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IDtctotia  Ifotetor^  of  the 
Counties  of 


EDITED   BY    H.    ARTHUR   DOUBLEDAY 
AND   WILLIAM   PAGE  F.S.A. 


A  HISTORY  OF 
WARWICKSHIRE 

VOLUME    I 


A  HISTORY  OF  WARWICKSHIRE 
IN  FOUR  VOLUMES  EDITED 
BY  H.  ARTHUR  DOUBLEDAY 
AND  WILLIAM  PAGE  F.S.A. 


I  THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF   THE    COUNTIES; 
OF    ENGLAND 

WARWICKSHIRE 


LONDON 

ARCHIBALD   CONSTABLE 

AND   COMPANY    LIMITED 


^- 

I   , 


Thu   History  is  issued  to  Subscribers  only 

By  Archibald  Constable  is"   Company  Limited 

ami  printed  by  Butler   £5    Tanner  of 

Promt  and  London 


INSCRIBED 

TO   THE   MEMORY   OF 

HER     LATE     MAJESTY 

QUEEN    VICTORIA 

WHO       GRACIOUSLY       GAVE 

THE      TITLE      TO      AND 

ACCEPTED     THE 

DEDICATION    OF 

THIS  HISTORY 


THE  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 

OF    THE  VICTORIA    HISTORY 

His    GRACE    THE    DUKE    OF  SIR   FREDERICK   POLLOCK,   BART.,    COL.  DUNCAN  A.  JOHNSTON 

BEDFORD,  K.G.  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,    ETC.                                 Director  General  of  the  Ordnance  Survey 

President  of  the  Zoological  Society  c-t            T-              »r  /-«  n      ¥•»  /-i  T          TI             T-.     r.          r                         «IA 

SIR  JOHN  EVANS,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,     PROF.  E.  RAY  LANKESTER,  M.A., 

His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVON-  LL.D.                                                F.R.S.,  ETC. 

SHIRE,    K.Cr.  Director    of    the     Natural     History 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Can,-  SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,                        - 

bridge  K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,  F.S.A., 

His    GRACE    THE    DUKE    OF  t.rc.  Director  of  the  British  Museum      REGINALD  L.  POOLE,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

RUTLAND,  K.G.  SIR    CLEMENTS    R.    MARKHAM,            University  L«£j'J»  I*f'°>""«, 

His   GRACE   THE    DUKE    OF  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

PORTLAND     KG  President  of  the  Royal  Geographical     )•    "ORACE    KoUND,    t,SQ.,    M.A. 

S°"'*  WALTER  RYE,   ESQ. 

His   GRACE    THE    DUKE    OF  g       „            Q    MAXVVELL-LYTE,    w  tr  ,     ,        „         w 

ARGYLL,  K.T.  K.C.B.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  ETC.         W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE  ESQ.,  M.A. 

T-          T>          TI            T"          r>  Assistant  Secretary   of   the   Society  of 

I  HE     RT.     HON.     THE     EARL    OF  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records                                                 Antiquaries 

ROSEBERY,  K.G.,  K.T.  COL  SIR  }>  FARQUHARSON>  K.C.B. 

THE    RT.    HON.   THE    EARL    OF  SIR  Jos.  HOOKER,  G.C.S.I.,  M.D., 

COVENTRY  D.C.L.    F.R.S.    ETC. 

President  of  tbe  Royal  Agricultural  Among  the  original   members  of 

Society  SIR    ARCHIBALD    GEIKIE,   LL.D.,                  the  Council  were 

THE   RT.    HON.  THE   VISCOUNT  F.R.S.,  ETC.                                  _               . 

~  THE  LATE  MARQUESS  OF  SALISBURY 

DILLON  n         i     /-              /~~         T  r  T~> 

._.,,,               ...  REV.    1.    CHARLES    Cox,    LL.D.,    „               _      ,, 

Late  President  of  the  Society  of  Ann-  p  ,,J.                                                              TlIE  LATE  DR.  MANDELL  CREIGH- 

1"ari"  TON,  BISHOP  OF  LONDON 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  LISTER  LIONEL  CtMT,  ESQ.,  M.V.O..M.A.,    T                n     o             p 

T           n       •  t           i~    i       ,  T1  c     ^                                                                                    ^  **  k    LAI  t,     I  'K.    Ol  Unnb.    iJlsMOr    Or 

Late  President  of  the  Royal  Society  f.o.A.,    ETC.                                                     „ 

r«            r»          T  T             ^T'            T  Dire  c  tor  of  the  National  Portrait  Galle  ry 

THE    RT.   HON.    THE    LORD  THE  LATE  LORD  ACTON 

ALVERSTONE,  G.C.M.G.  ALBERT  C.  L.  G.  GUNTHER,  M.A. , 

Lord  Chief  Justice  F.R.S.,  M.D.,  PH.D.                     THE  LATE  SIR  WILLIAM  FLOWER 

THE  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Late  President  of  the  Lmnean  Society      THE   LATE   PROFESSOR    ¥     YoRK 

M.P.  F.  HAVERFI  ELD,  Esq.,  M.A. ,  F.S.A.         POWELL 

/-.          i  r  i-         /-ir-       (  H.   ARTHUR   DOUBLEDAY 

General  Editors  of  the  Series    <  ,,.  „          „  c  . 
(  WILLIAM   PAGE,   F.S.A. 


GENERAL    ADVERTISEMENT 

The  VICTORIA  HISTORY  of  the  Counties  of  England  is  a  National  Historic  Survey, 
which,  under  the  direction  of  a  large  staff  comprising  the  foremost  students  in  science,  history, 
and  archaeology,  is  designed  to  record  the  history  of  every  county  of  England  in  detail.  This 
work  was,  by  gracious  permission,  dedicated  to  Her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  who  gave  it 
her  own  name.  It  is  the  endeavour  of  all  who  are  associated  with  the  undertaking  to  make  it 
a  worthy  and  permanent  monument  to  her  memory. 

Rich  as  every  county  of  England  is  in  materials  for  local  history,  there  has  hitherto  been 
no  attempt  made  to  bring  all  these  materials  together  into  a  coherent  form. 

Although  from  the  seventeenth  century  down  to  quite  recent  times  numerous  county 
histories  have  been  issued,  they  are  very  unequal  in  merit  ;  the  best  of  them  are  very  rare 
and  costly ;  most  of  them  are  imperfect  and  all  are  now  out  of  date.  Moreover  they  were 
the  work  of  one  or  two  isolated  scholars,  who,  however  able,  could  not  possibly  deal  adequately 
with  all  the  varied  subjects  which  go  to  the  making  of  a  county  history. 

vii 


In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY  each  county  is  not  the  labour  of  one  or  two  men,  but  of 
several  hundred,  for  the  work  is  treated  scientifically,  and  in  order  to  embody  in  it  all  that 
modern  scholarship  can  contribute,  a  system  of  co-operation  between  experts  and  local  students 
is  applied,  whereby  the  history  acquires  a  completeness  and  definite  authority  hitherto  lacking 
in  similar  undertakings. 

THE   SCOPE   OF  THE   WORK 

The  history  of  each  county  will  be  complete  in  itself,  and  its  story  will  be  told  from  the 
earliest  times,  commencing  witli  the  natural  features  and  the  flora  and  fauna.  Thereafter  will 
follow  the  antiquities,  pre-Roman,  Roman  and  post-Roman  ;  a  new  translation  and  critical 
study  of  the  Domesday  Survey  ;  articles  on  political,  ecclesiastical,  social  and  economic  history  ; 
architecture,  arts,  industries,  biography,  folk-lore  and  sport.  The  greater  part  of  each  history 
will  be  devoted  to  a  detailed  description  and  history  of  each  parish,  containing  an  account  of 
the  land  and  its  owners  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  day.  These  manorial  histories  will 
be  compiled  from  original  documents  in  the  national  collections  and  from  private  papers.  A 
special  feature  will  be  the  wealth  of  illustrations  afforded,  for  not  only  will  all  buildings  of 
interest  be  pictured,  but  the  coats  of  arms  of  past  and  present  landowners  will  be  given. 

HISTORICAL   RESEARCH 

It  has  always  been,  and  still  is,  a  reproach  to  us  that  England,  with  a  collection  of  public 
records  greatly  exceeding  in  extent  and  interest  those  of  any  other  country  in  Europe,  is  yet 
far  behind  her  neighbours  in  the  study  of  the  genesis  and  growth  of  her  national  and  local 
institutions.  Few  Englishmen  are  probably  aware  that  the  national  and  local  archives  contain 
for  a  period  of  800  years  in  an  almost  unbroken  chain  of  evidence,  'not  only  the  political, 
ecclesiastical,  and  constitutional  history  of  the  kingdom,  but  every  detail  of  its  financial  and 
social  progress  and  the  history  of  the  land  and  its  successive  owners  from  generation  to 
generation.'  The  neglect  of  our  public  and  local  records  is  no  doubt  largely  due  to  the  fact 
that  their  interest  and  value  is  known  to  but  a  small  number  of  people.  But  this  again  is 
directly  attributable  to  the  absence  in  this  country  of  any  endowment  for  historical  research 
such  as  is  to  be  found  among  other  cultured  nations.  The  government  of  this  country  has 
always  left  to  private  enterprise  work  which  our  continental  neighbours  entrust  to  a  government 
department.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  to  find  that  although  an  immense  amount  of 
work  has  been  done  by  individual  effort,  the  entire  absence  of  organization  among  the  workers 
and  the  lack  of  intelligent  direction  has  robbed  the  results  of  much  of  their  value. 

In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY,  for  the  first  time,  a  serious  attempt  is  made  to  utilize  our 
national  and  local  muniments  to  the  best  advantage  by  carefully  organizing  and  supervising 
the  researches  required.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Records  Committee  a  large  staff  of  experts 
is  engaged  at  the  Public  Record  Office  in  calendaring  those  classes  of  records  which  are  most 
fruitful  in  material  for  local  history,  and  by  a  system  of  interchange  of  communication  among 
local  editors  each  county  gains  a  mass  of  information  which  otherwise  would  be  lost. 

THE   RECORDS   COMMITTEE 

SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.  C.  T.  MARTIN,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 

SIR  HENRY  MAXWELL-LYTE,  K.C.B.  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

VV.  J.  HARDY,  F.S.A.  S.  R.  SCARGILL-BIRD,  F.S.A. 

F.  MADAN,  M.A.  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A. 

F.  MAITLAND,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  G.  F.  WARNER,   M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Many  archaeological,  historical  and  other  societies  are  assisting  in  the  compilation  of  this 
work  ;  and  local  supervision  and  aid  are  secured  by  the  formation  in  each  county  of  a  County 
Committee,  the  president  of  which  is  in  nearly  all  cases  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

The  names  of  the  distinguished  men  who  have  joined  the  Advisory  Council  arc  a 
guarantee  that  the  work  will  represent  the  results  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  every  department 
of  research.  It  will  be  observed  that  among  them  are  representatives  of  science  ;  for  the 
whole  trend  of  modern  thought,  as  influenced  by  the  theory  of  evolution,  favours  the  intelli- 
gent study  of  the  past,  and  of  the  social,  institutional  and  political  developments  of  national 
life.  As  these  histories  are  the  first  in  which  this  object  has  been  kept  in  view,  and  modern 
principles  applied,  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  form  a  work  of  reference  no  less  indispensable 
to  the  student  than  welcome  to  the  man  of  culture. 


via 


Family  History  will,  both  in  the  Histories  and  in  the  supplemental  volumes  of  chart 
pedigrees,  be  dealt  with  by  genealogical  experts  and  in  the  modern  spirit.  Every  effort  will  be 
made  to  secure  accuracy  of  statement,  and  to  avoid  the  insertion  of  those  legendary  pedigrees 
which  have  in  the  past  brought  discredit  on  the  whole  subject.  It  has  been  pointed  out  by  the 
late  Bishop  of  Oxford,  a  great  master  of  historical  research,  that  '  the  expansion  and  extension 
of  genealogical  study  is  a  very  remarkable  feature  of  our  own  times,'  that  '  it  is  an  increasing 
pursuit  both  in  America  and  England,'  and  that  it  can  render  the  historian  useful  service. 

Heraldry  will  also  in  this  Series  occupy  a  prominent  position,  and  the  splendours  of  the 
coat-armour  borne  in  the  Middle  Ages  will  be  illustrated  in  colours  on  a  scale  that  has  never 
been  attempted  before. 

The  general  plan  of  Contents,  and  the  names  of  the  Sectional  Editors  (who  will 
co-operate  with  local  workers  in  every  case)  are  as  follows  : — 

Natural   History. 

Palaeontology.      Edited  by  R.  LYDIICKER,  F.R.S.,  etc. 

/•Contributions  by  G.  A.  BOULENGER,  F.R.S.,  F.  O.  PICKARD-CAMBKIDGE,  M.A.,  H.  N.  DIXON,  F.L.S., 

Flora     I          G.  C.  DRUCE,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  WALTER  GARSTANG,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  HERBERT  Goss,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S., 

Fauna  |          R-  '•  P°">CK>  &*»•  T.R.  R.  STUBBING,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  etc.,  15.  B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S., 

V         etc.,  and  other  Specialists 

Prehistoric    Remains.       Edited  by  W.  BOVD  DAWKINS,  D.Sc.,   LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Roman    Remains.       Edited  by  F.  HAVERFIELD,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Anglo-Saxon    Remains.      Edited  by  C.  HERCULES  READ,   F.S.A.,  and  REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 
Ethnography.      Edited  by  G.  LAURENCE  GOMME,  F.S.A. 

Dialect.      Edited  by  JOSEPH  WRIGHT,  M.A.,   Ph.D. 

Place  Names     "| 

Folklore  V   Contributed   by  Various  Authorities 

Physical  Types  J 

Domesday   Book  and  other  kindred   Record;.     Edited  by  J.  HORACE  Rotsn,  M.A. 
Architecture.       By  Various  Authorities.     The  Sections   on  the  Cathedrals  and   Monastic   Remains    Edited  by 

W.   H.  ST.  JOHN   HOPE,  M.A. 

Ecclesiastical  History.     Edited  by  R.  L.  POOLE,  M.A. 
Political    History.      Edited  by  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A.,  J.  HORACE   ROUND,  M.A.,  Peer.  T.  F.  TOUT,  !\!.A., 

JAMES  TAIT,  M.A.,  and  C.  H.  FIRTH,   M.A. 

History   of  Schools.      Edited  by  A.   F.   LEACH,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Maritime    History   of  Coast    Counties.       Edited  by  J.   K.   LAUGHTON,   M.A.,  and    M.  OrrtNHEiM 
Topographical  Accounts  of  Parishes  and   Manors.      By  Various  Authorities 

History   of  the    Feudal    Baronage.       Edited  by  J.   HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  and  OSWALD   BARRON,  F.S.A. 
Family  History  and  Heraldry.     Edited  by  OSWALD  BARRON,  F.S.A. 

Agriculture.       Edited  by  SIR  ERNEST  CCARKF.,   M.A.,  Sec.  to  the   Royal  Agricultural   Society 
Forestry.      Edited  by  JOHN   NISBET,   D.Otc. 
Industries,  Arts  and  Manufactures  "| 

Social  and  Economic  History  .-  By  Various  Authorities 

Persons  Eminent  in    Art,  Literature,  Science  J 

Ancient   and    Modern    Sport.      Edited  by  the   L)ukt  or  BEAUFORT  and  E.  D.  CUMINS 
Hunting          } 

Shooting  J-  By  Various  Authorities 

Fishing,  etc.  J 

Cricket.      Edited  by  HOME  GORDON 
Football.      Edited  by  C.  W.  ALCOCJ 
Bibliographies 
Indexes 
Names  of  the  Subscribers 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Among  the  many  thousands  of  subjects  illustrated  will  be  castles,  cathedrals  and  churches, 
mansions  and  manor  houses,  moot  halls  and  market  halls,  family  portraits,  etc.  Particular 
attention  will  be  given  to  the  beautiful  and  quaint  examples  of  architecture  which,  through 
decay  or  from  other  causes,  are  in  danger  of  disappearing.  The  best  examples  of  church 
brasses,  coloured  glass,  and  monumental  effigies  will  be  depicted.  The  Series  will  also  contain 
1 60  pictures  in  photogravure,  showing  the  characteristic  scenery  of  the  counties. 

I  ix  b 


CARTOGRAPHY 

Each  History  will  contain  Archaeological,  Domesday,  and  Geological  maps  ;  maps  show- 
ing the  Orography,  and  the  Parliamentary  and  Ecclesiastical  divisions  ;  and  the  map  done  by 
Speed  in  1610.  The  Series  will  contain  about  four  hundred  maps  in  all. 

FAMILY   HISTORY   AND   HERALDRY 

The  Histories  will  contain,  in  the  Topographical  Section,  manorial  pedigrees,  and 
accounts  of  the  noble  and  gentle  families  connected  with  the  local  history  ;  and  it  is  proposed 
to  trace,  wherever  possible,  their  descendants  in  the  Colonies  and  the  United  States  of 
America.  The  Editors  will  be  glad  to  receive  information  which  may  be  of  service  to  them 
in  this  branch  of  the  work.  The  chart  family  pedigrees  and  the  arms  of  the  families 
mentioned  in  the  Heralds' Visitations  will  be  issued  in  a  supplemental  volume  for  each  county. 

The  Rolls  of  Arms  are  being  completely  collated  for  this  work,  and  all  the  feudal  coats 
will  be  given  in  colours.  The  arms  of  the  local  families  will  also  be  represented  in  connection 
with  the  Topographical  Section. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  accuracy  in  the  descriptions  of  the  Architecture, 
ecclesiastic,  military  and  domestic,  a  committee  has  been  formed  of  the  following  students  of 
architectural  history,  who  will  supervise  this  department  of  the  work  : — 

ARCHITECTURAL   COMMITTEE 

J.  BII.SON,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A. 

R.  BLOMHEI.U  W.  H.  KNOWLES,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

HAROLD  BRAKSPEAR,  A.R.I.B.A.  J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  F.S.A. 

PROF.  BALDWIN  BROWN,  M.A.  ROLAND  PAUL 

ARTHUR  S.  FLOWER,  F.S.A. ,  A.R.I.B.A.          J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

GEORGE  E.  Fox,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  PERCY  G.  STONE,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

J.  A.  GOTCH,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  THACKERAY  TURNER 

A  special  feature  in  connection  with  the  Architecture  will  be  a  series  of  coloured  ground 
plans  showing  the  architectural  history  of  castles,  cathedrals  and  other  monastic  foundations. 
Plans  of  the  most  important  country  mansions  will  also  be  included. 

The  issue  of  this  work  is  limited  to  udariben  anfy,  iv/jost  names  will  be  printed  at  the  end  of 
each  History. 


THE 


VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF   THE    COUNTY    OF 

WARWICK 


VOLUME  ONE 


JAMES    STREET 

HAYMARKET 
1904 


DA 

£70 


County  Committee  for  Wlarwfcftsbire. 


THE    RT.     HON.    THE    LORD    LEIGH,    P.C. 

Lord  Lieutenantt  Chairman 

THE     MOST     HON.     THE    MARQUESS     OF  W.    TANKERVILLE    CHAMBERLAYNE,    ESQ., 

HERTFORD  D.L.,  J.r. 

THE    MOST    HON.    THE    MARQUESS      OF  JETHRO  A.  COSSINS,  ESQ. 

NORTHAMPTON  WILLIAM  PARK  DICKINS,  ESQ.,  D.L.,  J.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  DENBIGH  j    K    WINGFIELD  DIGBV,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  AYLESFORD  JOHN  s    DUGDALE,  ESQ.,  K.C.,  D.L.,  J.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  WARWICK  £    FIELD,  ESQ. 

THE  RT.   HON.  THE   LORD    ERNEST    SEY-  CORRIE  GRANT,  ESQ.,   M.P. 

PHILIP  J.  CANNING   HOWARD,  ESQ.,  J.P. 

THE    RT.    REV.    THE    LORD    BISHOP    OF 

GEORGE  CAPF.WF.I.L  HUGHES,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
WORCESTER 

THOMAS  KEMP,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
THE  RT.   HON.  ALFRED  LYTTLETON,  P.C., 

M.P.  BOLTON  KING,  ESQ. 

THE    HON.    H.    ARDEN   ADDERLEY,    D.L.,      H.  R.  FAIRFAX-LUCY,  ESQ. 

T  P 

CHARLES  MURRAY,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

SIR  SPENCER  P.  MARYON-WILSON,  BART. 

FRANCIS  A.   NF.WDIGATE,  £,SQ.,  M.P.,  D.L., 

SIR  T.  G.  BIDDULPH,  BART.  j  p 

THE  RT.  REV.  THE  BISHOP  OF  COVENTRY     j.  w.  RYLAND,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  J.P. 

THE  RT.  REV.  DR.  PEROWNE  (LATE  BISHOP      R    FITZ-JAMES  SAWYER,  ESQ. 

OF  WORCESTER)  „ 

FREDERICK  TOWNSEND,  ESQ.,  F.L.S.,  D.L., 

SIR  BENJAMIN   STONE,  M.P.  j.p. 

THE  REV.  J.  HARVEY  BLOOM,   M.A.  C.  A.  VINCE,  ESQ. 

W.  SALT  BRASSINGTON,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.  BENJAMIN  WALKER,  ESQ.,  A.R.I.B.A. 

W.  F.  CARTER,  ESQ.  PROF.  B.  C.  A.  WINDLE 

W.  F.  S.  DUGDALE,  ESQ.,  Hon.  Sec.  to  the  County  Committee 


CONTENTS    OF    VOLUME    ONE 


PAGE 

fisory  Council  of  the  Victoria  History  ....... 

vii 

.       vii 

rwickshire  County  Committee        ....... 

xiii 

[lustrations  ............ 

"  Abbreviations    . 

XX 

Dedication 

The  Adi 

General 

The  Wa 

Contents 

List  of 

Preface 

Table 

Natural   History 

Geology       ..... 

Palaeontology        .... 

Botany         ..... 

Zoology 

Mollusca   (Snails,  etc.) 

Insecta  (Insects) 

Odonata       .... 

Hymenoptera  (Bees,  etc.) 
Coleoptera  (Beetles) 
Lepidoptera  (Moths). 
Diptera   (Flies) 

Hcmiptera  Heteroptera  (Bugs, 
tic.)          .          . 

Arachnids   (Spiders)         ,          , 
Crustacea  (Crabs,  etc.) 
Pisces  (Fishes)  .... 

Reptilia  (Reptiles)  and 

Batrachia  (Batrachians)    . 

Aves  (Birds)     .... 

Mammalia  (Mammals)  .  . 
Early  Man  ..... 
Romano-British  Remains .  .  . 
Anglo-Saxon  Remains 

Introduction     to     the     Warwickshire 
Domesday         .... 

Text  of  the  Warwickshire  Domesday . 

Ancient  Earthworks. 

Index  to  the  Warwickshire  Domesday 


By  T.   C.  CANTRILL        ......          i 

By  RICHARD  LYDEKKER,  F.R.S.        ....        29 

By  J.  E.  BACNALL,  A.L.S.       ...  -33 

By  B.  B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S.  .  .  67 
Edited  by  COLBRAN  J.  WAINWRIGHT,  F.E.S.  .  .  69 

By   R.   C.    BRADLEY    and    COLBRAN    J.    WAINWRIGHT, 

F.E.S.    .  .       73 

By  A.   H.   MARTINEAU,   F.E.S.          ....        73 

By  H.  WILLOUGHBY  ELLIS,  F.E.S.  ....       77 

By  COLBRAN  J.  WAINWRIGHT,   F.E.S.         .          .          .124 

»  »  »  ...      150 

By  H.  WILLOUGHBY  ELLIS,  F.E.S 165 

By  F.  O.  PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE,  M.A.  .  .  .167 
By  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  STEBBINC,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  171 
By  R.  F.  TOMES,  F.G.S.,  Corr.  Mem.  Z.S.  .  .184 


187 
189 
208 


By  GEORGE  CLINXH,  F.G.S.    . 

By  F.  HAVERKIELD,  M.A.,  F.S.A.    . 

By  REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 

By  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

By  W.   F.  CARTER,   B.A. 

By  WILLOUGHBY  GARDNER,  F.L.S.  . 

xv 


223 
251 

269 

299 
345 
4°7 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Warwick  Castle.     By  WILLIAM  HYDE         .........    frontispiece 

Palaeolithic  Implement  from  Saltley   .          .        \ 

Perforated  Hammerstone  from  Sutton  Coldfield !-....  full-page  plate,  facing     2 1 4 

Bronze  Dagger  from  New  Bilton      .         .       1 

Celt  of  White  Flint  found  at  Long  Compton   .          .         .         .         .  .         .         .          .216 

Pottery  found  in  a  barrow  near  Oldbury  Camp          .          .          .          .  .          .          .          .219 

„            „          „          „        at  Brandon        .  .219 

Bronze  Discs  from  Chesterton-on-Fossway .          .         .          .         .         .  .         .          .          .220 

Late  Celtic  Ornament  illustrating  the  'returning  spiral'     ....  •      225 

Romano-British  Pottery   (Rugby  School  Museum)         .          .                    .  full-page  plate,  facing     230 

Plan  of  Manduessedum  and  surroundings   .          .  .233 

„     „    Chesterton  Camp          ....  •      235 

Fragment  of  Romano-British  Sculpture   (Alcester  Rectory)    .          .          .  full-page  plate,  facing     236 

Cinerary  Urn,  Cestersover  (Churchover)     .          .  •      253 

Jewel  found  near  Rugby.          ....  254 

Cinerary  Urn,   Brinklow  .....  .256 

Anglo-Saxon  Remains  from  Warwickshire coloured  plate,  facing     258 

Ancient  Earthworks — 

Beaudesert   ...  •      356 

Beausale       ...  -357 

Brailes         ....  35« 

Brandon -359 

Brinklow     ....  .360 

Brownsover ....                                               •  •     3°3 

Castle  Bromwich  ...  •     365 

Chesterton  ....  •     3°"? 

Churchover.         .         .  •     368 

Claverdon    ....  -369 

Corley          .          .  •      37' 
Coughton     .          .                                                                                ...     372 

Edgbaston    .         .  -373 

Fillongley    ...  -375 

Hartshill -37<5 

Ilmington    .         .                   ...                            .                   .  •     377 

Ipsley -378 

Kenilworth .380 

Kineton       .....  •     383 

Ladbroke -383 

Lapworth •     385 

I                                                                         xvii  <•' 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

Ancient  Earthworks  (continued) —  PACK 

Loiley          .          .  ..........  387 

Mancetter   ......••••••••.  387 

Ratley ....  389 

Seckington  ...............  391 

Sheldon 392 

Solihull,  Bury  Mound 393 

Solihull,  Hob's  Moat 395 

Tachbrook  ...............  396 

Tanworth    ...............  399 

Wappenbury         ............          .          .  401 

Warwick      ...............  403 

Wolford,  Great     .          .  .........  405 


LIST    OF    MAPS 

Geological  Map         ...                   .         .                   ....  between  xxiv,   I 

Orographical  Map      ...........  .,  24,  25 

Botanical  Map            .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .  „  32,  33 

Pre-Historical  Map                                                                              .           .           .           .  „  212,  213 

Romano-British  Map                                 ........  „  222,  223 

Anglo-Saxon   Map                                                „  250,  251 

Domesday  Map                                          .                     .                                .           .           .  „  298,  299 

Earthworks  Map                                                             fac;ng  ^ 


xviti 


PREFACE 

WARWICKSHIRE  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first 
county  whose  antiquities  formed  the  subject  of  an  exhaustive 
County  History.  Although  Stow  with  his  Survey  of  London 
and  Norden  with  his  design  for  a  complete  series  of  county  histories,  and 
a  few  others,  were  Sir  William  Dugdale's  predecessors  by  half  a  century, 
their  work  is  not  quite  on  the  same  plane  with  the  latter's  Antiquities  of 
Warwickshire,  which  saw  the  light  in  1656.  On  this  publication  was 
brought  to  bear  not  only  the  intimate  local  knowledge  of  a  native  of  the 
county,  but  the  genius  and  industry  which  made  its  author  perhaps  the 
greatest  antiquary  England  has  produced. 

Although  it  is  possible  after  a  lapse  of  two  and  a  half  centuries  to 
supplement  and  correct  Dugdale's  work,  it  will  be  evident  from  the 
frequent  references  to  him  in  these  pages  how  much  the  modern  historian 
is  indebted  to  his  predecessor's  researches. 

The  present  undertaking  differs  in  many  respects  from  Dugdale's 
history,  and  for  details  as  to  its  scope  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  General 
Advertisement  on  p.  vii. 

The  Editors  have  to  thank  the  Rev.  J.  Harvey  Bloom  for  reading 
the  proofs  of  some  of  the  articles  in  this  volume  and  for  his  courtesy  and 
assistance  in  various  directions.  They  are  also  under  special  obligations 
to  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker,  A.R.I.B.A.,  for  compiling  the  Domesday  map, 
and  for  many  useful  suggestions  made  by  him  in  the  course  of  reading 
the  proofs  of  the  text  of  the  Survey.  For  the  use  of  some  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  this  volume  the  editors  are  indebted  to  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B., 
and  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 


XIX 


TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Abbrev.  Plac.  (Rec. 

Com.) 

Acts  of  P.C.     .     . 
Add  ...... 

Add.  Chart.      .     . 
Admir  ..... 

Agarde    .... 

Anct.  Corrcsp.  . 
Anct.  D.  (P.R.O.) 

A  2420 
Antiq  ..... 


Arch 

Arch.  Cant. 
Archd.  Rcc. 
Archit 
Assize  R. 
Aud.  Off.     . 
Aug.  Off.     . 
Ayloffe    .     . 


Bed.  .      . 
Beds  .      . 
Berks       . 
Bdle.       . 
B.M.       . 
Bodl.  Lib. 
Boro. 
Brev.  Reg. 
Brit. 

Buck.      . 
Bucks 


Cal.  . 
Camb. 
Cambr. 


Cant 

Cap.       .     .     . 

Carl 

Cart.  Antiq.  R.      . 
C.C.C.  Camb.  .      . 

Certiorari      Bdles. 

(Rolls  Chap.) 
Chan.  Enr.  Decree 

R. 

Chan.  Proc.      .     . 
Chant.  Cert. 


Chap.  Ho.  .  .  . 
Charity  Inq.  .  . 
Chart.  R.  20  Hen. 
III.pt.  i.  No.  10 
Chartul. 


Abbreviatio  Placitorum  (Re- 
cord Commission) 

Acts  of  Privy  Council 

Additional 

Additional  Charters 

Admiralty 

Agarde's  Indices 

Ancient  Correspondence 

Ancient  Deeds  (Public  Record 
Office)  A  2420 

Antiquarian  or  Antiquaries 

Appendix 

Archaeologia  or  Archsological 

Archzologia  Cantiana 

Archdeacon's  Records 

Architectural 

Assize  Rolls 

Audit  Office 

Augmentation  Office 

Ayloffe's  Calendars 

Bedford 

Bedfordshire 

Berkshire 

Bundle 

British  Museum 

Bodley's  Library 

Borough 

Brevia  Regia 

Britain,  British,  Britannia.etc. 

Buckingham 

Buckinghamshire 

Calendar 

Cambridgeshire  or  Cambridge 

Cambria,  Cambrian,  Cam- 
brensis,  etc. 

Canterbury 

Chapter 

Carlisle 

Cartx  Antiquae  Rolls 

Corpus  Christ!  College,  Cam- 
bridge 

Certiorari  Bundles  (Rolls 
Chapel) 

Chancery  Enrolled  Decree 
Rolls 

Chancery  Proceedings 

Chantry  Certificates  (or  Cer- 
tificates of  Colleges  and 
Chantries) 

Chapter  House 

Charity  Inquisitions 

Charter  Roll,  20  Henry  III. 
part  i.  Number  10 

Chartulary 


Chas 

Ches 

Chest 

Ch.    Gds.    (Exch. 
K.R.) 

Chich 

Chron 

Close      .     .     .     . 

Co 

Colch 

Coll 

Com 

Com.  Picas . 
Conf.  R.       .      .     . 
Co.  Plac.     .      .     . 

Cornw 

Corp 

Cott 

Ct.  R 

Ct.  of  Wards     .     . 

Cumb 

Cur.  Reg.    . 

D.  and  C.    .      .     . 
De  Bane.  R.     .     . 
Dec.  and  Ord. 
Dep.  Keeper's  Rep. 

Derb 

Devon     .... 

Doc 

Dods.  MSS.      .     . 
Dom.  Bk.    .     .     . 

Dors 

Duchy  of  Lane. 
Dur 

East 

Eccl 

Eccl.  Com.        .     . 

Edw 

Eliz 

Engl 

Engl.  Hist.  Rev.    . 
Epis.  Reg.   . 
Esch.  Enr.  Accts.  . 
Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin. 

(Rec.  Com.) 
Exch.  Dep.       .     . 
Exch.  K.B.       .     . 
Exch.  K.R.       .     . 

Exch.  L.T.R.  .     . 

Exch.  of  Pleas,  Plea 

R. 
Exch.  of  Receipt    . 


Charles 

Cheshire 

Chester 

Church    Goods    (Exchequer 

King's  Remembrancer) 
Chichester 

Chronicle,  Chronica,  etc. 
Close  Roll 
County 
Colchester 
Collections 
Commission 
Common  Pleas 
Confirmation  Rolls 
County  Placita 
Cornwall 
Corporation 
Cotton  or  Cottonian 
Court  Rolls 
Court  of  Wards 
Cumberland 
Curia  Regis 

Dean  and  Chapter 
De  Banco  Rolls 
Decrees  and  Orders 
Deputy  Keeper's  Reports 
Derbyshire  or  Derby 
Devonshire 
Documents 
Dodsworth  MSS. 
Domesday  Book 
Dorsetshire 
Duchy  of  Lancaster 
Durham 

Easter  Term 

Ecclesiastical 

Ecclesiastical  Commission 

Edward 

Elizabeth 

England  or  English 

English  Historical  Review 

Episcopal  Registers 

Escheators  Enrolled  Accounts 

Excerpta  e  Rotulis  Finium 
(Record  Commission) 

Exchequer  Depositions 

Exchequer  King's  Bench 

Exchequer  King's  Remem- 
brancer 

Exchequer  Lord  Treasurer's 
Remembrancer 

Exchequer  of  Pleas,  Plea  Roll 

Exchequer  of  Receipt 


TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Exch.   Spec.  Com.     Exchequer  Special  Commis- 


Feet  of  F.  .  .  . 
Feod.  Accts.  (Ct. 

of  Wards) 
Feod.  Surv.  (Ct.  of 

Wards) 
Feud.  Aids  .     .     . 

fol 

Foreign  R.  .     . 
Forest  Proc.      .     . 

Gen 

Geo 

Glouc 

Guild     Certif. 
(Chan.)   Ric.  II. 

Hants     .... 

Harl 

Hen 

Heref.  .... 
Hertf.  .... 
Herts  .... 

Hil 

Hist. 


Hist.  MSS.  Com. 
Hosp  ..... 
Hund.  R.  .  .  . 
Hunt.  .  .  *  .  . 
Hunts  .  .  .  . 

Inq.  a.q.d.   . 

Inq.  p.m.     . 

Inst  ...... 

Invent  ..... 


Itin 


Jas.    . 
Journ. 


Lamb.  Lib. 

Lane 

L.    and    P.     Hen. 
VIII. 

Lansd 

Ld.  Rev.  Rec.  .     . 

Leic 

Le  Neve's    Ind. 

Lib 

Lich 

Line 

Lond.  .     . 


m.  .  .  . 
Mem.  .  . 
Memo.  R.  . 
Mich.  .  . 
Midd.  .  . 
Mins.  Accts. 


Feet  of  Fines 

Feodaries  Accounts  (Court  of 

Wards) 
Feodaries  Surveys  (Court  of 

Wards) 
Feudal  Aids 
Folio 

Foreign  Rolls 
Forest  Proceedings 

Genealogical,      Genealogica, 

etc. 

George 

Gloucestershire  or  Gloucester 
Guild  Certificates  (Chancery) 

Richard  II. 

Hampshire 

Harley  or  Harleian 

Henry 

Herefordshire  or  Hereford 

Hertford 

Hertfordshire 

Hilary  Term 

History,  Historical,Historian, 

Historia,  etc. 

Historical  MSS.  Commission 
Hospital 
Hundred  Rolls 
Huntingdon 
Huntingdonshire 

Inquisitions    ad   quod    dam 

num 

Inquisitions  post  mortem 
Institute  or  Institution 
Inventory  or  Inventories 
Ipswich 
Itinerary 

James 
Journal 

Lambeth  Library 
Lancashire  or  Lancaster 
Letters     and     Papers,    Hen. 

VIII. 

Lansdowne 

Land  Revenue  Records 
Leicestershire  or  Leicester 
Le  Neve's  Indices 
Library 
Lichfield 

Lincolnshire  or  Lincoln 
London 

Membrane 
Memorials 
Memoranda  Rolls 
Michaelmas  Term 
Middlesex 
Ministers'  Accounts 


Misc.  Bks.  (Exch. 
K.R.,  Exch. 
T.R.  or  Aug. 
Off.) 


Mon. 
Monm.  . 
Mun.      .     . 
Mus. 

N.  and  Q.   . 

Norf.      .     . 

Northampt. 
Northants     . 
Northumb.  . 
Norw.     . 
Nott. 


N.S.  .     . 

Off.  .  . 
Orig.  R. 
Oxf.  . 


Palmer's  Ind.    . 
Pal.  of  Chest.    .      . 
Pal.  ofDur.       .      . 
Pal.  of  Lane.     .      . 

Par 

Parl 

Parl.  R 

Parl.  Surv.   . 
Partic.  for  Gts. 

Pat 

P.C.C 

Peterb 

Phil 

PipeR 

Plea  R 

Pope    Nich.    Tax. 
(Rec.  Com.) 

P.R.O 

Proc 

Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.   . 

Pt 

Pub.  . 


R 

Rec.  .  .  . 
Recov.  R.  .  . 
Rentals  and  Surv. 

Rep 

Rev 

Ric 

Roff.  .  .  . 
Rot.  Cur.  Reg. 
Rut.  . 


Sarum 
Ser.    . 
Sess.  R. 
Shrews. 


Miscellaneous  Book  (Ex- 
chequer King's  Remem- 
brancer, Exchequer  Trea- 
sury of  Receipt  or  Aug- 
mentation Office) 

Monastery,  Monasticon 

Monmouth 

Muniments  or  Munimcnta 

Museum 

Notes  and  Queries 
Norfolk 
Northampton 
Northamptonshire 
Northumberland 
Norwich 

Nottinghamshire  or  Notting- 
ham 
New  Style 

Office 

Originalia  Rolls 
Oxfordshire  or  Oxford 

Page 

Palmer's  Indices 

Palatinate  of  Chester 

Palatinate  of  Durham 

Palatinate  of  Lancaster 

Parish,  Parochial,  etc. 

Parliament  or  Parliamentary 

Parliament  Rolls 

Parliamentary  Surveys 

Particulars  for  Grants 

Patent  Roll  or  Letters  Patent 

Prerogative  Court  of  Canter- 
bury 

Peterborough 

Philip 

Pipe  Roll 

Plea  Rolls 

Pope  Nicholas'  Taxation  (Re 
cord  Commission) 

Public  Record  Office 

Proceedings 

Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries 

Part 

Publications 

Roll 

Records 

Recovery  Rolls 

Rentals  and  Surveys 

Report 

Review 

Richard 

Rochester  diocese 

Rotuli  Curia:  Regis 

Rutland 

Salisbury  diocese 
Series 

Sessions  Rolls 
Shrewsbury 


TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Shrops    .     .     .     . 

Soc 

Soc.  Antiq.  .     .     • 

Somers 

Somcrs.  Ho.     .     . 

S.P.  Dom.   .     .     . 

Staff.       .     .     .     . 

Star  Chamb.  Proc. 

Sut 

Steph 

Subs.  R.      .     .     . 

Suff. 

Surr 

Suss 

Surv.  of  Ch.  Liv- 
ings (Lamb.)  or 
(Chan.) 

Topog 

Trans.     . 


Shropshire 
Society 

Society  of  Antiquaries 
Somerset 
Somerset  House 
State  Papers  Domestic 
Staffordshire 

Star  Chamber  Proceedings 
Statute 
Stephen 
Subsidy  Rolls 
Suffolk 
Surrey 
Sussex 

Surveys    of  Church    Livings 
(Lambeth)  or  (Chancery) 


Topography  or  Topographi- 
cal 
Transactions 


Transl Translation 

Treas Treasury  or  Treasurer 

Trin Trinity  Term 

Univ University 

Valor   Eccl.    (Rec.  Valor  Ecclesiasticus  (Record 

Com.)  Commission) 

Vet.  Mon.   .     .     .  Vetusta  Monumenta 

V.C.H Victoria  County  History 

Vic Victoria 

vol Volume 


Warw.  , 
Westm.  , 
Will.  . 
Wilts  . 
Winton. 
Wore. 


Yorks 


Warwickshire  or  Warwick 

Westminster 

William 

Wiltshire 

Winchester  diocese 

Worcestershire  or  Worcester 

Yorkshire 


zzu 


A   HISTORY   OF 
WARWICKSHIRE 


GEOLOGY 


I 


beginnings  of  the  history  of  our  county  are  to  be  found 
written  on  the  stony  tablets  of  the  rocks,  in  records  by  the  side 
of  which  the  Saxon  chronicle,  the  Roman  epitaph,  are  nothing 
but  the  closing  passages  of  a  many-chaptered  story. 
Through  a  study  of  the  various  operations  by  which  to-day  the 
materials  of  the  land  are  everywhere  being  worn  down,  carried  away  by 
streams,  and  redeposited  in  seas  and  lakes  as  beds  of  gravel,  as  sandbanks, 
or  as  mudflats,  it  is  possible  in  some  measure  not  only  to  realize  the 
physical  conditions  which  prevailed  in  our  district  in  those  far-off  ages, 
but  also  to  people  again  those  ancient  waters  with  their  shelly  denizens, 
and  to  form  some  idea  of  the  animal  and  vegetable  inhabitants  of  those 
long  since  vanished  lands. 

For  the  beds  of  sandstone,  clay,  and  limestone  which  make  up  the 
bulk  of  our  Warwickshire  rocks  are  comparable  in  all  respects  with 
accumulations  forming  at  the  present  day  ;  they  were  for  the  most  part 
laid  down  in  estuaries,  seas  and  lakes  ;  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
waters,  and  not  a  few  of  the  animals,  insects,  and  plants  from  the  adjacent 
land  became  entombed  in  the  gathering  sediments.  In  the  course  of 
ages  these  areas  of  deposition  by  slow  upheaval  have  been  more  than 
once  converted  into  land  ;  and  it  is  clear  that  these  new  lands  would 
consist  of  layers  of  hardened  sediments  ('  stratified'  rocks),  and  that  the 
entombed  organic  remains  would  be  the  '  fossils '  of  succeeding  times. 
And  so  long  as  any  particular  part  of  our  area  stood  up  as  a  land-tract 
above  the  waters,  there  the  continuity  of  deposit  would  be  broken  ; 
certain  beds  would  be  missing.  Subsequent  submergence  of  the  whole 
area  would  result  in  the  burying  of  everything  under  newer  sheets 
of  sediment  which,  while  resting  unconformably  on  the  worn-down 
ruins  of  the  old  land-mass,  would  have  a  closer  parallelism  to  the 
deposits  immediately  preceding  themselves.  In  the  sequel  we  shall 
meet  with  several  instances  of  these  great  gaps  in  the  geological  suc- 
cession. 

Further,  by  a  knowledge  of  the  physical  and  climatic  conditions 
specially  favourable  to  certain  forms  of  life  of  to-day,  we  arrive  at  some 
idea  of  the  state  of  things  prevalent  in  our  area  during  the  formation  of 
many  of  these  fossiliferous  rocks,  and  can  distinguish  marine  from 
lacustrine  deposits,  and  deep-water  formations  from  those  laid  down 
along  a  shore.  As  we  examine  in  succession  the  ascending  series 
of  sediments  it  is  found  too  that  there  has  been  a  steady  change  in 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

the  character  of  the  dominant  faunas  and  floras  ;  whole  groups  of 
animals  and  plants  once  abundant  in  our  district  now  occupy  a  very 
subordinate  position  or  are  even  extinct  in  Britain,  and  indeed  in  many 
cases  have  entirely  ceased  to  exist. 

We  arrive  then  at  this  important  principle — that  different  strata 
are  characterized  by  fossils  peculiar  to  each  ;  and  in  accordance  with 
this  rule  the  stratified  rocks  of  the  earth-crust  have  been  classified  into 
some  ten  or  twelve  distinct  divisions  or  systems,  each  marked  by  a 
peculiar  assemblage  of  fossils  by  means  of  which  far-distant  exposures  of 
rocks  of  the  same  system  can  be  identified.  The  great  divisions  are 
still  further  divided  into  groups  and  stages,  the  smallest  of  which  are 
however  of  purely  local  value. 

The  rocks  of  Warwickshire  belong  some  to  the  oldest,  some  to  the 
newest  of  these  systems  ;  but  there  are  great  gaps  in  the  series — the 
rocks  elsewhere  present  either  were  not  deposited  in  our  area,  or,  if  laid 
down,  were  afterwards  wholly  removed. 

The  table  on  page  3  shows  in  descending  order  the  various  systems 
of  rocks  represented  in  Warwickshire. 

An  examination  of  the  geological  map  will  show  that  these  rocks 
are  by  no  means  equally  important  so  far  as  the  constitution  of  the 
surface  of  our  county  is  concerned  ;  in  this  respect  the  red  rocks  of  the 
Trias  have  the  pre-eminence.  These  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the 
surface,  while  the  succeeding  Jurassic  beds  form  a  smaller  fringe  on  the 
south  and  south-east  borders.  Projecting  through  an  extensive  aperture 
in  the  red  Triassic  coverlet  are  the  so-called  Permians  and  the  Coal 
Measures  of  the  Warwickshire  coalfield,  while  from  below  the  latter 
emerge  the  Cambrian  and  still  older  Archaean  rocks  of  Nuneaton. 

Irregularly  spread  over  the  uneven  surface  formed  by  the  edges  or 
outcrops  of  all  these  '  solid  '  rocks  are  the  superficial  Pleistocene  deposits, 
while  the  most  recent  of  all  are  the  still-forming  alluvial  tracts  bordering 
the  present  rivers. 

The  surface-relief  of  the  district  is  nowhere  very  bold  ;  the  county 
forms  part  of  an  undulating  plain  bordered  along  its  south-eastern  and 
southern  sides  by  the  higher  ridges  and  plateaux  near  Daventry,  Edge 
Hill,  and  Chipping  Norton.  This  same  elevated  tract  circles  round  the 
Vale  of  Moreton  and  at  Chipping  Campden  merges  into  the  northern 
Cotteswolds  ;  it  is  formed  by  the  tattered  edge  of  the  great  sheet  of 
Jurassic  deposits  which  occupies  much  of  the  adjacent  country  to  the 
south-east.  That  this  edge  or  escarpment  is  gradually  retreating  in  that 
direction  is  shown  by  its  having  left  several  isolated  patches  or  '  outliers  ' 
some  miles  in  its  rear,  as  for  instance  at  Ebrington  Hill,  at  Brailes,  and 
at  Knowle. 

These  Jurassic  limestones  and  sandstones  overlook  the  less  elevated 
grounds  of  the  Lower  Lias  and  Trias,  not  only  because  they  were  super- 
posed on  them  originally,  but  also  by  reason  of  their  own  greater 
durability,  not  being  so  easily  washed  away  by  rain  and  streams. 
Indeed  it  may  be  laid  down  as  an  axiom  that  the  harder  rocks  will  be 


GEOLOGY 


Period 


Formation 


Character  of  the  strata 


Approximate 

thickness 

in  feet 


Recent 


Alluvium 


Gravel,  sand,  loam,  clay,  and 

peat,  along  present  streams .      up  to  2O  ? 


Pleistocene 


Brickearth,  Valley  Gravel 
Glacial  Drift    . 


Loam,  sand,  and  gravel  of  old 

river-courses up  to  2O  ? 

Sand,      gravel,     stony     clay ; 

boulders  of  distant  rocks     .     up  to  i  oo  ? 


Jurassic 


Great  Oolite  Series  . 
Inferior  Oolite  Series. 

f  Upper  .  .  . 
Lias  •]  Middle.  .  . 

V  Lower  . 


Oolitic  limestones  and    clays, 

with  sandstones    .     .     .     .      80  to  100 
Oolitic  limestones,  with  sands 

and  calcareous  sandstone     .      80  to  1 50 
Clay  and  shale,  with  limestones 

and  calcareous  sandstones    .  120 

Hard    ferruginous    limestone, 

sands  and  shales   ....  280 

Clays  and  shales,  with  clayey 

limestones  in  lower  part      .      up  to  960 


Rhaetic 


Marl 


Keuper 


Triassic 


Bunter  - 


Sandstone 
Upper  . 
Middle. 


?  Lower 


White  and  grey  limestones,  dark 

shales,  and  yellow  sandstone 
Red  marl,  mottled  green ; 

green   and  buff  (20   to  30 

feet)  at  summit  .... 
Red  and  brown  sandstones  and 

marls 

Fine  red  sandstone,  without 

pebbles 

Pebbly  red  sandstone,  with 

pebble-beds 

Yellow  sandstone,  without 

pebbles 


'  Permian  '  of  Salopian  type . 


Car- 
boniferous 


Coal  Measures- 


Newer  (barren) 
measures . 


Older    (produc- 
tive) measures 


Red  sandstones  and  marls,  with 
limestone-conglomerate  . 

Sandstones  and  shales,  with 
brick-clays  and  Spirorbis 
limestones 

Sandstones  and  shales,  with 
seams  of  coal,  ironstone,  and 


30  to  40 

600  to  700 
150  to  200 

200 
250  to  350 


2,000 


I,OOO 


fireclay  , 


Cambrian 


Upper  :  Stockingford  Shales 
Lower  :   Hartshill  Quartzite 


Grey,  black,  and  purple  shales          2,000 
Grey  quartzites  and  sandstones, 

with  purple  and  grey  shales 

and  a  thin  limestone.     .     .  600 


Archaean 


Uriconian    and    Upper    Long- 
myndian.     Caldecote  series  . 


Volcanic    breccias,    tuffs,   and    ~\     ?  several 
grits )     hundred 


/•Diorites(Camptonites) ; 
Intrusive       post -Cambrian      but 
Igneous  •!      pre-Carboniferous 
Rocks     Porphyritic  Basalt ;  of 

V.     pre-Cambrian  age    . 


Of -various 
ages 


[•Crystalline  igneous  rocks 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

found  to  form  elevations,  just  as  the  knots  in  the  planking  of  an  old 
floor  always  stand  up  above  the  general  surface.  We  accordingly  find 
that  the  hard  quartzites  and  diorites  of  the  Cambrian  rocks  occupy  the 
ridge  extending  from  Nuneaton  to  Atherstone  ;  the  durable  pebble-beds 
of  the  so-called  Permian  rocks  produce  a  well-marked  feature  at  Corley 
(625  feet  above  sea-level)  ;  while  the  Bunter  pebble-beds  and  Keuper 
building-stones  generally  give  rise  to  picturesque  wooded  scarps. 

We  shall  now  proceed  to  a  consideration  of  the  various  sheets  of 
rock  which  have  built  up  the  earth-crust  of  our  district,  commencing 
with  the  lowest  and  oldest  visible  layer.1 

ARCH^AN 

On  the  north-eastern  borders  of  the  county,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Nuneaton,  occurs  a  narrow  strip  of  volcanic  rocks,  the  Caldecote 
Series,  which  have  been  shown  within  the  last  few  years  to  be  of 
Archasan  (i.e.  pre-Cambrian)  age.  In  the  Geological  Survey  map2  and 
accompanying  memoir 3  the  rocks  in  question  were  called  *  greenstone ' 
and  were  regarded  as  probably  intrusive,  like  the  diorites  in  the  over- 
lying Cambrian  rocks,  and  were  not  assigned  to  any  definite  age.  The 
discovery  by  Professor  Lapworth  in  1882  of  Upper  Cambrian  fossils  in 
the  black  shales  of  Stockingford  restricted  the  age  of  the  Caldecote  rocks 
to  the  Cambrian  and  pre-Cambrian  periods.  These  discoveries  were 
embodied  by  Mr.  A.  Strahan  in  a  revised  issue  of  the  Survey  map  in 
1886,  in  which  the  Caldecote  Series — tuffs,  quartz-porphyry,  and 
diabase — were  separately  distinguished,  but  were  classed  as  '  igneous ' 
without  being  assigned  to  any  definite  period. 

The  recent  determination  of  a  Lower  Cambrian  fauna  in  the  Harts- 
hill  Quartzite  itself  (see  Table,  p.  3),  together  with  the  lapse  of  time 
suggested  firstly  by  the  contrast  between  the  general  lithological  character 
of  the  quartzite  and  that  of  the  underlying  Caldecote  Series,  and 
secondly  by  the  occurrence  of  abundant  detritus  of  the  latter  in  the 
basement  beds  of  the  quartzite,  make  it  practically  incontestable  that  the 
Caldecote  rocks  are  pre-Cambrian  in  age. 

The  outcrop,  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  commences  near 
the  Midland  Railway  station  at  Nuneaton,  and  can  be  traced  by  small 
occasional  exposures  in  a  north-westerly  direction  for  nearly  two  miles. 
The  beds  pass  unconformably  under  the  Cambrian  rocks  on  the  west, 
and  are  faulted  against  and  unconformably  covered  by  the  Trias  on  the 
north-east.  As  was  first  recognized  by  Professor  Lapworth,4  they  con- 

1  For  the  chief  publications  relating  to  the  geology  of  Warwickshire  the  reader  is  referred  to  a 
•List  of  Works  on  the  Geology,  Mineralogy,  and  Paleontology  of  Staffordshire,  Worcestershire,  and 
Warwickshire,  by  W.  Whitaker,  in  the  Report  of  the  British  Association  for  1885  ;  to  the  Geological 
Record,  edited  by  W.  Whitaker,  for  1874-84;  and  to  Professor  Blake's  Annals  of  British  Geology 
for  1890-3.  Some  later  papers  will  be  found  in  the  'Geological  Literature  added  to  the  Geological 
Society  s  Library,  published  annually,  also  in  'A  Sketch  of  the  Geology  of  the  Birmingham  District,' 
by  Professors  Lapworth  and  Watts  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison,  Pne.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898),  pp.  313-416. 
Old  Sen*  63  S.W.  (,8SS).  »  Howell,  The  Warwickshire  Coalfield  (i^,  1 7.  ' 

Geol.  Mag.  (1882),  p.  563  ;  (1886),  p.  3,9  ;  and  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898);  330. 

4 


GEOLOGY 

sist  of  sheets  of  volcanic  breccia,  tuffs,  and  volcanic  grits,  with  a  few 
intrusive  dykes  of  basic  rock. 

The  lowest  beds  of  the  series  are  some  coarse  breccias  met  with  in 
a  disused  road  near  the  Anchor  Inn.  The  more  compact  tuffs  with  the 
aspect  of  brecciated  quartz-felsites  are  exposed  in  Mr.  Abel's  Long 
Quarry  immediately  south  of  Hartshill  Grange,  and  remarkably  fine- 
grained tuffs  are  to  be  seen  in  the  sides  of  an  old  tunnel  100  yards  west 
of  Caldecote  Hill  House,  where,  according  to  Mr.  Strahan,  the  bedding 
planes  dip  at  25°  to  30°  in  the  same  direction  as  those  of  the  overlying 
quartzite,  that  is,  about  south-west. 

An  intrusive  basic  rock,  a  porphyritic  basalt  according  to  Professor 
Watts,1  takes  the  form  of  a  dyke  which  intrudes  upon  and  partly  over- 
lies the  ashes,  and  is  exposed  in  an  old  paving-cube  quarry  known  as  the 
Blue  Hole,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  Caldecote  Windmill.  The 
rock  into  which  it  intrudes  has  the  appearance  of  a  quartz-porphyry, 
but  Professor  Watts,  who  describes  it  as  the  '  quartz-felspar  rock,'  is 
inclined  to  regard  it  as  a  tuff.*  A  similar  and  possibly  the  same  dyke 
of  porphyritic  basalt  traverses  the  '  quartz-felspar  rock  '  at  the  entrance 
to  Mr.  Abel's  quarry  near  Hartshill  Grange. 

Professor  Lapworth  is  of  opinion  that  the  Caldecote  rocks  are 
theoretically  paralleled  with  the  Upper  Longmyndian  and  Uriconian 
groups  of  Shropshire.3 

From  the  foregoing  details  it  will  be  seen  that  the  earliest  and 
lowest  Warwickshire  deposits  were  produced  by  the  agency  of  volcanoes. 
Exactly  where  these  were  situated  it  is  as  yet  impossible  to  say,  but  in 
the  Charnwood  district,  a  few  miles  to  the  north-east,  there  are  con- 
siderable masses  of  somewhat  similar  volcanic  materials,  though  it  is 
thought  that  these  are  of  an  earlier  date  ;  here,  according  to  Professor 
Bonney,  we  have  the  site  of  a  volcanic  cone  or  group  of  cones  which 
threw  out  dust  and  fragmentary  materials  into  adjacent  shallow  lakes 
or  lagoons.4  It  seems  likely  that  at  this  time  the  area  which  is  now 
Britain  was  occupied  by  an  archipelago  of  small  volcanic  islands.  Such 
conditions  were  not  perhaps  highly  favourable  to  the  existence  of 
living  beings  in  the  surrounding  waters  ;  nevertheless  life  was  not 
entirely  absent,  for  a  few  fossil  worm-burrows  have  been  discovered 
in  some  of  the  Charnwood  rocks,  though  none  has  yet  been  met  with 
in  the  Caldecote  beds. 

CAMBRIAN 

After  a  while  this  low-lying  tract  of  volcanic  islands  subsided 
beneath  the  waters  and  was  in  part  covered  by  several  thousand  feet  of 
Cambrian  sands  and  muds.  These,  the  lowest  rocks  in  which  fossils 
occur  in  any  abundance,  are  found  to  overlie  the  Archaean  rocks  in  the 

1  Pnc.  Geol.  AIIOC.  xv.  (1898),  391. 

*  Watts,  op.  cit.  p.  392.     See  also  Rutley,  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  p.  557  ;  and  Waller,  ibid.  p.  322. 
8  Lapworth,  Pnc.  Geol.  dsioc.  xv.  (1898),  327. 

*  A.  J.  Jukes-Browne,  The  Building  of  the  British  Isles,  ed.  2  (1892),  pp.  29-32. 

5 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

neighbourhood  of  Nuneaton.  They  consist  of  a  lower  sandy  division, 
the  Hartshill  Quartzite,  and  an  upper  shaly  division  known  as  the 
Stockingford  Shales. 

In  1829  they  were  classed  by  Yates  '  as  of  Silurian  age,  on  account 
of  the  resemblance  of  the  quartzite  to  that  of  the  Lickey  Hills  near 
Bromsgrove.  Subsequently  however  they  were  put  into  the  Carboni- 
ferous system;1  the  Stockingford  Shales,  which  seemed  to  be  perfectly 
conformable  with  the  overlying  Coal  Measures,  were  thought  to  be  an 
unproductive  group  of  that  formation,  while  the  Hartshill  Quartzite 
was  held  to  be  a  metamorphosed  representative  of  the  Millstone  Grit. 
No  fossils  had  then  been  obtained  from  either  of  the  two  divisions, 
and  some  of  the  shales  have  a  decided  coal-measure  aspect.  It  is 
evident  however  that  Jukes3  recognized  their  Silurian  or  even  pre- 
Silurian  age. 

But  the  discovery  in  1882  by  Professor  Lapworth  *  of  a  number  of 
fossils  in  the  Stockingford  Shales  characteristic  of  the  Lingula  Flags  of 
the  Upper  Cambrian  (then  classed  as  Lower  Silurian  by  the  Geological 
Survey)  finally  settled  the  age  of  the  higher  of  the  two  sub-divisions  ; 
and  in  confirmation  of  these  discoveries  the  revised  issue  of  the  Survey 
map  in  1886  represented  the  Shales  and  with  them  the  Quartzite  as 
Lower  Silurian. 

It  still  remained  desirable  to  determine  on  independent  evidence 
the  age  of  the  Quartzite.  This  has  since  been  rendered  clear  by  the 
recent  discovery  in  its  higher  beds  of  a  fauna  highly  suggestive  of  the 
O/ene//us-zone  of  the  Lower  Cambrian  of  other  regions  ;  and  as  Professor 
Lapworth  points  out,  '  it  now  appears  exceedingly  probable  that  the 
whole  of  the  Cambrian  system  is  represented  here  in  an  attenuated 
form.'6 

The  Cambrian  outcrop  of  Nuneaton  extends  from  near  Bedworth 
on  the  south-east  to  Merevale  on  the  north-west,  a  distance  of  about 
eight  miles,  the  greatest  width  being  about  a  mile.  The  beds  dip 
generally  in  a  south-west  direction  at  angles  varying  from  20°  to  45°, 
having  been  tilted  up  by  crumpling  of  the  earth-crust  at  some  time 
subsequent  to  their  deposition.  The  upper  beds  pass  unconformably 
under  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  adjacent  coalfield,  while  the  lowest  beds 
rest  unconformably  on  the  Archaean  rocks  already  described. 

From  base  to  summit  the  beds  are  pierced  by  dykes  and  sills  of 
intrusive  diorite  (camptonite),  and  the  whole  outcrop  on  account  of  the 
relative  durability  of  the  rocks  forms  a  low  ridge  of  picturesque  and 
wooded  country. 

The  rocks  are  divisible  in  the  following  manner,  in  descending 
order: — 

1  Tram.  Geol.  Soc.  ser.  t,  ii.  237. 

*  Geol    Survey  map,  63  S.W.  (1855);  also  Howell,  •  The  Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  Mem.   Geol. 
Surrey  (1859),  p.  8. 

'The  South  Staffordshire  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  ed.  2  (1850),  p.  134.. 

*  Geol.  Mag.  (1882),  p.  563. 

8  Pnc.  Geol.  Atioc.  xv.  (1898),  338. 

6 


Stockingford  Shales  - 


Hartshill  Quartzite 


GEOLOGY 

Merevale  Shales. 

Oldbury  Shales. 

Purley  Shales. 

Camp  Hill  Quartzite  with  Hyolite  Limestone. 

Tuttle  Hill  Quartzite. 

Park  Hill  Quartzite. 


The  Hartshill  Quartzite  consists  of  well  bedded  highly  siliceous 
sandstones,  usually  of  a  pale  pinkish  colour  ;  the  rock  is  very  hard,  and 
according  to  Mr.  Strahan  1  a  prepared  cubic  inch  crushes  at  a  pressure 
of  24,000  Ib.  The  beds  vary  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  four  or 
five  feet.  Frequent  thin  seams  of  shales  occur ;  a  double  band  marks 
the  summit  of  the  Park  Hill  Quartzite,  and  another  separates  the  middle 
and  upper  sub-divisions.  '  Worm-burrows  '  are  the  only  fossils  found 
in  the  two  lower  sub-divisions,  but  the  Camp  Hill  Quartzite  has  yielded 
a  small  but  interesting  fauna. 

The  Lower  or  Park  Hill  Quartzite  is  opened  up  in  numerous  large 
quarries,  the  rock  being  extensively  wrought  for  roadstone.  The  lowest 
layers  are  best  seen  at  the  entrance  to  Mr.  Abel's  new  quarry  near  Harts- 
hill  Grange.  In  this  cutting  '  the  Caldecote  tuffs  rise  in  a  low  anticlinal 
form,  and  are  visibly  overlain  to  the  westwards  by  the  basement  bands 
of  the  quartzite.' 2  At  the  entrance  to  Mr.  Boon's  quarry  the  quartzite 
for  some  distance  upwards  from  its  base  '  contains  large  rounded  blocks 
of  Caldecote  volcanic  rocks,  while  the  matrix  is  mainly  composed  of  the 
rounded  wash  of  similar  material.' s 

The  Middle  or  Tuttle  Hill  Quartzites  are  being  worked  in  only 
two  quarries,  one  at  Tuttle  Hill  opposite  the  Midland  Railway  station 
at  Nuneaton,  and  another  near  Caldecote  Windmill.  The  rocks  resemble 
those  of  the  lower  sub-division. 

The  Upper  or  Camp  Hill  Quartzite  is  exposed  in  the  Camp  Hill 
Grange  quarry  belonging  to  Messrs.  Trye.  The  base  of  the  sub- 
division is  formed  by  a  shaly  band  some  50  feet  thick,  at  the  top  of 
which  occurs  a  seam,  2  feet  thick,  of  red-coloured  hard  and  tough  lime- 
stone, the  Hyolite  Limestone,  above  which  the  sub-division  is  completed 
by  50  feet  of  hard  quartzose  and  glauconitic  sandstone. 

The  fossils  of  the  Hyolite  Limestone  and  its  associated  shales  include 
several  species  of  Hyo/it&us,  Orthotbeca,  and  Stenotheca,  and  the  brachiopod 
Kutorgina  cingulata.  This  fauna  corresponds  in  part  to  that  of  the  Ole- 
nellus-zone.  of  other  regions  ;  and  Professor  Lapworth  therefore  considers 
that  the  Camp  Hill  Quartzite  is  probably  equivalent  to  the  Comley 
Sandstone  of  Shropshire  and  the  Hollybush  Sandstone  of  Malvern. 

The  Stockingford  Shales  succeed  to  the  uppermost  beds  of  the 
quartzite.  Their  outcrop  attains  its  greatest  width  at  Merevale,  the 
highest  beds  there  coming  to  the  surface  from  beneath  the  unconform- 
able  Coal  Measures.  They  consist  throughout  of  fine-grained  shales  and 
mudstones. 

1  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  p.  544.  *  Lapworth,  Pnc.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898),  340. 

8  Lapworth,  op.  cit.  p.  332.     See  also  Strahan,  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  p.  543. 

7 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  Lower  or  Purley  Shales  are  exposed  in  Purley  Park  Lane  and 
in  the  cutting  on  the  Midland  Railway  near  Nuneaton.  The  beds  are 
generally  reddish-purple  and  contain  manganese  ores  which  were  worked 
by  pits  at  various  points  along  the  outcrop.  Fossils  have  been  obtained 
from  the  Purley  Park  Lane  sections,  and  include  among  others  minute 
forms  of  the  brachiopods  Lingu/a,  Obolella  sagittalis,  and  Acrothele  granu- 
lata  ;  the  sponge  Protospongia  fenestrata,  and  the  trilobite  Conocoryphe 
exulans. 

The  Middle  or  Oldbury  Shales  are  best  seen  in  the  Midland  Rail- 
way cutting  at  Stockingford,  and  in  quarries  and  cuttings  at  Chapel  End. 
The  beds  are  characterized  by  black  carbonaceous  bands.  They  have 
yielded  remains  of  the  trilobites  Agnostus  pisiformis  var.  soda/is,  Olenus 
nuneatonensis,  Sphczrophthalmus  a/atus,  and  Ctenopyge  pecten  ;  together  with 
Beyricbia  angelini. 

The  Upper  or  Merevale  Shales  are  exposed  in  an  old  quarry  200 
yards  west  of  Merevale  Abbey.  They  consist  of  greenish-grey  shales 
and  have  yielded  numerous  examples  of  the  hydrozoan  Dictyonema 
socials. 

A  small  inlier  of  the  Stockingford  Shales  was  detected  at  Dosthill, 
south  of  Tamworth,  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison  '  in  1882.  The  rocks  are 
pierced  by  a  mass  of  diorite.  Sections  in  the  shales  have  been  recorded* 
as  occurring  in  the  side  of  the  high  road  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of 
Dosthill,  and  in  a  small  pit  near  Stockall  Barn.  The  beds  dip  south- 
west at  20°  to  40°,  and  consist  of  highly-altered  grey  and  olive-coloured 
sandstones. 

The  following  table  shows  the  probable  relationships  of  the  Nun- 
eaton Cambrian  beds  to  those  of  other  districts  :  — 

Nuneaton.  Wales,  etc. 

Merevale  Shales     Upper  Dolgelly  (Dictyonema-beds)  )  TT          T  . 

Oldbury/  upper    Lower  Dolgelly  .....     .  /  UPPer  L"1^  FIag« 

Shales  I  lower) 


II 

•ga 


j|  ~  [ 
g 


„,. 
Purley     t  upper/  Ffestmlog  and  Maentwrog  beds  .       Lower  Lingula  Flags 

Shales!  lower     ...........       Menevian 

(Paradoxides--zone) 

Camp  Hill  Quartzite  and  Limestone    .     .  0/enel/us-zone 

Tuttle  Hill  Quartzite 
(Park  Hill  Quartzite 


The  Cambrian  rocks  of  Nuneaton  afford  evidence  of  having  been 
deposited  in  a  shallow  sea  whose  floor  was  gradually  undergoing  subsi- 
dence. The  quartzites  and  sandstones  were  perhaps  to  some  extent  shore 
deposits  laid  down  at  no  great  distance  from  a  tract  of  land.  This  must 
have  consisted  in  part  of  the  Archzan  volcanic  ashes,  for  we  have  seen 
that  much  ground-down  volcanic  material  was  incorporated  in  the  lower 
beds  of  the  Hartshill  Quartzite.  As  the  sea  bottom  sank,  the  land, 
wherever  this  was  situated,  was  gradually  submerged,  and  the  coarse 

'  Lapworth,  Gtol.  Mag.  (,882)  p.  563  ;  Harrison,  Mid.  Nat.  vol.  viii.  (.885)  and  vol.  i*.  (.886). 

'  Strahan,  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  p.  551. 
8 


GEOLOGY 

sand  deposits  were  succeeded  by  the  finer  mud  of  the  Stockingford 
Shales,  although  the  waters  must  have  become  sufficiently  clear  and 
calm  at  one  time  to  have  allowed  of  the  formation  of  the  Hyolite 
Limestone  from  the  remains  of  various  mollusca.  The  only  fossils  in 
the  lower  two  divisions  of  the  Quartzite  are  a  few  worm-burrows,  sug- 
gestive of  the  sands  having  been  deposited  along  a  shore  ;  the  Shales 
however  as  we  have  seen  contain  abundant  evidence  that  the  Cambrian 
seas  were  peopled  with  a  considerable  fauna. 

Intrusive  Igneous  Rocks. — The  volcanic  activity  which  is  evidenced 
by  the  igneous  origin  of  the  Caldecote  rocks  probably  continued  or 
was  reopened  probably  in  immediately  post-Cambrian  time ;  for  both 
the  Hartshill  Quartzite  and  especially  the  Stockingford  Shales  are 
traversed  by  many  sills  and  dykes  of  diorite  (camptonite),  which  are 
evidently  solidified  masses  of  molten  rock  forced  up  from  below  into  the 
Cambrian  sediments.  There  is  no  evidence  whatever  to  show  that  these 
ever  reached  the  surface  and  produced  volcanoes,  terrestrial  or  submarine. 
The  sills  and  dykes  generally  follow  the  bedding,  but  frequently  cut 
through  the  strata,  baking  and  altering  them.  Yates  perceived  their 
intrusive  character  in  1824.  Allport1  gave  a  figure  of  a  section  showing 
this  at  Chilvers  Colon  railway  cutting.  Mr.  Fox-Strangways 2  mentions 
that  in  the  quarry  south  of  Merevale  church  the  Stockingford  Shales 
dip  at  1 5°  to  the  south-west,  while  the  igneous  rock  inclines  at  an  angle 
of  35°  in  the  same  direction. 

The  sheets  of  diorite  vary  from  mere  threads  less  than  a  foot  thick 
to  masses  over  a  hundred  feet  through.  They  attain  a  great  develop- 
ment in  Merevale  Park  and  at  Chilvers  Coton.  They  have  been 
wrought  for  paving-cubes.  One  of  the  sills  is  well  exposed  in  the 
Midland  Railway  Company's  quarry  at  Nuneaton  station  ;  the  jointing 
of  the  rock  is  at  right  angles  to  the  quartzite  beds  between  which  it  was 
intruded  and  cooled.  At  the  entrance  to  Messrs.  Tyre's  quarry  a  thin 
sheet  of  diorite  intruded  into  the  lower  layers  of  the  quartzite  has  segre- 
gated on  cooling  into  basic  clots  and  acid  veins. 

The  microscopic  structure  and  composition  of  these  igneous  rocks 
have  been  described  by  Allport,  Waller,  Teall,  and  Watts  ;  it  was 
Allport's  recognition  of  the  fact  that  these  rocks  differed  from  the  Car- 
boniferous dolerites  which  gave  an  early  hint  that  the  Stockingford 
Shales  were  no  part  of  the  Coal  Measures.  They  consist  essentially 
of  a  triclinic  felspar  and  hornblende,  with  some  magnetite  and  apatite. 
Augite  and  olivine  are  sometimes  present  ;  "and  Professor  Watts3  remarks 
that  the  rocks  would  be  appropriately  called  hornblendic,  augitic,  or 
olivine-bearing  camptonites.  That  the  intrusions  are  of  pre-Coal- 
measure  age  might  justly  be  inferred  by  their  entire  absence  from 
those  rocks  ;  but  this  was  placed  beyond  doubt  by  the  careful  mapping 
of  the  Coal  Measure  base  by  Mr.  Strahan,4  who  found  that  at  Maw- 

1  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sue.  rxxv.  (1879),  637. 

2  'Geology  of  Atherstone,  etc.,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  (1900),  p.  n. 

3  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  TV.  (1898),  395.         4  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  pp.  550,  551. 

9 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

bournes,  south-west  of  Atherstone,  this  rests  on  the  edges  of  the 
Stockingford  Shales,  including  two  sheets  of  diorite.  As  these  latter 
have  not  affected  the  Coal  Measures  they  must  have  been  intruded  in 
pre-Coalmeasure  times  ;  and  Professor  Watts  seems  disposed  by  general 
considerations  to  think  that  the  intrusions  are  of  immediately  post- 
Cambrian  age. 

CARBONIFEROUS 

Between  the  period  of  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  Nuneaton  and  that  of 
the  Coal  Measures  which  overlie  them  there  is  a  great  gap,  unfilled  in 
our  district  by  any  known  formation.  We  know  that  during  this 
enormous  interval  thousands  of  feet  of  muds  and  volcanic  ashes — the 
Ordovician  rocks — were  deposited  over  what  is  now  Wales  and  the  west 
and  north  of  England  ;  but  none  of  these  is  known  to  occur  eastwards 
of  the  Malvern  district,  and  it  therefore  seems  probable  that  what  is 
now  central  England  was  occupied  by  an  extensive  island — formed  of 
the  upraised  Cambrian  sediments — which  stood  up  above  the  waters  of 
the  Ordovician  Sea.  This  land  tract  however  slowly  sank  and  contracted 
in  area,  for  the  Silurian  deposits,  which  immediately  followed  the 
Ordovician,  extend  farther  eastwards  over  the  subsiding  area  ;  but  the 
higher  parts  of  the  district  seem  still  to  have  kept  their  heads  above 
water  during  this  and  the  succeeding  Devonian  period,  for  these  vast 
accumulations  of  mudstones,  limestones  and  red  sandstones  are  unrepre- 
sented in  our  county  ;  and  it  is  practically  certain  that  parts  of  the  old 
island  were  still  in  existence  as  such  while  the  Carboniferous  or  Moun- 
tain Limestone  and  Millstone  Grit  of  Derbyshire  and  Yorkshire,  Wales 
and  Ireland  were  accumulating.  This  Lower  Carboniferous  sea  lay  to 
the  north,  east,  and  south  of  our  area  ;  we  even  obtain  a  glimpse  of  its 
coast-line  at  Grace  Dieu  in  Charnwood  Forest,  but  nearer  than  that  it 
appears  not  to  have  approached.  By  the  time  that  the  higher  ridges 
of  Cambrian  rocks  at  the  north  of  the  county  had  sunk  to  the  water 
level  the  physical  aspect  of  the  midlands  had  changed.  The  sea  had 
become  shallowed,  land-locked  areas  developed,  and  ultimately  com- 
munication with  the  open  ocean  was  cut  off.  The  district  became 
converted  into  '  an  immense  delta  or  fenland,  including  many  large 
lagoons  and  wide  channels,  surrounded  by  swamps  which  were  never 
much  above  the  level  of  the  sea.' *  These  delta  deposits  are  our  Coal 
Measures. 

Thus  the  Millstone  Grit  and  Carboniferous  Limestone  are  alike 
unrepresented,  and  the  only  Carboniferous  rocks  present  on  the  surface 
in  the  county  are  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  Warwickshire  coalfield. 

The  Coal  Measures  form  a  narrow  belt  of  country  extending  for 
about  fifteen  miles  from  Bedworth  on  the  south-east,  past  Nuneaton  and 
Atherstone,  to  Tamworth  on  the  north-west,  where  the  outcrop  attains 
its  greatest  breadth  of  about  four  miles.  They  rest  unconformably  on 
the  Cambrian,  and  are  succeeded  with  every  appearance  of  perfect 

1  A.  J.  Jukes-Browne,  The  Building  of  the  British  Isles,  ed.  2  (1892),  p.  133. 

10 


GEOLOGY 

conformity  by  the  so-called  Lower  Permian  rocks.  The  Coal  Measures 
lie  in  a  syncline  or  trough,  the  axis  of  which  extends  in  a  north  and 
south  direction,  and  on  all  sides  the  beds  dip  towards  this  line.  The 
northern  part  of  the  coalfield  is  bounded  by  faults  or  lines  of  fracture, 
along  which  the  rocks  on  either  side  have  been  relatively  shifted,  so  that 
here  various  newer  rocks,  the  '  Permian  '  and  Trias,  abut  against  the 
Coal  Measures.  Mr.  Fox-Strangways  thinks  it  unlikely  that  the  Coal 
Measures  will  be  found  to  extend  continuously  under  the  Trias  into  the 
Leicestershire  coalfield.  In  the  other  direction  however  they  extend 
southwards  under  the  '  Permian  '  of  Baxterley,  and  come  to  light  again 
as  a  small  '  inlier '  at  Arley.  South  of  Bedworth  both  the  Coal 
Measures  and  '  Permian '  are  covered  unconformably  by  the  Trias, 
and  the  seams  have  been  worked  through  this  last  as  far  south  as  the 
Craven  Colliery,  three  miles  north-east  of  Coventry.  Beyond  this  the 
outcrops  are  said  to  curve  round  towards  the  south-west.1 

It  becomes  an  interesting  and  important  question  as  to  whether  or 
not  these  coals  extend  continuously  under  the  Trias  towards  South 
Staffordshire.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  Coal  Measures  of 
the  Warwickshire  coalfield  and  those  of  South  Staffordshire  were 
originally  deposited  in  one  and  the  same  basin,  for  in  both  districts  the 
measures  thicken  towards  the  north-north-west,  and  in  the  opposite 
direction  the  coals  approach  each  other  by  the  thinning  out  of  the 
intermediate  beds,  and  tend  to  combine  into  one  or  two  seams  of 
abnormal  thickness.  It  thus,  in  Professor  Lapworth's  2  words,  '  becomes 
a  matter  of  high  probability  that  the  Thick  Coal  of  South  Staffordshire 
extends  more  or  less  continuously  under  the  Red  rocks  of  North 
Warwickshire,  possibly  from  Hawkesbury  to  Smethwick.'  At  the  same 
time  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  land  apparently  lay  to  the  south  and 
south-east  during  Coal  Measure  times,  and  in  that  direction  the  coals 
may  be  expected  to  die  out  ;  again,  it  is  always  possible  that  there  may 
be  local  unconformities  and  '  wash-outs '  within  the  Coal  Measures 
themselves,  and  it  is  just  possible  that  areas  of  post-Carboniferous  folding 
and  denudation  may  lurk  concealed  and  unsuspected  under  the  unriven 
cloak  of  Trias. 

According  to  Professor  Lapworth  3  the  Warwickshire  Coal  Meas- 
ures may  be  grouped  in  descending  order  as  follows  : — 

4.  Grey  and  red  sandstones  and  shales,  with  one  or  more  bands  of  Spirorbis 

limestone. 

3.  White  and  yellow  sandstones  and  shales. 
2.  Red  and  green  brick-clays  and  marls. 
i.  Grey  sandstones    and  dark  shales  with  five    workable   coal  seams,    and 

beds  of  fireclay  and   ironstone. 

The  base  of  the  series  was  first  worked  out  in  detail  in  1886  by 
Mr.  Strahan.4  He  found  the  lowest  beds  to  consist  locally  of  buff  or 

1  Howell,  'The  Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  22. 

2  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898),  369.  3  Ibid.  p.  368. 

*  Geol.  Mag.  (1886),  p.  540  et  seqq.  ;  also  Geol.  Survey  map,  sheet  63  S.W.  new  ed.  (1886). 

II 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

white  sandstones,  coarse,  false-bedded,  and  ferruginous,  and  containing 
numerous  quartzose  pebbles  ;  the  beds  resting  unconformably  on  the 
Cambrian  rocks.  At  Dosthill  this  unconformity  is  most  marked,  the 
dip  of  the  Cambrian  shales  being  south-west  at  20°  to  40°,  while  the 
Coal  Measures  dip  eastwards  at  angles  of  50°  to  80°.  Mr.  Fox- 
Strangways 1  describes  the  basement  sandstone  as  being  well  exposed 
along  the  lane  and  in  some  old  quarries  on  the  east  side  of  Monk's 
Park  Wood,  south-west  of  Atherstone  ;  the  sandstone  resting  nearly 
horizontally  on  the  Cambrian  shales  which  dip  at  38°. 

The  workable  coals  are  confined  to  the  lower  part  of  the  series  ; 
in  descending  order  the  chief  seams  are  the  Four-foot ;  the  Two-yard, 
Rider,  and  Bare,  worked  as  one  seam  ;  the  Slate  ;  the  Seven-foot ;  and 
the  Bench.  The  lowest  seams  sometimes  rest  almost  directly  on  the 
Cambrian  shales,  but  are  locally  separated  from  them  by  sandstones 
which  vary  rapidly  in  thickness,  apparently  filling  up  hollows  on  the 
old  surface. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  coalfield  the  Four-foot  and  the  Slate 
coals  are  separated  by  over  a  hundred  feet  of  measures  ;  but  when 
followed  southwards  they  approach  each  other  by  the  thinning  out  of 
the  intermediate  beds,  so  that  at  the  Hawkesbury  Colliery  south  of 
Bedworth  the  upper  four  coals  come  together  to  form  a  single  seam 
which,  with  thin  partings,  amounts  to  about  34  feet  in  thickness. 

The  principal  seams  have  all  been  worked  along  their  outcrops. 
According  to  Mr.  Fox-Strangways  the  Seven-foot  coal  is  the  one  now 
generally  mined.  At  Amington  and  Glascote  the  underclay  of  this 
seam  is  used  for  fire-bricks.  Ironstone  from  the  same  horizon  was 
formerly  raised  at  Monk's  Park  and  smelted  on  the  spot  by  means  of 
charcoal  ;  and  Mr.  Howell  mentions 2  that  ironstone  was  being  worked 
at  Bedworth,  Hawkesbury,  and  Wyken.  Irregular  beds  of  sandstone 
are  prevalent  immediately  above  the  Four-foot  coal,  and  have  been 
quarried  here  and  there  between  Merevale  and  Polesworth. 

About  150  feet  below  the  top  of  these  Coal  Measures  occurs  a 
well  marked  band  of  limestone,  from  2  to  3  feet  thick  ;  from  the 
presence  of  the  small  coiled  annelid  shell  Spirorbis  pusillus  it  is  known  as 
the  Spirorbis  Limestone.  Its  outcrop,  marked  by  numerous  old  work- 
ings, has  been  traced  with  little  interruption  from  Sybil  Hill  near 
Kingsbury  to  Bedworth.  It  has  been  seen  also  in  the  stream  in  Monk's 
Park  Wood,  south-west  of  Atherstone,  and  it  appears  in  its  proper 
position  in  the  outcrop  of  Coal  Measures  at  Arley.  The  rock  varies  in 
colour  from  buff  or  light  grey  to  a  dark  slaty  blue. 

Besides  this  band,  long  since  recognized  and  mapped,  Mr.  Fox- 
Strangways  3  has  lately  obtained  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a  second 
between  Baddesley  and  Baxterley. 

The  Coal  Measures  generally  yield  abundant  fossil  evidence  of  plant 

1  'Geology  of  Atherstone,  etc.'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  (IQOO),  p    i  c 

'Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  ibid.  (1859),  p.  Io,. 
*  'Geology  of  Atherstone,  etc.'  ibid.  (1900),  p.  jo. 


12 


GEOLOGY 

life.  The  vegetation  of  the  period  consisted  largely  of  giant  species  of 
cryptogamic  plants  allied  to  our  modern  tree  ferns,  horsetails,  and  club 
mosses.  To  the  first  class  belong  the  various  Coal  Measure  ferns,  such 
as  Spbenopteris,  Neuropteris  and  Pecopteris ;  to  the  second  belongs  the 
genus  Catamites,  with  jointed  and  finely-fluted  stems.  To  the  third 
class  belongs  the  Lepidodendron,  the  stems  of  which  are  covered  with 
scale-like  markings.  To  this  is  closely  allied  the  Sigi//aria,  with  seal- 
like  impressions  on  the  broadly  fluted  trunk.  Stigmaria  is  a  root  common 
in  the  underclays  of  coal  seams,  and  is  so  called  on  account  of  its  pitted 
and  tuberculate  surface.  Specimens  of  all  these  plant  remains  may  be 
looked  for  in  the  beds  of  sandstone,  shale  and  fireclay  associated  with 
the  coals,  which  themselves  are  made  up  of  compressed  beds  of  this 
ancient  vegetable  growth. 

Of  animal  life  specimens  of  bivalve  shells,  Anthracomya  and  Carboni- 
co/a,  the  latter  resembling  our  freshwater  mussels,  and  also  fish  remains, 
may  be  looked  for  in  the  same  beds  ;  while  the  Spirorbis  pusillus  is 
generally  abundant  in  the  limestones  near  the  summit  of  the  Coal 
Measures.  It  is  likely  too  that  the  limestones  and  some  of  the  shale 
bands  may  on  careful  search  be  found  to  contain  small  bivalved  entomo- 
straca  such  as  Carbonia  and  Estberia. 

Permian. — The  so-called  Lower  Permian  rocks  occupy  a  broad 
tract  of  country  extending  from  Baxterley  on  the  north  to  Kenilworth 
on  the  south  ;  their  eastern  limit  is  formed  by  the  ordinary  Coal  Meas- 
ures which  rise  conformably  from  beneath  them  ;  on  the  west,  south, 
and  south-east  the  tract  is  bounded  by  Triassic  rocks. 

The  beds  consist  of  about  2,000  feet  of  alternations  of  red,  brown, 
and  purple  sandstones  and  red  marls,  with  impersistent  bands  of  breccia 
and  conglomerate.  According  to  Mr.  Fox-Strangways,1  sandstones  are 
conspicuous  towards  the  base,  and  form  a  marked  feature  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  district,  where  they  have  been  quarried  at  numerous  local- 
ities about  Baddesley  Ensor  and  Baxterley. 

The  breccias  and  conglomerates  are  generally  found  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  series  ;  one  band  particularly  well-marked  occurs  at  about 
the  middle,  and  forms  a  bold  escarpment  at  Corley.z  They  are  made 
up  largely  of  pebbles  of  Carboniferous  limestone  and  chert,  among 
which  some  of  Silurian  sandstone  have  been  noted  at  Exhall.  So  rich 
are  they  in  limestone  pebbles  that  they  have  been  extensively  quarried 
and  burnt  for  lime  between  Fillongley  and  Over  Whitacre. 

The  higher  beds  of  the  series  occur  between  Coventry,  Kenilworth, 
and  Warwick,  and  the  sandstones  may  be  seen  in  various  quarries.  The 
beds  hereabouts  however  appear  to  be  largely  composed  of  marls,  for 
near  Warwick  a  boring  passed  through  700  feet  of  rock  consisting 
chiefly  of  marls  and  thin  beds  of  sandstone.8 

More  recently  a  boring  has  been  put  down  at  Kenilworth  for  the 

1  'Geology  of  Atherstone,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  (1900),  p.  28. 

*  For  breccias  near  Polesworth  see  H.  T.  Brown,  Quart.  Jount.  Geol.  Sue.  xlv.  (1889),  i. 
8  Howell,  'Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  ibid.  (1859),  p.  31. 

13 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

town  water  supply  ;  it  passed  through  226  feet  6  inches  of  these  beds, 
the  upper  of  which  were  chiefly  marls.1 

These  so-called  Lower  Permian  rocks  have  yielded  very  few  fossils  ; 
fragments  of  the  cryptogamic  plants  Lepidodendrqn  and  Catamites  have 
been  recorded  from  a  quarry  near  Exhall,  and  silicified  trees  at  Allesley 
and  Meriden.  Obscure  casts  of  a  shell  supposed  to  be  Stropbalosia 
occurred  at  the  Exhall  quarry,  and  remains  of  a  labyrinthodont  reptile, 
Dasyceps  bucklandi  (Huxley),  were  discovered  in  a  quarry  at  Kenilworth. 
Some  of  these  are  preserved  in  the  Warwick  Museum. 

There  is  some  reason  to  think  that  Spirorbis  limestone  bands  may 
occur  in  these  rocks  at  Whitacre  Hall  (near  Nether  Whitacre),  for 
Mr.  Howell  *  records  that  such  limestone  was  formerly  burnt  there. 

Of  late  years  evidence  has  been  accumulating  tending  to  show 
that  similar  rocks  in  other  districts  are  very  closely  related  to  the  Coal 
Measures.  In  the  Wyre  Forest  coalfield3  district  in  Shropshire,  and  also 
in  the  North  Staffordshire  coalfield,4  rocks  in  all  respects  similar  to  these 
of  Warwickshire  contain  Spirorbis  limestones  and  thin  coals.  Nor  is 
there  in  Warwickshire  any  evidence  of  a  lapse  of  time  or  of  abrupt 
changes  of  any  sort  at  the  base  of  these  rocks  :  the  Spirorbis  limestone 
band  in  the  ordinary  Coal  Measures  is  everywhere  present  at  about  the 
same  distance  below  these  '  Permian  '  beds.  The  occurrence  west  of 
Polesworth  of  what  seemed  a  small  isolated  tract  or  outlier  of  these 
rocks  apparently  situated  on  lower  beds  of  the  Coal  Measure  series  gave 
colour  to  the  supposition  that  here  the  '  Permian  '  rocks  are  unconform- 
able  to  the  beds  below  ;  but  this  has  been  lately  disproved  by  Mr.  Fox- 
Strangways,  who  finds  that  the  supposed  '  Permian  '  here  is  a  band  of 
red-coloured  sandstone  in  the  ordinary  Coal  Measures  themselves. 

It  thus  becomes  evident  that  the  so-called  Permian  rocks  of  Salopian 
type  —  named  thus  from  their  typical  development  in  Shropshire  —  are 
linked  on  to  the  Coal  Measures  both  stratigraphically  and  palasontolo- 
gically,  and  should  therefore  be  included  in  the  Carboniferous  system. 

TRIASSIC 

The  rocks  we  have  been  hitherto  describing  form  an  isolated  area 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  a  great  spread  of  red  sandstones  and  marls 
which  constitute  the  Trias.  The  delta  and  lagoons  and  jungle  swamps 
of  the  Coal  Measures  had  passed  away  ;  the  red  '  Permian  '  beds  had 
succeeded,  deposited  it  would  seem  in  a  slowly  sinking  area  of  land- 
locked lakes  or  almost  wholly  enclosed  lagoons,  the  waters  of  which 
were  highly  charged  with  iron  salts  and  unfavourable  to  animal  life.  At 
the  close  of  this  '  Permian  '  period  great  movements  took  place  which 
resulted  in  the  raising  up  of  large  areas  of  land,  which  were  forthwith 
subjected  to  erosion.  There  seems  to  have  ensued  a  state  of  things  in 


t  Kenilworth>>  Proc-  Warwick.  Vat.  and  Archil. 
*  'Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  (1859),  pp   28    29 
T.  C.  Cantrill,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sot.  li.  (,895),  528.      «  W.'  Gibson,  ibid.  Ivii.  (1901),  251. 


GEOLOGY 

northern  Europe  similar  to  that  of  central  Asia  at  the  present  day. 
The  Triassic  deposits  were  then  laid  down,  the  Bunter  apparently  in 
desert  lakes  subject  to  desiccation,  into  which  periodical  streams  swept 
sand  and  pebbles  from  the  neighbouring  uplands  ;  the  Keuper  in  a 
much  more  extensive  lake  or  inland  sea,  into  which  the  ocean  at  last 
broke  and  introduced  the  marine  fauna  of  the  Rha;tic. 

In  Warwickshire  the  following  subdivisions  of  the  Triassic  rocks 
occur  : — 

Rhaetic 

j,.  f  Keuper  Marls  with  Upper  Keuper  Sandstone. 

I  Lower  Keuper  Sandstone. 

(Upper  Sandstone. 
Pebble  Beds. 
(Lower  Sandstone  ?) 

The  Lower  Bunter  Sandstone  which  to  the  west  of  our  district  is 
so  well  developed  in  the  Severn  valley  dies  out  when  followed  thence  to 
the  east,  and  has  generally  been  thought  to  be  absent  east  of  the  South 
Staffordshire  coalfield  ;  but  in  1890  Mr.  J.  Landon  l  called  attention  to 
the  occurrence  of  beds  of  yellow  sandstone  below  the  Pebble  Beds  near 
Barr  Beacon,  and  concluded  that  the  Lower  Bunter  Sandstone  is  there 
present  in  force. 

The  Pebble  Beds  are  well  developed  at  Sutton  Park  and  west  of 
Birmingham,  while  a  small  area  occurs  to  the  east  of  Polesworth.  The 
rocks  consist  of  pebbly  red  coarse  sandstone  and  impersistent  beds  of 
pebbles.  These  are  well  rounded  by  water  action,  and  are  chiefly  of 
yellow,  brown,  and  liver-coloured  quartzite,  white  quartz,  and  grey 
crinoidal  Carboniferous  limestone  and  chert.  Where  two  or  more 
pebbles  are  in  contact  they  have  generally  pressed  into  each  other  and 
produced  a  characteristic  crush-mark.  The  source  and  mode  of  origin 
of  these  pebbles  is  still  a  matter  of  dispute,  but  the  opinion  of  those 
most  familiar  with  them  is  that  they  were  derived  from  rocky  ridges  of 
high  land  which  stood  as  islands  in  or  formed  the  margins  of  the  Triassic 
lake  basins.  Of  parts  of  these  old  ridges  we  see  the  worn-down  relics 
in  the  Wrekin  and  Caradoc  districts  of  Shropshire,  the  Malvern-Abberley 
and  Lickey  ranges  in  Worcestershire,  and  the  Nuneaton  and  Charnwood 
hills  in  Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire.  Buckland  long  ago  recognized 
that  the  Bunter  pebbles  are  in  many  instances  agreeable  in  substance 
with  the  quartz  rock  of  the  Lickey,  and  was  of  opinion  that  an  exten- 
sive outcrop  of  this  latter  rock  was  the  source  of  much  of  the  Bunter 
material. 

Exposures  of  the  Bunter  pebble  beds  may  be  seen  in  Sutton  Park, 
notably  in  a  gravel  pit  near  Blackroot  Pool.  They  are  to  be  seen  also 
on  the  east  of  the  Warwickshire  coalfield  in  a  railway  cutting  east  of 
Polesworth.  The  rock  being  more  resistent  to  the  weather  than  those 
above  and  below,  generally  forms  a  well-marked  escarpment,  as  at 
Barr  Beacon ;  the  soil  is  generally  poor  and  exceedingly  pebbly,  and  is 

1  Proc.  Birm.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  113. 
15 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

often  left  as  uncultivated  heathland,  as  for  instance  in  the  case  of  Sutton 

Park. 

The  Upper  Sandstone  overlies  the  Pebble  Beds  and  extends  through 
Birmingham  towards  Lichfield.  It  is  excellently  exposed  in  some  large 
excavations  near  the  Great  Western  railway  near  Hockley  station;  it 
consists  of  soft,  fine-grained,  bright-red  sandstone,  without  pebbles,  and  is 
extensively  dug  for  moulding-sand.  East  of  the  Birmingham  district 
this  subdivision  is  unknown. 

The  Lower  Keuper  Sandstone  forms  an  elevated  ridge  of  ground 
extending  from  Birmingham  through  Erdington  to  Sutton  Coldfield.  It 
reappears  around  the  north  of  the  Warwickshire  coalfield  at  Tamworth 
and  Warton,  and  extends  north-eastwards  thence  past  Newton  Regis 
towards  Leicestershire.  Farther  south  it  forms  an  almost  continuous 
fringe  to  the  Carboniferous  and  '  Permian  '  rocks  from  Nuneaton  to 
Warwick,  and  thence  past  Berkswell  to  Maxtoke.  The  rocks  consist  of 
red,  brown  and  white  sandstone  with  bands  of  red  marl.  A  dull-red 
pebbly  sandstone  is  exposed  by  the  canal  side  at  Gravelly  Hill,  north- 
east of  Birmingham ;  and  the  upper  beds  occur  at  Reddicap  Hill  near 
Sutton  Coldfield.  Calcareous  breccias  are  recorded  by  Mr.  Howell l  as 
occurring  near  Tamworth.  White  sandstone  is  found  at  Maxtoke  and 
Meriden  Hall  and  is  traceable  towards  Kenilworth.  Mr.  Fox-Strangways  * 
observes  that  near  Merevale  some  of  the  beds  are  soft  and  unconsolidated 
and  are  dug  for  sand.  Sandstones  have  been  quarried  at  Warton  and 
Seckington,  and  in  the  village  of  Newton  Regis  they  are  exposed  near 
the  church.  Sections  at  Austrey  show  the  upward  passage  of  the 
highest  sandstones  into  the  lowest  beds  of  the  Keuper  Marl  subdivision. 
South  of  Nuneaton  the  unconformable  relation  of  the  Keuper  to  the 
Cambrian  was  well  shown  in  a  large  quarry  at  Marston  Jabet — red  marl 
and  white  sandstones  with  a  conglomeratic  base  resting  horizontally  on 
the  Stockingford  Shales  with  intruded  diorite,  dipping  east  at  1 5°.  Near 
Warwick  the  beds  have  been  quarried  for  building  stone  and  have 
yielded  a  number  of  footprints,  bones,  and  teeth  of  the  extinct  amphibia 
Labyrinthodon  and  Mastodonsaurus ;  their  footprints  are  five-toed.  Lizard- 
like  reptiles  are  represented  by  Hyperodapedon ;  dinosaurs  by  Thecodonto- 
saurus,  the  footprints  of  which  are  three-toed.  A  fine  collection  of  these 
fossils  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Warwick  Museum.3 

The  Lower  Keuper  Sandstones  above  described  pass  upwards,  with- 
out any  break,  into  the  Keuper  Marls,  which  attain  a  great  thickness 
and  spread  over  the  greater  part  of  central  Warwickshire.  The  beds 
consist  of  red  marls  and  shales  frequently  mottled  and  banded  of  a  green 
colour.  Thin  seams  of  gypsum  are  occasionally  met  with  ;  one  has  been 
worked  at  Spernall  north  of  Alcester.  Salt  beds  in  the  marls  have  long 
yielded  the  brine  springs  of  Droitwich  (in  Worcestershire). 

One   or  more  well  marked    bands  of  grey  sandstone,   the   Upper 

1  '  Warwickshire  Coalfield,'  p.  38.          *  '  Geol.  of  Atherstone,'  p.  34. 

1  See  Huxley,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  See.  xxv.  (1869),  138f  and  xxvi.  (1870),  32;  also  Miall,  ibid. 
xxx.  (1874),  4'7- 

16 


GEOLOGY 

Keuper  Sandstone,  occur  within  the  Marls,  but  they  are  somewhat 
impersistent.  They  are  well  developed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Henley- 
in-Arden,  where  they  form  some  picturesque  escarpments.  These  beds 
received  much  attention  from  the  late  Mr.  Brodie  of  Rowington ;  there 
they  have  yielded  some  few  fossils,  including  the  heterocercal  fish  Dictyo- 
pyge  (Palaoniscus)  superstes.1  The  bivalved  phyllopod  crustacean  Estberia 
minuta,  with  remains  of  fishes  (e.g.  Acrodus],  Labyrinthodon^  reptilian 
footprints,  and  plants  were  found  at  Shrewley  by  Mr.  Brodie;2  and  more 
recently  at  the  latter  place  some  molluscs,  probably  marine  according  to 
Mr.  R.  B.  Newton,3  were  found  by  Messrs.  Brodie  and  E.  P.  Richards 
in  some  green  gritty  marls  associated  with  the  Upper  Keuper  Sandstone. 

The  highest  beds  of  the  Marl  are  pale  green  in  colour,  the  iron 
oxides  not  being  in  a  state  of  complete  oxidation.  They  are  generally 
known  as  the  Tea-green  Marls  and  have  in  some  localities  been  grouped 
with  the  Rhastic  beds;  but  in  other  districts  they  are  more  closely 
associated  with  the  Keuper. 

The  highest  beds  of  these  green  marls  are  succeeded  by  a  thin  series 
of  fossiliferous  black  shales,  grey  marls,  and  limestones  of  marine  origin 
which  constitute  the  Rhastic  beds;  they  form  a  passage  group  into  the 
Lias,  and  generally  show  a  two-fold  subdivision : — 

P.      .     (  White  Lias  group;  grey  shales  and  limestones. 

\  Avicula  contorta  shales;  black   paper-shales  with   one  or  more 
bone  beds  and  thin  seams  of  yellow  sandstone. 

The  whole  of  the  beds  are  richly  fossiliferous ;  the  characteristic 
species  of  the  lower  part  are  the  lamellibranchs  Avicula  contorta,  Pecten 
•valoniensis,  and  Pullastra  arenicola.  The  higher  beds  or  White  Lias  con- 
tain Cardium  rbceticum,  with  Ostrea  liassica  and  Modiola  minima,  allied 
respectively  to  our  modern  oyster  and  mussel.  The  bone  beds  are  bands, 
one  or  more  inches  thick,  abounding  in  rolled  and  broken  teeth  and 
bones  of  fish. 

In  Warwickshire  the  Rhastic  beds  are  probably  present  between 
the  Keuper  Marls  and  the  Lias  from  one  end  of  the  county  to  the  other ; 
but  the  amount  of  information  concerning  them  is  small.  At  Binton, 
west  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  they  have  been  described  by  Dr.  Wright  * 
and  also  by  Mr.  R.  F.  Tomes;6  according  to  the  latter  the  uppermost 
beds  consist  of  greenish-grey  clay,6  succeeded  by  the  Guinea  Bed,  a  hard 
crystalline  limestone  one  foot  thick,  deriving  its  name  from  its  property 
of  ringing  under  the  hammer.  This  limestone  is  highly  fossiliferous 
and  contains  a  mixture  of  Liassic  and  Rhastic  forms,  the  latter  probably 
incorporated  with  Liassic  forms  in  their  present  position  by  the  breaking 
down  of  a  previously  deposited  Rhastic  bed.  On  this  account  Mr.  H.  B. 
Woodward  would  regard  the  Guinea  Bed  as  the  lowest  bed  of  the  Lias. 
Rhaetic  beds  are  known  to  occur  at  Wootton  Park  near  Alcester,  and  at 

1  Egerton,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sx.  xiv.  (1858),  164. 

2  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sac.  xii.  (1856),  374.         3  Journ.  Conchology,  vii.  (1894),  408. 
4  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xvi.  (1860),  374.         6  Ibid,  xxxiv.  (1878),  179. 

6  See  section  in  H.  B.  Woodward's  '  The  Jurassic  Rocks  of  Britain,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  iii.  151. 

i  17  3 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Wilmcote  they  were  excellently  exposed  in  quarries  as  described  by 
Wright ;  the  White  Lias  consisting  of  hard  crystalline  limestone,  below 
which  follow  marls  and  blackish  shales  with  Estheria  minuta  and  the 
characteristic  Avicula  contorta  and  Pecten  -valoniensis.  A  bone  bed  has 
been  noted  at  Temple  Grafton.  Strickland  recorded  the  presence  of 
black  shales  and  yellow  sandstone  at  Bidford,  and  Brodie1  has  given 
details  of  the  sections  exposed  on  the  Stratford  and  Fenny  Compton 
railway.  The  railway  section  of  the  Rhstics  and  Lower  Lias  at  Har- 
bury,  south-east  of  Leamington,  has  long  been  famous  ;  the  yellow 
sandstone  with  Estheria  minuta  is  present  below  the  White  Lias.  Still 
farther  along  the  base  of  the  Lias  the  Rhastic  beds  have  been  exposed 
on  the  London  and  North- Western  railway  west  of  Church  Lawford 
near  Rugby ;  according  to  Mr.  Woodward  2  they  consist  of  5  or  6  feet 
of  buff  limestones  overlying  5  to  8  feet  of  greenish-grey  marl  ;  the 
Avicula  contorta  shales  appear  to  be  unrepresented. 

Brodie3  described  two  interesting  outliers  or  small  isolated  patches 
of  Lower  Lias  and  Rhastic  beds  south-west  of  Henley-in-Arden,  and 
another,  still  farther  away  from  the  main  tract,  at  Knowle.  The  Rha;tic 
beds  of  these  outliers  have  yielded  some  of  the  usual  characteristic  fos- 
sils. The  Knowle  outlier  which  is  situated  some  10  miles  to  the  north 
of  the  main  Liassic  tract  is  interesting  as  showing  the  former  extension 
of  these  beds  in  a  northerly  direction ;  Dr.  Lloyd  of  Leamington  seems 
to  have  been  the  first  to  detect  its  existence.  The  Lias  limestones  were 
formerly  wrought  by  shafts.  The  Rhstic  shales  contain  a  band  of  yellow 
micaceous  sandstone  with  the  fossil  bivalve  Pullastra  arenico/a,  and  were 
noted  by  Brodie  as  exposed  in  the  banks  of  the  canal. 

From  the  foregoing  details  of  the  Warwickshire  Rhaetic  beds  it 
would  appear  that  they  do  not  present  anything  like  the  full  develop- 
ment as  exhibited  in  the  classic  sections  of  Penarth  or  Aust  on  the  shores 
of  the  Bristol  Channel ;  as  Mr.  Woodward  *  points  out,  '  there  is  a 
development  of  sandy  beds,  the  black  shales  are  very  thin  in  places,  and 
near  Church  Lawford  they  are  absent;  again,  the  White  Lias  north  of 
Harbury  is  somewhat  sandy,  it  shows  current-bedding  and  ripple-marks, 
and  is  itself  occasionally  nodular,'  and  he  concludes  that  the  beds  of  our 
district  were  laid  down  not  far  from  a  local  margin  of  the  deposit.  By 
the  end  of  the  Keuper  Marl  period  the  general  subsidence  of  the  whole 
British  area  which  had  been  going  on  from  the  close  of  the  Bunter 
epoch  had  resulted  in  the  submergence  of  the  barriers  which  had 
hitherto  kept  out  the  sea;  this  now  gained  access  to  our  district, 
and  with  it  the  period  of  the  desert  and  lacustrine  Red  Rocks  came 
to  an  end;  and  henceforward  marine  deposits  alone  were  laid  down 
over  the  site  of  the  future  Warwickshire.  As  we  have  seen,  the  first 
of  these  consists  of  the  Rhatic  limestones  and  shales  which  serve  merely 
as  an  introduction  to  the  Lias. 

'  Quart.  Journ.  Gtol.  Soc.  XH.  (1874),  746.  »  Op.  cit.  p.  162. 

Quart.  -Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxi.  (1865),  159.  <  Op.  cit.  p.  151. 

18 


GEOLOGY 

JURASSIC 

The  Lower  Lias  succeeds  the  Rhastic  without  any  marked  inter- 
ruption ;  locally  there  may  have  been  some  little  breaking  up  of  pre- 
viously formed  beds,  brought  about  perhaps  by  changes  of  current,  but 
on  the  whole  the  Lias  came  in  quietly.  The  formation  occupies  much 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  county.  The  basement  beds  consist  usually 
of  even-bedded  blue  limestones  and  dark  shales  in  thin  alternating  bands ; 
certain  of  the  limestones  and  others  which  belong  to  the  underlying 
White  Lias  contain  numerous  remains  of  insects  and  have  long  been 
known  through  the  researches  of  Brodie  as  the  Insect  Beds.  Throughout 
the  Warwickshire  area  the  beds  are  especially  rich  in  species  of  the 
lamellibranchs  Cardinia  and  Hippopodium,  and  the  lowest  layers  abound 
in  the  small  oyster  Osfrea  liassica.  But  it  has  been  found  that  the 
ammonites  more  than  any  other  fossil  exhibit  a  succession  of  species 
each  of  which  characterizes  a  certain  part  of  the  formation ;  and  we 
thus  are  enabled  to  subdivide  the  Lias  into  a  number  of  '  zones,"  of 
which  the  lowest  is  that  of  Ammonites  planorbis.  In  the  district  between 
Evesham  and  Stratford-on-Avon  many  sections  of  the  A.  planorbis  beds 
have  been  described,  notably  by  Mr.  R.  F.  Tomes,  the  Rev.  P.  B.  Brodie 
and  Dr.  Wright.  At  Binton  the  lowest  layer,  known  as  the  Guinea 
Bed  (see  p.  17),  by  its  peculiar  character  seems  to  imply  some  amount  of 
local  interruption  in  the  processes  which  deposited  the  lowest  limestones 
and  clays  of  the  Lias,  which  usually  follow  the  Rhastic  without  any 
break.  At  Wilmcote  the  lowest  beds  have  been  extensively  quarried 
and  have  yielded  A.  planorbis,  A.  jo&nsfoni,  the  crustaceans  Glyphea  and 
Eryon  and  also  bones  of  saurians. 

The  Lower  Lias  limestones  are  exposed  in  the  railway  cuttings 
between  Stratford-on-Avon  and  Eatington  and  were  described  by  Brodie.1 
Near  the  station  north  of  Upper  Eatington,  beds  characterized  by  abun- 
dant specimens  of  Lima  are  exposed  in  a  cutting  some  60  feet  deep  ; 
and  at  Kineton  the  cuttings  show  limestones  and  shales  containing  among 
other  fossils  A .  angu/atus,  Gryphaa  arcuata  and  several  species  of  Lima ; 
the  beds  here  evidently  belong  to  the  zone  of  A.  angu/atus,  which 
succeeds  that  of  A.  planorbis. 

At  Harbury  are  extensive  lime  and  cement  works  in  the  same  zone. 
In  the  adjacent  railway  cutting  it  appears  that  the  zone  of  A.  planorbis^ 
usually  rich  in  limestone  bands,  is  represented  by  about  30  feet  of  blue 
clays  and  shales;2  the  overlying  limestones  have  yielded  remains  of  the 
saurians  Ichthyosaurus  and  P/esiosaurus,  the  fish  Acrodus,  several  species  of 
ammonites,  including  A.  bucklandi^  together  with  lamellibranch  shells  and 
crinoids.  Beyond  Harbury  the  limestones  of  the  zones  of  A.  angu/atus 
and  A.  bucklandi  have  been  wrought  at  numerous  localities  towards 
Rugby. 

The  highest  beds  of  the  Lower  Lias  were  formerly  well  exposed  in 
the  railway  cutting  south  of  Fenny  Compton  station,  and  have  been 

>  Quart.  Jout-n.  Gtol.  SK.  xxx.  (1874),  746.  »  Woodward,  op.  cit.  pp.  159,  160. 

19 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

described  by  Beesley.1  They  consist  of  shales  with  bands  and  nodules 
of  limestone,  and  contain  the  zone  ammonites  A.  armatus,  A.  jamesoni 
and  A.  ibex,  as  well  as  numerous  belemnites,  the  dart-like  internal  hard 
part  of  a  cuttle-fish. 

Near  Rugby  the  lowest  beds  of  the  Lower  Lias  were  cut  through 
by  the  Birmingham  railway  west  of  Church  Lawford,  and  appear  to 
consist  of  paper-shales  instead  of  the  usual  limestones.  But  an  excellent 
section  of  some  70  feet  of  the  overlying  limestones  and  clays  belong- 
ing to  the  zones  of  A.  angulatus  and  A.  bucklandi  is  afforded  by  the 
Victoria  quarry  about  a  mile  north-west  of  Rugby ;  the  beds  which  are 
worked  for  blue  lias  lime  and  cement  have  yielded  remains  of  saurians, 
with  ammonites,  lamellibranch  shells  and  crinoids.2  In  a  pit  north  of 
Newbold  Grange  the  beds  are  folded  up  into  a  sharp  saddle  or  anticline. 
Several  brickyards  about  Rugby  and  Hill  Moreton  afford  sections  of 
higher  divisions  with  A.  semicostatus,  A.  brevispina,  etc.  ;  and  a  deep 
well  south-east  of  Rugby  proved  458  feet  of  Lower  Lias  beds. 

The  two  outlying  patches  of  Rhaetic  and  Lias  beds  south-west  of 
Henley-in-Arden  and  also  that  at  Knowle  have  yielded  various  character- 
istic fossils,  and  the  limestones  were  formerly  worked.  Insect  limestones 
are  present,  and  Brodie 3  records  that  at  Knowle  the  '  firestones  '  and 
'  guinea  bed '  were  formerly  quarried  by  a  shaft  and  yielded  the  usual 
fossils,  of  which  may  be  mentioned  A .  planorbis,  Ostrea  tiassica,  and  bones 
of  Ichthyosaurus. 

By  the  close  of  the  Lower  Lias  period  the  sea  had  become  shallower, 
and  we  find  that  much  sandy  matter  was  deposited ;  this  forms  in  part 
the  Middle  Lias.  These  beds  consist  of  a  lower  series  of  bluish-grey 
micaceous  marls  and  clays  and  laminated  calcareous  sands  and  clays  with 
layers  of  limestone  and  calcareous  sandstone  ;  these  softer  beds  are  over- 
lain by  a  rocky  band  of  tough  iron-shot  and  earthy  limestone  known  as 
the  Marlstone.4  The  latter  especially  is  rich  in  fossils,  and  Ammonites 
spinatus  and  A.  margaritatus  characterize  the  rock,  the  former  being 
restricted  to  the  higher  beds.  In  addition  to  these  ammonites  there  are 
several  species  of  belemnites,  a  number  of  lamellibranchs,  and  the  star- 
fish-like Ophioderma  egertoni  and  O.  milleri. 

The  Middle  Lias  enters  the  south-western  edge  of  the  county  near 
Chipping  Campden,  where  the  Marlstone  has  been  quarried  at  various 
points  round  Ebrington  Hill  ;  the  whole  group  there  attains  a  thickness 
of  about  150  feet.  In  the  direction  of  Stow-on-the-Wold  however  this 
becomes  reduced,  and  the  bold  escarpment  gradually  disappears.6  It 
reappears  however  at  Little  Compton  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  county, 
and  thence  can  be  followed  north-eastwards  towards  Edge  Hill.  Sections 
in  the  Middle  Lias  were  opened  up  during  the  construction  of  the 
tunnel  on  the  Banbury  and  Cheltenham  railway  north  of  Chipping 

'  Proc.  Warwickshire  Nat.  Club  (1877),  p.  i.  «  Woodward,  op.  cit.  p.  163. 

Quart  Journ.  Gtol.  Soc.  xxi.  (1865),  159  ;  also  xxx.  (1874),  746. 

Woodward,  op.  cit.  p.  185. 
*  Howell  in  Hull's  « Geol.  of  Cheltenham,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  19. 


20 


GEOLOGY 

Norton,  and  according  to  Mr.  Beesley  the  Marlstone  was  1 1  feet  thick, 
while  the  underlying  shaly  and  sandy  beds  were  16  feet  in  thickness.1 
The  lower  beds  yielded  numerous  fossils  including  fine  specimens  of 
Cypricardia. 

North-west  of  Banbury  the  Marlstone  rock  bed  is  very  well  de- 
veloped and  forms  a  plateau  which  rises  gradually  from  an  altitude  of 
500  feet  at  that  town  to  the  famous  escarpment  of  Edge  Hill,  710  feet 
above  sea-level.  The  rock  forms  a  rich  brown  arable  soil  specially 
suitable  for  wheat  growing.  At  Edge  Hill  the  stone  is  a  tough  earthy 
limestone  of  brown  and  greenish  hues,  used  for  building,  paving  and 
road  stone,  and  it  has  a  thickness  of  25  feet.  There  are  large  quarries 
on  Burton  Dassett  Hill,  a  few  miles  to  the  north-east,  while  outliers  of 
the  beds  occur  at  Bodington,  Napton,  and  Upper  Shuckburgh. 

The  Liassic  sea  now  became  deeper  again,  and  we  have  the  clayey 
series  of  the  Upper  Lias  thrown  down  in  the  quiet  waters.  These  beds 
consist  chiefly  of  bluish-grey  clay  and  shale  with  nodules  of  clayey  lime- 
stone. The  basement  beds  are  pale  earthy  limestones,  frequently  nodular, 
and  their  junction  with  the  Middle  Lias  is  generally  well  marked.  The 
organic  remains  include  various  fishes,  and  the  ammonites  A,  annulatus, 
A.  fibulatus,  A.  serpentinus  and  A.  communis  ;  belemnites  occur,  together 
with  numerous  bivalve  shells,  and  several  insects,  notably  some  allied 
to  the  dragonflies. 

Near  Ilmington  the  thickness  of  the  Upper  Lias  has  been  estimated 
by  Mr.  S.  G.  Hamilton  at  1 20  feet  ;  at  the  tunnel  north  of  Chipping 
Norton,  according  to  Mr.  Beesley,  it  is  about  36  feet,  while  near  Ban- 
bury  it  increases  to  about  60  feet.  It  occurs  in  the  form  of  numerous 
outliers  and  in  valley  bottoms  northwards  of  Chipping  Norton  towards 
Tysoe,  and  Upper  Lias  fossils  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Brodie  in  crevices 
of  the  Marlstone  rock  bed  on  Edge  Hill,2  while  still  farther  north  there 
is  an  outlier  of  Upper  Lias,  capped  by  Northampton  Sands,  on  the  hills 
near  Burton  Dassett. 

At  the  close  of  the  Liassic  period  a  shallowing  of  the  sea  appears 
to  have  set  in,  caused  presumably  by  movements  of  uplift ;  the  climate 
was  warm  and  the  waters  of  the  sea  were  favourable  to  the  existence  of 
vast  numbers  of  aquatic  animals  whose  remains  make  up  a  large  part  of 
the  succeeding  Oolitic  rocks. 

The  Inferior  Oolite  Series  is  found  in  outlying  patches  near  Ilming- 
ton and  also  in  the  south  of  the  county  along  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Vale  of  Moreton.  The  series  consists  of  two  sub-divisions,  the  Midford 
Sands  below  and  the  Inferior  Oolite  above. 

The  Midford  or  Cotteswold  Sands  form  a  passage  bed  between  the 
Lias  and  the  Oolites  ;  the  materials  of  which  they  are  made  up  and  the 
fossils  found  in  them  exhibit  a  gradual  change  from  the  conditions  which 
prevailed  during  the  formation  of  the  Upper  Lias  to  those  under  which 
the  Oolites  were  deposited.  The  beds,  30  to  1 50  feet  thick,  consist  of 

1  Woodward,  op.  cit.  pp.  221,  222.  *  Woodward,  op.  cit.  p.  270. 

21 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

sandy  strata  with  concretions  of  calcareous  sandstone,  and  these  are 
capped  in  the  Cotteswold  Hills  to  the  south  by  a  brown  marly  and 
ferruginous  limestone,  4  to  16  feet  thick,  abounding  in  remains  of 
cephalopoda — ammonites,  belemnites  and  nautili — and  hence  known  as 
the  Cephalopoda  Bed.  The  rocks  are  characterized  by  the  ammonites 
A.  jurensis  and  A.  ofa/inus,  and  by  the  bivalve  Rhynchonella  cynocephala, 
the  fauna  belonging  partly  to  the  Lias  and  partly  to  the  Oolite,  or  in 
Professor  Phillips'  words,  '  before  the  Liassic  life  has  come  to  an  end 
the  Oolitic  life  has  begun.' 

Around  Ebrington  Hill,  on  the  western  side  of  the  Vale  of  Moreton, 
the  Midford  Sands  are  not  exposed,  being  presumably  concealed  beneath 
the  debris  of  the  overlying  beds.  They  are  traceable  however  south- 
wards along  the  edge  of  the  main  Oolite  tract  to  the  vicinity  of  Stow- 
on-the-Wold,  but  north-east  of  that  locality  they  are  not  to  be  identified. 

The  Inferior  Oolite  consists  of  buff  and  brown  oolitic  and  ferrugi- 
nous limestone  with  local  beds  of  clay,  marl  and  sand.1  The  character- 
istic zonal  ammonites  A.  murcbisontz,  A.  humphriesianus  and  A.  parkinsoni 
have  not  been  found  in  Warwickshire.  The  few  fossils  recorded  include 
bivalve  shells  such  as  Trigonia,  Pecten  and  Terebratula,  and  the  sea-urchin 
Clypeus  ploti. 

The  Inferior  Oolite  forms  two  small  outliers  on  Ebrington  Hill ; 
the  rocks  there  consist  of  yellow  and  brown  sandy  and  oolitic  limestone, 
often  banded  with  iron  compounds,  and  they  have  been  wrought  for 
freestone.  It  is  evident  that  while  the  marine  limestones  were  being 
laid  down  the  area  was  invaded  by  currents  bearing  much  sand  in  sus- 
pension ;  for  Professor  Judd  records  that  in  one  section  yellow  and 
ferruginous  sands  of  the  type  of  the  Northampton  Sands  can  be  seen  to 
pass  into  oolitic  limestone  in  a  distance  of  40  yards.2 

Crossing  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Vale  of  Moreton  it  appears 
that  the  county  boundary  just  includes  some  of  the  Inferior  Oolite  and 
Great  Oolite  strata  in  the  form  of  outlying  strips  and  patches,  extending 
from  Little  Compton  to  the  vicinity  of  Compton  Winyate.  The  In- 
ferior Oolite  of  this  district  comprises  some  very  variable  beds,  consisting 
of  calcareous  sandstones  and  oolitic  and  sandy  limestones,  where  the 
Cotteswold  type  passes  into  the  Northamptonshire  type.  Our  know- 
ledge of  this  area  is  largely  due  to  the  researches  of  Messrs.  T.  Beesley, 
W.  H.  Hudleston,  E.  A.  Walford,  and  J.  Windoes.  Portions  of  the 
Inferior  Oolite  and  of  the  succeeding  Great  Oolite  were  grouped  together 
on  the  Geological  Survey  map  as  Northampton  Sand,  but  it  is  now 
known  that  this  formation  belongs  to  the  lower  part  of  the  Inferior 
Oolite.  North-east  of  Bright  Hill  (south  of  Long  Compton)  the  In- 
ferior Oolite  is  represented  in  part  by  the  Clypeus  Grit,  the  Northamp- 
ton Sand  below  resting  directly  on  the  Upper  Lias.  It  may  be  of  interest 
to  note  that  the  standing  stones  north  of  Little  Rollwright,  known  as  the 

1  See  H.  B.  Woodward, '  The  Jurassic  Rocks  of  Britain,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  iv.  148. 
*  H.  B.  Woodward,  op.  cit.  p.  14.2. 


22 


GEOLOGY 

Rollwright  or  Rollerich  Stones,  are  masses  of  one  of  the  higher  Inferior 
Oolite  limestones  distinguished  as  the  Chipping  Norton  Limestone.1 

The  county  boundary  just  includes  areas  of  the  Northampton  Sands 
south  and  east  of  Long  Compton,  near  Whichford  and  near  Epwell ;  and 
there  are  several  small  outliers  in  the  same  neighbourhood.  According 
to  Professor  Judd,  the  beds  forming  these  tracts  consist  of  limestone, 
sands  and  ironstones.  In  the  outlier  west  of  Whichford,  beds  of  white 
freestone  are  underlain  by  sands.2 

The  higher  clayey  and  calcareous  beds  of  the  Great  Oolite  just 
enter  the  county  in  a  long  faulted  strip  east  of  Whichford,  and  again  as 
an  outlier,  partly  let  down  by  faults,  to  the  east  of  Compton  Winyate. 
At  Traitor's  Ford  east  of  Whichford  the  beds  consist  of  marly  limestone 
and  oolite ;  while  east  of  Compton  Winyate  they  are  very  similar.3  The 
lowest  beds  usually  consist  of  clay  with  Osfrea  and  Gervillia,  and  may 
represent  the  Upper  Estuarine  Series  of  the  midland  counties. 

PLEISTOCENE   AND    RECENT 

The  deposits  in  our  district  which  next  succeed  to  those  last 
described  are  certain  irregular  patches  of  sand,  gravel,  and  stony  clay 
which  lie  sporadically  over  the  edges  and  fill  up  hollows  in  the  surface 
of  the  older  rocks.  They  belong  to  a  time  so  long  subsequent  to  the 
formation  of  the  Oolitic  beds  that  during  the  interval  the  Upper  Jurassic 
rocks  and  some  of  the  Cretaceous  were  not  only  deposited  to  the  thick- 
ness of  several  thousand  feet  over  a  slowly  sinking  sea  bottom,  but  were 
subsequently  by  gradual  upheavals  of  the  earth  crust  raised  above  the 
sea-level  and  worn  down  by  rain  and  rivers  to  a  surface  configuration 
much  the  same  as  obtains  at  the  present  time.  Over  the  irregular  land 
surface  so  produced  were  strewn  the  glacial  deposits  or  Drift,  the  pro- 
ducts of  glaciers  and  ice-sheets  which  at  this  time  spread  over  much  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  By  the  combined  influence  of  astronomical 
causes  and  geographical  changes  the  temperature  had  become  reduced ; 
the  moisture  falling  on  the  earth's  surface  accumulated  as  snow ;  the 
separate  tracts  of  permanent  snow  invaded  the  intermediate  ground  till 
at  the  maximum  much  of  the  northern  hemisphere  was  buried  under  a 
thick  pall  of  ice,  which  over  Britain  extended  as  far  south  as  the  valley 
of  the  Thames. 

As  has  been  shown  by  the  researches  of  local  glaciologists — notably 
Dr.  Crosskey,  D.  Mackintosh,  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison — the  Midlands 
were  the  meeting-place  of  three  great  glaciers;4  one  descended  from  the 
Arenig  mountains  in  north  Wales  and  entered  our  district  by  way  of  the 
Vale  of  Llangollen  and  the  plain  of  Shropshire,  scattering  blocks  of  Arenig 
rocks  about  the  country  between  Birmingham  and  Bromsgrove.  The 
second  or  Irish  Sea  Glacier  was  made  up  of  confluent  ice-flows  from  the 

1  H.  B.  Woodward,  op.  cit.  pp.  151-2. 

*  H.  B.  Woodward,  op.  cit.  p.  156.  3  H.  B.  Woodward,  op.  cit.  pp.  333,  335. 

4   For  an  excellent  summary  on  the  Glacial  Geology  of  the  Birmingham  District  see  W.  J.  Harrison, 
Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898),  400. 

23 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

south  of  Scotland  and  the  Lake  District  ;  it  extended  in  the  direction  of 
Warwickshire  as  far  south  as  Lichfield,  and  all  along  its  terminal  line — 
notably  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wolverhampton — are  found  great 
numbers  of  granite  and  other  boulders.  The  third  or  North  Sea  Glacier 
issued  from  the  North  Sea,  and  part  of  it  invaded  the  Yorkshire  coast, 
passed  over  the  Lincolnshire  chalk  country,  and  made  its  way  inland  to 
the  high  ground  of  Charnwood  Forest.  Here  it  seems  to  have  divided 
to  some  extent  into  lobes ;  one  travelling  southwards  by  Leicester  and 
Rugby  got  as  far  as  the  valley  of  the  Thames,  while  another  made  its 
way  to  the  south-west  into  the  Avon  valley,  leaving  abundant  traces  in 
the  form  of  chalk  debris  and  pieces  of  flint  scattered  over  the  surface 
or  embodied  in  its  gravelly  and  clayey  deposits  even  as  far  as  the  vicinity 
of  Chipping  Campden.1  Traces  of  the  debris  carried  by  all  these  ice- 
flows  have  been  met  with  in  our  district,  though  our  knowledge  of  these 
deposits  so  far  as  Warwickshire  is  concerned  is  at  present  very  incom- 
plete, for  no  one  observer  has  investigated  the  whole  of  them,  and  their 
superficial  limits  have  only  very  partially  been  determined.2  We  are 
therefore  compelled  to  treat  the  subject  more  or  less  bibliographically. 

One  of  the  earliest  investigators  was  Buckland,8  who  noticed  the 
abundance  of  gravel  containing  well  rounded  quartzite  pebbles  scattered 
over  the  surface  of  the  Midlands  at  various  localities  extending  eastwards 
and  southwards  of  the  Lickey  district  in  north  Worcestershire,  particu- 
larly at  Coleshill  and  along  the  Lias  plain  near  Shipston-on-Stour.  He 
traced  these  gravels  down  the  Avon  valley  from  Stratford  to  Evesham 
and  thence  eastwards  by  Kineton,  with  prolongations  southwards  along 
the  Cherwell  and  Evenlode  valleys.  He  recognized  that  these  gravels 
were  largely  derived — as  he  thought  by  the  waters  of  the  '  deluge  ' — from 
the  Bunter  pebble  beds  of  the  Trias.  At  the  same  time  he  recorded  the 
occurrence  of  fragments  of  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks  with  chalk 
and  chalk  flints,  while  south-east  of  Shipston-on-Stour  he  noted  pieces 
of  red  chalk  like  that  of  Lincolnshire.  These  early  observations  alone 
are  sufficient  to  show  that  some  form  of  transportive  agency  entered 
the  district  from  two  different  directions  :  from  the  north-east,  and 
from  the  north  or  north-west. 

Strickland 4  made  some  valuable  observations  on  the  drifts  of  the 
district ;  he  pointed  out  that  they  are  divisible  into  several  types :  first 
is  the  quartzose  drift  which  occurs  on  some  of  the  hill  tops,  contains  no 
mammalian  remains,  and  was  apparently  derived  from  the  north.  The 
second  or  flinty  type  (equivalent  probably  to  the  chalky  boulder  clay) 
is  very  prevalent  in  the  east  of  the  county  and  near  Rugby,  extending 
thence  along  the  base  of  the  Oolite  hills  to  the  Vale  of  Shipston ;  it 
covers  some  of  the  hills  to  a  considerable  depth,  contains  many  chalk 

1  See  G.  E.  Gavey,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  ix.  (1853),  29;  also  H.  B.  Woodward,  Gcol,  Mag. 
(1897),  p.  485. 

»  For  a  very  foil  list  of  papers  on  this  subject  see  'A  Bibliography  of  Midland  Glaciology,'  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison  in  Prix.  Birm.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Phil  Soc.  ix.  (i  8<x)    1 16 

5  Tram.  Geol.  Soc.  v.  (1821),  506. 

*  Memoin  of  Hugh  E.  Strickland  (8vo,  Lond.  1858),  p.  90. 

24 


GEOLOGY 

flints,  and  was  apparently  derived  from  the  north-east  and  east.  The 
third  or  local  drift  lies  at  the  foot  of  some  of  the  Oolitic  hills  and 
appears  to  be  made  of  exclusively  local  materials.  Lastly  comes  the 
jiuviatile  type,  a  mixture  of  the  other  three ;  it  occurs  in  patches  along 
the  Avon  valley  and  is  traceable  from  Lawford  to  Defford  at  heights 
ranging  up  to  40  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  the  only  drift  containing 
organic  remains  of  contemporaneous  origin ;  from  it  have  been  obtained 
shells  of  mollusca  and  bones  of  mammalia  at  various  places,  including 
Lawford  and  Shottery,  at  the  latter  of  which  were  found  teeth  of 
elephants. 

Brodie's  papers  added  much  to  our  knowledge,  and  he  has  recorded 
details1  of  an  extensive  deposit  of  drift  over  the  tableland  lying  to 
the  north-west  of  Warwick  and  extending  thence  in  the  direction  of 
Birmingham.  Occasional  large  rounded  boulders  of  sandstone  occur, 
but  generally  the  pebbles  are  small  and  consist  of  sandstone  and  quartz. 
Flints  are  present,  especially  at  Hazeley  and  Hatton,  '  where  masses  of 
large  unrolled  flints  occur,  looking  as  fresh  as  if  they  had  lately  come 
from  a  chalkpit.'  At  Rowington  the  soil  of  a  small  field  contained 
little  bits  of  very  hard  chalk  rounded  and  scratched,  and  there  were 
present  also  flints,  pieces  of  greensand,  and  fragments  of  various  Jurassic 
rocks,  together  with  Carboniferous  sandstone  with  plant  remains,  and 
several  boulders  of  igneous  rocks  such  as  granite  and  syenite.  The  Lias 
outlier  of  Brown's  Wood,  south-west  of  Henley-in-Arden  (see  p.  18), 
is  covered  with  drift  derived  from  districts  lying  to  the  north.  At  the 
same  time  Brodie  pointed  out  that  fossils  similar  to  those  then  recently 
found  in  the  Lower  Silurian  pebbles  of  the  Trias  of  Budleigh  Salterton 
in  Devonshire  are  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  quartzose  pebbles  of  the 
Warwickshire  drift,  and  this  observation  has  since  been  confirmed  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison.2 

Mr.  T.  G.  B.  Lloyd3  in  1870  recorded  certain  observations  on  the 
drift  of  the  Avon  valley  and  pointed  out  the  occurrence  on  the  higher 
ground  of  a  bed  of  chalky  boulder  clay,  a  stiff"  compact  mass  of  sandy 
unstratified  clay  or  earth,  from  slaty-blue  to  purple  in  colour,  full  of 
grooved  and  striated  pieces  of  Lias  limestone,  white  chalk,  quartzite 
pebbles,  flints  and  syenite  boulders.  This  seems  to  be  specially  preva- 
lent over  the  outcrop  of  the  Lias,  changing  its  colour  to  red  where  it 
overlies  the  Trias.  Associated  with  this  typical  boulder  clay  are  irregu- 
lar and  impersistent  beds  of  sand  and  gravel.  On  the  lower  grounds 
are  beds  of  quartzose  flinty  gravel  and  local  drift  containing  shells  and 
bones  of  mammals.  Chalky  boulder  clay  to  a  depth  of  30  feet  has 
been  described  by  Mr.  W.  Andrews4  as  occurring  in  a  railway  cutting 
at  Berkswell. 

The  deposits  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Rugby  have  been  described 
by  Mr.  J.  M.  Wilson &  under  two  heads — high  level  deposits  and  valley 

1  Brodie,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  See.  xxiii.  (1867),  208. 

8  Proc.  Birm.  Phil.  Soc.  (1882),  p.  157.  3  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxvi.  (1870),  202. 

*  Proc.  Warw.  Field  Club,  1884.  «  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxvi.  (1870),  192. 

i  25  4 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

deposits.  The  former  occupy  the  Lias  plateau  south  of  Rugby,  and  at 
various  localities  appear  to  consist  of  10  to  20  feet  of  gravel  and  sand 
with  beds  of  stony  clay.  From  Rugby  to  Lowmorton  the  surface 
deposits  consist  of  about  13  feet  of  gravel  lying  on  clayey  sand,  and  a 
cutting  on  the  London  and  North- Western  railway  showed  a  few  feet  of 
gravel  and  sand  overlying  stony  clay  chiefly  derived  from  the  Lias,  and 
containing  well  striated  pieces  of  Lias  limestone,  chalk  and  flint.  In 
and  about  Rugby  gravel  and  sand  are  exposed  in  various  pits. 

At  Exhall,  north  of  Coventry,  a  deposit  of  clay  and  sand  up  to  75 
feet  thick  has  been  described  by  Mr.  A.  Startin l  as  extending  in  a 
narrow  band  southwards  from  Griff  to  Foleshill  ;  boulders  of  igneous 
rocks  and  sandstone  occur  at  the  bottom  of  the  mass.  To  the  west  of 
this  the  surface  soil  contains  much  angular  de'bris  derived  from  the 
Hartshill  Quartzite  of  Nuneaton.  West  of  the  high  '  Permian '  ground 
of  Corley  rounded  quartzose  (Bunter)  pebbles  become  common,  while 
on  the  other  hand  about  Bulkington  and  Wolvey,  Liassic  fossils  are  to  be 
found.  Here  again  we  have  evidence  of  one  movement  from  the  north 
and  another  from  the  north-east  or  east. 

