing as elsewhere
a decided partiality for the sea coast. It is
found at Belton near Yarmouth, Herringfleet,
St. Olaves, Southwold and Walberswick.*
From thence, following the coast line in a
southerly direction, we come to Aldeburgh,
where in August 1882 the Rev. H. A.
Macpherson observed examples in warm

' At Herringfleet it has been observed by Mr.
H. Miller of Ipswich, as well as by Colonel
Leathes, who has also seen specimens at St. Olaves.
Both Mr. Miller and Mr. E. R. Cooper have met
with this species at Southwold, and at Walberswick
it has been noticed by Mr. Cooper and the pre-
leat writer.

175

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

sunshine quite close to the beach.' Further
south Mr. H. Miller has noticed this species
in a garden at Alderton. At Bawdsey, an
adjoining village at the mouth of the river
Deben, a colony of natterjacks has long
been known to exist. Through the kind-
ness of Mr. W. H. Tuck I am enabled to
record an inland locality for this interesting
little batrachian. At Tostock, a village
situated about midway between Stowmarket
and Bury St. Edmunds, there is a pond which
forms one of the sources of the little river
Thet. This particular pond, one among
several in that neighbourhood, has long been
frequented in the breeding season by natter-
jacks. Mr. Tuck states that they leave the
water in July. These animals used to spawn
annually at Coldfair Green, about 3 miles
north-west of Aldeburgh. A small stream
here crosses the green, connected after heavy
rains with several shallow depressions in the
ground, which then become pools of water ;
remaining in that state sometimes for many
months. Here, within a stone's throw of
several cottages, the natterjacks used to de-
posit their spawn, and at the end of April and
beginning of May their loud ringing cry
could be heard for a considerable distance.
From some unknown cause they have now
deserted this spot. On 17 June 1903 the

* Zoobpst, 1882, p. 465.

Rev. J. G. Tuck saw a half grown natter-
jack on Wortham Common near Diss.

CAUDATA

4. Great Crested Newt. Molge cristatOy

Laur.
Inhabits ponds in various parts of the
county, particularly those upon a clay soil.
It is less numerous than the common smooth
newt, but the two are not unfrequently found
together, the warty newt sometimes making
a meal of its smaller relative.

5. Common Newt. Molge vulgarity Linn.

(Triton punctatus, Latr.)
Plentiful in many ponds and pools of
stagnant water, particularly those in which
the shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)
grows, upon the under side of the leaves of
which the female often deposits her eggs.
The common newt is sometimes found
hibernating in cellars, but more frequently
under stones, logs, etc. The young after their
transition from the tadpole state, instead of
increasing, appear for a time to diminish con-
siderably in bulk. It is not unusual to find
hibernating on land, newts which have at-
tained the perfect or adult stage, so extremely
small as to be less than half the size of ex-
amples in the larval condition, living in the
water and still retaining their branchiae.

ADDENDUM

European Water Tortoise. Emys lutaria. Some of the water tortoises turned out at
Blaxhall and Little Glemham during the years 1894 and 1895 still survive in both parishes.
Three large specimens have been seen together during the spring of 1908, in a ditch at the
latter place.

T76

BIRDS

If the list of the birds of Suffolk falls short of the Norfolk list
by about thirty species, it is not because the former county has been
less attractive to birds than its northern neighbour, but because Suffolk
has not been so productive of resident naturalists who have made a special
study of local birds. The fifty miles of Suffolk coast-line with its tidal
rivers, as well as the marshes and broads of the east and the fens of the
north-west, must have been literally teeming with bird-life in the
eighteenth century. Latham seems to have had some knowledge of the
birds of Suffolk, but it was not till 1824 that the Rev. Revett Sheppard
(a Suffolk man) and the Rev. William Whitear jointly produced their
Catalogue of Norfolk and Suffolk Birds, with Remarks. In 1846, when the
Rev. Alfred Suckling published The History and Antiquities of the County
of Suffolk, he was assisted by Mr. T. M. Spalding, who furnished him
with a List of Birds rarely and occasionally met with in the County of Suffolk
(vol. i. Introduction pp. xxxv.— ix.). This list contains 116 species,
some of which are ordinary summer migrants, such as the wheatear and
wryneck, both of which are accorded a place. In 1859 the late Mr,
Nicholas Fenwick Hele, a Devonshire man, went into practice as a
medical man at Aldeburgh, where he remained till his much-lamented
death in 1892. The two editions of his Notes and Jottings about Alde-
burgh, published respectively in 1870 and 1890, contain much interesting
information on the birds of the district, and his fine collection of local
birds, many of them shot, and nearly all mounted by himself, is now
preserved in the Ipswich Museum. In 1886 the late Dr. Churchill
Babington, rector of Cockfield, published The Catalogue of the Birds of
Suffolk, with an Introduction and Remarks on their Distribution, an octavo
volume of nearly 300 pages, illustrated by photographs taken from
mounted specimens of some of the rarest species; and in 1891 the
present writer furnished a list of Suffolk birds for Mr. William White's
History, Gazetteer and Directory of Suffolk.

At the present time about ninety species of birds habitually breed
in the county, and some few others may breed or attempt to do so from
time to time, though they can hardly be considered to do so regularly.
These are the Dartford warbler, white wagtail, crossbill, short-eared owl,
Montagu's harrier, hobby, garganey, pochard, quail, spotted crake, oyster-
catcher and woodcock ; and then follows a rather melancholy list of birds
which are known to have formerly bred in the county, some of them
in large numbers, but which do so no longer, and with the possible
exception of the bearded tit there is little hope of their ever doing so
again. This catalogue includes the bearded tit, raven, buzzard, pere-
I 177 23

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

grine falcon, cormorant, spoonbill, great bustard, avocet and black-headed
gull, to which perhaps may be added the Sandwich tern and the
roseate tern, and there can be little doubt that in days now long gone by
many other species resorted to the woods, fens and marshes of Suffolk in
the nesting season. No record seems to exist of Savi's warbler, the
marsh-harrier, hen-harrier, honey-buzzard, kite, bittern, grey-lag goose,
crane, ruff, black-tailed godwit, curlew and black tern having bred in
the county, but from what we know of their habits in other parts of
England in former times, and on the continent of Europe at the present
day, it seems quite reasonable to believe that such was the case.

The birds seen or obtained on Breydon Water, which for some
three miles forms the boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, may fairly
be considered to belong in an equal degree to both counties, and several
species have no other claim to a place in the Suffolk list than their occur-
rence ' on Breydon.'

In the following list, when a species is described as a 'resident' it is
intended to convey the meaning that some individuals of that species
may be found in the county all the year round, but not in all cases the
same in winter as in summer. Two very well known birds, the song-
thrush and the chaffinch, may be taken as typical examples. Very few
thrushes pass the winter in Suffolk, even though that season may be an
exceptionally mild one, and for every one that does so we have at least a
dozen pairs of breeding birds. On the contrary swarms of migratory
chaffinches come to us with the bramblings in late autumn and early
winter, and for every pair which breed here we have twenty or more
* foreigners ' in winter. The blackbirds which come to our holly trees
in December with the fieldfares and redwings are probably not the same
birds which throng our fruit gardens in June ; the ' plovers' eggs ' so
eagerly sought by schoolboys in the Easter holidays are not laid by the
same lapwings which may be seen flocking in our fields in November ;
and the snipe whose ' drumming ' above our marshes and meadows is
one of the most welcome signs of the coming of spring will be far
away when the snipe-shooter goes over the same ground later in the year.
It would seem in fact that most birds which breed with us leave us in
the late summer or autumn and move on to the south ; their places are
filled, and in the case of the sky-lark and wood-pigeon filled ten times
over, by others of the same species which come to us from the north.
The migration of ' resident ' species can be seen by any one who passes a
few days at Southwold or Aldeburgh about the middle of October,
when sky-larks, starlings, rooks and jackdaws can be watched as they
come in over the sea.

By a ' summer migrant ' is meant a bird which comes to us in
spring, remains with us some months, rearing one or perhaps two broods
here, and leaving again in autumn never spends the winter in this
country. Of this class we have about thirty species, of which the red-
backed shrike, swift, wryneck, turtle-dove, stone-curlew, common tern
and lesser tern may be mentioned as examples.

178

BIRDS

A ' winter migrant ' on the other hand is a bird which comes to us
in autumn, remaining with us till the return of spring calls it back to its
breeding haunts in more northern regions. The fieldfare, redwing,
brambling, hooded crow, with the great majority of the woodcocks, are
examples of this class, and having no inducement to remain long in one
place, their movements are more irregular and uncertain than those of
the summer migrants.

The term ' visitant ' is applied to a species which comes to us on its
passage from north to south, or vice versa, remaining only for a few weeks
or days, perhaps but for a few hours, for the purpose of resting. Many
of the waders, like the grey plover, greenshank, knot and bar-tailed
godwit, come to the Suffolk coast and to Breydon Water in May on their
migration to their northern breeding grounds, and make a return visit in
August and September when the young birds of the year are numerous,
but at mid-summer or mid-winter none are to be found. Under the
heading of ' visitants ' must also be included those birds the occurrence of
which in the county is more or less irregular and accidental.

A good deal of bird protection has been accomplished in Suffolk
both by private effort and recent legislation. Within the limits of juris-
diction of the West Suffolk County Council all species of owls, the
kestrel, the kingfisher, and the great bustard (the last-named for special
reasons) are now protected throughout the year, and the taking or
destroying of their eggs, with those of the nightjar, heron, stone-
curlew, redshank and many other species is prohibited. In east Suffolk
that portion of the coast on which the terns and other birds breed is
now a ' protected area,' and here, where a single raid used formerly to
produce eighty or a hundred ' cobs' eggs,' protection exists not only in
name but in actual fact. Breydon Water also is well looked after in the
close time by the members of the Breydon Protection Society and their
agents, so that spoonbills frequently come there, remain for some days,
and depart in safety. The extension of the close time in Norfolk and
east Suffolk from i August to i September has also been of great value
in preventing the wanton destruction of the terns and black-headed
gulls.

It seems desirable to add the local or colloquial names of each species
so far as it has been possible to obtain them. Natural history ' object
lessons ' now form a part of the instruction given in village schools, and
the teaching must often be given by those whose knowledge of their
subject has been gained from books and illustrations rather than from
actual out-door experience. The children will thus be taught to speak
of the various birds by what must be admitted to be their proper names
and to discard the familiar ' mavis ' and ' King Harry ' which have come
down from generation to generation in our villages, so it seems possible
that in the course of time these names may become obsolete.

In drawing up this list the second edition (1899) of Mr. Howard
Saunders' Illustrated Manual of British Birds has been adopted as the
guide both to the order in which the species are given, and the name

179

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

under which each one is mentioned. Following the example of that
excellent authority, the purple gallinule, the Canada goose and the
Egyptian goose are excluded from the list as birds which have escaped
from captivity or semi-captivity, and the ' parrot-crossbill ' and ' Polish
swan ' are not treated as distinct species. 384 species of British birds are
described in the Manual, of which 282 find a place in this list.

Space will not permit individual acknowledgment of all the valuable
assistance received, but the writer's cordial thanks are due to Mr. Frank
Norgate, who has most kindly read through the MS. and the proof-sheets ;
to the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and Mr. G. T. Rope for the use of their
private notes ; and to Mr. L. Travis for his unvaried courtesy during
the last fifteen years in affording opportunities for the inspection of the
birds sent to him for preservation and also in giving information of their
localities.

1. Mistle-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn.

Locally, Mistier or Mistle-bird.
A resident, breeding early, and as a rule
rearing only one brood in the year. It does
not frequent fruit gardens in the summer,
but goes away with its young into meadows
and fields.

2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn.

Locally, Mavis.
A resident, though, as previously stated, a
thoroughly migratory species. An early
breeder, sometimes having eggs in February,
and nesting at least twice in the season.

3. Redwing. Turdus iliacusy Linn.

A typical ' winter migrant,' often found in
company with the fieldfare, and, like that
species, never under any circumstances re-
maining to breed here.

4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn.

Locally, Fulfer or Dow-Fulfer ( = Dove Field-
fare,) probably from the dove colour on its
back.

A winter migrant, which in hard weather
abandons its ' field-faring ' habits, and comes
into gardens to feed on holly-berries. During
a short but severe frost in February, 1902,
over forty fell in one day to one gun, a
slaughter only excusable from the fact that
the fieldfare in good condition is an excellent
bird for the table.

5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn.
Resident and common, but a bird whose

migratory habits are plainly shown by the
frequent casualties with which it meets on
the lanterns of lighthouses and lightships. It
breeds twice or thrice in the season, the first
clutch of eggs rarely exceeding four, while in

May or June five are often and six occasion-
ally found. Varieties with more or less white
in the plumage are not uncommon. The
blackbird much appreciates being fed in win-
ter, and a few apples, worthless for the table
or kitchen, are a great boon to it in severe
weather.

6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn.

A spring and autumn visitant, probably
occurring every year. One got into a net
and was captured in a garden at Icklingham
in the summer of 1901. There seems to be
no satisfactory record of its nestmg here,
though several heaths and commons in Suffolk
are well suited to its habits.

7. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.)

Locally, Stone-chuck.
A typical ' summer migrant * and one of
the earliest, arriving on the east coast about
the last week in March. ' The sea-blue bird
of March ' is to be seen on rabbit-warrens,
heaths and waste grounds, where it builds its
nest in rabbit-burrows, rearing two broods in
the year. During the last few years no less
than three new species of wheatear have been
added to the British bird list, of which it may
be said that any one who finds himself the
possessor of a rather small wheatear with a
black or mottled patch under the throat has
a very valuable prize, and that, if these rare
visitors occur at all, the locality will probably
be near the coast, and the time that of the
autumn migration.

8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.)

Locally, Furze-chuck.
A summer migrant, breeding in rough
grass meadows and on furze commons
throughout the county.

180

BIRDS

9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.)

Locally, Furze-chuck.
A resident, though more numerous in sum-
mer, and only nesting on furze commons. It
breeds twice in the year, building a nest so
well concealed in the thickest part of a furze
bush that its discovery is almost impossible
unless the bird is seen to go to it or suddenly
flushed from it.

10. Redstart. RuticUla phanicurus {LAnn.)
Locally, Fire-tail or Red-tail.

This pretty species is well known as a
summer migrant throughout the county.

1 1 . Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli)
Though a regular winter migrant to some

parts of England, in Suffolk this bird is a
decidedly rare winter visitant, usually found
near the coast. If a redstart is seen in the
eastern counties after September, it is pretty
certain to be one of this species.

12. Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica

(Linn.)
A very rare spring and autumn visitant,
of which Dr. Babington mentions the occur-
rence of seven specimens, and no more seem
to have been recorded. The bluethroat is
unlikely to be found except near the coast,
and in the plain plumage of the first year
might easily be overlooked.

13. Redbreast. Erithacus ruhecula (Linn.)
The title ' robin ' is so often applied to

this bird that it can hardly be given as a
local name. Though a common resident,
there are numerous records of its migrations
on the east coast and elsewhere, even on the
Shetland Islands. Wherever the custom of
feeding birds in the winter is practised the
robin is always well to the front, and often
comes so late in the afternoon that his colour-
ing cannot be seen. In April, 1903, a pair
hatched off in a garden at Bury, of which the
cock would take meal-worms from the hand
and carry them to the young brood. An old
kettle with the lid removed and placed on its
side in a bush or in ivy on a wall is a favourite
nesting place. Occasionally a clutch of per-
fectly white eggs is found, and the second
nest of the robin is in Suffolk frequently
selected by the cuckoo for the reception of
its egg.

14. Nightingale. Daulias lusc'tnia (Linn.)
About the middle of April this well known

summer migrant arrives in Suffolk in large
numbers, and those who know it well by
sight often recognize it before it makes its

presence known by its song. Its nest — of
which oak leaves always form a part — and
eggs are both unlike those of any other bird
nesting in Great Britain, though the eggs vary
a good deal. Perhaps a circle with a ten mile
radius and the Norman tower at Bury for
its centre would contain as many nightingales
in May as any district of equal area in this
country, and they indirectly enjoy the benefit
of the protection of the gamekeeper, who likes
his woods ' kept quiet ' in the breeding time.
Only one brood is reared in the season, and
as soon as the young are hatched the song of
the cock ceases, so when it is heard after the
first week in June it is usually due to the
fact that the first nest has been taken or de-
stroyed.

15. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein)
Locally, Hay-jack.
This lively little summer migrant is com-
mon everywhere, and its nest, usually built in
what is known in Suffolk as the ' brew ' of a
ditch, is often disclosed by the bird darting
out at the feet of any one passing by.

Sylvii

'via curruca

Lesser Whitethroat.
(Linn.)

A much less abundant summer migrant
than its larger congener, building a very
small neat nest in hedges, generally two or
three feet from the ground.

17. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.)

A summer migrant whose song is only in-
ferior to that of the nightingale. The fact of
the cock being often seen on the nest has
sometimes given rise to the mistaken idea
that both sexes are alike, whereas the ' cap '
of the hen is reddish brown.

18. Garden- Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech-

stein)
Locally, Hay-jack.
This summer migrant shares the above
local name with the whitethroat from the
dry grass used in the building of their nests.
Its eggs often much resemble those of the
blackcap, but the garden-warbler is a much
later breeder, and the nest is larger, while the
eggs never show any trace of the beautiful
red tint sometimes seen in a clutch of black-
cap's eggs.

19. Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod-

daert)
The discovery of the breeding of the Dart-
ford warbler in Suffolk is due to the late Sir
Edward Newton, whose observations arc re-
-orded in the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 387). It

181

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

may perhaps be classed as a resident, as a few
pairs probably still breed on some of the
furze commons.

20. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch
Locally, Teapot, possibly from the shape of its

nest.
A resident, receiving large additions in
autumn. There is nothing more interesting
in the autumn migration than the crossing of
the wild North Sea by this 'shadow of a bird,'
as Gilbert White called it. On 1 5 October,
1883, fourteen were killed by striking the
lantern of the Shipwash lightship, which lies
about five miles south-east of Orford. Dr.
Babington seems to have been very doubtful
about the claim of the firecrest [R. ignicapillui)
to a place in the Suffolk list, and as there
appear to be no further records the species is
omitted here.

21. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufUs (Bechstein)
The local names of ' ground oven ' and

'oven bird' are common to this species and the
willow-warbler from the shape of their nests.
The chiffchaff is a summer migrant, arriving
in March and announcing its presence by the
often repeated note from which it takes its
name.

22. Willow - Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus

(Linn.)
A summer migrant, building a domed nest
lined with feathers like that of the chiffchaff,
but the eggs can be distinguished by their
pale red markings, while those of the chiffchaff
are spotted with purple or claret colour.

23. Wood-Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix

(Bechstein)

A much more uncommon summer migrant.
The bird is larger and greener than either
of the two species just mentioned, its nest
contains no feathers, and the eggs are much
more closely marked with dark red or purple.

24. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus

(Vieillot)

A local summer migrant, restricted to
places where the reeds afford it shelter and
also the requisite support for its beautiful
nest. It is plentiful in the reeds which fringe
and in some places completely cover the river
Waveney. The very similar marsh-warbler
(y/. palustris), which has occurred in Norfolk,
will doubtless be sooner or later identified in
Suffolk, and any basket-like nest found in an
osier-bed, or suspended from the stalks of the
meadow-sweet, should be carefully watched
with thi« object in view.

25. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis

(Bechstein)
A very common summer migrant, which
seems to be especially fond of the sound of
its own voice, as it may be heard before day-
light and after dusk. A rare kindred species
known as the aquatic warbler {A. aquaticus)
has been obtained in Norfolk, and ' the con-
spicuous buff streak down the middle of the
crown of the aquatic warbler is an unfail-
ing mark of distinction between this species
and the sedge warbler ' (Saunders' Manualy
p. 88)

26. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella navia

(Boddaert)
A local summer migrant, much more often
heard than seen, which builds a nest so well
concealed in rough grass or a low bush that
very few nest-hunting boys have ever seen
its red-mottled eggs, or even know of the
existence of the bird. The grasshopper-
warbler looks very dark in colour when
flushed from her nest, and as she goes off
spreads her tail to its fullest extent, so that
when once seen under these circumstances
she can always be recognized again.

Accentor modularis

Hedge - Sparrow.

(Linn.)
Locally, Hedge-Betty.
A common resident, though many are also
migratory. Its moss-built, hair-lined nest
and lovely blue eggs are well known to every
one. As in the case of the blackbird, five
eggs are rarely found till the second nest is
built.

28. Alpine Accentor. Accentor collaris (Sco-

poli)
This very rare visitant has never been ob-
tained in the county, but has been twice
seen by excellent observers, the first time in
1824 at Oulton by the Rev. R. Lubbock,
and again in September, 1894, at Gorleston
Pier by Mr. Patterson {Zoologist for 1900,
p. 400)

29. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein
This species, though common enough in

many parts of England, is a very rare visitant
to Suffolk. Dr. Babington also records the
occurrence of the northern form, which has
a black breast.

30. Bearded Reedling or Tit. Panurus biar-

micus (Linn.)
Norfolk appears to be the only county in
the British Islands in which this beautiful
little bird is now (1903) a resident. It was

182

BIRDS

once bjr no means rare in several localities,
chiefly in east Suffolk, but is now only an
autumn and winter visitant. Two were re-
corded in the Field as having been seen near
Ipswich in the autumn of 1902.

3 1 . Long-tailed Tit. Acrtdula caudata (Linn,)

Locally, Pudding-poke, Bum-barrel, from the
shape of its nest.

A resident and an early breeder, often
commencing to build its curious nest in
March, when it is easily found in the bare
thorn hedges.

32. Great Tit, Parus major, Linn.
Locally, Black-cap.

A common resident species, which becomes
very tame where it is fed in the winter, and
will always go to suitable nest-boxes provided
for its accommodation. It has a curious
habit of covering up its eggs till the full
clutch is laid, and the sitting hen will allow
the lid of the box to be removed and replaced
without leaving her nest. Where traps baited
with cheese are set for mice in gardens great
tits, blue tits and nuthatches are almost cer-
tain to be caught unless the traps are covered
or sprung during the daytime. Among the
early signs of spring is the note of the great
tit, of which country people remark that ' He's
a sharpin' his saw.'

33. Coal-Tit, Parus ater, Linn.

A resident, not so common as the last, but
very similar in its habits, except that of roost-
ing in haystacks, which none of the other tits
<lo.

34. Marsh-Tit, Parus palustris, Linn,

Also a resident, but not abundant. Its
favourite nesting-place seems to be an old
rotten birch or alder stump, in which it often
bores for itself a neat little nesting-hole like
that of a woodpecker, and builds a small nest
chiefly made of down. As a rule it lays
eggs marked with larger and darker spots
than those of the other tits.

35. Blue Tit. Parus caruleus, Linn,
Locally, Blue-cap, Tom-tit, Pick-cheese,

A common resident, well known to every
one, and the word ' impudent ' suits it better
than ' tame,' In Suffolk all the tits appear to
breed but once in a year, and as the family
sometimes consists of ten or a dozen they
increase as rapidly as many birds which rear
two broods, A nest-box with a small hole
placed on a garden wall is pretty certain to
attract a pair of blue tits, and they more than

pay their rent by the number of caterpillars
which they destroy when feeding their young.

36. Crested Tit, Parus cristatus, Linn.
Mr. Hele saw one in his garden at Alde-

burgh in the summer of 1861, and as he
possessed a good knowledge of birds combined
with excellent eyesight there can be no
doubt as to the identity of the bird. A second
was shot at Melton in 1873 and seen by Dr.
Babington (ZWa^rf, 1890, p. 21 1)

37. Nuthatch, Sitta casta. Wolf,

A resident in the strict sense of the word,
as there appear to be no records of its migra-
tion anywhere in England, and it does not
find a place in the list of nearly 400 species
seen or obtained on Heligoland, It has a
singular habit, unique among British birds, of
plastering up the entrance to its nesting-place
with clay, leaving only a hole just large enough
to allow it to pass in and out, and it also
uses an unusual material for its nest, which is
simply a heap of the scales of the Scotch fir.
Like the great tit it will readily take advan-
tage of a nesting box, and will also come to a
window for food. No bird is more amusing
to watch than a nuthatch when feeding, and
no bird can take better care of itself, as even
the sparrow stands in awe of the long sharp
bill which can ' hack ' a hole in the shell of a
hazel nut. The name ' nuthatch ' means the
' hacker of nuts,' and the bird is often mis-
called a ' tree-creeper ' or a ' woodpecker.*

38, Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, K. L, Koch.
Locally, Tittereen or Magareen, which may

be corruptions of Titty Wren and Maggie
Wren.

A hardy little resident, which seems able
to find food even in hard winters, as it never
comes to be fed. Records of its migratory
movements have been received from the
Corton and Shipwash light-vessels, and also
from the Orford lighthouse,

39, Tree-Creeper, Certhia familiarls,\J\vm.
Locally, Creep-tree ; Dr. Babington also gives

Bark-runner,
This little bird is almost as much a resident
as the nuthatch, and is fairly common through-
out the county wherever trees suitable to its
habits are to be found. It usually builds
behind a loose piece of bark on an elm, and
has often been known to use an artificial site
of this kind. Two nests, both containing
eggs, have been seen in places thus constructed
on opposite sides of the same elm tree. The
eggs of the tree-creeper much resemble those

183

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of the smaller tits, but the nest is quite un-
like that of any other bird.

40. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla /ugubris, Tem-

minck.
Locally, Washtail or Penny-Wagtail, the latter
perhaps from Penelope, like Jenny Wren.

In mild winters a few pied wagtails may
remain to pass the whole year in Suffolk, but
this pretty bird is practically a summer
migrant. It is very fond of tennis courts and
croquet grounds, where it may often be seen
busily engaged in the pursuit of insects. The
pied wagtail sometimes uses the old nest of
another bird as the foundation of its own, and
usually rears two broods in the year.

41. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn.
This bird is the continental form of the

pied wagtail, and its migrations extend as far
north as Iceland, where it breeds regularly.
It is doubtless often seen and not recognized,
and may be a regular summer migrant. On
more than one occasion it has been known to
interbreed in Suffolk with the pied wagtail,
while at least one nest has been found of
which both the parents were white wagtails.
The adult bird is easily recognized by its light
grey back, sharply contrasting with the glossy
black of the head, but its habits, nest and
sparrow-like eggs all resemble those of the
more common species.

42. Grey Wagtail.
Pallas.

Motacilla melanope.

A rather rare winter visitant, never breed-
ing in the county, though it has been known
to do so in Lincolnshire. A wagtail showing
any trace of yellow in its plumage which is
observed in the winter is certain to belong to
this species.

43. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla

Jlava, Linn.

A rare summer visitant, which from its
habit of frequenting marshes and meadows
may easily be overlooked, and if it breeds in
the county the nest and eggs cannot be dis-
tinquished from those of the yellow wagtail,
but the male in full plumage can be recog-
nized by the colour of his head.

44. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rati (Bona-

parte)
A summer migrant. Common enough in
localities suited to its habits, where it breeds
on furze commons, marshes and in rough
meadows. The nest is very difficult to find,
as the hen steals quietly off her eggs at the
approach of an intruder, though in wet cold

[84

weather, like most birds, she sometimes sits
very closely.

45. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivialis (Linn.)

A common summer migrant, always nesting
on the ground, and rearing two broods in the
year. The nest is frequently found in hay-
fields and on railway banks, and the eggs,
with the single exception of the guillemot's,
vary more than those of any other British
bird.

46. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.)

Locally, Tit-lark, a name often given also to
the tree-pipit.

The great majority of the meadow-pipits
which are found in Suffolk are summer
migrants, though some remain throughout the
year. This species frequents furze commons
rather than meadows, and its nest is usually
placed on or very near the ground in a low
furze bush. The eggs are much duller in
tint than those of the tree pipit, and never
show any of the red mottling or purple or
greenish blotches so often seen in those of
that species.

47. Tawny Pipit. Anthus campestris (Linn.)
This very rare visitant has occurred once

near Lowestoft, where one was caught alive
on 2 September, 1889 [Zoologist, 1890, p. 57).
Dr. Babington has admitted Richard's pipit
[A. richardi) to his Catalogue, as' it has been
shot a few times near Yarmouth, and is said
to have been once seen near Hadleigh. No
Suffolk specimen is known to exist, though
there can be little doubt that it has visited the
county, and with a view to its fiiture recogni-
tion it may be described as the largest pipit
known, in size nearly equal to a sky-lark, and
possessing a long curved hind claw.

48. Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham)

A winter visitant to the coast, where it
frequents salt marshes and the muddy banks of
tidal rivers. It has never been known to
breed in the eastern counties. Two other
species of pipit are figured and described in
Saunders' Manual, and any bird of this family
about which there exists any doubt should be
submitted to the inspection of an expert.

49. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
An occasional spring and summer visitant,

more frequently found in east Suffolk than
further inland. As it has more than once
nested in Kent it is by no means impossible that
it might also do so in other counties if the
same protection were extended to it, but the
brilliant yellow colouring of the cock oriole's

BIRDS

plumage renders him liable to attract notice,
and this usually results in his being shot.

50. Great Grey
Linn.

Shrike. Lanius excubitor.

A regular autumn and winter visitant, met
with every year, and a bird likely to attract
notice from its colouring. The northern
form known as Pallas's grey shrike, which has
more white on the wings, also occurs.

51-

Red-backed
Linn.

Shrike. Lanius col/urio.

Locally, Butcher-bird.
A well-known summer migrant, nesting
plentifully in mid-SufFolk, and returning to
the same locality year after year with great
regularity. A late comer, it is also a late
breeder, making its nest about the end of
May in a thorn hedge, and usually choosing
one which divides two grass fields. If the
cock bird is seen perched on a telegraph wire,
it may be taken for granted that the nest is
not far away. The eggs, though they vary a
good deal, are not likely to be mistaken for
those of any other bird which breeds in the
British Islands, and the variety zoned with
deep red and purple is very beautiful. This
type however is not found in more than one
nest in a dozen. The name of ' butcher-bird '
has been given to this species from its curious
habit of impaling bees and small birds on furze-
bushes or thorn fences.

52. Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pemeranus,

Sparrman
A very rare summer visitant, which has
only occurred three or four times, the last
record being in i860. Three specimens of
the lesser grey shrike {Lanius minor), a bird
intermediate in size between the great grey
and red-backed species, have been obtained in
Norfolk, and as it is a southern bird it may
on some future occasion be met with in
Suffolk.

53. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.

A most erratic winter visitant, in some
seasons dispersed all over the county, and
sometimes not occurring once in a long cold
winter. There was a considerable immigra-
tion in 1849-50 and another in 1866-7 >
during the ffost of 1890-1, which lasted eight
weeks, no waxwings were recorded either in
Norfolk or Suffolk ; but in the early months
of 1893 a good many were obtained, and a
keeper near Ixworth shot five in one day.
Most local collections contain one or two
specimens, and the waxwing is so striking in
its appearance that the most unobservant

gunner could not pick up one without
noticing that his victim was not a common
bird.

54. Spotted Flycatcher.
Linn.

Afuscicapa grisola,

Locally, Wall-bird.
This well-known summer migrant derives
its local name from its habit of building its
nest on the bough of a fruit tree or rose
trained against a wall. The young birds,
when they leave the nest, are as boldly spotted
on the back as the young of the mistle-thrush.

55. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla,

Linn.
A rather rare spring and autumn migrant,
which does not breed in Suffolk. The cock
bird, with his jet-black and pure white
plumage, is easily recognized, but the female
and yoimg might easily escape notice.
Another small species, the red-breasted fly-
catcher (M. parua), has occurred three or
four times in Norfolk, and the male in full
plumage rather resembles the robin.

56. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn.

A beautifiil and very common summer
migrant, appearing about the middle of April,
and gladly welcomed by all lovers of nature.
A few days of very cold weather with severe
hailstorms about the middle of May, 1891,
caused the death of many swallows, and several
were taken to a bird-stuffer in Bury, who
was told by the boys who brought them that
' they kept on dropping down.' As a rule
birds suffer far more in hard winters from
scarcity of food than from actual cold, but
there can be little doubt in this case that the
swallows were simply paralyzed by the damp
chilly atmosphere. The congregating of
swallows and martins before their departure
must have been noticed by everybody who
takes an interest in bird life, and it is not
unusual to see the roof of a church or the top
of a house literally covered with them. The
southward migration of the swallow extends
much farther than is usually supposed, and
probably a very few, if any, pass the winter
in Europe.

57. House-Martin. Chelidon urbica, Linn.
A summer migrant, rather later than the

swallow, whose nests can be seen under the
eaves of one or more houses in almost every
village. These are usually left xmdisturbed,
as it is said that ' the martins bring luck to
a house,' and it is also supposed to be ' un-
lucky ' to molest them. The worst enemy
of these birds is the house-sparrow, who often

185

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

evicts them from their nests and takes pos-
session. Gilbert White of Selborne seems to
have been the first to notice this, as he writes :
' When the house - sparrows deprive my
martins of their nests, as soon as I cause one
to be shot, the other, be it cock or hen,
presently procures a mate, and so on for
several times following.' Young martins,
doubtless the third brood, are sometimes seen
in the nest as late as October.

58. Sand-Martin. Cotile riparia (Linn.)
Locally, Pit-Martin.

Also a summer migrant, arriving before the
swallow, and breeding in large colonies in
gravel-pits and sand-pits, also in the sides of
railway cuttings. Near Brandon it has been
known to excavate its nesting-holes in a very
large heap of sawdust (F. Norgate).

59. Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris, Linn.
Locally, Green Linnet.

A common resident, breeding everywhere^
and congregating in large flocks during the
winter on stubbles and in stack-yards.

60. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas.
A resident, not uncommon, and perhaps

breeding more numerously in the vicinity of
Bury than in any other part of the county.
The nest, much resembling that of the bull-
finch, but larger, and always containing more
or less grey lichen, is usually found in thorns,
apple trees, or on the branches of firs at some
distance from the trunk. Few eggs are more
beautiful when fresh, but the delicate tints of
olive and purple soon disappear when they are
blown. The hawfinch is easily recognized
when flying by the display of white on the
wings and tail, and is a troublesome bird in
kitchen gardens, where (as an old gardener
used to say), ' they play hack wi' the peas.'
This bird sometimes comes quite up to a
house for food, and at Tostock a few years
ago a fine old male was killed by a cat close
to the front door of the rectory, but too much
damaged to be of any use as a specimen.

61. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens.
Locally, King Harry, Redcap and Thistle

Finch.

This lovely little bird is a resident, though
less common than it used to be. Being much
in request as a cage-bird many are taken by
bird-catchers and many nests robbed of the
joung.

62. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.)

A winter migrant, usually frequenting
alder trees. In the summer of 1902 the

siskin was observed in west Suffolk under
circumstances which suggest that it may have
bred.

63. Serin Finch. Serinus hortulanus, K. L.

Koch.
A very rare summer visitant, which has
only occurred two or three times. In colour-
ing and size it is not unlike the siskin, but
has a stouter bill, and is never likely to be
met with in the winter.

64. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.)
A too common resident, which might be

numbered among the ' extinct breeders ' with-
out causing general regret. Destructive alike
in gardens and cornfields, blocking up troughs
with its untidy nest, doing much damage to
thatch, and (as before stated) the enemy of
the martin, there is little to be said in its
fiivour. ' Introduced, like the rabbit, through
officious ignorance, in Australia, New Zealand
and the United States, it has become such a
curse that special legislation has been loudly
invoked for its destruction ' (Saunders' Manual,
p. 180). The only methods of reducing the
numbers of the sparrow without the destruc-
tion of other birds seem to be by netting it
in stacks and ivy, and by taking every nest
which can be got at when the young are
hatched, not when there are eggs. The use of
poisoned grain is illegal, and also attended
with serious risks not only to other birds, but
also to poultry, pigs and cats ; while if a
shot is fired into the great flocks of birds
which assemble in stack-yards in hard weather
after corn has been thrashed out, robins, tits
and other harmless birds will usually be killed
with the sparrows. Birds like the hedge-
sparrow, whose usual food consists of insects,
will often pick up grain in the winter, possibly
for purposes of digestion as well as for food.
The house-sparrow often builds in colonies in
the branches of trees, and when these are
bare in winter the nests convey the idea of a
small rookery.

65. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.)
A pretty little resident, as harmless as its

larger relative is destructive. In addition to
those which breed here, many tree-sparrows
come ' over the water ' to the east coast in
autumn. The nest is usually built in holes
of trees, and has often been found in a nest-
box. Fresh eggs have been found as late as
August, and a clutch nearly always contains
an 'odd egg' very lightly marked in compari-
son with the others. A cross between this
bird and the house-sparrow was shot in a
farm-yard at Tostock in 1894, whicii was

186

BIRDS

examined in the flesh by the late Lord Lilford,
and exhibited after it was mounted at meet-
ings of the Linnean and Norfolk Naturalists'
Societies.

66. Chaffinch, Fringilla ceelebt, Linn.
This charming bird is a resident, but, as

previously pointed out, very many come as
winter migrants with the bramblings. It is
often spoken of simply as the ' finch.'

67. Brambling. Fringilla montiJringilla,Liinn.
A winter migrant, sometimes so numerous

that the beech woods are literally alive with
them. When a flock of small birds feeding
on beech-mast is disturbed, the bramblings
are easily recognized as they fly up by their
white backs. It has no local name, but
allusion is often made to ' them little foreign
finches.' The brambling sometimes remains
till the middle of April, when the cock birds
begin to assume the black head and back of
the summer plumage, and occasionally a bird
is shot with more or less black on the throat.
It has never been known to nest in England
except in captivity, and is a handsome addition
to an aviary.

68. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.)
Locally, Grey Linnet, Red Linnet.

A common resident, breeding abundantly
on furze commons, also in road-side hedges
and even in gardens. It breeds at least twice
in a year, and sometimes lays perfectly white
eggs.

69. Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.)
A rather scarce winter migrant, larger and

greyer than the lesser redpoll.

70. Lesser Redpoll. Linota ra/^f«w (Vieillot)
A resident, though its numbers are in-
creased in winter, when it is often to be seen
on alders in company with siskins. It builds
an exquisite little nest lined with willow-
down, and its eggs are easily recognized by
their small size and blue ground-colour.

71. Twite. Linota Jlavirostris (Linn.)

A winter migrant, sometimes occurring
near the coast in large flocks. It is a smaller
bird than the linnet, with more yellow on the
bill, and no red on the head.

72. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europtea^ Vieillot.
Loealfy, Olf.

The cock bullfinch, often called a ' blood-
olf ' from his bright red breast, is one of our
handsomest small birds. This resident species
is often seen in pairs during the winter, and

in early spring is rather troublesome in
gardens, but a few explosions of powder in an
old muzzle-loader will often keep it away
altogether, while a charge of shot fired at a
bullfinch in a plum or apple tree will do fiu:
more damage than the bird itself. It is a
strong hardy bird, quite well able to bear severe
weather, as it can always find buds of some
sort and is one of the few birds which feed
on ' hips,' as the berries of the dog-rose and
sweet-briar are called. No bird is a greater
favourite as a cage-bird with cottagers, and a
brood of young ' olfs ' is reared with the
greatest care. There is a large northern
race or species of bullfinch (P. major), of
which the cock has a paler grey back and a
still brighter red breast than our bird. It has
once been shot in Norfolk, and once plainly
seen in Suflfolk, but ' Russian bullfinches ' are
now imported in such numbers that there is
at least a likelihood of both these being
escaped birds.

Dr. Babington records for what they are
worth a few occurrences of the pine grosbeak
(P. enucleator), but adds that ' the above
quoted instances appear to be doubtftil' and
his remark seems to be much to the point.

73. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn.
Locally, Robin-Hawk.

A well known species whose migrations are
almost as irregular and uncertain as those of
the waxwing. In some years, as in 1867-8,
and again in 1888-9, .the bird-stuffers'
shops have been full of crossbills in every
variety of plumage, but a man who brought
some into Bury in 1888 remarked that he
had seen none for twenty years. In 1889
several nests were found containing eggs, of
which full details are given in the Birds
of Norfolk (iii. 390, 391). There was a
smaller migration in 1898 in the late sum-
mer, and some were shot in Norfolk as early
as August, the birds being so tame that in
one place they were killed with a catapult.
The crossbill is a very early breeder, having
eggs in March even in Scotland, where it
breeds regularly. The Marge, stout-billed
race, formerly distinguished as the parrot-
crossbill [Loxia pityopsittacus),' mentioned in-
cidentally by Mr. Saunders [Manual, p. 202),
has occurred in Suffolk more than once. A
very fine red male of this form shot near
Bury in December, 1888, measured nearly
^\ inches in length in the flesh, and is in the
Tostock rectory collection.

74. Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata

(C. L. Brehm)
A very rare visitant from the north-east.

187

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A cock bird, shot at Drinkstone in May,
1846, is now in the Norwich Museum, and
another cock, in full plumage, was shot at
Burgh Castle September, 1889, in which year
others were obtained in Yorkshire, Bedford-
shire and Surrey. This species derives its
name from the two white bars on the wing,
and was formerly known as the ' European
white-winged crossbill.'

75. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, lAnn.
LocaUy, Bunting-lark.

A resident, not very common, but found
all over the county. It is essentially a bird
of the fields, and only comes into stackyards
in severe weather. This bird almost always
nests on the ground, and is a late breeder,
seldom having eggs before June, while they
have been ' cut over ' in August. The eggs
are often splendidly blotched with rich dark
brown, and if not very carefully blown the
colouring matter is liable to be rubbed off.

76. Yellow Hammer. Emheriza citrinella,

Linn.
Locally, Yellowham or Yellowhammet.
A common resident, sometimes seen in
large flocks during the winter. A beautiful
variety of this bird was killed at Great
Barton about November, 1902, the entire
plumage of which was almost as yellow as
that of a canary. The yellow hammer sits
close, and goes off her nest in a manner
which at once discloses the exact spot, so very
many nests are robbed by boys. It is rare to
find more than four eggs, and sometimes a
spotless variety is met with, much resembling
pale eggs of the wheatear. Further evidence
seems desirable before adding the cirl bunting
[E. cirlus) to the Suffolk list, as although
two were caught ' on Breydon marshes ' early
in 1888, of which the identity is beyond
question, they may have been taken in either
Norfolk or Suffolk. In size the cirl bunting
is a trifle smaller than the yellow hammer, the
cock has a black throat, and both sexes are
without the warm rusty red on the lower
back.

77. Ortolan Bunting. Emberiza hortulana,

Linn.
A very rare visitant, of which a specimen
killed near Lowestoft in May, 1859, seems
to be the only record.

78. Reed-Bunting. Emberixa schceniclus,

Linn.
Locally, Water-Sparrow.
This prettily-marked species is a resident,
common enough in marshes, rough meadows

and reedy dykes, where the cock, with his
handsome plumage and lively movements, is
a conspicuous little bird. The reed-bunting
usually builds in sedge or other herbage close
to the water, less frequently in a low thorn-
bush or in furze on a common, and the eggs
are much darker in colour than those of any
other bunting which breeds in England.

79. Snow-Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis

(Linn.)
A regular winter migrant to the coast,
sometimes appearing in large numbers. Mr.
Hele used to find it at Aldeburgh ' frequenting
the Haven Sands and generally along shore.'
It breeds in small numbers in Scotland, but
has never been known to do so south of the
border.

80. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicm

(Linn.)

A rare winter visitant, of which perhaps
six specimens have been obtained in the
county. There was a large autumn migration
of Lapland buntings in Norfolk in 1892, but
very few reached SuflFolk. In colouring this
bird rather resembles the reed-bunting, but is
easily known by the long and nearly straight
hind claw.

81. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.

A common resident, breeding wherever it
can find suitable holes in church towers, old
trees, and thatched buildings. It has been
known to enlarge the entrance hole of an old
weather-beaten nesting-box till it could gain
admittance, and can be as easily attracted to a
box as the great tit. Though it is fond of
cherries, and sometimes adds to the damage
already done to thatch by sparrows, it devours
an enormous quantity of insects and grubs,
and a group of starlings at work on the grass
with the spring sun shining on their glossy
plumage is a very charming piece of bird-life.
Multitudes cross the North Sea in autumn,
and Mr. Hele during two hours' observation
of in-coming migrants at Aldeburgh on an
October morning noticed thirteen arrivals of
starlings. As many as fifty have been killed
in a night by striking the glass of one of the
Norfolk lightships.

82. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus

(Linn.)

A rare visitant, of which there does not
seem to be an occurrence since 1868. The
young bird is very plainly coloured, and might
easily be passed over alive or dead without
being recognized as a rarity.

The following interesting paragraph appears

18S

BIRDS

in the Zoologist for 1888 (p. 185): 'Pro-
bable occurrence of the Chough in Suffolk.
In a migration schedule received this moining
(April 14th) fron' Mr. Owen Boyle, of the
Landguard Lighthouse, is the following entry :
— " April 2nd, 1888. Two Crows put in an
appearance, 7.30 a.m., larger than Jackdaws ;
they had red beaks and legs, and went north-
west." John Cordeaux.' This seems hardly
sufficient to warrant the inclusion of the chough
in the Suffolk list, but Mr. Cordeaux, who
made a special study of migration, and perhaps
did more than any man to interest the keepers
of lightships and lighthouses in the subject,
appears to have thought the incident worthy
of record.

83. Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes

(Linn.)
A very rare visitant to England, which
has once at least occurred in Suffolk, one
having been shot at Gorleston in October,
1864.

84. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.)

This handsome bird is a resident, common
enough where it can find woods and copses
suitable to its habits. It is not a favourite
with gardeners or gamekeepers, and it certainly
does a good deal of damage to green peas,
but probably the eggs of wood-pigeons and of
the various thrushes are much more liable to
be eaten by it than those of game birds.

85. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli)
Though common enough in many parts of

England, the magpie is a rare bird in Suffolk,
and almost extinct as a breeding species.

86. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn.

A rather local resident, breeding in hollow
trees and church towers. Thorpe Morieux
church, near Lavenham, used to provide
shelter for a large colony of jackdaws, but
the tower has recently been put in order and
the holes stopped which contained the nests.
Young jackdaws brought up from the nest
and allowed perfect liberty with uncut wings
make delightftil pets, and become extremely
tame, but they are liable to be decoyed away
by wild birds at the time of the autumn
migration. At this season these birds are
often seen literally in swarms, and the oft-
repeated calls of ' jack ' from a flock passing
overhead have rather a pretty effect.

any record exists were built in trees, as there
are no clifis of sufficient height on the coast-
line nor any inland rocks. In the western
division of Suffolk it formerly bred at Drink-
stone Park, Icklingham, Elveden, and Santon
Downham, also at Stutton, Gedgrave and
Middleton in the eastern part of the county,
the last occupied nest being at Elveden
about 1863 {Ootheca fVolleyana, p. 578).
At Middleton a tree is still (1902) stand-
ing which used to be resorted to every
year, and a former owner of the property
caused the ' raven-tree ' to be fenced round
for the protection of the nest. On one occa-
sion some young ravens from the Gedgrave
nest were taken to Leiston, a distance of at
least eleven miles, but the old birds found them
out and fed them in their new home (G. T.
Rope). At Lindsey, near Hadleigh, there is
a farm called 'Ravens' Hall,' which may have
been thus named from its being an old haunt
of this species, though the title may be derived
from the surname of a former owner. Mr.
Hele used to see and hear ravens from time to
time at Aldeburgh, but never obtained a speci-
men, and the last occurrence seems to have been
that of one shot by a keeper at the Tuddenham
in west Suffolk about 1888 or 1889, which
was not preserved (F. Norgate).

88. Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone^ Linn.

In the 'sixties' this bird was sufficiently
common to be known by the local name of
'carroner,' but it seems probable that in the
next list of Suffolk birds it will be numbered
among the extinct breeders, as no bird is more
detested by gamekeepers, and, it must be
added, with good reason. The Rev. James
Oakes, who was rector of Tostock from 1 796
till 1 86 1, was very fond of a pair or two of
carrion crows which bred on his property,
and never allowed them to be destroyed,
though doubtless the young poultry on his
home farm suffered from their depredations.
This bird is sometimes seen on the sea-shore,
and there are records of its migrations.
Viewed from below, the nest of the carrion
crow is exactly like that of the rook, but is
more warmly lined with wool and fur, and
the eggs are rather larger, and as a rule, more
richly coloured. In a full clutch of five
crow's eggs there is usually an 'odd egg,*
much lighter in colour than the rest, and some-
times a nestful of eggs is found much resem-
bling large eggs of the jackdaw.

87. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. 89. Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix, Linn.

This splendid bird is now quite extinct as Loca/iy, Royston Crow,

a resident, and very rare even as a visitant. Near the coast this bird is a common win-

All the ravejjs' nests in the county of which ter migrant, which may often be seen in

189

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

October coming in over the water, and the
boldly-contrasted black and grey of its plu-
mage make it an easy bird to identify. It
soon makes itself at home in its winter quarters,
and frequents the sea-shore along the tide-line,
where food of some sort is always to be found.
Mr. Hele mentions two instances of its
breeding near Aldeburgh in 1872 and 1873,
and an egg marked in his handwriting ' Roy-
ston, Hazelwood,* is in the museum collection
at Ipswich. This bird is sometimes spoken
of as the * carrion-crow.'

90. Rook. Corvus frugiUgus, Linn.

Many of the Suffolk farmhouses and par-
sonages, as well as the large country mansions,
have their rookery, these colonics varying in
size from a dozen nests to ten or twenty
times that number. Rooks are in their way
as migratory as starlings, and numbers cross
the North Sea in autumn, sometimes striking
the light-vessels. This bird is almost omni-
vorous, and in dry seasons will eat any eggs
that come in its way, especially those of ducks
and other water-birds, while its fondness for
grain makes the employment of * bud-scarin' '
(bird-scaring) boys a necessity on farms near
a rookery. Still it devours a vast number of
worms and insects, and like the bullfinch
deserves to be frightened away with powder
rather than slaughtered with shot, for there is
hardly any bird more closely connected with
country life in East Anglia.

91. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn.

A resident, breeding as early as the middle
of April and as late as the end of July, in
cornfields, meadows, marshes and commons.
In winter, sky-larks collect in vast flocks on
the Stubbles, and multitudes cross the North
Sea during the autumn migration. Perhaps
more of these birds perish from striking the
lights than any other species, and the number
picked up is sometimes sufficient to provide the
crew of a lightship with a substantial meal.

92. Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn.

A very local resident, which seems only to
have been found breeding on the western side
of the county near the Norfolk border. Com-
paratively few people know of its existence,
but those wishing to add to their knowledge
will find an admirable account of the bird and
its habits in SuflFolk in Yarrell's British Birds
(ed. 4, i. 625-31). It is a smaller bird than
the sky-lark, with a shorter tail and a con-
spicuous streak over the eye.

93. Short-toed Lark. Alauda hrachydactyla,

Leisler.

One was shot « near South Breydon Wall,

Great Yarmouth' on 7 November, 1889
{Zoologist, 1890, p. 77), which would claim
a place in the Suffolk rather than the Norfolk
list.

94. Shore-Lark. Otocorys alpestris (Linn.)
The shore-lark used to be considered a

great rarity, and was not known as a British
bird till 1830, when the first recorded speci-
men was obtained in Norfolk. Mr. Hele
first met with it at Aldeburgh in November,
1864, by the merest chance, as having shot at
two birds on the ground to obtain food for a
tame hobby, he picked up a fine cock shore-
lark, which is still in the Ipswich Museum,
and the second bird, which was wounded at
the time, was brought to him a few days
later. In the second edition of his book
(1890) he was able to describe it as ' by no
means uncommon.' In matters relating to
birds it is easier to state facts than to give an
explanation of them, and the cause of the
great increase in the number of shore-larks
which now come to the east coast of England
as winter migrants has yet to be made known.
In 1896 two were obtained near Needham
Market, an unusually long distance from the
sea (Lingwood).

95. Swift. Cypselus apus (Linn.)

Locally, Deviling, Shriek-Devil, Rain-bird,
Shriek-Owl and Screech-Owl.

Whoever bestowed on the swift the first
two of the local names given above must have
imagined that there was something 'uncanny'
about the dusky colour, rapid flight and
piercing cry of the bird. But it is a charming
and interesting creature, and one which should
never be destroyed or disturbed. The swift
is a late summer migrant, seldom arriving
before May, though Professor Newton was
able to record in the Field the appearance
of one at Lowestoft on 26 March, 1897,
which was plainly seen by himself and his
brother. All the Suffolk swifts nest in
buildings of some kind, and there has always
been a flourishing colony in the tower of
Elmswell church, but there is at least one
place in East Anglia where these birds still
retain what must be regarded as their original
habit of breeding in a cliff. One singular
habit of the swift is that of gathering into
bands towards the close of the day and dashing
about at lightning speed, all the birds at in-
tervals squealing in chorus. This performance
appears to be gone through simply for exer-
cise or amusement, and the birds seem to
enjoy it thoroughly. The name of ' rain-
bird ' has been forwarded by an observer near
Woodbridge, and is in accordance with Mr.

190

BIRDS

Saunders* remark {Manual, p. 26a) that ' the
swift seems to revel in the storm.' In Suffolk
the name of ' swift ' is applied to the common
water-newt.

96. Alpine Swift. Cypselus melha (Linn.)

A very rare visitant from the continent of
Europe which has only occurred two or three
times. On 8 September, 1870, two were
seen at Aldeburgh, and one flew into a room
at the Brudenell Hotel, where it was cap-
tured and killed. It was for some time in
the possession of the late Mr. H. Greenwood,
who kindly gave several of his friends the
opportunity of seeing it in the flesh. The
alpine swift can be recognized by its white
under-parts and large size, having a wing
expanse of quite eighteen inches.

97. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europaus, Linn.
Locally, Night-hawk, Night-reel or Eve-jar.

The above-given local names, like the
orthodox * nightjar,' are derived from the bird's
nocturnal habits and singular note, and the
absurd and misleading name of ' goatsucker '
is happily almost obsolete. This bird is a
summer migrant to SuSblk, frequenting heaths
and commons throughout the county. Arriving
about the first week of May its eggs may be
found about a month later, and the blending
of delicate grey and rich brown on a fresh
clutch of nightjar's eggs is very beautiful, but
the delicate colouring soon fades when the
eggs are blown. The two eggs are laid on
the ground without any pretence of a nest,
and the young, which are well covered with
down when hatched, soon begin to move from
place to place. Many interesting photographs
of young nightjars have been obtained, and
more than one artist has been successful in
getting a picture of the hen on her eggs.
There is no more harmless bird than the
nightjar, as its food consists entirely of in-
sects, and it is to be regretted that it is
sometimes wantonly shot by rabbit-shooters
on summer evenings when in pursuit of its
prey.

98. Wryneck, lynx torquilla, Linn.

Locally, Cuckoo-leader, Cuckoo's mats or
Barley-bird.

The wryneck's well known note is usually
heard quite early in April, and the name of
' barley-bird ' appears to be derived from the
arrival of the bird at about the time of sowing
spring barley. It is a * masterful ' bird, and
has been known to eject not only the great
tit but even the sparrow from a nest-box
which it coveted for its own use. When dis-
turbed on its eggs, which are usually laid in a

hole in a tree, it protests with a hissing noise
which can be almost exactly imitated by
dropping a lighted match into cold water. No
nest is made, the eggs being laid on scraps of
wood, and when the tree is very soft and de-
cayed the wryneck will enlarge the hole. A
few years ago three clutches of nine, eight
and six eggs were taken from an old apple-
tree near Bury, all of which were undoubtedly
laid by the same bird in one season.

99. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus virldis

(Linn.)
Locally, Woodsprite, probably the ' sprite ' or

' spirit ' of the wood, from its loud

laughing cry being heard when the bird

was unseen.
A beautiftil resident species, which like the
nuthatch seems to remain in the same locality
all the year. Its domestic arrangements are
often upset by starlings, which take possession
of the holes bored by the woodpecker when
completed, and thus often cause it to postpone
the laying of eggs till the end of May or even
till June. The elm is its favourite tree, but
its nest-holes have been noticed in Suffolk in
the birch, alder, willow, white poplar, oak,
ash, beech, silver fir and even in an old dead
holly, of which part is still standing in Hes-
sett churchyard. Fresh eggs of the green
woodpecker are very lovely, the yolk giving
an exquisite pink tint to the glossy white
shell. A beautiful pair of these birds, in the
Tostock rectory collection, were picked up
dead during a very severe frost in February,
1895, the cock at Elmswell and the hen near
Bury, which had evidently died of cold and
hunger, as no trace of injury could be found
on either. This woodpecker sometimes comes
into gardens and searches the grass for ants
and other insects.

100. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus

major (Linn.)
This bird is also a resident, but neither so
common nor so conspicuous as the green
woodpecker. It is also more migratory, and
at times crosses the sea in some numbers. In
spring the cock makes a very loud vibrating
noise by rapidly hammering a branch or the
trunk of a tree with his bill, and this, as it is
never heard in winter, is probably his method
of attracting the attention of the hen. Being
a later breeder than the green woodpecker it
suffers less from the molestation of starlings.
A nest in an old dead birch at Tostock con-
tained four slightly sat on eggs on 2 June,
1 900, which were much less glossy than those
of the green woodpecker, and the hen sat very
close. These birds roost in old nest-holes.

191

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lOi. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dtndro-
copus minor (Linn.)

This is much the smallest of the three
British woodpeckers, and is a resident as
common as the great spotted, but seldom seen.
It is difficult to say whether the local names
of ' wood-jar,' * wood-nail ' and ' grain-bird '
are meant for this bird or the larger species,
as the singular noise alluded to above and
suggested by the names is common to both.
' Grain-bird ' may have some connection with
the ' grain ' of the wood, and was given by
an intelligent old labourer who accurately des-
cribed the sound. The tiny nesting-hole of
the lesser spotted woodpecker is usually bored
in dead wood at some height above the
ground, so that to examine the nest and its
contents involves some risk. The eggs much
resemble those of the wryneck, but are slightly
smaller.

The large black woodpecker {Picus martius)
is reported to have been seen in Suffolk, but
as its claim to be even a British bird is very
doubtful, nothing but the production of a
specimen in the flesh in so fresh a state as to
show beyond a doubt that it was not imported
from Norway or Sweden will ever satisfy
critical naturalists.

102. Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn.

This richly-coloured little bird is a resident,
breeding in the banks of streams and some-
times in the side of a crag-pit {Zoologist, 1870,
p. 2,022). It seems also to a certain extent
to be migratory, as many are observed about
dykes and rivers near the coast in the autumn,
and one was killed by striking the Orford
lighthouse on 25 March, 1884, which sug-
gests that the bird had wintered in the south,
and was returning to breed in Suffolk. The
kingfisher bores a hole for itself, and fresh
' whitewash ' at the entrance is a pretty sure
sign that the eggs are laid. It is an early
breeder, as even in the north of England a
full clutch of seven eggs has been found by
the middle of April. Occasionally the nest
is spoiled by heavy rains flooding the stream
and causing the water to rise above the en-
trance hole, an instance of which occurred
near Woolpit in the early summer of 1889.
Few birds suffered more than the kingfisher
in the frost of 1 890-1, which lasted eight
weeks and caused the death of many, some
from being shot and others from actual star-
vation. There were six in the flesh in a
shop at Bury on 17 December.

103. Roller. Coracias garruius, hinn.
This splendid bird has occurred a few times

in the eastern part of the county on its spring

and autumn migrations, the last recorded
having been obtained at Burgh Castle in
September, 1892.

104. Bee-Eater. Merops apiaster, Linn.

A far rarer visitant to England than the
roller, and there are only two or three records
from Suffolk.

105. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn.

A Suffolk man reporting the appearance
of a hoopoe would probably describe it as ' a
wholly pretty bird with a topple-crown,' and
any one who has once seen it alive is certain to
recognize it again. Perhaps it is hardly com-
mon enough to be called a regular summer
visitant, but most outdoor naturalists in East
Anglia have come across it at least once in
their career. Near Lowestoft no less than
thirteen were obtained in the April and May
of 1859, and Mr. Hele used to meet with
it from time to time at Aldeburgh. There
is no record of it having attempted to breed
in the county.

106. Cuckoo. Cuculus canerus, Linn.

The year 1894 was a 'record year' for
early cuckoos throughout the country, and in
Suffolk Colonel Butler observed two at Bret-
tenham Park on 4 April. At Tostock the
cuckoo was seen and heard on 9 April, but
these dates are a good fortnight in advance of
the usual time for the arrival of this summer
migrant. The following rhymes were lately
taken down at the fireside of a cottager, who
said he had heard the first * more than sixty
year ago ' : —

In April he show his bill.

In May he sing night and day,

In June he change his tune.

He wait till July, away he fly,

If he wait till August away he must — go.

The cuckoo is a pretty bird, he sing as he fly,
He bring us good tidings and tell us no lie.

To the latter another authority adds :

He suck the pretty birds' eggs to make his voice

clear.
And the more he sing ' cuckoo ' the summer

draw near.

This well known bird is found all over Suffolk,
and its eggs which are laid from May to July
are most often deposited in the nests of the
robin, sedge- warbler, reed-warbler, hedge-spar-
row, pied wagtail and meadow-pipit. Taking
the county through it is probable that more
cuckoos' eggs are placed in the nest of the
hedge-sparrow than of any other bird, and
that the meadow-pipit would come in a 'good
second.' The greenfinch, linnet and yellow
bunting are less frequently chosen as foster-

192

BIRDS

parents, and the egg of the cuckoo has been
found in Suffolk in the nests of the song-
thrush, blackbird, nightingale, whitethroat,
blackcap, willow-wren, yellow wagtail, tree-
pipit, red-backed shrike, spotted flycatcher,
chafhnch, bullfinch and reed-bunting, making
twenty-two species in all, while doubtless
other nests have been chosen which have not
been recorded or discovered. It is very rare
to find more than one cuckoo's egg in a nest,
but In May, 1902, a meadow-pipit's nest was
taken near Diss, containing three eggs of the
owner and two of the cuckoo, the two
cuckoos' eggs being quite unlike each other.
The cuckoo's egg has been found in a nest
with no other egg, and with from one to six
eggs of the foster-parent. Though the old
birds take their departure in July, a nestling
has been seen in August, and the young birds
sometimes remain till late in September.
The song from which the cuckoo derives its
name is familiar to every one, but it has another
note believed to be peculiar to the hen, which
resembles the spluttering sound produced by
pouring water from a bottle. The taking of
young cuckoos from the nest with the idea of
rearing them is not to be encouraged, as they
are troublesome to feed, uninteresting in their
ways, and usually die in a few weeks. Mr.
Hele tried his luck with several, but never
succeeded, and where so skilful and patient a
naturalist failed others are not likely to succeed.

107. White or Barn-Owl. Strix flammea,
Linn.
Locally, White Owl.
As previously mentioned the West Suffolk
County Council has issued orders for the pro-
tection of all species of owls throughout the
year, and if owners and occupiers of land
would not only strictly forbid their keepers
to kill these birds, but also make it under-
stood that they wished to see and hear owls
about their place, these wholesale destroyers
of rats and mice would have a fair chance of
doing their work. All owls cast up the fur
and bones of their prey in pellets, and these
can be easily analyzed by putting a few in a
basin and pouring warm water over them,
when the bones of various small rodents will
be seen. A farmer whose knowledge of birds
enabled him to speak from experience once
said that 'any one who kills an owl ought to
get six months,' and the barn-owl is certainly
one of the most useful members of a highly
respectable county family. It is a resident
breeding in old trees, barns and church
towers, but migrants arrive in autumn.
These * Scandinavian barn-owls ' are usually
darker in colour than the resident birds, and
I

a remarkably good specimen, with the entire
breast of a warm fawn colour, was obtained
near Lowestoft in February, 1898, which is
now in the Tostock rectory collection.

108. Long-eared Owl. Asia otus (Linn.)
Locally, Horned Owl.
A resident, far from common, but breeding
every year. It frequents fir plantations, and
generally uses an old squirrel's nest on which
to lay its eggs, though the nest of a crow or
other bird is sometimes chosen.

109. Short - eared Owl. Asia accipitrinus
(Pallas)

Locally, Woodcock Owl or Sedge Owl.
This winter migrant derives its local names
from its arrival on the east coast in October,
when the woodcocks come, and from its being
often aroused from sedge or rough grass. Short-
eared owls vary a good deal in plumage, and
any one seeing a small pale specimen side by
side with a large dark one might easily imagine
them to belong to different species. Like the
woodcock, the short-eared owl occasionally
breeds, and a nest found at Tuddenham
(west Suffolk) in 1882 is recorded in the
Zoologist for that year. The nest, such as it
is, is invariably on or near the ground, and
the white eggs cannot be distinguished from
those of the long-eared owl. A beautiful
photograph of a nest containing seven eggs
is given in Kearton's Rarer British Birds.

110. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco {)^\nn.)
Locally, Brovim Owl.

This handsome owl always makes its pres-
ence in a locality known by its loud hooting
cry, which on a clear frosty night can be
heard at some distance, and possesses a great
charm for bird lovers. It is a resident, breed-
ing in hollow trees, and often has a full clutch
of eggs before the end of March. When the
young are hatched it becomes bold and even
aggressive, and the following incident recorded
shortly after its occurrence in the Zoologist of
1890 by the present writer may be of suffi-
cient interest to justify its quotation here :
' A few days ago I had a novel and somewhat
unpleasant experience of the way in which
the tawny owl resents an approach to its nest.
About three weeks ago I found in an old dead
elm a nest containing three young and two
eggs, which we much hoped would not be
disturbed, as till last year this bird was not
known to breed here. One bright moonlight
night I was standing close to the trunk of the
tree, watching for the return of the birds with
food for their young. Presently one of the
parents perched on a tree a few yards away^

193 25

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

uttering a peculiar whining cry, and in a
minute or two dashed straight at my head.
The blow inflicted was very like that of a
moderately hard snowball, and putting up my
hand I found my forehead bleeding freely in
several places, while my cap (a soft grey wool-
len one) was carried off as a trophy, and found
the next morning under a tree about 70 or
80 yards away. Since then I have given my
protegh a wide berth after sunset.'

111. Tengmalm's Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi

(J. F. Gmelin)
A rare autumn and winter visitant from
Scandinavia and Lapland, of which about
half a dozen Suffolk occurrences are re-
corded. Two were caught alive and un-
injured at Southwold in the autumn of
1 90 1, both of which lived for some time
in confinement. Tengmalm's owl and the
little owl could be distinguished even in the
dark by their legs, which in this species are
covered to the claws with thick downy
feathers, while in the little owl the toes
are nearly bare.

112. Little Owl. Athene noctua i^co'poW)
Little owls have been turned out in

England on several occasions and have bred
in a state of perfect liberty, so it is difBcult
to decide whether those which are met with
from time to time are genuine migrants. The
late Mr. Bilson of Bury had one in the flesh
in February, 1865, which was shot at Hen-
grave, and a very perfect specimen was caught
at Cavenham about 22 April, 1902, which
was stuffed by Mr. Travis of Bury.

113. Snowy Owl. Nyctea uandiaca (Linn.)
This splendid northern species is very rare

in East Anglia, and only occurs in winter.
One, now in the Norwich Museum, was shot
near Bungay in February, 1847, which was
for a long time in Mr. Spalding's collection,
and a second is reported to have been shot
near the Languard lighthouse 9 February,
1886, but its possessor is not known. A
third was seen by Colonel Leathes within
20 yards on a tree near Fritton Lake, 30
September, 1902 (Leathes).

114. Scops-Owl. Sfij^i ^iK (Scopoli)

This, the smallest of the British owls, is a
very rare visitor, but there seems to be a
genuine record of one shot at Haughley in
1865. It can be at once recognized by its
ear-tufts. Like the little owl this species is
very often imported alive from the continent,
and can usually be obtained through the Lon-
don dealers.

115. Marsh-Harrier. Circus arugtnosus (Linn.)
The marsh-harrier is the largest of the

three British harriers, and has for many years
been the most uncommon in Suffolk. There
can be no reasonable doubt that it formerly
bred in more than one locality, but all en-
deavours to establish a definite record have
been unsuccessful. One was picked up dead
near Aldeburgh in May, 1 869, but Mr. Hele
was never able to procure a specimen, and the
one in his collection in the Ipswich Museum,
which is cased up with a peregrine and a rough-
legged buzzard, came from Norfolk.

116. Hen-Harrier. Circus cyaneus (Linn.)

Females and young males of this species
occur in the county almost every year, but
the old male in his grey and white plumage
is practically unknown. It doubtless bred till
the early part of the last century, but the nest
found on Cavenham Heath in 1 871, in which
there were three broken eggs, but no bird be-
longing to which was seen (Babington's Cata-
logue, p. 38), was far more likely to have been
that of Montagu's harrier. A fine young
male was shot on the outskirts of Bury in
October, 1899, which was said to have just
killed a partridge.

117. Montagu's Harrier. Circus cineraceus

(Montagu)
A spring and autumn visitant, of which
there are no records of the breeding since
1889. In that year two nests were found,
each containing three eggs, one at Westleton,
the other on Dunwich Common, of which
somewhat melancholy details are published in
the Zoologist for 1890 (p. 77). Montagu's
harrier is the smallest of the three species, in
colour more resembling the hen-harrier than
the marsh, and occasionally an almost black
variety is met with, a specimen of which is
in the Dennis collection at the Bury Museum.

118. Buzzard. Buteo vulgayis, hach.

The local name of ' puttock,' which really
belongs to this species, is applied in Suffolk to
any large hawk. The buzzard is now only
a visitant, usually occurring in autumn, but it
used to breed in the county. The last eggs
taken and preserved were probably a clutch
taken at Tostock about 1853 '"^ * wood well
known to hunting men as ' Cindron Hills,' but
buzzards bred in Monk's Wood near Felsham
in 1874, where Dr. Babington saw the nest.
One of the birds was shot and thrown away
for the foxes, and in the following year the
hen was wounded on the nest {Catalogue, p.
33). Like the ravens, the buzzards bred in
trees for want of suitable rocks, and the

194

BIRDS

Tostock nest was in all likelihood an old
carrion-crow's, as these birds used to frequent
the place where it was found.

119. Rough-legged Buzzard. Buteo lagopus

(J. F. Gmelin)
A winter migrant, almost as irregular as
the waxwing, as in some seasons a good many
have occurred, and in many winters not one
has been recorded. 1876 and 1891 were
rough-legged buzzard years, the former year
especially, when these birds were met with
all over the county. They vary in plumage
a good deal, but are usually lighter in colour
than the common buzzard, and * a bird in the
hand ' can be recognized at once by the
feathered legs. The rough-legged buzzard
has not been known to breed in the British
Islands.

120. Spotted Eagle. Aquila maculata (J. F.

Gmelin)
Of eleven British specimens of this bird
two belong to Suffolk, both of which were
obtained in the autumn of 1891. The first
was shot at Sudbourne near Orford early in
November, and beautifully set up for its owner
by Messrs. Pratt of Brighton ; the second at
Reydon near Southwold in December, details
of both being recorded in the Field at the time
of the occurrences. The spotted eagle is a
small eagle with feathered legs and more or less
spotted with white on the upper parts.

121. White-tailed Eagle. Haliaitus alhicilla

(Linn.)
An occasional autumn and winter visitant,
often recorded as the golden eagle. The young
golden eagle has a good deal of white on the
tail, while the young white-tailed eagle has a
dark brown tail, but the two birds can be dis-
tinguished at a glance by the legs, which in
the golden eagle are feathered to the toes and
in the white-tailed eagle are bare to the joint.
Many collections contain a local specimen of
the latter, but there is no satisfactory record
of the occurrence of the golden eagle in
Suffolk, and it is very rare to meet with it
south of the Scottish border.

122. Goshawk, jistur palumbarius (Linn.)
A very rare autumn and winter visitant, of

which the last occurrence was at Somerleyton
in March, 1894. The goshawk may be de-
scribed as a gigantic sparrow-hawk, with pro-
portionately shorter and stouter legs, and like
that species has bright orange-yellow eyes.

123. Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus (Linn.)
A resident, breeding throughout the county,

but rarely allowed to bring off its young, as it

bears an evil repute as a destroyer of young
game. The nest is sometimes built by the
birds themselves and sometimes an old one
belonging to some other bird, but is invari-
ably on a tree, never in rocks or buildings.
Few birds lay more beautifiil eggs, and a
clutch well covered with chestnut - red
blotches is an ornament to any collection.
There are many records of the sparrow-
hawk's migration on the east coast.

124. Kite. Milvus ictinus, Savigny.

This magnificent bird is now very rare,
but Dr. Babington's statement that it ' for-
merly bred ' is doubtless quite correct, as there
are many places in the county suited to its
habits. The last kite obtained in SuflFolk
was one at Frostenden in February, 1901
(W. M. Crowfoot). In the autumn of 188 1
large birds of prey were met with in un-
usual numbers, and a female kite was picked
up dead, but perfectly fresh, on the shore near
Aldeburgh, of which particulars are given in
the Zoologist for 1884 (p. i).

125. Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus(Linn.)

A summer visitant, which has often nested
in other parts of England, the New Forest
especially, but there is no mention of its ever
having attempted to do so in East Anglia.
The honey - buzzard varies a good deal in
plumage, but the long wings and rather small
but brilliant yellow eye are always distinguish-
ing marks. A very fine old female shot near
Bury on 1 1 June, 1888, which had been feed-
ing on unfledged birds and blackbirds' eggs, is
now in the Tostock rectory collection.

126. Greenland Falcon. Falco candicans{J.F.

Gmelin)

Dr. Babington {Catalogue, p. 230) gives de-
tails of three occurrences, all in east Suffolk.

127. Gyr-Falcon. Falco gyrfalco, hinn.

An immature specimen was shot at Orford
in October, 1867, an excellent photograph of
which is given in Dr. Babington's Catalogue.
Suckling, in his History and Antiquities of the
County of Suffolk mentions (ii. 236) that King
John in return for his grant of certain privi-
leges received from the inhabitants of Dun-
wich ten falcons and five gyr-falcons, in addi-
tion to a payment of money.

128. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus,

Tunstall.

Almost every autumn and winter one or

two peregrines are sent into Bury to be stuffed,

and they are certainly the least rare of the

large hawks. The great majority of those

195

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

obtained are females, and a perfect old male
is a rarity. A splendid specimen came to
grief against the telegraph wires near Alde-
burgh in March, 1864, and was brought to
Mr. Hele in a terribly damaged condition, but
he managed to make a good bird of it. A
hen bird was caught near Bury in May, 1890,
which is an unusual date. Peregrines vary a
good deal in colour, some being much darker
than others. The only mention of the breed-
ing of this bird in Suffolk is made by the Rev.
R. Lubbock, who in his Fauna of Norfolk says
that ' during the time that the late Mr. Downes
practised falconry near Yarmouth a pair of these
birds used to breed in the steeple of Gorton
Church. The nestlings were taken and trained
to the chase, the clerk having a regular re-
taining fee for their preservation' (ed. 1879,
p. 29). This would probably be some time
between 1800 and 1820. The book referred
to contains (pp. 224-39) an article by Pro-
fessor Newton on ' Hawking in Norfolk,' in
which there are some interesting references to
the same sport in Suffolk, especially to the pur-
suit of the kite in the neighbourhood of Thet-
ford.

129. Hobby. Falco subbuteo, Linn.

This beautiful little falcon is now a rare
summer migrant, and must be classed among
the ' doubtful breeders.' A very perfect male
was shot at Rougham in June, 1898, which
may have been one of a pair nesting in the
vicinity, and in the ' sixties ' Mr. Hele had a
tame hobby for some years, which was taken
from a nest near Woodbridge. She was kept
in the garden during the summer and brought
into the house for warmth in the winter, but
at last made her escape, with the usual sequel
of being shot, and is now one of a group of
hawks and owls in the Ipswich Museum. The
hobby is said never to build a nest, but always
to use an old one, most frequently a crow's,
and is the latest breeder of all the hawks, not
laying till June. Three eggs are usually laid,
like those of the kestrel, but rather larger and
paler in colour.

1 30. Merlin. Fa/ca eesalon, Tunstall.

The merlin is a winter migrant, never re-
maining to breed, but not uncommon near
the coast, where it has been shot as early as
the first week in September. Its small size
enables it to be easily recognized.

131. Red-footed Falcon.
Linn.

Falco vespertinus,

The only record of this very rare southern
species is that of one shot at Somerleyton in

July, 1862, which was for many years in the
late Mr. H. Stevenson's collection.

132. Kestrel. Falco tinnunculus, Linn.
The kestrel like the owls is supposed to be

protected by law throughout the year in west
Suffolk, but (also like the owls) is often shot
by those who ought to know better. It is
the most common of all the hawks, breeding
throughout the county, frequently in church
towers, but also in hollow trees and old nests
of other birds. Its richly-coloured eggs can
hardly be mistaken for those of any other
bird nesting in Suffolk, and the young birds,
which are easily reared, make delightful pets,
becoming almost as tame as jackdaws, but if
allowed perfect liberty the migratory instinct
calls them southwards in early autumn. The
food of the kestrel consists chiefly of mice,
and the damage it is often accused of doing
to young game if not imaginary is greatly
exaggerated. The lesser kestrel {F. cenchris)
has not yet been found in Suffolk, and can
be identified by its small size and white claws.

133. Osprey. Pandion haliaftus (Linn.)

A rare spring and autumn visitant, more
often occurring near the coast than inland.
Several have been shot on Breydon, two of
which are in the Bury Museum, and two or
three near Aldeburgh, one of which, shot
near Thorpe Haven in October, 1874, is in
the museum at Ipswich. The bold contrast
of dark brown above and white below in the
osprey's plumage, and its extent of wing,
which often exceeds five feet, combine to
render it an easy bird to recognize.

134. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.)

The often-quoted record of Mr. Lubbock
[Fauna of Norfolk, ed. 1 879, p. 173) that
' cormorants have in some seasons nested in
the trees around Fritton decoy in some
number ; in other years there has not been
one nest ' must once more be cited, and from
a note in the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 288) the
date appears to be about 1825. The cor-
morant is now only a visitant, usually in late
summer and autumn.

135. Shag or Green Cormorant. Phalacro-

corax graculus (Linn.)

A visitant much rarer than the cormorant,
and a more strictly marine species, never
known to have nested in the county. In
December, 1900, one was shot when perched
on the roof of a house at West Stow near
Bury, which is quite thirty miles from the

196

BIRDS

136. Gannet or Solan Goose. Sula bassana

(Linn.)
A rare autumn and winter visitant to the
coast, sometimes driven inland by rough
weather. Most of those obtained have been
young birds in the spotted plumage, and an old
white bird is quite a rarity.

137. Common Heron. Jrdea cinerea,Liinn.
Locally, Harnser or Heronshaw.

From a fancied resemblance of its cry to
the word, the heron is often alluded to as
' Frank ' or ' Old Franky.' It is a resident
having several colonies in the county, of
which those at Orwell Park near Ipswich and
Blackheath on the river Aide were the largest.
Recent inquiries have elicited that both these
heronries are sadly diminished, as in 1902
neither had more than about six nests. In
1893 and 1894 the herons at Blackheath
were much disturbed by rooks, which per-
sistently sucked the eggs and left the ground
under the trees strewn with shells (Rev.
F. C. R. Jourdain). These two seasons were
unusually dry and the rooks possibly had
difScuIty in obtaining food. There are how-
ever more recently established but flourishing
heronries at Broke Hall near Ipswich and at
Walberswick, both of which may be oflFshoots
from the older ones. Herons formerly bred
at Herringfleet, but not for many years past,
though there is a fine heronry at Reedham,
just over the Norfolk border, where the birds
are strictly protected (Col. Leathes). There
were sixteen nests in April, 1903, at Flixton
Hall near Bungay, where the herons are also
well looked after (Sir Fredk. Adair). In
west Suffolk there is one at Cavenham (Rev.
E. A. Jones) and in 1902 a few pairs nested
at Chimney Mills near Bury on the Culford
estate (Mr. L. Travis). In winter herons are
scattered all over the county, too often to
fall victims to the prowling gunner, and are
sometimes seen displayed as ' show-birds ' in
the game shops. In west SuflFolk the heron is
protected under the Wild Birds' Protection
Act and also its eggs, so it is to be hoped that
^o fine and interesting a bird will always
hold its own and never be numbered among
the ' extinct breeders.*

138. Purple Heron. J rdea purpurea, Li'mn.

A rare visitant, hitherto only recorded from
the eastern side of the county and usually in
autumn. Those which occur are in most
cases young birds which have probably gone
astray when migrating from their breeding
grounds in Holland. A fine pair in the
Ipswich Museum were brought in the flesh to

a bird-stuffer in that town (Babington), but it
does not follow as a matter of course that
they were killed in Suffolk or even in
England.

139. Squacco Heron. Ardea ralloides,Scopo\i.
A very rare summer visitant, of which

the only record for perhaps half a cen-
tury is that of a female shot in Thorpe
Mere near Aldeburgh on 14 June, 1882.
Mr. Hele had it in the flesh and writes, ' It
had been feeding on the Pandalus annuUcornis
or grey shrimp, also small eels. It was in
most perfect plumage. The ovary contained
impregnated eggs ' {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed.
1890, p. 82).

140. Night-Heron. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.)
A rare visitant which has been obtained a

few times, the last occurrence being in June,
1883 (Babington).

141. Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta (Linn.)
Several little bitterns have been shot in the

county, and many more may have come and
gone without being noticed, as its small size
and habit of frequenting reed-beds often
enable it to escape observation. Most of
those recorded have been summer visitants,
and there can be little doubt as to its having
formerly bred in the eastern counties.

142. Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.)
Though eggs of the bittern were taken in

Norfolk as recently as 1868 there is no posi-
tive record of its having bred in Suffolk, but
it was probably a resident both in the fen-
land near Mildenhall and also in the vicinity
of Lowestoft. Hardly a winter passes with-
out one or more being shot, and like other
winter migrants they are much more numer-
ous in some seasons than in others. Early in
February, 1901, a bittern was caught by a
dog at Ampton and conveyed to the Zoo-
logical Gardens, but it soon died and was
returned to the donors, for whom it was pre-
served by Mr. Travis of Bury. It was a
small bird but in beautiful plumage.

143. White Stork. Ciconia alba, Bechstein.
A rare summer visitant which has not

been obtained or seen for upwards of thirty
years. There is one in the Ipswich Museum
shot at Sudborne in 1830 and given by the
late Sir Richard Wallace, and one was seen
in the meres near Aldeburgh on several
occasions in the spring of 1875.

144. Black Stork. Ciconia nigra (Linn.)
Even rarer than the white stork, but two

or three have been recorded. One shot on

197

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Breydon in June, 1877, was bought at Mr.
Stevenson's sale for the Norwich Museum,
and Dr. Babington mentions having seen
another which was shot at Stoke-by-Nayland
in 1881.

145. Glossy Ibis. Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.)
Only one bona-fide Suffolk specimen of this

accidental visitant has been obtained, an adult
female shot at Blundeston near Lowestoft in
May, 1850 {Birds of Norfolk, ii. 193).

146. Spoonbill. P lata lea leucorod'ta, IJinn.

' The platea or shovelard, which build
upon the tops of high trees. They formerly
built in the heronry at Claxton and Reedham ;
now at Trimley, in Suffolk. They come in
March, and are shot by fowlers, not for their
meat, but for the handsomeness of the same ;
remarkable in their white colour, copped
crown, and spoon or spatule like bill.' This
most interesting note of the Norfolk naturalist
Sir Thomas Browne is quoted by the author
of the Birds of Norfolk (ii. 184), who assigns
to it the date of 1688. The spoonbill is
now by no means one of the rarest spring
and summer visitants, and its pure white
plumage and long legs make it a conspicuous
bird. In the ' sixties ' and * seventies ' it was
frequently seen about the river and meres
near Aldeburgh, and the Hele collection at
Ipswich possesses two local specimens. In
the Zoologist for 1 90 1 , Mr. Patterson was able
to write from Yarmouth : ' Scarcely a day has
passed since early April to this day of writing
(June 2 1st) but what one or more spoon-
bills have been in sight on Breydon. First
one was seen on April loth, twelve on April
27th, and five more next day — seventeen in
all ! Seven observed on May 7 th ; I saw two
on May i6th quite near my houseboat, and I
sailed up to a couple on May 17th.' No
bird has profited more by the watchful over-
sight now exercised on Breydon than this, as
it can be seen through the watcher's glass a
mile or more away. These and other spring
visitants probably reach Breydon vii Suffolk.

147. Grey Lag-Goose, yinser cinereus, Meyer.
Though this is the only goose breeding in
the British Islands, and the only one known
ever to have done so, it is in Suffolk the
rarest of the four grey geese and quite an
uncommon winter visitant. In September,
1870, three frequented the meres near Alde-
burgh and associated with the geese kept by
the cottagers at Thorpe. One of them was
shot and proved to be a very fine old gander
slightly marked with black on the under parts
(Ipswich Museum).

148. White-fronted Goose.
(Scopoli)

yinser albifrons

A rather uncommon winter migrant,
though Mr. Hele mentions that in the
winter of 1870— I enormous ' skeins ' visited
the Aldeburgh neighbourhood. Some of the
old birds are very richly marked with black on
the breast and belly, and like the grey lag-
goose this species has a white nail on the tip
of the beak.

149. Bean-Goose. Jnser segetum (J. F.
Gmelin)

This is the common ' wild goose ' of
Suffolk, and a flock seen flying over in west
Suffolk during the winter may safely be said
to be bean-geese. * On some of the farms
near the coast and river at Sudbourne and
Gedgrave wild geese came in such numbers
to feed on the young growing corn that the
farmers had to employ boys to scare them
away. One farmer used to have yarn
stretched between sticks all over the fields
frequented by them. This was probably
about sixty years ago and my father recollects
it well ' (G. T. Rope). The rearing of
geese on a large scale was formerly a recog-
nized industry in East Anglia, and in 1902
more than a thousand geese brought over
from Holland when quite young were turned
down on some fields at Tostock, many of
which showed plain traces of bean-goose
ancestry.

150. Pink-footed Goose. Anser brachyrhyn-
chus, Baillon.
Next to the bean-goose, which it resembles
in having a black nail on the beak, this is the
most common grey goose, being in some
years the more abundant of the two. It is
of course a winter migrant, and at Aldeburgh
has been seen in flocks of eighty or a hun-
dred in the marshes south of the town (C. C.
Clarke in litt.).

151. Barnacle-Goose. Bernicla leucopsis (Bech-

stein)
A decidedly rare winter visitant of which
two were obtained in the river near Alde-
burgh 20 September, 1887 (Hele). This is
an unusually early occurrence.

152. Brent Goose. Bernicla brtnta (Pallas)
Locally, Prussian Goose or Brant.

In hard winters this marine goose is quite
abundant, though it is never obtained in the
same numbers as in Essex. It has been
noticed on migration from the Corton light-
ship as early as July (Zoologist, 1880, p. 184).

198

BIRDS

The omission of the Canada goose and of
the Egyptian goose has been already axplained.

153. Whooper Swan,
stein.

Cygnus musicus, Bech-

18 70-1 and 1 890-1 were both great
' swan years,' in the former of which more
than twenty whoopers were shot near Alde-
burgh, and in the latter a good many were
obtained. One gunner shot five in the
river Aide at one discharge of his punt gun,
and another shot three swans, of which the
species was not recorded, at one shot with a
shoulder gun. A fine old cock whooper will
often turn the scale at over 20 lb. and there
seems always to be a sale for swans of any
kind in the London market. Probably all
are utilized for food in some form or other.

154. Bewick's Swan,
rell.

Cygnus bnvicki, Yar-

This bird shares with the whooper the
popular name of ' wild swan,' and though not
so common as its larger congener, when
whoopers arrive in unusual numbers Bewick's
swan may always be expected. An adult in
the Tostock rectory collection was shot in the
river Aide as late as March, 1891, and before
it was skinned the bright yellow of the bare
skin round the eyes (technically called the
orbit) was very conspicuous. Bewick's swan
is a much smaller bird than the whooper, and
13 lb. is a good weight even for an old male.

155. Mute Swan. Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmelin)

Though many mute swans stray from
private waters and lose their lives Mr.
Saimders has suggested [Manual, p. 417) that
it does not follow that all which are shot are
escaped birds, ' for the mute swan still breeds
in a perfectly wild state at no greater distance
from us than Denmark and the south of
Sweden, whence it is forced by cold to
migrate in winter.' These countries it may
be pointed out are a good thousand miles
nearer the east coast of England than any
known breeding-place of Bewick's swan.
Swan-breeding has never been carried on in
Suffolk on so large a scale as in Norfolk, and
the fattening of cygnets for the table has not
often been attempted. The late Rev. W. G.
Tuck, who as a Norfolk man well knew the
edible value of the swan, had one or two
young ones fattened and killed in the early
' sixties,' and though the experiment was
entirely successful from an edible point of
view it was hardly so as a matter of expendi-
ture and result.

156. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta

(S. G. Gmelin)
Locally, Burrow-Duck.
This fine wildfowl is a resident breeding
in rabbit holes in several localities near the
coast, though the birds which remain all the
year are few in number compared with the
winter migrants. Of these Mr. Hele says
(Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1870, p. 151) :
* Almost every winter many shieldrakes visit
us, they fly together in large flocks, and most
beautiful they appear. The white of the
wings reminds one strongly of a patch of the
purest possible snow having fallen upon their
backs.' Being entirely shore and mud-
feeders they are utterly valueless for the table,
and it is a pity to shoot such interesting and
ornamental birds unless they are required as
specimens. The eggs, which are white and
glossy, are sometimes as many as twelve in
number, and the drake and duck are much
alike.

157. Ruddy Sheld-Duck. Tadorna casarca

(Linn.)

Till 1892 a single bird shot in the mere
near Aldeburgh in July, 1886, was the only
Suffolk specimen of this rare south-eastern
duck, but in the summer of 1892 a remark-
able migration occurred of which Mr. F. M.
Ogilvie has given full details in the Zoologist
for that year (pp. 392-8). Three more were
then shot in the meres near Aldeburgh and
others seen, but there is no record of any
having been obtained or even observed since
that date.

158. Mallard or Wild Duck. Anas boscas,

Linn.
Locally, Wild Duck, Grey Duck.
A resident throughout the county, breeding
in marshes, on heaths, and occasionally in a
place as high and dry as the head of an old
pollard tree. The resident birds pair in
February and often have eggs in March, and
these should be spared after 10 February at
the latest. Many ' foreigners ' come over in
winter, which are smaller and slimmer birds
than the resident race. At least three decoys
are still worked in Suffolk, of which one is
at Fritton Lake near Lowestoft and another
at Iken near Aldeburgh. In the former 2,765
fowl were taken in the season of 1 900-1
and about half that number in the following
year, but some sixty years ago when decoys
were worked at both ends of the lake the
numbers were from twelve to fifteen thousand
annually (Col. H. M. Leathes). The present
owner of the Iken decoy (Mr. A. H. E.