In  addition  to  these  spreads  of  gravel,  sand  and  boulder  clay  which 
occur  irregularly  over  the  surface  of  the  county,  we  occasionally  come 
across  large  and  conspicuous  blocks  of  rock  which  have  evidently  travelled 
far  from  their  parent  beds.  The  larger  of  these  '  boulders '  have  always 
attracted  notice.  Few  however  seem  to  have  been  recorded  in  War- 
wickshire. Several  of  granite  and  felstone  occur  on  the  western  confines 
north  of  Birmingham,  and  have  been  noted  by  the  Rev.  J.  Caswell 2  of 
Oscott  College ;  and  at  Stockton,  some  few  miles  east  of  Warwick,  a 
Charnwood  granite  boulder  nearly  2  tons  in  mass  and  measuring  4  feet 
across  has  been  enclosed  and  inscribed.3  Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison  has  noted 
two  boulders  in  the  village  of  Sherbourn  south  of  Warwick ;  one  is  a 
mass  of  Millstone  Grit  29  inches  across,  the  other  of  granite,  38  inches; 
while  the  same  observer  has  recorded  a  small  boulder  of  quartzose 
material  at  Exhall  several  miles  west  of  Stratford-on-Avon.* 

Certain  small  tracts  of  drift  in  the  north  of  the  county  fall  within 
the  area  of  the  Atherstone  sheet B  of  the  Geological  Survey  map,  and 
have  been  mapped  and  described  by  Mr.  C.  Fox-Strangways.  There 
are  gravel  patches  at  Warton  and  Shuttington  composed  of  pebbles 
without  any  admixture  of  eastern  rocks ;  they  seem  to  have  been  derived 
chiefly  from  the  Bunter  pebble  beds.  Boulder  clay,  somewhat  of  the 
nature  of  brickearth  and  containing  sandy  and  loamy  bands,  extends 
southwards  from  Market  Bosworth  towards  Hinckley,  just  beyond  the 
north-eastern  edge  of  the  county,  and  at  the  last  named  town  it  is  stated 

1  Proc.  Warw.  field  Club  (1866),  p.  26. 
*  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1877  (pub.  1878),  pp.  82,  83. 
3  Rev.  W.  Tuckwell,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1886  (pub.  1887),  p.  627. 
1  Rep.  Brit.  Anoc.  for  1890  (pub.  1891),  p.  340. 

'New  series,  sheet  155,  showing  Drift,  by  C.  Fox-Strangways  (1899)  ;  see  also  the  accompanying 
Memoir,  p.  37  et  seqq. 

36 


GEOLOGY 

to  be  150  feet  thick.  Mr.  W.  J.  Harrison  thinks  this  loamy  deposit 
was  laid  down  in  an  old  ice-dammed  lake.1 

The  soft  rocks  of  Warwickshire  are  not  such  as  would  receive  or 
retain  ice  scratches  during  the  glaciation ;  but  a  few  cases  have  been 
recorded  of  a  crumpling  and  disturbance  of  the  surface  beds  probably 
by  the  passage  of  the  ice.  At  Small  Heath  near  Birmingham  an  expo- 
sure of  the  Keuper  Marls  showed  evidence  of  the  passage  of  a  heavy 
body  over  the  surface ;  streaks  of  red  marl  had  been  torn  off  and  em- 
bedded in  the  superjacent  drift,  and  the  uppermost  beds  of  the  marl  were 
puckered  and  bent.2  Again,  according  to  Mr.  A.  H.  Atkins,8  at  Garri- 
son Lane  near  Birmingham  20  feet  of  tenacious  clay,  probably  drift, 
rests  on  an  indurated,  smoothed  and  polished  surface  of  the  Keuper 
Marl. 

The  late  Dr.  Crosskey  *  described  a  section  between  Key  Hill  and 
Hockley  Hill  in  Birmingham  where  boulder  clay  rested  on  Triassic 
sandstone  which  had  been  greatly  broken  and  disturbed  and  large  frag- 
ments of  it  torn  off  and  embedded  in  the  drift.  Mr.  C.  J.  Woodward 
has  described  disturbances  known  as  '  swilleys,'  and  possibly  glacial,  in 
the  Lias  at  Binton  and  Grafton,6  and  a  smoothing  and  polishing  of  the 
'  Permian '  sandstone  under  the  drift  near  Coventry  has  been  recorded 
by  Mr.  F.  T.  Maidwell.9 

As  the  climate  of  the  country  gradually  ameliorated  the  ice  melted 
and  gave  rise  to  much  flood  water,  which  redistributed  much  of  the 
older  drift  and  laid  it  down  along  the  bottoms  of  the  valleys  ;  subse- 
quent erosion  by  the  river  has  removed  much  of  the  infilling  and  left 
only  strips  along  the  sides  in  the  form  of  river  terraces.  It  is  in  these 
old  gravels,  sands  and  loams  that  the  remains  of  early  man  and  the 
animals  with  which  he  was  associated  first  appear.  This  fluviatile  drift 
of  the  Avon  valley  as  already  noted  (p.  25)  has  yielded  teeth  of  the 
elephant  at  Shottery,  and  at  Newnham  near  Church  Lawford  west  of 
Rugby  were  found  in  1815  two  skulls  and  other  bones  of  rhinoceros, 
tusks  and  teeth  of  elephant,  and  horns  and  bones  of  stag  and  ox,  at 
1 5  feet  from  the  surface,  in  clayey  gravel.7  According  to  Professor  Boyd 
Dawkins 8  the  mammalia  from  the  freshwater  deposits  of  the  Avon  valley 
include  wolf,  hyaena,  reindeer,  stag,  bison,  hippopotamus,  boar,  horse, 
rhinoceros,  elephant  and  mammoth. 

But  undoubtedly  the  most  interesting  discovery  from  our  present 
point  of  view  is  that  of  quartzite  implements  found  in  1890  by  Mr.  J. 
Landon  in  the  old  gravels  of  the  Rea  valley  at  Saltley  near  Birmingham. 
They  have  been  noted  (and  one  is  figured)  by  Sir  John  Evans.9  The 

1  Harrison,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  xv.  (1898),  400. 

2  W.  J.  Harrison,  Proc.  Birm.  Phil.  Soc.  iii.  (1882),  157. 

s  Mid.  Nat.  (1883),  p.  230;  also  Rep.  Birm.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Mic.  Soc.  (1883),  p.  I. 

*  Proc.  Birm.  Phil.  Soc.  (1882),  p.  209. 

5  Proc.  Birm.  Nat.  Hist,  and  Mic.  Soc.  (1870),  p.  63. 

6  Proc.  Wartv.  Nat.  and  Arch,  field  Club  (1895),  p.  47. 

7  Buckland,  Relijuiie  Di/uviartce,  ed.  2  (1824),  pp.  176,  177. 

8  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxv.  (1869),  192. 

9  AncientStone  Implements,  ed.  2  (1897),  pp.  578-81,  and  fig.  4JOA. 

27 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

valley  of  the  Rea  at  Saltley  runs  about  north-north-east  and  is  nearly  a 
mile  wide.  Stretches  of  gravel  occur  on  both  sides  of  the  valley  at 
various  levels,  especially  on  the  south-eastern  side.  The  highest  and 
oldest  gravels  are  exposed  in  a  claypit  close  to  Saltley  College  and  are 
about  3  feet  thick ;  the  gravel  here  consists  of  small  quartzite  pebbles, 
some  larger  pebbles  and  a  few  broken  flints  in  a  light-brown  sandy 
matrix ;  this  overlies  3  or  4  feet  of  glacial  clay  and  sand,  and  this  in 
turn  rests  on  the  Keuper  Marls  which  are  dug  for  brick  making.  It 
was  at  the  base  of  the  gravel  that  the  quartzite  implements  were  found. 
The  more  recent  alluvial  deposits  along  the  bottom  of  the  present 
valleys,  made  up  of  flood  material  and  the  occasional  peat  growths,  yield 
remains  of  man  and  animals  of  a  later  date  than  those  of  the  old  terraces, 
and  conduct  us  to  a  point  in  the  history  of  Warwickshire  where  the 
archaeologist  takes  up  the  story. 


28 


PALEONTOLOGY 


PALjEONTOLOGICAL  interest,  so  far  at  least  as  vertebrated 
animals  are  concerned,  is  concentrated  in  Warwickshire  on  the 
remains  of  fishes,  amphibians  and  reptiles  from  the  Keuper 
division  of  the  Trias,  of  which  a  splendid  series  are  preserved 
in  the  museum  at  Warwick.  Coten  (or  Colon)  End,  near  Warwick, 
Shrewley,  Cubbington  and  Leamington  are  well  known  localities  for 
these  fossils,  many  of  which  are  peculiar  to  the  county,  while  the  others 
are  restricted  to  a  few  localities  in  Britain.  The  amphibian  remains 
belong  to  that  early  group  known  as  labyrinthodonts,  the  more  typical 
representatives  of  which  are  characterized  by  the  peculiar  and  compli- 
cated infoldings  of  the  outer  layer  of  the  crowns  of  their  teeth,  whereby 
a  characteristic  pattern  is  produced  in  the  interior  which  is  best  dis- 
played in  transverse  section.  The  bones  of  the  head,  as  well  as  those 
forming  the  chest-shield  of  these  lowly  creatures,  are  also  characterized  by 
a  distinctive  sculpture,  recalling  that  on  the  skulls  and  scutes  of  modern 
crocodiles.  The  Warwick  Museum  is  especially  rich  in  the  remains  of 
these  labyrinthodonts,  which  have  been  described  by  Huxley,  Miall, 
Owen  and  others.  Among  the  collectors  of  Warwickshire  Triassic 
vertebrates  may  be  especially  mentioned  the  late  Rev.  P.  B.  Brodie,  who 
published  two  papers  in  the  Quarterly  ^Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  *  on 
the  fish  and  other  remains  from  Shrewley  and  other  localities.  Com- 
mencing with  the  fish  remains  from  the  Keuper,  the  first  form  to  be 
noticed  is  a  shark  originally  described  in  1840  by  Murchison  and 
Strickland  on  the  evidence  of  teeth  from  Pendock  in  Worcestershire  as 
Hybodus  keuperinuS)  but  assigned  in  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  of 
Fossil  Fishes2  to  the  genus  Acrodus,  Similar  teeth  occur  at  Shrewley 
and  Rowington.  From  the  evidence  of  a  hybodont  spine  from  Shrewley, 
which  may  belong  to  the  same  form,  Dr.  A.  S.  Woodward3  has  recently 
expressed  the  opinion  that  this  fish  may  have  to  be  assigned  to  a  distinct 
genus,  under  the  name  of  Liacantbus.  Of  special  interest  is  a  much  more 
primitive  type  of  shark,  belonging  to  the  Palaeozoic  group  Ichthyotomi, 
described  by  Dr.  Woodward 4  on  the  evidence  of  teeth  obtained  by 
Mr.  Brodie  from  Shrewley  under  the  name  of  Phcebodus  brodiei.  Another 
tooth  is  known  from  the  Worcestershire  Keuper.6  From  the  Keuper 

1  Vol.  xliii.  540  (1887),  and  xlix.  171  (1893).          2  Part  i.  p.  281. 
3  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  6,  xii.  283  (1893).  4  Op.  cit. 

6  In  the  '  Palaeontology '  of  Worcestershire  it  is  stated  that  only  two  teeth  are  known. 

29 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

formation  a  tooth  of  a  lung-fish  was  described  in  1898  by  Professor 
L.  Miall  as  Ceratodus  /tevissimus,  being  supposed  to  represent  a  new 
species.  In  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Fossil  Fishes1  it  was 
identified  with  the  continental  C.  kaupi,  but  a  tooth  in  Mr.  Brodie's 
collection  subsequently  led  Dr.  Woodward*  to  believe  that  the  original 
determination  was  correct.  If  this  be  so,  C.  Itevissimus  is  known  only 
by  one  tooth  from  Ripple  in  Worcestershire  and  a  second  from  Shrewley. 
The  genus,  it  may  be  mentioned,  survives  in  Queensland  in  the  form  of 
the  barramunda  or  Burnet  salmon  (C.forsteri). 

Another  survival  of  a  Palaeozoic  type  in  the  Warwickshire  Keuper 
is  a  fish  originally  described  as  Palczoniscus  superstes,  but  now  known  as 
Dictyopyge  superstes.  It  was  described  by  the  late  Sir  Philip  Egerton  on 
the  evidence  of  the  imperfect  trunk  of  a  fish  in  Mr.  Brodie's  collection. 
The  same  collection  has  afforded  evidence  of  a  species  of  the  widely 
spread  Triassic  genus  Semionotus  which  appears  peculiar  to  the  Warwick- 
shire Keuper,  and  has  been  named  S.  brodiei  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton.3 

To  the  same  family  (Semionotidce)  belongs  a  fish  from  the  Lower 
Lias  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  described  as  long  ago  as  1835  or  1836  by 
Agassiz  on  the  evidence  of  a  nearly  complete  specimen,  of  which  all 
trace  has  now  unfortunately  been  lost.  A  small  fish  belonging  to  a 
totally  different  family  (Eugnathidez)  originally  described  by  the  writer 
last  mentioned  on  the  evidence  of  a  specimen  from  Barrow-on-Soar, 
Leicestershire,  as  Eugnatbus  hastingsice  (in  honour  of  the  then  Marchioness 
of  Hastings)  is  also  apparently  represented  in  the  British  Museum  collec- 
tion by  an  imperfect  specimen  from  the  Lower  Lias  of  Wilmcote  near 
Stratford-on-Avon. 

Passing  on  to  the  consideration  of  the  labyrinthodont  remains,  per- 
haps the  most  interesting  is  the  unique  skull  in  the  Warwick  Museum 
from  the  Permian  of  Kenilworth  described  in  1849  as  Labyrintbodon 
bucklandi,  but  made  the  type  of  a  new  genus  by  Huxley  in  1859  as 
Dasyceps  bucklandi.  The  animal  to  which  it  belonged  was  apparently 
allied  to  the  Carboniferous  genus  Antbracosaurus.  An  excellent  descrip- 
tion of  the  Keuper  labyrinthodonts  of  the  county  will  be  found  in  a 
paper  by  Professor  L.  C.  Miall  published  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society*  These  are  referred  to  four  species,  namely  Mastodon- 
saurus  giganteus,  M.  pachygnatbus,  Labyrintbodon  leptognathus  and  Diadeto- 
gnatbus  varvicensis.  Of  these  the  first,  if  rightly  identified,  is  common 
to  the  Keuper  of  the  continent,  but  the  other  three  are  peculiar  to  the 
county.  Nor  is  this  all,  for  the  generic  name  Labyrinthodon  owes  its 
name  to  a  Warwickshire  specimen,  as  also  does  Diadetognatbus,  the 
Former  having  been  proposed  by  Owen  in  1841,  and  the  latter  by  Miall 
in  1874.  The  names  Labyrintbodon  laniarius  and  L.  -ventricosus  have 
also  been  applied  by  Owen  to  labyrinthodont  teeth  in  the  Warwick 
Museum,  but  the  generic  affinity  of  these  is  doubtful.  Yet  another 
rm,  from  the  Keuper  of  Leamington,  was  named  by  Owen  Labyrintho- 

1  Part  ii.  p.  270.  *  Ibid.  p.  282. 

Quo*.  Joum.  G,ol.  &r.  *liii.  439  (,887).  *  Vol.  xxx.  417  (1874). 

30 


PALEONTOLOGY 

don  scutulatus,  a  name  subsequently  changed  to  Rhombopholis  scutulata, 
the  type  specimen  being  an  imperfect  skeleton  in  the  Warwick  Museum. 
Professor  Miall  has  expressed  doubts  as  to  the  labyrinthodont  nature  of 
this  specimen. 

Further  evidence  of  the  presence  of  labyrinthodonts  in  the  Keuper 
of  the  county  is  afforded  by  footprints  in  the  sandstone,  which  are  com- 
monly known  by  the  name  of  Chirotherium  or  Cbirosaurus,1  although 
they  were  made  in  all  probability  by  Mastodonsaurus,  Labyrinthodon^  etc. 
In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  mention  that  these  footprints  were 
originally  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  animals  resembling  huge  frogs 
or  toads  ;  and  in  old  works  on  geology  and  palaeontology  restorations  of 
Labyrintbodon  on  this  model  are  shown.  Such  restorations  are  however 
altogether  erroneous,  these  ancient  amphibians  corresponding  in  general 
bodily  form  much  more  nearly  with  the  salamanders  of  the  present  day. 

Of  the  remains  of  reptiles  from  the  Keuper  of  Warwickshire  the 
earliest  described  appear  to  be  certain  teeth  from  Coten  End,  Leamington 
and  Warwick,  which  were  named  Cladyodon  lloydi  by  Sir  Richard  Owen  in 
1841.  Teeth  from  the  same  quarries  subsequently  examined  by  Huxley* 
were  found  to  be  very  similar  to  others  from  Bristol  described  as  Palceo- 
saurus  cylindrodon,  and  were  provisionally  assigned  to  the  same  genus  if 
not  the  same  species.  This  reptile  was  evidently  an  early  representa- 
tive of  the  Dinosauria,  but  the  exact  relationship  of  the  animal  indicated 
by  the  teeth  for  which  the  name  Cladyodon  was  proposed  must  for  the 
present  remain  uncertain.  Other  dinosaurians  from  the  Warwickshire 
Trias  include  a  species  of  the  genus  Thecodontosaurus  (first  described  on 
the  evidence  of  specimens  from  Bristol)  and  another  of  Zanclodon  (Tera- 
tosaurus).  But  this  does  not  exhaust  the  list  of  Triassic  reptiles  found 
in  the  county.  In  1869  Huxley3  stated  that  a  peculiar  reptile  described 
by  himself  under  the  name  of  Hyperodapedon  gordoni  was  represented  in 
the  quarries  at  Coten  End,  and  in  1893  Mr.  Brodie4  announced  the 
discovery  of  a  nearly  perfect  jaw  of  the  same  creature  at  this  locality. 
Hyperodapedon^  it  may  be  mentioned,  is  a  Triassic  ally  of  the  tuatera 
lizard  (Sphenodon  punctatus]  of  New  Zealand,  which  is  the  sole  living  repre- 
sentative of  the  order  Rhynchocephalia.  In  the  extinct  genus,  of  which 
remains  are  abundant  at  Maleri  in  Central  India,  the  palate  was  covered 
with  a  number  of  longitudinal  rows  of  stout  conical  teeth,  between  two 
of  which  worked  the  single  row  surmounting  the  lower  jaw. 

Although  apparently  less  numerous  than  in  the  corresponding  for- 
mation of  Leicestershire,  remains  of  the  two  great  groups  of  marine 
Secondary  reptiles  respectively  known  as  ichthyosaurs  and  plesiosaurs  occur 
in  the  Lower  Lias  of  the  county,  nearly  complete  skeletons  being  met 
with  from  time  to  time.  Of  the  ichthyosaurs,  or  the  group  in  which  the 
head  is  large,  the  neck  short,  and  the  bones  of  the  paddles  quadrangular, 
the  species  Ichthyosaurus  intermedius  and  /.  platyodon  have  been  recorded 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  and  there  may  be  others. 

1  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xvi.  278,  xlix.  173.  2  Ibid.  xxvi.  46  (1869). 

3  Op.  cit.  *  Ibid.  xlix.  173,  note. 

31 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

A  magnificent  skeleton  of  the  species  last  mentioned  was  obtained  at 
Stockton  in  1898,'  and  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The  plesiosaurs, 
as  represented  by  the  genus  P/esiosaurus  in  the  Lias,  differ  by  the  rela- 
tively smaller  size  of  the  head,  the  longer  neck,  and  the  more  normal 
form  of  the  bones  of  the  paddles,  as  well  as  by  many  other  structural 
features.  The  writer  has  not  met  with  any  account  of  the  species  found 
in  the  Warwickshire  Lias. 

The  next  horizon  in  the  county  where  vertebrate  remains  of  any 
importance  have  been  recorded  is  a  Pleistocene  deposit  of  alluvial  silt  at 
Little  Lawford  near  Rugby,  from  which  bones  and  teeth  of  mammals 
were  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  late  Dean  Buckland  in  1815.  The 
deposit  appears  to  run  continuously  along  the  Avon  valley  from  Rugby 
to  Tewkesbury  in  Gloucestershire.  The  following  species  (with  certain 
emendations  of  nomenclature)  were  recorded  from  Lawford  by  T.  G.  B. 
Lloyd1  in  1870,  namely  the  Pleistocene  variety  of  the  spotted  hyaena 
(Hycena  crocuta  spelcea),  the  wolf  (Cam's  lupus),  the  Pleistocene  bison 
(Bos  priscus],  the  red  deer  (Cervus  elapbus),  the  reindeer  (Rangifer  taran- 
dus),  the  Pleistocene  race  of  the  hippopotamus  (Hippopotamus  amphibius 
major],  the  wild  boar  (Sus  scrofa),  the  wild  horse  (Equus  cabal/us  fossilis), 
the  woolly  rhinoceros  (Rhinoceros  antiquitatis),  the  mammoth  (Elephas 
primigenius) ,  and  the  straight-tusked  elephant  (E.  antiquus).  Assuming 
all  the  species  to  be  correctly  determined,  the  list  is  of  special  interest  as 
showing  the  association  in  the  same  area  of  forms  now  so  widely  separated 
as  the  reindeer  and  the  hippopotamus. 

1   See  Report  Rugby  School  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  for  1889,  p.  50,  where  a  plate  of  this  specimen  is  given. 
a  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxvi.  215. 


HISTOKV  OF  WARWICKSHIRE 


BOTANICA1 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    0 


L3ISTRICTS. 


LIST    OF     BOTANICAL     DISTRICTS 

I.    Tame  VI.   Sow 

II.   Blythe  VII.   Stour 

VIII. 

IX.    Arrow 
X.    Cherwell 


IE    COUNTI ES    OF    ENGLAND 


BOTANY 


IN  treating  of  the  flora  of  a  county,  it  is  well  to  refer  not  only  to 
that  which  is  now  prevalent ;  but  also,  so  far  as  knowledge  serves, 
to  that  which  has  prevailed  in  the  past,  but  whose  existence  has 
become  impossible  owing  to  altered  surroundings.  In  few  of  our 
midland  counties  have  the  changes  incidental  to  the  growth  of  popula- 
tion been  more  marked  than  in  Warwickshire.  A  glance  at  a  map 
of  the  county,  and  a  study  of  the  names  of  localities,  will  show  that 
formerly  heaths,  wastes,  commons  and  marshes  existed,  indeed  were 
extensive  in  all  parts  of  the  county  ;  and  the  records  of  the  older 
botanists  show  that  plants  characteristic  of  such  localities,  though  now 
in  many  cases  either  extinct  or  very  rare,  were  then  of  more  frequent 
occurrence  ;  but  heaths,  wastes  and  commons  have  been  enclosed  and 
reclaimed,  marshes  and  bogs  drained,  and  the  only  portions  of  the  county 
which  at  the  present  time  really  represent  these  past  conditions,  are 
some  of  the  wilder  portions  of  Sutton  Park  ;  for  here  we  have  the 
lingering  remains  of  a  flora  which  was  once  widespread,  such  as  the 
cranberry,  Vaccinium  oxycoccos  ;  the  whortleberry,  V.  Vitis-Idaea  ;  the  black 
crowberry,  Empetrum  nigrum  ;  the  grass  of  parnassus,  Parnassia  palustris ; 
and  the  rare  sedge  Carex  Ebrartiana,  now  its  only  British  home.  The 
distribution  of  plants  is  to  a  certain  extent  determined  by  climate  ; 
proximity  or  otherwise  to  maritime  influences,  altitude,  and  by  the 
general  character  of  its  rocks,  whether  igneous,  calcareous  or  sandstone. 
The  insular  position  of  Warwickshire,  and  the  absence  of  any  great 
irregularities  in  its  surface  produce  a  mildness  of  climate  ;  while  it  is  free 
from  the  disturbing  influences  of  either  sea  or  mountain.  Although 
everywhere  undulating  beautifully,  the  greatest  altitude  is  only  855  feet 
above  sea-level,  and  the  average  altitude  about  380  feet  above  the  sea,  or 
well  within  the  lowest  zone  of  climatic  influence.  Its  rocks  are  varied, 
beginning  with  the  Cambrian  and  ending  with  the  Inferior  Oolite,  but 
these  are  often  in  a  degree  obscured  by  the  sands,  gravels  and  clays  of 
the  drift,  and  these  deposits  materially  affect  the  character  of  the  flora. 
Throughout  its  area  Warwickshire  is  well  covered  with  trees,  many  of 
the  woods  being  extensive,  probably  remains  of  the  Great  Forest  of 
Arden,  and  are  often  rich  in  characteristic  plants,  as  in  the  well-wooded 
district  around  Atherstone  and  Hartshill.  Here  is  found  the  rare  wood 
i  33  5 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

vetch,  Vicia  syhatica  \  the  field  bell-flower,  Campanula  patula  ;  the  yellow 
bird's-nest,  Hypopithys  multiflora  ;  and  the  rare  bramble,  Rubus  Bloxamianus. 
In  the  valley  of  the  Sow  around  Combe  and  Brinklow  are  spreading 
woodlands  rich  in  well-grown  timber,  and  of  interest  to  the  botanist  as 
yielding  the  rare  bastard  pimpernel,  Centunculus  minimus  ;  the  beautiful 
water  avens,  Geum  rhiale  ;  its  still  rarer  ally,  G.  intermedium,  and  the 
luscious  fruited  bramble,  Rubus  Balfourianus.  The  valley  of  the  Learn 
has  in  parts  quite  a  forest-like  character  ;  many  of  its  woods  being  of 
great  extent  and  the  homes  of  wild  plants  which  are  worth  notice,  such 
as  the  white  beam,  Pyrus  Aria  ;  the  gromwell,  Litbospermum  officinale  ; 
the  butterfly  orchis,  Habenaria  chlorantha  ;  and  the  beautiful  lily-of-the- 
valley,  Convallaria  majalis.  In  the  southern  portion  of  the  county,  in 
the  pretty  valley  of  the  Stour  are  the  forest-like  woodlands  around 
Wolford,  Whichford  and  Long  Compton,  which  like  the  country  around 
possess  a  flora  very  heathlike  in  general  character,  but  also  yield  among 
other  interesting  plants  the  rare  wood  chickweed,  Stellaria  umbrosa  ;  the 
dwarf  cherry,  Prunus  Cerasus  ;  the  scented  agrimony,  Agrimonia  odorata  ; 
the  tawny  sedge,  Carex  fuha  ;  and  the  throatwort,  Campanula  latifolia. 

In  the  basins  of  the  Arrow  and  the  Alne  are  the  extensive  woods 
around,  Ragley,  Oversley,  and  Henley-in-Arden,  some  of  which  have 
been  made  historic  by  Purton's  work  recorded  in  his  valuable  Midland 
Flora.  The  soils  about  this  portion  of  the  county  are  mostly  clay  loams 
resting  on  marl  and  limestone,  and  the  flora  is  mostly  that  appertaining  to 
calcareous  soils  such  as  the  traveller's  joy,  Clematis  Vitalba  ;  ithe  wood 
crane's-bill,  Geranium  syhaticum  ;  the  spindle  tree,  Euonymus  europaeus  ; 
the  everlasting  pea,  Lathyrus  syhestris  ;  the  soft-leaved  rose,  Rosa  mollis  ; 
the  wild  service-tree,  Pyrus  torminalis  ;  the  wayfaring  tree,  Viburnum 
Lantana ;  and  the  beautiful  clustered  bell-flower,  Campanula  glomerata. 
In  the  northern  portion  of  the  county  the  woods  are  usually  small,  the 
subsoil  frequently  of  a  peaty  nature,  and  the  undergrowth  for  the  most 
part  some  of  the  more  common  grasses,  an  abundant  growth  of  the 
bilberry,  Vaccinium  Myrtillus  ;  some  of  the  more  common  ferns  as  Lastreea 
dilatata  ;  the  black  alder,  Rhamnus  Frangula  ;  now  and  again  herb  Paris, 
Paris  quadrifolia  ;  and  a  rich  display  of  the  beautiful  bluebell,  Scllla 
nutans.  There  are  no  lakes  in  the  county,  but  some  of  the  pools  are 
large,  like  lakes  in  character,  of  ancient  date,  and  yield  some  of  our  rarest 
plants.  Such  as  Packington  Pool  ;  here  is  the  white  water-lily,  Nymphcea 
alba  ;  the  flowering-rush,  Eutomus  umbellatus  ;  and  the  floating  burr-reed, 
Sparganium  minimum  ;  near  this  are  the  pools  at  Merecote  and  Olton  Mill, 
where  are  the  pondweeds,  Potamogeton  rufescens  and  P.  pusillus  ;  and  the 
fine  lake-like  reservoir  at  Olton,  where  is  found  the  rare  water-wort, 
Elatme  bexandra,  and  the  shore-weed,  Littorella  lacustris.  Other  extensive 
pools  occur  at  Combe  Abbey,  Stoneleigh,  Wormleighton  and  Farn- 
borough  ;  here  is  the  water  crowflower,  Ranunculus  trichophyllus  ;  and 
the  sweet  flag,  Acorus  Calamus.  But  the  most  interesting  pools  from  a 
Dtamcal  point  of  view  are  those  of  Chesterton,  Itchington  Holt  and 
tnam  Holt,  for  here  we  find  the  few  plants  of  the  county  which  have 

34 


BOTANY 

maritime  affinities.  The  waters  of  these  pools  have  a  brackish  taste,  and 
are  partly  fed  by  salt  springs  ;  and  the  plants  that  make  their  home  in 
their  vicinity  are  usually  lovers  of  maritime  surroundings.  These  are  the 
golden  dock,  Rumex  maritimus ;  the  sea  club-rush,  Scirpus  maritimus  ;  the 
glaucous  club-rush,  S.  Taberncemontanus  ;  the  loose  sedge,  Carex  distant ; 
and  the  celery,  Apium  graveolens. 

A  comparison  may  here  be  made  between  the  flora  of  Warwickshire 
and  that  of  the  neighbouring  counties  of  Oxfordshire,  Northamptonshire, 
Leicestershire,  Staffordshire,  Worcestershire,  and  Gloucestershire.  The 
total  flora  of  Warwickshire  consists  of  about  905  species,  including  the 
ferns,  club-mosses,  pillworts,  horsetails  and  charas.  As  the  total  for  Great 
Britain  is  1,958,  it  will  be  seen  that  Warwickshire  yields  only  about 
one-half  that  number.  From  its  central  position  it  naturally  possesses  a 
large  percentage  of  the  common  or  British  type,  viz.,  501  out  of  532  ; 
of  southern  or  English  type  more  than  two-thirds ;  about  one-fourth  the 
eastern  type  ;  one-ninth  the  western  type  ;  and  one-tenth  of  the  northern 
type  of  the  British  flora.  There  are  in  Warwickshire,  101  plants  not 
recorded  for  Oxfordshire;  134  not  recorded  for  Northamptonshire; 
68  not  recorded  for  Leicestershire  ;  67  not  recorded  for  Staffordshire  ; 
55  not  recorded  for  Worcestershire  ;  and  78  not  recorded  for  Gloucester- 
shire. 

There  are  in  Oxfordshire  42  not  recorded  for  Warwickshire  ;  in 
Northamptonshire  32  not  recorded  for  Warwickshire  ;  in  Leicestershire 
23  not  recorded  for  Warwickshire  ;  in  Staffordshire  56  not  recorded  for 
Warwickshire  ;  in  Worcestershire  48  not  recorded  for  Warwickshire  ; 
and  in  Gloucestershire  92  not  recorded  for  Warwickshire. 

The  botanical  districts  into  which  the  county  has  been  divided  are 
based  on  the  river  drainage,  and  are  those  adopted  in  my  Flora  of  Warwick- 
shire. They  are  (i)  the  Tame,  (2)  the  Blythe,  including  the  Cole,  and 
(3)  the  Anker,  all  forming  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Trent  ;  (4)  the 
Avon,  (5)  the  Leam,  (6)  the  Sow,  (7)  the  Stour,  (8)  the  Alne,  (9)  the 
Arrow  ;  all  forming  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Severn  ;  (10)  the  Cherwell 
which  drains  into  the  Thames. 


i.     THE  TAME 

The  Tame  rises  near  Bloxwich  in  Staffordshire  and  enters  Warwick- 
shire north  of  Birmingham  at  Witton,  a  brook-like  stream  abounding  in 
the  long  trailing  stems  of  Ranunculus  fiuitans  ;  thence  it  flows  eastward, 
past  Castle  Bromwich  and  Water  Orton  ;  where  is  found  the  rare  star  of 
Bethlehem,  Gagea  lutea  ;  receiving  on  its  left  bank  contributory  streams 
from  Sutton  Park  and  the  surrounding  country  ;  continuing  in  an  easterly 
direction  past  Hams  Hall  the  river  Blythe  flows  into  it  on  the  right 
bank,  and  near  this  also  the  little  river  Bourne  which  drains  a  wide 
extent  of  country  around  Astley,  Whitacre  and  Baxterley  ;  a  little 
further  on  its  course  is  abruptly  diverted  northward  past  Kingsbury  and 

35 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Dosthill  to  the  north  side  of  Tamworth,  where  it  receives  the  Anker, 
and  passing  under  Lady  Bridge,  enters  Staffordshire  and  joins  the  Trent 
near  Croxall. 

2.     BLYTHE  AND  COLE 

The  Blythe  rises  on  the  high  land  forming  the  western  boundary 
of  the  county  at  an  elevation  of  585  feet  above  sea-level  and  flows 
through  Earlswood  reservoir  to  Waring's  Green,  where  it  receives  streams 
draining  a  wide  stretch  of  the  surrounding  country.  Here  it  is  a  small 
stream  often  choked  with  water-loving  plants  such  as  the  water  honewort, 
Slum  inundatum.  Its  course  is  now  north-west  through  low-lying 
meadows,  gay  with  the  beautiful  daffodil,  Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus  ;  and 
under  Blythe  Bridge,  past  Escole  Hall.  Thence  the  river  flows  south- 
east past  Temple  Balsall,  where  it  is  fed  by  streams  draining  Packwood 
and  the  surrounding  country.  At  this  point  its  course  is  again  diverted 
northward  through  Bradnocks  Marsh,  now  a  well  cultivated  district, 
through  the  beautiful  Packington  Park,  and  east  of  Coleshill,  past  the 
historic  Blythe  Hall  to  its  confluence  with  the  Tame  near  Hams  Hall. 
The  Cole  enters  the  county  at  an  elevation  of  about  500  feet  near  the 
source  of  the  Blythe,  and  after  flowing  for  a  short  distance  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  forming  the  boundary  between  Worcester  and  Warwick- 
shire, re-enters  the  county  near  Sheldon  Hall  and  has  a  sinuous  easterly 
course  past  Chelmsley  Wood,  passing  under  a  bridge  richly  covered  with 
the  spleenwort,  Asplenium  Trichomanes  ;  thence  meandering  northwards 
through  Coleshill  Park  and  the  lower  portion  of  Coleshill  to  its 
confluence  with  the  Blythe  near  Blythe  Hall.  Like  the  Blythe  its 
whole  course  is  through  low-lying  meadows  which  are  liable  to  be 
flooded. 

3.     THE  ANKER 

The  Anker  has  its  origin  from  the  confluence  of  several  small  streams 
draining  Bulkington,  Wolvey  and  Burton  Hastings.  It  takes  a  north- 
west course  through  Attlebury  fields  and  Chilvers  Coton,  and  receives  on 
its  left  bank  a  stream  which  drains  a  large  area  of  the  coal  measures 
around  Bedworth,  Chilvers  Coton  and  Nuneaton.  Pursuing  its  way 
northwards,  the  Anker  flows  through  Nuneaton,  Caldecote  and  Mancetter. 
Passing  Atherstone  on  its  east  side,  it  flows  on  north-west  through  Gren- 
don  Park,  and  west  through  Polesworth.  After  this  its  course  is  very 
winding,  making  considerable  curves  north  and  south  before  reaching  its 
confluence  with  the  Tame  near  Lady  Bridge.  The  distance  from  its  rise 
its  mouth  is  about  twenty-five  miles.  It  is  everywhere  a  pretty  stream, 
very  like  a  brook  in  character,  fringed  with  those  lovers  of  watery  sur- 
roundings, the  arrow-head,  Sagittaria  sagittifolia  ;  the  flowering-rush, 
Butomus  umbellate*  ;  the  sweet  forget-me-not,  Myosotis  palustris  ;  and  trail- 
ing in  its  waters  the  rare  water  starwort,  Callitriche  obtusangula,  and  the 
rarer  endemic  species,  (Enanthe  jiuviatilis. 

36 


BOTANY 

4.  THE  AVON 

The  Avon  rises  near  Naseby  in  Northamptonshire  and  enters  War- 
wickshire near  Clifton.  It  has  a  meandering  course  a  little  north  of 
Rugby,  flowing  past  Lawford  and  Brandon,  receiving  on  its  left  bank 
streams  draining  the  surrounding  country.  Passing  near  Ryton-on-Duns- 
more  and  Bubbenhall,  it  flows  through  the  grounds  of  Stoneleigh  Abbey ; 
here  it  receives  on  its  right  bank  the  river  Sow,  and  taking  its  course  by 
Ashow,  flows  on  through  the  romantic  grounds  of  Guy's  Cliff.  Near 
here  at  Emscote  it  receives  the  important  tributary  the  Learn,  and  pass- 
ing near  the  walls  of  Warwick  Castle,  flows  through  Warwick  Park. 
From  Warwick  Park  the  Avon  flows  near  Barford  to  Sherbourne,  where 
it  receives  waters  from  Norton  Lindsay  and  the  country  around  ;  flowing 
on  near  Hampton  Lucy  its  stream  is  augmented  by  Thelesford  Brook,  a 
little  stream  from  Wasperton  Hill.  The  little  river  Dene,  a  stream 
originating  from  the  drainage  of  Burton  Dassett  and  Edge  Hills,  and 
bringing  waters  from  the  surrounding  district,  flows  into  it  as  it  winds 
through  the  beautiful  grounds  of  Charlecote.  From  Charlecote  the  Avon 
flows  through  Alveston  and  Stratford-on-Avon,  and  a  little  below  Strat- 
ford on  its  left  bank  is  joined  by  the  river  Stour  ;  thence  flowing  under 
Binton  Bridges  and  by  Bidford,  it  receives  on  its  right  bank  the  rapid- 
flowing  Arrow,  and  a  little  below  Salford  Priors  it  leaves  the  county. 
Its  course  through  the  county  is  about  forty-seven  miles. 

The  Avon  is  everywhere  a  beautiful  soft-flowing  stream,  with  rich 
alluvial  banks  clothed  with  a  wealth  of  beautiful  wild  flowers,  stately 
forests  of  bulrush,  Scirpus  lacustris  ;  and  water  meadow-grass,  Glyceria 
aquatica  ;  the  golden  beauty  of  the  yellow  water-cress  or  the  pearly  blos- 
som of  the  bitter-cress,  Cardamine  amara  ;  and  in  its  waters  tangled  masses 
of  Ranunculus  tricbopbyllus,  and  frequently  the  yellow  water-lily,  Nupbar 
lutea. 

5.  THE  LEAM 

The  river  Learn  rises  on  the  northern  slopes  of  Marston  Hill  and, 
forming  the  boundary  line  of  Northampton  and  Warwickshire  for  some 
two  or  three  miles,  enters  Warwickshire  a  little  north  of  Wolfhamcote. 
As  it  flows  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  soon  after  passing  through 
Grandborough  it  meets  on  its  right  bank  the  waters  of  the  Rainsbrook, 
a  stream  entering  the  county  near  Dunchurch.  From  this  point  the 
Learn  turns  west  past  Leamington  Hastings  and  Birdingbury  ;  near  Mar- 
ton  receiving  on  its  left  bank  the  brook-like  river,  the  Itchin,  and  on  its 
right  bank  waters  from  Bourton,  Thurlaston  and  the  surrounding  country. 
From  Marton  the  Learn  has  a  widely  sinuous  course  through  Wappen- 
bury  and  OfFchurch  to  Radford  Semele,  receiving  on  its  way  waters  from 
Cubbington  and  Whitnash.  Thence  it  flows  westward  through  Leaming- 
ton to  its  confluence  with  the  Avon  near  Emscote.  The  principal  rocks 
of  this  basin  are  those  of  the  Lias  marls  and  clays,  but  about  OfFchurch  and 
Leamington  Keuper  marls  predominate.  The  Itchen  rises  on  the  west 

37 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

slopes  of  the  Marston  Hill,  and  has  a  west  course  for  six  miles,  where 
Ham  Brook  falls  into  it,  a  small  stream  draining  Wormleighton,  Fenny 
Compton  and  the  Burton  Hills.  The  course  of  the  Itchen  now  becomes 
northerly,  through  Bishop's  Itchington,  near  Southam,  through  Long 
Itchington  to  its  confluence  with  the  Learn  near  Marton.  It  is  little 
more  than  a  brook  in  any  portion  of  its  course,  and  having  a  gentle  flow, 
is  as  a  rule  luxuriously  weed-grown. 

6.     THE  Sow 

The  Sow  rises  on  the  high  land  near  Astley,  flowing  south-west 
through  Bedworth  woodlands,  where  it  receives  on  its  left  bank  a  stream 
from  Arbury.  Here  its  course  bears  south  through  Exhall,  where  it  is 
joined  by  Breach  Brook,  a  stream  draining  Fillongley  and  Corley  ;  from 
there  it  flows  through  Longford  and  Foleshill,  receiving  on  its  left  bank 
March  Brook  from  Hawkesbury.  Its  course  now  becomes  westerly 
through  Wyken,  Sow  and  Binley,  and  receives  on  its  left  bank  waters 
from  Monk's  Kirby,  Withybrooke,  Combe,  Stretton-on-Fosse  and  part  of 
Brinklow.  From  Binley  it  takes  a  widely  sinuous  course  through  Wil- 
lenhall  and  Baginton  to  its  confluence  with  the  Avon  in  Stoneleigh  Park, 
receiving  near  Baginton  the  little  river  Sherbourne,  a  stream  draining  the 
country  around  Allesley,  Westwood  Heath  and  Kenilworth.  Its  whole 
course  is  about  twenty  miles. 

7.  THE  STOUR 

The  Stour  rises  at  Stour  Well  in  Oxfordshire,  and  enters  Warwick- 
shire at  Traitors'  Ford,  about  three  miles  from  its  source  ;  it  flows 
through  Stourton,  Cherrington,  Burmington,  Shipston-on-Stour,  Halford, 
Alderminster,  Atherstone-on-Stour  to  its  confluence  with  the  Avon  two 
miles  below  Stratford-on-Avon.  Although  the  Stour  is  for  a  consider- 
able portion  of  its  course  an  insignificant  stream,  the  country  through 
which  the  river  runs  is  peculiar  for  its  alternation  of  hill  and  dale,  Bright 
Hill,  Brailes  Hill  and  Ilmington  Downs  being  among  the  more  elevated 
of  our  Warwickshire  hills,  and  commanding  fine  far-reaching  views  over 
the  surrounding  country.  The  highest  points  are  Ebrington  Hill,  which 
has  an  elevation  of  855  feet  above  the  sea  ;  Bright  Hill  737  feet,  and 
Brailes  Hill  700  feet.  The  district  is  well  wooded,  and  contains  here 
and  there  remains  of  what  have,  in  former  times,  been  widely  stretching 
heath  lands. 

8.  THE  ALNE 

The  Alne  is  formed  by  two  streams  rising  far  apart.  The  main 
stream  rises  on  Apsley  Heath  near  the  county  boundary,  and  takes 
an  easterly  course  by  Tanworth  Mill,  through  Henley-in-Arden  and  Beau- 
desert  to  the  grounds  of  Wootton  Hall,  where  it  unites  with  the  second 
principal  feeder.  This  stream  rises  near  Wroxall  Abbey,  about  seven 
miles  north-east  of  Wootton  Hall,  and  flows  through  Rowington,  Low- 

38 


BOTANY 

som  Ford,  Preston  Bagot,  and  by  Crab  Mill  to  its  confluence  with  the 
main  stream,  receiving  a  stream  flowing  through  Lapworth  and  by 
Yarningale  Common.  The  Alne  now  takes  a  course  south  and  south- 
west near  Wootton  Wawen,  Great  Alne  and  Kinwarton  to  its  confluence 
with  the  Arrow  near  Alcester,  receiving  on  its  left  bank  waters  from 
Shrewley,  Claverdon  and  Bearley.  The  course  of  the  river  from  its  source 
is  about  seventeen  miles,  draining  a  wide  extent  of  country  usually  low- 
lying,  but  with  elevated  land  near  its  source  and  at  Henley-in-Arden. 

9.     THE  ARROW 

The  Arrow  rises  in  Worcestershire  in  a  valley  north-east  of  Alve- 
church,  and  enters  Warwickshire  near  Beoley  Lane.  Its  course  is  at  first 
south-west  through  Ipsley  and  Washford,  receiving  on  its  west  bank 
streams  from  the  high  lands  about  Ipsley  and  Mappleborough  Green. 
Now  it  flows  south  through  Studley,  Spernall  and  Coughton  to  Oversley 
Bridge,  receiving  on  its  way  streams  from  east  and  west,  bringing  waters 
from  Morton  Bagot,  Crabb's  Cross  and  Sambourn.  After  its  confluence 
with  the  Alne  at  Alcester,  it  takes  a  short  turn  eastward  through  the 
pretty  village  of  Arrow,  but  rapidly  recovering  its  southerly  direction, 
flows  through  Wixford  and  Broom  to  its  confluence  with  the  Avon  near 
Salford  Bridge,  receiving  on  either  bank  waters  from  Exhall  and  Beving- 
ton.  Its  whole  course  in  the  county  is  sixteen  miles.  The  valley  watered 
by  the  Arrow  is  narrow,  hilly  and  well  wooded  ;  the  prevailing  soils  being 
those  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone  and  marls,  but  in  the  more  southern 
portion  those  of  the  Lias  prevail,  and  its  flora  is  characteristic  of  calcare- 
ous soils. 

10.    THE  CHERWELL 

The  Cherwell  district  includes  that  portion  of  Warwickshire  lying 
south-west  of  Wormleighton,  Fenny  Compton  and  Burton  Dassett,  and 
a  narrow  tongue  of  land  north-east  of  Wormleighton,  part  of  Fenny 
Compton,  Avon  Dassett  and  part  of  the  southern  escarpment  of  the  Edge 
Hill,  Warmington  and  Shotswell.  This  district  is  drained  by  small 
tributaries  of  the  Cherwell.  The  flora  is  poor,  but  includes  one  notice- 
able plant,  the  white-flowered  helleborine,  Cephalanthera  pallens. 

In  the  following  summary  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the 
species  and  varieties  of  the  Warwickshire  plants  the  arrangement  and 
nomenclature  are  those  of  the  Student's  Flora  of  the  British  Islands,  except 
in  the  genus  Rubus,  where  the  arrangement  and  nomenclature  of  the 
9th  edition  of  the  London  Catalogue  of  British  Plants  is  followed. 

The  numbers  following  the  scientific  names  of  the  plants  i  up  to  i  o 
indicate  the  districts  in  which  the  plant  has  been  found,  but  when  found 
in  three  or  more  continuous  districts,  to  save  space  this  has  been  indicated 
by  placing  a  hyphen  between  the  first  and  last  numbers:  thus,  I,  2,  3,  4, 
would  be  thus  indicated,  1-4,  etc. 


39 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


SUMMARY   OF   ORDERS,   NUMBER   OF   GENERA   AND   OF   SPECIES   IN 

,    EACH   ORDER,   ETC. 


Ex- 

Ex- 

Total 

Total 

eluded 

Total 

Total 

cluded 

Genera 
in  each 

Species 
in  each 

Species 
in  each 

Genera 
in  each 

Species 
in  each 

Species 
in  each 

Order 

Order 

Order 

Order 

Order 

Order 

CLASS   I. 

38.  Rubiaceae 

3 

12 

I 

79.  Valerianeae   . 

2 

5 

I 

DICOTYLEDONS  OR 

•  '  7 

40.  Dipsaceae 

2 

J 

5 

EXOGEN^E 

41.  Composite   . 

36 

78 

II 

Div.  I.      Thalamiflorte 

42.  Campanulaceas  . 
43.   Vaccinieae     . 

4 

i 

8 
3 

4 

i.  Ranunculaceas  . 

IO 

29 

3 

43-*EricaceaE 

2 

5 

— 

2.  Berber-ideas   . 

I 

I 

— 

44.   Monotropeae 

I 

i 

— 

3.  Nymphaeacea.-    . 

2 

2 

— 

46.   Primulaceae  . 

6 

1  1 

— 

4.  Papaveraceae 

2 

4 

2 

47.   Oleaceas  .... 

2 

2 

— 

5.  Fumariaceas. 

2 

6 

I 

48.  Apocynaceas 

I 

2 

— 

6.  Cruciferse 

«9 

4' 

13 

49.  Gentianeae    . 

4 

5 

i 

7.   Rescdaces    . 

i 

2 

51.  Boragineae 

7 

15 

5 

8.  Cistinea  .... 

i 



52.  Convolvulaceae  . 

3 

4 

3 

9.   Violates. 

8 



53.  Solanaceas 

3 

4 

2 

10.  Polygaleae     . 

3 



54.   Plantagineae  . 

2 

5 

I 

1  2.  Caryophyllea'     . 

12 

32 

4 

55.  Scrophularineas  . 

12 

33 

3 

13.  Portulaceae    . 

i 

i 

56.  Orobancheas 

2 

4 

14.  Elatineae. 

i 

— 

57.   Lentibularineae  . 

2 

3 

— 

15.  Hypericinea? 

8 

i 

58.   Verbenaceae  . 

I 

i 

— 

1  6.  Malvaceae     . 

3 

2 

59.  Labiatae  .... 

17 

44 

4 

17.  Tiliaceas. 

2 

I 

1  8.  Lineae      .... 

2 

2 

2 

Div.  IV.  Mono- 

19.   Geraniacea'  . 

3 

12 

6 

chlamydeee 

2O.  Ilicineas   .... 

I 

I 

21.  Empetraceas 

I 

I 

— 

60.  Illecebraceae  . 
61.   Chenopodiacez  . 

i 

2 

2 

9 

4 
4 

Div.  II.      Calycifiara 

62.  Polygonaceas 
64.  Thymelaeaceae  . 

3 
i 

20 

i 

2 
I 

22.  Celastrineas  . 

I 

I 

— 

66.   Loranthaceae 

i 

i 



23.   Rhamneae     . 

I 

2 

— 

68.  Euphorbiacea1    . 

2 

5 

4 

24.  Sapindaceae  . 

I 

I 

I 

69.  Urticaceae     . 

4 

~ 

6 

i 

25.   Leguminosae 
26.  Rosaceas  .... 

15 

12 

46 
96 

9 

2 

70.  Myricaceas  . 
71.   Cupiliferae    . 

I 

8 

i 

7 

I 

27.  Saxifrageae    . 

4 

8 

I 

72.  Salicineas 

2 

21 

2 

28.  Crassulaceas  . 
29.  Droseraceae  . 

2 
I 

3 
i 

4 

73.  Ceratophyllae     . 

I 

I 

30.   Lythrarieas  . 

2 

2 



Div.  V.    Gymniosperms 

31.   Halorageae    . 

3 

8 

I 

74.  Coniferae 

I 

I 

2 

32.  Onagrarieas  . 

3 

IO 

I 

33.  Cucurbitaceae     . 

i 

I 

.  

CLASS  II. 

34.  Umbelliferae.     .     . 
35.  Araliaceae     .     .     . 

22 
I 

35 

i 

6 

MONOCOTYLEDONS 

36.  Cornaceae 

I 

i 

— 

Div.  I.    Petaloidea: 

Div.  III.      Coroll'iflora 

75.   Hydrocharideae  .     . 
76.  Orchideae     .     .     . 

I 

8 

I 

18 

— 

37.  Caprifoliacese     .     . 

4 

6 

— 

77.  Irideae      .... 

2 

3 

I 

40 


BOTANY 


Total 
Genera 
in  each 
Order 

Total 
Species 
in  each 
Order 

Ex- 
cluded 
Species 
in  each 
Order 

Total 
Genera 
in  each 
Order 

Total 
Species 
in  each 
Order 

Ex- 
cluded 
Species 
in  each 
Order 

78.  Amaryllideas 

2 

4 

2 

CLASS   III. 

79.  Dioscoreae     . 

I 

I 



80.  Liliaceae  .... 

IO 

12 

5 

ACOTYLEDONS    OR 

81.  Junceae    .... 

2 

15 

CRYPTOGAMIA 

83.  Typhaceae    . 
84.  Aroideae  .... 

2 
2 

6 

2 

— 

Div.  I.      Pasculares 

85.  Lemnaceae    . 

I 

4 

— 

go.  Filices     .... 

13 

2O 



86.  Alismaceae    . 

3 

4 

— 

91.  Equisetaceae  . 

I 

6 



87.  Naiadaceae    . 

3 

i? 

— 

92.  Lycopodiaceas    . 

I 

3 



94.  Marsileaceae  .     .              i 

I 

Div.  II.     Glumacete 

88.  Cyperaceae    . 

8 

52 



Div.  II.      Cellulares 

89.  Gramineas    . 

33 

70 

'  

95.  Characeae 

3 

7 



SUMMARY  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SPECIES  AND 

VARIETIES 


RANUNCULACE.S 

Clematis  Vitalba,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6-10 
Thalictrum  flavum,  L.      1-5,  7,  9 
Anemone  nemorosa,  L.     [all] 
Myosurus  minimus,  L.      2-4,  8,  9 
Ranunculus  fluitans,  Lam.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

—  trichophyllus,  Chaix.     2,  4,  6-8,  10 

-  circinatus,  Sibth.      1-6,  8,  10 

—  pseudo-fluitans,  Bab.      2-8 

b.  submenus,  Hiern.      i,  2,  4-8,  10 

—  Drouetti,  Godron.      i,  2,  4-9 

b.  Godronii,  Gren.      2,  3,  6,  8 

-  heterophyllus,  Web.      1-7,  9 

b.  radians,  Rev.      i— 6,  9,  10 

—  peltatus,  Schrank.      1-4,  6,  7 

b.  truncatus,  Hiern.      i,  2,  4,  6 

c.  floribundus,  Bab.     [all] 

d.  penicillatus,  Hiern.      3,  8 

—  Lenormandi,  F.  Schultz.      i,  2,  4 

—  hederaceus,  L.      1-9 

—  Lingua,  L.      i,  3,  6,  7,  8 

—  Flammula,  L.     [all] 

—  auricomus,  L.     [all] 

—  sceleratus,  L.     [all] 

—  acris,  L.      [all] 

—  repens,  L.     [all] 

—  bulbosus,  L.     [all] 

—  hirsutus,  Curtis.     4 

—  arvensis,  L.     [all] 

—  parviflorus,  L.     2,  4,  5,  7,  9 

—  Ficaria,  L.     [all] 

b.  incumbens,  F.  Sch.     7 
Caltha  palustris,  L.     [all] 

b.  Guerangerii,  Boreau.      1-5,  7,  8 
Helleborus  viridis,  L.      1,3,  4,  6,  8,  9 

—  fcetidus,  L.     2,  4,  8,  9 
[Eranthis  hyemalis],  Salisb.      I,  4,  5 
Aquilegia  vulgaris,  L.      1,2,  4,  6,  8 


[Delphinium  Ajacis],  Reich.      5,  6,  9 
[Aconitum  Napellus],  L.     4 

BERBERIDEJE 
Berberis  vulgaris,  L.      1-9 

NYMPH-EACE.S 

Nuphar  luteum,  Sm.     [all] 
Nymphaea  alba,  L.      1-4,  9 

PAPAVERACEJE 

[Papaver  somniferum],  L.      2,  4 

-  Rhceas,  L.     [all] 

b.  strigosum,  Boenn.     4 

-  dubium,  L.     [all] 

b.  Lecoqii,  Lam.     4-7,  9,  10 

-  Argemone,  L.     [all] 
Chelidonium  majus,  L.     [all] 

FUMARIACE.S 

[Corydalis  lutea],  DC.      1-4,  6,  7,  8 

—  claviculata,  DC.      i 
Fumaria  pallidiflora,  Jord.     4-6 

-  confusa,  Jord.      2,  4 

-  muralis,  Sender,      i ,  4 

—  officinalis,  L.     [all] 

CRUCIFER.S 

Cheiranthus  Cheiri,  L.     4,  6-8 
Nasturtium  officinale,  Br.     [all] 

b.  siifolium,  Reichb.     2,  4,  8 

—  sylvestre,  Br.      I 

• —  palustre,  DC.      1-6,  8,  9 

—  amphibium,  Br.      1-6,  8,  9 
Barbarea  vulgaris,  Br.     [all] 

b.  divaricata,  L.C.     3,  4,  7,  8-10 

—  arcuata,  Reich.     4,  5,  7-9 

—  stricta,  Andrz.     4,  6 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Barbara  intermedia,  Boreau.     t,  4,  6,  9 
[ —  przcox],  Br.     i,  4-6,  9 
Arabis  hirsuta,  Br.     6,  7 

—  perfbliata,  Lamk.      i,  2,  4,  6 
Cardamine  hirsuta,  L.     [all] 

—  flexuosa,  With,     [all] 

—  pratensis,  L.     [all] 

—  amara,  L.      1-9 

—  impatiens,  L.      3,  4 
Sysymbrium  Thaliana,  Hook,     [all] 

-  Sophia,  L.     2,  4,  6,  9 

—  officinale,  Scop,     [all] 

-  Alliaria,  Scop,     [all] 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides,  L.     i,  2,  4,  6 
[Hesperis  matronalis],  L.     2,  4,  5,  7 
Brassica  Napus,  L.     i,  3,  4,  6-10 

-  Rutabuga,  L.      i,  4,  7,  10 

-  Rapa,  L.     i-io 

b.  tylveitris,  Wats.     4,  5,  10 

-  nigra,  Koch.     3-10 

-  Sinapis,  Visiani.     [all] 

-  alba,  Boiss.     3,  4,  6-10 
Diplotaxis  tenuifolia,  DC.     8 

-  muralis,  DC.     4,  5 

b.  Babingtonii,  Syme.     4,  5 
Erophila  vulgaris,  DC.     [all] 

—  brachycarpa,  Jord.     2,  5,  6 
[Alyssum  calycinum],  L.      i,  6 
[ —  incanum],  L.      I,  5 
[Cochlearia  Armoracia],  L.      1-5,  7,  9 
[Camelina  sativa],  Crantz.      i,  6 
Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.     [all] 
Senebiera  Coronopus,  Poiret.      2,  4-10 
Lepidium  ruderale,  L.     6 

—  campestre,  Br.      [all] 

-  Smithii,  Hook.      1-4 

-  Draba,  L.      1-4 

Thlaspi  arvense,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  7-10 
Iberis  amara,  L.      5,  6,  8 
Teesdalia  nudicaulis,  Br.      i,  2,  4 
Raphanus  Raphanistrum,  L.      1-4,  6-9 

RESEDACEJE 

[Reseda  alba],  L.     4,  6 
[—  lutea],  L.     4 

-  Luteola,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6,  7,  9,  10 

ClSTINE^E 

Helianthemum  vulgare,  Gaertn.     4,  5,  7-10 

VIOLACEJE 

Viola  palustris,  L.      1-3,  6,  8 

—  odorata,  L.     [all] 

b.  alba,  Auct.      i,  4,  6—9 

c.  permixta,  Jord.     4 

-  hirta,  L.      2,  4-10 

b.  alba,  Auct.     4,  8 

—  Riviniana,  Reich,     [all] 

—  Reichenbachiana,  Bor.     [all] 

—  canina,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

—  lactea,  Sm.     6 

—  tricolor,  L.     [all] 

*.  arven»i>,  Murr.     [all] 


POLYGALE.K 

Polygala  vulgaris,  L.      1—9 

—  oxyptera,  Reich.     7 

—  depressa,  Wend.      I,  2,  3,  6-9 

CARYOPHYLLE.* 

Dianthus  Armeria,  L.     4,  6,  7,  9 

—  [deltoides],  L.      i,  4 
Saponaria  officinalis,  L.     i,  4,  9 

b.  hybrida,  L.     6 

Silene  Cucubalus,  Wibel.      1-5,  7,  10 
b.  puberula,  Syme.      2,  4,  10 

—  anglica,  L.      I,  2,  4 

—  [nutans],  L.      i 

—  noctiflora,  L.     4,  9 
Lychnis  vespertina,  L.     [all] 

—  diurna,  Sibth.     [all] 

-  Flos-cuculi,  L.     [all] 
Githago  segetum,  Desf.     [all] 
Cerastium  quarternellum,  Fenzl.      1-3,  6,  8 

—  semidecandrum,  L.     2,  4,  8 

—  glomeratum,  Thuill.     [all] 

—  triviale,  Link,     [all] 

—  arvense,  L.     2,  4,  6 
Stellaria  aquatica,  Scop,     [all] 

—  nemorum,  L.      7,  9 

-  media,  Vill.     [all] 

b.  neglecta,  Weihe.      1-5,  8,  10 

—  umbrosa,  Opitz,  2,  6—8 

—  Holostea,  L.     [all] 

—  palustris,  Ehrh.     4,  8,  9 

—  graminea,  L.     [all] 

—  uliginosa,  Murr.     [all] 
Arenaria  trinervia,  L.     [all] 

-  serpyllifolia,  L.     [all] 

var.  leptoclados,  Guss.     [all] 

—  tenuifolia,  L.      3,  4 
Sagina  apetala,  L.     [all] 

-  ciliata,  Fries,      i,  2 

-  procumbens,  L.     [all] 

-  nodosa,  E.  Mey.      I,  2 
Spergula  vulgaris,  Boenn.     [all] 

—  sativa,  Boenn.      I,  2,  4,  6,  7 
Spergularia  rubra,  Pers.      1-6,  8,  9 

PORTULACEJE 

Montia  fontana,  L.      1-4,  6-9 

var.  rivularis,  Gmel.      I,  2 
[Claytonia  perfoliata],  Don.      i 

ELATINE/E 
Elatine  hexandra,  DC.     2 

HYPERICINE.K 

Hypericum  Androsaemum,  L.     2,  4,  6 

—  perforatum,  L.     [all] 

—  quadrangulum,  L.     [all] 

var.  maculatum,  Bab.      i,  2,  4 

—  tetrapterum,  Fries,     [all] 

—  humifusum,  L.      1—6,  8,  9 

—  pulchrum,  L.     [all] 

—  hirsutum,  L.     2—10 

—  elodes,  Huds.      i,  2 


BOTANY 


MALVACEJB 
Malva  sylvestris,  L.     [all] 

—  rotundifolia,  L.     [all] 

—  moschata,  L.     [all] 

TILIACEJE 

Tilia  parvifolia,  Ehrh.     3,  4,  6,  9 

—  platyphyllos,  Scop.     2,  6 
[ —  vulgaris],  Hayne.     [all] 

loam 

Linum  catharticum,  L.     [all] 

[ —  usitatissimum],  L.      I,  4-6,  9 

Radiola  linoides,  Gmel.      z,  4,  6,  8 

GERANIACE/E 

Geranium  sylvaticum,  L.      r,  9 

—  pratense,  L.     2— 10 

b.  alba.     4 

—  perenne,  Huds.      2,  4,  6,  7 
[—  Phaeum],  L.      i,  2,  4-6,  8 

-  molle,  L.     [all] 

—  pusillum,  L.      1,2,  4,  6,  8,  9 

—  columbinum,  L.      I,  4,  5,  9 

—  dissectum,  L.     [all] 

—  Robertianum,  L.     [all] 

var.  flore-albo,  2,  4 

—  lucidum,  L.      1-6,  9 

Erodium  cicutarium,  L'Herit.      i,  2,  4-6 
var.  ch<erophyllum,  Cav.      i,  6 

-  moschatum,  L'Herit.     2,  4,  6,  9 
Oxalis  Acetosella,  L.      1-9 

ILICINEJE 
Ilex  Aquifolium,  L.     [all] 

EMPETRACE/E 
Empetrum  nigrum,  L.      i 

CELASTRINE./E 
Euonymus  europaeus,  L.     2,  4-9 

RHAIINME 

Rhamnus  catharticus,  L.     [all] 

—  Frangula,  L.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

SAPINDACE^ 

Acer  campestre,  L.     [all] 

[ —  Pseudoplatanus],  L.     [all] 

LEGUMINOSJE 

Genista  tinctoria,  L.      2-9 

-  anglica,  L.      i,  2,  4-6 
Ulex  europaeus,  L.     [all] 

—  Gallii,  Planch,     [all] 
Cytisus  scoparius,  Link,     [all] 
Ononis  spinosa,  L.     [all] 

-  repens,  L.     [all] 

[Medicago  sativa],  L.      1-5,  7,  8,  10 

—  lupulina,  L.     [all] 

—  denticulata,  Willd.     3,  6 

b.  apiculata,  Willd.     6 
r.  lappacea,  Lamk.     6 

—  maculata,  Sibth.     3-6 

Melilotus  officinalis,  Willd.      I,  2,  4-10 

—  alba,  Desr.      i,  2,  4 


Melilotus  arvensis,  Wallr.     i,  3-5,  7-10 
[ —  parviflora],  Lam.     2,  6 
Trifolium  subterraneum,  L.     4 

—  arvense,  L.     i,  4-6,  9 

—  pratense,  L.     [all] 

—  medium,  Huds.     1—5,  7-10 
[ —  incarnatum],  L.     i,  2,  4,  5 

—  striatum,  L.      i,  4-7,  9 

b.  erectum,  Leight.     4 

—  scabrum,    L.     4 

—  hybridum,  L.     [all] 

b.  elegans,  Savi.     4 

—  repens,  L.     [all] 

—  fragiferum,  L.     4,  5,  7-10 

—  procumbens,  L.     [all] 

—  dubium,  Sibth.     [all] 

—  filiforme,  L.      1—4,  7-9 
Anthyllis  Vulneraria,  L.      2,  4,  5,  7-10 
Lotus  corniculatus,  L.     [all] 

b.  villosus,  Coss.  &  Germ.     4,  10 

c.  crassifolius,  Pers.     4,  8-10 

—  tenuis,  Waldst.  &  Kit.     2,  4,  5,  7-9 

—  uliginosus,  Schk.     [all] 
Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  L.     4,  5,  8,  9 
Ornithopus  perpusillus,  L.      1-6,  8 
Hippocrepis  comosa,  L.     4 
Onobrychis  sativa,  Lamk.     4,  5,  8-10 
Vicia  tetrasperma,  Mrench.      i,  2,  4-6,  8,  9 

-  gracilis,  Loisel.     4,  5,  7,  8 

—  hirsuta,  Koch,     [all] 

—  Cracca,  L.     [all] 

—  sylvatica,  L.      3 

-  sepium,  L.     [all] 
[ —  sativa],  L.     [all] 

-  angustifolia,  Roth,     [all] 

b.  Bobartii,  Forst.     [all] 

-  lathyroides,  L.     3,  4,  9 
Lathyrus  Aphaca,  L.     4,  8 

-  Nissolia,  L.      3-5,  7-9 

-  pratensis,  L.     [all] 

-  [latifolius],  L.      5 

—  sylvestris,  L.      3-5,  7,  9 

-  macrorrhizus,  Wimm.      1-9 

ROSACE^E 
Prunus  communis,  L.     [all] 

b.  fruticans,  Weihe.      5-7,  10 

-  insititia,  L.      2-4,  7-10 

-  Cerasus,  L.     2,  4-9 

-  Avium,  L.     [all] 

-  Padus,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6 
Spirasa  Ulmaria,  L.     [all] 

-  Filipendula,  L.     4,  5,  7-10 
Rubus  idaeus,  L.     [all] 

b.  obtusifolius,  Willd.     4 

—  fissus,  Lindl.      i,  3,  6 

-  suberectus,  Anders,      i,  3,  6,  8 

-  plicatus,  W.  &  N.      i,  3,  6 

b.  hamulosus,  Bab.      I 

-  carpinifolius,  W.  &  N.      i,  3,  10 

—  Lindleianus,  Lees,     [all] 

—  erythrinus,  Genev.      10 

—  rhamnifolius,  W.  &  N.      1-9 

—  Bakeri,  F.  A.  Lees,      i,  2,  6 

—  nemoralis,  P.  ].  Muell.      i,  2,  4 

b.  glabratus,  Bab.      i,  3,  6,  8 


43 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Rubus  pulcherrimus,  Neum.     [all] 

—  Lindebergii,  P.  J.  Muell.     z,  3 

—  mercicus,  Bagnall.      I 

b.  bracteatus,  Bagnall.     3,  6 

—  villicaulis,  Koehl.      2,  6 

-  Selmeri,  Lindeb.     1-4,  6,  8 

-  calvatus,  Blox.     I,  3,  6 

-  gratus,  Focke.     2,  3,  6,  8 

-  argentatus,  P.  J.  Muell.     2,  3,  8,  10 

b.  robustus,  P.  J.  Muell.     3,  8,  10 

-  rusticanus,  Merc,     [all] 

-  thyrsoideus,  Wimm.      I,  2,  7 

-  pubescens,  Weihe.      1-7 

—  lentiginosus,  Lees.     3 

-  macrophyllus,  Wh.  &  N.     [all] 

b.  Schleichtendallii,  Weihe.      I,  8,  10 

c.  amplificatus,  Lees.      1-9 

-  Salteri,  Bab.     3 

-  Colemanni,  Blox.     6 

-  Sprengelii,  Weihe.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

-  orthoclados,  A.  Ley.      3 

-  micans,  Gren.  &  Godr.      2,  6 

-  hirtifolius,  Muell  &  Wirtg.     4 

-  pyramidalis,  Kalt.      1-3,  5,  8,  9 

-  leucostachys,  Schl.     [all] 

-  criniger,  Linton.      2 

-  mucronatus,  Blox.      1-6,  8,  9 

-  anglosaxonicus,  Gelert.      2,  3,  7,  8 

-  infestus,  Weihe.      I,  3,  4 

-  Leyanus,  Rogers.      1-3,  6,  7 

-  radula,  Weihe.     [all] 

b.  anglicanus,  Rogers.      I,  3,  5,  6,  8 

-  echinatoides,  Rogers.      3,  5 
—  echmatus,  Lindl.      [all] 

-  podophyllus,  P.  J.  Muell.     6,  8 

-  oigoclados,  Muell  &  Lefv.      I,  3,  6,  9 

t.  Bloxamianus,  Colem.      2,  3 
Babingtonii,  Bell  Salt.      1-4,  10 
Lejeunei     b.  ericetorum,  Lefv.      2,  3,  8 
Bloxamii,  Lees.      1-6,  8 

-  fuscus,  Wh.  &  N.      1,3 

b.  nutans,  Rogers,      i,  3 

-  pallidus,  Wh.  &  N.     6 

-  scaber,  Wh.  &  N.      1,3 

-  foliosus,  Wh.  &  N.      1-3,  5-9 

-  rosaceus,  Wh.  &  N.      1-6,  8 

b.  hystrix,  Wh.  &  N.      I,  3-6,  8 
e.  infecundus,  Rogers.      1-3,  6,  7 

-  adornatus,  P.  J.  Muell.      1-6,  8,  9 

-  fusco-ater,  Weihe.      I,  4,  6 

-  Kcehleri,  Wh.  &  N.     [all] 

b.  dasyphyllus,  Rogers,     [all] 

-  Bellardi,  Wh.  &  N.     3,  8 

-  hirtus,  W.  &  K.      1-3,  8 

b.  rotundifolius,  Bab.      I,  3,  8 

e.  Kaltenbachii,  Metsch.      i 

-  velatus,  Lefv.      i 

-  dumetorum     a.  ferox,  Weihe.     4-9 

c.  diversifolius,  Lindl.      I— 10 

d.  pilosus,  Wh.  &  N.     2 

f.  tuberculatus,  Bab.      i-io 

k.  fasciculatus,  P.  J.  Muell.      1-5,  7-10 

-  Balfourianus,  Blox.      [all] 

-  corylifolius     a.  sublustris,  Lees,  1-8,  10 
—  czsius,  L.      3-9 

b.  tenuis,  Bell  Salt.      1-9 


44 


Geum  urbanum,  L.     [all] 
—  rivale,  L.      1,2,  4—6,  8 

b.  intermedium,  Ehrh.     4-6 
Fragaria  vesca,  L.     [all] 
[ —  elatior],  Ehrh.     4,  6 
Potentilla  Fragariastrum,  Ehrh.     [all] 

-  silvestris,  Neck,     [all] 

-  procumbens,  Sibth.      1-6,  9 

-  reptans,  L.      [all] 

-  anserina,  L.     [all] 

-  argentea,  L.     2—4 

-  palustris,  Scop,      i,  2,  6,  8 
Alchemilla  arvensis,  Scop,     [all] 

-  vulgaris,  L.     [all] 
Agrimonia  Eupatoria,  L.     [all] 

—  odorata,  Mill.     2-9 

Poterium  Sanguisorba,  L.      1-5,  7-10 

—  polygamum,  Waldst.  &  Kit.      i,  2,  4-10 

-  officinale,  Hook  fil.     [all] 
Rosa  spinosissima,  L.     4—6,  8,  9 

—  involuta,  Sm.     2,  4,  8,  9 

b.  Doniana,  Woods.     4,  6,  8 

—  mollis,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  6,  8,  9 

-  tomentosa,  Sm.     [all] 

-  subglobosa,  Sm.      1-4,  8,  9 

-  scabriuscula,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  6,  8,  9 

-  fcetida,  Bast.      1-4,  7,  8 

-  rubiginosa,  L.     2,  4,  6,  8,  9 

-  micrantha,  Sm.      1-9 

c.  hystrix,  Leman.      5 

-  agrestis,  Savi.     4,  6 

d.  inodora,  Fr.     4,  7,  9,  10 

-  canina  a.  lutetiana,  Leman.     [all] 

b.  surculosa,  Woods,      z—io 

c.  sphaerica,  Gren.      i,  8,  9 

d.  senticosa,  Ach.     2-9 

e.  dumalis,  Bechst.     [all] 

f.  biserrata,  Merat.     2-10 

g.  urbica,  Leman.     [all] 

var.  platyphylla,  Rau.      i,  2,  5,  7 
h.  frondosa,  Steven.      1—7 
/'.  arvatica,  Baker.      1-8,  10 
j.  dumetorum,  Thuill.      1-5,  7,  8,  10 
k.  obtusifolia,  Desv.      I,  2,  4,  6 
».  tomentilla,  Leman.      1—7,  9,  10 
o.  andevagensis,  Bast.      1—5,  7-10 
/>.  verticillacantha,  Merat.     [all] 
q.  collina,  Jacq.      1-3,  6,  8 
/.  caesia,  Sm.      1-6,  8 
/.  concinna,  Baker.      2,  3,  8 
«.  decipiens,  Dum.      1-4,  6,  9 
f.  glauca,  Vill.      1-7 
w.  subcristata,  Baker.     2-10 
x.  coriifolia,  Fr.      i,  3-5 
y.  Watsoni,  Baker.      1-3,  7,  8 
z.  Borreri,  Woods.     2-5 
"a.  Bakeri,  Desegl.     3,  4 
"b.  marginata,  Wallr.     2,  4-6,  8,  9 

—  systyla,  Bast.     4,  5,  8 

b.  gallicoides,  Baker.     4 

—  arvensis,  Huds.     [all] 

—  bibracteata,  Bast.     2-9 
Pyrus  communis,  L.     4-10 

b.  Achras,  Gacrt.     5,  7,  8 

-  Malus,  a.  acerba,  DC.     [all] 

b.  mitis,  Wallr.     i,  3,  4-8 


BOTANY 


Pyrus  torminalis,  Ehrh.     2—4,  8,  9 

—  Aria,  Sm.      1-7,  9 

—  Aucuparia,  Gaert.      1-9 
Crataegus  Oxyacantha,  L.     2-10 

var.  monogyna,  Jacq.     [all] 

SAXIFRAGES 

Saxifraga  tridactylites,  L.     [all] 

—  granulata,  L.     [all] 
Chrysosplenium  alternifolium,  L.     1,2,  4>  6 

—  oppositifolium,  L.      1-4,  6-9 
Parnassia  palustris,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6,  7 
Ribes  Grossularia,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  8,  9 
[ —  alpinum],  L.      I 

—  rubrum,  L.     2-5,  10 

—  nigrum,  L.      1,3,  6,  7,  9 

CRASSULACEJE 

Cotyledon  Umbilicus,  L.     2-4 
Sedum  Telephium,  L.      2,  4,  6-8 

—  album,  L.     2-4,  6-8 

-  acre,  L.     2-4,  7-10 

-  reflexum,  b.  albescens,  Haw.      2-9 
[Sempervivum  tectorum],  L.      i,  3,  4,  6,  7 

DROSERACE./E 
Drosera  rotundifblia.      i,  2 

HALORAGEJE 

Hippuris  vulgaris,  L.     3-6,  to 
Myriophyllum  verticillatum,  L.     2,  4,  6,  8 
var.  pectinatum,  DC.     6 

—  alterniflorum,  DC.      1-8,  10 

-  spicatum,  L.      i,  2,  4,  7,  9 
Callitriche  verna,  L.     4,  7 

—  platycarpa,  Kuetz.     [all] 

—  hamulata,  Kuetz.     [all] 

-  obtusangula,  Leg.      1-8,  10 

LYTHRARIE/E 

Lythrum  Salicaria,  L.     [all] 
Peplis  Portula,  L.      1-9 

ONAGRARIEJE 

Epilobium  angustifolium,  L.      2-7 

var.  brachycarpum,  Leight.      i,  2 

-  hirsutum,  L.     [all] 

—  parviflorum,  Schreb.     [all] 

-  montanum,  L.     [all] 

—  roseum,  Schreb.     [all] 

—  tetragonum,  L.      i,  4— 10 

—  obscurum,  Schreb.      1-9 

-  palustre,  L.     [all] 
[CEnothera  biennis],  L.     2,  4,  6,  9 
Circaea  lutetiana,  L.     [all] 

[* —  alpina].     2 

CUCURBITACEJE 
Bryonia  dioica,  L.     [all] 

UMBELLIFERJE 

Hydrocotyle  vulgaris,  L.     1-8 
Sanicula  europaea,  L.     [all] 
Conium  maculatum,  L.     [all] 
Bupleurum  rotundifolium,  L.     4-9 
Apium  graveolens,  L.     4,  5,  7 


Apium  nodiflorum,  Reichb.     [all] 

b.  repens,  Koch,     i,  2,  4,  6,  9 
-  inundatum,  Reichb.     1-4,  6,  7,  9 
[Carum  Petroselinum],  Benth.     4,  6 

—  segetum,  Benth.     4,  5,  7 
[—  Carui],  L.     i,  2,  4,  6 
Sison  Amomum,  L.     2-10 
Slum  erectum,  Huds.     [all] 
^Egopodium  Podagraria,  L.     [all] 
Pimpinella  Saxifraga,  L.     [all] 

b.  dissecta,  Retz.     4,  5,  7 

—  major,  Huds.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 
Conopodium  denudatum,  Koch,     [all] 
Myrrhis  odorata,  Scop,     i,  2,  9 
Scandix  Pecten-Veneris,  L.     [all] 
Chasrophyllum  temulum,  L.     [all] 
Anthriscus  vulgaris,  Pers.     2,  4,  6,  9 

—  sylvestris,  Hoffm.     [all] 
[Fceniculum  officinale],  All.     4,  5 
CEnanthe  fistulosa,  L.     1-8 

-  Lachenalii,  Gmel.     4,  5,  7,  8 

-  peucedanifolia.  Poll,      i,  4,  8 

-  crocata,  L.      i,  2 

-  Phellandrium,  Lamk.     4,  9 

-  fluviatilis,  Colem.      3-6 
^Ethusa  Cynapium,  L.     [all] 
Silaus  pratensis,  Besser.     [all] 
Angelica  sylvestris,  L.     [all] 
Peucedanum  sativum,  Benth.     4,  5,  7-10 
Heracleum  Sphondylium,  L.     [all] 

b.  angustifolium,  Sm.     4,  7-10 
Daucus  Carota,  L.     [all] 
Caucalis  daucoides,  L.     4,  8,  9 

—  •  Anthriscus,  Huds.     [all] 

-  arvensis,  Huds.     [all] 

-  nodosa,  Scop.      I,  4,  5,  8 

ARALIACEJE 
Hedera  Helix.  L.     [all] 


Cornus  sanguinea,  L.     [all] 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E 

Sambucus  Ebulus,  L.      2-4,  7,  8 

—  nigra,  L.     [all] 

Viburnum  Lantana,  L.     4,  5,  7-10 

-  Opulus,  L.      1-9 
Adoxa  Moschatellina,  L.      1,2,  4-9 
Lonicera  Periclymenum,  L.     [all] 


Galium  verum,  L.     [all] 

-  Cruciata,  Scop,     [all] 

-  palustre,  L.     [all] 

b.  elongatum,  Presl.     [all] 

e.  Withering!!,  Sm.      1-4,  6-10 

-  uliginosum,  L.      1-8 

-  saxatile,  L.     [all] 

—  Mollugo,  L.     2,  4,  5,  7-10 

—  erectum,  Huds.     2,  4,  J,  8-10 

—  Aparine,  L.     [all] 

-  tricorne,  With.     4,  5,  7-9 
Asperula  odorata,  L.      1-9 

—  cynanchica,  L.     8 
Sherardia  arvensis,  L.     [all] 


45 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Carduus  crispus,  L.     [all] 

b.  polyanthemos,  Koch.     4-6,  8,  10 

c.  acanthoides,  L.     4-6,  8,  10 
Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Hoffm.     [all] 

—  eriophorus,  Hoffm.     4-10 

—  acaulis,  Hoffm.     4-8 

—  arvensis,  Hoffm.     [all] 

b.  setosus,  Bess.     4 

—  palustris,  Hoffm.     [all] 

-  pratensis,  Willd.      1-6,  8,  9 
Onopordon  Acanthium,  L.     4-9 
[Silybum  Marianum],  Gaertn.     4,  9 
Cichorium  Intybus,  L.     1-5,  7-9 
Lapsana  communis,  L.     [all] 

Picris  hieracioides,  L.     2,  4,  5,  7,  8,  9 

-  echioides,  L.     4,  5,  7-9 
Crepis  virens,  L.     [all] 

—  biennis,  L.     4,  5 

-  taraxacifolia,  Thuill.     4 
[—  setosa],  Haller  fil.     4 

-  paludosa,  Mcench.      i 
Hieracium  Pilosella,  L.     [all] 

—  murorum,  L.     8 

—  vulgatum,  Fr.  1-9 

—  maculatum,  Sm.     3,  4 

—  umbellatum,  L.      1-5,  7 

—  boreal  e,  Fries.      1-9 

-  tridentatum,  Fries.      3,  7,  9 
Hypochceris  glabra,  L.      i 

-  radicata,  L.     [all] 
Leontodon  hirtus,  L.     [all] 

-  hispidus,  L.     [all] 

-  autumnalis,  L.     [all] 
Taraxacum  officinalis,  Web.     [all] 

b.  erythrospermum,  Andrz.      1-8,  10 

c.  palustris,  DC.      1-4,  6-10 

d.  laevigatum  DC.      i,  4-6,  10 
Lactuca  muralis,  Fresen.      1-6,  8,  9 

-  virosa,  L.      2,  4-6,  10 
Sonchus  arvensis,  L.     [all] 

-  oleraceus,  L.     [all] 

-  asper,  Hoffm.     [all] 
Tragopogon  pratensis,  L.      2,  4,  5,  8-10 

b.  minor,  Fries,     [all] 

CAMPANULACE.S 
Jasione  montana,  L.      i,  4-6 
Wahlenbergia  hederacea,  Reich,      i,  3 
Campanula  rotundifolia,  L.     [all] 
[ —  Rapunculus],  L.      3-6 

-  patula,  L.     1-4,  6-9 

-  latifolia,  L.     [all] 

-  Trachelium,  L.      i,  4-10 

-  glomerata,  L.     4,  5,  8-1  o 
Specularia  hybrida,  DC.     2,  4,  5,  8,  9 

ERICACEAE 
Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  L.      1-3,  6,  8,  9 

—  Vitis-Idsa,  L.      i,  2 

-  Oxycoccos,  L.     i,  2 

Erica  Tetralix,  L.      1,2,  4-6,  9 

-  cinerea,  L.      1-3,  6-9 
Calluna  vulgaris,  Salis.      1-9 

b.  incana,  Auct.      i,  2 
Pyrola  minor  ?  Sw.     2 

—  media,  Sw.     z 


Valerians  dioica,  L.      1-6,  8-10 

—  officinale,  a.  Mikani,  Wats.     I,  2,  4,  5,  8,  9 

b.  sambucifolia,  Mikan.     [all] 
Valerianella  olitoria,  Maench.     [all] 

—  Auricula,  DC.     4,  8 

—  dentata,  Poll.     1-8,  10 

DIPSACE.* 

Dipsacus  sylvestris,  L.     [all] 

-  pilosus,  L.     [all] 
Scabiosa  succisa,  L.     [all] 

—  Columbaria,  L.     4,  5,  7,  8,  10 

—  arvensis,  L.     [all] 

COMPOSITE 

Eupatorium  cannabinum,  L.      1,2,  4-6,  8,  9 
Solidago  Virgaurea,  L.      I,  2,  4,  6 
Bellis  perennis,  L.     [all] 
Erigcron  acre,  L.     4-6,  8 
Filago  germanica,  L.     [all] 

-  minima,  Fries.      2,  6 
Gnaphalium  uliginosum,  L.     [all] 

b.  pilulare,  Wahl.     4 

-  sylvaticum,  L.     2-4,  6,  9 
Inula  Helenium,  L.      I,  4,  8,  9 

-  Conyza,  DC.      I,  4,  6-9 
Pulicaria  dysenterica,  Gcertn.     [all] 

-  vulgaris,  Goertn.      i,  4 
Bidens  cernua,  L.      i,  2,  4-10 

-  tripartita,  L.      1,2,  4,  6-8,  10 
Achillea  Millefolium,  L.     [all] 

-  Ptarmica,  L.      1-6,  8-10 
Anthemis  arvensis,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  7,  9 

-  Cotula,  L.     [all] 

-  nobilis,  L.     8 

Matricaria  Chamomilla,  L.     [all] 

-  inodora,  L.     [all] 
Chrysanthemum  segetum,  L.      1,2,  4,  6-8 

-  Leucanthcmum,  L.     [all] 

[—  Parthenium],  Pers.      1-4,  7,  8,  10 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  L.     2-4,  6,  8,  9 
Artemisia  vulgaris,  L.     [all] 

b.  coarctata,  Forcell.     4,  5,  7 
Petasites  vulgaris,  Desf.      2-4,  6-10 
[  —  albus],  Goertn.      3,  4 
Tussilago  Farfara,  L.     [all] 
Senecio  vulgaris,  L.     [all] 

-  sylvaticus,  L.      1-4,  6-9 

-  Jacobaea,  L.     [all] 

-  erucifolius,  L.      1-9 

-  aquaticus,  Huds.     [all] 
[  —  squalidus],  L.     4-6 
Arctium  majus,  Schk.      1-5,  7_,o 

-  nemorosum,  Lej.     jt  jt  g 

-  intermedium,  Lange.      1-8 

-  minus,  Schk.     [all] 

Carlina  vulgaris,  L.     i,  4,  5,  7_g 
Centaurea  nigra,  L.     [all] 

forma  radiata.     2,  4,  5,  7_IO 
Scabiosa,  L.     z-io 
--CyanusL.     1,2,4,9 
[  —  solstitiahs],  L.     4    7 
Serratula  tinctoria,  L.      1-9 
Carduus  nutans,  L.     1-8,  10 


46 


BOTANY 


MONOTROPEJS 

Hypopithys  multiflora.     3,  4 

PRIMULACEJE 

Primula  vulgaris,  Huds.     [all] 

b.  caulescens,  Bab.     i,  2,  4,  6-8 

c.  intermedia,  Bab.      i,  2,  4,  7-9 

—  veris,  L.     [all] 

Lysimachia  vulgaris,  L.      1,2,  4-7 

—  nemorum,  L.     [all] 

—  Nummularia,  L.      1-9 
Centunculus  minimus,  L.      I,  2,  6,  9 
Anagallis  arvensis,  L.     [all] 

b.  caerulea,  Schreb.     i,  4-9 

—  tenella,  L.      1-3,  6 
Hottonia  palustris,  L.     i 
Samolus  Valerandi,  L.     4,  5,  7,  8 

Oi.EACE.ffi 

Ligustrum  vulgare,  L.     [all] 
Fraxinus  excelsior,  L.     [all] 

ApocYNACE.ffi 

Vinca  minor,  L.      1—4,  6,  7 

—  major,  L.      1,2,  4,  6,  7-9 

GENTIANE/E 

Chlora  perfoliata,  L.      I,  3-5,  7-9 
Erythraea  Centaurium,  Pers.     [all] 

-  pulchella,  Fries.     4,  5 
Gentiana  Atnarella,  L.     4,  6-8 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.      1-3,  6,  8 
[Limnanthemum  peltatum],  Gmel.      2,  4 

BORACIN&K 

Echium  vulgare,  L.      1,2,  4,  6,  8,  10 
Symphytum  officinale,  L.      1-7,  9 

b.  patent,  Sibth.     6,  7 
[Borago  officinalis],  L.     2-5,  7,  9 
Anchusa  sempervirens,  L.      i,  4,  6,  10 

—  arvensis,  Bieb.     i— 8 
Lithospermum  officinale,  L.     4-9 

—  arvense,  2,  4-6,  8,  10 
[Pulmonaria  officinalis],  L.      2-4 
Myosotis  palustris,  With,     [all] 

b.  strigulosa,  Reich.      2,  5,  7,  8 

—  repens,  D.  Don.      i,  2 

—  csespitosa,  Schultz.     [all] 

—  sylvatica,  Hoffm.      1-4,  8,  9 

-  arvensis,  Hoffm.     [all] 

—  var.  umbrosa,  Bab.     [all] 

—  collina,  Hoffm.      1-4,  6-9 

—  versicolor,  Reichb.      I,  2,  4-9 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  L.      i,  4-8 

—  montanum,  Lamk.     4,  6 

CONVOLVULACK.K 

Calystegia  sepium,  L.     [all] 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  L.     [all] 
Cuscuta  europza,  L.     2,  5,  6,  7 

—  Epithymum,  Murr.     4 

—  Epilinum,  Weihe.     4 
[—  Trifolii],  Bab.     2,  4,  6 

SoLANACEJE 

Hyoscyamus  niger,  L.      4,  7~9 


Solatium  Dulcamara,  L.     [all] 

—  nigrum,  L.     4 

Atropa  Belladonna,  L.      i,  2,  3,  8 

Pl.ANTACINE.ffi 

Plantago  major,  L.     [all] 

—  media,  L.     2—5,  7-10 

—  lanceolata,  L.     [all] 

b.  Timbali,  Jord.      i,  4,  5 

—  Coronopus,  L.      1-3,  6,  9 
Littorella  lacustris,  L.      1,2 

SCROPHULARINEJE 

Verbascum  Thapsus,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6-9 

-  nigrum,  L.      4-6 

[ —  virgatum],  With.     4 

[ —  Blattaria],  L.     4,  9 

Linaria  Cymbalaria,  Chav.      1-7,  9,  10 

-  spuria,  Mill.     4,  5,  7-9 

-  Elatine,  Mill.      2,  4-9 

—  repens,  Ait.     8 

—  vulgaris,  Mill,     [all] 

—  minor.  Desf.      2,  4,  5,  7-9 
Antirrhinum  Orontium,  L.     4,  7 
[ —  majus],  L.      i,  2,  4,  6 
Scrophularia  nodosa,  L.     [all] 

-  aquatica,  L.     [all] 

—  umbrosa,  Dum.     4 
Limosella  aquatica,  L.      2,  3,  6,  8 
Digitalis  purpurea,  L.      1-6,  8,  9 
Veronica  agrestis,  L.     [all] 

—  Buxbaumii.  Ten.     [all] 

—  hedersfolia,  L.     [all] 

—  arvensis,  L.     [all] 

- —  serpyllifolia,  L.     [all] 

—  officinalis,  L.     [all] 

—  Chamaedrys,  L.     [all] 

—  montana,  L.      1-4,  6,  8 

-  scutellata,  L.      1-4,  6-9 

-  Beccabunga,  L.     [all] 

-  Anagallis,  L.      1-9 

Bartsia  Odontites  a.  verna,  Reichb.     [all] 

b.  serotina,  Reichb.      i,  2,  4,  5,  7-10 

Euphrasia  officinalis,  L.     [all] 

var.  gracilis.  Fries.      2,  4,  7,  9 

Pedicularis  palustris,  L.      i,  2,  6,  8 

-  sylvatica,  L.      1-9 
Melampyrum  pratense,  L.      1-9 
Rhinanthus  Crista-galli,  L.     [all] 
Lathryaea  squamaria,  L.      3 

OROBANCHE.K 

Orobanche  major,  L.     2,  4,  6,  9 

—  elatior,  Sutt.     2,  3,  6 

—  minor,  Sutt.     4,  6 

LENTIBULARINEJE 

Pinguicula  vulgaris,  L.      I,  2,  3 
Utricularia  vulgaris,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6 

—  minor,  L.      i 

VERBENACE.* 
Verbena  officinalis,  L.      3-7,  9 


47 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


LABIAT/K 

Mcntha  sylvestris,  L.     4,  8 

var.  alopecuroides,  Hull.     4 

-  rotundifolia,  L.     i 

-  piperita,  a.  officinaRs,  Hull.      1-4,  7-9 

b.  vulgarii,  Sole.     2,  4 
—  aquatica,  a.  hirsute,  L.     [all] 

-  sativa,  a.  rivalis,  Lond.  Cat.     [all] 

b.  paludoia,  Sole.     2,  3,  5,  6 

c.  tubglabra,  Baker.     2,  3,  6 

-  rubra,  Sm.     2,  4-6 

-  gracilis,  Sm.     6 

-  gentilis,  L.     6 

-  arvensis,  L.      1-6,  8,  9 

-  Pulegium,  L.     i,  6 
Lycopus  europxus,  L.     [all] 
Origanum  vulgare,  L.     4,  6 
Thymus  Serpyllum,  L.      1-5,  7-9 

-  Chamzdrys,  Fries.      2,  4-10 
Calamintha  officinalis,  Moench.      i,  3,  4,  6-9 

var.  Brlggiii,  Syme.     4,  7,  9 

-  Clinopodium,  Benth.     [all] 

-  Acinos,  Clairv.      i,  2,  4,  5,   7-9 
Salvia  Verbenaca,  L.      3,  4,  g 

-  pratensis,  L.     4 

Nepeta  Cataria,  L.     2,  4-7,  9 

-  Glechoma,  Benth.     [all] 

var.  parviflora,  Benth.      i,  z,  5 
Scutellaria  galericulata,  L.     [all] 

-  minor,  L.      i,  z,  6,  8 
Prunella  vulgaris,  L.     [all] 
Marrubium  vulgare,  L.     4,  5,  9 
Stachys  sylvatica,  L.     [all] 

-  palustris,  L.     [all] 

-  ambigua,  Sm.     2,  4,  6,  8-10 

-  arvensis,  L.      i,  3,  4,  7,  9 

-  Betonica,  Benth.     [all] 
Galeopsis  Ladanum,  L.     4,  5,  7-10 

-  Tetrahit,  L.     [all] 

forma  speciosa,  Mill,      i,  2,  4-7,  8,  9 
[Leonurus  Cardiaca],  L.      i ,  4,  9 
Lamium  purpureum,  L.     [all] 

-  hybridum,  Vill.     2,  4,  6 

-  amplexicaule,  L.      1,2,  4,  5-7,  10 

-  album,  L.     [all] 

[ —  maculatum],  L.      i,  2,  4,  6 

-  Galeobdolon,  Crantz.      [all] 
Ballota  nigra,  L.     [all] 
Teucrium  Scorodonia,  L.     [all] 
Ajuga  reptans,  L.     [all] 

ILLECEBRACEJE 
[Herniaria  hirsuta],  L.     6 
Scleranthus  annuus,  L.      1-4,  6,  7 
—  biennis,  Reut.      4,  6 

CHENOPODIACE.S 

Chenopodium  polyspermum,  L.      2,  4,  7-0 
c.  album,  L.     [all] 

b.  viride,  L.     [all] 

c.  faganum,  Reichb.      1-7 

-  urbicum,  L.      i 

-  hybridum,  L.     4,  5,  9 

-  Bonus-Henricus,  L.     i,  2,  4-7,  9,  10 

-  rubrum,  L.     2,  3,  4,  7 

-  murale,  L.     4 


48 


Atriplex  patula,  L.     [all] 
var.  erecta,  Huds.     4 
var.  angustifolia,  Sm.     [all] 

—  hastata,  L.     1-4,  10 

—  triangularis,  Willd.     I,  2,  4-6 

POLYCONACE.S 

Polygonum  Bistorta,  L.      1-4,  6-9 

-  amphibium,  L.     [all] 

-  lapathifolium,  L.      1-9 

-  maculatum,  Dyer  &  Trim,  i ,  4 

-  Persicaria,  L.     [all] 

-  mite,  Schrank.     5 

-  Hydropiper,  L.     [all] 

-  minus,  Huds.     4 

-  aviculare,  L.     [all] 

a.  agrestinum,  Jord.     [all] 

b.  vulgatum,  Syme.     [all] 

t.  arenastrum,  Boreau.      1-4,  6-8,  10 

d.  microspermum,  Jord.     2-4,  6,  7 

e.  rurivagum,  Jord.     2,  4-7 

-  Convolvulus,  L.      [all] 

[Fagopyrum  esculentum],  Moench.   1 , 2, 4, 6,  8,  9 
Rumex  obtusifolius,  L.     [all] 

-  acutus,  L.     2—4,  6-8 

-  pulcher,  L.     4,  5,  7 

-  maritimus,  L.      I,  4,  5,  6 

-  crispus,  L.     [all] 

-  sanguineus,  L.      i,  4,  5,  9 

b.  viridis,  Sibth.     [all] 

-  conglomerate,  Murray,     [all] 

-  Hydrolapathum,  Huds.      1-6,  8,  9 

-  Acetosa,  L.     [all] 

-  Acetosella,  L.     [all] 

THYMEL^ACE/E 

Daphne  Laureola,  L.     4,  5,  7-9 
[ —  Mezereum],  L.      2,  8 

LoRANTHACU 

Viscum  album,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  9 

EUPHORBIACE.S 

Euphorbia  Helioscopia,  L.     [all] 

-  amygdaloides,  L.      2-4,  6,  8,  9 

-  Peplus,  L.     [all] 

-  exigua,  L.     [all] 
[Buxus  sempervirens],  L.      8 
Mercurialis  perennis,  L.     [all] 

URTICACE.S 
Ulmus  montana,  Sm.     [all] 

b.  major,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  7,  10 
t.  nitida,  Syme.     2,  10 

—  campestris,  Sm.     [all] 

b.  glabra,  Mill,      i,  2,  4,  6,  10 
Urtica  urens,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  7-9 

—  dioica,  L.     [all] 

b.  angustifolia,  A.  Blytt.     4 
Parietaria  officinalis,  L.      1-6,  8 
Humulus  Lupulus,  L.     1-9 

CuFULIFIUI 

Betula  alba,  L.     [all] 
-  glutinosa,  Fries,      i,  2,  6,  8,  9 
Alnus  glutinosa,  Gaertn.     [all] 


BOTANY 


Quercus  Robur,  a.  pedunculata,  Ehrh.     [all] 

c.  sessiliflora,  Salisb.      2—9 
Fagus  sylvatica,  L.     [all] 
Corylus  Avellana,  L.     [all] 
Carpinus  Betulus,  L.      1-4,  6,  9 

SAUCINEJE 

Populus  alba,  L.      i ,  3-8 

—  canescens,  Sm.      1,2,  4-8 

—  tremula,  L.     [all] 
[—  nigra],  L.      1-5,  7-9 

Salix  triandra,  L.      2,  4-6,  9,  10 

b.  Hoffmanniana,  Sm.      3-5,  7 

c.  amygdalina,  L.     [all] 
— -  pentandra.      1-4,  6,  7,  10 

-  fragilis,  L.     [all] 

var.  decipiens,  Hoffm.     2-4,  6,  8,  10 
var.  Russelliana,  Sm.      i,  4,  6,  8 

—  alba,  L.     [all] 

var.  caerulea,  Sm.      i,  4,  6,  8 
var.  vitellina,  L.     3,  4,  6,  8 

—  Caprea,  L.     [all] 

—  cinerea,  L.     [all] 

b.  aquatica,  Sm.      1-6,  9 

c.  oleifolia,  Sm.     [all] 

-  aurita,  L.     [all] 

—  repens,  L.      1,2 

var.  incubacea,  Syme.      i,  2 
var.  argentea,  Sm.      i,  2 

—  nigricans,  Sm.     8 

-  Damascena,  Forbes.     8 

-  laurina,  Sm.     4,  8,  9 

—  viminalis,  L.     [all] 

—  Smithiana,  Willd.      2-4,  6,  8,  9 

—  ferruginea,  G.  Anders.      2,  6 

—  rugosa,  Leefe.      2-6,  8 

-  acuminata,  Sm.      2-4 

-  purpurea,  L.      8 

var.  Woolgariana,  Borr.      8 

var.  Lambertiana,  Sm.      2-5,  8,  9 

var.  Helix,  L.     2-6,  8,  9 

CERATOPHYLLE./E 
Ceratophyllum  demersum.      2,  4-6,  8,  10 

CONIFERS 

[Pinus  sylvestris],  L.     [all] 
Taxus  baccata,  L.     [all] 

HYDROCHARIDEJE 

[Elodea  canadensis],  Michx.     [all] 
ORCHIDE^E 

Neottia  Nidus-avis,  L.      1-6,  8,  9 
Listera  ovata,  Br.     [all] 
Spiranthes  autumnalis,  Rich.     4,  7,  8 
Epipactis  latifolia,  Sw.      1-9 

-  palustris,  Sw.     2,  8,  9 
Cephalanthera  pallens,  Rich. 

—  ensifolia,  Rich.     9 
Orchis  mascula,  L.      1-4,  6-10 

—  latifolia,  L.      1,2,  4,  7-9 

—  incarnata,  L.     2,  4,  7 

—  maculata,  L.     [all] 

—  Morio,  L.      1,2,  4-9 

—  pyramidalis,  L.     4,  J,  8,  9 

I 


10 


Ophrys  apifera,  Huds.      I,  4,  5,  8 
Habenaria  conopsea,  Benth.     2,  4,  J,  8,  9 

-  viridis,  Br.      i,  4,  6,  8,  9 

-  bifolia,  Br.     4 

-  chlorantha,  Bab.      1-4,  5,  8,  9 

IRIDEJE 
Iris  Pseud-acorus,  L.     [all] 

-  fcetidissima,  L.     4,  6-9 
[Crocus  nudiflorus],  Sm.     4 

AMARYLLIDEJE 

Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus,  L.      1,2,  4,  6,  8,  9 
—  biflorus,  Curtis.      3,  6,  8 
[ —  poeticus],  L.     6 
Galanthus  nivalis,  L.      i,  6,  9 
Leucojum  aestivum.      2,  7 

DIOSCOREJE 

Tamus  communis,  L.     [all] 
LILIACE.S 

Convallaria  majalis,  L,      1-6,  8,  9 
Allium  vineale  v.  compactum,  Thuill.     4-9 

-  oleraceum,  L,     4,  ;,  7,  9 

-  ursinum,  L.      1-4,  6-9 
Scilla  nutans,  Sm.     [all] 
Ornithogalum  umbellatum,  L.     4,  7 
Fritillaria  Meleagris,  L.      3,  4,  8 
Tulipa  sylvestris,  L.      i,  2,  4,  6 
Gagea  lutea,  Ker.      1 ,  2 

Colchicum  autumnale,  L.      1,2,  4,  6-9 
Narthecium  ossifragum,  Huds.      i,  2 
Paris  quadrifolia,  L.      1-6,  8,  9 

JUNCEJE 

Juncus  bufonius,  L.     [all] 

var.  fasciculatus,  Koch.      I,  2,  8 

-  squarrosus,  L.      1-3,  6,  7 

—  Gerardi,  Loisel.     3-5,  7,  9 

-  glaucus,  Ehrh.     [all] 

-  diffusus,  Hoppe.      1-4,  6 

-  effusus,  L.     [all] 

-  conglomerate,  L.     [all] 

-  lamprocarpus,  Ehrh.     [all] 

-  supinus,  Moench.      1-3,  6,  7,  9 

—  obtusiflorus,  Ehrh.     4-6,  8,  9 

—  acutiflorus,  Ehrh.     [all] 
Luzula  maxima,  DC.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

—  vernalis,  DC.      1-9 

-  campestris,  Willd.     [all] 

—  erecta,  Desv.     [all] 

TYPHACE.S 

Sparganium  ramosum,  Huds.     [all] 

—  neglectum,  Beeby.      3,  5-8,  10 

-  simplex,  Huds.     [all] 

—  minimum,  Fries.      2-4,  6 
Typha  latifolia,  L.     [all] 

var.  media,  Syme.     4,  5 

—  angustifolia,  L.      I,  3-6,  8,  10 

AROIDEJE 

Arum  maculatum,  L.     [all] 
Acorus  Calamus,  L.     2-6,  10 


LEMNACEJE 
Lemna  minor,  L.     [all] 


49 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Lemna  trisulca,  L.     [all] 

—  gibba,  L.      1-6,  8,  9 

—  polyrhiza,  L.     1-6 

ALISMACEA 

Alisma  Plantago,  L.     [all] 

var.  lanceolata,  With.      1-8 

—  ranunculoides,  L.     3,  7 
Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  L.      1-8 
Butomus  umbellatus,  L.     [all] 

NAIADACE.K 

Triglochin  palustre,  L.     1-9 
Potamogeton  natans,  L.     [all] 

—  polygonifolius,  Pourr.      1-9 

-  rufescens,  Schrad.      2-4-6 

—  heterophyllus,  Schreb.     2 

-  lucens,  L.     2-4,  6,  7,  10 

-  decipiens,  Nolle.     4 

-  perfoliatus,  L.     [all] 

-  crispus,  L.     [all] 

var.  serratus,  Huds.     4,  7,  9 

-  densus,  L.     3-5,  7,  8 

-  zosterifolius,  Schum.      2-6,  8,  9 

-  acutifolius,  Link.     4  ? 

-  obtusifolius,  Mert.  &  Koch.     4,  6 

-  Friesii,  Rup.      I,  4-6,  8,  10 

-  pusillus,  L.     2-4,  8 

-  pectinatus,  L.     [all] 

var.  flabellatus,  Bab.      2-9 
Zannichellia  palustris,  L.      [all] 

CYPERACEJE 
Hcleocharis  palustris,  Br.     [all] 

-  multicaulis,  Sm.      2,  4 

-  acicularis,  Sm.      1-6,  8 
Scirpus  lacustris,  L.     [all] 

-  Tabernaemontani,  Gmel.      5 

-  maritimus,  L.      5 

-  sylvaticus,  L.      1-6,  8-10 

-  setaceus,  L.      1—6,  8 

-  fluitans,  L.      I,  2,  6,  7 

-  czspitosus,  L.      1,2 

-  pauciflorus,  Lightft.      I,  6 

-  Caricis,  Retz.     4 
Eriophorum  vaginatum,  L.      I,  2,  8 

-  polystachion,  L.      1-3,  5,  6,  8,  9 
Rhynchospora  alba,  Vahl.      I,  2,  5 
Schcenus  nigricans,  L.      1,2 
Cladium  Mariscus,  Br.      I 

Carex  pulicaris,  L.      1,2,  4,  5,  7 

-  dioica,  L.     i,  2,  6 

—  disticha,  Huds.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

-  paniculata,  L.      I— 6,  8,  9 

—  teretiuscula,  Good.     4 

var.  Ehrhartiana,  Hoppe.      I 

—  muricata,  L.     [all] 

-  divulsa,  Good.     2,  4,  5-9 

-  vulpina,  L.     [all] 

-  echinata,  Murr.     i,  2,  4,  6-9 

-  remota,  L.     [all] 

—  axillaris,  Good,     i,  2,  6 

-  leporina,  L.     [all] 

—  elongata,  L.     2 

—  canescens,  L.      i,  2 

—  acuta,  L.     2-6,  8,  9 


Carex  stricta,  Good.      3,  6,  9 

—  Goodenovii,  Gay.     [all] 

var.  juncella,  Fr.      I,  6,  9 

—  glauca,  Murr.     [all] 

—  pallescens,  L.     1—9 

—  panicea,  L.      1—9 

—  pendula,  Huds.      1-9 

—  przcox,  Jacq.      1-4,  6-8 

—  pilulifera,  L.      I,  2,  4,  7-9 

—  hirta,  L.     [all] 

-  flava,  L.     i,  2,  4,  5,  8,  9 

var.  minor,  Towns.      1-4,  6—9 

-  distans,  L.     4,  5,  7 

-  fulva,  Good,      i,  6,  7,  9 

-  binervis,  Sm.      1-4,  6-9 

-  laevigata,  Sm.      I,  4,  5 

-  sylvatica,  Huds.     [all] 

-  vesicaria,  L.      1,2,  4-6,  8 

—  ampullacea,  Good.      1-4,  6,  10 

—  Pseudocyperus,  L.     [all] 

—  paludosa,  Good,     [all] 

-  riparia,  Curtis.      1-5,  8,  9 

GRAMINEJE 
[Panicum  Sanguinale],  Scop.     6 

-  [Crus-galli],  L.     6 
Setaria  viridis,  Beav.     4-6 
[Phalaris  canariensis],  L.      I,  4-6 
— -  arundinacea,  L.     [all] 
Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  L.     [all] 
Alopecurus  agrestis,  L.     [all] 

-  fulvus,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  6,  8,  i o 

-  geniculatus,  L.     [all] 

-  pratensis,  L.     [all] 
Milium  effusum,  L.      1-9 
Phleum  pratense,  L.     [all] 

var.  nodosum,  L.      2,  4-7,  9,  10 
Agrostis  canina,  L.      1—4,  6-10 

-  vulgaris,  With,     [all] 

var.  nigra,  With,     [all] 

-  alba,  L.     [all] 

var.  stolonifera,  L.     4,  8 
[Polypogon  monspeliensis],  Desf.     6 
Calamagrostis  Epigejos,  Roth.      1-9 

-  lanceolata,  Roth.      2,  3,  5,  6 
Gastridium  lendigerum,  Gaud.     4,  8,  9 
Aira  caryophyllea,  L.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 

-  praecox,  L.     1-4,  6,  8,  9 
Deschampsia  caespitosa,  Beauv.     [all] 

-  flexuosa,  Trin.     [all] 
Holcus  lanatus,  L.     [all] 

-  mollis,  L.     [all] 

Trisetum  flavescens,  Beauv.     [all] 
Avena  fatua,  L.     [all] 

-  pratensis,  L.     2,  4,  7,  9 
[ —  strigosa],  Schreb.     4 

-  pubescens,  Huds.     [all] 
Arrhenatherum  avenaceum,  Beauv.     [all] 

var.  nodosum,  Reichb.     2,  4-10 
Triodia  decumbens,  Beauv.      1—9 
Phragmites  communis,  Trin.      1-9 
Cynosurus  cristatus,  L.     [all] 
Koeleria  cristata,  Pers.      2,  4,  5,  7-9 
Molinia  caerulea,  Mcench.      1-8 
Catabrosa  aquatica,  Beauv.     [all] 
Melica  uniflora,  Retz.      1-4,  6,  8,  9 


BOTANY 


Dactylis  glomerata,  L.     [all] 
Briza  media,  L.     [all] 
Poa  annua,  L.     [all] 

—  pratensis,  L.     [all] 

var.  angustifolia,  L.     5,  6,  8 
var.  strigosa,  Gaud.     4 

—  trivialis,  L.     [all] 

—  nemoralis,  L.      1—9 

—  compressa,  L.      I— 5,  7-10 

var.  polynoda,  Parn.     4-8,  10 
Glyceria  aquatica,  Sin.      1-9 

—  fluitans,  Br.     [all] 

—  plicata,  Fr.     2-9 

var.  pedicillata,  Towns.      I,  2,  5—10 
Festuca  elatior,  L.     [all] 

—  pratensis,  Huds.     [all] 

var.  loliacea,  Curt.      1-5,  7 

—  gigantea,  Vill.     [all] 

—  ovina,  L.      1—4,  6-8 

—  duriuscula,  L.      I,  2,  4,  8,  10 

—  rubra,  L.     [all] 

—  fallax,  Th.     1-5,  8-10 

—  Myuros,  L.     I,  4,  5,  7,  10 

—  sciuroides,  Roth,     [all] 

—  rigida,  Kth.     4,  5,  7-10 
Bromus  asper,  Murr.     [all] 

—  erectus,  Huds.     4,  5,  7—10 

var.  villosus,  Bab.     4,  5,  7 

—  sterilis,  L.     [all] 

—  mollis,  L.     [all] 

—  racemosus,  L.      1-4,  6-10 

var.  commutatus,  Schrad.      2,  4-10 

—  secalinus,  L.      I— 10 

var.  velutinus,  Schrad.     4,  7 
Brachypodium  sylvaticum,  R.  &  S.     [all] 

—  pinnatum,  Beauv.     4,  5,  7—9 

var.  pubescens,  Syme.     4 
Lolium  perenne,  L.     [all] 

var.  italicum,  A.  Br.      1—4,  7,  9,  10 

—  temulentura,  L.     6 
Agropyrum  caninum,  Beauv.     [all] 

—  repens,  Beauv.     [all] 

var.  barbatum,  Duval-Jouve.      3,  5,  7-9 
Nardus  stricta,  L.      1-3,  6-9 
Hordeum  murinum,  L.     [all] 

—  pratense,  Huds.     [all] 

FIHCES 

Pteris  aquilina,  L.     [all] 

Lomaria  Spicant,  Desv.      i,  2,  4,  6,  8,  9 

Asplenium  Ruta-muraria,  L.     [all] 

—  Trichomanes,  L.     2-4,  6,  9 


Asplenium  Adiantum-nigrum,  L.     2,  4,  6,  8-10 
Athyrium  Filix-fcemina,  Bernh.     [all] 

var.  rhoeticum,  Roth.      1-3,  6-8,  10 

var.  molle,  Roth.     3,  8 

—  Ceterach,  L.      3-6,  8 
Scolopendrium  vulgare,  Sm.      1-8 
Cystopteris  fragilis,  Bernh.     4 
Aspidium  lobatum,  Sw.     1-6,  8,  9 

—  aculeatum,  Sw.      1-4,  6,  8 

—  angulare,  Willd.      1-6 
Nephrodium  Filix-mas,  Rich,     [all] 

var.  affinis,  Fisch.      1—3,  6-9 

var.  paleacea,  Moore.      1-4,  6,  7,  9,  10 

—  spinulosum,  Desv.      1—4,  6-9 

—  dilatatum,  Desv.      1-4,  6-10 

—  Thelypteris,  Desv.      I,  6 

—  Oreopteris,  Desv.      1-4,  6 
Polypodium  vulgare,  L.      1-4,  6-10 
Osmunda  regalis,  L.      i,  2,  4 
Ophioglossum  vulgatum,  L.      1,2,  4-7,  9 
Botrychium  Lunaria,  Sw.      i,  2,  4,  9 

EQUISETACEJE 
Equisetum  arvense,  L.     [all] 

—  maximum,  Lamk.     [all] 

—  sylvaticum,  L.      1-3,  6,  8 

—  palustre,  L.      1-9 

—  limosum,  L.      1-6,  8-10 

var.  fluviatile,  L.      1-6 

—  hyemale,  L.      i 

LYCOPODIACEJE 

Lycopodium  clavatum,  L.      1,2 
• —  inundatum,  L.      2 
-  Selago,  L.      2 

MARSILEACEJE 
Pilularia  globulifera,  L.      1,2 

CHARACE^E 
Chara  fragilis,  Desv.      1-3 

var.  capillacea,  C.  &  G.      i 
var.  Hedwigii,  Kuetz.      2,  4,  8 

—  contraria,  Kuetz.     6 

—  vulgaris,  L.      i,  3-5,  7 

var.  longibracteata,  Kuetz.     1,2,  4-8,  10 

var.  papillata,  Wall,      i,  5 

var.  crassicaulis,  Kuetz.      6 
Tolypella  glomerata,  Leonh.     7 
Nitella  translucens,  Agardh.      8 

—  flexilis,  Agardh.      1-4,  6 

—  opaca,  Agardh.      i,  2,  6 


THE    MOSSES    (Musci) 

The  physical  features  of  Warwickshire  are  not  conducive  to  a  varied 
moss  flora.  The  atmospheric  impurities  which  largely  prevail,  the  great 
absence  of  the  harder  rocks,  the  high  state  of  cultivation  prevailing  over 
its  greater  portion  (the  waste  land  being  more  limited  than  in  any  of  the 
neighbouring  counties),  the  very  small  extent  of  marsh,  bog  and  heath- 
land,  together  with  the  total  absence  of  mountain  rocks,  are  all  circum- 
stances tending  to  a  limited  moss  flora.  Still  (with  the  exception  of 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Staffordshire)  the  Warwickshire  list  of  mosses  compares  favourably  with 
that  of  any  of  the  surrounding  counties.  The  county  is  poor  in  limestone 
rocks,  so  that  lime-loving  species  are  only  found  on  the  mud-capped  walls 
of  the  lias  districts  in  the  Avon  valley,  or  on  the  mortar  of  old  walls  in 
other  portions  of  the  county.  The  mortar  of  an  old  wall  near  Hatton  is 
the  only  British  locality  where  the  lime-loving  Grimmia  crinita  is  to  be 
found.  The  woodlands  are  extensive.  In  the  Avon  basin  their  soils  are 
usually  marl  or  clay,  and  yield  many  plants  of  interest,  such  as  Hypnum 
brevirostre.  In  the  more  northern  woods  the  soils  are  usually  peaty  in 
character,  yielding  a  rich  abundance  of  the  more  common  species,  such 
as  many  of  the  Sphagnum*  and  rarely  Dicranum  montanum,  which  was 
first  recorded  from  a  Warwickshire  wood  as  a  British  species.  Trees 
growing  in  fields  and  hedges  are  a  noticeable  feature  in  the  county,  and 
are  often  tenanted  by  some  of  the  rarer  Tortuli,  as  T.  papillosa,  the  beau- 
tiful Cryphaa  heteromalla  and  the  rare  Orthotricbum  obtusifolium.  Heath- 
lands  are  of  small  extent,  those  of  Sutton,  Coleshill  and  Kenilworth  being 
the  most  extensive.  A  small  expanse  of  heathland  occurs  near  Great 
Wolford,  yielding  many  of  the  commoner  ericetal  species,  and  from  this 
locality  Dicranum  undulatum  was  first  recorded  as  a  British  species.  The 
rivers  are  usually  softly  flowing  and  full  of  beauty,  but  their  alluvial 
banks  are  not  rich  in  moss  vegetation.  The  water-washed  roots  of  the 
trees  and  shrubs  that  fringe  their  banks,  however,  are  often  clad  with 
mosses  both  rare  and  common. 

The  total  list  of  the  moss  flora  of  Warwickshire  amounts  to  240 
species,  and  this  is  probably  an  exhaustive  record.  Comparing  the 
Warwickshire  moss  flora  with  that  of  the  neighbouring  counties,  we  find 
that  Oxfordshire  has  193  species,  Northamptonshire  has  220  species, 
Leicestershire  has  180  species,  Staffordshire  has  276  species,  but  in  this 
county  there  are  mountainous  rocks  and  a  large  area  of  moor  and  bog, 
many  rapid  streams,  and  limestone  in  abundance.  Worcestershire  has 
276  species,  but  has  not  been  exhaustively  examined. 

In  order  to  show  roughly  the  distribution  of  the  mosses  enumerated, 
the  county  has  been  divided  into  the  two  districts  watered  by  the  rivers 
(i)  the  Tame,  (2)  the  Severn,  and  the  numbers  made  use  of  in  the  list 
following  refer  to  these  districts  respectively. 


Sphagnum  cymbifolium,  Ehrh.      i, 
var.  squarrosulum,  N.  &  H. 
var.  congestum,  Schp.      i 

—  papillosum,  Ldb.      i 

var.  confertum,  Ldb.      i 

-  subsecundum,  Nees.      I,  2 

var.  contortum,  Schp.      i,  2 
var.  obesum,  Schp.      i,  2 
var.  viriJe,  Boul.      I,  2 

-  teres.     Var.  subteres,  Dixon. 

-  *squarrosum,  Pen.     i 

-  acutifolium,  Ehrh.      i 

var.  rubellum,  Russ.      i 
var.  patulum,  Schp.      i 


Sphagnum  Girgensohnii,  Russ.      I 

—  fimbriatum,  Wilt,      i 

-  intermedium,  Hoffm.      i 

-  cuspidatum,  Ehrh.      i 
Tetraphis  pellucida,  Hedw.      I,  2 
Catharinea  undulata,  W.  &  M. 

var.  minor,  W.  &  M.      i 
var.  Haussknechtii,  Dixon. 
Polytrichum  nanum,  Neck,      i,  2 
var.  longisetum,  Ldb.      2 

—  aloides,  Hedw.      i,  2 

var.  Dichoni,  Wallm.      I 

—  urnigerum,  L.      I 

—  piliferum,  Schreb.      i,  2 


I,  2 


BOTANY 


Polytrichum  juniperinum,  Willd.      i ,  2 

—  gracile,  Dicks,      i,  2 

—  formosum,  Hedw.      I,  2 

—  commune,  L.      i,  2 

var.  perigonialey  B.  &  S.      I 

var.  minus,  Weis.      I 
Archidium  alternifolium,  Schp.      i,  2 
Pleuridium  axillare,  Ldb.      i,  2 

—  subulatum,  Rab.      i,  2 

—  alternifolium,  Rab.      i 
Ditrichum  flexicaule,  Hpe.     2 
Selegeria  pusilla,  J5.  &  S.     2 
Ceratodon  purpureus,  End.      i,  2 
Dichodontium  pellucidum,  Schp.      i 
Dicranella  heteromalla,  5cA^.      i,  2 

—  cerviculata,  5cA^.      i 
- — •  crispa,  Schp.     2 

—  rufescens,  Schp.      i 

—  varia,  Schp.      i,  2 

—  Schreberi,  &/>/.      i 

var.  elata,  Schp.      I 
Dicranoweissia  cirrata,  Ldb.      i,  2 
Campylopus  flexuosus,  Brid.      i,  2 

-  pyriformis,  Brid.      I,  2 

-  fragilis,  B.  fcf  5.      1,2 
Dicranum  undulatum,  £7>r/'.     2 

—  spurium,  Hedw.      i 

—  Bonjeani,  £)*  Afaf.      i,  2 

—  scoparium,  Hedw.      I,  2 

var.  orthophyllum,  Brid.      i,  2 

—  majus,  Turn,      i,  2 

—  fuscescens,  7"i/rH.      i,  2 

—  montanum,  Hedw.      I,  2 
Leucobryum  glaucum,  &/.>/>.      i 
Fissidens  exilis,  Hedw.      I,  2 

—  viridulus,  Wahl.      I 

var.  Zy/«,  Wils.      2 

—  pusillus,  Wih.      I,  2 

-  incurvus,  Star  he.      I,  2 

-  tamarindifolius,  Wih.      i,  2 

-  bryoides,  Hedw.      I,  2 

var.  inconstant,  Schp.      2 

—  crassipes,  Wih.     2 

—  adiantoides,  Hedw.      I,  2 

—  taxifolius,  Hedw.      I,  2 
Grimmia  apocarpa,  Hedw.      i,  2 

var.  rivularis,  W.  &  M.      i 
var.  gracilis,  W.  &  M.      1,2 

—  crinita,  Brid.     2 

—  pulvinata,  5/n.      I,  2 

/8.  «£/i«<7,  Hub.     2 

—  trichophylla,  Grev.      2 
Rhacomitrium  lanuginosum,  Brid.     2 

—  canescens,  Brid.      I 

—  heterostichum,  Brid.     2 
Ptychomitrium  polyphyllum,  Ftirnr.      2 
Hedwigia  ciliata,  Ehrh.      i 

Acaulon  muticum,  C.M.      i 
Phascum  cuspidatum,  Schreb.      I,  2 
var.  curvisetum,  N.  &  H.      i 


Pottia  truncatula,  Ldb.      i,  2 

—  intermedia,  Ftirnr.      i,  2 

—  minutula,  Fiirnr.      I,  2 

—  lanceolata,  C.>1/.      i,  2 
Tortula  pusilla,  Mitt.     2 

var.  incana,  Braithw.     2 

—  rigida,  Schrad.      2 

—  ambigua,  Angstr.      i,  2 

—  aloides,  De  Not.      i,  2 
- —  atrovirens,  Ldb.     2 

-  marginata,  Spr.      i,  2 

-  muralis,  Hedw.      i,  2 

ft.  rupestris,  Wils.      i,  2 
var.  asstiva,  Brid.      i 

—  subulata,  Hedw.      i,  2 

-  mutica,  Ldb.      i,  2 

-  laevipila,  Schwgt.       i,  2 

-  intermedia,  Berk.      I,  2 

-  ruralis,  Ehrh.      i,  2 

-  papillosa,  Wils.      i,  2 
Barbula  lurida,  Ldb.      i,  2 

—  rubella,  M///.      i,  2 

-  tophacea,  Mitt,      i,  2 

-  I al lax,  Hedw.      I,  2 

var.  brevifolia,  Schultz.      i 
var.  brevicau/iiy  Schw.      I 

—  recurvifolia,  Schp.      2 

—  spadicea,  Mitt.      i,  2 

-  rigidula,  Af///.      I,  2 

-  cylindrica,  Sc/^/>.      i,  2 

-  vinealis,  Brid.      i,  2 

-  sinuosa,  Braithw.      i,  2 

—  Hornschuchiana,  Schultz.      I,  2 

—  revoluta,  J9r;W.      I,  2 

—  convoluta,  Hedw.      i,  2 

—  unguiculata,  Hedw.      I,  2 

var.  cuspidata,  Braithw.      i,  2 
Leptodontium  flexifblium,  ///><•.      i 
Weissia  multicapsularis,  Mitt.      i 

-  rostellata,  Ldb.      2 

—  microstoma,  C.M.      i 

—  viridula,  Hedw.      I,  2 

—  mucronata,  B.  &  S.      \ 

—  tenuis,  C.M.      i,  2 
Trichostomum  tortuosum,  Dixon.      I 
Cinclidotus  Brebissoni,  Husn.      2 

—  fontinaloides,  P.B.     2 
Encalypta  streptocarpa,  Hedw.      i,  2 
Zygodon  viridissimus,  R.  Br.      i,  2 
Ulota  crispa,  Brid.      I,  2 

var.  intermedia,  Dixon.      I,  2 
Orthotrichum  rupestre,  Schleich.      2 

—  anomalum.      Var.  saxatile,  Milde.    I,  2 

—  cupulatum,  Hoffm.      2 

—  leiocarpum,  B.  &  S.     2 

-  Lyelli,  H.&T.     i,  2 

—  affine,  Schrad.      i,  2 

var.  fastigiatum,  Hub.     2 

—  stramineum,  Hornsch.     2 

—  tenellum,  Bruch.      I,  2 


53 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Orthotrichum  diaphanum,  Schrad.     i,  2 

—  obtusifolium,  Schrad.      I,  2 
Ephemerum  serratum,  Hpe.     I 
Physcomitrella  patens,  B  &  S.      I,  2 
Physcomitrium  pyriforme,  .Br/W.     2 
Funaria  fascicularis,  Schp.     I,  2 

—  hygrometrica,  Sibtb.     i,  2 

var.  cafvescens,  B.  &  S.     2 

—  microstoma,  B.  &  S.     2 
Amblyodon  dealbatus,  P.B.     i 
Aulacomnium  palustre,  Schwgr.      I,  2 

—  androgynum,  Schwgr.      i,  2 
Bartramia  pomiformis,  Hedw.      I,  2 
Philonotis  fontana,  £r/W.      I,  2 

-  caespitosa,  Jfils.     I,  2 

-  calcarea,  £•£/.      i,  2 
Leptobryum  pyriforme,  ffiis.      I,  2 
Webera  nutans,  Hedw.      I,  2 

—  annotina,  Schwgr.      I,  2 


—  albicans,  Schp.      i,  2 
Bryum  pendulum,  Schp.      i,  2 

—  lacustre,  Brid.      2 

-  inclinatum,  Bland.      I 

—  uliginosum,  B.  &  S.     2 

-  pallens,  Sw.      I,  2 

-  turbinatum,  Schwgr.      i 

-  bimum,  Schreb.      i,  2 

-  pseudo-triquetrum,  Schwgr.      i,  2 

-  pallescens,  Schleich.      I 

-  affine,  Ldb.      i 

-  intermedium,  .Br/W.      i,  2 

-  cacspiticium,  Z,.      i,  2 

-  capillare,  £.     1,2 

var.  macrocarpum,  Hdbn.      i,  2 
var.  flaccidum,  B.  &  S.      I,  2 

-  obconicum,  Hornsch.      2 

-  erythrocarpum,  Schwgr.      i,  2 

-  atropurpureum,  If.  &  yj</.      i,  2 

-  murale,  IP  Us.      i,  2 

-  argenteum,  L.      i,  2 

var.  lanatum,  B.  &  S.      I 

-  roseum,  Schreb.      i 
Mnium  affine,  Bland,      i,  2 

-  rostratum,  Schrad.      i,  2 

-  undulatum,  Z,.      i,  2 

-  hornum,  L.      i,  2 

-  stellare,  Reich,      i,  2 

-  punctatum,  L.      i,  2 

-  subglobosum,  B.  &  5.      1,2 
Fontinalis  antipyretica,  £..      1,2 

-  dolosa,  Card.      2 
Cryphaea  heteromalla,  Mohr.      2 
Neckera  complanata,  //Ci«.      i}  2 
Homalia  trichomanoides,  £r/W.      i,  2 
Leucodon  sciuroides,  Schwgr.      i    2 
Porotrichum  alopecurum,  ^/i«.      i,  2 
Leslcea  polycarpa,  £ArA.      i,  2 
Anomodon  viticulosus,  //.  &  T.      1,2 
Thuidium  tamariscinum,  B.  £3"  S.     'i,  2 


Climacium  dendroides,  ^.  {tf  ^f.      i,  2 
Isothecium  myurum,  .BriW.      I,  2 

var.  minus,  Bagn.     2 
Pleuropus  sericeus,  Dixon.      I,  2 
Camptothecium  lutescens,  B.  £3"  5.     2 
Brachythecium  glareosum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 

—  albicans,  B.  &  S.      I,  2 

—  salebrosum,  B.  &  S.      I,  2 

var.  palustre,  Schp.      I 

—  rutabulum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 

—  rivulare,  B.  &  S.     i,  2 

—  velutinum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 

—  populeum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 

—  caespitosum,  Dixon.      i,  2 

—  illecebrum,  £k  N<tf.     2 

—  purum,  Dixon.      I,  2 
Eurhynchium  piliferum,  5.  £3"  5.      i,  2 

—  speciosum,  Schpr.     i 

—  praelongum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 

£.   Stokesii,  L.  Cat.      I,  2 

—  Swartzii,  //0i/f.      i,  2 

—  abbreviatum,  &£/.     2 

—  pumilum,  Sr>^.      i,  2 

-  Teesdalei,  5<r/f>/.      I,  2 

—  tenellum,  Milde.      \ 

-  myosuroides,  Schp.      i,  2 

-  striatum,  B.  &  S.     i,  2 

—  rusciforme,  Milde.      I,  2 

var.  atlanticum,  Brid.      i 

-  murale,  Milde.      i,  2 

var.  julaceum,  Schp.      2 

—  confertum,  Milde.      I,  2 

-  megapolitanum,  Milde.      i,  2 
Plagiothecium  Borrerianum,  Spr.      i,  2 

—  denticulatum,  B.  &  S.      I,  2 

/3.  aptychus,  L.  Cat.      I 

-  sylvaticum,  B.  £3"  5.      i,  2 

-  undulatum,  5.  £3"  S.      i,  2 

-  latebricola,  B.  &  S.      i 
Amblestegium  serpens,  B.  &  S.      i,  2 

—  varium,  /,<$>.      i 

-  irriguum,  B.  &f  S.      I,  2 

-  fluviatile,  B.  &  S.      i 

—  filicinum,  D*  A^o/.      i,  2 

var.  Valiudawte,  Dixon.      2 
Hypnum  riparium,  L.      1,2 

var.  longifolium,  Schp.      I,  2 
var.  splendens,  De  Not.      I,  2 

—  elodes,  Spr.     2 

—  polygamum,  &v&^.      i,  2 

var.  stagnatum,  Wils.      2 

—  stellatum,  Schreb.      I,  2 

-  chrysophyllum,  5r/W.      i,  2 

-  aduncum,  Hedw.      I,  2 

/S.  JT»«#»,  Schp.      i,  2 
var.  paternum,  Samo.      2 

—  Sendtneri,  Schp.      i,  2 

var.  hamatum,  Ldb.      2 

—  lycopodioides,  Schwgr.      2 

—  fluitans,  L.      i,  2 


54 


BOTANY 


Hypnum  *exannulatum,  Gumb.      i, 
- —  vernicosum,  Ldb.      I 

—  revolvens,  Sw.      i,  2 

ft.   Cossoni,  Ren.      i,  2 

—  Intermedium,  Ldb.      i,  2 

—  commutatum,  Hedw.      i,  2 

—  falcatum,  Brid.      i,  2 

—  cupressiforme,  L.      i,  2 

var.  resupinatum,  Schp.      I,  2 
var.  filiforme,  Brid.      i,  2 
var.  ericetorum,  B.  &  S.      1,2 
var.  tectorum,  Brid.      i,  2 
var.  elatumy  B.  &  S.      I,  2 

—  Patientiae,  Lrfi.      i,  2 


Hypnum  molluscum,  Hedui.      I, 
Limnobium  palustre,  Z/.      i,  2 
Calliergon  stramineum,  Dicks,      i 

—  cordifolium,  Hedw.      i,  2 

—  giganteum,  Schp.      i,  2 

—  cuspidatum,  L.      I,  2 

var.  pungent,  Schp.      2 

—  Schreberi,  JF/7/rf.      i,  2 
Hylocomium  splendens,  5.  £3"  S. 

—  brevirostre,  B.  &  S.     2 

—  loreum,  B.  &  S.     2 

—  squarrosum,  B.  &  S.      i,  2 

/3.  calvescens,  Hobk.      2 

—  triquetrum,  B  &  S.     i,  2 


THE  LIVERWORTS   (Hepatic*} 

The  natural  features  of  Warwickshire  are  not  conducive  to  a  rich 
or  varied  growth  of  the  liverworts.  These  plants  are  usually  found  on 
mountain  rocks  or  wild  moorlands,  on  the  banks  of  rapid  streams,  or 
where  the  constant  spray  of  the  waterfall  keeps  their  home  damp.  In 
Warwickshire  the  comparative  absence  of  such  conditions  would  naturally 
limit  the  occurrence  of  any  but  the  more  common  species.  The  total 
number  of  liverworts  recorded  for  Great  Britain  is  220,  but  for  War- 
wickshire only  50  species.  The  poverty  of  this  record  is  in  a  measure 
due  to  the  fact  that  this  portion  of  the  county  flora  has  been  neglected. 
Among  the  records  the  more  rare  are  Cephalozia  lunulcefolia,  one  of  the 
very  rare  hepatics,  the  sporadic  Riccia  crystallina,  only  once  seen  and  then 
in  great  abundance,  and  Prionolobus  Turneri  only  recorded  from  three 
other  British  stations. 

Of  the  neighbouring  counties  Oxfordshire  has  only  26  recorded 
species,  Leicestershire  48  species,  Staffordshire  69  species,  Worcester- 
shire 40  species,  while  for  Northamptonshire  there  is  no  record. 


Frullania  Tamarisci  (L.) 

—  dilatata  (L.) 
Radula  complanata  (L.) 
Porella  platyphylla  (L.) 
Trichocolea  tomentella  (Ehrh.) 
Lepidozia  reptans  (L.) 
Kantia  trichomanis  (L.) 
Cephalozia  lunulae  folia  (Dum.) 

—  bicuspidata  (L.) 

—  Lammersiana  (Htiben.) 

—  connivens  (Dicks.) 

—  curvifolia  ?  (Dicks.) 

—  divaricata  (Sm.) 

—  stellulifera  (Tayl.) 
Prionolobus  Turneri  (Hook.) 
Scapania  nemorosa  (L.) 

—  undulata  (L.) 

—  irrigua  (Nees) 

—  curta  (Mart.) 
Diplophyllum  albicans  (L.) 


Lophocolea  bidentata  (L.) 

—  cuspidata  (Limpr.) 

—  heterophylla  (Schrad.) 
Chiloscyphus  polyanthos  (L.) 

b.  rivularis,  Nees 
Plagiochila  asplenioides  (L.) 

c.  minor  (Carr  &  Pears) 
Jungermannia  cordifolia  (Hook.) 

—  inflata  (Huds.) 

—  turbinata  (Raddi.) 

—  sphasrocarpa  (Hook.) 

—  capitata  (Hook.) 

—  bicrenata  (Schmid.) 

—  porphyroleuca  (Nees) 

—  ventricosa  (Dicks.) 

—  crenulata  (Sm.) 
Nardia  scalaris  (Schrad.) 
Fossombronia  pusilla  (L.) 
Pellia  epiphylla  (L.) 

—  calycina  (Tayl.) 