199

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Wood) has kindly furnished details of the
number of fowl taken from 1878-9 to
I go 1-2, the total for the twenty-four seasons
amounting to 43,318, which includes fowl
shot on the estate and adjoining tidal waters.
Of the total 20,382 were wild ducks, 17,169
teal, and 5,464 wigeon, the balance being
made up of ' various.' The number of fowl
in the season of 1902-3 was 3177, which
beat the previous record of 2,964 in 1899-
1900 (A. H. E. W. in litt.). The third
decoy is on the Orwell Park estate near
Ipswich, and yields an average of about 2,000
fowl in a season.

159. Gadwall. Anas strepera, h'mn.

This game-duck breeds regularly in Norfolk
but the nest has not yet been found in Suffolk,
though in May, 1901, a clutch of ten eggs
was taken near Diss within a mile of the
boundary river and put under a hen. In
Suffolk it is a rather uncommon winter
migrant. During a short period of hard
weather in February, 1902, a female was
shot at Bardwell and preserved by Mr. Travis
of Bury. The gadwall can be recognized
by its yellowish legs and white wing-spot.

160. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (Linn.)
For beauty and variety of colouring the

shoveler drake is excelled by no British water-
fowl. This bird is a resident and ' about ten
or twelve couple breed annually in one
district in east Suffolk where I have seen four
or five nests. Sometimes they are to be found
among dead reeds : at other times high up
on commons among gorse and bracken and
right away from water. One nest contained
eleven shoveler and three pheasant eggs '
(Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain). The broad bill is
a distinguishing mark of this bird in any
plumage.

161. Pintail. Dafila acuta (Linn.)
Locally, Sea-Pheasant.

A winter migrant sometimes arriving in
September and occasionally remaining as late
as 13 May [Zoologist, 1875, p. 4536), but
never breeding in England.

162. Teal. Nettion crecca (Linn.)

A resident which ' breeds in fair numbers
in east Suffolk. I have seen the nest in
woods as well as on the commons ' (Rev. F.
C. R. Jourdain). 1879—80 was a great teal
year, and 1,661 were captured or shot at
Iken out of a total of 2,846 fowl (A. H. E.
Wood).

163. Garganey. ^erquedula circia (Linn.)
This summer migrant is now so rare that

the local name of ' summer-teal ' is practically
obsolete. In the ' seventies ' Mr. Hele found
it breeding in the marshes near Aldeburgh,
and Mr. G. T. Rope in the reedland at
Leiston [Zoologist, 1874, p. 4036, for details
of the latter), but there are no more recent
records. In 1872 several young birds were
shot near Aldeburgh during August, and
there are one or two local eggs in the Ipswich
Museum. The duck in hand can be dis-
tinguished from the teal by the absence of
the bright green wing-spot.

164. Wigeon. Mareca penelope (Linn.)

A common winter migrant of which many
are taken in the decoys and also shot. The
record of wigeon in the Iken decoy was 771
in 1 900-1 (A. H. E. Wood). They have
been seen paired in the Aldeburgh meres in
May, and Mr. Hele thought they occasionally
bred, having once had a duckling brought to
him still partly in the down, but it is perhaps
possible that this may have been a gadwall.

165. Red-crested Pochard. iJetta rufina

(Pallas)

A very rare visitant from the south of
which Dr. Babington records one perfectly
satisfactory specimen shot at Easton Broad by
Mr. Spalding 'some years before 1864.' It
was a drake in full plumage, and at Mr.
Spalding's sale was secured by the late Mr.
H. Greenwood [Catalogue, p. 245).

' 166. Pochard. Fuligula ferina (Linn.)

A winter migrant sometimes plentiful
enough and believed to have nested once at
least near Aldeburgh (Hele). Some eggs
were taken and from them were hatched
ducklings with very large feet, but they died
and were not preserved. ' I have seen a few
in the spring with other duck and believe
them to breed, though I have not found the
nest ' (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

167. Ferruginous Duck. Fuligula nyroca

(Guldenstadt)

A rare visitant which has only been
obtained a few times in SufiFolk and not very
recently.

168. Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata [Ltach)

This is a bird whose nest, like that of the
pochard, could probably be found if searched
for, as it breeds abundantly in Norfolk and
its range as a resident species is extending
throughout the country. As a winter migrant
it is very well known on the coast and in the
rivers.

200

BIRDS

169. Scaup-Duck. Fuligula marila (Linn.)
A sea-duck seldom met with inland, never

breeding in England and only very rarely in
Scotland, but common enough on the coast
in winter. The name is probably derived
from its feeding on mussel * scalps.'

170. Goldeneye. Clangula glaucton (Linn.)

Locally, Goldeneye Daver (= Diver).

A winter migrant of which young birds
and females are not uncommon, but a good
old drake is quite a rarity.

171. Long-tailed Duck. Harelda glacialii

(Linn.)
A rather irregular winter migrant of which
Mr. Hele states that it ' has occurred in
flocks during excessively cold winters.' An
old drake in summer dress was obtained near
Orford about 23 July, 1872 (Ipswich Museum),
in which plumage it is extremely rare in
Britain.

172. Common Eider Duck. Somateria mollis-

sitna (Linn.)
A rare winter visitant, but one which will
perhaps be more often met with in East
Anglia now that its breeding grounds on the
Fame Islands are so strictly protected.
The very rare king-eider (S. spectabilis) has
been obtained more than once in Norfolk,
and if all eiders killed in Suffolk are examined
by a competent authority it may sooner or
later be recognized. It is a slightly smaller
bird than the common eider.

1 73. Common Scoter. (Edemia nigra (Linn.)
This winter migrant is an essentially

marine bird and very rarely seen inland. A
few, which are probably birds which have
not begun to breed, are sometimes observed
flying alongshore in the summer months. In
July, 1 89 1, large flocks were attracted to
Sizewell Bank to feed on the barley washed
out of a steamer sunk there (F. M. Ogilvic
in Zoologist, 1892, p. 1 09).

1 74. Velvet-Scoter. (Edemia fusca (Linn.)
Though much less frequent than the last-
named species young velvet-scoters are not
uncommon in winter, but old drakes in the
handsome adult plumage are scarce. A very
perfect one was shot at Cockfield, which is
quite twenty-five miles from the sea, 26
November, 1892. The colouring of the
legs and beak was very bright.

175. Goosander. Mergus merganser^ Linn.
Females and young birds are not uncom-
mon winter migrants, but a perfect male is

always a prize
collection.

and

an ornament to any

Mergus

str-

176. Red-breasted Merganser.
rator, Linn.
Locally, Saw-bill or Saw-bill Daver.

This species shares with the goosander the
local name of ' saw-bill,' and the same remarks
apply to it, though it is perhaps the more
common of the two.

Mergus albellus, Linn
rare winter visitant, which

177. Smew,
A rare winter visitant, which occurs as a

rule only in very severe winters. A fine
drake was shot near Ixworth during the frost
of 1 890-1. The Ipswich Museum (Hele
collection) possesses splendid old males of this
and the three last-named species, all obtained
at or near Aldeburgh in i8?o and 1871.

178. Ring-Dove or Wood-Pigeon. Columba
palumbus, Linn.

A common resident breeding twice if not
three times in the year, and often appearing
in enormous flocks in winter. Many are
shot by waiting for them in ' dow-houses '
(dove is usually * dow ' in Suffolk), which are
huts roughly constructed of boughs in which
the shooter waits for the birds as they come
to the woods for the acorns and beech-mast.
On 9 February, 1903, a man was shooting
them in this manner near Ipswich and killed
a fine young white-tailed eagle which flew
down on a dead bird set up as a decoy
{Zoologist, 1903, p. 107). In the Newmarket
neighbourhood wood-pigeons swarmed in
December, 1902, and a local paper stated
that a punt gun was brought to bear on them
so effectually that in one case nineteen
were killed at a shot. These great flocks
probably come from Scandinavia, as they
have been seen crossing the North Sea, and
there is a record of one having been killed
by striking a lighthouse at Orford [Migration
Report for 1884, p. 59).

179. Stock-Dove. Celumba aenas, Linn.
Locally, Stock-Dow.

A resident never seen in flocks like the
ring-dove, but more numerous now than in
former years. It derives its name from its
habit of nesting in the ' stocks ' or trunks of
hollow trees, but it also breeds freely in rabbit
burrows on the warrens and sometimes in
church towers. The eggs, smaller and more
creamy-white than those of the ring-dove,
have been found as early as April and as late
as September. A nest with two almost fresh
eggs was found in the tower of Tostock
church, 26 August, 1900. The smaller
201 26

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

size and entire absence of white in the
plumage distinguish this bird from the ring-
dove, and it does not ' coo,' but utters instead
a singular grunting note.

1 80. Turtle-Dove. Turtur communis, Selby.
A summer migrant arriving about May
Day and easily encouraged by feeding. For
some years past they have come daily to the
garden at Tostock rectory in the summer
months, feeding on maize thrown down for
the tame pigeons, and though they do not
pass the winter north of the Mediterranean
there can be little doubt that the same birds
return to their old haunts year after year.
They are very fond of salt, and when seen
in kitchen gardens they come there with no
worse intent than to peck about on the salt-
impregnated soil of the asparagus beds. The
beauty and harmlessness of this bird well
merit the protection ordered in west Suffolk
both for itself and its eggs.

i8i. Pallas's Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes para-
doxus (Pallas)
Suffolk was visited by this Asiatic species
both in the immigration of 1863 and the
second and much larger one in 1888. Mr.
Hele records [Notes about A Idehurgh, ed. 1890,
p. 79) that on 28 May, 1863, seven were
seen to come in from the sea, which alighted
on the shore at Thorpe. A female (Ipswich
Museum) was shot and brought to him, and
many others were afterwards seen. Dr.
Babington [Catalogue, pp. 236-8) has given
a very careful record of the first visitation
with illustrations of a cock and hen. The
pioneers of the second visitation appeared in
Suffolk about the end of May, 1888, when
one was obtained at Mildenhall and another
picked up on the beach at Lowestoft. Several
"were shot near Aldeburgh, some of which
were taken to Mr. Hele, and a fine pair in
the Tostock rectory collection were kindly
sent by him in the flesh. The birds soon
spread all over the county, and many passed
on to the midlands. Some remained till the
end of the year, but no attempt at breeding
appears to have been made in Suffolk. In
1889 'there was a beautiful single male
Pallas's sand-grouse killed at Thorpe Haven
the very end of January. It was peculiarly
marked about the breast, being very dark.
The primaries of the wings and elongated
feathers of the tail were most perfect. The
bird weighed thirteen ounces. I should say
about the best example obtained ' (N. F. Hele
in litt.). Dr. Babington died in January,
1889, having been for some time in failing
health, which prevented him from going

thoroughly into the visitation of 1888, and
perhaps the last addition to his fine collection
of birds was a male of this species shot at
Lowestoft 13 June, 1888. It is impossible
to give any idea of the number visiting the
county or of those killed, but a local paper
stated that on 27 August a flock of two or
three hundred birds passed over Eriswell, and
it is pretty certain that all those which were
shot were not recorded.

182. Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus, Linn.
Though thousands of pheasants are annu-
ally reared and shot in Suffolk, it would now
be a difficult matter to obtain a specimen of
the pure old English form. The great ma-
jority of cocks show more or less of the white
ring on the neck derived from the Chinese
P. torquatus, and as the Japanese pheasant
and Reeves' pheasant have also been
turned down in various places, cross-bred
birds in great variety have been shot. Pied
or even white varieties are common enough,
and about the end of 1898 two hybrids be-
tween the pheasant and common fowl were
sent to Bury to be preserved. Colonel Butler
records [Zoologist, 1901, p. 477) a black
grouse and pheasant hybrid shot near Wood-
bridge, and it seems hardly needful to add
that the presence of the black grouse in Suf-
folk is due to some having been turned down.

183. Partridge. Perdix cinerea, hutham.

Suffolk has long been regarded as a strong-
hold of this favourite game bird, which is
often spoken of as the ' pattridge.' They
are expected to be paired by Valentine Day
and to have hatched by Midsummer Day.
Varieties of plumage occur from time to
time.

184. Red-legged Partridge. Caccahis rufa

(Linn.)
Locally, French Partridge or Frenchman.

Towards the close of the eighteenth cen-
tury these birds were introduced into England
' by the Marquis of Hertford and Lord
Rendlesham, each of whom had eggs procured
on the Continent, carefully brought to Eng-
land, and placed under domestic fowls ; the
former at Sudbourn, near (Jrford in Suffolk,
one of his shooting residences ; the latter on
his estates at Rendlesham, a few miles distant
from Sudbourn. From these places the birds
have been gradually extending themselves
over the adjoining counties ' (Yarrell, ed. 4,
iii. 1 1 6). The 'Frenchman' is now dis-
persed all through the county, and is perhaps
as common in the neighbourhood of Diss as
anywhere. Young birds of this species in

202

BIRDS

the speckled plumage have often been mis-
taken for hybrids with the common partridge.

185. Quail. Ceturnix communis, Bonnztcrre.
A rather irregular summer migrant, more

plentiful in some years than in others. The
nest has been occasionally found.

186. Corn-Crake or Land-Rail. Crex pra-

tensis, Bechstein.
In Suffolk people usually shoot the ' land-
rail ' but hear the ' corn-crake,' as the latter
name appeals more to the ear. This bird is a
rather late summer migrant, nesting in
meadows and cornfields, where it makes its
presence known by its oft-repe;.ted * crake-
crake.' Comparatively few people know it
by sight, and a beautiful specimen which
struck the telegraph wires near Bury in May,
1 90 1, was a puzzle to a gang of railway
workmen, not one of whom could name it.

187. Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta

(Leach)
One or two pairs may nest in the county
still, but this bird is chiefly an autumn visitant.
Mr. G. T. Rope has found it nesting at
Leiston, ' where in the marshes on the Lower
Abbey Farm there was a large reed-bed or
" reedland," since drained and done away
with. The Spotted Crake bred there in 1872
and my brother and I found the nest, or more
strictly speaking our dog found it. The
young were on the point of hatching and an
addled egg and a drawing of one of the chicks
were sent to the Field office' (G. T. R. in litt.).
In the summer of 1866 the naturalists at
Aldeburgh were much perplexed by the call
of a bird repeatedly heard in the mere nearest
the town, and there is little doubt that the
' weet-weet ' was produced by the spotted
crake (Hele).

188. Little Crake. Porzana parva {Scopoli)
A very rare visitant, which has doubtless

often escaped notice from its small size and
skulking habits. One was killed on Oulton
Broad in 1830, which Dr. Babington con-
sidered the ' only one which can with cer-
tainty be counted on as having occurred in
Suffolk.'

189. Baillon's Crake. Perzana hailloni

(Vieillot)
The records of this rare visitant do not
appear to be very satisfactory or very recent,
but as Dr. Babington has admitted its claim
and Mr. Saunders states that ' Baillon's crake
has occurred in Suffolk ' {Manual, p. 513) it
is included here, especially as there are several

good records from Norfolk, and it is believed
to have nested in that county. It may be
roughly described as a very small spotted
crake,

190. Water-Rail. Rallus aquaticus, Linn.

A resident breeding in marshes and reed-
beds, but not common except in winter,
when the numbers are increased by the
arrival of migrants.

191. Moor-Hen. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.)
A common resident, also known as the

water-hen, breeding on the edges of lakes,
rivers and ponds, and even in ditches, where
its nest may be found from early in April till
late in June, as it rears two broods in a
season. During a flood in the Norton
meadows in June, 1902, which must have
destroyed many hundreds of eggs, a sitting
moorhen raised her nest and eggs with sedge
and reeds to a height of about 18 inches
above the original site of the nest and kept
them high and dry. In a long frost these
birds suffer severely, and in the intense frost
of February, 1895, some were found dead at
Tostock in rabbit burrows into which they
had evidently crept for shelter.

192. Coot. Fulica atra, hinn,

A resident far less common than the moor-
hen but breeding both in marshes near the sea
and on inland waters. Bartonmere, before
it had shrunk to its present condition, was a
favourite haunt, and in 1 90 1 several pairs
nested on Drinkstone Park water. * There
are a few women in the town who are
regularly employed to prepare the coot for
cooking. It appears the down under the
feathers is so close and thick as to necessitate
its removal after the bird is plucked. Thisi
is done by first rubbing the surface with pow-
dered resin, afterwards dipping the entire
body into hot water. By this means the resin,
becomes dissolved and mingling with the
down allows it to be removed with tolerable
ease' (Hele, Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1890^
p. 86).

193. Crane. Grus communis, Btchste.\n.
Though it is quite possible that the crane

may have bred in the fens of Suffolk long ago
there are only two records of its occurrence
in recent times, both of them in the Lowes-
toft district. One was shot at Kirkley in a
barley field in April, 1845 (Babington, Cata-
logue, p. 157), and the other at Benacre in
the last week of June, 1 893, which was pre-
served for Sir Alfred Gooch by Mr. Bunn of
Lowestoft.

203

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

194. Great Bustard. Otis tarda, Linn.

Much has been written on the great
bustards of SuflFollc, but as this fine old county
family became extinct about 1830 it is pretty
certain that there is no one now living who
can claim a personal acquaintance with them,
and a writer in the twentieth century must
fall back on information previously published.
The history of the Norfolk and Suffolk
bustards has been most carefully recorded in
the Birds of l<!$rfolk (i. 1-42, and iii. 396-
407), and Dr. Babington [Catalogue, pp.
1 1 1—3) has taken great trouble to preserve a
record of the occurrences in this county.
This superb game bird had its headquarters
in the north-west on the warrens or brecks
about Elveden, Eriswell and Icklingham.
Mr. W. Bilson, for many years a bird-stuffer
at Bury, who was born in 1808 and died in
1894, well remembered the Icklingham
bustards, and on one occasion saw as many as
six at once. This would probably be about
1824. Only four specimens of the old native
race seem to be in existence, and none of
them remain in the county. There is one in
the Cambridge Museum from Icklingham ;
one in the Norwich Museum obtained at
Elveden in 1 8 15; one in the collection of
Mr. Lucas of Burgh in Norfolk, killed at
Eriswell about 1829 ; and one was for many
years at Riddlesworth Hall, which was killed
at Cavenham, and at the Riddlesworth sale in
1894 passed into a private collection. All
these are females. Dr. Babington mentions
also the particulars of four Suffolk eggs which
were intact when he wrote in 1886. After
the old race had become extinct Suffolk
remained for about forty years unvisited by
bustards, but in January, 1876, a fine male
appeared at Feltwell in Norfolk, where he
remained for a month and was subsequently
seen at Eriswell and Elveden (H. M. Upcher
in Zoologist, 1876, p. 4882, where full details
are given). During the winter of 1890— i
several hen bustards were killed in England,
one of them in Mildenhall Fen on 5 February,
1 89 1. Mr. Hewlett of Newmarket met a
fen-man with the bird in his hand and at
once purchased it. He mounted it and after-
wards sold it to Mr. Walter Rothschild of
Tring Park, in whose museum it still remains.
An attempt was made some ten years later to
re-establish the bustard on the Elveden estate
where seventeen birds imported from Spain
were turned down. The experiment un-
fortunately was not successful as the majority
of the birds disappeared, and in December,
1 90 1, only four remained, of which one had
a damaged wing (J. H. Gurney in Zoologist,

1902, p. 84). Two of the birds strayed to
Finningham, where they were shot by a
keeper in June, 190 1, and though the shooter
was prosecuted and fined for killing game out
of season the mischief was done. These two
birds, a hen and a young cock, were pre-
sented to the Ipswich Museum. In the
autumn of 1902 one of the four survivors
was shot just over the Cambridgeshire border
and all hope of the birds increasing was at an
end, though a cock and hen were alive and
well in April, 1903, of which the hen had
laid two infertile eggs in 1902 (Mr. W. Hill).

195. Little Bustard. Otis tetrax, Linn.
There is no reason to believe that this bird

was ever anything but the rare visitant to
Britain that it is now. Nearly all the Suffolk
examples have been met with in autumn or
winter, but the only one obtained since the
' seventies ' is a remarkable exception. This
was a fine male shot at Kessingland on 30
May, 1898, which was in perfect breeding
plumage, and in this respect unique as a
British specimen. An illustration reproduced
from a photograph with details will be found
in the Zoologist for 1899, p. 120.

196. Stone-Curlew. (Edicnemus scolopax (S.G.

Gmelin)
Locally, Culloo or Cullew.
A summer migrant arriving about the end
of March and still fairly common in those
parts of the county which were once the
haunt of the bustard. There are also some
on the commons and in the fields adjoining
the coast, and in May, 1901, a clutch of eggs
was found near Southwold. The two eggs
often differ a good deal in shape, one being
much rounder than the other, and this was
the case with a clutch remarkable for the
minute freckles on both eggs found near
Mildenhall in 1902. 'Many of the first
clutches are broken by harrowing and rolling.
It is a curious fact that keepers who have
excellent opportunities of observing these birds
state that they see them occasionally during
every month of the winter ' (Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain). One was picked up alive near
Bury in November, 1902, apparently nipped
by the cold, but it soon recovered and was
eventually sent to an aviary in Yorkshire. In
January, 1889, one was shot at Barrow, and
as a note made at the time mentions that it
was in poor plumage and condition it may
have been a wounded bird. This bird is also
known as the great plover, Norfolk plover and
thick-knee. The large bright yellow eye is
very beautiful in the living bird, and indicates
the nocturnal habits of the species.

204

BIRDS

197. Cream-coloured Courser. Cursorius

gallicus (J. F. Gmelin)
Dr. Babington mentions one occurrence
of this very rare straggler to England, stating
that one was shot at Friston in 1828 {Cata-
logue, p. 239).

198. Dotterel. Eudromias morinellus {L,mn.)
An uncommon spring and autumn migrant,

but it is quite possible that in the plain
plumage of the first autumn many "have been
shot and eaten without being recognized. In
the spring of 1880 one in perfect summer
dress was brought to Mr. Hele which had
'made a job of itself (Suffolk for suicide)
against the telegraph wires so effectually that
it could not be mounted. The dotterel breeds
no nearer to Suffolk than the mountains of
the English lake district.

199. Ringed Plover. Mgia litis hiaticula

(Linn.)

Locally, Stone-hatch, inland ; Stone-runner,
on the coast.

The graceful flight and mellow whistle of
this pretty bird must be familiar to every one
who has walked along the shingly beaches of
Suffolk. It is a resident breeding on the
coast and also inland at Barnham, Elveden,
Lakenheath and on Thetford Warren. Mr.
W. G. Clarke has given {Zoologist, 1897, pp.
502-4) full details of the inland nesting-
places, stating that the birds arrive in March
and sometimes have eggs by the end of the
month, adding that they leave about mid-
August and are said to ' go with the cuckoos.'
Young birds unable to fly are sometimes seen
in August, which indicates that two broods
are reared in the year.- A rather smaller form
with darker mantle occurs on migration, but
the real little ringed plover (/£. curonica)
has not been recognized in Suffolk.

200. Kentish Plover. Mgialitis cantiana

(Latham)
A rare spring and autumn migrant, the
breeding grounds of which are confined in
England to a very limited area on the coasts
of Kent and Sussex. It is smaller than the
ringed plover and can be identified at any age
by its black legs. A very perfect male in the
Ipswich Museum was shot near Aldeburgh in
June, 1869.

201. Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis,

Linn.

A winter migrant often met with inland

but rarely remaining late enough to assume its

summer plumage. In May, 1891, one was

shot at Tuddenbam (west Suffolk) with a

very perfect black breast, which is still in the
possession of Mr. Travis of Bury. Its nearest
breeding grounds are on the Derbyshire hills.
The lesser golden plover {Charadrius dominicus)
has lately been added to the British list, and
any one shooting a small golden plover near
the coast will do well to obtain the opinion
of an expert before consigning it to the larder.

202. Grey Plover. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.)
A typical spring and autumn visitant much
more numerous in the latter season. Young
birds in first plumage have a yellowish tinge
on the back, but the grey plover can be recog-
nized in any plumage by possessing a hind
toe. The splendid specimens in the Ipswich
Museum were shot near Aldeburgh in 1866
or 1867.

403. Lapwing. Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein.
Locally, Peewit, Horn-Pie.
A resident breeding in rough meadows, on
commons and also on arable land throughout
the county. In the very early spring of 1 894
a full clutch of eggs was found at Tostock
on 30 March. Many eggs are taken for
eating, but if the first nest is safely hatched
only one brood is reared. Early in July the
Suffolk-bred birds congregate in flocks, and
there are large additions of foreigners ' in late
autumn, of which there are many records
from lightships and lighthouses.

204. Turnstone. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant and a bird

easily recognized from its black and white
plumage. The young birds begin to arrive
in August and are sometimes so tame that
they will allow a shore-shooter to walk
almost up to them. The turnstone frequents
the beach and is often seen feeding quite close
to the tide-line. Dr. Babington had no
records from west Suffolk.

205. Oyster-catcher. Hamatopus ostralegus,

Linn.
Locally, Olive (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain) ;
Mere-Pie.

The great flocks of oyster-catchers which
frequent the shores of the Wash are unknown
in Suffolk, though Mr. Hele says that they
were ' formerly much more abundant than now
and used to breed in large numbers about the
mere-land at Thorpe.' No eggs came into
his possession between i860 and 1890, when
in the second edition of his book he wrote of
the once abundant birds : * A few of these
are generally to be found during May, both
at Thorpe and about the river side,' referring
to those which occurred on migration. In

205

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

1 89 1 the present writer classed the oyster-
catcher with the extinct breeders, but on 3
June, 1893, the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain
found a nest on the Suffolk coast with three
eggs just hatching, and on 5 June saw a pair
evidently breeding on one of the rivers, add-
ing that in 1894 they were certainly breeding
again on the shore, and that a boy told him
he had more than once found the nest of the
' olive,' as he called it (F. C. R. J. in litt.).
This is an interesting case of birds returning
to old breeding grounds, and this handsome
species may perhaps be described as a resident
though very scarce and local.

206. Avocet. Recurv'irostra avocetta, Linn.

This bird has been extinct as a breeder in
the British Islands for more than half a cen-
tury, but Mr. Hele was able to write in 1870,
' I have been informed by a trustworthy old
gunner since dead that he could distinctly
remember this species, called by the local
name of the awl-bird, breeding not infre-
quently in the mere-lands at Thorpe.' The
death of the informant must have taken place
some time between 1859 and 1870, and he
might have been a bird-nesting boy at any
time between 1800 and 1820, so it seems
reasonable to believe that the avocet continued
to breed in Suffolk as long as it did in Norfolk,
where it is known to have bred till about
1822 or 1824. There could hardly have
been a place in England better suited to its
habits than the mere and fen at Thorpe
before the railway was made and when all
the district was quiet, but there were probably
other places both north and south of Thorpe
in which it bred. Mr. T. M. Spalding about
1846 wrote of the avocet, 'Now very rare;
has been killed at Orford and Easton Broad.'
The avocets which bred in Suffolk were
undoubtedly summer migrants, and when any
occur now they usually appear in spring. A
pair visited the old haunts at Thorpe in April,
1878, of which the hen was shot, and on 4
May, 1887, five out of a flock of six were
shot on Breydon, where they now have the
benefit of careful protection.

207. Black-winged Stilt. Himantopui candidus,

Bonnaterre.

There is a rather ancient specimen of this
bird in the Bury Museum (Dennis collection)
said to have been ' shot at Orford but not
known in what year.' Mr. Dennis was so
careful to preserve full ' data ' of the birds he
stuffed that such a rare bird would have all
particulars affixed to the case, and he probably
bought it already mounted. In the Zoologist

for 1875 (p. 4634) Mr. Stevenson records one
shot in July of that year on Outney Common
near Bungay, and if the locality is correct
this bird was killed just within the Suffolk
boundary. Dr. Babington mentions one or
two more shot ' at Yarmouth ' or ' on Brey-
don ' many years ago [Catalogue, p. 239).

208. Grey Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius

(Linn.)

Not very uncommon on the coast as an
autumnal visitant, but never met with on its
northward journey in spring. In winter
plumage it rather resembles the sanderling at
the same season, but is easily recognized by
the lobed membranes of the feet.

209. Red-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus hyper-

boreus (Linn.)

Though this species breeds in Orkney and
Shetland, and the nearest breeding grounds of
the grey phalarope are in Iceland, it is much
the rarer of the two in Suffolk, and years
often pass without its occurrence. Mr. Hele
had to wait twenty years before a specimen
came into his hands.

210. Woodcock. Scohpax rusticula, Linn.
A woodcock's nest in Suffolk is quite a rare

thing, but Dr. Babington [Catalogue, p. 146)
mentions ten places where it is believed to
have bred once at least. To these may be
added Monk's Wood at Bradfield, where four
young ones were hatched early in April,
1897, and three eggs taken in the follow'ng
year, and Rattlesden, where there was a nest
with four eggs in 1900. But the bird is
practically a winter migrant, arriving about
the middle of October. In October, 1865,
one struck the weather-vane on St. Mary's
Church at Bury and was picked up under
the tower with the neck torn open. Wood-
cocks have been seen at Aldeburgh on
several occasions coming in over the sea,
usually directly against the wind, and after
the fatiguing effort of the migration flight
have been known to drop into gardens or even
on the bare shingle under cover of a fishing-
boat (Hele). In Suffolk as elsewhere they
vary a good deal in colour and size, and a
small red bird shot at Tostock in December,
1893 (rectory collection) weighed barely
10 oz., while a large dark specimen will often
run up to 13 oz. or more. The woodcock
usually rises in silence, but one flushed at
Tostock on 17 March, 1894, uttered aery
like ' cack-cack-cack.^ It is an early breeder
and even in Scotland often has eggs in March.

Jo6

BIRDS

211. Great Snipe. Gallinago major (J. F.

Gmelin)
The solitary snipe, as this bird is often
called, is an autumnal visitant usually appear-
ing in August and September, but never
remaining through the winter and very rarely
occurring in spring. Mr. Bunn of Lowestoft
has more than once picked up a specimen in
the game shops there, and dozens have
doubtless been shot and eaten. Mr. Hele
once shot in the dusk at something running
on the ground in the marshes just south of
Aldeburgh and picked up a great snipe.