55 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Ancura  multifida  (L.) 

-  sinuata  (Dicks.) 
—  pinguis  (L.) 
Metzgeria  furcata  (L.) 
Marchantia  polymorpha  (L.) 
Conocephalus  conicus  (L.) 
Rehoulia  hemisphaerica  (L.) 


Lunularia  cruciata  (L.) 
Riccia  glauca  (L.) 
-  crystallina  (L.) 

—  glaucescens  (Carr.) 
Ricciella  fluitans  (L.) 
Anthoceros  laevis  (L.) 

—  punctatus  (L.) 


THE  FRESHWATER 

The  following  list — a  very  incomplete  record  of  the  Warwickshire 
freshwater  alga? — represents  only  the  imperfect  examination  of  a  limited 
portion  of  the  northern  division  of  the  county.  A  systematic  examin- 
ation of  the  county  as  a  whole  would  materially  increase  the  number 
of  plants  recorded.  The  records  of  Purton  and  the  elder  botanists 
have  not  been  included  in  the  following  list  as  those  were  few  and 
not  always  reliable. 


Pleurococcus  vulgaris  (Menegh) 
Porphyridium  cruentum  (Nageli) 
Botrydina  vulgaris  (Br^b.) 
Tetraspora  bullosa  (Ag.) 

-  lubrica  (Ag.) 

Apiocystis  Brauniana  (Nageli) 
Protococcus  viridis  (Cohn) 
Scenedesmus  quadricaudatus  (Breb.) 

-  acutus  (Meyen) 

—  obtusus  (Meyen) 
Pediastrum  Boryanum  (Turp.) 
Hydrodictyon  utriculatum  (Roth.) 
Chlamydococcus  pluvialis  (A.  Braun) 
Volvox  globator  (L.) 

Pandorina  morum,  Ehrenb. 
Gonium  pectorale,  Moll. 
Micrasterias  rotata  (Ralfs.) 

-  denticulata  (Breb.) 

-  truncata  (Corda) 

-  crenata  (Breb.) 
i.uastrum  verrucosum  (Ehrenb.) 
Zygnema  cruciatum  (Vauch.) 
Spirogyra  nitida  (Dill.) 

—  condensata  (Vauch.) 

-  flavescens  (Hass.) 

—  longata  (Vauch.) 

var.  communis  (Dill.) 
Mesocarpus  pleurocarpus  (De  Bary) 

-  scalaris  (Hass.) 
Botrydium  granulatum  (L.) 
Vaucheria  terristris  (Lyngb.) 

—  sessilis  (Vauch.) 


Vaucheria  Dillwynii  (Hass.) 

-  geminata  (Vauch.) 
Prasiola  crispa  (Ktitz) 
Enteromorpha  intestinalis  (Link.) 
Cladophora  crispata  (Roth.) 

-  glomerata  (L.) 
Bulbochaste  setigera  (Ag.) 
Schizogonium  murale  (Ktitz) 
Stigeoclonium  nanum  (Dill.) 
Drapardnaldia  glomerata  (Ag.) 
- —  plumosa  (Vauch.) 
Chaetophora  elegans  (Ag.) 

-  endivasfolia  (Ag.) 
Coleochaete  scutata  (Bre'b.) 
Aphanocapsa  virescens  (Nag.) 
Nostoc  commune  (Vauch.) 

-  sphaericum  (Vauch.) 

-  caeruleum  (Lyngb.) 
—  verrucosum  (Vauch.) 
Oscillaria  teriuis  (Ag.) 

-  muscorum  (Carm.)  MS. 

-  limosa  (Ag.) 

-  nigra  (Vauch.) 
Lyngbya  ochracea  (Thur.) 
Tolypothrix  distorta  (Mull.) 
Gloiotrichia  natans  (Thur.) 

-  pisum  (Thur.) 
Batrachospermum  vagum  (Harv.) 

-  confusum  (Harv.) 

-  atrum  (Harv.) 
Lemanea  fluviatilis  (Agardh.) 


BOTANY 
THE  LICHENS  (Licbenes] 

Very  little  is  known  as  to  the  distribution  of  the  lichens  in  War- 
wickshire. The  records  of  the  elder  botanists  are  few,  are  in  some  in- 
stances doubtful,  and  can  rarely  be  received  with  confidence,  except 
when  they  treat  of  the  more  readily  recognized  species.  The  natural 
and  artificial  conditions  prevailing  in  the  county  are  not  indeed  favourable 
to  a  rich  lichen  flora.  Lichens  naturally  depend  on  light  and  pure 
atmospheric  surroundings  for  their  existence  or  full  development  ;  and 
being  of  slow  growth  they  cannot  attain  maturity  under  conditions  of 
frequent  interference,  from  the  surface  alterations  that  are  inseparable 
from  thickly-populated  manufacturing  districts.  In  a  contaminated 
atmosphere  or  in  shady  crevices  these  plants  will  not  come  to  perfection, 
but  will  assume  the  form  of  a  Lepraria,  which  is  an  abnormal  condition 
of  many  of  the  lichens.  The  yellow  powdery  and  white  patches  com- 
mon on  *oaks  are  examples  of  this  state.  Still  in  those  portions  of  the 
county  remote  from  large  towns  many  of  the  more  common  species 
occur  in  abundance.  On  the  trees  a  rich  growth  of  Ramalina  fraxinea, 
Parmelia  caperata  and  Physcia  ciliaris  ;  on  heathy  footways  tiny  forests  of 
Cladonia  pyxidata  or  C.  cornucopioides  ;  on  the  stone  coping  of  walls  and 
bridges  grey  masses  of  Lecanora  atra  or  Lecidea  lucida  ;  in  damp  woods 
Cladonia  digitata  or  the  more  common  Peltigera  canina  ;  on  old  palings 
Parmelia  olivacea  and  Usnea  barbata,  and  on  old  walls  and  slated  roofs  the 
golden  fronds  of  Physcia  parietina,  every  sort  and  condition  of  habitat 
being  the  home  of  one  or  other  of  the  lichens.  The  following  list  is  an 
incomplete  record  of  the  Warwickshire  lichens  : — 


Collema  crispum  (Huds.) 

—  nigrescens  (Huds.) 
Leptogium  lacerum  (Ach.) 

-  fragrans  (Sun.) 
Sphinctrina  turbinata  (Pers.) 

-  anglica  (Nyl.) 

Calicium  phaeocephalum  (Borr.) 

-  trichiale  (Ach.)  var.  ferrugineum 

(Borr.) 

-  hyperellum  (Ach.) 

-  trachelinum  (Ach.) 

-  quercinum  (Pers.) 

-  curtum  (Borr.) 

—  subtile  (Pers.) 
Coniocybe  furfuracea  (Ach.) 
Trachylia  tympanella  (Fr.) 
Cladonia  cervicornis  (Schar.) 

-  alcicornis  (Flk.) 

—  pyxidata  (Fr.) 

•     var.  fimbriata  (Hoffm.) 

—  furcata  (Hoffm.) 

—  squamosa  (Hoffm.) 

—  cornucopioides  (Fr.) 

—  digitata  (Hoffm.) 

var.  macilenta  (Hoffm.) 
Cladina  sylvatica  (Hoffm.) 


Cladina  rangiferina  (Hoffm.) 

-  uncialis  (Hoffm.) 
Stereocaulon  paschale  (Ach.) 
Usnea   barbata  f.  florida  (L.) 

/   hirta  (L.) 

f.   plicata  (L.) 
Alectoria  jubata  (L.) 

—  lanata  (L.) 

Evernia  furfuracea  (Mann.) 

—  prunastri  (L.) 
Ramalina  farinacea  (L.) 

—  fraxinea  (L.) 

—  fastigiata  (Pers.) 
Cetraria  aculeata  (Fr.) 
Platysma  glaucum  (L.) 
Peltigera  canina  (L.) 

—  rufescens  (Hoffm.) 
Stictina  scrobiculata  (Scop.) 
Sticta  pulmonaria  (Ach.) 
Parmelia  caperata  (L.) 

—  olivacea  (L.) 

—  physodes  (L.) 

—  ambigua  (Wulf.) 

—  perlata  (L.) 

—  tiliacea  (Ach.) 

var.  scortea  (Ach.) 


57 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Parmelia  conspersa  (Ehrh.) 

—  acetabulum  (Neck.) 

—  saxatilis  (L.) 
Physcta  parietina  (L.) 

var.  lychnea  (Ach.) 
var.  polycarpa  (Ehrh.) 

—  ciliaris  (L.) 

—  pulverulenta  (Schreb.) 

var.  pityrea  (Ach.) 

—  stellaris  (L.) 

var.  tenella,  Scop. 
var.  caesia  (Hoffrn.) 
Pannaria  pezizoides  (Web.) 

—  nigra  (Huds.) 
Squarnaria  saxicola  (Poll.) 
Placodium  murorum  (HofFm.) 

—  citrinum  (Ach.) 
Lecanora  vitellina  (Ach.) 

—  candelaria  (Ach.) 

-  glaucocarpa/  pruinosa  (Sm.) 

—  varia  (Ehrh.) 

-  atra  (Huds.) 

-  sulphurea  (Hoffm.) 

-  circinata  (Pers.) 

-  subfusca  (L.) 

-  galactina  (Ach.) 

-  calcarea^   Hoffmann!  (Ach.) 

-  parella  (L.) 

/.  pallescens  (L.) 

—  rupestris/.  calva  (Dicks.) 

-  albella  (Pers.) 

-  aurantiaca  (Lightf.) 

-  ferruginea  (Huds.) 

-  cerina  (Ehrh.) 

-  pyracea  (Ach.) 

/  ulmicola  (DC.) 

—  arenaria  (Pers.) 

-  sophodes  (Ach.) 
Pertusaria  communis  (DC.) 

—  fallax  (Pers.) 
Phylictis  agelaea  (Ach.) 


Thelotrema  lepadinum  (Ach.) 
Urceolaria  scruposa  (L.) 
Lecidea  ostreata  (Hoffm.) 

—  lucida  (Ach.) 

—  flexuosa/  aeruginosa  (Borr.) 

—  dubia  (Borr.) 

—  quernea  (Dicks.) 

—  viridescens  (Schrad.) 

—  parasema  (Ach.) 

—  canescens  (Dicks.) 

—  myriocarpa  (DC.) 

—  grossa  (Pers.) 

—  tricolor  (With.) 

-  Ehrhartiana  (Ach.) 

-  alboatra  (Hoffm.) 

/.  epipolia  (Ach.) 

—  pachycarpa  (Duf.) 

—  endoleuca  (Nyl.) 

-  rubella  (Ehrh.) 

-  cupularis  (Ehrh.) 
Opegrapha  atra  (Pers.) 

-  varia  (Pers.) 

-  vulgata,  Ach. 

-  lyncea  (Sm.) 
Arthonia  lurida  (Ach.) 

-  astroidea  (Ach.) 

-  Swartziana  (Ach.) 

-  pruinosa  (Ach.) 
Graphis  elegans  (Sm.) 

-  scripta  (Ach.) 

f.  varia  (Leight.) 
var.  serpentina  (Ach.) 

-  dendritica  (Ach.) 

-  sophistica  var.  pulverulenta  (Sm.) 
Verrucaria  epigaee,  Pers. 

—  viridula  (Schrad.) 

-  gemmata  (Ach.) 

-  epidermidis  (Ach.) 

var.  analepta  (Ach.) 

-  biformis  (Borr.) 

-  nitida  (Weig.) 


THE  FUNGI 

The  following  list  of  the  fungi  of  Warwickshire  is  an  attempt  to 
place  on  record  all  that  has  been  done  towards  this  study  by  past  and 
present  workers  so  far  as  the  writer's  knowledge  extends.  This  list, 
though  an  extensive  one,  cannot  claim  to  be  complete.  Only  portions  of 
the  county  have  been  worked,  and  those  portions  far  from  exhaustively. 

The  attempt  has  been  made  to  determine  the  species,  as  understood 
by  Withering  and  Purton,  by  comparing  their  descriptions  and  quoted 
figures  with  the  latest  views  of  Fries,  and  the  writer  believes  this  has 
been  done  satisfactorily. 

Advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  extensive  series  of  coloured  illus- 
trations of  fungi  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Kenilworth  and  Warwick 
which  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  These  were  executed  by  the  late 

58 


BOTANY 

Mrs.  Russell  of  Kenilworth,  and  most  of  her  specimens  were  named  or 
confirmed  by  eminent  authorities.  The  writer  must  acknowledge  his 
indebtedness  to  the  late  Rev.  W.  W.  Newbould  for  all  his  knowledge  of 
these  plates.  Many  MS.  notes  have  been  received  from  the  Rev.  D.  C. 
O.  Adams  of  the  fungi  found  by  him  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Combe, 
Ansty  and  Brinklow,  and  the  list  owes  much  of  its  completeness  to  the 
indefatigable  zeal  of  his  coadjutor  Mr.  W.  B.  Grove,  M.A. 

The  classification  and  nomenclature  is  that  of  Fries  in  his  very 
valuable  Hymenomycetes  Europcei.  The  record  of  the  fungi  of  Warwick- 
shire is  believed  to  be  larger  than  that  of  any  of  the  midland  counties, 
but  this  is  greatly  due  to  the  fact  that  two  of  the  most  eminent  British 
mycologists,  Withering  and  Purton,  left  behind  them  so  excellent  a 
record  of  the  fungus  wealth  of  the  county. 

A  LIST    OF    THE    FUNGI 


Ord.  I.     AGARICIN1 
Genus  I.     AGARICUS  (L.) 

Sub-genus  I.     AMANITA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  phalloides  (Fr.) 
van  vernus,  Bull. 

—  mappa  (Fr.) 

—  muscarius  (L.) 

—  pantherinus  (DC.) 

—  excelsus  (Fr.) 

—  rubescens  (Pers.) 

—  nitidus  (Fr.) 

—  asper  (Fr.) 

—  vaginatus  (Bull.) 

—  strangulatus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  II.     LEPIOTA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  procerus  (Scop.) 
-  rachodes  (Vitt.) 

—  excoriatus  (SchaefF.) 

—  gracilentus  (Kromb.) 

—  acutesquamosus  (Weinm.) 

—  clypeolarius  (Bull.) 

—  cristatus  (Fr.) 

—  cepaestipes  (Sow.) 

—  carcharias  (Pers.) 

—  granulosus  (Batsch.) 

—  amianthinus  (Scop.) 

—  polystictus  (Berk.) 

Sub-genus  III.     ARMILLARIA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  melleus  (Vahl.) 

—  ramentaceus  (Bull.) 

Sub-genus  IV.     TRICHOLOMA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  sejunctus  (Sow.) 
portentosus  (Fr.) 

—  fucatus  (Fr.) 

—  spermaticus  (Fr.) 

—  nictitans  (Fr.) 

—  flavo-brunneus  (Fr.) 


Agaricus  albo-brunneus  (Pers.) 

-  pessundatus  (Fr.) 

-  stans  (Fr.) 

—  rutilans  (SchaefF.) 

—  luridus  (SchaefF.) 

—  columbetta  (Fr.) 

—  scalpturatus  (Fr.) 

—  imbricatus  (Fr.) 

—  vaccinus  (Pers.) 

-  terreus  (SchaefF.) 

-  saponaceus  (Fr.) 

—  cuneifolius  (Fr.) 

—  murinaceus  (Bull.) 

—  virgatus  (Fr.) 

-  sulphurous  (Bull.) 

—  inamcenus  (Fr.) 

-  carneus  (Bull.) 

—  gambosus  (Fr.) 

-  borealis  (Fr.) 

-  albus  (SchaefF.) 

-  acerbus  (Bull.) 

-  personatus  (Fr.) 

-  nudus  (Bull.) 

—  cinerascens  (Bull.) 

—  grammopodius  (Bull.) 

—  melaleucus  (Pers.) 

—  brevipes  (Bull.) 

—  humilis  (Fr.) 

-  paedidus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  V.     CLITOCYBE  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  nebularis  (Batsch.) 

-  clavipes  (Pers.) 

-  inornatus  (Sow.) 

-  odorus  (Bull.) 

—  cerussatus  (Fr.) 

—  phyllophilus  (Fr.) 

—  pithyophilus  (Fr.) 

—  candicans  (Pers.) 

—  dealbatus  (Fr.) 

—  gallinaceus  (Scop.) 


59 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Agaricus  fumosus  (Pers.) 

-  opacus  (With.) 

-  giganteus  (Fr.) 

—  maximus  (Fr.) 

—  infundibuliformis  (Schzeff.) 

-  geotropus  (Bull.) 

—  inversus  (Scop.) 

-  flaccidus  (Sow.) 

-  catinus  (Fr.) 

-  tuba  (Fr.) 

-  cyathiformis  (Fr.) 

-  brumalis  (Fr.) 

-  metachrous  (Fr.) 

-  ditopus  (Fr.) 

-  fragrans  (Sow.) 

-  obsoletus  (Batsch.) 

-  laccatus  (Scop.) 

Sub-genus  VI.     COLLYBIA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  radicatus  (Relhn.) 

-  platyphyllus  (Fr.) 

-  fusipes  (Bull.) 

-  maculatus  (Alb.  et  Schwein.) 
butyraceus  (Bull.) 

-  velutipes  (Curt.) 

-  vertirugis  (Cooke.) 

-  hariolorum  (DC.) 

-  confluens  (Pers.) 

-  conigenus  (Pers.) 

-  cirrhatus  (Schum.) 

-  tuberosus  (Bull.) 

-  collinus  (Scop.) 

-  esculentus  (Wulf.) 
tenacellus  (Pers.) 

-  acervatus  (Fr.) 

-  dryophilus  (Bull.) 
rancidus  (Fr.) 

-  inolens  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  VII.     MYCENA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  purus  (Pers.) 

-  pseudo-purus  (Cooke) 

-  luteo-albus  (Bolt.) 

-  flavo-albus  (Fr.) 

-  lacteus  (Pers.) 

-  rugosus  (Fr.) 
galericulatus  (Scop.) 

-  polygrammus  (Bull.) 

-  pullatus  (Berk,  ct  Cooke) 

-  pauperculus  (Berk.) 

-  leptocephalus  (Pers.) 

-  alcalinus  (Fr.) 

-  ammoniacus  (Fr.) 

-  metatus  (Fr.) 

-  stanneus  (Fr.) 

-  vitreus  (Fr.) 

-  tenuis  (Bolt.) 

-  filopes  (Bull.) 
—  amictus  (Fr.) 

-  vitilis  (Fr.) 


60 


Agaricus  acicula  (SchaefF.) 

-  sanguinolentus  (A.  et  S.) 

-  galopus  (Pers.) 

—  leucogalus  (Cooke) 

-  epipterygius  (Scop.) 

—  vulgaris  (Pers.) 

—  tenerrimus  (Berk.) 

-  electicus  (Buckn.) 

—  corticola  (Schum.) 

Sub-genus  VIII.     OMPHALIA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  pyxidatus  (Bull.) 

-  sphagnicola  (Berk.) 

—  hepaticus  (Batsch.) 

-  muralis  (Sow.) 

-  umbelliferus  (Linn.) 

-  pseudo-androsaceus  (Bull.) 

-  stellatus  (Fr.) 

-  campanella  (Batsch.) 

-  fibula  (Bull.) 

-  integrellus  (Pers.) 

Sub-genus  IX.     PLEUROTUS  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  corticatus  (Fr.) 

-  dryinus  (Pers.) 

-  ulmarius  (Bull.) 

-  subpalmatus  (Fr.) 

-  craspedius  (Fr.) 

-  fimbriatus  (Bolt.) 

-  lignatilis  (Fr.) 

-  ostreatus  (Jacq.) 
—  euosmus  (Berk.) 

-  salignus  (Fr.) 

-  petaloides  (Bull.) 

-  acerosus  (Fr.) 

-  applicatus  (Batsch.) 

-  chioneus  (Pers.) 

Sub-genus  X.     VOLVARIA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  volvaceus  (Bull.) 

-  speciosus  (Fr.) 

-  gloiocephalus  (DC.) 

-  parvulus  (Weinm.) 

Sub-genus  XL     PLUTEUS  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  cervinus  (SchaefF.) 

-  umbrosus  (Pers.) 

—  nanus  (Pers.) 

—  chrysophseus  (SchaefF.) 

-  phlebophorus  (Dittm.) 

Sub-genus  XII.     ENTOLOMA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  sinuatus  (Fr.) 

-  lividus  (Bull.) 

—  prunuloides  (Fr.) 

—  repandus  (Bull.) 

—  ameides  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  Saundersii  (Fr.) 

—  jubatus  (Fr.) 

—  griseocyaneus  (Fr.) 


BOTANY 


Agaricus  sericellus  (Fr.) 

—  clypeatus  (Linn.) 

—  rhodopolius  (Fr.) 

—  costatus  (Fr.) 

—  sericeus  (Bull.) 

—  nidorosus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XIII.     CUTOPILUS  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  prunulus  (Scop.) 

-  undatus  (Fr.) 

—  cancrinus  (Fr.) 

—  carneo-albus  (With.) 

Sub-genus  XIV.     LEPTONIA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  lampropus  (Fr.) 

-  serrulatus  (Pers.) 

—  euchrous  (Pers.) 

—  chalybasus  (Pers.) 

—  incanus  (Fr.) 

—  asprellus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XV.     NOLANEA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  pascuus  (Pers.) 

-  mammosus  (Fr.) 

-  pisciodorus  (Ces.) 

Sub-genus  XVI.     CLAUDOPUS  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  variabilis  (Pers.) 

Sub-genus  XVII.     PHOUOTA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  terrigenus  (Fr.) 

-  erebius  (Fr.) 

-  durus  (Bolt.) 

-  prascox  (Pers.) 

-  radicosus  (Bull.) 

-  pudicus  (Bull.) 

-  heteroclitus  (Fr.) 

-  squarrosus  (Mull.) 

-  spectabilis  (Fr.) 

-  adiposus  (Fr.) 

-  mutabilis  (SchaefF.) 

-  marginatus,  Batsch 

-  mycenoides  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XVIII.     INOCYBE  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  lanuginosus  (Bull.) 

-  scaber  (Mull.) 

-  lacerus  (Fr.) 

-  flocculosus  (Berk.) 

-  Bongardii  (Weinm.) 

-  obscurus  (Pers.) 

—  hzmactus  (B.  et  C.) 

—  fastigiatus,  SchaefF. 

—  rimosus  (Bull.) 

—  asterosporus  (Quel.) 

—  eutheles  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  descissus  (Fr.) 

—  sindonius  (Fr.) 

-  geophyllus  (Sow.) 

—  trechisporus  (Berk.) 


6l 


Sub-genus  XIX.     HEBELOMA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  fastibilis  (Fr.) 

—  testaceus  (Batsch.) 

—  versipellis,  Fr. 

—  mesophaeus,  Fr. 

—  sinapizans  (Fr.) 

—  crustuliniformis,  Bull 

—  elatus  (Batsch.) 

—  longicaudus  (Pers.) 

Sub-genus  XX.     FLAMMULA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  lentus,  Pers. 

-  gummosus,  Lasch. 

—  carbonarius  (Fur.) 

-  flavidus  (SchsfF.) 

-  conissans  (Fr.) 

-  inopus  (Fr.) 

-  sapineus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XXI.     NAUCORIA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  cucumis  (Pers.) 

—  melinoides  (Fr.) 

-  striaspes  (Cookc) 

-  sideroides  (Bull.) 

-  pediades  (Fr.) 

-  semiorbicularis  (Bull.) 

-  sobrius  (Fr.) 

-  erinaceus  (Fr.) 

-  conspersus  (Pers.) 

-  escharoides  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XXII.     GALERA  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  lateritius  (Fr.) 

-  tener  (SchaefF.) 

-  oval  is  (Fr.) 

-  antipus  (Lasch.) 

-  sparteus  (Fr.) 

-  rubiginosus  (Pers.) 

-  hypnorum  (Batsch.) 

-  mycenopsis  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XXIII.     TUBARIA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  furfuraceus  (Pers.) 

Sub-genus  XXIV.     CREPIDOTUS  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  mollis  (SchaefF.) 

-  haustellaris  (Fr.) 

-  rubi  (Berk.) 

-  pezizoides  (Nees.) 

Sub-genus  XXV.     PSALLIOTA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  arvensis  (Schaeff.) 

-  campestris  (Linn.) 

-  silvaticus  (SchaefF.) 

Sub-genus  XXVI.     STROPHARIA  (Fr.) 
Agaricus  versicolor  (With.) 

—  asruginosus  (Curt.) 

—  albo-cyaneus  (Desm.) 

—  coronillus  (Bull.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Agaricus  melaspermus  (Bull.) 

—  squamosus  (Fr.) 

—  thraustus  (Kalch.) 

—  luteo-nitens  (Fr.) 

—  merdarius  (Fr.) 

—  stercorarius  (Fr.) 

—  scmiglobatus  (Batsch.) 

Sub-genus  XXVII.     HYPHOLOMA 

Agaricus  sublateritius  (Fr.) 

-  epixanthus  (Fr.) 

—  fascicularis  (Huds.) 

—  lacrymabundus  (Fr.) 

-  velutinus  (Fr.) 

—  Candolleanus  (Fr.) 

-  appendiculatus  (Bull.) 

-  egenulus  (B.  et  Br.) 

-  hydrophilus  (Bull.) 

Sub-genus  XXVIII.     PSILOCYBE,  Fr. 

Agaricus  sarcocephalus  (Fr.) 

-  ericsus  (Pers.) 

-  udus  (Pers.) 

-  areolatus  (Klotsch.) 

-  atro-rufus  (Schsff.) 

-  comptus  (Fr.) 

-  semilanceatus  (Fr.) 

-  spadiceus  (Fr.) 

-  cernuus  (Mall.) 

-  fcenisecii  (Pers.) 

-  clivensis  (Berk.) 

Sub-genus  XXIX.     PSATHYRA  (Pers.) 

Agaricus  conopileus  (Fr.) 

-  mastiger  (B.  et  Br.) 

-  corrugis  (Pers.) 

-  spadiceogriseus  (SchaefF.) 

-  obtusatus  (Fr.) 

-  semivestitus  (Berk,  et  Br.) 

-  fibrillosus  (Pers.) 

-  pennatus  (Fr.) 

-  gossypinus  (Bull.) 

Sub-genus  XXX.     PANJEOLUS  (Fr.) 

Agaricus  separatus  (Linn.) 

-  leucophanes  (B.  et  Br.) 

-  fimiputris  (Bull.) 

-  phalznarum  (Fr.) 

-  retirugis  (Fr.) 

-  campanulatus  (Linn.) 

-  papilionaceus  (Fr.) 
—  acuminatus  (Fr.) 

Sub-genus  XXXI.     PSATHYRELLA 

Agaricus  gracilis  (Fr.) 

-  pronus  (Fr.) 

-  atomatus  (Fr.) 

-  disseminatus  (Fr.) 


Genus  II.     COPRINUS  (Fr.) 

Coprinus  comatus  (Fr.) 

—  ovatus  (Fr.) 

—  sterquilinus  (Fr.) 

—  atramentarius  (Fr.) 

—  picaceus  (Fr.) 

—  similis  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  fimetarius  (Fr.) 

—  tomentosus  (Fr.) 

—  niveus  (Fr.) 

—  micaceus  (Fr.) 

—  radians  (Fr.) 

-  deliquescens  (Fr.) 

—  congregatus  (Fr.) 

—  Hendersonii  (Berk.) 

—  lagopus  (Fr.) 

—  nycthemerus  (Fr.) 

—  radiatus  (Fr.) 

—  domesticus  (Fr.) 

—  ephemerus  (Fr.) 

—  plicatilis  (Fr.) 

Genus  III.     BOLBITIUS  (Fr.) 
Bolbitius  Boltonii  (Fr.) 

—  fragilis  (Fr.) 

-  titubans  (Fr.) 

—  apicalis  (Smith) 

—  tener  (Berk.) 

Genus  IV.     CORTINARIUS  (Fr.) 
Cortinarius  varius  (Fr.) 

-  cyanopus  (Fr.) 

-  variicolor  (Fr.) 

—  anfractus  (Fr.) 

-  multiformis  (Fr.) 

-  talus  (Fr.) 

-  glaucopus  (Fr.) 

-  calochrous  (Fr.) 

-  purpurascens  (Fr.) 

-  turbinatus  (Fr.) 

-  orichalceus  (Batsch.) 

-  scaurus  (Fr.) 

-  collinitus  (Fr.) 

-  mucifluus  (Fr.) 

-  elatior  (Fr.) 

-  delibutus  (Fr.) 

-  stillatitius  (Fr.) 

-  violaceus  (Fr.) 

-  callisteus  (Fr.) 

-  bolaris  (Fr.) 

-  pholideus  (Fr.) 

-  ochroleucus  (Fr.) 

-  tabularis  (Fr.) 

-  caninus  (Fr.) 

-  anomalus  (Fr.) 

-  sanguineus  (Fr.) 

—  cinnamomeus  (Fr.) 

-  uliginosus  (Berk.) 

—  raphanoides  (Fr.) 


62 


BOTANY 


Agaricus  bulbosus  (Fr.) 

—  torvus  (Fr.) 

—  armillatus  (Fr.) 

—  hinnuleus  (Fr.) 

—  brunneus  (Fr.) 

—  periscelis  (Fr.) 

—  iliopodius  (Fr.) 

—  hemitrichus  (Fr.) 

—  rigidus  (Fr.) 

—  paleaceus  (Fr.) 

—  armeniacus  (Fr.) 

—  castaneus  (Fr.) 

—  leucopus  (Fr.) 

—  decipiens  (Fr.) 

—  acutus  (Fr.) 

Genus  V.     GOMPHIDIUS  (Fr.) 

Gomphidius  glutinosus  (Fr.) 

—  viscidus  (Fr.) 

—  maculatus  (Scop.) 

—  gracilis  (B.  et  Br.) 

Genus  VI.     PAXILLUS  (Fr.) 
Paxillus  involutus  (Fr.) 

Genus  VII.     HYGROPHORUS  (Fr.) 

Hygrophorus  chrysodon  (Fr.) 

—  eburneus  (Fr.) 

—  arbustivus  (Fr.) 

—  olivaceo-albus  (Fr.) 

-  hypothejus  (Fr.) 

—  pratensis  (Fr.) 

—  virgineus  (Fr.) 

—  ventricosus  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  russo-coriaceus  (Fr.) 

-  distans  (Berk.) 

—  ovinus  (Fr.) 

—  Colemannianus  (Blox.) 

—  ceraceus  (Fr.) 

—  coccineus  (Fr.) 

—  miniatus  (Fr.) 

—  puniceus  (Fr.) 

—  conic  us  (Fr.) 

—  calyptrseformis  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  chlorophanus  (Fr.) 

-  psittacinus  (Fr.) 

—  unguinosus  (Fr.) 

Genus  VIII.     LACTARIUS  (Fr.) 

Lactarius  torminosus  (Fr.) 

—  cilicioides  (Fr.) 

—  turpis  (Fr.) 

—  controversus  (Fr.) 

—  insulsus  (Fr.) 

—  zonarius  (Fr.) 

—  utilis  (Weinm.) 

—  biennius  (Fr.) 

—  hysginus  (Fr.) 

—  circellatus  (Fr.) 


Lactarius  uvidus  (Fr.) 

—  pyrogalus  (Fr.) 

—  chrysorheus  (Fr.) 

—  plumbeus  (Fr.) 

—  pergamenus  (Fr.) 

—  piperatus  (Fr.) 

—  vellereus  (Fr.) 

—  deliciosus  (Fr.) 

—  pallidus  (Fr.) 

—  quietus  (Fr.) 

—  theiogalus  (Fr.) 

—  cyathula  (Fr.) 

—  rufus  (Fr.) 

—  glyciosmus  (Fr.) 

—  fuliginosus  (Fr.) 

—  volemus  (Fr.) 

—  serifluus  (Fr.) 

—  mitissimus  (Fr.) 

—  subdulcis  (Fr.) 

—  camphoratus  (Fr.) 

Genus  IX.     RUSSULA  (Fr.) 

Russula  nigricans  (Fr.) 

—  adusta  (Fr.) 

—  delica  (Fr.) 

—  furcata  (Fr.) 

—  sanguinea  (Fr.) 

—  rosacea  (Fr.) 

—  sardonia  (Fr.) 

—  depallens  (Fr.) 

—  drimeia  (Cooke) 

—  virescens  (Fr.) 

—  lepida  (Fr.) 

—  rubra  (Fr.) 

—  Linnasi  (Fr.) 

—  vesca  (Fr.) 

—  cyanoxantha  (Fr.) 

-  heterophylla  (Fr.) 

—  consobrina  (Fr.) 

—  foetens  (Fr.) 

-  fellea  (Fr.) 

-  Queletii  (Fr.) 

—  emetica  (Fr.) 

—  ochroleuca  (Fr.) 

-  citrina  (Gill) 

—  fragilis  (Fr.) 

—  integra  (Fr.) 

—  decolorans  (Fr.) 

-  aurata  (Fr.) 

—  veternosa  (Fr.) 

—  nitida  (Fr.) 

—  claroflava  (Grove) 

—  alutacea  (Fr.) 

—  lutea  (Fr.) 

—  chamasleontina  (Fr.) 

Genus  X.     CANTHARELLUS  (Adams) 

Cantharellus  cibarius  (Fr.) 

—  aurantiacus  (Fr.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Cantharellus  tubaeforrnis  (Fr.) 

—  infiindibuliformis  (Fr.) 

—  muscigenus  (Fr.) 

—  lobatus  (Fr.) 

Genus  XL     NYCTALIS  (Fr.) 

Nyctalis  asterophora  (Fr.) 

-  parasitica  (Fr.) 

Genus  XII.     MARASMIUS  (Fr.) 

Marasmius  urens  (Fr.) 

-  peronatus  (Fr.) 

-  porreus  (Fr.) 

-  oreades  (Fr.) 

-  erythropus  (Fr.) 

-  archyropus  (Fr.) 

-  Vaillantii  (Fr.) 

-  foetidus  (Fr.) 

-  ramealis  (Fr.) 

-  alliaceus  (Fr.) 

-  rotula  (Fr.) 

-  androsaceus  (Fr.) 

-  epiphyllus  (Fr.) 

-  saccharinus  (Fr.) 

Genus  XIII.     LENTINUS  (Fr.) 

Lentinus  tigrinus  (Fr.) 

-  lepideus  (Fr.) 

-  adhaerens  (Fr.) 

-  cochleatus  (Fr.) 

-  flabelliformis  (Fr.) 

Genus  XIV.     PANUS  (Fr.) 

Panus  conchatus  (Fr.) 

-  torulosus  (Fr.) 

-  stypticus  (Fr.) 

Genus  XV.     SCHIZOPHYLLUM  (Fr., 
Schizophyllum  commune  (Fr.) 

Genus  XVI.     LENZITES  (Fr.) 

Lenzites  betulina  (Fr.) 

-  flaccida  (Fr.) 

-  sepiaria  (Fr.) 

Ord.  II.     POLTPOREI 

Genus  XVII.     BOLETUS  (Dill.) 

Boletus  luteus  (Linn.) 

-  elegans  (Schum.) 

-  flavus  (With.) 

-  granulatus  (Linn.) 

-  bovinus  (Linn.) 

—  badius  (Fr.) 

—  sanguineus  (With.) 

-  piperatus  (Bull.) 

—  variegatus  (Sw.) 

-  strisepes  (Seer.) 


Boletus  chrysenteron  (Fr.) 

—  subtomentosus  (Linn.) 

—  rubinus  (Smith) 

—  parasiticus  (Bull.) 

—  variecolor  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  calopus  (Fr.) 

—  olivaceus  (Schaeff.) 

—  pachypus  (Fr.) 

-  edulis  (Bull.) 

-  fragrans  (Vitt.) 

—  impolitus  (Fr.) 

-  aestivalis  (Fr.) 

-  Satanas  (Lenz.) 

-  luridus  (Schaeff.) 

-  laricinus  (Berk.) 

-  scaber  (Fr.) 

-  felleus  (Bull.) 

-  castaneus  (Bull.) 

Genus  XVIII.     FISTULINA  (Bull.) 
Fistulina  hepatica  (Fr.) 

Genus  XIX.     POLYPORUS 

Polyporus  leptocephalus  (Fr.) 

—  rufescens  (Fr.) 

-  squamosus  (Fr.) 

-  varius  (Fr.) 

-  elegans  (Fr.) 

—  lucidus  (Fr.) 

-  intybaceus  (Fr.) 

-  cristatus  (Fr.) 

-  giganteus  (Fr.) 

—  sulfureus  (Fr.) 

—  heteroclitus  (Fr.) 

—  salignus  (Fr.) 

-  nidulans  (Fr.) 

-  'fumosus  (Fr.) 

-  adustus  (Fr.) 

-  adiposus  (B.  et  Br.) 

-  hispidus  (Fr.) 

-  cuticularis  (Fr.) 

-  dryadeus  (Fr.) 

-  betulinus  (Fr.) 

-  applanatus  (Fr.) 

-  fomentarius  (Fr.) 

-  igniarius  (Fr.) 

-  conchatus  (Fr.) 

-  ribis  (Fr.) 

-  ulmarius  (Fr.) 

-  fraxineus  (Fr.) 

-  annosus  (Fr.) 

-  radiatus  (Fr.) 

—  versicolor  (Fr.) 

-  Wynnei  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  ferruginosus  (Fr.) 

—  medulla-panis  (Fr.) 

—  vitreus  (Fr.) 

—  obducens  (Pers.) 

—  vulgaris  (Fr.) 


64 


BOTANY 


Polyporus  molluscus  (Fr.) 

—  sanguinolentus  (Fr.) 

—  vaporarius  (Fr.) 

—  Ptychogaster  (Lud.) 

Genus  XX.     TRAMETES  (Fr.) 

Trametes  Bulliardi  (Fr.) 

—  suaveolens  (Fr.) 

—  gibbosa  (Fr.) 

—  serpens  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXI.     D^EDALEA  (Fr.) 

Daedalea  quercina  (Pers.) 

—  confragosa  (Pers.) 

—  unicolor  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXII.     MERULIUS  (Fr). 

Merulius  corium  (Fr.) 

—  lachrymans  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXIII.     SOLENIA  (Hoffm.) 
Solenia  anomala  (Pers.) 

Ord.  III.     HTDNEI 

Genus  XXIV.     HYDNUM  (Linn.) 

Hydnum  repandum  (Linn.) 

—  scrobiculatum  (Fr.) 

—  auriscalpium  (Fr.) 

—  coralloides  (Scop.) 

—  membranaceum  (Bull.) 

—  ferruginosum  (Fr.) 

—  udum  (Fr.) 

—  niveum  (Pers.) 

—  farinaceum  (Pers.) 

Genus  XXV.     PHLEBIA  (Fr.) 
Phlebia  merismoides  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXVI.     GRANDINIA  (Fr.) 
Grandinia  granulosa  (Fr.) 

Ord.  IV.     THELEPHOREI 
Genus  XXVII.     CRATERELLUS  (Fr.) 

Craterellus  lutescens  (Fr.) 

—  cornucopioides  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXVIII.     THELEPHORA  (Ehrh.) 

Thelephora  anthocephala  (Fr.) 

—  terrestris  (Ehrh.) 

—  laciniata  (Pers.) 

—  mollissima  (Pers.) 

—  cristata  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXIX.     STEREUM  (Fr.) 
Stereum  purpureum  (Fr.) 

—  hirsutum  (Fr.) 

65 


Stereum  spadiceum  (Fr.) 

—  sanguinolentum  (Fr.) 

—  rubiginosum  (Fr.) 

—  tabicinum  (Fr.) 

—  rugosum  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXX.     AURICULARIA,  Bull. 
Auricularia  mesenterica  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXXI.     CORTICIUM  (Fr.) 

Corticium  evolvens  (Fr.) 

—  giganteum  (Fr.) 

—  laeve  (Fr.) 

—  sanguineum  (Fr.) 

—  caeruleum  (Fr.) 

—  quercinum  (Fr.) 

—  cinereum  (Fr.) 

—  incarnatum  (Fr.) 

—  nudum  (Fr.) 

—  corrugatum  (Fr.) 

—  comedens  (Fr.) 

—  puteanum  (Fr.) 

—  aridum  (Fr.) 

—  terrestre  (Mass.) 

—  sambuci  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXXII.     CYPHELLA  (Fr.) 

Cyphella  capula  (Fr.) 

—  Curreyi  (B.  et  Br.) 

—  faginea  (Lib.) 

—  villosa  (Pers.) 

Ord.  V.     CLAVARlEl 

Genus  XXXIII.     CLAVARIA  (Linn.) 
Clavaria  fastigiata  (Linn.) 

—  coralloides  (Linn.) 

—  cinerea  (Bull.) 

—  cristata  (Pers.) 

—  rugosa  (Bull.) 

—  Kunzei  (Fr.) 

—  fusiformis  (Sow.) 

—  inaequalis  (Fl.  Dan.) 

—  vermicularis  (Scop.) 

—  fragilis  (Holmsk.) 

—  pistillaris  (Linn.) 

Genus  XXXIV.     CALOCERA  (Fr.) 
Calocera  viscosa  (Fr.) 

—  cornea  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXXV.     TYPHULA  (Pers.) 
Typhula  gyrans  (Fr.) 

—  phacorrhiza  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXXVI.     PISTILLARIA  (Fr.) 
Pistillaria  micans  (Fr.) 

—  quisquiliaris  (Fr.) 

—  rosella  (Fr.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Ord.  VI.     TREMELLINEI  Genus  XXXIX.     HIRNEOLA  (Fr.) 

Genus  XXXVII.     TREMELLA  (Fr.)  Herneola  Auricula-Judae  (Berk.) 

Tremella  foliacea  (Pers.) 

_  mesenterica  (Retz.)  Qenus  XL      DACRYMYCES  (N.) 

—  albida  (Huds.) 

—  moriformis  (Eng.  Bot.)  Dacrymyces  deliquescens  (Dub.) 

—  tubercularia  (Berk.)  —  stillatus  (Nees.) 

—  torta  (Berk.) 

Genus  XXXVIII.     EXIDIA  (Fr.)  Genus  XLI.     DITIOLA  (Fr.) 

Exidia  recisa  (Fr.) 

—  glandulosa  (rr.) 


66 


ZOOLOGY 

MOLLUSCS 


Warwickshire  is  not  a  very  suitable  county  for  molluscan  life  since 
so  much  of  its  subsoil  consists  of  sandstone.  Nevertheless  93  species  out 
of  a  possible  139  for  the  whole  British  Islands  have  been  found  ;  while 
one  other  form,  Physa  beterostropba,  introduced  from  the  United  States, 
occurs  near  Birmingham. 

The  freshwater  forms  as  might  be  expected  show  the  higher  per- 
centage of  occurrences. 

The  whole  assemblage  is  typically  British,  extreme  northern  and 
western  forms  being  absent,  nor  does  Pomatias  e/egans  occur. 

A  few  more  species  may  yet  be  discovered,  notably  among  the 
Vertigos. 

The  literature  on  the  subject  is  small  and  scattered,  the  three 
principal  papers  being  :  one  on  the  neighbourhood  of  Birmingham  by 
G.  SherrifF  Tye,1  that  on  the  Rugby  district  by  E.  E.  Austen  2  and  a  list 
for  Sutton  Coldfield  by  A.  Wood.3 


A.  GASTROPODA 


I.  PULMONATA 
a.  STYLOMMATOPHORA 

'festacella  maugei,  FeY.l 

—  kaliotidea,  Drap.     V  Birmingham 

—  scutulum,  Sby. 
Limax  maximus,  Linn. 

—  flavus,  Linn.    Birmingham  ;  Whitchurch 

—  arborum,  Bouch. -Chant.      Near  Knowle 
Agrlollmax  agrestis  (Linn.) 

—  !<evis  (Mflll.).     Sutton  Coldfield 
Amalla  wwerbii  (FeY.).      Birmingham 

—  gagates  (Drap.).      Birmingham 
Vltrlna  pelluclda  (Milll.) 

Vltrea    crystalKna    (Mull.).      Rugby ;    Kenil- 
worth  ;  Warwick 

—  alliaria  (Miller) 

—  glabra   (Brit.  Auct.).     Sutton  Coldfield  ; 

Edge  Hill 

—  eel/aria  (Milll.) 

—  nitidula  (Drap.) 

—  pura  (Aid.) 

—  radiatula  (Aid.).     Birmingham 

—  excavata  (Bean).     Near  Knowle 

—  nitida  (Mull.).     Witton 


Vltrea  fulva  (Milll.). 
Arion  ater  (Linn.) 
—  hartensis,  FeY. 


Solihull  :   Kenilworth 


drcumscriptus,  Joh  n .") 
i.  / 


Birmingham 


Solihull . 
Sutton  Coldfield  :  Bir- 


—  intermedia.!^  Norm 

—  subfuscus  (Drap.). 

mingham 

Punctum  pygmteum  (Drap.).    Solihull ;  Knowle 
Pyramidula  rotundata  (Mull.) 
Helicella  virgata  (Da  C.).      Rugby  ;   Temple 

Grafton  ;  Whitchurch 

—  itala  (Linn.).    Rugby  ;  Temple  Grafton  ; 

Harbury 

—  caperata  (Mont.).    Solihull  ;  near  Alcester 

—  cantiana  (Mont.).      Henley-in-Arden 
Hygromia  fusca  (Mont.).     Near  Knowle 

—  hispida  (Linn.) 

—  rufescens  (Penn.) 

Acanthlnula  aculeata  (Milll.).  Knowle  ;  Soli- 
hull  ;  Edge  Hill 

Vallonla  pulchella  (Mull.).  Solihull ;  Rugby  ; 
Kenilworth  ;  Whitchurch 

Helicigona  arbustorum  (Linn.).  Birmingham  ; 
Warwick 

Helix  aspersa,  Mull. 


1  Journal  of  Conckology,  vol.  i.  pp.  57,  68. 

2  Report  of  the  Rugby  Natural  History  Society,  i8pz  (1893)  p.  16. 

*  List  of  Land  and  Freihtvater  Shells  found  at  Sutton  Coldfield,  8vo  (Leeds,  1897). 

67 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Helix  nemoralis,  Linn. 

—  hortmsis,  Mall. 

Buliminus  abscurus  (Mall.).     Solihull ;  Kenil- 

worth  ;  Whitchurch 
CochKcopa  lubrica  (Mall.) 
Avca  tridens  (Pult.).    Knowlc;  Birmingham; 

Sutton  Coldfield  ;  Kenilworth 
CiecUiantlla  acicula  (Mall.).     Ettington 
Pupa    cylindracta    (Da    C.).       Birmingham  ; 

Alcester  ;  Kenilworth 

—  muscerum  (Linn.).     Warwick 
Sphyradium  edtntulum  (Drap.).    Solihull ;  War- 
wick 

Vertigo  pygmita  (Drap.).  Rugby  ;  Knowle  ; 
Warwick 

-  pusilla,  Mall.      Solihull 

Balea  perversa  (Linn.).  Fenny  Compton  ; 
Wood  lows,  Warwick 

Clausilia  bidentata  (StrGm.).  Bearley  ;  Soli- 
hull  ;  Rugby  ;  Kenilworth 

-  rolphii,  Gray.     Bearley 
Succinea  putris  (Linn.) 

b.  BASOMMATOPHORA 

Carychium  minimum,  Mttll.      Solihull ;  Rugby  ; 

Kenilworth  ;   Warwick 
dncy/us  fluviatilis,  Mull. 
Velletia  lacustris  (Linn.).     Sutton  Coldfield  ; 

River  Avon,  Ashow  ;   Warwick 


Limntea  auricularia  (Linn.) 

—  pereger  (Mall.) 

—  palustris  (Mall.) 

—  truncatula  (Mall.) 

—  stagnalis  (Linn.) 
Planorbif  corneus  (Linn.) 

—  albus,  Mall. 

—  glaber,  Jeff.     Sutton 

—  nautileus  (Linn.) 

—  carinatus,  Mall. 

—  marginatus,  Drap. 

—  vertex  (Linn.) 

—  spirariis,  Mall. 

—  contortus  (Linn.) 

-  fontanus  (Lightf.).     Sutton  Coldfield 
Physa  fontinalis  (Linn.) 

—  hypnorum  (Linn.).     Birmingham  ;  Kenil- 

worth 

II.  PROSOBRANCHIATA 

Bithynia  tentaculata  (Linn.) 

—  leachii  (Shepp.).    Plants'  Brook,  Minworth 
Vivipara    vivipara    (Linn.).       Birmingham  ; 

Rugby 
Valvata  piscina/is  (Mttll.) 

—  cristata,  Mall.     Canal  at  Warwick 
Neritina  fluwatilh    (Linn.).       River    Tame, 

Aston  ;    Rugby  ;    River  Avon,  Kenil- 
worth 


B.  PELECYPODA 


Dreissensia  polymorpha  (Pall.).      Birmingham  ; 

Rugby  ;  Stratford  Canal ;  Warwick 
Unto  pictorum  (Linn.) 

-  tumidus,  Retz.  Birmingham  ;  Whitchurch 
Anodonta  cygntea  (Linn.) 
Sph&rium  rivico/a  (Leach).      Rugby 

—  corneum  (Linn.) 

—  ovale(Fir.),  Canal  near  Olton,  Birmingham 


Sphatrium  lacustre  (Mall.).      Sutton  Coldfield 
Pisidium  amnicum  (Mall.) 

—  pusillum  (Gmel.) 

—  nitidum,  Jenyns 

—  fontinale  (Drap.) 

—  milium  (Held.).     Sutton   Coldfield  ;    Hill 

Morton 


68 


I 


INSECTS 


It  is  a  somewhat  uninteresting  task  to  attempt  to  give  an  account 
of  the  insects  of  Warwickshire  as  it  is  not  a  good  entomological  county 
and  moreover  has  not  been  at  all  well  worked,  so  that  the  list  of  species 
I  am  able  to  give  as  known  to  occur  within  its  bounds  is  neither  large 
nor  interesting.  Possibly  an  opportunity  may  occur  later  to  publish  a 
more  complete  list,  and  this  one  may  be  the  means  of  inducing  additional 
information  to  be  forthcoming. 

Warwickshire  cannot  boast  any  specially  rare  or  interesting  species 
such  as  Leucodonta  bicoloria,  Schiff.,  and  Epicnaptera  i/icifo/ia,  SchifE,  both 
of  which  are  claimed  by  its  neighbour  Staffordshire;  or  Xylomiges  conspicil- 
laris,  L.,  which  occurs  in  Worcestershire;  nor  does  it  include  within  its 
boundaries  any  known  good  collecting  ground  which  would  be  likely  to 
attract  entomologists  either  from  without  or  within  the  county,  so  that 
perhaps  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  so  few  have  worked  there. 
Even  the  limited  number  of  entomologists  who  happen  to  have  lived 
within  or  near  it  have  chiefly  collected  away  from  home,  and  have  left 
little  record  of  work  done  in  their  own  county. 

Situated  as  it  is  right  in  the  middle  of  agricultural  England  it  is  not 
only  remote  from  any  sources  of  specialized  forms  such  as  inhabit  the 
seacoast  or  mountains,  but  is  so  richly  cultivated  that  there  are  no  exten- 
sive wastes  of  any  kind,  either  woodland,  moorland  or  fen,  to  provide  a 
varied  fauna.  The  county  is  rich  enough,  it  is  very  well  wooded,  and 
vegetation  everywhere  is  luxuriant ;  but  the  woods  though  frequent  are 
usually  small,  and  the  vegetation  though  rich  is  somewhat  uniform  in 
character,  and  consequently  the  insects  though  probably  numerous  as 
individuals  are  not  so  numerous  and  varied  as  species.  Moreover  while 
too  uniform  and  '  commonplace  '  to  show  any  specialized  or  characteristic 
forms  such  as  occur  for  example  in  Scotland,  it  is  also  too  remote  from 
the  continent  to  benefit  by  the  constant  accession  of  new  or  rare  species 
from  there,  which  probably  accounts  for  the  greater  variety  and  interest 
of  our  south  coast  insect  fauna.  Even  such  strong  fliers  and  wanderers 
as  Protoparce  convolvuli,  L.,  and  Colias  Edusa,  F.,  reach  it  but  rarely. 

The  Forest  of  Arden,  which  once  covered  a  large  part  of  the  county, 
now  survives  chiefly  in  place  names,  though  round  Marston  Green,  Coles- 
hill,  Hampton-in-Arden,  etc.,  are  still  some  woods  and  uncultivated  land 
which  probably  remain  directly  from  it  and  may  retain  some  of  its  in- 
sect life.  Probably  the  most  interesting  locality  in  the  county  is  Sutton 
Park,  a  public  and  natural  preserve  of  about  2,250  acres  north  of  Bir- 
mingham and  on  the  borders  of  the  county.  With  its  several  sheets  of 

69 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

water,  its  bogs,  woods  and  common  land  it  has  always  been  an  attractive 
spot  for  the  naturalist,  and  being  within  easy  reach  of  Birmingham  has 
been  well  worked  and  will  be  found  frequently  quoted  in  the  lists 
which  follow.  There  are  fine  parks  full  of  large  trees,  etc.,  at  Stone- 
leigh,  Warwick,  Packington,  etc.,  and  the  woods  are  scattered  all  over 
the  county,  most  of  the  localities  quoted  in  the  lists — Knowle,  Wolford, 
Brandon,  Atherstone,  etc. — being  in  the  neighbourhood  of  some  of  the 
larger  ones,  though  none  are  very  large.  The  presence  of  Birmingham 
with  its  smoke  and  dirt  and  crowds  of  inhabitants  pouring  forth  into 
the  country  on  every  holiday  has  doubtless  had  its  effects  on  the  flora 
and  fauna  of  the  north-western  parts ;  on  the  one  hand  helping  to  re- 
duce the  number  of  species  and  on  the  other  possibly  modifying  them, 
as  the  presence  of  dark  forms  of  some  species  such  as  Miana  strigilis,  Cl., 
Hybernia  marginaria,  Bkh.,  Gradlaria  syringe/fa,  F.,  etc.,  seems  to  prove. 
Possibly  this  may  be  the  explanation  of  the  occurrence  of  some  species 
in  the  south  which  do  not  occur  in  the  north  of  the  county. 

In  the  south-west  is  a  portion  of  the  county  which  is  separated 
from  the  remainder  by  a  narrow  strip  of  Worcestershire.  In  this  'island' 
is  situated  Whitchurch,  which  is  often  quoted  in  the  lists,  and  a  portion 
of  the  parish  is,  I  believe,  in  each  county,  so  that  the  records  from  there 
are  a  little  mixed.  In  some  cases  I  have  mentioned  when  specimens 
were  taken  in  the  Worcestershire  strip ;  geographically  however,  though 
not  politically,  this  strip  of  Worcestershire  might  well  be  included  in 
Warwickshire,  and  there  could  be  no  harm  in  including  its  fauna  in 
that  of  our  county.  In  and  around  Birmingham  too  the  border  lines 
are  rather  irregular,  and  I  have  thought  it  neither  necessary  nor  desir- 
able to  be  too  strict  about  including  captures  from  doubtful  spots.  For 
instance,  a  long  tongue  of  Worcestershire  runs  into  Warwickshire  just 
south  of  Birmingham.  Situated  in  this  strip  are  Yardley,  Acocks  Green, 
Moseley,  etc.,  all  of  which  will  be  found  quoted  in  the  lists;  but  as 
a  walk  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  or  little  more  would  take  one  from  either 
of  these  places  into  Warwickshire,  and  as  moreover  Warwickshire  almost 
surrounds  them,  specimens  recorded  are  as  likely  to  have  been  taken 
in  one  county  as  in  the  other  and  are  little  likely  to  be  restricted  to  one 
of  them  only. 

There  is  not  much  to  be  written  historically  about  the  progress 
of  entomology  in  Warwickshire.  Few  entomologists  even  of  slight  dis- 
tinction have  ever  worked  or  lived  in  the  county,  and  but  little  has  ever 
been  published  on  its  insects.  It  was  in  this  county  that  Weaver  col- 
lected and  was  said  to  have  taken  Argynnis  dia,  L.,  and  other  wonderful 
species  in  the  early  half  of  last  century  ;  and  there  must  have  been 
other  collectors  in  those  early  days  as  there  are  traditions  of  their 
captures  of  Lycoena  semiargus,  Rott.,  near  Birmingham,  etc.,  but  I  have 
been  unable  to  learn  anything  about  them  or  their  work.  It  is  not 
until  we  reach  the  'sixties,'  when  Dr.  R.  C.  R.  Jordan,  Messrs.  W.  G. 
Blatch  and  F.  Enock  began  to  collect,  that  anything  definite  is  known, 
and  not  much  then.  Dr.  Jordan  was  well  known  as  a  student  of  the 

70 


INSECTS 

Lepidoptera,  and  published  some  important  papers  on  the  Pterophorida?, 
etc.  His  attention  was  chiefly  directed  to  continental  insects,  and  he 
appears  to  have  done  little  work  near  home.  A  few  notes  by  him, 
chiefly  upon  insects  occurring  at  Edgbaston,  are  scattered  through  the 
early  volumes  of  the  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine.  Mr.  F.  Enock, 
who  at  one  time  lived  at  Birmingham,  published  the  first  account  of 
Warwickshire  insects  with  which  I  am  acquainted.1  It  however  was  a 
mere  list  of  names,  and  as  the  area  covered  included  a  large  part  of 
Staffordshire  and  Worcestershire  as  well  as  Warwickshire,  the  right  to 
an  inclusion  of  any  particular  species  in  our  list  would  be  doubtful.  No 
localities  are  indicated  in  any  way,  but  it  is  probable  that  most  of  the 
species  were  taken  at  Knowle  or  Sutton.  The  list  moreover  was  a  com- 
pilation from  lists  supplied,  I  believe,  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  and  others, 
and  as  no  names  are  quoted  it  is  impossible  to  judge  of  the  value  of 
any  particular  record  or  to  fix  credit  or  responsibility.  There  are  cer- 
tainly a  number  of  undoubted  errors,  and  I  have  quoted  it  with  caution. 
Other  records  of  Mr.  Enock's  have  occurred  from  time  to  time  in  the 
pages  of  the  magazines,  and  a  few  are  quoted  by  E.  Newman  in  his 
British  Butterflies. 

The  late  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished entomologists  in  the  midlands,  and  he  was  almost  the  only 
one  who  steadily  worked  the  local  fauna.  He  is  best  known  as  a  cole- 
opterist,  in  which  capacity  he  did  excellent  work,  introducing  several 
species  to  the  British  list  and  making  a  good  reputation  for  carefulness 
and  exactness.  His  collections  for  the  most  part  have  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis,  who  is  responsible  for  the  list  of 
Coleoptera  in  this  work  ;  he  however  made  a  special  collection  of  mid- 
land Coleoptera,  which  was  bought  for  Birmingham  by  Mr.  G.  H. 
Kenrick,  and  is  now  in  the  keeping  of  the  Birmingham  Entomological 
Society.  In  addition  to  Coleoptera  however  he  made  large  collections 
of  Lepidoptera  and  Hemiptera,  and  as  most  of  his  specimens  are  care- 
fully labelled  his  collections  have  been  drawn  upon  freely  for  purposes  of 
this  present  list.  He  lived  at  Small  Heath  for  many  years  and  after- 
wards at  Knowle,  and  both  these  localities  will  be  frequently  quoted. 
Many  notes  appeared  from  his  pen  in  the  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine, 
chiefly  recording  the  capture  of  new  or  rare  Coleoptera.  In  1886  he 
furnished  incomplete  lists  of  the  midland  Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera  to 
the  Handbook  to  Birmingham,  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion on  the  occasion  of  their  meeting  in  Birmingham.  This  however, 
like  Mr.  F.  Enock's  list  mentioned  above,  was  to  some  extent  a  compil- 
ation, and  authorities  are  never  quoted.  Localities  are  however  given, 
and  as  most  of  it  was  the  result  of  his  own  work  it  has  formed  the  best 
account  of  our  local  insect  fauna  that  we  have  had  till  now.  Dr.  Baly, 
the  well  known  writer  on  exotic  Coleoptera,  was  a  Warwick  man,  but 

1  Proceedings  of  the  Birmingham  Nat.  Hist,  and  Micro.  Sac.  for  1869,  'A  List  of  the  Lepidoptera 
captured  within  ten  miles  of  Birmingham  during  the  years  1867-9.'  A  supplement  was  published  in 
the  same  series  in  the  following  year. 

71 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

did  little  if  any  local  work.  In  1867  the  Rugby  School  Natural  History 
Society  commenced  a  series  of  annual  reports,  one  of  the  features  of 
which  was  a  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  observed  by  the  boys  in  and  around 
Rugby  during  each  year.  This  has  been  continued  to  date,  and  in 
recent  years  a  few  other  orders  have  been  dealt  with,  the  Rev.  F.  D. 
Morice,  who  was  resident  at  one  time,  contributing  a  list  of  Aculeate 
and  other  Hymenoptera.  In  my  list  of  Lepidoptera  these  will  be  found 
frequently  quoted,  though  I  have  done  so  with  considerable  hesitation, 
as  after  all  they  are  for  the  most  part  only  schoolboy  records.  The 
only  other  local  publication  dealing  with  Warwickshire  entomology 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  besides  notes  in  the  magazines  is  a  short 
popular  account  of  local  Lepidoptera  contributed  by  Mr.  F.  Enock  to 
the  Saturday  Half-Holiday  Guide,  though  several  very  excellent  local  lists 
have  been  published  by  neighbours  at  Burton-on-Trent,  Leicester,  etc., 
who  however  never  passed  our  borders.  In  1888  the  Birmingham 
Entomological  Society  was  founded,  and  it  is  largely  owing  to  the  work 
of  its  members  that  even  this  incomplete  account  of  the  local  insects 
has  been  rendered  possible.  The  society  has  never  issued  any  publica- 
tions, but  the  reports  of  their  meetings  have  appeared  regularly  in  the 
pages  of  the  'Entomologist  and  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine  through  the 
courtesy  of  their  respective  editors,  and  many  of  the  records  given 
below  have  been  already  mentioned  in  those  reports.  I  have  not  how- 
ever referred  to  these  reports,  as  in  every  case  I  have  had  the  records 
at  first  hand  myself.  The  members  of  this  society  being  chiefly  residents 
of  Birmingham  or  its  neighbourhood,  most  of  their  records  are  from 
the  few  favourite  collecting  grounds  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  that 
city ;  lists  have  however  also  been  kindly  supplied  by  a  few  scattered 
entomologists  residing  in  other  and  remoter  parts  of  the  county — 
beyond  a  radius  of  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  Birmingham. 

In  conclusion  I  have  to  thank  the  many  kind  friends  who  have  as- 
sisted me  and  made  this  list  possible,  and  must  point  out  that  any  merits 
which  it  may  perchance  possess  are  entirely  owing  to  their  kind  assist- 
ance. To  Messrs.  R.  C.  Bradley,  H.  Willoughby  Ellis,  and  A.  H. 
Martineau  in  particular  my  thanks  are  due  for  taking  the  responsibility 
of  entire  sections  and  for  much  assistance  besides;  to  Messrs.  P.  W. 
Abbott,  Austen,  C.  Baker,  Dr.  P.  P.  Baly,  Revs.  J.  H.  Bloom,  W.  Bree, 
Messrs.  W.  Kiss,  L.  C.  Keighley-Peach,  N.  V.  Sidgwick,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler,  G.  W.  Wynn  and  many  others  I  am  indebted  for  lists  and 
much  of  the  information  quoted ;  to  Messrs.  C.  E.  M.  Hawkesworth, 
G.  H.  Verrall  and  others  for  help  of  various  kinds;  and  to  Mr.  Charles  G. 
Barrett  my  thanks  are  specially  due  for  much  help  and  kind  advice. 
Without  his  assistance  in  checking  many  of  the  records,  in  identifying 
many  doubtful  species,  and  in  many  other  ways,  the  list  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera would  have  been  of  very  small  value,  and  any  credit  it  deserves 
is  due  entirely  to  him. 


INSECTS 

ODONATA 

The  only  portion  of  the  Neuroptera  to  which  any  attention  has 
been  given  is  the  Odonata,  and  they  have  only  been  collected  casually, 
and  chiefly  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley.  It  is  true  that  W.  Harcourt  Bath 
collected  here  and  wrote  a  Handbook  to  the  British  Dragonflies,  but  I 
think  it  is  safer  to  ignore  his  work  entirely.  The  following  short  list 
has  been  prepared  for  this  work  by  Mr.  Bradley.  It  must  not  be  taken 
as  complete,  although  I  should  not  look  for  many  more  species  in  this 
county ;  some  however  are  found  in  the  neighbouring  counties  which 
may  well  occur  in  this.  The  nomenclature  and  order  is  according  to 
Lucas'  British  Dragon/lies. 

Sympetrum  striolatum,  Charp.     Sutton  Cold-  Calopteryx  virgo,  L.     Sutton  (R.  C.  B.) 

field  (R.  C.  B.)  —  splendens,  Harr.    Stratford-on-Avon  (A.  H. 

Libellula     depressa,    L.       Solihull    (A.     H.  Martineau) 

Martineau),  Sutton  (C.  J.  W.,  A.  D.  Erythromma  naias,  Hansem.    Sutton  (R.  C.  B.) 

Imms)  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula,  Sulz.         „  „ 

Cordulegaster  annulatus,  Latr.    Shirley  (A.  D.  Ischnura  elegans,  Lind.  „  „ 

Imms  Agrion  pulchellum,  Lind.  „  ,, 

QEschna  juncea,  L.     Sutton  (R.  C.  B.)  —  puella,  L.  „  „ 

—  cyanea,  Mtill.  „  „  Enallagma  cyathigerum,  Charp.    „  „ 

—  grandis,  L.      Sutton,  Coleshill  (R.  C.  B.) 

HYMENOPTERA 

Unfortunately  this  order  has  been  little  studied  in  Warwickshire, 
some  sections  not  at  all,  and  the  small  amount  of  work  that  has  been 
done  appears  to  have  been  confined  to  very  limited  areas.  The  follow- 
ing list  therefore  is  far  from  complete,  and  from  a  perusal  it  is  evident 
that  many  species  are  not  recorded  which  undoubtedly  must  occur  in 
the  county  but  of  which  no  records  appear  to  exist. 

It  would  be  well  perhaps  to  point  out  that  the  records  to  which 
Rev.  F.  D.  Morice's  name  is  attached  are  taken  from  a  list  made  at 
Rugby  regardless  of  county  boundaries,  and  possibly  therefore  some  may 
have  actually  occurred  in  Leicestershire. 

The  systems  of  classification  followed  are  as  follows  :  Aculeata, 
Mr.  E.  Saunders,  1896  list;  Chrysididas,  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice's  Synopsis, 
Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine,  June,  1900  ;  and  the  Sawflies  are 
arranged  according  to  Konow's  views  with  synonyms  in  brackets  which 
refer  to  Cameron's  monograph. 

The  localities  given  without  a  name  attached  are  my  own. 

HYMENOPTERA  ACULEATA 

HETEROGYNA  Lasius  flavus,  De  Geer.     Generally  common 
Formica  rufa,  Linn.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Hay  in  fields 

Wood,  Knowle  —  niger,  Linn.      Generally  common 

—  fusca,  Ltr.      Generally  common  Plagiolepis  flavidula,  Rog.      Edgbaston   Botani- 
Lasius    fuliginosus,    Ltr.       Sutton    (Bradley),  cat  Gardens ;  evidently  imported 

Solihull  Ponera  contracta,  Latr.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

—  umbratus.     Harborne  (Harrison)  Formicoxenus  nitidulus,  Nyl.     Knowle  (Ellis) 
I                                                                     73  10 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Myrmica  rubra,  Linn. 

race  laevinodis.     Rugby  (Morice) 
„    ruginodis.          „  „ 

„    scabrinodis.     Sutton  (Blatch) 
Solenopsis  fugax,  Latr.     Knowle  (Ellis) 
Monomorium  pharonis,  Linn.     Birmingham  ; 
common  in  houses 

FOSSORES 

Myrmosa  melanocephala,  Fab.  Sutton  (Brad- 
ley), Rugby  (Morice) 

Tiphia  minuta,  V.  de  Lind.     Rugby  (Morice) 
Sapyga      quinque-punctata,      Fab.       Solihull, 
Knowlt  (Blatch) 

—  clavicornis,  Linn.      Solihull,  Fillongley 
Pompilus  niger,  Fab.      Sutton  (Bradley) 

—  spissus,       Schiiidte.        Sutton       (Bradley), 

Knowlt 

—  gibbus,  Fab.      Common  in  sandy  localities 

-  unguicularis,  Thorns.      Rugby  (Morice) 

-  pectinipes,  V  de  Lind.        „  „ 
Salius    fuscus,    Linn.       ffhitchurch    (Bloom), 

Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull,  etc. 

-  notatulus,    Saund.  Sutton  (Bradley) 

-  parvulus,  Dahlb.  „            ,, 
Tachytes      pectinipes,  Linn.        Kenilworth, 

ColeMll 

Trypoxylon  figulus,  Linn.  Button,  Knowle, 
Rugby,  etc.  ;  generally  common  about 
palings,  etc. 

-  clavicerum,    Lep.      Rugby  (Morice),   Soli- 

hull,  Kenilworth 

—  attenuatum,  Smith.      Sutton  (Bradley) 
Spilomena  troglodytes,  V.   de    Lind.      Rugby 

(Morice),  Salihull 

Stigmus  solskyi,  Moraw.  Sutton  (Bradley), 
Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

Pemphredon  lugubris,  Latr.  Generally  com- 
mon in  rotten  palings,  stumps,  etc. 

—  shuckardi,  Moraw.     Rugby  (Morice) 

-  lethifer,    Shuck.      Sutton,   Solihull,  Rugby, 

etc. 
Diodontus  minutus,  Fab.      Rugby  (Morice) 

—  tristis,     V.    de    Lind.      Sutton     (Bradley), 

Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

Passalcecus  corniger,  Shuck.  Rugby  (Morice), 
Solihull 

—  insignis,    V.  de   Lind.      Rugby    (Morice) 

Solihull 

—  gracilis,  Curt.      Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

—  monilicornis,      Dlb.        Rugby      (Morice), 

Sutton  (Bradley),  Solihull 

Mimesa  bicolor,  Fab.  Sutton  (Bradley),  Soli- 
hull,  Coleibill 

Psen  pallipes,  Panz.  Rugby  (Morice),  Sutton 
(Bradley),  Solihull,  Coleihill 

Gorytcs  mystaceus,  Linn.  Knowle,  Rugby, 
Sutton,  etc. 

—  quadrifasciatus,  Fab.     Rugby  (Morice) 


Nysson  spinosus,  Fab.  Rugby  (Morice),  Sutton 
(Bradley),  Solihull 

—  trimaculatus,  Rossi.     Rugby  (Morice) 
Mellinus  arvensis,  Linn.     Packington  (Blatch), 

Rugby  (Morice) 

Oxybelus  uniglumis,  Linn.  Knowle,  Sutton, 
Kenilworth,  Rugby,  etc. 

Crabro  tibialis,  Fab.  Sutton  (Bradley),  Soli- 
bull 

—  clavipes,  Linn.     Sutton  (Bradley),    Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

—  leucostomus,  Linn.    Sutton,  Knowle,  Rugby, 

etc.  ;     generally    common     in     wood 
stumps,  etc. 

—  pubescens,  Shuck.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

—  capitosus,  Shuck.  Rugby  (Morice) 

—  podagricus,  V.  de  Lind.    „  „ 

—  palmipes,  Linn.     Generally  common 

—  varius,    Lep.     Sutton     (Bradley),     Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

—  anxius,  Wesm.      Sutton  (Bradley),  Solihull 

-  wesmaeli,  V.  de  Lind.     Rugby  (Morice) 

-  elongatulus,  V.  de  Lind.      Knowle,  Sutton, 

Rugby,  etc. 

—  quadrimaculatus,   Dlb.      Rugby    (Morice), 

Solihull,  Coleshill 

-  dimidiatus,  Fab.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Knowle 

(Blatch),  Solihull 

-  vagabundus,      Panz.       Knowle     (Blatch), 

Rugby  (Morice) 

—  cephalotes,     Panz.      Hampton-in-Arden 

(Blatch),  Rugby  (Morice) 

—  chrysostomus,  Lep.     Generally  common 

—  vagus,  Linn.      Sutton  (Bradley),  Solihull 

—  cribrarius,  Linn.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Coles- 

hill  (Blatch) 

—  peltarius,  Schreb.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  Coleshill 

—  interruptus,  De  Geer.     Sutton  (Bradley), 

Solihull,  Middleton 

—  albilabris,    Fab.      Rugby   (Morice),    Kenil- 

worth 

Entomognathus  brevis,  V.  de  Lind-  Rugby 
(Morice) 

DIPLOPTERA 

Vespa  crabro,  Linn.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Studley 

—  vulgaris,  Linn.     Generally  common 

—  germanica,  Fab.          „  „ 

—  rufa,  Linn.     Sutton,  Rugby,  Solihull 

—  sylvestris,  Scop.      Sutton,    Solihull,    Astley, 

Rugby,  etc. 

—  norvegica,  Fab.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

Odynerus  spinipes,  Linn.  Sutton  (Bradley), 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Rugby  (Morice) 

—  kevipes,  Shuck.     Knowle 

—  callosus,  Thorns.     Sutton,  Knowle,  Solihull, 

Rugby 


74 


INSECTS 


Odynerus  parietum,  Linn.     Sutton  (Bradley), 
Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull,  etc. 

—  pictus,  Curt.      Rugby,  Solihull,  Sutton 

—  trimarginatus,  Ztt.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

—  trifasciatus,  Oliv.     Sutton,  Knowle,  Rugby, 

etc. 

—  parietinus,  Linn.     Sutton,  Knowle  (Blatch), 

Rugby  (Morice) 

—  antiliope,  Panz.      Rugby  (Morice) 

—  sinuatus,  Fab.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

ANTHOPHILA 

Collates   succincta,   Linn.     Sutton    (Bradley), 
Solihull 

—  daviesana,    Smith.       Solihull,    Kenilivortb, 

Rugby 

Prosopis    communis,    Nyl.     Sutton,     Knowle, 
Rugby,  Solihuh 

—  signata,  Panz.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  hyalinata,    Sm.      Sutton    (Bradley),   Rugby 

(Morice) 

Sphecodes    gibbus,    Linn.      Sutton    (Bradley), 
Rugby  (Morice) 

—  subquadratus,  Sm.    Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

—  pilirrons,  Thorns.     Sutton,  Knowie,  Rugby, 

etc. 

—  similis,   Wesm.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

—  rerruginatus,  Sch.     Rugby  (Morice) 

-  variegatus,  V.  Hag.     „  „ 

—  dimidiatus,  V.  Hag.     „  „ 

-  affinis,  V.  Hag.     Sutton,    Solihull,    Kenil- 

worth,  Rugby 

Halictus    rubicundus,    Christ.       Common    in 
most  localities 

-  leucozonius,  Schk.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  laevigatus,  Kirb.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

— •  cylindricus,    Fab.       Common     in     most 
localities 

—  albipes,  Kirb.     Sutton,  Rugby,  Solihull,  and 

many  other  localities 

—  subfasciatus,  Nyl.    Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

—  villosulus,  Kirb.     Common  in  most  locali- 

ties 

—  nitidusculus,     Kirb.       Sutton     (Bradley), 

Solihull,  Rugby  (Morice) 

—  atricornis,  Sm.     Sutton    (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

—  minutissimus,  Kirb.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  tumulorum,     Linn.       Sutton     (Bradley), 

Knowle 

—  smeathmanellus,  Kirb.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  leucopus,  Kirb.       Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

Andrena  albicans,  Kirb.     Common  through- 
out the  county 

—  rosae    (var.    trimmerana).     Common    in 

most  localities 


Andrena  cineraria,  Linn.  Sutton  (Bradley), 
Solihull,  Middleton 

—  fulva,  Schr.     Common  in  most  localities 

—  clarkella,     Kirby.       Common    in    many 

localities 

—  nigroasnea,  Kirby.     Generally  common 

—  gwynana,  Kirb.      Rugby  (Morice),  Knowle, 

Salford  Priors  (Wainwright) 
var.  bicolor.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  angustior,  Kirb.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  Fillongley,  Solihull 

—  varians,  Rossi.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  helvola,   Linn.       Rugby    (Morice),  Sutton 

(Bradley) 

—  fucata,  Smith.      Rugby  (Morice),  Sutton 

—  fuscipes,  Kirby.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Coles- 

hill 

—  cingulata,  Fab.      Rugby  (Morice) 

—  albicrus,  Kirb.     Generally  common 

—  chrysosceles,  Kirb.  Rugby  (Morice),  Kings- 

wood 

—  analis,    Panz.      Sutton    (Bradley),     Rugby 

(Morice) 

—  coitana,    Kirb.     Sutton    (Bradley),    Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

—  humilis,  Im.      Sutton  (Bradley),  Solihull 

—  labialis,  Kirb.      Solihull,  Fillongley 

—  minutula,  Kirb.      Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

„          parvula.      Rugby  (Morice) 

—  nana,  Kirb.      Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

—  similis,  Sm.      Fillongley 

—  wilkella,   Kirb.      Knowle   (Blatch),   Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull,  Colesbill 
Nomada  obtusifrons,  Nyl.     Rugby  (Morice) 

—  succincta,  Panz.      Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

—  alternata,  Kirb.      Common  generally 

—  lathburiana,  Kirb.      Solihull 

—  ruficornis,  L.      Common  generally 

-  bifida,  Thorns.     Sutton    (Bradley),  Rugby 
(Morice),  Hatton 

—  borealis,    Ztt.      Sutton    (Bradley),    Rugby 

(Morice),  Knowle  (Wainwright) 

—  ochrostoma,     Kirb.        Sutton     (Bradley), 

Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

—  ferruginata,  Kirby.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

—  fabriciana,  L.     Common  generally 

—  flavoguttata,  Kirb.     Rugby  (Morice),  SoK- 

hull 

Chelostoma  florisomne,  Lin.  Rugby  (Morice), 
Solihull,  Fillongley 

—  campanularum,   Kirb.      Rugby  (Morice), 

Solihull 

Ccelioxys  elongata,  Lep.  Sutton  (Bradley), 
Kenilworth 

Megachile  willughbiella,  Kirb.  Sutton  (Brad- 
ley), Rugby  (Morice),  Coleshill,  etc. 

—  circumcincta,  Lep.     Rugby  (Morice),  Soli- 

bull 

—  ligniseca,  K.     Sutton  (Bradley) 


75 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Megachile  centuncularis,  L.    Knowle  (Blatch), 

Rugby  (Morice),  Suttan  (Bradley) 
Osmia  rufa,  Lin.     Common  generally 

—  coerulescens,  L.     Rugby  (Morice),  Sutton, 

Solihull 

—  fulviventris,  Panz.     Solihull 

—  leucomelana,  Kirb.     Rugby  (Morice) 
Anthidium  manicatum,  Linn.     Sutton  (Brad- 
Icy),  Rugby  (Morice) 

Melecta  armata,  Panz.     Rugby  (Morice) 
Anthophora  pilipes,   Fab.     Sutton    (Bradley), 
Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

-  furcata,  Panz.     Sutton    (Bradley),    Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

Psithyrus    rupestris,    Fab.      Sutton    (Bradley), 
Rugby  (Morice) 

-  vestalis,  Fourc.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Knowle 

(Blatch),  Rugby  (Morice) 

-  barbutellus,  Kirb.  Sutton  (Bradley),  Knowle 

(Blatch),  Rugby  (Morice) 

-  campestris,  Panz.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

-  quadricolor,  Lep.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  Solihull 

Bombus  venustus,  Sm.  Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 
(Morice) 

-  agrorum,  Fab.     Common  generally 

-  hortorum,  Lin.     Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull, 

Knowle,  etc. 

-  hortorum  var.  harrisellus.  Rugby  (Morice), 

Solihull,  Coleshill 

-  latreillellus,  Kirb.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice) 

-  latreillellus    var.    distinguendus.        Rugby 

(Morice) 

-  sylvarum,  Lin.      Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull, 

Coleihill 

-  derhamellus,     Kirb.        Sutton     (Bradley), 

Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 

-  lapidarius,   Linn.      Common    everywhere 

-  jonellus,    Kirb.      Sutton    (Bradley),   Rugby 

(Morice) 

-  pratorum,  Lin.     Sutton  (Bradley),  Rugby 

(Morice),  etc.,  etc. 

-  cullumanus,  Kirb.     Sutton  (Bradley) 

-  sorofinsis,  Fab.     Rugby  (Morice) 

-  terrestris,  Linn.     Common  generally 

„         var.  virginalis.      Rugby  (Morice) 
Apis  mellifica,  Lin.     Common,  but  the  indi- 
genous type  is  rare 

HYMENOPTERA    TUBULIFERA 
CHRTSIDID& 

Cleptes  pallipes,  Lep.     Rugby  (Morice),  Salt- 
hull 

Ellampus  auratus,  Lin.     Rugby  (Morice) 
Chrysis  pustulosa,  Ab.     Solihull 

-  cyanea,  Lin.       Rugby  (Morice),  Solihull 
—  viridula,  Lin. 


76 


Chrysis    neglecta,    Shuck.      Rugby  (Morice), 
SaKhull 

—  ignita,  Lin.     Generally  common 

SAWFL1ES 

(All  these  were  taken  at  or  near  Rugby  by  the 
Rev.  F.  D.  Morice) 

Pamphilius  inanitus,  Vill. 

—  sylvaticus,  Linn. 
Cimbex  femorata,  Lin. 
Trichiosoma  tibialis  ( =  crategi) 
Hylotoma  ustulata,  Lin. 

—  cyanocrocea 

Cladius  pectinicornis,  Fourc. 

—  padi,  Linn. 

—  drewseni,  Thorns. 
Dineura  stilata,  Kl. 

Pontania  leucuspis  ( =  leucostigma) 
Pteronus  leucotrochus 

—  ribesii 
Holcocneme  lucida 
Pachynematus  capreas,  Panz. 

—  obductus,  Htg. 

—  albipennis,  Htg. 

Pristiphora  pallipes  ( =  appendiculata) 

—  ruficornis 
Phyllotoma  aceris 
Eriocampoides  annulipes 

—  aethiops  ( =  rosae) 
Tomostethus  dubius  (  =  ephippium) 

—  lutiventris  ( =  fuscipennis) 
Blennocampa  affinis  ( =  assimilis) 

—  pusilla,  Klug. 

-  subcana,  Zad. 

-  tenuicornis  (  =  alchemillae,  Cam.) 
Monophadnus  albipes,  Schr. 
Attralia  glabricollis,  Thorns. 

—  lineolata  ( =  rosae) 
Selandria  serva 

—  stramineipes  var.  analis 
Strombocerus  delicatulus 
Poecilosoma  klugi 

—  tridens 

—  sp  (?)  probably  hungarica,  Knw. 
Emphytus  cinctus,  Klug. 

—  togatus     (F.    nee,     Cam.  =  cingulatus, 

Cam.) 

—  glossulariae,  Klug. 
Taxonus  glabratus,  Fall. 

—  equiseti,  Fall. 

-  agrorum,  Fall. 

Dolerus  pratensis,  Fall.  ( =  fulviventris,  Scop.) 

—  aericeps 

-  gonager,  Klug. 

—  picipes  ( =  leucopterus) 

—  nigratus  ( =  fissus,  Htg.) 

—  coruscans  ( =  possilensis) 

—  hasmatodis,  Schr. 

—  aeneus,  Htg. 

„       var.  elongatulus,  Thorns. 


INSECTS 

Loderus  palmatus  Pachyprotasis  rapae 

—  vestigralis  Macrophya  ribis 
Rhogogastera  ( =  part  of    Tenthredo,  Cam.)     —  punctum  album,  Lin. 

viridis,  Lin.  —  annulata  ( =  neglecta) 

—  punctulata,  Klug.  Allantus  temulus  ( =  T.  bicincta,  Cam.) 

—  fulvipes  ( =  lateralis,  Fab.)  —  scrophulariae,  Lin. 

—  aucupariae  (  =  gibbosa,  Fall.)  —  vespa  (=  tricinctus,  F.) 
Tenthredopsis  litterata  —  arcuatus,  Forst. 

—  tiliae  Tenthredo  atra,  Lin. 

—  dorsalis  —  livida,  Lin. 

—  campestris  ( =  scutellaris)  —  mesomelana,  Lin. 

COLEOPTERA 

In  preparing  a  list  of  Warwickshire  Coleoptera  it  becomes  at  once 
apparent  that  a  large  number  of  species  frequently  met  with  in  the 
neighbourhood  cannot  be  included,  as  the  records  in  many  cases  refer  to 
localities  outside  the  county  boundary. 

This  boundary  being  an  artificial  one,  and  not  defined  by  any 
natural  features  of  the  country,  can  have  no  bearing  whatever  on  the 
occurrence  or  distribution  of  the  fauna  of  the  district.  Some  years  ago 
one  of  our  leading  geologists  sketched  out  a  midland  area  defined  by  the 
geological  formation  of  the  country,  which  he  called  '  The  Midland 
Plateau '  ;  and  to  do  justice  to  the  distribution  of  the  fauna  of  the 
district  the  whole  of  this  plateau  should  be  included.  The  present 
work  however  deals  with  Warwickshire,  and  although  the  limits  of  the 
country  are  purely  political,  the  actual  tract  of  the  country  included 
therein  can  only  be  considered  in  compiling  the  present  list. 

A  large  number  of  species  must  therefore  be  excluded  which  in- 
habit the  adjacent  counties  and  which,  up  to  the  present  time,  have 
not  been  recorded  as  occurring  within  our  borders,  and  amongst  them 
are  many  insects  deserving  special  notice.  A  few  species  may  perhaps 
be  mentioned  : — 

Carabus  nitens  and  C.  arvensis  may  be  taken  on  Cannock  Chase, 
both  species  being  now  very  scarce.  The  curious  Nebria  livida  may 
also  be  taken  in  the  same  locality.  This  beetle  was  first  discovered 
on  the  Chase  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Harris,  and  the  late  Mr.  Blatch  and  also 
the  author  have  verified  its  occurrence  on  many  subsequent  occasions. 
This  is  the  only  known  instance  of  this  species  inhabiting  an  inland 
locality,  its  headquarters  being  at  Bridlington  Quay  and  a  few  other 
parts  of  the  north-east  coast.  It  lives  in  argillaceous  cliffs,  and  on 
Cannock  Chase  it  is  met  with  in  a  similar  formation.  Dischirius  ceneus 
occurs  at  Cannock  Chase  and  Bewdley,  and  many  species  of  Bembidium 
occur  in  the  adjacent  country  which  cannot  be  included  in  our  list. 
Patrobus  assimilis,  Trecbus  rufcns,  Pterostichus  lepidus,  Amara  patricia  all 
occur  on  Cannock  Chase,  and  A,  spinipes  at  Dudley  and  Bewdley. 
Miscodera  arctica  can  be  taken  in  plenty  in  some  seasons  on  Cannock 
Chase,  and  in  the  same  locality  Harpalus  griseus  and  Anisodactylus  binotatus 
occur  sparingly.  Hydroporus  septentrionalis  (Bewdley)  and  several  other 

77 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

species  of  water  beetles  occur  in  the  adjoining  counties  which  have  not 
yet  been  recorded  from  Warwickshire. 

Of  the  Brachelytra  a  large  number  of  species  occur  at  Cannock 
Chase,  Bewdley,  Sherwood  Forest,  Church  Stretton,  Trench  Woods  and 
Budde'n  Woods  which  have  not  been  found  in  our  county,  and  of  the 
other  sections  the  following  insects  may  perhaps  be  mentioned  :  Triplax 
russtca  and  eenea,  Teredus  nitiaus,  Gnathoncus  rotunaatus,  Plagaderus  dissec- 
fus,  Thymalus  limbatus,  Antheropbagus  nigricornis,  Byrrbus  fasciatus  and 
dorsalis,  Georyssus  pygnuzus^  Macronycbus  quadrituberculatus,  Trox  sabulosus, 
Elater  coccineus  and  pomorum,  Athous  rhombeus,  Clytus  mysficus,  Pachyta 
collaris  and  octomaculata,  Strangalia  quadrifaciata  and  nigra,  Melasoma 
ceneum,  Tropideres  sepzco/a,  Apion  jilirostre,  and  some  hundreds  of  others 
which  cannot  be  referred  to. 

Warwickshire  has  however  produced  a  fairly  large  number  of 
species  when  compared  to  other  counties.  It  has  been  said  that  the 
midlands  are  not  productive  of  a  large  and  varied  insect  fauna,  and  that 
in  the  British  Isles  the  further  west  investigations  are  made  the  less 
insect  life  appears  to  thrive.  While  to  a  certain  extent  this  may  be 
true,  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact  that  the  more  a  district  is  worked  the  more 
species  does  it  reveal. 

It  is  of  course  impossible  to  make  a  county  list  of  Coleoptera  com- 
plete, as  at  any  time  further  species  may  be  found  in  the  district.  The 
Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  of  Whitchurch  Rectory  in  the  space  of  a  few  months 
last  year  added  several  species  to  our  county  fauna  by  collecting  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Stratford-on-Avon. 

Mention  has  been  made  of  some  of  the  more  remarkable  beetles 
which  occur  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  but  which  have  not  been 
recorded  from  the  county,  and  the  following  remarks  regarding  the 
families  and  more  notable  species  which  have  appeared  within  our 
limits  may  be  interesting. 

Of  the  Geodephaga,  which  embraces  310  British  species,  we  find  138 
occurring  in  Warwickshire.  The  beautiful  species  Cicindela  campestris, 
which  is  very  active  and  voracious,  is  extremely  abundant  at  certain 
seasons,  and  the  elegant  beetle  Cychrus  rostratus  is  occasionally  taken 
throughout  the  district.  Five  species  of  Carabus,  four  of  Notiophilus  and 
four  of  Leistus  occur. 

Elapbrus  riparius  and  E.  cupreus,  both  very  beautiful  insects,  may 
sometimes  be  taken  in  the  utmost  profusion  on  mud  flats  near  streams 
and  ponds.  Clivina  collaris,  Badister  sodalis,  Chlcenius  vestitus,  C.  nigri- 
cornis  and  Oodes  helopioides  occur  but  sparingly  in  a  few  localities. 

The  genera  Harpalus  and  Pterostichus  are  fairly  well  represented, 
and  the  commoner  species  of  Amara  are  numerous.  The  rarer  ones, 
A.  ovata,  A.  acuminata  and  A.  nitiaa,  occur  in  certain  localities. 

Taphria  nrualis  has  turned  up  occasionally  at  Knowle.  Fifteen 
species  of  the  genus  Ancbomenus  occur,  amongst  which  may  be  mentioned 
A.  marginatus,  which  is  common  locally  ;  A.  graci/is,  A.  thoreyi  and  A. 
puellus. 

78 


INSECTS 

Of  the  Bembian  twenty-two  species  occur,  including  B.  qmnquestria- 
tum,  B.  ceneum^  B.  articulatum  and  B.  affine. 

The  late  Mr.  Blatch's  belief  that  he  took  B.  adustum  within  the 
Warwickshire  borders  is  probably  correct,  as  he  found  this  insect  in  the 
utmost  profusion  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Severn  in  a  similar  locality 
to  which  he  refers  his  Warwickshire  record. 

The  beautiful  Lebia  chlorocephala  has  lately  been  added  to  our  list  ; 
it  has  however  been  previously  taken  a  few  miles  beyond  the  county 
boundary.  Seven  species  of  Dromius  occur,  the  rarest  of  which  is 
D.  quadrisignatus. 

The  small  but  very  active  Bkchrus  maurus  was  found  by  Mr.  Blatch 
at  Leamington,  the  usual  limits  of  this  beetle  being  in  the  southern 
counties  and  generally  on  or  near  the  sea-coast.  All  the  species  of 
Metabletus  occur. 

The  Hydradephaga  are  represented  by  sixty-three  species.  Brychius 
e/evatus  occurs  plentifully  between  Solihull  and  the  adjacent  village  of 
Knowle,  and  of  the  genus  Haliplus  nine  species  have  been  taken  within 
our  borders,  some  very  plentifully  ;  but  the  species  H.  confinis.,  H.  fu/vus, 
H.  cinereus  and  H.  striatus  are  rare.  Pelobius  tardus  has  only  occurred  in 
two  localities,  but  could  in  all  probability  be  obtained  in  several  places 
by  systematic  working. 

The  Hydropori  are  represented  by  sixteen  species,  of  which  H. 
umbrosus  and  H.  angustatus  are  very  rare,  most  of  the  other  species  being 
abundant. 

Of  the  species  of  Agabus  some  are  extremely  plentiful,  the  rarer 
ones  being  A.  gutfafus,  A.  affinis,  A,  unguicularis,  A.  didymus  and  A. 
sturmii.  Amongst  the  other  genera  the  following  are  the  rarer  species  : 
Copelatus  agi/is,  Rbantus  exo/efus,  Dytiscus  punctulatus  and  Gyrinus  opacus. 

The  Hydropbilidce  are  represented  in  the  county  by  fifty-four  species, 
a  large  proportion  of  which  have  been  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  Knowle, 
although  the  scarcity  of  recorded  localities  is  probably  accounted  for  by 
the  fact  that  very  little  work  amongst  the  water  beetles  has  been  done 
outside  this  district.  The  following  are  the  more  important  species  : 
Hydrobius  picicrus,  Pbilbydrus  nigricornis,  Holochares  lividus,  Laccobius  alu- 
faceus,  L.  minutes,  L.  bipunctatus,  Limnebius  picinus,  Helopborus  dorsalis, 
Ocbtbebius  poiveri,  O.  rufomarginafus,  Hydrcena  augustata  (usually  con- 
sidered a  more  northerly  insect)  and  H.  pulchella. 

The  Brachelytra,  consisting  of  777  British  species,  are  represented  in 
Warwickshire  by  480.  A  large  proportion  of  the  insects  in  this  sec- 
tion are  small  and  extremely  difficult  to  identify,  due  to  the  great  simi- 
larity existing  between  them,  and  it  is  owing  to  the  large  amount  of 
work  which  the  late  Mr.  Blatch  bestowed  upon  this  naturally  isolated 
group  that  we  can  include  so  many  species  in  our  list. 

Many  insects  of  this  group  are  myrmecophilous,  and  good  oppor- 
tunities are  afforded  of  studying  the  ants'  nests  in  the  well  wooded 
country  in  the  vicinity  of  Knowle,  which  district  forms  part  of  the 
ancient  Forest  of  Arden.  The  particulars  of  each  species  have  been 

79 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

given  as  fully  as  possible  in  the  list,  and  a  few  only  of  the  more  remark- 
able ones  need  be  mentioned  here,  namely  :  Aleochara  ruficornis  and 
A .  succico/a,  Oxypoda  pectita,  O.  lentula,  O.  spectabilis,  O.  mutata,  Thyaso- 
pbila  angu/ata,  Ocyusa  maura,  Plceopora  cortica/is,  Calodera  nigrita  and 
Myrmedonia  humeralis. 

Of  the  large  genus  Homalota  the  species  and  varieties  occurring  in 
our  county  are  100  in  number,  being  about  two-thirds  of  those  included 
in  the  British  list.  Of  the  other  species  in  the  tribe  Aleocharina  may  be 
mentioned  Silusa  rubtgenosa,  Bolitocbara  bella,  Oligota  punctulata,  Myllcena 
dubia  and  Gymnusa  brevicollis,  all  of  which  are  scarce. 

The  tribe  Tachiporina  is  well  represented,  and  Tachinus  pallipes,  a 
species  new  to  the  county,  has  recently  been  found  near  Stratford-on- 
Avon. 

The  tribe  Staphylinina,  which  includes  the  larger  members  of  the 
Bracbelytra,  is  fairly  well  represented,  the  county  yielding  twenty  species 
of  Quedius  and  five  of  Staphylinus,  all  of  which  latter  are  rare,  especially 
S.  latibricola,  which  is  found  in  ants'  nests  (Myrmica). 

The  large  genus  Philonthus  has  thirty-two  Warwickshire  species,  of 
which  P.  intermedius,  P.  carbonarius^  P.  facens,  P.  umbratilis  and  P.  ther- 
marum  are  the  rarest.  Xantbolinus  fulgidus  is  a  rare  insect  in  the  district, 
and  in  the  Pcederina  the  same  remarks  apply  to  Lathrobium  punctatum^ 
L.  quadratum,  Achenium  humile  and  Stilicus  similis. 

The  majority  of  the  species  of  Stenus  are  very  abundant,  S,  melanopus, 
S.  canaliculatus,  S.  circularis  and  S.  cerosus  being  the  rarer  ones.  In  the 
remaining  genera,  Trogophlceus  arcuatus  and  Homalium  riparium  and  brevi- 
corne  may  be  mentioned  as  being  occasionally  met  with  in  the  district. 

The  C/avicornia  are  represented  by  360  species.  The  genus  Euplectus 
was  most  carefully  studied  by  Mr.  Blatch,  who  was  the  author  of  some 
very  useful  notes  upon  it  (E.  M.  M.  xxii.  203).  The  genus  Choleva  is 
well  represented,  but  Colons  are  few  in  species  and  numbers. 

The  ffrichopterigidee  occur  freely,  and  many  species  literally  swarm 
in  some  localities.  The  species  are  extremely  difficult  to  determine,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  that  when  more  time  is  bestowed  upon  them  several 
species  new  to  the  county  will  be  recorded. 

Sacium  pusillum,  one  specimen  of  which  was  taken  at  Knowle,  is 
probably  the  only  British  specimen  in  existence. 

The  genus  Meligethes  has  received  very  little  attention  in  this  dis- 
trict, and  there  is  little  doubt  that  many  more  species  would  turn  up  if 
carefully  worked  for. 

Of  the  Cryptophagidce  the  two  largest  genera,  Cryptophagus  and 
Atomaria,  are  well  represented  and  yield  many  interesting  species. 

Of  the  Lamellicornia  just  one  half  of  the  British  species  occur,  of 
which  the  Lucanidez  have  three  representatives  in  the  county,  a  fine 
male  specimen  of  Lucanus  ceruus  having  been  taken  by  Mr.  A.  H. 
Martineau  at  Warwick  on  July  4,  1887.  This  is  apparently  the  only 
specimen  of  this  beetle  taken  in  the  county,  although  in  Wyre  Forest, 
Worcestershire,  it  is  not  uncommon. 

80 


INSECTS 

The  genus  Aphodius  is  well  represented  in  Warwickshire  by  twenty- 
seven  and  Onthopbagus  by  three  species,  of  which  O.  vacca  has  recently 
been  added  to  the  list. 

Trox  sabulosus  has  occurred  sparingly,  and  also  the  beautifully 
coloured  Cetonia  aurata. 

The  Sternoxi  number  thirty-seven  species,  many  of  which  are  ex- 
tremely abundant — the  rarer  ones  being  Elater  balteatus^  Melanotus  rufi 
pes  var.  castanipes  and  Corymbetes  census. 

The  Malacoderma  are  represented  by  fifty-two  species,  most  of  them 
being  very  plentiful,  the  scarcer  ones  being  Telepborus  oralis,  T.  thoraclcus^ 
Malthinus  frontalis  and  Melachius  viridis. 

The  genus  Malthodes  yields  eight  species,  all  of  which  are  un- 
common, and  the  same  remarks  apply  to  Tillus  elongates  and  Opilo 
mollis. 

The  Teredilia  have  only  twenty-eight  species  in  the  county.  Niptus 
crenatus  used  to  be  taken  freely  in  an  old  cowshed  amongst  manger 
refuse,  but  unfortunately,  after  a  lapse  of  many  years,  this  productive 
shed  was  cleaned  out,  and  the  old  home  of  Niptus  has  been  practically 
broken  up. 

The  genus  Cis  is  represented  by  ten  species.  Ptinus  subpilosus  occurs 
in  rotten  wood,  and  Dryopbilus  pusillus  may  be  taken  plentifully  on  fir 
trees  in  the  summer  at  Hay  Woods  near  Knowle. 

The  Longicornia  number  nineteen  species  only,  but  this  may  possibly 
be  increased  when  other  portions  of  the  county  are  more  thoroughly 
explored. 

Prionus  coriarlus  occurs  occasionally,  this  fine  insect  having  been 
taken  in  several  localities  in  the  county.  Aromia  moscbata,  Callidium  a/ni, 
Clytus  mysticus  and  Tetrops  prczusta  occur  sparingly.  All  the  other  species 
in  the  list  are  fairly  common. 

The  Phytophaga  (with  Bruchidaf)  have  132  representatives  in  the 
county. 

The  genus  Longitarsus  is  much  in  evidence,  but  owing  to  the  ex- 
treme difficulty  in  separating  the  species  it  is  impossible  to  vouch  for 
the  accuracy  of  all  the  records,  and  much  further  research  is  needed. 

The  Heteromera  (with  abnormal  Coleoptera)  number  forty-two  species, 
and  include  some  interesting  insects.  The  genus  Anaspis  has  perhaps 
received  the  least  attention,  all  the  Mordellidce  being  more  or  less  difficult 
to  preserve  owing  to  the  antennae  and  legs  being  so  loosely  articulated, 
and  more  species  may  be  expected  to  occur  than  are  enumerated  in  the 
list. 

The  Rbyncophora  (with  Anthribidce)  have  217  representatives,  many 
of  which  are  rare,  and  species  new  to  the  county  are  being  discovered 
year  by  year.  One  example  may  be  mentioned  in  Rbytidosomus  globulus, 
which  was  found  by  the  late  Mr.  Blatch  and  the  author  in  the  year 
1898  in  a  spot  which  had  been  worked  by  Mr.  Blatch  more  or  less 
regularly  for  at  least  twenty  years  without  having  taken  the  insect  before. 
Numerous  examples  of  this  kind  might  be  mentioned,  and  in  the  future 
I  81  ii 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

it  is  hoped  that  our  list  may  be  enhanced  by  the  addition  of  many  other 
species  which  most  certainly  inhabit  the  county  unobserved. 

For  purposes  of  comparison  a  table  is  given  showing  the  total 
number  of  known  British  species  and  also  the  number  which  have  been 
found  in  Warwickshire  : — 


Cox's  groups 

Britain,  1897 

Warwickshire,  1902 

7IO 

I9C 

I7O 

67 

Qf 

CJ. 

Brachelytra       

777 

480 

681 

760 

Lamellicornia  

QO 

j«"* 

4.C 

76 

77 

Malacoderma   

QI 

j/ 
C2 

S7 

28 

Longicornia     

J  / 
S7 

10 

Phytophaga  (with  Bruchidae)     

2$6 

*  7 

171 

Heteromera  (with  abnormal  Coleoptera)  . 
Rhyncophora  (with  Anthribidae)    

118 
526 

*  j* 
42 
217 

Total     .     . 

3264 

1663 

In  compiling  the  following  list  of  Warwickshire  Coleoptera  it  has 
been  thought  that  a  few  particulars  as  to  the  habits  and  times  of  appear- 
ance of  the  insects  might  be  of  interest  to  entomologists,  and  a  brief 
note  has  therefore  been  given  with  each  species. 

In  the  case  of  species  which  occur  commonly  throughout  the  dis- 
trict it  has  not  been  considered  necessary  to  detail  every  record,  therefore 
a  note  as  to  general  habitat  and  distribution  has  been  given.  Where  no 
authority  is  given  for  a  record  the  insect  has  in  every  instance  been 
taken  in  that  locality  by  the  author.  In  all  the  other  cases  the  authority 
is  given  after  the  localities. 

The  entomologists  mentioned  in  the  following  list  are  as  follow  : 
W.  G.  Blatch,  F.E.S.  (ob.  1900)  ;  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom,  M.A.,  Whit- 
church  Rectory  ;  A.  H.  Martineau,  F.E.S. ,  Solihull  ;  F.  A.  Jackson, 
A.I.E.E.,  Tonbridge  ;  A.  J.  Chitty,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  ;  the  late  J.  A. 
Power,  M.D.  The  nomenclature  adopted  is  that  of  the  Catalogue  of 
British  Coleoptera  by  Sharpe  and  Fowler,  1893. 


CICINDELID/E 

Cicindela  campestris,  L.  Found  throughout 
the  county,  especially  in  sandy  places. 
March  to  July 

CARABID^ 
CYCHRINA 

Cychrus  rostratus,  L.  Not  abundant  ; 
January  to  December.  Erdington 
(Blatch),  Knirwle,  Solihull 


CARABINA 

Carabus  catenulatus,  Scop.  Found  chiefly 
in  hilly  districts ;  January  to  De- 
cember. Sutton  Coldfield  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  nemoralis,  Mull.  Abundant  throughout 

the  county  ;  January  to  December 

—  violaceus,  L.     Widely  distributed,  but 

not  so  abundant   as  the  preceding  ; 
January  to  December 


INSECTS 


CARABINA  (continued) 

Carabus  granulatus,  L.  Fairly  common 
throughout  the  county  ;  January  to 
December 

—  monilis,  F.    Found  in  all  parts  through- 

out the  year,  but  most  in  evidence 
in  spring  and  autumn 
NOTIOPHILINA 

Notiophilus  biguttatus,  F.  All  localities 
throughout  the  year. 

—  substriatus,    Wat.       All    seasons,    but 

mostly  during  summer.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Solibull 

—  aquaticus,  L.  All  localities  at  all  seasons 

—  palustris,  Duft.  Same  as  the  preceding  ; 

perhaps  rather  less  abundant 

NEBRIINA 

Leistus  spinibarbis,  F.  Common  at  roots  of 
trees,  under  stones,  bark,  etc., 
throughout  the  county  ;  all  seasons 

—  fulvibarbis,  Dej.     Under  bark,  at  roots 

of  trees,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;   common 

—  ferrugineus,  L.     Under  bark,  in  moss 

and  grass  tufts ;  all  seasons ;  common 

—  rufescens,  F.     In  bogs,  grass  tufts  and 

sphagnum,  on  banks  of  streams  and 
in  flood  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  rather 
less  abundant  than  preceding 

Nebria    brevicollis,   F.       Common    every- 
where ;  all  seasons 
ELAPHRINA 

Elaphrus  riparius,  L.  Muddy  banks  of 
rivers  and  ponds ;  generally  distri- 
buted. Knowle  (Blatch),  Edgbaston, 
Stratford-on-Avon 

—  cupreus,  Duft.     Habitat   and  distribu- 

tion same  as  last  species.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Stratford-on-Avon 

LORICERINA 

Loricera  pilicornis,  F.  Occurs  under  all 
conditions,  and  is  abundant 

SCARATINA 

Clivina  fossor,  L.  Under  clods  and  stones, 
in  moss,  grass  tufts  and  hedge  refuse. 
In  winter  found  hybernating  6  or  8 
inches  below  surface  of  ground  ; 
January  to  December  ;  abundant  in 
all  parts 

—  collaris,   Herbst.     In  banks  of  rivers ; 

local  ;  January  to  December.  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch) 

Dyschirius    globosus,    Herbst.      In    boggy 
places,  under  refuse,  in  grass  tussocks 
and    moss ;    all    seasons.       Coleshill, 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 
LICININA 

Badister  bipustulatus,  F.  In  grass  tufts, 
hedge  rubbish,  moss,  and  under 
stones.  Throughout  the  year  in  all 
localities,  but  not  very  abundantly 

83 


LICININA  (continued) 

Badister  sodalis,  Duft.     Under  stones,  flood 
refuse  and  moss  ;  local   and  scarce, 
but  found  in  all  seasons.     Knowle 
CHUENIINA 

Chlaenius  vestitus,  Payk,  In  banks  of  rivers 
and  ponds,  and  under  stones :  January 
to  December.  Alcester  (Blatch) 

—  nigricornis,  F.      On    banks    of   rivers 

and  marshy  places,  amongst  herbage, 
etc.,  May  to  September,  and  probably 
hybernates  in  mud  cracks  and  at 
roots  of  plants.  Edgbaston  (Jackson), 
Alcester 

OODINA 

Oodes  helopioides,  F.    In  marshy  places  at 

roots  of  plants.      Knowle 
STENOLOPHINA 
Acupalpus  exiguus,   Dej.     In  sphagnum  ; 

all  seasons  ;  rare.      Coleshill  (Blatch) 

—  exiguus  var.  luridus,  Dej.    In  sphagnum 

and  at  roots  of  plants  in  boggy  places ; 
local ;  January  to  December.  Coles- 
bill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  meridianus,    L.       At    grass    roots,    in 

moss,  vegetable  refuse  and  haystack 
bottoms  ;  all  seasons ;  found  through- 
out the  county 

Bradycellus  cognatus,  Gyll.  In  boggy 
places  and  on  heaths  ;  under  stones 
in  vegetable  refuse  ;  in  sphagnum  ; 
locally  abundant,  all  seasons.  Coleshill, 
Button  Park  (Blatch),  Alerter 

—  distinctus,    Dej.      In    moss    and   grass 

tufts,  damp  places  in  woods,  margins 
of  ponds  ;  January  to  December. 
Coleshill,  Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 
-  verbasci,  Duft.  Under  stones,  in  moss, 
grass  tufts  and  flood  refuse  ;  January 
to  December;  all  localities 

—  harpalinus,   Dej.      Habitat  and  distri- 

bution much  the  same  as  preceding, 
and  even  more  abundant 
HARPALINA 

Harpalus  rufibarbis,  F.  Under  refuse  on 
margins  of  ponds ;  amongst  chips, 
etc.,  in  woods  ;  in  moss  and  under 
stones ;  January  to  December ; 
throughout  the  county. 

—  ruficornis,  F.     Under  stones  and  rub- 

bish ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  aeneus,    F.      Under    stones,    vegetable 

refuse,  moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  latus,    L.     Under  stones,   clods,  moss 

and  rubbish;  all  seasons;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  tardus,  Panz.     Under  stones  in  gravel 

pits  ;  on  heaths,  etc.  ;  spring  to 
autumn  ;  scarce.  Sutton  Park.  Also 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


recorded  rrom    this  locality   by  the 
late  Mr.  Blatch 
PTEROSTICHINA 

Stomis  pumicatus,  Panz.  In  banks  of  ponds 
and  streams,  under  stones  and  vege- 
table refuse  ;  January  to  December. 
Olton,  Knowle,  Solihull 

Platyderus  ruficollis,  Marsh.  Under  stones. 
bark,  dead  leaves  and  moss  ;  local ; 
all  seasons.  Know/e  (Blatch),  Strat- 
ford (Bloom),  Solihull 

Pterostichus  cupreus,  L.  Under  stones 
and  clods ;  in  moss,  grass  tufts  and 
vegetable  refuse  ;  January  to  Decem- 
ber ;  all  localities 

-  versicolor,    Sturm.       In    old    pastures, 

wood  sides,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Know/e,  Solihull 

—  madidus,  F.    Under  stones,  clods,  moss 

and  refuse  ;  a  most  abundant  species ; 
all  seasons  and  in  all  parts 

-  niger,  Schall.     Under  bark,  stones,  moss 

and  rubbish  ;  all  seasons  and  in  all 
localities 

-  vulgaris,  L.     Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  the  last 

-  anthracinus,  111.  River  banks  and  bogs  ; 

local  and  scarce.  Alcester  ;  also  re- 
corded from  this  locality  by  the  late 
Mr.  Blatch 

-  nigrita,  F.    In  marshy  places,  in   moss, 

herbage  and  at  roots  of  plants  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  minor,  Gyll.     Under  reeds  ;   in  sphag- 

num, margins  of  ponds,  etc.;  January 
to  December.  Sutton  Park,  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Coleshill 

-  strenuus,  Panz.     In  moss  and  at  roots 

of  plants  in  marshy  places  ;  January 
to  December  ;  all  localities 

-  diligens,  Sturm.      Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  preceding;  very  abundant 

-  picimanus,  Duft.      Under  bark,  stones, 

moss  and  refuse,  banks  of  rivers  and 
pools  ;  all  seasons  ;  scarce.  Alcester, 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Stratford-on- 
Avon  (Bloom) 

—  inaequalis,  Marsh.  Under  stones,  in  grass 

tufts,  banks  of  rivers  and  pools ; 
January  to  December;  rare.  Salford 
Priori  (Blatch),  Stratford  (Bloom), 
Knowle 

—  vernalis,   Gyll.      In  moss,   grass    tufts 

and  refuse ;  marshy  places  and  banks 
of  ponds  and  rivers  ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  striola,    F.     Under    bark,    stones    and 

refuse ;  abundant  in  places,  especially 
in  spring  and  autumn.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 


84 


AMARINA 

Amara  fulva,  Dej.  Under  stones  and 
clods  in  sandy  places  and  gravel  pits ; 
all  seasons  ;  local.  Near  Tamworth 
(Blatch),  Sutton  Coldfield 

—  apricaria,  Sturm.    Under  stones,  refuse, 

grass  tufts  and  moss  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

—  consularis,  Duft.     Under  stones,  etc., 

in  sandy  places  and  gravel  pits ; 
spring  to  autumn  ;  scarce.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  bifrons,  Gyll.     Under  stones  and  rub- 

bish, especially  in  sandy  places.  Small 
Heath  (under  bones,  Blatch),  Knowle 

—  ovata,   F.      In  moss  and    grass    tufts, 

under  stones,  and  by  sweeping ;  all 
seasons  ;  rather  scarce.  Alcester,  Sut- 
ton Park  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors, 
Knowle 

—  similata,  Gyll.     Occurs  under  similar 

conditions  to  the  last,  but  rather 
more  frequently  met  with.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Stratford  (Bloom), 
Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  accuminata,  Payk.     Moss  and  herbage, 

and  by  sweeping  ;  all  seasons  ;  hyber- 
nates  in  moss  and  grass  roots  in  pas- 
tures, etc. ;  rather  rare.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  nitida,   Sturm.       In   moss   and   turf  in 

pastures  ;  taken  freely  by  the  late 
Mr.  Blatch  and  the  author  at  Knowle 

—  tibialis,  Payk.     Under  stones  on  heaths 

and  hills  ;  in  sandy  places  and  gravel 
pits  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  local  and 
scarce.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

—  lunicollis,    Schiod.      Under  stones ;    in 

moss  and  at  roots  of  grass  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Small  Heath,  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  familiaris,    Duft.       Under    stones,    in 

moss,  grass  roots  and  rubbish ;  all 
times  and  in  all  localities 

—  trivialis,  Gyll.    Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  the  last 

—  communis,  Panz.     In  moss  and  turf; 

under  bark  and  stones ;  all  seasons. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Coleshill,  Knowle 
(plentiful) 

—  continua,  Thorns.     Amongst  herbage, 

and   in    moss    and    grass    roots ;    all 
seasons  ;  rare.     Knowle 
-  plebeia,  Gyll.     Under  stones  ;  in  moss, 
etc.  ;  found  at  all  times  throughout 
the  county. 
ANCHOMENINA 

Calathus  cisteloides,  Panz.  Under  stones, 
vegetable  refuse,  moss,  etc. ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 


INSECTS 


ANCHOMENINA  (continued) 

Calathus  fuscus,  F.  Under  stones  in  sandy 
places.  Sutton  Part  (Blatch) 

—  flavipes,  Fourc.     Under  stones,  refuse, 

etc.,  especially  on  heaths  and  hills  ; 
spring  to  autumn.  Coleshill  (Blatch), 
Sutton  Park 

—  melanocephalus,     L.       An     abundant 

species  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  piceus,    Marsh.       In    sphagnum,     the 

folds  of  reeds  and  flags,  dead  leaves  in 
woods,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Coleshill,  Knowle  (Sept. 
1901) 

Taphria  nivalis,  Panz.  Under  stones  and 
moss  ;  all  seasons.  Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

Pristonychus  terricola,  Herbst.  In  cellars, 
stables,  banks  of  rivers,  moss  and 
under  bark ;  all  seasons ;  all  localities, 
urban  and  rural 

Anchomenus  angusticollis,  F.  Under  loose 
bark  ;  amongst  herbage  ;  at  roots  of 
trees  in  woods ;  all  seasons ;  all 
localities 

—  dorsalis,  Mull.     Under  stones,   refuse, 

moss,  loose  bark  and  herbage  at  roots 
of  trees  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  albipes,  F.     On  banks  of  streams  and 

ponds,  in  moss  and  vegetable  refuse ; 
abundant  everywhere ;  all  seasons 

—  oblongus,    Sturm.      Amongst    herbage 

and  under  willow  bark  in  wet  places ; 
all  seasons.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Stratford-on-Avon  (Bloom) 

—  marginatus,  L.     Margins  of  ponds  and 

rivers ;  January  to  December  ;  hy- 
bernates  in  crevices.  Edgbaston 
(Jackson),  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  parumpunctatus,  F.    Under  stones,  in 

moss,  grass  tufts,  hotbeds  and  refuse 
generally  ;  all  seasons  ;  plentiful  in 
all  localities 

—  atratus,  Duft.     In   marshy  places;   on 

banks  of  rivers  and  pools  and  under 
stones ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  local  and 
scarce.  Alcester,  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Coleshill 

—  viduus,  Panz.     In  moss  and  refuse  in 

damp  places ;  all  seasons.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Solihull 

—  viduus  var.  mcestus,  Duft.    Found  with 

the  type  form,  and  rather  more  plen- 
tiful 

—  micans,  Nic.      Under    loose    bark    of 

decaying  logs,  and  in  moss  and  herb- 
age in  marshy  places  and  banks  ot 
rivers  and  ponds j  all  localities  ;  all 
seasons 


ANCHOMENINA  (continued) 

Anchomenus  fuliginosus,  Panz.  In  sphag- 
num and  herbage  in  marshy  places  ; 
abundant  at  all  times  and  in  all 
localities 

—  gracilis,    Gyll.       In    sphagnum,    grass 

tussocks,  etc.,  in  boggy  places ;  all 
seasons  ;  local.  Tysoe,  Sutton  Park, 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle, 
Coleshill 

—  piceus,    L.      Habitat   and    distribution 

same  as  the  preceding 

—  thoreyi,  Dej.     In  sphagnum,  axils  of 

flags  and  vegetable  refuse  ;  on  mar- 
gins of  pools.  Coleshill,  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  near  Knowle 

—  puellus,  Dej.     Found  under  same  con- 

ditions and  in  the  same  localities  as 

the  preceding 
Olisthopus  rotundatus,  Payk.   Under  stones, 

refuse   and   moss ;    all   seasons ;    all 

localities 
BEMBIDIINA 

Bembidium  rufescens,  Gue'r.    Under  refuse, 

etc.,  in  marshy  places;   all  seasons; 

all  localities 

—  quinquestriatum,  Gyll.      On  walls  and 

under  stones.  Olton,  Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  obtusum,    Sturm.       In    moss,    refuse, 

hotbeds,  etc. ;  partial  to  dry  situa- 
tions ;  abundant  at  all  times  and  in 
all  situations 

—  guttula,  F.    In  all  sorts  of  habitats,  and 

met  with  in  profusion  everywhere 

—  mannerheimi,  Sahl.     In  damp  woods, 

flood  refuse,  margins  of  streams  and 
ponds  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  biguttatum,  F.     In  habitat  and  range 

similar  to  preceding 

—  riparium,  Ol.     Damp  places,  banks  of 

streams  and  ponds,  amongst  herbage, 
under  stones,  etc.  ;  all  localities,  but 
not  so  abundant  as  preceding 

—  aeneum,  Germ.     Under  refuse,  stones 

and  bark  in  damp  places ;  local. 
Alcester,  Tysoe  (Blatch),  Stratford, 
Knowle 

—  articulatum,    Panz.      On    margins    of 

streams  and  ponds;  spring  to  autumn. 
Tysoe,  Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  doris,   Panz.      In   moss  and  vegetable 

refuse  on  margins  of  ponds  and 
streams  ;  all  seasons  ;  local.  First 
taken  in  midlands  by  Mr.  Blatch 
and  Mr.  Tail  at  Waterfield;  Water 
Lane,  Knowle 

—  lampros,  Herbst.    Found  under  all  sorts 

of  conditions  at  all  times  and  in  all 
localities 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ANCHOMENINA  (continued) 

Bembidium  lampros  var.  velox,  Er.  Under 
stones  and  amongst  herbage ;  all 
seasons  ;  local  and  scarce.  Stratford, 
Salford Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle,  So/Hull 

—  nitidulum,  Marsh.      In  shingle,  moss, 

refuse,  and  under  stones  and  bark; 
occurs  everywhere,  often  in  profu- 
sion 

—  affine,    Steph.       In    gravel   pits,   stone 

quarries,  and  mud  banks  of  rivers 
and  pools ;  all  seasons ;  rather  scarce. 
Sutton  Part,  Salford  Priori 

-  quadriguttatum,  F.    Under  refuse,  bark, 

moss,  etc. ;  at  all  times  and  in  all  places 

-  quadrimaculatum,     Gyll.        In     moss, 

hedge  refuse,  under  bark,  etc. ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  femoratum,  Sturm.     Under  stones,  and 

on  margins  of  pools  and  streams  ;  all 
seasons  ;  local.  Sutton  Park 

-  bruxellense,  Wesm.       In  shingle    and 

refuse  on  banks  of  rivers  and  ponds ; 
all  seasons  ;  local.  Sutton  Park 

—  littorale,  Ol.     In  moss,  shingle,  hedge 

refuse,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  abundant 
everywhere 

—  bipunctatum,  L.     Amongst  shingle  re- 

fuse on  banks  of  rivers  and  ponds  ; 
all  seasons  ;  local.  Sutton  Park 

—  flammulatum,  Clairv.     Banks  of  rivers 

and  ponds  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  adustum,  Schaum.    Found  in  profusion 

on  the  river  Severn  by  the  late  Mr. 

Blatch,  who  believed  he  also  took  a 

few  specimens   at    Salford  Priors  in 

Warwickshire 
Tachypus   flavipes,    L.      In   hedge    refuse, 

moss,  grass  tufts,  and  under  stones  ; 

all     seasons  ;       Stratford  -on-  Avon 

(Blatch),  Knowle 
TRECHINA 

Trechus  discus,   F.     In   banks  of  rivers ; 

under  flood   refuse    and   stones ;    all 

seasons ;  local.   Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  micros,  Herbst.     Found  under  similar 

conditions  as  the  preceding.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors 

—  minutus,  F.    In  rubbish,  hotbeds,  moss, 

grass  roots  and  hedge  refuse  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

-  minutus    var.    obtusus,    Er.       Under 

stones,  refuse,  and  in  moss  ;  all 
seasons.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  secalis,  Payk.     Margins  of  ponds  and 

rivers,  and  under  bark  and  chips  in 
woods  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Patrobus  excavatus,  Payk.     Under  stones ; 
in  moss  on  mud  banks  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 


LEBIINA 

Lebia  chlorocephala,  Hoff.    On  broom,  and 

in  moss  and  under  stones.    Stratford- 

on-Avon  (Bloom) 
Demetrias  atricapillus,  L.    In  hedge  refuse, 

grass    tufts    and    moss  ;     abundant 

everywhere 
Dromius  linearis,  Ol.    In  hedge  refuse,  grass 

tufts  and  moss ;  all  timesand  all  places 

—  agilis,    F.     Under   bark  ;    all  seasons ; 

throughout  the  county 

—  meridionalis,  Dej.     Habitat  and  distri- 

bution same  as  the  preceding 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.     Under  bark ;  all 


seasons  ;  abundant 


86 


—  quadrinotatus,     Panz.       Under    bark, 

sedges  and  moss  ;  all  localities 

—  quadrisignatus,   Dej.      Under   bark  of 

various  trees  ;  rare  in  the  midlands. 
Sutton  Park  ;  also  recorded  from  this 
locality  by  the  late  Mr.  Blatch 

—  melanocephalus,    Dej.       In    vegetable 

refuse,  grass  tufts  and  moss  ;  abund- 
ant everywhere 

Blechrus  maurus,  Sturm.  Under  stones, 
moss  and  refuse.  Spring  to  autumn. 
Leamington  (Blatch) 

Metabletus  foveola,  Gyll.  In  vegetable 
refuse,  moss,  dung,  etc.  ;  all  seasons 
and  in  all  localities 

—  truncatellus,   L.       In    grass    tufts   and 

vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons ;  less 
abundant  than  the  preceding 

—  obscuro-guttatus,  Duft.  In  moss,  refuse, 

etc.  ;  scarce.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

HALIPLIDJE 

Brychius  elevatus,1  Panz.  In  streams  and 
ponds.  Solihull  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Haliplus  obliquus,2  F.  Local.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  confinis,  Steph.     Rare.     Knowle 

—  flavicollis,  Sturm.     Rather  local.     Sal- 

ford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  fulvus,  F.  Scarce.    Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 

Knowle 

—  cinereus,  Aubd.     Rare.     Knowle 

—  ruficollis,    De  G.       Abundant    in    all 

localities 

—  fluviatilis,  Aub£.     Rather  local.     Sal- 

ford  Priors,  Coleshill,  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  striatus,  Sharp.    Local  and  rare.   Knowle 

1  All  the  water  beetles  are  found  throughout  the 
year,  although  the  majority  are  most  active  in  early 
spring. 

2  All   the   species   of  this  genus  are  found  in 
streams,  ponds  and  ditches. 


INSECTS 


Haliplus  lineatocollis,  Marsh.  Abundant 
in  all  localities 

PELOBIIDjE 

Pelobius  tardus,  Herbst.  Rare.  Stratford- 
on-Avon  (Bloom),  near  Harborne 

DYTISCID^ 

NOTERINA 

Noterus  sparsus,  Marsh.    In  streams,  canals 
and  ponds.     Near    Tamworth,  Sal- 
ford   Priors    (Blatch),    Sutton    Park, 
Knowle 
LACCOPHILINA 

Laccophilus  interruptus,  Panz.  In  ponds 
and  canals.  Salford  Priors,  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  obscurus,  Panz.     In  ponds  and  canals  ; 

all  localities 
HYDROPORINA 

Hyphydrus    ovatus,    L.       In    ponds   and 

ditches ;  abundant  everywhere 
Ccelambus    versicolor,  Schall.      In    ponds, 

ditches  and  streams.     Salford  Priors ; 

Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  inaequalis,    F.       Ponds,    ditches    and 

streams ;  abundant  everywhere 
-  confluens,  F.     Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 
Deronectes    assimilis,    Payk.      In    ponds, 
ditches  and  streams.      Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Sutton  and  Knowle 

—  depressus,  F.    Occurs  mostly  in  streams ; 

throughout  the  midlands 

—  duodecim-pustulatus,   F.     In  streams  ; 

local.     Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Hydroporus    pictus,    F.       In    ponds   and 
streams  ;  all  localities 

—  lepidus,   Ol.       In    both    stagnant    and 

running  water  ;  local.      Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  rivalis,  Gyll.       Abundant    in  a    small 

stream  between  Knowle  and  Solihull 

—  dorsalis,     F.       In     ponds ;     apparently 

scarce.      Knowle  (Blatch),   Chadwick 
End 

—  lineatus,  F.    Abundant  in  ponds ;  every 

where 

—  umbrosus,  Gyll.      \  In     ponds ;    rare. 

—  angustatus,  Sturm.  )        Knowle 

—  gyllenhali,    Schiod.       In     ponds    and 

streamlets  ;     especially     in     woods. 
Sutton,  Coleshill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  palustris,  L.     Plentiful   in  ponds  ;    all 

localities 

—  erythrocephalus,  L.     In  ponds  ;  every- 

where 

—  memnonius,  Nic.    In  ponds  and  stumps 

of  newly  felled  oaks  in  woods  ;  un- 
common ;  all   localities 


HYDROPORINA  (continued) 

Hydroporus  nigrita,  F.     In  ponds  ;  especi- 
ally in  woods.     Knowle 

—  pubescens,    Gyll.       Abundant    every- 

where 

—  planus,  F.     All  localities  ;  plentiful 

—  lituratus,  F.     In   ponds  in  woods  and 

open    country ;     local    and    scarce. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Bently  Heath 

—  marginatus,     Duft.       Pits    in    woods 

and  in  osier  beds.     Solihull  (Blatch, 
record  only) ;  Knowle 
DYTISCINA 

Agabus  guttatus,  Payk.     In  ponds ;  local. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

—  paludosus,    F.     In    brooks   and    pools. 

Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  affinis,  Payk.     In  sphagnum,  grass  tus- 

socks, etc.      Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

—  unguicularis,   Thorns.     Under    similar 

conditions  to  the  preceding  and  in 
same  locality 

—  didymus,  Ol.     In  streams  and  ponds. 

Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  nebulosus,    Forst.       In    ponds  ;     local. 

Knowle  (in  great  abundance) 

—  sturmii,    Gyll.      In    ponds ;    frequent. 

Knowle 

—  chalconotus,    Panz.      In     ponds    and 

streams.        Coleshill,      Sutton     Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  bipustulatus,  L.     In  ponds ;  abundant 

everywhere 

—  bipustulatus  var.  solieri,  Aub£.     Habitat 

same  as  type.      Knowle 
Platambus     maculatus,    L.        In     brooks 

throughout  the   district 
Ilybius    fuliginosus,    F.       In     brooks    and 

ponds  ;  all  localities 

-  ater,  De  G.      In  ponds  ;  everywhere 

• —  guttiger,  Gyll.     In  bogs  ;   rare.     Coles- 
hill 

-  aenescens,  Thorns.     In  ponds  and  bogs. 

Tysoe  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Copelatus  agilis,  F.     In  ponds  ;  very  rare. 

Near  Knowle 
Rhautus    exoletus,    Forst.      In    pools    and 

pits.      Knowle 

—  bistriatus,   Berg.      In    pools    and    pits. 

Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Colymbetes    fuscus,   L.     In   ponds,   dykes 

and  streams  ;  all  localities 
Dytiscus    punctulatus,   F.     In   ponds  and 
slowly    running    streams ;    not    un- 
common throughout  England  (Fow- 
ler), Knowle 

—  marginalis,   L.     Abundant    in    ponds ; 

in  all  localities 

Acilius  sulcatus,  L.    In  ponds  and  ditches  ; 
everywhere 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

HELOPHORINA  (continued) 

Helophorus  aeneipennis,  Thorns.  In  damp 
places ;  all  localities 

—  brevipalpis,  Bedel.     Margins  of  brooks, 

etc.  ;  abundant 
Hydrochus   angustatus,   Germ.       Margins 

of  streams  and  ponds.     Knowle 
Ochthebius  margipallens,  Latr.      Margins 

of  ponds  and  streams.     Sutton  Park 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  poweri,  Rye.     Ponds.     Knowle 

—  pygmaeus,  F.     Margins  of  ponds  and 

in  bogs.     Knowle 

—  bicolon,    Germ.       Ponds  and   ditches, 

and  in  moss.     Knowle 

—  rufimarginatus,  Steph.    In  flood  refuse  ; 

rare.     Knowle 

Hydrasna  riparia,  Kug.  Marshy  places  ; 
margins  of  ponds,  etc.  Knowle 

—  nigrita,  Germ.     In  running  water  and 

marshy  places.     Knowle 

—  angustata,  Sturm.       Amongst   herbage 

on  margins  of  streams.     Knowle 

—  pulchella,  Germ.     In  running  water ; 

rare.     River  Blythe  near  Knowle 
SPH^RIDIINA 

Cyclonotum  orbiculare,  F.  Banks  of 
streams,  ponds  and  ditches ;  all 
localities 

Sphaeridiium  scarabaeoides,  F.  In  dung, 
moss,  roots  of  grass,  etc.  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  bipustulatum,    F.      Found    with    pre- 

ceding, but  less  abundantly 

—  bipustulatum  var.  marginatum,  F.      In 

dung,  moss,  etc.  ;  all  localities 

—  bipustulatum    var.   semistriatum,  Cast. 

Found  with  the  preceding  but  scarcer 
Cercyon1  haemorrhous,  Gyll.     At  roots  of 
grass,    in    moss,    flood    refuse,    dead 
leaves  and  dung  ;  all  localities 

—  hasmorrhoidalis,   Herbst.     Found  with 

preceding.  The  late  Mr.  Blatch 
also  found  this  species  in  nest  of 
Formica  rufa  at  Bewdley  (Worcester- 
shire) 

—  obsoletus,  Gyll.     Small  Heath  (Blatch), 

Knowle 

—  flavipes,  F.  Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  lateralis,  Marsh.     All  localities 

—  melanocephalus,  L.     Abundant  every- 

where 

—  unipunctatus,  L.     All  localities 

—  quisquilius,  L.     Knowle 

—  nigriceps,  Marsh.     Edgbaston  (Blatch), 

Knowle 

—  pygmaeus,  111.     Knowle 


Gyrinus  natator,  Scop.  Ponds,  ditches 
and  brooks ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  marinus,  Gyll.     Ponds,  streams,  etc. ; 

local.    Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Kmnvle 

—  opacus,     Sahl.      Canals     and     ponds. 

Leamington  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Orectochilus  villosus,  Mall.  Under  sub- 
merged stones ;  margins  of  rivers 
and  brooks ;  in  winter  may  be  dug 
out  of  the  banks.  Alcester,  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

HYDROPHILID^E 

HYDROPHILINA 

Hydrobius  fuscipes,  L.  In  ponds,  etc. ; 
everywhere 

—  picicrus,  Thorns.     Ponds  and  ditches. 

Knowle 

Philhydrus  nigricans,  Zett.  Ponds  and 
ditches.  Knowle 

—  coarctatus,  Gredl.     Ponds,  etc.    Knowle 
Anacaena  globulus,  Payk.     In  boggy  and 

marshy  places  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  limbata,   F.     Ponds   and    ditches ;    all 

localities 

Holochares  lividus,  Forst.  Wet  places  ; 
ponds  and  ditches.  Knowle 

Laccobius  sinuatus,  Mots.  Banks  of 
streams  and  pools.  Near  Tarn- 
worth  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  alutaceus,     Thorns.       Damp     places  ; 

margins  of  ponds,  etc.     Knowle 

—  minutus,  L.     Boggy  places  and  mar- 

gins of  pools,  etc.     Knowle 
-  bipunctatus,  F.     Wet  places.     Knowle 
Limnebius    truncatellus,    Thorns.      Banks 
of  streams,  canals  and  ponds.     Soli- 
hull  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  papposus,  Muls.     Habitat  same  as  pre- 

ceding.    Knowle 

—  nitidus,    Marsh.     Margins    of   brooks, 

ditches  and  damp  places.     Knowle 

—  picinus,  Marsh.      Ponds  and  ditches  ; 

rare.     Knowle 
Chastarthria  seminulum,  Herbst.     In  moss 

and    grass    roots    in    marshy   places. 

Solihult-  (Blatch),  Knowle 
HELOPHORINA 

Helophorus  nubilus,  F.      In  wet  places  ; 

moss  and  flood  refuse  ;  all  localities 

—  aquaticus,  L.      In   wet   places ;    moss 

and  hedge  refuse ;  abundant  every- 
where 

—  aquaticus  var.  aequalis,  Thorns.     Found 

with  the  preceding,  but  less  abun- 
dantly 

—  dorsalis,    Marsh.       Banks    of    brooks, 

ditches,  etc.,  and  in  moss.     Knowle 


1  All  the  species  of  Cercyon  may  be  found  under 
similar  conditions  unless  otherwise  stated. 


88 


INSECTS 


SPHJERIDIINA  (continued) 

Cercyon  terminatus,  Marsh.     Knowle 

—  analis,  Payk.     All  localities 

—  lugubris,  Payk.     Knowle 

—  granarius,  Er.  „ 

—  minutus,  Muls.      Knowle  and  Solihull 
Megasternum  boletophagum,   Marsh.      In 

vegetable  refuse,  moss,  dung,  fungi, 
etc. ;  abundant   everywhere 
Cryptopleurum    atomarium,    F.       Habitat 
and  distribution  same  as  preceding 

NOTE. — All  the  Hydrophilidae  are  to  be  found 
throughout  the  year. 

STAPHYLINID^E 

ALEOCHARINA 

Aleochara  ruficornis,  Grav.  In  moss, 
vegetable  refuse,  etc. ;  rare.  Button 
Park 

—  fuscipes,  F.      In   dead   animals,   fungi 

and  vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  brevipennis,   Grav.     In  grass   tufts    in 

marshy  places.      Knowle 

—  bipunctata,  Ol.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

dead  leaves,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ;  all 
seasons,  sparingly.  Tysoe  ;  Salford 
Priors,  Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 
and  Solihull 

—  cuniculorum,  Kr.     In  moss  and  under 

dead  moles.      Knowle 

—  lanuginosa,  Grav.    In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

dead  leaves,  dung,  etc.  ;  at  all  seasons 
and  in  all  localities 

—  lygaea,  Kr.     In  dead  birds  and  moles, 

etc.  ;  rare.  Knowle  (Blatch,  June 
1893),  (the  author,  1899) 

—  villosa,  Maun.     In  moss  and  decaying 

leaves ;   rare.      Knowle 
-  succicola,    Thorns.       In    moss ;     rare. 
Knowle 

—  mcesta,  Grav.     Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  A.  lanuginosa 

—  mcerens,  Gyll.     In  carrion,  fungi,  dead 

leaves,  moss,  etc. ;  rare.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  nitida,  Grav.     In  moss,  hedge  rubbish, 

dung,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;   all  localities 

—  nitida    var.   belineata,    Gyll.      At   sap 

on  oak  stumps  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch,  record 
only),  near  Coleshill 

—  morion,    Grav.      Abundant    in    dung, 

hotbeds,  moss,  grass  tufts  and  fungi  ; 
all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Microglossa  suturalis,  Sahl.  Bottoms  of 
haystacks,  in  cowsheds,  moss  and 
grass  tufts  ;  all  seasons.  Edgbaston  ; 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

I  89 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Microglossa  nidicola,  Fairm.  In  and  near 
nests  of  sand  martins.  Found  abun- 
dantly in  spring  and  summer  in  all 
localities  where  the  sand  martin 
builds 

Oxypoda  spectabilis,  Mark.  In  grass  tufts, 
vegetable  refuse,  etc. ;  rare.  Knowle 

—  lividipennis,    Mann.       In    moss    and 

hedge  refuse  and  in  decaying  fungi. 
Found  throughout  the  year  in  all 
localities 

—  opaca,    Grav.      In    hotbeds,   vegetable 

refuse,  etc. ;  abundant  everywhere 
at  all  times 

—  alternans,  Grav.    In  fungi ;  all  seasons  ; 

abundant  everywhere 

—  exoleta,  Er.      Under   bones   at   Small 

Heath  (Blatch)  ;  under  bark,  Sander- 
land  Coppice,  Knowle 

—  leutula,  Er.    Amongst  decaying  leaves, 

etc.,  on  margins  of  ponds  in  woods ; 
all  seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  umbrata,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

under  bones  and  bark  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle,  Olton,  Small  Heath  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  pectita,  Sharp.     Under  bones  and  stack 

refuse  ;  rare.  Knowle,  under  bones 
(Blatch)  ;  Knowle,  stack  refuse 

—  nigrina,   Wat.       In   moss,   grass   tufts, 

hotbeds  and  under  bark,  etc.  Knowle, 
Tysoe,  Small  Heath,  Coleshill,  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

—  mutata,  Sharp.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  longiuscula,  Er.      In  damp  places  ;  all 
seasons  ;   abundant  everywhere 

—  formeceticola,  Mark.     In  nests  of  For- 

mica rufa.      Knowle 

—  hzmorrhoa,    Mann.       In    moss,    hot- 

beds, under  bark  and  in  nests  of 
Formica  rufa  ;  all  seasons.  Edgbaston, 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  waterhousei,  Rye.     In  vegetable  refuse, 

in  marshy  places.  Knowle  (Blatch, 
record  only) 

—  soror,  Thorns.    In  moss  on  oak  trunks. 

Knowle  (Blatch,  record  only) 

—  annularis,    Sahl.      In    moss   and    dead 

leaves  ;  scarce  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  brachyptera,    Steph.       Found    by    the 

late  Mr.  Blatch,  and  also  by  the 
author  in  an  old  cowshed  at  Knowle 

Thiasophila  angulata,  Er.  In  nests  of 
Formica  rufa ;  local.  Near  Tarn- 
worth  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Ischnoglossa  prolixa,  Grav.  Under  bark 
of  dead  trees  ;  abundant ;  all  seasons. 
All  localities 

12 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Ischnoglossa  corticina,  Er.   Under  bark  ;  all 

seasons.    Oltont  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 

Knowle 
Ocyusa  incrassata,  Kr.    In  moss  and  leaves 

and    under    bark ;    all    seasons ;    all 

localities ;  often  abundant 
—  maura,  Er.     In  boggy  places,  in  grass 

tussocks,    etc. ;    all    seasons ;     local. 

Knowle,  Coleshill,  Sutton  (Blatch) 

-  picina,  Aube.      Habitat  same  as   pre- 

ceding ;  very  local.  Sutton  Park 
(abundant  in  the  bogs  at  all  times) 
Phlaeopora  reptans,  Grav.  Under  bark  of 
dead  trees ;  all  seasons ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

-  corticalis,  Grav.     Under  bark  of  holly 

and  other  trees  ;  all  seasons  ;  scarce.. 
Sutton  Park 

-  corticalis  var.  transita,  Muls.      Under 

bark  ;   rare.     Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 
Ocalea  castanea,  Er.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 
fungi,  etc.  ;   all  seasons  ;   plentiful  ; 
all  localities 

-  latipennis,   Sharp.     Margins   of   ponds 

and  streams ;  rare ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

-  badia,   Er.     Grass   tufts  and   moss    in 

damp   places  ;    all   seasons.      Solihull 

(Blatch),  Knowle 
Ilyobates  nigricollis,  Payk.     Amongst  dead 

leaves  in  woods,  in   banks  of  rivers 

and  under  stones  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 

rare.     Knowle 
Calodera  nigrita,  Mann.     Marshy  places  ; 

rare.      Solihull  (Blatch) 

-  aethiops,    Grav.       In    grass    tufts    and 

decaying  vegetable  matter,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons ;  local.  Knowle 

-  umbrosa,  Er.    In  gravel  pits,  on  muddy 

margins  of  ponds,  amongst  shingle  ; 
all  seasons ;  rare.  Knowle.  Also 
once  found  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Tail  in 
his  wine  cellar  at  Knowle 

Chilopora  longitarsus,  Steph.  Banks  of 
ponds  and  streams.  Abundant  at 
all  times  and  in  all  localities 

Myrmedonia  humeralis,  Grav.  In  and 
near  nests  of  Formica  rufa.  Knowle 

Astilbus  canaliculatus,  F.  In  ants'  nests, 
grass  tufts,  moss,  and  under  stones  ; 
all  seasons  ;  abundant  throughout 
the  midlands 

Callicerus  obscurus,  Grav.  In  moss,  herb- 
age on  river  banks  and  bone  heaps  ; 
flies  about  on  the  first  sunny  days  of 
spring  and  in  winter  hybernates  in 
moss  ;  scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

Thamiaraea  cinnamomea,  Grav.  At  sap 
of  trees  infested  with  Cossus ;  in 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

hedge   refuse  and  on  posts ;    spring 

to  autumn  ;   rather  scarce.     Knowle 

(Blatch),  Solihull 
Thamiaraea  hospita,  Mark.     Habitat  same 

as  preceding.      Knowle,  Solihull 
Notothecta  flavipes,  Thorns.     In  nests  of 

Formica  rufa  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  anceps,  Gr.     Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  preceding,  but  scarcer 
Alianta  incana,  Er.   In  grass  tussocks,  etc., 

in  bogs  and  wet  places  ;  all  seasons  ; 

local.       Coleshill,     Sutton     (Blatch), 

Knowle 
Homalota    pavens,  Er.     Amongst  shingle 

in  river  beds,  etc.,  and  under  bones ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  gregaria,  Er.     In  grass  tufts,  moss  and 

hedge  refuse  ;  all  seasons  and  all 
localities 

—  luteipes,    Er.       Banks    of    rivers   and 

brooks  ;  spring  and  summer.  Near 
Birmingham  (Blatch) 

—  luridipennis,    Mann.       In    dead  leaves 

and  moss  in  woods,  under  bark, 
bones,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  and  all 
localities 

-  gyllenhali,  Thorns.     In  moss  and  grass 

tufts  and  under  bones ;  all  seasons 
and  in  all  localities 

-  hygrotopora,  Kr.     In  moss  and  muddy 

places  on  banks  of  streams  and  ponds  ; 
all  seasons.  Birmingham,  Sutton 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  elongatula,   Grav.     In  moss  and  herb- 

age, especially  in  damp  places  ; 
abundant  at  all  times  and  in  all 
places. 

-  volans,  Scrib.      Found  with   the   pre- 

ceding, and  equally  widely  distributed 
but  less  abundant 

—  nitidula,    Kr.     In    dead    moles ;    rare. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  oblongiuscula,  Sharp.      In  moss,   hay- 

stack refuse,  and  under  bones  ;  found 
sparingly  at  all  seasons.  Small  Heath, 
Sutton  Park,  Solihull  (Blatch),  Knowle 
• —  sylvicola,  Fuss.  Amongst  dead  leaves 
in  woods,  moss  and  grass  tufts ;  all 
seasons ;  not  abundant.  Coleshill 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  vicina,    Steph.       Hedge    refuse,   moss, 

bones,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  all  localities 

—  pagana,  Er.      Dead    leaves    in    woods 

and  under  bones ;  found  through- 
out the  year,  but  is  scarce.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch) 

—  graminicola,  Gyll.     In  moss  and  grass 

tufts  in  marshy  places ;  all  seasons 
and  in  all  localities 


90 


INSECTS 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Homalota  occulta,  Er.  In  moss  and  under 
bones ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  rather 
scarce.  Knowle,  Small  Heath  (Blatch) 

—  fungivora,    Thorns.      In    moss,    fungi, 

grass  tufts  and  under  bones  and 
bark ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities, 
often  in  profusion 

—  picipes,  Thorns.    In  lawn  clippings  and 

under  bones  and  bark  ;  rare.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  monticola,  Thorns.     Under  bones  and 

dead  moles  ;  in  grass  tufts  and  fungi ; 
all  seasons ;  abundant  locally.  Small 
Heath,  Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  nigella,  Er.     In  bogs  and  marshy  places 

at  roots  of  plants  and  in  folds  of 
typha,  carex,  etc.  ;  local.  Earlswood, 
Tamworth,  Coleihill,  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  aequata,  Er.     Under  bark  of  dead  trees 

and  logs ;  at  all  seasons  and  in  all 
places  where  dead  trees  and  logs  occur 

—  augustula,    Gyll.     Bones,    fungi,    hot- 

beds, bark  and  marshy  places  ; 
spring  to  autumn  ;  scarce.  Knowle, 
Small  Heath  (Blatch) 

—  linearis,  Grav.     In  moss  and  bark,  fungi 

and  carrion  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  pilicornis,  Thorns.     At   sap,   in   moss, 

leaves  and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons  ; 
scarce.  Knowle,  Solihull  (Blatch) 

—  debilis,  Er.     In  moss,  flood  refuse,  wet 

shingle,  etc. ;  rare  ;  all  seasons 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  fallaciola,  Sharp.     Grass  tufts  in  bogs  ; 

rare.      Coleshill  (Blatch),  Sutton 

—  circellaris,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

hedge  rubbish,  etc.  ;  abundant  at  all 
times  and  in  all  localities 

—  immersa,  Heer.     Under  bark  of  various 

trees  ;  all  seasons ;  fairly  plentiful. 
Edgbaston,  Small  Heath  (Blatch), 
Sutton,  Knowle 

—  cuspidata,  Er.     Found  with   the   pre- 

ceding, and  very  abundant  at  all 
times  throughout  the  midlands 

—  eremita,  Rye.     In  sphagnum,  in  boggy 

places.      Coleshill  (Blatch),  Sutton 

—  curtipennis,  Sharp.     Grass  tussocks,  in 

bogs  and  in  sphagnum ;  local.  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

—  analis,  Grav.     All  kinds  of  habitats,  all 

seasons  and  in  all  localities 

—  decipiens,  Sharp.    Amongst  dead  leaves, 

etc.  ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  soror,  Kr.     Marshy  places.     Stratford- 

on-Avon  (Bloom) 

—  exilis,  Er.     Roots   of  grass   in   damp 

pastures  and   under   bark ;    all  sea- 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

sons ;  rare.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford 
Priors 

Homalota  depressa,  Gyll.  In  moss  and  dead 
leaves,  on  walls  and  fences ;  local 
and  scarce  ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  hepatica,  Er.     Grass   tufts  and  leaves 

in  woods  ;  all  seasons  ;  rare. 
Knowle 

—  aquatica,  Thorns.     In  moss,  fungi,  grass 

tufts,  carrion  and  under  bark  ;  all 
seasons ;  fairly  plentiful  through- 
out midlands 

• —  aeneicollis,  Sharp.  Habitat  and  distri- 
bution same  as  preceding 

—  xanthoptera,  Steph.    Found  under  simi- 

lar conditions  and  in  the  same  locali- 
ties as  the  preceding 

—  valida,  Kr.     Amongst   dead  leaves   in 

woods  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  euryptera,   Steph.       At    sap,  in    moss, 

dead  leaves,  fungi  and  under  bones  ; 
found  throughout  the  year,  but  is 
active  only  during  spring,  summer 
and  early  autumn  ;  plentiful  every- 
where 

—  trinotata,   Kr.     Found   with   the    pre- 

ceding ;  also  in  hotbeds ;  all  sea- 
sons and  in  all  localities 
-  xanthopus,  Thorns.  Bones,  refuse, 
moss,  hotbeds,  fungi,  bark ;  plenti- 
ful in  summer,  rarely  met  with  in 
winter  ;  all  localities 

—  triangulum,  Kr.     Habitat  same  as  pre- 

ceding ;  all  seasons  ;  found  through- 
out midlands  ;  not  so  abundant  as 
preceding 

—  fungicola,  Thorns.    Fungi,  moss,  leaves, 

bones,  carcases,  hotbeds  ;  abundant 
at  all  times  (especially  summer)  ;  all 
localities 

—  ignobilis,  Sharp.     In  fungi,  moss,  dead 

moles  and  in  sap  ;  all  seasons ;  rather 
scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  boletobia,   Thorns.      In    fungi ;    occa- 

sionally in  moss  and  hedge  refuse  ; 
fairly  plentiful  spring  to  autumn  ; 
scarce  in  winter.  Knowle,  Berkswell 
(Blatch),  Packwood 

—  liturata,  Steph.     In  polypori  ;  spring  to 

autumn  ;  rare  in  midlands.  Edge 
Hill 

—  coriaria,  Kr.     Hotbeds,  moss  and  sap  ; 

abundant  locally  in  fresh  lawn  clip- 
pings during  summer ;  rare  in  winter. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  sodalis,  Er.     In  moss,  fungi,  vegetable 

refuse  and  under  bones,  etc. ;  all 
seasons  and  all  localities 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Homalota  humeralis,  Kr.    In  fungi  ;  spring 
to  autumn  ;  rare.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  clancula,  Er.    Amongst  decaying  leaves, 

vegetable  refuse  and  grass  tufts ;  gene- 
rally rare.  Taken  in  utmost  profu- 
sion at  Knowle 

—  gagatina,  Baudi.     In  fungi,  moss,  dead 

leaves,  carrion,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Sol'thull 

—  divisa,   Mark.      Fungi,    moss,    bones, 

carrion,  dung,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  divisa  var.  Blatchii,  Ellis  (Ent.  Rec.  xiii. 

250).  Taken  first  by  the  late  Mr. 
Blatch  in  dead  moles  and  hedgehogs, 
and  afterwards  by  the  author  in  dead 
moles  at  Knowle 

—  nigricornis,  Thorns.     In    fungi,    moss, 

grass  tufts,  carcases,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons and  all  localities 

—  ravilla,   Er.     Habitat  and   distribution 

much  the  same  as  the  preceding 

—  palustris,  Kies.     In  moss,  vegetable  re- 

fuse, fungi,  leaves  and  bones,  and  in 
marshy  places  ;  all  seasons ;  abun- 
dant ;  all  localities 

—  corvina,  Thorns.     Under   bark,  dung, 

carcases ;  in  moss  and  fungi  ;  all 
seasons  ;  not  abundant.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  atomaria,  Kr.      Under  dead   moles,  in 

moss  and  dead  leaves  ;  spring  to 
autumn,  occasionally  winter.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  perexigua,  Sharp.  Lawn  clippings, moss, 

hedge  refuse,  under  dead  moles  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  oblita,   Er.     In    fungi   and    at   sap    of 

cossus  trees,  in  dead  leaves  and  moss  ; 
all  seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle 

—  autumnalis,  Er.      Under  bark  and  flood 

refuse ;  in  decaying  leaves  and  in 
grass  tufts  at  margins  of  ponds  in 
woods  ;  found  throughout  the  year 
and  not  scarce.  Solihull,  Salford 
Priors,  Packwood  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  sericea,  Muls.     Abundant  in  all  sorts 

of  habitats,  at  all  times  and  in  all 
localities 

-  subtilis,  Scriba.  In  moss  and  under 
bark ;  rare.  Mr.  Blatch  records 
this  species  from  Sutton  and  Knowle 

—  indiscreta,  Sharp.      Rare.      Knowle 

—  indubia,  Sharp.     In   moss,  grass  tufts, 

lawn  clippings,  dead  moles,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.  Small  Heath  (Blatch), 
Knowle,  abundant 

—  mortuorum,  Thorns.      Mr.  Blatch   re- 

cords   this   species    from   Warwick- 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

shire,  but  has  some  doubt  as  to  the 
identity  of  the  specimen 
Homalota  atricolor,  Sharp.  In  moss,  grass 
tufts,  hedge  refuse,  carrion,  dung, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant ;  all 
localities 

—  inquinula,  Grav.     On  sappy  stumps  of 

newly-felled  oaks.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  nigra,  Kr.  All  sorts  of  habitats  ;  abun- 

dant at  all  times  and  in  all  localities 

—  hodierna,  Sharp.   Under  bones.    Knowle 

—  germana,  Sharp.    Occurs  with  H.  nigra, 

but  is  less  plentiful 

—  sordidula,  Er.  In  moss,  grass  tufts,  fungi, 

dung  and  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Solihull 

—  canescens,  Sharp.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

fungi,  dung,  carrion,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Knowle 

—  cauta,  Er.     In  moss,  grass  tufts,  dung, 

carrion,  hotbeds,  bones,  etc.  ;  abun- 
dant at  all  times  and  in  all  places 

—  villosula,    Kr.      In    moss,    grass    tufts, 

dead  leaves  and  fungi  ;  all  seasons 
and  all  localities 

—  setigera,  Sharp.     Found  with  the  two 

preceding  species  and  equally  plenti- 
ful and  widely  distributed 

—  Isevana,  Muls.     In  fungi,  bones,  etc.  ; 

rare.     Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  cinnamoptera,  Thorns.     In  moss,  grass 

tufts,  dead  leaves,  fungi  and  at  sap  ; 
all  seasons  ;  found  throughout  the 
county 

—  macrocera,    Thorns.       In     cut    grass, 

carrion,  dung,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.  Small  Heath,  Sutton  Park, 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  atramentaria,   Gyll.     In    dung,    fungi, 

grass  tufts,  moss,  etc.  ;  abundant 
throughout  the  year  and  in  all 
localities 

-  cadaverina,  Bris.  In  carrion,  fungi  and 
dead  leaves  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  rare. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  marcida,  Er.     In  fungi,  moss  and  under 

bark ;  scarce ;  found  chiefly  in  autumn. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Sutton  Coldfield 

—  intermedia,    Thorns.      In    moss,    dead 

leaves  in  woods  and  fungi  ;  all 
seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Packwood 

—  longicornis,    Grav.       In    all    sorts    of 

habitats  ;  abundant ;  all  seasons 
and  in  all  localities 

—  sordida,    Marsh.       In    hotbeds,    dung, 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  extremely 
plentiful  in  all  localities 

—  testudinea,  Er.     In    moss,  grass  tufts, 


INSECTS 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

dead  leaves  and  hedge  refuse  ;  all 
seasons  ;  often  abundant.  Harborne 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

Homalota  aterrima,  Grav.  In  hotbeds,  moss, 
dung  and  carrion,  etc.  ;  always 
abundant  everywhere 

—  pygmasa,  Grav.     Occurs  with  the  above 

and  is  equally  plentiful 

—  muscorum,  Bris.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

fungi,  carrion  and  at  sap ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities ;  sometimes  plentiful 

—  pilosiventris,  Thorns.      In   moss,  dead 

leaves,  carrion  ;  under  bark  and  at 
oak  sap  ;  generally  rare  ;  sometimes 
plentiful.  Knowle 

—  laticollis,    Steph.     In    hotbeds,    moss, 

leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  and  all 
localities 

—  subsinuata,     Er.     In     moss,     hotbeds, 

grass  tufts,  sappy  stumps ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  rather  scarce.  Small  Heath, 
Birmingham  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  montivagans,   Woll.     In   cowshed   re- 

fuse ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  orbata,  Er.     In  moss ;  scarce.    Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  fungi,  Grav.     Always  plentiful  in  all 

sorts  of  habitats  and  localities 

—  fungi  var.  dubia,  Sharp.     Found  with 

the  above  and  generally  recognized 
as  a  variety  of  it 

—  fungi  var.  clientula,  Er.    Less  plentiful 

than  the  preceding,  but  in  other  re- 
spects the  same  remarks  apply 

—  orphana,  Er.     Found  under  same  con- 

ditions as  preceding.     Knowle 
Gnypeta  labilis,  Er.     On  banks  of  streams 

and  ponds  ;  in  sandpits  and  carrion  ; 

all  seasons,  but  mostly  in  summer  ; 

all  localities 
Tachyusa  constricta,  Er.     Banks  of  brooks 

and  rivers ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  locally 

abundant.      Knowle 

—  atra,    Grav.      Margins    of  ponds   and 

streams,  and  amongst  dead  leaves  in 
woods  ;  scarce  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

Falagria  sulcata,  Payk.  In  moss,  hotbeds, 
dung,  bones,  etc.  ;  abundant  at  all 
times  and  in  all  localities 

—  sulcatula,  Grav.     In  moss,  hotbeds,  etc. 

fond  of  damp  places.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Edgbaston 

—  thoracica,    Curt.       Under   stones   and 

vegetable  refuse  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
scarce.  Edgbaston 

—  obscura,  Grav.     In  hotbeds,  stack  re- 

fuse, moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  and  all 
localities 


ALEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Autalia  impressa,  Ol.  In  fungi  and  de- 
caying leaves  ;  very  plentiful  during 
summer  and  may  be  shaken  out  of 
dead  leaves  in  winter  ;  all  localities 

—  rivularis,  Grav.     In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

hotbeds,  dung,  carrion  ;  all  seasons; 
abundant  in  all  localities 

Encephalus  complicans,  Westw.  In  moss, 
dead  leaves,  grass  tufts  and  stack  re- 
fuse ;  all  seasons ;  fairly  plentiful  in 
all  parts 

Gyrophaena  affinis,  Mann.  In  fungi  from 
spring  to  autumn ;  amongst  dead 
leaves  in  winter  ;  often  abundant ; 
all  localities 

—  gentilis,  Er.    Fungi ;  spring  to  autumn ; 

all  localities 

—  nana,  Payk.    Found  with  the  preceding 

—  fasciata,  Marsh.    Fungi  ;  not  so  plenti- 

ful as  some  of  the  preceding.     Knowle 

—  minima,  Er.    In  fungi  ;  in  all  localities 

—  Isevipennis,   Kr.      In  fungi  ;   spring  to 

autumn  ;  in  dead  leaves  in  winter  ; 
fairly  plentiful  ;  all  localities 

—  lucidula,  Er.    Amongst  decaying  leaves 

on  margin  of  pond  in  a  wood  at 
Knowle 

—  manca,  Er.     Local  and  rather  scarce. 

Edgehill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  strictula,  Er.  In  polypori  on  old  stumps  ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  abundant  where 

it  occurs.     Near  Tamworth  (Blatch), 

Salford  Priors 
Agaricochara   laevicollis,   Kr.     Fungi ;   on 

stumps  and  logs  ;  all  seasons 
Placusa   pumilio,  Grav.     Under  bark  and 

at  sap  ;  all  seasons  ;  local  and  rather 

scarce.     Warwick,  Knowle  (Blatch), 

Solibull 

—  infima,  Er.     At  sap  on  cossus  trees  ; 

rare.     Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

Epipeda  plana,  Gyll.  Under  bark  of  dead 
trees  and  logs  ;  all  seasons  ;  plenti- 
ful where  it  occurs.  Knowle ;  Sutton 
(Blatch),  Edgbaston 

Silusa  rubiginosa,  Er.  At  sap  on  cossus 
trees  ;  rare.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

Lcptusa  fumida,  Er.  Under  bark  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

Sipalia  ruficollis,  Er.  Under  bark  ;  amongst 
dead  leaves  in  woods  and  in  moss  on 
tree  trunks  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

Bolitochara  lucida,  Grav.  In  polypori,  on 
oaks  and  old  stumps ;  chiefly  in 
spring  and  autumn  ;  local.  Knowle 

—  bella,  Mark.    Under  bark  and  in  fungi ; 

scarce  ;  found  occasionally  through- 
out the  year.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Sal- 
ford  Priors 


93 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ALKOCHARINA  (continued) 

Hygronoma  dimidiata,  Grav.  In  grass  tufts 
and  axils  of  typha,  carex,  etc.,  in 
bogs  and  wet  places  ;  all  seasons ; 
generally  abundant  where  it  occurs. 
Knowle,  Tysoc  (Blatch),  Sutton,  Coles- 
hill 

Oligota  inflata,  Mann.  In  moss,  cut  grass, 
hotbeds,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  generally  plentiful.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  pusillima,  Grav.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  preceding 

—  atomaria,  Er.    In  moss,  grass  tufts,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons.      Knowle,  Berkswell 

—  punctulata,  Heer.     In  moss,  hedge  re- 

fuse and  carrion  ;  all  seasons  ;  rather 
rare.  Knowle;  Kenilworth  (Blatch) 
Myllaena  dubia,  Grav.  On  banks  of  streams 
and  ponds  ;  in  moss  and  herbage  in 
bogs ;  all  seasons  ;  rather  scarce. 
Knowlc,  Sutton  (Blatch),  Co/esbill 

—  intermedia,  Er.      Margins  of  ponds,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  found  throughout  the 
year,  but  never  in  any  numbers,  in 
all  parts  of  the  district 

—  elongata,  Matth.      Amongst  stones   on 

muddy  banks  of  streams  and  ponds  ; 
all  seasons  ;  frequent.  Tysoe  ;  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

-  gracilis,  Matth.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

etc.  ;  in  boggy  places  ;  all  seasons  ; 
occasionally  in  numbers.  Coleshill 
(Blatch),  Knowle,  Sutton  Park 

-  infuscata,  Matth.  Damp  places  in  wood. 

Knowle 

-  brevicornis,  Matth.    Moss  in  wet  places, 

stack  refuse,  dead  leaves  in  woods  ; 
all  seasons  ;  generally  plentiful 
Gymnusa  brevicollis,  Payk.      In  sphagnum 
on  margins  of  streams  and  pools  and 
in  bogs  ;  all  seasons  ;  scarce.    Coleshill 

—  variegata,    Kies.      In    sphagnum,   grass 

tussocks,  axils  of  flags,  etc. ;   in  boggy 
places  ;  all  seasons ;  sometimes  plenti- 
ful.     Coleshill,  Sutton  Park 
Deinopsis  erosa,  Steph.   In  mud  and  amongst 
decaying  leaves,  etc.,  on  margins  of 
ponds  and  streams  ;  all  seasons.   Tysoe 
(Blatch),  Knowle 
TACHYPORINA 

Hypocyptus  longicornis,  Payk.  In  moss, 
hedge  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  laeviusculus,    Mann.       In    moss,    dead 

leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  ovulum,  Heer.     In  moss  and  amongst 

decaying  leaves  in  woods  ;  rare. 
Knowle,  in  winter  (Blatch) 


TACHYPORINA  (continued) 

Hypocyptus  seminulum,  Er.  In  polypori, 
rotten  wood,  moss  and  dead  leaves. 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle, 
Coleshill 

—  punctum,  Mots.     In  moss  and  vegetable 

refuse  in  boggy  places.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  Conosoma  littoreum,  L.     Under  loose 

bark,  sticks,  moss  and  hedge  rubbish  ; 
all  seasons  and  in  all  localities 

—  pubescens,  Grav.    Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  preceding 

-  immaculatum,   Steph.     Amongst    dead 

leaves,  in  moss  and  grass  tufts  in 
woods  ;  all  seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle, 
Hampton-in-Arden 

—  lividum,  Er.     In  moss  and  hedge  re- 

fuse, especially  in  damp  places ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

Tachyporus  obtusus,  L.  In  moss  and  hedge 
refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant  every- 
where 

—  solutus,  Er.     In  moss  and  dead  leaves  ; 

all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Sutton 
Park 

—  pallidus,  Sharp.  Moss,  dead  leaves,  etc. ; 

in  bogs  and  marshy  places  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  plentiful  locally.  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  chrysomelinus,  L.     In  moss,  grass  tufts 

and  hedge  refuse  ;    abundant  at  all 
times  and  in  all  places 
- —  humerosus,  Er.  Found  with  the  above  ; 
plentiful 

-  hypnorum,  F.   Moss,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

-  hypnorum     var.     meridionalis,    Fairm. 

Occurs  with  the  type 

-  pusillus,  Grav.     In  moss,  garden  refuse, 

etc. ;  often  abundant  in  hotbeds  ;  all 
seasons.  Edgbaston,  Knowle 

-  brunneus,  F.    Habitat  same  as  the  last ; 

abundant  everywhere 

—  transversalis,  Grav.      In   bogs  and  on 

heaths;  all  seasons.  Co leshill (Blatch), 
Sutton  Park 

Cilea  silphoides,  L.  In  hotbeds,  moss  and 
hedge  refuse  ;  under  bark  and  leaves  ; 
all  seasons ;  abundant  in  all  locali- 
ties 

Tachinus  flavipes,  F.  In  dung,  fungi  and 
decaying  wood  ;  scarce.  Sutton  Park 

—  humeralis,  Grav.    In  moss,  fungi,  dung, 

dead  leaves  and  sap  ;  abundant  at  all 
times  and  everywhere 

—  proximus,  Kr.     In   fungi  and  at  sap  ; 

spring  to  autumn.     Sutton  Park 

—  pallipes,  Grav.    In  refuse  ;  rare.    Strat- 

ford-on-Avon  (Bloom) 


94 


INSECTS 


TACHYPORINA  (continued) 

Tachinus  rufipes,  L.  In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 
dung,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  and  in  all 
localities 

—  subterraneus,  L.     In  moss,  fungi,  hot- 

beds, etc. 

—  subterraneus  var.  bicolor,  Grav.    Found 

with  the  type 

—  marginellus,  F.     In  moss,  dead  leaves, 

hedge  refuse,  etc. ;  found  through- 
out the  year  in  all  localities 

—  laticollis,  Grav.     Habitat  same  as  the 

preceding  ;  fairly  plentiful  in  all  parts 
of  the  county 

—  elongatus,  Gyll.     In  moss,  hedge  re- 

fuse, dead  leaves  in  woods  and  in 
gravel  pits  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  rare. 
Sutton 

Megacronus  cingulatus,  Mann.  In  moss, 
grass  tussocks,  dead  leaves  and  under 
bark  ;  all  seasons  ;  rather  rare.  Sut- 
ton Park 

—  analis,  F.     Found  with  the  preceding 

and  fairly  abundant  in  all  locali- 
ties 

—  inclinans,  Grav.    Habitat  similar  to  the 

last  two  species.     Knowle 
Bolitobius  lunulatus,  L.    In  moss  and  fungi ; 
all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  trinotatus,  Er.     In  moss  and  fungi ;  all 

seasons ;  all  localities 

—  exoletus,   Er.     In    moss,    dead    leaves, 

fungi  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  pygmaeus,  F.     Found   with   preceding 

and  very  abundant 

Mycetoporus  lucidus,  Er.  In  moss,  grass 
tufts,  dead  leaves  and  under  bark  ; 
all  seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Celabill 

—  splendens,  Marsh.  In  flood  refuse,  etc.  ; 

rare.      Knowle 

—  punctus,  Gyll.     Under  bark,  dead  leaves 

in  woods ;  in  flood  refuse  and  old 
faggots  ;  all  seasons  ;  rare.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  lepidus,  Grav.    In    moss,    grass    tufts, 

flood  refuse  and  under  bark ;  all 
seasons ;  occurs  in  all  localities,  but 
is  never  abundant 

—  longulus,  Mann.     In  moss,  grass  tufts 

and  flood  refuse  ;  found  at  all  sea- 
sons and  in  all  localities 

—  angularis,  Rey.     On  boggy  margin  of 

a  pool  in  Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

—  clavicornis,  Steph.     In  moss,  grass  tufts 

and  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons.  Coles- 
hill,  Sutton 

—  clavicornis  var.  forticornis,  Fauv.  Found 

with  the  type.      Coleshill 
• —  spendidus,  Grav.     Habitat  same  as  M. 


TACHYPORINA  (continued) 

clavicornis.  Knowle ;  Hampton-in- 
Arden  (Blatch),  Coleshill 
Mycetoporus  longicornis,  Cr.  Amongst 
sedges,  in  grass  tufts,  garden  and 
flood  refuse ;  all  seasons ;  rare. 
Knowle 

STAPHYLININA 

Heterothops  praevia,  Er.  In  moss,  hotbeds, 
dead  leaves  and  cut  grass  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  rare.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  dissimilis,  Grav.  In  moss,  hotbeds,  cow- 

shed refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  scarce. 
Knowle 

Quedius  microps,  Grav.  In  rotten  wood  ; 
rare.  Atherstane  (Power),  Knowle 

—  mesomelinus,  Marsh.     In  dead  wood, 

moss,  hedge  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant ;  all  localities 

—  mesomelinus  var.  fageti,  Thorns.  Under 

bark;  allseasons.  Sutton P^r^(Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  fulgidus,  F.     Under  bark,  bones,  refuse, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  puncticollis,  Thorns.     Rotten  wood  and 

under  bark  ;  rare.      Knowle 

-  cruentus,  Ol.     At  sap,  under  bark  and 

in  cut  grass,  etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Edgbaston  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors, 
Knowle 

—  cinctus,  Payk.     Vegetable  refuse,  moss 

and  dung  ;  abundant  at  all  times 
and  in  all  localities 

—  brevis,  Er.     In  nests  of  Formica  rufa  ; 

all  seasons  ;  very  local.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav.      In  moss,  grass  roots, 

vegetable  refuse,  etc. ;  throughout  the 
year  in  all  localities 

-  tristis,  Grav.    Found  under  similar  con- 

ditions to  the  last,  but  is  much  less 
abundant  generally 

—  molochinus,    Grav.      In    all    kinds    of 

vegetable  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

• — •  picipes,  Mann.  In  moss,  dead  leaves, 
fungi  and  refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  nigriceps,  Kr.     In  moss,  herbage,  dead 

leaves  and  under  bark.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Hampton-in-Arden 

—  fumatus,    Steph.       Amongst    decaying 

leaves  in  woods,  in  moss  and  flood 
refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  local.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  maurorufus,  Grav.     In  moss  and  grass 

tussocks  in  boggy  places,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle 

—  suturalis,  Kies.     In  moss,  dead  leaves 

and  flood  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  rare. 
Leamington,  Knowle 


95 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


STAPHYLININA  (continued) 

Quedius  scintillans,  Grav.  In  vegetable 
refuse,  dead  leaves  and  under  bark. 
jtthtntone  (Power),  Knowle 

—  rufipes,  Grav.     In  moss,  dead   leaves, 

flood  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons.   Knowle 

—  attenuatus,  Gyll.     In  wet  moss,  flood 

refuse,  dead  leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Coleshill,  Knowle 

—  semizneus,  Steph.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

etc.,     especially    in     boggy    places. 
Knowlc,  Sutton  (Blatch),   Coleshill 

—  boops,    Grav.       In    moss,    grass    tufts, 

vegetable  and  flood  refuse  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 
Creophilus    maxillosus,    L.       In    decaying 

vegetable     matter,    carcases,    etc.  ; 

abundant   at   all    times    and    in   all 

places 
Leistotrophus  nebulosus,  F.    In  moss,  dung, 

fungi  and  vegetable  refuse  ;  not  very 

abundant.      Knowle 

—  murinus,  L.     Habitat  similar  to  pre- 

ceding.    Knowle 

Staphylinus  pubescens,  De  G.  At  sap,  in 
dung,  etc.  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  stercorarius,    Ol.     In    dung,    carcases, 

etc.  ;  scarce.     Knowle 

—  latebricola,     Grav.       In     ants'     nests 

(myrmica)  ;    rare.     Mr.   Blatch   has 
recorded  this  species  from  Sutton 

—  erythropterus,  L.     In  moss,  grass  tus- 

socks and  dung  and  under   stones  ; 
spring  to  autumn  ;  scarce.     Sutton 

—  czsareus,  Ceder.     In  moss,  dung,  etc.  ; 

spring    to    autumn  ;    rather    scarce. 
Small  Heath  (Blatch),   Knowle 
Ocypus  olens,  Mull.     At  grass  roots  and 
vegetable   refuse,  etc.  ;    all   seasons  ; 
all  localities 

-  brunnipes,   F.     In   moss,   flood    refuse, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  cupreus,    Rossi.     In    moss    and    under 

stones  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  morio,   Grav.     In    moss,    fungi,    grass 

roots  and  under  stones  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

Philonthus  splendens,  F.  In  moss,  car- 
cases, dung,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  found 
freely  in  all  localities 

—  intermedius,    Boisd.     In    moss,    dung, 

etc.  ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  laminatus,  Creutz.     In  moss  and  dung  ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  aeneus,  Rossi.     In   moss,  fungi,  dung, 

carcases,  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  proximus,  Kr.     In  moss,  carcases,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons.     Knowle,  and  doubtless  in 
most  localities 


STAPHYLININA  (continued) 

Philonthus  addendus,  Sharp.    In  moss,  dead 
leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  carbonarius,  Gyll.     In  moss,  flood  re- 

fuse, carcases  and  under  stones ; 
scarce.  Knowle 

—  decorus,  Grav.     In  moss,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 

sons.    Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  politus,  F.     In  moss  in   pastures  ;   all 

seasons ;  all  localities 

—  lucens,  Er.     In  moss  in  pastures  ;  all 

seasons ;  generally  rare.  Several 
specimens  at  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  varius,  Gyll.     In  moss,  hotbeds,  etc. ; 

abundant  at  all  times  in  all  localities 

—  marginatus,  E.     In  moss,  dung,  refuse, 

etc.;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  albipes,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass,  hotbeds, 

etc. ;  abundant  everywhere  at  all 
times 

—  umbratilis,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

lawn  clippings,  etc.  ;  very  scarce. 
Earhwood  near  Knowle 

—  cephalotes,   Grav.     In  hotbeds,  refuse, 

under  bones,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  fimetarius,  Grav.     Habitat  and  distri- 

bution same  as  the  preceding 

—  sordidus,  Grav.     Same  as  last  two 

—  ebeninus,  Grav.     Found  with  preced- 

ing ;  plentiful  in  winter  at  grass  roots 
in  pastures.  All  localities 

—  ebeninus   var.    corruscus,    Grav.     One 

specimen  once  at  Knowle 

—  debilis,  Grav.     In  hotbeds,  moss,  refuse 

and  carrion  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Edgbaston 

—  sanguinolentus,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass 

tufts,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  generally  dis- 
tributed. Knowle,  Tysoe  (Blatch), 
Sutton  Coldfield 

—  cruentatus,    Gmel.       In    moss,    under 

bark,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  longicornis,    Steph.     In  garden  refuse, 

moss,  etc.     Knowle 

—  varians,  Payk.     In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

dung,  bones,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  agilis,  Grav.     In  moss,  etc.,  on  margins 

of  pools,  etc. ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  ventralis,   Grav.     In   hotbeds,   carrion, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle ;  Small 
Heath  (Blatch),  Edgbaston 

—  discoideus,  Grav.     In  hotbeds,  etc. ;  all 

seasons.     Knowle,  Edgbaston  (Blatch) 

—  quisquilarius,   Gyll.     Muddy  banks  of 

streams,  etc.     Knowle  (rare) 

—  thermarum,  Aube.     In   hotbeds,  etc. ; 

all  seasons  ;  rare.     Edgbaston  (Blatch, 


96 


INSECTS 


STAPHYLININA  (continued) 

one  specimen) ;  one  specimen  at 
Knowle  by  the  author 

Philonthus  nigrita,  Nord.  In  sphagnum  ; 
all  seasons  ;  local.  Coleshill 

—  micans,  Grav.     In  moss  and  grass  tufts, 

especially  damp  places.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  trossulus,  Nord.  In  moss,  hotbeds,  etc.; 

all  seasons ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  puella,  Nord.    In,  moss,  refuse,  carrion, 

etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Actobius  cinerascens,  Grav.    In  sphagnum, 
grass  tussocks  in  bogs,  on  margins  of 
ponds,  etc.  ;  all    seasons.      Coleshill ; 
Button  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  villosulus,    Steph.     Banks   ot   streams. 

Bromfird 

—  procerulus,    Grav.     One    specimen   at 

Knowle 

—  prolixus,  Er.     In  moss,  and  in  shingle 

and  sand  on  margins  of  streams. 
Knowle 

Xantholinus  fulgidus,  F.  In  hotbeds,  etc.; 
rare.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  glabratus,  Grav.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

dung,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  punctulatus,  Payk.     In  moss,  hotbeds, 

at  sap  and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons ; 
all  localities 

—  ochraceus,  Gyll.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  last. 

—  atratus,    Heer.      In   moss,   gravel  pits, 

under  bark  and  stones,  often  in  ants' 
nests  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  linearis,  Ol.     In  hotbeds,  etc. ;  all  sea- 

sons ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  longiventris,  Heer.     Occurs  with  pre- 

ceding and  is  equally  plentiful 
Leptacinus  parumpunctatus,  Gyll.    In  hot- 
beds, stack  refuse,  under  bones ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  batychrus,  Gyll.     In  hotbeds  and  vege- 

table refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Edgbaston 

—  linearis,   Grav.     In   hotbeds,   etc.  ;  all 

seasons  ;  an  abundant  species  every- 
where 

—  formecetorum,  Mark.     In  nests  of  the 

wood  ant  (Formica  rufa);  all  seasons; 
plentiful  locally.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

Baptolinus  alternans,  Grav.  Under  bark 
and  decaying  leaves  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities  ;  often  abundant 

Othius  fulvipennis,  F.  In  moss,  dead 
leaves,  etc.,  and  under  bark;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

—  laeviusculus,    Steph.       Habitat     as    in 

preceding ;  not  so  abundant,  but 
found  throughout  the  district 


STAPHYLININA  (continued) 

Othius  melanocephalus,  Grav.  In  moss 
refuse,  grass  roots,  etc.,  etc.  ;  abun- 
dant at  all  times  and  everywhere 

—  myrmecophilus,  Kies.     In  various  ants' 

nests,  moss,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  as  widely 
distributed  and  almost  as  plentiful  as 
the  preceding 

P/EDERINA 

Lathrobium  elongatum,  L.  In  moss,  flood 
refuse,  grass  tufts,  etc. ;  abundant  at 
all  times  and  in  all  places 

—  boreale,  Hoch.     Found  with  the  pre- 

ceding 

—  fulvipenne,    Grav.       Found    with    the 

last  two 

—  rufipenne,  Gyll.     In   sphagnum,   mar- 

gins of  ponds  and  streams  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  rare.  Knowle,  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Coleshill 

—  brunnipes,    F.      In    moss,   grass    tufts, 

etc.;  all  seasons;  all  localities 

—  longulum,  Grav.     In  moss  and  at  roots 

of  grass  in  damp  places  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  punctatum,    Zett.     In    sphagnum   and 

grass  tussocks  in  bogs  ;  all  seasons  ; 
rare.  Sutton  Park  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch) 

—  quadratum,   Payk.     In    moss,   etc.,    in 

boggy  places.  One  specimen  at 
Coleshill 

—  terminatum,  Grav.     In  wet  and  boggy 

places  and  in  moss ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  terminatum  var.  immaculatum,  Fowler. 

Found  with  the  type 

—  multipunctum,  Grav.     In  moss,  hedge 

refuse,  under  bones,  etc. ;  all  seasons; 

all  localities 
Achenium  humile,  Nic.    In  moss  and  flood 

refuse,  under  stones  and  clods;  spring 

to    autumn  ;     rare.       Salford    Priors 

(Blatch) 
Cryptobium     glaberrimum,     Herbst.       In 

sphagnum,  grass  roots,  etc.,  in  boggy 

places ;    all  seasons.     Knowle,   Tysoe 

(Blatch),  Coleshill  and  Sutton  Park 
Stilicus   rufipes,  Germ.      In   moss,  refuse, 

hotbeds,  under  bark,  etc. ;  all  seasons; 

all  localities 

—  orbiculatus,  Er.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  last 

—  similis,  Er.    In  moss  and  hedge  rubbish; 

rare.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  afEnis,    Er.     Habitat    and    distribution 

same  as  S.  rufipes. 

Medon  propinquus,  Bris.  In  hotbeds,  stack 
refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  scarce. 
Knowle  ;  Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  melanocephalus,  F.    Found  under  same 

97  13 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


PJEDERINA  (continued) 

conditions  as  preceding ;  abundant 
everywhere 

Lithocharis  ochracea,  Grav.  In  moss,  hot- 
beds, etc.;  all  seasons ;  abundant 
everywhere 

Sunius  diversus,  Aub£.  In  hotbeds,  cow- 
shed refuse  and  on  river  banks  ;  all 
seasons  ;  scarce.  Knowle,  Edgbaston 
(Blatch) 

—  augustatus,  Payk.     In  moss  and  vege- 

table refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

Paederus    littoralis,    Grav.       In    flood    and 

hedge    refuse ;     spring    to    antumn. 

Stratford-on-Avon    (Bloom),    Alcester 

EV^STHETINA 

Evaesthetus  scaber,  Thorns.  In  grass  tus- 
socks, etc.,  in  boggy  places  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Know/e 

—  ruficapillus,    Lac.      In    grass    roots    in 

bogs,  flood  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 
Know/e,  Tysoe ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Coles- 
hlll 

—  lajviusculus,  Mann.      In  grass  tussocks, 

etc.,  in  marshy  places  ;  all   seasons  ; 
rather     rare     and     local.        Co/esbill 
(Blatch) 
STENINA 

Stenus  guttula,  Mull.  Banks  of  streams, 
canals,  ponds,  etc.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

-  bimaculatus,     Gyll.       In    moss,    grass 

roots,  flood  refuse,  etc.;  abundant  at 
all  times  and  in  all  localities 

-  juno,   F.      Found   with   the  preceding 

and  equally  abundant 

-  speculator,  Er.     In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant  every- 
where 

-  providus    var.    rogeri,    Kr.       In    moss, 

grass  tufts,  and  especially  in  damp 
places  ;  as  widely  distributed  but  not 
so  plentiful  as  preceding 

-  bupthalmus,  Grav.      In   moss  and  grass 

tufts  ;  all  seasons.      All  localities 

-  melanopus,  Marsh.      In  moss,  vegetable 

refuse,  and  under  bones ;  all  seasons ; 
scarce.  Know/e  ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  incrassatus,  Er.     In  moss  and  vegetable 

refuse;  all  seasons.     Know/e 

-  melanarius,  Steph.    In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Recorded  from 
Coleshill  by  Mr.  Blatch 

—  atratulus,  Er.    In  moss,  grass  tufts,  etc. ; 

all  seasons  ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  canaliculatus,  Gyll.     In  moss  and  on 

banks  of  streams,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
scarce.  Know/e,  Solihull 

—  nitens,  Steph.     One  specimen,  Knowle, 

1901 


STENINA  (continued) 

Stenus  pusillus,  Er.    In  moss,  grass  roots  and 
vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle 

—  exiguus,  Er.     In  moss  and  grass  roots 

in  damp  places  ;  found  throughout 
the  year,  but  scarce.  Recorded  by 
Mr.  Blatch  from  Knowle 

—  circularis,  Grav.  In  wet  moss  and  flood 

refuse ;  rare.     Knowle 

—  declaratus,   Er.     In  moss,  grass   roots, 

hedge  refuse,  hotbeds,  etc. ;  all  sea- 
sons. Occurs  freely  in  all  localities 

—  crassus,  Steph.     In  hotbeds,  grass  tufts 

and  moss ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

-  nigritulus,  Gyll.     In  moss,  grass  roots, 

etc.,  in  marshy  places.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  brunnipes,   Steph.      In   moss,  hotbeds, 

hedge  refuse,  etc  ;  abundant  in  all 
places  at  all  times 

—  subaeneus,  Er.      Moss,   etc.,  in   damp 

places.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  ossium,  Steph.     In   moss  on   banks  of 

rivers,  ponds  and  wet  places;  all 
seasons  ;  rather  scarce.  Knowle 

—  palustris,  Er.     In  boggy  places  ;  rare. 

Knowle 

—  impressus,  Germ.     In  moss,  grass  roots, 

leaves,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

—  aerosus,   Er.     In   moss,    grass    tussocks 

and  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons  ;  rare. 
Knowle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  pallipes,  Grav.     Moss  in   wet  places  ; 

all  seasons.      Tysoe  (Blatch),  Knowle 
• —  flavipes,  Steph.     In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

-  pubescens,  Steph.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

flood  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  season ;  local. 
Salford  Priors,  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle, 
Coleshill 

-  binotatus,    Linn.       In    moss,    etc.,    in 

boggy  places  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle ; 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  pallitarsus,  Steph.     In  sphagnum,  grass 

tussocks,  etc.,  in  wet  places ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  local.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Sutton 
Park 

-  pallitarsus  var.    niveus,    Fauv.     Found 

with  the  type  ;   rare.      Knowle 

—  bifoveolatus,   Gyll.      In  moss  and  grass 

tufts ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

-  nitidiusculus,    Steph.       In     moss    and 

roots  of  herbage  in  bogs  and  wet 
places;  all  seasons;  all  localities 

-  picipennis,  Er.     In   moss,    grass  tufts, 

etc.,  in  boggy  places ;  all  seasons. 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 


INSECTS 


In    moss,    hedge 
Salford 


STENINA  (continued) 

Stenus    picipes,    Steph. 

refuse,    etc.  ;    all    seasons. 
Priors,  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  cicindeloides,   Grav.     In  moss,  etc.,  in 

damp  places  ;  all  seasons  and  in  all 
localities 

—  similis,  Herbst.     In  moss,  stack  refuse, 

etc. ;  all  seasons  and  all  localities 

—  solutus,  Er.     In   moss,  etc.,   in  boggy 

places  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle  (Blatch), 
Sutton  Park 

—  tarsalis,   Linn.     In   moss,   refuse,   hot- 

beds,   etc.      Abundant  at  all  times 
and  in  all  localities 

—  paganus,  Er.     Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  the  preceding 

—  latifrons,  Er.     In  moss  and  grass  tufts ; 

all  seasons.    Sutton;  Coleshill  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

OXYPORINA 

—  Oxyporus  rufus,  L.     In   fungi  ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;  local.      College  grounds, 
Oscott  (Perry),  Sutton  Coldfield 

OXYTELINA 

—  Bledius  subterraneus,  Er.     In  banks  of 

rivers  and  brooks;  spring  to  autumn; 
abundant  locally.      Salford  Priors 
Platystethus  arenarius,    Fourc.     In    moss, 
hotbeds,    dung,    carrion,    etc.  ;    all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  cornutus,  Gyll.   In  banks  of  streams  and 

ponds  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  capito,  Heer.     In  stack  refuse.    Knowle 

—  nodifrons,  Sahl.     On  river  banks,  etc. ; 

rare.      Knowle 

—  nitens,    Sahl.      In   flood  refuse,   under 

bark,  etc. ;   rare.      Salford  Priors 
Oxytelus  rugosus,  Grav.     In   moss,  hedge 
refuse,  grass  tufts,   etc.  ;    extremely 
abundant  everywhere 

—  rugosus  var.  terrestris,  Lac.       Occurs 

with    the    type    but    less    common. 
Knowle 

—  insecatus,    Grav.     Habitats    similar    to 

those   of  O.   rugosus  ;  occurs  at  all 
times  in  all  localities 

—  fulvipes,  Er.     In  grass  tussocks  in  bogs 

and  on   margins  of  ponds,  etc. ;  all 
seasons.      Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 
-  sculptus,    Grav.     In    moss,   dung   and 
vegetable    refuse ;    all    seasons  ;    all 
localities 

—  laqueatus,    Marsh.      In    same    habitats 

and  localities  as  last 

—  piceus,  L.     In   dung,  flood   and  vege- 

table refuse.     Knowle 

—  inustus,    Grav.     In   moss,   grass    tufts, 

etc.  ;    all    seasons. 
(Blatch),  Solihull,  Coleshill 


Knowle,    Sutton 


OXYTELINA  (continued) 

Oxytelus  sculpturatus,  Grav.  In  moss, 
fungi,  grass  tufts  and  at  sap  ;  in  all 
localities 

—  nitidulus,    Grav.      In    similar    habitats 

and  localities  as  the  last 

—  complanatus,  Er.     Habitats  and  locali- 

ties same  as  the  preceding 

—  clypeonitens,  Pand.    In  moss  and  under 

dead  moles ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  tetracarinatus,  Block.      Found  in   simi- 

lar habitats  to  O.  sculpturatus  and 
allied  species,  and  equally  abundant 

—  fairmairei,  Pand.      In   moss  and   hedge 

refuse     in     damp    ditches    and     on 

hedge    banks.        Coventry ;     Knowle 

(Blatch) 
Haploderus  ccelatus,  Grav.     In  moss,  dung, 

vegetable    refuse    and     carrion  ;     all 

seasons  ;  all  localities 
Trogophloeus   arcuatus,   Steph.      Banks    of 

rivers  and  ponds,   on  submerged  logs 

and  in  flood  refuse;  all  seasons;  rare. 

Knowle 

—  bilineatus,    Steph.      In   moss,   hotbeds, 

flood  refuse  and  under  bones ;  all 
seasons;  all  localities 

—  rivularis,  Mots.      Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  the  preceding 

—  elongatulus,  Er.     Found  with  the  pre- 

ceding 

—  fuliginosus,    Grav.      Banks  of   rivers  ; 

spring  to  autumn.      Salford  Priori 

—  cortacinus,  Grav.     In  moss,  refuse  and 

under  bark  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Solihull,  Salford  Priors 

—  pusillus,    Grav.       In    flood    refuse,    on 

banks  of  streams.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  tenellus,  Er.     In  wet  places,  hotbeds, 

cowshed  refuse  and  under  bones ; 
all  seasons.  Small  Heath,  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Syntomium  aeneum,  Mtlll.  In  moss  and 
hedge  refuse,  both  in  wet,  dry  and 
sandy  places  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  mid- 
land localities 

Coprophilus  striatulus,  F.     Amongst  bones 
and   flood   refuse,   etc. ;  all  seasons ; 
occurs  throughout  the  district,  some- 
times abundantly 
HOMALIINA 

Lesteva  longelytrata,  Goeze.  In  moss  and 
herbage  in  damp  places  ;  all  seasons ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  pubescens,  Mann.     In  moss  and  herb- 

age in  wet  places  ;  all  seasons  ;  not 
so  abundant  as  the  preceding 

—  sicula,   Er.      Habitats  and  distribution 

same  as  the  preceding 


99 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


HOMALIINA  (continued) 

Acidota  crenata,  F.  Amongst  dead  leaves, 
under  pines,  in  sphagnum.  Sutton 
(Blatch),  Colahill 

—  cruentata,    Mann.      Under    dry    cow- 

dung  in  winter.    Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 
Olophrum  piceum,  Gyll.     In  moss,  hedge 

rubbish,  flood  refuse,  etc.;  all  seasons; 

abundant  in  all  localities 
Lathrimaeum  atrocephalum,  Gyll.  In  moss, 

hedge  rubbish,  grass  tufts,  etc.,  in  all 

localities 

—  unicolor,  Steph.     Found  with  the  pre- 

ceding and  equally  abundant 
Deliphrum  tectum,  Payk.     In  moss,  grass 
tufts,  dead   leaves  in  woods,   fungi, 
and    under    bones.      Knowle;  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

Coryphium  angusticolle,  Steph.  In  moss, 
fungi,  under  bark  and  at  sap ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle;  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Solihull 

Homalium  rivulare,  Payk.  In  moss,  vege- 
table refuse,  carrion,  sap,  etc. ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  laeviusculum,  Gyll.    In  moss  and  fungi ; 

all  seasons.      Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

-  septcntrionis,  Thorns.      In  moss,  hot- 

beds and    dead    moles  ;    all  seasons. 
Know/e(E\Mch).  (E.M.M.  xxv.  457) 

—  riparium,    Thorns.       In    fungi  ;    rare. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  allardi,  Fairm.     Under  bones  and  dead 

moles  ;    spring   to   autumn.       Small 
Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

-  exiguum,   Gyll.     In   moss,   grass  tufts 

and  carrion  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

-  oxycanthas,    Grav.       In    moss,    dead 

leaves,  carrion,  etc.    Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  excavatum,  Steph.     In   hotbeds,  straw 

refuse,  carrion  and  amongst  bones ; 
all  seasons;  all  localities 

-  caesum,  Grav.     Found   with   the  pre- 

ceding in  the  same  localities 

-  pusillum,  Grav.     Under  bark  of  fir  and 

other  trees  ;    all   seasons  ;  abundant 
in  all  parts  of  the  district 

-  punctipenne,  Thorns.     Under  bark  of 

various  trees,  but  principally  decay- 
ing  oaks  ;  all   seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  rufipes,  Fourc.     In  flowers  and  vege- 

table refuse  ;  all  seasons ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  vile,  Er.     Under  bark  of  trees ;  very 

abundant  at  all  times 

—  vile  var.  heeri,  Rey.     Found  at  Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  brevicorne,  Er.      Specimens  found  by 

Mr.   Blatch  at  Knowle  and  Solihull 
seem  referable  to  this  species 


HOMALIINA  (continued) 

Homalium  gracilicorne,  Fairm.  Under 
bark  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Sutton  Park 

—  iopterum,  Steph.     Under  bark  and  in 

flowers  ;  all  seasons  ;  not  common, 
but  generally  distributed  throughout 
the  district 

—  planum,    Payk.     Under    bark    and    at 

sap  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  concinnum,    Marsh.     In    cowshed  re- 

fuse, stack  bottoms,  hedge  refuse  and 
often  in  granaries ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  deplanatum,    Gyll.      In  stack  refuse  ; 

all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch)  Coles- 
hill 

—  striatum,    Grav.      In    moss,    amongst 

dead  leaves,  etc.;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Hapalaraea  pygmaea,  Gyll.  In  fungi  and 
under  bark.  Knowle 

Eusphalerum  primulas,  Steph.  In  prim- 
roses ;  spring.  Knowle 

Anthobium  minutum,  F.  In  flowers ; 
spring  and  summer.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  ophthalmicum,    Payk.       In    flowers  ; 

spring   and    summer ;    abundant    in 
all  localities. 
PROTEININA 

Proteinus  ovalis,  Steph.  In  fungi,  moss, 
grass  tufts,  carrion,  etc.;  all  seasons; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  brachypterus,  F.     In  same  habitats  and 

localities  as  the  last 

—  macropterus,  Gyll.     In  wet  places  and 

under  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  atomarius,  Er.     In    fungi,  moss,  dead 

leaves  in  woods,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

Megarthrus  denticollis,  Beck.  In  moss, 
hotbeds,  carrion,  bones,  under  bark, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  affinis,   Mill.      In  hotbeds  and    under 

bones  and  vegetable  refuse ;  all 
seasons.  Small  Heath ;  Edgbaston 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  depressus,   Lac.     Found  under  similar 

conditions  to  preceding  and  in  all 
localities 

—  sinuatocollis,  Lac.     In  habitat  same  as 

the  previous  species  but  less  abun- 
dant ;  all  localities 

Phloeobium   clypeatum,   Mall.      In    moss, 
grass  tufts,  hedge  refuse,  etc.    Abun- 
dant at  all  times  in  all  localities 
PHLCEOCHARINA 

Phlceocharis  subtilissima,  Mann.  Under 
bark  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 


100 


INSECTS 


PHLCEOCHARINA  (continued) 

Pseudopsis  sulcata,  Newm.  In  grass  roots, 
etc.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

PSELAPHID^E 

PsELAPHINA 

Pselaphus  heisii,  Herbst.  In  moss,  grass 
tufts  and  vegetable  refuse  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  plentiful  in  all  localities 

Tychus  niger,  Payk.  In  moss,  grass  tufts, 
hotbeds  and  hedge  refuse  ;  abundant 
at  all  times  in  all  localities 

Bythinus  puncticollis,  Denny.  In  moss, 
dead  leaves  and  hedge  refuse  ;  all 
seasons.  Salford  Priors ;  Sutton 
(Blatch),  Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  validus,  Aub6.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  to  the  preceding ;  all  sea- 
sons 

—  bulbifer,  Reich.     Found  under  similar 

conditions  to  the  preceding  and  in 
the  same  localities 

—  curtisi,  Denny.      Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  the  last 

—  securiger,   Reich.     In  moss  and   dead 

leaves,  generally  in  drier  places  than 
the  preceding  insects  ;  rare  in  mid- 
lands. Knowle 

—  burrelli,    Denny.     Amongst    moss    in 

hedge   banks,   in    damp    places ;    all 
seasons.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Bryaxis    fossulata,    Reich.      Abundant    in 
moss,  grass  tufts,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ; 
at  all  seasons  throughout  the  midlands 

—  haematica,  Reich.     In  moss  and   flood 

refuse,  sometimes  under  bark ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford 
Priors 

—  juncorum,  Leach.     At   roots  of  com- 

mon rush,  in  moss  and  hedge  refuse  ; 
abundant  at  all  times  and  in  all 
localities 

—  impressa,  Panz.    Grass  tussocks  in  bogs 

and  on  margins  of  ponds  ;  all  seasons. 

Coleshill  (abundant) 
Bibloporus   bicolor,   Denny.     Under   bark 

of  various  trees,  especially  oak  and 

birch  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle  ;  Sutton 

Park  (Blatch) 
Euplectus  punctatus,  Muls.     Under   bark 

of  oak  and  birch  trees  and  logs  ;  all 

seasons.      Salford    Priors     (Blatch), 

Knowle 

—  karsteni,  Reich.     Under   bark  and   in 

hotbeds  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  ;  Sut- 
ton (Blatch) 

—  signatus,  Reich.     In  hotbeds,  decaying 

vegetable  matter,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
generally  abundant ;  found  through- 
out midlands 


PSELAPHINA  (continued) 

Euplectus  nanus,  Reich.  Mostly  found 
under  bark  and  occasionally  in  hot- 
beds ;  all  seasons.  Edgbaston,  Knowle, 
Sutton  Park 

—  sanguineus,   Denny.     In   hotbeds    and 

vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant in  all  localities 

—  piceus,  Mots.     Under  bark  of  various 

trees,  mostly  oaks  and  birches  ;  also 
in  hotbeds  ;  most  parts  of  the  mid- 
lands, often  in  great  abundance 


Neuraphes  elongatulus,  Mttll.  In  moss, 
grass  tufts,  dead  leaves,  flood  refuse 
and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons  ;  found 
sparingly  throughout  the  district 

—  sparshalli,  Denny.     Amongst  decaying 

leaves  in  hedges,  especially  beneath 
holly  bushes.  Knowle  ;  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch) 

Scydmsenus  scutellaris,  Mull.  In  moss, 
hedge  refuse  and  under  stones.  A 
scarce  species  to  be  found  at  Knowle 

—  collaris,  Mttll.     In  moss,  under  bark, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  most  abundant 
species  of  the  genus,  occurring  every- 
where 

—  exilis,  Er.     Under  bark.     Generally  a 

rare  species,  which  however  occurs 
in  many  midland  localities.  Sutton 
Coldfield  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Coleshill 

Euconnus  hirticollis,  111.  Moss  in  boggy 
places  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Park 

Eumicrus  tarsatus,  Mull.  In  hotbeds, 
vegetable  refuse,  moss  and  under 
stones  ;  all  seasons  ;  plentiful 
throughout  the  district 

Eutheia  scydmaenoides,  Steph.  In  hotbeds, 
moss  and  flood  refuse  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (abundant) 

—  schaumi,     Kies.      In    hotbeds,     under 

bones  and  bark.  Small  Heath  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

Cephennium  thoracicum,  Mttll.  In  moss, 
especially  in  woods  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors 


CLAMBINA 

Calyptomerus  dubius,   Marsh.     On  damp 

walls  of  house  at  Knowle  (Blatch)  ; 

all  seasons 
Clambus  pubescens,  Redt.     In  hotbeds  and 

vegetable    refuse  ;    all    seasons  ;    in 

all  localities 
—  armadillo,  De  G.     In  bogs,  flood   re- 

fuse and  under  bark  and  bones  ;  all 


101 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


CLAMBINA  (continued) 

seasons.      Knowle ;    Sutton     (Blatch), 

Salford  Priors 
Clambus  minutus,  Sturm.    In  grass  tufts  and 

moss,  and  by  sweeping.     Knowle 
ANISOTOMINA 

Agathidium     nigripenne,     Kug.       Under 

loose  bark,  especially  when   affected 

by  fungi  ;  all  seasons.      Sutton  Park 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  atrum,    Payk.      At    grass    roots    and 

amongst  dead  leaves  and  woods  and 
bogs,  in  fungi  and  under  bark  ;  all 
seasons.  Sutton  Park,  Hampton-in- 
Ardtn  ;  Colesbill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  seminulum,  L.     In   moss,  grass   tufts, 

dead  leaves  and  rotten  wood  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle 

—  Izevigatum,   Er.      In    moss,   hedge    re- 

fuse and  under  stones  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  ;  Acocks  Green  (Blatch) 

-  varians,   Beck.      Under  bark,   in    moss 

and  by  sweeping.  Knowle,  in  num- 
bers under  fungoid  bark  of  beech 
(Blatch) 

—  convexum,  Sharp.  In  moss  and  amongst 

dead  leaves  in  woods ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Hampton-in-Arden 

-  rotundatum,   Gyll.     Under    bark ;    all 

seasons.      Knowle 

-  nigrinum,   Sturm.      Amongst  chips   of 

newly  felled  timber,  under  bark  and 
amongst  moss  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  nigrinum      var.       staphyleum,      Gyll. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

Amphycillis  globus,  F.  In  moss,  hedge 
refuse,  dead  leaves  in  woods  and  at 
sap.  Knowle 

—  globus  var.  rerrugineum,  Sturm.    Found 

with  the  type  frequently  in  abun- 
dance 

Liodes  humeralis,  Kug.  In  fungi,  espe- 
cially on  old  trees  and  logs  and  in 
moss ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors, 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Sutton  Park 

—  orbicularis,  Herbst.      In  fungi  and  un- 

der bark  of  decayed  trees  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Sutton  Park 

Cyrtusa  minuta,  Ahr.  On  windows  or 
waiting-room  at  Knowle  Station  in 
evening  ;  spring  to  autumn  (Blatch) 

—  pauxilla,    Schmidt.     Same    locality    as 

preceding  (Blatch) 

Anisotoma  cinnamomea,  Er.  By  sweep- 
ing in  Sutton  Park  (].  F.  Perry) 

—  dubia,  Kug.     By  sweeping  ;  spring  to 

autumn.      Knowle 

—  badia,  Sturm.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  punctulata,  Gyll.  By  sweeping.  Knowle 

(Blatch) 


In  carcases  and  fungi 
spring  to  autumn  ;  all 

In   carcases,  dung  and 


ANISOTOMINA  (continued) 

Anisotoma  calcarata,  Er.  In  moss,  amongst 
dead  leaves  and  hedge  refuse,  etc.  ; 
found  all  the  year  round  and  in  all 
parts  of  the  district 

Colenis  dentipes,  Gyll.  In  fungi  and  dead 
moles ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

SlLPHINA 

Necrophorus  humator,  F.  In  carcases  and 
dung  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  abundant 
everywhere 

—  mortuorum,  F. 

and  at  sap 
localities 

—  ruspator,   Er. 

under  bones  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
parts  of  the  district 

—  ruspator    var.    microcephalus,    Thorns. 

Found  with  the  type 
Nccrodes  littoralis,  L.     In  carrion  ;  spring 

to  autumn.  Sutton  ;  Knowle  (Blatch), 

Coleshill 
Silpha    tristis,    111.      In    moss    and    under 

stones  ;    all    seasons.      Sutton     Park 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  nigrita,  Creutz.     In  carrion  and  under 

stones  ;  all  seasons.  Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  quadripunctata,    L.      Feeds    on    Lepi- 

dopterous  larvat,  especially  such  as 
affect  oak  trees  ;  in  profusion  in 
May  and  June.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowie 

-  opaca,  L.     In  carrion  and  moss,  under 

bark  and  stones  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  thoracica,   L.      In    carrion   and   fungi ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  occurs  in  all 
midland  localities 

—  rugosa,   L.     In  carrion.     This  is   the 

most  abundant  species  of  the  genus 
and  occurs  everywhere 

-  sinuata,  F.     Found  under  same  condi- 

tions and  in  same  localities  as  pre- 
ceding, but  is  less  abundant 

—  atrata,    L.     In    moss,    rotten    stumps, 

under  loose  bark  and  occasionally  in 
carrion  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  atrata  var.  brunnea,  Herbst.     Of  fre- 

quent occurrence  with  the  type 
CHOLEVINA 

Choleva  angustata,  F.  In  moss,  hedge  re- 
fuse, dead  leaves  in  woods,  grass  tufts, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities,  but 
not  abundant 

—  cisteloides,  FrShl.     In  moss,  vegetable 

refuse,  gravel  pits  and  under  bones  ; 
all  seasons  ;  throughout  the  district 

—  intermedia,  Kr.     In  moss,  dead  leaves 

in  woods  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 


102 


INSECTS 


CHOLEVINA  (continued) 

Choleva  spadicea,  Sturm.  In  moss,  grass 
tufts  and  dead  leaves  in  woods. 
Knowle 

—  agilis,  111.     In   moss,    grass    tufts   and 

dead  leaves  in  woods ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  velox,   Spence.     In    moss,  grass    tufts, 

hedge  refuse  and  under  bones ;  all 
seasons  and  in  all  localities 

—  wilkini,  Spence.     Found  in  the  same 

habitats  and  localities  as  the  preced- 
ing, but  less  abundantly 

—  anisotomoides,  Spence.     In  moss,  dead 

leaves,  hedge  refuse  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Stratford-on-Avon 

—  fusca,  Panz.     In    refuse,  dead   leaves, 

moss  and  carrion  ;  all  seasons.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  nigricans,    Spence.       In    moss,     dead 

leaves,  refuse,  carcases,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  abundant  in  all  localities 

—  coracina,  Kell.     In  carcases,  especially 

dry  ones  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Celesbill 

—  morio,  F.    In  refuse,  carrion  and  fungi ; 

all  seasons.  Co/eshi//,  Sutton  ;  Alceiter 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  grandicollis,  Er.     In  refuse,  dead  moles 

and  birds,  and  in  fungi  ;  all  seasons  ; 
not  common,  but  generally  distri- 
buted 

—  nigrita,    Er.     In    refuse,   moss,   fungi, 

carrion, etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
-  tristis,  Panz.    Habitats  and  distribution 
same  as  preceding 

—  kirbyi,  Spence.     In  carcases  and  vege- 

table refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Small  Heath  ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Edg- 
baston 

—  chrysomeloides,  Panz.  Vegetable  refuse, 

moss,  grass  tufts  in  bogs,  carrion  ; 
all  seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  fumata,  Spence.      Found  under  similar 

conditions  as  preceding,  and  equally 
abundant 

—  watsoni,  Spence.     Habitats  and  distri- 

bution as  preceding 

Ptomaphagus  sericeus,  F.  In  moss,  refuse, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  plentiful  every- 
where 

Colon  serripes,  Sahl.  The  late  Mr.  Blatch 
took  what  he  believed  to  be  this 
species  on  the  windows  of  the  wait- 
ing-room at  Knowle  Railway  Station 

—  dentipes,   Sahl.     In    stack    refuse,  etc. 

Knowle 

—  dentipes  var.  zebei,  Kr.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  brunneum,  Latr.     In   moss  and  stack 

refuse  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 


CHOLEVINA  (continued) 

Colon  append  iculatum,  Sahl.  In  refuse. 
Knowle 

HISTERID^E 

Hister  unicolor,  L.  In  carrion,  fungi,  hot- 
beds, at  sap,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  merdarius,  HofF.     In  hotbeds,  carrion, 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  cadaverinus,    HofF.     In  carrion,  dung, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  succicola,  Thorns.     In   carrion,   fungi 

and     at    sap ;    spring    to    autumn. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  purpurascens,  Herbst.  In  moss,  lawn  clip- 

pings, etc.  ;    all  seasons.     Knowle 
-  neglectus,  Germ.     In  hotbeds  and  car- 
cases ;  all  seasons.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  carbonarius,  111.    In  carrion,  dung,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons.      Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  1 2-striatus,    Schr.      In    garden    refuse, 

haystacks,    hotbeds,    dung,  carrion ; 
all  seasons.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  bimaculatus,  L.     In  hotbeds,  stack  re- 

fuse, carrion,    etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;   in 

abundance  in  all  midland  localities 
Carcinops  minima,  Aub6.    In  fungi  on  ash 

logs    and    in    flood    refuse.     Salford 

Priors  ;  Knowle  (Blatch) 
Dendrophilus   pygmaeus,   L.      In    nests   of 

Formica  rufa  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

(Blatch) 
Myrmetes  piceus,  Payk.  In  nests  of  Formica 

rufa  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Gnathoncus  nannetensis,   Mars.      In   dead 

birds.      Knowle 

—  punctulatus,   Thorns.      In   dead   birds, 

etc.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

Saprinus  nitidulus,  Payk.  In  carrion,  dung, 
hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  places 

—  aeneus,     F.      In    carcases,    dung,    etc. 

Knowle 
Plegaderus  dissectus,  Er.     Under   bark  of 

decaying  logs  ;  all  seasons.      Salford 

Priors 
Abraeus  globosus,  HofF.     In  rotten  wood, 

fungi,    etc.  ;     all     seasons.       Salford 

Prion  ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  granulum,  Er.     In   rotten    wood    and 

under    bark ;    all    seasons.      Salford 
Prion 

Acritus  minutus,  Herbst.  In  hotbeds  and 
vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant in  all  localities 

—  nigricornis,   HofF.     In   hotbeds,  fungi, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Onthophilus    striatus,    F.     In    dung    and 
vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons  ;   abun- 
dant in  all  localities 


103 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


SCAPHIDIID^: 

Scaphidium    4  -  maculatum,    Ol.     Under 

bark,  in  rotten  wood  and  fungi ;  all 

seasons.     Knowle 
Scaphisoma  agaricinum,  L.     In  fungi,  on 

stumps  and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons  ; 

plentiful  in  all  localities 

—  boleti,  Panz.     In  fungi,  dead  leaves  in 

wood,  moss,  under  bark  and  on 
sappy  stumps.  Knowle 

TRICHOPTERYGID.E 

Pteryx  suturalis,  Heer.  Under  oak  and 
birch  bark  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  ; 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors 

Ptinella  denticollis,  Fairm.  Under  oak  and 
birch  bark,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant in  all  parts  of  midlands 

—  aptera,    Guer.      Under    bark    of  oak, 

birch  and  ash,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle,  Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  angustula,  Gill.     Under  bark   of  oak, 

birch,  ash,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  ; 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Trichopteryx   thoracica,    Matth.      In   hot- 
beds, grass  tufts,   moss  and  refuse  ; 
all  seasons.     Knowle  (abundant) 

—  atomaria,    De    G.      In     stack     refuse, 

hedge  refuse,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  abundant  throughout  the 
district 

-  anthracina,    Matth.     In    hotbeds  and 

under  bones  ;  all  seasons.  Small 
Heath,  Edgbaston  ;  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  grandicollis,   Mann.      In   dung,   moss, 

carrion  and  under  bark ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

—  lata,  Mots.     In  moss,  grass  tufts,  hot- 

beds, etc.  Abundant  at  all  times 
throughout  the  district 

—  cantiana,   Matth.     In   moss  on  hedge 

banks  and  grass  tufts  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  fascicularis,  Herbst.    Grass  tufts,  hedge 

refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Coleshill ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

-  sericans,  Heer.    In  hotbeds,  moss,  grass 

tufts,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Edgbaston  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  bovina,   Mots.     In   flood  refuse,  cow- 

sheds, hotbeds  and  dung  ;  all  seasons 

-  brevipennis,     Er.      Knowle     (Blatch), 

Edgbaston 

—  longula,    Matth.      In    hotbeds,    cow- 

sheds, moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  picicornis,  Mann.    Amongst  bones  and 

in  rotten  wood  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 


Trichopteryx  montandonii,  All.  Hotbeds, 
moss,  cowsheds  and  under  bark  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle 

—  rivularis,     All.      Hotbeds ;     autumn. 

Knowle 

—  chevrolati,    All.     In    mushroom    beds, 

hotbeds,  etc. ;   all  seasons.     Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  dispar,  Matth.     In  hotbeds  and  moss  ; 

all  seasons.     Knowle 
Nephanes    titan,    Newm.     In    cut    grass, 

hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 
Ptilium  kunzei,  Heer.     In  hotbeds,  moss, 

dry  rabbit  skins,   etc.  ;   all  seasons. 

Knowle  (Blatch),  Edgbaston 

—  spencei,  All.     In  hotbeds,  moss,  rotten 

fungi,  carrion  and   under  bark ;  all 
seasons.     Edgbaston,  Knowle 

-  affine,  Er.     In  moss  ;  winter.     Knowle 

-  exaratum,  All.      In    vegetable    refuse, 

moss,    dead    moles   and    dry    rabbit 
skins  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  foveolatum,  All.    In  hotbeds  and  moss  ; 

all  seasons  ;   Knowle 

Millidium  trisulcatum,  Aub£.  In  hotbeds, 
moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

Ptenidium  nitidum,  Heer.  In  moss,  hot- 
beds, grass  tufts,  hedge  refuse,  etc.  ; 
all  seasons ;  abundant  in  all  local- 
ities 

—  evanescens,   Marsh.     In  vegetable  re- 

fuse, moss,  hotbeds,  etc. ;  all  seasons ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  formecetorum,  Er.     In  ants'  nests,  re- 

fuse, etc.  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle^  Sut- 
ton Park  (Blatch),  Edgbaston 

CORYLOPHID.E 

Orthoperus  atomus,  Gyll.  In  vegetable 
and  stack  refuse,  moss,  etc.  ;  on 
damp  walls  and  under  bark.  Knowle 

Corylophus  cassidioides,  Marsh.  In  flood 
refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch) 

Sacium  pusillum,  Gyll.  Said  to  be  found 
under  bark.  One  specimen  on  an 
orange  which  had  been  lying  some 
time  in  a  cupboard  in  the  late  Mr. 
W.  G.  Blatch's  house  at  Small  Heath. 
Found  by  his  son,  Mr.  F.  J.  Blatch, 
Christmas,  1886.  This  is  probably 
the  only  British  specimen  existing 

COCCINELLIDjE 

Subcoccinella  24-punctata,  L.  In  flood 
refuse.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

Anisosticta  ig-punctata,  L.  In  axils  of 
water  plants  and  amongst  vegetable 
refuse  in  bogs  and  marshy  places ; 


104 


INSECTS 


all  seasons.  Knowle,  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

Adalia  obliterata,  L.  Under  bark  ;  all 
seasons.  Coleshill,  Button  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  bipunctata,  L.     On  various  trees  and 

plants  and  under  bark,  amongst  dead 

leaves   and    in   moss  ;    all    seasons  ; 

abundant  in  all  localities 
Mysia  oblongoguttata,  L.     On  pine  trees, 

in  moss  and  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons. 

Knowle,  Coleshill,  Sutton 
Anatis  occellata,   L.     On    pine    trees,    in 

moss  and   dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons. 

Coleshill;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Coccinella    lo-punctata,   L.     On    flowers 

and  trees  and   under  bark  ;  all  sea- 

sons ;  abundant  in  all  localities 

—  hieroglyphica,  L.     Under  bark  and  by 

beating  various  trees  ;  all  seasons. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  n-punctata,    L.       By     beating     and 

sweeping  trees  and  herbage,  and 
amongst  dead  leaves  in  woods,  etc.  ; 
all  seasons  ;  found  in  all  midland 
localities 

—  7-punctata,  L.     On  various  trees  and 

plants,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

Halyzia  14-guttata,  L.  On  various  trees 
and  flowers,  and  in  grass  tufts  and 
moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  plentiful  every- 
where 

—  i8-guttata,  L.     Found  in  same  local- 

ities and  under  same  conditions  as 
preceding,  but  much  less  commonly 

—  conglobata,  L.     On  trees  and  herbage 

and  in  moss  and  dead  leaves  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  in  all  locali- 
ties 

—  22-punctata,   L.     On    trees   and    low 

herbage,   in  moss  and  dead   leaves  ; 

all  seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 
Hyperaspis    reppensis,   Herbst.      On    trees 

and   herbage   in    woods  ;    spring    to 

autumn.     Knowle 
Scymnus    nigrinus,    Kug.      By    sweeping 

ling,  etc.,  in  and  near  fir  plantations  ; 

in  moss,    etc.,    in    woods.      Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  pygmaeus,   Fourc.     By    sweeping   and 

in  moss  ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill,  Ty- 
soe  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  frontalis,  F.     In  moss  and  grass  tufts, 

and  by  sweeping  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  suturalis,    Thunb.     In    moss   and    by 

sweeping  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  testaceus,   Mots.      In    moss  and  grass 

roots.      Tysoe 


Scymnus  testaceus  var.  scutellaris,  Muls. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Herbst.     In  moss  and 

fungi,  and  by  sweeping  in  boggy 
places ;  all  seasons.  Alcester  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  capitatus,  F.     In  moss,  dead  leaves  and 

by  sweeping  ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill, 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  ater,  Kug.     Knowle 

Chilocorus  similis,  Rossi.  On  birch  trees  ; 
spring  to  autumn.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

Exochomus  4-pustulatus,  L.  On  ling  and 
other  low  herbage,  and  in  sphag- 
num ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

Rhizobius  litura,  F.  At  grass  roots,  in 
moss,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons ; 
plentiful  in  all  localities 

Coccidula  rufa,  Herbst.  In  axils  of  water 
plants,  in  grass  tufts,  moss  and  refuse 
in  damp  places  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

ENDOMYCHHXE 

Mycetsea  hirta,  Marsh.  Amongst  old  bones, 
in  hotbeds,  cowsheds,  stack  and  flood 
refuse,  and  in  cellars  (on  wine  corks, 
etc.)  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

Endomychus  coccineus,  L.  Under  bark 
and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons.  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch) 

EROTYLID^: 

Dacne  rufifrons,  F.  In  fungi  on  trees  and 
stumps  ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  humeralis,  F.     In  fungi  on  trees   and 

stumps  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

PHALACRID^ 

Phalacrus  corruscus,  Payk.  On  flowers 
and  herbage  and  amongst  decaying 
leaves  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  caricis,    Sturm.      Amongst    reeds   and 

garden  refuse  ;  all  seasons.     Coleshill 

(Blatch),  Knowle 
Olibrus  aeneus,  F.     On  flowers,  especially 

the   chamomile  tribe,    in   moss    and 

dead    leaves  ;    all    seasons.     Knowle 

(Blatch),  Caleshill 
Eustilbus  testaceus,  Panz.     On  flowers,  in 

moss,  dead  leaves  and  flood   refuse  ; 

all  seasons.     Knowle  and  Solihull 

MICROPEPLID^: 

Micropeplus  porcatus,  Payk.  In  moss,  hot- 
beds, stack  refuse,  gravel  pits  and 
banks  of  streams  ;  all  seasons.  Sal- 


105 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ford  Priors,  Kenilworth  (B  latch),  Soli- 
hull,  Knowle 

Micropeplus  staphylinoides,  Marsh.  In 
moss,  stack  refuse,  fungi ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  found  throughout  the  district, 
but  less  sparingly  than  preceding 

—  margaritas,  Duv.     Found  under  simi- 

lar conditions  to  the  two  preceding, 
and  certainly  much  more  plentiful 
than  either 

—  tesserula,  Curt.     At  sap,  in  vegetable 

refuse  and  by  sweeping.  Knowle, 
sappy  stumps  of  newly  felled  oaks 
(Blatch) 

NITIDULIDJE 

Brachypterus  pubescens,  Er.  On  nettles 
and  other  low  plants  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  urticae,  F.     Found  under  same  condi- 

tions and  in  same  localities  as  the 
preceding 

Cercus  pedicularis,  L.  In  marshy  places, 
in  folds  of  Xypha,  moss,  osier  beds, 
on  water  plants,  very  fond  of  Spiraea 
ulmaria.  Coleshill,  Sutton  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  bipustulatus,  Payk.     In  damp  meadows 

and  marshy  places  ;  all  seasons.  Sut- 
ton ;  Leamington  (Blatch),  Knowle, 
Salford  Priors 

—  rufilabris,  Latr.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  preceding 

Carpophilus  hemipterus,  L.  In  dried  fruits  ; 
also  taken  in  Cossus  burrows.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch) 

Epuraea  diffusa,  Bris.  At  sap  and  in  Cos- 
sus burrows  in  oak  trees  ;  spring  to 
autumn.  Solihull,  Knowle 

—  aestiva,  L.     In  flowers  and  (in  winter) 

amongst  dead  leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Hampton-in-Arden ;  <?«/«£/// (Blatch), 
Solihull,  Knowle 

-  melina,  Er.     By  beating  and  sweeping, 

on  Umbelliferas  and  at  sap  ;  spring 
to  autumn.  Knowle 

—  oblonga,  Herbst.    On  flowers,  in  fungi, 

under  bark  and  in  Cossus  burrows  ; 
all  seasons.  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  florea,  Er.     On  flowers,  at  sap,  under 

bark  and  in  moss ;  all  seasons  ;  very 
abundant  in  all  localities 

-  deleta,  Er.    In  fungi,  rotten  logs,  chips, 

moss,  leaves  and  under  bark ;  all 
seasons  ;  plentiful  everywhere 

—  obsoleta,  F.     In    moss   and    fungi,   at 

sap,  in  Cossus  burrows  and  under 
bark  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  pusilla,  Er.     At  sap  and  under  bark  ; 

106 


all    seasons.     Sutton    Park    (Blatch), 
Knowle,  Solihull 

Epuraea  angustula,  Er.  Under  loose  bark  of 
old  holly  trees  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton 
Park  (Blatch) 

Omosiphora  limbata,  F.  In  fungi  on  old 
stumps  ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Micrurula  melanocephala,  Marsh.  On 
flowers  of  various  trees  and  plants  ; 
spring  to  autumn.  Salford  Priors, 
Knowle 

Nitidula  bipustulata,  L.  In  dead  animals, 
under  bones,  in  stack  and  vegetable 
refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  all  local- 
ities 

Soronia  punctatissima,  111.  At  sap,  espe- 
cially in  Cossus  burrows  ;  all  seasons. 
Salford  Priors ;  Shustoke  (Blatch),  Soli- 
hull,  Knowle 

—  grisea,  L.     At  sap,  under  loose   bark, 

amongst  chips  of  newly  felled  oaks, 
in  hedge  refuse  and  moss 
Omosita  depressa,   L.     At  sap,   in   fungi, 
carrion  and  under  bones ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  colon,  L.     Under  bones,  carrion,  dung 

and  flood  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  in  all  localities 

—  discoidea,  F.     Found  under  same  con- 

ditions and  in  same  localities  as  pre- 
ceding, but  scarcer 

Phalycra  sericea,  Sturm.  In  moss  on 
poplar  tree,  also  on  a  window ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Packwood 

Pocadius  ferrugineus,  F.  In  puff  balls  and 
other  fungi ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Packwood  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Pria  dulcamaras,  Scop.  On  Umbelliferae 
and  Solanum  dulcamaras  ;  spring  to 
autumn.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

Meligethes  rufipes,  Gyll.  On  hawthorn 
and  other  flowers,  in  moss  and  dead 
leaves  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 

—  lumbaris,  Sturm.     On  various  flowers 

and  moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  occurs 
throughout  the  district,  but  less 
abundantly  than  preceding 

—  asneus,  F.      On  flowers  and  in  moss 

and  leaves ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
everywhere 

—  asneusvar.  cceruleus,  Steph.  On  flowers, 

in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  viridescens,  F.     On  flowers,  in   moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant  in  all 
localities 

—  brunnicornis,  Sturm.     On  Stachys  syl- 

vestris  and  in  moss  ;  summer  and 
winter.  Knowle 


INSECTS 


Meligethes  ovatus,  Sturm.      Knowle 

—  picipes,  Sturm.     On  various  flowers,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

—  obscurus,  Er.     On  various  plants  and 

in  moss  ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  erythropus,  Gyll.     On  Helianthemum 

vulgare,   Potentilla   tormentilla,  etc. 

Knowle 
Cychramus  luteus,  F.    On  flowers,  in  fungi ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  all  localities 
Cryptarcha  strigata,  F.      At  sap  on  Cossus 

trees,  under  bark  and  in  fungi ;  all 

seasons.      Solihull,  Knowle 

—  imperialis,   F.     Habitat    and  localities 

same  as  preceding.  If  tobacco 
smoke  be  puffed  in  the  Cossus  bur- 
rows numbers  make  their  appearance 
where  otherwise  scarcely  one  is  to 
be  seen 

Ips  4-guttata,  F.  Under  bark,  in  moss 
and  dead  leaves  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  4-punctata,    Herbst.     In    old    stumps, 

under  bark  and  in  grass  roots  ;  all 
seasons.  Coleshill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

TROGOSITID^: 

Nemosoma   elongatum,  L.     Under    bark, 

in  the  burrows  of  Hylesinus  vittatus. 

Campion  Wyniates 
Tenebrioides    mauritanicus,    L.     In    corn 

and  on    walls  ;    all    seasons.      Small 

Heath,  Bordesley  (Blatch) 
Thymalus  limbatus,  F.     Under  bark ;  all 

seasons.     Knowle 

COLYDIID^E 

Aglenus  brunneus,  Gyll.  In  hotbeds,  etc.  ; 
all  seasons.  Edgbaston  (Blatch) 

Cerylon  histeroides,  F.  Under  bark  of 
various  trees,  oak,  pine,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  in  midlands 

—  ferrugineum,     Steph.        Under     bark, 

birch,  oak,  beech,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

CUCUJIDjE 

Rhizophagus  cribratus,  Gyll.  In  fungi, 
under  bark,  in  stack  refuse  and  grass 
tufts ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors, 
Shustoke  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  depressus,    F.      Under    bark.       Sutton 

Coldfield  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  perforatus,  Er.     Under  bark,  etc.    Sut- 

ton Park,  Salford  Priors 
• —  parallelocollis,  Er.     Under  bark  and  in 
fungi  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 


Rhizophagus  ferrugineus,  Payk.  Under 
bark  and  at  sap  ;  all  seasons.  Soli- 
hull,  Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  nitidulus,  F.     Under  bark  of  oak  and 

pine  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Coldfield, 
in  great  abundance 

—  dispar,    Gyll.       Under    bark   of    oak, 

birch,  etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 

—  bipustulatus,  F.      Under  bark  ;   abun- 

dant ;  all  seasons 

—  politus,  Hellw.     Under  bark,  ash,  pop- 

lar, etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn.  Salford 
Prion  (Blatch) 

Lsemophlceus  ferrugineus,  Steph.  Under 
bark  and  in  granaries ;  all  seasons. 
Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle,  War- 
wick 

—  ater,    Ol.     In    dead     wood  ;     occurs 

throughout  the  year.      Small  Heath, 

Knowle  (Blatch) 
Psammoechus    bipunctatus,    F.       In    grass 

tufts    and    the    axils    of    plants    in 

marshy  places  ;  all  seasons.     Coleshill, 

Sutton  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Nausibius  dentatus,  Marsh.      In  flour  and 

corn  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 
Silvanus  surinamensis,   L.     In   corn,  etc., 

and  has  also  been  taken  under  bark  ; 

all    seasons.      Small  Heath,    Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  unidentatus,  F.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

MONOTOMIDjE 

Monotoma  conicicollis,  Aube1.  In  nests  of 
Formica  rufa  ;  spring.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  formccetorum,    Thorns.      In    nests   of 

Formica  rufa  ;  spring.     Knowle 

—  spinicollis,    Aub6.      In    hotbeds,    cow- 

shed refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Edg- 
baston (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  brevicollis,     Aub£.     In     stack     refuse, 

lawn  clippings,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  picipes,  Herbst.  In  hotbeds,  stack  refuse, 

grass  tufts,  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  throughout  the  district 

—  quadricollis,  Aub6.      In  hotbeds,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons.      Knowle,  Edgbaston 

—  rufa,  Redt.     Knowle 

—  longicollis,    Gyll.       In    hotbeds,    lawn 

clippings,  moss,  under  bark,  etc.  ; 
all  seasons.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowle  ;  abundant 

LATHRIDIID^: 

Lathridius  lardarius,  De  Geer.  In  hotbeds, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  generally  distri- 
buted but  not  abundant 


107 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Lathridius   angulatus,  Humm.       In  moss, 

etc.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Coninomus  nodifer,  Westw.     In  hotbeds, 

moss,    grass    tufts,    hedge    refuse  ; 

under  bark  and  bones  ;  all   seasons  ; 

extremely  plentiful  in  all  localities 

—  constrictus,  Humm.     On  damp  walls  ; 

said  to  occur  under  bark.     Knowle 
Enicmus  minutus,  L.     In  hotbeds,  vege- 
table     refuse,     etc. ;     all    seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  transversalis,  Ol.     In  fungi,  moss,  dead 

leaves,  grass  tufts  and  flowers ;  all 
seasons  ;  plentiful. 

—  rugosus,     Herbst.       In    rotten    wood, 

fungi,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Salford  Priors 

—  testaceus,  Steph.      In  fungi  on  oaks ; 

spring  to  autumn.      Knowle 
Cartodere  ruficollis,  Marsh.  In  fungi,  moss, 
cowshed    refuse,  under    bark,  etc.  ; 
all    seasons ;    abundant  in  all    mid- 
land localities 

—  elongata,  Curt.      In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

fungi  and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons. 
Olton  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Solihull 
Corticaria  pubescens,  Gyll.  In  flood  refuse, 
moss  and  grass  tufts ;  all  seasons. 
Salford  Priors,  Coleshill  (Blatch), 
Knowle,  Sutton 

—  crenulata,  Gyll.      In  flood  refuse,  moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

-  denticulata,    Gyll.     In    hedge    refuse, 

moss,  grass  tussocks,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Coleshill, 
Saljord  Priors 

-  serrata,   Payk.      Under  bark,    in  stack 

refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  fulva,  Com.       In  vegetable  refuse  ;  all 

seasons.      Knowle,  Sutton 

—  elongata,  Humm.     In  moss,  etc.  ;  all 

seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 
Melanopthalma  gibbosa,  Herbst.     In  moss 
and    vegetable  refuse  ;    all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  fuscula,  Humm.     In  moss  and    vege- 

table refuse  and  under  bark  ;  all 
seasons ;  plentiful  throughout  the 
district 

CRYPTOPHAGID.E 

Diphyllus  lunatus,  F.  In  Hypoxylon  con- 
centricum,  on  ash  trees ;  spring  to 
autumn.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford 
Priors 

Telmatophilus  caricis,  Ol.  In  moss  and 
folds  of  Typha,  amongst  reeds,  etc. ; 
all  seasons  ;  abundant  in  all  parts 


108 


Telmatophilus  typhae,  Fall.  Found  under 
same  conditions  and  in  same  localities 
as  preceding,  but  less  abundantly 

Antherophagus  nigricornis,  F.  On  flowers 
of  Viburnum,  Spiraea,  etc.  Knowle 

—  pallens,    Gyll.        On     rhododendron  ; 

summer.     Solihull,  Knowle 

—  silaceus,  Herbst.     On  Umbelliferae  and 

in  hawthorn  blossom ;  summer. 
Coleshill  (Blatch) 

Cryptophagus  lycoperdi,  Herbst.  In  puff 
balls,  under  bark,  amongst  chips ; 
spring  to  autumn  ;  abundant  in  all 
midland  localities 

—  setulosus,    Sturm.      In    fungi,    hedge 

refuse,  etc.,  and  at  sap  ;  all  seasons. 
Solihull,  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  pilosus,    Gyll.     In    hotbeds,    cowshed 

refuse,  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  punctipennis,  Bris.     In  hotbeds,  under 

bones  and  bark ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  ruficornis,  Steph.     In  Hypoxylon  con- 

centricum  on  ash  trees ;  spring  to 
autumn.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  saginatus,    Sturm.       Cowshed    refuse, 

grass  tufts  in  bogs,  etc.  Sutton  Cold- 
field  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  umbratus,    Er.     In     cowshed    refuse, 

grass  tufts  and  under  bark ;  all 
seasons.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  scanicus,  L.     In  vegetable  refuse,  moss, 

fungi  and  under  bark  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  scanicus  var.  patruelis,  Sturm.      Found 

with  the  type 

—  badius,  Sturm.     In  moss    and    flowers 

and  by  sweeping  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors 

—  validus,  Kr.     In  hotbeds,  warehouses, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Edgbaston  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  dentatus,    Herbst.     In  hotbeds,  fungi, 

vegetable  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 
Edgbaston  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Sutton 

—  distinguendus,  Sturm.     In  hotbeds  and 

grass  tufts  in  bogs ;  all  seasons. 
Edgbaston,  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  acutangulus,  Gyll.      In  hotbeds,  moss, 

under  bark,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Edg- 
baston (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  cellaris,    Scop.      In    granaries,    cellars, 

fungi,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  affinis,  Sturm.     In  straw  refuse,  cow- 

sheds, moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons ; 
abundant  everywhere 


INSECTS 


Cryptophagus  pubcscens,  Sturm.  In  moss 
and  hedge  refuse  and  by  sweeping  ; 
all  seasons.  Small  Heath  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  bicolor,  Sturm.     Moss  and  grass  tussocks 

in  bogs,  cowshed  refuse  and  on  damp 
walls ;  all  seasons.  Knowle,  Sutton 
Park 

Micrambe  vini,  Panz.  On  gorse  and 
broom,  in  grass  roots  and  moss  ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

Henoticus  serratus,  Gyll.  Under  bark  on 
sappy  oak  trunks.  Knowle 

Paramecosoma  melanocephalum,  Herbst. 
In  flood  refuse,  moss,  etc. ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  not  uncommon  throughout 
the  midlands 

Myrmecoxenus  vaporariorum,  GueV.  In 
hotbeds  and  heaps  of  stable  manure  ; 
sometimes  in  great  abundance,  always 
in  October.  Edgbaston  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

Atomaria  fimetarii,  Herbst.  In  moss  and 
flood  refuse  and  fungi.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  barani,  Bris.     By  sweeping.     Knowle 

—  nigriventris,  Steph.      In    moss,    fungi, 

refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill; 
Leamington  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  umbrina,    Er.      In    sphagnum,    grass 

tufts,  under  bark,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

—  linearis,    Steph.       In    moss,    amongst 

sedges,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  elongatula,  Er.     Under  bark,  on  sappy 

oak  stumps,  etc. ;  all  seasons.    Knowle 

—  fuscipes,    Gyll.     In  moss,  dead  leaves 

and  cut  grass ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  nigripennis,  Payk.     In  cowshed  refuse, 

hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  mid- 
land localities.  Sometimes  abun- 
dantly 

—  munda,  Er.     In    cowshed    refuse  ;  all 

seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  fuscata,  Schon.     In  stack  refuse,  hot- 

beds, etc.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  pusilla,  Payk.     In  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Abundant  every- 
where 

—  atricapilla,  Steph.     Habitat  and  distri- 

bution same  as  preceding 

—  berolinensis,   Kr.     In  moss  and  vege- 

table refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  basalis,   Er.     In    sphagnum,    hypnum, 

osier  beds,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Sut- 
ton 


Atomaria  mesomelas,  Herbst.  Habitat 
same  as  preceding  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle,  Coleshill,  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  gutta,  Steph.     Amongst  reeds,  in  vege- 

table refuse  and  fungi ;  all  seasons. 
Coleshill  (Blatch),  Sutton,  Knowle, 
Salford  Priors 

—  apicalis,    Er.       In    stack    and     other 

refuse,  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ; 
abundant  in  all  localities 

—  analis,    Er.     Habitat   and    distribution 

same  as  preceding 

—  ruficornis,    Marsh.      Vegetable  refuse, 

hotbeds,  carrion  and  under  bark ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  versicolor,    Er.      In    sheep-dung,    etc. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

Ephistemus  globosus,  Waltl.  In  stack  re- 
fuse, hotbeds,  dung  and  under  bark. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  gyrinoides,    Marsh.     In    hotbeds    and 

vegetable  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities  ;  very  abundant 

—  gyrinoides     var.      dimidiatus,     Sturm. 

Found  with  the  type 

—  gyrinoides    var.   dubia,  Fowler.     Hot- 

beds, etc.      Knowle 

MYCETOPHAGID^E 

Typhasa  fumata,  L.     In  stack  and  hedge 

refuse,    hotbeds,    etc.  ;    all  seasons  ; 

extremely  abundant  everywhere 
Triphyllus    suturalis,    F.     In  fungi,    dead 

leaves  and  under  bark ;  all  seasons. 

Knowle,  Salford  Priors 

—  punctatus,  F.     In  puff  balls  and  other 

fungi    and    under  bark  ;  occurs    in 

all  midland  localities 
Litargus    bifasciatus,    F.      In    Hypoxylon 

concentricum  on  ash  trees ;  all  sea- 
sons.     Knowle,  Packwood 
Mycetophagus  4-pustulatus,  L.     In  fungi, 

on  old  ash  and  willow  trees,  etc.  ; 

spring    to    autumn.      Salford   Priors 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  piceus,  F.     In  Polypori  on  ash  and  oak 

and  under  bark.      Tamworth  (Blatch) 
-  multipunctatus,  Hellw.     In  fungi  and 
ash  trees  ;  spring  to  autumn.     Sal- 
ord  Priors  (Blatch) 

BYTURIDjE 

Byturus  sambuci,  Scop.  On  flowers  of 
Viburnum,  Salix,  Caltha,  etc. 
Knowle,  Solihull 

—  tomentosus,  F.     On    various  flowers  ; 

summer  ;  abundant  everywhere 


109 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


DERMESTID^E 

Dermestes  murinus,  L.  In  dead  birds, 
moles  and  other  animals  ;  spring  to 
autumn  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  lardarius,  L.     In  bacon,  on  walls,  etc. ; 

all  seasons.     Birmingham,  Knowle 
Attagenes  pellio,  L.     On  walls  in  houses, 

in    hawthorn    blossom    and    under 

bark ;     all    seasons.        Birmingham, 

Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Coleshill,  Knowle 
Megatoma  undata,  Er.     Under   ash    bark 

and  logs,  in  flowers,  etc. ;  all  seasons. 

Near  Leamington,  Knowle  (Blatch) 
Tiresias  serra,  F.     Under  loose    bark    on 

old    oaks,    willows,  etc.  ;  spring    to 

autumn.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Anthrenus  musaeorum,   L.     In  flowers  of 

Umbelliferae,    on    old    fences,  etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn.      Knowle 

—  claviger,  Er.      Habitat  same  as  preced- 

ing ;    all  seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch), 
Button  Park 

BYRRHID^E 

Byrrhus  pilula,  L.  In  moss  and  at  roots 
of  plants  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

Cytilus  varius,  F.  In  moss,  at  grass  roots 
and  under  stones  ;  all  seasons  ;  found 
throughout  the  district 

Simplocaria  scmistriata,  F.  In  moss,  grass 
tufts,  hotbeds  and  under  bones  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 

Aspidiphorus  orbiculatus,  Gyll.  In  fungi, 
grass  tufts  in  woods,  under  bark  and 
on  windows  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

PARNIDjE 

Elmis  asneus,  Mtill.  In  rivers  and  brooks, 
on  bracken  !  !  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  subviolaceus,  Miill.      In  streams,  water- 

falls, etc.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  nitens,   Miill.      In    streams  ;  spring  to 

autumn.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Limnius    tubcrculatus,    Miill.      In     brooks 

and  rivers,  on  stones  and  submerged 

logs  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Parnus  prolifericornis,   F.     In  wet  places, 

in    moss,    roots,    etc. ;    all    seasons. 

Knowle 

—  auriculatus,  Panz.     Habitat  and  distri- 

bution same  as  preceding 

HETEROCERID^E 

Heterocerus  marginatus,  F.  On  banks  of 
rivers,  ponds  and  ditches ;  spring 
to  autumn.  Salford  Priors,  Tysoe 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  Izvigatus,  Panz.     Banks  of  rivers  and 

ponds  ;  spring  to  autumn.     Knowle 


Lucanus  cervus,  L.     Found  on  the  trunks 

of  oak  trees,  on  pailings,  etc.  ;  sum- 

mer.     Warwick  (Martineau) 
Dorcus    parallelopipedus,    L.      In    rotten 

logs,  stumps  of  trees  and  under  bark  ; 

all  seasons.     Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 

Knowle 
Sinodendron  cylindricum,  L.     In  decaying 

trees,    especially    ash  ;    all    seasons. 

Sparkbrook  ;  Knowle  (Blatch),  Solihull 


CoPRINA 

Onthophagus    ovatus,    L.     In    dung    and 
vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle 

—  vacca,  L.    In  dung  ;  one  specimen  from 

Wimpstone,  May  5,  1900  (Bloom) 

—  nuchicornis,   L.     In  dung  ;  spring    to 

autumn.      Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 
Aphodius  erraticus,  L.     In  dung  ;  through- 
out the  year.     Sutton  Park 

—  subterraneus,  L.     In  dung  ;  all  seasons. 

Sutton  Park  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch), 
Knowle,  Solihull 

—  fossor,  L.     In  dung  and  vegetable  re- 

fuse ;  all  seasons  ;  occurs  in  all 
localities 

—  haemorrhoidalis,    L.      In    dung,    vege- 

table refuse  and  moss  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  fostens,    F.     In    dung,    especially    in 

sandy  places  ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Sutton  ;  Coventry  (Blatch),  Knowle, 
Coleshill 

—  fimetarius,  L.     In  dung,  hotbeds,  moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  scybalarius,    F.     In    dung,    moss    and 

vegetable  refuse  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle 

—  ater,  De  G.     In  dung,  moss,  hotbeds, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  constans,  Duft.     In  sheep-dung,  moss 

and  hedge  refuse  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 

—  granarius,  L.     In  dung  and  vegetable 

refuse  ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch) 

—  sordidus,    F.     In     dung  ;     spring    to 

autumn.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Sutton 
Park 

—  rufescens,    F.     In    dung  ;     spring    to 

autumn.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Soli- 
hull,  Knowle 

—  putridus,    Sturm.        In     dung  ;     one 

specimen  at  Knowle,  August,  1899 
-  porcus,  F.     In  dry  cow-dung  ;  spring 
to  autumn.     Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

—  tristis,  Panz.     In  dung  in  sandy  places  ; 

spring  to  autumn.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch),  Knowle 


no 


INSECTS 


COPRINA  (continued) 

Aphodius  pusillus,  Herbst.  In  dung,  stack 
and  hedge  refuse  and  moss.  Sutton 
Park  ;  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  merdarius,    F.     In    dung ;    spring    to 

autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  inquinatus,    F.     In    dung   and    under 

loose  bark  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  tessulatus,    Payk.     In  dry  cow-dung  ; 

winter    and    early    spring.      Sutton 
Park  (Blatch) 

—  conspurcatus,  L.     In    dry  cow-dung  ; 

spring    to    autumn.      Sutton     Park 
(Blatch) 

—  sticticus,    Panz.     One     specimen     in 

dung  at  Knowle,  August,  1899 

—  punctato-sulcatus,  Stm.     In  dung,  hot- 

beds and   moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  prodromus,     Brahm.        Habitats     and 

localities  same  as  the  preceding 

—  contaminatus,      Herbst.        In      dung ; 

spring  to  autumn.     Knowle  ;  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

—  luridus,  F.     In  sheep-dung,   etc.  ;    all 

seasons.        Sutton      Park      (Blatch), 
Stratford-on-Avon  (Bloom) 

—  rufipes,   L.     In    dung,    moss,    hotbeds 

and     under     bones ;     all    seasons ; 
abundant  in  all  localities 

—  depressus,  Kug.     In  dung  ;  all  seasons. 

Button  Park  (Blatch) 

Geotrupes  typhaeus,  L.  Sandy  places  in 
dung  ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle  ; 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Coleshill 

— •  spiniger,  Marsh.  In  dung  in  all  loca- 
lities ;  spring  to  autumn 

-  stercorarius,  L.     In  all  localities  ;  spring 

to  autumn 

-  sylvaticus,  Panz.     In  dung  in  all  loca- 

lities ;  spring  to  autumn 

—  vernalis,  L.     All    seasons ;    found    in 

dung  in  all  parts  of  the  district 
Trox  sabulosus,  L.     In  dry  carcases  and 

skins  of  animals.     Sutton  Park 
MELOLONTHINA 

Hoplia  philanthus,   Fttss.     In  old  willows 

and  other  trees  and  shrubs  ;  spring 

and  summer.     Knowle  (Blatch),  Soli- 
bull 
Serica  brunnea,  McL.     Under  bark  and  at 

'  sugar,'    also  attracted    by  '  light '  ; 

spring  and  summer  ;  all  localities 
Rhizotrogus    solstitialis,   Latr.     Flying    at 

dusk  about  trees.     Stratford-on-Avon 

(Bloom) 
Melolontha    vulgaris,    F.     On    oaks    and 

other    trees ;    spring   and    summer. 

Only  too  plentiful  everywhere 


RUTELINA 

Phyllopertha    horticola,  L.     Abundant   in 
flowery  meadows  in  May  and  June. 
In  all  localities 
CETONIINA 

Cetonia  aurata,  L.  On  various  flowers, 
especially  roses  and  lilies ;  summer. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

BUPRESTID^E 

Agrilus  laticornis,  111.  On  young  oaks, 
hazels,  birches  and  other  trees  in  and 
near  woods ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  angustulus,  III.     Habitats  and  localities 

same  as  the  preceding 
Trachys    troglodytes,    Gyll.     On    flowers 
and    marshy     meadows     in      May. 
Knowle 

THROSCID.E 

Throscus  dermestoides,  L.  By  beating 
birch  trees ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Knowle 

—  carinifrons,  Bour.     Beaten  from  sallows. 

Knowle 

EUCNEMID^E 

Melasis  buprestoides,  L.  In  decaying  logs 
and  old  fences.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

ELATERID^ 

Lacon    murinus,    L.     Under    turf,    under 

stones  and  by  sweeping  ;  all  seasons  ; 

all  localities 
Cryptohypnus  riparius,  F.      At  the  roots  of 

plants  and  in  refuse  in  marshy  places  ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  quadripustulatus,  F.      Under  stones  and 

at    roots    of    plants  or    margins   of 

streams  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Salford  Priors 

—  dermestoides,    Herbst.  Habitats   and 

localities  same  as  the  preceding 

—  quadriguttatus,  Lap.      Found  with   the 

preceding  and  in  the  same  localities 
Elater    balteatus,   L.     In    decaying    birch 
trees  ;  all  seasons.     Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  nigrinus,  Payk.     Under  bark  of  decay- 

ing pines,  etc.      Knowle 
Melanotus    rufipes,   Herbst.     In    decaying 
wood  ;   all  seasons  ;  abundant  every- 
where 

—  rufipes    var.  castanipes,    Payk.     Beech 

log.     Knowle 

Athous  niger,  L.  On  bracken  and  by 
sweeping  in  meadows,  etc.  ;  spring 
to  autumn  ;  found  throughout  the 
district 


III 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Athous  longicollis,  Ol.  On  trees  and 
herbage,  especially  in  wooded  dis- 
tricts ;  spring  to  autumn ;  occurs 
throughout  the  county 

—  hsemorrhoidalis,  F.     On  bracken  and 

various  trees  and  herbage  ;  in  winter 
at  roots  of  grass  and  in  moss  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  vittatus,  F.     This  species  occurs  with 

the  preceding  and  is  often  mistaken 
for  it 

Limonius  minutus,  L.  By  sweeping 
flowers,  etc.,  in  meadows;  summer; 
plentiful  in  all  localities 

Adrastus  limbatus,  F.  By  sweeping,  in 
and  near  woods ;  summer ;  all  lo- 
calities 

Agriotes  sputator,  L.  In  moss,  grass  tufts, 
vegetable  refuse,  and  under  stones, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  obscurus,  L.     Habitats  as  in  the  pre- 

ceding ;  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the 
district 

-  lineatus,   L.      Found   under  the  same 

circumstances  as  the  preceding  and 
equally  widely  distributed 

-  sobrinus,    Kies.       In    grass    tufts    and 

moss  and  by  beating  and  sweeping  ; 
all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

-  pallidulus,  111.     Habitats  and  localities 

as  in  the  preceding 

Dolopius  marginatus,  L.  By  beating  and 
sweeping  ;  mostly  in  woods ;  amongst 
dead  leaves  in  winter  ;  abundant  in 
all  parts  of  the  midlands 

Corymbites  pectinicornis,  L.  On  various 
plants  and  flowers  in  spring  and 
early  summer,  especially  in  damp 
pastures ;  all  localities  but  never 
abundantly 

—  cupreus,  F.     In  pastures  and  on  hill- 

sides, in  grass  roots  and  moss  in 
winter ;  all  seasons ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  cupreus  var.    aeruginosus,   F.      Found 

with  the  type,  but  seems  to  be 
more  partial  to  hills  and  high  moor- 
lands 

—  tessellatus,   F.     In    moss,    grass    roots, 

flood  refuse,  and  various  plants  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle 

—  quercus,  Gyll.    By  beating  young  trees 

and  sweeping  herbage ;  summer ; 
all  localities 

—  quercus  var.  ochropterus,  Steph.    Found 

with  the  type  but  perhaps  less  abun- 
dantly 

—  holosericeus,  F.     In  moss  and  herbage, 

gravel  pits,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ; 
throughout  the  district 


Corymbites  aeneus,  L.  Under  stones  and 
at  roots  of  ling,  etc.  Button  Park 

—  bipustulatus,  L.    In  dead  willows,  birch 

stumps  and  by  sweeping  ;  one  speci- 
men. Leamington 

Campylus  linearis,  L.  By  beating  various 
trees,  in  dead  leaves  and  old  stumps  ; 
all  seasons.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

DASCILLID^E 

Helodes  minuta,  L.  On  various  trees  and 
herbage  in  damp  places ;  spring  to 
autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  marginata,  F.     Found  under  the  same 

conditions  as  the  preceding  and  in 
the  same  localities,  but  perhaps  rather 
less  abundantly 

Microcara  livida,  F.  On  herbage  in  damp 
places ;  spring  to  autumn ;  all  lo- 
calities 

—  livida  var.  bohemanni,  Mann.    In  osier 

beds ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle, 
Solihull 

Cyphon  coarctatus,  Payk.  In  osier  beds, 
on  margins  of  streams,  etc. ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  nitidulus,    Thorns.       On    herbage    in 

moist  and  boggy  places  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  variabilis,  Thunb.     In   marshy  places, 

by  sweeping,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  padi,  L.     In  bogs  ;  all  seasons.     Coles- 

hill  (Blatch),  Sutton 

Scirtes  hemisphaericus,  L.  Margins  of 
streams,  canals  and  pools ;  spring 
to  autumn  ;  rather  local,  but  occurs 
throughout  the  midlands 

MALACODERMID^E 

LAMPYRINA 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  L.     Under  stones  and 

loose  bark,  in  moss  and  grass  roots  ; 

comes  freely  to  '  light '  and  '  sugar ' ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Podabrus     alpinus,     Payk.       By     beating 

various  trees  ;   spring  and  summer  ; 

all  localities 
TELEPHORINA 

Telephorus   rusticus,  Fall.      Abundant  in 

all   localities 

—  lividus,  L.     All  localities 

—  pellucidus,  F.     Fairly  plentiful   in  all 

localities 

—  nigricans,  Mull.     All  localities 

—  nigricans  var.  discoideus,  Steph.  Occurs 

with  the  type,  but  is  scarcer 


112 


INSECTS 


TELEPHORINA  (continued) 

Telephorus  lituratus,  F.  An  abundant 
species  everywhere 

—  figuratus,  Mann.     Occurs  in  all  parts 

of  the  midlands 

—  bicolor,  F.     Abundant  everywhere 

—  hasmorrhoidalis,  F.     Knowle 

—  oralis,  Germ.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  flavilabris,  Fall.     In  all  localities 

—  thoracicus,  Ol.     Knowle  (on  palings) 
Rhagonyca  fuscicornis,  Ol.     All  localities 

—  fulva,     Scop.       Extremely    abundant 

everywhere 

—  testacea,   L.       Found    throughout   the 

county  but  not  abundantly 

—  limbata,    Thorns.      Very    plentiful    in 

all  localities 

—  pallida,  F.     All  localities 

NOTE. — As  all  the  species  of  the  above  two 
genera  are  found  during  the  summer 
months  on  various  flowers  and  the  foliage 
of  trees  and  shrubs  it  has  been  considered 
unnecessary  to  repeat  the  facts  in  each 
case. 

Malthinus  punctatus,  Fourc.  By  beating 
and  sweeping  trees  and  shrubs ; 
spring  to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  fasciatus,   Ol.     On    trees    and    plants, 

especially  in  and  near  woods  ;  spring 
to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  frontalis,    Marsh.       On    and    near    fir 

trees ;  summer.     Knowle 
Malthodes    marginatus,    Latr.      On    trees 
and    herbage ;    spring    to    autumn  ; 
abundant  in  all  localities 

—  flavoguttatus,  Kies.     On  various  trees  ; 

spring  to  autumn.     Knowle  (Blatch), 
Salford  Priors 

—  guttifer,  Kies.     On  trees  and  plants  ; 

summer.     Knowle 

—  mysticus,  Kies.     Knowle.     One  speci- 

men by  beating ;  summer 

—  pellucidus,   Kies.      On  young   birches 

and  other  trees  and  plants  ;  summer  ; 
Knowle 

—  minimus,    L.     On    various    trees    and 

shrubs  ;    spring  to  autumn  ;    abun- 
dant in  all  localities    . 

—  misellus,  Kies.     On  young  trees,  etc.  ; 

summer.      Knowle 

—  atomus,  Thorns.    On  trees  and  plants  ; 

summer.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
MELYRINA 

Malachius  aeneus,  L.  In  grass  tufts  and 
by  sweeping  ;  apparently  very  rare 
in  the  midlands  ;  one  specimen  taken 
by  the  late  Mr.  Blatch  and  one  by 
the  author  ;  both  at  Knowle 

—  bipustulatus,  L.     On  flowers  and  trees 

in  summer,  in  moss  and  dead  leaves 


MELYRINA  (continued) 

in  woods  in  winter  ;  abundant  every- 
where 

Malachius  viridis,  F.  On  young  trees  in 
woods ;  summer.  Knowle  (one 
specimen) 

Anthocomus  fasciatus,  L.  In  grassy  places 
and  on  willows  ;  summer.  Knowle 

Dasytes  flavipes,  F.  On  trees  and  herbage  ; 
summer.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  aerosus,  Kies.  OR  young  trees  and 
herbage ;  summer  ;  all  midland  lo- 
calities, especially  in  and  near  woods 

Haplocnemus  impressus,  Marsh.  All  sea- 
sons ;  under  oak  bark,  in  flowers,  etc. 
Button 


Tillus  elongatus,  L.    On  old  willows,  etc. ; 

spring  and  summer.      Knowle 
Opilo  mollis,  L.     On  old  oaks ;  summer. 

Leamington  (A.  J.  Chitty) 
Thanasimus  formicarius,  L.     In  old  trees, 

palings,    etc.  ;     spring    to    autumn. 

Tamworth  (Blatch),   Salford  Priors 
Necrobia  ruficollis,  F.     Under  bones  and 

in     carcases ;      spring     to    autumn. 

Knowle  ;   Small  Heath  (Blatch) 

—  violacea,  L.     Under  bones,  hay  refuse 

and  in  carcases  ;  all  seasons.    Knowle 

—  rufipes,  De  G.     Under  bones  and  in 

carcases  ;  spring  to  autumn.    Knowle 
Corynetes  caeruleus,  De  G.     Under  bones, 
in    stack    refuse    and    carcases ;    all 
seasons.     Knowle 

PTINID^E 
PTININA 

Ptinus  fur,  L.  In  dead  wood  and  in  old 
houses  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  subpilosus,    Mall.       In    rotten    wood, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  rare.    Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  brunneus,   Duft.     In    cowshed    refuse, 

old  houses,  etc.    Birmingham  ;  Small- 
Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Niptus   hololeucus,  Falc.       In    cupboards, 
etc.,    in    houses ;     all     seasons ;     all 
localities 

—  crenatus,     F.      In     cowshed      refuse, 

granaries,   etc.  ;    all   seasons.       Bir- 
mingham (Blatch),  Knowle 

Hedobia  imperial's,   L.      In   the  wood  of 
old  hawthorns  and  by  beating  May- 
blossom  ;  spring  and  summer.    Coles- 
hill  ;   Brandon  (Blatch),  Knowle 
ANOBIINA 

Dryophilus  pusillus,  Gyll.  On  fir  trees 
and  by  sweeping  near  them ;  summer. 
Knowle 


"3 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ANOBIINA  (continued) 

Priobium   castaneum,   F.     In    dead    wood 

and  under  bark  ;   all  seasons.      Small 

Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Anobium    domesticum,    Fourc.      In    dead 

wood  and  in    houses  ;    all  seasons  ; 

abundant  in  all  localities 
—  paniceum,    L.      In    granaries,    houses, 

etc.;  all  seasons.  Small  Heath  (Blatch) 
Xestobium   tessellatum,   F.     In  old   trees, 

etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn.      Knowle 
Ernobius  mollis,  L.      In  old  fences,  trees, 

sallows,     under     bones,     etc.  ;      all 

seasons.  Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Ptilinus    pectinicornis,   L.       In    old    trees, 

posts,  etc.  ;   summer  ;    found   in  all 

localities 
Ochina  hederae,  Mull.     In  old  ivy  and  by 

beating    and    sweeping  ;      summer. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

BOSTRICHID^: 

Rhizopertha  pusilla,  F.  In  rice,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.  Birmingham,  Knowle  (Blatch) 

LYCTID^E 

Lyctus  canaliculatus,  F.  On  recently 
felled  oaks,  palings,  etc.  ;  also  under 
bark  and  in  various  kinds  of  timber  ; 
spring  and  summer.  Knowle  ;  Tysoe 
(Blatch),  Birmingham 


Cis  boleti,  Scop.  In  boleti  on  old  stumps, 
posts,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

-  villosulus,     Marsh.        In     boleti  ;      all 

seasons.  Birmingham  (Blatch),  Knowle 

-  micans,    F.      In    boleti  ;     all    seasons. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  hispidulus,  Payk.    In  boleti  ;  all  seasons. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  bidentatus,  OI.      In  boleti  ;  all  seasons. 

Stilford  Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

-  alni,  Gyll.     In  boleti  and  under  bark  ; 

doubtless  occurs  at  all  seasons.  Knowle 

-  nitidus,   Herbst.      On    fungoid   stumps 

in  woods  ;  summer.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
—  pygmaeus,  Marsh.     In  boleti,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  festivus,  Panz.     In  boleti,  etc.    Knowle 

-  vestitus,  Mell.     In  boleti  ;  all  seasons. 

Near  Olton  (Blatch),  Knowle,  Sutton 
Ennearthron    cornutum,    Gyll.      In   Poly- 

pori  ;  autumn.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Octotemnus  glabriculus,  Gyll.     In  boleti, 

etc.  ;    all  seasons  ;    abundant  in   all 

localities 


CERAMBYCID^E 

PRIONINA 

Prionus    coriarius,   L.     On    trees,    fences, 
etc. ;    spring    to    autumn.       Aston, 
Birmingham  ;   Solihull  (Blatch) 
CERAMBYCINA 

Aromia  moschata,   L.      On   old   willows ; 

summer.      Salford  Priors 
Callidium    violaceum,     L.       In    decaying 
wood.        Knowle     (Blatch),     Binley, 
Coventry 

—  alni,L.  Amongst  dead  sticks,  etc.  Knowle 
Clytus     arietis,    L.       On     old    posts,    in 

flowers,  etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
found  throughout  the  midlands 

—  mysticus,  L.    On  flowers,  etc.  ;  spring 

and  summer.      Knowle 

Gracilia  minuta,  F.  In  dead  willow  twigs  ; 
also  in  remains  of  old  hampers ; 
spring  to  autumn.  Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

Rhagium  inquisitor,  F.  In  decaying  trees 
and  logs ;  all  seasons ;  found  through- 
out the  district 

—  bifaciatum,  F.     In  decaying  trees  and 

logs  ;  all  seasons  ;  recorded  from  all 
districts 

Toxotus  meridianus,  Panz.  On  Umbelli- 
feras,  Spiraea  and  other  flowers.  Soli- 
hull,  Knowle 

Strangalia  armata,  Herbst.  On  flowers ; 
summer  ;  abundant  throughout  the 
county 

—  melanura,  L.     On  flowers ;  summer  ; 

one  specimen  at  Knowle,  June  1900 
Grammoptera  tabacicolor,  De  G.  On  flowers 
near  woods  ;  summer.    Knowle ;  Sut- 
ton (Blatch),  Coventry 

—  ruficornis,  F.      On  flowers  ;  summer  ; 

plentiful  throughout  the  district 
LAMIINA 

Leiopus  nebulosus,  L.  On  aspens  and 
sallows  ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle, 
Sutton 

Pogonochasrus  bidentatus,  Thorns.  On 
palings,  etc.,  and  by  beating  dry 
sticks  ;  found  throughout  the  year, 
but  especially  in  spring.  Small 
Heatl,  Moseley  ;  Marston  Green, 
Coleshill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  dentatus,  Fourc.     In  dead  sticks,  etc.  ; 

spring  and  summer.  Marston  Green 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

Saperda  populnea,  L.  On  aspens  ;  spring 
and  summer  ;  during  winter  this 
species  may  be  found  in  the  twigs 
of  aspen,  which  are  much  swollen 
where  the  beetle  is  undergoing  its 
transformations.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Solihull 


INSECTS 


LAMIINA  (continued) 

Tetrops  praeusta,  Steph.  On  apple  and 
other  blossoms  ;  spring  and  summer. 
Knowle 

BRUCHID.E 

Bruchus  pectinicornis,  L.  In  granaries, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Birmingham 

—  pisi,  L.     In  peas  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

(B  latch),  Birmingham 

—  rufimanus,  Boh.     Amongst  beans  and 

in  pea  fields  ;  summer.    Small  Heath 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  atomarius,    L.       On    various    flowers. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  loti,    Payk.      On    Lotus    corniculatus, 

etc.  ;    summer.      Knowle 

—  villosus,  F.      On  flowers  of  broom  and 

other  plants  ;  summer.      Knowle 

CHRYSOMELID^E 

EUPODA 

Donacia  crassipes,  F.  On  water  lilies ; 
summer.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  dentata,    Hoppe.       On     Potamogeton, 

etc.  ;    summer.      Knowle 

—  versicolorea,  Brahm.    On  Potamogeton, 

etc.  ;  summer.      Knowle 

—  limbata,  Panz.      On  flags,  etc.  ;  sum- 

mer.     Knowle 

—  bicolora,    Zsch.     On    aquatic    plants ; 

summer.     Knowle 

—  simplex,  F.      On  aquatic  plants  ;  sum- 

mer ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  vulgaris,  Zsch.     On    Typha    latifolia, 

etc.  ;    summer.      Knowle 

—  semicuprea,  Panz.     On  aquatic  plants  ; 

summer.      Knowle 

—  sericea,  Herbst.     On    aquatic    plants ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  abundant  in  all 
localities 

—  discolor,  Panz.      On  aquatic  plants  and 

grass  tufts  in  bogs  ;   all  seasons.    Sut- 
ton  Park 

-  affinis,  Kunze.      On  Carex    paludosa  ; 

very    abundant    on     canal    side    at 

Knowle  in  June 
Zeugophora    subspinosa,    F.       On    young 

aspens,     birches,     etc.  ;      spring    to 

autumn.      Knowle 
Lema  cyanella,  L.    Amongst  herbage,  moss, 

etc.,  in  meadows ;  all  seasons.   Knowle 

—  lichenis,  Voeb.     Amongst  herbage,  in 

grass  tufts,  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
abundant  everywhere 

—  melanopa,  L.   Amongst  herbage,  especi- 

ally in  cornfields  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
all  localities 
Crioceris  asparagi,  L.  On  asparagus.  Knowle 


CAMPTOSOMATA 

Clythra  quadripunctata,   L.       On   herbage 

and  trees  in  and  near  woods  ;  often 

found  in  and  near  nests  of  Formica 

rufa.      Knowle 
Cryptocephalus    pusillus,    F.      On    birch, 

etc.,    in    and    near    woods  ;    spring 

and  autumn.     Knowle 

—  labiatus,  L.     On  various  trees  in  and 

near  woods  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
all  localities,  plentiful 

—  frontalis,  Marsh.     On   birch  and  wil- 

low ;   summer.      Knowle 
CYCLICA 

Lamprosoma    concolor,   Sturm.     Amongst 

herbage,    at    grass    roots,   etc.  ;     all 

seasons.      Knowle 
Timarcha    tenebricosa,    F.      Hedge    sides, 

heaths  and   commons,   etc.  ;    spring 

and  summer  ;    all   localities 

—  violaceonigra,  De  G.      On  heaths  and 

commons  ;  spring  and  summer. 
Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 

Chrysomela  staphylea,  L.  On  herbage, 
in  moss,  grass  tufts,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  abundant  in  all  localities 

—  polita,  L.      In  marshy  places,  etc.,  and 

on  herbage  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

—  orichalcia,   Miill.      On   herbage  ;  sum- 

mer.     Alcester  (Blatch) 

—  orichalcia  var.  hobsoni,  Steph.      Found 

with  the  type  form.    Alcester  (Blatch) 

—  menthrasti,   Suffr.      Marshy    places    on 

mint,  etc.      Edgbaston 
Melasoma  longicolle,  Suffr.      On  aspens  in 

woods  ;  summer.    Edgbaston  (Blatch), 

Knowle 
Phytodecta    rufipes,    De    G.      On    aspen, 

hazel,     etc.,     in     woods  ;     summer. 

Brandon   (Blatch),   Knowle 

—  viminalis,  L.      On  sallows,  aspen,  etc., 

in  woods  ;  summer.      Knowle 

—  olivacea,  Forst.    On  wood  sage,  broom  ; 

in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle' 

—  olivacea  var.  litura,  F.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Gastroidea  polygoni,  L.      On   Polygonum 

and  other  low  plants  ;  spring  to 
autumn  ;  very  abundant 

Plagiodera  versicolorea,  Laich.  On  wil- 
lows ;  spring  to  autumn.  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Phasdon  tumidulus,  Germ.  On  herbage, 
in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  armoracias,  L.    Habitat  and  distribution 

same  as  the  preceding 

—  cochleariae,    F.      On   watercress,   etc.  ; 

often  found  in  moss  in  wet  places  ; 
all  seasons  ;  all  localities 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


CYCUCA  (continued) 

Phyllodecta  vulgatissima,  L.  On  poplar, 
sallow,  etc.  Near  Knowle  (under 
cut  reeds) 

—  cavifrons,  Thorns.    On  poplars  ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  vitcllinae,  L.     On  willows,  aspens,  etc. ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  extremely  abun- 
dant 

Hydrothassa  aucta,  F.  In  wet  places, 
amongst  herbage,  refuse,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  marginella,  L.     At  roots  of  plants  and 

on  herbage  in  wet  places  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

Prasocurus  junci,  Brahm.  On  Veronica 
baccabunga ;  in  winter  at  roots  of 
plants  ;  found  throughout  the  -mid- 
lands 

-  phellandrii,  L.    On  Phellandrium  aqua- 

ticum,   in  the  folds  of  Typha,  grass 
tussocks,  etc.,  in  marshy  places.     But- 
ton Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 
Luperus  rufipcs,  Scop.      On  birch,  willow, 
alder,  etc.  ;  summer  ;  all  localities 

-  flavipcs,   L.      Habitat   and   distribution 

same  as  the  preceding 
Lochma-a  capreae,  L.    On  sallows,  willows, 
birches,  etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  suturalis,  Thorns.      On  ling  and    hea- 

ther ;  spring  to  autumn.  Button 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  cratasgi,  Forst.      On   whitethorn,  etc.; 

summer.      Knowle  (Blatch) 
Galerucella  viberni,  Payk.      On  Viburnum, 
especially   in    woods  ;  several  woods 
about  Knowle 

—  nymphcse,     L.        On      water     plants, 

Nymphae,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Coleshill 

-  sagittariae,    Gyll.      On   water    plants ; 

hybernates  at  roots  of  plants ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle,  Button  (Blatch), 
Ctlesbill 

—  lineola,    F.       On    willow    and    alder. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  tenella,   L.     In    osier   beds,    etc.  ;    all 

seasons ;  hybernates  at  roots  of  plants. 
Button  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Adimonia  tenaceti,  L.  On  devil's  bit 
scabious,  wild  thyme,  etc.  ;  spring 
to  autumn.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Coles- 
hill 

Syrmela  halensis,  L.  On  flowers  and 
herbage ;  summer  and  autumn  ;  all 
midland  localities 

Longitarsus  anchusae,  Payk.  On  Anchusa, 
etc.,  and  in  moss  and  grass  tufts ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

II* 


CYCLICA  (continued) 

Longitarsus  holsaticus,  L.  In  boggy  places  ; 
on  Equisetum  and  in  Sphagnum. 
Coleshill 

—  luridus,    Scop.       On    herbage  and    in 

moss  and   grass  tufts ;    all  seasons ; 
all  localities 

—  brunneus,  Duft.     Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  the  preceding 

—  fusculus,  Kuts.     Knowle 

—  suturellus,  Duft.     On  Senecio  jacobaea, 

etc.;  summer  (Blatch) 

—  suturellus  var.  fuscicollis,   Steph.     On 

Senecio.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  atricillus,  L.     On  Medicago  and  other 

low  plants ;  summer.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Stratford-on-Avon  (Bloom) 

—  melanocephalus,  All.     On  Spiraea,  etc.; 

occurs  in  all  midland  localities 

—  atriceps,    Kuts.     In    moss    and    hedge 

refuse  in  winter.      Knowle 

—  nasturtii,  F.  On  Cruciferae  in  summer; 

in  moss  and  dead  leaves  in  winter. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  piciceps,  Steph.     On  Senecio  jacobaea. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  membranaceus,  Fourd.    On  Teucrium, 

etc.  ;  summer.     Knowle 

—  pusillus,  Gyll.    On  Thymus  serpyllum, 

etc.       Stratford  -on-  Avon    (Bloom), 
Knowle  (Blatch),  Button  Coldfield 

—  jacobeas,  Wat.      On  ragwort;  summer; 

all  localities 

—  rutilus,  111.     On  Scrophularia  aquatica. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  ochroleucus,  Marsh.     On  low  herbage. 

Knowle 

—  laevis,  Duft.     On  chrysanthemum,  etc. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  pellucidus,  Foudr.     On  Trifolium  and 

Mentha.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

NOTE. — Several  of  the  foregoing  records  are 
given  very  doubtfully,  the  species  ofLongi- 
tarsus  being,  with  few  exceptions,  extremely 
difficult  to  determine.  This  remark  refers 
to  Mr.  Blatch's  records  as  well  as  my  own. 

Haltica    tamaricis,    Lehr.       By    sweeping. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  lythri,  Aube".     On  herbage  in  marshy 

places.      Knowle  (May) 

—  ereceti,    All.     On    ling    and    heath  ; 

summer  and  autumn.     Coleshill 

—  coryli,  Brit.  Coll.     In  woods.     Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  oleracea,  L.     On  various  plants;  spring 

to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  palustris,  Weise.    In  wet  places.    Strat- 

ford-on-Avon (Bloom) 

—  pusilla,    Duft.       On   Helianthemum ; 


INSECTS 


CYCLICA  (continued) 

summer.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Stratford- 
on-Avon  (Bloom) 

Phyllotreta  nigripes,  F.  On  Cruciferas. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  consobrina,      Curt.       On    Cruciferae. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  punctulata,  Marsh.     On  Cruciferae  in 

summer  and  in  moss  and  dead  leaves 
in  winter.  Solihull  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  cruciferas,    Goeze.       On     Cruciferae. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  vittula,    Redt.      On  Cruciferae,    etc. ; 

summer.  Leamington;  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  undulata,    Kuts.      On  Cruciferae,    in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  nemorum,  L.    On  Cruciferas,  in  moss, 

amongst  dead  leaves  in  hedges  and 
woods,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ;  occurs 
throughout  the  county 

—  ochripes,    Curt.       In    wet    places,    on 

herbage.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  sinuata,  Steph.     In  moss,  grass  tufts  in 

bogs,  etc.;  all  seasons.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  tetrastigma,  Com.     On  Cruciferae,  etc. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  exclamationis,  Xhunb.     In  moss,  hedge 

rubbish,  dead  leaves  in  woods,  etc. ; 
all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Apthona  venustula,  Kuts.     On  Euphorbia, 
etc.;  summer.      Knowle 

—  atroccerulea,  Steph.     Amongst  herbage 

and  in  moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Batophila  rubi,  Payk.  By  beating,  etc.  ; 
summer.  Salford  Priors  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

—  aerata,  Marsh.     By  beating,  etc.;  sum- 

mer.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Sphasroderma  testaceum,  F.     On  thistles, 
Senecio,  etc. ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  cardui,  Gyll.     On  thistles,  etc. ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

Apteropeda  orbiculata,  Marsh.  In  moss, 
grass  tufts  and  dead  leaves,  especially 
in  woods ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

Minophila  muscorum,  Koch.  In  moss  in 
woods  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

Mantura  rustica,  L.  In  moss,  cut  grass, 
under  bark,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Small 
Heath ;  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  rustica  var.  suturalis,  Weise.      Knowle 

(Blatch) 

—  obtusata,   Gyll.     On    herbage  and    in 

moss,  etc.,  in  marshy  places.     Sutton 
Park,  December  (Blatch) 
Crepidodera  transversa,  Marsh.     On  thistles 


CYCLICA  (continued) 

and  other  herbage  in  summer,  hyber- 
nates  at  roots  of  plants ;  all  locali- 
ties 

Crepidodera  ferruginea,  Scop.  On  nettles, 
etc.,  in  summer ;  hybernates  at 
roots  of  plants ;  all  localities 

—  helxines,  L.    On  willows,  sallows,  etc., 

from  spring  to  autumn ;  amongst  dead 
leaves  and  refuse  in  winter.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Stratford-on-Avon  (Bloom) 

—  cyanea,   Marsh.     By   sweeping ;  sum- 

mer.    Knowle 

—  chloris,   Foudr.     On   aspens  and  wil- 

lows ;  spring  to  autumn.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  aurata,  Marsh.     On  willows,   poplars, 

etc. ;  all  seasons ;  hybernates  at 
roots  of  plants  ;  all  localities ;  abun- 
dant 

—  smaragdina,  Fourd.      On  aspens,  etc., 

in  moss  and  leaves  ;  found  with 
the  preceding 

Hippuriphila  modeeri,  L.  In  boggy  and 
damp  places  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle; 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Coleshill 

Chaetocnema  hortensis,  Fourc.  On  herb- 
age and  in  moss,  etc.;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  ;  Arley  (Blatch),  Stratford 
(Bloom) 

Plectroscelis  concinna,  Marsh.  In  moss, 
hedge  rubbish,  dead  leaves,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons;  all  localities 

Psylliodes  chrysocephala,  L.  On  Cruci- 
ferae, etc.;  spring  to  autumn. 
Knowle 

—  chrysocephala  van  anglica,  F.     Found 

with  the  type 

—  chrysocephala,  var.  nucea,  111.      Found 

with  the  type 

—  napi,     Koch.      On     Cruciferas,    etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn.  Knowle ;  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch) 

—  cuprea,   Koch.     On   Cruciferae,   etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  affinis,  Payk.     On  Solanum,  etc.;  sum- 

mer.     Tysoe;  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  chalcomera,  111.    OnCircaea;  summer. 