212. Common Snipe. Gallinago cailestis

(Frenzel)
A resident which sometimes has eggs in
March. Many of the early nests are de-
stroyed when the meadows are rolled, but the
hen soon lays again, and the same bird has
been known to lay three full clutches of four
eggs in a season. The fresh eggs are often
very handsomely marked but vary a good
deal both in size and colour. A clutch of
iive was found at Tostock on 28 May, 1892,
from which the bird was flushed, and a sitting
snipe will sometimes almost allow herself to
be trodden on. The birds which breed as
they do in suitable places all over the county
return to the same haunts with great regu-
larity, and their arrival is soon announced by
the ' drumming ' of the cock, which is some-
times heard quite late in the evening when
the Easter moon is at the full. Many come
as winter migrants, and one at least has been
k^illed by striking the Orford lighthouse.

213. Jack Snipe. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.)
This is the smallest and by far the hand-
somest of the British snipe and is a winter
migrant arriving in September and leaving in
March or April. Its nest has never been
found in the British Islands.

214. Broad-billed Sandpiper. Limicola platy-

rhyncha (Temminck)
A very rare visitant from north-eastern
Europe which has been obtained on Breydon
three times in spring and once in autumn.

215. Pectoral Sandpiper.
Vieillot.

Tringa maculata.

This rare visitant from the other side of
the Atlantic has been shot four times near
Aldeburgh and always in the autumn. One
shot by Mr. Hele is in the Ipswich Museum,
and another shot by the present writer in
Thorpe Mere 14 September, 1872, was re-
corded in the Zoologist for that year (p. 3307)
as follows : ' To-day I was lucky enough to

shoot a pectoral sandpiper in the north mere.
Three birds skimmed past me within a
longish shot and I shot at them and killed
this one, thinking that they were curlew-
sandpipers. It is evidently a bird of the year
from the light-coloured margins to the feathers ;
the sex I could not ascertain with certainty
owing to the shot marks. The legs and base
of lower mandible were light yellowish brown
and irides dark brown ; the body was loaded
with fat. The wind had been blowing
rather freely from the west for some days and
I fancy that this bird must have been blown
over to the coast of Norway or Iceland, and
then have joined a flock of knots or curlew-
sandpipers on their way southward.'

216. Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa

acuminata (Horsfield)
This is the old world representative of the
last-named species, and recently added to the
British list, a specimen having been shot on
Breydon 29 August, 1892, of which full
details are given in the Zoologist for 1892 (pp.
356-8).

217. Dunlin. Tringa alpina, Linn.
Locally, Oxbird.

The commonest wader on the coast but
never breeding in Suffolk, though it does so
regularly in many English counties. The
young birds arrive quite early in August and
in winter it is sometimes seen in great flocks.

2 1 8. Little Stint. Tringa minuta, Leisler.

A spring and autumn migrant sometimes
rather common. When curlew-sandpipers
are abundant this species usually comes in fair
numbers, but never in large flocks, and in
spring it is always rare.

219. Temminck's Stint. Tringa temmincki,

Leisler.
Also a spring and autumn migrant, rarer
than the little stint. In plumage it much
resembles the common sandpiper and has
yellowish legs, those of the little stint being
black.

220. Curlew-Sandpiper. Tringa subarquata

(Guldenstadt)
This species is sometimes common enough
in autumn, when as many as six have been
killed at a shot in the Aldeburgh meres. In
the handsome summer dress, which resembles
that of the knot at the same season, it is much
rarer, but a good many have been obtained
both on Breydon and near Aldeburgh. The
long down-curved bill from which the name
is derived enables it to be recognized in any

207

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

plumage when shot, and on the wing the
white rump is conspicuous.

221. Purple Sandpiper. Tringa striata, hinn.
An autumn and winter visitant and one of

the tamest of the waders on its first arrival.
Like the grey phalarope it misses the east
coast on its homeward journey in spring and
is unknown here in breeding plumage.

222. Knot. Tringa canutus, Linn.
Locally, Silver Plover in winter.

The migrations of the knot are much like
those of the curlew-sandpiper but it appears
in autumn and winter in much larger flocks,
and some remain throughout the winter. Its
remarkably extensive geographical range has
been carefully worked out by Mr. Saunders
{Manual, p. 596), but no eggs have ever been
found. From the vast numbers of birds
which come to England in autumn and
winter the nests must abound in some yet
undiscovered breeding-place.

223. Sanderling. Calidris arenaria (Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant of which a

few remain through the winter. Though
the plumage varies a great deal according to
age and season it can be always known by the
absence of a hind-toe.

224. RuflF. Machetes pugnax (Linn.)

The rufF bred in Norfolk till late in the
' eighties ' and there can be no reasonable
doubt that it bred in Suffolk in earlier times
in more than one locality, although no record
of its having done so exists. Young birds are
not at all uncommon in autumn, and in July,
1872, an adult male was shot near Aldeburgh
showing traces of a recently-shed white ruff
(Ipswich Museum).

225. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Tringites ru-

fescens (Vieillot)
A very rare North American species of
which three specimens have been shot on
Breydon, the last in 1 843. All three occur-
rences were in autumn.

226. Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus

(Linn.)
Locally, Summer Snipe.
This species is not at all uncommon as a
spring and autumn visitant, frequenting tidal
rivers and dykes in the marshes. Its nest and
eggs have once been found in Norfolk, but
there is at present no certain proof of its
having bred in this county.

227. American Spotted Sandpiper. Totanus

macularius (Linn.)
A specimen of this American sasdpiper

was shot near Mildenhall early in 1869
[Zoologist, 1871, p. 2684) and stuffed by Mr.
Bilson of Bury. Dr. Babington when en-
gaged on his book was unable to trace it and
seemed somewhat doubtful about it, but adds
in his appendix [Catalogue, p. 276) : 'I now
believe that there was no reason to question
the Mildenhall example.'

228. Wood-Sandpiper. Totanus glareola (J.

F. Gmelin)
A spring and autumn migrant which has
often been obtained in the eastern part of the
county especially in the Aldeburgh meres.
On 14 June, 1889, a flock of five was seen
in the mere adjoining the North Field [Zoolo-
gist, 1889, p. 313).

229. Green Sandpiper. Totanus ochropus

(Linn.)
Some birds of this species remain through
the winter, and Dr. Babington [Catalogue, p.
132) had records for all months but February,
March and November. It is a striking bird
on the wing, looking as black and white as an
oyster-catcher when flying low over the water,
and the very loud shrill note it utters when
alarmed is certain to attract attention, and it
is a less sociable bird than the wood-sandpiper,
being usually met with singly or in pairs.
The eggs have never been found in the
British Islands, though it is quite possible it
may have bred, as its habit of laying in old
nests of other birds built in trees was un-
known till about fifty years ago. Should the
eggs ever be found in England the discovery
will probably be made in one of the counties
bounded on the east by the North Sea.

230. Redshank. Totanus calidris (Linn.)
Locally, Tu-tu (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

A resident breeding in marshes near the
coast and also in several localities in west
Suffolk, but the autumn and winter migrants
far exceed in number the resident birds.
In its nesting-grounds it is an attractive
bird with bold dashing flight and loud
mellow whistle, and though the anxiety of
the parents may plainly indicate that the eggs
are near they are difficult to find, being usually
well concealed in a tuft of grass and the hen
does not sit very closely. The eggs are often
sold as ' plovers' eggs ' but are rather smaller
and lighter in colour.

231. Spotted Redshank. Totanus ^scus (Linn.)
An uncommon visitant at any time, and in

the black summer dress is quite a rarity. One
in this plumage was shot at Stanningfield in
May, 1871, and preserved by Mr. Bilson.

208

BIRDS

Y^oung birds occur from time to time in
autumn, and two were shot at Aldeburgh in
January, 1871, rather an unusual date, one of
which is in the Ipswich Museum. It is a
larger bird than the common redshank, with
longer legs and beak in proportion to its size,
and has no white on the wing.

232. Greenshank. Totanus canescem (J. F.
, Gmelin)

A spring and autumn visitant, the young
birds often fairly plentiful in autumn. In
1880 Mr. Charles Clarke took an egg between
the martello tower and the Orford light-
house believed to have been a greenshank's,
both from the character of the egg itself and
from his description of the birds, which were
very white underneath and kept up a shrill
whistling overhead. This bird breeds in fair
numbers in the north of Scotland.

233. Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica

(Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant arriving on
passage about the middle of May, when Mr.
Patterson has seen hundreds on Breydon
{Zoologist^ I90i> P- 104)- The young birds
come in August and September and are often
easily approached and shot, as perhaps they
never see a human being at close quarters till
they reach the British coast. They are ex-
cellent eating and often sold in numbers by
game dealers. Most of those which come in
autumn move on after a short stay, but some
remain through the winter, and in January,
1903, a considerable number were shot.

234. Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa belglca

Q. F. Gmelin)
Though there is ample evidence of this
bird breeding in East Anglia till about 1847
no record has been kept of its having done so
in Suffolk. It is now only a rare visitant in
late summer or autumn, the last occurrence
being one shot on the Orwell 8 October,
1902, by Mr. Hudson of Ipswich, who re-
corded it in the Field. Many are imported
from the continent both alive and dead, and
sometimes unblown eggs can be bought in
Leadenhall market.

235. Common Curlew. Numenius arquata

(Linn.)
Some curlews remain on the coast all the
year but none breed in the eastern counties,
though they do so numerously in the north of
England. There is plenty of common land
in east Suffolk well suited to their habits in
the breeding season, and it is quite possible
that they bred here formerly. Many come
in autumn, and from reports forwarded from

various light-stations the glare of the lantern
seems to have more attraction for them than
for most birds, as ' many round lantern ' is a
frequent entry. Their loud whistle is often
recognized as they pass over on migration at
night, and Mr. Travis has heard them going
over Bury. Curlews vary a good deal in
size and weight as well as in length of bill.

236. Whimbrel. Numenius phaopus (Linn.)
Locally, May-bird or Bream.

Its regular appearance in May will account
for the first local name given for this spring
and autumn migrant, but to explain the latter,
which Mr. G. T. Rope gives as * Brame'
{Zoologist, 1878, p. 290), is difficult. The
whimbrel frequents the coast, tidal rivers and
marshes near the sea and is rarely met with
inland except on migration. Its only breeding
places in the British Isles are in Orkney and
Shetland.

237. Eskimo Curlew. Numenius borealis (J.

R. Forster)
A very rare American species of which Mr.
Hele writes : ' One shot some years ago on the
river by Capt. Ferrand, but unfortunately not
preserved. A specimen in very similar dress
was obtained on the Woodbridge river and
was in the collection of the late Mr. Hilling
of that town ' {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1 890,
p. 98). There is no record of any other in
England.

238. Black Tern. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.)
This is another species which doubtless

bred in Suffolk a century ago, and it is now
not rare as a spring and autumn visitant. It
sometimes comes to inland waters, where its
singularly graceful flight and dusky colouring
cannot fail to attract notice, while its tameness
renders it an easy and most interesting bird to
watch. One was seen on Bartonmere for
some hours on 20 April, 1895, hawking for
insects over the water like a swallow, and it
seems in spring to be almost entirely an in-
sect feeder. As many as forty have been
seen on Breydon during the migration in
May (Patterson, Zoologist, 1901, p. 105).
The young birds which appear in September
are greyish-brown above and white below,
and can be recognized by having the feet only
half-webbed.

239. White-winged Black Tern. Hydrocheli-

don leucoptera (Schinz)

This rare southern species has only been

recognized as a British bird since 1841, and

was not known to have visited Breydon till

1871, when the late Mr. E. T. Booth killed

209

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

four at one shot, which are in the Dyke Road
Museum at Brighton. A flock of eight was
seen on Breydon 22 April, igoi {Zoologist,
1901, p. 88), and this bird is perhaps now an
annual summer visitant there, but it has only
once been identified on the Suffolk coast or
inland waters, when two were seen on Fritton
Lake in the year mentioned above (Leathes).

240. Gull-billed Tern. Sterna ang/ica, Mon-

tagu)

A rare summer visitant of which there is
no record except from Breydon, where eight
or nine have been shot, the last occurrence
being on 5 September, 1896 [Zoologist, 1897,
p. 132). A Breydon specimen shot in April,
1849, is in the Bury Museum. On the wing
it would be difficult to distinguish this bird
from the more common Sandwich tern.

241. Caspian Tern. Sterna caspia, Pallas.

Mr. Yarrell states that three or four of this
species were once seen at Aldeburgh and one
of them shot. As a rare summer visitant it
has occurred several times on Breydon, where
one was seen on two successive days in July,
1901 [Zoologist, 1902, p. 91), and another 24
July, 1902 [Zoologist, 1903, p. 132). The
geographical range of this fine species is very
extensive both in the old and new world
(Saunders' Manual, p. 642).

242. Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca (J. F.

Gmelin)
This is the largest of the five species of
terns which still breed in Britain, but in
Suffolk it is now only a visitant, though
there is some evidence that it used to breed.
Bewick quotes from Latham that ' it is pretty
common on the Suffolk and Kentish coasts in
the summer months, breeds there in the
month of June,' and this would be towards
the close of the eighteenth century. About
fifty years later in 1846 or thereabouts Mr.
T. M. Spalding in his Catalogue previously
referred to mentions it simply as ' summer
visitor,' using precisely the same words for
the wryneck. It formerly bred near the
Kentish port from which its name is derived,
and still breeds abundantly on the Fame
Islands and less numerously in other places in
England. As there could hardly be a locality
better suited to it than the Orford beach, with
a tidal river on one side and the sea on the
other, it is quite possible that like the oyster-
catcher it may return to its old breeding-
grounds, especially as it enjoys the benefit of
the strictest protection on the Fame Islands
and also of the extension of the close-time to

I September, so with the increase in its
numbers new colonies may be formed. The
Sandwich tern can be recognized by its large
size, black legs and perfectly white under-
parts, and its very beautiful eggs are unlike
those of any other British bird.

243. Roseate Tern. Sterna dougalliy Mon-

tagu
In Mr. Spalding's list just referred to he
simply mentions ' Roseate Tern. Orford.'
This seems to indicate that he regarded that
locality as a regular haunt, and he was so
careful an observer, and the bird is one so
easily recognized alive or dead, that there
need be no hesitation in admitting the bird
to the Suffolk list. It probably bred, and is
believed to have done so in Norfolk recently
(Patterson). Mr. Booth saw one on Breydon,
26 May, 1 87 1 [Birds of Norfolk, iii. 300).

244. Common Tern. Sterna fluviatilis, Nau-

mann.
Locally, Cob, Sea-swallow.
This lovely bird is a summer migrant, breed-
ing in fair numbers on the now ' protected
area ' of Orford beach, where it is on the
increase. Thirty or forty years ago the nests
used to be mercilessly robbed by people who
went down with dogs trained to find the eggs,
and as recently as 1878 over one hundred
were taken in a day. Mr. Hele states that
they used also to breed at Thorpe. The
Orford terns have been seen to mob a hare
which ran across their breeding ground (C. J.
Palmer).

245. Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura (yiAnvaiinn)
A spring and autumn visitant which may

have bred, but there is no absolute proof of
its having done so. It is very like the com-
mon tern, but has a longer tail, shorter legs, a
smaller bill and underparts of a darker grey.
The young of the year are not easy to dis-
tinguish, and the legs are the best guide, being
pinkish in this species and yellowish-brown in
the common tern.

246. Little Tern. Sterna minuta, Linn.
Locally, Reek or Ric, from its cry.

This graceful little bird is a summer
migrant, arriving early in May and breeding
on the Orford beach. There is also a colony
on a shingle bank near Southwold (Rev.
F. C. R. Jourdain). Few birds have bene-
fited more by the protection extended to eggs
and parents during the last few years than
the terns of the east coast. Both the com-
mon and lesser terns are occasionally met
with inland at the time of the spring migra-

210

BIRDS

tion, and one of the latter was picked up in a
pond at Tostock 28 April, 1897.

247. Sabine's Gull. Xema sabinii (Joseph

Sabine)

This small fork-tailed gull, which seems
like a link between the terns and gulls, is a
very rare visitant from arctic America. Two
were shot on Breydon in October, 1881, and
a third at Lowestoft 18 October, 1901 (Zsa-
logtity 1902, p. 93), all of which were young
birds.

248. Little Gull. Larus minutus, Pallas.

In the winter of 1869-70 there was a
considerable migration of little gulls to the
east coast, and it is now not very rare as an
autumn and winter visitant. An exceptional
occurrence was recorded in the Field of 1867
by Mr. Hele, who shot 'on May 22 a little
gull in the Thorpe Mere in immature but
very handsome plumage. It was in company
with several little terns and tolerably easy of
approach. The bird (a male) had been feed-
ing upon the slender dragon-fly so common
hereabouts. The flight of the little gull
almost exactly resembled that of the little
tern.' This specimen, with an old bird in
winter dress shot in 1870, is in the Ipswich
Museum. One was shot at Thorpe 26 Sep-
tember, 1 87 1 (Hele).

249. Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus,

Linn.
Locally, Peck-mire, Coddy-moddy.
This is the only gull which is known ever
to have bred in East Anglia, and there is only
one record of a ' gullery ' in Suffolk, of which
Professor Newton furnished the particulars
for the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 323). ' The ex-
tinct Brandon gullery was on a small mere
perhaps half-a-mile from the Brandon and
Mildenhall road, and so close to the Wang-
ford boundary that in one place the Wang-
ford warren-bank may be said to have touched
the water — indeed, in a wet season, I have
seen the water come through on the Wang-
ford side. On the 9th April, 1853, Gathercole,
who had been warrener on Wangford for
twenty-two years, told my brother and my-
self that the " coddy-moddies " left off breed-
ing there several years ago.' The bird is
still common enough, especially the young in
autumn.

250. Mediterranean Black - headed Gull.

Larus melanocephalus, Natterer.
As its name suggests this is a southern
species, of which a single bird wandered to
Breydon and was shot on 26 December, 1886
{Zoologisiy 1887, p. 69).

251. Common Gull. Larus canus (Linn.)
Locally, Cob, Sea-cob, Sea-crow (inland).

The presence of this and other gulls on
the east coast at all times of the year may be
accounted for by the fact that these birds do
not assume full plumage for some years, and
do not breed till they assume it. Hence there
are birds of any age from one to four years
with nothing to keep them in one place for a
week at a time, and they may be seen on the
coast any day. The common gull is often
seen flying over inland, and the appearance
of a flock is supposed to foretell stormy
weather, though when they are flying to-
wards the north or east the exact opposite is
the case. Most gulls seen inland are of this
species, which is not known to breed any-
where in England or Wales.

252. Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus (J. F.

Gmelin)

This fine bird, of which the nearest breed-
ing places are on the Yorkshire cliffs, is not
uncommon as an autumn and winter visitant,
especially in the sprat season.

253. Yellow-legged Herring - Gull. Larus

cachinnans, Pallas.
Like L. melanocephalus only one specimen
of this bird has been obtained. It was shot
on Breydon 4 November, 1886, but not
fully identified or recorded for some years
{Zoologist, 1897, p. 572).

254. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus,

Linn.
Locally, Saddle-back or Black-back.
Fine old birds of this species often occur in
July and August on migration, and the young,
which are very similar to those of the herring-
gull, are common. It does not appear to
remain on the east coast in winter, and is
practically a summer migrant to England.

255. Great Black -backed Gull. Larus

marinus, Linn.
Locally, Saddle-back or Black-back.
No English winter is too severe for this
magnificent sea-bird, which frequents our
coast all the year. In the perfect black and
white plumage which it is said not to assume
for four or five years it is rather rare, but
young birds are common enough.

256. Glaucous Gull. Larus glaucus, O.

Fabricius.

This large gull is a winter visitant from

the far north, and not uncommon in hard

winters. In January, 1881, nearly thirty

were obtained near Yarmouth, of which only

III

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

seven were adults (Babington). It has no
black on the wings or tail at any age, and
the young birds are mottled all over with
light brown on a dull white ground.

257. Iceland Gull. Larm Uucopierus, Faber.
The Iceland gull is one of the rarest win-
ter visitants. One was shot in Thorpe Mere
in January, 1874 (Ipswich Museum), and in
the Zoologist for 1892 (p. 1 1 4) Mr. F. M.
Ogilvie gives particulars of another shot in
January of that year, both of which were
immature. This species resembles the glauc-
ous gull in colour, but is much smaller, and
has far longer wings in proportion to its size.

258. Kittiwake. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.)
This gull is a rather irregular winter visi-
tant, but sometimes appears in fair numbers
in the sprat fishing time. After some heavy
gales in February, 1894, an adult bird was
picked up in a yard at Bury, and another was
found exhausted near Bury in March, 1903,
after a westerly gale.

259. Great Skua. Megalestris catarrhactes

(Linn.)

A very rare winter visitant to the coast.
An unusually light-coloured specimen in the
Ipswich Museum was picked up dead on the
beach at Thorpe in January, 1864, and one
was shot at Lowestoft in the memorable
storm of 18 January, 1 88 1 [Zoologist, 1882,
p. 429). It is essentially a sea-rover, rarely
approaching the shore.

260. Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius poma-

torhinus (Temminck)

An irregular autumn and winter visitant.
There was an exceptional immigration all
along the east coast in October, 1879, when
several were obtained near Aldeburgh (Hele).

261. Arctic or Richardson's Skua. Stercora-

rius crepidatus (J. F. Gmelin)

This is in Suffolk by far the most common
of all the four skuas and a regular autumn
visitant, sometimes appearing as early as
August. It has been obtained in all stages
of plumage, and there are several good local
specimens in the Ipswich Museum.

262. Long-tailed or Buffon's Skua. Stercora-

rius parasiticus (Linn.)
A rare autumn visitant which has been
obtained a few times on the coast and once
near Newmarket, where one was found dead
in November, 1891. All the skuas seem to
make the return journey to their northern
breeding-places by a different route in the

spring, as they are never seen at that season
on the east coast.

263. Razorbill. Alca tarda, Linn.

This bird is not uncommon as an autumn
and winter visitant, and in late summer quite
young ones are seen with their parents, having
strayed from their breeding-haunts on the
Yorkshire cliflfs. Early in 1872 there was a
strange mortality among these birds, which
Mr. Hele described in the Field. ' An ex-
traordinary advent of and mortality amongst
razorbills, numbers of which have been
washed ashore. From whence all these in-
dividuals have strayed I know not, but imagine
that as starvation appears to be in each and
every case the actual cause of death they had
been in attendance upon some shoals of small
fish — probably sprats — which had suddenly
taken to deeper water through the generally
rough condition of the sea. Certain it is
that all the birds I have examined are more
or less mature with good and sound plumage.
In my walk this morning my dog brought
me no less than eleven specimens, and I hear
of very many more having been found.' This
mortality was not limited to Aldeburgh or
even to Suffolk.

264. Guillemot, t/n'a /r«/7^ (Linn.)

A visitant at any time of the year except
the height of the breeding season, and some-
times found inland. One was picked up
alive and uninjured at Rougham on 13 March,
1896, and sent to the Zoological Gardens.

265. Black Guillemot. Uria grylle {L'mn.)

Though a regular breeder in the Orkney
and Shetland Islands, the black guillemot is a
very rare winter visitant, and the immature
bird obtained at Aldeburgh by Mr. Hele in
1863 (Ipswich Museum) is perhaps the only
Suffolk specimen in existence.

266. Little Auk. Mergulus alle (Linn.)
This little arctic sea-bird is not rare as a

winter visitant, and more often found inland
than any other bird of its kind. There was
an extraordinary visitation early in 1895, and
little auks were picked up all over the county,
though less numerously than in Norfolk. Mr.
Hewlett of Newmarket had more than forty
(W. Howlett in litt.).

267. Puffin. Fratercula arctica (Linn.)
The quaint-looking puffin is not common

enough in Suffolk to be known by its York-
shire name of ' sea-parrot,' and is a decidedly
rare bird. Mr. Hele has given [Notes about
Aldeburgh, ed. 1870, p. 164) details of a fine

212

BIRDS

old bird brought to him alive in March, 1869
(Ipswich Museum). About 20 November,
1893, the Suffolk coast was visited by a
terrific north-easterly gale, and many storm
driven sea-birds were picked up, among them
an adult puffin within the bounds of Bury.
It was found alive and unhurt by some boys,
who took it to Mr. Travis, who kept it alive ;
but it refused the fish provided for it, and
died at the end of a week.

268. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus gla~

cialis, Linn.

This fine bird is a winter visitant from the
north, and is usually only met with on the
coast in hard weather. All those obtained
have been in immature plumage.

269. White-billed Northern Diver. Colymbus

adamsi, G. R. Gray.

This rare arctic species, which is even
larger than the great northern diver, has only
recently been added to the British list. The
first British specimen was shot at Pakefield in
the early spring of 1852 (Saunders' Manual,
p. 711) and is in Mr. Gurney's collection.

270. Black-throated Diver. Colymbus glacia-

lis, Linn.
A rare winter visitant, but one which might
easily be overlooked in the plain grey and
white plumage in which it usually occurs in
England. Mr. Gurney has a Lowestoft
specimen in nearly full breeding plumage
{Birds of Norfolk, iii. 270).

271. Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septen-

trionalis, Linn.
Locally, Sprat-Loon.
This bird is much the most common of the
divers, and may be called a regular winter
migrant. Specimens are sometimes obtained
in autumn in almost perfect summer dress,
with the chestnut-red patch on the throat
from which the name is derived. None of
the divers breed in England, but the black-
throated and red-throated breed in fair num-
bers in the north of Scotland and on the
adjacent islands.

272. Great Crested Grebe. Podicipes crista-

tus (Linn.)
This splendid bird is a resident breeding in
fair numbers on Fritton Lake, where it is
carefully protected (Col. Leathes). In west
Suffolk it breeds on Ampton Water, and used
to do so on Bartonmere when there was suffi-
cient water. The pike is its worst enemy,
and this voracious fish devours many young
grebes during the early days of their exist-

ence. In winter the crested grebes go to the
sea and tidal rivers.

273. Red-necked Grebe. Podicipes grise'igena

(Boddaert)
A rather rare winter visitant, and in Suffolk
almost entirely a marine species.

274. Slavonian Grebe. Podicipes auritus

(Linn.)
This species, which breeds abundantly in
Iceland, is not uncommon as a winter visitant
to the east coast, but has not been recorded
from Suffolk in its very handsome summer
plumage.

275. Eared Grebe. Podicipes nigruollis (C.

L. Brehm)
A southern species, only occurring in the
spring and summer months. On 3 August,
1878, a fine male was shot near the martello
tower at Aldeburgh. In winter dress it
much resembles the Slavonian grebe at the
same season, but is smaller and has a slightly
up-turned bill.

276. Little Grebe or Dabchick. Podicipes

fluviatilis (Tunstall)

Locally, Dabchick, Deve-dobbler ; Dobchicken
(Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

A common resident, which breeds not only
on large pieces of water, but also on ponds
and even in meadow dykes. Its nest with
the eggs covered might easily be taken for a
mass of weeds, and this has been well illus-
trated by Mr. Kearton's photographs, which
he obtained in east Suffolk. The dabchick is
an early breeder, having eggs by the end of
April, and as the young in down have been
found late in August {Zoologist, 1873, p. 3798)
it must sometimes breed twice in a year.
The eggs of this and all the other grebes are
protected in west Suffolk.

277. Storm-Petrel. Procellaria pelagica,'Li\nn.

This tiny sea-bird is an autumn visitant,
and is well known to the lighthouse and
lightship keepers, as in its ocean wanderings
it frequently strikes the lanterns, and more
than one has been thus obtained at the
Languard station. Storm-petrels are occa-
sionally picked up inland, and after the gale
mentioned above in the note on the puffin
one was found at Livermere. Except in very
rough weather it rarely approaches the land.

278. Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel. Oceanodro-

ma leucorrhoa (Vieillot)

This species is easily recognized by its
larger size and forked tail, and is much rarer

213

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

than the storm-petrel. Most of the speci-
mens recorded have been obtained in autumn,
and one in the Tostock rectory collection
was picked up alive but quite exhausted on
the ground near Lowestoft pier early in
October, 1897.

279. Wilson's Petrel. Oceanites oceanicus

(Kuhl)

Mr. Hele has recorded in both editions of
his book a specimen of this very rare wanderer
obtained in the Aldeburgh neighbourhood
many years ago, which belonged to the late
Colonel Thellusson.

280. Great Shearwater. Puffinus gravis

(O'Reilly)

Only one specimen of this casual visitant
has been obtained in SufFolk, which was
brought into Lowestoft by a fishing-boat in
November, 1898 {Zoologist, 1899, p. 31), and
this bird may have been procured some dis-
tance out at sea. Mr. Hele mentions having
seen one passing alongshore in December,
1869 {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1870,
P- 175)-

281. Manx Shearwater. Puffinis dnglorum

(Temminck)
A rare autumn visitant which has occurred
a few times in September. It is sometimes
found inland, and Dr. Babington possessed a
specimen which was taken alive at Fornham
in a harvest field i September, 1882 {Cata-
logue, p. 225). In September, 1891, a shear-
water was shot by a visitor to Aldeburgh,
which was either an unusually small example
of this species or some very rare stranger.
Several new species of petrel have been added
to the British list within the last twenty years,
which are figured in Saunders' Manual, and
in two instances a small bird picked up dead
on the beach has proved to be a very valuable
prize ; the moral of which is that any petrel
of which there is the slightest doubt as to
the species should be carefully preserved, and
either submitted to an expert or compared
with the series in the national collection.

282. Fulmar. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.)

A rare autumn and winter visitant, usually
keeping well out at sea. One caught alive
at Sizewell in September, 1862 (Hele) is in
the Ipswich Museum.

ADDENDA

137. Common Heron. In May, 1908 the
Orwell Park and Blackheath heronries were
reported as entirely deserted {fide head-keeper
on both estates). About two pairs breed at
Euston (Rev. R. B. Caton). The colony at
Broke Hall is still in existence, and seventeen
nests were counted at Flixton Hall in 1908.

159. Gadwall. This species bred at
Euston in 1903, and Rev. R. B. Caton re-
ports several pairs breeding there in 1908.

165. Red-crested Pochard. A pair were
shot in Thorpe Mere 16 January, 1904
{Zool. 1905, p. 90). A flock of thirteen
visited Breydon 4 September, 1906, of which
nine were shot {Zool. 1906, p. 394).