Knowle 

—  picina,    Marsh.       On    Lythrum,    etc. 

Knowle 
CRYPTOSOMATA 

Cassida  sanguinolenta,  F.  In  flood  refuse, 
etc. ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors 

—  flaveola,  Thunb.     In  moss,  grass  tufts, 

etc.,  in  damp  places ;  all  seasons ; 
all  localities 

—  viridis,  F.     On  thistles,  in  moss,  etc.; 

all  seasons  ;  abundant  in  all  locali- 
ties 


117 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


TENEBRIONID^: 

Blaps  mucronata,  Latr.     In  houses,  cellars, 

etc.;  allseasons.    Knowle,  Small  Heath 

(Blatch),  Warwick 
Scaphidema    metallicum,  F.     In  flood  re- 

fuse and  under  stones,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 

sons.      Knowle     (Blatch),      Salford 

Priors 
Tenebro  molitor,  L.     In  houses  and  mills, 

in  old  flour  ;  all  seasons.     Birming- 

ham ;  Hastier  (Blatch) 
—  obscurus,  F.       In  old   flour,  etc.  ;  all 

seasons.     Birmingham  (Blatch) 
Alphitobius    piceus,    OI.       In    flour    bins, 

mills    and    granaries  ;    all    seasons. 

Small  Heath,  Birmingham  (Blatch) 
Gnathocerus  cornutus,  F.     In  flour,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons.      Small  Heath  (Blatch), 

Birmingham 
Trilobium  ferrugineum,  F.     In  flour,  corn, 

etc.  ;     all  seasons.         Small    Heath 

(Blatch),  Birmingham 
-  confusum,    Duv.       In   flour,    etc.  ;   all 

seasons.      Small  Heath,   Birmingham 

(Blatch) 
Helops   striatus,    Fourc.       Under  bark,   in 

moss,  etc.  ;    all  seasons  ;    abundant 

in  all  localities 


Lagria  hirta,  L.  On  flowers  and  herbage; 
summer.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Warwick, 
Stratford-on-Avon 

MELANDRYID^ 

Tetratoma  dcsmaresti,  Latr.      Under  bark, 

etc.      Knowle 
Orchesia  micans,    Panz.      In  Polypori   on 

old  trees.      Knowle 
Conopalpus  testaceus,  Ol.      By  beating  old 

trees.      Knowle 
Malandrya  caraboides,  L.      Under  willow 

bark   and    on   old   posts  and   fences. 

Knowle,  June  1870  (Blatch) 
Anisoxya  fuscula,  111.     In  dead  twigs,  etc. 

I  find  a  note  by  the  late  Mr.  Blatch 

giving  Warwick  as  a  locality  for  this 

species.      No  specimens  are  however 

preserved  in  his  collections  from  this 

place 


Salpingus  castaneus,  Panz.  Amongst  dead 
leaves  in  fir  woods  ;  in  moss  at  mar- 
gins of  bogs  bordered  by  woods  ;  all 
seasons.  Coleshill  ;  Sutton  (Blatch). 

IT  I  *' 

Knowle 

—  aeratus,  Mtlll.  Under  bark,  on  fences, 
windows,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 


Salpingus    atep-,     Payk.       The    late     Mr. 

Blatch    records    this    species    from 

Knowle,  but  Canon  Fowler  seems  to 

think  it  referable  to  the  last  species 
Lissoderma  quadripustulata,  Marsh.   Under 

bark  ;    all    seasons.      Small   Heath  ; 

Knowle  (Blatch),  Salford  Priors 
Rhinosimus  ruficollis,  L.     Under  bark ;  all 

seasons.     Edgbaston;  Sutton  (Blatch), 

Knowle 

—  viridipennis,  Steph.     Under  bark;   all 

seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  planirostris,    F.       Under     bark,     dead 

leaves,  moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons ;  oc- 
curs in  all  localities 

OEDEMERIDjE 

Oedemera  lurida,  Marsh.  On  flowers, 
etc. ;  spring  and  summer.  Stratford- 
on-Avon  (Bloom) 

Ischnoglossa  coerulea,  L.  By  sweeping, 
etc.;  summer.  Leamington  (Blatch) 

PYROCHROID.E 

Pyrochroa  serraticornis,  Scop.  On  flowers 
and  herbage  ;  summer;  found  in  all 
localities 

MORDELLIDJE 

Anaspis  frontalis,  L.  On  flowers  and 
herbage ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  pulicaria,    Costa.       On    flowers,    etc.  ; 

summer.      Knowle 

—  rufilabris,    Gyll.       On    flowers,    etc.  ; 

summer.     Solihull;  Sutton    (Blatch), 
Knowle 

-  geoffroyi,    Mall.       On    flowers,    etc.  ; 

summer  ;  abundant   in    all  localities 

—  ruficollis,  F.    On  whitethorn  and  othei 

flowers  ;  summer  ;  all  localities 

-  flava  var.    thoracica,   L.     On   flowers, 

etc.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  subtestacea,  Steph.      On  flowers,  etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  maculata,   Fourc.     On   flowers,    etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

ANTHICID/E 

Anthicus  floralis,  L.  In  hotbeds,  stack 
refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
in  all  localities 

—  floralis  var.  quisquilius,  Thorns.     Habi- 

tat and  distribution  same  as  the  pre- 
ceding, but  not  so  abundant 

—  antherinus,  L.     In  moss  and  vegetable 

refuse  and  on  flowers  and  herbage. 
Not  abundant,  but  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  midlands 


118 


INSECTS 


Melofi  proscarabaeus,  L.  In  sandy  places ; 
spring  ;  occurs  in  suitable  spots 
throughout  the  midlands 

—  proscarabaeus      var.     cyaneus,     Muls. 

Spring.      Button  Park  (Blatch) 

—  violaceus,    Marsh.      On   heaths,  com- 

mons, etc. ;   spring.      Knowle ;  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

—  cicatricosus,  Leach.     Stratford-on-Avon 

(Bloom) 

Sitaris  muralis,  Forst.  In  and  near  bees' 
nests  (Anthophora).  This  species 
has  been  recorded  from  '  Warwick- 
shire '  by  Stephens. 

ANTHRIBID^E 

Brachytarsus  varius,  F.     In  dead  wood  and 

on  old  trees,  etc. ;  summer.      Knowle 

(Blatch) 
Platyrrhinus    latirostris,    F.       In     fungus 

(Sphaeria,  etc.),  on  ash  trees  ;  spring. 

Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  Choragus  sheppardi,    Kirby.      On    old 

trees,   twigs  and   stumps  ;   summer. 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

CURCULIONID^: 

ATTELABINA 

Apoderus  coryli,  L.  On  hazels  in  woods, 
occasionally  on  elms ;  spring  to 
autumn.  Knowle 

Attelabus  curculionoides,   L.      On  young 
oaks   in  woods  ;  spring  to   autumn. 
Knowle^  Sutton  Park 
RHYNCHITINA 

Rhynchites  asquatus,  L.  On  whitethorn 
blossom,  etc. ;  spring  and  summer. 
Knowle^  Coleshill 

—  aeneovirens,   Marsh.     On  young  trees 

in  and  near  woods ;  summer.   Knowle 

—  coeruleus,     De   G.       On    apple,   pear, 

whitethorn,  etc.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  minutus,  Herbst.      On  undergrowth  in 

woods  ;  summer.    Knowle  ;  Leaming- 
ton (Blatch) 

—  interpunctatus,  Steph.    On  young  trees 

in  woods.     Knowle 

—  pauxillus,    Germ.      Young    oaks    and 

hazels.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  nanus,  Payk.    On  birch  trees;  summer. 

Knowle 

—  uncinatus,  Thorns.     On   birch,  hazel, 

aspen,  etc. ;  summer.  Knowle  (Blatch), 
Solihull 

—  pubescens,  F.     On  oak,  birch,  etc.,  in 

woods  ;  summer.      Knowle ;  Coventry 
(Blatch),  Hay  Woods 


RHYNCHITINA  (continued) 

DeporaUs  megacephalus,  Germ.  On  bir- 
ches, hazels,  etc.,  in  woods  ;  spring 
to  autumn.  Knowle 

—  betulae,  L.    On  undergrowth  in  woods, 

etc. ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all  localities 
APIONINA 

Apion  pomonae,  F.  On  Leguminosae,  in 
moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Occurs 
throughout  midlands 

—  craccae,    L.       On  Vicia    cracca,    etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn.      Knowle 

—  subulatum,  Kirby.      On  Leguminosae, 

etc.  ;  summer.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  ulicis,  Forst.     On  furze  (Ulex) ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;  found  in  all  localities 
where  furze  grows 

—  genestae,    Kirby.        On    dyer's      weed 

(Genista  tinctoria).      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  miniatum,  Germ.    On  docks  (Rumex), 

in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  lo- 
calities 

—  haematodes,   Kirby.       On   sorrel,    etc., 

and  in  moss  ;   all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  rubens,  Steph.      On  sorrel,  docks,  etc.; 

summer.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  pallipes,    Kirby.       On     dog    mercury 

(Mercurialis  perennis),  etc.      Knowle 

—  viciae,  Payk.      On  Vicia  cracca  ;  sum- 

mer and  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  difforme,  Germ.      In  moss,  etc.,  under 

broom  and  on  Polygonum  hydropiper, 
etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  apricans,  Herbst.      On  clover,  in  moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  assimile,  Kirby.      Habitat  and  distribu- 

tion same  as  preceding 

—  trifolii,  L.      On  herbage,  in  moss,  etc.; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  dichroum,  Bedel.      On  clover,  meadow 

sweet,  at  roots  of  plants,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  nigritarse,  Kirby.      On  Trifolium,  etc., 

and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  hookeri,    Kirby.       On    the    unopened 

buds  of  flowers,  wild  camomile, 
coltsfoot,  anthyllis,  etc.,  and  in  moss, 
cowshed  refuse  in  winter  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Knowle^  Kingswood 

—  aeneum,  F.      On  mallows,  in  moss ;  all 

seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  radiolus,   Kirby.     On   mallows,  tansy, 

etc.,  and  in  moss ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  onopordi,  Kirby.     On  the  onopord  and 

other  thistles,  etc.;  spring  to  autumn; 
all  localities 

—  carduorum,    Kirby.      On    thistles,    in 

moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 


119 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


APIONINA  (continued) 

Apion  virens,  Herbst.  On  Leguminosae,  in 
moss,  grass  tufts,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ; 
all  localities 

—  pisi,  F.     On  broom  and  various  other 

plants  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  zthiops,    Herbst.     On    vetches,    etc., 

often  found  in  moss,  etc.,  on  hedge 
banks  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  filirostre,  Kirby.    By  sweeping  herbage 

and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 

—  striatum,  Kirby.     On  the  rest-harrow 

(Ononis),  at  the  roots  of  the  plants  in 
winter  ;  all  seasons  ;  occurs  in  all 
localities  where  the  food  plant  grows 

—  ononis,  Kirby.    On  Ononis  spinosa ;  all 

seasons.     Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

-  ervi,  Kirby.     On  Vicia,  Lathyrus,  etc., 

and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  lo- 
calities 

—  vorax,    Herbst.     On   Leguminosae,    in 

moss,  hedge  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons ; 
all  localities 

—  unicolor,  Kirby.     On  Vicia  cracca,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ;  all  localities 

-  meliloti,  Kirby.    On  Melilotus  arvensis, 

etc.  ;  summer.      Knowle 

—  scutellare,  Kirby.      On  furze,  in   moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle ;  Sutton 
(Blatch) 

—  livescerum,    Gyll.     On  vetches  (Ono- 

brychis,  etc.),  by  sweeping,  etc.  ; 
summer.  Knowle 

—  seniculum,     Kirby.       On    trefoils,     in 

moss,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

-  loti,   Kirby.       On  Lotus  corniculatus  ; 

summer ;  in  grass  tufts  in  pastures 
in  winter.  Knowle 

—  tenue,  Kirby.    On  Melilotus  officinalis, 

Anthyllis  and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  pubescens,    Kirby.       On    willows,    in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Solibull 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

-  marchicum,    Herbst.     On   sorrel,  etc., 

by  sweeping  ;  spring  to  autumn. 
Knowle ;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Solihull 

—  violaceum,  Kirby.      On  docks,  sorrel, 

etc.,  and  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

-  hydrolapathi,    Kirby.      On    docks,    in 

moss  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  humile,  Germ.      On  sorrel,   in   moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
OTIORRHYNCHINA 

Otiorrhynchus  tenebricosus,  Herbst.  In 
moss,  under  stones,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  ligneus,  Ol.     In  moss,  grass  roots,  under 


OTIORRHVNCHINA  (continued) 

stones,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.     Stratford- 
on-Avon  (Bloom) 

Otiorrhynchus  picipes,  F.  On  young  trees 
and  herbage,  in  moss,  etc. ;  a  common 
garden  pest ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant 
everywhere 

—  sulcatus,  F.     At  roots  of  plants,  in  moss, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  ovatus,  L.     In  moss,  at  roots  of  plants, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  muscorum,  Bris.    In  moss,  under  stones, 

etc. ;  all  seasons.     Knowle 
Strophosomus  coryli,  F.    On  young  trees,  in 
moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  capitatus,  De  G.     On  young  trees,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  retusus,  Marsh.     On  furze,  heath,  etc. ; 

spring  and  summer.     Sutton  (Blatch), 
Knowle 

Exomias  araneiformis,  Schr.  In  moss  and 
herbage  ;  all  seasons  ;  abundant  in 
all  localities 

—  pellucidus,    Boh.     In    moss,   etc.  ;   all 

seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Brachysomus   echinatus,   Bousd.     In   moss 

and    hedge    rubbish  ;     all    seasons. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 
Sciaphilus  muricatus,  F.     In   moss,  hedge 

rubbish,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 
Tropiphorus  tomentosus,  Marsh.    On  Mer- 

curialis  perennis,  in  moss,  etc.  ;   all 

seasons.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Liophlceus   nubilus,  F.     On   young  trees, 

in  moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 
Polydrusus  tereticollis,  De  G.      On  young 

trees,  especially  in  woods  ;  spring  to 

autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  pterygomalis,  Boh.     On  young  trees  in 

woods  ;  summer.      Knowle 

—  cervinus,  L.    On  young  trees  ;  in  woods 

and  hedges ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

Phyllobius  oblongus,  L.  On  trees  and 
shrubs  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  calcaratus,   F.     On    alders   and    occa- 

sionally   other    trees  ;     spring    and 
summer.     Knowle 

—  urticae,  De  G.     On  nettles ;  spring  and 

summer  ;  all  localities 

—  pyri,  L.     On  various  trees   in  woods 

and    hedges  ;    spring  and  summer  ; 
all  localities 

—  argentatus,  L.     On  birch,  oak,  white- 

thorn, etc.  ;  spring  and  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

—  maculicornis,  Germ.     On  various  trees 

in  and  near  woods.     Knowle 


1 2O 


INSECTS 


OTIORRHYNCHINA  (continued) 

Phyllobius  pomonae,  Ol.  On  young  trees. 
Knowle 

—  viridiaeris,  Laich.  On  nettles  and  various 

trees,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons ;   all 
localities 

Barynotus  obscurus,  F.  Under  stones,  at 
roots  of  plants  and  in  moss  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

—  elevatus,    Marsh.       In    sandy    places, 

under     stones,    etc. ;     all     seasons. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

Alophus  triguttatus,  F.  In  sandy  places, 
under  stones,  etc.,  also  in  moss  and 
herbage  ;  all  seasons.  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch),  Knowle 

CURCUUONINA 

Sitones  cambricus,  Steph.  In  moss  ;  at 
roots  of  grass  in  marshy  places  ;  all 
seasons.  Earls-wood,  Tanworth,  Soli- 
hull  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  regensteinensis,  Herbst.     On  gorse  and 

broom  and  at  roots  of  grass,  in  moss, 
etc.  ;  abundant  in  all  localities 

—  tibialis,  Herbst.     On  broom,  in   moss, 

etc. ;    all  seasons  ;   all  localities 

—  hispidulus,  F.     On  clover,  broom,  etc., 

and  in  moss  ;   all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  humeralis,    Steph.      On    Leguminosae, 

etc.  ;    summer.      Knowle 

—  flavescens,  Marsh.  On  clover,  etc. ;  sum- 

mer.     Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  flavescens  var.   longicollis,   Fahr.     On 

clover,  etc.  ;    summer.     Knowle 

—  puncticollis,  Steph.     On  clover,  vetches, 

etc.,  and  in  moss ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  suturalis,  Steph.    On  Leguminosae,  etc., 

and  in  moss  ;  all  seasons.      Knowle 

—  lineatus,  L.     On  peas,  beans  and  other 

plants,  in   moss,   etc.  ;    all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

—  sulcifrons,    Thunb.      In    clover    fields, 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 
Hypera    punctata,  F.     Amongst    herbage, 
in  moss,  hedge  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

—  rumicis,  L.     On  docks,  in  moss,  etc.  ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  polygoni,    L.      On    the    corn-spurrey 

(Spergula  arvensis,  etc.)  ;   all  locali- 
ties 

—  suspiciosa,   Herbst.     On    trefoils,   etc., 

and  in  moss  ;   all   seasons.     Knowle 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

—  variabilis,  Herbst.     On  trefoil,  vetches, 

broom,    etc.  ;    spring    to    autumn. 
Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  trilineata,    Marsh.      On    Leguminosae, 

etc.  ;  summer.     Knowle  (Blatch) 


CURCULIONINA  (continued) 

Hypera  nigrirostris,    F.      On    clover  and 

other  plants,  in  moss,  hedge  refuse, 

hot-beds,     etc. ;     all     seasons ;     all 

localities 
Cleonus  sulcirostris,  L.    On  thistles ;  spring 

to  autumn.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Liosoma  ovatulum,  Clairv.     In  moss,  grass 

roots,  hedge  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 

all  localities 

—  ovatulum    var.    collaris,    Rye.     Found 

with  the  type,  but  much  scarcer 
and  more  attached  to  boggy  places. 
Tysoe  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  oblongulum,  Boh.  In  moss  and  amongst 

dead  leaves  in  woods  ;    all  seasons. 

Knowle 
Hylobius  abietis,  L.     Amongst   pines  and 

firs  ;    summer.       Edgbaston  ;    Sutton 

(Blatch)  Knowle 
Orchestes    quercus,    L.     On    oaks,  under 

bark,    in    moss,    dead    leaves,    etc.  ; 

all  seasons  ;   found  freely  in  all  parts 

of  the  midlands 

—  alni,    L.       On    elm  trees,    in    hedges, 

under  bark,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  alni   var.   ferrugineus,   Marsh.     Found 

with  the  type  form,  but  less  abun- 
dantly 

—  ilicis,   F.      On    oak    and    other   trees  ; 

summer.      Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  avellanae,  Don.      On  oaks,  etc.  ;   sum- 

mer.     Knoivle  (Blatch) 

—  fagi,  L.      On  beech  trees,  under  bark, 

etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  rusci,    Herbst.      On    birch    and    other 

trees,  especially  in  woods ;  spring 
to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

—  stigma,     Germ.       On     sallows,     etc.  ; 

spring  to  autumn  ;    all  localities 

—  salicis,   L.     On  willows,   etc.  ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;    all  localities 

Rhamphus  flavicornis,  Clairv.  On  birch, 
sallow,  etc. ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all 
localities 

Grypidius  equiseti,  F.  On  the  horsetail 
(Equisetum)  ;  spring  to  autumn  ; 
throughout  the  midlands 

Erirrhinus  acridulus,  L.  In  low  meadows, 
margins  of  streams,  rivers  and  ponds, 
at  roots  of  plants,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons  ;  abundant  in  all  localities 

Thryogenes  festucae,  Herbst.  At  roots  of 
Carex,  amongst  reeds,  etc.  ;  on  river 
banks,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Leaming- 
ton ;  Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  nereis,  Payk.     Amongst   reeds   in  wet 

and  boggy  places  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle 


121 


16 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 


CURCULIONINA  (continued) 

Thryogenes   scirrhosus,    Gyll.      Amongst 

reeds  and  in  grass  tussocks  in  bogs  ; 

all  seasons.     Sutton  Park  (Blatch) 
Dorytomus  vorax,  F.     On  poplars  :  often 

found  in  profusion  hybernating  under 

the  bark  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  tortrix,  L.     On    aspens,  willows    and 

poplars  in  summer  ;  under  bark  in 
winter.  Knowle  (Blatch),  Co/eshill 

—  maculatus,  Marsh.     On   sallows,  etc. ; 

amongst  leaves  and  refuse  in  wet 
places  in  winter  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  maculatus  var.  costirostris,  Gyll.     On 

aspens,  etc.      Coleshill  (June) 

—  melanopthalmus,  Payk.      On   sallows  ; 

autumn.      Knowle 

—  melanopthalmus    var.    agnathus,    Boh. 

On  sallows  ;    autumn.     Knowle 

—  pectoralis,   Gyll.     On   sallows  and   at 

roots  of  plants  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Tanysphyrus  lemnae,  F.  On  duckweed 
(Lemna)  and  amongst  refuse  ;  all 
sasons.  Knowle  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch) 

Bagous  alismatis,  Marsh.  On  water- 
plantain,  watercress,  etc.  Knowle 

Anoplus  plantaris,  Naez.  On  young  birches, 
etc.  ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  all  localities 

-  roboris,   Suffr.      On    alders,   oaks,    etc. 

Knowle  (Blatch) 

Elleschus  bipunctatus,  L.  On  young  sal- 
lows ;  autumn.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

Tychius  tomentosus,  Herbst.  On  vetches 
and  other  plants  ;  summer.  Knowle 
(Blatch) 

Miccotrogus  picirostris,  F.  On  herbage  in 
pastures,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ; 
all  localities 

Gymnetron  villosulus,Gyll.  Amongst  herb- 
age on  margins  of  watercourses,  etc. 
Knowle.  Also  recorded  from  Knowle 
by  Blatch,  but  no  specimen  is  pre- 
served in  his  collection 

-  baccabungae,  L.     On  Veronica  bacca- 

bunga  and  other  aquatic  plants  ;  sum- 
mer. Knowle  ;  Tysoe  (Blatch),  Coles- 
hill 

Mecinus  pyraster,  Herbst.  On  plantains, 
in  moss, etc. ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

Anthonomus  ulmi,  De  G.  On  elms,  etc.  ; 
summer  ;  all  localities 

—  rosinae,  Des  Gozis.    By  beating  hedges  ; 

summer.     Knowle 

—  pedicularis,    L.      On    whitethorn    and 

other  trees.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  pomorum,    L.      On    apple,    pear    and 

other  trees  ;  summer  ;  all  localities 

—  rubi,  Herbst.     By  beating  hedges,  etc., 


CURCULIONINA  (continued) 

during  summer  ;  in  moss  and  leaves 
in  woods  in  winter  ;  all  localities 
Cionus  scrophularias,  L.     On  figworts(Scro- 
phularia);  summer.    Know/e(Blntch), 
Solihull 

—  hortulanus,   Marsh.     On    Scrophularia 

and  Verbascum  ;  summer.     Knowle 

—  blattariaa,    F.      Habitat    same    as    pre- 

ceding ;  summer  ;  all  localities 

—  pulchellus,    Herbst.     On    Scrophularia 

nodosa  ;    summer  ;   all  localities 
Orobites  cyaneus,  L.     On  herbage  and  in 
moss  ;    all  seasons.      Knowle  ;    Tysoe 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 

Cryptorrhynchus  lapathi,  L.  On  willows, 
in  osier  beds,  etc. ;  summer.  Salford 
Priors 

Coeliodes  rubicundus,  Herbst.  On  young 
birches  in  woods  and  bogs  ;  amongst 
dead  leaves,  etc.,  in  winter  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Knowle;  Sutton  (Blatch),  Coles- 
hill 

-  quercus,  F.     On  young  oaks  ;  amongst 

moss  and  leaves  in  woods  ;  all  sea- 
sons. Knowle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  ruber,   Marsh.     On    young    oaks    and 

amongst  dead  leaves  in  woods  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle 

—  erythroleucus,   Gmel.      On   oaks,   etc., 

in  and  near  woods,  and  moss  and 
dead  leaves  in  winter  ;  all  seasons. 
Knowle,  Coleshill 

—  cardui,  Herbst.      On  herbage,  in  moss, 

flood  refuse,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.     On  the  stinging 

nettle,  in  moss  and  herbage  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

Poophagus  sisymbrii,  F.  On  Nasturtium 
amphibium  ;  on  margins  of  brooks 
and  ponds,  etc.  ;  summer ;  fairly 
plentiful  throughout  midlands 

Ceuthorrhynchusassimilis,  Payk.  On  Cruci- 
ferae,  in  moss  and  herbage  ;  all  sea- 
sons ;  all  localities 

—  cochleariae,  Gyll.     On  Cochlearia  and 

Cardamine  in  wet  places  ,-  all  sea- 
sons. Knowle  (Blatch) 

-  ericae,  Gyll.     On  heath  and  ling  and 

in  moss,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Coleshill ; 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

-  erysimi,   F.     On  Cruciferae,  in   moss, 

etc.  ;   all  seasons  ;    all  localities 

—  erysimi  var.  chloropterus,  Steph.    Found 

with  the  type  form 

—  contractus,  Marsh.     On  Cruciferae,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  quadridens,  Panz.     On   Cruciferas,   in 

moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle 
(Blatch),  Coleshill 


122 


INSECTS 


CURCULIONINA  (continued) 

Ceuthorrhynchus  pollinarius,  Forst.  On 
the  stinging  nettle,  in  moss,  etc.  ; 
all  seasons  ;  abundant  in  all  places 

—  pleurostigma,  Marsh.     On   Cruciferas, 

in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all  locali- 
ties 

—  marginatus,    Payk.     On    flowers    and 

herbage  ;  summer.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  rugulosus,  Herbst.     In  moss  and  herb- 

age ;  all  seasons.      Solihull 

—  euphorbias,  Bris.  On  spurge  (Euphorbia), 

etc.      Knoui/e 

—  chrysanthemi,  Germ.      On  the  ox-eye 

daisy,etc. ;  summer.   Knowle (Blatch) 

—  litura,  F.     On  thistles,  etc.  ;  summer  ; 

all  localities 

Ceuthorrhynchidius  floralis,Payk.  On  Cruci- 
ferae,  etc. ;  summer  ;  all  localities 

—  nigrinus,  Marsh.     In   herbage   in   wet 

places.      Sheldon 

—  melanarius,  Steph.     Amongst   herbage 

and  moss,  etc.,  in  wet  places  ;  all 
seasons.  Knowle  ;  Salford  Priors 
(Blatch) 

—  quercicola,  Payk.     On  herbage  and  in 

moss.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  troglodytes,  F.    On  plantains  and  herb- 

age in  pastures  ;  all  seasons  ;  abun- 
dant in  all  localities 

Rhytidosomus  globulus,  Herbst.  On  aspens ; 
summer ;  taken  by  the  late  Mr.  Blatch 
and  the  author  in  woods  near  Knowle 

Amalus  hasmorrhous,  Herbst.  On  herbage, 
in  moss,  etc.  ;  all  seasons.  Salford 
Priors  (Blatch),  Knowle 

Rhinoncus  pericarpius,  L.  On  knot  grass, 
dock,  thistles,  etc.  ;  all  seasons  ;  all 
localities 

—  gramineus,  Herbst.    At  roots  of  plants, 

in  vegetable  refuse,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Coleshill ;  Button  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  perpendicularis,   Reich.      In    bogs    and 

damp  meadows  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  ; 
Sutton  (Blatch),  Kingswood,  Coleshill 

—  castor,  F.    At  roots  of  grass  and  amongst 

herbage ;  all  seasons.  Sutton  Cold- 
field 

Phytobius  comari,  Herbst.  Grass  tussocks, 
moss,  etc.,  in  bogs ;  all  seasons.  Coles- 
hill;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  quadrituberculatus,    F.      In    bogs   and 

marshy  places,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  all 
seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  canaliculatus,    Fahr.      Marshy  places. 

Knowle  (June) 

—  quadricornis,     Gyll.       Marshy   places. 

Sutton  Coldfield 

Limnobaris  T-album,  L.  In  grass  tussocks, 
axils  of  reeds  and  flags,  in  moss,  etc., 


CURCULIONINA  (continued} 

in  bogs  and  marshy  places  ;  all  sea- 
sons.    Coleshill ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 
Balaninus    venosus,    Grav.      On    oaks    in 
woods ;  summer.     Knowle 

—  nucum,  L.    On  hazel  in  woods  ;  sum- 

mer.    Knowle 

—  turbatus,  Gyll.     On  oak,  hazel,  etc.  ; 

summer.     Knowle 

—  villosus,   F.     On    oaks  and   hazels  in 

summer  ;     flood    refuse    in    winter. 
Knowle  ;    Sutton  (Blatch) 

—  salicivorus,  Payk.     On  willows  ;  spring 

to  autumn  ;    all  localities 

—  pyrrhoceras,  Marsh.     On  oak,  willow, 

hazel,  etc. ;  spring  to  autumn  ;  gener- 
ally distributed 

Magdalis  armigera,  Fourc.  By  beating  ; 
summer.  Knowle 

-  cerasi,  L.      On  blackthorn,  etc.  ;  sum- 

mer.     Knowle 

-  pruni,  L.     On  blackthorn  ;  summer  ; 

all  localities 
CALANDRINA 

Calandra  granaria,  L.  In  granaries,  flour, 
corn,  etc. ;  all  seasons.  Birmingham  ; 
Small  Heath  (Blatch),  Knowle 

—  oryzae,  L.      In  rice,  wheat,  flour,  etc.  ; 

all    seasons.      Birmingham    (Blatch), 
Knowle 
COSSONINA 

Rhyncolus  gracilis,  Ros.  In  birch  twigs, 
on  dry  sticks,  etc. ;  summer.  Small 
Heath  (Blatch) 

SCOLYTID^E 

Scolytus  destructor,  Ol.  In  elm,  ash  and 
other  trees  ;  all  seasons.  Knowle  ; 
Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 

—  pruni,  Ratz.      In  apple  trees.      Haseler 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

—  multistriatus,  Marsh.    In  decaying  trees, 

ash,  apple,  etc.  ;  summer.      Knowle 
Hylastes    ater,  Payk.     Under    pine  bark  ; 
summer.     Knowle 

—  opacus,  Er.      In    decaying   wood,  fir, 

elm,  etc. ;  spring  to  autumn.    Knowle 
(Blatch) 

—  palliatus,  Gyll.     Under  bark  of  spruce 

and  other  firs  ;  all  seasons.     Knowle  ; 
Sutton  (Blatch) 

Hylesinus  crenatus,  F.  In  decaying  ash 
trees.  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  oleiperda,  F.    In  dead  ash  trees.    Leam- 

ington (A.  G.  Chitty),  Knowle 

—  fraxini,  Panz.     In  decaying  ash  trees  ; 

all  seasons  ;  all  localities 

—  vittatus,  F.    In  decaying  elm,  ash,  etc. ; 

Campion    Wyniates   (Power),   Salford 
Priors  (Blatch) 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 


Myelophilus  piniperda,  L.  In  decaying 
firs,  in  dead  leaves,  etc.  ;  all  seasons. 
Knawle  ;  Sutton  (Blatch) 

Xylocleptes  bispinus,  Duft.  In  the  stems 
of  Clematis  vitalba  ;  summer.  Sut- 
ton Park  (Blatch) 

Dryocastes  villosus,  F.  Under  oak  bark  ; 
all  seasons  ;  abundant  in  the  midlands 

—  alni,  Georg.  Under  bark  of  beech,  etc. ; 
summer.  Near  Tardley  (Blatch) 

Pityogenes  bidentatus,  Herbst.  Under  fir 
bark  and  by  sweeping  amongst 
pines.  Sutton  Park 


Trypodcndrort  domesticum,  L.  In  decay- 
ing wood  of  oak  and  other  trees  ;  all 
seasons.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch),  Knowle 

ABNORMAL   COLEOPTERA 
STYLOPIDjE 

Stylops  melittae,  Kirby.  Parasitic  on  bees 
(Andrena).  The  late  Mr.  Blatch 
was  under  the  impression  that  he 
found  a  specimen  on  an  Andrena 
captured  at  Knowle^  but  unfortu- 
nately it  was  not  preserved 


LEPIDOPTERA 

The  greater  part  of  the  following  list  needs  no  explanation  ;  a  few 
notes  on  the  authorities  quoted  are  however  necessary.  Mention  has 
already  been  made  in  the  general  introduction  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  G. 
Blatch.  He  is  quoted  constantly  throughout  this  list  in  several  ways.  In 
the  first  place  the  lists  in  the  Handbook  to  Birmingham  for  the  use  of  the 
British  Association,  mentioned  above,  are  referred  to  as  Brit.  Assoc.  Hand. 
or  '  W.  G.  Blatch  Hand.'  These  records  must  be  taken  as  fairly  accurate 
but  not  absolutely  trustworthy,  owing  to  the  fact  that  to  some  extent  they 
were  compiled  from  sources  not  always  quite  sound  ;  moreover  I  am 
afraid  they  were  rather  hastily  put  together  without  sufficient  examina- 
tion. The  greater  part  of  the  records  quoted  on  his  authority  have 
however  been  made  after  personal  examination  of  his  collection,  and 
have  only  been  given  when  the  specimen  is  actually  there  and  is  labelled. 
These  are  probably  accurate,  as  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  went  through  the 
collection  not  long  before  Mr.  Blatch's  death.  These  are  referred  to  as 
'  Blatch  Coll.'  Mr.  Blatch  also  left  a  MS.  catalogue  of  a  portion  of  his 
collection,  made  as  the  specimens  were  taken  in  his  earlier  days.  Many 
of  these  specimens  do  not  now  exist  in  his  cabinets  ;  and  many  mistakes 
occur,  as  the  notes  were  usually  made  at  the  time,  but  whereas  the 
identification  was  frequently  corrected  afterwards  the  catalogue  was 
not  always  corrected.  This  is  occasionally  quoted  as  '  Blatch  Cat.'  In  a 
few  cases  I  have  records  personally  conveyed  to  me,  and  those  are  simply 
quoted  '  W.  G.  Blatch.'  The  Rugby  School  Natural  History  Society 
Reports  referred  to  above  are  usually  referred  to  simply  as  'Rugby  Lists.' 
When  a  record  occurred  only  once  the  date  is  put  afterwards.  These 
records  must  be  accepted  with  much  reserve.  They  are  for  the  most 
part  merely  schoolboys'  records  and  naturally  very  untrustworthy.  I 
hesitated  for  some  time  about  employing  them  at  all,  but  as  no  other 
account  of  that  part  of  the  county  was  procurable  they  have  been 
quoted  when  other  evidence  of  the  species  occurring  in  the  county  has 
not  been  forthcoming.  Many  absurd  errors  occur  which  make  one  dis- 
trustful of  the  whole  list  ;  but  no  schoolboy  is  likely  to  be  wrong  about 
a  species  like  Zeuzera  pyrina,  L.,  which  is  mentioned  in  nearly  every 
report.  While  therefore  excluding  the  most  improbable  ones  I  have 

124 


INSECTS 

thought  it  worth  while  to  give  all  those  most  likely  to  be  correct  in 
order  to  give  a  better  idea  of  distribution  inside  the  county.  Even  for 
this  purpose  the  lists  are  rather  unsatisfactory,  as  unfortunately  exact 
localities  are  not  always  given,  and  Rugby  may  mean  some  place  10 
miles  away,  perhaps  not  even  in  Warwickshire,  as  Rugby  is  so  near  the 
border.  Several  of  the  contributors  to  the  reports  were  masters  and 
others  whose  records  are  much  more  reliable,  such  as  the  Rev.  A.  H. 
Wratislaw,  Messrs.  J.  M.  Furness,  A.  and  N.  V.  Sidgwick,  and  I  have 
usually  quoted  their  names  in  addition.  Mr.  F.  Enock's  Lists  in  Pro- 
ceedings of  Birmingham  Natural  History  and  Microscopical  Society  referred 
to  in  the  general  introduction  are  quoted  as  '  F.  Enock,  List,'  1869  or 
1870  ;  and  the  brief  popular  account  he  gave  in  the  Saturday  Half- 
Holiday  Guide  as  F.  Enock,  Saturday  Guide.  It  should  be  pointed  out 
that  even  though  they  may  have  been  accurate,  some  of  the  records 
of  Messrs.  F.  Enock  and  W.  G.  Blatch  in  these  older  publications  were 
correct  only  for  the  time  when  they  were  written,  and  the  insects  referred 
to  cannot  always  be  found  still  in  the  same  places.  Of  the  other 
authorities  most  of  them  explain  themselves.  I  have  had  opportunities 
of  examining  Messrs.  R.  C.  Bradley 's  and  H.  W.  Ellis'  collections  and 
have  had  lists  supplied  to  me  by  Messrs.  C.  Baker,  W.  Kiss,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler  and  N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Dr.  P.  P.  Baly  and  Rev.  W.  Bree,  and  all 
their  records  are  taken  from  those  lists.  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  collected 
information  specially  for  me  for  purposes  of  this  work,  and  sent  to  me 
the  records  of  Mr.  Austen  and  Mr.  L.  C.  Keighley-Peach.  I  have  had 
no  opportunity  of  seeing  any  of  the  specimens  recorded  by  them. 
Most  of  the  remainder  of  the  records  have  been  given  either  personally 
or  have  been  obtained  through  specimens  shown  at  meetings  of  the  Bir- 
mingham Entomological  Society,  and  have  been  gradually  accumulated, 
a  few  only  having  been  obtained,  after  much  search,  from  the  magazines, 
etc.  The  list  will  be  found  a  poor  one,  especially  in  the  smaller  and 
more  obscure  groups,  but  this  is  not  surprising  seeing  that  the  county 
has  never  had  a  collector  who  has  given  his  undivided  attention  to  the 
whole  of  the  Lepidoptera.  Mr.  Blatch  was  primarily  a  coleopterist  and 
Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  has  given  most  of  his  time  to  Diptera  and  Aculeate 
Hymenoptera,  and  few  of  the  others  have  ever  studied  any  but  the 
Macro-Lepidoptera.  I  myself  am  not  a  lepidopterist,  but  have  given 
most  of  my  time  to  a  few  groups  of  the  Diptera.  Some  years  ago 
however  I  gave  a  little  attention  to  the  Lepidoptera,  when  like  too  many 
others  I  took  little  notice  of  the  '  Micros,'  of  which  I  know  very  little,  so 
that  that  part  of  the  following  list  is  chiefly  compilation.  Where  no 
authority  is  quoted  for  a  record,  I  am  myself  responsible. 

The  chief  places  quoted  are  situated,  roughly  speaking,  as  follows  : 
Sutton  on  the  north-west  border  line  ;  Birmingham  also  on  the  border  line 
a  little  further  south  ;  Moseley,  Small  Heath,  Yardley  and  Stechford,  all 
suburbs  of  Birmingham,  on  the  south  or  south-east  side  (Moseley  and 
Yardley  themselves  being  actually  just  over  the  border)  ;  Marston  Green, 
Knowle,  Solihull,  Olton,  Hampton-in-Arden,  Coleshill  and  Hay  Woods, 

125 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 

all  in  the  west  of  the  county  ;  Alcester,  Haselor  and  Salford  Priors  in 
extreme  south-west  ;  Whitchurch,  Wolford,  Idlicote,  Wellesbourne, 
Ettington,  all  nearly  south  ;  Rugby  in  the  extreme  east  ;  Atherstone  on 
the  north-east  border  ;  Brandon,  Coombe,  Waveney  and  PVankton  Woods 
all  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the  county  ;  and  Coventry,  Warwick,  etc., 
almost  in  the  centre.  A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  most  of  the 
places  where  the  majority  of  our  records  have  been  made  happen  to  be 
on  or  very  near  the  border  line  of  the  county. 

The  total  number  of  species  recorded  is  only  813,  excluding  doubt- 
fully accurate  ones,  a  very  poor  number  which  could  easily  be  added  to 
by  a  little  attention  to  the  smaller  species.  There  are  46  butterflies,  of 
which  6 — Aporia  crafagi,  Vanessa  Antiopa,  Nemeobius  lucina,  Lyccena  Argus, 
L.  Condon,  and  L.  semiargus — have  no  good  claim  to  be  considered  War- 
wickshire insects.  The  larger  species,  Noctuidas,  Geometridae,  etc.,  of 
the  old  lists  are  fairly  well  represented,  whilst  the  greater  number  of 
blanks  will  be  found  in  the  old  families  Tortricida?  and  Tineidae. 

I  have  adopted  for  this  list  the  classification  and  nomenclature  of 
Staudinger  and  Rebel's  last  catalogue  without  change,  although  I  do  not 
think  that  it  by  any  means  reaches  the  high  water  mark  of  modern 
entomological  progress.  I  have  given  synonyms  according  to  no  regular 
system,  quoting  only  those  which  it  seemed  to  me  would  be  helpful 
to  make  clear  the  species  intended. 

land  it  is  never  abundant  witli  us. 
It  is  very  rarely  seen  excepting  in 
the  big  Edusa  years.  I  have  records 
from  Bent  ley  Heath  (A.  H.  Mar- 
tineau)  ;  Meriden  (one  =  1892, 
G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (W.  Kiss, 
W.  G.  Blatch  Hand.,  J.  T. 
Fountain)  ;  Yardley  and  Coleshill 
(W.  G.  Blatch  Hand.);  Marston 
Green  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Allesley  (occa- 
sionally, W.  Bree)  ;  Warwick  (com- 
mon in  1877,  but  never  seen  since  ; 
two  of  var.  Helice  amongst  them, 
P.  P.  Baly) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ; 
Wolford  Woods  (plentiful  in  1900, 
Austen) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom) ; 
Sutton  Coldfield  (J.  W.  Moore  En- 
tom,  1892);  Wolford  (common  in 
1877  ;  also  var.  Helice,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Rugby  (Lucas,  E.M.M. 
1892,  p.  266)  ;  several  records  in 
Rugby  lists  in  years  1867,  1877, 
1889,  1892,  including  one  var. 
Helice  at  Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness, 
1892),  etc. 

Gonepteryx  rhamni,  L.     Throughout  the 
county 

NYMPHALID^ 
NYMPHALINJE 

Apatura  Iris,  L.     Very  rare.     I  have  never 
seen  a  Warwickshire  specimen,  but 


PIERID^E 

Aporia  cratsegi,  L.  Never  seems  to  have 
been  a  native  of  this  county.  The 
Rev.  W.  Bree  once  took  a  single 
specimen  at  Allesley,  and  Mr.  W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler  says  he  has  an  old  speci- 
men of  his  father's  which  he  believes 
was  taken  at  Wolford 

Pieris  brassicae,  L.       Common  everywhere 

-  rapas,  L.  „  „ 

-  '"Pi,  L.  „  „ 
Euchloe  cardamines,  L.      „  „ 
Leptidia  (Lcucophasia)   sinapis,    L.      Very 

rare  ;  I  know  of  no  recent  captures. 
Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  (Brit.  Assoc. 
Hand.)  says:  'Occasionally  in  woods 
near  Knoiu/e.'  It  occurs  in  Mr.  F. 
Enock's  list,  1869,  probably  referring 
to  the  same  place  ;  and  in  the  Rugby 
It6t  for  1874  (H.  Vicars) 

Colias  Hyale,  L.  Very  rare  ;  only  casuals 
have  occurred.  Edgbaston  Reservoir 
(one  in  1868,  F.  Enock  ;  mentioned 
in  Newman's)  ;  Rugby  (W.  S. 
Edmonds,  Rugby  list,  1888);  near 
Birmingham  (G.  H.Kenrick,  E.M.M. 
1868,  p.  107)  ;  Wolford  Woods 
(several  in  1900,  Austen) 

Colias  Edusa,  F.  We  get  our  share  of  the 
occasional  immigrations  of  this 
species,  although  being  so  far  in- 


126 


INSECTS 


NYMPHALINJE  (continued) 

have  the  following  records  for  it  : 
Ettington  Park  (one,  some  time  since, 
J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Wolford  (frequently 
seen,  a  few  taken  years  ago  by  my 
father,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Oakley 
Woods  (is  said  to  have  been  taken 
there,  but  have  never  seen  it  there, 
or  a  specimen  from  there,  P.  P. 
Baly).  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  speaks 
of  its  occurrence  in  woods  near 
Coventry  and  Leamington,  on  what 
authority  I  do  not  know  (Brit. 
Asm.  Hand.;  also  E.M.M.  1887, 
p.  199) ;  it  occurs  in  Rugby  list 
for  1888  (W.  S.  Edmonds),  and 
Morris  mentions  its  occurrence  at 
Anstey 

Pyrameis  Atalanta,  L.  Occurs  in  every 
list  from  all  parts  of  the  county,  and 
is  sometimes  abundant,  but  not 
generally.  It  seems  very  irregular 
in  its  appearance 

—  cardui,  L.     The  same  remarks  apply 

to  this  as  to  the  last  species 
Vanessa  Jo,  L.  This  species  likewise 
occurs  in  every  list  I  have  received, 
but  frequently  with  the  remark  '  not 
common.'  I  have  not  often  seen  it 
myself  in  the  county 

—  urticae,  L.    Common  everywhere.    One 

var.  polaris  Small  Heath  (A.  D.  Imms, 
E.M.M.  1901,  p.  148) 
[ —  1-album,  Esp.  A  specimen  of  this 
species  is  said  to  have  been  taken  by 
Mr.  B.  May  at  Henley-in-Arden 
about  1877.  The  specimen  was 
exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Birmingham  Ent.  Soc.,  and  the 
capture  seemed  genuine.  It  was 
probably  an  accidental  importation] 

—  polychloros,  L.     Rare  ;   there  seems  to 

be  a  general  opinion  that  it  is  rarer 
now  than  it  used  to  be.  Sutton 
(one,  R.  C.  Bradley  ;  one,  C. 
J.  Wainwright)  ;  Knowle  (W.  Kiss, 
Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Allesley  (scarce, 
W.  Bree)  ;  Warwick  (but  not  no- 
ticed lately,  P.  P.  Baly);  Wolf  or  d 
(used  to  be  common,  but  now  almost 
gone,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Rugby, 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists,  several 
records).  Newman  quotes, 'not  un- 
common (W.  G.  Colbourne)  ;  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon  (W.  G.  Colbourne) ; 
Rugby  (A.  H.  Wratislaw) '  ;  and 
Morris  gives  Anstey 

—  Antiopa,  L.     I  have  the  following  re- 

cords :  Sutton  Park  (one,  Titley)  ; 
Warwick  (one  taken  by  C.  S.  H. 


NYMPHALIN^:  (continued} 

Perceval,  Aug.  22,  1872;  Entom. 
Dec.  1872);  Coombe  Wood  near  Rug- 
by (one,  H.  Vicars,  Rugby  list, 
1874)  ;  Birmingham  near  Cannon 
Hill  Park  (one,  R.  C.  R.  Jordan, 
E.M.M.  1880,  p.  113);  Warwick 
(one  taken  by  a  lady  and  recorded 
by  E.  G.  Baldwin,  E.M.M.  i.  213) 

Polygonia  c-album,  L.  Fairly  generally 
distributed,  but  never  abundant.  I 
have  however  many  records  for  it, 
and  W.  G.  Blatch  says  (Brit.  Assoc. 
Hand.)  that  it  is  sometimes  seen 
even  in  the  streets  of  Birmingham 

Melitaea  aurinia,  Rott.  (Artemis,  Hb.). 
Rare  ;  here  and  there  small  colonies 
in  very  restricted  areas.  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  Blatch  Hand.)  ; 
Vmberslade  (J.  T.  Fountain) ;  Alles- 
ley (once  only,  W.  Bree)  ;  Wolford 
(very  local,  one  or  two  fields  only, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Brandon  Woods 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Morris  quotes  Coles- 
bill  and  Coventry.  It  used  to  occur 
in  Sutton  Park,  but  on  draining  the 
marshes  to  build  the  railway  through 
it  its  haunts  were  destroyed,  and  the 
last  time  it  was  heard  of  was  in  1882, 
when  a  few  specimens  were  taken 
by  E.  C.  Tye 

[ —  cinxia,  L.  Morris  recorded  the  cap- 
ture of  a  specimen  at  Leamington  by 
Mr.  Walhouse  ;  doubtless  an  error] 

Argynnis  Selene,  Schiff.  Common  in  many 
of  the  larger  woods.  Manton  Green 
(E.  C.  Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle 
(W.  Kiss,  Blatch  Hand.,  etc.) ;  Coles- 
hill  Pool  (W.  Bree)  ;  Sutton  Coldfield 
(Stainton  in  Manual] ;  Rugby  =  Bran- 
don Woods,  Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ; 
Coombe  (G.  B.  Longstaff,  E.M.M. 
1866,  p.  138) 

—  Euphrosyne,  L.  Distributed  more  widely 
than  the  above.  Manton  Green  (E.  C. 
Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  Blatch  Hand.,  etc.)  ;  Coven- 
try (G.  H.  Kenrick)  ;  Sutton  (one  in 
garden,  R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Hay  Woods 
(H.  W.  Ellis)  ;  Carley  (abundant  for- 
merly in  woods  at  Corley  ;  none  seen 
for  many  years,  W.  Bree)  ;  Oakley 
and  Hay  Woods  (very  common,  P.  P. 
Baly)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford 
Woods  (Austen  and  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Coombe  (G.  B.  Long- 
staff,  E.M.M.  1866,  p.  138) 


12? 


A    HISTORY    OF  WARWICKSHIRE 


NYMPHAUN/E  (continued) 

[Argynnis  Dia,  L.  It  was  at  Sutton  Park 
that  this  species  was  supposed  to  have 
been  taken  by  Weaver,  and  it  was 
also  in  this  county  at  Leamington 
that  A.  Aphrodite,  an  American 
species,  I  believe,  was  supposed  to 
have  been  taken  by  Mr.  Walhouse 
as  recorded  by  Morris] 
—  Aglaja,  L.  Rare.  Occurs  at  Wol- 
ford  Woods  (Austen  and  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  is  quoted  two  or  three 
times  in  the  Rugby  lists  from  Bran- 
don Woods ;  the  Rev.  W.  Bree  re- 
cords it  from  Coleshill  Poo/,  near  to 
which  E.  C.  Tye  believes  he  took 
it  some  years  ago  ;  and  W.  G. 
Blatch  gives  Knowh  in  Brit.  Asm. 
Hand.  I  have  never  seen  a  Warwick- 
shire specimen  myself,  and  there  is 
not  much  ground  suitable  to  it 
—  Adippe,  L.  Not  uncommon  in  some 
of  the  larger  woods.  Coombe  Woods 
(W.  Bree  and  G.  B.  Longstaff, 
E.M.M.  1866,  p.  138);  Rugby  = 
Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists,  and 
G.  B.  LongstafF  in  Newman's) ; 
Wolford  Woods  (Austen,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Marston  Green  (E.  C. 
Tye)  ;  Knowh  (C.  J.  Wainwright, 
Blatch  Hand.) ;  Earlswood  (A.  D. 
Imms) 

-  Paphia,  L.  Found  with  Adippe  as  a 
rule,  not  uncommon  in  most  suitable 
places.  Wolf  or d  Woods  (Austen  and 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Coombe  Woods 
(G.  B.  LongstafF,  E.M.M.  1866, 
p.  138);  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) ;  Chesterton  Wood  and  Oakley 
Wood  near  Warwick  (common,  P.  P. 
Baly)  ;  Corley  (abundant  formerly, 
none  seen  for  many  years,  W.  Bree) ; 
Brandon  (W.  Bree,  1900);  Know/e 
(Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Marston  Green 
(E.  C.  Tye  believes  he  took  it 
there)  ;  Sutton  Park  (A.  D.  Imms 
records  it  as  common  in  the  Park, 
see  Entom.  1898,  p.  43  ;  Mr.  Brad- 
ley and  I  however  have  collected 
in  the  very  spot  many  times  and 
have  never  seen  or  heard  of  it  there) 

SATYRIN.S 

Melanargia  Galathea,  L.  Not  common  ; 
is  recorded  from  Alcester  (R.  C. 
Bradley  and  Blatch  Cat.) ;  Know/e  ; 
Henley  -  in  -  Arden,  Salford  Priors 
(W.  G.  Blatch,  E.M.M.  1887, 
p.  199,  etc.) ;  Print  Hill  and  Long 
Itchington  (W.  Bree) ;  Warwick  (once, 

128 


SATYRIN.S  (continued) 

Baly)  ;  Know/e  (in  woods  near,  but 
not  taken  for  many  years,  F.  Enock 
in  Newman's) ;  Weston  Park  (one, 
Austen) ;  Wolford  (common  in  cer- 
tain very  restricted  spots,  does  not 
occur  every  year,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler). 
I  have  however  not  heard  of  any 
recent  captures  in  several  of  the 
above  localities 

[Satyrus  Semele,  L.  Has  been  recorded  in 
the  Rugby  lists,  but  I  doubt  its 
occurrence  in  the  county] 
Pararge  ./Egeria,  L.  I  believe  not  uncom- 
mon in  woods,  but  I  have  few  re- 
cords :  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ; 
Warwick  (one,  Baly) ;  Rugby  (many 
times  in  Rugby  lists  from  different 
woods)  ;  and  F.  Enock  in  his  list  of 
insects  occurring  within  ten  miles  of 
Birmingham  gives  it  as  common 

—  Megera,  L.  Common.    Warwick  (com- 

mon, Baly)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists 
many  times)  ;  Wolford  Woods  (Aus- 
ten) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom)  ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Sut- 
ton Park  (W.  G.  Blatch,  E.M.M. 
1887,  p.  200) 

Aphantopus  (Epinephele)  Hyperantus  (Hy- 
peranthus),  L.  Common  in  many 
places.  Hampton  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis);  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Oakley  and  Hay  Woods 
(in  profusion,  Baly)  ;  Rugby  =  Bran- 
don Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Wol- 
ford (Austen,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Epinephele  Jurtina,  L.  (Janira).  Common 
throughout  the  county 

—  Tithonus,  L.   Common.  Solibul/(A.  H. 

Martineau)  ;  Know/e  (W.  Kiss)  ; 
Know/e  and  Shottery  (Blatch  Cat.)  ; 
Warwick  (common,  Baly)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Whitchurch  (common, 
(J.  H.  Bloom) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

Coenonympha  Pamphilus,  L.  Common  in 
all  suitable  localities  ;  very  abundant 
in  Sutton  Park 

ERYCINID.E 

Nemeobius  Lucina,  L.  Not  usually  found 
in  Warwickshire,  but  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler  records  it  from  Wolford 
just  inside  the  county  in  the  extreme 
south-west 

LYC/ENIDjE 

Thecla  w-album,  Knock.  Wolford  (not 
common,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler); 
Brandon  Woods  (four  or  five  in 


INSECTS 


1888,  N.  V.  Sidgwick);  Wolford 
Woods  (Austen)  ;  Whitchurcb  (fre- 
quent in  garden,  J.  H.  Bloom) ; 
Athentone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Brandon 
Woods  (N.  W.  Hudson,  Rugby  list, 
1888)  ;  near  Warwick^,  dim  recol- 
lection, P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch) ;  Haselor  near  Alcester  (Blatch 
Cat.) ;  and  Morris  gives  Allesley 

[Thecla  pruni,  L.,  was  recorded  in  Blatch 
Hand,  in  error] 

Callophrys  rubi,  L.  Very  local ;  common 
in  Sutton  Park,  which  is  its  best 
known  haunt ;  also  recorded  from 
Edgebill  (P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Allesley  (once 
only,  W.  Bree) 

Zephyrus  quercus,  L.  Fairly  common. 
Oakley  Wood  (common  most  years, 
P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  Wolford  Woods  (Austen,  W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Alveston  near 
Wbitchurch  (L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) ; 
Coombe  Wood  (G.  B.  Longstaff, 
EMM.  1866,  p.  138);  Tilt  Hill 
Woods  (very  abundant  some  years, 
W.  Bree) ;  Corky  Woods  (occasion- 
ally, W.  Bree);  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch  Hand.) 

[ —  betulae,  L.  The  only  record  of  the 
capture  of  this  species  in  the  county 
is  one  by  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler,  who 
says  his  father  took  it  at  Wolford. 
Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  thinks  it  is  not  a 
likely  Warwickshire  insect,  so  that 
confirmation  is  desirable] 

Chrysophanus  Phlaeas,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Lycaena  Argus,  L.  (/Egon,  Schiff).  Very 
rare,  and  I  have  no  satisfactory  mo- 
dern records.  Newman  gives  it  as 
occurring  at  Coleshill  Park  and  neigh- 
bourhood and  Sutton  Park  on  the 
authority  of  F.  Enock,  and  Morris 
also  quotes  Coleshill  Heath.  I  fear 
however  that  it  is  gone  from  both 
these  localities  many  years  ago.  It 
is  also  recorded  from  Rugby  by  New- 
man on  the  authority  of  G.  B. 
Longstaff  and  by  E.  Solly  (Rugby 
list,  1881) 

—  Astrarche,  Bgstr.    Not  common.    Wol- 

ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler);  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists) ;  and  Morris  says  near 
Birmingham.  I  have  not  seen  any 
county  specimens 

—  Icarus,  Rott.  (Alexis,  Hub.)     Common 

everywhere 

—  Coridon,    Poda.     This  and   Bellargus, 

I  129 


Rott.,  cannot  be  regarded  as 
Warwickshire  insects,  and  as  there 
is  no  chalk  in  the  county  they  are 
scarcely  to  be  expected.  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler  however  tells  me  that  the 
former  occurs  within  a  few  miles  of 
Wolford.  In  this  extreme  south- 
west corner  of  Warwickshire  how- 
ever several  insects  have  been  found 
by  him  which  are  not  characteristic 
of  the  county,  and  it  may  be  partly 
owing  to  the  fact  that  along  the 
southern  border  Liassic  rocks  crop 
up,  whereas  most  of  the  county  con- 
sists of  Triassic  sandstones,  etc.  A 
single  specimen  of  Coridon  also  is 
said  to  have  been  taken  years  ago  at 
Knowle,  as  recorded  in  Morris,  New- 
man and  F.  Enock's  list.  It  was 
probably  a  straggler,  but  it  may 
have  been  a  survivor  of  a  small 
colony,  as  there  is  a  small  outcrop 
of  lias  near,  and  the  species  seems 
sometimes  associated  with  that  forma- 
tion as  well  as  with  chalk 

Lycaena  minimus,  Fuessl.  (Alsus,  F.)  Wol- 
ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler,  Austen, 
J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Stockton  (in  fairly  large 
numbers,  June  22,  1901,  on  banks 
of  a  chalk  pit  where  Anthyllis  grows, 
D.  T.  Garrett,  Entom.  1901,  p.  229  ; 
also  W.  S.  Edmonds,  Rugby  lists) 

—  semiargus,  Rott.  (Acis,  Schiff.)  Used 
to  occur  many  years  ago  near 
Birmingham,  but  it  is  long  since  one 
was  taken,  and  I  do  not  know  any 
one  who  possesses  a  local  specimen. 
Its  occurrence  is  referred  to  by 
Stainton,  quoting  Allis,  who  says 
that  it  had  not  been  taken  for  seve- 
ral years  then  ;  by  Morris,  quoting 
W.  Bree,  who  took  one  specimen  in 
Coleshill  Park  ;  by  W.  G.  Blatch  in 
Brit.  Assoc.  Hand.  ;  and  by  New- 
man, quoting  F.  Enock,  who  gives 
Shirley  as  the  locality 

Cyaniris  Argiolus,  L.  Not  uncommon. 
Occurs  freely,  and  in  some  years  in 
great  abundance  in  Sutton  Park, 
where  are  many  very  fine  old  hollies. 
So  far  as  I  know  only  the  first  brood 
ever  appears  there.  It  has  also  been 
recorded  from  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch)  ;  Alleslty  (W.  Bree  and 
Morris)  ;  Warwick  (one  in  High 
Street,  P.  P.  Baly) ;  Rugby,  Charley 
Wood,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Yardley 
Wood,  Shirley  and  Coleshill  (A.  D. 
Imms,  Entom.  1897,  p.  319)  ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker);  Wolford  (both 

17 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


broods  in  vicarage  garden  in  1896, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Coventry  (W. 
G.  Blatch,  E.M.M.  1887,  p.  200) 

HESPERIID/E 

Adopaea  (Hesperia)  Thaumas,  Hufn.  (linea, 
F.)  Not  uncommon  Hay  Woods 
(H.  W.  Ellis);  Warwick  (P.  P. 
Baly)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Ettingttm  (L.  C. 
Keighley-Peach)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler) 

Augiades  sylvanus,  Esp.  Occurs  in  much 
the  same  places  as  above.  Marston 
Green  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle 
(H.  W.  Ellis);  Oakley  Wood  near 
Warwick  (one,  P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Rugby 
=  Brandon  Woods,  Princethorpe,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ; 
Wolford  Woods  (Austen,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Ettlngton  (L.  C.  Keigh- 
ley-Peach) ;  Coombe  Woods  (G.  B. 
Longstaff,  E.M.M.  1866,  p.  138) 

Hesperia  (Syrichthus)  malvae,  L.'  Similar 
distribution  to  the  last  two  and 
similarly  common.  Coventry  (G.  H. 
Kenrick) ;  Hampton-ln-Ardm  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis)  ; 
Corley  Woods  (formerly,  W.  Bree)  ; 
Knowle  (W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  = 
Brandon,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker)  ;  Ettlngton  (L.  C. 
Keighley-Peach)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler) 

Thanaos  Tages,  L.,  also  occurs  in  the  same 
places  as  the  above  three  species. 
Sutton  Park  (H.  M.  Lee) ;  Coventry 
(G.  H.  Kenrick) ;  Hampton-in-Arden 
(G.  W.  Wynn) ;  Knowle,  Umberslade 
(Blatch  Coll.,  W.  Kiss,  etc.);  Corley 
Woods  (formerly,  not  seen  lately,  W. 
Bree)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon,  Prince- 
thorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker);  Ettlngton  (L.  C.  Keighley- 
Peach);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler); 
Coombe  Woods  (G.  B.  Longstaff. 
E.M.M.  1866,  p.  138) 

SPHINGIDjE 

Acherontia  Atropos,  L.  In  the  years  when 
this  species  is  common  in  England, 
we  get  our  share  and  hear  of  its 
occurrence  in  the  larval  stage  in 
potato  fields.  I  have  records  from 
Cbalcot  Wood  (W.  Harrison) ;  Solihull 
(A.  H.  Martineau) ;  Knowle  (H.  W. 
Ellis,  etc.) ;  Water  Orton  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley); Rugby  (Rugby  lists,  1867,1874, 
1889);  Atherstone  (C.  Baker);  Wol- 


ford   Woods     (Austen);     Whltchurcb 
(very  common  1900,  ].  H.  Bloom) ; 
Warwick  (P.  P.  Baly) 
Smerinthus    populi,   L.      Common    every- 
where 

—  ocellata,  L.  Fairly  common,  less  so 
than  populi.  Solihull  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis,  com- 
mon, etc.) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Cat.)  ;  Yardley  (H.  Taylor)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Warwick  (P.  P. 
Baly),  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ;  Wolford 
Woods  (Austen)  ;  Ettlngton  (L.  C. 
Keighley-Peach) 

Dilina  tilias,  L.  Less  common  than  the 
above,  but  generally  distributed. 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.  and  W.  Kiss) ; 
Stoneleigh  Park  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  War- 
wick (P.  P.  Baly);  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Mi- 
cote  (L.  C.  Keighley-Peach);  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Daphnis  (Chcerocampa)  nerii,  L.  Bir- 
mingham ;  one  in  1870  in  the  town 
(F.  Enock,  E.M.M.  1870,  p.  41) 

Sphinx  ligustri,  L.  Not  common.  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch  and  W.  Kiss) ;  Sal- 
ford  Priors  (larva  on  ash,  J.  T. 
Fountain)  ;  Solihull  (larvae  on  holly, 
A.  H.  Martineau),  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  Sutton  Coldfield  (Blatch 
Hand. ;  not  for  many  years,  C.  J. 
W.);  Brandon  Woods  (Rugby  lists); 
Warwick  (many,  P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) ;  Wolftrd  ( W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Protoparce  (Sphinx)  convolvuli,  L.  Only 
odd  stragglers  in  convolvuli  years ; 
several  have  been  recorded  in  the 
city  itself  and  its  suburbs  (Entom. 
1898,  p.  292,  A.  D.  Imms;  1887, 
p.  273,  W.  T.  Raine;  E.M.M. 
1868,  p.  107,  G.  H.  Kenrick).  I 
also  have  records  from  Solihull  (one, 
A.  H.  Martineau,  in  1898);  Hamp- 
ton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn,  Ent. 
Record,  xiii.  335)  ;  Warwick  (P.  P. 
Baly,  Entom.  Dec.  1872)  ;  Rugbv 
(Rugby  list,  W.  S.  Edmonds,  1888); 
Knowle  (W.  Kiss);  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker);  Wolford  (one  in  1886;  in 
some  numbers  about  1 846,  W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler)  ;  Birmingham  district 
(common  in  1868,  F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

Deilephila  gallii,  Rott.  W.  G.  Blatch 
(Brit.  Assoc.  Hand.)  and  F.  Enock 
(List,  1870)  speak  of  its  occasional 
occurrence  in  Birmingham,  but  with- 
out exact  reference.  I  have  a  speci- 


130 


INSECTS 


men  taken  in  Handsworth,  just  over 
the  border.  Rugby  (in  a  cottage 
window  at  Overslade,  N.W.  Hudson, 
Rugby  lists,  1888) 

Deilephila  lineata,  F.  One  in  Birmingham 
in  1870  (F.  Enock>  EMM.  1870, 
p.  40) 

Chaerocampa  celerio,  L.  One  in  Birming- 
ham =  Horsefair  in  1868  (F.  Enock, 
EMM.  1868,  p.  172)  ;  and  one  at 
Edgbaston  (G.  T.  Bethune- Baker, 
Entom.  1880,  p.  310) 

—  elpenor,  L.  Not  common.  Marston 
Green  (one,  H.  Stone) ;  Shirley  (J. 
T.  Fountain)  ;  Sutton  Park  (one, 
E.  C.  Tye) ;  Kncwle  (H.  W.  Ellis, 
Blatch  Coll.  etc.),  Solihull  and  Hock- 
ley  Heath  (Blatch  Hand.);  Rugby 
(many  records  in  Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Whitchurch 
(L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Metopsilus  (Chasrocampa)  porcellus,  L. 
Not  common.  Sutton  Park  is  the 
best  known  locality  for  this  species, 
but  it  is  rare  there.  It  is  also  re- 
corded from  Atherstone  (C.  Baker, 
Entom.  1899,  p.  213);  Wellesbourne 
(L.  C.  Keighley-Peach);  Wolford 
(by  his  father,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ; 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

Macroglossa  stellatarum,  L.  Not  uncom- 
mon sometimes,  locally.  Sutton  (P. 
W.  Abbott)  ;  Aston  (C.  J.  Wake- 
field)  ;  Solihull  (A.  H.  Martineau)  ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (one,  1900,  G. 
W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis, 
W.  Kiss,  etc.);  Small  Heath  Park 
(H.  Taylor)  ;  Rugby  =  Overs/ode,  etc. 
(several  records,  Rugby  lists) ;  War- 
wick (most  years,  P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (Austen  ; 
common  some  years,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Whitchurch  (very  com- 
mon 1900,  J.  H.  Bloom) 

Hemaris  (Macroglossa)  fuciformis,  L.  Ow- 
ing to  the  confusion  in  the  synonomy 
of  this  and  the  next  species,  most  of 
the  records  must  be  regarded  as  un- 
certain ;  both  species  however  occur 
in  the  county,  I  believe,  but  are  al- 
ways rare.  This  one  has  occurred 
at  Rugby,  as  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick 
writes  to  me  :  '  The  only  one  oc- 
curring here  so  far  as  I  know  is  the 
broad  bordered  one  of  which  I  have 
one  and  have  seen  several  others.' 
Moreover,  there  are  many  records  of 
it  in  the  Rugby  lists,  chiefly  from 
Brandon  Woods.  Both  species  were 


recorded  by  the  old  collectors  as 
being  common  near  Knowle  at  Chal- 
cot  Wood,  etc.  (Blatch  Hand.  ;  F. 
Enock,  Sat.  Guide)  ;  they  however 
must  be  very  scarce  now,  as  only 
single  specimens  have  been  seen 
anywhere  near  for  many  years. 
Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain  took  one  of 
this  species  there  at  Umberslade 
on  June  14,  1896,  and  one  on 
June  17,1 900.  Coombe  Wood  (com- 
mon, G.  B.  Longstaff,  EMM. 
1866,  p.  138;  G.  H.  Kenrick); 
Wolford  (taken  years  ago  by  his 
father,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 
Hemaris  scabiosae,  Z.  (bombyliformis,  Esp.) 
The  narrow  bordered  species  I  can 
give  fewer  records  of,  and  yet  I  sus- 
pect it  is  equally  common.  Its 
occurrence  near  Knowle  in  the  old 
days  is  already  referred  to  above,  and 
Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain  took  one  there 
on  June  21,  1891,  at  Umberslade. 
In  the  Rugby  lists  both  names 
occur  ;  doubt  is  however  thrown  on 
the  records  of  this  species  by  Mr. 
N.  V.  Sidgwick's  note  quoted  above 

NOTODONTID/E 

Cerura  furcula,  Cl.  Rare.  The  larvae 
occasionally  obtained  from  sallow. 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  Kiss, 
Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Sutton  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Rugby  (A.  Sidgwick,  Rugby 
list,  1867,  etc.) 

—  bifida,  Hb.  Not  uncommon  in  the 
larval  stage  on  poplars  and  aspens.  I 
have  taken  it  in  the  suburbs  of 
Birmingham,  at  Tardley,  and  in 
Handsworth  (Staffs.)  ;  I  also  have 
records  from  Hampton  -  in  -  Arden, 
Marston  Green,  Tardley  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.,  etc., 
W.  Kiss)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

Dicranura  vinula,  L.  Common  every- 
where ;  its  name  occurs  in  every 
list  I  have  received 

Stauropus  fagi,  L.  Very  rare  in  the  mid- 
lands. Its  only  claim  to  inclusion 
in  the  Warwickshire  list  rests  on  the 
recorded  capture  of  one  larva  at 
Rugby  in  the  Rugby  list,  1888.  It 
is  a  schoolboy  record  and  open  to 
doubt,  but  owing  to  the  striking 
character  of  the  larva,  and  the  fact 
that  it  occurs  in  neighbouring  coun- 
ties, I  have  treated  it  as  probably 
correct,  and  included  it 


131 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


(Notodonta)  trimacula,  Esp. 
(dodottca,  Frr.)  Rare.  Mtrttt* 
Grttm  (one,  E.  C.  Tye)  ;  Attmtau 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Kmwk  (Blatch  Hand.; 
F.  Knock,  Sat.  Gd*) 

—  rhanofc^   Hb.      Rarer   eren    than    the 

above.  Atkntnu  (one,  C  Baker)  ; 
Wt^rd  (one,  W.  C  E.  Wheeler) 
Pheosia  (Notodonta)  tremula,  CL  (dictara, 
Esp.)  Not  common,  but  probably 
generally  distributed.  Kntrailt  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  (A.  Sidgwick, 
Rugby  lists,  1867,  etc.)  ;  Walftrd 
Winds  (Austen).  I  have  taken  it  in 
the  Birmingham  suburbs  =  at  Hands- 
v.vrtb  =  but  over  the  border.  It 
doubtless  occurs  however  all  round 
Birmingham,  on  the  many  poplars  in 
gardens,  etc. 

—  dictzoides,  E*p.     Probably   somewhat 

commoner  than  the  above.  Atkerrtim 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Rufiy  =  Brandin  Winds 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Smttsm  Part  (C.  J. 
Wain  wright,  etc.)  ;  Kmruile  (G.  W. 
Wynn,  \V.  G.  Blatch) 
Notcnionta  ziczac,  L.  Not  common  ;  at 
Knra.-^  it  occurs  regularly,  and  it  is 
also  recorded  from  Surton  P>*rk 
(P.  W.  Abbott)  ;  Tardltj  (H.  Tay- 
lor) ;  Rxgiy  =  (h-tnladt,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  If'ilfjrd  If'iads  (Austen) 

—  drcmecarius,  L.     Not  uncommon.     I 

have  taken  the  larvz  at  Sxttin  and 
K"U*LJ,  at  both  of  which  places  it 
probably  occurs  regularly  ;  it  is  also 
recorded  from  Afarsta*  Grun  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Cilakill  (F.  Enock,  Sat. 
Git^u]  j  Birmingham  (one  larva, 
R.  C.  R.  Jordan,  E.M.M.  ii.  261) 

—  trepida,  Esp.   Az'centoiu  (a  pair  in  IQCI, 

C.  Baker)  ;  Krxgraiood  (oac  in  1902, 
W.  H.  Flint) 

Lophopteryx  camelina,  L.  A  common 
species  everywhere 

Pterostoma  palpina,  L.  Not  uncommon 
on  aspen.  Ktraj  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
W.  Kas,  W.  G.  Blatch,  etc.)  ; 
Small  Heath  (H.  Taylor)  ;  Ritgey 
(Rugby  list,  1874)  ;  OotnUe 
(Rugby  list,  J.  M.  Furness,  1893)  J 
ff'ufird  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  has 
also  been  taken  in  Birmingham  submras, 
but  not  in  our  county 

Phalera  '•r  TirtMfj*,  L.  Very  common 
cv  u  •  •  neic 

Pygzra  curtuk,  L.  Very  rare.  KxmoU 
(W.  Kiss) 

—  pigra,  Hufix.  (reclusa,  F.)  The  only 
ckim  of  this  species  to  inclusion  in 
Ac  county  lists  rests  on  a  record  in 


the  Rugby  lists,  1888.  It  has  how- 
ever probably  been  overlooked  else- 
where 

LYMANTRIIDjE 

Orgyia  gonostigma,  F.  Rare  ;  its  occur- 
rence needs  confirmation.  Ctvtntry 
(Blatch  Hand.) ;  Rugby  (Rugby  list, 
1888);  Ctombt  Wood  (G.  H.  Kenrick) 

—  antiqua,  L.     Common  everywhere 
[Dasychira  fascelina,  L.     Needs  confirma- 
tion as  a  Warwickshire  insect.  There 
is  a  specimen   in  the  Blatch    Coll. 
labelled  as  having  been  obtained  in 
Stftttm  Pork  ;  and  some  very  doubt- 
ful records  in  the  Rugby  lists] 

—  pudibunda,  L.  Not  uncommon.  Kmruilt 

(G.  W.  Wynn,  H.  W.  Ellis,  W. 
Kiss,  etc.) ;  StBtmtt  (Blatch  Cat.) ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon,  Prixcitbarpe,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atbtrrtau  (C.  Baker) ; 
IVdfird  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Euproctis  (Porthesia)  chrysorrhcEa,  L.  This 
species  has  been  recorded  several 
times,  and  possibly  records  referring 
to  old  captures  may  be  correct.  F. 
Enock  (in  list,  1870)  gives  it  as 
occurring  in  the  Birmingham  district, 
and  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler's  record  of  it 
for  Wilfird  may  have  been  correct  in 
his  father's  days.  I  doubt  its  occur- 
rence now  anywhere  in  the  county, 
and  although  the  name  occurs  many 
times  in  the  Rugby  lists,  it  is  prob- 
ably in  error 

Porthesia  similis,  FuessL  (auriflua,  F.) 
Very  common,  often  abounds 

Sdlpnotia  (Leucoma)  salicis,  L.  Not  com- 
mon. Crvfntry  (larvz  near,  in  1897, 
E.  C.  Tye) ;  Knauilt  (Blatch  Hand.); 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Edgbastnt  (one 
at  rest,  1901,  G.  H.  Kenrick) 

Lymantria  (Psilura)  monacha,  L.  Suttan 
Park  (Blatch  Hand.),  but  certainly 
not  seen  for  many  years  ;  Rugby  = 
Cmmbt  JVvid,  Brandon  Wands,  etc. 
(many  records,  Rugby  lists)  ;  Wilfvrd 
(sometimes  feiriy  plentiful  =  several  at 
•sugar,'  in  1 888,  W.  C.  E.  Whcder) 

LASIOCAMPIDji: 

Malacosoma  neustria,  L.  By  no  means  a 
pest  in  Warwickshire  as  it  seems  to 
be  in  many  places  further  south  ;  it 
is  rather  an  uncommon  insect  with 
as  as  a  rule.  Whitdmrdti,  Id&ott 
(J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Wttfrd  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheder;  Austen);  JjM*(B.W. 
Ellis,  common  at  'tight,'  etc.); 
R*&  (Rugby  list,  .874) 


133 


INSECTS 


Trichiura  crataegi,  L.  Rare.  Atberstone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists  = 
A.  Sidgwick,  etc.) ;  also  recorded 
from  near  Wbitchurcb  in  the  strip  of 
Worcestershire  separating  Whit- 
church  from  the  rest  of  Warwickshire 
(L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

Pcecilocampa  populi,  L.  Not  common. 
Tardley  (E.  C.  Tye);  Button  (A. 
Johnson) ;  Krurwle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atberstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Whitchurcb 
(on  Worcestershire  side  of  parish, 
L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

Eriogaster  lanestris,  L.  Not  common. 
Altester  (R.  C.  Bradley);  Knowle 
(H.  W.  Ellis,  W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Rugby 
—  Church  Lawford  and  Brandon 
Woods  (A.  Sidgwick,  etc.,  Rugby 
lists)  ;  Atberstone  (C.  Baker);  Wolford 
(Austen  ;  larvae  sometimes  common, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  IdKcote  (L.  C. 
Keighley-Peach) 

Lasiocampa  quercus,  L.  Common  especially 
in  Sutton  Park,  where  the  larvse 
are  sometimes  abundant.  Rugby  = 
Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  War- 
wick (common,  Baly)  ;  Knowle  (W. 
Kiss) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ;  Watford 
(Austen,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Macrothylacia  (Bombyx)  rubi,  L.  Common 
in  Sutton  Park  ;  also  recorded  from 
Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1894  only); 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Cosmotriche  potatoria,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Gastropacha  quercifolia,  L.  Very  rare. 
Bidford  (one,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Hock- 
ley  Heath  (larva  once,  Blatch  Cat.)  ; 
Rugby  (A.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list, 
1867,  etc.)  ;  near  Warwick  (W. 
Kiss)  ;  Wolford  (larvae  several  times, 
not  common,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ; 
Whitchurch  (on  Worcestershire  side, 
L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

SATURNIID/E 

Saturnia  pavonia,  L.  Common  in  Sutton 
Park,  where  the  males  have  been 
obtained  in  considerable  numbers  by 
sembling  ;  has  not  been  recorded 
from  anywhere  else  in  the  county, 
though  there  are  several  other  lo- 
calities where  it  might  be  expected 

DREPANID.S 

Drepana  falcataria,  L.  Not  rare.  I  have 
taken  the  larvae  freely  at  Knnule  and 
also  have  records  from  Marston  Green 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Coventry  (G.  H. 


Kenrick)  ;  Knowle  (W.  Kiss,  Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch  Cat.);  Rugby 
=  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Atberstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Frankton 
(G.  B.  Longstaff,  E.M.M.  iii.  138) 
Drepana  lacertinaria,  L.  With  the  above, 
but  not  quite  so  common.  Marston 
Green  (E.  C.  Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  Kiss, 
etc.)  ;  Sutton  Park  (P.  W.  Abbott, 
G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Umberslade  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Athentone  (C.  Baiker) 

—  binaria,  Hufh.    (hamula,  Esp.)     Rare  ; 

only  old  records  =  Knowle  (Blatch 
Hand.,  and  F.  Enock,  Sat.  Guide), 
and  the  schoolboy  records  of  the 
Rugby  lists  (1877,  1888) 
Cilix  glaucata,  Sc.  (spinula,  Schiff.)  Gene- 
rally distributed 

NOCTUIDJE 

ACRONYCTIN^ 

Acronycta  leporina,  L.  Not  uncommon  ; 
larvae  frequent  on  poplars  at  Sutton 
and  Knnule  ;  also  recorded  from 
Tardley  (E.  C.  Tye)  ;  Rugby  =  Bran- 
dan  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists),  and 
Atkerstone  (C.  Baker).  The  usual 
form  with  us  appears  to  be  brady- 
porina,  Tr. 

—  aceris,  L.     Very  rare.     W.  G.  Blatch 

records  one  specimen  found  on 
palings  at  Small  Heath  in  18/0, 
which  specimen  is  still  in  his  collec- 
tion ;  no  other  record  of  the  species 
in  this  county  exists  however,  ex- 
cepting one  or  two  in  the  Rugby 
lists  (1874,  1898) 

—  tnegacephala,    F.       Common    in    the 

suburbs  on  the  Staffordshire  side  of 
Birmingham,  and  probably  all  round. 
Also  recorded  from  Knowle  (G.  W. 
Wynn,  H.  W.  Ellis,  etc.,  etc.); 
Rugby  (A.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list, 
1867,  etc.)  ;  Warwick  (P.  P.  Baly) ; 
Whitchurch  (Worcestershire  side,  L. 
C.  Keighley-Peach) 

—  alni,  L.     Occurs  throughout  the   dis- 

trict, but  never  more  than  one  speci- 
men seems  to  be  taken  at  one  time 
or  place,  and  every  one  is  recorded  ; 
so  that  it  must  be  considered  very 
rare.  Wylde  Green  (one  on  haw- 
thorn, C.  J.  Wainwright)  ;  near 
Rugby  (one,  W.  D.  Spencer) ;  Knowle 
(one,  G.  W.  Wynn  ;  one  on  oak, 
W.  Kiss) ;  Sutton  (one  on  mountain 
ash,  R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Meulej  (one 
on  maple,  H.  W.  Ellis);  Yardley 


133 


A   HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ACRONYCTIN.S  (continued) 

(E.  C.  Tye,  H.  Taylor);  Small 
Heath  (one,  W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  Edg- 
baston  (G.  H.  Kenrick,  one  at  'light'; 
Blatch  Hand.,  and  Enock,  Sat. 
Guide)  ;  near  Solihull  (A.  D.  Imms, 
Entom.  1898,  p.  293)  ;  Rugby  (A. 
Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1867  ;  one, 
N.  W.  Hudson,  Rugby  list,  1889)  ; 
Brandon  Woods  and  Overslade  (one 
each,  Rugby  lists,  1893)  ;  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Sutton  (one,  F.  Enock, 
E.M.M.  i.  143) 

Acronycta  tridens,  Schiff.  Very  doubtfully 
distinguished  from  the  next  species. 
It  is  probably  not  uncommon,  but  re- 
cords cannot  be  trusted.  I  have  not 
met  with  the  larvae  myself.  W.  G. 
Blatch  (Brit.  Assoc.  Hand.)  speaks 
however  of  taking  the  larvae  on 
elms  at  Knowle,  and  probably  knew 
them  ;  and  N.  V.  Sidgwick  writes 
to  me  that  he  has  taken  and  bred  it 
at  Rug/>y,znd  is  certain  of  the  identifi- 
cation 

—  psi,  L.     Very  common  everywhere 

—  menyanthidis,     View.       Mr.    G.     H. 

Kenrick  took  a  single  specimen   in 
1899  at   Richmond  Hi//,  Edgbaston  ; 
he  knew  the  species,  having  taken  it 
in    the   north,   so    it    was    doubtless 
correctly  identified,  but  its  occurrence 
must  have  been  quite  accidental 
-  rumicis,  L.     Common  everywhere 
Craniophora  (Acronycta)  ligustri,  F.   Rare. 
Atherstone    (C.     Baker)  ;      Rugby  = 
Coombe  Wood,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 


Agrotis  strigula,  Thnb.  (porphyrea,  Hb.) 
Not  common  ;  occurs  most  freely  in 
Sutton  Park  ;  also  recorded  from  near 
Coleshill  (G.  W.  Wynn);  Hay 
Woods  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists,  1888  only  ;  rather  doubtful) 

—  janthina,  Esp.      Common   throughout 

the  district 

—  fimbria,  L.  Not  uncommon.  Occurs  in 

nearly  every  list,  but  is  never  abundant 

—  interjecta,  Hb.    Rare.    Knuw/e  (one,  R. 

C.  Bradley,  Aug.  16,  1885)  ;  Hamf- 
ton-in-Arden  (two  at  'sugar,'  1900, 
G.  W.  Wynn);  Tardley,  Knowle 
(Blatch  Hand.);  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists,  several  times)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford 
(Austen  ;  used  to  be  fairly  plentiful, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler);  Whitchurch 
(J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  augur,  F.     Common    throughout    the 

district 


TRIFIN/E  (continued) 

Agrotis  obscura,  Brahm.  (ravida,  Hb.)  Very 
rare.  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Whitckurch  (Worcestershire  side, 
L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

—  pronuba,  L.     Abundant  everywhere  as 

usual 

—  comes,    Hb.     (orbona,   F.)     Common 

everywhere 

—  castanea,    Esp.     Very   rare.      Rugby  = 

Overslade,  Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker).  F. 
Enock  gives  it  as  occurring  in  the 
Birmingham  district  in  his  1870  list 

—  agathina,  Dup.     Was  once  only  taken 

at  Sutton  by  H.  Tunaley 

—  triangulum,    Hufn.       Marston    Green, 

Tardley,  Hampton-in-Arden  (common, 
G.  W.  Wynn);  Sutton  (P.  W. 
Abbott,  etc.)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Cat.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  baja,  F.     Common  everywhere 

—  c-nigrum,  L.     „  „ 

—  xanthographa,     F.         Very     common 

everywhere 

—  umbrosa,   Hb.       Tardley,   Hampton-in- 

Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn);  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  G.  Blatch)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford 
('  seems  fond  of  sunflowers,'  W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler) 

—  rubi,  View.     Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott)  ; 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Birmingham  (Blatch  Cat.) ;  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) 

-  dahlii,  Hb.  Not  common.  Sutton 
(P.  W.  Abbott,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  brunnea,  F.    Marston  Green,  Hampton- 

in-Arden  (common,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott,  R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.) ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) 

—  primulas,  Esp.  (testiva,  Hb.)    Common 

everywhere 

—  glareosa,  Esp.     Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott, 

G.  W.  Wynn,  R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.) ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch) 

—  plecta,    L.       Sutton    (P.    W.    Abbott, 

G.    W.    Wynn)  ;    Knowle    (R.    C. 


134 


INSECTS 


(continue/I) 
Bradley,  H.  W.Ellis,  etc.);  Hampton- 
in-Arden,  Marston  Green  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker). 
Agrotis  putris,  L.  Not  common.  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
Waveley  Wood  near  Stoneleigh,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ; 
Whitchurch  (Worcestershire  side,  L. 
C.  Keighley-Peach) 

—  exclamationis,  L.   Very  common  every- 

where 

—  nigricans,  L.     Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch, 

R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden 
(a  few  in  1900,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  etc.,  Rugby 
lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Bir- 
mingham (very  rare,  R.  C.  R.  Jordan, 
E.M.M.,  October,  1888) 

—  tritici,    L.      Very   rare.      Hampton-in- 

Arden  (two  in  1 900,  G.  W.  Wynn) ; 
Rugby  (one  doubtful  record);  is  given 
by  F.  Enock  (List,  1869)  as  com- 
mon, but  that  must  have  been  an 
error 

-  tritici,  L.,  var.  aquilina,  Hb.  Very  rare. 
N.  V.  Sidgwick  records  one  from 
Rugby 

—  obelisca,  Hb.     This  species,  usually,  I 

believe,  associated  with  the  sea  coast, 
occurs  in  Sutton  Park,  where  a  few 
specimens  have  been  taken  by  P.W. 
Abbott  and  G.  W.  Wynn 

—  corticea,    Hb.     Rare   with   us.    Mar- 

ston Green  ;  Lapworth  ;  Hampton-in- 
Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
— •  ypsilon,  Rott.  (suffusa,  Hb.)  Not 
common.  Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott) ; 
Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch,  W.  Kiss) ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (one  in  1900, 
G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker)  ;  Birmingham  (very  rare, 
R.  C.  R.  Jordan,  E.M.M.,  October, 
1888) 

—  segetum,  Schiff.     Common  everywhere 

—  saucia,     Hb.     Not    common.      Sutton 

(P.  W.  Abbott);  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch,  W.  Kiss);  Small  Heath 
(H.  Taylor) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  prasina,     F.      (herbida,     Hb.)        Not 

common.  Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch) ; 
Hay  Woods  (Blatch  Coll.) ;  Rugby  = 
Frankton  Wood,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker),  and  I  believe  it 
has  occurred  in  Sutton  Park 


Tn.iFiN.ffi  (continued) 

Pachnobia  rubricosa,  F.  Common  through- 
out the  county 

Charaeas  graminis,  L.  Not  uncommon. 
Sutton  (C.  J.  Wainwright,  etc.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  Kiss, 
etc.);  Rughy  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wol- 
ford (common  in  a  few  spots,  W.C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

Epineuronia  popularis,  F.  Not  common, 
but  occurs  in  every  list 

—  cespitis,  F.      Not  common.      Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch,  R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Tardley  (H.  Taylor)  ;  Wolford 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker)  ;  Pershore  Road,  Birmingham 
(J.  T.  Fountain) 

Mamestra  advena,  F.  Very  rare.  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (J.  M.  Furness,  etc., 
Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler).  I  know  of  no  other  re- 
cords 

—  tincta,   Brahm.     Very  rare  ;   the  only 

record  I  have  is  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch) 

—  nebulosa,  Hufn.     Common  throughout 

the  county 

—  brassicas,    L.       Very   common    every- 

where 

—  persicariae,   L.     Common,   particularly 

so  in  gardens 

—  oleracea,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  genistae,  Bkh.    Not  common.      Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch,  R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.); 
Kingswood  (G.  H.  Kenrick)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1886  only);  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Sutton  (F.  Enock,  Sat. 
Guide,  but  no  recent  record,  C.  j.W.) 

—  dissimilis,  Knoch.    Rare.    Small  Heath 

(H.  Taylor)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  thalassina,  Rott.    Common  everywhere 

—  contigua,  Vill.     Not  common  ;  gener- 

ally taken  singly  in  the  larval  stage. 
I  have  a  number  of  records  from 
Sutton,  also  from  Hampton-in-Arden 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  (Rugby  list, 
1888  only) 

—  pisi,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  trifolii,  Rott.   (chenopodii,   F.)       Rare. 

Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick)  ;  Overslade 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1892) ; 
also  is  mentioned  in  Blatch  Cat.  as 
occurring  at  Knowle  ;  there  is  how- 
ever no  specimen  in  the  Blatch 
collection 

—  glauca,  Hb.     Rare.     The  only  certain 


135 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


TRIFIN.*  (continued) 

locality  for  it  is  Button  Park,  where 
it  occurs  regularly  but  locally  and 
not  abundantly.  It  is  also  recorded 
from  Rugby  once  (Rugby  list,  1874) 
Mamestra  dentina,  Esp.  Common  every- 
where 

—  reticulata,Vill.  (saponariae,Bkh.)    Rare. 

I  have  records  from  Whitchurch 
(J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Overslade  (Rugby  list  = 
J.  M.  Furness,  1892) 

—  serena,  F.     Not  common  ;  occurs  oc- 

casionally in  Sutton  Park,  and  I  also 
have  records  from  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Rugby  —  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  A-therstone  (C. 
Baker)  ;  Whitchurch  (on  Worcester 
side  of  parish,  L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 
Dianthcecia  capsincola  (S.V.),  Hb.  Com- 
mon. Marston  Green  (G.W.Wynn); 
Small  Heath  (J.T.  Fountain);  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  (Rugby  lists 
and  N.  V.  Sidgwick) ;  Edgbaston 
(Dr.  Jordan) 

—  cucubali   (S.V.),   Fuessl.     Not  uncom- 

mon. Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Birmingham  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker) 

Bombycia  viminalis,  F.  Not  uncommon. 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.);  Rugby 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick,  and  Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Miana  literosa,  Haw.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley);  Hampton-in-Arden  (G.W. 
Wynn);  Small  Heath(Vf  .G.  Blatch); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  strigilis,  Cl.      Very  common  through- 

out the  district.  In  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  Birmingham  the 
usual  form  is  var.  aethiops,  Haw. 
Amongst  many  specimens  I  took  or 
saw  on  'sugar'  in  Handsworth  (a  Staf- 
fordshire suburb)  I  only  took  one 
specimen  with  any  distinct  white 
markings,  and  I  believe  that  is  the 
more  general  experience  around 
Birmingham.  I  have  records  of  the 
species  from  all  parts  of  the  county, 
but  do  not  know  what  form  prevails 
right  away  from  Birmingham,  though 
at  Knowle  the  black  one  is  still  the 
commoner  one. 

—  fasciuncula,    Haw.     Common  ;  occurs 

in  every  list,  and  I  believe  is  nearly 
always  found  with  the  preceding  but 
less  commonly 

—  bicoloria,  Vill.    Tfardley,  Sutton,  Hamp- 


TRIFIN.S  (continued) 

ton-in-Arden  (very  common  in  1900 

in  the  last  locality,  G.  W.  Wynn) ; 

Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 
Bryophila  perla,  F.     Common  throughout 

the  county  in  suitable  spots,  but  of 

course  local 
Diloba   cceruleocephala,    L.      Throughout 

the  county  ;  is  recorded  in  every  list 
Apamea  testacea,  Hb.  Common  everywhere 
Celaena  matura,  Hufn.  (cytherea,  F.).  Well 

distributed,   not   common.      Knowle 

(W.    G.    Blatch,    R.    C.   Bradley); 

Hampton-in-Arden    (a    few,     1900, 

G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 

etc.    (Rugby    lists);    Atherstone    (C. 

Baker);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler); 

Whitchurch  (on  Worcestershire  side, 

L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 
Hadena  adusta,   Esp.     Not   common  and 

very    local.      Sutton    Park    (G.   W. 

Wynn)  ;      Rugby  =  Overslade,     etc. 

(Rugby  lists)  ;   Knowle    (W.    Kiss)  ; 

Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  ochroleuca,  Esp.     One  specimen  is  in 

the  Blatch  collection  which  has  been 
recorded  as  having  occurred  near 
Small  Heath,  and  according  to  the 
Blatch  MS.  Catalogue  of  the  collec- 
tion was  taken  by  Mr.  James  Madi- 
son ;  no  other  specimen  has  been 
taken  anywhere  near  Birmingham 
to  my  knowledge 

-  furva  (S.V.),  Hb.  Mr.  C.  Baker  in- 
forms me  that  he  took  two  speci- 
mens at  Athsrstone,  which  were  as- 
signed to  this  species  by  Mr.  R. 
Newstead  of  Chester.  It  certainly 
seems  very  rare  throughout  the  mid- 
lands and  needs  confirmation 

—  sordida,    Bkh.     (anceps,    Hb.)         Not 

common.  Coventry  ;  Sutton  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden  (one  in 
1 900,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  and  Blatch  Coll.);  Small 
Heath  (H.  Taylor);  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade, etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  monoglypha,  Hufn.     Extremely  com- 

mon everywhere.  Var.  infuscata, 
Buch.  White.  Very  rare,  only  one 
recorded,  Solihull  (A.  H.  Martineau) 

—  lithoxylea,   F.       Common  ;    occurs  in 

every  list.  Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn  found 
it  very  common  at '  sugar '  at  Hamp- 
ton-in-Arden in  1900 

—  sublustris,  Esp.     Much   less  common. 

Hampton-in-Arden  (a  few,  1900, 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 


136 


INSECTS 


Tn.iFiN.ffi  (continued) 

Hadena  rurea,  F.    Common  everywhere  in 
various  forms  ;  type  and  var.  alope- 


curus,  Esp. 


hepatica,  Hb.  Not  common.  Hampton- 
in-Arden  (one  in  1 900,  G.  W.  Wynn); 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists);  Ather stone  (C.  Baker) 

—  scolopacina,  Esp.  Not  common.  Knowle 

(G.  W.  Wynn,  W.  G.  Blatch,  etc.) ; 
Hay  Woods  (G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.) ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Ather- 
stone  (C.  Baker) 

—  basilinea,  F.     Common  everywhere 

—  gemina,  Hb.     Common.     Button  (with 

var.  remissa,  P.  W.  Abbott,  etc.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.);  Hamp- 
ton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn) ;  Small 
Heath  (H.  Taylor);  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade, etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  unanimis,  Tr.      Rare.     Has  occurred 

in  the  Birmingham  district,  but 
whether  on  the  Warwickshire  side  or 
not  I  do  not  know.  Mr.  G.  H. 
Kenrick  took  it  at  Selly  Oak  in  Wor- 
cestershire, and  Mr.  F.  Enock  records 
it  in  the  ten-mile  radius  (List,  1870). 
It  is  also  mentioned  in  the  Rugby 
lists  from  Brownsover  and  Overslade, 
but  needs  confirmation  on  the  whole 

—  secalis,  L.  (didyma,  Esp. ;   oculea,  Gn.) 

Occurs  in  various  forms  commonly 
everywhere 

Aporophyla  lutulenta,  Bkh.  Very  rare. 
Has  been  taken  at  Knowle,  where 
Mr.  H.  W.  Ellis  got  one  in  1898  at 
'  sugar,'  and  where  it  is  mentioned  as 
occurring  in  the  Blatch  Catalogue 

Polia  flavicincta  (S.V.),  F.  Very  rare,  and 
I  should  like  confirmation.  Mr.  A. 
Sidgwick  recorded  it  in  1867  in 
Rugby  lists,  and  his  son  writes  to 
me  that  he  believes  it  to  be  correct, 
and  Mr.  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler  records 
it  at  Wolford. 

—  chi,  L.     Occurs  throughout  the  county 
Brachionycha  sphinx,  Hufn.  (cassinea,  Hb.) 

Wolford  (occasionally,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

Miselia  oxyacanthae,  L.  Common  every- 
where with  var.  capucina,  Mill. 

Dichonia  aprilina,  L.  Occurs  throughout 
the  county 

Dryobota  protea  (S.V.),  Bkh.  Common 
throughout  the  county 

Dipterygia  scabriuscula,  L.  Is  recorded  in 
Rugby  list,  1886,  as  occurring  at 
Kings  Newnham  near  Rugby,  and  is 
sufficiently  distinct  for  no  error  to  be 

I  137 


TRIFIN^E  (continued) 

likely  in  its  identification  ;  it  is  how- 
ever a  rare  midland  insect 

Euplexia  lucipara,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Brotolomia  meticulosa,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Mania  maura,  L.  Occurs  throughout  the 
county  not  uncommonly 

Naenia  typica,  L.     Common  everywhere 

Hydroecia  nictitans,  Bkh.  Common  every- 
where 

—  micacea,  Esp.  Common.  Sutton  (P.  W. 

Abbott)  ;  Knowle  (one  as  late  as  Nov. 
2,  W.  G.  Blatch,  etc.)  ;  Hampton- 
in-Arden  (G.W.Wynn);  Small  Heath 
(H.  Taylor)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Gortyna  ochracea,  Hb.  (flavago,  Esp.)  Not 
uncommon.  Sutton  (C.J.W.,  P.  W. 
Abbott,  etc.);  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.);  Hay  Mills,  etc.  (J.  T.  Foun- 
tain); SmallHeath (H.Taylor);  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

Nonagria  typhae,  Thnbg.  Local,  but  prob- 
ably occurs  wherever  its  food  plant 
grows  freely  ;  recorded  from  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Sutton  (P.  W. 
Abbott)  ;  near  Whitacre  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Kings  Newnham, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

Tapinostola  fulva,  Hb.  Sutton  Park  (P.W. 
Abbott,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.);  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Hampton-in-Ardcn  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Rugby  —  Cathiron,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

Calamia  lutosa,  Hb.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
possesses  a  specimen  which  was 
taken  at  '  light '  at  the  signal  box  at 
Knowle  railway  station.  Mr.  F. 
Enock  in  his  1869  list  also  gives  it 
as  occurring  in  the  ten-mile  radius 
from  Birmingham,  on  what  authority 
I  know  not 

Leucania  impura,  Hb.  Common  every- 
where 

—  pallens,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  comma,  L.  „  „ 

—  conigera,  F.  Hampton-in-Arden  ('  sugar,' 


1900,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.) ;  Solihull  (Blatch  Cat.) ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Wolford  (Austen,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ; 
Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  lithargyria,     Esp.       Throughout     the 
county 

Grammesia  trigrammica,  Hufn.    Through- 
out the  county 

18 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


(continued) 

Caradrina  quadripunctata,  F.  (cubicularis 
[S.V.],  Bkh.)  Common  generally 

—  morpheus,     Hufn.       Common    every- 

where 

—  alsines,  Brahm.    Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch, 

R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden 
(G.  W.  Wynn,  common)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists);  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  taraxaci,   Hb.    (blanda,  Tr.)      Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch,  R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Rugby  —  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

Petilampa  arcuosa,  Haw.  Common  every- 
where 

Rusina  umbratica,  Goeze  (tenebrosa,  Hb.) 
Common  everywhere 

Amphipyra  tragopoginis,  L.  Common 
everywhere 

-  pyramidea,  L.   Common  locally.  Coven- 

try (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  Warwick  (seen  only,  P.  P. 
Baly)  ;  Atberstone  (C.  Baker) ;  Idli- 
cote  (J.  H.  Bloom);  Wolford  (W.C.E. 
Wheeler) 

Tosniocampa  gothica,  L.  Very  common, 
especially  in  the  pupal  stage 

—  miniosa,   F.     Marston    Green   (one   in 

1895,  H.Taylor);  Rugby  =  Prince- 
thorpe  (Rugby  list,  1897  only).  Not 
uncommon  in  Worcestershire,  so  will 
probably  prove  commoner  in  War- 
wickshire when  looked  for 

—  pulverulenta,  Esp.      Very  common 

-  populeti,  Tr.     Not  common.    Marston 

Green  (G.  W.  Wynn);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  is  also 
recorded  by  Newman  as  occurring 
in  the  county 

-  stabilis,  View.     "1      These  two  species 

—  incerta,Hufn.  (in-  Vwith  gothica  and  pul- 

stabilis,  Esp.).  J  verulenta  occur  in  the 
greatest  abundance  on  sallows  in  the 
spring  and  in  the  pupal  stage  at  the 
feet  of  trees  in  autumn  wherever  I 
have  collected 

—  opima,  Hb.     The  only  record  of  this 

species  is  one  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Laxon 
at  Keni/worth  (Entom.  1899,  p.  166). 
I  do  not  know  it  otherwise  as  occur- 
ring in  the  county  and  should  like 
confirmation 

—  gracilis,    F.      Not    common   but  well 

distributed.  Marston  Green,  Hamp- 
ton-in-Arden (G.  W.  Wynn) ;  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.,  etc.);  Olton 
(Blatch Cat.);  Yardley (Blatch  Hand.); 


(continued) 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Atherstone   (C.    Baker) ;    Whitchurch 
(J.  H.  Bloom) 

Tceniocampa  munda,  Esp.  Like  gracilis  not 
common  but  well  distributed.  Marston 
Green  (E.  C.  Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn) ; 
Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott,  C.  J.  W.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Kenil- 
worth  (E.  A.  Laxon,  Entom.  1899)  ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Panolis  griseovariegata,  Goeze  (piniperda, 
Panz.)  Very  local ;  occurs  regu- 
larly in  Sutton  Park — chiefly  in  one 
wood — but  is  never  common  there ; 
and  is  also  recorded  from  Marston 
Green  (G.  W.  Wynn);  Rugby  (Rugby 
list,  1888  only) 

Calymnia  affinis,  L.  Well  distributed  but 
not  common.  Hampton-in-Arden 
(common  second  week  in  August, 
1 900,  at  '  sugar,'  G.  W.  Wynn) ; 
Knowle  and  Hay  Woods  (Blatch  Coll.); 
Marston  Green  (one,  H.  Taylor) ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Knowle  (W.  Kiss); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Whitchurch 
(L.  C.  Keighley-Peach)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  diffinis,  L.     Much  less   common  than 

affinis ;  only  recorded  from  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

—  trapezina,  L.     Common  everywhere 
Cosmia  paleacea,  Esp.   (fulvago,   Hb.)     Is 

reported  by  Mr.  C.  Baker  to  occur 
at  Atherstone,  but  I  know  of  no  other 
captures 

Dyschorista  suspecta,  Hb.  Rare.  The 
only  records  I  have  are  Coventry  and 
Sutton  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Whitchurch 
(J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  fissipuncta,      Haw.       (upsilon,     Bkh.) 

Also  rare,  and  my  records  are  very 
unsatisfactory.  Sutton  Park  (Blatch 
Cat.);  Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  and  it 
also  occurs  in  F.  Enock's  1870  list, 
but  I  should  like  confirmatory  re- 
cords 

Plastenis  subtusa,  F.  Rare.  Hampton-in- 
Arden  (one,  G.  W.  Wynn);  Knowle, 
Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick  and  in  Rugby  lists); 
and  has  also  occurred  over  the  border 
in  the  suburbs  of  Birmingham 

Cirrhoediaxerampelina,  Hb.  Rare.  Knowle 
(one,  R.  C.  Bradley  at  'light,'  Sept.  I, 
1886,  and  Blatch  Coll.);  Stechford  in 
Worcestershire  (H.  Taylor) ;  Sutton 


138 


INSECTS 


TRIFINJE  (continued) 

(Groves);  Pershore  Road,  Birming- 
ham =  ?  Worcestershire  (J.  T.  Foun- 
tain); Rugby  (Rugby  list,  once  only, 
1892);  Atherstone  (C.  Baker);  near 
Coleshill  (W.  H.  Bath,  Entom.  1887, 
p.  210) 

Anchoscelis  lunosa,  Haw.  Rare.  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  G.  Blatch)  ; 
Button  (P.  W.  Abbott) ;  Yardley  (H. 
Taylor);  Atherstone  (C.  Baker);  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
Orthosia  lota,  Cl.  Generally  distributed 
but  not  abundant 

—  macilenta,  Hb.     Rare.    Recorded  from 

Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Saltley  (Blatch 
Cat.);  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ; 
Chelmsley  Wood  (J.  T.  Fountain) 

—  circellaris,    Hufn.      (ferruginea,    Esp.) 

Common  everywhere 

—  helvola,  L.  (rufina,  Hb.)     Not  uncom- 

mon. Button  (P.  W.  Abbott,  G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden,  Mar- 
ston  Green,  Knouile  (G.  W.  Wynn); 
Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis);  Rugby  = 
Overs/ade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker) 

-  pistacina,  F.     Common  everywhere  in 
great  variety 

—  litura,  L.     Common  everywhere 
Xanthia  citrago,  L.     Not  common.    Button 

(P.  W.  Abbott);  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.);  Hay 
Woods  (G.  W.  Wynn,  H.  W.  Ellis, 
etc.);  Rugby  =  Overslade  (Rugby  lists, 
J.  M.  Furness);  I  have  also  taken 
it  on  Staffordshire  side  of  Birming- 
ham 

—  aurago,  F.    Rare.    The  late  Mr.  W.  G. 

Blatch  took  it  at  Knowle,  but  no 
other  capture  anywhere  near  Bir- 
mingham is  known 

—  lutea,  Strom,  (flavago,  F.,  silago,  Hb.) 

Common  everywhere 

—  fulvago,    L.    (cerago,    F.)        Common 

everywhere.  This  and  lutea  seem 
to  occur  wherever  sallow  grows,  and 
the  two  can  nearly  always  be  bred 
if  the  catkins  be  gathered.  O.  cir- 
cellaris usually  occurs  with  them  but 
less  frequently 

—  gilvago,  Esp.      Not  common.     Button 

(P.  W.  Abbott);  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch,  H.  W.  Ellis);  Hampton-in- 
Arden  (not  uncommon  at '  sugar '  1 900, 
G.  W.  Wynn);  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 
Orrhodia  vaccinii,  L.  Common  every- 


TRIFIN^E  (continued) 

where,  frequently  very  abundant  at 
'sugar'  in  the  autumn  and  sallows  in 
the  spring 

Orrhodia  ligula,  Esp.  (spadicea,  Haw.)  Not 
so  common  as  vaccinii  but  generally 
occurs  with  it,  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch 
obtained  it  in  considerable  numbers 
at  '  sugar '  at  Knowle.  The  form  we 
get  seems  to  be  always  a  rich  dark 
brown,  and  is,  I  suppose,  var.  sub- 
spadicea,  Stgr. 

Scopelosoma  satellitia,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Xylina  ornitopus,  Rott.  (rhizolitha,  Tr.) 
Notcommon.  Know/e(W.G. Blatch); 
Solihull (Blatch  Cat.);  1  Rugby  (Rugby 
list,  1888  only) 

Calocampa  vetusta,  Hb.  Not  common. 
Button  (H.  M.  Lee,  Blatch  Hand., 
etc.);  Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch);  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  exoleta,  L.    Not  uncommon.    Marston 

Green  (E.  C.  Tye);  Button  (P.  W. 
Abbott,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.);  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch,  etc.)  ;  Birmingham 
(J.  T.  Fountain);  Solihull  (Blatch 
Cat.) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) 

Xylocampa  areola,  Esp.  (lithorhiza,  Tr.) 
Not  common  ;  it  occurs  regularly  at 
Knowle  and  is  also  recorded  from 
Button  (H.  Taylor);  Coleshill  (Blatch 
Cat.);  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Cucullia  verbasci,  L.  Not  common.  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists);  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom); 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

• —  umbratica,  L.  •>      The  records  of 

—  chamomillae,  Schiff.   /   these  two  spe- 

cies are  probably  mixed  and  unde- 
pendable  owing  to  their  close  resem- 
blance, but  both  species  seem  to 
occur  throughout  the  county,  um- 
bratica being  probably  much  the 
commoner 

Anarta  myrtilli,  L.  Common  in  Button 
Park,  and  is  also  recorded  from 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
there  are  not  many  other  places  in 
the  county  which  I  should  regard  as 
likely  for  its  occurrence 

Heliaca  tenebrata,  Scop,  (arbuti,  F.)  Com- 
mon locally  throughout  the  county 

Pyrrhia  umbra,  Hufn.  (Chariclea  marginata, 
F.)  Very  rare ;  has  been  recorded 
from  Coleshill  (Blatch  Hand.);  Knowle 
(H.  Taylor);  Rugby  =  Overslade^.  M. 
Furness,  Rugby  list,  1892) 


139 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


TRIFIN.*  (continued) 

Erastria  fasciana,  L.  (fuscula,  Hb.)  Very 
rare.  H.  R.  Brown,  in  Entom.  1882, 
p.  91,  records  it  from  a  wood  at 
Bubbenhall  near  Coventry,  and  it  is 
also  recorded  in  Rugby  lists  as  occur- 
ring in  Waveley  Wood  near  Stoneleigh 
Park,  also  on  Mr.  H.  R.  Brown's 
authority.  The  two  records  prob- 
ably refer  to  the  same  capture,  and 
Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  tells  me  the  in- 
sects are  still  in  the  school  collection 
labelled  accordingly 

Rivula  sericealis,  Scop.  The  only  records 
I  have  of  this  species  are  in  the 
Rugby  lists  in  1874  and  1898,  the 
former  on  Mr.  A.  Sidgwick's  the 
latter  on  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick's 
authority.  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  in 
a  letter  confirms  the  capture  and 
says  he  took  one  in  Rugby 

Prothymnia  viridaria,  Cl.  (asnea,  Hb.) 
W.  G.  Blatch  in  his  Handbook  gives 
Knowle,  Coleshill  and  Button,  and  F. 
Enock  (List,  1869)  says  common, 
but  I  have  no  recent  records  except 
that  Mr.  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler  gives 
it  in  his  Wolford  list,  and  it  occurs 
several  times  in  the  Rugby  lists  — 
Brandon  Jf^oods,  etc.  I  feel  sure  it 
does  not  occur  at  Sutton  now 

GoNOPTERINj'E 

Scolioptcryx  libatrix,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  fairly  common 

QuADRIFIN.ffi 

Abrostola  triplasia,  L.  Not  common. 
Tardley  (E.  C.  Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn); 
Knowle  (W.  Kiss,  etc.);  Rugby  — 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Aiher- 
stone  (C.  Baker) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  tripartite,    Hufn.     (urticae,   Hb.)     Not 

common.  Yardley  (E.  C.  Tye)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) ;  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade, etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Athentone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

Plusia  chrysitis,  L.  Throughout  the 
county  not  uncommon 

—  festucae,  L.    I  have  one  specimen  taken 

by  my  brother  in  Sutton  Park,  and 
have  a  record  of  its  occurrence  at 
Wolford,  where  Mr.  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler  says  his  father  took  it  years 
ago 

—  pulchrina,     Haw.      (v-aureum,     Gn.) 

Not  uncommon  throughout  the 
county 

—  jota,  L.     Not  uncommon  throughout 

the  county 


TRIFIRS  (continued) 

Plusia  gamma,  L.  As  abundant  as  else- 
where 

Euclidia  mi,  Cl.  Recorded  from  most 
parts  of  the  county,  but  seems  to  be 
local.  It  does  not  occur  at  Sutton, 
nor  has  it  been  recorded  from  any- 
where nearer  to  Birmingham  than 
Knowle 

—  glyphica,  L.     Usually  occurs  with  the 

above  but  there  are  fewer  records 
for  it.  Knowle  (Blatch  Hand.) ;  Rugby 
=  Cathiron,  etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Wol- 
ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler);  Whit- 
church,  (Worcestershire  side,  L.  C. 
Keighley-Peach) 

Catocala  fraxini,  L.  Rugby  ;  one  caught 
by  T.  M.  Wratislaw  on  August  31, 
1880  (see  Entom.  1880,  p.  310) 

—  nupta,  L.     Not  common.    Hampton-in- 

Arden  (one,  1900,  G.  W.  Wynn); 
Knowle  (Blatch  Hand.);  Rugby  (N.  V. 
Sidgwick, and  Rugby  lists)  ;  Warwick 
(taken  by  Mr.  Chadwick  =  P.  P. 
Baly)  ;  Baddesley  Clinton  (one,  W. 
Kiss);  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom); 
Wolford  (common  some  years,  in 
others  scarcely  one,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

[ —  sponsa,  L.  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  tells 
me  that  it  was  taken  by  Mr.  Austen 
in  Wolford  Woods  ;  I  however  think 
it  improbable,  and  it  certainly  needs 
confirmation  as  it  is  not  usually  taken 
in  the  midlands] 

[ —  promissa,  Esp.  This  also  comes  into 
the  list  on  a  single  doubtful  record. 
Mr.  W.  S.  Edmonds  records  it  in 
Rugby  list,  1888,  and  Mr.  N.  V. 
Sidgwick  writes  me  that  he  assured 
him  he  had  taken  it  in  Brandon  Woods 
and  seemed  to  know  it  ;  I  consider  it 
however  as  improbable  as  the  last] 
HYPENIN^E 

Laspeyria  flexula,  Schiff.  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick tells  me  he  has  taken  this  in 
Rugby,  and  it  occurs  several  times  in 
the  Rugby  lists 

Zanclognatha  tarsi pennalis,  Tr.  Not  un- 
common. Coventry  (G.  H.  Kenrick); 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  Ovenlade, 
Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) 

—  grisealis,  Hb.  (nemoralis,  F.)      Not  un- 

common.    Sutton  (R.   C.  Bradley)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
Pechipogon   barbalis,   Cl.     Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;     Rugby  =  Brandon     Woods, 


140 


INSECTS 


HYPENIN.«  (continued) 

Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists);  Ather- 
stone  (C.  Baker) 

Hypena  proboscidalis,  L.  Common.  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

CYMATOPHORID.E 

Habrosyne  derasa,  L.  Occurs  throughout 
the  county,  but  not  abundantly 

Thyatira  batis,  L.  More  numerous  than 
derasa  and  equally  generally  distri- 
buted 

Cymatophora  or  (S.V.),  F.  Rare.  Knowle 
(W.  Kiss);  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  once 
only,  1888) 

—  octogesima,   Hb.    (ocularis,  Gn.)     Mr. 

E.  A.  Laxon  tells  me  that  two  speci- 
mens of  this  species  were  taken  in 
Waveley  Wood  near  Coventry  in  his 
presence 

—  duplaris,    L.      Not    common.      Sutton 

(G.  W.  Wynn,  J.  T.  Fountain)  ; 
Hay  Wood  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle 
(G.  W.  Wynn,  Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1888  only);  Wolf  or d 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Polyploca  diluta,  F.  Not  uncommon. 
Coventry,  Knowle,  Marston  Green 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Solihull 
(Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  in 
1888  only);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  Wh\tcburch(].  H. Bloom) ; 
Chelmsley  Wood  (J.  T.  Fountain) 

—  flavicornis,  L.     Not  common.    Sohhull 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Marston  Green 
(E.  C.  Tye,  G.  W.  Wynn);  Middle- 
ton  Woods  (P.  W.  Abbott)  ;  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.); 
Sutton  Park  (G.  W.  Wynn,  H. 
Taylor) 

—  ridens,   F.      Rare.      I   have   only  one 

record  =  Wolford  (one  only,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) ;  but  it  has  also  been  taken 
only  just  over  the  -border  in  Hopwas 
Wood  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch 

BREPHID^E 

Brephos  parthenias,  L.  Rare.  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford 
Woods  (common  in  one  part,  W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler) 

—  nothum,     Hb.       The    Rev.    A.     H. 

Wratislaw  records  it  in  the  Rugby 
list  for  1867 

GEOMETRIDjE 

GEOMETRINJE 

Pseudoterpna    pruinata,    Hufn.  (cythisaria, 


GEOMETRIN.S  (continued) 

Schiff.  Not  uncommon.  Sutton 
(P.  W.  Abbott,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.) ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Rugby  (N. 
V.  Sidgwick,  and  Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ;  Wolford  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Geometra  papilionaria,  L.  Not  common. 
Marston  Green  (E.  C.  Tye)  ;  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  Kiss,  etc.); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby  = 
Frankton  Wood,  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Bubbinhall  near 
Coventry  (H.  R.  Brown,  Entom. 
1882,  p.  91) 

Euchloris  pustulata,  Hufn.  (bajularia,  Schiff.) 
Not  common  and  local.  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch,  W.  Kiss)  ;  Solihull 
(Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Rugby  =  Wave  ley 
Wood,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Bubbinhall  near  Coven- 
try (H.  R.  Brown,  1882,  p.  91) 

Thalera  lactearia,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Hemithea  strigata,  Mttll.  (thymiaria,  Gn.) 
Not  common.  Hampton-in-Arden 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker); 
Wolford  (Austen,  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Whltchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) 

AciDALIINJE 

Acidalia  dimidiata,  Hufn.  (scutulata,  Bkh.) 
Common.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists); 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  virgularia,  Hb.    (incanaria,   Hb.)     Soli- 

hull  (A.  H.  Martineau,  one  in 
house)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Wol- 
ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists,  quite  common,  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick) 

—  bisetata,    Hufn.       Common.       Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley,  G.  W.  Wynn); 
Stechford  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Tardley  (H. 
Taylor)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker); 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  dilutaria,  Hb.  (osseata  [F.],  Stt.)     Rug- 

by =  Brandon  village  and  Ntwbold 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  inornata,  Haw.     Not  common.    Sutton 

(W.  G.  Blatch,  G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby 
(Rugby  list  1888  only) 

—  aversata,  L.     Common  everywhere 


141 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ACIDALIIN.S  (continued) 

Acidalia  emarginata,  L.  Doubtfully  recorded 
from  Rugby  ;  in  Rugby  list  1867  G. 
B.  Longstaff  records  it,  and  in  a  com- 
munication to  me  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick  tells  me  that  Mr.  A.  Sidgwick 
thinks  he  saw  it  years  ago,  but  is  not 
certain 

—  remutaria,     Hb.       Common.       Sutton 

(P.  W.  Abbott,  G.  W.  Wynn, 
etc.)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  G. 
W.  Wynn,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

-  immutata,    L.       Only    recorded    from 

Wolford  by  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler 

-  imitaria,  Hb.    Not  common. .    Tardley 

(H.  Taylor)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) ; 
Wbitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
Ephyra  pendularia,  Cl.  Not  common. 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  C.  J.  W., 
etc.)  ;  Erd'mgton  (Blatch  Hand.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) 

-  annulata,    Schulze  (omicronaria  [S.V.] 

Hb.  Not  common ;  only  re- 
corded in  Rugby  lists  =  Brandon 
Woods,  etc. 

-  porata,  F.     Not  common.     Erd'mgton, 

Knowle  (Blatch  Hand.);  Rugby  = 
Brandon  Woods  (Rugby  list  1886 
only) 

—  punctaria,  L.      Not  uncommon.    Sutton 

(C.  J.  W.,  etc.)  ;  Knowle  (W.  Kiss, 
R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Erd'mgton 
(Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
[foods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker);  Coombe  Wood  (G.  B. 
LongstafF,  E.M.M.  iii.  138) 

Timandra  amata,  L.    (amataria,  L.)     Not 

common,  but  generally  distributed 
LARENTIIN^E 

Ortholitha  plumbaria,  F.  (palumbaria 
[S.V.]  Tr.)  Very  common  in 
Sutton  Park.  Also  recorded  from 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  Brownsover,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker)  ;  and  probably  common  in 
all  suitable  localities 

-  cervinata,  Schiff.    Not  common.  Sutton 

(P.  W.  Abbott,  R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Ovenlade  (Rugby  list  1892  only); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby  (once 
only,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  limitata,       Sc.      (mensuraria,     Schiff.) 

Common  throughout  the  county 


LARENTIINJE  (continued) 

Odezia  atrata,  L.  (chaerophyllata,  L.) 
Very  local,  sometimes  occurring  in 
one  field  only,  but  it  is  given  in  all 
my  lists,  and  usually  is  common  in 
the  spots  where  it  is  found 

Anaitis  plagiata,  L.  Not  uncommon,  and 
seems  to  occur  throughout  the  county 
[ —  paludata,  Thnb.,  var.  imbutata,  Hb. 
Both  W.  G.  Blatch  in  Brit.  Assoc. 
Hand,  and  Enock  in  his  1869  list 
mention  this  as  occurring  near  Bir- 
mingham. I  however  do  not  know 
of  its  occurrence  nearer  than  Chart  ley 
Moss,  Staffordshire,  and  do  not  think 
it  is  at  all  likely  to  be  found  in 
Warwickshire] 

Chesias  spartiata,  Fuesl.  Very  local,  but 
well  distributed.  Sutton  (G.  W. 
Wynn);  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Ovenlade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) 

Lobophora  carpinata,  Bkh.  (lobulata,  Hb.). 
Rare.  It  occurs  at  Knowle,  where  I 
have  taken  it  ;  and  F.  Enock  gives 
it  in  his  list  1870,  probably  from 
captures  at  the  same  place.  At 
Hopwas  Wood  just  over  the  border 
it  is  very  common 

—  halterata,   Hufn.    (hexapterata,    Schiff.) 

Rare.  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  writes 
to  me  that  he  took  it  once  at  Bran- 
don Woods,  and  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom 
records  it  from  the  Worcestershire 
side  of  Whitchurch  parish 
-  viretata,  Hb.  Sutton  Park  is  a  well- 
known  headquartersof  this  usually  un- 
common insect,  and  in  some  years  it 
has  been  taken  there  in  considerable 
numbers.  Of  late  years  however  I 
fear  it  has  been  rendered  much  rarer 
by  over  collecting ;  at  any  rate  I 
have  not  heard  of  many  being  taken 
recently,  though  that  may  be  because 
it  has  not  been  looked  for  so  much  as 
it  used  to  be 

Chcimatobia  brumata,  L.  Very  common 
here  as  elsewhere 

Triphosa  dubitata,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Eucosmia  certata,  Hb.  Rare.  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby  =  Ovenlade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Whitchurch, 
Worcestershire,  J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  undulata,    L.     Not   common.      Sutton 

(C.  J.  W.,  etc.)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley);  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.,  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Solihull=  Cut 
Throat  Coppice  (Blatch  Cat.) 


142 


INSECTS 


LARENTIINJE  (continued) 

Scotosia  vetulata,  Schiff.  Not  common. 
Salford  Priors  (J.  T.  Fountain) ; 
Rugby  =  Cawston,  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Whitchurch  (Worces- 
tershire, J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Rugby  (N. 
V.  Sidgwick) 

—  rhamnata,    Schiff.          Not     common. 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler); 
Whitchurch  (Worcestershire,  J.  H. 
Bloom) 

Lygris  prunata,  L.  (ribesiaria,  B.).  Not 
common.  Hampton-in-Arden  (G. 
W.  Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
Princethorpe  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

-  testata,   L.     Not    very   common,    but 

occurs  throughout  the  county 

-  populata,  L.     Not  uncommon.     Button 

(C.  J.  W.,  G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Soli- 
hull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  associata,  Bkh.  (dotata,  D.  L.).    Com- 

mon in  gardens,  etc.  Tardley  (G. 
W.  Wynn)  ;  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.) ;  Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 
Larentia  dotata,  L.  (pyraliata  [S.V.]  Hb.) 
Common.  Knowle  (C.  J.  W.,  etc., 
etc.) ;  Solihull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  fulvata,  Forst.     Common  everywhere 

-  ocellata,  L.  „  „ 

-  bicolorata,     Hufn.    (rubiginata    [S.V.] 

Hb.)  Not  common.  Sutton  Park 
(C.  J.  W.) ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.)  ;  Olton,  Solihull  (Blatch 
Cat.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Ather- 
stone (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

—  variata,  Schiff.     Common  locally  ;  Sut- 

ton Park  (very  common,  C.  J.  W., 
etc.)  ;  Hampton-in-Arden,  Knowle 
(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  miata,  L.     Not    uncommon.     Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

—  truncata,  Hufn.  (russata  [S.V.]  Hb.) ) 

—  immanata,  Haw.  J 

Both    these    species    are,    I  believe, 


LARENTIIN^E  (continued) 

common  throughout  the  county,  and 
occur  in  all  their  known  forms  ;  they 
are  doubtless,  however,  much  mixed 
up  in  collections  and  records 

Larentia  firmata,  Hb.  Rare.  A  few  larvz 
have  been  taken  in  Sutton  Park  with 
those  of  variata,  and  it  is  recorded 
twice  in  the  Rugby  lists 

[—  olivata  [S.V.],  Bkh.  Mr.  C.  Baker 
records  this  species  from  Atherstone, 
and  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  says  it  occurs 
at  Whitchurch,  but  I  think  it  very 
likely  dark  viridaria  have  been  mis- 
taken for  it,  and  it  much  needs  con- 
firmation] 

-  viridaria,      F.      (pectinataria,    Knoch.) 
Common  everywhere 

—  fluctuata,  L.      Very    common    every- 

where 

—  multistrigaria,     Haw.         Common     in 

Sutton  Park  ;  and  also  recorded 
from  Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch)  ; 
Marston  Green  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  = 
Princethorpe  (Rugby  list  1898  only, 
D.  Campbell) 

—  didymata,    L.     Very    common    every- 

where 

—  montanata,  Schiff.      Very  common  in 

all  the  woods 

—  suffumata     [S.V.],     Hb.         Common. 

Sutton  (C.  ].  W.,  etc.)  ;  Knowle  (R. 
C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
Woods,  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  quadrifasciaria,  Cl.     Occurs  in  Enock's 

list  1869,  but  I  think  in  error 

—  ferrugata,  Cl.          \  I  think  both  these 

—  unidentaria,  Haw.  J  species    are    com- 

mon, but  the  records  are  untrust- 
worthy owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
distinguishing  the  two  species 

—  designata,  Rott.  (propugnata  [S.V.]  F.) 

Not  common.  Sutton  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley, G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.)  ;  Middleton 
(R.  C.  Bradley);  Solihull  (Blatch 
Cat.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wol- 
ford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  fluviata,    Hb.      Mr.    W.    G.    Blatch 

gives  Knowle  as  a  locality  for  this 
species  in  his  handbook ;  and  Mr.  F. 
Enock  includes  it  in  his  1869  list  ;  I 
however  know  of  no  recent  capture 

—  vittata,    Bkh.    (lignata,    Hb. )       Very 

rare.  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott  has  taken 
it  at  Sutton,  and  the  name  also  occurs 
once  in  the  Rugby  lists  1888 


1 43 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


LARENTIINJE  (continued) 

Larentia  dilutata  (S. V.)  Bkh.    Very  common 
everywhere 

—  cuculata,    Hufn.   (sinuata   [S.V.]   Hb.) 

Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  bred  one  in  1869 
from  a  larva  found  at  Knowle 

—  rivata,  Hb.  \ 

—  sociata,     Bkh.     (subtristata,     Haw.)  j 

There  are  numerous  records  of  both 
these  species,  but  I  am  of  opinion 
that  most  if  not  all  of  the  specimens 
are  sociata ;  Rivata  may  occur,  but 
I  think  it  is  rare  if  it  does  ;  sociata 
is  very  common 

—  unangulata,  Haw.     Rare.     Sutton   (H. 

M.  Lee)  ;  Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch, 
R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Bar- 
by,  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  albicillata,  L.    Not  common  and  local  ; 

most  abundant  in  Sutton  Park,  where 
many  have  been  taken  ;  also  occurs 
at  Marston  Green  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (H.  W.  Ellis  and  W.  Kiss)  ; 
Solihull  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  = 
Coomb e  Wood,  Brandon  Woods,  Prince- 
thorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker);  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. Bloom) 

—  hastata,    L.       Rare.      Knowle    (R.   C. 

Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Coventry  (G.  H. 
Kenrick)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford  (Austen, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  affinitata,   Steph.      Common.       Solihull 

(Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.);  Rugby  (Rugby  list  1899 
only)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wol- 
ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  alchemillata,    L.       Common.      Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley);  Solihull  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade  (Rugby 
lists) 

—  albulata,  Schiff.     Commoner  than  the 

above  two  species  ;  occurs  every- 
where 

—  testaceata,  Don  (Asthena  sylvata  [S.V.] 

Hb.)  Rare.  Knowle  =  Chalcot 
Wood  (R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  G. 
Blatch)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick 
and  Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C. 
E.  Wheeler)  ;  Coombe  Wood  (G.  B. 
Longstaff,  E.M.M.  iii.  138) 

—  obliterata,      Hufn.      (heparata    [S.V.] 

Haw.)  Not  common.  Occurs  at 
Sutton  amongst  the  alders  ;  and  at 
Marston  Green  (G.  W.  Wynn  and 
E.  C.  Tye)  ;  Know  It  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley, etc.);  Solihull  (Blatch  Cat.); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 


LARENTIIN.S:  (continued) 

Larentia  luteata,  Schiff.  Not  common. 
Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  Rugby  = 
Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  flavofasciata,  Thnbg.  (decolorata,  Hb.) 

Not  uncommon.  Tardley,  Marston 
Green,  Sutton  (G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom)  ;  Edgbas- 
ton  (R.  C.  R.  Jordan,  E.M.M.  iv. 
1 86) 

—  bilineata,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  sordidata,    F.     (elutata,    Hb.)      Com- 

mon everywhere 

—  autumnalis.    StrOm    (trifasciata,    Bkh. 

impluviata  [S.V.]  Hb. )  Not 
common.  Marston  Green  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Sutton  (H.  M.  Lee,  G.  W. 
Wynn,  etc.,  etc.)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Solihull  (Blatch 
Hand.);  Rugby  (Rugby  list  1888 
only)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 
[ —  ruberata,  Frr.  Has  been  recorded 
many  times,  but  never  seems  to  stand 
investigation.  I  do  not  believe  it 
occurs  with  us  at  all,  although  it  is 
given  in  both  Enock's  lists  and 
Blatch  Hand.] 

—  silaceata    (S.V.),    Hb.     Not   common. 

Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Wolford  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler)  ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom)  ;  Brandon  Woods  (N.  V. 
Sidgwick) 

—  corylata,  Thnbg.      Common  through- 

out the  county 

—  badiata   (S.V.)    Hb.     Common  every- 

where 

—  nigrofasciaria,    Goze  (derivata    [S.V.] 

Bkh.)  Much  less  common  than 
badiata.  Marston  Green  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn) ; 
Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  rubidata    (S.V.),  F.      Very  rare.      In 

the  Blatch  collection  is  a  specimen 
bred  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  from  a 
larva  found  at  Knowle  in  1869  » 
Mr.  C.  Baker  records  it  from  Ather- 
stone, and  it  is  given  in  the  Rugby 
lists,  but  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  writes 
to  me  that  he  never  heard  of  its 
capture  and  doubts  it.  It  occurs  in 
Mr.  Enock's  list  1869 

—  comitata,  L.      Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 

(Rugby  lists  and  Mr.  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 


144 


INSECTS 


LARENTIIN.*  (continued) 


Asthena     candidata,     Schiff.        Common 

everywhere  in  woods 
Tephroclystia  oblongata,  Thnbg.  (centau- 

reata    [S.V.]    F.)        Not    common. 

Knowle    (R.      C.    Bradley,     etc.); 

Hampton-in-Arden,       Yardley       (G. 

W.      Wynn)  ;      Rugby  =  Overslade, 

Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Ather- 

stone  (C.  Baker) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 

Wheeler) 

—  linariata    (S.V.),     F.       Not    common. 

Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  given  in 
Knock's  list  1869  as  common,  which 
it  is  not  now  anyway 

—  pulchellata,    Stph.       Not    uncommon. 

Marston  Green  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Button  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  list 
1888  only)  ;  Edgbaston  (R.  C.  R. 
Jordan,  E.M.M.  iv.  186) 

—  indigata,     Hb.       Fairly     common     in 

Sutton  Part,  and  also  recorded  by 
Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  in  Rugby  list 
1859 

—  venosata,    F.     Not    common.      Sutton 

(P.  W.  Abbott,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists) ;  and  is  given  in  Knock's  list, 
1870 

—  assimilata,  Gn.     Common   in   gardens 

on  currant  bushes  round  Birming- 
ham ;  also  recorded  from  Atherstone 
(C.  Baker) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade  (J.  M. 
Furness,  Rugby  list,  1895) 

—  absinthiata,  Cl.     F.  Enock  gives  it  in 

his  1869  list  as  common,  and  it 
occurs  in  several  Rugby  lists,  but  I 
know  of  no  capture  myself 

—  Goossensiata,  Mab.  (minutata,  Gn.)     I 

have  a  specimen  which  I  reared  from 
amongst  some  Sutton  larvs 

—  vulgata,      Haw.         Common      every- 

where 

—  lariciata,  Frr.     Common  in  fir  woods. 

Sutton  (C.  J.  W.,  etc.)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1867  only);  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Frankton  Wood, 
Cawston  Spring  (G.  B.  Longstaffj 
E.M.M.  iii.  138) 

—  castigata,  Hb.     Fairly  common.     Sut- 

ton (C.  J.  W.,  R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ; 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  = 
Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  subnotata,  Hb.     Enock   says   common 

in  his  1869  list,  but  I  do  not  know 
of  any  capture,  though  I  expect  it 
would  prove  not  uncommon  if 
looked  for 

—  satyrata,  Hb.     Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch) ; 

Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list, 

I  M5 


LARENTIINVE  (continued) 


1888)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker).  Com- 
mon (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 
Tephroclystia  succenturiata,  L.  Enock 
(List,  1869)  says  common,  but  I  do 
not  think  it  is  ;  my  only  record  is 
in  the  Rugby  lists,  where  it  is  given 
by  Rev.  J.  M.  Furness 

—  subfulvata,  Haw.     Not  uncommon.    Is 

recorded  from  Tardley,  Hampton-in- 
Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn) ;  Sutton  (P.  W. 
Abbott) ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  lists) ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  plumbeolata,    Haw.        Not    common. 

Sutton  (G.  W.  Wynn,  R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  ?  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1898 
only) ;  Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley  = 
?  Warwickshire) 

—  nanata,  Hb.     Common  at  Sutton  and 

probably  wherever  the  Calluna 
grows  ;  only  recorded  however 
from  Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W. 
Wynn)  and  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 
[ —  innotata,  Hufn.  I  have  no  record  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  type  more 
trustworthy  than  the  Rugby  School 
lists.  The  variety  fraxinata,  Crewe, 
however  almost  certainly  occurs, 
though  I  have  no  certain  Warwick- 
shire record.  It  is  however  common 
on  ash  trees  in  the  suburbs  of  Bir- 
mingham at  Handsworth,  Moseley,  etc., 
and  I  have  no  doubt  also  occurs  on 
the  Warwickshire  side.  I  believe 
too  that  I  have  seen  larvas  on  ash 
trees  at  Wylde  Green] 

—  abbreviate, Stph.  Seems  to  occur  every- 

where in  woods  and  to  be  fairly  com- 
mon 

—  exiguata,  Hb.     Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch)  ; 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists 
several  times  =  N.  V.  Sidgwick,  J.  M. 
Furness,  etc.) 

—  sobrinata,  Hb.     Not  common.     Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade  (Rugby 
list,  J.  M.  Furness,  1892).  (Food 
plant  does  not  occur  in  this  district 
=  Rugby,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
Chloroclystis  coronata,  Hb.  Rare.  Sutton 
(J.  F.  Perry) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  rectangulata,  L.     Common  in  gardens 

and  orchards,  etc. 

Phibalapteryx  tersata  (S.V.),  Hb.  The  only 
record  is  one  by  Rev.  J.  M.  Furness 
in  the  Rugby  list  for  1 893,  and  it 
needs  confirmation 

19 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


BOARMIIN.* 

Abraxas  grossulariata,  L.  Exceedingly  abun- 
dant in  gardens,  etc.,  as  usual 

—  sylvata,  Sc.     Not    common    and    very 

local.  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.,  W. 
Kiss)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
Newbold  Road,  Overslade,  etc.  (Rug- 
by lists)  ;  Athentone  (C.  Baker)  ; 
Wolford  (not  seen  for  some  time, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

-  marginata,  L.     Common  in  woods,  etc. 

-  adustata,  Schiff.     Rare.     Sutton  (P.  W. 

Abbott);   I  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1888 

only) ;   Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 
Bapta  temerata  (S.V.),  Hb.    Rare.     Rugby 

=  Frankton  Woods  (Rugby  list,  1886); 

Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 
Deilinia  pusaria,  L.    Common  everywhere. 

Ab.  rotundaria,  Haw.,  has  occurred. 

I    bred   one    from    a    lot    of    Sutton 

larvae,  and  it  is  also  twice  recorded 

in  the  Rugby  lists 

—  exanthemata,  Sc.  Common  everywhere 
Numeria    pulveraria,    L.       Not    common. 

Knowle  (C.  J.  W.,  etc.)  ;  Hampton- 
in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Athentone 
(C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby  —  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

Ellopia  prosapiaria,  L.  (fasciaria,  SchifF.). 
Occurs  in  Sutton  Park,  but  not  com- 
monly, and  the  only  other  record  is 
^from  Overslade  =  Rugby  (J.  M.  Fur- 
ness,  Rugby  lists) 

Metrocampa  margaritata,  L.  Common 
and  generally  distributed 

Ennomos  quercinaria,  Hufn.  (angularia 
[S.V.],  Hb.)  Not  common.  Knowle 
(W.  G.  Blatch,  W.  Kiss)  ;  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  Frankton  Wood,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists);  Whitchurch  (L.  C. 
Keigh ley-Peach);  Wolford (W.C.E. 
Wheeler) 

-  alniaria,  L.  (tiliaria,  Bkh.)     Fairly  com- 

mon and  generally  distributed 

-  fuscantaria,  Haw.  Not  common.  Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists,  bred  from  larvae,  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick) ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

-  erosaria   (S.V.),  Hb.     Rare.     Marston 

Green  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Leamington, 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  ?  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1892  only) 
Selenia  bilunaria,  Esp.  (illunaria,  Hb.) 
Occurs  throughout  the  county  not 
uncommonly  ;  also  var.  juliaria, 
Haw. 

-  lunaria,  Schiff.     Much    less    common. 

Knowle  (C.  J.  W.,  etc.);  Tardley 
(G.  W.  Wynn,  etc.);  Marston 
Green  (R.  C.  Bradley);  near  Bir- 

146 


BOARMIIN.*  (continued) 

mingham     (Blatch     Hand.) ;      Rugby 
(Rugby  lists) 

Selenia  tetralunaria,  Hufn.  (illustraria,  Hb.) 
Not  common.  Knowle  (W.  G. 
Blatch)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) ;  also 
given  in  Enock's  List,  1870 

Hygrochroa  syringaria,  L.  Seems  to  occur 
throughout  the  county,  as  it  is  in 
every  list,  but  it  is  far  from  common 

Gonodontis  bidentata,  Cl.  Common  every- 
where 

Himera  pennaria,  L.  Not  uncommon. 
rard!ey(G.W.  Wynn,  etc.);  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.);  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch  Coll.) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) 

Crocallis  elinguaria,  L.  Generally  distri- 
buted and  fairly  common 

Ourapteryx  sambucaria,  L.  Common  every- 
where 

Eurymene  dolobraria,  L.  Not  common. 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  W.  G. 
Blatch) ;  Sutton  Park  (W.  G.  Blatch 
=  not  taken  for  many  years, 
C.  J.  W.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists,  many  times) ;  Wol- 
ford (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Opisthograptis  luteolata,  L.  (cratasgata,  L.) 
Very  common  everywhere 

Epione  apiciaria,  SchifF.  Seems  to  occur 
throughout  the  county,  but  it  is  far 
from  common 

Semiothisa  liturata,  Cl.  Common  in  Sut- 
ton Park  ;  also  recorded  from  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Bran- 
don Woods,  Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists)  ;  and  probably  occurs  wherever 
there  are  fir  woods 

Hybernia  rupicapraria(S.V.),  Hb.  Common 
throughout  the  county 

—  leucophaearia,    Schiff.      Generally    dis- 

tributed and  fairly  common 

—  aurantiaria,  Esp.     Not  common.  Sutton 

Park  (C.  J.  W.,  etc.) ;  Tardley  (G.  W. 
Wynn);  Knowle  (R.  C.Bradley,  etc.); 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Wolford  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  marginaria,  Bkh.    (progemmaria,  Hb.) 

Very  common  everywhere.  Dark 
forms  are  frequent,  both  the  uni- 
colorous  var.  fuscata  and  also  speci- 
mens more  or  less  richly  clouded 
with  dark  colour,  the  markings  re- 
maining as  usual 

—  defoliaria,  Cl.     Very  common    every- 

where. The  oaks  in  Sutton  Park 
are  in  some  seasons  nearly  stripped 
of  their  foliage,  the  larvae  of  this 


I 


INSECTS 


BOARMIIN^E  (continued) 


species  being  the  chief  offenders  ;  at 
such  times  it  is  uncomfortable  to 
pass  through  the  woods  in  conse- 
quence of  the  number  of  pendent 
silken  threads  and  larvae  which 
catch  one's  face,  etc.  The  perfect 
insects  show  great  variation  from  a 
unicolorous  brown  to  pale  specimens 
richly  marked  with  dark  bars 

Anisopteryx  asscularia,  Schiff.  Generally 
distributed  and  fairly  common 

Phigalia  pedaria,  F.  (pilosaria  [S.V.],  Hb.) 
Common.  All  are  of  the  usual  form  ; 
the  black  form  has  not  yet  been  no- 
ticed. I  think  however  ours  are  per- 
haps dullerandless  richly  marked  than 
some  southern  ones 

Biston  hispidaria  (S.V.),  F.  Far  from  com- 
mon. Occurs  regularly  in  Chakot 
Wood,  Knowle  ;  also  recorded  from 
Hay  Wood  and  Umbenlade  (W.  Kiss) ; 
Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Button  Park 
(Blatch  Hand. ;  F.  Knock,  Sat.  Guide 
=  has  not  however  been  seen  there 
for  many  years,  C.  J.  W.)  ;  Rugby 
=  Wolscote,  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  hirtaria,  Cl.     Very  rare.     Mr.  W.  G. 

Blatch  has  it  from  Knowle,  and  it 
also  occurs  in  the  Rugby  lists,  though 
from  a  communication  received  from 
Mr.  N.  V.  Sidgwick  I  think  it  is 
probably  in  mistake 

—  strataria,   Hufn.    (prodromaria,  SchirF.) 

Rare  ;  but  I  think  it  occurs  through- 
out the  district.  It  is  usually  obtained 
in  the  pupal  stage,  and  the  greater 
portion  never  develop,  but  emerge 
and  become  cripples.  Even  when 
found  at  liberty  a  large  proportion 
are  imperfect 

Amphidasis  betularia,  L.  Common  through- 
out the  district  ;  generally  taken  in 
the  larval  stage  from  poplars,  etc.  ; 
var.  Doubledayaria,  Mill.,  is  very 
common,  and  although  I  think  the 
larger  portion  are  still  the  type,  yet 
the  variety  is  very  rapidly  obtaining 
a  majority 

Hemerophila  abruptaria,  Thnbg.  Not 
common,  but  generally  distributed, 
and  comes  to  '  light '  sometimes  in 
the  suburbs  of  Birmingham 

Boarmia  gemmaria,  Brahm.  (rhomboidaria 
[S.V.],  Hb.)  Common  everywhere. 
Is  particularly  common  in  gardens 
amongst  the  ivy  on  houses,  etc. 

[—  ribeata,  Cl.  (abietaria  [S.V.],  Hb.)  Is 
recorded  from  Frankton  Wood  by  G. 


BOARMIIN^E  (continued) 

B.  Longstaff  in  E.M.M.  1866,  p. 
138,  but  probably  in  error,  as  I  do 
not  think  it  occurs  with  us  at  all] 
Boarmia  repandata,  L.  Common  every- 
where ;  but  while  gemmaria  occurs 
in  gardens,  this  seems  to  belong  to  the 
woods.  Var.  conversaria,  Hb.,  has 
not  been  recorded  in  the  county 

—  roboraria,  Schiff.     Very  rare.     It  is  re- 

corded several  times  in  the  Rugby 
lists  from  Brandon  Woods,  Frankton, 
etc.  Mr.  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler  says 
it  occurs  at  Wolford,  but  is  not  com- 
mon ;  and  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  has 
a  specimen  supposed  to  have  been 
taken  near  Coventry 

—  lichenaria,  Hufn.  Mr.  W.C.E. Wheeler 

gives  it  in  his  Wolford  list,  and  it 
occurs  in  the  Rugby  lists,  but  I  think 
it  is  very  doubtful  if  it  really  occurs 
in  the  county 

—  crepuscularia   (S.V.),  Hb.)    I    am   told 

—  bistortata,    Goeze.  [that   all  our 

specimens  are  bistortata,  and  that 
crepuscularia  is  not  a  midland  in- 
sect. I  confess  however  that  I  cannot 
follow  the  distinctions  or  synonomy 
of  this  pair  of  species.  Our  species 
is  fairly  common  and  generally  dis- 
tributed, and  the  commoner  form 
seems  to  be  the  one  with  but  slight 
markings  and  evenly  dusted  with 
grey 

—  luridata,  Bkh.    (extersaria,  Hb.)     Rare. 

Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Rugby 
=  Brandon  floods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Whitchurch  (L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

—  punctularia,  Hb.    Not  common.   Coven- 

try (G.  H.  Kenrick)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

Ematurga  atomaria,  L.  Very  common  in 
Sutton  Park,  and  probably  equally  so 
wherever  heather  grows.  Recorded 
from  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Mars- 
ton  Green  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Wolford 
(W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Athentone  (C. 
Baker) 

Bupalus  piniarius,  L.  Very  common  in 
Sutton  Park,  and  also  recorded  from 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.);  Rugby 
=  Frankton,  Brandon  Woods,  Prince- 
thorpe,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

Thamnonoma  wauaria,  L.  Common, 
especially  in  gardens 

Phasiane  petraria,  Hb.  Fairly  common. 
Sutton  (P.  W.  Abbott,  R.  C.  Brad- 
ley, etc.) ;  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.)  ;  Atherstone  (C.  Baker)  ;  Rugby 


147 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


BoARMUN/E  (continued) 

=  Brandon,  Princethorpe,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Phasiane  clathrata,  L.  Seems  to  be  common 
in  the  southern  parts  of  the  county,  but 
does  not  occur  at  all  in  the  northern. 
Rugby  (common,  G.  B.  Longstaff, 
E.M.M.  iii.  138,  and  Rugby  lists) ; 
Warwick  (1887,  P.  P.  Baly)  ;  Wai- 
ford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler,  Austen)  ; 
Whitchurcb  (L.  C.  Keighley-Peach) 

Perconia  strigillaria,  Hb.  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch 
records  this  from  Button  Park.  It 
must  however  be  very  rare  there  as 
I  have  heard  of  no  other  captures 

NOLIDjE 

Nola  cucullatella,  L.  Probably  generally 
common,  though  I  have  no  records 
from  the  southern  part  of  the  county 
excepting  in  the  Rugby  lists 

—  confusalis,    H.    S.     (cristulalis,     Dup.) 

Coombe  Wood,  Coventry  (G.  H. 
Kenrick) ;  Brandon  Woods  =  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists :  practically  the  same 
as  Coombe)  ;  Walfard  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler) 

CYMBIDjE 

Hylophila  prasinana,  L.  Common  through- 
out the  county 

ARCTIIDjE 
ARCTIIN^E 

Spilosoma  mendica,  Cl.  Not  common. 
Hampton-in-Arden  (G.  W.  Wynn)  ; 
Knowle  (W.  Kiss,  etc.)  ;  Small  Heath 
(Blatch  Hand.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overs/ade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  lubricipeda,  L.    Common  everywhere 

—  menthastri,  Esp.        „  „ 
Phragmatobia  fuliginosa,  L.    Not  common. 

Sutton  Park  (C.  ].  W.,  etc.)  ;  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler)  ;  Athenian  (C.  Baker) 

Parasemia  plantaginis,  L.  Fairly  common 
in  Sutton  Park  ;  and  Mr.  W.  C.  E. 
Wheeler  says  it  is  common  in  one 
locality  at  Wolford 

Diacrisia  sanio,  L.  (russula,  L.).  Rare. 
Occurs  occasionally  in  Sutton  Park 

Arctia  caja,  L.     Common  everywhere 

Hipocrita  jacobaeae,  L.  Rare  ;  and  has 
not  been  taken  anywhere  near  to 
Birmingham  for  many  years.  It  is 
said  that  it  used  to  be  found  at  Saltley 
(Blatch  Hand.) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
Woods  (Rugby  lists  = '  very  rare,  as  is 


(continued) 
its  food  plant  ;   but  it  has  certainly 
been  taken  at  Brandon  by  L.  Cum- 
ming,'  N.  V.  Sidgwick)  ;  Atherstone 
(C.   Baker);    Walfard   (W.    C.    E. 
Wheeler,  Austen,  etc.) 
LITHOSIIN^E 

Nudaria  mundana,  L.  Not  common. 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists) ;  Walfard  (W. 
C.  E.  Wheeler) 

Miltochrista  miniata,  Forst.  Brandon  Woods 
(Rugby  lists).  It  is  very  rare  in  the 
midlands,  but  the  records  are  pro- 
bably correct,  as  the  name  occurs  in 
several  lists  and  it  is  a  distinct  species ; 
moreover  Mr.  A.  Sidgwick  is  respon- 
sible for  some  of  the  records 

Cybosia  mesomella,  L.  Rare.  Knowle 
(Blatch  Hand.) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon 
Woods,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  also  occurs 
in  F.  Enock's  1870  List 

Lithosia  lurideola,  Zinck.  (complanula,  B.). 
Generally  distributed,  but  not  very 
common 

ZYG1ENID1E 

ZYG.flENIN.ffi 

Zygaena  trifolii,  Esp.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Olton,  Coventry  (Blatch  Coll.) ; 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Atherstone  (C. 
Baker) ;  Wolford  (W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) 

—  lonicerae,     Scheven.       Marston     Green 

(G.  W.  Wynn)  ;  Knowle  =  Hay  Wood 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Wolford^W.  C.  E.  Wheeler).  I  doubt 
if  the  above  two  species  are  always 
properly  distinguished,  and  merely 
give  the  records  as  I  have  received 
them 

—  filipendulae,  L.    The  commonest  species 

of  the  genus,  and  is  recorded  from  most 
parts  of  the  county.  It  is  however 
local,  and  not  often  common  even 
locally 

Ino  statices,  L.  Common  in  a  few  re- 
stricted localities.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  W.  Kiss,  etc.  ;  very  abun- 
dant in  1898,  H.  W.  Ellis)  ;  Sutton 
(reported  only  =  J.  T.  Fountain)  ; 
Olton,Marston  Green  (Blatch  Hand.); 
Wolford  (Austen  ;  locally  common, 
W.  C.  E.  Wheeler) ;  Coombe  Woods 
(G.  B.  Longstaff,  E.M.M.  1866, 

P-  138) 

COCHLIDIDjE 

Heterogenea  asella,  Schiff.  Brandon  Woods 
(one  specimen  only  in  1890,  N.  V. 
Sidgwick).  Seen  and  confirmed  by 
Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett 


148 


INSECTS 


Trochilium  apiformis,  Cl.  Not  common. 
Athenians  (C.  Baker)  ;  ?  Warwick 
(P.  P.  Baly);  Sal  ford  Priors  (J.  T. 
Fountain) 

—  crabroniformis,   Lewin  (bembeciformis, 

Hb).  Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Mr.  N. 
V.  Sidgwick  writes  to  me  that  he 
thinks  the  record  was  probably  right 
Sesia  tipuliformis,  Cl.  Common  on  cur- 
rant bushes  in  some  of  the  suburbs 
of  Birmingham,  and  probably  in  all  ; 
not  many  records  of  the  species,  but 
probably  common  everywhere 

—  vespiformis,  L.  (asiliformis,  Rott.  ;  cyni- 

piformis,  Esp.).  Rare  ;  though  pro- 
bably overlooked.  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott 
took  two  at  Sutton  and  Mr.  H.  W. 
Ellis  took  it  at  Knowle 

—  culiciformis,  L.    Rare  ;  though  like  the 

last,  probably  overlooked.  Mr.  R.  C. 
Bradley  took  one  in  his  garden  at 
Sutton,  and  it  has  been  taken  at  or 
near  Knowle  several  times  (H.  W. 
Ellis,  W.  G.  Blatch,  J.  T.  Fountain) 


Cossus  cossus,  L.  (ligniperda,  F.)  Seems 
to  occur  throughout  the  county,  but 
is  not  often  seen,  and  few  specimens 
exist  in  collections.  Infested  trees 
are  however  reported  from  many 
places 

Zeuzera  pyrina,  L.  (sesculi,  L.)  Odd 
specimens  turn  up  throughout  the 
district,  even  in  Birmingham  and  its 
suburbs,  generally  being  taken  at 
'  light  '  ;  but  the  only  place  where 
it  seems  to  be  known  at  home  is  at 
Rugby,  where  the  schoolboys  take  it 
every  year  and  sometimes  in  numbers 

HEPIALID^E 

Hepialus  humuli,  L.    Common  everywhere 

—  sylvina,  L.     Generally  distributed,  but 

not  common 

—  fusconebulosa,  De  Geer   (velleda,  Hb.) 

Not  uncommon  at  Sutton,  and  also 
recorded  trom  Hampton-in-Arden  (G. 
W.  Wynn)  and  Atherstone  (C.  Baker) 

—  lupulina,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  hecta,  L.    Common  everywhere,  though 

less  so  than  lupulina 

PYRALIDJE 
CRAMBIN.* 

Crambus  tristellus  (S.V.),  F.     Common 

—  perlellus,  Sc.     Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch)  ; 

Sutton  Park  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;    Rugby 


(continued) 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Whit- 
church  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

Crambus  margaritellus,  Hb.  Sutton  (R.  C. 
Bradley).  Common  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

—  pinellus,  L.   (pinetella,  Tr.).      Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch) ;  Sutton  (Blatch  Cat.) ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  falsellus,  Schiff.     Olton  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 

Rugby  (two  undoubted  specimens  in 
garden,  N.  V.  Sidgwick).  Common 
(F.  Enock,  List,  1869)  ? 

—  hortuellus,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 

Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  =  Overs/ade,etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Common  (F.  Enock, 
1869) 

—  culmellus,  L.   Common.    Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley);  Rugby  (Rugby  lists);  Whit- 
church  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  pratellus,   L.      Knowle  (R.   C.   Bradley 

and  Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom).  Common  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

—  pascuellus,  L.     Knowle (R.C.  Bradley); 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
PHYCITIN.S: 

Ephestia  Kuhniella,  Z.    Birmingham  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;   Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  calidella,    Gn.    (ficella,   Dougl.)       Has 

been  bred  locally,  but  from  imported 

fruit 
-  elutella,    Hb.      Common.      Found    in 

Birmingham,   etc.   (R.   C.   Bradley) 
Salebria    betulae,   Gocze.      Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley) 
Phycita    spissicella,    F.      Knowle    (W.    G. 

Blatch)  ;     Rugby  =  Brandon     Wood 

(N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  lists) 
Acrobasis    Zelleri,    Rag.    (tumidella,  Zk.) 

Knowle  (W.  G.  Blatch) 

—  consociella,   Hb.      Brandon    Woods   (N. 

V.  Sidgwick) 

Rhodophaea  advenella,  Zk.    Brandon,  New- 
bold  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
Myelois  ceratoniae,  Zell.     Rugby  (taken  at 

'light'  in  house  August  24,  1895, 

N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
Cryptoblabes  bistriga,  Haw.      Knowle  (W. 

G.    Blatch)  ;    Sutton    Park    (Blatch 

Cat.) 
PYRALIN.S 

Aglossa  pinguinalis,  L.     Common 
Hypsopygia  costalis,  F.      Knowle   (W.   G. 

Blatch) 

Pyralis  farinalis,  L.     Common 
Herculia  glaucinalis,  L.     Knowle  (W.  G. 

Blatch).   Rare  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 


149 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


HYDROCAMPIN.S 

Nymphula  stagnata,  Don.     Common 

-  nymphaeata,  L.  „ 

-  stratiotata,  L.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 

Button  Park  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  lists).  Common  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

Cataclysta  lemnata,  L.     Common 
Eurrhypara  urticata,  L.     Common  every- 
where 
SCOPARIIN.S: 

Scoparia  cembras,  Haw.  Rugby  (several, 
N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  ambigualis,  Tr.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Common  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  ulmella,    Knaggs.      Knowle    (W.    G. 

Blatch) 

—  dubitalis,    Hb.     Rugby  =  Overslade   (J. 

M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1893) 

-  truncicolella,     Stt.       Sutton     (W.     G. 

Blatch) 

-  cratasgella,  Hb.      Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley, Blatch  Coll.) ;  Overslade  =  Rugby 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1895) 

—  frequentella,    Stt.     (mercurella,    Stph.) 

Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Small  Heath  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Over- 
slade =  Rugby  ( J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894).  Common  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 
PYRAUSTINJE 

Sylepta  ruralis,  Sc.  (verticals,  Schiff.) 
Common 

Nomophila  noctuella,  Schiff.  Common. 
Knowle,  etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby 
=  Overslade^  etc.  (Rugby  lists). 
Common  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

Pionea  ferrugalis,  Hb.  Overslade  =  Rugby 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1893)  ; 
Mr.  Bradley  also  took  one  at  Mau- 
ley, ?  in  Warwickshire 

—  prunalis,     Schiff.      Knowle     (common, 

R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  —  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Common  (F. 
Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  forficalis,    L.      Very    common    every- 

where 

—  lutealis,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 

Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Common  (F. 
Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  olivalis,  Schiff.      Knowle  (common,    R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists)  ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom).  Common  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

Pyrausta  fuscalis,  Schiff.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley) 


PYRAUSTIN/E  (continued) 

Pyrausta  sambucalis,  Schiff.  Button,  Moseley 
(R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) ;  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Whitchurch  (J.  H.  Bloom) 

—  cespitalis,  Schiff.     Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidg- 

wick and  in  Rugby  lists) 

—  purpuralis,     L.       Rugby    =    Overslade, 

Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Coombe 
Wood  (common,  G.  B.  Longstaff, 
E.M.M.  iii.  138).  Rather  scarce 
(F.  Enock,  List,  1 869) 

PTEROPHORID^ 

Platyptilia  gonodactyla,  Schiff.  Knowie 
(R.  C.  Bradley,  Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Sut- 
ton (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists) 

Alucita  galactodactyla,  Hb.  Brandon  Woods 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick)  ;  Rugby  =  Frankton, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  pentadactyla,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon,  etc.  (Rugby 

lists).     Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 

1869) 
Pterophorus  monodactylus,  L.  (pterodactyla, 

Hb.)   Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) i;  Knowle 

(W.  G.  Blatch)  ;  near  Birmingham 

(Blatch  Cat.) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 

(Rugby  lists).    Occasional  (F.  Enock, 

List,  1869) 
Stenoptilia     bipunctidactyla,     Haw.,     var. 

plagiodactyla,   Stt.      Knowle    (R.   C. 

Bradley) 

—  pterodactyla,  L.(fuscus,  Retz.)    Knowle, 

Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Hockley 
Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) ;  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade, Frankton,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

ORNEODID^: 

Orneodes  hexadactyla,  L.  Common. 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Whit- 
church  (J.  H.  Bloom).  Occasional 
(F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

TORTRICID^: 

TORTRICINJE 

Acalla  emargana,  F.  (caudana,  F.).  Knowle 
(abundant,  R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1884) 

—  hastiana,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  variegana,    Schiff.       Common    every- 

where. Sutton,  Knowle,  etc.  (R.  C. 
Bradley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Cat.) ; 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists)  ;  Birmingham 
(R.  C.  R.  Jordan,  E.M.M.  October 
1888).  Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 


150 


INSECTS 


ToR.TRiClN.ffi  (continued) 

Acalla  sponsana,  F.  Moseley,  Knowle,  Button 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V. 
Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1898).  Occa- 
sional (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  Schalleriana,  F.      Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley, Blatch  Coll.) 

Schalleriana  var.  comparana,  Hb. 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  aspersana,  Hb.      Rugby  (Aug.  6,  1896, 

N.  V.  Sidgwick) ;  also  in  Knock's 
List,  1869 

—  Holmiana,  L.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 

Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Cat.) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

—  contaminana,     Hb.     Common    every- 

where. Dr.  Jordan  in  E.M.M. 
October,  1888,  says:  'As  far  as  I 
have  seen  the  form  with  the  anterior 
wings  unicolorous  brown  (var.  rhom- 
bana,  Stph.)  occurs  only  at  Birming- 
ham.'' Var.  rhombana,  Steph.  =  dimi- 
diana,  Froel. 

Dichelia  grotiana,  F.  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.) 

Capua  angustiorana,  Haw.  Knowle,  Sutton 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Overslade  =  Rugby 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby,  1894) 

—  favillaceana,    Hb.    (ochraceana,    Stph.) 

Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Cacoecia  podana,  Sc.  (pyrastrana,  Hb.) 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Small 
Heath,  Solihull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby 
=  Brandon  Woods,  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  xylosteana,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 

etc.)  ;  Sutton,  Solihull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  rosana,  L.      Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  Brandon,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

-  sorbiana,  Hb.  Solihull  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enoclc,  List, 
1869) 

—  costana,  F.  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) 

Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  musculana,  Hb.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1867 
only) 

—  unifasciana,  Dup.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 


TORTRICIN.*  (continued) 

Cacoecia  lecheana,  L.  Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 
Bradley);  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods 
(Rugby  lists) 

Pandemis  ribeana,  Hb.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Selihull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby 
=  Brandon  Woods,  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  cinnamomeana,   Tr.      Knowle   (R.   C. 

Bradley) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods 
(Rugby  list,  1886  only) 

—  heparana,  Schiff.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley, Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  =  Over- 
slade, etc.  (Rugby  list).  Occasional 
(F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

Eulia  ministrana,  L.  Middleton  Woods, 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby 
—  Brandon  Woods  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
occasional  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869)  ; 
Birmingham  (var.  ferrugana,  Hb., 
once,  Jordan,  E.M.M.  Oct.  1888) 

Tortrix  Forskaleana,  L.  Common  (R.  C. 
Bradley).  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 
etc.)  ;  Sutton,  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Cat.)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  Bil- 
ton  (Rugby  lists) 

—  Bergmanniana,      L.      Everywhere    = 

Knowle,  etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  Conwayana,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley, etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  Lceflingiana,    L.     Knowle    (with    var. 

plumbana,  Hb.,  R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F. 
Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  viridana,  L.    Too  common  everywhere 

-  Forsterana,  F.      Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

-  paleana,  Hb.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 

var.  icterana,  Froel.,  Rugby  =  Kings 
Newnham  (Rugby  lists) 

—  rusticana,  Tr.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Cnephasia    osseana,    Scop,   (pratana,    Hb.) 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley,  Blatch  Coll.) 

—  longana,     Haw.       (ictericana,     Haw.) 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  chrysantheana,    Dup.      Sutton  (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  Wahlbomiana,  L.,  var.  virgaureana,  Tr. 

Sutton    (R.    C.     Bradley)  ;     Knowle, 
Small  Heath   (Blatch   Coll.)  ;   Over- 
slade (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  lists) 
— \  incertana,  Tr.  (subjectana,  Gn.)    Knowle 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


TORTRICIN.S  (continued) 

(Blatch  Coll.,  R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby 
=  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
Cnephasia      pasivana,      Hb.      (pascuana). 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  nubilana,  Hb.     Rugby  =  Overstate,  etc. 

(Rugby  lists  and  confirmed  by  N.  V. 

Sidgwick) 
Cheimatophila  tortricella,  Hb.  (Tortricodes 

hyemana,    Hb.)      Common    in    all 

woods,  etc. 
Anisotaenia   rectifasciana,  Haw.  (hybridana, 

Wilk.)     Knowle    (R.    C.    Bradley, 

Blatch    Coll.)  ;    Rugby  =  Overslade, 

etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
CONCHYLIN.S: 

Conchylis    nana,     Haw.     Sutton    (R.     C. 

Bradley) 

—  maculosana,  Haw.     Knowle,  Middleton 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  Hartmanniana,      Cl.      (Baumanniana, 

Schiff.).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

-  cnicana,   Doubl.     Knowle,    Sutton    (R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Mauley  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) 

-  ciliella,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Euxanthis    hamana,    L.     Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley,  Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Cathiron,  etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Occa- 
sional (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

-  zoegana,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 

Rugby  =  Owrsladty  etc.  (Rugby  lists, 
N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  straminea,    Haw.     Rugby   (I    have    a 

specimen  which  I  believe  to  be  this 
species,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  angustana,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) 
OLETHREUTIN;E  (GRAPHALOTINJE) 

Evetria    buoliana,    Schiff.     Sutton    (R.    C. 
Bradley)  ;  Brandon  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  pinicolana,  Doubl.    Sutton  Park  (Blatch 

Coll.) 

Olethreutes  salicella,  L.  Knowle,  Sutton 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick). Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

—  capreana,  Hb.     Frankton  Wood  (N.  V. 

Sidgwick) 

—  corticana,  Hb.    Knowle,  Moseley  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Solihull,  Knowle  (Blatch 
Coll.) ;  Overslade  (].  M.  Furness, 
Rugby  lists,  1894) 

—  betulaetana,  Haw.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R. 

C.  Bradley) 

—  sauciana,    Hb.      Sutton    Park    (Blatch 

Coll.) 

—  variegana,  Hb.     Common  everywhere 


OLETHREUTIN.ffi  (GRAPHALOTINjE)    (continued) 

Olethreutes  pruniana,  Hb.  Knowle  (com- 
mon, R.  C.  Bradley);  Rugby  = 
Brandon  Woods,  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  nigricostana,     Haw.      Sutton    (R.    C. 

Bradley) ;  once  also  given  in  Rugby 
lists,  1898 

—  striana,  Schiff.     Rugby,  Frankton  Wood 

(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  branderiana,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) 

—  micana,  Hb.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  urticana,     Hb.     Rugby    (Rugby    lists). 

Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  lacunana,  Dup.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Solihull,  Sutton,  ColeMll  (Blatch 
Cat.) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enocfe, 
List,  1869) 

Polychrosis  euphorbiana,  Frr.  One  at 
Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley).  This  is 
perhaps  outside  the  county,  but  just 
near  the  border  line.  It  is  a  most 
unexpected  capture,  but  the  speci- 
men has  been  named  by  Mr.  C.  G. 
Barrett 

Lobesia  permixtana,  Hb.  (reliquana,  Hb.) 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Rugby  list, 
once  only,  1867 

Steganoptycha  ramella,  L.  (Paykulliana, 
Wilk.)  Sutton,  Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  Occa- 
sional (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  diniana,    Gn.    (pinicolana,    Z.  ;    occul- 

tana,  Dougl.)  Sutton  (R.  C.  Brad- 
ley) 

—  corticana,  Hb.     Common  everywhere 

—  cruciana,  L.     Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  trimaculana,    Don.     Knowle,     Moseley 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby 
lists) 

Gypsonoma  incarnana,  Haw.  (dealbana, 
Froel.)  Knowle,  Moseley,  Sutton 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V. 
Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1898) 

—  neglectana,  Dup.  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) ; 

Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) 
Bactra      lanceolana,      Hb.       Everywhere. 

Knowle,  etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Sutton 

(Blatch  Coll.) 
Semasia  hypericana,   Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.   V.  Sidgwick, 

Rugby  list,  1898) 
Notocelia    Uddmanniana,  L.     Knowle  (R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Solihull  (Blatch  Coll.) ; 

Rugby  =  Bilton,    Overslade    (Rugby 

lists).     Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 

1869) 


152 


INSECTS 


OLETHREUTIN/E  (GRAPHALOTIN.S)  (continued) 
Notocelia  suffusana,  Z.  (trimaculana,  Haw.) 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (J. 
M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  rosaecolana,  Dbld.     Moseley,  Sutton  (R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  list, 
1890) 

—  roborana  (S.V.),  Tr.  Knowle,  Sutton  (R. 

C.  Bradley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Cat.);  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 
Rugby  list,  1898) 

—  tetragonana,    Stph.      Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley) 

Epiblema  scopoliana,  Haw.  Rugby  =  Bran- 
don Woods,  etc.  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  tedella,  Cl.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 

Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

—  subocellana,      Don.      Knowle,     Sutton, 

Middleton  (R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  nisella,  Cl.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  Penkleriana,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley);    Rugby  =  Bilton   (N.   V.   Sidg- 
wick), Rugby  list,  1898) 
-  opthalmicana,     Hb.       Rugby    (N.    V. 
Sidgwick) 

—  solandriana,  L.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 

—  sordidana,  Hb.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  bilunana,  Haw.     Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  tetraquetrana,    Haw.       Sutton    (R.    C. 

Bradley);   Rugby  (Rugby  list,   1867) 

—  immundana,  F.    Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  similana,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  tripunctana  (S.V.),  F.     Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley) ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  Pflugiana,  Haw.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Coleshill  Bog  (Blatch  Coll.) ; 
Rugby  =  Princethorpe  (Rugby  list, 
1898).  Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 
1869) 

—  luctuosana,  Dup.  (cirsiana,  Z.)  Knowle 

(Blatch  Coll.)  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  Brunnichiana    (S.V.),  Froel.     Knowle, 

Moseley,  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 
Rugby  =  Newbold,  Brandon,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

Grapholitha  Wceberiana,  Schiff.  Moseley 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Brandon  Woods 
(Rugby  list,  1886)  ;  Rugby  (Aug. 
ii,  1900,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  nigricana,  Stph.  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 

Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1867) 

—  succedana  (S.V.),  Froel.,  var.  ulicetana, 

Haw.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley); 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 


OLETHREUTIN/E  (GRAPHALOTIN^)  (continued) 
Grapholitha  compositella,   F.     Moseley  (R. 
C.  Bradley) 

—  perlepidana,  Haw.    Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidg- 

wick, etc.) 

—  aurana,    F.   (mediana,    Hb.)       Knowle, 

Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Tardley 
(Blatch  Coll.) 

Pamene  fimbriana,  Haw.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch  Coll.) 

—  argyrana,  Hb.     Moseley,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley) ;  Knowle,  Sutton  (Blatch 
Coll.)  Occasional  (F.  Enock>  List, 
1869) 

—  splendidulana,    Gn.     Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley,  Blatch  Coll.) 

—  populana,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  regiana,  Z.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  nitidana,  F.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 

Brandon  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list, 
1894) 

—  rhediella,  Cl.     Knowle,   Sutton  (R.   C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1867). 
Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

Tmetocera  ocellana,  F.  Moseley  (R.  C. 
Bradley) ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Cat.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) ; 
Birmingham  (Dr.  Jordan,  E.M.M. 
Oct.  1888:  'Form  with  anterior 
wings  entirely  black  occurs ') 

Carpocapsa  pomonella,  L.  Common.  Sut- 
ton, Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

Ancylis  lundana,  F.  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Bilton,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  myrtillana,    Tr.       Common  =  Sutton, 

etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  siculana,  Hb.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  mitterbacheriana,   Schiff.      Knowle    (R. 

C.  Bradley,  Blatch  Coll.) 
—  lanana,    F.      Knowle    (R.     C.    Bradley, 

Blatch  Coll.) 

Rhopobota  nasvana,  Hb.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Sutton  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1898) ; 
Birmingham  (Dr.  Jordan,  E.M.M. 
Oct.  1888:  'Form  with  anterior 
wings  deep  blackish  umber  ;  not  rare') 

—  naevana  var.  geminana,  Stph.     Every- 

where (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Dichrorampha  sequana,   Hb.      Knowle  (R. 
C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 
Rugby  lists,  1895,  given  as  segnana) 

—  petiverella,  L.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 
etc.,  Rugby  lists) 

—  alpinana,  Tr.    (politana,  Gn.)     Rugby 

(July  21,  1898,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  acuminatana,    Z.      Princethorpe    (Aug. 

16,  1895,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 


153 


20 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


GLYPHIPTERYGID^: 

CHOREUTIN.S 

Choreutis  myllerana,  F.  Button  (R.  C. 
Bradley) ;  Rugby  (in  numbers  in 
1900,  N.  V.  Sidgwick,  etc.)  Occa- 
sional, F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 

Simaethis  Fabriciana,  L.  (oxyacanthella,  L.) 
Everywhere  (R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby 
=  Overs/ade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
GLYPH  IPTERYGI  NVE 

Glyphipteryx  fuscoviridella,  Haw.  Know/e, 
Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley);  Rugby  = 
Overs/ade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  thrasonella,  Sc.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  equitella,   Sc.      Sutton,   Moseley  (R.   C. 

Bradley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) 

-  Fischeriella,  Z.  Knowle  (^.C.  Bradley); 

Rugby  =  Newbold,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

YPONOMEUTIDjE 

YPONOMEUTIN^ 

Yponomeuta  padellus,  L.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Common  (F. 
Enock,  List,  1869) 

—  cognatellus,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon  Woods,  etc. 
(N.  V.  Sidgwick,  etc.) 

Swammerdamia  combinella,  Hb.  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Overs/fide 
(].  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 

-  spiniella,  Hb.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 

Edgbaston  (Dr.  Jordan,  E.M.M. 
August,  1887) 

-  griseocapitella,    Stt.      Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley) 

-  oxyacanthella,    Dup.      Rugby    (N.    V. 

Sidgwick)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.)  The  above  three  species  are 
upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  C.  G. 
Barrett,  who  tells  me  that  he  has 
little  doubt  that  we  have  all  three 
species  in  abundance 

—  pyrella,  Vill.      Knowle,  Moseley  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 
Prays  curtisellus,  Don.  Moseley  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Olton,  Solihull,  Knowle 
(Blatch  Coll.)  ;  Frankton  Woods  (N. 
V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1895); 
Birmingham  (R.  C.  R.  Jordan, 
E.M.M.  October,  1888).  I  have 
seen  a  large  ash  tree  in  Handsworth 
(a  Staffordshire  suburb  of  Birmingham) 
with  great  patches  rendered  bare  by 
the  ravages  of  the  larvae  of  this  in- 
sect 

—  curtisellus    var.    rustica,    Haw.,    forms 

a  fair  percentage  of  the  whole 


ARGYRESTHIN/E 

Argyresthia  conjugella,  Z.  Everywhere 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Overs/ade  (].  M. 
Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  spiniella,  Z.     Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  albistria,   Haw.     Rugby  (N.    V.   Sidg- 

wick, etc.) 

—  ephippella,  F.   Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick  ? 

Rugby  lists).     Probably  correct 

—  nitidella,F.  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.); 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists ; 
very  common  here,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  nitidella  var.  ossea,  Haw.    Rugby  (several 

times  in  and  near,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  retinella,  Z.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) ; 

Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894) 

—  cornella,  F.  (curvella,  Steph.)      Sutton 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  Goedartella,  L.       Everywhere  =  Sutton, 

Knowle,  etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley  ;  Frank- 
ton  Wood  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby 
list,  1897).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  Brockeella,  Hb.    Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Brandon,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

Ocnerostoma  piniariella,  Z.  Sutton  Park 
(Blatch  Coll.) 

PLUTELLID^ 

Pl.UTELLIN.ffi 

Plutella  porrectella,  L.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness, 
Rugby  list,  1894). 

—  maculipennis,  Curt,  (cruciferarum,  Z.). 

Everywhere  (R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby 
=  Overs/ade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 
Cerostoma  vittella,  L.  Moseley  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch 
Coll.) ;  Rugby  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894)  ;  Birmingham  (a  form 
with  anterior  wings  entirely  black 
occurs  rarely,  R.  C.  R.  Jordan, 
E.M.M.  October,  1888) 

—  radiatella,  Don.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon,  etc.  (Rugby 
lists) 

—  parenthesella,  L.  (costella,   F.)    Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Sutton  (Blatch 
Coll.);  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 
Rugby  list,  1895) 

—  scabrella,  L.     Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  nemorella,  L.     Frankton  Wood  (N.  V. 

Sidgwick) 

—  xylostella,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley, 

etc.)  ;  Solibull  (Blatch  Cat.)  ;  Rugby 
=  Brandon  Woods,  Frankton,  etc.,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 


154 


INSECTS 


GELECHIID.E 
GELECHIIN.S 

Chelaria  Httbnerella,  Don.     Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 

Bryotropha  terrella  (S.V.),  Hb.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Overbade 
(J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  senectella,  Z.     Rugby  (Aug.  4,  1896, 

N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

-  basaltinella,  Z.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Gelechia  sororculella,  Hb.     Knowle  (Blatch 

Coll.) 

—  eriectella,  Hb.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  mulinella,  Z.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  diffinis,  Haw.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  vulgella,    Hb.       Small  Heath   (Blatch 

Coll.) 

—  proximella,  Hb.     Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley);  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  luculella,    Hb.      Sutton    Park   (Blatch 

Coll.) 

-  dodecella,  Z.     Sutton  (Blatch  Coll.) 
Tachyptilia  populella,  Cl.     Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;    Sheldon,    Knowle    (Blatch 

Cat.) 
Anacampsis  vorticella,    Sc.    (ligulella,    Z.) 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Epithectis   (Brachmia)   mouffetella,    Scruff. 

Knowle,    Sutton    (R.    C.    Bradley); 

Overslade    (J.    M.    Furness,    Rugby 

list,  1 894) ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
Stenolechia  (Pcecilia)  albiceps,  Z.      Moseley 

(R.    C.    Bradley)  ;     Rugby    (N.    V. 

Sidgwick) 

—  gemmella,    L.    (nivea,    Haw.)     Rugby 

(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
Brachmia    (Ceratophora)    rufescens,    Haw. 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
Sophronia  semicostella,   Hb.  (parenthesella, 

Haw.)      Sutton  Park  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 

Brandon  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 
BLASTOBASIN^E 

Endrosis  lacteella,  Schiff.  (fenestrella,  Scop.) 

Too  common  everywhere 
OECOPHORINJE 

Pleurota  bicostella,  Cl.    Coleshill  Bog  (Blatch 

Coll.) 
Chimabache  phryganella,  Hb.     Sutton  (R. 

C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (J.  M.  Furness, 

Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  fagella   (S.V.)  F.       Very   common   in 

woods,    etc.,    varying    from    almost 

uniform    white    to    almost    uniform 

dark  grey 
Semioscopis  avellanella,  Hb.  Knowle  (Blatch 

Coll.) 
Epigraphia  Steinkellneriana,  Schiff.    Knowle 

(Blatch    Coll.)  ;     Overslade    (J.    M. 

Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894)  ;  Rugby 

(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 


OECOPHORIN^:  (continued) 

Depressaria  costosa,  Haw.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 
Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  list, 
1898 

—  flavella,    Hb.     (liturella    [S.V.]     Tr.). 

Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  umbellana,  Steph.  Sutton  (R.C.  Bradley) 

—  assimilella,  Tr.      Knowle  (R.  C.   Brad- 

ley) ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  arenella,  Schiff.      Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley, etc.)  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 
Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1893).  Occasional,  F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  ocellana,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley), 

and  in  Rugby  list,  1886 

-  liturella,  Hb.     Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  conterminella,  Z.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) 

—  applana,  F.    Everywhere  =  Knowle,  etc. 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Tardley  (Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists).  Occasional,  F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

-  angelicella,  Hb.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  heracliana,   De  Geer.      Knowle,    Sutton 

(R.   C.   Bradley)  ;    Overslade  (J.  M. 

Furness,  Rugby,  1893).     Occasional 

(F.  Enock,  List,  1869) 
Carcina    quercana,    F.       Knowle     (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;     Solihull   (Blatch    Coll.)  ; 

Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists). 

Occasional  (F.  Enock>  List,  1869) 
Alabonia  (Harpella)  Geoffrella,  L.    Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley,  etc.)  ;  Sutton  (Blatch 

Coll.)     Occasional  (F.  Enock,  List, 

1869) 
CEcophora    sulphurella,    F.      Everywhere 

(R.    C.    Bradley)  ;     Rugby     (Rugby 

list,  1886).     Occasional  (F.  Enock, 

List,  1869) 
Borkhausenia   (CEcophora)   pseudospretella, 

Stt.     Too  common  everywhere 

ELACHISTID^: 

SCYTHRIDINJE 

Schreckensteinia    festaliella,    Hb.       Sutton 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 
Epermenia      (Chauliodus)      chjerophylella, 

Goeze.    Rugby  (Sept.  24,  1896,  N.V. 

Sidgwick) 
Scythris  (Butalis)  grandipennis,  Haw.   Sutton 

(R.  C.  Bradley,  July  12,  1891) 


Cataplectica  (CEcophora)  fulviguttella,  Z. 

Knowle   (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;    Coleshill, 

Haselor  (Blatch  Coll.) 
Batrachedra    pneangusta,    Haw.       Knowle, 


155 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


MOMPHINJE  (continued) 

Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) ;  Rugby  (N.  V. 

Sidgwick) 
Blastodacna  Hellerella,  Dup.,  var.  atra,  Haw. 

Knowle    (R.    C.    Bradley);     Rugby 

J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 
Mompha     (Laverna)      propinquella,     Stt. 

Rugby  Quly  31,  1898,  N.  V.  Sidg- 
wick) 
Chrysoclista  linneella,  Cl.     Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 
Spuleria  aurifrontella,  Hb.    Knowle,  Moseley 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 
Psacaphora  Schranckella,  Hb.  Sutton,  Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 
HELIOZEUN^: 

Heliozela  sericiella,  Haw.     Sutton,  Knowle 

(R.    C.    Bradley)  ;    Rugby   (N.    V. 

Sidgwick,  Rugby  list,  1897) 

CoLEOPHORIRffl 

Coleophora  laricella,  Hb.  Sutton,  common 
and  destructive  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  lutipennella,  Z.    Rugby  (July  30,  1896, 

N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

—  gryphipennella,  Bouch£.      Knowle,  Sut- 

ton (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  viminetella,  Z.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  fuscedinella,  Z.         „  „ 

-  nigricella,  Stph.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley ;  Rughy  (G.  B.  LongstafF,  Rugby 
list,  1867) 

-  discordella,  Z.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  anatipennella,     Hb.       Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley,  at  'light,'  July  23,  1886) 

-  caespititiella,  Z.    Everywhere.    Knowle, 

etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley) 
ELACHISTIN^E 

Elachista  albifrontella,  Hb.  Sutton,  Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Overslade  (J.  M. 
Furness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 

-  luticomella,  Z.     Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley); 

Newbold  =  Rugby    (J.    M.    Furness, 
Rugby  list,  1894) 

-  atricomella,  Stt.    Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  monticola,  Wck.-Hein.    Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 

-  nigrella,  Haw.      Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

-  megerlella,  Stt.        „  „ 

-  rufocinerea,     Haw.       Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;      Rugby  =  Overslade,    etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

-  argentella,     Cl.     (cyanipennella,    Hb.) 

Knowle  (R.  C.   Bradley);    Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

GRACILARIIDjE 
GRACILARIINJE 

Gracilaria  alchimiella,  Sc.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley) ;  Sutton  Park  (Blatch  Cat.) ; 
Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 


GRACILARIIN/E  (continued) 

Gracilaria  stigmatella,  F.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley) 

—  elongella,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

Stramineella,  Stt.,  which  Rebel  sinks 
as  a  form  of  this  species,  is  recorded 
from  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  syringella,   F.      Common    everywhere 

(R.  C.  Bradley).  The  black  form 
of  this  insect  seems  to  be  peculiarly  a 
Birmingham  insect.  It  is  common  at 
Edgbaston,  and  has  already  been  re- 
ferred to  in  various  places  by  Dr. 
Jordan  and  others  (see  E.M.M. 
Oct.  1888).  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune- 
Baker  tells  me  that  although  this 
form  occurs  in  several  places  in 
Edgbaston,  yet  in  Clarendon  Road  it 
is  confined  to  one  side  of  the  road 
only.  He  lived  for  many  years  on 
one  side,  and  the  variety  was  common 
with  the  type  there  ;  since  then  he 
has  lived  for  several  years  on  the 
other  side,  and  finds  there  the  type 
without  the  variety,  although  the 
variety  is  still  to  be  seen  in  its  old 
quarters  as  of  old.  This  is  a  very 
curious  case  of  extreme  localization 
of  a  form,  and  doubtless  to  some  ex- 
tent explains  the  fact  that  it  does  not 
occur  outside  the  county 
Ornix  guttea,  Haw.  Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  anglicella,  Stt.    Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 

etc.) 

—  avellanella,  Stt.    Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  torquillela,  Z.  „  „ 
LITHOCOLLETIN.S: 

Lithocolletis  Cramerella,  F.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc. 
(Rugby  lists) 

—  alniella,  Z.  (alnifoliella,  Dup.).    Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  spinolella,  Dup.    Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  pomifoliella,  Z.     Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidg- 

wick) and  probably  generally  com- 
mon, but  no  one  here  has  studied  this 
genus  properly,  so  that  I  cannot  be 
sure  which  of  the  apple  species  occur 
with  us 

—  sorbi,  Frey.      Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick, 

April  22,  1898,  named  by  Mr.  C. 
G.  Barrett) 

—  faginella,  Z.     Knowle,  Moseley  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 

—  quercifoliella,  Z.    Sutton,  Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley) ;  Small  Heath  (Blatch  Coll.); 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  messaniella,  Z.    Moseley  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  corylifoliella,    Haw.      Knowle   (R.    C. 

Bradley) 


156 


INSECTS 


LITHOCOLLETIN.*  (continued) 

Lithocolletis  trifasciella,  Haw.     Knowle  (R. 

C.   Bradley,    Blatch    Coll.)    and    in 

Rugby  list,  1886 
Tischeria  complanella,  Hb.      Sutton  (R.  C. 

Bradley) 

—  marginea,  Haw.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley) and  in  Rugby  list,  1867 

LYONETIID^E 
LYONETIINJE 

Lyonetia  Clerkella,  L.     Rugby  (J.  M.  Fur- 

ness,  Rugby  list,  1894) 
PHYLLOCNISTINJE 

Cemiostoma    spartifoliella,    Hb.       Every- 
where 
(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Sutton  (Blatch  Cat.) 

—  laburnella,   Stt.      Everywhere    (R.   C. 

Bradley)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 
Rugby  =  Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists)  ; 
Rugby  (abounds,  N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

NEPTICULID^: 

Nepticula  atricapitella,  Haw.  Knowle  (R. 
C.  Bradley) 

—  ruficapitella,    Haw.       Knowle   (R.    C. 

Bradley) 

—  anomalella,    Goeze.       Knowle,    Sutton 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  oxyacanthella,    Stt.       Knowle    (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;  Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness, 
Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  aurella,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  alnetella,    Stt.       Rugby   (N.    V.   Sidg- 

wick) 

—  microtheriella     Stt.       Knowle   (R.    C. 

Bradley) 

—  floslactella,  Haw.     Sutton  Park  (Blatch 

Coll.) 

—  (Trifurcula)    pulverosella,    Stt.     Rugby 

(N.  V.  Sidgwick) 

TAL^EPORIDJE 

Talaeporia  tubulosa,  Retz  (pseudobomby- 
cella,  Hb.)  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley) 

[Solenobia  inconspicuella,  Stt.,  has  been 
taken  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  at 
Hopwas  Wood,  just  over  the  border] 


TlNEINJE 

Monopis  (Blabophanes)  rusticella,  Hb.) 
Knowle,  Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894) 

Trichophaga  tapetzella,  L.     Everywhere 
Tinea  fulvimitrella,  Sodof.     Sutton  (R.  C. 


(continued) 
Bradley)  ;    Princethorpe  (Rugby   list, 
1898) 

Tinea  arcella,  F.  Knowle,  Digbeth  =  Birming- 
ham (R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  granella,     L.       Birmingham     (R.     C. 

Bradley)  ;  Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness, 
Rugby  list,  1894) 

—  cloacella,    Haw.     Everywhere,   Sutton, 

Birmingham,  etc.  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 
Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.);  Rugby  = 
Overslade,  etc.  (Rugby  lists) 

—  fuscipunctella,    Haw.       Rugby  =  Over- 

slade, etc.  (Rugby  lists,  J.  M.  Fur- 
ness,  etc.) 

—  pellionella,    L.       Birmingham    (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick) ; 
Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894) 

—  pallescentella,    Stt.      Birmingham    (Dr. 

Jordan,  E.M.M.  1889,  p.  213  ; 
and  R.  C.  Bradley,  E.M.M.  1895, 

P- 97) 

—  lapella,  Hb.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ; 

Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894).  Occasional  (F.  Enock, 
List,  1869) 

—  semifulvella,    Haw.       Solihull  (A.    H. 

Martineau)  ;   Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 

Overslade    (J.    M.    Furness,    Rugby 

list,  1894) 
Tineola  biselliella,  Hummel.     Everywhere 

(R.    C.    Bradley);    Knowle    (Blatch 

Coll.)  ;    Overslade    (J.    M.   Furness, 

Rugby  list,  1894) 
Incurvaria    luzella,    Hb.       Sutton    (R.    C. 

Bradley)  ;  Knowle  (Blatch  Coll.) 

—  rubiella,    Bjerkander.       Sutton,    Knowle 

(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  capitella,  Cl.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley); 

Overslade  (J.  M.  Furness,  Rugby 
list,  1894) 

—  muscalella,  F.     Knowle,  Sutton,  Moseley 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby,  Overslade, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists).  Occasional  (F. 
Enock,  List,  1869) 

Nemophora  Swammerdammella,  L.  Knowle, 
Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley  and  Blatch 
Coll.)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

—  schwarziella,  Z.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Brad- 

ley).    Occasional   (F.   Enock,   List, 
1869) 
ADELINE 

Adela  viridella,  Sc.  Very  common  in 
Sutton  Park,  etc.,  and  probably  in 
all  woods,  etc.  Knowle  (R.  C. 
Bradley)  ;  Rugby  (Rugby  lists) 

—  Degeerella,  L.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley 

and  Blatch  Coll.) ;  Rugby  =  Brandon, 
etc.  (Rugby  lists) 


157 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


ERIOCRANIIDjE 

Eriocrania  Sparmannella,    Bosc.       Knowle 
(R.  C.  Bradley) 

—  subpurpurella,    Haw.      Knowle,    Sutton 

(R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Knowle,  Colesbill 
(Blatch  Coll.) 

—  unimaculella,    Zett.       Rugby   (N.    V. 

Sidgwick) 

—  semipurpurella,  Steph.     Knowle  (R.  C. 

Bradley)  ;  Coleshill  (Blatch  Coll.)  ; 
Rugby  (N.  V.  Sidgwick,  Rugby  lists, 
1897) 


MICROPTERYGID^ 

Micropteryx  aureatella,  Sc.  (allionella,  F.) 
Sutton  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  near  Bir- 
mingham (Stainton's  Manual) ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1867) 

—  seppella,  F.     Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley); 

Rugby  (Rugby  list,  1867) 

—  calthella,  L.     Very  common  in  Sutton 

Park  in  the  bogs ;  also  recorded  from 
Knowle  (R.  C.  Bradley)  ;  Rugby 
(Rugby  list,  1867) 


DIPTERA 

I  was  for  a  long  time  very  undecided  about  attempting  a  list  of  the 
Diptera  of  Warwickshire,  and  am  now  far  from  sure  that  it  is  wise  to 
have  done  so.  They  are  very  insufficiently  worked,  so  that  it  is  inevi- 
table that  the  list  must  remain  very  incomplete,  and  what  is  far  more 
important,  the  difficulties  of  the  order  are  still  so  great  that  it  is  practi- 
cally impossible  to  prevent  errors  creeping  in,  and  a  list  that  is  incom- 
plete and  possibly  inaccurate  is  of  very  doubtful  value.  I  have  however 
ventured  upon  the  task,  and  hope  it  may  prove  of  some  value  and  interest 
to  others  attempting  to  understand  these  insects.  There  are  not  many  of 
our  counties  in  which  dipterists  have  lived  and  worked,  so  that  it  seems 
a  pity,  as  Warwickshire  is  one  of  the  few,  that  an  account  of  its  insect 
fauna  should  include  no  reference  to  the  order. 

So  far  as  I  know,  no  one  gave  any  attention  to  these  insects  in  the 
midlands  until  a  few  years  ago  when  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  and  I  took  them 
up,  and  so  far  as  I  know  no  one  else  has  yet  done  so  excepting  in  the 
slightest  degree.  This  list  therefore  will  be  based  almost  entirely  upon 
the  results  of  our  own  work.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  lived  for  some  years 
at  Sutton  Coldfield,  and  collected  regularly  in  the  Park,  etc.,  so  that 
he  had  good  opportunities  of  making  an  extensive  list,  and  has  kindly 
furnished  me  with  much  information  which  he  obtained  at  that  time. 
I  have  also  frequently  collected  in  the  Park,  and  as  neither  of  us  has 
done  more  than  a  little  casual  collecting  in  any  other  part  of  the 
county,  it  becomes  almost  exclusively  a  Sutton  list.  I  have  therefore 
only  named  localities  when  other  than  Sutton.  We  have  both  of  us 
given  a  considerable  amount  of  attention  to  the  Syrphida?  and  allied 
families,  and  our  work  in  that  section  may  be  taken  as  probably  accu- 
rate. Mr.  Bradley  has  also  made  a  considerable  collection  of  Tipulidae 
and  its  allies  in  the  Park,  and  as  Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall  has  seen  them  their 
names  also  may  be  taken  as  fairly  reliable.  We  have  also  given  attention 
to  various  other  families  which  will  be  found  represented  in  the  list,  but 
as  I  have  preferred  to  omit  uncertainties,  so  as  to  make  it  I  hope  more 
trustworthy  though  necessarily  shorter  and  more  incomplete,  I  have 
entirely  omitted  any  reference  to  many  difficult  families  such  as  the 
Cecidomyids,  Mycetophilids,  Chironomidas,  etc.,  only  mentioning 
those  insects  which  are  the  most  conspicuous  and  characteristic,  and 

158 


INSECTS 


least  uncertain  as  to  identification.  There  has  been  no  attempt  to 
make  a  complete  list,  but  rather  to  supply  the  nucleus  of  one  and  to  give 
an  idea  of  the  more  characteristic  dipterous  insects  of  the  county  fauna. 

The  system  and  nomenclature  is  according  to  Verrall's  List  of  British 
Diptera  published  in  1901. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Verrall  for  assistance  and  advice  in  the 
preparation  of  the  list ;  to  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  for  much  information 
which  I  have  included  ;  and  to  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom,  who  assisted  me 
by  collecting  a  few  Diptera  at  Whitchurch. 

DIPTERA  ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 
DIXID.E 

Dixa  maculosa,  Mg.  ;  nebulosa,  Mg.  ; 
aprilina,  Mg. 

PTYCHOPTERIDjE 

Ptychoptera  contaminata,  L.  ;  paludosa, 
Mg.  ;  albimana,  F.  ;  scutellaris, 
Mg. 

LIMNOBID^E 

LIMNOBIN.S: 

Limnobia  quadrinotata,   Mg.  ;    nubeculosa 

Mg.  ;     flavipes,    F.  ;     analis,   Mcq. 

(nitida,  Verr.)  ;  tripunctata,  F. ;  tri- 

vittata,       Schum.  ;        macrostigma, 

Schum. 
Dicranomyia  modesta,  Mg.  ;  chorea,  Mg. ; 

didyma,    Mg.  ;     dumetorum,    Mg.  ; 

morio,  F. 

Rhipidia  maculata,  Mg. 
RHAMPHIDIN.S: 

Rhamphidia  longirostris,  Mg. 
Thaumastoptera  calceata,  Mik. 
ERIOPTERIN.S: 

Empeda  nubila,  Schum. 

Goniomyia  tenella,  Mg. 

Chilotrichia  imbuta,  Mg. 

Acyphona  maculata,  Mg. 

Molophilus  appendiculatus,  Staeg.  ;  propin- 

quus,  Egg.  ;    bifilatus,    Verr.  ;    ob- 

scurus,  Mg.  ;  murinus,  Mg. 
Rhypholophus    nodulosus,    Mcq.  ;    varius, 

Mg.  ;  pentagonalis,  Loew. 
Erioptera    flavescens,    Mg.  ;    lutea,  Mg.  ; 

taenionota,  Mg.  ;  fuscipennis,  Mg.  ; 

trivialis,  Mg. 
Lipsothrix  errans,  Wlk. 
LIMNOPHILIN.S 

Idioptera  pulchella,  Mg. 

Ephelia  miliaria,  Egg.  ;  varinervis,  Zett.  ; 

submarmorata,    Verr.  ;    marmorata, 

Mg. 
Po:cilostola  punctata,  Schk. 


(continued) 
Epiphragma  picta,  F. 
Limnophila  Meigenii,  Verr.;  lineola,  Mg.; 

aperta,     Verr.  ;      ferruginea,     Mg.  ; 

ochracea,    Mg.  ;    punctum,     Mg.  ; 

fuscipennis,  Mg.  ;  discicollis,  Mg.  ; 

lucorum,  Mg.  ;  nemoralis,  Mg. 
Adelphomyia  senilis,  Hal. 
Trichocera  annulata,  Mg.  ;  regelationis,  L. 
AMALOPIN^ 

Ula  pilosa,  Schum. 
Dicranota  bimaculata,  Schum. 
Amalopis  immaculata,  Mg. 
Pedicia  rivosa,  L. 
CYLINDROTOMIN^E 

Cylindrotoma  distinctissima,  Mg. 
Phalacrocera  replicata,  L. 

TIPULIDJE 

Dolichopeza  sylvicola,  Curt. 

Pachyrrhina  crocata,  L.  ;  imperialis,  Mg. ; 
scurra,  Mg.  ;  histrio,  F.  ;  maculosa, 
Mg.  ;  cornicina,  L.  ;  guestfalica, 
Westh.  ;  quadrifaria,  Mg.  ;  annuli- 
cornis,  Mg. 

Tipula  pagana,  Mg.  ;  obsoleta,  Mg.  ;  sig- 
nata, Staeg.;  rufina,  Mg. ;  longicornis, 
Schum.  ;  pabulina,  Mg.  ;  varipennis, 
Mg.  ;  scripta,  Mg.  ;  Diana,  Mg.  ; 
plumbea,  F.  ;  pruinosa,  W. ;  lutei- 
pennis,  Mg.  ;  flavolineata,  Mg.  ; 
lunata,  L.  ;  lateralis,  Mg.  ;  vernalis, 
Mg.  ;  vittata,  Mg.  ;  gigantea, 
Schrk.  ;  lutescens,  F.  ;  oleracea,  L. ; 
paludosa,  Mg.  ;  ochracea,  Mg. 

Xiphura  atrata,  L.  (C.  J.  Wainwright) ; 
nigricornis,  Mg. 

All  the  above  were  collected  by  Mr.  Brad- 
ley at  Sutton  unless  otherwise  marked.  In 
Sutton  Park  are  several  boggy  parts,  and  in 
these  the  '  Daddies '  are  very  numerous. 
Pedicia  rivosa,  L.  is  probably  the  most  strik- 
ing species,  it  is  usually  common  in  Blackroot 
Bog  and  is  handsome  and  conspicuous 


159 


A   HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


BRACHYCERA 
STRATIOMYIDJE 

This  family  is  not  at  all  well  represented  ; 
although  we  have  worked  the  Button  bogs 
thoroughly,  and  no  more  suitable  place  for 
them  exists  in  the  county  so  far  as  I  know, 
the  following  list  contains  all  the  species  we 
have  observed  and  probably  nearly  all  likely  to 
occur 

CLITELLARIN.ffi 

Oxycera  pygmaea,  Fall.     Observed  by  Mr. 

Bradley  only 
STRATIOMYINJE 

Stratiomys  potamida,  Mg.  This  is  the 
only  species  of  the  genus  we  have 
seen  in  the  midlands,  and  only  two 
specimens  have  been  taken,  both  in 
Blackroot  Bog,  by  myself 
SARGIN.S 

Sargus  flavipes,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  cuprarius, 
L.  ?  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  iridatus,  Scop, 
(infuscatus,  Mg.),  not  common 
(R.  C.  B.  and  C.  j.  W.) 

Chloromyia  formosa,  Scop.  Button 
(R.  C.  B.);  Wh'itchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) 

Microchrysa  polita,   L.  ;    flavicornis,  Mg. 
The  commonest  species  in  the  family, 
and  polita,  L.  at  least  occurs  every- 
where 
BERING 

Beris  clavipes,  L.  (R.  C.  B.  and  C.  J.  W.)  ; 
vallata,  Forst.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  chalybe- 
ata,  Forst.,  fairly  common  ;  genicu- 
lata,  Curtis  (R.  C.  B.) 


TABANID.E 


cras- 


Hrematopota  pluvialis,  L.,  common 
sicornis,  Whlbg  (R.  C.  B.) 

Therioplectes  tropicus,  Mg.  I  have  on 
two  occasions  captured  melanochroic 
specimens  of  this  genus  which  may 
be  var.  bisignatus,  Jaen.,  of  this  species. 
I  have  however  never  seen  the  type, 
and  have  often  wondered  if  they 
were  not  similar  vars.  of  solstitialis, 
Mg. 

—  solstitialis,  Mg.     Not  very  common. 

Tabanus  sudeticus,  Zlr.    (R.  C.  B.).    Very 


rare 


Chrysops  csecutiens,  L.,  common  ;  quad- 
rata,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.;  one  J  ,  C.  J.W.); 
relicta,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

LEPTID^E 

Leptis    scolopacea,    L.,     very    common ; 

tringaria,  L.  ;  lineola,  F. 
Chrysopilus  aureus,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  aura- 

tus,  F.  ;  the  latter  very  common  in 

the  bogs  at  Button 

ASILIOffi 

DASYPOGONIN^E 

Leptogaster  cylindrica,  Deg.     Hay  Woods 
near     Kings-wood    (R.    C.    B.    and 
C.  J.  W.)  ;    and  Wkitchurch  (J.  H. 
Bloom) ;  not  seen  at  Button 
Dioctria  rufipes,    Deg.,  common  ;  Baum- 
haueri,     Mg.,     a    few    at     Button 
(R.  C.  B.  and  C.  J.  W.) 
ASILIN./E 

Machimus  atricapillus,  Fin.  The  only 
true  Asilid  we  have  seen  is  however 
far  from  common  (a  few,  R.  C.  B.) 

BOMBYLHXE 

Bombylius  major,  L.  Kingswood  (A.  H. 
Martineau)  ;  no  other  species  seen 
yet 

THEREVIOfc 
Thereva  nobilitata,  F. 

SCENOPINID.S 


Scenopinus    fenestralis, 
(R.  C.  B.) 


L.       Birmingham 


EMPID^E 
HYBOTINJE 

Hybos  grossipes,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  femoratus 

Mull  (R.  C.  B.) 
EMPINJE 

Rhamphomyia  nigripes,  F.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
sulcata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  plumipes, 
Fall.  (R.  C.  B.);  geniculata,  Mg. 
(R.  C.  B.) 

Empis  tessellata,  F.,  very  abundant ;  livida, 
L.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  opaca,  F.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
stercorea,  L.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  trigramma, 
Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  punctata,  Mg. 
(JThitchurch,  J.  H.  Bloom) 


DIPTERA    CYCLORRHAPHA 


PROBOSCIDEA 
PLATYPEZID^E 

Callimyia  amcena,  Mg.,  rare  (R.  C.  B.) 
Platypeza  atra  Mg.  ?  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  infumata, 
Hal.  (R.  C.  B.) 


PIPUNCULID^E 
Chalarus  spurius,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Verrallia  pilosa,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  villosa 

v.  ROser  (R.  C.  B.) 
Pipunculus    littoralis,    Beck    (R.    C.   B.)  ; 

rufipes,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  confusus, 


1 60 


INSECTS 


Verr.,  Birmingham  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
campestris,  Latr.,  common  at  Sutton 
(R.  C.  B.,  C.  J.  W.);  unicolor, 
Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 

SYRPHID^E 
SYRPHIN^ 

Paragus  tibialis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Pipizella  virens,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  flavitarsis, 
Mg.  (R.  C.  B.,  C.  J.  W.),  very 
rare  ;  Heringi  Zett.,  one  so  named 
by  Mr.  Verrall  (C.  J.  W.) 

Pipiza  noctiluca,  L.,  very  common  ;  bima- 
culata,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Cnemodon  vitripennis,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.  and 
C.  J.  W.) 

Orthoneura  brevicornis,  Loew,  in  Black- 
root  Bog  every  year  (C.  J.  W.)  ; 
nobilis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  elegans, 
Mg.  (C.  J.  W.,  every  year).  It  is 
noteworthy  that  these  three  species 
all  occur  in  Sutton  Park,  elegans 
and  brevicornis  every  year  for  a 
short  time  only  in  May,  and  nobilis 
only  in  odd  ones 

Liogaster  splendida,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
metallina,  F.,  very  common  in 
Sutton  Bog,  and  occurs  with  O.  ele- 
gans, Mg.,  which  closely  resembles  it 

Chrysogaster  hirtella,  Lw.,  common  in  the 
bog  ;  solstitialis,  Fin.,  very  abundant 
in  the  bog  ;  virescens,  Lw.,  rare, 
with  the  other  species ;  splendens, 
Mg.,  very  few,  also  in  the  bog,  but 
I  think  it  is  a  later  insect,  as  I  have 
only  seen  it  there  in  August,  whereas 
the  other  species  are  most  abundant 
in  May  and  June 

Chilosialongula,Zett.  Sutton  (one,  C.  J.  W., 
in  my  collection  as  plumulifera, 
Loew.) 

—  scutellata,    Fall.       One    of  the    com- 

monest species  of  the  genus 

—  pulchripes,    Lcew.  ;    variabilis,    Panz., 

common  ;  honesta,  Rond.  (R.  C.  B.); 
illustrata,  Harris,  very  rare  through- 
out the  midlands,  as  the  only  speci- 
men either  of  us  has  seen  is  one  I 
took  in  Hay  Woods ;  grossa,  Fall., 
rare  on  sallow  bloom  in  spring ; 
albipila,  Meig.,  rare,  with  the  for- 
mer ;  albitarsis,  Meig.,  common  in 
Sutton  Bog ;  fraterna,  Mg.,  common 
in  the  bogs  ;  Bergenstammi,  Becker 
(R.  C.  B.) ;  vernalis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Platychirus.  This  genus  is  very  highly 
developed  in  Warwickshire,  and 
occurs  freely  both  in  individuals  and 
species ;  manicatus,  Mg.,  common 
everywhere  ;  discimanus,  LCEW., 


SYRPHINJE  (continued) 

very  common  in  Sutton  Park  in  May 
and  June  on  late  sallow  blossoms 
and  on  hawthorn  ;  I  have  seen  it  in 
great  numbers ;  peltatus,  Meig., 
common  everywhere  ;  scutatus,  Mg., 
very  common,  especially  in  gardens, 
where  I  have  seen  it  swarming  at 
flowers  of  '  London  Pride,'  etc.  ; 
albimanus,  F.,  very  common  every- 
where ;  scambus,  Stoeg,  not  common, 
Sutton  only  ;  perpallidus,  Verr.,  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  in 
Sutton  Park,  and  still  only  known 
from  there  and  by  odd  individuals 
from  elsewhere  ;  it  is  rare,  however, 
and  was  only  taken  in  one  year, 
1895  ;  clypeatus,  Mg.,  very  common 
everywhere  ;  angustatus,  Zett.,  com- 
mon, especially  in  the  Sutton  Bogs 

Pyrophaena  granditarsa,  Forst. ;  rosarum, 
Fab.  Both  occur  not  uncommonly 
in  Blackroot  Bog;  they  seem  always 
associated  with  boggy  land. 

Melanostoma  is  like  Platychirus,  very 
highly  developed  with  us  :  am- 
biguum,  Fall.,  not  uncommon  on 
hawthorn,  etc.,  in  spring  ;  melli- 
num,  L.  and  scalare,  F.,  both  very 
abundant  everywhere,  especially 
amongst  long  grass 

Melangyna  quadrimaculata,  Verr.,  occurs 
sometimes  in  great  numbers  on  the 
sallows  in  early  spring  with  Syrphus 
lasiophthalmus,  Zett. ;  chiefly  observed 
in  Sutton  Park  so  far  as  Warwick- 
shire is  concerned,  but  I  have  found 
it  wherever  I  have  collected  at  sal- 
low blooms  in  the  midlands 

Leucozona  lucorum,  L.  One  of  the  orna- 
ments of  Blackroot  Bog,  where  it  is 
not  uncommon 

Ischyrosyrphus  glaucius,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 
laternarius,  Mall,  Sutton  (R.  C.  B.), 
Hay  Wood  (C.  J.  W.) ;  both  these 
species  are  rare  with  us 

Didea  alneti,  Fall.  Sutton  (R.  C.  B.),  Hay 
Woods  (C.  J.  W.) ;  fasciata,  Macq., 
Sutton  (R.  C.  B.),  Hay  Wood(K.  H. 
Martineau)  ;  intermedia,  Loew.,  Sut- 
ton (R.  C.  B.)  ;  all  three  species  are 
very  rare 

Catabomba  pyrastri,  L.  (R.  C.  B.),  not  com- 
mon ;  selenitica,  Meig.  Mr.  R.  C. 
Bradley  found  this  species  in  1894 
in  Sutton  Park  in  considerable  num- 
bers, flying  high  up  about  the  pine 
trees  ;  so  far  as  I  know  however  it 
has  not  been  seen  since 

Syrphus.     The  species  of  this  genus  occur 


161 


21 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


SYRPHIN.S  (continued) 

in  great  abundance  everywhere :  albo- 
striatus, Fall., not  common;  tricinctus, 
Fall.,  not  uncommon  in  Sutton  Park  ; 
venustus,  Mg. ;  lunulatus,  Mg. ;  nigri- 
cornis,  Verr.  (R.C.B.) ;  torvus,  O.  S. 
(R.C.B.);  annulatus,  Zett. ;  lineola, 
Zett.,  rare  (R.  C.  B.) ;  vittiger,  Zett., 
rare  (C.  J.  W.) ;  grossulariae,  Mg.  (R. 
C.  B.) ;  ribesii,  L.,  very  abundant ; 
vitripennis,  Mg.,  common  ;  latifasci- 
atus,  Macq.,  rare  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  nitidi- 
collis,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  nitens,  Zett. 
rare  ;  corollas,  Fab.,  very  abundant; 
luniger,  Mg.,  very  common  ;  bifasci- 
atus,  Fab.,  common  ;  balteatus,  De 
Geer,very  common ;  cinctellus, Zett.; 
cinctus,Fall.(R.C.  B);  auricollis, Mg. 
=  var.  maculicornis,  Zett.,  the  variety 
is  the  chief  if  not  the  only  form  occur- 
ring with  us;  punctulatus, Verr., com- 
mon ;  guttatus,  Fall.,  very  rare  (R. 
C.  B.)  ;  umbellatarum,  F.,  rare  (C. 
J.  W.)  ;  compositarum,  Verr.,  rare 
(R.  C.  B.)  ;  labiatarum,  Verr.,  rare 
(R.  C.  B.) ;  lasiophthalmus,  Zett., 
very  common  in  spring  on  sallow 
bloom,  etc. ;  arcticus,  Zett.,  not  com- 
mon ;  barbifrons,Fall.,rare(R.  C.B.) 

Sphaerophoria  scripta,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  men- 
thastri,  L.,  var.  picta,  Meig.  is  prob- 
ably our  commonest  Sphaerophoria  ; 
var.  toeniata,  Mg.,  is  however  com- 
mon as  well  ;  menthastri,  L.,  type  is 
rare  at  least  ;  flavicauda,  Zett.  (R. 
C.  B.) 

Baccha  obscuripennis,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
elongata,  F. 

Sphegina  clunipes,  Fall.,  not  uncommon 

Ascia  podagrica,  F.,  very  abundant  ;  flora- 
lis,  Meig.,  common 

Brachyopa  bicolor,  Fall.,  very  rare,  Bir- 
mingham (R.  C.  B.) 

Rhingia  campestris,  L.     Common 

Volucella  bombylans,  L.,  common  ;  pellu- 

cens,  L. 
ERISTALIN.*: 

Eristalis  sepulchralis,  F.,  common  in  Black- 
root  Bog  ;  tenax,  L.,  abundant  as 
usual  ;  intricarius,  L.,  common  ; 
arbustorum,  L.,  very  abundant  ; 
pertinax,  Scop.,  very  abundant ;  ne- 
morum,  L.,  apparently  rare  ;  horti- 
cola,  De  Geer,  common 

Myiatropa  florea,  L.,  not  common 

Helophilus  trivittatus,  F.,very  rare  (R.  C.  B.); 
hybridus,  Loew.,  not  common,  Black- 
root  Bog ;  pendulus,  L.,  common  gene- 
rally ;  versicolor,  F.,  rather  common 
in  Blackroot  Bog ;  transfugus,  L.,  rare, 


ERISTALIN.S  (continued) 

a  few  in  Blackroot  Bog ;  lineatus,  F., 
the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  great 
numbers  is  one  of  the  most  charac- 
teristic features  of  Blackroot  Bog.  On 
a  fine  day  I  have  seen  it  in  thousands, 
several  at  every  flower  of  Caltha  pa- 
lustris ;  frequently  two  or  three  males 
at  a  time  courting  each  female  in  the 
manner  described  in  Verrall's  book 

Merodon  equestris,  F.     Has  established  it- 
self here  as  elsewhere,  and  is  gradu- 
ally becoming  common 
MILESIN^E 

Criorrhina  berberina,  F.,  very  rare  ;  oxya- 
canthas,  Mg.,  very  rare  ;  floccosa, 
Mg.,  very  rare  (R.  C.  B.) 

Brachypalpus  bimaculatus,  Macq.,  very  rare, 
one  only  (R.  C.  B.)  at  Sutton 

Xylota  segnis,  L.,  common  ;  sylvarum,  L., 
rare  at  Sutton  (R.  C.  B.),  Idlicote 
(L.  C.  Keighley-Peach),  not  un- 
common at  Hay  Woods  (C.  J.  W. ); 
florum,  F.,  not  uncommon  in  Black- 
root  Bog 

Syritta  pipiens,  L.,  very  abundant  every- 
where. The  males  of  this  species 
court  the  females  in  a  very  similar 
manner  to  those  of  Helophilus  linea- 
tus, F.,  hovering  near  with  head  and 
body  inclined  towards  the  female  and 
the  wings  in  a  state  of  rapid  vibra- 
tion so  as  to  be  almost  invisible,  the 
body  meanwhile  also  being  vibrated 

Eumerus  ornatus,  Mg.,  Hay  Wood  near 
Kingswood  (C.  J.  W.) 

Chrysochlamys  cuprea,  Scop.,  Hay-wood 
near  Kingswood  (C.  J.  W.),  Idlicote 
(L.  C.  Keighley  Peach) ;  the  species 
is  usually  rare  wherever  I  have  col- 
lected in  the  midlands 

Arctophila  mussitans,F.,  very  rare  (R.C.B.) 

Sericomyia  borealis,  Fall,  and  lappona,  L. 
Both  rather  common  in  Blackroot  Bog 
CHRYSOTOXIN.* 

Chrysotoxum  cautum,  Harris.,  Whitchurch 
(J.  H.  Bloom) ;  arcuatum,  L.,  rather 
common  in  Blackroot  Bog;  festivum, 
L.,  rare  (R.C.B.) ;  bicinctum,  L.,not 
uncommon,  Sutton  and  Hay  floods  (C. 
J.  W.),  Idlicote  (L.C.  Keighley-Peach) 

CONOPID^ 

CONOPIN.*: 

Conops  flavipes,  L.     Not  common 


163 


Sicus  ferrugineus,  L.     (R.  C.  B.) 

Myopa   buccata,    L.,   not    uncommon    at 

hawthorn  blossom,  etc. ;   testacea,  L. 

(R.  C.  B.) 


INSECTS 


TACHINID^E 
TACHININJE 

Meigenia  floralis,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Ceromasia  senilis,  Mg.,  probably  generally 
common,  Moseley  (R.  C.  B.) 

Gymnochaeta    viridis,    Fall.,    rare,    Button 

Exorista  vetula,  Mg.,  rare,  Sutton  (R.  C. 
B.) 

Blepharidea  vulgaris,  Fall.,  common  as 
usual 

Phorocera  serriventris,  Rond.(  =  concinnata, 
Mg.),rare(R.C.B.);  cilipeda,  Rond. 
(R.  C.  B.) 

Chastolyga  quadripustulata,  F.,  Sutton  (R. 
C.  B.) 

Tachina  erucarum,  Rond.     (R.  C.  B.) 

Tricholyga  major,  Rond.  This  species, 
which  has  not  been  previously  re- 
corded from  Britain,  has  been  bred 
from  larvae  of  Saturnia  pavonia,  L., 
which  were  obtained  in  Sutton  Park 

Brachychaeta  (Desvoidia)  spinigera,  Rond. 
(fusca,  Meade).  One  specimen  from 
Marston  Green  (C.  J.  W.) 

Aporomyia  dubia,  Fall.,  common  in  Sut- 
ton Park 

Melanota  volvulus,  F.,  Sutton,  Moseley 
(R.  C.  B.) 

Pelatachina  tibialis,  Fall.,  Whitcburcb  (J. 
H.  Bloom) 

Thelaira  leucozona,  Panz.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Olivieria  lateralis,  F. 

Erigone  radicum,  F.  ;  truncata,  Zett.  (ap- 
pendiculata,  Mcq.),  Sutton  (C.  J.  W.), 
Moseley  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  rudis,  Fall. 

Echinomyia  grossa,  L.,  very  rare  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
fera,  L.,  common 

Servillia  ursina,  Mg.,  not  common  ;  on 
sallows  in  spring 

Plagia  ruralis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 
THRYPTOCERIN.S 

Siphona  cristata,  F. ;  geniculata,  Mg. 

Roeselia  antiqua,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Craspedothrix  vivipara,  B.  &  B.  This 
species,  not  previously  known  as 
British,  I  recognized  amongst  some 
insects  taken  at  Moseley  by  Mr.  R.  C. 
Bradley  ;  one  specimen  only 
TRIXINJE 

Trixa  cestroidea,  Rob.  (R.  C.  B.) 
SARCOPHAGIN.S: 

Cynomyia  mortuorum,  L.,  very  rare  (R. 
C.  B.)  ;  alpina,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Metopia  leucocephala,  Rossi. 

Sphixapata  conica,  Rond.,  not  uncommon, 
Moseley,  round  burrows  of  Oxybelus 
uniglumis,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 
DEXINJE 

Macronychia  agrestis,  Fall.,  one,  Sutton 
(R.  C.  B.) 


ANTHOMYID^E 

M.YDMINX 

Polietes  lardaria,  F.,  common  as  usual ; 
albolineata,  Fall.,  Sutton 

Hyetodesia  incana,  W.  ;  lucorum,  Fall., 
Sutton  (R.  C.  B.),  Coleshill(C.  J.W.) ; 
marmorata,  Zett.  ;  serva,  Mg.  ;  ob- 
scurata,  Mg.  (C.  J.  W.)  ;  errans,  Mg. 
(R.  C.  B.) ;  erratica,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
vagans,  Fall.,  this  is  an  addition  to 
the  British  list  and  is  common  in 
Blackroot  Bog ;  basalis,  Zett.  (R.  C. 
B.)  ;  rufipalpis,  Macq.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
scutellaris,  Fall.  ;  populi,  Mg. ;  pal- 
lida,  F. 

Allaeostylus  simplex,  W.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  sude- 
ticus,  Schnbl.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  flaveola, 
Fin.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Mydaea  vespertina,  Fall.,  common  in  Black- 
root  Bog  ;  urbana,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
pagana,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  impuncta,  Fall. 

Spilogaster  maculosa,  Mg. ;  duplaris,  Zett. : 
communis,  Desv. ;  quad  rum,  F. ;  tetra- 
stigma,  Mg. ;  pertusa,  Mg.,  all  Sutton 
(R.  C.  B.)  ;  uliginosa,  Fall.,  Birming- 
£<w!(R.C.B.);trigonalis,Mg.(R.C.B.) 

Limnophora  compuncta,  W.  ;  litorea,  Fall, 
(both  R.  C.  B.) 

Hydrotaea  ciliata,  F. ;  irritans,  Fall. ;  denti- 
pes,  F.,  very  common 

Ophyra  leucostoma,  W.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Drymia  hamata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Pogonomyia  alpicola,  Rond.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Trichopticus  cunctans,  Mg.   (R.  C.   B.)  ; 

hirsutulus,  Zett.  (C.  J.  W.) 
ANTHOMYIN^E 

Hydrophoria  conica,  W.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  socia, 
Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Hylemyia  variata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  lasciva, 
Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  nigrescens,  Rond. 
(R. C.  B.);  flavipennis, Fall.(R. C. B.); 
seticrura,  Rond.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  strigosa, 
F.,  common  ;  praepotens,  Mg.  (R.  C. 
B.)  ;  nigrimana,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
coarctata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Mycophaga  fungorum,  Deg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Anthomyia  pluvialis,  L.,  common  ;  sulci- 
ventris,  Zett.,  common  (C.  J.  W.) 

Chortophila  albescens,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
sylvestris,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Phorbia  floccosa,  Macq.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  trans- 
versalis,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  muscaria, 
Mg.,  very  common  on  sallow  bloom 
in  spring  ;  ignota,  Rond. ;  seneciella, 
Meade,  one  (C.  J.  W.)  ;  cepetorum, 
Meade,  one  (C.  J.  W.) 

Pegomyia  hoemorrhoum,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
transversa,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  bicolor, 
W.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  latitarsis,  Zett.  (R. 
C.  B.) ;  nigritarsis,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 


163 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


HOMALOMYIN.* 

Homalomyia  hamata,  Mcq.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  sca- 
laris,  F.,  common  ;  canicularis,  L., 
common  everywhere  as  usual ;  afirea, 
Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Azelia  Zetterstedti,  Rond.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 
cilipes,  Hal.  (R.  C.  B.);  triquetra,  W. 
(R.  C.  B.) 

Coelomyia  mollissima,  Hal.,  not  uncommon 
in  Blackroot  Bog 

CCENOSIN^E 

Caricea    tigrina,   F.    (R.  C.  B.) ;    humilis, 

Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Ccenosia    elegantula,     Rond.     (R.  C.  B)  ; 

sexnotata,  Mg.  Birmingham  (R.C.B.) 

CORDYLURIOE 

Cordylura  pudica,  Mg.  ;  ciliata,  Mg.,  com- 
mon in  Blackroot  Bog 

Parallelomma    albipes,    Fall.,    common    in 
Blackroot  Bog;  vittata,  Mg.  (R.C.B.) 
Cnemopogon  apicalis,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Norellia  spinimana,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Pogonota  hircus,  Zett,  Blackroot  Bog,  Sut- 
ton, where  it  is  not  uncommon.     It 
was    first    made    known    as    British 
through    specimens  taken   there    by 
Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
Trichopalpus  fraternus,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Spathiophora   hydromyzina,   Fin.    (Falleni, 

Sch.)  (R.   C.  B.) 

Scatophaga  scybalaria,  L.,  rare,  Sutton  Park 
Coniosternum  obscurum,  Fin.  (R.  C.  B.) 

HELOMYZID^: 

Helomyza  pectoralis,  Loew.  ;  loevifrons, 
Loew. ;  flava,  Mg. ;  rufa,  Fin.  (varie- 
gata,  Loew.)  ;  Zetterstedti,  Loew.  ; 
pallida,  Fin.  (olens,  Mg.) ;  all  Sutton 
(R.  C.  B.) 

CEcothea  fenestralis,  Fln.l    Birmingham 
Blepharoptera  serrata,  L.  J  (R.  C.  B.) 

Tephrochlamys  rufiventris,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
flavipes,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 

HETERONEURID^: 

Heteroneura  albimana,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Stomphastica  flava,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

SCIOMYZID^ 

Dryomyza  flaveola,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Neuroctena  anilis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Sciomyza  pallida,  Fall.  ;  albocostata,  Fall. 

(R.  C.  B.) ;  dubia,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 

fuscinervis,  Zett.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Tetanocera  elata,  F.  ;  sylvatica,  Mg. ;  fer- 

ruginea,  Fin.  ;  Icevifrons,  Loew.  (R. 

C.  B.)  ;  robusta,  Loew.  (R.  C.  B.)  ; 

coryleti,  Scop,  (reticulata,  F.)  (R.  C. 

B.) 


Limnia  unguicornis,  Scop.,  very  common  in 
Blackroot  Bog ;  rufifrons,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Elgiva  dorsalis,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  rufa,  Pz. 
(R.  C.  B.) ;  cucularia,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Sepedon  sphegeus,  F.,  very  rare  in  Black- 
root  Bog 

PSILID.& 

Psila  fimetaria,  L. 

Chyliza  leptogaster,  Pz.  (R.  C.  B.) 

Loxocera  aristata,  Pz.,  common  (R.  C.  B.) ; 

albiseta,  Schrk.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  sylvatica, 

Mg.  (R.  C.  B.) 

MICROPEZID^E 

Micropeza  corrigiolata,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 
Calobata  cothurnata,  Pz.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  petro- 
nella,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 

ORTALIDJE 

PLATYSTOMIN^E 

Platystoma  seminationis,  F.,  one  in  a  box 
of  insects    received    from  the  Rev. 
J.  H.  Bloom  from  Whitchurcb 
ULIDINJE 

Seoptera  vibrans,  L. 

TRYPETID/E 

Acidia  heraclei,  L.,  not  uncommon  ;  cog- 

nata,   W.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  lychnidis,  F. 

(R.  C.  B.) 

Spilographa  Zo6,  Mg.,  not  uncommon 
Rhacochlasna    toxoneura,     Loew.,    one    at 

Sutton  on  a  window  in  the  house  ; 

the  only  recorded  British  specimen 

(R.  C.  B.) 
Trypeta  onotrophes,   Loew.,  rare,   Sutton  ; 

tussilaginis,  F.,  common,  Hay  Woods 

(C.  J.  W.) 
Carphotricha  pupillata,   Fall.,  Solihull,  one 

(A.  H.  Martineau) 
Tephritis    miliaria,     Schrk.,     Hay     Woods 

(C.J.  W.),  Sutton  (R.  C.  B.) 

LONCH^ID^E 

Lonchaea  vaginalis,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  chorea, 
F.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  tarsata,  Fall.  (R.C.  B.) 

Palloptera  ustulata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  um- 
bellatarum,  F.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  saltuum, 
L.(R.C.B.) ;  arcuata,Fall.(R.C.B.) 

Toxoneura  muliebris,  Harris  (R.  C.  B.) 

SAPROMYZIDJE 

Sapromyza  rorida,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ;  praeusta, 

Fall.  (R.  C.   B.);   lupulina,  F.  (C. 

J.  W.)  ;  decempunctata,  Fall.  (C.  J. 

W.)  ;  apicalis,  Lcew.  (C.  J.  W.)   " 
Lauxania    cylindricornis,    F.   (R.  C.  B.)  ; 

senea,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 


164 


INSECTS 


OPOMYZID.E 

Balioptera  tripunctata,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) ; 
combinata,  L.,  common  ;  venusta, 
Mg.,  Hands-worth  (C.  J.  W.) 

Opomyza  germinationis,  L.,  very  common 

SEPSIDJE 

Sepsis  violacea,  Mg.  (R.  C.  B.)  ;  cynipsea, 
L.  (R.  C.  B.) 


Nemopoda  cylindrica,  F. 
Themira  putris,  L.  (R.  C.  B.) 

PIOPHILID^E 

Piophila  casei,  L.,  common 
Madiza  glabra,  Fall.  (R.  C.  B.) 


HEMIPTERA     HETEROPTERA 

In  compiling  the  following  list  I  have  been  much  indebted  to  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom,  M.A.,  of  Whitchurch  Rectory,  for  his  kindness  in 
sending  me  his  records  of  insects  from  that  district,  which  he  informs 
me  were  named  by  the  British  Museum  authorities. 

The  records  of  the  late  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  have  been  taken  from 
his  collection,  which  is  now  in  my  possession. 

The  records  are  my  own  where  not  otherwise  stated. 

I  am  also  grateful  to  Mr.  Edward  Saunders,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  for  his 
assistance,  and  I  have  followed  the  nomenclature  of  his  Catalogue  of 
British  Hemiptera,  dated  1890. 

The  list  is  not  a  very  comprehensive  one,  and,  unfortunately, 
comparatively  little  work  has  been  done  in  this  order  in  the  district. 
There  is  much  room  for  additions,  and  I  have  little  doubt  that  assiduous 
workers  could  soon  enlarge  our  list  of  species  and  records. 

PACHYMERID^E  (continued) 

Drymus  sylvaticus,  Fab.     Knowle  (Blatch) ; 

Packwood 

—  brunneus,  Sabilb.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
Notochilus  contractus,   H.  S.       Leamington 

(Blatch) 
Scolopostethus   affinis,   Schill.      Whitchurch 

(Bloom) 


GYMNOCERATA 

CYNID.S: 

Sehirus  bicolor,  Lin.      Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

PENTATOMID.S 

Tropicoris  rufipes,  Lin.      Knowle 
Piezodorus  lituratus,  Fab.,  Stal.     Knowle 

ASOPID.S 

Picromerus  bidens,  Lin.     Knowle 
Zicrona  casrulea,  Lin.    Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

ACANTHOSOMID^E 

Acanthosma  haemorrhoidale,  Lin.  Knowle 
(Blatch)  ;  Whitchurch  (Bloom)  ; 
Packwood 

—  dentatum,    De  G.      Coleshill  (Blatch) ; 

Knowle 

—  interstinctum,    Lin.     Knowle^   Coleshill 

(Blatch) 
COREID.S 

Coreus  denticulatus,  Scop.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
BERYTIDJE 

Berytus  minor,  H.  S.      Whitchurch  (Bloom) 
CYMID^E 

Cymus  glandicolor,  Hahn.  Sutton  Coldfield 
(Blatch) 

—  claviculus,  Fall.      Coleshill 
PACHYMERID.S 

Peritrechus  luniger,  Schill.    Knowle  (Blatch) 


Serenthia  laeta,  Fall.      Coleshill 
Orthostira  cervina,  Germ.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
—  parvula,  Fall.       Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 
Dictyonota  strichnocera,  Fieb.      Knowle 
Derephysia  foliacea,  Fall.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Monanthia  cardui,  Lin. 


.     Knowle 
Coleshill  (Blatch) 


165 


humuli,  Fab. 
ARADID^E 

Aradus  depressus,   Fab.     Knowle  ;    Salford 

Priors  (Blatch) 
HYDROMETRIDJE 

Hydrometra    stagnorum, 
(Blatch)  :   Knowle 
VEUIDJE 

Microvelia  pygmaea,  Duf.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
Velia   currens,  Fab.     Earlswood  (Blatch) ; 

Knowle 
GERRID^E 

Gerris  najas.     Earlswood  (Blatch) 


Lin.        Solihull 
Knowle  (Blatch) 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


GERRIDJE  (continued) 

Gerris  thoracica,  Schun.     Earhwood 

—  lacustris,  Lin.     Wbltcburch  (Bloom) 

—  odontogaster,  Zett.   Earhwood  (Blatch); 

Coleshill 

—  argentata,  Schun.     Button  Coldfield 
EMESIDJE 

Ploiaria  vagabunda,  Lin.    Knowle  (Blatch) 
REDUVIID.S 

Reduvius    personatus,    Lin.        Whitchurch 

(Bloom) ;  Solihull  (Martineau) 
NABID/E 

Nabis     brevipennis,    Hahn.        Whitchurch 
(Bloom) 

—  major,  Cost.     Knowle 

—  limbatus,  Dahlb.     Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

—  ferus,  Lin.     Coleshill  (Blatch) 

—  rugosus,  Lin.       „  „ 

—  erecetorum,  Scholtz.     Coleshill  (Blatch) 
SALDID.S: 

Salda  saltatoria,  Lin.     Sutton  Coldfield 

—  cincta,  H.  S.     Sutton  Coldfield  ;  Coleshill 

(Blatch)  :  Knowle 

—  cocksii,  Curt.      Knowle 
CIMID.S 

Cimex      lectularius,     Lin.         Birmingham 

(Blatch) 
ANTHOCORIDJE 

Lyctocoris  campestris,  Fall.     Knowle 
Piezostethus  galactinus,    Fieb.      Edgbaston 

(Blatch),  Knowle 

-  cursitans,  Fall.     Knowle 

Triphleps     nigra,      Wolff.          Whitchurch 
(Bloom),  Knowle 

—  majuscula,  Reut.     Whitchurcb  (Bloom) 

-  minuta,    Lin.       Wbitchurcb     (Bloom)  ; 

Salford  Priors  (Blatch)  ;  Knowle 
Xylocoris  ater,  Duf.   Salford  Priors  (Blatch) 
MICROPHYSID^ 

Microphysa    pselophiformis,    Curt.       Salt- 
hull 
CAPSIDJE 

Miris    calcaratus,    Fall.       Sutton     Coldfield 

(Blatch)  ;   Knowle,  Coleshill 
Leptopterna  ferrugata,   Fall.       Whitcburch 
(Bloom)  ;  Knowle 

—  dolobrata,  Lin.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Monalocoris  filicis,  Lin.  „  „ 
Lopus  gothicus,  Lin.     Knowle 
Phytocaris  dimidiatus.     Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

—  ulmi,    Lin.      Salford    Priors    (Blatch)  ; 

VI 

Knowle 
Calocoris  sexguttatus,  Fab.    Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  striatellus,  Fab.     Knowle 

—  fulvomaculatus,  De  G.     Salford  Priors 

(Blatch);  Knowle 

—  bipunctatus,  Fab.     Knowle 
Lygus  pratensis,  Fab.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  contaminatus,  Fall.       ,, 


CAPSID.S  (continued) 

Lygus  spinolae,  Mey.     Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

—  pabulimis,  Lin.  „  „ 

—  cervinus,  H.S.     Knowle 
Pceciloscytus    unifaciatus,      Fab.        Sutton 

Coldfield  (Blatch) 
Liocoris    tripustulatus,    Fab.       Whitchurch 

(Bloom) 
Capsus  laniarius,  Lin.     Smallheath,  Salford 

Priors  (Blatch) 
Rhopalotomus    ater,     Lin.        Whitchurch 

(Bloom) 
Dicyphus  stachydis,  Reut.    Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  globulifer,  Fall.     Knowle  (Blatch) 
Cyllocoris  flavonotatus,   Boh.     Whitchurch 

(Bloom) 

—  histrionicus,  Lin.     Knowle 
/Etorhinus  angulatus,  Fab.     Knowle 
Orthotylus    marginalis,    Reut.         Knowle 

(Blatch) 

Heterotoma  merioptera,  Scop. )  Whitchurch 
Harpocera  thoracica,  Fall.      J    (Bloom) 
Phylus  melanocephalus,  Lin.     Sutton  Cold- 

fleld  (Blatch);  Knowle 

—  coryli,  Lin.      Whitchurch  (Bloom) 

—  „       var.    avellanas,    Mey.       Salford 
Priors  (Blatch) 

Psallus  betuleti,  Fall.     Knowle 

—  quercus,  Rb.     Sutton  Coldfield  (Blatch) 

—  Fallenii,  Reut.     „  „  „ 
Plagiognathus  arbustorum,  Fab.     Knowle 

CRYPTOCERATA 

NEPINA 

Nepa  cinerea,  Lin.      Whitchurch  (Bloom) ; 

Knowle    (Blatch)  ;      Solihull,     Sutton 

Coldfield,  Salford  Priors 
Ranatra    linearis,    Lin.       Knowle,     Salford 

Priors  (Blatch) 

NOTONECTINA 

Notonecta      glauca,      Lin.         Whitchurch 
(Bloom)  ;  Knowle 

—  glauca    var.    maculata,  Fab.       Knowle 

(Blatch) 

CORIXINA 

Corixa     geoffroyi,      Leach.        Whitchurch 
(Bloom)  ;  Meriden  (Blatch)  ;  Knowle 

—  lugubris,  Fieb.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  hieroglyphica,  Duf.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  sahlberg,  Fieb.     Sutton  Coldfield,  Earls- 

wood  (Blatch)  ;  Knowle 

—  striata,   Lin.      Sutton   Coldfield,   Earls- 

wood,  Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  fossarum,  Leach.     Knowle  (Blatch) 

—  fallenii,  Fieb.      Sutton  Coldfield  (Blatch) 

—  fabricii,    Fieb.        Knowle,     Earhwood 

(Blatch) 

—  mcesta,  Fieb.     Knowle 

Sigara  minutissima,  Lin.      Knowle  (Blatch) 


166 


SPIDERS 


ARACHNIDA 

Spiders,   etc. 

Scarcely  any  records  of  either  spiders,  harvestmen  or  false  scorpions 
have  been  made  for  the  county  of  Warwickshire.  The  following  list  is 
drawn  up  from  a  collection  made  by  the  Rev.  J.  Harvey  Bloom  at 
Whitchurch  near  Stratford-on-Avon. 

ARANE^E 

ARACHNOMORPHM 

DYSDERID^: 

Spiders  with  six  eyes  and  two  pairs  of  stigmatic  openings,  situated  close  together  on  the 
genital  rima ;  the  anterior  pair  communicating  with  lung  books,  the  posterior  with  tracheal 
tubes.  Tarsal  claws,  two  in  Dysdera,  three  in  Harpactes  and  Segestria. 


2.  Dysdera  crocota,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Larger  than  the  last  species,  with  a  deep 
orange-pink  carapace,  orange  legs,  and  abdo- 
men with  a  delicate  rosy-pink  flush.  The 
palpal  bulb  of  the  male  has  a  cross-piece  at 
the  apex.  This  spider  is  also  known  as  D. 
rubicunda,  Blackwall. 


I.  Dysdera  cambridgii,  Thorell. 

Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 
Not  uncommon  under  stones  and  bark  ot 
trees,  where  it  lurks  within  a  tubular  retreat. 
The  spider  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  elon- 
gate form,  orange  legs,  dark  mahogany  cara- 
pace and  pale  clay-yellow  abdomen.  The 
palpal  bulb  of  the  male  has  no  cross-piece 
at  the  apex.  The  spider  is  also  known  as 
D.  erythryna,  Blackwall. 

DRASSID^ 
3.  Prosthesima  nigrita  (Fabricius)     Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

CLUBIONID.E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie 
immediately  in  front  of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number,  but  the  anterior 
pair  of  spinners  are  set  close  together  at  the  base  ;  the  maxillae  are  convex  and  not  impressed 
across  the  middle. 


4.  Clubitna  stagnatilis,  Kulczynski. 

Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

5.  Clubiona  terrestris,  Westring. 

Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

6.  Clubiona  pallidula  (Clerck) 

Stratford-on-Avon,  Warwick  (J.H.B.) 


7.  Clubiona  phragmitis,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Stratford-on-Avon,  Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

8.  Clubiona  diversa,  O.P.-Cambridge. 

Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 


The  spiders  of  this  family  resemble  those  of  the  Clubionidte  in  most  respects,  except  that 
the  trachael  stigmatic  openings  beneath  the  abdomen  are  situated  about  midway  between  the 
genital  rima  and  the  spinners,  and  not,  as  in  the  last  family,  immediately  in  front  of  the 
spinners.  One  species  only  is  indigenous  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  very  common  amongst  the 
foliage  of  trees  in  May  and  June. 

9.  Anypbeena  accentuata  (Walckenaer)     Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  two  tarsal  claws  and  anterior 
spinners  close  together  at  their  base.     Maxillae  not  impressed.     The  crab-like  shape  and  side- 

167 


A   HISTORY  OF  WARWICKSHIRE 


long  movements  of  these   spiders  are 
distinguished  from  the  more  elongate 

10.  Philodromus  dispar,  Walckenaer. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

1 1 .  Philodromus  aureolus  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

12.  Xysticus  cr hiatus  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


their   chief  characteristics,  enabling  them  to  be  easily 
Drassidee  and  Clubionidte. 

13.  Xysticus  ulmi  (Hahn) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

14.  Xysticus  lanio,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

15.  Xysticus  erraticus  (Blackwall) 


ATTIDJE 

1 6.  Salticus  cingulatus  (Panzer).     Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

PISAURID^E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes  in  three  rows  of  4,  2,  2  ;  the  small  anterior  eyes  being  sometimes 
in  a  straight  line,  sometimes  recurved  and  sometimes  procurved.  Those  of  the  other  two 
rows  are  situated  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  of  various  proportions,  and  are  much  larger  than 
the  eyes  of  the  anterior  row.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three  in  number.  Pisaura  runs  freely 
over  the  herbage,  carrying  its  egg-sac  beneath  the  sternum  ;  while  Dolomedes  is  a  dweller  in 
marshes  and  swamps. 

17.  Pisaura  mirabilis  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Dolomedes,  or  Ocyale,  mirabifis. 

LYCOSID.E 

The  members  of  this  family  are  to  be  found  running  freely  over  the  ground,  and  carry- 
ing the  egg-sac  attached  to  the  spinners.  Many  of  the  larger  species  make  a  short  burrow  in 
the  soil,  and  there  keep  guard  over  the  egg-sac.  Eyes  and  tarsal  claws  as  in  the  Pisauridte, 
with  slight  differences. 


1 8.  Lycosa  ruricola  (De  Geer) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  L.  campestris,  Blackwall. 

19.  Lycosa  terricola,  Thorell. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  L.  agretlca,  Blackwall. 

20.  Lycosa  accentuata,  Latreille. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

2 1 .  Lycosa  pulverulenta  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


Known  also  as   L.  rapax,  Blackwall,  and 

Tarentula  pulverulenta. 

22.  Pardosa  lugubris  (Walckenaer) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

23.  Pardosa  pullata  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Lycosa  obscura,  Blackwall. 

24.  Pardosa  amentata  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


AGELENID^ 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  straight  or  more  or  less  curved  transverse  rows. 
Tarsal  claws,  three.  The  species  of  this  family  spin  a  large  sheet-like  web,  and  construct  a 
tubular  retreat  at  the  back  of  it,  which  leads  to  some  crevice  amongst  the  rocks  or  in  the 
herbage,  or  in  the  chinks  in  the  walls  of  outhouses  and  barns,  wherever  the  various  species 
may  happen  to  be  found.  The  habits  of  Argyroneta,  the  water  spider,  are  however  quite 
different.  The  posterior  pair  of  spinners  is  much  longer  than  the  others  in  the  more  typical 
genera  of  this  family. 


25.   Tegenaria  derhami  (Scopoli) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


26.   Agelena  labyrinthica  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


1 68 


SPIDERS 


ARGIOPID^E 

The  spiders  included  in  this  family  have  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  rows,  the  lateral  eyes 
of  both  rows  being  usually  adjacent,  if  not  in  actual  contact,  while  the  central  eyes  form  a 
quadrangle.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three,  often  with  other  supernumerary  claws.  The  web  is 
either  an  orbicular  snare,  as  in  the  case  of  the  'common  garden  spider,"  or  consists  of  a  sheet 
of  webbing,  beneath  which  the  spider  hangs  and  captures  its  prey  as  it  falls  upon  the  sheet. 
This  immense  family  includes  those  usually  separated  under  the  names  Epeirid<e  and  Linyphiida. 


27.  Meta  segment ata  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Epeira  inclinata,  Blackwall. 

28.  Meta  meriante  (Scopoli) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

29.  Meta  menardi  (Scopoli) 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

30.  Tetragnatha  extensa  (Linnasus) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

31.  Tetragnatha  solandri  (Scopoli) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

32.  Pachygnatha  clerckii,  Sundevall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

33.  Pachygnatha  degeerit,  Sundevall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

34.  S'tnga  pygmera,  Sundevall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

35.  Zilla    x  -notata  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

36.  Araneus  cucurbitinus,  Clerck. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

37.  Araneus  patagiatus,  Clerck. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

38.  Araneus  marmoreus,  Clerck. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

39.  Araneus  umbraticus,  Clerck. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

40.  Araneus  triguttatus,  Fabricius. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Epeira  aga/ena,  Blackwall. 

41.  Linyphia  triangularis  (Clerck) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


42.  Linyphia  pusilla,  Sundevall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

43.  Linyphia  peltata,  Wid. 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

44.  Linyphia  montana  (Clerck) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

45.  Linyphia  clathrata,  Sundevall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

46.  Lepthyphantes  tenuis  (Blackwall) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

47.  Lepthyphantes  obscurus  (Blackwall) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

48.  Lepthyphantes  minutus  (Blackwall) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

49.  Lepthyphantes  leprosus  (Ohlert) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

50.  Bathyphantes  concolor  (Wider) 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

5 1 .  Bathyphantes  dorsalis  (Wider) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

52.  Centromerus  bicolor  (Blackwall) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

53.  Gongylidium  rufipes  (Sundevall) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

54.  Gongylidium  gramimcolum  (Sundevall) 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Neriene  munda,  Blackwall. 

55.  Trachygnatha  dentata  (Wider) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

56.  Neriene  rubens,  Blackwall. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 


THERIDIID^ 

The  members  of  this  family  have  eight  eyes,  situated  very  much  like  those  of  the  Argio- 
pidee  ;  but  the  mandibles  are  usually  weak,  the  maxilla  are  inclined  over  the  labium,  and  the 
posterior  legs  have  a  comb  of  stiff  curved  spines  beneath  the  tarsi.  The  web  consists  of  a 
tangle  of  crossing  lines,  and  the  spider  often  constructs  a  tent-like  retreat  wherein  the  egg-sac 
is  hung  up.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three  in  number. 


57.  Theridion  sisyphium  (Clerck) 

Whitchurch  near  Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 
Known  also  as  T.  nervosum,  Blackwall. 
I  169 


58.   Theridion  variant,  Blackwall. 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 


22 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


61.  Theridion  lineatum  (Clerck) 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

62.  Theridion  tepidariorum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 


59.  Theridion  bimaculatum  (Linnaeus) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  T.  carolinum,  Blackwall. 

60.  Theridian  pulchel/um,  Walckenaer. 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 

DICTYNID^E 

The  spiders  belonging  to  this  family  possess  three  tarsal  claws,  and  the  eyes,  eight  in 
number,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  the  laterals  being  in  contact.  The  cribellum  (or 
extra  pair  of  spinning  organs)  and  the  calamistrum  (a  row  of  curving  bristles  on  the  protarsi  of 
the  fourth  pair  of  legs)  are  present  in  all  members  of  the  family.  They  construct  a  tubular 
retreat  with  an  outer  sheet  of  webbing,  which  is  covered  with  a  flocculent  silk  made  with  the 
calamistrum  from  threads  furnished  by  the  cribellum. 


63.  Amaurobius  fenestralis  (Stroem) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

64.  Amaurobius  ferox  (Walckenaer) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 

65.  Amaurobius  similis  (Blackwall) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 


68.   Cthonius  rayit  L.  Koch. 
Loxley  G-H-B0 


66.  Dictyna  arundinacea  (Linnaeus) 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

Known  also  as  Ergatis  benigna,  Blackwall. 

67.  Dictyna  uncinata,  Westr. 
Warwick  (J.H.B.) 


CHERNETES 


OPILIONES 


The  harvestmen  are  spider-like  creatures  with  eight  long  legs,  the  tarsi  very  long  and 
flexible.  Eyes  simple,  two  in  number,  situated  on  each  side  of  an  eye  eminence.  Body  not 
divided  into  two  distinct  regions  by  a  narrow  pedicle,  as  in  spiders  ;  abdomen  segmentate. 


69.  Platybunus  corniger,  Hermann. 
Stratford-on-Avon  (J.H.B.) 

70.  Nemastoma  lugubre  (O.  F.  Muller) 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 


71.   Phalangium  opilio,  Linn. 
Whitchurch  (J.H.B.) 


170 


CRUSTACEANS 

From  a  dry  county  like  Warwickshire  one  might  not  expect  a  great 
abundance  of  animals  so  aquatically  disposed  and  so  essentially  moisture 
loving  as  the  Crustacea.  How  small  in  fact  any  such  expectation  has 
been  down  to  quite  recent  times  is  pointedly  illustrated  by  a  volume  of 
much  merit  and  usefulness.  For  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
in  1886  a  Handbook  of  Birmingham  was  prepared,  embracing  a  wide  range 
of  subjects.  The  section  devoted  to  zoology  occupies  in  it  satisfactory 
space  and  prominence.  A  valuable  page  of  this  section  is  devoted  to 
crustaceans,  but  the  writer  of  it  has  to  explain  how  they  creep  into 
this  little  corner  of  the  field.  They  win  their  chance  of  notice  it 
appears  not  because  they  are  members  of  an  important  independent  class 
of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  as  a  subordinate  branch  of  the  district's 
microscopic  fauna.  It  is  however  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  carcino- 
logy  of  a  county  is  wholly  dependent  for  its  interest  on  an  extensive 
seaboard,  or  the  presence  of  large  lakes  and  broad  rivers.  Some 
crustaceans  have  in  the  course  of  ages,  if  theory  may  be  trusted,  forsaken 
that  watery  world  in  which  alone  their  distant  ancestors  could  breathe, 
and,  whether  theory  can  be  trusted  or  not,  as  a  matter  of  fact  their 
existing  generations  live  on  land.  Others  there  are  among  the  fresh- 
water species  as  modest  in  their  views  as  Cincinnatus,  who  preferred  his 
little  farm  to  a  dictator's  palace.  They  actually  like  a  rivulet  better  than 
a  river,  and  disdainful  of  spreading  lakes  make  it  a  point  of  honour  to 
swarm  in  small  and  shallow  ponds.  There  are  moreover  a  very  great 
number  which,  though  incapable  of  active  life  on  land,  can  in  the 
embryonic  stage  wait  for  water  with  admirable  patience,  choosing  to  be 
born  only  when  there  is  liquid  for  them  to  live  in. 

For  the  crustaceans  of  an  inland  county  it  is  sufficient  to  distinguish 
two  out  of  the  three  principal  sections  of  the  class,  the  Malacostraca 
and  Entomostraca.  All  the  crabs,  lobsters,  shrimps  and  other  forms 
belonging  to  the  former  group  are  linked  together  by  a  community  of 
structure  much  closer  than  at  the  first  glance  would  be  imagined. 
Leaving  out  of  count  the  foremost  piece  to  which  the  eyes  belong  and 
the  hindmost  piece  called  the  telson,  there  are  in  the  malacostracan  body 
nineteen  segments,  and  each  segment  has  a  pair  of  appendages  assignable 
to  it.  That  appendages  are  often  missing,  that  segments  coalesce,  making 
two  or  more  look  like  one,  must  be  admitted.  But  the  general  state- 
ment is  based  on  very  substantial  evidence.  The  appendages,  for 
example,  that  are  missing  in  one  sex  will  be  found  in  the  other,  or  if 

171 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

wanting  in  this  or  that  family  or  genus  will  make  their  appearance  in 
another  that  is  nearly  related.  The  same  applies  to  the  coalescence  of 
segments.  In  the  tail  of  a  crab,  for  instance,  that  of  the  male  will  often 
show  only  five  segments,  while  that  of  the  female  has  the  normal  seven, 
the  explanation  being  that  in  the  male  three  are  obviously  consolidated 
into  one.  Frequently  lines,  grooves,  sutures,  partial  divisions,  testify  to 
the  intrinsic  distinctness  of  these  united  portions.  In  the  Entomostraca 
on  the  other  hand  there  are  always  more  or  fewer  than  this  number  of 
nineteen  segments  and  nineteen  pairs  of  appendages. 

In  the  Handbook  of  Birmingham  Mr.  Thomas  Bolton,  F.R.M.S., 
speaking  of  the  Malacostraca  says  :  '  In  this  class  [Crustacea]  should  be 
mentioned  the  freshwater  crayfish,  Astacus  jtuviatilis,  not  of  course  a 
microscopic  organism  ;  but  if  it  were  omitted  here  it  could  not  appear 
in  any  of  the  other  reports.  This  species  is  fairly  distributed  in  most  of 
the  smaller  brooks,  in  the  canals  and  larger  reservoirs,  but  it  is  not  so 
abundant  or  so  large  as  it  is  on  the  lime  formations  round  Oxford.  Two 
other  large  microscopic  species  of  this  class,  the  freshwater  shrimp, 
Gammarus  pulex,  and  the  water  woodlouse,  Asellus  vu/garis,  are  always 
present,  the  former  busy  in  its  office  of  scavenger  in  the  sandy  bottoms 
of  the  brooks  and  ditches,  and  the  latter  climbing  about,  like  a  monkey, 
amongst  the  water  weeds,  investigating  the  mass  of  living  and  decaying 
organisms  with  which  the  weeds  are  clothed.' : 

Of  the  Macrura  or  long-tailed  Malacostraca  the  only  species  likely 
to  be  found  living  in  Warwickshire  was  the  above-mentioned  river 
crayfish,  and  this  was  not  likely  to  be  absent.  The  technical  designation 
of  it  should  rather  be  Potamobius  pallipes  (Lereboullet),  the  name  Astacus 
in  strictness  belonging  to  the  somewhat  similar  but  really  distinct  genus 
of  the  marine  lobster.  There  is  no  evidence  that  we  have  in  England 
more  than  one  species,  or  even  more  than  one  variety  of  the  river 
crayfish.  A  difference  in  size,  however  constant  as  between  the  speci- 
mens from  two  localities,  could  not  be  considered  of  any  significance  in 
this  respect,  since  the  smaller  form  might  become  larger  if  transferred 
to  a  district  where  there  was  a  better  food  supply  and  where  the  con- 
stituents of  its  crustaceous  coat  were  more  abundant,  while  the  larger 
breed  might  degenerate  under  the  influence  of  an  opposite  removal. 
The  two  other  malacostracan  species  which  Mr.  Bolton  records  are 
almost  certainly  present  in  every  one  of  our  English  counties.  Gammarus 
pulex  (Linn.)  has  very  near  relations  in  the  sea  and  on  the  seashore,  but 
is  itself  a  widely  distributed  exclusively  freshwater  representative  of  the 
Amphipoda.  The  species  of  this  great  order  are  at  once  distinguished 
from  crabs  and  crayfishes  by  being  sessile-eyed.  They  have  their  eyes 
firmly  seated  in  the  head.  They  cannot  shift  them  from  side  to  side  or 
up  and  down  as  we  can  ours,  nor  yet  can  they  lift  and  lower  them  or 
move  them  to  and  fro  on  jointed  pedicels  after  the  fashion  which  gives 
to  many  of  the  stalk-eyed  crustaceans  a  wonderful  look  of  alertness  and 

1  Handbook  of  Birmingham,  p.   306.     I  am  indebted  to   Professor  W.  W.  Watts  for  calling  my 
attention  to  this  source  of  information. 

172 


CRUSTACEANS 

cunning.  It  is  therefore  only  with  some  reserve  that  G.  pulex  can  be 
called  '  the  freshwater  shrimp.'  Shrimps,  in  the  more  familiar  accepta- 
tion of  the  term,  are  all  stalk-eyed.  Furthermore  our  common  shrimp 
and  common  prawn  are  phyllobranchiate,  that  is  to  say  they  have  under 
the  carapace  a  series  of  breathing  organs  composed  of  two  rows  of 
branchial  leaflets.  On  the  other  hand  in  the  Amphipoda  the  branchia? 
or  gills  are  not  under  the  carapace,  and  are  as  a  rule  undivided,  each 
consisting  of  a  single  vesicle.  There  are  true  freshwater  shrimps  and 
prawns  of  the  same  general  character  as  the  marine  species  to  be  found 
in  many  places,  though  they  do  not  happen  to  occur  in  Warwickshire. 
Hence  Amphipoda  are  spoken  of  as  shrimps  only  because  popular 
neglect  in  the  past  has  left  them  without  any  suitable  vernacular  appella- 
tion. Apart  from  the  want  of  pedunculate  eyes  however  they  have  as 
many  jointed  appendages  as  the  ordinary  eatable  shrimp.  The  head  as 
usual  carries  two  pairs  of  antennas.  These  are  followed  by  four  pairs 
of  jaws,  known  as  mandibles,  first  and  second  maxilla?  and  maxillipeds. 
With  these  the  carapace  or  cephalothorax  comes  to  an  end,  and  is 
succeeded  by  the  middle  body  made  up  of  seven  separate  segments 
carrying  seven  pairs  of  legs,  after  which  comes  the  normally  jointed 
pleon  with  its  six  pairs  of  appendages  that  have  various  functions  of 
swimming,  springing  or  promoting  a  circulation  of  the  surrounding 
water.  In  a  shrimp  or  lobster,  on  the  other  hand,  the  carapace  includes 
both  head  and  middle  body,  carrying  the  two  pairs  of  antenna?  and  six 
pairs  of  jaws  instead  of  four,  but  only  five  pairs  of  legs  instead  of  seven, 
the  pleon  both  here  and  elsewhere  remaining  uncovered.  Among  all 
the  more  or  less  striking  differences  however,  the  total  number  of 
appendages  between  the  eyes  and  the  pleon  it  will  be  seen  is  precisely 
the  same  in  the  decapod  or  ten-footed  macruran  and  in  the  tetradecapod 
or  fourteen-footed  amphipod.  Not  only  is  the  number  the  same,  but 
the  appendages  themselves  are  evidently  equivalent,  homologous,  pair  for 
pair,  though  in  the  case  of  some  of  them  science  has  been  pleased  to 
vary  their  names  and  nature  has  been  pleased  to  vary  their  functions. 

Upon  '  the  water  woodlouse,  Asellus  vu/garis,'  somewhat  similar 
observations  may  be  made.  The  name  to  be  preferred  for  it,  as  older 
than  Latreille's  A.  vutgaris,  is  A.  aquations  (Linn.),  and  for  this  Latin 
term  '  water  woodlouse '  would  be  as  fair  an  English  equivalent  as  could 
be  given.  In  our  inland  counties  it  might  even  deserve  to  be  distin- 
guished as  the  water  woodlouse,  because  in  those  counties  the  order 
Isopoda  to  which  it  belongs  has  no  other  freshwater  representative. 
Nevertheless  the  title  woodlouse  is  not  well  fitted  to  animals  that  live 
only  in  the  water,  and  besides  it  belongs  by  right  to  a  large  terrestrial 
subdivision  of  the  order.  The  Isopoda  are  sessile-eyed  malacostracans 
like  the  Amphipoda,  and  have  almost  the  same  arrangement  of  append- 
ages. They  also  have  the  middle  body  uncovered  by  the  carapace. 
Still  between  the  two  orders  the  differences  are  many  and  important. 
In  the  genuine  isopods  the  heart  is  in  the  hinder  half  of  the  trunk 
instead  of  being  as  in  the  amphipods  in  its  front  half,  and  in  place  of 

173 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

gills  attached  to  the  trunk-legs  several  appendages  of  the  pleon  supply 
the  respiratory  organs.  Amphipods  are  usually,  though  not  always, 
laterally  compressed.  This  puts  them  at  a  disadvantage  for  walking  in 
the  open  air.  But  isopods,  being  almost  always  dorso-ventrally  depressed 
or  flattened  downwards,  have  a  more  stedfast  equilibrium,  such  as  is  well 
exemplified  in  A.  aquaticus.  The  brown  colour  marbled  with  white, 
the  long  antenna?  in  front,  and  the  slender  two-branched  uropods  or 
tail-feet  prominently  projecting  from  the  consolidated  pleon  behind, 
make  this  exceedingly  common  species  easy  to  recognize.  It  is  fully 
and  beautifully  illustrated  in  an  early  work1  by  the  distinguished 
Norwegian  carcinologist,  Professor  G.  O.  Sars,  and  more  concisely  in 
his  recent  description  of  the  Isopoda  of  Norway.2 

Of  the  Isopoda  terrestria,  or  woodlice  proper,  if  so  unscientific  a 
term  can  be  called  proper,  Warwickshire  might  be  thought  to  be  wholly 
destitute,  to  judge  by  the  silence  of  its  zoological  records.  It  is  however 
quite  certain  that  in  this  county  as  in  others  Oniscus  ase//us,  Porcellio 
scatter,  Philoscia  muscorum,  Armadillidium  vu/gare  and  various  other  species 
are  to  be  found,  in  gardens  and  woods,  in  dry  ditches  by  the  roadside, 
and  almost  anywhere  under  loose  flat  stones,  amidst  decaying  leaves  and 
rubbish,  or  wherever  their  necessary  food  and  shelter  and  a  modicum  of 
moisture  can  be  obtained.  In  the  case  of  A .  vu/gare  and  a  few  other 
species  that  stable  equilibrium  with  which  nature  has  provided  an  isopod 
can  be  sacrificed  at  will,  the  creature  being  able  to  '  conglobate '  its  body 
and  roll  out  of  reach  of  its  enemies  sometimes  in  a  manner  very  un- 
expected. 

Of  the  Entomostraca  Mr.  Bolton  writes  as  follows  :9  'The  members 
of  this  sub-class  are  also  to  be  found  everywhere,  but  it  is  desirable  to 
call  special  attention  to  the  discovery  for  the  first  time  in  Great  Britain 
of  the  wonderfully  transparent  Leptodora  hyalina^  at  a  visit  of  the 
Birmingham  Natural  History  and  Microscopical  Society  in  1879  to  the 
Olton  reservoir  near  Solihull.  It  has  since  been  found  in  many  localities, 
and  is  very  abundant  in  the  summer  and  autumn  in  the  Warwick  Canal 
and  several  reservoirs.  Hyalodaphnia  kahlbergensis  is  very  generally  found 
with  it.  Argulus  coregoni  is  found  in  the  Birmingham  and  Warwick 
Canal.  It  had  only  been  discovered  in  Great  Britain  previously  in  the 
tanks  of  the  Royal  Aquarium  at  Westminster,  which  of  course  are  not 
used  for  British  fish  exclusively.  The  fairy  shrimp,  Chirocephalus 
diaphanus,  is  found  in  only  one  locality  in  the  district,  near  Knowle.  A 
few  specimens  of  the  very  rare  Lynceus  acanthocercoides  were  found  near 
Bewdley,  and  amongst  other  local  finds  may  be  mentioned  Moina 
rectirostris,  Macrotbrix  roseus  and  Ilyocryptus  sordidus? 

To  make  clear  the  relations  one  to  another  of  these  and  several 
other  Warwickshire  species  it  will  be  expedient  to  give  in  brief  an 
outline  of  the  classification  now  generally  adopted  for  the  Entomostraca. 

1  Hittoire  Naturelle  des  Cruttacet  feau  douce  de  Notvege,  p.  93,  ph.  8-10  (1867). 
*  Crustacea  of  Norway,  ii.  97,  pi.  39  (1899). 
3  Handbook  of  Birmingham,  p.  306. 

174 


CRUSTACEANS 

They  are  parcelled  out  into  three  great  companies,  the  Branchi6poda, 
with  branchial  feet,  the  Ostrac6da,  shell-invested,  which  have  the  body 
completely  enclosed  in  a  pair  of  valves  like  peas  in  a  peascod,  and  the 
Copepoda,  oar-footed,  which  are  not  enclosed  in  valves  and  the  feet  of 
which  are  not  branchial. 

The  Branchiopoda  are  again  subdivided  into  three  important 
sections  :  the  Phyll6poda,  leaf-footed  ;  the  Cladocera,  with  branching 
antenna? ;  the  Branchiura,  with  a  name  signifying  that  the  tail  is  branchial. 
Each  of  these  sections  is  represented  in  Mr.  Bolton's  list  of  species  above 
quoted,  although  the  first  and  third  have  only  a  single  species  apiece. 
Chirocephalus  diapbanus,  Prevost,  belongs  indeed  to  a  subsection  of  the 
Phyllopoda  which  has  at  present  no  other  known  representative  through- 
out England.  The  fairy  shrimp  is  one  of  those  crustaceans  of  which 
the  coat  is  not  crustaceous.  Moreover  it  has  neither  enclosing  valves 
nor  extended  carapace.  The  movements  of  its  flexible  but  ill-protected 
body  are  graceful  rather  than  rapid.  Probably  it  is  shielded  from  harm 
partly  by  a  happy  knack  of  lodging  in  unexpected  places  and  partly  by 
the  discreet  blending  which  nature  has  established  between  the  tints  of 
its  pellucid  structure  and  those  of  its  environment.  Its  eggs,  in  common 
with  those  of  many  other  Entomostraca,  enjoy  the  wonderful  power  of 
resting  in  dry  ground  till  an  accession  of  water  summons  them  to 
development.  Thus  after  a  downpour  of  rain  this  beautiful  species  has 
been  known  to  make  its  appearance  in  such  an  unromantic  situation  as  a 
hoof  mark  or  a  cart  rut.  It  has  long  been  regarded  as  rare,  but  records 
are  accumulating  which  may  prove  it  to  be  far  from  uncommon. 

The  third  section  is  a  very  small  one,  and  its  position  has  not  always 
been  among  the  Branchiopoda.  Earlier  authors  placed  its  members 
among  the  parasitic  Copepoda,  to  some  of  which  they  show  a  not  in- 
considerable resemblance.  This,  however,  may  be  due  in  great  measure 
to  similarity  of  habit,  for  all  the  Branchiura  are  parasitic  on  fishes  or 
frogs,  and  it  is  some  of  the  fish  parasites  among  the  Copepoda  that  they 
most  resemble.  The  representative  species  long  known  in  England  is 
called  Argulus  foliaceus  (Linn.),  which  may  be  presumed  to  occur  in 
Warwickshire,  whether  specially  recorded  or  not.  The  A.  coregoni, 
Thorell,  to  which  Mr.  Bolton  refers,  is  parasitic  chiefly,  though  not  ex- 
clusively, on  Salmonidae.  In  this  the  great  shield  covers  all  the  four  pairs 
of  swimming  feet,  whereas  in  A,  foliaceus  the  fourth  pair  is  left  exposed. 
Both  alike  have  a  pair  of  large  lateral  eyes  and  a  small  trilobed  median 
eye.  In  this  genus  the  large  sucking  disks  into  which  the  maxillae  at 
a  certain  stage  of  development  are  metamorphosed  betray  the  parasitic 
character  of  the  animals.  Yet  they  can  exist  for  days,  or  even  weeks, 
apart  from  their  hosts.  For  leading  a  life  of  independent  activity  they 
have  first  to  be  well  gorged,  and  to  this  end,  it  has  been  observed,  nature 
has  provided  them  with  ramified  ccecal  appendages  in  the  gastric  depart- 
ment. Dr.  Baird  has  quoted  Jurine's  observation  that  fishes  seemed  to 
be  afraid  of  these  little  vampires,  and  would  speedily  reject  them  if  acci- 
dentally swallowed.  This  may  be  true  in  general,  but  the  late  Professor 

175 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Claus  maintains  that  at  least  the  little  bleak  and  the  minnow  are  as  ready 
to  feed  on  the  Argulus  as  the  Argulus  is  to  feed  on  them.  Claus  is  will- 
ing to  retain  the  term  Branchiura  for  this  group,  although  objecting  that 
the  tail  is  not  in  fact  more  branchial  than  some  other  parts  of  the  body. 
It  is,  indeed,  he  says,  the  seat  of  an  extraordinarily  rich  and  lively  blood 
circulation,  and  by  its  muscular  arrangement  is  adapted  for  rhythmical 
contractions  and  expansions,  so  that  its  function  is  that  of  an  auxiliary 
heart.1 

In  contrast  with  the  foregoing  very  limited  set  of  forms,  the  Clado- 
cera,  which  constitute  the  remaining  section  of  the  Branchiopoda,  are 
a  group  of  remarkable  extent  and  importance  in  the  fresh  waters  of  the 
world.  Though  in  almost  all  species  the  individuals  are  small,  and  in 
many  descend  to  microscopic  minuteness,  they  make  amends  for  this  by 
their  prodigious  fertility.  Like  the  aphides  that  infest  our  roses  and 
other  plants,  these  entomostracans  multiply  by  parthenogenesis.  Milton 
represents  Adam  as  lamenting  that  the  Creator  did  not  '  fill  the  world  at 
once  with  men,  as  angels,  without  feminine.'  Parthenogenesis  is  a  device 
for  filling  it  '  without  masculine,'  and  setting  up  a  republic  of  amazons. 
Nevertheless  there  come  periods  when  it  seems  to  be  borne  in  upon  the 
minds  of  these  self-sufficient  females  that  nature  is  not  completely  satis- 
fied with  their  procedure.  They  then  form  what  are  known  as  the 
'  resting  eggs,'  which  require  to  be  fertilized  by  the  male  before  they 
are  detached  from  the  mother.  They  are  then  capable  of  '  resting  '  for 
long  periods  in  mud,  which  may  become  thoroughly  dry.  When  at  a 
suitable  season  water  comes  again  to  the  soil  the  buried  entomostracans 
hatch  out  and  a  new  cycle  begins. 

In  1895  Mr.  T.  V.  Hodgson,  now  engaged  as  naturalist  on  board 
the  antarctic  exploring  vessel,  the  Discovery,  published  a  'Synopsis  of  the 
British  Cladocera.'  To  this  he  appended  a  list  containing  all  those  species 
which  had  up  to  that  time  been  recorded  from  the  neighbourhood  of 
Birmingham,  'a  region  which  may  be  defined  as  being  within  a  fifteen 
mile  radius.' 2  Mr.  Hodgson  has  since  informed  me  that  as  a  matter  of 
fact  all  the  species  mentioned  in  the  list  have  occurred  in  Warwickshire. 
The  question  was  raised,  because  localities  are  not  in  every  case  specified, 
and  a  fifteen  mile  radius  round  Birmingham  includes  a  district  obviously 
not  conterminous  with  the  county.  The  catalogue  comprises  twenty- 
nine  species  and  two  varieties.  Although  these  are  far  less  than  half  the 
number  of  British  Cladocera  now  known,  they  involve  almost  all  the 
chief  outlines  of  the  existing  classification. 

In  the  same  year  (1895)  Dr-  Jules  Richard  began  his  excellent 
Revision  des  Cladoceres  with  the  following  definition  of  this  group  : 
'  Entomostraca  free,  minute.  Head  distinct.  Rest  of  the  body  as  a  rule 
laterally  compressed  and  covered  by  a  bivalved  test.  Second  antennas 

1  Zeitichrift  fur  wissenschaftfiche  Zoo&gie,  xxv.  269  (1875). 

8  Journal  of  the  Birmingham  Natural  History  and  Philosophical  Society,  vol.  i.  No.  19,  pp.  101-112 
(February,  1895).  It  will  be  understood  that  subsequent  quotations,  where  not  otherwise  indicated, 
refer  to  this  paper. 