167. Ferruginous Duck. Two were shot
on Culford Lake by the Hon. Lewin Cado-
gan in January, 1 906 {Field,!, February, 1 906).

191. Moor-Hen. A specimen of the rare
and curious variety, ' hairy ' in plumage and
sandy in colour, was caught by a dog near
Bury in January, 1905 and preserved by the
late Mr. Travis.

206. Avocet. Nine visited Breydon 14-17
June, 1905 {Zool. 1906, pp. 129-30).

242. Sandwich Tern. A nest with one
egg was photographed near Orford Haven in

214

1 906, the bird flying about near the operator.

An adult bird was killed about the same time
by striking the telephone wire (G. P.
Hope).

244. Common Tern. The protection
order has unfortunately been rescinded after
being in force five }ears. In 1907 almost
every egg was taken as soon as laid. The
terns all came back, but in reduced numbers,
this year (1908), and it will not be long before
they all leave off breeding on the north weir
(G. P. Hope).

2^ba. Sooty Tern. Sterna /i/liginosa, J. F.
Gmelin. In the spring of 1 900 one was picked
up dead at Santon Downham, which was not
identified till more than three years later.
Through the good offices of Messrs. W. A.
Dutt and W. G. Clarke, by whom it was
recognized, the bird was taken to Norwich
for inspection, and its identity confirmed by
the naturalists there. This is the fourth
British specimen (Saunders' Manual, ed. 2,
p. 655).

249. Black-headed Gull, During the
hard weather early in 1907 these gulls were
flying about near the houses in Fonnereau
Road, Ipswich.

MAMMALS

The mammals, reptiles and batrachians of Suffolk have hitherto
received very little attention. As far as I am aware no list embracing
the whole area of the county has ever been published. Several his-
tories of separate towns and villages have from time to time appeared,
but few of these contain any remarks on the animal life of their respec-
tive districts, and in the rare exceptions to this rule only slight sketches,
confined principally to the birds and insects, are given.

Over the greater part of the county game preserving is almost
the universal custom, and all carnivorous animals meet with ceaseless
persecution, including species which are not only harmless but even
beneficial to the interests of those who destroy them.

Unfortunately it is in those very districts which still remain un-
cultivated, and whose natural features are most favourable to the preser-
vation of such animals as the badger, marten, etc., that the destruction
of so-called ' vermin ' is most strenuously carried on. Moreover having
become rarities, their skins are of value for stuffing, so that any stray
wanderer finding its way to the woods and heaths of Suffolk stands a
very poor chance of remaining long in peace and security.

Rather more than a quarter of a century ago there were beavers
in this county, living in a state of partial liberty in Sotterley Park ; but,
as I am informed by Mr. Ling, agent on that estate, they soon strayed
away and were in a short time all lost or killed. These animals were
brought from Canada by the late Colonel Barne, about the year 1868,
and were of course of the American species Castor canadensis (Kuhl),
which is considered to be specifically distinct from the European beaver.

About the year 1873 or 1874 a number of alpine or Irish hares
{Lepus variabilis, Pallas) from Ireland were turned down by the late Sir
Richard Wallace at Iken, on the Sudbourn Hall estate. They bred
freely and spread in various directions, specimens having been observed
at Gedgrave and other places in the neighbourhood. They appear
however to have gradually died out, none having been seen now for
some years past. The keeper on whose beat these animals were liber-
ated described the young ones as being very stupid and helpless, often
falling into the marsh ditches and getting drowned. He has found as
many as three or four dead leverets in the water in one morning. No
hybrids between this species and the common hare were observed by
this man.

As regards the Cetacea, it is very probable that examples may
from time to time have been stranded on the beach, or caught in herring

215

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

nets off the Suffolk coast, which have never been seen or identified by
a naturalist. Where animals of this order are caught at sea, more or
less opposite to the boundary line between two counties, as for instance
off Yarmouth,' it is by no means easy to decide to which county they
should be assigned, nor is it perhaps a matter of much consequence.
Some of the specimens enumerated by Mr. Patterson in his Mammalia of
Great Yarmouth, which are not mentioned here, may have been captured
off the Suffolk coast.

Except in the case of a few occurrences taken from the above
mentioned valuable list, the writer is indebted for the short account of
Suffolk cetaceans given below to Mr. T. Southwell, F.Z.S.

The writer's sincere thanks are especially due to Mr. T, Southwell,
Dr. Laver and the Rev. J. G. Tuck for much valuable advice, and for the
great amount of assistance which they have spared neither time nor
trouble to afford. He is also greatly indebted to Mr. F. Norgate, Mr.
W. M. Crowfoot, Mr. H. Miller, the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, Mr.
W. G. Clarke, Mr. H. Lingwood, Mr. W. H.Tuck, Mr. H. C. Hudson
and many others, too numerous to mention separately, for the trouble
they have taken in procuring information on the mammals, reptiles and
batrachians of this county.

CHEIROPTERA

J. Long-eared Bat. Plecotus auritus, Linn. and were feeding apparently on small moths.

With the exception of the pipistrelle, and and possibly also on caterpillars, for they cer-

in some districts perhaps of the noctule, this tainly took food of some sort at times from

appears to be the commonest Suffolk bat, and the leaves. This is one among several species

it is certainly one of the prettiest. By day of bats observed in the Stour valley by Mr.

it hides in hollow trees, nooks and crannies in H. Laver of Colchester,
old buildings, and similar retreats. The

writer has observed it in a cellar at Blaxhall. 2. Barbastelle. BarbaiUlla harbaiUUus, Schre-

Messrs. C. J. and James Paget {Sketch of the "^''•

'Nat. Hist, of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, ^tW—Barbastellm daubentonii.

published in 1834) refer to this species as Professor Alfred Newton [Zoologist, 1857,

'common in old houses in and about the town.' p. 5420) records the occurrence of this bat in

In the neighbourhood of Thetford, on the Suffolk. Mr. Southwell, in an article on the

Norfolk boundary, Mr. W. G. Clarke con- Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk,' referring

siders it to be rare. Mr. Hudson, taxider- to the barbastelle, says : ' Mr. Crowfoot found

mist, Ipswich, lately informed me that in one on a wall at Ellingham ' (on the Norfolk

taking down an elm tree at Holy Wells, on side of the river Wavcney), ' on 2 November

the outskirts of that town, a very large 1870, and believes this species to be common

number of long-eared bats were found in the in the neighbourhood of Beccles.' In a letter

cavity of a large rotten branch. The man to the writer, Mr. Crowfoot mentions a

who found them remarked that when he put specimen he took some years ago from a tree

his hand and arm into the hole, the place in Worlingham Park. About the year 1900

felt quite warm. On the evening of 7 June a bat, believed to have been of this species,

1888 several-small bats, believed to have been was taken by the writer from a hole, rather

of this species, were noticed by the writer low down, in the trunk of a large and very

about some oaks at the edge of Iken Wood, old cherry tree in a garden at Little Glem-

They were threading their way amongst the ham ; but before a careful examination could

branches with great ease and dexterity, never be made, it freed itself by a sudden effort, and es-

appearing to touch a twig with their wings ; caped. The dark colour of the fur (nearly black

• Southtown, a part of Great Yarmouth, is in Suffolk.
* Read before the Norfolk and Norwich Nat. See. and printed in their Transactions, i. (1870-1), 7'*

216

MAMMALS

on the upper parts), and singular aspect of the
face, occasioned by deeply sunk nostrils and
a peculiar formation of the ears, at once
arrested attention, recalling Bell's figure of
this species.

3, Great or White's Bat. Pipistrellus noctula,

Schreber.

Bell — Scolophilus noctula.
White — VespertHio altivolans.

The Messrs. Paget,' writing in 1834, refer
to this animal as being ' rather rare ' in the
neighbourhood of Yarmouth, which includes
a portion of Suffolk ; and about Thetford,
Mr. W. G. Clarke considers it to be rather
scarce at the present time. In most parts of
the county however it is a common species.
In the east it is especially numerous, and its
vigorous and somewhat snipe-like flight often
attracts attention as at sunset its dark form
comes into bold relief against the glowing col-
ours of the western sky. Flying usually at a
considerable elevation, it will sometimes, in hot
pursuit of its prey, dash obliquely downwards
almost to the earth. In east Suffolk it is gene-
rally first seen on the wing about the second
or third week in April. During a period of
seven or eight years, the earliest appearance
noted by the waiter is 2 April at Leiston, in
the year 1873. It does not as a rule retire to
its winter quarters till the latter part of
October, and on two occasions, in unusually
mild weather, I have noticed it abroad near
Snape Bridge in November ; in one instance
as late as the 28th of that month. In the
year 1894 the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain saw
one near Halesworth, flying at mid-day in
bright sunshine, as early in the season as 26
March. In 1901 a noctule was observed by
the writer, apparently hawking for insects over
a sandpit at Blaxhall on 21 January at 4.45
p.m. The Rev. J. G. Tuck informs me that
these large bats take possession of the nest-
boxes placed about his garden at Tostock
near Bury St. Edmunds for the benefit of the
birds, and that he has found as many as ten
in one box. The noctule is particularly
partial to our river valleys ; those of the
Blythe, the Aide and the Stour being especially
attractive to it.

4. Pipistrelle. Pipistrtllus pipistrellus, Schre-

ber.

Bell — Scotophtlus pipistrellus.
Abundant. Often seen abroad in mid-
winter during mild weather. It not unfre-

» A Sketch of the Nat. Hist, of Yarmouth and
Neighbourhood, C. J. and James Paget.

quently hawks for insects in the daytime,
both in summer and winter. I have several
times noticed this little bat so engaged in
December and January at hours varying from
9 a.m. to 2 p.m.

5. Natterer's Bat. Myotis natter eri, Kuhl.

Bell — Vespertilio nattereri.
Professor Newton ^ has recorded the occur-
rence of this bat at Elveden near Thetford,
and Mr. H. Laver of Colchester has also met
with it in the Stour valley. On several
occasions during the years 1882 and 1883
some examples of the present species were
found by the writer in the interior of a plaster
figure on the wall of a summer-house at
Blaxhall, most of them being males. On
12 April 1884 four of these bats, two ot
each sex, were discovered in the same retreat,
and on 18 March 1885 a single female was
the only occupant. They ran with consider-
able agility upon the ground, and their flight
was strong and vigorous. A pair were dis-
covered in the same place in May 1903.

6. Daubenton's Bat. Myotis daubentoni,

Leisler.

Bell — VespertiRo daubentonii.
In an article on this bat in the Zoologist for
1889, Mr. J. E. Harting, then editor of that
journal, states (p. 163) that it has been ob-
served by Doubleday flying over the river
Stour at Sudbury. Mr. H. Laver of Col-
chester has since met with this species in the
Stour valley. About the year 1878 a bat
was shot within the boundaries of the parish
of St. Clement's, Ipswich, near the present
site of the sewer outlet works, which at that
time had not been constructed. Mr. H. C.
Hudson, taxidermist of that town, who was
present when it was killed, observing that it
was no common species, went with the per-
son who shot it to the Ipswich Museum, to
try and ascertain its species. Unfortunately
Dr. Taylor, curator at the time, was away.
After however consulting several books, Mr.
Hudson came to the conclusion that it was a
specimen of F. daubentonii. It was soon after-
wards sent to London, and came into the
possession of a Mr. Betts, who has since died,

[^Fespertilio dasycneme. Boie (I sis, 1825,
p. 1200).

Mr. J. E. Harting (« Remarks on British
Bats,' Zoologist, 1887, p. 162, in which is
given the classification, with distinguishing
characters of the families and genera, of all

' Zoologist, 1853, p. 3804.

217

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the species found in these islands) refers to
V. dasycneme as 'reported to have been cap-
tured on the banks of the Stour.'] '

7. Whiskered Bat. Myotts mystacinus, Leisler.
Bell — FesperUlio mystacinus.
Mr. H. Laver has met with this species in
the Stour valley.

INSECTIVORA

8. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europaus, Linn.
This animal is certainly far less common

than it used to be, and in many parts of the
county it has become quite scarce. As
pointed out by the late Rev. F. Barham Zincke,
in his interesting history of the parish of
Wherstead/ the clearing away of the large
banks and wide rambling hedges once so
prevalent has deprived certain of our reptiles
and smaller mammals of secure and con-
venient retreats, and has done much towards
reducing their numbers. Among these
the hedgehog may certainly be included.
It has besides many enemies to contend
with in its struggle for existence. The
gamekeeper persecutes the poor hedgepig
most relentlessly for occasional misdemeanours,
and others blindly follow his example, killing
every one they meet with, regardless of its
services as a destroyer of snails, beetles and
young field mice. Rabbit-trapping too in-
volves the destruction of many of these
animals, which often lie up by day in a rabbit
burrow, and gipsies with their dogs keep a
sharp look-out for them for culinary purposes.
The old deep-rooted prejudice against the
hedgehog, on account of its supposed habit of
sucking cows, still lingers in this county. In
some recent correspondence on this subject in
the 'East Anglian Miscellany,' ' instances were
brought forward of the animal's supposed
guilt.

9. Mole. Talpa europiea, Linn.
Common everywhere. On the light sandy

soil towards the coast, as well as in other
parts of the county, moles are found in
astonishing numbers, fields and meadows
being almost covered with their hillocks.
Game-preserving is so universal here, and is
carried to such extremes, that most of the
creatures appointed by nature to keep down
the number of such animals as these and the
smaller rodents, have been well nigh exter-

1 'Cf. Buckton, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1853, p. 260,
where the species is treated as a variety of F. dau-
bentonii. Tomes {Zoologist, 1854, p. 4361) con-
sidered it to be dasycneme.'

^ Some Materials for the History of Wherstead, by
F. Barham Zincke, vicar of Wherstead.

2 Published once a week in the columns of the
East AngUan Daily Times.

minated. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain in-
forms me that near Sibton he has seen four or
five hundred moles hung out on some wire
fencing, near where mole-catchers have been
at work. When the marsh lands are flooded,
the moles are sometimes forced by the rising
waters to assemble in such spots as are slightly
above the general level. Here they attract
the attention of the herons, which on such
occasions clear off a good many, and numbers
of the 'castings' of these birds may be found
composed almost entirely of the bones and
skins of moles. On some marshes on the
coast between Dunwich and Sizewell the
writer has seen two or three great black-
backed gulls {Larus marinus) waiting for days
together about these small temporary islands,
the castings or pellets thrown up by these
birds affording conclusive evidence of the
nature of their diet. Long continued droughts
in summer are fatal to large numbers of moles.
The worms then descend probably to such a
depth that their enemies cannot follow them.
At such times these animals often come out
upon the surface of the ground, and after
searching about for food cannot again pene-
trate the hard crust, and soon die. Several
cream-coloured moles have been caught near
Sudbourne Church, and Mr. W. G. Clarke
informs me that the same variety has occurred
both at Elveden and on Barnham Common,
and that specimens whose fur was of a
yellowish tint have been taken at Fakenham.
Of late years quite a demand has arisen for
mole-skins for converting into furs, and the
price has gone up considerably. They were
recently (1903) advertised for in the East
Anglian Daily Times at 31. per dozen.

10. Common Shrew. Sorex araneus, Linn.

Locally, Ranny (applicable also to the other
two British shrews).

This little animal is met with throughout
the county in a great variety of situations. It
frequents woods, hedge-banks, cornfields, dry
heaths, upland pastures and low wet marshes.
After the marsh ditches have been cleaned
out, the shrews drive small tunnels in all
directions through the mud which has been
thrown out, in order to get at the rich feast of
aquatic insects and other forms of animal life
contained in it. They also burrow through

MAMMALS

the dry patches ot cow-dung in the meadows
to feed on the grubs beneath. In some wet
swampy meadows near Minsmere sluice, which
many years ago were more or less flooded
every winter, sometimes as late as March,
shrews used to be very numerous. After a
sudden rise of water a great many might be
seen congregated upon small patches of higher
ground. Even where the surface was covered
with water they could then be seen running
up and down the broken-down stems of
reeds and other plants, while at times
they seemed to be actually running upon
the water, the scum upon the surface
with various floating odds and ends which had
collected there being buoyant enough in places
to support their weight. In these marshes I
have found their nests by the sides of ditches ;
the occupants on being disturbed taking to
the water quite readily, and swimming well.
Individuals having white tips to their tails are
frequently met with as elsewhere. On 14
March 1883 I caught a pied shrew at Farn-
ham. A broad band of white almost entirely
encircled the body at the loins, the edges being
sharply defined. One side of the head and
neck was of a silvery grey tint. Specimens
having a few scattered white hairs on the
forehead are not uncommon. The ravenous and
insatiable appetite possessed by both moles
and shrews is well known. If a common
shrew just caught be held in one hand, and a
beetle or woodlouse offered it with the other,
it will at once seize and devour it. The
writer once placed two of these little animals
in a cage with a good supply of worms and
insects. The next morning only one CQuld
be found, and that dead, the body looking
unnaturally distended. After a close search
one foot and some of the fur of the other was
found. One of these shrews had evidently
killed and eaten its companion, paying for this
act of cannibalism with its own life.

II. Pigmy Shrew. Sorex minutus, Falhs.

Bell — Sorex fygmceus.

Two skulls of this little animal have been
found by the Rev. Francis C. R. Jourdain in
owl pellets at Huntingfield, in the eastern
part of the county, and one at Great Thur-
low in the west, and have been identified by
Mr. Lionel E. Adams. On 23 December
1892 Mr. F. Norgate of Bury St. Edmunds
saw a specimen of S. pygtmeus dive into a narrow
crevice three quarters by one quarter of an
inch wide between the bricks of his porch
floor, and setting a trap close to the spot
caught the animal in the following March. I
have on several occasions come upon shrews

of this species, both living and dead, at Blax-
hall ; in more than one instance from noticing
a cat or kitten playing with one, and do not
think it can be very uncommon. Owing to
its extremely diminutive size and inconspicuous
colour (harmonizing perfectly with the dead
leaves, dry sticks, etc., among which it lives),
it no doubt often escapes notice. All three of
our British shrews are subject to that myster-
ious mortality which in the case of S. araneus
has so often attracted attention, but never I
believe been satisfactorily accounted for. Mr.
Edward Bidwell has an albino of this species
from Thetford {Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat.
Soc. iii. 667).

12. Water Shrew. Neomys fodiens, Pallas.
Bell — Crossoptts fodiens.
This pretty and interesting little animal is
widely distributed in the county, though I
know of no locality where it can be called
abundant. Its habits and the nature of its
haunts alike tend to shield it from observation
in spite of its rather conspicuous and strongly
contrasted colours. In the north-east, towards
the Norfolk boundary, its occurrence is re-
corded by Mr. Southwell {'Mammalia and
Reptilia of Norfolk,' Zool. 187 1, p. 2753), who
refers to a specimen from Oulton, Suffolk,
seen by Mr. Gurney. At Fritton Decoy
Mr. F. Norgate has watched these little
animals diving for their prey. The Rev. E.
T. Daubeny informs me that he has once or
twice observed this species at Market Weston
near Thetford. About Wilby the Rev. H.
S. Marriott has met with it in some numbers,
more particularly in the early spring. The
Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain obtained a skull of
the water shrew at Huntingfield, near Hales-
worth, and another at Great Thurlow in
west Suffolk. Both these skulls were taken
from pellets of the barn owl {Strix flammea\
and were examined by Mr. Lionel E. Adams.
About Needham Market this animal has no(
unfrequently been observed by Mr. H. Ling-
wood, and the late Dr. Churchill Babington,
author of the Birdi of Suffolk, has taken it at
Cockfield. In the neighbourhood of Blaxhail
it is not uncommon, and the writer has seen
it ' fishing ' in a pond surrounded by trees in
that parish, and also in a ditch near Dunning-
worth Hall, Tunstall. Elsewhere in that
district he has occasionally met with examples
both living and dead, some of the latter at a
distance from water. It has also been ob-
served at Leiston. In September 1886 I
picked up a dead one at Stratford St. Mary,
on the banks of the river Stour, which here
forms the southern boundary of the county,
and Mr. H. Miller informs me that this

2ig

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

species has also been observed at East Berg-
holt, a mile or two further down the river, by
Mr. C. Whiting. Cats not unfrequently kill
this animal, as well as the other British
shrews.

The Oared Shrew {Sorex rtmifer. Bell),
formerly considered to be specifically distinct,
but now looked upon as a variety of C. fodiens,
also occurs in the county. The under parts
in this animal are almost as dark as the back,
and the general colour much resembles that of
the mole. On 5 September 1900, in a
meadow at Blaxhall, I met with one of these
big dark-coloured shrews. It was a pregnant
female, and so large that before picking it up
I took it for a half-grown mole. Hoping to
have leisure to examine it carefully on the

morrow, I placed it in a large cage with
earth, water, a bed of dry grass and a plentiful
supply of earthworms, one of which it at
once seized and devoured. But in the morn-
ing it had disappeared most unaccountably.
This shrew was certainly larger than a full-
grown house mouse [M. musculus). Its climb-
ing powers were considerable, for it not only
easily ascended the upright wires of the cage,
but even made its way along the top, clinging,
back downwards, to the wires. The fact of
its being with young at this season seems to
denote that more than one litter may be pro-
duced during the year. Many years ago one
was seen by the writer on the bank of a pond
in the same parish which he believes to have
been still larger.

CARNIVORA

13. Fox. Fulpes vu/peSy Linn.
Bell — Vulpes vulgaris.
In Suffolk foxes are not often met with far
from the hunting districts, which are situated
(broadly speaking) in the central, southern and
extreme western parts of the county, hunted
respectively by the Suffolk, Essex and Suffolk,
and Newmarket and Thurlow foxhounds.
From time to time one of these animals
makes its appearance among the game pre-
serves in other parts of the county, where it
does not always receive a very hearty welcome.
On the Campsea Ashe estate, which for
many years has been occasionally visited by
these animals, one was shot in the autumn of
1902 at a fir plantation on Tunstall Heath,
and another was killed at Ramsholt in
December of that year. About the same
time a fox was known to frequent the neigh-
bourhood of Pettistree. The late Mr. Hele
of Aldeburgh' gives an instance of a dead
fox having been found floating in the river
near that town in 1864, and in the same
year of an old and decrepit vixen having
been trapped on a warren close by. Formerly
these animals must have been generally dis-
tributed throughout the county, and their
frequent depredations in the poultry yard and
among the young lambs led to a reward be-
ing offered in many parishes for their destruc-
tion. In the churchwardens' accounts for
the parish of Freston near Ipswich there are
several entries of sums paid during the latter
part of the eighteenth century for the destruc-
tion of foxes, the amount varying at that
time from u. to 2;. bd. per head.

Jottings about Aldeburgh, by N. F. Hale, 1870.

14. Pine Marten. Mustela martes, Linn.

Bell — Maries abietum.
In a part of the country where the destruc-
tion of every beast or bird supposed to be in
any way harmful to game goes on unceas-
ingly year after year one can hardly expect
to find many carnivorous mammals still sur-
viving. The larger species are usually the
first to disappear, and that beautiful and
graceful animal the marten, the largest of our
British weasels, has long been extinct as a
resident species. Yet as lately as the year
1889 a marten was shot on 29 May in a
Scotch fir plantation at Sutton near Wood-
bridge, and another is said to have been seen
at the same time. According to a report of
this occurrence in the Field of 13 July 1889,
p. 45, the animal destroyed was a male,
measuring 27 inches in length and weighing
a trifle over 4 lb. When shot it was carrying
in its mouth a full-grown young wood-pigeon.
It was stuffed by Mr. Asten of Woodbridge.
As it is probably not less than sixty or seventy
years since the marten became extinct in
Suffolk it is difficult to account for its re-
appearance after so long an interval. If these
two individuals could possibly have wandered
from any existing habitat of the species, they
did well to escape detection, considering the
distance they must have travelled. Remark-
ing on some similar occurrences of this animal
in Norfolk in comparatively recent times
Mr. Southwell {Trans. Nor/, and Nor. Nat.
Soc. ii. 668) writes as follows : 'That these
were escapes I have no doubt, although un-
able to trace them. To show how easily
this may occur, I was informed by a friend
(Prof. Newton) that some years ago an un-

220

MAMMALS

dergraduate at Cambridge surprised him by-
stating that from time to time a considerable
number of live martens had been sent to him
from Ireland, several of which had escaped
and were then living at large in his neigh-
bourhood in the south of England ; the same
thing may well have happened in Norfolk
{or Suffolk) without its being suspected.' In
the Norwich Mercury of 2 1 December 1 8 1 1
is the report of the 'Suffolk Gamekeepers'
Annual Meeting ' held at Bury St. Edmunds
on 9 December of that year, at which a prize
was given to one Sharnton as the most suc-
cessful gamekeeper. This man had the over-
looking of 4,000 acres, and among the' vermin'
destroyed by him in the preceding year are
enumerated three martens.' The Messrs.
Paget refer to the marten as occurring
* formerly at Herringfleet and Tofts ; ' now
extremely rare.' A specimen was now and
then captured in Ubbeston Wood during the
first quarter of the last century, and the
writer's father remembers having seen one in
that parish nailed upon a barn.

15. Polecat. Putorius putorius, h'mn.

Bell — Mustek putorius.

There is abundant evidence to show that
this animal was formerly common in most
parts of the county, and until about the
middle of the last century it does not appear
to have been considered rare. The late Rev.
H. T. Frere, writing in the Zoologist ior 1849,
p. 2493, states that * the polecat is to be
found on most rabbit warrens. In some parts
of Suffolk it is far too common.' The con-
tinual persecution however to which its pre-
dacious habits have always rendered it liable,
together with the greatly increased area de-
voted to game preserving, in time began to
make an appreciable reduction in the numbers
of this animal, and its almost complete ex-
tirpation from the greater part of the county
has gradually been effected. In the west and
north-west the polecat appears to have held
its ground longer than elsewhere. In the

' See an article entitled ' Martens in Suffolk,'
T. Southwell, Zool. 1877, p. 338, vifhere the
number is stated, as given by Mr. Gurney in his
communication to the Norf. and Nor. Nat. Society's
Trans, ii. 224, as 'forty-three' ! — an error which
has been extensively copied. Mr. Southwell has
since been at considerable pains to get at the
original newspaper report, which he ultimately
discovered in the Norwich Mercury of 2 1 December
18 1 1, where, as above stated, the number of
martens is ' three ' and not ' forty-three.' It is
impossible now to say how the original error arose.

' Probably Toft Monks near Aldeby, which is
in Norfolk.

Mildenhall district, and especially about the
fen country between that town and Ely, it is
still frequently met with. A gamekeeper
from whom the Rev. B. P. Oakes obtained a
specimen captured at Beck Row, a hamlet of
Mildenhall, about the year 1897, told him
that he had killed thirty-eight ! including
young ones, in the course of the year, and
that he believed polecats to be common in
the fens towards Ely, and that they worked
up to Beck Row along the dykes. In 1898
Mr. Travis, the Bury St. Edmunds taxi-
dermist, received one from Cavenham, some
7 or 8 miles north-west of that town, and
also one from Mildenhall in the same year,
both these examples being killed during
February, on the 3rd and 15th respectively.
Three others obtained in the Mildenhall dis-
trict during the same year were seen and
examined by the Rev. J. G. Tuck. The
following curious capture of a polecat is from
the Ipswich yournal of 23 February 1895 :
' At Isleham in the Cambridgeshire fens ' a
polecat has been found by the lockkeeper
with its feet frozen to the top of the lock
gate. It had evidently stopped on the gate
to watch some object of prey.' In the same
journal of the date of 28 March i888 one
of these animals is reported to have been
caught at Mildenhall in a trap set for an
otter. Mr. W. G. Clarke, in a letter to the
writer, refers to the capture of one of these
animals about the year 1898 at Lakenheath,
and also to its former occurrence both at
Fakenham and Euston. At Barnham in the
same district Mr. F. Norgate started a very
big polecat from a rabbit hole on 21 August
1890. As regards the north-eastern part of
the county, the last polecats known by Mr.
W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles to have been
killed in his neighbourhood were trapped at
Worlingham about the year 1859 or i860.
A very large male was exhibited at a dealer's
stall at Yarmouth market in November 1867.
It was said to have been killed somewhere in
the neighbourhood, but whether in Norfolk
or Suffolk was not specified." The late Rev.
H. T. Frere, writing to Mr. Southwell in
December 1870, referring to a period about
twenty years previous to that date, mentions
this species as being ' common enough about
Diss.' He further stated, 'They seem to
leave the lower grounds about October, and
when I lived at Roydon Hall we were sure
to catch several about that time under the
roots of a particular pollard oak, through

1 The river Lark at Isleham forms the boundary
between Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.

" T. E. Gunn, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1925.

221

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

which there was a run. I once caught seven,
two old and five young ones, in a barn there.
On two or three other occasions I have
turned out burrows on the fen, which have
contained eels and frogs generally half de-
composed.' In the Zoologist, 1888, p. 222,
Mr. Frere writes : ' I have seen their tracks
in the snow not many years ago, and now I
hear that there was one this winter within
two hundred yards of my house.' Roydon
and Diss are both in Norfolk, but have only
the river Waveney between them and Suffolk.
I am indebted to Captain Page of Woolpit
for the particulars of a strange incident which
occurred at the old rectory of that parish,
which is situated in the west central part of
the county. The house was one of the old
parsonages built in Queen Elizabeth's time,
having no cellar beneath. In June 1852 the
inmates were driven from their drawing-room
by a most evil and unaccountable smell. At
length it was supposed the nuisance must be
caused by some dead animal, and the car-
penter was sent for to take up the floor
boards when a living polecat was found com-
fortably ensconced underneath them. Mr. H.
Lingwood has a specimen from Bricett near
Bildeston obtained in 1847. In the neigh-
bourhood of Letheringham in east Suffolk it
was also not uncommon at that time, and
lingered until several years later. Polecats
inhabited Ubbeston Wood near Halesworth
(then unpreserved for game) within the
memory of the writer's father, who also
recollects seeing the mouths of their burrows
strewn with bones and feathers. This would
probably be from about 1824 to 1830 or
later. A gamekeeper informed Mr. C.
Whiting that while living at Crowfield about
2 J miles from Coddenham, between i860
and 1872, he caught about fourteen pole-
cats.* During the last two years of that
period only one or two were killed, and he
believes these animals to be now extinct in
that neighbourhood.

16. Stoat. Putorius ermineus, Linn.
Bell — Mustela erminea.
In the neighbourhood of Tostock in west
Suffolk, the Rev. J. G. Tuck has often heard
the local name of 'miniver' used for this
animal. The Re v. E. T. Daubeny, too {Nature
Notes, October 1903, p. 213), in a list ot
local names in use in the neighbourhood of
Market Weston near Thetford, says : 'In
winter the stoat is a "minifer."' In the
eastern part of the county it is, or used

' For this information I am indebted to Mr. H.
Miller of Ipswich.

frequently to be, called the ' weasel,' while
the true weasel has another name given
it. No animal is more universally detested
by gamekeepers than this bold, determined
little marauder ; and its numbers have been
so much reduced by traps, guns and other
means, that it is far less common than it was
thirty years ago. In the game-preserving
districts of east Suffolk, one rarely gets a
chance now of watching the stoat hunting
along the side of a hedge or ditch, and ad-
miring the grace and elegance of his move-
ments as he comes bounding along, full of life
and animation, now and again raising himself
to his full height, in order to extend his
horizon. In spite of its bad reputation, this
animal is an excellent and accomplished rat-
catcher, and so atones for many of its misdeeds.
The advantage it possesses through its ability
to follow its prey into their holes, combined
with remarkable strength, agility and courage,
makes it a formidable foe to the rat. Stoats
haunt the banks of rivers and streams, especi-
ally where there are beds of reeds or osiers,
preying upon rats, water voles, waterhens,
etc. On the beach, sand hills and rough
ground between Sizewell and the Dunwich
clifls, where they were comparatively safe
from the keepers, both stoats and weasels used
to be fairly common. They also visit at times
the river * walls,' in pursuit of the rats and
moles which there do much damage ; but
even here their relentless enemy follows them,
setting baited traps for their destruction. The
stoat takes the water boldly, swimming very
fast, and with a good deal of its body above
the surface. Where rabbits abound, these
animals are soon attracted to the spot. Mr.
W. G. Clarke informs me that in the year
1893, 200 stoats were trapped upon Thetford
warren in six weeks. Up to the early part of
the last century, this animal must have been
very common. In the list of vermin killed
in a single year (181 1) by a gamekeeper in
Suffolk (quoted in the account given here of
the marten) the number of stoats destroyed is
416. Every winter, whether severe or other-
wise, a few white or rather nearly white
specimens find their way into the bird-stuffers'
shops, most of them retaining a few patches
of colour, especially round the eyes and along
the spine, the black tip of the tail being of
course always present. One in perfect winter
dress, killed in Suffolk, was exhibited by Dr.
Crisp at a meeting of the Zoological Society
in i860.' The extraordinary audacity so
characteristic of the weasel family is very
conspicuous in the stoat, who will sometimes

Zoohffi/, i860, p. 6913.

222

MAMMALS

dispute, even with man, the possession of any
animal he may have killed. See the Zoologist
of 1890, p. 380, where some very curious
experiences with this animal are described.

17. Weasel. Putorius nivalis, Linn.
Bell — Mustek vulgaris.
Locally, Whitethroat (male) ; Mousehunt or
Mousehunter (female).
Like the stoat, this useful and elegant little
animal is systematically destroyed by game-
keepers,and its numbers have been sadly reduced.
In some parts of the county it has become the
rarer animal of the two ; and in places where not
bng ago it was fairly common, one may now
keep a sharp look-out for a year or more with-
out seeing a single individual ; besides which
the old rough banks and wide bushy hedges
which formerly provided it with both shelter
and productive hunting groimds have disap-
peared. From its diminutive size and flexible
snake-like form, the weasel can follow a mouse
into its hole, or thread its way among the
sheaves in a wheat stack with the greatest
ease ; and with the exception perhaps of the
barn owl is the most valuable and efficient
mouser we possess. Its value in keeping down
mice, voles, and even rats and moles is well
known and appreciated by many farmers, who
would feign protect and encourage it if
possible. Repeated observations have shown
that while such prey is to be had, the weasel
does very little harm among game or young
cHickens ; certainly far less that the rats it
helps to keep down.' A curious habit of this
little animal came under the notice of Mr. A.
M. Rope of Leiston. Driving over Westle-
ton ' Walks,' he noticed on a bare sandy spot
of ground a strange-looking object moving along
in a peculiar undulating manner. It was
some 2 feet in length and very narrow ; and
he at first took it for a snake. A nearer
approach showed it to be a female weasel,
with a litter of young ones following close
behind her in single file. The dam carried
her head and neck high above the ground.
When she saw that she was observed, she
took one of the cubs in her mouth and bore it
oflF to some place of safety, returning very soon
Jbr another, which she served the same ; and
there is little doubt that had she been watched
longer she would not have rested until every
one of the cubs had been removed and placed
out of danger. A family of young weasels
following closely behind their mother in one
long unbroken line has also been noticed near
Orford. A weasel was once seen by the

^ See Zoologist, 1894., p. 422, twelve lines from
bottom.

writer swimming across the river Aide, not
far from Langham bridge, and carrying in its
mouth a young one, almost if not quite as
large as itself. Not one of our few remain-
ing wild animals is more graceful and agile in
all its movements or more entertaining to
watch than the weasel. It is a great pity
that in the war of extermination waged
against so many of our interesting native
animals, this useful and beautiful little creature
at least should not be spared.

18. Badger. Meles meles, Linn.
Bell — Meles taxus.
Except as an occasional wanderer from a
distance the badger can no longer, I fear, be
included in a list of Suffolk mammals. From
time to time however a specimen still turns
up here and there. A few may have been
introduced for the purpose of making earths
for foxes, while some of the more recent ex-
amples may possibly have escaped from con-
finement, and perhaps in rare instances have
bred in the county. Formerly however they
must have been common in many parts of
Suffolk. At the time the Messrs. Paget
wrote (1834) these animals had already been
exterminated in the Yarmouth district, though
stated by them to have been common thirty
years earlier, especially about Bradwell and
Browston. In some parts of the county
badgers appear to have lingered till nearly
half a century later. In the winter of 1 846-7
one was killed at Cavenham, and another
supposed at the time to exist in that neigh-
bourhood, as recorded by Professor A. Newton
{Zool. 1849, p. 2379). Mr. F. S. Griffiths
of Dedham, in a communication to the East
Anglian Miscellany of 9 March 1 90 1, writes
as follows : ' Some fifteen or sixteen years ago
a fine female badger was taken alive — not
shot — by Mr. Robert Partridge of Stratford
St. Mary, while cutting grass. It was after-
wards sold, I think, to Mr. H. N. Dunnett,
but soon died. Dissection proved it to con-
tain, I think, three young ones. It was sup-
posed to have been an escaped specimen ; but
I have heard from two very old inhabitants
of Stratford St. Mary . . . that in their youth
they frequently undertook to dig badgers out
in the Commons and Bush Hills, two pre-
served woods near the meadows spoken of.'
About Ubbeston there were a few badgers
during the first quarter of the last century,
Ubbeston Wood being then unpreserved.
Mr. S. Levett, in the East Anglian Miscellany
of 9 March 1901, states that he has seen one
which had been caught on the Stratton Hall
estate in 1852; and that another has since

223

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

been taken by a ratcatcher at Kirton Hall.
Mr. Levett has been told badgers used to
breed at Fagbury CliSs at Walton and Trim-
ley. The three localities last named are
situated in a rather isolated part of the county,
lying between the rivers Orwell and Deben.
In the same publication, under date 4 May
1 90 1, Mr. T. W. Thurston refers to one of
these animals having been caught at Norton
near Bury St. Edmunds, about four or five
years previous to that time. Mr. T. E.
Gunn of Norwich in the Zoologist of 1869, p.
1926, records the capture of a female and two
cubs in SutFolk, close to the Norfolk boundary,
in 1865. Mr. C. Whiting, in a letter to Mr.
H. Miller of Ipswich, gives an account of a
curious capture of one of these animals about
the year 1865 or 1866 on the Dial farm, Cod-
denham, by a man named Jessop. He had
shot at and wounded a rabbit which his dog,
as he thought, had followed to a hole. Reach-
ing in with his arm, he pulled out a badger,
which fortunately did not bite him. Having
somehow managed to get a wire snare over
its leg, he drew it into a sack and secured it.
He kept it some little time shut up in a shed,
but it afterwards escaped. About a week or
ten days after this, a badger (doubtless the same
animal) was captured close by and sold to a
man living near Chelmsford. About the
year 1885 or 1886 a male badger was un-
fortunately destroyed at Chillesford, where it
had first been noticed drinking at a pond in
the village. This, there is little doubt, was
one which had made its escape two or three
years before from Blaxhall, about four miles
distant, and which came originally from
Oxfordshire. Since its escape it had lived for
a time in a rabbits' burrow in that parish.
A badger caught at Stratford St. Andrew by
a man named Cuthbert was sent to Mr.
Asten, taxidermist at Woodbridge, in May
1 89 1. Mr. W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles, in
a letter to the writer, states that the last
badger he has heard of in his district was dug
alive out of a burrow in a small plantation at
Carlton Colville, known as the ' Grove.'
After having been exhibited in the neigbour-
hood it was killed and stuffed, and was pur-
chased in 1894 by a gentleman living at
Lowestoft. The last Suffolk badger of which
I can find any notice is one killed in the Cliff
Hill Wood on the Sudbourne estate, on I
March 1895, recorded by Mr. S. O. Hey-
wood of Glevering Hall, in the East Anglian
Miscellany of 9 March 1901. It is unaccount-
able that an interesting and inoffensive animal
like the present species, well known to do
little harm to game, should almost invariably
be killed wherever it makes its appearance.

instead of being welcomed and protected. It
does excellent service in searching out and
destroying wasps' nests. For a most enter-
taining account of the successful introduction
and establishment of a colony of badgers by a
gentleman in Leicestershire, see the Zoologist
of 1888, p. 6. Since writing the above I
have received a letter from Mr. C. H. Hill,
gamekeeper (to whom I had been kindly
referred by Mr. Laver of Colchester). This
man lately lived at Stanway in Essex, where
a few badgers are still, I believe, in existence.
The following is an extract : ' I have seen
their work in the parish of Sproughton. They
(drew) an earth in the latter part of March
in a hedge-row bank upon the Valley farm,.
I believe for young. Unfortunately the hedge
was cut down and the earth exposed, causing
them to forsake it. I have not the slightest
doubt that it was done by badgers, as I have
seen their work at Stanway Hall. I have
not heard of any being turned down here.'

Tidings have just arrived of the capture
during the present year of one of these
animals in this county. In a letter from Mr.
A. E. Elliott, Estate Office, Elveden, for-
warded by the Rev. J. G. Tuck, mention is
made of a badger caught last January in a
belt called 'Napthens' in that parish. It was
a fine male measuring 3 feet 9 inches in
length.

19. Otter. Lutra lutra, Linn.
Bell — Lutra vulgaris.
For the last thirty years or so the number
of otters frequenting the rivers and streams of
this county, in spite of the treatment they
generally receive, is greater than has previ-
ously been the case for a considerable period.
The Messrs. Paget, writing of the Yarmouth
district in 1834, refer to this species as 'now
seldom seen on any of the broads, where it
was once not uncommon,' and up to more
recent times it has been considered a rare
animal in Suffolk. At present however so
many instances of the capture or wanton
destruction by gun, trap or other means, of
this interesting and comparatively harmless
animal annually come to light, that it would
be difficult as well as unnecessary to enumerate
them. From the Waveney and Little Ouse
in the north to the Stour on the southern
boundary, there are itw streams that are not
occasionally visited by this nocturnal wan-
derer. In the extensive marshes near the
coast and the low meadows of the river valleys
otters hunt the ditches for eels, frogs, fresh-
water mussels {Anodonta cygnea), and coarse fish,
lying up temporarily in reed beds, alder cars
or any suitable retreat they can find. The

224

MAMMALS

presence of a town of considerable size on
the banks of a river frequented by these
animals by no means prevents their passage
up and down stream. At Ipswich the curious
whistling call of the otter has been heard at
night, where the river Orwell passes through
the town. Mr. Hudson, the Ipswich taxider-
mist, who at the time had several otters in
his shop, informed the writer of a curious
incident which took place a short time before.
While the passenger steamer Merrimac was
lying at Ipswich, a man proceeding to clean
one of her paddle-boxes found an otter inside
it, which I am sorry to add he destroyed. In
the local museum there is a large otter
labelled ' Killed in Stoke Park,' which is just
outside the town. The Essex Otterhounds,
on 27 August 1902, killed three otters
near Stowmarket, weighing respectively 24,
15 and 7 lb. In May 1879 a fine male
entered one of the marsh draining mills on
the Minsmere level, where it was shot by
the man in charge of the mill. The marshes
in that neighbourhood are much frequented
by otters. On one occasion, close to a thick
plantation bordering upon these marshes, Mr.
A. M. Rope had in sight two of these animals
at the same moment and was able to watch
them for some time. In the spring of 1883
they seem to have been quite numerous in the
Waveney. Among others destroyed, a female
and her cubs were ' done to death ' near Bun-
gay. It seems indeed to be thought a heroic
and praiseworthy deed to take the lives of
these graceful creatures, whose presence so
greatly enhances the interest and attractive-
ness of the places they haunt. Otter cubs
are, as is well known, born at various seasons,
and not, like the young of most wild animals,
in the spring and summer only.' On 10
March 1885 two young otters were caught
in a farmyard at Stratford St. Andrew by
means of a running noose on the end of a
pole. They were at the time not quite half
grown, and were probably born during the
previous autumn. A small cub killed by a
dog on the Abbey farm at Snape on 5 De-
cember 1892 appeared to be then about eight
or nine weeks old. In severe winters, when
neither frogs, eels nor fish of any sort are any
longer to be had, the otter is forced to subsist
on whatever it can get, preying upon water-
hens, rabbits, etc. During the winter of
1891-2 near Leiston, Mr. A. M. Rope fol-
lowed the track of one of these animals in the

snow, which left the river and led across
some fields. Here it appeared to have tried
to seize a hare in its seat, but only succeeded
in getting a mouthful of fiir.

20. Common Seal. Phoca vitulina, Linn.

Almost every year a few seals visit diflFerent
parts of the SufiFolk coast, sometimes enter-
ing the rivers in pursuit of their prey. The
Messrs. Paget refer to this animal as follows :
' Occasionally has been seen in the Roads, or
been thrown upon the beach ; one weighing
14 stones killed March 1822. They seem
formerly to have been much more common.'
Mr. N. F. Hele,' writing thirty-six years later
than the Pagets, mentions the occurrence of
four seals at Aldeburgh and Thorpe, between
1863 and 1869. He remarks that: 'It is
probable that these animals come from the
north, and follow the shoals of herrings. In
every instance of capture or otherwise, the
seals have always appeared off Thorpe, to
northward of us, before arriving here.' Mr.
T. Southwell, in an article on the ' Mamma-
lia of Norfolk," has drawn attention to a
colony of these animals inhabiting sandbanks
in the Wash. It seems only reasonable to
suppose that those seen from time to time on
the coasts of Suffolk and Essex are wanderers
from these sandbanks. Two seals were ob-
served in the Stour, between Harwich and
Manningtree in 1854, one of which was
shot by a puntsman.* A beautiful specimen
lately on view at the shop of Mr. Hudson of
Ipswich had been shot in the Deben on
22 February 1902. For a very long period
these creatures have from time to time made
their appearance on the beach at Orford,
particularly about the shifting shingle at the
mouth of the river, and it is supposed by
some that the traditional ' wild man ' of
Orford, shut up for a time in the castle, was
in reality a seal. In November 1872 one of
these animals was observed several days in
succession in the river at Orford, sometimes
opposite the quay. On one occasion it was
seen with a fish in its mouth between the
quay and a vessel lying close by. According
to Mr. C. Rope of that town, the time that
seals most frequently make their appearance
there is from the latter part of November to
the end of December, but in 1902 two were
observed in July. One was seen at Felix-
stowe by a night watchman in October
1900 {East Anglian Daily Times, 22 October

* Mr. Southwell's observations show this animal
to be, in Norfolk at least, a late autumn and winter
breeder.

* Jottinp about Aldtburgb, N. F. Hele.

* Trans. Norf. and Ntr. Nat. Sec. i. (i 870-1),.

7«-

* MammaBa ef Essex, H. Laver, F.L.S., p. 55.

225 29

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

1 900), and another killed near Bawdsey ferry
on 7 September 1891. Some years ago a
young seal was killed on the steps of the
landing-place at Walberswick ferry near
Southwold. Another young one was shot
on 9 September 1878 while lying on the end
of the Minsmere sluice between Dunwich and
Sizewell. It is gratifying to be able to give
a single instance where one of these beautiful
and intelligent animals met with kind treat-
ment instead of serving as a mark for a rifle
bullet. Mr. T. Southwell (ZW. 1 890, p. 384)
writes as follows : ' On the 8th August I went
to Corton to see a seal which had been
caught on the beach there, I believe, the
same morning ; this was nearly full grown,
and so won the hearts of the ladies at Cliffe
House by its mild beseeching looks, and evi-
dent discomfort, that Mrs. Colman bribed its
captor to liberate it, and we had the pleasure
of seeing it swim ofiF to sea.'

21. Hooded Seal. Cystophora cristata, Erxle-
ben.

' The first fully identified British example
of this seal, and for a long time the only one
known, was killed in the river Orwell on
29 June 1847. ^^ ^^ preserved in the
Ipswich Museum, but on my last visit to
that institution I was unable to identify it ;
the stuffed seals were without labels, and the
then curator did not seem aware of the
treasure he should have in his charge.'

To the above account of this rare British
animal, for which the writer is indebted to
Mr. T. Southwell, F.Z.S., the following
particulars, taken from Mr. H. Layer's
Mammalia of Essex, p. 56, may be added :
' The capture of this specimen was recorded
by Mr. W. B. Clark in the Zoologist for 1847,
p. 1870, where a full description of it is to
be found. It was presented to the museum
by Mr. Ransome.'

RODENTIA

22. Squirrel. Sciurus leucorus, Kerr.
Bell — Sciurus vulgaris.
Inhabits woods, parks and plantations in
most districts, and was at one time very
abundant in the Scotch fir belts about
Mildenhall. It is however destroyed on
some estates as an enemy to game, and is
probably much less numerous in Suffolk than
in many English counties. In sparsely wooded
districts squirrels make long journeys from
wood to wood, taking advantage as much as
possible of roadside trees and hedges. On
4 November 1872, in a wide stretch of
marshes near Leiston, which, with the ex-
ception of a very few scattered pollard
willows, are quite bare of trees, a squirrel
was caught by a dog in a clump of sedge at
the very edge of a ditch, only just clear of
the water, and on the same open marshes in
December 1873 one was seen and chased by
a man at work near by. A large and hand-
some example, of a pale fawn or cream
colour throughout, for at least two years fre-
quented a garden and plantation at Blaxhall.
In the Field of 22 November 1902 will be
found an interesting note on the squirrels in
Christchurch Park, Ipswich, whose gambols
among the branches of the fine old oaks and
chestnuts add greatly to the attractions of the
place.

23. Dormouse.
Linn.

Muscardinus avellanariuSy

Bell — Myoxus avellanarius.
The distribution of the dormouse in Eng-
land, and especially in East Anglia, is very

curious, and difficult to understand. Though
found in many parts of Essex, it appears to
be absent from a large portion of the neigh-
bouring county of Suffolk, amounting perhaps
to more than half of it, while in Norfolk it is
only known to occur in one locality, restricted
to some three or four adjoining parishes. As
regards the eastern half of the county of
Suffolk, from the VVaveney in the north to
the Stour in the south, no instance has, as
far as I am aware, been recorded of the dor-
mouse having been met with except in the
neighbourhood of Ipswich and the wooded
country about Belstead and Bentley. This
little animal appears to be commonest in the
west central district lying to the south-west
of the railway connecting Bury St. Edmunds
with Haughley and extending as far as Long
Melford on the Essex border. No recent
information has been received of its occur-
rence in west Suffolk further north than
Thurston. The Messrs. Paget however re-
fer to it as ' occasionally seen in small woods,
etc.,' about Yarmouth in their time (1834).
Mr. W. G. Clarke, in reply to an inquiry on
this subject, writes as follows : ' I have never
met with the dormouse in the Thetford dis-
trict, nor is there any record of its occurrence,
although this may be due to lack of systema-
tic observation.' Mr. Travis, the Bury St.
Edmunds taxidermist, considers this animal as
by no means rare in the neighbourhood of
that town, and Mr. W. H. Tuck informs
me that it is ' not uncommon about Tostock.
The Rev. J. G. Tuck, rector of that place, found
one in a birds' nest-box on an elm tree, some

226

MAMMALS

1 2 feet from the ground. There was no nest.
The following localities were given in a letter
from the late Dr. Babington to the writer in
1885 : * Bull's Wood, Cockfield (dormice, as
well as many of their nests containing young,
found during September about two years ago),
Rougham, Thurston, Beyton, Bradfield St.
George and Rush brook. Not at all uncom-
mon in the neighbourhood.' The late Dr.
Bree, in a letter to Mr. H. Laver of Colches-
ter, dated from Long Melford, Suffolk, says :
'The dormouse is well known about here
. . , Two " sleepers " were quite recently
caught by a man while at work in a large
wood near Lavenham.' As regards the Ips-
wich district, Mr. H. Miller of that town has
on more than one occasion during entomo-
logical excursions met with dormice in the
woods at Belstead and Bentley, and once
possessed a specimen which had been found
in its nest near the Gold Road in the parish
of Stoke, a suburb or hamlet of Ipswich. As
recently as the year 1899 he found a pair of
dormice and their nest in the Old Hall Wood,
Belstead.

24. Brown Rat. Mus decumanusy Pallas.

In consequence of the systematic destruc-
tion of its natural enemies by gamekeepers
this noxious and omnivorous animal has be-
come excessively abundant. During the sum-
mer great numbers of rats live out in the
marshes, burrowing into the sides of ditches
and also into the river ' walls,' sometimes to
such an extent as to endanger their stability.
Undermined and weakened by the numerous
excavations of the rats and moles, these em-
bankments can no longer resist the weight
and pressure of the water, and giving way
before the incoming tide occasion extensive
floods. The woods too harbour great quan-
tities of these animals, which multiply there
to an alarming extent, feasting upon the
maize and other food intended for the phea-
sants. Towards winter they make their way
to farm premises, corn stacks and buildings,
where they make great havoc among farm
produce of various sorts, and especially later
on among the early broods of ducklings and
chickens, carrying off at times a whole brood
in a single night. So numerous have they
become that in many districts the ratcatcher
with his dogs and ferrets can no longer keep
them in check, and the farmers have for
years past been forced to resort to the objec-
tionable practice of laying down poison,
whereby unfortunately not only the rats are
destroyed, but also those very creatures which
if more numerous would far more efiFectually
keep down the numbers of these rodents. It

is more than probable that many weasels,
stoats, owls and other useful ratcatchers find
and devour the poisoned rats with fatal results
to themselves. Even on the sea coasts colo-
nies of rats establish themselves among the
faggots sunk in the shingle as a protection to
the beach. The sea itself provides them
with a constant supply of food, such as shell-
fish, dead fish, Crustacea and other marine
animals, and occasionally corn and other
stores \yashed ashore from wrecks. On some
parts of the coast this is supplemented in
spring and summer by the eggs and young of
terns, ringed plovers and other birds. Some
years ago after the wreck of a herring boat
the beach between Sizewell and Dunwich
was for a long distance strewn with these
fish, many' of which were carried by rats a
long distance across the marshes to an ancient
isolated building in ruins known as the
' Chapel,' ' and were there found stored in
their holes under the crumbling walls. Mr.
Southwell informs me that on Lowestoft pier
he has seen the rats seize and run off with
the bait lying by the side of the anglers from
the pier. The brown rat varies a good deal
in size, and where food is plentiful will attain
to dimensions far exceeding those of ordinary
individuals. Some big rats have been met
with in this county, and curiously enough the
two heaviest examples of which I have come
across any record were caught in the same
parish (Tunstall). One of these, which
weighed 21 ounces, was recorded by Mr.
J. D. Jackson in the Field of 13 August
1 88 1. The other, weighing 23 ounces, was
killed on the Dunningworth Hall farm by
Mr. R. A. Girling. The occurrence was
noted in the same publication under date
10 February 1883. These weights however
have in several instances been exceeded,
notably in the Case of a specimen mentioned
in the Field of 9 January 1897, which is
stated to have weighed 2| lb. In a species
$0 abundant as M. decumanus occasional de-
viation from the normal colouring would
naturally be expected. Several rather striking
varieties have occurred in this county. In
the Zoologist for ^889, p. 144, a fawn coloured
specimen, white underneath and with pink
eyes, is recorded by Mr. E. W. Gunn of
Ipswich as having been trapped at Holbrook.
In January 1890 a pied rat, brown and
white, which had been killed at the Burnt-
house farm, Farnham, was seen by the writer.
Several others, more or less marked with

* This ruin is all that now remains of the abbey
of Premonstratensian canons, founded in 1182.
See Hist, of Suffolk, Rev. J. J. Raven, D.D., p. 87.

227

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

white and belonging perhaps to the same
litter, were observed there at about the same
time. Albinos are not very uncommon, and
have several times been met with in the
county. A white rat with black eyes was
shot by Mr. G. Cornish on the banks of the
Gipping at Ipswich about the year 1868 or
1869, and in February 1903 an adult which
was of a smoky black colour all over was to
be seen in the shop of Mr. Asten, taxidermist
of Woodbridge. It had been caught at Boy-
ton.

25 Black Rat. Mui rattus, Linn.

Black rats have occasionally been reported
to have been caught in old houses in Ipswich.
Mr. H. C. Hudson of that town lately told
the writer that when living in Fore Street,
he used now and then to catch examples of
this species, with which he is well acquainted,
sometimes as many as three or four in a year.
The last captured was in the summer of 189 1.
One was caught in a house in Brook Street,
Ipswich, about the year 1863 or 1864. Mr.
Frank Norgate, in a letter to the writer, gives
particulars of a black rat killed in January 1891
at a pea stack at Little Welnetham. His
description of this animal, carefully taken
down at the time of capture, agrees in most
details with that given by Bell {Hist. Brit,
^ad.) of M. rattus, excepting that the tail
was ' well covered with hair,' whereas in that
species it is usually nearly naked. Through
the kindness of the owner of this specimen,
Willoughby Josselyn, Esq., the writer was
allowed to examine it, but could not arrive at
a decided opinion as to its species. Without
having seen Mr. Norgate's notes referred to
above, and taking into consideration the place
of capture, one would I think be inclined to
label this rat ' Mus decumanus (black variety).'
Its form and appearance had probably under-
gone considerable alteration through and since
the process of stuffing, especially as regards
the shape of the muzzle ; and both tail and
ears seemed rather short for M. rattus. The
animal being mounted by itself in a small
glazed case, it was impossible to get a clear
view of the feet. At Yarmouth the black
rat seems to have increased rather than
diminished in numbers since the Messrs.
Pagets' list was published. It is there stated
that ' This species still remains here, though
its numbers are gradually decreasing ; it is
now seldom found, except in the ceilings and
upper stories of old buildings.' Mr. A. Patter-
son (* Mammalia of Great Yarmouth and its
Immediate Neighbourhood,' Zoologist, 1898, p.
305) writes : ' Than at the present moment
the black rat was never more numerous at

Yarmouth.' He further states that in 1895,
when its numbers appeared to be increasing,
it confined itself chiefly to the south-western
part of the town, much of which is in the
county of Suffolk. Mr. Patterson received
over a hundred examples within a few months.
Traffic with foreign ports tends here to keep
up a supply of black rats, and prevents the
species from dying out.

[Alexandrian Rat. Mus alexandrinus, Dt
Selys.

On 9 May 1903 I received a black rat
which had been caught on the premises of
Messrs. Paul of Ipswich, corn merchants and
importers of foreign grain. It was an adult
female in good condition, with glossy shining
fur. Mr. T. Southwell, who examined this
animal, pronounced it to be a specimen of M.
aUxandrinus, the continental form of our M.
rattus ; in colour however it resembled the
latter. The great length of the tail (nearly
9 inches), in comparison with that of the
head and body, was very striking. Some of
the hairs of the whiskers, which were very
abundant, reached 2^ inches. The manager
of the above-mentioned firm, to whom I am
indebted for this specimen, stated that black
and slate-coloured rats were not unfrequently
caught in their warehouses and granaries.]

26. House Mouse. Mus musculus, Linn.

Abundant everywhere, and, like the brown
rat, always ready to adapt itself to any change
of circumstance or situation. Thus in the
matter of nest building, it turns to account
any material it finds available. In a stack
hay or straw is used, in the carpenter's shop
shavings serve its purpose equally well, and in
the house paper or rag of any kind is soon
converted into soft and comfortable bedding.
A nest found in a fowl house at Blaxhall
was composed entirely of the bright buEF
feathers or some Pekin bantams. Scarcely
any animal multiplies faster than this species.
The writer has records of three mouse's nests
in Suffolk, containing respectively fourteen,
seventeen and thirty-two young ones. In the
last case more than one female had probably
used the same nest as a nursery. In thrash-
ing a wheat stack at Blaxhall in April 1881
a white mouse was killed with a litter of
young ones, all of which were white, and
like the mother had black eyes, and were
therefore not albinos. Some of the young
had both ears of a greyish colour, while in
others only one ear was coloured. Most of
them had also a small spot or two of the same
tint at the root of the tail. In the spring of
1903 several mice of a cinnamon colour

MAMMALS

were observed by Mr. E. J. Rope in a barn
at Little Glemham.

27. Wood Mouse or Long-tailed Field

Mouse. Mus sylvaticus, Linn>
Very abundant everywhere, frequenting
woods, hedge banks, fields and gardens. I
have seen it among the tall marram grass on
the sea beach between Dunwich and Sizewell.
It sometimes enters houses, and especially
dairies, from its fondness for milk ; but does
not permanently take up its abode there.
Owing to its partiality for newly sown peas,
beans, and corn of all kinds, it is not a
favourite with farmers and gardeners.