I76 


CRUSTACEANS 

two-branched,  each  branch  setiferous,  consisting  of  only  2-4  joints. 
Mandibles  quite  devoid  of  palp.  Pairs  of  feet  4—6,  of  which  for  the 
most  part  the  majority  or  all  are  foliaceous,  lobed.  The  eye  single.'1 

Freedom  is  a  word  of  many  meanings.  Minuteness  is  a  matter  of 
comparison.  The  objects  of  the  above  definition  are  free  in  contrast  to 
many  entomostracans  which  are  parasitically  attached  to  other  organisms. 
In  size  they  range,  with  a  few  exceptions,  between  about  one-fifth  and 
one-hundredth  of  an  inch,  so  that  there  are  some  living  creatures  indefi- 
nitely smaller  than  the  smallest  of  them.  The  distinctness  of  the  head 
is  noted  to  contrast  them  with  the  Ostracoda,  which  have  the  head  as 
well  as  the  rest  of  the  body  enclosed  in  a  bivalved  test  or  shell  covering. 
Their  lateral  compression  is  a  character  not  uncommon,  but  in  the 
Branchiura,  in  many  Phyllopoda  and  in  the  Copepoda  as  a  rule  the 
compression  is  dorso-ventral,  from  above  downwards.  The  branching 
second  antennas  are  so  characteristic  that  the  name  of  the  whole  sec- 
tion alludes  to  this  feature,  and  though  the  joints  in  each  branch  are  so 
few,  the  varying  numbers  admit  of  many  combinations  useful  in  distin- 
guishing genera.  In  the  absence  of  a  palp  from  the  mandibles  nature 
here  speaks  with  unwonted  decision.  Elsewhere  we  find  crustacean 
groups  in  which  some  members  have  this  palp  and  others  are  without 
it.  Such  a  difference  between  nearly  related  genera  or  species  seems 
very  capricious,  as  though  it  were  introduced  just  to  try  the  temper  of 
systematists.  The  mandible  may  be  regarded  as  an  appendage  originally 
similar  to  the  many-jointed  limbs.  Its  basal  part  became  enlarged  and 
fortified  for  purposes  of  mastication,  and  the  slender  terminal  joints,  now 
spoken  of  as  'the  palp,'  have  in  some  cases  entirely  disappeared,  in  others 
been  partially  retained.  This  may  be  explained,  in  the  terms  of  modern 
science,  as  an  example  of  the  continual  struggle  between  heredity  on  the 
one  hand  and  adaptation  to  circumstances  on  the  other. 

The  Cladocera  are  divided  into  two  principal  companies :  the  Calyp- 
tomera,  a  name  implying  that  the  limbs  are  covered  by  a  well  developed 
carapace  ;  and  the  Gymnomera,  or  bare  shanks,  in  which  the  carapace 
is  small  and  does  not  encompass  the  trunk  limbs.  Each  company  is  sub- 
divided into  two  tribes. 

The  first  tribe  of  the  Calyptomera  takes  its  descriptive  name,  Cten6- 
poda,  or  comb-feet,  from  the  fact  that  all  its  six  pairs  of  foliaceous  legs 
are  furnished  with  setae  arranged  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  One  of  its 
families,  the  Sididae,  contains  two  genera  recorded  for  this  county — Sida, 
Straus,  and  Diaphanosoma,  Fischer.  In  the  former  the  dorsal,  outer,  or 
upper  branch  of  the  second  antennae  has  three  joints,  and  the  ventral, 
inner,  or  lower  branch  only  two  ;  while  the  reverse  is  the  case  in  the 
latter  genus.  The  species  Sida  crystallina  (O.  F.  Miiller)  is  stated  by 
Mr.  Hodgson  to  be  '  abundant  in  clear  weedy  pools  and  canals.'  It  has 
on  the  back  of  its  head  an  apparatus  by  which  it  can  affix  itself  to  one 
or  other  of  the  aquatic  plants  among  which  it  dwells.  It  is  also  distin- 
guished by  having  the  dorsal  margin  of  its  post-abdomen  fringed  with 

1  Annaks  Jei  Sciences  Nature/let,  ser.  7,  xviii.  304  (1895). 
I  177  23 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

a  series  of  twenty  or  more  simple  or  isolated  denticles.  Diaphanosoma 
brachyurum  (Lievin)  has  a  very  different  appearance,  owing  to  the  enor- 
mous size  of  its  second  antennas.  In  Mr.  Hodgson's  list  it  appears  as 
Daphnella  brachyura^  LieVin,  but  the  name  Daphnella  being  preoccupied 
has  had  to  be  relinquished  ;  and  possibly  our  British  species  ought  to  be 
known  as  Diaphanosoma  wingii  (Baird),  a  question  of  names  that  might 
prove  extremely  profitable  to  lawyers  if  a  title  and  estates  depended  on 
the  decision. 

The  second  tribe  is  called  Anomopoda,  to  signify  that  the  feet  are 
not  all  alike,  the  two  front  pairs  being,  in  contrast  to  those  of  the  Cteno- 
poda,  more  or  less  prehensile,  not  foliaceous.  This  tribe,  which  comprises 
most  of  the  Cladocera,  is  divided  into  four  families — Daphniidas,  Bosmi- 
nidas,  Macrotrichidae  and  Chydoridae — each  taking  its  name  from  the 
eldest  of  the  genera  it  contains.  In  the  first  three  of  these  families  the 
second  antennas  have  the  dorsal  branch  four-jointed,  the  ventral  three- 
jointed  ;  but  in  the  fourth  family  both  branches  are  three-jointed.  In 
the  first  family  the  intestinal  canal  has  in  front  two  coecal  appendages, 
but  forms  no  loop  ;  in  the  second,  it  has  neither  loop  nor  coeca  ;  in  the 
third,  it  is  variable,  being  generally  without  the  cceca,  and  sometimes 
straight,  sometimes  convoluted  ;  in  the  fourth,  it  forms  almost  a  double 
convolution.  Not  in  every  kind  of  animal,  nor  yet  in  every  kind  of 
crustacean,  does  the  shape  of  the  intestine  offer  an  easy  guide  towards 
the  distinction  of  families.  But  with  most  of  the  Cladocera  the  chitinous 
envelope  is  so  pellucid,  sometimes  of  such  a  glassy  transparence,  that  the 
course  of  the  alimentary  tract  can  be  perfectly  perceived  from  the  out- 
side, without  any  necessity  for  killing  and  dissecting  the  specimen. 

In  the  Daphniidae  Mr.  Hodgson  records  Daphnia  fu/ex,  de  Geer, 
'abundant  in  dirty  water';  D.  longispina,  Miiller,  'abundant  in  clear 
water,  canals';  D.  lacustris,  var.  ga/eata,  G.  O.  Sars,  'common:  Olton, 
Whitacre,  Sutton';  D.  jardtnii,  Baird,  'common:  Olton,  Whitacre, 
Sutton';  with  var.  kahlbergensis,  Schodler,  'Olton,'  and  var.  cederstromii, 
Schodler,  'Blackroot,  Sutton.'  In  regard  to  the  first  of  these  species, 
Dr.  G.  S.  Brady,  F.R.S.,  in  a  paper  'On  the  British  species  of  Ento- 
mostraca  belonging  to  Daphnia  and  other  allied  genera,'  under  the  head- 
ing, 'var.  brevispina  (Daday  de  Dees),'  writes  as  follows:  'Mr.  D.  J. 
Scourfield  has  sent  to  me  specimens  taken  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Birmingham,  which  are  different  in  some  respects  from  the  ordinary 
form  of  D.  pulex,  and  I  think  are  the  same  as  those  described  by  Daday 
de  Dees  under  the  specific  name  bre-vispina.  They  do  not  however 
appear  to  me  to  require  more  than  a  varietal  name.  The  spine  is  rather 
longer  than  that  which  I  look  upon  as  belonging  to  the  typical  D.  pulex, 
and  the  principal  abdominal  processes  are  short,  curved,  nearly  equal  in 
length  and  divergent,  the  whole  animal  of  a  deep  brown  colour.' *  Daph- 
nia longispina  is  a  small  species,  taking  its  name  from  the  great  length  of 
the  spine  at  the  extremity  of  its  test.  It  labours  under  two  disadvan- 
tages. No  one  is  quite  sure  what  species  O.  F.  Miiller  was  really 

1  Nat.  Hist.  Tram.  Northumberland,  etc.  vol.  xiii.  pt.  2,  p.  223  (1898). 

I78 


CRUSTACEANS 

describing  under  this  specific  name,  and  that  which  is  now  allowed  to 
carry  the  title  is  so  variable  that  not  only  have  many  nominal  species 
been  carved  out  of  it  and  then  discarded,  but  it  is  almost  impossible  by 
words  to  fix  its  characters.  They  change  with  the  individual,  with  the 
locality,  with  the  season,  with  the  conditions  of  nourishment,  with  the 
sizes  and  ages  even  of  ovigerous  adults.1  D.  jardinii,  Baird,  is  now  usually 
transferred  to  the  genus  Hyalodaphnia,  Schodler,  distinguished  from  Dapb- 
nia  by  the  want  of  an  eye-spot.  Brady,  in  1898,  perhaps  overlooking 
Mr.  Hodgson's  record,  declares  that  the  only  British  locality  in  which 
H.  jardinii  has  hitherto  been  found  is  Lochmaben,  Dumfriesshire.2  On 
the  other  hand  he  accepts  H.  kablbergensis  [kahlbergiensis],3  Schodler, 
as  an  independent  species.  In  the  same  way  he  does  not  hold  galeata  to 
be  a  variety  of  D.  /acustris,  but  describes  it  as  D.  galeata,  Sars ;  and  further 
on  he  says,  'The  characters,  which  may  be  taken  as  separating  D.  kablber- 
gensis from  D.  galeata,  are  the  large  size  of  the  head,  its  wedge-shaped 
outline,  broad  at  the  base  or  posterior  end  and  gradually  tapering  to  an 
acute  apex,  and  the  absence  of  an  eye-spot  :  the  vertex-spine,  which  in 
D.  galeata  has  a  ventral  bend,  is  here  either  straight  or  slightly  bent  to- 
wards the  dorsum.'4  Under  D.  galeata  he  had  already  observed  that  '  in 
other  respects  a  description  of  the  one  form  may  very  well  be  applied 
to  both.'6  In  1879  Mr.  H.  E.  Forrest  described  and  figured  '  D. 
Bairdii'  from  Olton  reservoir.  He  says,  'The  appearance  of  D.  Bairdii 
in  the  microscope  is  irresistibly  comic.  It  has  an  immense  head,  which 
terminates  upwards  in  a  sharp  point,  exactly  as  if  it  were  wearing  a 
dunce's  cap,  and  in  this  its  one  goggle  eye  rolls  about  with  an  air  of 
supernatural  wisdom.  The  body  is  transparent  and  almost  colourless.'6 
Subsequently  Mr.  Forrest  explains  that  his  D.  Bairdii  had  been  previ- 
ously found  near  Berlin,  and  described  by  Schodler  as  Hyalodaphnia  kahl- 
bergensis,  but  he  maintains  that  its  name  ought  to  be  Daphnia  kablbergen- 
sis,  and  in  addition  to  Olton  Reservoir  gives  as  localities  for  it  Edgbaston 
Pool  and  Spurrier's  Pool.7  Sars  however  in  1890  makes  it  a  variety  of 
Hyalodaphnia  jar  dinii  (Baird),  grouping  together  several  so-called  species, 
and  explaining  that  'the  spring  generations  of  this  species  usually  have 
the  head  quite  evenly  rounded,  without  a  hint  of  the  more  or  less  strongly 
outdrawn  hood-shaped  extension  which  characterizes  summer  genera- 
tions, and  therefore  exhibit  a  very  different  physiognomy,  so  much  the 
more  as  also  the  eye  seems  considerably  larger.'8  There  remains  to  be 
considered  the  var.  cederstromii.  For  the  species  described  by  Schodler 
as  H.  cederstromii  Dr.  Jules  Richard  adopts  the  designation  '•H.  cristata, 
Sars  ;  var.  cederstromii,  Schodler,'  stating  that  the  variety  is  scarcely  dis- 
tinguished except  by  the  extraordinary  development  and  the  form  of  the 

1  Richard,  Ann.  Set.  Nat.,  ser.  8,  ii.  277  (1896)  ;  and  Lilljeborg,  Cladocera  Sued*,  p.  95  (1900). 
8  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumberland,  etc.  vol.  xiii.  pt.  2,  p.  238. 

3  The  name  as  given  by  Schfidler  is  kahlbergiensis,  although,  as  will  be  seen,  it  is  repeatedly  quoted 
as  kahlbergensis. 

4  Loc.  cit.  p.  239.  6  Loc.  cit.  p.  235. 

6  Midland  Naturalist,  ii.  217,  pi.  14  (1879).  7  Loc.  cit.  p.  284. 

8  Oversigt  afNorges  Crustaceer,  in  Chris tiania  yid.-Selsk.  Forhandlinger,  No.  I,  p.  34. 

179 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

cephalic  crest.  *  The  head,  in  fact,  presents  the  form  of  a  hood  more  or 
less  curved  in  a  dorsal  direction,  laterally  flattened.  Thus  the  ventral 
margin  forms  a  regularly  convex  line,  while  the  dorsal  margin  is  con- 
cave. The  head  attains  half  the  length  of  the  body  (not  including  the 
caudal  spine,  which  is  almost  as  long  as  the  head).'  He  does  not  accept 
any  English  locality  for  it,  but  believes  the  form  commonly  noted  under 
the  name  cederstromii  to  be  a  variety  of  H,  jardinii,  for  which  he  proposes 
the  name  incerta  on  account  of  the  uncertainties  arising  from  its  confusion 
with  the  true  cederstromii^ 

The  upshot  of  all  these  explanations  is  to  credit  Warwickshire  with 
Daphnia  pulex,  var.  brevispina,  Daday  de  Dees  ;  Z).  longispina,  O.  F. 
M tiller  ;  D.  galeata,  Sars  ;  Hyalodapbnia  jardinii,  var.  incerta,  Richard  ; 
and  H.  kablbergiensis,  Schodler.  According  to  Lilljeborg,  in  his 
important  work  just  issued,  the  last  of  these  should  be  called  Daphnia 
(Hyalodaphnia]  cucullata,  Sars.1  It  is  indeed  only  in  Utopia  that  the 
student  can  expect  to  rest  and  be  thankful  over  a  final  settlement  of 
zoological  names. 

Belonging  to  the  same  family  of  the  Daphniida?  Mr.  Hodgson 
records  Simocepbalus  ve'tu/us  (O.  F.  Miiller),  *  abundant  in  clear  weedy 
water,  canals';  Scapholeberis  mucronata  (O.  F.  M.),  '  common :  Olton, 
Kingswood,  Middleton,  Hagley  Park  '  ;  Ceriodaphnia  reticulata  (Jurine), 
'Middleton,  Olton';  C.  rotunda  (Straus),  'generally  distributed'; 
C.  quadrangula  (O.  F.  M.),  '  Barnt  Green,  Middleton';  C.  megalop s, 
Sars,  '  Lower  Bittel  Reservoir,  Olton  Mill'  ;  and  Moina  rectirostris 
(O.  F.  M.),  '  a  horsepond  near  Harborne.'  All  these  genera  were  at  one 
time  included  under  Daphnia,  and  the  first  three  of  them  still  were  so  in 
1850  when  the  Ray  Society  published  Dr.  Baird's  valuable  book  on 
The  Natural  History  of  the  British  Entomostraca.  In  that  volume  Baird 
distinguished  Moina,  which  has  the  first  antennae  of  the  female  long  and 
inserted  on  each  side  of  the  head's  ventral  margin,  from  the  other 
Daphniidae,  in  which  these  antennae  are  small  and  inserted  under  the 
rostrum  or  on  the  head's  hind  margin.  Simocepbalus,  Schodler,  has  its 
shell  covering  marked  with  sub-parallel  transverse  lines,  whereas  in 
Daphnia  and  others  there  is  a  reticulation  of  little  quadrate  or  polygonal 
meshes.  In  Ceriodaphnia,  Dana,  the  first  antenna?  of  the  female  are 
movable,  while  in  Daphnia  and  Hyalodaphnia  they  are  immovable,  and 
from  these  three  Scapholeberis,  Schodler,  is  differentiated  by  having  the 
ventral  margin  almost  straight  in  continuity  with  the  caudal  spine,  and 
by  having  a  distinct  hind  margin.  In  the  others  the  convex  ventral  and 
dorsal  margins  meet  at  the  caudal  spine,  so  that  the  hind  margin  remains 
undefined  as  in  the  bow  of  a  boat. 

In  the  family  Bosminida?  the  records  are  Eosmina  longirostris  (O.  F. 
Mtiller)  and  B.  longispina,  Leydig,  of  which  the  former  is  said  to  have 
the  'head  erect,  not  tumid  above,'  the  latter  to  have  the  'head  depressed, 
tumid  above.'  It  may  be  worth  while  here  to  notice  that  in  describing 

1  Ann.  Set.  Nat.  ser.  8,  ii.  331,  343  (1896). 
8  ClaJocera  Sueci*,  p.  127. 

1 80 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  second  antennae,  Mr.  Hodgson  in  his  Synopsis  speaks  of  the  dorsal 
or  external  branch  as  the  posterior,  the  ventral  or  inner  as  the  ante- 
rior, while  Dr.  Baird  does  just  the  reverse.  Specimens  of  Cladocera 
are  usually  figured  with  the  head  uppermost.  When  the  antennae  are 
erected  the  ventral  branch  faces  forward,  when  they  are  depressed  the 
dorsal  one  occupies  this  position.  It  is  therefore  inconvenient  to  dis- 
tinguish them  by  terms  which  have  no  fixity  of  application.  Professor 
Lilljeborg  distinguishes  B.  longirostris  as  having  the  spines  of  the  caudal 
ungues  in  the  female  divided  into  two  series,  while  in  the  other  species 
of  the  genus  the  series  is  single. 

In  the  family  Macrotrichida?  Warwickshire  lays  claim  to  Ilyocryptus 
sordidus,  Lievin,  and  Drepanotbrix  dentata,  Euren.  Already  in  1881, 
Mr.  H.  E.  Forrest,  F.R.M.S.,  had  recorded  the  former  as  obtained 
'  probably  from  a  small  pond  in  Sutton  Park  near  Birmingham.'1  Mr. 
Hodgson  gives  its  distribution  as  '  common  :  Kingswood,  Olton  Canal, 
Sutton.'  The  generic  name  alludes  to  its  habit  of  hiding  in  the  mud, 
and  the  specific  name  enforces  the  moral  that  mudlarks  will  still  be 
muddy.  The  terminal  claws  in  this  genus  are  very  long  and  the  intestine 
straight,  subapically  dilated,  whereas  in  Drepanotbrix  the  terminal  claws 
are  small  and  the  intestine  forms  a  large  loop.  The  name  of  the  latter 
genus  signifies  sickle-haired  or  sabre-haired,  and  alludes  to  a  rather 
minute  character.  In  the  second  antennas  the  inner  branch  has  on 
its  first  joint  a  long  seta  or  hair,  which  is  slightly  curved  like  a  sabre, 
and  without  any  articulation  in  the  middle  such  as  is  found  in  the 
seta  of  the  second  joint.  In  framing  generic  characters  for  the 
Cladocera  a  census  has  been  taken  of  the  hairs  on  the  second  antenna?. 
Hence  unwonted  attention  has  been  drawn  to  parts  that  might  otherwise 
be  thought  rather  insignificant.  The  specific  name  dentata  alludes  to  the 
dorsal  tooth  or  stout  spine  on  the  subcircular  carapace. 

Of  the  fourth  family,  often  called  Lynceidae  but  more  correctly 
Chydoridae,  there  are  ten  species  assigned  to  Warwickshire  :  Chydorus 
spbtzricus  (O.  F.  M.),  'abundant,  clear  water';  C.  g/o&osus,  Baird,  '  not 
uncommon  '  ;  Eurycercus  lamellatus  (O.  F.  M.),  '  abundant  in  clear  weedy 
pools  and  canals  '  ;  Acroperus  harpa  \harpcz\,  Baird, '  generally  distributed, 
clear  water '  ;  '  Lynceus  quadrangularis,  canal,  Olton  '  ;  Graptoleberis 
testudinaria,  Fischer, '  Olton  Reservoir  ' ;  Alonella  nana  (Baird) , '  common  : 
Kingswood,  Olton,  Barnt  Green '  ;  Peracantha  truncata  (O.  F.  M.), 
'canal,  Olton;  Alvechurch '  ;  Pleuroxus  trigonellus  (O.  F.  M.),  '  Alve- 
church  '  ;  P.  uncinatus,  Baird,  '  canal,  Olton ;  Windley  Pool,  Sutton.' 

In  regard  to  Lynceus  quadrangularis,  O.  F.  M.,  it  needs  to  be 
explained  that  the  genus  Lynceus  was  established  by  O.  F.  M  tiller,  one  of 
the  chief  pioneers  in  entomostracan  science.  But,  as  so  often  happens 
when  new  paths  are  opened  up  in  zoology,  this  early  genus  was  far  too 
comprehensive  for  subsequent  requirements.  It  had  to  be  much 
restricted,  and  is  now  properly  confined  to  the  Phyllopoda.  The 
Cladocera  once  included  in  it  are  distributed  under  various  other  generic 

1  Midland  Naturalist,  iv.  I .  pi.  I . 
181 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

names.  In  particular  the  species  L.  quadrangularis  was  transferred  in 
1843  by  Dr.  Baird  to  a  new  genus,  Alona.  Baird  indulged  in  the  incon- 
sistency of  retaining  the  family  Lynceidas,  although  he  left  in  it  no  genus 
Lynceus.  Mr.  Hodgson  and  some  other  authorities  have  avoided  this 
fault  by  retaining  the  genus  Lynceus  in  place  of  Alona.  But  Lynceus 
cannot  be  in  two  places  at  once.  Being  a  phyllopod,  it  cannot  likewise 
be  a  cladoceran.  For  several  of  the  genera  in  this  family  Baird  notices 
something  distinctive  in  the  external  form.  Thus,  Cbydorus,  Leach,  is 
'  nearly  spherical  in  shape  '  ;  Acroperus,  Baird,  '  somewhat  harp-shaped  '  ; 
Alona,  '  quadrangular'  ;  Eurycercus,  Baird,  '  sub-quadrangular'  ;  Camp- 
tocerus,  Baird,  and  Peracantha,  Baird,  respectively  'ovoid'  and  'oval'; 
while  Pleuroxus,  Baird,  has  the  lower  part  of  the  ventral  margin  '  trun- 
cated, or,  as  it  were,  cut  sharp  and  straight.'  He  contrasts  the  motion 
through  the  water  of  Alona  quadrangularis  with  that  of  the  Daphniidae, 
for  '  instead  of  swimming  by  short  irregular  bounds,  as  these  latter  do, 
they  direct  themselves  by  a  rapid  motion  of  their  inferior  antennae,  or 
rami,  and  legs,  straight  towards  the  point  to  which  they  wish  to  go.' ' 
He  considers  that  this  probably  depends  on  the  shortness  of  the  branches 
of  the  second  antennas,  since  among  the  species  of  another  family 
Bosmina  longirostris,  which  also  has  very  short  branches  similarly  situ- 
ated, has  the  same  kind  of  motion.  As  in  the  Daphniidas,  so  in  the 
Chydoridas,  the  eye,  Baird  observes,  '  is  a  spherical  body  contained  in 
a  somewhat  funnel-shaped  sheath  of  muscles,  having  a  semi-rotatory 
motion,  and  consisting  of  a  series  of  crystalline  bodies,  which,  in  the 
Eurycercus  lamellatus,  are  about  twenty  in  number.' 2  In  Eurycercus 
Dr.  Jules  Richard  notes  that  the  optic  ganglia  and  their  nerves  are 
clearly  separated  one  from  the  other,  though  all  the  same  the  eye 
remains  single,3  thus  strengthening  the  recognized  probability  that  the 
single  eye  of  the  Cladocera  has  arisen  from  the  fusion  of  eyes  originally 
paired. 

Passing  on  to  the  Gymnomera,  we  find  this  section  likewise  divided 
into  two  tribes,  the  Onychopoda  with  four  pairs  of  feet,  nail-bearing  feet 
as  the  name  implies,  and  the  Haplopoda,  with  six  pairs  of  feet,  these 
being  in  accord  with  the  name  simple,  unarmed.  The  so-called  nails 
of  the  Onychopoda  are  supplied  by  unguiform  setae.  In  this  tribe  the 
family  Polyphemidas  supplies  Warwickshire  with  the  interesting  species 
Polyphemus  pediculus,  de  Geer.  Mr.  Hodgson  describes  its  distribution 
as  '  local  :  Olton  Mill  Pool  ;  Blackroot,  Sutton.'  In  the  second  tribe 
the  family  Leptodoridas  supplies  Leptodora  hyalina,  Lilljeborg,  '  abundant, 
canals  and  some  large  pools.'  This  species  was  recorded  in  1879  from 
'  a  pool  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Olton ' 4  by  Mr.  Walter  Graham, 
F.R.M.S.,  President  of  the  Birmingham  Natural  History  and  Micro- 
scopical Society,  his  identification  of  it  being  corroborated  by  Professor 
Ray  Lankester.  Lilljeborg  now  accepts  L.  kindtii  (Focke)  as  its  right 
name. 

1  British  Entomostraca,  p.  122.  *  Loc.  cit.  p.  117. 

*  Ann.  Set.  Nat.  ser.  7,  vol.  xviii.  p.  312.      *  The  Midland  NaturaSst,  ii.  p.  225,  pi.  5  (1879). 

182 


CRUSTACEANS 

According  to  Dr.  J.  Richard 1  the  Gymnomera  feed  on  living  prey, 
consisting  generally  of  other  entomostracans.  Some  of  them  are  of 
much  greater  size  than  that  which  is  normal  among  the  Entomostraca. 
Their  appearance  is  also  strongly  differentiated  by  the  projecting  limbs. 
In  Polyphemus  the  enormous  eye  is  naturally  a  conspicuous  feature.  In 
Leptodora  the  second  antennae  have  a  huge  peduncle,  with  both  the 
branches  four-jointed  and  the  plumose  setae  very  numerous. 

Of  the  Ostracoda,  which  have  the  whole  body  shut  up  in  a  bivalve 
shell  covering  as  if  in  a  box,  three  species  are  recorded  by  Baird  from 
Rugby,  under  the  names  of  Cypris  vidua,  Miiller,  C.  monacha,  Miiller, 
and  C.  compressa,  Baird.2  The  first  of  these  is  now  classified  as  Pionocypris 
vidua  (O.  F.  M.),  the  second,  from  '  old  canal  at  Rugby,'  has  been  placed 
in  the  genus  Notodromas,  Lilljeborg,  and  the  third  becomes  a  synonym 
of  Cypria  ophthalmica  (Jurine),  Norman  and  Brady  declaring  it  to  be  '  one 
of  the  commonest  of  British  species,  occurring  everywhere  in  ditches, 
ponds  and  lakes,  both  freshwater  and  brackish.' 3  The  Ostracoda  are  so 
well  protected,  each  in  its  own  little  natural  fortress,  that  enemies  of 
their  own  size  can  have  little  chance  against  them.  They  are  exceed- 
ingly shy  of  exposing  needlessly  any  tangible  part  of  their  tender  body 
or  limbs  outside  the  covering  valves.  Many  can  swim  with  great 
rapidity.  Some  prefer  to  pass  their  time  clinging  to  weeds  or  crawling 
about  the  mud.  Some  sink  and  swim  by  turns.  They  are  very  prolific. 
Their  species  are  numerous,  and  of  these  there  are  no  doubt  a 
goodly  number  in  Warwickshire,  so  that  a  fuller  discussion  of  the  group 
may  conveniently  wait  till  more  than  three  members  of  it  have  been 
recorded. 

Our  great  national  library  possesses  a  copy,  though  a  somewhat 
imperfect  one,  of  the  Reports  of  the  Warwickshire  Natural  History  and 
Archaeological  Society  from  1837  to  1880.  In  the  course  of  these  con- 
siderable attention  is  paid  to  geology  and  ornithology,  and  a  plaintive 
appeal  is  repeatedly  made  on  behalf  of  entomology.  But  that  such  a 
subject  as  carcinology  exists  cannot  be  inferred  from  the  two  volumes  of 
these  collected  reports,  unless  exception  be  made  in  favour  of  the  report 
for  1845.  Therein,  on  page  6,  in  a  list  of  miscellaneous  donations, 
mention  is  made  of  '  a  Crab,  by  Mr.  Spicer.'  Naturally  this  crab  does 
not  claim  to  be  indigenous  to  the  county,  any  more  than  '  a  Crustacean  ' 
from  '  the  Lithographic  Slate  of  Solenhofen,'  reported  on  page  6  of  the 
next  report.  How  little  then  need  the  student  be  daunted  by  negative 
evidence  !  How  erroneous  would  have  been  any  inference  drawn  as  to  a 
dearth  of  crustaceans  from  the  dearth  of  information  about  them,  which 
remained  almost  unbroken  down  to  the  year  1879  !  Since  that  date 
researches  have  shown  that  at  least  in  one  important  group  the  county  is 
richly  provided.  There  are  other  groups  in  which  it  may  be  expected 
that  a  like  diligence  will  have  a  like  result. 

1  Ann.  Sfi.  Nat.  ser.  7,  xviii.  339.  »  British  Entomostraca,  pp.  152-4. 

8  Trans.  R.  Dublin  Soc.  ser.  2,  iv.  69  (1889). 

I83 


FISHES 


Warwickshire  lying  in  the  watershed  of  the  Severn,  Trent  and 
Thames  sends  feeders  to  each  of  these  rivers,  and  as  might  be  supposed 
the  tributaries  contain  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same,  fish  as  their 
respective  main  streams  ;  but,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  localities  given  in 
the  following  list,  the  fish  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Trent  differ  in  many 
respects  from  those  of  the  Avon,  and  also  from  those  found  in  the 
Warwickshire  feeders  of  the  Thames.  The  migratory  fish  are  undoubt- 
edly much  interfered  with  by  the  locks  and  weirs,  but  on  the  other  hand 
the  connection  formed  by  canals  between  the  upper  reaches  of  several 
of  the  tributaries  of  the  different  river  basins  has  been  the  means  of 
mixing  the  species  to  a  certain  degree. 


TELEOSTEANS 


ACANTHOPTERYGII 

1.  Perch.      Perca fluvia ti/is,  Linn. 
Common    and  generally  distributed   in  all 

the  considerable  streams  in  the  county,  and 
also  found  in  many  ponds  and  canals  and  other 
artificial  water.  According  to  Mr.  J.  Steele 
Elliott  it  is  common  in  all  the  pools  in  Button 
Park,  where  it  must  have  been  introduced. 

2.  Ruffe  or  Pope.      Acerina  vu/garis,  Linn. 
Abundant  in  rivers  and  ponds.     It  is  said 

by  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott  to  occur  in  one  pool 
only  in  Sutton  Park,  into  which  it  has  doubt- 
less been  introduced  ;  which  may  indeed  be 
said  of  all  other  pools. 

3.  Miller's  Thumb  or  Bullhead.    Cottus  gobio, 

Linn. 

Common  in  almost  all  streams,  including 
small  brooks  in  all  parts  of  the  county. 

ANACANTHINI 

4.  Burbot.     Lota  vulgaris,  Linn. 

Yarrell  in  his  work  on  British  Fishes  says, 
f  The  Tame  is  said  to  contain  the  burbot.' 
Mr.  G.  Sheriff  Tye,  writing  in  1886,  gives 
the  following  record  of  it  :  '  Is  found  in  the 
river  Anker  at  Tamworth,  the  largest  fish 
recorded  being  5  lb.' 


HEMIBRANCHII 


Three-spined      Stickleback. 

acu/eatus,  Linn. 
Common    in  all    parts    of  the 


Gasterosteus 


184 


in  all  parts  ot  tne  county,  in 
pools  as  well  as  in  streams,  including  small 
brooks  and  even  ditches. 

Var.   /eiurus,  Cuv.  et  Val. 

It  occurs  in  many  streams  in  Warwickshire, 
but  appears  to  thrive  most  in  the  smaller  ones, 
that  is  in  the  brooks  and  ditches.  Mr.  G. 
Sherriff  Tye,  in  his  list  of  the  fishes  found  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Birmingham,  published 
in  1886,  mentions  it  as  being  very  abundant 
in  the  ditches  feeding  the  Anker. 

Var.  brachycentrus,  Cuv.  et  Val. 

Very  common  in  the  north  of  the  county, 
where  it  is  found  in  ditches  feeding  the  Anker, 
as  we  learn  from  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye. 

Var.  spinulosus,  Jen.  &  Yarr. 

Mentioned  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye  as  occurring 
in  the  same  localities  as  the  last,  but  less 
frequently. 

6.  Ten-spined  Stickleback.    Gasterosteus  pungi- 

tiust  Linn. 

Occurs,  though  not  abundantly,  in  many 
places  in  the  county.  Common  in  the 


FISHES 


streams  in  the  north  part  according  to  Mr. 
G.  S.  Tye. 

HAPLOMI 

7.  Pike.     Esox  lucius,  Linn. 

Common  and  indeed  abundant  in  all  the 
larger  streams.  It  occurs  in  many  ponds  and 
canals  where  it  has  without  doubt  been  intro- 
duced, as  for  instance  in  the  pools  in  Sutton 
Park.  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott  speaks  of  it  as 
abundant  at  the  latter  place. 

OSTARIOPHYSI 

8.  Carp.      Cyprinus  carpio,  Linn. 

Very  rare  in  the  Avon  and  not  recorded 
by  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye  as  occurring  in  the  Tame 
or  Anker.  According  to  that  authority  how- 
ever it  has  been  found  in  the  Plants  Brook 
reservoir,  and  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott  speaks  of 
it  as  numerous  in  the  pools  in  Sutton  Park. 
It  also  occurs  in  many  other  similar  places  in 
the  county. 

9.  Crucian  Carp.      Cyprinus  carassius,  Linn. 
Stated  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye  to  be  not  un- 

uncommon  in  small  cattle  pits  in  the  county. 

10.  Gudgeon.     Gobio  fluviatilis,  Flem. 
Very  numerous  in  all  the  principal  streams, 

spawning  in  shoals  in  stony  places  where 
there  is  a  rapid  flow  of  water. 

1 1 .  Roach.     Leuciscus  rutilus,  Linn. 
Abundant   in    all   the    larger    streams.     It 

seeks  the  fibrous  roots  of  willows  on  which 
to  deposit  its  spawn,  which  is  consumed  in 
quantity  by  the  broad-nosed  eel,  as  fishermen 
well  know  who  take  the  eels  in  wicker  put- 
chins  at  such  places. 

Up  to  the  present  time  there  is  no  recorded 
occurrence  of  the  Rudd,  Leuciscus  erythroph- 
thalmus,  in  Warwickshire  ;  though  as  a  known 
Worcestershire  fish  its  presence  in  the  former 
county  might  be  expected. 

12.  Dace.     Leuciscus  dobu/a,  Linn. 
Common    in    the    Avon    and    its    feeders. 

Though  occurring  in  the  Trent,  there  is  no 
record  of  its  frequenting  the  Tame  or  Anker. 
The  fish  mentioned  in  Yarrell's  History  of 
British  Fishes  as  having  been  found  by  Mr. 
W.  Thompson  in  the  Learn  at  Leamington 
under  the  name  of  'graining'  is  nothing  more 
than  a  light  coloured  dace,  such  as  may  be 
taken  from  the  Stour  near  Stratford  and  from 
the  Arrow  near  Alcester. 

13.  Chub.      Leuciscus  cepha/us,  Linn. 
Found  in  all   the   considerable   streams  as 

well  as  in  the  canals  all  over  the  county.     It 


is  not  however  mentioned  by  Mr.  J.  Steele 
Elliott  as  occurring  in  the  pools  in  Sutton 
Park. 

14.  Minnow.     Leuciscus  phoxinus,  Linn. 
Formerly  very  abundant  in  the  small  streams 

and  brooks,  though  never  numerous  in  the 
larger  streams  such  as  the  Avon,  but  now  less 
common  everywhere.  Said  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye 
to  be  '  common  in  many  streams '  around 
Birmingham,  that  is  in  1886. 

15.  Tench.     Tinea  vu/garis,  Cuv. 
Common   in   pools    but  very   rare    in    the 

rivers,  and  quite  unknown  in  the  small 
streams. 

1 6.  Bream.      Abramis  brama,  Linn. 
Common    in    the    Avon,    frequenting    the 

deep  parts  and  keeping  in  shoals.  More 
abundant  than  formerly,  but  not  mentioned 
as  having  been  taken  from  the  Anker  or 
Tame,  and  is  not  known  to  appear  in  the 
smaller  streams  generally.  Its  existence  in 
ponds  such  as  those  in  Sutton  Park  must  be 
the  result  of  introduction. 

The  hybrid  between  this  and  the  next 
species,  known  as  Pomeranian  bream,  Abramis 
huggenhagi,  Bloch,  also  occurs.  More  than 
half  a  century  since  the  present  writer,  when 
roach  fishing  in  the  Avon  near  Welford,  occa- 
sionally took  a  small  fish  which  seemed  to 
agree  with  the  specific  details  of  the  present 
fish  as  given  in  Yarrell's  History  of  British 
Fishes.  Specimens  having  been  taken  to  Mr. 
Yarrell  were  stated  by  him  to  be  examples  of 
the  Pomeranian  bream,  which  specific  deter- 
mination was  afterwards  confirmed  by  Dr. 
Gunter,  to  whom  specimens  were  sent.  It 
was  never  found  in  any  numbers  in  the  Avon, 
one  or  two  being  taken  in  a  large  catch  of 
roach  and  other  white  fish  either  by  fishermen 
in  nets  or  by  anglers.  Subsequently  however 
to  the  above  mentioned  time  great  numbers 
were  found  in  the  ancient  fishponds  and  stews 
at  Temple  Grafton.  As  those  excavations  were 
connected  with  a  small  brook,  and  through  it 
with  the  Avon,  it  has  been  suggested  that 
these  small  fish  had  been  introduced  into  the 
fishponds,  and  that  individuals  had  escaped  by 
the  brook  into  the  Avon.  It  would  however 
be  most  unlikely  that  so  valueless  a  fish  would 
be  brought  to  the  fishponds,  and  the  supposi- 
tion that  it  had  ascended  to  them  from  the 
Avon  seems  to  be  a  more  probable  explana- 
tion. Certain  it  is  that  it  was  there  in  abun- 
dance and  was  supposed  by  the  people  of  the 
village  to  be  the  young  of  the  carp. 

The  first  English  specimen  was  obtained 
at  Dagenham,  on  the  Thames,  which  river, 


185 


24 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


be  it  remembered,  is  connected  with  War- 
wickshire, though  only  remotely,  by  some 
Oxfordshire  streams. 

1 7.  White  Bream.     Abramis  b/icca,  Linn. 
The  writer  has  seen  a  few    specimens  of 

bream  which  were  taken  in  the  Avon  which 
he  has  no  doubt  were  identical  with  the  white 
bream  of  the  Trent.  Although  specimens 
from  that  river  have  been  examined  there  has 
not  been  a  direct  comparison  between  them 
and  the  ones  taken  in  the  Avon. 

1 8.  Bleak.     Allurnus  luciclus,  Heck.  &  Kner. 
Common    in    most    of   the   Warwickshire 

streams.  Mr.  G.  S.  Tye  records  its  appear- 
ance in  the  Earlswood  reservoir  between 
Birmingham  and  Stratford-on-Avon,  into 
which  it  must  have  been  introduced. 

1 9.  Loach.      Nemachilus  karbatulus,  Linn. 
Very  few  streams  are  without  this  species, 

but  it  seems  to  prefer  the  smaller  ones,  in 
which  it  may  be  found  in  plenty,  often  con- 
cealing itself  in  mud,  much  as  eels  are  known 
to  do,  with  its  snout  only  visible. 

20.  Spinous  Loach.      Colitis  taema,  Linn. 
Known  only  to  the  writer  as  a  Warwick- 
shire fish   by  the  following,  which  appears  in 
Yarrell's  History  of  British  Fishes :  '  William 
Thompson,  Esq.,  has  found   it  in  Warwick- 
shire.' 

MALACOPTERYGII 

21.  Salmon.      Salmo  salar.  Linn. 

'  It  has  been  taken  from  the  eel  traps  in 
the  river  Tame  at  Tamworth  '  (G.  Sherriff 
Tye). 

22.  Trout.      Salmo  _fario,  Linn. 

Found  in  many  of  the  streams  and  brooks 
in  the  county.  Very  rare  in  the  Avon, 
though  occurring  sparingly  in  many  of  its 
feeders.  It  occasionally  works  its  way  up 


very  small  brooks,  and  is  taken  so  near  their 
source  that  they  are  mere  rills.  In  Bourne 
Brook,  Fazeley,  it  has  been  taken  as  much  as 
7  Ib.  in  weight,  and  in  the  Thame  of  the 
weight  of  5^  Ib.  The  river  Cole  at  Pucking- 
ton  is  said  to  contain  trout,  as  are  also  the 
streams  in  Sutton  Park.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  Stour,  Arrow  and  Alne,  as  well 
of  streams  within  the  limits  of  the  county 
which  entering  Oxfordshire  become  feeders 
of  the  Thames. 

23.  Grayling.      Thymallus  vexillifer,  Linn. 

Of  this  fish,  as  occurring  in  the  north  of 
the  county,  Mr.  Tye  says  :  '  Also  was  1 7  ozs. 
Bourne  Brook,  Fazeley.' 

APODES 

24.  Eel.     Anguilla  vulgaris,  Turt. 

Numerous  in  the  Avon  and  its  tributaries, 
and  indeed  in  rivers  and  pools  in  all  parts  of 
the  county. 

Without  entering  into  the  question  of  the 
species  of  eels  it  may  be  well  to  record  the 
difference  of  habit  of  the  so-called  varieties 
or  species  as  observed  in  the  principal  stream 
in  the  county,  the  Avon. 

Silver  eels,  so  designated  by  the  fishermen, 
have  sharp  noses,  small  mouths,  the  upper 
surface  dark  and  the  lower  silvery  white,  the 
line  of  demarcation  being  well  defined.  They 
are  caught  in  nets  or  at  the  weirs  in  the 
autumn  floods  (locally  termed  '  freshes '),  and 
rarely  if  ever  on  lines,  in  wicker  putchins 
or  in  mud. 

Mud  eels  have  broad  heads,  wide  mouths, 
yellowish  olive  backs,  and  more  or  less  yellow 
bellies,  and  all  the  colours  are  much  blended. 
They  are  caught  in  summer  on  lines  or>  in 
wicker  putchins,  and  are  taken  in  winter 
from  mud  by  means  of  the  eel  spear.  It  is 
very  rarely  that  one  is  obtained  with  the  silver 
eels  in  the  nets. 


1 86 


REPTILES 
AND   BATRACHIANS 


Very  little  need  be  said  relative  to  the  occurrence  or  the  distri- 
bution of  the  reptiles  and  amphibia  of  Warwickshire  more  than  what 
falls  under  the  head  of  the  different  species.  There  is  however  one 
which  demands  special  mention,  namely  the  palmated  newt.  It  is 
common  and  even  abundant  all  over  the  oolitic  district,  including  the 
Cotteswolds  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Oxfordshire,  as  well  as  the  near 
part  of  Warwickshire  ;  but  the  further  from  those  districts  the  rarer  does 
it  become,  until  it  is  quite  uncommon,  indeed  rare  in  the  valley  of  the 
Avon. 

REPTILES 


1.  Common  or  Viviparous  Lizard.      Lacerta 

vivipara,  Jacq. 

Although  not  abundant  the  present  species 
occurs  at  several  places  in  the  county,  namely 
on  a  common  near  Claverdon  ;  in  close 
proximity  to  Warwick,  where  the  writer  has 
seen  it  playing  in  and  out  of  the  rough  stone 
wall  around  the  Priory  ;  and  in  the  sand- 
stone pits  near  the  town.  It  has  also  ap- 
peared near  Ragley,  and  at  several  localities 
at  the  foot  of  Edgehill,  as  at  Avon  Dasset 
and  Burton  Dasset.  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott 
records  its  former  appearance  in  Sutton  Park, 
where  however  it  has  been  exterminated. 

2.  Sand  Lizard.      Lacerta  agilis,  Linn. 

The  only  localities  in  the  county  where 
the  present  species  has  been  observed  are  the 
following  :  namely  at  two  places  on  the  Ridge- 
way  near  Alcester,  and  in  the  refuse  at  the 
mouth  of  some  abandoned  openings  for  gyp- 
sum at  Spernal,  also  near  Alcester.  But  it 
is  rare  at  those  localities. 

3.  Slow-worm  or  Blind-worm.     Anguh  fra- 

gi/is,  Linn. 
Occurs  in  several  places  in  the  county  but 


not  numerously.  It  has  been  seen  by  the 
writer  at  Claverdon,  also  near  Wootton 
Wawen,  where  it  is  not  unfrequent.  It  is 
more  common  in  that  part  of  the  county 
adjoining  Oxfordshire,  and  occurs  at  Brailes 
and  near  Compton  Wynniates.  At  the  above 
places  it  has  been  observed  by  parties  of  geo- 
logists, most  frequently  beneath  large  stones. 
It  was  at  one  time  found  in  Sutton  Park,  but 
as  we  learn  from  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott  is  no 
longer  to  be  seen  there. 


4.  Common  or  Ringed  Snake.      Tropidonotus 

natrix,  Linn. 

A  common  and  generally  distributed  species. 

5.  Common  Viper  or  Adder.     Viper  a  berus, 

Linn. 

Though  not  abundant  in  the  county  the 
adder  (the  name  by  which  it  is  known)  is 
found  wherever  there  are  sandy  or  stony 
places  and  the  soil  is  not  too  retentive,  but 
is  unknown  on  the  fertile  alluvial  parts  of  the 
county.  All  the  specimens  which  have  been 
examined  have  possessed  the  normal  colour, 
none  of  the  described  varieties  having  been 
observed. 


BATRACHIANS 


1.  Common  Frog.     Rana  temporaria,  Linn. 
Common  and  generally  distributed. 

2.  Common  Toad.     Bufo  vulgaris,  Laur. 


Less   abundant    than    the    frog,    but    yet     of  hedgerows  or  trees. 

187 


common  almost  everywhere.  The  toad  is 
frequently  found  in  mid-winter  in  holes  deep 
under  ground,  and  brought  to  light  by  the 
removal  of  heaps  of  earth,  or  by  the  grubbing 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


There  is  no  record  up  to  the  present  time 
of  the  occurrence  of  the  natterjack  toad  in 
the  county. 

3.  Great  Crested  Newt.    Molge  cristata,  Linn. 

Common  in  stagnant  water  in  ditches  and 
pools. 

4.  Common  Newt.     Molge  vulgaris.  Linn. 

A  common  species  which  not  only  fre- 
quents stagnant  water,  but  is  often  found  in 
damp  underground  places,  in  abandoned 


quarries,    and    in    heaps    of    earth    or    other 
similar  places  during  the  winter. 

5.  Palmated  Newt.  Molge  palmata,  Schneid. 
The  palmated  newt  is  local  rather  than  rare 
in  the  county.  It  is  very  common  on  the 
oolitic  hills  of  Gloucestershire  and  the  near 
parts  of  Warwickshire,  though  comparatively 
rare  in  the  alluvial  or  low-lying  tracts  of  the 
county,  the  writer  having  only  very  occa- 
sionally seen  it  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon. 
At  present  there  is  no  record  of  its  occurrence 
in  the  north  of  Warwickshire. 


1 88 


BIRDS 

The  avifauna  of  the  county  does  not  show  any  strongly  marked 
characteristics.  As  might  be  expected,  however,  many  sea  coast  or 
estuarine  birds  follow  the  course  of  the  Avon  from  the  Bristol  Channel, 
and  appear  in  Warwickshire  as  spring  or  autumn  visitors,  and  heavy 
gales  from  the  south-west  drive  coast  species  into  the  county. 

The  Avon  is  also  the  resort  of  birds  which  do  not  follow  its  course,  as 
for  instance  the  swallow,  which  in  former  times  came  in  countless  numbers 
to  roost  in  the  reed  and  osier  beds.  And  as  surely  as  they  came  so 
surely  came  the  hobbies  to  prey  upon  them,  and  might  be  seen  two  or 
three  at  a  time.  Occasionally,  though  but  rarely,  a  merlin  would  appear 
with  the  hobbies.  Again,  the  peregrine  falcon  has  been  a  not  very  rare 
winter  visitor  to  the  banks  of  the  Avon,  attracted  by  the  various  water 
and  other  birds  found  there  at  that  season. 

Whether  the  spring  and  autumn  migration  of  birds  across  England 
between  the  Bristol  Channel  and  the  Wash  (in  the  line  of  which  War- 
wickshire lies)  exercises  any  influence  on  the  avifauna  of  the  county  is 
a  question  which  remains  for  future  determination.  Of  the  summer 
visitors,  consisting  largely  of  warblers,  Warwickshire  always  has  an 
abundance.  The  appearance  in  extraordinary  numbers  of  the  Arctic 
tern  up  the  course  of  the  Avon  in  May,  i  842,  must  be  regarded  rather  in 
the  light  of  an  irruption  than  a  migration,  but  as  the  flight  followed 
the  stream  we  may  assume  that  had  there  been  no  river  there  would 
have  been  no  terns. 

Sutton  Coldfield  Park,  in  the  north  of  the  county,  merits  special 
mention  from  its  having  been  the  haunt  of  many  rare  birds.  It  possesses 
woodland,  marsh,  pools,  and  small  streams,  and  was  formerly  frequented 
by  black  grouse,  red  grouse,  all  the  species  of  harriers,  the  little  bittern, 
the  little  egret,  as  well  as  the  common  bittern,  the  latter  being  by  no 
means  of  infrequent  occurrence  there. 

I.  Missel-Thrush.     Turdus  viscivorus,  Linn.  2.  Song-Thrush.    Turdus  musicusy  Linn. 

Although  much  less  abundant  than  formerly  The  numbers  of  the  song-thrush  are  con- 
the  recent  mild  winters  have  done  much  to-  siderably  augmented  in  the  autumn.  Some- 
wards  restoring  its  numbers.  That  the  missel-  times  before  harvest  the  beans  are  almost 
thrush  suffers  very  greatly  in  severe  winters  smothered  by  small  brown  beetles,  which  are 
is  without  doubt.  In  the  early  autumn,  about  consumed  in  immense  numbers  by  the 
harvest  time,  this  bird  is  very  partial  to  fields  thrushes.  There  is  no  doubt  however  that 
of  standing  beans,  from  which  small  parties  snails  constitute  to  a  great  extent  the  food 
are  often  flushed  by  harvest  people,  and  later  of  the  song-thrush, 
on  by  the  dogs  of  the  partridge  shooters. 

189 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


3.  Redwing.      Turdus  i/iacus,  Linn. 

There  is  not  apparently  any  diminution  in 
the  number  of  redwings  which  arrive  in  the 
autumn,  though  when  all  hedge  fruit  has 
been  consumed  they  seem  to  depart.  They 
never,  so  far  as  the  present  writer  has  observed, 
feed  on  snails  or  field  roots  like  the  song- 
thrush,  blackbird,  or  fieldfare. 

4.  Fieldfare.     Turdus  falaris,  Linn. 

A  regular  winter  visitor  to  the  county  of 
Warwick.  The  fieldfare  is  a  much  more 
omnivorous  feeder  than  its  congeners,  often  in 
severe  winters  it  has  recourse  to  fields  of 
turnips  and  other  succulent  roots,  and  does 
considerable  damage. 

5.  White's  Thrush.      Turdus  vartus,  Pallas. 
A  bird  of  this  species,  which  had  been  shot 

at  Packington,  was  brought  to  Mr.  Peter 
Spicer  of  Leamington,  the  son  of  the  veteran 
taxidermist  of  Warwick,  for  preservation. 
The  occurrence  was  duly  recorded  in  the 
Field  of  November  5,  1898. 

6.  Blackbird.      Turdus  merula,  Linn. 

From  the  observations  of  many  years  I  am 
confident  that  the  blackbird  seeks  for  its  food 
in  winter  almost  wholly  on  the  ground  in 
woods,  coppices,  hedgerows,  brakes,  or  shrub- 
berries,  where  it  feeds  chiefly  on  small  gastero- 
poda and  coleoptera.  But  that  fruit  in  great 
variety  is  consumed  all  through  the  summer 
admits  of  no  doubt. 

7.  Ring-Ousel.      Turdus  torquatus,  Linn. 
Known  in  Warwickshire  as  a  passing  visitor 

in  spring  and  autumn,  but  of  very  uncertain 
occurrence.  It  has  however  been  too  often 
noted  to  demand  a  record  of  its  appearances, 
which  have  not  been  confined  to  any  part  of 
the  county  but  spread  over  the  whole  of  it. 

8.  Wheatear.      Saxicola  cenanthe  (Linn.) 

A  regular  visitor  in  no  great  numbers  in 
spring  and  autumn.  There  are  two  distinct 
varieties,  a  small  one,  which  arrives  early, 
and  a  larger  one  coming  two  or  three  weeks 
later.  It  is  probable  that  the  latter  breeds 
occasionally  in  the  county.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Birmingham  the  wheatear  is 
recorded  by  Mr.  Chase  as  common  in  spring, 
but  whether  the  large  or  small  variety  has 
been  noticed  is  not  mentioned. 

9.  Whinchat.     Pratincola  rubetra  (Linn.) 

A  common  and  indeed  abundant  summer 
visitor,  breeding  freely  in  the  meadows  bor- 
dering the  streams  as  well  as  in  the  open 
fields. 


10.  Stonechat.      Pratincola  rubicola  (Linn.) 
A  much  less  abundant  bird  than  the  last, 

and  resident.  It  breeds  most  commonly  in 
rough  stony  places,  and  the  nest  is  generally 
carefully  concealed.  From  the  circumstance 
of  pairs  being  commonly  seen  together  in 
winter  it  seems  probable  that  the  Stonechat, 
like  many  other  birds,  pairs  for  life. 

1 1 .  Redstart.     Ruticilla  phcenicurus  (Linn.) 
An  early  summer  visitor  to  Warwickshire, 

and  generally  distributed  in  the  county.  The 
nest  is  always  in  a  hole  in  a  wall  or  tree, 
and  far  enough  in  to  be  out  of  sight. 

[Red-spotted  Bluethroat.  Cyanecula  suecica 
(Linn.) 

Has  occurred  near  Birmingham  and  is  re- 
corded in  Yarrell's  History  of  British  Birds, 
i.  322.] 

12.  Redbreast.      Erithacus  rubecula  (Linn.) 
Though  common  and  resident  the  robin  is 

not  abundant. 

13.  Nightingale.      Daulias  luscinia  (Linn.) 

A  well  known  summer  migrant  to  the 
greater  part  of  the  county,  but  showing  a 
decided  preference  for  the  low  lying  alluvial 
tracts.  In  the  Birmingham  district  it  is 
however  stated  by  Mr.  Chase  to  be  numerous 
and  to  breed.  Yet  Mr.  Steele  Elliott  speaks 
of  it  as  rare  at  Sutton  Coldfield,  indeed  he 
only  gives  one  instance  of  its  appearance 
there,  namely  on  August  II,  1895. 

14.  Whitethroat.      Sylvia  cinerea  (Bechstein) 
Common  in  every  hedge-bottom  and  brake 

throughout  the  summer. 

15.  Lesser      Whitethroat.        Sylvia     curruca 

(Linn.) 

A  far  less  common  summer  migrant  than 
the  last  named,  and  frequenting  trees  and 
bushes  rather  than  the  rubbish  in  the  bottom 
of  a  hedge.  The  nest  is  a  beautiful  struc- 
ture, thin  and  fragile  looking,  but  strong, 
and  often  placed  some  distance  from  the 
ground. 

1 6.  Blackcap.     Sylvia  atricapilla  (Linn.) 

A  common  summer  migrant,  arriving  early, 
and  generally  distributed,  though  much  more 
frequently  seen  and  heard  in  the  low-lying 
parts,  especially  in  the  valleys  of  the  Avon 
and  other  streams.  It  is  quite  a  mimic,  but 
has  a  very  sweet,  wild,  but  intermittent  song 
of  its  own,  which  can  never  be  mistaken  for 
that  of  any  other  bird. 


190 


BIRDS 


17.  Garden- Warbler.     Sylvia  hortensis  (Bech- 

stein) 

Not  so  often  seen  as  the  blackcap,  but 
nevertheless  fairly  common  in  the  county. 
Its  song  is  a  low,  sweet,  and  continuous 
warble,  having  a  conversational  tone,  and  the 
bird  while  uttering  it  is  very  earnest  and 
gesticulating. 

1 8.  Goldcrest.    Regulus  cristatus,  K.  L.  Koch. 
A    resident   bird   in   Warwickshire   which 

breeds  in  many  localities,  though  not  abun- 
dantly. The  writer  has  seen  a  nest  which 
was  suspended  from  the  branch  of  a  yew  tree 
in  a  garden  at  the  back  of  a  house  in  High 
Street,  Warwick,  the  contents  of  which  were 
visible  from  an  upper  window.  That  garden 
was  however  only  separated  from  the  wooded 
grounds  of  the  castle  by  a  back  lane  and  a 
high  wall.  In  the  great  Lebanon  cedars  at 
the  castle  the  writer  has  many  times  seen 
this  little  bird. 

19.  Firecrest.     Regulus  ignicapillus  (Brehm) 
Although  this   bird    has   undoubtedly    oc- 
curred in  Warwickshire  no  localities  or  dates 
can  be  recorded.     A  few  specimens  killed  at 
no  great  distance  from  Warwick  were  brought 
to  John  Spicer  of  that  town  for  preservation, 
one  of  which,  a  male,  was  examined  by  the 
present  writer  when  freshly  mounted. 

20.  Chiffchaff.     Phylloscopus  rufus  (Bechstein) 
A  very  early  summer  migrant,  but  though 

common  not  very  abundant.  It  is  also  an 
early  breeder,  the  nest  being  sometimes  con- 
structed before  its  congeners,  the  willow- 
warbler  and  the  wood-warbler,  have  made 
their  appearance.  It  is  generally  placed  on 
or  near  the  ground,  but  the  writer  has  quite 
recently  seen  one  in  a  thick  mass  of  ivy  on 
the  top  of  a  wall  eight  feet  from  the  ground. 

21.  Willow- Warbler.      Phylloscopus    trochilus 

(Linn.) 

This  bird  so  closely  resembles  the  chiffchaff 
as  to  be  with  difficulty  distinguished  from  it. 
There  is  however  a  wide  difference  in  the 
song  and  in  the  coloration  of  the  eggs.  It 
is  common  over  the  greater  part  of  the 
county. 

22.  Wood- Warbler.       Phylloscopus     sibilatrix 

(Bechstein) 

A  much  rarer  bird  in  Warwickshire  than 
its  allies,  the  chiffchaff  and  willow-warbler, 
but  easily  distinguished  from  them  by  its 
somewhat  greater  size,  and  by  its  relatively 
longer  wings.  It  is  a  frequenter  of  trees  and 
coppices,  and  its  peculiar  trill,  for  it  hardly 


merits  the  name  of  song,  may  be  sometimes 
heard  from  the  very  top  of  a  tall  tree.  Its 
domed  nest,  always  on  or  near  the  ground, 
is  at  once  recognizable  by  its  lining  of  horse- 
hair. 

23.  Reed  -  Warbler.       Acrocephalus     streperus 

(Vieillot) 

A  noisy  little  summer  migrant  found  by  all 
the  streams  in  the  county  where  there  are 
reeds.  It  will  sometimes  frequent  osier  beds, 
and  the  present  writer  has  heard  it  and  seen 
its  nest  in  the  osiers  almost  immediately  under 
the  walls  of  Warwick  Castle.  The  nest  is 
always  suspended  between  three  or  four  reeds 
or  osiers,  and  occasionally  between  the  stems 
of  the  willow  herb,  but  reeds  are  always  pre- 
ferred. 

24.  Marsh-Warbler.       Acrocephalus    palustris 

(Bechstein) 

The  writer  has  heard  the  warble  of  this 
sweet  songster  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon  more  than  once,  and  is  fully 
assured  of  its  occurrence  in  Warwickshire, 
but  cannot  speak  of  its  distribution  in  the 
county. 

25.  Sedge- Warbler.      Acrocephalus    phragmitis 

(Bechstein) 

To  be  seen  in  almost  every  hedge  in  most 
parts  of  the  county. 

26.  Grasshopper-Warbler.      Locustella    neevia 

(Boddaert) 

Although  by  no  means  a  rare  bird  it  is 
not  abundant,  and  appears  to  be  rather 
local  even  within  the  limits  of  the  county. 
In  the  north  of  Warwickshire  it  is  less  abun- 
dent  than  elsewhere,  and  is  reported  by  Mr. 
Chase  to  be  far  from  common  around  Bir- 
mingham. In  the  valley  of  the  Avon  its 
peculiar  trill  may  be  often  heard  in  fields  of 
wheat  and  barley.  In  these  places  it  breeds, 
the  nest  being  placed  on  the  ground  and 
well  concealed  beneath  the  tangled  corn. 

27.  Hedge  -  Sparrow.         Accentor       modularis 

(Linn.) 

Common,  resident,  and  generally  dis- 
tributed. 

28.  Alpine  Accentor.     Accentor  collaris  (Sco- 

poli) 

An  alpine  accentor  which  was  shot  in 
proximity  to  the  village  of  Ettington  near 
Stratford-on-Avon  a  few  years  since  may 
have  been  killed  in  Warwickshire,  for  Etting- 
ton is  almost  on  the  line  of  division  between 
the  counties  of  Warwick  and  Worcester. 


191 


A   HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


29.  Dipper.     Cinclus  aquaticus,  Bechstein. 
The  occurrence  of  the  dipper  in  Warwick- 
shire can  only  be  recorded  for  a  few  localities. 
Nearly  thirty  years  ago  one  which  had  been 
shot  in  the  Leam  at  Leamington  came  into 
the  hands  of  the  present  writer ;  and  he  has 
seen  two  or  three  others  which  were  shot 
in  the  brook  which  runs  into  the  Avon  at 
Sherborne.     More  recently,  though  still  but 
rarely,  dippers  have  been  taken  in  the  Alne 
brook  near  Alcester.     Some  of  these  which 
still  retained  some  of  the  nesting  feathers  had 
doubtless  been  bred  there.     Mr.  Chase  writ- 
ing in  1886  speaks  of  the  dipper  as  very  rare 
around  Birmingham,  but  mentions  the  occur- 
rence of  one  at  Handsworth  on  12  January, 
1882.      From  Mr.  Ground  of  Birmingham 
the  writer  learns  that  a  dipper  was  taken  at 
Hay  Mill  in  the  Birmingham  district  in  the 
winter  of  1894-5. 

30.  Long-tailed  Tit.  Acredula  caudata  (Linn.) 
Formerly  more  abundant  than  at  the  present 

time,  though  still  not  rare.  It  is  one  of  the 
birds  which  if  not  protected  will  certainly 
become  scarce  ;  its  conspicuous  nest  stands 
small  chance  of  escaping  notice  and  de- 
struction. 

31.  Great  Tit.     Parus  major •,  Linn. 
There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  fear  of  this 

bird  becoming  rare,  for  it  is  quite  able  to 
take  care  of  itself.  A  cocoanut  broken  in 
half  is  a  very  great  attraction  in  the  winter 
months  to  the  great,  blue  and  coal-tits,  and 
affords  a  good  opportunity  for  observing  their 
habits.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  great  tit  is 
master  and  has  first  to  be  satisfied  ;  then 
conies  the  blue  tit,  and  finally  the  coal-tit, 
the  latter  having  to  keep  a  sharp  look-out 
to  snatch  even  a  hasty  meal  when  opportunity 
serves.  Both  great  and  blue  tits  are  very 
quarrelsome  little  birds,  but  the  coal-tit  is 
the  reverse.  The  marsh-tit  never  comes  to 
feed  on  the  cocoanut. 

32.  Coal-Tit.     Parus  ater,  Linn. 

It  is  rather  remarkable  that  the  nest  of 
this  bird  has  not  been  observed  in  the  counties 
of  Warwick  and  Worcester,  nor  in  the  ad- 
joining part  of  Gloucestershire,  though  as  a 
species  the  bird  is  anything  but  rare  in  these 
counties.  It  is  probable  that  there  are  ar- 
rivals in  the  autumn  which  remain  through 
the  winter  and  depart  in  the  spring. 

33.  Marsh-Tit.     Parus  palustris,  Linn. 
Although  as  abundant  as  the  coal-tit  it  is 

less  frequently  noticed,  as  it  rarely  comes  near 
dwelling  houses  but  frequents  coppices  and 


brakes  in  small  parties.  It  breeds,  so  far  as 
the  present  writer  has  observed,  in  holes  in 
trees,  which  it  sometimes  excavates  for  itself. 
It  rarely  if  ever  makes  use  of  a  hole  in 
masonry  for  the  nest. 

34.  Blue  Tit.     Parus  caruleus,  Linn. 

The  blue  tit,  locally  known  as  the  torn 
tit,  is  a  most  courageous  and  impudent  little 
fellow  who  will  enter  outhouses  and  help 
himself  to  anything  which  is  to  his  taste. 
He  will  visit  the  slaughter-house  of  the  vil- 
lage butcher  and  feed  on  any  scraps  of  offal 
meat  which  may  be  there  ;  and  will  literally 
peel  the  inner  surface  of  the  skins  of  sheep 
or  other  animals  which  have  been  hung  on 
the  beams  in  the  cart  or  cattle  shed  to  dry. 
But  he  also  consumes  an  enormous  number 
of  very  small  insects  which  he  obtains  by 
laborious  search  in  the  branches  of  trees  and 
bushes.  The  nest  is  in  any  suitable  hole 
either  in  building  or  tree. 

35.  Nuthatch.     Sitta  cauia,  Wolf. 

A  great  frequenter  of  parks,  orchards  and 
other  places  where  there  are  aged  trees,  but 
very  rarely  seen  in  growing  woods  or  cop- 
pices. In  an  orchard  near  the  dwelling  of 
the  present  writer  where  a  number  of  fowls 
are  daily  fed  with  maize,  it  is  no  uncommon 
thing  to  see  a  nuthatch  carry  off  a  large 
grain  and  consume  it  at  leisure  in  an  apple 
tree.  Occasionally  one  of  these  birds  will 
come  quite  near  the  windows  to  feed  upon 
cocoanuts  fixed  up  for  the  tits. 

36.  Wren.      Troglodytes  parvulus,  Koch. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  prying  of  birds, 

often  appearing  in  very  odd  places,  almost 
always  however  near  the  ground.  In  the 
winter  the  hedger  leaves  behind  him  along 
the  hedgerow  faggots  of  wood  (locally  termed 
'  kids '),  into  which  the  wren  very  often 
creeps,  and  the  writer  has  seen  one  fly  out 
of  a  '  kid  '  when  it  was  on  the  fork  to  be 
thrown  on  the  wagon  and  taken  to  the 
woodyard.  The  nest  is  constructed  in  a 
great  variety  of  situations,  some  of  them  very 
remarkable. 

37.  Tree-Creeper.     Certhia  familiarist  Linn. 
This  as  a  species   is  not    by  any  means 

numerous ;  indeed  it  might  almost  be  said 
to  be  uncommon.  The  best  places  to  observe 
its  habits  are  in  parks  and  orchards  where  there 
are  large  or  old  trees  ;  but  it  has  a  habit  of 
passing  round  to  the  other  side  of  a  tree  trunk 
to  avoid  observation.  It  is  only  seen  singly, 
except  in  the  breeding  season.  The  nest 
is  rarely  seen,  but  is  always  in  some  crack 


192 


BIRDS 


or  opening,  which  may  be  either  in  a  build- 
ing or  old  tree.  During  a  very  long  period 
of  observation  the  present  writer  has  only 
discovered  three  nests. 

38.  Pied  Wagtail.     Motadlla  lugubris,  Tem- 

minck. 

As  a  resident  bird  the  pied  wagtail  is  not 
abundant,  though  common,  and  the  nest  is 
less  frequently  seen  than  formerly.  The 
flights,  chiefly  of  young  birds,  which  repair 
to  the  Avon  and  other  streams  are  fewer  in 
number  and  smaller.  The  osier  beds  near 
the  castle  at  Warwick  used  formerly  to  be 
a  favourite  roosting  place  with  this  bird.  In 
the  autumn  the  number  is  materially  increased 
by  arrivals  which  probably  pass  on,  as  they 
are  not  often  seen  in  mid-winter,  though  a 
few  frequent  the  sheepfolds,  and  sometimes 
suffer  severely  from  the  wool  and  earth  which 
tightly  clogs  their  toes. 

39.  White  Wagtail.     Motadlla  alba,  Linn. 
As  a  Warwickshire   bird    the  record   was 

for  some  time  confined  to  a  single  occur- 
rence ;  that  of  an  adult  male  which  was  seen 
by  the  writer  feeding  on  the  mud  in  a  ditch 
in  close  proximity  to  the  bridge  over  the 
Avon  at  Stratford.  The  beautiful  pearly 
grey  of  the  back  will  at  once  distinguish  this 
species  from  the  pied  wagtail.  Mr.  Steele 
Elliott  reports  a  pair  which  appeared  in  the 
park  at  Sutton  Cold  field  on  8  May,  1897, 
and  it  may  be  confidently  expected  to  appear 
in  other  localities  in  the  county. 

40.  Grey  Wagtail.    Motadlla  mefanope,  Pallas. 
Except  as  an  autumn  visitor  this  species 

is  rare  in  the  county,  and  has  never  been  re- 
corded as  breeding  in  it,  and  only  once  has 
it  come  under  the  notice  of  the  present  writer 
in  full  summer  plumage.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  summer  of  1898  Mr.  C.  C.  Jones  of 
Loxley  Hall  shot  one  with  a  full  black  throat 
near  the  village  of  Loxley,  which  is  now  in 
his  collection.  In  the  district  around  Bir- 
mingham it  has  been  observed  in  summer 
dress,  and  Mr.  Chase  has  suggested  the  proba- 
bility of  its  sometimes  breeding  there.  The 
sides  of  streams  are  the  haunts  of  the  grey 
wagtail,  and  it  is  most  frequently  seen  just 
when  the  various  water-plants  have  rotted 
down  and  lie  in  masses  in  the  water.  On 
these  it  loves  to  run  and  flit. 

[Blue-headed  Yellow  Wagtail.  Motadlla 
flava,  Linn. 

A  bird  of  this  species  was  shot  at  Welford- 
on-Avon  in  the  county  of  Gloucester  only 
two  hundred  yards  from  the  Avon  where  it 
divides  that  county  from  Warwickshire.] 


41.  Yellow  Wagtail.     Motadlla  rait  (Bona- 

parte) 

An  abundant  bird  all  through  the  sum- 
mer, breeding  freely  in  cultivated  fields  and 
meadows,  and  generally  distributed  in  the 
county. 

42.  Tree-Pipit.      Anthus  trivia/is  (Linn.) 
Common  and  generally  distributed  in  the 

county  all  through  the  summer,  and  is  to 
be  seen  chiefly  in  meadows  and  pastures. 

43.  Meadow-Pipit.     Anthus  pratensis  (Linn.) 
A  common  resident  which   breeds  in  the 

county  and  is  met  with  in  sheepfolds  in  the 
winter,  and  also  in  meadows  which  have  re- 
cently been  flooded.  In  the  latter  places  it 
seems  to  find  abundance  of  food  left  by  the 
receding  water. 

44.  Rock-Pipit.      Anthus  obscurus  (Latham) 
This  bird  appears  occasionally  on  the  Avon, 

though  but  rarely.  Some  years  ago  several 
were  shot  near  Warwick  and  brought  to 
John  Spicer  of  that  town  for  preservation, 
some  of  which  are  in  the  writer's  collection. 
As  it  is  known  to  frequent  the  broad  water 
of  the  Severn  its  appearance  on  the  Avon 
might  be  expected  more  frequently. 

45.  Golden  Oriole.      Oriolus  ga/bu/a,  Linn. 
A  good  many  years  since  two  golden  orioles, 

probably  a  pair,  were  shot  on  the  estate  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel  near  Tamworth,  and  brought 
to  John  Spicer  of  Warwick  for  preservation. 
There  is  also  a  record  in  the  Zoologist  in  1871 
of  the  occurrence  of  a  bird  of  this  species 
at  Barton  near  Tamworth.  About  twenty 
years  ago  a  fine  male  was  shot  at  Ilming- 
ton  near  the  boundary  of  Warwickshire  and 
brought  to  Mr.  G.  Quatremayne  of  Strat- 
ford, in  whose  hands  it  remained  for  some 
time  and  was  seen  by  the  present  writer. 
The  last  named  bird  was  repeatedly  seen 
in  and  near  the  village  of  Ilmington  before 
being  shot. 

46.  Great  Grey  Shrike.  Lanius  excubitor,  Linn. 
The  present,  though  a  rare   bird,  has  too 

frequently  appeared  in  the  county  to  render 
a  close  enumeration  of  the  instances  necessary. 
Specimens  were  years  ago  brought  to  John 
Spicer  of  Warwick  for  preservation,  and  others 
were  subsequently  received  by  H.  Coombs 
of  Stratford-on-Avon,  namely  in  the  winter 
of  1844-5  ar>d  1846-7.  More  recently 
Mr.  Hunt  of  Alcester  has  received  specimens 
which  were  shot  in  the  county.  One  which 
was  taken  near  Stratford  in  the  winter  of 
1 844-5  was  secured  in  the  following  manner. 


193 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


A  caged  goldfinch  was  hung  on  a  wall  in  a 
brickyard,  and  the  shrike  was  seen  to  strike 
at  it,  but  was  driven  away.  Shortly  after- 
wards however  the  shrike  was  seen  to  be 
endeavouring  to  drag  the  goldfinch,  which 
was  killed,  through  the  wires  of  the  cage. 
A  trap  baited  with  the  dead  bird  secured  the 
assassin,  which  came  to  the  writer  with  two 
broken  legs.  Mr.  Chase  records  the  occur- 
rence of  this  bird  at  two  places  around  Bir- 
mingham, namely  at  Wylde  Green  on 
14  November,  1871,  and  at  Rubery  Hill  on 
31  October,  1881. 

47.  Red-backed  Shrike.     Lanius  collurio,  Linn. 
A    regular    summer   visitor  and   generally 

distributed,  breeding  freely  in  the  county.  Its 
habit  of  impaling  food  on  thorns  is  well 
known,  and  mice,  voles,  shrews,  young  birds 
and  large  insects,  such  as  beetles,  humble- 
bees,  and  large  moths,  have  been  often  seen 
secured  in  that  manner  in  thorn  bushes, 
always  however  inside  the  bush  and  not  ob- 
servable unless  looked  for. 

48.  Waxwing.     Ampelis  garrulus,  Linn. 
This  handsome  bird  has  appeared  occasion- 
ally  in   the  county.     One  preserved   in    the 
Warwick  Museum  was  taken  near  Coventry. 
A  very  fine  male,  having  six  of  the  wax-like 
appendages  on  each  wing,  was  shot  at  Red 
Hill  between  Stratford-on-Avon  and  Alcester 
on    1 8  January,  1850,  and  came  at  once  into 
the  hands  of  the  present  writer.     Mr.  Chase 
records  the  occurrence  of  one  at  Aston  Hall 
near   Birmingham  about   1845,   and  another 
which   was  killed  at  Rednal  on   -?o    January, 
1882. 


49.  Pied    Flycatcher. 
Linn. 


Muscicapa  atricapilla, 


As  an  occasional  summer  migrant  the  pied 
flycatcher  has  occurred  in  the  county,  and  I 
have  seen  specimens  in  the  hands  of  John 
Spicer  of  Warwick  which  had  been  shot  near 
that  town.  One  of  them,  an  adult  male, 
was  shot  while  perched  on  the  roof  of  the 
flour  mill  close  to  the  walls  of  Warwick 
Castle.  Near  Birmingham  it  is  said  by  Mr. 
Chase  to  be  rare.  Mr.  Steele  Elliott,  quot- 
ing Mr.  Chase,  states  that  it  nested  on 
5  June,  1882,  in  the  park  at  Sutton  Cold- 
field,  and  also  that  a  pair  was  seen  there  by 
Mr.  Bitteridge  in  May,  1889. 

50.  Spotted    Flycatcher.      Muscicapa  grisola, 
Linn. 

A  regular  summer  migrant  and  generally 
distributed.  The  selection  of  its  nesting  place 
is  sometimes  remarkable.  On  two  occasions 


194 


a  nest   has  been  placed  immediately  over  a 
door  through  which  people  passed  continually. 

51.  Swallow.      Hirundo  rustica,  Linn. 

With  the  continuance  of  such  a  decrease 
in  its  numbers  as  has  taken  place  of  late 
years,  this  beautiful  bird  will  at  no  distant 
time  have  to  be  recorded  as  a  rare  British 
bird.  There  are  now  only  individuals  where 
there  were  formerly  hundreds,  and  a  swallows' 
nest  has  become  an  unusual  thing.  The  very 
great  decrease  in  numbers  is  difficult  of  ex- 
planation. That  the  rarity  of  some  birds  has 
been  due  to  the  interference  with  their  nest- 
ing places  there  can  be  no  doubt,  but  that 
cannot  be  said  of  the  swallow,  for  as  a  general 
rule  its  nest  is  inviolate.  And  the  explana- 
tion is  not  made  easier  when  it  is  remembered 
that  a  pair  of  swallows  will  ordinarily  rear 
three  broods  in  one  summer. 

52.  House-Martin.      Chelidon  urb'ua  (Linn.) 
This  species  like  the  swallow  now  appears 

in  decreased  numbers,  but  by  no  means  in 
so  great  a  degree. 

53.  Sand-Martin.     Cattle  riparia  (Linn.) 
Where  there  is  suitable  accommodation  for 

nesting,  the  present  species  does  not  seem 
to  have  decreased  in  numbers  ;  but  it  must 
always  be  somewhat  local  according  to  the 
presence  or  absence  of  a  nesting-place. 

54-  Greenfinch.     Ligurinus  chloris  (Linn.) 

The  greenfinch  at  one  time  became  a 
somewhat  local  bird,  owing  apparently  to  high 
cultivation  having  reduced  the  hedges  suit- 
able for  its  nest.  Of  late  years  however 
the  number  has  increased,  and  there  is  cer- 
tainly more  nesting  accommodation  in  the 
higher  and  untrimmed  hedges. 

55.  Hawfinch.  Coccothraustes  vulgaris,  Pallas. 
Though  much  more  abundant  than  for- 
merly and  generally  distributed  the  hawfinch, 
owing  to  its  shy  and  wary  nature,  is  but  seldom 
seen.  It  will  however  come  quite  near  to 
dwellings  and  will  even  build  its  nest  within 
sight  of  the  windows.  A  nest  seen  by  the 
writer  was  in  the  thick  fork  of  an  apple  tree, 
and  was  only  discovered  by  the  birds  being 
watched  from  a  window.  When  completed 
nothing  could  be  seen  of  the  nest  from  below 
except  the  projecting  ends  of  a  few  sticks, 
which  gave  it  the  appearance  of  the  frag- 
mentary remains  of  a  nest  of  the  previous 
summer.  The  hawfinch  has  been  accused  of 
a  partiality  for  green  peas,  which  it  is  said 
to  take  from  the  pods.  It  feeds  freely  during 
the  winter  months  on  the  seeds  of  the  maple. 


BIRDS 


56.  Goldfinch.     Carduelis  eiegans,  Stephens. 
Though  much  less  abundant  in  the  county 

than  formerly  the  goldfinch  is  found  breeding 
in  many  places.  In  the  end  of  autumn  or 
early  in  winter  its  numbers  are  increased  by 
the  arrival  of  companies  varying  in  number 
from  five  or  six  to  twenty  or  thirty.  At 
that  time  the  seeds  of  thistles,  teasels  and 
burdocks  constitute  its  chief  food,  but  in 
midwinter  the  alder  and  ash  trees  are  visited 
and  their  seeds  consumed.  It  is  only  how- 
ever the  germ  of  the  seed  of  the  ash  which  is 
picked  out  and  eaten.  In  the  north  side  of 
the  county,  that  is  in  the  Birmingham  dis- 
trict, Mr.  Chase,  writing  in  1886,  reports 
the  goldfinch  as  scarce. 

57.  Siskin.      Carduelis  spinus  (Linn.) 

The  appearance  of  the  siskin  as  a  winter 
visitor  to  Warwickshire  depends  almost  wholly 
on  the  presence  or  the  absence  of  alder  trees, 
though  whole  seasons  pass  without  its  being 
seen  even  when  trees  of  that  kind  thickly 
fringe  the  streams.  In  some  winters  the  sis- 
kin has  appeared  in  very  considerable  num- 
bers in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town  of 
Warwick  and  also  in  the  alder  trees  around 
the  large  fishponds  at  Coughton  Court  near 
Alcester  and  probably  at  other  localities. 

58.  House-Sparrow.    Passer  domesticus  (Linn.) 
Abundant  everywhere. 

59.  Tree-Sparrow.      Passer  montanus  (Linn.) 
Much  less  abundant  than  the  house-sparrow 

and  very  seldom  seen  in  the  close  vicinity  of 
houses.  The  nest  however  is  sometimes  in 
the  thatch  of  an  old  building  but  generally 
outside,  as  for  instance  under  the  eaves.  Pol- 
lard withy  trees  remote  from  all  dwellings 
are  favourite  places  for  the  nest  of  this 
species. 

60.  Chaffinch.      Fringilla  coelebs,  Linn. 
This  pretty  and  lively  little  bird  is  a  very 

torment  at  certain  seasons  to  the  growers  of 
cruciferas,  more  especially  radishes,  and  it 
seems  to  have  a  sort  of  intuitive  knowledge 
of  the  places  where  the  seeds  have  been  sown 
even  before  the  young  plants  make  their 
appearance.  As  soon  however  as  they  show 
themselves  they  are  pulled  up  and  a  part  eaten  ; 
the  ground  is  sometimes  literally  strewn  with 
the  long  white  underground  stems. 

61.  Brambling.   Fringilla  montifringilla,  Linn. 
An  uncertain  winter  visitor  which  some- 
times appears  in  considerable  numbers  in  most 
parts  of  the  county  and  mixes  with  flights  of 
finches   in    weedy  stubbles,    amongst  which 


they  are  conspicuous  from  their  white  rumps. 
Occasionally  they  approach  farmsteads  and 
feed  on  the  seeds  which  have  been  winnowed 
from  the  corn  and  thrown  out. 

62.  Linnet.      Linota  cannabina  (Linn.) 

The  linnet  is  one  of  those  birds  which  is 
as  numerous  as  ever.  A  weedy  stubble  in 
the  autumn  where  there  is  plenty  of  scattered 
charlock  seed  is  a  certain  attraction  and  will 
bring  an  abundance  of  linnets.  Any  thick 
bush  or  hedge  is  suitable  for  a  nesting-place, 
though  a  gorse  bush  is  preferred. 

63.  Lesser  Redpoll.    Linota  rufescens  (Vieillot) 

As  a  Warwickshire  bird  this  has  always 
been  regarded  by  the  present  writer  as  a  win- 
ter visitor,  frequenting  the  alder  trees  by  the 
sides  of  the  streams  and  feeding  on  their  seeds 
and  also  on  those  of  the  willow  herb.  Once 
only  has  a  nest  been  noted.  It  was  in  the 
leafy  branch  of  a  plum  tree  in  a  garden  at 
Alcester.  However,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  county  it  has  probably  nested  more  fre- 
quently, and  Mr.  Chase  speaks  of  it  as 
common  and  resident  in  the  Birmingham  dis- 
trict. 

64.  Twite.      Linota  flavirostns  (Linn.) 

A  rare  winter  straggler,  occasionally  appear- 
ing in  severe  weather  and  making  its  presence 
known  by  its  peculiar  and  monotonous  note. 

65.  Bullfinch.      Pyrrhula  europtea,  Vieillot. 

The  bullfinch  though  a  common  resident 
is  not  abundant.  Of  a  shy  and  retiring 
nature  it  is  not  however  a  wild  or  wary  bird, 
but  may  be  approached  quite  nearly  when 
feeding  on  the  buds  of  fruit  trees  or  on  the 
long  seeds  of  the  ash. 

66.  Crossbill.      Loxia  curvirostra,  Linn. 

A  winter  visitor  of  very  uncertain  appear- 
ance, but  sometimes  arriving  as  early  as 
August.  In  1845  a  considerable  number  made 
their  appearance  at  Claverdon,  and  several 
were  shot  and  brought  to  J.  Spicer  of  War- 
wick for  preservation.  All  were  red  birds. 
Crossbills  have  been  shot  at  various  times  in 
the  park  at  Warwick  Castle,  which  also  have 
come  into  the  hands  of  the  same  bird  preserver. 
On  14  November,  1855,  a  flight  of  these 
birds  alighted  in  a  coppice  of  conifers  at  Little 
Alne  near  Alcester,  several  of  which  were 
shot  and  brought  to  the  present  writer.  They 
were  of  all  colours,  from  red  to  a  dingy  green. 
In  the  Birmingham  district  the  crossbill  has 
occurred  at  Solihull,  Wylde  Green  and  Aston 
Park  as  recorded  by  Mr.  Chase. 


195 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


67.  Corn-Bunting.      Emberiza  mi/iana.  Linn. 
A  common  though  not  by  any  means  an 

abundant  bird.  Formerly  it  used  to  frequent 
fields  of  vetches,  in  which  the  nest  was  often 
placed ;  but  of  late  years,  since  fewer  vetches 
have  been  planted,  the  nest  is  more  frequently 
found  in  coarse  herbage  of  any  kind,  but  not 
often  in  the  bottoms  of  hedges. 

68.  Yellow    Hammer.      Emberiza    citrine/la, 

Linn. 
An  abundant  and  resident  bird. 

69.  Cirl  Bunting.     Emberiza  cir/us,  Linn. 

A  very  locally  distributed  bird  even  within 
the  limits  of  the  county,  but  nevertheless  a 
resident  one.  It  appears  to  be  most  frequent 
in  some  parts  of  the  valley  of  the  Avon,  for  in- 
stance near  Stratford,  while  at  Leamington,  as 
I  learn  from  Mr.  Peter  Spicer,  it  is  of  rare 
occurrence,  only  two  having  come  into  his 
hands  during  a  period  of  more  than  twenty 
years.  Although  recorded  by  Mr.  Aplin  as 
occurring  near  Banbury  there  is  no  evidence 
of  its  presence  in  the  near  part  of  Warwick- 
shire. Around  Birmingham  and  in  the  Tarn- 
worth  district  it  is  unknown. 

70.  Reed-Bunting.  Emberiza  schaenic/us,  Linn. 
A  resident  bird,  frequenting   the  sides  of 

streams  or  pools. 

7 1 .  Snow  -  Bunting.        Plectrophenax     nivalis 

(Linn.) 

A  rare  winter  straggler.  One  is  recorded 
from  Harborne  near  Birmingham,  and  Mr.  T. 
Ground  informs  me  of  one  that  appeared 
at  Haywood  near  that  city  in  the  winter  of 
1894-5.  Near  Stratford  the  snow-bunting 
has  appeared  on  two  or  three  occasions,  always 
in  the  winter. 

72.  Starling.      Sturnus  vu/garis,  Linn. 

Mr.  O.  V.  Aplin,  speaking  of  the  starling 
as  an  Oxfordshire  bird,  says,  'An  abundant 
and  increasing  resident,'  which  is  precisely 
what  may  be  said  of  it  as  a  Warwickshire 
bird.  Towards  the  end  of  summer  great 
flocks  visit  the  bean  fields  and  feed  on  the 
aphides  which  sometimes  abound  there. 

73.  Rose-coloured     Starling.       Pastor    roseus 

(Linn.) 

A  male  in  nearly  adult  plumage  was  shot 
in  a  cherry  orchard  at  Barton  in  the  parish  of 
Bidford  in  the  summer  of  1854  by  a  man 
engaged  in  keeping  birds  from  the  ripening 
cherries.  A  second,  an  adult  male,  which 
had  been  shot  somewhere  near  that  town, 
was  brought  to  Mr.  Hunt  of  Alcester  for 
preservation. 


196 


74.  Jay.      Garrulus  glandarius  (Linn.) 

A  common  resident,  frequenting  woods  and 
coppices. 

75.  Jackdaw.      Corvus  monedula,  Linn. 
Common  and  resident  wherever  there  are 

suitable  nesting  places.  Three  broods  are 
sometimes  reared  by  the  same  pair  of  birds, 
as  the  writer  has  determined  by  the  observa- 
tion of  a  nest  in  the  hole  of  a  tree  on  his 
premises.  Such  was  the  case  in  the  summer 
of  1900. 

76.  Magpie.     Pica  rustica  (Scopoli) 

Much  less  abundant  throughout  the  whole 
of  the  county  than  formerly.  The  nest  of 
the  magpie  is  well  worth  careful  examination. 
Dead  but  not  decayed  thorns  are  largely, 
indeed  almost  exclusively,  made  use  of  as 
material,  and  they  are  so  well  put  together 
that  even  when  in  the  very  top  of  a  tall  tree 
in  an  exposed  place  the  nest  is  rarely  if  ever 
blown  out.  Fine  flexible  roots  constitute  its 
lining. 

• 

77.  Raven.     Corvus  corax,  Linn. 

It  is  many  years  since  the  raven  last 
nested  in  Warwickshire  or  even  made  its 
appearance  there.  Between  thirty  and  forty 
years  ago  the  Rev.  W.  T.  Bree  of  Allesley 
near  Coventry,  then  a  man  advanced  in  years, 
informed  the  writer  that  he  remembered  the 
raven  breeding  in  that  neighbourhood  in  the 
early  part  of  his  life,  but  that  no  nests  had  been 
known  for  many  years.  An  aged  native  of 
Snitterfield  often  spoke  to  the  writer  of  the 
nesting  of  the  raven  in  his  boyhood  in  some 
great  elms  near  that  place,  which  he  said  had 
years  before  disappeared  from  age,  hurricanes  or 
the  axe.  Within  the  memory  of  the  present 
writer  the  raven  was  an  occasional  visitor  to  the 
county,  and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  to  see 
one  or  perhaps  a  pair  pass  over  and  betray 
their  presence  by  their  croaking.  On  one 
occasion  the  remains  of  one  were  seen  nailed 
to  the  gable  of  a  building  with  other  so-called 
vermin  at  Coughton  Court,  the  residence  ot 
the  Throckmorton  family.  In  1841  a  raven 
frequented  a  rickyard  at  Clopton  near  Strat 
ford-on-Avon,  where  it  fed  on  dead  rats, 
which  had  been  trapped  in  a  rickyard  and 
thrown  out  into  an  adjacent  field.  A  raven 
which  was  shot  by  the  keeper  in  the  park 
at  Warwick  Castle  some  time  in  the  '  fifties ' 
is  now  in  the  writer's  collection. 

78.  Carrion-Crow.     Corvus  corone,  Linn. 
The  numbers   of  this  handsome  bird — a 

miniature  raven — have  greatly  decreased  with- 
in the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years  except  in  a 


BIRDS 


few  favoured  localities.  Mr.  Aplin  says,  'In 
the  north  of  the  county  [Oxfordshire]  where 
the  crow  has  it  all  his  own  way  it  is  particu- 
larly abundant.'  As  might  be  expected  it  is 
common  in  the  adjacent  part  of  Warwick- 
shire, At  the  commencement  of  the  breed- 
ing season  the  crow  goes  through  some 
remarkable  vocal  exercises,  wholly  unlike  the 
incessant  and  monotonous  caw,  caw,  caw  of 
the  rook.  He  commences  with  a  rather  shrill 
repetition  of  a  note  something  like  the  syllable 
'  crocht,'  which  is  followed  by  some  low 
modulated  sounds,  and  he  ends  with  a  deep 
double  note  sounding  like  '  ka!6re '  repeated 
many  times,  the  last  and  accented  syllable 
being  accompanied  by  an  upward  fling  of  the 
wings,  for  the  wind  up  of  the  performance 
generally  takes  place  on  the  wing.  The 
alarm  note  is  one  which  once  heard,  especially 
at  nightfall  when  all  is  still,  is  not  easily  for- 
gotten. 

79.  Hooded  Crow.     Corvus  cornix.  Linn. 
An  occasional  visitor  to  the  county,  some- 
times frequenting   the  sides    of  streams   and 
feeding  on  mussels  and  other  molluscs  at  low 
water  as  well    as    associating  with   herds    of 
cattle   in   pastures.      Mr.   Chase   records   the 
breeding  of  the  hooded  crow  in  Sutton  Park 
in  May,  1883,  and   Mr.  Steele  Elliott  men- 
tions its  nesting  there  in  1894. 

80.  Rook.      Corvus  frugi/egus,  Linn. 

The  abundance  of  the  rook  depends  wholly 
on  its  protection  at  breeding  time. 

81.  Sky-Lark.     Alauda  arvensis,  Linn. 

A  common  and  resident  bird,  whose  music 
is  heard  in  almost  every  field. 

82.  Wood-Lark.      Alauda  arborea,  Linn. 
An  uncommon  and  local  bird  in  the  county, 

and  even  rare  in  the  northern  part,  as  I  am 
informed  by  Mr.  Chase.  Its  rather  peculiar 
song  at  once  announces  its  presence. 

83.  Swift.      Cypselus   apus  (Linn.) 

This,  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  of  our 
birds,  is  a  common  summer  visitor  whose 
numbers  have  suffered  no  diminution.  It 
exists  almost  entirely  on  the  wing  except 
during  the  period  of  nesting.  The  inter- 
course between  the  sexes  takes  place  high 
up  in  the  air,  where  also  it  is  now  supposed 
to  spend  the  night  as  well  as  the  day.  Its 
habits  have  led  country  people  to  say  that 
they  retire  to  the  upper  regions  of  the  atmos- 
phere to  roost.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the 
swift  is  a  more  or  less  nocturnal  bird.  The 
large  and  rather  deeply  sunken  eyes  seem  to 


I97 


indicate  as  much,  and  the  whole  face  of  the 
bird  has  a  very  owl-like  appearance.  When 
or  where  the  swift  retires  to  rest  is  not  at 
present  within  our  knowledge. 

84.  Nightjar.      Caprimulgus  europaus,  Linn. 
A  summer  visitor  which  cannot  be  termed 

rare,  though   it  is   nowhere   plentiful.  It  is 

quite  as  common  in  the  north  as  the  south 

side  of  the  county,  and  breeds  where  there 
are  suitable  surroundings. 

85.  Wryneck.     lynx  tore/ui/la,  Linn. 

The  wryneck  is  most  certainly  less  com- 
mon than  formerly.  Its  peculiar  and  unmis- 
takable song,  if  such  it  can  be  called,  is  not 
as  often  heard,  and  specimens  are  more  rarely 
brought  to  the  bird  stuffers  for  preservation. 
It  is  more  a  local  than  a  rare  bird. 

86.  Green     Woodpecker.        Gecinus     viridis 

(Linn.) 

Wherever  the  growth  of  timber  suits  the 
habits  of  this  bird  no  diminution  in  its  numbers 
appears  to  have  taken  place,  and  its  well  known 
laughing  voice  may  be  heard. 

87.  Great  Spotted  Woodpecker.     Dendrocopus 

major  (Linn.) 

Although  much  less  common  than  the  green 
woodpecker,  this  species  is  not  rare  in  the 
county,  but  it  is  more  dependent  than  even 
the  last  species  on  the  presence  of  large  and 
aged  trees.  The  nest,  to  judge  by  the  very 
few  instances  which  have  come  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  writer,  is  high  up  in 
some  half-decayed  tree,  and  not  in  a  con- 
spicuous place  ;  the  beech  appears  to  be 
frequently  chosen.  There  is  no  longer  any 
doubt  that  the  loud  jarring  rattle  which  this 
bird  makes  in  the  spring  is  caused  by  very 
rapid  strokes  of  the  bill  on  hard  wood  or 
bark.  It  is  reported  by  Mr.  Steele  Elliott  to 
be  not  uncommon  in  the  park  at  Button  Cold- 
field,  where  it  breeds,  choosing  by  preference 
the  oak  and  holly  trees  in  which  to  excavate 
a  nesting  place. 

88.  Lesser  Spotted  Woodpecker.    Dendrocopus 

minor  (Linn.) 

A  commoner  bird  than  the  last  and  more 
generally  distributed.  At  the  end  of  January 
and  all  through  February,  its  presence  is  known 
by  the  jarring  sound  that  it  makes  and  which 
resembles  that  made  by  the  greater  spotted 
woodpecker,  except  that  the  vibrations  are 
smaller  and  more  rapid.  Ancient  orchards 
are  favourite  haunts  of  this  little  bird,  but 
the  nest  is  not  easy  to  find,  being  generally 
more  or  less  out  of  sight,  and  only  to  be  dis- 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


covered  by  the  chips  which  have  fallen  to  the 
ground  when  the  hole  was  being  made. 

89.  Kingfisher.     Akedo  ispida,  Linn. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  diminu- 
tion  in   the   numbers  of    this   bird  has  been 
caused  in  a  great  measure  by  the  extremely 
wet  summers  of  about  twenty  years  ago.     In 
1879  the  meadows  bordering  the  streams  in 
the  county  were  in  a  state  of  flood  for  several 
weeks  during    the  breeding  season,   and  the 
nests  of  the  kingfishers  must  have  been  de- 
stroyed wholesale.     With  the  return  of  more 
favourable    nesting  times    the   kingfishers,   as 
might  be  expected,  have  become   more  nu- 
merous, and  although  still   uncommon  more 
of  these  beautiful  birds  may  now  be  seen  on 
the  Avon  and  its  tributaries. 

90.  Bee-Eater.     Merops  apiaster,  Linn. 

In  one  instance  only  has  the  bee-eater  been 
met  with  in  Warwickshire.  Two  were  seen 
and  one  of  them  shot  at  Red  Hill  on  the  road 
between  Stratford-on-Avon  and  Alcester  on 
29  May,  1886.  The  bird  which  was  shot 
proved  to  be  a  female  containing  enlarged 
eggs,  and  had  she  been  spared  it  is  probable 
that  she  would  have  nested  somewhere  near. 

91.  Hoopoe.      Upupa  epops,  Linn. 

Several  specimens  of  this  bird  which  have 
occurred  in  the  county  are  preserved  in  col- 
lections. One  in  the  Warwick  Museum  was 
shot  at  Brinklow  ;  another  in  a  private  collec- 
tion was  shot  at  Oak  farm,  three  miles  north- 
west of  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  while  a  third  in 
the  writer's  collection  was  taken  at  Broom  in 
the  parish  of  Bidford  in  1852.  A  fourth 
occurred  at  Henley  in  Arden,  which  having 
been  shot  was  taken  to  Warwick  for  preserva- 
tion,where  the  present  writer  saw  and  examined 
it.  Mr.  Chase  gives  several  occurrences  of  the 
hoopoe  near  Birmingham,  namely  at  Witton, 
Quinton,  Oscott,  and  Baddesley  near  Tarn- 
worth. 

92.  Cuckoo.      Cucu/us  canorus,  Linn. 

A  common  summer  visitor  all  over  the 
county.  I  have  long  been  of  opinion  that 
the  female  cuckoo  lays  her  eggs  on  the  bare 
ground,  from  which  she  takes  them  in  her 
beak  and  places  them  in  the  nests  of  other 
birds  ;  and  I  have  arrived  at  that  conclusion 
from  having  repeatedly  met  with  cuckoos' 
eggs,  and  also  young  cuckoos,  in  nests  into 
which  the  cuckoo  could  not  have  deposited 
them  by  the  ordinary  process  of  laying.  I 
believe  that  on  one  occasion  I  disturbed  a  bird 
of  this  species  when  in  the  act  of  laying  an 
egg  on  the  bare  ground,  or  immediately  after 
she  had  done  so.  Seeing  a  cuckoo  flitting 


about  in  a  very  odd  manner  on  some  bare 
ground  at  the  foot  of  a  large  grass-grown 
heap  of  earth  in  the  middle  of  a  pasture  field, 
I  watched  the  actions  of  the  bird  for  a 
little  time  until  it  had  settled  down  on  one 
side  of  the  heap,  and  then  approached  it  quite 
closely  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  heap, 
when  it  flew  off  in  great  hurry  and  alarm, 
leaving  behind  it  an  egg,  which  was  broken  and 
the  contents  were  escaping  from  the  shell.  I 
believe  that  I  surprised  a  female  cuckoo  when 
laying  her  egg  on  the  bare  ground  preparatory 
to  conveying  it  to  the  nest  of  some  foster 
parent. 

93.  White    or    Barn-Owl.     Strix  flammea, 

Linn. 

The  time  is  not  very  distant  when  this 
beautiful  and  useful  bird  will  have  to  be 
reported  as  rare  in  the  county,  for  it  is 
yearly  becoming  less  common.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1898-9  a  rather  remarkable  variety 
of  the  barn-owl,  which  had  been  taken  near 
Stratford-on-Avon,  was  brought  to  Mr. 
Quatremayne  for  preservation.  It  was  what 
has  been  called  an  eastern  owl,  small,  very 
pale  in  colour,  and  without  the  usual  yellow- 
ish buff  either  above  or  below. 

94.  Long-eared  Owl.     Asia  otus  (Linn.) 
Resident  and    not  rare,  though  not  com- 
mon.    As  in  other  counties  it  much  affects 
woods  in  which  there  are  pines  or  other  ever- 
green trees,  in  the  foliage  of  which  it  con- 
ceals itself  by  day. 

95.  Short-eared  Owl.  Asia  accipltrinus  (Pallas) 
An    autumn    migrant,  appearing  in    some 

seasons  not  uncommonly,  though  never  nu- 
merously. 

96.  Tawny  Owl.     Syrnium  aluco  (Linn.) 
Since  the  barn-owl  has  become  less  com- 
mon the  present  species  is  certainly  the  most 
abundant  owl  in  Warwickshire.     It  is  a  much 
more  watchful  bird  than  that  species,  and  has 
a  way  of  concealing  itself  in  woods,  especially 
if  they  contain  evergreen  trees. 

97.  Marsh-Harrier.   Circus  teruginosus  (Linn.) 
Some   years  ago  two  of  these  birds    were 

taken  by  the  keeper  in  the  park  at  Warwick 
Castle,  and  having  been  preserved  by  John 
Spicer  of  Warwick  were  afterwards  seen  by 
the  present  writer  in  the  castle.  The  War- 
wick Museum  contains  one  taken  at  Ston- 
leigh  Abbey.  All  three  are  in  immature 
plumage.  A  fourth  Warwickshire  specimen  is 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Chase  as  having  occurred 
at  Elford  near  Tamworth. 


198 


BIRDS 


98.  Hen-Harrier.     Circus  cyaneus  (Linn.) 

Formerly  not  rare  but  now  almost  unknown 
in  the  county.  An  adult  male  shot  near  Alces- 
ter  in  1850  is  now  in  the  writer's  collection, 
and  there  is  one  in  the  Worcester  Museum 
in  similar  plumage  from  the  same  locality. 
These  are  probably  the  ones  referred  to  by 
Mr.  Chase  in  his  list  of  the  birds  of  the  dis- 
trict around  Birmingham,  dated  1886.  The 
latest  record  is  of  one,  a  female,  shot  in  the 
eighties  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  J.  R.  West, 
near  Stratford-on-Avon,  and  brought  to  Mr. 
G.  Quatremayne  of  that  town  for  preserva- 
tion. 


more  recently,  namely  in  1897,  a  bird  of  this 
species  was  killed  at  Ragley  near  Alcester. 
It  has  been  twice  noted  at  Coleshill  as  stated 
by  Mr.  Chase. 

I O2.   White-tailed  Eagle.      Halia'etus  albicilla 

(Linn.) 

An  immature  and  very  spotted  example  of 
this  bird  was  trapped  at  a  place  called  Knaven- 
hill,  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  J.  R.  West,  a  few 
miles  south-east  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  on 
22  November,  1879,  and  is  now  preserved 
in  the  mansion  at  Alscot.  A  second  was 
seen  at  the  same  time  which  was  not  taken. 


99.   Montagu's     Harrier.       Circus    cineraceus      103.  Sparrow-Hawk.     Accipiter  nisus  (Linn.) 


(Montagu) 

An  adult  male  was  shot  at  Sutton  Coldfield 
in  the  winter  of  1 839-40  and  brought  to  John 
Spicer  of  Warwick,  where  it  was  seen  by  the 
present  writer  and  secured  for  his  collection. 
It  is  an  unusually  dark-coloured  example. 
Sutton  Coldfield  in  former  times,  when  less 
frequented  than  at  present,  was  a  locality  for 
many  rare  species  of  birds. 

100.  Buzzard.     Buteo  vu/garis,  Leach. 

The  buzzard  can  only  now  be  admitted 
into  the  Warwickshire  list  as  a  straggler,  al- 
though even  formerly  it  was  not  very  rare. 
The  Rev.  W.  T.  Bree,  advanced  in  years 
thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  spoke  of  the  nesting 
of  the  buzzard  at  Allesley  near  Coventry  ;  and 
an  old  keeper  remembered  taking  the  eggs  in 
a  wild  wooded  place  known  as  Snitterfield 
Bushes,  between  Warwick  and  Stratford-on- 
Avon.  Waverley  Wood  near  Stonleigh  was 
also  at  one  time  a  haunt  of  the  buzzard, 
as  were  the  woods  near  Alcester,  on  the 
estates  of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford  and  the 
Throckmorton  family.  The  most  recent  oc- 
currences of  the  buzzard  were  in  1871,  when 
one  was  shot  at  Ilmington,  and  in  1877  when 
one  was  trapped  at  Bishopton  near  Stratford- 
on-Avon.  The  last  on  record  was  trapped  in 
December,  1887,  at  Ragley,  the  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Hertford.  Mr.  Chase  mentions 
two  localities  where  the  buzzard  had  been 
observed,  Alcester  and  Sutton  Coldfield. 

1 01.  Rough-legged    Buzzard.     Buteo  lagopus 

(Gmelin) 

There  are  several  instances  on  record  of 
the  appearance  of  this  bird  in  the  county. 
In  the  autumn  of  1845  one  was  taken  at 
Edstone  near  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  one  at 
Charlcote  in  the  spring  of  1881  ;  and  a 
third  at  Oldpark,  Warwick,  in  March,  1882. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  winter  of  1891  one 
was  shot  at  Ettington  near  Stratford  ;  and 


A  resident  species,  which  though  still  com- 
mon is  by  no  means  abundant.  An  old  nest 
of  a  crow  or  magpie,  or  even  of  a  wood- 
pigeon,  is  almost  always  chosen  as  a  foundation 
for  its  nest,  and  in  every  instance  which 
has  come  within  the  observation  of  the  writer 
there  has  been  a  complete  superstructure  added 
by  the  hawk. 

104.  Kite.  Milvus  ictinus,  Savigny. 

The  late  veteran  Warwickshire  ornitholo- 
gist, the  Rev.  W.  T.  Bree  of  Allesley,  many 
years  ago  informed  the  writer  that  he  re- 
membered the  kite  nesting  in  some  tall  elms 
near  Allesley,  but  that  it  had  long  before  that 
time  ceased  to  do  so,  and  was  no  longer  even 
seen.  In  the  autumn  of  1848  a  kite  was 
taken  on  the  estate  of  Lord  Leigh  at  Ston- 
leigh Abbey,  which  is  now  in  the  Warwick 
Museum.  In  the  following  year  another  was 
shot  near  the  same  spot,  which  coming  into 
the  hands  of  John  Spicer  of  Warwick  passed 
into  the  collection  of  the  present  writer.  A 
later  record  is  that  of  one  killed  at  Alscot, 
the  residence  of  Mr.  J.  R.  West,  on  1 6  Feb- 
ruary, 1884.  That  the  kite  'has  occurred 
near  Tamworth,'  on  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Chase,  is  the  only  traceable  record  of  this 
bird  in  the  north  of  the  county. 

105.  Honey-Buzzard.  Perms  apivorus(L'mn.) 
In  the  Warwick  Museum  are  six  specimens 

of  the  honey-buzzard,  all  taken  in  the  county. 
According  to  the  statements  of  the  keeper  on 
the  estate  of  Lord  Leigh  at  Stonleigh  one 
pair  of  these  was  shot  in  Bericot  Wood.  A 
second  pair  was  shot  while  engaged  in 
building  a  nest  in  Waverley  Wood  on  the 
same  estate,  on  12  June,  1841.  The  two 
pairs  above  mentioned  have  been  most  care- 
fully examined  by  the  writer,  but  owing  to 
the  absence  of  accurate  labels  neither  the 
pairs  nor  the  sexes  can  be  determined.  There 
is  a  notice  of  them  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Wilmot 


199 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


in  the  second  volume  of  the  Zoologist.  The 
fifth  specimen  was  killed  at  Moreton  Morrel 
near  Warwick  and  the  sixth  was  shot  at  Radford 
near  Leamington.  In  the  spring  of  1860  a 
honey-buzzard  was  taken  by  the  gamekeeper 
in  the  park  at  Warwick  Castle,  and  on  26  Sep- 
tember, 1876,  one  was  shot  near  Kenilworth. 
The  latest  occurrence  of  this  bird  seems  to 
have  been  in  the  summer  of  1894,  when  one 
was  caught  in  a  jay-trap  at  Ragley.  Mr. 
J.  Steele  Elliott  records  the  capture  of  one 
at  Little  Aston  on  16  June,  1891. 

1 06.  Peregrine    Falcon.       Falco     peregrinus, 

Tunstall. 

A  somewhat  rare  and  irregular  winter 
visitor  to  the  county,  feeding  on  partridges, 
lapwings,  moorhens  and  ring-doves.  It  is  not 
however  so  rare  as  to  require  detailed  mention 
of  appearances,  which  are  recorded  from  most 
parts  of  the  county. 

107.  Hobby.      Falco  subbuteo,  Linn. 
Formerly    not    uncommon    as    a    summer 

migrant  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon,  but 
much  less  frequent  of  late  years,  the  falling 
off  in  number  apparently  corresponding  with 
the  great  diminution  in  the  supply  of  swallows. 
A  pair  of  hobbies  built  a  nest  in  the  old  nest 
of  a  crow  or  magpie  in  Snitterfield  Bushes,  a 
large  cover  in  the  village  of  Snitterfield,  in 
the  summer  of  1850;  and  in  September, 
1846,  a  young  bird  was  taken  in  the  park  at 
Ragley,  the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford. 

1 08.  Merlin.   Falco  lesalon,  Tunstall. 

A  strictly  migratory  species,  appearing  only 
in  the  autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring.  Once 
only  has  the  writer  met  with  it  in  summer, 
but  the  specimen  though  adult  was  in  such  a 
wretched  condition  that  it  could  have  been 
merely  an  accidental  visitor.  Larks  are  to 
some  extent  the  food  of  the  merlin,  and  the 
following  story  shows  the  persistency  with 
which  it  follows  its  prey.  A  man  thrash- 
ing in  a  barn  had  opened  the  upper  half  of 
the  barn  doors  on  each  side  of  the  building 
for  the  admission  of  fresh  air,  when  just  as 
the  flail  was  at  the  top  of  its  swing  he  felt  it 
touch  something  over  his  head,  and  a  lark, 
nearly  smashed  by  a  blow,  fell  on  to  the  floor. 
In  attempting  to  escape  from  a  merlin  it  flew 
in  at  the  open  door  and  was  struck  by  the 
flail,  while  the  hawk  passed  through  the  barn 
unhurt. 

109.  Kestrel.  Falco  tinnuncu/us,  Linn. 
Though  still  a  common  resident  the  kestrel 

is  less  abundant  than  formerly.  It  is  not  so  often 
seen  hanging  in  the  air  or  passing  leisurely  over- 
head and  perching,  a  conspicuous  object,  on  the 


very  top  of  some  tree.  Its  habit  of  flight  is 
very  unlike  that  of  the  sparrow-hawk,  which 
dashes  past  quite  low  down  and  rising  up 
alights  in  the  middle  of  the  tree,  never  on 
the  top  of  it.  The  food  of  the  kestrel  con- 
sists almost  wholly  of  small  mammals,  as  may 
be  seen  by  the  contents  of  the  castings  under 
a  roosting-place  after  they  have  been  disinte- 
grated by  the  rains  of  winter. 

no.  Osprey.     Pandion  ba/iaftus  (Linn.) 

Five  occurrences  of  the  osprey  in  Warwick- 
shire have  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  writer. 
One  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Warwick 
was  taken  in  the  park  at  the  castle  ;  another 
in  the  same  collection  was  shot  at  Umber- 
slade.  A  third  was  shot  over  the  Avon  at 
St.  Nicholas's  meadow,  Warwick,  and  is  in 
the  writer's  collection.  The  fourth  was  also 
shot  on  the  Avon  at  a  place  known  as  Binton 
Bridges,  between  the  counties  of  Warwick 
and  Gloucester,  in  January,  1865,  which 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  writer  and  proved 
to  be  a  female.  Mr.  Peter  Spicer  of  Leam- 
ington received  an  osprey  which  had  been 
shot  at  Packington  on  26  August,  1887,  and 
a  bird  of  this  species  was  seen  by  Mr.  Steele 
Elliott  at  Sutton  Coldfield  on  30  September, 
1890. 

111.  Cormorant.    Phalacrocorax  carbo  (Linn.). 
A  storm-driven  visitor  to  most  parts  of  the 

county,  but  of  infrequent  occurrence  and 
generally,  perhaps  always,  in  immature  plum- 
age. 

112.  Shag   or    Green    Cormorant.       Phala- 

crocorax gracu/us  (Linn.) 
Like  the  last  species  an  uncertain  storm- 
driven  wanderer,   and   when  found  generally 
in  a  state  of  exhaustion. 

113.  Gannet  or  Solan  Goose.     Sula  banana 

(Linn.) 

Another  wanderer  brought  inland  by  stress 
of  weather.  An  adult  gannet  was  shot  some 
years  ago  near  Warwick  and  is  now  in  the 
museum  there.  Another  was  found  ex- 
hausted in  the  middle  of  a  large  arable  field 
at  Milcote  near  Stratford-on-Avon.  Mr. 
Chase  records  the  occurrence  of  one  which 
was  taken  in  a  field  of  potatoes  near  Tarn- 
worth. 

114.  Common  Heron.     Ardea  cinerea,  Linn. 
There  are  at  present  but  few  heronries  in 

Warwickshire.  The  one  at  Warwick  Castle 
has  either  ceased  to  be  or  is  greatly  reduced 
in  size.  A  small  one  yet  remains  at  Ragley, 
the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford.  The 
mischief  done  by  the  heron  where  fish  arc 


2OO 


BIRDS 


preserved  is  the  main  cause  of  the  destruction 
of  the  heronries. 

115.  Little  Egret.      Ardea  garzetta,  Linn. 
This  is  recognized  as  a  Warwickshire  bird 

on  the  authority  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Cristie,  who 
in  the  ninth  volume  of  the  Magazine  of 
Natural  History  (1836),  records  the  occurrence 
of  one  which  was  shot  at  Sutton  Coldfield. 
Three  specimens  are  indeed  mentioned  in 
that  communication  as  having  been  shot  there. 
To  that  statement  I  may  now  add  that  all 
three  were  taken  at  different,  but  not  widely 
separated  times  to  John  Spicer  of  Warwick  for 
preservation,  where  they  were  seen  by  Dr. 
Lloyd  of  Warwick,  who  was  then  interested  in 
the  formation  of  the  museum  there,  and  wished 
to  secure  them  for  the  collection.  He  how- 
ever failed  to  do  so,  and  subsequent  inquiries 
made  by  him  in  conjunction  with  the  present 
writer  as  to  their  whereabouts  were  without 
result. 

1 1 6.  Little  Bittern.      Ardetta  minuta  (Linn.) 
An  immature  bird  of  this  species  was  shot 

between  Warwick  and  Stratford  some  years 
since  and  brought  to  the  latter  town  for  pre- 
servation, where  it  was  seen  by  the  writer. 
There  is  also  a  notice  in  the  ninth  volume 
of  the  Magazine  of  Natural  History  (1836) 
of  one  which  was  shot  at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

117.  Bittern.     Botaurus  stellarh  (Linn.) 

A  rare  visitor  to  the  Avon  and  other  rivers, 
but  formerly  much  more  common,  especially 
in  severe  winters.  A  considerable  number 
have  been  noted  from  time  to  time  at  Sutton 
Coldfield  and  recorded  by  Mr.  Chase  and 
Mr.  Steele  Elliott. 

1 1 8.  Grey  Lag-Goose.    Anser  cinereus,  Meyer. 
Formerly  an   occasional    visitor,   but    now 

unknown  to  the  county. 

119.  White-fronted    Goose.      Anser    albifrons 

(Scopoli) 
A  straggler  only  to  the  county. 

1 2O.  Bean-Goose.      Anser  segetum  (Gmelin) 
Formerly  when  flights  of  wild  geese  periodi- 
cally passed  over  from  east  to  west,  or  the 
reverse,  single  birds  not  infrequently  dropped 
out  of  the  flights  and  alighted,  generally  in 
the  middle  of  some  large  field,  and  after  a  rest 
renewed   their  journey.     Individuals    of  this 
species  were  most  frequently  known  to  have 
done  so. 

121.  Pink-footed   Goose.      Anser  brach\rhyn- 

cbus,  Baillon. 

Like  the  last  named  this  species  was  much 


more  common  formerly  than  at  the  present 
time.  It  must  be  now  regarded  as  of  very  rare 
occurrence  in  the  county. 

122.  Barnacle  -  Goose.       Bernicla     leucopsis 

(Bechstein) 

Of  very  uncertain  appearance,  indeed  a 
mere  straggler. 

123.  Brent  Goose.     Bernicla  brenta  (Pallas) 
Like  the  last  of  very  uncertain  occurrence, 

but  has  been  noted  at  several  localities  in  the 
county. 

The  Canada  Goose  has  been  shot  several 
times  in  Warwickshire,  once  on  the  large 
pool  at  Chesterton  on  the  estate  of  Lord 
Willoughby  de  Broke.  The  Egyptian  Goose 
has  also  been  obtained,  but  neither  has  any 
substantial  claim  to  a  place  amongst  British 
birds. 

124.  Whooper  Swan.     Cygnus  musicus,  Bech- 

stein. 

Occasionally  small  flights  of  this  bird  have 
appeared  on  the  Avon  in  severe  winters, 
though  very  rarely.  In  the  winter  of  1894-5 
six  or  seven  frequented  that  river  near  Bid- 
ford  for  more  than  a  week. 

125.  Common  Sheld-Duck.    Tadorna  cornuta 

(S.  G.  Gmelin) 

Appears  only  as  a  straggler,  and  most  of 
the  examples  examined  have  proved  to  be 
immature.  Mr.  Chase  however  says  'a 
magnificent  male  was  shot  at  Hawksbury 
near  Coventry  in  1 88 1.' 

[Ruddy  Sheld-Duck.  Tadorna  casarca 
(Linn.) 

Mr.  Chase  mentions  two  occurrences  of 
this  bird  in  the  Birmingham  district,  namely 
at  Neckells  and  at  Yardley  Wood,  but  sug- 
gests that  they  were  escaped  birds.] 

126.  Mallard  or  Wild   Duck.     Anas  boscas, 

Linn. 
Resident  and  breeding  where  protected. 

[Gadwall.      Anas  strepera,  Linn. 

Very  rare,  and  doubtfully  a  Warwickshire 
bird.  One  was  met  with  at  Lichfield  in 
December,  1881.] 

127.  Shoveler.      Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.) 

An  uncertain  winter  visitor,  but  single 
birds  sometimes  appear  on  the  Avon  and 
the  other  streams.  One  was  shot  at  Sutton 
Coldfield  in  1867. 

128.  Pintail.     Dafila  acuta  (Linn.) 
An  occasional  winter  visitor. 


201 


26 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


129.  Teal.     Nettion  crecca  (Linn.) 

Of  not  infrequent  appearance  as  an  autumn 
and  winter  visitor,  sometimes  appearing  in 
considerable  flights,  but  remaining  only  for 
a  short  time.  It  is  reported  to  have  bred  in 
Sutton  Coldfield  Park,  where  it  is  abundant 
in  the  winter. 

130.  Garganey.     Querqitedula  circia  (Linn.) 
A   rare    spring    migrant.     Three    or    four 

occurrences  only  are  known  to  the  writer. 

131.  Wigeon.     Mareca  penelope  (Linn.) 
Immature  birds,  appearing  either  singly  or 

in  small  flights,  are  not  infrequent  on  our 
streams  in  winter.  In  the  early  spring  adult 
individuals  occur,  but  only  on  passage,  and 
have  never  been  known  to  breed. 

132.  Pochard.     Fuligula  ferina  (Linn.) 
Like   the   wigeon  this   is  a  winter  visitor 

only,  and  in  small  numbers.  It  has  appeared 
on  the  Avon  and  Tame,  as  well  as  on  private 
waters. 

!33-  Tufted  Duck.    Fuligula  cristata  (Leach) 
Immature  examples  are  not  infrequent  in 
winter  on  our  streams,  but  adult  individuals 
are  very  rare. 

134.  Scaup-Duck.     Fuligula  marila  (Linn.) 
Less  frequently  seen  on  inland  waters  than 

the  pochard  or  tufted  duck ;  only  a  straggler, 
and  generally  in  immature  plumage. 

135.  Goldeneye.      Clangula  glaudon  (Linn.) 
Immature  or   female   birds  of  this  species 

are  not  very  rare  in  winter,  and  have  been 
shot  on  the  Avon  and  Tame,  and  on  other 
waters,  but  adult  males  are  of  extremely  rare 
occurrence. 

136.  Common  Scoter.    CEdemia  nigra  (Linn.) 
Of  very   rare   occurrence    on    our    inland 

waters.  In  three  instances  only  during  a 
long  period  has  the  writer  met  with  it  in 
Warwickshire,  twice  on  the  Avon,  and  once 
on  the  sheet  of  water  in  the  park  at  Ragley. 
It  has  however  occurred  at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

137.  Surf-Scoter.   CEdemia  per spidllata  (Linn.) 
A  specimen  of  this  rare  bird  which   was 

shot  on  the  Avon  a  few  miles  down  stream 
from  Stratford  was  brought  to  H.  Coombs 
of  that  town  some  years  since  for  preservation, 
where  it  was  seen  and  secured  by  the  present 
writer.  It  is  an  adult  male  in  full  black 
plumage  with  the  characteristic  white  mark- 
ings on  the  neck. 

138.  Goosander.     Mtrgui  merganser,  Linn. 
Although  not  of  frequent  occurrence  it  is 


certainly  not  very  rare  in  the  county  in  the 
winter.       It    is    however    a    very    uncertain 

visitor. 

139.  Red-breasted  Merganser.    Mergus  serra- 

tor,  Linn. 

Very  rare  in  Warwickshire,  one  example 
only  having  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
writer  during  a  long  period,  which  was  an 
immature  male  shot  in  the  Avon.  Mr. 
Chase  reports  it  to  be  of  equal  rarity  in  the 
district  around  Birmingham,  and  Mr.  Steele 
Elliott  quotes  one  instance  of  its  occurrence 
at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

140.  Smew.     Mergus  albellus,  Linn. 

Has  occurred  once  in  the  county,  namely 
as  Elford  near  Tamworth. 

141.  Ring-Dove  or  Wood-Pigeon.     Columba 

palumbusy  Linn. 
Locally,  Quice. 

A  common  resident.  It  feeds  very  freely 
in  summer  on  the  leaves  of  young  field  peas, 
turnips,  or  clover,  often  to  the  serious  injury 
of  the  crop.  Later  on,  namely  at  harvest,  the 
pods  of  the  peas  are  attacked  and  their  con- 
tents consumed.  In  the  autumn  the  quice 
visits  oak  trees  to  feed  on  the  acorns,  always 
taking  by  preference  those  trees  which  bear 
the  smallest  acorns.  A  good  deal  of  green 
stuff,  such  as  turnip  tops  and  field  cabbage,  is 
eaten  in  the  winter,  as  also  are  the  berries  of 
the  ivy. 

142.  Stock-Dove.      Columba  aenas,  Linn. 

A  much  less  abundant  bird  than  the  quice, 
but  sometimes  associating  with  it  in  winter. 
The  nest  is  generally  in  holes  in  trees,  and 
occasionally  on  the  crown  of  a  pollard  withy. 

143.  Turtle-Dove.      Turtur  communis,  Selby. 
Sixty  years  ago    this   was  a    rare  bird    in 

Warwickshire,  but  it  is  now  common  as  a 
summer  migrant,  the  increase  having  been 
gradual  and  not  by  a  sudden  immigration. 
It  seems  to  affect  the  low-lying  fertile  lands 
rather  than  the  higher  and  more  sterile  ones. 
It  is  reported  to  appear  in  considerable  num- 
bers in  the  north  of  the  county  and  to  breed 
there. 

1 44.  Pallas's  Sand-Grouse.     Syrrhaptes  para- 

doxus  (Pallas) 

In  July,  1888,  a  flock  consisting  of  nine 
individuals  of  this  bird  alighted  in  a  clover 
field  near  Kineton,  and  were  seen  to  be  feed- 
ing, as  was  supposed,  on  the  leaves  of  the 
clover.  One  was  shot  and  taken  into  Stratford- 
on-Avon  for  preservation,  where  it  was  seen 
and  examined  by  the  writer,  into  whose  col- 


202 


BIRDS 


lection  it  afterwards  passed.  It  proved  to  be  a 
female.  About  the  same  time  one  was  shot, 
as  was  stated,  at  Edge  Hill,  which  may  have 
been  one  of  the  same  flock  and  was  brought 
to  Mr.  G.  Quatremayne  of  Stratford  for 
preservation.  With  the  latter  specimen, 
which  was  a  male,  several  others  were  shot, 
which  were  plucked  and  eaten.  In  the 
Zoologist  (1873,  p.  3801)  there  is  a  record 
of  the  appearance  of  the  sand-grouse  at  Swin- 
fin  near  Tamworth. 

145.  Black  Grouse.      Tetrao  tetrix,  Linn. 
Was  formerly  not  very  rare  at  Sutton  Cold- 
field.     A  pair  were  shot  there  in  October, 
1871.     It  is  now  probably  extinct. 

146.  Red  Grouse.    Lagopus  scoticus  (Latham) 
Occurred  formerly  at  Sutton  Coldfield,  but 

is  no  longer  found  there. 

147.  Pheasant.     Phasianus  co/cbicus,  Linn. 
Occurs  where  preserved. 

148.  Partridge.      Perdix  cinerea,  Latham. 

Its  presence  depends  chiefly  on  its  pro- 
tection. 

149.  Red-legged   Partridge.       Caccabis    rufa 

(Linn.) 

Is  rather  local  in  its  distribution,  and  does 
not  appear  to  supersede  the  common  part- 
ridge even  under  protection. 

150.  Quail.     Coturnix  communis,  Bonnaterre. 
A  summer  visitor,  but  though  not  rare  the 

quail  cannot  be  considered  as  otherwise  than 
uncommon.  It  has  occurred  in  most  parts 
of  the  county,  though  only  sparingly. 

151.  Corn-Crake  or  Land-Rail.    Crex  praten- 

sis,  Bechstein. 

A  summer  visitor  whose  presence  is  known 
by  its  loud  raking  note.  That  note,  once  so 
common  in  the  meadows  bordering  the  Avon 
and  its  tributaries,  is  now  much  less  frequently 
heard.  Formerly  the  corn-crakes  were  nu- 
merous enough  in  the  meadows  for  their 
voices  to  be  heard  apparently  in  rivalry,  and 
their  nests  were  often  mown  out  in  the  hay 
season.  They  were  never  so  abundant  in  the 
cultivated  fields,  but  now  they  are  not  often 
heard  in  either  meadow  or  cornfield,  and  the 
nest  is  rarely  seen. 

152.  Spotted      Crake.        Porzana     maruetta 

(Leach) 

Though  not  absolutely  rare  in  the  county 
this  species  is  by  no  means  common.  It 
is  most  frequent  in  the  spring  and  autumn, 
but  has  occurred  both  in  summer  and  mid- 


winter. In  the  summer  of  1848  one  was 
caught  by  a  cat  in  an  osier  bed  under  the 
walls  of  Warwick  Castle,  and  came  at  once 
into  the  hands  of  the  present  writer.  In 
January,  1860,  one  was  shot  on  the  Avon 
where  it  divides  the  counties  of  Warwick  and 
Gloucester,  a  few  miles  down  stream  from 
Stratford.  It  is  stated  to  have  nested  in 
Sutton  Park  in  1880. 

153.  Water-Rail.      Rallus  aquattcus,  Linn. 

A  migratory  bird  in  the  county  and  com- 
mon throughout  the  winter,  but  unknown 
in  the  summer. 

154.  Moor-Hen.     Gallinula  ch/oropus  (Linn.) 
A  common  resident  which  breeds  freely  in 

the  county.  If  closely  observed  it  will  be 
seen  retiring  to  roost  with  great  punctual- 
ity towards  nightfall  into  some  bush  or  low 
tree,  generally  one  overhanging  the  water  of 
a  river  or  pool,  climbing  up  the  branches 
which  hang  down  into  the  water.  The 
habit  of  ascending  into  trees  even  to  a  con- 
siderable height  out  of  the  way  of  danger  is 
not  uncommon  with  the  moor-hen.  When 
out  shooting  some  years  ago  the  present 
writer  saw  a  moor-hen  which  was  flushed  by 
the  dog  fly  directly  up  into  the  very  top  of 
a  large  oak,  and  there  disappear  from  sight. 
Shortly  afterwards  a  second  was  put  up  which 
was  seen  to  drop  directly  into  the  old  nest 
of  a  crow.  A  well  directed  shot  at  the 
bottom  of  the  nest  brought  both  the  birds  out 
in  great  haste,  but  apparently  unhurt.  The 
moor-hen  will  become  very  tame  if  not 
alarmed,  and  has  been  known  to  approach 
quite  near  to  a  dwelling  and  feed  morning 
and  evening  with  the  poultry. 

155.  Coot.      Fullca  atra,  Linn. 

Common  on  ornamental  or  protected 
waters. 

156.  Little  Bustard.      Otis  tetrax,  Linn. 

'  Once  at  Thickbroom  near  Tamworth.' — 
Chase. 

157.  Stone-Curlew.       (Edicnemus   scolopax  (S. 

G.   Gmelin) 

Two  specimens  of  this  bird  which  were 
killed  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon  are  in 
the  possession  of  the  writer.  One  was  taken 
at  Wilmcote  near  Stratford  on  19  October, 
1847,  and  tne  other  shot  on  i  January,  1853, 
on  the  border  between  the  counties  of  War- 
wick and  Gloucester  near  Weston-on-Avon. 

[Dotterel.      Eudromias  morinellus  (Linn.) 
Has  occurred  at  Perry  Barr  near  Birming- 
ham  in    1882,  and   on  Cannock  Chace    in 
1875.] 


203 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


158.  Ringed     Plover.       /Egialitis    biaticula 

(Linn.) 

An  uncertain  straggler  appearing  sometimes 
in  the  winter.  Mr.  T.  Ground  of  Birming- 
ham has  a  note  of  one  at  Haywood  near  that 
city.  It  has  also  occurred  not  uncommonly 
at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

159.  Golden    Plover.      Charadrius  p/uvialis, 

Linn. 

A  winter  visitor  to  the  county,  and  not 
uncommon,  usually  associating  with  lapwings. 

1  60.   Lapwing.      Vanellus  vu/garis,  Bechstein. 
A  common  resident  and  breeding  in  many 
localities. 

[Turnstone.     Strepsilas  interpret  (Linn.) 
'  Very  rare.'—  Chase.] 

161.  Oyster-Catcher.      Htematopus  ostra/egus, 

Linn. 

A  rare  straggler  which  has  appeared  in 
many  parts  of  the  county.  Mr.  T.  Ground 
has  a  note  of  one  which  was  found  in  Broad 
Street,  Birmingham,  on  30  January,  1877. 

162.  Grey  Phalarope.      Phalaropus  fu/icarins 

(Linn.) 

An  uncertain  visitor  in  winter,  but  in  some 
seasons  not  very  rare.  It  appeared  in  several 
localities  in  1844,  1853,  J^57  all(l  1886. 


163.  Red-necked  Phalarope.   Phalaropus  hyper- 

boreus  (Linn.) 
'  Has  occurred  once  at  Tamworth.'  —  Chase. 

164.  Woodcock.      Scolopax  rusticu/a,  Linn. 
Common  throughout  winter  in  many  places, 

and  has  bred  in  the  woods  near  Alcester. 

165.  Great  Snipe.     Gallinago  major  (Gmelin) 
According  to  Mr.  Chase   the   great  snipe 

has  once  occurred  near  Tamworth.  It  is  also 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Steele  Elliott  as  having 
appeared  at  Sutton  Coldfield  in  January,  1892, 
and  November,  1894. 

1  66.  Common  Snipe.    Gallinago  caelest'n  (Fren- 
zel) 

In  the  early  part  of  the  last  century  the 
snipe  was  abundant  in  many  localities  in  the 
county.  Snitterfield  is  said  to  have  taken  its 
name  from  the  plentifulness  of  this  bird  in 
that  neighbourhood.  It  is  reported  to  have 
bred,  though  only  sparingly,  in  the  north  of 
the  county. 

167.  Jack  Snipe.     Gallinago  gallinula  (Linn.) 
A    common    though    not    very    abundant 
winter  visitor. 


1 68.  Dunlin.      Tringa  alpina,  Linn. 

A  very  rare  straggler  inland.  A  few  in- 
dividuals have  been  met  with  in  the  valley  of 
the  Avon,  and  one  is  recorded  as  occurring 
at  Small  Heath  near  Birmingham.  One  which 
was  shot  on  the  Arrow  near  Alcester  has  the 
feathers  of  the  back  margined  by  rich  chest- 
nut, and  the  under  parts  partially  spotted 
with  black,  as  in  the  breeding  season,  but  I 
have  not  the  date  of  its  appearance. 

169.  Ruff.      Machetes  pugnax  (Linn.) 
According  to  Mr.  Chase  this  bird  has  once 

appeared  at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

170.  Bartram's  Sandpiper.     Bartramia  longi- 

cauda  (Bechstein) 

The  first  known  example  of  this  as  a 
British  bird  was  shot  by  the  late  Lord  Wil- 
loughby  de  Broke  on  his  estate  at  Compton 
Verney,  Warwickshire,  on  31  October,  1851. 
It  was  no  doubt  a  passage  bird  which  had 
alighted  in  the  middle  of  a  stubble  field  and 
permitted  a  near  approach,  as  the  writer  was 
informed  by  Lord  Willoughby  himself.  Com- 
pared with  preserved  skins  from  the  United 
States,  the  Warwickshire  specimen  is  paler 
in  colour  and  the  dark  markings  less  distinct. 

171.  Common  Sandpiper.      Totanus  hypoleucus 

(Linn.) 

A  regular  spring  migrant  appearing  on  our 
streams  for  a  short  time  only,  and  not  known 
to  breed.  In  the  autumn  there  is  another 
appearance,  consisting  chiefly  of  young  birds. 

172.  Wood  -  Sandpiper.         Totanus     glareola 

(Gmelin) 

Very  rare.  Mr.  Chase  records  its  appear- 
ance at  the  sewage  farm  near  Birmingham. 

173.  Green     Sandpiper.         Totanus     ochropus 

(Linn.) 

Has  occurred  in  many  localities  in  the 
county,  but  must  be  reported  as  rare.  It 
seems  to  frequent  pools  or  any  other  retired 
place,  rather  than  navigable  streams  or  canals. 

174.  Redshank.      Totanus  calidrh  (Linn.) 
The  redshank  is  reported  by  Mr.  Chase  to 

have  appeared  at  the  sewage  farm  near  Bir- 
mingham. 

175.  Greenshank.     Totanus  canescens  (Gmelin) 
A  specimen  in  the  writer's  collection  was 

shot  out  of  a  flock  passing  over  the  estate  of  Mr. 
J.  R.  West  at  Alscot  near  Stratford-on-Avon 
on  26  August,  1847.  Mr.  Chase  mentions 
Castle  Bromwich  as  a  locality  where  it  has 
occurred. 


204 


BIRDS 


176.  Common   Curlew.      Numenius  arquata 

(Linn.) 

An  occasional  winter  visitor  only,  appar- 
ently halting  for  a  time  on  its  way  across  the 
country.  Its  well  known  whistle  may  not 
infrequently  be  heard  in  the  night. 

177.  Black  Tern.    Hydrochelidon  nigra  (Linn.) 
An  uncertain  though  not  very  rare  visitor 

to  the  streams  of  the  county.  On  several 
occasions  adult  birds  have  been  met  with  in 
the  spring  on  the  Avon  at  Warwick,  Strat- 
ford, and  Bidford,  and  on  the  Arrow  at 
Alcester.  In  the  autumn  immature  birds 
sometimes  appear.  It  is  reported  to  be  not 
infrequent  in  the  north  part  of  the  county 
in  the  spring  and  autumn. 

178.  White-winged    Black    Tern.       Hydro- 

chelidon leucoptera  (Schinz) 
One  of  these  birds  was  shot  while  flying 
over  the  Avon  near  Welford  on  8  May, 
1884.  The  stream  at  that  place  divides  the 
counties  of  Warwick  and  Gloucester.  The 
specimen  was  in  adult  plumage,  but  the  sex 
could  not  be  determined. 