28. Yellow-necked Mouse. Mus flavicollisy

Melchior.
In March 1903 a fine adult female of this
large and handsome variety of Mus sylvaticus
was captured at Tostock Rectory, near Bury
St. Edmunds, by the Rev. J. G. Tuck. It
was trapped inside the house, having first be-
trayed its presence by biting the door mat in
the hall. Mr. Tuck was kind enough to
forward it to the writer, who afterwards sent
it on to Mr. Southwell of Norwich. It was
ultimately examined by Mr. Oldfield Thomas
of the British Museum, who pronounced it
to be a clearly marked example of the large
form of Mus sylvaticus, i.e. Mus sylvaticus
wintoni, Barrett-Hamilton. Previous to this
occurrence Mr. Barrett-Hamilton had received
specimens from Suffolk, but possesses no
record of the exact locality. In the Zoologist
for April 1903 will be found an interesting
article by Mr. Southwell on this large race or
subspecies of M. sylvaticus. Mr. Tuck in-
formed the writer that he believed a second
specimen had been caught in another house
in his parish. Besides its superior size and
more brilliant colouring, this animal differs
from a typical specimen of the long-tailed
field mouse, in the shape and extent of the
breast spot or collar. In the latter this is a
mere spot or streak of fawn, rather variable
in size and shape, on the silvery white fur of
the under parts ; in the former it is developed
into a well marked band across the breast ;
the middle portion of this band being pro-
duced so as to form a streak, running back-
wards for a short distance towards the tail,
and also projecting slightly forwards, thus
producing a somewhat cross-like figure. Mr.
Southwell informs me that a second female
example from Tostock was sent him by Mr.
Tuck on 18 April 1903. On 18 June Mr,
Tuck sent two more specimens, which had
been caught by his cat, to the Norwich
Museum.

29. Harvest Mouse. Mus minutus, Pallas.

This beautiful little animal is not uncom-
mon in Suffolk, though perhaps nowhere par-
ticularly abundant. Owing to its diminutive
size, as well as to a want of interest in matters
of natural history among those most likely to
come in contact with it, its presence is apt to
be overlooked ; and it is probably more gene-
rally distributed than is commonly supposed.
The harvest mouse is not included in the
Messrs. Pagcts' Sietch of the Natural History
of Yarmouth, published in 1834, but in more
recent years has been found to inhabit some
parts of the Yarmouth district. Mr. W. M.
Crowfoot has found its nest among the coarse
herbage growing on the Norfolk bank of the
Waveney at Gillingham, and also in the
marram-grass on the beach at Kessingland,
almost within reach of the sea-spray.' At
Haddiscoe in Norfolk, just over the Suffolk
boundary, Mr. Last Farman reports finding
these mice in quantity in the bottom of barley-
stacks.' The writer has often met with this
species at Leiston, and also at Blaxhall, where
it is certainly far from uncommon, though, as
elsewhere, uncertain and erratic in its appear-
ance. Harvest mice have also been observed
at Little Glemham, and at Gedgrave near
Orford. About Bury St. Edmunds Mr.
Travis, taxidermist of that town, considers
them common, and at Tostock, between Bury
and Stowmarket, they arc stated by Mr.
W. H. Tuck to be not uncommon. At
Market Weston near Thetford the Rev.
E. T. Daubeny has seen two nests, and in
the neighbourhood of Needham Market Mr.
H. Lingwood has, some thirty years ago,
many times come across both the mice and
their nests. Mr. E. C. Moor of Great Beal-
ings, in a communication to the Zoologist for
1884, p. 190, writes as follows : ' During the
autumn of 1883, especially harvest time,
several nests of the harvest mouse, Mus mes-
sorius, were taken by myself, mostly from
barley-fields, being placed upon the laid bar-
ley. Almost all contained young ones, num-
bering from six to eight, and it was surprising
to see how eight fair-sized mice could possibly
live in a nest hardly as large as an orange.'
In a letter to the writer dated i January 1 903,
Mr. Moor refers to this little animal as being
rather common at Bealings, and generally
observed when threshing in the winter. Har-
vest mice are indeed seldom seen except
during the threshing of corn stacks, when

• ' Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk,' T. South-
well, Zool. 1871, p. 2756.

* 'The Mammalia of Great Yarmouth,' A. Pat-
terson, Zool. 1898, p. 305.

229

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

numbers are sometimes found congregated
together in the lower part of the stack. After
the corn is gone, they often remain throughout
the winter in the straw left on the spot. On
one occasion a pair were observed by Mr.
Moor in a stack of tares. The writer has
seen the nest of this little animal built in tall
reed-like grass, in the midst of a thin white-
thorn hedge beside a ditch at Snape ; among
straggling blackthorn bushes in a similar sit-
uation at Leiston, and in a plant of the com-
mon broom at Washbrook. A nest built
among standing barley was presented by Mr.
E. C. Moor to the Ipswich Museum.
90. Water Vole. Microtm amphibius, Linn.
Bell — Jrcicola omphlb'm.
Common in suitable situations in most
parts of the county. From its inoffensive
habits it is less persecuted by man than most
of our British rodents, and the presence of
this busy little creature gives an additional
interest to most rivers, streams and ponds. It
is less shy than many animals, and as its range
of vision seems to be rather limited, it can by
careful stalking be very closely approached,
especially when feeding. The Rev. F.C.K.
Jourdain has observed that the water vole is
very rarely preyed upon by owls, though our
two smaller voles are often devoured by these
birds. The writer has more than once seen
it feeding on the leaves of the common blue
forget-me-not.

The black variety of this animal, common
in some parts of Scotland, and also found in
Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, occurs in a few
districts. Professor Newton has reported it
to be common in the neighbourhood of Thet-
ford on the Norfolk boundary,' and the Rev.
J. G. Tuck in February 1898 received a
good specimen of this variety, in the flesh,
killed at the stables of Hopton Rectory, about
a mile from the Little Ouse.» The specimen
is still in his possession. Mr. H. Lingwood,
in a letter to the writer, states that he
has not unfrequently seen the black variety
of the water vole in the river Gipping, near
his house, at Needham Market. A specimen
about the colour of M. decumanus, but having
a pinkish tinge, was seen some years ago by
Mr. A. M. Rope near Leiston.
31. Field Vole. Mkrotus agrestisy Linn.
Bell — Arvicola agreslis.
Local name, 'Meadow Mouse.' About
Thetford it is called the ' Bog Mouse.' ' Very

» yf History oj British ^druptds, Thos. Bell,
F.Z.S., ed. 2 (1874), p. 3"-
' Zookgisl, 1898, p. 122.
' W. G. Clarke in litt.

common in meadows and marshy ground, but
from its protective colouring, and burrowing
and tunnelling habits, it usually attracts little
notice. On the salt marshes near the coast,
and the river walls, it abounds and grows to a
large size. It also makes its appearance on
arable land when cropped with clover, lucerne
and other forage plants. It is very prolific,
and continues breeding through more than
half the year. In Suffolk the writer has found
nests of the field vole containing young, some-
times as many as ten in one litter, from 9
March till 13 October. Some of the earlier
of these contain fur, plucked from rabbits or
any other dead animals available ; that of its
own species being sometimes used for this
purpose. In cutting grass, these nests, built
on the surface of the ground, generally in
some slight depression, not unfrequently get
entangled among the knives of the mowing
machine and impede its progress. This little
animal takes the water quite readily. If sur-
prised at the water's edge, it swims out boldly
like a miniature water vole, and can easily
cross most ditches, but if the width is too
great for its liking it soon turns back. The
writer once saw a rather small field vole cross
the river Aide, against a strong current, at a
spot where it is between 30 and 40 feet wide
(measured). This species is sometimes found
on the sea shore at low tide, close to the surf,
apparently searching for animal food among
the seaweed. The writer once surprised one
of these voles, thus engaged, on the sand
under the cliff at Ikcn, at the brink of the
water. It at once swam straight out from the
shore, but soon returned. In November 1872
an albino field vole was caught alive at East
Bergholt and brought to Mr. W. S. Calvert
of that place, who recorded the occurrence in
the Field of 30 November 1872.

A perfectly black female suckling a litter
of young ones of the normal colour was cap-
tured in a clover field at Blaxhall on 25 June
1886. Its fur was of a rich shining black,
long and abundant. This specimen is now
in the Ipswich Museum. In an adjoining
pea-field, a second black female was caught
alive on 7 August in the same year, and was
sent to the Zoological Gardens, Regent's
Park. This species is much sought after by
weasels, kestrels and owls, the short-eared or
woodcock owl in particular.
32. Bank Vole. Evotomys glareolus, Schreber.
Bell — Arvicola glareolus.
This pretty little animal is common in
many parts of the county, and is probably
much more generally distributed than is often
supposed, frequenting old rough banks, woods,

230

MAMMALS

gardens and orchards. It is no doubt often
confounded by superficial observers with the
last mentioned species, but may easily be dis-
tinguished from it, not only by its teeth, but
by its larger eyes, longer tail and ears (the
latter showing well beyond the fur), and by
the warm ruddy tint on the back of adult
examples. It is also more lively and rapid in
its movements. In the autumn it climbs
about the hedges with the greatest ease in
search of ripe haws, and the writer once
noticed one early in May perched high up in
a tall hedge at Farnham, feeding on the tender
young leaves of the hawthorn. In the winter
the bank vole sometimes enters outhouses
where seeds, bulbs, etc., are kept, and es-
pecially buildings used for storing apples and
pears, from which it is sometimes difficult to
exclude it. In an apple-house in the midst
of a plantation at Blaxhall, several examples
are caught almost every season. A few years
ago several were found in a heap of mangolds or
beetroot (locally a ' beet clamp ') at Leiston.
They had made a nest among the litter with
which the roots were covered before being
banked up with earth. This little animal is
easily tamed, and is very amusing in its ways.
One kept for two years at Blaxhall would feed
quite readily from the hand. This, as well
as several others kept there at different times
as pets, had been rescued when quite young
from the jaws of a cat. The Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain found twelve skulls of this species in
pellets of the barn owl {Strix flammea) at
Huntingfield.

33. Common Hare. Lepm europaus, Pallas.
Bell — Lepus tlmldus.

Common, but not so abundant as it was
thirty or forty years ago. At that time, on
some of the large estates towards the coast,
an enormous stock of hares was kept up, re-
sulting in a considerable proportion of under-
sized and diseased animals. Some curious
varieties have occurred from time to time.
Mr. Alexander Clark-Kennedy {Zool. 1869,
p. 1558) states that a hare with white and
iron grey markings was shot near Easton by
the late Duke of Hamilton, in November
1868. The head, ears and part of the neck
were white, mingled with grey ; the legs,
feet, with part of the chest and of the back,
white.

A grey female is reported by Mr. T. E.
Gunn {Zool. 1868, p. 1129) as having been
killed near Wangford in January 1868. In
this example the whole surface of the coat
was of a silver greyish hue, suflused with a
pale reddish tinge on the head, ears, neck and
flanks.

Mr. H. C. Hudson, taxidermist of Ipswich,
informs me that a pale sandy variety, ap-
proaching white, was shot in or close to the
parish of Woolverstone in January 1893.

In the Zoologist for 1843, p. 342, there is
a notice of a black hare killed at Glemsford,
then to be seen in the Sudbury Museum.^ A
perfectly black specimen shot at Brome, on
the estate of the late Sir Edward Kerrison,
Bart., in January 1855, was for nearly half a
century a conspicuous object in the Ipswich
Museum, but has at last apparently vanished
from mortal ken. A third black hare killed
at Denham, near Bury St. Edmunds, is men-
tioned by Mr. Southwell in an article on the
' Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk ' {Zool.
1 87 1, p. 2757), on the authority of the late
Mr. J. H. Gurney.' Yet another example
of this rare variety has been obtained at Bel-
champ St. Pauls in Essex, just beyond the
Suffolk boundary. The occurrence was re-
corded by Mr. G. W. Eagle in the Field, the
exact date of which I am unable to supply.
That hares are good and bold swimmers is
well known. They have now and then been
seen crossing the river Ore, below Orford, to
and from the long narrow strip of beach be-
tween that river and the sea, and have been
caught in the water on their passage.

34. Rabbit. Lepus cuniculus, Linn.

Abundant everywhere, but especially so in
the 'Breck' district in the north-west, and
on the light sandy soil stretching along the
coast.

The silver sprig or silver grey variety
flourished exceedingly on Thetford Warren
from the year 1837 to about 1888; after
which time the skins appear to have declined
in value. In the middle of the last century
20,000 were annually sent to London from
this warren alone.^ In 1883 Mr. F. Nor-
gate counted on Thetford Warren sixty silver
greys in sight at the same time, besides many
other rabbits. Mr. S. R. Lingwood, in a
letter dated 16 February 1903, writes: *At
the present time their skins are of no more
value than the ordinary grey, hardly so much.
Some 40 or 50 years ago the skin was of
more value than the carcase.' The variety
appears to be dying out, from repeated crossing
with the normal type. A black variety is not
uncommon in many districts ; sandy coloured
rabbits are also occasionally met with, some
of them of a beautiful bright tint inclining

' This museum is no longer in existence.
' Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat.Soc. 1869-70, p. 26.
' For this information the writer is indebted to
Mr. W. G. Clarke of Norwich.

231

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to orange. Albinos, among pure bred wild
rabbits, are rare. In an article on the ' Mam-
malia and Reptilia of Norfolk' (ZW. 1871,
p. 2757), Mr. Southwell refers to a very

curious variety shot by Mr. J. H. Gurney on
Corton Denes, Lowestoft, which was decor-
ated with alternate black and grey markings
like a Cyprus' cat.

UNGULATA

35. Red Deer. Cervus eJaphus, Linn.
Among the eleven Suffolk deer parks enu-
merated by Whitaker in his list, published in
1892,' two only are mentioned as containing
red deer, viz. Helmingham Park (72 head) and
Somerleyton Park (20 head).

Judging by the number of antlers which
have been found, this must formerly have
been a common animal in this county. Several
of these have been dredged up from the beds
of the Orwell and the Aide, and there are
now in the Ipswich Museum specimens from
the former river in various states of preser-
vation. Mr. Norgate has seen antlers of the
red deer, stated by their owner to have been
obtained from Undley Fen, Mildenhall.

36. Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn.
The following herds of fallow deer are

mentioned in Mr. Whitaker's list, published

in 1892 : —

Ickworth Park . . 300 head, formerly 600

Livermere Park . . 120 „ (about)

Flixton Hall Park . 220 „ „

Helmingham Park . 260 „ small, black in

colour

Shrubland Park . . 150 „

Woolverstone Park . 400 „

Orwell Park ... 200 „
Redgrave Park . . 60 „ (about)
Polstead Park . . 80
Campsey Ashe Park 60
Somerleyton Park . 35

Besides the above, Ampton Park also con-

tains a herd of fallow deer. Some were kept
in Christcliurch Park, Ipswich, until some
forty or fifty years ago. The ' dappled herd '
of Euston Park, immortalized by Robert
Bloomiield in the Fakenham Ghosty disappeared
from there, as I am informed by Mr. W, G.
Clarke, about the year 1845 or 1846.

37. Roe Deer. Capreolus capreoluSy Linn.
Bell — Capreolus caprea.
Though this animal has long been extinct
in Suffolk, its remains, found in more than
one part of the county, show it to have been
formerly not uncommon.' It has in one dis-
trict been re-introduced, and there are at the
present time roe deer living at large and
breeding within the Suffolk boundary. Mr.
Heatley Noble, in an interesting article en-
titled ' The Birds and other Animals of Thet-
ford Warren' {Zool. April 1903, p. 157),
quotes a letter from the owner of the warren,
W. Dalziel Mackenzie, Esq., where it is
stated that ' Roe Deer obtained from WUr-
temberg have been turned down in the young
Warren woods, and have increased consider-
ably.' Mr. Noble, in a letter dated 30 April
1903, has been good enough to supply the
following additional information : ' Queen's
Wood, where the deer were turned out, was
planted by Mr. Mackenzie. It is about 800
acres in extent, and runs down to the river.' *
He further adds : ' I have not heard of one on
the Norfolk side yet.'

CETACEA

38. Common Rorqual. Balanoptera muscu-
lus, Linn.

'A much decayed specimen was cast ashore
at Kessingland about the 29th of October
1899.' (This was seen and identified by Mr.
Southwell.) The Rev. J. G. Tuck, in an
article which appeared at the time in Land
and Water recording this occurrence, says :

The village of Kessingland was in a state of
excitement, the whale having been cast upon the
shore there and left high and dry, exhaling an

' A Descriptive List of the Deer Forks and
Paddocks of England, Joseph Whitaker, F.Z.S.
(1892).

odour which almost made the neighbourhood un-
bearable. The local authorities decided to cremate
it, and this with some difficulty was at last effected.

39. Lesser Rorqual. Balanoptera rostrata,
Fab.

* A female was captured in the river at

' In East Anglia tabby cats are almost univer-
sally so called, the two words 'tabby' and ' Cyprus'
having a similar origin.

' Mr. F. Norgate possesses a horn from the peat
at Burnt Fen, Mildenhall, and has been shovni
others, stated by their owner to be from Undley
Fen, Mildenhall.

• The Little Ouse, which here divides Suffolk
from Norfolk.

232

MAMMALS

Gorleston on the 8th of June 1891.' Of
this specimen Mr. Patterson observes : * * It
was drawn into the lifecboat shed and ex-
hibited, afterwards being preserved and taken
on tour to various parts of the country.' Mr.
Patterson also records* an adult specimen
stranded on Gorleston beach on 8 December
1896.

40. Grampus. Orca gladiator, Lac^pidfe.
Mr. Patterson reports' an example 7 ft.

6 in. long, taken into Lowestoft harbour on
12 November 1894.

41. Porpoise. Phocana communis, F. Cuvier.
' Small schools of this, the most frequently

met with of the Cetaceans in our waters, are

* * The Mammalia of Great Yarmouth and its
Immediate Neighbourhood,' Arthur Patterson, Zool.
1898, p. 309.

frequently seen passing at sea, and individuals
are occasionally captured in the herring nets
and landed at Lowestoft.' — ^T. Southwell.

42. Bottle-nosed Dolphin. Tursicps tursia.

Fab.
Bell — De^hinus tursio.
The late Sir William Flower, in a letter to
Mr. T. Southwell, referring to a recent visit
to Felixstowe, observes : * besides common
porpoises frequently, we saw on the afternoon
of July 27th [1873] a pair oi Delphinus tursio
going south.'

43. White-beaked Dolphin. Delphinus albi-

rostris, J. E. Gray.
Among several examples which have come
under the notice of Mr. Patterson at or near
Yarmouth is one measuring 7 feet, taken at
Gorleston on 17 April 1890.

ADDENDA

1 9. Otter. Two young otters were found
by a lady on 23 May 1908, in a deep cart
rut in the marshes near the ' King's Fleet,'
not far from the mouth of the Deben. Three
and a half hours later a man visiting the spot
found them still lying there, one, however,
being dead. They were taken to Mr. Hud-
son of Ipswich (to whom I am indebted for
this information), who, on examining the dead
cub, found in its head two deep tooth marks,
making it appear that its death had been caused
by the bite of some animal. He managed to get
the other young otter to take some milk, and
eventually succeeded in rearing it. The dam
had probably been killed.

30. Water Vole. On 14 February 1908
a female of the black variety, killed at Barn-
ham, near Thetford, was received for preser-
vation by Mr. H. C. Hudson of Ipswich.

An albino of this species was caught
27 April 1908 near the water-mill at Little
Glemham. It was about three parts grown,
the fur being of the purest white all over,
long, soft, and abundant ; the eyes red. This
specimen has been sent by Mr. E. J. Rope to
the Ipswich Museum.

36. Fallow Deer. The number of fallow
deer in Flixton Hall Park, as I am informed
by Mr. C. S. Joy, is at the present time
(1908) about 260.

233

Prehistoric Map

SUFFOLK

Reference

O Ps/xo/itfiic Implements
® Aeolithic Imfilements
>f Bronze /l^& /Int/quities
* Early Iron Age Antiquities
A Dtvellin^s

EARLY MAN

THE county of Suffolk offers the nearest approach to an epitome of
the Stone Age of man that is probably to be found in the whole
world. In this respect it holds to the Stone Age much the same
relation that the county of Gloucester does to geology. Probably
nowhere in the world is there such a concatenation of geological periods to
be met with in a relatively small area as in Gloucestershire. Similarly
nowhere probably are so many periods and sub-periods of the Palaeolithic and
Neolithic Ages represented as in Suffolk, and more especially in the north-
western part of the county. It is true that one important division of the
Palaeolithic Period is absent : viz. the MagdaleniaYi, so splendidly represented
in Central and Southern France. But this is probably due to the absence
of caves in the county. In the Neolithic Period there is an absence of the
megalithic monuments so characteristic of the later stages of that period in
certain parts of this and of other countries. Absence of the necessary prime
material would account for this. But with these two exceptions the whole
panorama of the Stone Age is exhibited with extraordinary fullness, and
under conditions which raise hopes for the solution of some of the many
obscure problems associated with it. To treat of the whole county in detail
would require a volume rather than an article. It will therefore be better
to confine the main portion of this article to one division of the county,
leaving the rest to be described more briefly in the topographical index at
the end. For this purpose the north-western section, comprised within
the limits of a line drawn from Thetford to Bury St. Edmunds, thence to
Mildenhall, Lakenheath, Brandon, and back to Thetford, has been selected.
Within this line are comprised some of the richest deposits of the Palaeolithic
Age in England, if not in the world, and within it have probably been found
a larger number and greater variety of neolithic implements of beautiful
workmanship and of fine material than in any other part of the world of
equal area.

The Palaeolithic Age

It will be well to begin with the earlier main division of the great
Palaeolithic Age commonly known as the ' Drift ' Period. The name ' drift '
is derived from the fact that with very few exceptions the implements of
this period, so far as England and the western half of Europe are concerned,
are found in gravels which have been formed at one or more epochs of vast
diluvial action, by which the stones lying on the surface of the land have
been washed down to form deposits of gravel in valleys ; which valleys may
still exist as such, or may by subsequent changes of the surface have ceased

235

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to be valleys, may, indeed, be converted into hill-tops. Though the fact
that such implements are almost invariably found in gravels has been
universally recognized, yet it would seem that insufficient stress has been
laid upon the extraordinary nature of the floods that must have cleared the
surface of the ground, over very wide areas, of all stones lying upon it at the
time. For were the ground not so cleared we should find implements
belonging to this period lying on or near to the surface independently of
gravels. Yet this is never the case except under quite exceptional circum-
stances.* It is further worthy of note that since the close of the ' Drift '
Period floods on the scale necessary for such complete sweeping of the surface
seem not to have taken place ; for though the Palaeolithic Age lasted for a
long time after the ' Drift ' Period had come to an end, there is no evidence
of later gravels containing the implements of later palaeolithic man. Later
gravels occur, it is true, but they would not seem to have resulted from
so generalized a sweeping of the surface of the earth as was the case with
the older gravels in which the ' drift ' implements are found.

It must not be thought however that all gravels of the earlier quaternary
period yield implements. This is by no means the case, not even the majority
of them do so. These diluvial periods seem to have been repeated time after
time. Sometimes man had existed in the district and had made his weapons
since the last diluvial period, and these weapons appear in the gravels resulting
from the next ensuing floods. Sometimes man had been absent in the
interval between two such periods, and no implements lay on the ground to
be incorporated in the gravels. But that these diluvial periods recurred
many times, and that marl disappeared from the scene and reappeared many
times during the long series of centuries involved, is clear from the occur-
rence in a comparatively small area of country of gravels at different levels,
some of them with implements, some without a trace of them ; whilst of
those with implements there are, in gravels in near proximity to one another,
wide diffisrences of type and of patination,* such as would be impossible if
the gravels had been laid down at the same time, and if the floods giving rise
to them had swept the surface of implements made by the same race of man
and belonging to the same period.

This is very clearly seen in North-west Suffolk and the adjacent parts
of Norfolk, where a large number of implementiferous gravels have been
discovered. It would require more space than can be here allotted, and
more knowledge than is perhaps at the disposal of anyone at present, to
deal with all these gravels in a scientific way. It is proposed therefore
to consider certain gravels which occupy what is now a ridge, running
for several miles from south to north from a point about 2 miles east
of the little town of Mildenhall, to a point about three-quarters of a
mile east of the village of Lakenheath. This ridge is a mere fragment

' There are two conditions under which this may occur : (l) Where palaeolithic man was living on a
ridge, as on the present North and South Downs of southern England. Here the physical conditions are
such as to prevent the gathering force of any large body of water. On these Downs ' drift ' implements are
not unfrequently found on the surface, (z) Where an old implementiferous gravel has been cut through by
a river of later date, and its contents scattered over the lower course of the river ; in this case ' drift ' imple-
ments may be found in the alluvial soil of the newer river. Occasionally also ' drift ' implements were buried
to a considerable depth in brick-earth or other deposits, apd thus protected from later changes.

' The word ' patination ' is used to indicate the changes of surface of hard materials such as stone or
bronze resulting from age.

236

EARLY MAN

of what it must have been originally, much of it having been destroyed
by river action of later times ; and both north and south ends are abrupt
and without any present connexion with the neighbouring higher ground.
Nor is the ridge continuous from end to end. At some time in its
history it has been cut across at right angles by streams coming from the
east. There are at least three such breaches of continuity which will be
described more fully presently. And these three breaches are by no means
the only evidences of the past destructive forces to which this area of ground
has been exposed. The very fact that to-day it exists as a ridge speaks
eloquently of its past history. All along the top of the ridge are gravels,
most of them implementiferous, and at least two of them teeming with the
handiwork of man. When these gravels were laid down what is now the
ridge must have been a valley, all traces of the boundaries of which have
now disappeared. To the west the ridge slopes down to the flat expanse
of the chalk plain of Cambridgeshire and the Fen country ; whilst to the
east it is bounded by a valley, in many parts a mile wide, running
parallel to the ridge from north to south, which valley must have been

ScAkt I INCH TO TMt MILt

Plan of the Mildenhall District
237

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

scooped out since the gravels were deposited on the top of the ridge.
This valley ends in the wider valley of the River Lark, a river running from
east to west ; a river now of small size, but whose valley at this point is
about 2 miles wide. The Lark runs at right angles to the ridge and cuts
right through it, so that the southern end of the ridge appears as a low
escarpment bordering the Lark Valley. No one who stands on this escarp-
ment and looks southward across the valley of the Lark can have any doubt
that this valley has been formed since the gravels which cap the ridge were
laid down ; and that the present river system of this part of Suffolk has little
or nothing in common with that which obtained at the time the gravels
were formed.

To sum up the evidence brought forward up to this point ; we see that
since the gravels were laid down in a river running from south to north, one
side (the west) of the valley containing the river has entirely disappeared,
being replaced by a flat plain at an average level of about 80 ft. below the
level of the gravels ; whilst the other side (the east) has been cut out by water
until the ancient river boundary is replaced by a valley averaging some 60 ft.
below the level of the gravels and about a mile wide.

As has been stated the ridge is capped by gravels for nearly its whole
extent ; and in at least four different places these gravels have yielded humanly-
worked implements. These four gravels are not, however, all at the same
height above the Ordnance datum. Thus the upper surface of those situated
at the south end of the ridge — known as the Warren Hill gravels — is about
70 ft. above the Ordnance datum, whereas the corresponding surface of the
others lies at or above the hundred-foot level. And as they differ in height
so do they differ in the character of the implements found in them. The
four gravels referred to are known from south to north as: — (i) The Warren
Hill gravels (just mentioned); {2) the High (or Warren) Lodge gravels;
(3) the Portway Hill gravels ; (4) the Maid's Cross Hill (Lakenheath) gravels.
The Warren Hill pits have produced the largest number of implements —
certainly over a thousand ; the Maid's Cross Hill pits have been the next most
prolific — probably some hundreds ; then the High Lodge gravels, the condi-
tions of which are very peculiar and to which further reference will be made
presently. The gravels at Portway Hill have not hitherto yielded many
implements, and it is therefore difficult to speak very definitely about them.

In comparing a large series of Warren Hill implements with a series
from Maid's Cross Hill, the sharp distinction between them in type and
appearance becomes at once evident. The striking characteristic of the series
from Warren Hill is that the ovate implement, brought to a more or less
sharp edge all round, shows marked predominance over other forms. At
Maid's Cross Hill the pointed implement with a massive upper end is in
equally marked predominance — a pointed implement of special type. Then
again the predominant patina, or colour change due to age, of the Warren
Hill implements is a peculiar spotted blue and yellow, very rarely met with
elsewhere ; whilst that of the Maid's Cross Hill implements is a light yellow-
ish white with perhaps bluish marbling. It is thus, in the case of the great
majority of implements, perfectly easy to recognize at a glance from which of
the gravels they have come. The implements from the High Lodge gravels,
though more or less distinct in form and colour from those from Warren

238

EARLY MAN

Hill, somewhat resemble the latter and are wholly different from those from
Maid's Cross Hill. Of implements from Portway Hill a sufficient number
has not been examined to learn their leading characteristics.

This marked difference in the appearance of implements found in gravels
relatively near to one another points to the gravels having been formed at
quite different periods, the man whose implements are found in the later
gravels having appeared and occupied the country after his predecessors'
handiwork had all been swept down and buried in the earlier gravels. Which
then of the two gravels, the Warren Hill or the Maid's Cross Hill, is the
earlier ? This question will be discussed when the gravels and their contained
implements have been examined in rather more detail.

As has been seen, the Warren Hill gravels cap the southern end of the
ridge where the little escarpment slopes rapidly down to the Lark Valley.
Their upper surface lies at an average of about 70 ft. above the Ordnance
datum and between 30 ft. and 40 ft. above the River Lark. They are certainly
between 30 ft. and 40 ft. thick, and the base has never apparently been
reached. They are soft in structure, with much sand. As before said, the
river that gave rise to them ran at a right angle to the course of the present
River Lark, which has washed away a considerable, probably the larger,
portion of the original gravel. On the opposite side of the Lark Valley
— here 2 miles wide — are gravels lying at about the same height as those of
Warren Hill and containing flint implements of very similar types, which
were probably continuous with the Warren Hill gravels.

It has been pointed out that the predominant type of implement at
Warren Hill is the ovate with sharp edges all round ; the Warren Hill ovate
is indeed familiar to all collectors of flint implements. An interesting and
rather surprising fact is that this sharp ovate is rarely found in the Thames
Valley. This valley from above Oxford to the Nore teems with implemen-
tiferous gravels, and many thousands of implements have come out of them.
In the writer's collection there are some three thousand specimens from the
Thames Valley ; yet amongst this large number there is onl