179.  Gull-billed  Tern.     Sterna  ang/ica,  Mon- 

tagu. 

A  bird  of  this  species  was  shot  flying  over 
the  reservoir  at  Wormleighton  on  24  April, 
1876,  and  brought  to  Mr.  Peter  Spicer  for 
preservation.  From  Mr.  T.  Ground  I  learn 
that  a  gull-billed  tern  occurred  at  Coleshill 
in  1899. 

1 80.  Sandwich      Tern.         Sterna     cantiaca, 

Gmelin. 

A  sandwich  tern  was  shot  at  Hampton  in 
Arden  in  April,  1876,  and  brought  to  Mr. 
Peter  Spicer  of  Leamington.  Mr.  Chase 
records  this  as  an  occasional  autumn  visitor, 
and  says  that  it  has  occurred  at  Castle  Brom- 
wich. 

1 8 1.  Common     Tern.        Sterna    Jluviati/is, 

Naumann. 

This  is  by  no  means  a  common  bird  in  the 
county,  but  has  often  been  confounded  with 
the  arctic  tern,  which  is  less  rare  on  the 
spring  migration.  A  pair  of  common  terns 
in  adult  plumage  were  shot  together  over  the 
Avon  near  Luddington  on  18  August,  1841. 
Since  that  date  a  few  others  have  appeared. 
Mr.  Chase  however  speaks  of  it  as  being 
often  observed  around  the  city  of  Birming- 
ham during  spring  and  autumn  migration. 

182.  Arctic  Tern.    Sterna  macrura,  Naumann. 
More  common  than  the  last  species  in  the 

spring  and   autumn   migration.      The    great 


flights  which  appeared  on  the  Severn  and 
Avon  in  May,  1842,  extended  up  the  latter 
river  to  its  source.  Most  of  the  specimens 
brought  to  the  bird  stuffers  in  the  autumn 
have  been  immature  birds. 

183.  Little  Tern.     Sterna  minuta,  Linn. 

A  rare  straggler  on  our  streams,  but  it  has 
been  shot  on  the  Avon  as  high  up  as  War- 
wick. 

184.  Sabine's  Gull.     Xema  sabinii  (J.  Sabine) 
Mr.  Chase  says, '  Once  occurred  near  Coles- 
hill  in  October,  1883.' 

185.  Little  Gull.      Larus  minutus,  Pallas. 

A  specimen  of  this  small  gull  was  shot 
while  flying  over  the  Avon  near  Bidford  and 
brought  to  Stratford  for  preservation,  where 
the  writer  saw  and  examined  it.  The  plum- 
age was  that  of  an  immature  bird. 

1 86.  Brown-headed  Gull.      Larus  ridibundus, 

Linn. 

The  distance  of  this  county  from  the  sea, 
and  the  absence  of  a  river  estuary,  must 
materially  influence  the  appearance  of  many 
marine  birds  such  as  the  gulls,  and  accord- 
ingly the  records  of  their  appearance  are 
very  meagre,  and  like  all  the  others  the 
present  species  is  only  known  as  a  straggler, 
though  immature  examples  are  not  of  rare 
appearance  in  the  autumn. 

187.  Common  Gull.      Larus  canus,  Linn. 
An   occasional   wanderer  only,  but   some- 
times staying  in  the  open  fields  and   feeding 
on  earthworms. 

1 88.  Herring-Gull.  Larus  argentatus,  Gmelin. 
Like   the    last    only  an    uncertain   visitor, 

though  adult  as  well  as  immature  birds  have 
been  observed. 

189.  Lesser  Black-backed  Gull.    Larus  fuscus, 

Linn. 

An  uncommon  straggler,  which  has  how- 
ever been  observed  at  many  places  in  the 
county,  including  the  north,  as  noticed  by 
Mr.  Chase. 

190.  Great  Black-backed  Gull.  Larus  marinus, 

Linn. 

Of  rare  occurrence.  It  seldom  makes  a 
halt  in  in  its  flight  across  this  county.  An 
example  is  reported  to  have  been  taken  at 
Shustoke. 

[Pomatorhine  Skua.     Stercorarius  pomator- 

hinus  (Temminck) 

Reported  by  Mr.  Chase  as  very  rare  in  the 
Birmingham  district.] 


205 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


191.  Arctic     Skua.       Stercorarius    crepidatus 

(Gmelin) 

A  bird  of  this  species  was  taken  near  Bir- 
mingham in  October,  1897,  as  I  learn  from 
Mr.  T.  Ground. 

[Long-tailed  or  Buffon's  Skua.  Stercorarius 
parasiticus  (Linn.) 

An  immature  bird  of  this  species  was  shot 
on  the  Lichfield  racecourse  in  October,  1874, 
and  recorded  by  Mr.  Chase.] 

192.  Razorbill.     A  lea  torda,  Linn. 
Specimens  of  this  bird  have  at  various  times 

been  brought  to  Warwick  and  Stratford  for 
preservation,  where  they  have  been  seen  by 
the  present  writer. 

193.  Guillemot.      Uria  trolle  (Linn.) 
When   it  appears   it   is  a  waif  and    stray 

driven  inland  by  heavy  gales.  The  writer 
has  seen  one  which  was  shot  from  the  roof 
of  a  thatched  cottage  in  the  south-eastern 
side  of  the  county. 

194.  Little  Auk.      Mergulm  alle  (Linn.) 
This  also  has  several  times  been  found  in 

the  county  as  a  storm-driven  bird,  either  in 
an  exhausted  state  or  dead.  All  examined 
by  the  writer  have  been  in  winter  plumage 
excepting  one,  which  was  taken  up  dead  at 
Great  Alne  near  Alcester  in  the  spring  a  good 
many  years  ago,  which  was  in  full  summer 
dress. 

195.  Puffin.      Fratercula  arct'ica  (Linn.) 
Found    only  after  strong    gales  from    the 

Bristol  Channel,  and  generally  in  the  autumn. 
All  the  examples  examined  have  been  young 
birds. 

196.  Great      Northern      Diver.        Colymbus 

g/acia/isy  Linn. 

A  rare  visitor  to  the  streams  of  the  county, 
two  only  having  come  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  writer  during  a  period  of  half  a  century. 
One  of  them  was  shot  in  the  Avon  at  Alves- 
ton  near  Stratford  and  is  now  in  the  Warwick 
Museum.  Mr.  Chase  records  the  occurrence 
of  one  at  Tipton  on  8  January,  1877. 

197.  Red-throated    Diver.     Colymbus   septen- 

triona/is,   Linn. 

Though  uncommon  this  is  not  a  very  rare 
bird  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon,  but  nearly  all 
the  examples  seen  have  been  immature  and 
appeared  in  the  autumn  or  winter.  One  only 
in  adult  plumage  is  on  record.  It  was  taken 
up  in  a  state  of  great  exhaustion  in  Loxley 
Lane  near  Stratford-on-Avon  in  November, 
1858. 


198.  Great  Crested  Grebe.    Podicipes  cristatus 

(Linn.) 

An  uncommon  almost  rare  bird  in  the 
county,  occurring  occasionally  in  the  winter 
on  the  Avon.  A  pair  which  had  commenced 
building  a  nest  at  Napton  in  May,  1881,  were 
both  ruthlessly  shot.  It  has  several  times 
been  known  to  breed  at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

1 99.  Red-necked  Grebe.     Podicipes  griseigtna 

(Boddaert) 

There  are  several  records  of  the  appearance 
of  this  species  on  the  Avon,  in  all  instances  in 
the  winter. 

200.  Slavonian      Grebe.       Podicipes     auritus 

(Linn.) 

An  autumn  and  winter  visitor  to  the  county, 
but  has  on  one  occasion  appeared  in  summer. 
A  pair  in  full  breeding  plumage  were  shot  to- 
gether on  some  ornamental  water  at  Wootton 
Hall  near  Henley  in  Arden,  and  brought  to 
John  Spicer  of  Warwick  some  years  since, 
when  they  were  examined  by  the  writer. 
Doubtless  if  spared  they  would  have  bred 
there.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  several 
other  localities  in  the  county. 

201.  Eared       Grebe.        Podicipes      nigricollis 

(Brehm) 

Of  rare  occurrence  in  the  county,  though 
it  has  been  shot  on  the  Avon  in  a  few  instances 
in  winter.  One  in  full  summer  plumage  was 
however  shot  on  the  ornamental  water  at 
Wootton  Hall  near  Henley  in  Arden  a  few 
years  since,  which  having  been  taken  to  John 
Spicer  of  Warwick  for  preservation  came  under 
the  observation  of  the  present  writer. 

202.  Little    Grebe    or    Dabchick.     Podicipes 

fluviatilis   (Tunstall) 

Common  though  not  abundant  in  winter 
on  all  streams  and  ponds,  and  but  little 
known  in  summer ;  there  is  no  record  of 
its  having  bred  in  the  county.  A  very 
immature  specimen  was  however  shot  on 
the  Arrow  near  Alcester  some  years  ago. 

203.  Storm-Petrel.    Procellaria  pelagica,  Linn. 
A  waif  and  stray  of  rare  occurrence,  but 

yet  when  seen  has  always  been  on  the  wing 
and  not  in  an  exhausted  state.  One  was  shot 
while  flying  about  at  Wormleighton  on  15 
August,  1885,  and  taken  to  Mr.  Peter  Spicer  of 
Leamington  for  preservation.  Another  was 
also  shot  near  Alcester  in  the  winter  of 
1882-3  an(i  sent  to  Mr.  Hunt  of  that  town 
to  be  preserved.  According  to  Mr.  Chase  it 
has  occurred  several  times  in  the  Birmingham 
district. 


2O6 


BIRDS 

204.  Leach's  Fork-tailed  Petrel.   Oceanodroma  205.  Manx    Shearwater.     Pufftnus   anglarum 

leucorrhoa  (Vieillot)  (Temminck) 

This,  like  the  storm-petrel,  only  occurs  as          Occasionally  a  shearwater  of  this  species  is 

a  storm-driven  straggler,  but  certainly  much  found  on  the  ground  and  unable  to  rise  after 

more  frequently  inland  than  that  species.     In  a  strong  gale  from  the  Bristol  Channel.     One 

every  instance  which  has  come  to  the  know-  was  taken  up  alive  and  unhurt  in  a  field  of 

ledge  of  the  writer  the  bird  has  been  taken  wheat,  then  in  shuck,  near  Stratford-on-Avon 

up  dead  or  too  much  exhausted  to  make  any  in  the  fourth  week  in  August,  1888.     It  was 

attempt  at  escape.     About  a  dozen  specimens  brought  to  the  writer  on  the  following  day, 

examined  by  the  writer  have  been  found  in  and   proved   to   be  a  male   in  fine  plumage, 

the  valley  of  the  Avon,  some  of  which  were  Another  was    taken    up   in    Chandos    Road, 

in  Warwickshire.     A  bird  of  this  species  was  Birmingham,   on    5   September,    1880,  as   is 

picked  up  dead  on  4  September,  1883,  in  a  recorded  by  Mr.  Chase, 
yard  in  Guild  ford  Street,  Birmingham. 


207 


MAMMALS 


As  in  the  case  of  the  birds,  the  physical  features  of  a  county  deter- 
mine to  a  great  extent  the  number  and  distribution  of  its  mammals. 
For  the  continued  presence  of  the  larger  mammals  there  must  be  quiet 
retreats  in  plenty  such  as  a  forest  or  moorland  offers  ;  there  must  be  also 
the  attractions  of  the  pasture-land  and  the  lake.  These  features  in 
Warwickshire,  with  its  broad  cultivated  lands,  are  not  sufficiently  well 
marked,  and  the  badger,  of  the  larger  mammals,  finds  it  difficult  to  exist, 
if  it  has  not  already  disappeared  from  our  borders.  The  otter,  however, 
though  by  no  means  common,  still  clings  to  the  Avon,  and  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  report  that  it  has  even  become  rather  more  frequent  between 
Evesham  and  Stratford  since  the  navigation  between  these  places  has 
ceased.  Brought  into  our  county  from  the  warehouses  of  Gloucester 
and  Bristol  on  board  the  grain  laden  vessels  which  came  up  the  Avon, 
the  old  English  black  rat  was  reintroduced  about  forty  or  fifty  years 
ago,  but  has  again  become  rare,  perhaps  extinct.  In  the  distribution  of 
the  smaller  mammals  the  Avon  also  has  considerable  influence.  The 
meadows  about  its  banks  are  the  haunts  of  such  species  as  the  water 
shrew  and  the  field  and  bank  voles,  and  the  water  vole  abounds  in  the 
river  itself.  Of  the  Cervidcz,  or  deer,  little  need  be  said,  as  the  natural 
characteristics  of  the  county  in  no  way  affect  their  existence,  for  they 
continue  under  protection  only  in  the  parks  where  they  have  been 
introduced  and  beyond  their  mere  mention  need  claim  no  more  of  our 
attention  than  the  cattle  in  the  pastures. 

A  great  many  years  spent  amongst  the  vertebrates  of  the  valley  of 
the  Avon  more  or  less  in  connection  with  the  Warwickshire  Naturalists' 
Field  Club,  and  a  long  connection  also  with  the  museum  in  the  county 
town,  has  made  the  writer  acquainted  with  a  great  number  of  the  species, 
and  enabled  him  to  contribute  in  no  inconsiderable  degree  to  the  second 
edition  of  Bell's  British  Quadrupeds.  With  the  species  in  the  north  end 
of  the  county  he  is  much  less  intimately  acquainted,  but  the  deficiency 
of  information  is  fortunately  made  up  by  other  observers  who  have  made 
public  the  results  of  their  observations.  The  following  may  be  specially 
mentioned  as  supplying  valuable  information  : — 

A  Handbook  of  Birmingham.,  prepared  for  the  members  of  the  British 
Association  in  1886.  The  parts  relating  to  the  mammals  and  reptiles 
around  Birmingham  was  written  by  Mr.  E.  de  Hamel,  what  relates  to 
the  birds  was  supplied  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Chase,  while  the  account  of  the 
fishes  was  the  work  of  Mr.  G.  Sherriff  Tye.  The  whole  was  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  W.  R.  Hughes,  F.L.S.,  and  took  in  an  area  of  twenty 

208 


MAMMALS 

miles    around    Birmingham    and    consequently    a    considerable    area    in 
Warwickshire. 

Subsequently  to  the  appearance  of  the  above  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott 
printed  a  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  Sutton  Coldfield  Park,  which  is  of  great 
interest,  the  locality,  it  may  be  observed,  being  quite  a  classical  one  with 
the  zoologists  of  the  midland  counties.  For  the  use  of  a  copy  of  that 
work  the  writer  is  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott 
himself. 

CHEIROPTERA 


1.  Lesser  Horse-shoe  Bat.      Rhinolophus  hip- 

poiiderus,  Bechstein. 

This  is  a  local  rather  than  a  rare  species. 
The  writer  has  seen  it  in  considerable  num- 
bers in  its  diurnal  retreats  in  the  roof  of  the 
mansion  at  Ragley,  and  in  smaller  numbers 
near  Stratford  and  Warwick,  always  in  build- 
ings, either  singly  or  in  numbers. 

In  no  instance  has  the  greater  horse-shoe 
bat  been  noted  as  occurring  in  Warwick- 
shire, though  it  is  reported  in  the  Fauna  and 
Flora  of  Gloucester  as  occurring  in  that 
county. 

2.  Long-eared  Bat.     Plecotus  auritus,  Linn. 
A  common  though  not  very  numerous  bat 

which  frequents  a  great  many  localities  in  the 
county,  and,  whether  when  feeding  after 
nightfall  or  in  its  diurnal  retreat,  appears  to 
be  solitary,  though  several  are  occasionally 
found  near  together.  It  takes  its  food,  as  the 
writer  can  affirm  from  personal  observation, 
both  on  the  wing  and  when  at  rest.  It 
hovers  in  front  of  foliage  and  takes  the  in- 
sects which  are  resting  on  the  leaves. 

3.  Barbastelle.    Barbastella  barbastellus,  Schre- 

ber. 

Bell — Barbastellus  daubentonn. 
A  solitary  and  by  no  means  common 
species,  which  frequents  several,  perhaps 
many,  localities  in  the  county.  The  writer 
has  obtained  it  at  Alcester  and  also  at  Wei- 
ford  and  Weston  on  the  Avon,  which  al- 
though in  Gloucestershire  are  only  removed 
from  Warwickshire  by  two  or  three  hundred 
paces.  It  has  also  been  found  in  or  near  the 
town  of  Warwick.  The  place  of  retirement 
for  the  day  is  very  varied,  indeed  almost  any 
hole  or  crack,  either  in  a  building  or  tree,  is 
suitable. 

4.  Great  or  White's  Bat.    Pipistrellus  noctula, 

Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  noctula. 
White — Vespertilio  altivolans. 
A  common  species   in   the  valley 
Avon    and    indeed    throughout    the 


of  the 
county, 


feeding  largely  on  the  cockchafer  in  the 
early  part  of  the  summer  and  other  large 
species  of  Coleoptera  at  a  later  period.  The 
crushing  of  their  hard  elytra  in  the  process  of 
mastication  may  be  very  distinctly  heard  on 
those  evenings  when  the  flight  is  not  too  high 
up.  During  the  day  this  bat  retires  to  holes 
in  trees. 

5.  Pipistrelle.   Pipistrellus  pipistrellus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  pipistrellus. 
A  common  but  solitary  species  frequenting 
buildings  and  flitting  to  and  fro  in  any  shel- 
tered spot,  either  among  the  stems  of  trees 
or  buildings,  but  never,  so  far  as  the  writer 
has  observed,  amongst  foliage.  Any  hole  will 
serve  its  turn  as  a  place  of  rest  for  the  day, 
whether  in  a  tree  or  building. 

6.  Natterer's  Bat.      Myotis  nattereri,  Kuhl. 

Bell — fespertilio  nattereri. 
A  thoroughly  gregarious  species,  at  least  so 
far  as  its  diurnal  retreat  is  concerned.  Very 
local  in  its  distribution,  the  only  places  in  the 
county  where  it  has  been  observed  by  the 
writer  being  at  Arrow,  near  Alcester,  where 
some  years  since  there  was  quite  a  large 
colony  in  the  roof  of  the  church,  and  at 
Temple  Grafton.  At  the  latter  place  it  was 
shot  while  on  the  wing  in  the  evening,  and 
a  considerable  number  were  noticed. 

7.  Daubenton's     Bat.        Myotts     daubentoni, 

Leisler. 

Bell — Vespertilh  daubentonil. 
Common  and  frequenting  water,  especially 
that  which  is  stagnant,  close  to  the  surface  of 
which  it  flits  ;  but  as  it  comes  abroad  rather 
late  it  is  not  easily  observed.  The  writer  has 
seen  it  on  the  Avon  in  many  places  in  the 
county,  as  at  Warwick,  where  it  was  numerous 
beneath  and  near  the  arches  of  the  bridge  as 
well  as  in  close  proximity  to  the  castle  ;  also 
over  the  stagnant  water  near  the  railway 
station,  formerly  in  the  grounds  of  the  priory. 
At  Stratford  it  occurs  in  considerable  num- 
bers, reposing  during  the  day  in  the  tower  of 
the  church,  and  at  Bidford  and  Binton.  It 


209 


27 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


was  equally  common  at  one  time  over  the 
large  fishponds  at  Coughton  Court  near  Alces- 
ter.  Mr.  J.  Steele  Elliott  records  its  occur- 
rence at  Sutton  Coldfield. 

8.  Whiskered      Bat.          Myotis      mystacinus, 
Leisler. 

Bell — Vespertillo  mystacinus. 
Common  and   frequenting  the    foliage    of 


tall  trees,  which  it  penetrates  through  and 
through  in  pursuit  of  insects,  which  appear  to 
be  taken  while  resting  on  the  leaves.  Its 
flight  in  the  intricacies  of  foliage  is  remark- 
ably quivering,  and  unlike  that  of  any  other 
British  bat.  So  far  as  the  writer  has  observed 
it  returns  to  rest  and  to  hybernate  in  buildings 
rather  than  trees,  indeed  he  has  never  met 
with  it  in  the  latter  situation. 


INSECTIVORA 


9.  Hedgehog.     Erinaceus  europ<eusy  Linn. 

The  hedgehog  is  too  well  known  in  the 
county  to  require  special  observation.  It 
might  however  be  mentioned  that  one  kept 
as  a  pet  and  which  was  very  docile  had  a 
very  decided  liking  for  hens'  eggs,  and  would 
consume  those  which  were  in  the  very  last 
stage  of  decay  with  as  much  relish  as  fresh 
ones. 

10.  Mole.      Talpa  europtea,  Linn. 

The  abundance  or  the  reverse  of  the  mole 
in  any  district  depends  entirely  on  the  assidu- 
ity of  the  mole-catcher.  There  is  no  doubt 
however  that  with  the  decadence  of  agricul- 
ture it  has  materially  increased,  and  in  many 
places  is  now  abundant,  as  may  be  seen  from 
the  number  of  hills  it  throws  up. 

11.  Common       Shrew.         Sorex      arancusy 

Linn. 

A  common  and  generally  distributed  species, 
which  varies  much  in  colour,  the  upper  parts 
being  sometimes  nearly  black. 


12.  Pigmy  Shrew.     Sorex  minutus,  Pallas. 

Bell — Sorex  pygm<?us. 

Much  less  abundant  than  the  common 
shrew,  to  which  it  bears  considerable  resem- 
blance, except  in  size  and  in  being  always  of  a 
lighter  colour.  It  appears  to  be  very  local  in 
its  distribution,  indeed  the  writer  has  met 
with  it  only  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon. 

13.  Water  Shrew.     Neomys  fodiens,  Pallas. 

Bell — Crossopus  fodlent. 

Not  rare  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon,  where 
it  frequents  the  low  lying  meadows.  It  is 
also  found  in  the  wet  ditches  and  rills  of  the 
higher  ground,  subsisting  on  small  crustaceans, 
which  are  abundant  in  such  places.  It  will 
also  feed  on  the  dead  body  of  an  animal  or 
bird,  as  the  writer  has  determined  from 
personal  observation. 

The  so-called  oared  shrew  is  a  variety  only 
of  the  water  shrew,  in  the  summer  or 
seasonal  dress  of  that  species.  In  the  winter 
the  contrast  between  the  black  colour  of  the 
back  and  the  white  of  the  under  parts  be- 
comes again  clearly  defined. 


CARNIVORA 


14.   Fox.      Vulpes  vu/pes,  Linn. 

Bell — Vulpes  vulgaris. 

An  animal  which  is  common  or  rare  accord- 
ing as  it  is  preserved  for  hunting  or  destroyed 


as  vermin. 


15.  Polecat.      Putorius  putorius,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  putorius. 

Formerly  not  rare  in  the  county,  though  it 
had  become  uncommon  so  long  as  half  a 
century  since.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether 
it  now  occurs,  as  there  is  no  recent  and  well 
authenticated  instance  of  its  appearance.  Some 
so-called  polecats  which  the  writer  has  seen 
were  undoubtedly  brown  ferrets  which  had 
escaped,  and  closely  resembled  polecats. 

1 6.  Stoat.     Putorius  ermineus,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  erminea. 
Though   less  abundant    than    the    weasel, 


the  stoat  is  common  and  generally  distributed. 
It  is  a  bold  and  wild  creature  with  a  good 
deal  of  dash,  and  when  hunted  by  dogs  will 
take  across  country,  keeping  however  as  much 
as  possible  within  cover  and  out  of  sight. 
Occasionally,  when  it  has  become  white  and 
is  very  conspicuous,  it  may  be  seen  to  pass 
through  hedge  and  over  ditch  for  two  or 
three  fields  length  without  check  or  hesita- 
tion. The  stoat  is  also  an  adroit  climber, 
and  will  ascend  the  upright  bole  of  a  tree  to 
reach  the  nests  of  birds  almost  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  squirrel. 

17.  Weasel.     Putorius  nivalis.  Linn. 
Bell — Mustela  vulgaris. 

Common  and  generally  distributed,  feeding 
chiefly  on  field  mice  and  voles,  and  also  on 
young  rabbits  and  birds.  There  is  some 


210 


MAMMALS 


doubt  whether  it  preys  on  shrews,  but  that  it 
destroys  a  great  many  nests  of  ground  build- 
ing birds  is  without  doubt ;  and  that  it  follows 
moles  in  their  subterranean  runs  is  obvious 
from  its  being  sometimes  caught  in  the  mole 
trap. 

1 8.  Badger.     Meles  me/es,  Linn. 

Bell — Meles  taxus. 

An  uncommon  animal,  which  owes  its 
very  existence  to  its  fossorial  habits.  Were 
it  not  gifted  with  great  capabilities  of  exca- 
vating it  would  long  since  have  disappeared 
from  the  cultivated  parts  of  the  county,  in- 


deed probably  it  has  become  extinct  in  nearly 
all  parts. 

19.  Otter.     Lutra  lutra,  Linn. 

Bell — Lutra  vulgaris. 

Not  so  rare  in  the  streams  of  Warwickshire 
as  formerly  when  the  upper  Avon  was  a 
navigable  stream.  It  cannot  now  be  men- 
tioned as  by  any  means  abundant,  but  has 
certainly  become  more  common  since  the 
navigation  has  been  superseded  by  railways. 
A  creature  of  the  size  of  the  otter  is  never 
likely  to  be  plentiful  in  a  stream  passing 
through  a  cultivated  district. 


RODENTIA 


20.  Squirrel.      Sciurus  leucourus,  Kerr. 

Bell — Sciurus  vulgaris. 

Common  in  all  considerable  woods.  It  is 
accused  by  keepers  and  woodmen  of  destroy- 
ing the  eggs  and  young  of  many  tree  build- 
ing birds. 

[Dormouse.  Muscardinus  ave/lanarius,  Linn. 
The  dormouse  has  been  said  to  occur  in 
the  county,  though  the  writer  has  never  met 
with  it,  and  it  is  not  included  by  Mr.  J. 
Steele  Elliott  in  his  list  of  the  mammals  of 
Sutton  Coldfield.] 

21.  Brown  Rat.     Mas  decumanus,  Pallas. 

An  abundant  pest  of  nasty  habits,  but 
easily  tamed  even  when  not  in  captivity. 
Aged  males  often  become  solitary  in  their 
habits  and  develop  cannibal  propensities. 

22.  Black  Rat.     Mm  rattus,  Linn. 

A  few  years  since  the  black  rat  was  by  no 
means  rare  in  several  localities  in  the  county, 
all  more  or  less  near  to  the  Avon  ;  and  it 
was  supposed  that  it  was  introduced  by  barges 
laden  with  grain  up  that  stream  from  Glouces- 
ter and  Bristol.  That  was  probably  the  case, 
as  since  the  navigation  of  the  Avon  has 
ceased  the  black  rats  have  not  been  observed. 
It  is  still  said  to  frequent  some  of  the  Bristol 
warehouses. 

23.  House  Mouse.     Mus  musculus,  Linn. 

Too  abundant  and  too  great  a  pest  to  re- 
quire further  mention. 

24.  Long-tailed  Field  Mouse.     Mus  sylvati- 

cus,  Linn. 

Common  and  frequenting  the  open  fields. 
It  is  one  of  the  prettiest  of  our  mammals,  and 
may  be  very  easily  tamed. 

25.  Harvest  Mouse.     Mus  minutus,  Pallas. 
So  far  as  the  observations  of  the   present 


writer  go,  this  small  creature  is  found  only  in 
the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the  county 
and  is  unknown  in  the  north.  It  is  more 
common  in  the  valley  of  the  Avon  than  else- 
where, preferring  the  lower  and  more  fertile 
tracts. 

26.  Water  Vole.     Murotus  amphibius,  Linn. 

Bell— Arvicola  amphibius. 
Common  wherever  there  is  water,  whether 
in  river,  brook,  pond,  or  even  ditch.  Aquatic 
plants  constitute  the  chief  food,  such  as  the 
succulent  bottom  part  of  the  large  bulrush 
and  duckweed.  When  feeding  on  the  latter 
the  animal  sits  on  its  hind  legs  in  the  manner 
of  a  dormouse  or  squirrel,  and  conveys  the 
weed  to  the  mouth  by  the  two  paws,  only 
the  green  leafy  part  being  eaten.  When 
hard  pressed  for  food,  more  especially  during 
floods,  the  bark  of  bushes  and  trees  is  eaten. 

27.  Field  Vole.      Microtus  agrestis,  Linn. 

A  common  and  sleepy  looking  animal 
having  very  little  intelligence,  as  any  one 
keeping  it  in  captivity  will  very  soon  observe. 
Sometimes,  after  severe  winters,  large  orna- 
mental masses  of  ivy  on  walls  or  other  build- 
ings will  be  seen  in  the  spring  to  have  dead 
branches,  which  on  examination  will  be  found 
to  have  been  barked  by  mice.  It  is  the  pre- 
sent species,  the  writer  believes,  which  must 
be  credited  with  the  mischief. 

28.  Bank  Vole.    Evotomys  glareolus,  Schreber. 
A  less  abundant  species  than  the  last  named, 

but  yet  not  rare.  Its  habits  are  very  similar 
to  those  of  the  field  vole,  but  it  is  a  much 
more  lively  creature,  while  its  brighter  colour 
and  less  obese  form  add  greatly  to  its  general 
appearance.  This  and  the  last  species,  as  well 
as  the  harvest  mouse,  the  long-tailed  field 
mouse,  and  the  three  species  of  shrews,  were 
much  more  frequently  met  with  before  the 


211 


A    HISTORY    OF  WARWICKSHIRE 

introduction  of  reaping  and  mowing  machines  it  will  at  no  distant  time  become  extinct.  It 
than  they  have  been  since.  The  sickle  and  is  even  questionable  whether  under  the  opera- 
scythe  left  stubble  in  the  fields,  which  being  tion  of  the  Ground  Game  Act  preservation 
gathered  into  cocks  late  in  the  autumn  as  ordinarily  understood  will  be  found  suffi- 
afforded  a  comfortable  retreat  for  all  those  cient  to  prevent  extinction, 
small  mammals  ;  but  the  reaping  machines 

having  done  away  with  the  stubble  they  are  3°-  Rabbit.     Ltptu  cunlculus,  Linn, 

now  less  frequently  seen.  There  seems  no  danger   of   this   creature 

_,                             _  becoming  extinct  or  even  scarce.     Its  great 

29.  Common  Hare.     Leflu  europ<eUS,  Pallas.  fertility  and  its  burrowing  habits  wil,  su(.6cess. 

Bell— Lepus  ttmiJus.  fujiy   operate  to  keep   up  its  numbers  with 

Unless  steps  are  taken  to  preserve  the  hare  very  little  protection. 


212 


HISTORY  OF  >VARW1CKSHIRK 


40' 


biirgt  Gwjjr»pljit«l  Imta; 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    0 


3    REMAINS. 


3O' 


REFERENCE 

Settlements  and  Camps 
•     Interments 
_    Drift  Implements 

Miscellaneous  Flnds,A'roWMc  Imptemmts,  Coitu, 
X     Bronze  Implements 

Seal, 


"HE    COUNTI  ES    OF    ENGLAND 


EARLY   MAN 

prehistoric  antiquities  found  in  Warwickshire  can  hardly 
be  said  to  equal  in  number  or  importance  those  which  have 
been  discovered  in  many  of  the  other  English  counties.  But 
this  perhaps  may  be  attributed  partly  to  the  fact  that  they  have 
not  been  so  carefully  and  persistently  searched  for  here  as  elsewhere.  It 
is  to  be  regretted  moreover  that  of  those  antiquities  which  have  been 
found  few  with  anything  like  a  clear  or  intelligible  pedigree  are  now 
accessible. 

Dugdale  notices  a  few  discoveries  of  neolithic  and  bronze  age 
objects,1  and  several  collectors  in  more  recent  times  have  brought  to- 
gether a  number  of  antiquities  which,  if  accompanied  by  precise  records 
of  the  locality  and  circumstances  of  each  discovery,  would  be  of  great 
value  in  determining  the  story  of  early  man  in  the  county.  Unfortu- 
nately these  precise  details  are  wanting.  The  collections  of  the  late 
Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam,  F.S.A.,  are  well-known  as  having  contained  objects 
illustrative  of  prehistoric  times  in  Warwickshire.  These  collections  are 
now  in  the  Art  Museum  of  Rugby  School,  but  they  must  be  pro- 
nounced somewhat  disappointing  for  the  purposes  of  this  article.  It  is  to 
be  regretted  also  that  some  of  the  prehistoric  antiquities  in  the  museum 
at  Warwick,  particularly  those  of  the  bronze  age,  are  unlabelled,  and 
it  is  doubtful  whether  the  place  of  their  discovery  will  ever  be  ascertained. 
The  period  covered  by  this  section  extends  from  the  earliest  trace 
of  man  or  man's  handiwork  until  the  appearance  of  the  Romans  in 
Britain,  and  may  conveniently  be  divided  into  (i.)  palaeolithic  age,  (ii.) 
neolithic  age,  (iii.)  bronze  age,  and  (iv.)  prehistoric  iron  age. 

THE  PALEOLITHIC  AGE 

The  palaeolithic  age.  unlike  the  succeeding  prehistoric  ages,  is  sepa- 
rated from  our  own  times  by  something  more  than  a  very  long  interval 
of  time.  There  have  been  considerable  physical  changes  in  the  country 
itself,  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  then  parts  of  the  continent  of 
Europe. 

As  far  as  Warwickshire  itself  is  concerned,  there  is  not  a  great  deal 
of  material  bearing  upon  this  remote  age.  As  has  been  stated,  some  of 
the  collections  which  might  have  furnished  illustrations  of  this  period 
are  not  in  a  condition  to  supply  positive  evidence.  But  the  numerous 
finds  in  adjoining  counties  suggest  that  Warwickshire,  if  more  fully 

1  The  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  (1656). 
213 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

investigated,  should  give  abundant  proofs  of  the  presence  of  palaeolithic 
man. 

The  implements  of  the  palaeolithic  age,  like  those  of  the  neolithic, 
appear  to  have  been  shaped  by  means  of  chipping  the  nodule  of  flint, 
into  shape.  In  the  case  of  the  neolithic  implements  however  greater 
degree  of  finish  and  more  thorough  precision  of  form  have  been  attained 
by  a  grinding  process  which  has  removed  much  and  sometimes  all  of  the 
marks  of  the  conchoidal  fractures  which  resulted  from  chipping.  Both 
neolithic  and  palaeolithic  implements  however  were  produced  without 
the  aid  of  metal  tools,  for  such  tools  belong  to  a  period  when  metals  and 
the  methods  of  working  them  were  equally  unknown.  The  imple- 
ments may  be  briefly  described  as  follows  : — 

(1)  Method  of  Manufacture. — Palaeolithic    implements    have    been 
boldly  shaped  by  a  comparatively  few  blows,  which  have  produced  ovoid 
or  pointed  forms,  whilst  neolithic  implements  bear  evidence  of  many 
blows  and  not  infrequently  grinding. 

(2)  Superficial  or  Structural  Change. — Flint  implements  which  have 
been   much   exposed  to   drift   action   or  the   influences  of  the  weather 
bear  evidence  of  it  in  the  loss  of  that  horny  appearance  usually  found  in 
a  newly  broken  chalk  flint.     This  alteration  is  found  to  extend  some- 
times only  a  little  way  below  the  surface  and  sometimes  entirely  through 
the  flint.     In  addition  to  this  many  of  the  drift-worn  flints  have  acquired 
a  superficial  colouring  which  varies  from  a  pale  straw  colour  to  a  rich 
ochreous  brown  or  even  dark  brown.     These  are  some  of  the  marks  of 
palaeolithic   implements.     Neolithic   implements   rarely  show  any  deep 
structural  alteration   or  deep  colouring,   but  are   usually  flint-coloured, 
milky  white  or  pure  white  upon  the  surface. 

(3)  Positions  in  which  the  Implements  are  found. — Palaeolithic    imple- 
ments are  sometimes  found  several  feet  deep  in  river-drift  gravel.      Neo- 
lithic implements  are   never  so  found.     They  occur  either  in  alluvial 
deposits  or  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

The  points  of  difference  here  described  may  at  first  sight  appear  to 
be  trivial,  but  as  aids  to  the  reconstruction  of  that  remote  period  of  the 
past  of  which  we  have  no  written  story,  their  importance  is  by  no  means 
inconsiderable. 

One  of  the  most  promising  fields  to  which  one  might  turn  in  the 
hope  of  finding  palaeolithic  implements  is  the  drift  deposit  in  the  valley 
of  the  river  Avon,  and  as  long  ago  as  the  year  1867  the  Rev.  P.  B. 
Brodie  '  wrote :  '  The  later  deposits  of  this  kind  are  to  be  found  along 
the  valley  of  the  Avon,  and  consist  of  the  usual  finer  sands  and  gravels 
with  mammalian  remains ;  but  I  have  not  yet  heard  of  any  flint  imple- 
ments having  been  detected  with  them,  though  I  do  not  think  they  have 
been  so  diligently  searched  after  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Warwick, 
Stratford  and  elsewhere  in  the  county  as  they  have  been  in  other  places ; 
and  they  may  turn  up  at  any  time.'  It  is  interesting  to  find  that  this 

1  '  Remarks  on  the  Drift  in  a  part  ot  Warwickshire,  and  on  the  Evidence  of  Glacial  Action  which 
it  Affords,'  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  xxiii.  208. 

214 


PERFORATED  HAMMERSTONE   FROM   SUTTON  COLDFIELD. 


BRONZE   DAGGIR   FROM    NEW   HILTON. 


PALEOLITHIC     IMPLEMENT     FROM     SALTLEY 
NEAR  BIRMINGHAM. 


To  face  page  214. 


EARLY    MAN 

prophecy  has  already  been  fulfilled.  Mr.  S.  S.  Stanley  of  Leamington, 
in  a  communication  to  the  present  writer,  records  the  discovery  of  a 
palaeolithic  flake  in  river  gravel  at  Walton.  Other  flint  implements  were 
also  found  in  the  same  gravel,  and  presumably  they  were  also  of  the 
palaeolithic  age,  but  unfortunately  they  are  now  lost. 

Sir  John  Evans,  in  his  monumental  work  on  stone  implements,1  is 
able  to  record  another  palaeolithic  discovery  in  the  old  gravels  of  the 
river  Rea  at  Saltley  near  Birmingham.  •  It  has  been  made  of  a  brown 
quartzite  pebble  and  has  been  skilfully  chipped  to  a  point  at  one  end 
whilst  the  sides  have  been  chipped  to  an  edge.  It  was  found  in  a  bed 
of  sandy  gravel  composed  mainly  of  small  quartzite  pebbles  and  a  light- 
brown  sandy  matrix.  The  bed  also  contains  a  few  broken  flints.  The 
discovery  is  in  every  way  one  of  considerable  importance. 

Saltley  is  situated  in  the  northern  end  of  Warwickshire  and  con- 
siderably beyond  an  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the  Severn  to  the  Wash, 
which  is  generally  considered  to  mark  the  northern  limit  of  the  area  in 
which  palaeolithic  implements  are  commonly  found. 

Among  the  implements  found  in  the  caves  of  Creswell  Crags, 
Derbyshire,  were  several  roughly  made  of  quartzite.  This  is  exactly 
what  might  be  expected  in  a  district  where  flint  is  rare,  and  the  discovery 
suggests  the  question  whether  there  may  not  be  many  more  remains  of 
the  palaeolithic  age  in  the  Midlands  and  the  north  or  England  than  had 
hitherto  been  suspected.  Sir  John  Evans,  who  has  discussed  this  ques- 
tion somewhat  fully  in  his  book,2  inclines  to  the  idea  that  further  remains 
in  other  materials  than  flint  may  reward  searches  among  the  ancient 
gravel-like  alluvial  deposits  of  our  northern  rivers.  There  is  a  diffi- 
culty in  determining  the  age  and  characteristics  of  implements  formed 
of  such  substances  as  quartzites  and  many  of  the  older  rocks,  arising 
from  the  uncertain  character  of  the  marks  of  human  workmanship  upon 
them  and  the  slight  degree  of  alteration  due  to  weathering  to  which 
they  are  susceptible.  However,  this  imperfect  evidence  might  be 
checked  or  strengthened  by  a  close  attention  to  the  succession  and  rela- 
tive ages  of  the  beds  in  which  they  occur. 

THE  NEOLITHIC  AGE 

It  has  been  already  pointed  out  that  the  neolithic  age  is  sharply 
separated  from  the  palaeolithic  age  by  a  long  interval  of  time.  During 
the  neolithic  age  however  the  surface  of  the  land  had  assumed  its 
present  appearance.  The  river  cfcMi  period  as  it  had  formerly  existed 
was  at  an  end,  and  the  trees,  plants  and  animals  of  the  neolithic  age  may 
be  said  to  have  been  roughly  the  same  as  those  we  now  have,  except 
that  some  species  have  been  exterminated  and  others  introduced  by  the 
forces  of  civilization.  There  have  also  been  some  changes  on  the  sea- 
coast,  by  which  the  shore  has  been  modified,  since  the  first  appearance 

>  The  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  Weapons  and  Ornaments  of  Great  Britain,  pp.  578-9,  ed.  a. 

*  Op.  cit,  pp.  580-1. 

215 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

of  neolithic  man,  but  these  appear  trivial  when  compared  with  those  of 
the  palaeolithic  age. 

From  what  has  already  been  said  about  the  scarcity  of  flint  in 
Warwickshire,  and  the  rarity  of  its  use  for  the  making  of  pakeolithic 
implements,  the  reader  will  be  prepared  to  find  that  the  neolithic  imple- 
ments discovered  in  the  same  district  have  in  several  cases  been  made  of 
various  materials  besides  flint.  A  hard  local  stone  has  been  employed 
for  the  manufacture  of  neolithic  implements  found  at  some  of  the 
following  places  in  Warwickshire  : — 

Barton-on-tbe-Heatb. — A  celt  formed  of  flint  and  thoroughly  ground 
all  over  so  as  to  obliterate  nearly  all  marks  of  chipping  was  found  here 
some  years  ago.  It  is  5^  in.  long,  2^  in.  broad  and  i£  in.  thick,  the 
somewhat  clumsy  proportions  being  due  apparently  to  the  poor 
character  of  the  material  employed.  It  is  preserved  in  the  museum  at 
Rugby  School. 

Hartsbill  Common. — A  perforated  axe1  made  of  blue  stone  and 
weathered  superficially  to  an  olive-green  colour.  It 
was  found  in  1770  in  or  near  a  tumulus,  but  the  record 
is  not  very  clear.  In  form  it  presents  the  peculiarity  of 
expanding  at  both  the  blunt  and  the  sharp  ends. 

Lillington  near  Warwick, — A  small  ground  celt 
of  green  stone,  slightly  over  3  inches  long,  now  in 
Warwick  Museum.  Found  in  1900  by  Mr.  S.  S. 
Stanley. 

Long  Compton. — A  ground  flint  celt,  completely 
smoothed  all  over,  was  found  some  years  ago  at  Long 
Compton,  and  passed  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  M.  H. 
Bloxam,  F.S. A.2  It  is  described  by  Mr.  Beesley 3  as 
'  a  sacrificial  celt,'  but  is  evidently  an  implement  of 
the  usual  type. 

Sutton    Coldfield. — A   perforated   hammerstone  of 
green  stone,  3  inches  in  length.4 
CELT  OF  WHITE  FLINT,  Walsgrave  -  upon  -  Sowe  near  Coventry. —  A    per- 

hOUND  AT  LoNC  COMPTON,      r  j  r  £       •      11  J  11 

WARWICKSHIRE.        foratcd  axe   of  green  stone  superficially  damaged  by 
weathering,  now  in  the  collection  of  Sir  John  Evans. 
A  hammerstone,  3  inches  long,  made  from  a  quartzite  pebble,  was 
found  at  Ryton-on-Dunsmore,  Coventry.6 

THE  BRONZE  AGE 

The  prehistoric  period  witnessed  no  more  important  event  than  the 
discovery  of  metal.  It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  understand  all  that 
was  involved  in  the  introduction  of  bronze  and  the  art  of  working  it. 

1  Bartlett's  History  and  Antiquities  of  Mancetter,  Warwickshire,  p.  17,  pi.  2,  fig.  3;  Evans'  Ancient 
Stone  Implement!,  p.  187,  ed.  2. 

*  Fragmenta  SepubbraKa,  by  M.  H.  Bloxam,  p.  i  z.  3  The  History  ofBanbury,  i.  7. 

4  Op.  cit.  p.  224;  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  vii.  268,  ser.  2. 

'  Evans'  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  198,  ed.  2.  •  Ibid.  p.  240,  ed.  2. 

216 


u 


EARLY    MAN 

Hitherto  the  only  materials  available  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
toughest  and  hardest  tools  had  been  flint  and  stone.  The  art  of  working 
these  substances  had  been  carried  to  its  utmost  development ;  but  excel- 
lent as  some  of  the  neolithic  work  undoubtedly  was,  the  implements 
were  liable  to  be  injured  by  use,  and  the  fear  of  damaging  an  elaborately 
wrought  celt,  for  example,  must  have  been  a  source  of  constant  care  to 
the  neolithic  warrior  or  hunter.  The  need  of  some  less  brittle  and  more 
pliable  material  for  the  manufacture  of  weapons  and  tools  must  have 
been  keenly  felt  before  the  discovery  of  metals  was  made. 

How  that  knowledge  was  first  acquired  is  not  known,  and  perhaps, 
seeing  how  great  an  interval  of  time  separates  the  earliest  age  of  metal 
from  our  own,  it  will  never  be  discovered.  It  has  been  suggested  how- 
ever that  the  discovery  may  have  been  made  accidentally  in  those  early 
days  when  neolithic  man  cooked  his  food  on  fires  made  in  shallow  pits 
dug  into  the  ground.  Such  fires  must  have  engendered  sufficient  heat 
to  melt  certain  metals,  and  may  easily  have  given  man  the  first  idea  of 
smelting  metals. 

It  is  hardly  likely  that  the  discovery  was  made  in  this  country. 
The  evidence,  so  far  as  it  has  yet  been  examined,  goes  to  show  that 
the  art  of  extracting  copper  and  tin  from  their  ores,  and  the  skill  of 
blending  them  in  such  proportions  as  would  give  the  requisite  hardness, 
were  both  acquired  in  some  other  part  of  Europe  or  Asia,  or  even 
Africa.  This  is  pretty  clear  from  the  fact  that  some  of  the  earliest 
metal  objects  found  in  the  British  Islands  are  evidently  the  work  of 
people  skilled  in  the  art  of  blending  metals.1 

The  earliest  forms  of  bronze  implements  found  in  Britain  are  flat 
axes  or  celts  and  small  bronze  hand  daggers.  Of  the  latter  kind  the 
New  Bilton  dagger,  which  will  presently  be  described,  is  a  good  example. 
Early  celts  as  well  as  daggers  are  composed  of  bronze  of  excellent  quality. 

At  first  metal  would  doubtless  be  very  rare  and  valuable,  but  as 
soon  as  native  metallic  ores  were  worked  it  is  probable  that  there  would 
be  a  desire  to  reproduce  in  metal  the  heavy  flint  or  stone  celts  which 
had  hitherto  been  the  highest  achievement  of  the  tool  or  weapon  maker's 
efforts.  For  this  purpose  an  actual  stone  celt  was  probably  made  to 
serve  as  a  model. 

The  remains  of  the  bronze  age  comprise  celts  of  bronze  which  have 
evidently  been  cast  in  this  way  from  stone  originals,  and  they  have  been 
thought  to  represent  the  earliest  form  in  which  metal  celts  were  made. 
The  objection  to  such  a  theory  is  that  they  would  require  a  large  amount 
of  metal  at  a  time  when  it  was  scarce,  and  it  seems  more  probable  that 
they  may  be  referred  to  a  period  when  bronze  was  plentiful  and  easily 
procured. 

Bronze  implements  are  sometimes  found  singly  upon  or  near  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  but  more  often  in  the  form  of  hoards  below  the 
surface.  Warwickshire  does  not  furnish  an  example  of  this  kind  of 
deposit,  but  there  is  no  reason  why  a  hoard  of  bronze  objects  should  not 

1  Munro,  Prehistoric  Scotland,  pp.  177-8. 
I  217  28 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

be  found  during  such  excavations  of  the  soil  as  may  be  made  from  time 
to  time. 

The  following  bronze  age  antiquities  which  have  been  found  in 
Warwickshire  are  not  very  numerous,  but  they  present  several  features 
of  interest. 

The  first  recorded  discovery  of  this  character  to  be  mentioned  was 
that  of  a  '  brass  sword  and  battle-axe,'  which,  as  Dugdale '  relates,  were 
found  within  his  memory  near  Nadbury  Camp  in  Ratley  parish.  As 
Dugdale's  account  was  written  before  the  year  1656,*  this  is  a  rather 
interesting  record  of  an  early  discovery  of  bronze  age  objects.  In  the 
'  brass  sword '  and  '  battle-axe  '  it  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  a  bronze 
sword  and  bronze  celt  or  possibly  a  palstave. 

Sir  John  Evans,  in  his  book  dealing  with  the  subject,3  records  three 
or  four  other  discoveries  of  this  age  in  Warwickshire.  One,  a  winged 
celt,  7^  inches  long,  was  found  at  Wolvey,4  and  was  preserved  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam,  F.S.A.  In  form  it  was  similar  to  the 
specimen  depicted  in  fig.  54  of  Sir  John  Evans"  book.  A  palstave,  of 
which  no  definite  particulars  were  obtainable,  was  also  discovered  at 
Wolvey.6 

Mr.  Bloxam  records6  the  discovery  of  a  'British  spearhead  of 
bronze,  of  a  late  type,'  about  the  year  1825,  near  the  site  of  a  tumulus 
called  Pilgrim's  Lowe,  a  little  to  the  north-east  of  Rugby. 

A  small  bronze  hammer  was  found  at  Rugby,7  and  was  preserved 
in  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  Bloxam.  Perhaps  the  most  important 
bronze  age  discovery  in  the  county  was  that  of  a  bronze  dagger,  9! 
inches  in  length,  at  New  Bilton8  near  Rugby.  The  accompanying 
illustration 9  shows  the  details  admirably.  The  two  rivets  at  the  base  of 
the  dagger  are  still  in  position,  and  '  the  corroded  surface  of  part  of  the 
blade  shows  traces  of  hair,  probably  from  the  lining  of  a  sheath  of  hide 
having  been  in  contact  with  it.' ' 

Among  the  archaeological  collections  in  the  museum  at  Warwick 
are  several  bronze  age  objects  which  presumably  have  been  found  in 
Warwickshire,  but  nothing  seems  to  be  known  about  the  precise  locali- 
ties of  the  discoveries  or  any  other  circumstances  connected  therewith. 
Under  these  circumstances  it  will  be  impossible  to  mark  the  discoveries 
on  the  map  of  prehistoric  remains. 

The  objects  consist  of  the  following : — 

(i)  A  flat  celt,  6  inches  long,  with  expanding  cutting  edge,  and 
ornamented  with  panels  outlined  with  dashes  and  zig-zags. 

The  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,  illustrated,  1656  ed.  p.  420;   1730  ed.  p.  541. 
The  date  of  the  first  edition  of  his  book  is  1656. 

The  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  Weapons  and  Ornaments  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
Op.  cit.  p.  75.  '  Op.  cit.  p.  86 ;  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iii.  129,  ser.  2. 

The  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  (1875),  p.  10. 

Evans'  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  p.  179  ;  Proc.  Six.  Antij.  iii.   129,  ser.  2. 
Evans'  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  p.  245  ;  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iv.  49-50,  ser.  2. 
Reproduced  by  kind  permission  from  an  engraving  published  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London. 

10  Pro.  Sof.  Antiq.  iv.  49,  ser.  2. 

218 


POTTERY  FOUND  IN  A  SEPULCHRAL  BARROW  NEAR  OLDBURV 
CAMP,  WARWICKSHIRE. 


EARLY    MAN 

(2)  A  flat  celt,  4^  inches  long,  with  expanding  edge  and  sharpened 
at  each  end. 

(3)  A  fine  palstave,  5!   inches  long,  with  one  loop  and  well  de- 
veloped stop-ridge. 

(4)  A  palstave,  4^  inches  long,  broken  at  the  smaller  end. 

(5)  A  palstave,  4  inches  long,  similarly  broken. 

(6)  A  palstave,  \\  inches  long,  similarly  broken. 

(7)  A  small  socketed  celt,  2  inches  long,  with  one  loop. 

(8)  A  celt-shaped  piece  of  flat  bronze,  4!  inches  long,  probably  a 
modern  forgery. 

The  series  of  three  palstaves  (4,  5  and  6),  all  broken  obliquely  at 
the  top  end,  is  of  great  interest  on  account  of  the  evidence  it  affords  of 

the  uses  to  which  bronze  celts 
and  palstaves  were  put.  Cer- 
tain writers  upon  the  question 
have  assumed,  perhaps  too 
hastily,  that  they  were  all  for 
military  purposes.  Dugdale, 
as  we  have  seen,  calls  them 
battle-axes  ;  but  a  careful  ex- 
amination of  many  specimens 
has  led  the  writer  to  the 
opinion  that  many  were  car- 
penters' tools,  used  for  hewing  timber  and  for  cleaving  and  splitting 
wood  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  rural  maker  of  sheep-gates  works. 

Of  the  numerous  examples  of  bronze  celts  and  palstaves  now  pre- 
served in  the  Rugby  School  Museum  none  apparently  were  procured 
from  Warwickshire. 

A  considerable  advance  in  various  branches  of  civilization  is  indi- 
cated by  the  remains  of  the  bronze  age.  The  use  of  metal  enabled 
the  husbandman  to  reap  his 
corn  by  means  of  metal  sickles, 
several  of  which  have  been 
found  in  England.  Oxen 
were  used  for  ploughing,  and 
several  plants  such  as  beans 
and  oats,  not  hitherto  known, 
were  cultivated.  The  lathe 
was  used  for  turning  stone 
objects,  and  pottery  of  an  im- 
proved kind  and  ornamented  by  a  series  of  impressed  lines  arranged  in 
zig-zag  fashion  was  made. 

The  graves  or  sepulchral  barrows  of  the  bronze  age  were  circular 
in  plan,  and  used  for  the  interment  of  the  cremated  remains  of  only  one 
person.  The  earlier  long  barrows  of  the  neolithic  age  were  sometimes 
furnished  with  a  central  chamber  or  cist  of  stone,  and  generally  more 
than  one  interment  was  made  in  each  barrow. 

219 


POTTERY  FOUND  IN  A  SEPULCHRAL  BARROW  AT  BRANDON, 
WARWICKSHIRE. 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  contents  of  two  bronze  age  barrows  from  the  collection  of  the 
late  Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam  are  preserved  in  the  School  Museum  at  Rugby. 
One  at  Oldbury,  near  Atherstone,  was  opened  in  1835,  when  a  sepulchral 
urn  of  usual  type  with  ornament  produced  by  parallel  incised  lines,  and 
two  smaller  vessels,  possibly  a  food  vessel  and  drinking  cup,  were  found. 
The  other  was  discovered  during  the  work  of  constructing  the  Birming- 
ham and  London  railway  at  a  point  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  west 
of  Brandon  station.  Here  also  three  vessels  of  pottery  were  found. 

THE  PREHISTORIC  IRON  AGE 

The  last  age  of  the  prehistoric  period  begins  with  the  introduction 
of  the  use  of  iron  and  ends  with  the  appearance  of  the  Romans  on  our 
shores.  It  has  been  called  the  prehistoric  iron  age,  but  the  term  is  not 
strictly  accurate,  because  although  iron  had  come  to  be  used  for  many 
purposes  for  which  hardness  and  sharpness  were  desirable  qualities, 
bronze  was  still  used  for  personal  ornaments,  horse  trappings,  etc. 
Moreover,  a  new  fashion  of  decorative  art  arose,  based  probably  upon 
natural  floral  or  foliage  forms,  and  consisting  of  various  combinations  of 
spiral  and  trumpet-like  shapes.  This  style  of  decoration,  which  was 
often  executed  in  enamel  on  bronze  and  assumed  a  very  remarkable 
development  in  this  country  and  elsewhere,  is  what  has  been  called  Late 
Celtic  art. 

The  prehistoric  antiquities  found  in  Warwickshire  include  some 
good  examples  of  this  art.  They  consist  of  five  circular  and  slightly  convex 


BRONZE  Discs   FROM  CHKSTERTON-ON-FOSSWAY. 


discs  of  bronze  ornamented  with  spiral  and  enamelled  work.  They  were 
found  at  Chesterton-on-Fossway  and  are  now  in  the  museum  at  Warwick. 
There  are  two  types  of  ornament  employed,  but  both,  as  will  be  seen 


22C 


EARLY    MAN 

from  the  excellent  drawings1  of  the  objects,  are  of  characteristic  Late 
Celtic  form.  The  purpose  for  which  these  discs  were  used  was  long  a 
matter  of  speculation  among  archaeologists,  but  Dr.  Ingvald  Undset,  in 
a  paper  published  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries*  in 
1890,  conclusively  proved  that  they  were  parts  of  the  mountings  of 
metal  bowls.  They  were  attached  to  the  bowl  by  means  of  a  ring  fur- 
nished with  a  zob'morphic  termination  which  served  as  a  hook  for 
suspension.  Some  of  these  ring  settings  were  discovered  with  the  discs 
and  are  now  preserved  in  Warwick  Museum.  Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen, 
F.S.A.,  who  in  1898  contributed  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London3  a  valuable  paper  on  the  metal  bowls  of  this  character  found  in 
different  parts  of  England,  ascribes  them  to  the  end  of  the  Late  Celtic 
period  and  the  beginning  of  the  Saxon  period.4 

COINS  OF  THE  ANCIENT  BRITONS 

Sir  John  Evans,  in  his  well-known  work  on  this  subject,  records  only 
one  ancient  British  coin  as  having  been  found  in  Warwickshire.  This 
was  of  gold  bearing  on  the  obverse  an  object  like  a  fern  leaf  or  spike  of 
flowers,  and  on  the  reverse  a  horse,  a  circular  wheel-like  object,  etc.,  and 
the  inscription  VO-CORIO-AD  (?).  The  coin,  which  was  found  at  Stone- 
leigh,  was  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Llewellyn  Jewitt,  F.S.A. 

Another  gold  coin,  of  a  more  common  type,  is  however  stated  to 
have  been  found  at  Southam.  The  particulars  given  are  not  very  precise, 
but  it  appears  that  one  side  of  the  coin  was  plain,  and  the  other  bore  '  the 
imitation  of  Philip's  stater.' 6 

MEGALITHIC  REMAINS 

The  interesting  megalithic  group  known  as  the  Rollright  Stones, 
situated  mainly  in  Oxfordshire,  but  partly  in  Warwickshire,  consists  of 
(i.)  a  circle  of  about  seventy  blocks  of  stone,  100  feet  in  diameter  ;  (ii.)  a 
single  upright  stone  of  irregular  form,  known  as  the  King-stone,  and 
standing  to  the  north-east  of  the  circle  ;  and  (iii.)  a  group  of  stones  called 
the  Whispering  Knights,  in  a  more  eastern  direction  and  at  a  greater 
distance. 

The  Rollright  Stones  are  mentioned  by  Camden  and  Plot,  and  have 
been  more  minutely  described  by  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Evans,6  who  considers  the 
whole  group  to  be  the  work  of  more  than  one  period,  but  later  than  the 

1   Here  reproduced  by  the  kind  permission  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London. 

1  Memoires  de  la  Societe  Royale  des  Antiquaires  du  Nord  (1890),  pp.  33-44. 

1  Arch.  Ivi.  39-56. 

«  As  it  is  probable  that  the  Warwick  discs  may  belong  to  the  latter  period  rather  than  the  former,  the 
subject  will  be  more  fully  dealt  with  in  the  article  on  '  Anglo-Saxon  Remains '  in  this  volume,  and  to 
that  the  reader  may  be  referred  for  a  more  particular  account  of  them.  If  the  actual  time  of  manufac- 
ture be  within  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  however,  the  origin  of  the  ornamental  forms  with  which  they  are 
enriched  must  unquestionably  be  referred  to  an  earlier  period  and  probably  to  a  time  anterior  to  the 
Roman  occupation. 

B  Information  given  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom. 

«  Talk-Lore,  vi.  6-17. 

221 


A    HISTORY   OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

neolithic  age,  and  possibly  belonging  to  that  of  bronze  or  prehistoric 
iron.  These  remains  lie  on  a  bleak  exposed  hill,  more  than  700 
feet  above  sea-level,  and  are  apparently  connected  with  an  ancient 
roadway  which  at  this  point  forms  the  boundary  line  between  Oxford- 
shire and  Warwickshire,  the  circle  lying  within  the  borders  of  the 
former  county.  The  whole  group  belongs,  in  fact,  more  particularly  to 
Oxfordshire,  and  will  be  described  in  the  volume  which  deals  with  the 
prehistoric  remains  of  that  county. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  LIST  OF  PREHISTORIC  ANTIQUITIES  IN 
WARWICKSHIRE 

The  following  is  a  brief  list  of  the  various  places  in  Warwickshire  from  which  prehistoric 
remains  have  been  obtained  or  where  they  still  exist.  Compared  with  some  other  counties  it 
appears  unusually  meagre,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  superficial  area  of  Warwickshire 
is  less  than  that  of  several  other  of  the  counties  which  are  remarkable  for  their  prehistoric 
remains. 

ATHERSTON,  OLDBURY  CAMP. — Bronze  age  interment.     Urns  in  Rugby  School  Museum. 
BARTON-ON-THE-HEATH. — Ground  neolithic  celt  of  flint,   5^  inches  long  ;    now   in   Rugby 

School  Museum. 

BRANDON. — Bronze  age  interment.     Urns  in  Rugby  School  Museum. 
BRINKLOW. — Prehistoric  camp. 
BROWNSOVER. — Prehistoric  camp. 

CHESTERTON-ON-FOSSWAY. — Late  Celtic  discs  of  enamelled  bronze. 
KENILWORTH  COMMON. — Chips  of  flint  found  in  gravel  near  an  ancient  earthwork  [Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  vii.  267,  ser.  2].    Rude  celt  of  millstone  grit  [ibid.  vii.  267-8  ;  Arch.  Journ.  xxxiii. 

371]- 

LILLINGTON. — Neolithic  interment  and  settlement.      Human  skull,  drinking  cup  and  spindle- 
whorl  discovered  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Stanley. 
LONG  COMPTON. — Ground  neolithic   celt  of  white  flint   [Bloxam's  Fragmenta  Sepulchralia, 

p.  12;   Beesley's   History  of  Banbury,  i.  7].      Megalithic   remains,  known  as  the  Roll- 
right  Stones. 
NEW  BILTON. — Bronze  dagger,  gf  inches  long  and  2j  inches  wide  [Evans,  Bronze  Implements, 

p.  245  ;   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iv.  50,  ser.  2]. 
OLDBURY. — Chipped  and  ground  neolithic  celt  found  at  Oldbury  Camp  [Dugdale,  Antiquitiei 

of  Warwkkshirt  (1730),  p.  1081]. 
RATLEY. — Nadbury    Camp,  a   prehistoric    earthwork  :    bronze   sword  and   celt  found  there 

[Dugdale,  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  (1730),  p.  541]. 
RUGBY. — Pilgrim's   Lowe,  a  sepulchral   barrow  (probably  prehistoric)   near   Rugby.     Bronze 

spearhead.     Small  bronze  hammer  [Evans,  Bronze  Implements,  p.  179  ;  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iii. 

129,  ser.  2]. 

SALTLEY. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  pp.  578—9,  ed.  2], 
STONELEIGH. — British  coin  [Evans,  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons,  Supplement,  p.  488]. 
SUTTON  COLDFIELD. — Perforated  hammerstor.e  [Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  224,  ed.  2  ; 

Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  vii.  268,  ser.  2]. 
WALSGRAVE-UPON-SOWE. — Neolithic  perforated  axe  [Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  198, 

ed.  2]. 

WALTON. — See  WELLESBOURNE-HASTINGS. 
WELLESBOURNE-HASTINGS    WITH    WALTON. — Palaeolithic  flake.     Several  neolithic  flint  chips 

and  flakes  [Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  vii.  268,  ser.  2], 
WOLVEY. — Bronze  celt  in  the  Bloxam  collection  resembling  in  form  that  figured  in  Sir  John 

Evans'  Bronze  Implements,  fig.  54.     Bronze  palstave  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iii.  129,  ser.  2]. 


222 


HISTORY  OF  •WARWICKSHIRE 


ROMAN 


Dw  Ediubi  irgii  Gsogi-npHiral  Jnjtitula 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    C1 

•J 


EMAINS. 


_.     .    not  generally 
Miscellaneous  Finds  «««««««<  occupation 


. — The  exact  localities  of  many  smaller  finds  are 
not  known  precisely,  and  the  positions  of  the  symbols 
on  the  map  are  therefore  only  approximately  correct. 


Ill' 


THE    COUNTIES    OF    ENGLAND 


ROMANO-BRITISH 
WARWICKSHIRE 

I.  Sketch  of  Roman  Britain.  2.  Sketch  of  Roman  Warwickshire.  3.  Places  of  settled 
occupation  :  Cave's  Inn,  High  Cross,  Mancetter,  Chesterton,  Alcester.  4.  Other 
settled  sites.  5.  Roads.  6.  Index. 

i.     SKETCH  OF  ROMAN  BRITAIN 

WITH  the  Romano-British  period  we  begin  to  pass  from  the 
prehistoric  into  the  historic.  But  we  do  not  reach  at  once 
the  domain  of  full  history.  We  obtain  guidance  from  the 
allusions  or  narratives  of  ancient  writers,  but  we  still  depend 
very  largely  on  archaeological  evidence,  and  we  cannot  construct  any 
narrative  history  of  our  subject.  This  is  partly  due  to  the  fact  that  our 
knowledge  is  insufficient,  but  it  arises  still  more  from  the  nature  of  the 
subject.  Roman  Britain  was  not  an  independent  unit  :  it  was  only  a 
part  of  a  vast  and  complex  empire.  Roman  Warwickshire  was  still  less 
an  independent  unit.  It  was  a  part  of  Roman  Britain  and  a  part  not 
recognized  as  such  by  the  Romans.  In  fact,  the  phrase  Roman  War- 
wickshire, though  convenient  from  its  brevity,  is  strictly  speaking  a 
contradiction  in  terms.  When  the  Romans  ruled  our  island,  neither 
Warwickshire  nor  any  other  of  our  counties  was  yet  in  existence,  nor 
was  Britain  divided  into  any  districts  geographically  coinciding  with 
them.  Neither  the  boundaries  of  the  Celtic  tribes  nor  those  of  the 
Roman  administrative  areas,  so  far  as  we  know  them,  agree  with  our 
existing  county  boundaries,  and  students  of  the  Roman  remains  found 
in  any  one  county  have  to  deal  with  a  division  of  land  which  for  their 
purposes  is  accidental  and  arbitrary.  Warwickshire  to  the  archaeologist 
concerned  with  the  Roman  period  is  a  meaningless  area  devoid  of  unity. 
He  can  describe  it  but  he  cannot  write  anything  like  a  real  history  of 
it.  It  has  seemed  desirable,  therefore,  in  the  following  paragraphs 
to  diverge  a  little  from  the  plan  followed  by  most  county  historians 
in  dealing  with  Roman  antiquities.  Hitherto  it  has  been  customary 
to  give  a  narrative  of  the  chief  events  recorded  by  ancient  writers  as 

1  For  the  following  article  I  have  searched  the  literature  for  myself  and  have  visited  the  chief  sites 
and  museums.  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  W.  H.  Stevenson  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Grundy  for  various  help,  and  also 
Mr.  Willoughby  Gardner,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom,  Mr.  S.  Stanley,  and  others  named  below.  I  may  add 
that  I  have  found  the  task  of  getting  accurate  information  about  details  a  far  more  laborious  one  than  the 
length  of  this  article  or  the  importance  of  the  subject  might  suggest.  In  the  result,  however,  I  have 
been  able  to  include  a  good  deal  of  unpublished  material. 

223 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

having  occurred  in  Britain,  and  to  point  out  which  of  these  events  took 
place,  or  may  be  imagined  to  have  taken  place,  within  the  county.  The 
result  is  always  to  give  an  impression  that  somehow  the  county  had  in 
Roman  times  some  sort  of  local  individuality  and  local  history.  We 
shall  here  adopt  a  different  plan,  suggested  by  the  recent  developments 
of  topographical  research.  Utilizing  the  archaeological  evidence,  which 
is  now  far  better  known  and  appreciated  than  it  was  a  hundred  years 
ago,  we  shall  try  first  to  sketch  briefly  the  general  character  of  the 
Roman  province  in  Britain,  its  military,  social  and  economic  features. 
We  shall  then  point  out  in  some  detail  how  far  the  Roman  antiquities 
of  our  county  illustrate  this  general  sketch  ;  that  is  how  far  the  district 
now  called  Warwickshire  was  an  average  bit  of  Roman  Britain. 

The  Roman  occupation  was  undertaken  by  the  Emperor  Claudius 
and  commenced  in  A.D.  43.  At  first  its  progress  was  rapid.  Within 
three  or  four  years  the  Romans  overran  all  the  south  and  midlands  as  far 
as  Exeter,  Shrewsbury  and  Lincoln  :  part  was  annexed,  part  left  to 
'  protected '  native  princes.  Then  came  a  pause  :  some  thirty  years 
were  spent  in  reducing  the  hill  tribes  of  Wales  and  Yorkshire,  and 
during  this  period  the  '  protected  '  principalities  were  gradually  absorbed. 
About  A.D.  80  the  advance  into  Scotland  was  attempted:  in  124 
Hadrian  built  his  Wall  from  Newcastle  to  Carlisle,  and  thereafter  the 
Roman  frontier  was  sometimes  to  the  north,  never  to  the  south  of  this 
line.  The  '  province  '  thus  gained  fell  practically,  though  not  officially, 
into  two  marked  divisions,  which  coincide  roughly  with  the  lowlands 
occupied  in  the  first  years  of  the  occupation  and  the  hills  which  were 
conquered  later.  The  former  were  the  regions  of  settled  civil  life,  and 
among  these  we  have  to  include  the  district  now  called  Warwickshire. 
The  troops  appear  to  have  been  very  soon  withdrawn  from  them,  and 
with  a  few  definite  exceptions  there  was  probably  not  a  fort  or  fortress 
or  permanent  military  post  throughout  this  part  of  our  island  after  the 
end  of  the  first  century.  On  the  other  hand  the  Welsh  and  northern 
hills  formed  a  military  frontier-district,  with  forts  and  fortresses  and  roads, 
but  with  no  towns  or  ordinary  civilian  life.  It  was  the  Roman  practice, 
at  least  in  the  European  provinces  of  the  Empire,  to  mass  the  troops 
almost  exclusively  along  the  frontiers,  and  Britain  was  no  exception. 
The  army  which  garrisoned  this  military  district  was  perhaps  forty 
thousand  men.  It  ranked  as  one  of  the  chief  among  provincial  armies, 
and  constituted  the  most  important  element  in  Roman  Britain.  With 
the  military  district  however  we  are  not  now  concerned.  For  our 
present  purpose  it  suffices  to  note  its  existence,  in  order  to  explain  why 
traces  of  military  occupation  are  absent  in  Warwickshire.  But  we  may 
pause  to  examine  the  chief  features  of  the  non-military  districts  within 
which  our  county  is  included.  These  features  are  not  sensational. 
Britain  was  a  small  province,  remote  from  Rome  and  by  no  means 
wealthy.  It  did  not  reach  the  higher  developments  of  city  life,  of 
culture  or  of  commerce,  which  we  meet  in  more  favoured  lands — Gaul 
or  Spain  or  Africa.  Nevertheless  it  had  a  character  of  its  own, 

224 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

In  the  first  place,  Britain  like  all  the  provinces  of  the  western 
Empire  became  Romanized.  Perhaps  its  Romanization  was  com- 
paratively late  in  date  and  imperfect  in  extent.  But  in  the  end  the 
Britons  generally  adopted  the  Roman  speech  and  civilization,  and  in 
our  island,  as  in  all  western  Europe,  the  difference  between  Roman  and 
provincial  practically  vanished.  When  the  Roman  rule  in  Britain  ended 
(about  A.D.  410),  the  so-called  departure  of  the  Romans  did  not  mean 
what  the  end  of  English  rule  in  India  or  French  rule  in  Algeria  would 
mean  to-day.  It  was  not  an  emigration  of  alien  officials,  soldiers  and 
traders  ;  it  was  more  administrative  than  racial.  The  gap  between 
Briton  and  Roman,  visible  enough  in  the  first  century,  had  become 
obliterated  by  the  fourth  century.  Probably  the  country  folk  in  the 
remoter  parts  of  Britain  continued  to  speak  some  Celtic  during  the 
Roman  period.  But  the  townspeople  and  the  educated  seem  to  have 
used  Latin,  and  on  the  side  of  material  civilization  the  Roman  element 
reigns  supreme.  Before  the  Claudian  invasion  there  existed  in  our 
island  a  Late  Celtic  art  of  considerable  merit,  best 
known  for  its  metal  work  and  earthenware,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  its  fantastic  use  of  plant  and  animal 
forms,  its  employment  of  the  '  returning  spiral '  (fig. 
i),  and  its  enamelling.  This  art  and  the  culture 
which  went  with  it  vanished  before  the  Roman. 
In  a  few  places,  as  in  the  New  Forest,  its  products 
survived  as  local  manufactures  ;  in  general  it  met 
the  fate  of  every  picturesque  but  semi-civilized  art  FIG.  i.  LATE  CELTIC 
when  confronted  by  an  organized  and  coherent  cul-  ORNAMENT  ILLUSTRATING 

•     .  ,.  •       T»  THE  RETURNING  SPIRAL. 

ture.  Almost  every  important  feature  in  Romano- 
British  life  was  Roman.  The  commonest  good  pottery,  the  so-called 
Samian  or  Terra  Sigillata,  was  copied  directly  from  an  Italian  original 
and  shows  no  trace  of  native  influences  ;  it  was  indeed  principally 
imported  from  abroad.  The  mosaic  pavements  and  painted  stuccoes 
which  adorned  the  houses,  the  hypocausts  which  warmed  them,  and  the 
bathrooms  which  increased  their  luxury,  were  equally  borrowed  from 
Italy.  Nor  were  these  features  confined  to  the  mansions  of  the  wealthy. 
Samian  bowls  and  coarsely  coloured  plaster  and  makeshift  hypocausts 
occur  even  in  outlying  hamlets.1 

But  though  the  Romanization  was  thus  tolerably  complete,  it  must 
be  further  qualified  as  a  Romanization  on  a  low  scale.  The  more 
elaborate  and  wealthy  features  of  the  Italian  civilization,  whether 
material  or  intellectual  or  administrative,  were  rare  or  unknown  in 
Britain.  The  finest  objects  of  continental  manufacture  in  glass  and 
pottery  and  gold-work  came  rarely  to  the  island,  and  the  objects  of  local 
fabric  rarely  attained  a  high  degree  of  merit.  The  choicer  marbles  and 
the  finer  statuary  are  still  rarer,  and  the  Romano-British  mosaics  are 

1  Compare  R.  Colt  Hoare,  Ancient  Wilts,  Roman  jEra,  p.  127  :  'On  some  of  the  highest  of  our 
[Wiltshire]  downs  I  have  found  stuccoed  and  painted  walls  as  well  as  hypocausts  introduced  into  the  rude 
«^  t  dements  of  the  Britons.'  The  discoveries  of  the  late  General  Pitt-Rivers  fully  confirm  this. 

I  225  29 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

usually  commonplace.  Of  organized  municipal  or  commercial  or  admin- 
istrative life  we  have  but  scanty  traces.  The  civilization  of  Roman 
Britain  was  Roman,  but  it  contained  few  elements  of  splendour. 

We  may  distinguish  in  this  civilization  two  local  forms  deserving 
special  notice — the  town  and  the  villa.  The  towns  of  Roman  Britain 
were  not  few,  but,  as  we  might  expect,  they  were  for  the  most  part 
small.  Scarcely  any  seems  to  have  attained  very  great  size,  according 
to  the  standard  of  the  empire.  The  highest  form  of  town  life  known 
to  the  Roman  was  certainly  rare  in  Britain  :  the  colonlce  and  municipia, 
the  privileged  municipalities  with  the  Roman  franchise  and  constitutions 
on  the  Italian  model,  were  represented,  so  far  as  we  know,  only  by  five 
examples,  the  colonies  of  Colchester,  Lincoln,  and  Gloucester  and  York, 
and  the  municlpium  of  Verulamium,  and  none  of  these  could  vie  with  the 
greater  municipalities  of  other  provinces.  Of  other  towns,  probably 
inferior  in  rank,  there  was  more  abundance,  especially  in  the  south  and 
east  of  Britain.  These  varied  greatly  in  size.  The  larger  ones,  like  Sil- 
chester  or  Canterbury  or  Chichester,  had  walls  to  defend  themselves,  and  a 
forum  built  on  the  Roman  plan  and  providing  accommodation  for  magis- 
trates, traders  and  idlers  ;  these  towns  doubtless  possessed  some  form  of 
municipal  life  and  may  be  described  as  country  towns.  Others  were 
smaller  in  various  degrees,  and  in  some  cases,  which  will  concern  us  in 
Warwickshire,  it  is  hard,  on  defective  evidence,  to  decide  whether  we 
ought  to  use  the  word  '  town  '  at  all. 

Outside  these  towns  the  country  seems  to  have  been  principally 
divided  up  into  estates  usually  called  '  villas,'  and  in  this  respect,  as  in 
many  other  points,  Britain  resembled  northern  Gaul.  The  'villa'  was 
the  property  of  a  large  landowner  who  lived  in  the  '  great  house  '  if 
there  was  one,  cultivated  the  land  immediately  round  it  (the  demesne) 
by  his  slaves  and  let  the  rest  to  half-serf  coloni.  The  estates  formed  for 
the  most  part  sheep  runs  and  corn  land,  and  supplied  the  cloth  and 
wheat  which  are  occasionally  mentioned  by  ancient  writers  as  products 
of  the  province  during  the  later  Imperial  period.  The  landowners  may 
have  been  to  some  extent  immigrant  Italians,  but  it  can  hardly  be 
doubted  that,  as  in  Gaul,  they  were  mostly  the  Romanized  nobles  and 
upper  classes  of  the  natives.  The  common  assertion  that  they  were 
Roman  officers  or  officials  may  be  set  aside  as  rarely  if  ever  correct. 
The  peasantry  who  worked  on  these  estates  or  were  otherwise  occupied 
in  the  country  lived  in  rude  hamlets,  sometimes  in  pit-dwellings,  some- 
times in  huts,  with  few  circumstances  of  comfort  or  pleasure.  Their 
civilization  however,  as  we  have  said,  was  Roman  in  all  such  matters 
as  the  better  objects  in  common  use  or  the  warming  and  decoration  of 
the  houses. 

One  feature,  not  a  prominent  one,  remains  to  be  noticed — trade 
and  industry.  We  should  perhaps  place  first  the  large  farming  industry, 
which  produced  wheat  and  wool.  Both  were  exported  in  the  fourth 
century,  and  the  export  of  wheat  to  the  towns  of  the  lower  Rhine  is 
mentioned  by  an  ancient  writer  as  considerable.  Unfortunately  the 

226 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

details  of  this  industry  are  almost  unknown  :  perhaps  we  shall  be  able 
to  estimate  it  better  when  the  Romano-British  '  villas '  have  been  better 
explored.  Rather  more  traces  have  survived  of  the  lead  mining  and 
iron  mining,  which  at  least  during  the  first  two  centuries  of  our  era  was 
carried  on  with  some  vigour  in  half  a  dozen  districts — lead  on  Mendip, 
in  Shropshire,  Flintshire  and  Derbyshire  ;  iron  in  the  Weald  and  the 
Forest  of  Dean.  Other  minerals  were  less  important.  The  gold  men- 
tioned by  Tacitus  proved  very  scanty,  and  the  far-famed  Cornish  tin 
seems  (according  to  present  evidence)  to  have  been  worked  comparatively 
little  and  late  in  the  Roman  occupation.  The  chief  commercial  town 
was  from  the  earliest  times  Londinium  (London),  a  place  of  some  size 
and  wealth,  and  perhaps  the  residence  of  the  special  authorities  who 
controlled  taxes  and  customs  dues. 

Finally  let  us  sketch  the  roads.  In  doing  so  we  must  dismiss  from 
our  minds  the  Four  Great  Roads  which  are  mentioned  in  some  early 
English  documents.  Three  of  these  four  roads  were  Roman  in  origin, 
but  the  fourth  is  not,  and  the  idea  of  any  such  Four  Great  Roads  is  alien 
to  the  Roman  road  system.  We  may  divide  this  Roman  system  into 
four  groups  all  commencing  from  one  centre,  London.  One  road  ran 
south-east  to  Canterbury  and  the  Kentish  ports.  A  second  ran  west 
and  south-west  from  London  to  Silchester,  and  thence  by  ramifications 
to  Winchester,  Dorchester  and  Exeter,  Bath,  Gloucester  and  South 
Wales.  A  third,  Watling  Street,  ran  north-west  across  the  Midlands 
to  Wroxeter,  and  thence  to  the  military  districts  of  the  north-west  ;  it 
also  gave  access  to  Leicester  and  the  north.  A  fourth  ran  to  Colchester 
and  the  eastern  counties,  and  also  to  Lincoln  and  York  and  the  military 
districts  of  the  north-east.  To  these  must  be  added  two  roads  which 
had  no  connection  with  London.  The  most  important  of  these  is  the 
Fosse,  which  cut  obliquely  across  the  island  from  north-east  to  south- 
west, joining  Lincoln,  Leicester,  Bath  and  Exeter.  The  other  is  the 
Rycknield  or  Icknield  Street  which  ran  from  Yorkshire  past  Derby  and 
Birmingham  to  join  the  Fosse  in  Gloucestershire.  These  roads  must 
be  understood  as  being  only  the  main  roads,  divested  for  the  sake  of 
clearness  of  branches  and  intricacies  ;  and  understood  as  such  they  may 
be  taken  to  represent  a  reasonable  supply  of  internal  communications 
for  the  province.  After  the  Roman  occupation  had  ceased,  they  were 
largely  utilized  by  the  English,  but  they  do  not  resemble  the  roads  of 
medieval  England  in  their  grouping  and  economic  significance.  We 
may  rather  compare  them  to  our  railways  which  radiate  similarly  from 
London.  In  the  following  paragraphs  we  shall  be  concerned  with  the 
third,  fifth  and  sixth  of  these  roads,  Watling  Street,  Fosse  and  Rycknield 
Street. 

2.     SKETCH  OF  ROMAN  WARWICKSHIRE 

Such  in  the  main  was  that  large  part  of  Roman  Britain  in  which 
ordinary  non-military  civilized  life  prevailed.  To  that  part  Warwick- 
shire belongs,  and  when  we  pass  on  to  survey  in  detail  the  Roman 

227 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

remains  discovered  in  the  county,  we  might  expect  to  meet  the  features 
which  we  have  sketched  in  the  preceding  paragraphs.  To  some  extent 
our  expectation  will  not  be  disappointed.  There  certainly  existed  in 
the  district  which  is  now  Warwickshire  a  Romano-British  civilization 
of  the  normal  type.  But  it  was  not  at  all  normal  in  amount.  Towns 
and  villages  were  few  and  very  small,  and  most  of  them  hardly  deserve 
such  names  at  all.  Villas  were  even  less  abundant.  Industries  were 
wholly  absent.  Roads,  though  prominent  and  important,  merely  crossed 
the  district  and  do  not  affect  its  character.  In  general,  the  Roman 
remains  of  the  county  are  scanty  and  disappointing.  Some  allowance 
must  no  doubt  be  made  for  the  absence  of  exploration  and  excavation. 
The  spade  has  seldom  been  used  for  archaeological  purposes  in  Warwick- 
shire, and  even  the  results  of  sporadic  discoveries  have  been  less 
systematically  recorded  than  in  most  of  our  counties.  Some  distinc- 
tion must  be  drawn,  too,  between  different  portions  of  the  county.  The 
south  and  east,  the  more  open  and  fertile  districts,  were  better  settled, 
apparently,  than  the  west  and  north,  which  include  the  woodlands  of 
Arden.  But  on  the  whole  we  must  admit  that  the  county  has  to  be 
classed  as  one  of  the  thinner  spaces  (if  we  may  use  the  phrase)  in 
Roman  Britain.  Probably  we  may  find  the  reason  for  this  in  the 
general  character  of  the  English  midlands  during  the  Roman  period. 

The  Romano-British  civilization  of  the  midlands  differed  markedly 
from  that  of  the  surrounding  districts.  In  the  latter  we  meet  with 
striking  embodiments  of  Romano-British  life,  such  as  the  country  towns 
of  Verulamium  in  Hertfordshire,  Chesterford  in  western  Essex,  Castor 
on  the  edge  of  Huntingdonshire  and  Northamptonshire,  Wroxeter  in 
Shropshire,  Gloucester,  Cirencester,  Silchester,  each  in  its  degree  a 
place  of  note.  The  midland  area  contained  no  such  elements.  Except 
Leicester,  its  towns  were  far  too  small  to  be  matched  with  any  of  those 
just  named  ;  indeed,  they  are  hardly  towns  at  all,  and  the  whole 
Romano-British  life  of  the  region  was  simple,  plain  and  devoid  of 
character  and  salient  features.  The  reason  for  this  may  perhaps  be 
found  in  physical  facts.  The  midlands,  though  often  described  by 
geographers  as  the  central  plain  of  our  island,  do  not  in  reality  form 
a  plain  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  that  word.  They  form  a  complex  dis- 
trict which  is  especially  notable  for  the  low  scale  and  small  size  of  its 
various  physical  features.  Little  of  it  is  flat,  but  it  has  no  high  hills  or 
distinct  ranges.  Woods  abound,  but  there  are  no  continuous  tracts  of 
forest.  Rivers  rise  within  it,  but  they  reach  no  size  till  they  have 
passed  its  borders  ;  their  valleys  are  small  and  shallow,  and  even  their 
watersheds  are  faint  and  ill-defined.  It  is  a  pleasant  land,  alike  to  those 
that  dwell  in  it  and  those  that  wander  through  it  ;  but,  in  the  main, 
it  is  not  fertile,  or  suited  to  corn  or  sheep,  and  thus  it  contains  very 
little  to  aid  the  growth  of  towns  or  of  a  large  agricultural  population. 
Its  mineral  wealth  attracts  a  dense  throng  of  inhabitants  to  one  part  of 
it  to-day,  but  that  wealth  was  unknown  in  the  Roman  period.  Then 
too  the  woods,  both  those  of  Arden  and  others,  were  doubtless  thicker 

228 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

than  now,  and  the  little  valleys  less  carefully  drained.  It  is  not  hard 
to  understand  why  the  midlands  should  have  possessed  a  less  richly 
developed  civilization  than  many  other  parts  of  the  Roman  province  of 
Britain. 

This  characteristic  of  Roman  Warwickshire  has  been  generally 
but  not  always  very  accurately  recognized.  For  the  recognition  has 
been  commonly  accompanied  by  errors  which  tend  to  obscure  the  truth 
and  which  deserve  correction.  Two  quotations  from  previous  writers 
on  Warwickshire  will  illustrate  these  errors  and  serve  our  purpose.  The 
first  quotation  is  from  one  of  the  most  famous  of  our  county  histories, 
John  Nichols'  Leicestershire  : — 

Arden  was  an  extensive  wild,  solely  appropriated  to  the  pasturage  of  the  Cor- 
navian  and  Huiccian  cattle,  attended  by  their  keepers,  the  Ceangi  of  the  different 
tribes.  If  we  except  a  few  hovels  for  the  herdsmen,  there  were  at  that  time  no  other 
habitations  save  at  some  of  those  stations  on  the  roads  going  through  the  Arden 
(iv.  1028). 

The  Cornavian  and  Huiccian  cattle  and  the  herdsmen  Ceangi  are  all 
pure  inventions,  due  originally  to  the  fertile  brain  of  William  Baxter 
and  expanded  by  later  writers.1  We  have  no  evidence  that  the  Cornavii 
lived  in  Warwickshire  ;  the  Huiccii  were  not  a  British  tribe  at  all,  and 
the  Ceangi  were  not  herdsmen  but  a  tribe  occupying  what  is  now  Flint- 
shire. The  one  thing  that  is  true  in  the  passage  is  the  general  view 
that  the  district  was  thinly  populated,  and  even  this  is  distorted  out  of 
its  true  setting  by  the  added  errors. 

A  second  quotation  from  a  modern  description  of  the  county  will 
exemplify  a  different  conception  of  the  subject,  which  is  free  from  the 
definite  errors  of  that  just  quoted,  but  is  not  itself  correct  : — 

The  Roman  occupation  of  this  part  of  the  Midlands  appears  to  have  been  only 
partial  and  chiefly  limited  to  the  camps  along  their  roads,  as  the  native  tribes  were 
enabled  by  the  natural  characteristics  of  the  thickly  wooded  district,  which  afforded 
a  secure  ambush,  to  offer  considerable  resistance  to  the  invaders. 

This  may  have  been  true  of  the  first  ten  or  twenty  years  after  the 
original  conquest,  while  the  land  was  still  unquiet  and  resistance  still 
rife.  But  a  brief  reflection  will  show  that  it  cannot  be  true  as  a 
description  applicable  to  three  and  a  half  centuries.  Such  a  situation 
would  quickly  have  been  felt  intolerable  in  the  heart  of  a  generally 
civilized  country.  Moreover  the  actual  remains  found  in  Warwickshire, 
which  we  shall  now  proceed  to  survey,  give  us  no  hint  of  roads  per- 
manently fortified  by  blockhouses  and  forests  permanently  occupied  by 
unconquered  natives.  They  indicate,  on  the  contrary,  a  normal  and 
peaceful  life,  which  probably  differed  from  the  ordinary  civilization  of 
Britain  only  in  the  scantiness  of  population  and  the  lack  of  prominent 
and  distinctive  features.  Our  next  section,  dealing  with  possible  towns 
and  villages,  will  immediately  illustrate  this. 

1  Baxter,  Gloisarium  Aniiquitatum  Britannicarum  (London,  1709),  p.  73. 

229 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

3.     PLACES  OF  SETTLED  OCCUPATION 

(Cave's  Inn,  High  Cross,  Mancetter,  Chesterton,  Alcester) 

No  Roman  remains  have  yet  been  discovered  in  Warwickshire 
which  can  be  reasonably  interpreted  as  the  remains  of  a  large  or  even 
moderate-sized  Romano-British  town.  On  five  sites  however  we  meet 
traces  of  permanent  occupation  which  have  been  generally  taken  to  indi- 
cate the  existence  at  least  of  hamlets,  if  not  of  very  small  towns,  and  the 
evidence  appears  on  the  whole  adequate  to  support  this  view.  These 
five  sites  are  Cave's  Inn,  High  Cross,  Mancetter,  Chesterton  and  Alcester. 
All  are  on  Roman  roads,  Cave's  Inn  and  Mancetter  on  Watling  Street, 
High  Cross  at  the  crossing  of  Watling  Street  and  the  Fosse,  Chesterton 
on  the  Fosse  and  Alcester  on  the  road  called  Icknield  or  Rycknield 
Street;  and  most  of  them  probably  owe  their  origin  to  the  roads. 
Of  the  first  three  we  happen  to  know  the  Roman  names,  but  it  need 
only  be  pointed  out  that  the  knowledge  of  a  name  does  not  in  itself  help 
us  far  towards  ascertaining  the  character  of  a  place,  and  the  survival  of 
a  name  does  not  prove  that  a  place  was  large  or  small  or  of  any  par- 
ticular description. 

(a)  CAVE'S  INN,  TRIPONTIUM 

Cave's  Inn,  once  called  New  Inn,  originally  a  wayside  tavern  but 
now  a  farm,  is  situated  on  the  extreme  east  of  Churchover  parish  and  of 
Warwick  county.  It  stands  on  the  west  side  of  Watling  Street,  which 
here  divides  Warwickshire  from  Leicestershire,  on  a  site  that  slopes 
southwards  to  a  stream,  close  to  the  point  where  the  Great  Central 
Railway  crosses  the  Street.  The  fields  above,  that  is,  north  of  the  house, 
have  yielded  various  traces  of  Roman  occupation.  So  long  ago  as  1657, 
Elias  Ashmole,  journeying  along  Watling  Street,  wrote  to  Dugdale  that 
he  had  seen  here  much  Roman  brick  and  tile  and  had  heard  of  Roman 
coins  ;  the  information  came,  however,  a  year  too  late  to  be  inserted  in 
Dugdale's  history  of  the  county.  In  the  last  century  Mr.  M.  H. 
Bloxam  called  fresh  attention  to  the  place  and  recorded  various  objects 
found  from  time  to  time,  most  of  them  in  the  course  of  intermittent 
digging  for  gravel.  These  objects  include  bricks  and  tiles,  window 
glass  (?),  a  rubbish  pit  rudely  steyned  with  boulders  ;  further,  abundance 
of  potsherds,  including  Samian  and  a  pelvis  said  to  be  inscribed  NDRICAN; 
a  bronze  fibula,  rings  and  stylus,  and  three  coins — a  denarius  of  Nerva,  a 
'  first  brass  '  of  Pius,  and  a  '  second  brass  '  of  Faustina  the  elder.1  Much 

1  See  Ashmole's  letter  in  Nichols'  Leicestershire,  i.  p.  cli.  and  BibRotheca  Toj>ogr.  Britann.  vii.  287. 
Mr.  Bloxam's  accounts  of  the  site  are  in  the  Birmingham  Analyst,  iv.  (1836)  191  ;  Fragmenta  seful- 
chraRa  (privately  printed,  circa  1840-50),  pp.  26,  35  ;  Proc.  oftheSoc.  of  Antiquaries,  ser.  2,  v.  303  and  viii. 
318  ;  Transactions  of  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological  section),  1875,  p.  35.  In  the 
two  first,  he  mentions  also  some  interments  which  he  omits  in  his  later  accounts.  I  suspect  that  these 
belong  to  a  post-Roman  cemetery  near  Cave's  Inn,  which  he  at  first  considered  Roman  and  afterwards 
discovered  to  be  of  later  date.  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  in  his  Collectanea  jfntijua,  i.  35-8,  figures  some 
Roman  pottery  etc.  from  Cave's  Inn  shown  him  by  Mr.  Bloxam.  Some  fragments  are  in  Rugby  School 
Museum  (fig.  2).  In  examining  the  site,  I  noticed  traces  resembling  a  rampart  and  ditch,  much  worn  ; 
but  these  are  very  uncertain. 

230 


Fie.  2.      ROMANO-BRITISH   POTTERY   (Rugby   School   Museum). 

The  larger  urn  is  of  a  reddish  ware,  resembling,  though  finer  than,  flowerpot  ware,  and  was  found 
Cave's  Inn  (p.  230).     The  smaller  is  '  Samian,'  and  was  found  at  Long  Lawford  (p,  247). 


To  fact  page  230. 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

else  seems  to  have  been  found  but  not  recorded — for  instance,  by  boys  at 
Rugby  school — and  there  is  more  to  find.  When  I  visited  the  site 
recently,  I  found  frequent  fragments  of  pottery  and  brick  in  the  gravel 
pit  and  in  the  fields  on  both  sides  of  the  road,  but  particularly  on  the 
Warwickshire  side.  None  of  these  objects  are  remarkable.  The  only 
one  that  I  have  thought  deserving  of  reproduction  is  an  urn  of  common 
red  ware,  almost  of  flower-pot  texture,  but  somewhat  curiously  orna- 
mented, which  is  now  in  the  Rugby  School  museum  (fig.  2).  Still,  the 
bricks  and  tiles  and  rubbish  pit,  taken  together  with  the  abundance  of 
pottery,  seem  to  indicate  a  permanent  inhabitation  of  the  spot  in  Roman 
times.  As  elsewhere  in  Warwickshire,  we  must  wait  for  excavations 
before  attempting  to  define  the  character  of  the  occupation.  We  might 
expect  to  find  that  the  place  was  a  posting  station  or  a  wayside  hamlet 
or  perhaps  a  village. 

Obscure  in  character,  the  spot  seems  nevertheless  to  have  a  name. 
The  Antonine  Itinerary  (477,  2)  mentions  a  '  station  '  on  Watling  Street 
called  Tripontium,  12  Roman  miles  from  Venonae  and  8  from  Banna- 
venta.  Many  sites  have  been  suggested  for  this  '  station.'  Camden 
put  it  at  Towcester,  which  he  rechristened  Torcester  for  the  purpose, 
in  his  usual  arbitrary  fashion  ;  but  this  is  out  of  the  question.  Gale  and 
Morton  more  reasonably  put  it  at  Dowbridge  on  Watling  Street,  a  mile 
south  of  Cave's  Inn  ;  Stukeley  and  Reynolds,  at  Lilbourne,  still  further 
south  ;  Ward  at  Rugby  ;  and  Salmon,  eccentric  as  ever,  at  Edgehill. 
None  of  these  guesses  are  satisfactory.  Except  Towcester,  they  have 
yielded  no  Roman  remains ;  except  Dowbridge,  they  conflict  violently 
with  the  distances  of  the  Itinerary.  They  are  in  reality  guesses  of 
despair,  due  to  an  unfortunate  confusion  respecting  Bannaventa.  There 
can  be  little  doubt,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge,  that  Mr. 
Bloxam  was  wise  in  identifying  Tripontium  with  Cave's  Inn.  It  is  a 
suitable  distance  from  Venonae,  which  is  High  Cross  (p.  232),  and  from 
Bannaventa,  which  is  near  Norton,1  and  it  is  the  only  site  which  thus 
agrees  with  the  Itinerary  and  which  has  also  yielded  definite  evidence  of 
some  permanent  occupation. 

Its  name  differs  from  most  Romano-British  place-names  in  that  it 
is  Latin  and  not  native.  It  denotes  the  '  Three  Bridges,'  or  the  '  Bridge 
with  three  arches,'  and  is  formed  like  such  names  as  Septimontium, 
Trifanum,  or  Trimontium,  which  last  was  the  name  of  the  Roman  fort 
near  Melrose,  close  to  the  triple  Eildon  hills  in  Scotland.  There  was  a 
Tripontium  in  Italy,  an  obscure  hamlet  near  Forum  Appi  on  the  Appian 
Way,  now  Torre  Treponti  ;  there  was  also,  at  least  in  the  middle  ages, 
a  Tripontium  in  southern  France  near  Aries.8  The  appropriateness  of 
the  name  to  the  '  station '  at  Cave's  Inn  is  not  clear.  Possibly  the 
Roman  bridge  over  the  neighbouring  stream  had  some  peculiarity  which 
has  now  long  since  vanished. 

1   fictoria  Hilt,  tf  Northamptonshire,  \.  186. 

-  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latin,  x.  p.  642  ;  Ducange.      English  writers  on   ancient  geography   have 
ignored  both  places. 

231 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

(&)     HIGH    CROSS 

High  Cross  is  a  small  hamlet,  in  which  the  parishes  of  Claybrooke, 
Wibtoft,  Copston  and  Wigston  converge,  on  the  edge  of  Warwickshire 
and  Leicestershire.  It  stands  on  comparatively  elevated  ground,  with  a 
wide  prospect  towards  the  north-east.  Here  Fosse  and  Watling  Street 
cross,  and  this  fact  has  given  the  spot  an  unsubstantial  reputation  as 
being  (in  Stukeley's  phrase)  the  centre  of  England.  No  traces  of 
Roman  occupation  are  at  present  visible,  but  the  writers  of  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  testify  to  considerable  remains.  Camden  states 
that  foundations  of  hewn  stone  lay  under  the  furrows  on  both  sides  of  the 
road  and  coins  were  frequently  found.  Burton  in  1622  mentions  'many 
ancient  Roman  coynes,  great  square  stones  and  brickes  and  other  rubble 
of  ancient  building,'  and  describes  the  coins  as  ranging  from  Caligula 
(A.D.  40)  to  Constantine  the  Great.  Dugdale  speaks  of  '  large  stones, 
Roman  brick,  with  ovens  and  wells,  coins  of  silver  and  brass,'  and  adds 
that  the  earth  of  the  site  was  darker  and  richer  than  elsewhere.  Elias 
Ashmole  in  1657  saw  a  foundation  measuring  12  by  18  feet,  which  he 
took  to  be  a  temple.  But  later  writers  add  very  little  except  a  few  coins 
— a  denarius  of  Mark  Antony,  another  of  Domitian,  and  copper  of  the 
late  third  and  the  fourth  century  down  to  Gratian — and  it  does  not  seem 
possible  now  to  decide  the  precise  position  or  the  size  or  the  character 
of  the  Roman  settlement.1  We  can  only  say  that  our  evidence  indicates 
permanent  inhabitation  of  some  sort — perhaps  a  posting  station,  or 
perhaps  a  village.  The  situation  of  the  place,  at  the  crossing  of  Fosse 
and  Watling  Street,  might  suggest,  at  first  sight,  the  probability  of  a 
large  settlement.  This  argument  has  not  much  weight  however  by 
itself,  and  other  cases  might  be  quoted  of  Roman  roads  crossing  with 
even  less  of  a  settlement  at  the  Four  Cross  Roads  than  we  seem  able  to 
trace  at  High  Cross.  In  Hampshire,  for  instance,  the  road  which  runs 
south-west  from  Silchester  intersects  near  Andover  that  which  runs 
north-west  from  Winchester  ;  and  though  the  neighbourhood  was  well 
populated  in  Roman  days,  no  definite  traces  of  Roman  inhabitation  have 
been  noted  at  the  actual  crossing. 

Whatever  its  character,  its  name  at  least  is  known.  The  Antonine 
Itinerary  *  places  Venonae  at  the  point  where  Fosse  and  Watling  Street 
cross,  and  it  also  assigns  to  Venonae  distances  from  other  places  known 

1  Camden,  ii.  297  (in  Cough's  ed.  of  1806)  ;  Wm.  Burton's  Leicestershire,  p.  72  ;  Dugdale,  i.  71  ; 
Elias  Ashmole  in  Nichols'  Leicestershire,  i.  p.  cli.  and  Bibl.  Topogr.  Britann.  vii.  287.  For  later  writers  see 
Stukeley,  I  tin.  Curiosum,  p.  no,  ed.  z  ;  Horsley,  Britannia  Romano,  pp.  385,  420  ;  Nichols*  Leicester- 
shire, iv.  125.  Mr.  Goodacre  of  Ullesthorpe  has  a  denarius  of  Domitian  and  a  late  (?  fifth  century)  coin 
from  High  Cross.  Gough  (Add.  to  Camden,  ii.  303)  and  some  later  writers,  mistaking  Stukeley,  have 
transferred  to  High  Cross  some  burial  urns  which  were  really  found  at  Monks  Kirby  (p.  238).  I  have 
omitted  Camden's  assertion  that  the  site  was  once  called  Cleycester,  because  (as  Dugdale  observes) 
Camden  is  the  sole  authority  for  it  :  it  occurs  apparently  in  no  documents  or  charter,  and  is  probably 
Camden's  own  invention. 

*  Itin.  Ant.  470,  4  ;  477,  3  ;  479,  4.  The  name  occurs  only  in  the  oblique  case  Venonis  :  I 
have  followed  common  usage  in  assuming  a  nominative  Venonae — though,  for  all  we  can  tell,  it  may 
have  been  Venoni  or  Venona.  The  orthography  Venonis  seems  preferable  to  Vennonis  :  Bennones, 
Benonis  are  certainly  corrupt  forms.  Some  writers  have  evolved  a  tribe  of  Vennones,  for  which  in 
Britain  there  is  no  kind  of  authority. 

232 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

to  us — Manduessedum  and  Bannaventa — which  agree  satisfactorily  with 
the  actual  mileage.  It  is  therefore  natural  that  there  should  have  been 
general  agreement  among  archaeologists  since  Camden  to  identify  Venonae 
and  High  Cross.1 

(c)    MANCETTER 

Eleven  miles  north-west  of  High  Cross  along  Watling  Street,  and 
east  of  the  town  of  Atherstone,  is  the  parish  of  Mancetter,  and  in  it  a 
Roman  site.  Its  name  and  the  mileage  of  the  Itinerary  justify  us  in 
identifying  it  with  the  Manduessedum  of  that  document.2  The  now 
visible  remains  consist  of  a  rectangular  earthwork,  lying  half  on  each  side 
of  Watling  Street,  and  therefore  half  in  Leicestershire  and  half  in  War- 
wickshire (fig.  3).  The  northern  or  Leicestershire  part  is  or  was  called 


FIG.  3.     MANDUESSEDUM  AND  SURROUNDINGS. 
(From  the  6-inch  Ordnance  Survey,      Scale  I  :  10560) 

Oufort  Bank,  the  other  Castle  Bank.  The  total  dimensions  of  the  two 
are  about  450  by  600  feet,  and  the  total  interior  area  is  about  6  acres. 
It  has  been  generally  assumed  that  this  earthwork  is  of  Roman  origin, 
and  the  assumption  seems  reasonable,  though  definite  proof  is  wanting. 
It  is  not  clear  however  whether  it  represents  the  whole  or  a  part  only 
of  the  Roman  site.  Stukeley,  who  visited  it  in  1725,  heard  of  'great 
stones  and  mortarwork  exceeding  strong,  much  Roman  brick,  iron,  and 

1  Venonae,  being  on  the  edge  of  several  parishes,  has  been  variously  described  as  being  in  Clay- 
brook,  or  in  Wigston,  etc.  Occasionally  this  variety  of  description  has  been  mistaken  for  variety  of 
identification,  and  hence  it  has  been  sometimes  wrongly  asserted  that  the  site  is  uncertain  or  disputed. 

*  Itin.  Ant.  470,  3.  It  is  a  Celtic  name  (D'Arbois  de  Jubainville,  Nomi  gaulois  chez  Char,  pp. 
127,  131)  :  the  last  t  is  to  be  pronounced  short. 

I  233  30 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

great  numbers  of  coins,  brass  and  silver  and  some  gold  ' — all  found, 
apparently,  inside  the  earthwork.  Burton,  a  century  earlier,  thought 
that  the  settlement  extended  far  outside,  and  alleges  foundations  near 
Mancetter  church,  half  a  mile  to  the  west.  He  also  cites  coins  from 
various  places — bronze  of  Nero  and  the  elder  Faustina,  found  at  Oufort 
Bank  ;  a  silver  Vespasian,  found  near  Mancetter  church  ;  a  Carausius, 
found  northwards  in  Witherley  ;  a  '  first  brass '  of  Hadrian,  found 
towards  Atherstone.  Recent  writers  only  refer  vaguely  to  coins,  and  do 
not  increase  our  knowledge.1  We  have,  then,  evidence  of  permanent 
occupation,  its  extent  and  character  uncertain.  We  may  reasonably 
suspect  a  village  or  posting  station.  We  might  more  rashly  guess  that 
the  earthwork  was  a  fort  built  in  the  early  years  of  conquest,  dismantled 
later  and  converted  into  a  village.  For  certainties  we  must  wait  for 
excavation. 

It  may  be  convenient  to  add  that  a  Roman  pottery  kiln  has  been 
found  at  Hartshill,  two  miles  to  the  south,  and  alleged  traces  of  Roman 
road-paving  at  Atherstone — both  to  be  described  in  the  index.  It  is 
possible  also  that  a  Roman  road  may  have  run  direct  to  Leicester  through 
Fenny  Drayton. 

The  consideration  of  Mancetter  has  often  been  complicated  by  the 
introduction  of  another  neighbouring  site.  This  is  the  oval  '  camp  '  at 
Oldbury,  near  Hartshill.  It  has  been  called  the  '  summer  camp  '  of 
Manduessedum  or  even  Manduessedum  itself.  It  is,  however,  not  of 
Roman  origin  and  has  yielded  no  Roman  remains,  while,  so  far  as  we 
know,  Manduessedum  was  not  a  military  place  such  as  would  require  a 
'summer  camp.' 

(</)     CHESTERTON 

Chesterton,  four  miles  south-east  from  Leamington,  stands  on  the 
Fosse,  twenty  miles  south  of  High  Cross.  It  is  noteworthy,  for,  with 
the  exception  of  High  Cross,  it  is  the  only  site  on  the  Warwickshire 
part  of  the  Fosse  which  seems  to  show  traces  of  definite  and  permanent 
occupation  in  the  Roman  period  (fig.  4).  Here  on  low  ground,  close  to  a 
stream  which  skirts  its  western  front,  is  an  imperfectly  rectangular  earth- 
work, girt  with  a  substantial  ditch  and  traversed  by  the  Fosse.  The 
interior  area  probably  measures  660  feet  at  its  greatest  length,  400  feet  at 
its  least,  and  contains  about  8  acres.2  The  proportions  of  the  ditch,  as 
now  seen,  are  very  striking.  On  the  north  it  is  about  140  feet  wide, 
and  its  bottom  is  1 3  feet  below  the  level  of  the  interior  area  ;  on  the 
south  the  width  is  about  110  feet  and  the  depth  9  feet.  The  original 
ditch  was  probably  much  smaller  than  this.  The  site  has  been  ploughed 
in  former  times,  and  for  agricultural  purposes  the  sides  of  the  ditch  must 

1  Camden,  ii.  447  ;  Burton's  MS.  quoted  by  Nichols,  Leicestershire,  iv.  1027  ;  Dugdale,  p.  1076 
(coins)  ;  Horsley,  p.  420  (coins)  ;  Stukeley,  lur  Boreale,  p.  20.  Benjamin  Bartlett's  Manduestedum 
Roman  urn  (London,  1791  ;  cited  also  as  vol.  ix.  in  Nichols*  Bibl.  Tofogr.  Britann.)  is  little  use.  A  survey 
of  1812  is  printed  in  the  Irons,  of  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archatol.  section),  (1900),  xxvi. 

*  As  in  all  unexcavated  'camps,'  it  is  not  easy  to  decide  where  the  interior  area  ended  and  the  ram- 
parts and  ditch  begin,  and  the  unusual  proportions  of  the  ditch  make  this  decision  harder  at  Chesterton 
than  elsewhere. 

234 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

have  been  ploughed  down  to  a  workable  slope  :  thus  the  width  of  the 
ditch  would  be  largely  increased,  though  its  depth  might  be  lessened. 
But  whatever  allowance  we  make  for  this,  it  remains  probable  that  the 
original  ditch  was  large  and  formidable.  It  has  been  generally  assumed 
that  this  earthwork,  like  that  of  Mancetter,  is  of  Roman  origin,  though 
no  definite  proof  exists.  Dugdale  and  others  state  that  Roman  coins 
have  been  found  within  its  area,  and  I  am  told  that  pottery  and 


FIG.  4.     CHESTERTON   CAMP. 
(From  the  6-inch  Ordnance  Survey.     Scale  i  :  10560) 

numerous  coins,  principally  of  the  third  and  fourth  centuries,  have  been 
discovered  in  the  fields  around  it.  Burials  and  burial  urns  are  also  said 
to  have  been  met  with  near  the  '  camp,'  and  foundations  a  little  to  the 
east  of  it.1  Four  enamelled  bosses  have  also  been  dug  up  somewhere 
hard  by,  but  these,  though  often  styled  Roman,  are  of  later  date. 

Chesterton  thus  closely  resembles  Mancetter  alike  in  the  size  and 
the  position  of  its  earthwork  on  a  Roman  road  and  in  the  uncertainties 
which  attend  its  explanation.  The  earthwork  may  be  an  early  Roman 
fort,  abandoned  as  the  tide  of  Roman  conquest  swept  swiftly  north.  Or, 
like  Brinklow  (p.  245),  it  may  not  be  Roman  at  all.  In  either  case,  the 
late  coins  and  burials  seem  to  suggest  a  wayside  village  in  the  third  or 
fourth  century.  But  the  spade  alone  can  solve  the  problem.  As  for  the 
ancient  name  of  its  site,  it  is  wholly  unknown. 

1  Dugdale,  p.  470  ;  West's  Warwickshire  (1830),  p.  68 1  ;  Builder,   June    12,  1884  ;  private   in- 
formation.    For  the  measurements  of  the  ditch  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  G.  B.  Grundy. 

235 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

(e)    ALCESTER 

In  its  course  through  Warwickshire  the  Roman  road  called  Icknield 
or  Rycknield  Street  passes  the  little  country  town  of  Alcester,  lying 
among  flat  meadows  near  the  confluence  of  the  Arrow  and  the  Alne. 
Leland  and  Camden  recognized  the  site  as  ancient ;  Dugdale  was  perhaps 
the  first  who  realized  its  Roman  character,  and  since  his  time  numerous, 
though  not  very  important,  discoveries  have  been  recorded.  The 
principal  finds  seem  to  have  been  made  in  the  fields  called  Blacklands 
which  lie  on  the  south  and  south-west  of  the  present  town,  towards 
the  sewage  works  and  the  village  of  Arrow.  Dugdale  notes  that 
'  old  foundations,  Roman  bricks  and  coins  had  been  frequently  found,' 
and  that  '  the  greatest  tokens  of  buildings '  occurred  in  Blacklands 
and  towards  Arrow.  The  cemetery  of  the  place  lay  apparently 
between  Alcester  and  Arrow,  near  the  spot  called  Grunt  Hill.  Here, 
for  instance,  was  found  about  1866  a  stone  cofHn  with  two  skeletons 
(one  a  later  intrusion),  which  is  now  in  the  Warwick  Museum,  and 
other  graves  and  burial  urns  have  been  noticed,  though  not  properly 
recorded.  Some  noteworthy  remains  have  also  been  discovered  in  other 
parts  of  the  town.  The  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  tells  me  that  bits  of  paving, 
thought  to  be  Roman,  were  found  when  the  Baptist  chapel  was  built,  in 
the  north-east  of  the  town.  A  curious  monument  is  built  up  in  a  wall 
adjoining  the  rectory,  west  of  the  church.  This  is  a  much  mutilated 
torso,  42  inches  long  by  20  inches  broad,  with  face  flaked  off  and  legs 
lost.  It  appears  to  have  represented  a  male  bearded  figure,  dressed  in  a 
sort  of  tunic  or  chiton  ;  the  left  leg  is  advanced,  the  left  arm  drawn 
back,  and  drapery  depends  from  the  left  shoulder  (fig.  5).  The  whole 
is  too  ill-preserved  for  safe  interpretation,  but  it  may,  I  think,  be  accepted 
as  Roman.  Its  origin  is  unknown,  but  it  was  doubtless  found  somewhere 
in  Alcester.  Another  interesting  find  was  made  about  1638  in  the 
same  locality,  and  is  thus  recorded  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Clarke,  rector  of 
Alcester  and  afterwards  of  St.  Benet  Fink,  London,  in  a  noteworthy 
passage  : 

[At  Alcester]  in  plowing  and  digging,  even  until  this  day,  are  found  many 
very  ancient  pieces  of  copper  money,  some  of  which  I  have,  and  among  them  one  of 
Vespasian  with  Judeea  Capta  upon  it.  When  I  was  Rector  there,  about  1638,  my 
next  Neighbour,  whose  house  joyned  to  the  Churchyard,  being  about  to  sink  a  Seller,  I 
lent  him  one  of  my  men  to  assist  him  therein,  and  after  they  had  digged  about  three 
or  four  Foot  deep,  they  Encountered  with  two  Urns  not  far  asunder.  In  the  one 
there  was  nothing  but  some  ashes  ;  the  other  was  full  of  Medals,  set  edglong  as  full  as 
it  could  be  thrust  :  My  man  judging  it  only  to  be  of  that  Copper-money  which  they 
find  so  oft  about  the  Town,  set  it  carelessly  upon  the  ground  by  him  :  And  the  Town, 
consisting  of  Knitters,  some  of  them  coming  to  see  the  Work,  picked  out  some  pieces 
of  this  Money  :  At  last  one  brought  in  a  piece  to  me,  which  upon  tryal  I  found  to  be 
Silver  and  thereupon  sent  for  the  Pot  into  my  House  :  ...  In  the  midst  whereof  I 
found  sixteen  pieces  of  gold,  as  bright  as  if  they  had  been  lately  put  in,  and  about 
eight  hundred  pieces  of  Silver,  and  yet  no  two  of  them  alike,  and  the  latest  of  them 
above  fourteen  hundred  years  old  :  They  contained  the  whole  History  of  the  Roman 
Empire  from  Julius  Casar  till  after  Constantine  the  Great's  time  :  Each  of  the  Silver 
pieces  weighed  about  sevenpence,  and  each  of  the  Gold,  about  fifteen  or  sixteen 
shillings  [Geographical  Description  of  all  the  Countries  in  the  known  florid,  by  Samuel 
Clarke  (London  1671),  p.  167.] 

236 


FIG.  5.      FRAGMI;NT  OF   ROMANO-BRITISH   SCULPTURE. 
(Akester  Rectory.     Scale  i  :  10) 


To  face  fagi  236. 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

Coins  still  abound  in  the  town.  In  a  recent  visit  to  Alcester  I  was 
shown  six  silver  coins,  of  Hadrian,  Sabina,  Pius,  Aelius  Verus(?), 
Faustine  and  Constantine,  and  twenty  '  third  brass'  of  about  A.D.  250— 
380,  and  I  have  heard  of  many  others  of  similar  dates.1  From  all  this 
we  may  conclude  that  Alcester,  at  any  rate  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
Roman  period,  was  a  village  or  perhaps  a  tiny  town  built  by  the  side  of 
a  Roman  road  in  a  pleasant  well-watered  spot. 

The  Roman  name  of  the  place  is  unknown.  The  earlier  spellings 
of  the  modern  name — Alencestre,  Alnacestre  and  the  like — contain  a  n 
which  has  now  dropped  out,  and  this  fact  suggested  to  William  Baxter, 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  that  the  Roman  name  was  Alauna.  His 
theory  was  adopted  by  Bertram  in  his  forgery  of  '  Richard  of  Ciren- 
cester,'  and  has  since  passed  into  maps  and  guide  books.  It  is,  however, 
a  mere  guess.  Alcester  appears  in  reality  to  derive  its  name  from  Alne, 
the  name  of  the  river  on  which  it  stands,  and  Alne  itself  may  be 
descended  from  one  of  the  very  common  Celtic  names,  Alauna,  Alaunus 
and  their  kindred  forms.  That,  however,  would  not  prove  that  a  town 
on  the  banks  of  the  Alne  was  called  Alauna,  and,  until  more  evidence 
emerge,  it  will  be  wise  to  give  the  site  no  ancient  name.' 

4.    OTHER  SETTLED  SITES 

We  pass  from  remains  which  seem  to  suggest  hamlets  or  villages  or 
even  a  tiny  town  to  remains  which  suggest  something  even  smaller — a 
handful  of  isolated  rural  habitations.  Of  Roman  villas  properly  so  called 
Warwickshire  contains  no  ascertained  instances.  The  villa  system  was 
probably  far  less  developed  there  than  in  many  other  districts.  Not 
only  was  the  population  thin  throughout  the  midlands  and  the  ground 
largely  covered  with  woods,  but  there  was  little  in  soil  or  climate  to 
encourage  the  two  staple  industries  of  rural  Britain,  sheep  farming  and 
corn  growing.  We  shall  not  therefore  be  surprised  to  find  in  Warwick- 
shire few  traces,  and  those  faint  ones,  of  villas  or  what  may  be  villas.  It 
is  only  here  and  there  that  we  encounter  evidence  suggestive  of  small 
houses  of  the  villa  type.  These  houses  are  totally  unexplored,  like  all 
other  Roman  antiquities  in  the  county,  and  opinions  about  them  must 
necessarily  be  conjectures,  valuable  (at  the  best)  as  working  hypotheses. 
Still,  we  may  argue,  from  the  tenuity  of  their  recorded  remains,  that 
they  were  small  ;  and  we  may  not  unreasonably  presume  that  they 
belonged  to  the  same  system  which  obtained  over  most  parts  of  non- 
military  Britain.  We  have  four  instances  to  cite. 

1  Leland  (ed.  Hearne),  iv.  fo.  l68<*  ;  Dugdale,  p.  761  ;  Clarke,  itt  supra  ;  N.  Salmon,  New  Surrey 
('7301 P-  5°6» gold coin °f  Vespasian  ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1785,11.941,  urn  from  Blacklands ;  Gough, 
Add.  to  Camden,  ii.  4.57,  skeletons  and  coins  on  the  Stratford  Road  ;  Archerohgia,  xvii.  332,  burials  in 
Blacklands,  1812;  information  from  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  and  others.  Warwick  Museum  has  a 
sarcophagus  found  about  1866,  and  two  urns  (one  containing  ashes)  from  Blacklands.  Mr.  F.  S.  Potter 
has  coins  of  circa  250-400  A.D. 

*  Baxter,  Gkssarium  Antij.  Britann.  (London,  1719),  p.  10.  If  the  name  ^Eluuinae  in  Cartularium 
Saxonicum,  i.  287,  refers  really  to  the  Warwickshire  Alne,  the  identification  of  Alne  and  Alauna  becomes 
definitely  probable,  but  it  seems  very  uncertain  whether  it  does  so  refer  (W.  H.  Stevenson) 

237 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

(1)  Monks  Kirby,  six  miles  north  of  Rugby.     Here  Dugdale  states 
that  foundations  of  old  walls  and  Roman  bricks  (some  of  which  he  saw 
himself)  were  dug  up  in  his  own  time  near  the  church.     He  mentions 
also  'three  or  four  heaps  of  earth  in  an  adjoyning  pasture'  which  he  took 
to  be  graves.     John  Morton,   the   historian   of  Northamptonshire,  de- 
scribes some  burial  urns  found  at  Monks  Kirby  not  long  before  1712. 
These  urns  were 

reposited  on  a  causey  of  broad  pebbles  running  east  and  west :  one  of  the  largest 
of  them  had  a  Christ's  Cross  coarsely  painted  on  the  outside  of  it.  They  were 
each  of  them  placed  with  their  mouths  dipping  to  the  East  and  covered  with  a  piece 
of  slate.  Within  were  ashes  and  calcined  bones  and  a  mixture  of  earth.  [History  of 
Northamptonshire  (London,  1712),  p.  30.] 

Morton  took  these  urns  to  be  Roman  and  Christian,  and  the  former  is 
probable  enough,  though  the  latter  is  out  of  the  question.  A  similar 
discovery — or  the  same,  misdescribed — was  made  in  1716,  when  a  dozen 
Roman  urns  covered  with  Roman  bricks  were  found  in  digging  a  vault 
for  the  burial  of  Basil,  fourth  Earl  of  Denbigh.  The  three  (or  two)  finds 
taken  together  seem  to  suggest  at  least  the  possibility  of  a  villa  here.1 
The  occurrence  of  the  name  Walton  in  the  neighbourhood  may  or  may 
not  increase  the  probability,  for  Walton  and  similar  names,  while  they 
sometimes  refer  to  the  existence  of  old  walls,  are  sometimes  due  to  quite 
other  origins. 

(2)  Snowford   Bridge.     Here,  about  500  yards  north  of  the  bridge 
and  near  the  east  bank  of  the  river  Itchin,  in   Long   Itchington  parish, 
Roman  bricks  and  tiles  and  common  pottery  have  been  often  noticed,  and 
are  still  to  be  found,  though  no  account  of  the  site  has  ever  appeared  in 
print.      A  few  other  small  objects  recorded  from  this  parish  may  perhaps 
belong  to  this  site.2 

(3)  Walton  Hall.     Here  the  grass  field  to  the  south  of  the  house, 
called  the  Town  Field,  has  been  supposed  to  contain  traces  of  Roman 
buildings.     The   Rev.   G.   Miller   of  Radway    states   that    the  late   Sir 
Charles  Mordaunt    told   him  of  these   remains,   and    the  Rev.    Osbert 
Mordaunt  states  that  Roman  coins  have  been  found  there.     The  field 
itself  is  somewhat  uneven,  as  if  something  lay  beneath,  but  there  are  at 
present  no  surface  signs  of  antiquities  belonging  to  any  special  age. 

(4)  Kenilworth.    Here  Roman  tiles  have  been  found  in  or  near  the 
Chase  woods,  about  a  mile  west  of  the  castle.     Some  specimens  have 
been  in  the  Warwick  Museum  since  1858,  and  two  are  in  the  Andover 
Museum.     A  label  attached  to  the  latter  states  that  the  tiles  seemed,  so 
far  as  traced,  to  belong  to  two  walls,  each  about  30  or  40  feet  long, 
meeting  at   a    right  angle.      A   writer    in    the    Journal  of  the  British 

1  Dugdale,  p.  74  ;  Morton,  p.  530  ;  Stukeley,  I  tin.  Curiosum,  p.  no,  ed.  2  ;  Nichols'  Leicester- 
ihire,  ir.  1 26  note.  The  facts  about  the  find  of  1716  are  not  clear.  Stukeley  gives  no  place  for  it ; 
Nichols  gives  '  the  church  of  Newnham  Paddox,'  which  might  mean  either  the  church  of  Monks  Kirby 
or  a  chapel  at  Newnham  Paddox,  the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Denbigh.  No  one  seems  to  know  where  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Denbigh  actually  was  buried. 

*  Tiles  in  Warwick  Museum  ;  tiles  and  potsherds  found  by  Mr.  H.  Fowler  and  by  myself ;  inform- 
ation from  the  farmer  of  the  site,  Mr.  Abell  of  New  Fields  Farm.  For  the  other  objects,  see  Warwick 
Nat.  Hist,  and  Arcbatl.  FieU  Club,  1878  ;  Warwick  Archaol.  Society's  Reports,  1866,  p.  23  ;  1878,  p.  7. 

238 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

Archceological  Association^  1877  (xxxiii.  281),  alludes  vaguely  to  Roman 
coins  as  '  found  lately  in  Kenilworth.' 

With  this  inadequate  notice  we  end  our  meagre  list.  Doubtless 
there  was  never  much  villa  life  in  Roman  Warwickshire,  but  the  care- 
lessness of  modern  men  has  made  that  little  seem  even  less. 

5.   ROADS 

Romano-British  Warwickshire,  as  we  have  described  it,  can  hardly 
have  required  many  roads  for  its  internal  communications.  But  the 
position  of  the  county  in  the  midlands  is  such  that  almost  all  who 
wish  to  cross  our  island  from  south  to  north — from  London  or  Bristol 
to  Lincoln  or  Derby  or  Chester — must  necessarily  touch  at  least  its 
borders.  Accordingly  three  roads  will  here  concern  us :  Watling  Street, 
the  Fosse,  and  the  Rycknield  or  Icknield  Street.  There  are  also  some 
branch  roads,  and  some  supposed  roads  which  probably  are  not  real. 
We  commence  with  the  Rycknield  or  Icknield  Street,  because  it 
requires  a  somewhat  longer  discussion  than  the  rest. 

(a)     NORTH    AND    SOUTH    ROAD    THROUGH    ALCESTER 

By  Rycknield  Street *  I  mean  the  Roman  road,  or  perhaps  the 
continuous  series  of  roads,  which  runs  from  the  north  past  Derby,  Lich- 
field,  Birmingham  and  Alcester  to  join  the  Fosse  at  Bourton-on-the- 
Water.  The  Warwickshire  parts  of  this  route  are  easily  traceable,  and 
are  still  largely  in  use  as  field-track  or  road,  except  in  and  near  the  town 
of  Birmingham.  It  is  perhaps  worth  adding  that  its  line  scarcely  ever 
coincides  with  a  parish  or  county  boundary.  Its  course  from  north  to 
south  is  briefly  as  follows.  It  enters  the  county,  running  slightly  west  of 
south,  at  the  Street  station  on  the  Walsall  and  Water  Orton  branch  of 
the  Midland  Railway,  and  crosses  Sutton  Park.  Here  it  almost  but  not 
quite  coincides  with  the  present  county  boundary,  and  its  easily  distin- 
guishable track  has  long  been  noticed  by  travellers  and  antiquaries.8 
From  the  corner  of  Sutton  Park  (Royal  Oak  inn),  it  is  represented  for 
2 1  miles  by  an  existing  highway,  but  at  the  crossing  of  the  Tame 
Valley  canal  the  highway  bends,  while  the  Roman  road  runs  straight  on, 
coincides  briefly  with  the  county  boundary,  crosses  the  Tame  at  Holford 
or  Holdford,  and  so  approaches  Birmingham.  Its  course  through  that 
city  and  its  suburbs  is  uncertain.  We  shall  return  to  it  in  the  next 
paragraph.  Here  we  need  only  observe,  first,  that  somewhere  in  this 
lost  section  its  direction  shifts  from  slightly  west  of  south  to  slightly  east 
of  south,  and  secondly,  that  it  may  perhaps  have  here  been  joined  by  a 

1  I  may  state  here  that  I  use  Rycknield  Street  in  preference  to  Icknield  Street  purely  as  a  matter 
of  convenience.  No  doubt,  if  antiquity  of  usage  is  to  be  considered,  the  road  was  called  Icknield  Street 
before  it  was  called  Rycknield  Street.  But  it  will  be  apparent  from  my  arguments  that  I  doubt  whether 
the  road  has  any  real  and  original  right  to  either  name  ;  and  if  we  style  it  Icknield  Street,  we  risk  con- 
fusion with  the  real  Icknield  Street  in  Berkshire  and  Oxfordshire.  It  seems  best,  therefore,  to  use  the 
name  Rycknield  as  being  no  less  correct  (or  no  more  incorrect)  than  Icknield,  and  as  having  the  advantage 
of  being  unmistakable.  Probably  it  would  be  better  still  to  avoid  both  names,  were  it  not  that  preceding 
writers  and  common  custom  cannot  be  neglected. 

'  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1762,  p.  402  ;   1797,  i.  1 10-13. 

239 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Roman  road  from  Droitwich.1  We  recover  its  definite  traces  near 
Stirchley  Street  and  King's  Norton,  and  thence  its  course  is  plain  past 
Beoley,  Studley,  Alcester,  Bidford  and  Weston  Subedge.  Near  the  last 
named  village  it  mounts  to  Broadway  Down  and  so  reaches  Bourton- 
on-the- Water  and  the  Fosse.  Between  Alcester  and  Bidford,  it  is  repre- 
sented by  an  interesting  hollow  way  through  fields,  and  its  hard  metal 
has  often  been  encountered  by  labourers.  From  Alcester,  branch  roads 
may  have  diverged  to  Stratford  and  possibly  also  to  Droitwich  (p.  243). 
The  span  of  seven  miles  from  Holford,  north  of  Birmingham,  to 
Stirchley  Street,  south  of  it,  is  a  more  serious  problem.  It  has  long 
vexed  Birmingham  antiquaries,  and  is  perhaps  insoluble.  If  the  well 
known  lines  of  Rycknield  Street  from  Sutton  Park  to  Holford,  and  from 
Alcester  to  near  Stirchley  Street,  were  produced  straight  on  till  they 
met,  we  should  obtain  a  road  running  south  by  west  through  the  western 
part  of  central  Birmingham,  passing  a  little  east  of  Five  Ways  and  a 
little  west  of  Edgbaston  church,  then  changing  its  direction  to  south  by 
east  near  Stirchley  Street,  and  so  continuing  towards  Alcester.  This  line 
has  not,  however,  yet  commended  itself  to  any  writer  on  the  subject. 
Stukeley,  the  first  to  notice  the  question  in  print,  mentions  a  line  which 
lies  a  long  way  east  of  the  direct  line.  He  says  that  in  or  after  1725 
he  saw  Rycknield  Street  running 

by  Moseley  over  a  heath  where  the  road  appears  now  very  broad,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  rivulet  Rea  :  it  descends  Camp  Hill  and  passes  the  river  by  the  present  bridge 
(Iter  £orea/ey  p.  2l). 

This  line  is  too  far  east  to  be  probable,  and  indeed  it  is  obvious  that 
Stukeley  simply  took  the  Moseley  Road  to  be  the  Roman  line.  The 
plain  inference  is  that  no  recognized  line  of  Rycknield  or  Icknield  Street 
survived  at  Birmingham  in  Stukeley's  time.  Hutton,  the  old  historian 
of  Birmingham,  writing  in  1780,  suggested  a  different  line,  curving 
away  westwards.  He  describes  the  road  as  passing  from  Holford  over 
Handsworth  Heath,  by  Hockley  Brook,  Warstone  Lane,  across  the 
Dudley  Road  at  the  Sandpits,  down  Ladywood  Lane  (since  rechristened 
Monument  Lane),  past  the  Observatory,  and  thence,  leaving  Harborne 
a  mile  to  the  west,  to  Selly  Oak.2  He  gives  no  reasons,  and  it  is  too 
likely  that  he  had  no  good  ones.  Stukeley's  words  suggest  plainly  that 
no  obvious  and  indubitable  line  for  Rycknield  Street  survived  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  our  confidence  in  Hutton's  judgment  is  not 
increased  when  we  find  him  proceeding  to  trace  the  street  to  Burford, 
Wallingford  and  Winchester.  However,  his  line  has  been  accepted  by 
most  local  writers,  and  in  general  the  Roman  road  has  been  stated  to 
run  by  or  near  Trinity  church,  Birchfield,  Villa  Cross,  Hunter's  Lane, 
Icknield  Street,  Monument  Lane,  Chad  Valley  and  Metchley."  The 

1  Victoria  History  of  Worcestershire,  \.  212.  The  road  is  not  so  well  supported  by  evidence  as  one 
could  wish.  *  Hutton,  History  of  Birmingham,  p.  142  (ed.  iy8i)=p.  215  (edd.  1795,  1815). 

s  Howard  Pearson,  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archzeol.  section),  1890,  xvi.  34  ;  B.C.  A. 
Windle,  ibid.  xxv.  43.  For  much  information  bearing  on  the  whole  question  (utilized  in  the  rest  of  the 
above  paragraph)  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  J.  A.  Cossins,  Mr.  Jos.  Hill  of  Perry  Barr  (who  has  told  me 
much  about  the  ancient  streets),  Mr.  Howard  Pearson  and  Prof.  E.  A.  Sonnenschein.  They  are  not,  of 
course,  responsible  for  the  views  that  I  have  expressed. 

240 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

evidence  is  not  convincing.  Neither  discoveries  of  remains,  nor  the 
local  nomenclature,  nor  the  physical  features  of  the  country  really  aid 
us.  No  Roman  remains  have  been  found  in  Birmingham  except  a 
few  coins  (p.  244),  and  coins  help  little  in  such  a  case  ;  so  far  as 
they  go,  however,  they  favour  a  line  east  of  Hutton's  and  nearer 
the  direct  line  mentioned  at  the  outset  of  this  paragraph.  A  piece 
of  ancient  road  was  discovered  about  1870  or  1875,  near  Chad  Valley 
House  in  Westbourne  Road,  Edgbaston,  and  Mr.  J.  A.  Cossins,  who 
saw  it,  has  told  me  that  it  was  5  feet  underground,  paved  with  large 
pebbles  of  local  gravel,  and  was  not  in  line  with  the  commonly  supposed 
direction  of  the  Roman  road.  A  well  near  Metchley,  a  bit  of  old  road 
near  Harborne  Park  Road,  and  some  horseshoe  draining  tiles  found  in 
January,  1902,  have  all  been  called  Roman,  without  the  slightest  reason. 
Nor  do  local  place-names  help  us.  Icknield  Port  Road  is  unquestionably 
a  modern  invention,  and  the  title  Icknield  Street,  as  applied  to  the  road 
connecting  Hunter's  Lane  and  Monument  Lane,  is  not  demonstrably 
old.  Negative  evidence  is,  of  course,  imperfect  ;  but  I  cannot  trace  the 
title  back  beyond  1825,  and  in  1553  a  part,  at  least,  of  this  road  seems 
to  have  been  called  the  Slade.  The  title  Icknield  Street  may  therefore 
have  been  introduced  as  a  result  of  Hutton's  theory.  Certainly,  if  old 
names  are  to  be  quoted,  Holloway  Head  should  not  be  forgotten,  though 
that  would  favour  rather  the  direct  line  indicated  in  the  third  sentence 
of  this  paragraph.  Nor  again  is  it  possible,  amid  the  vast  developments 
of  a  great  city,  to  reconstruct  the  original  hills  and  valleys  and  judge 
whether  they  were  such  as  to  divert  a  Roman  road  from  its  straight 
course.  That  kind  of  judging  is  always  a  dangerous  speculation  ;  in  this 
case  it  is  best  omitted  wholly.  After  all,  the  straight  course  outlined 
at  the  commencement  of  this  discussion  is  the  simplest,  and  in  default 
of  other  reasons  the  least  improbable.  Here  we  must  leave  the  problem 
unsolved.  It  is  not  inappropriate  that  a  characteristically  modern  city 
should  have  lost  for  ever  the  recollection  of  her  most  ancient  road. 

There  remains  another  problem,  almost  as  difficult  as  that  which  we 
have  just  dismissed.  For  convenience  we  have  called  the  road  Rycknield 
Street  :  we  have  now  to  trace  out  thie  tangled  history  of  that  name.  We 
start  from  the  similar  name  Icknield.  Icknield  Street,  properly  so 
called,  is  an  ancient  trackway  through  Berkshire  and  Oxfordshire,  of 
which  the  course  is  still  visible,  and  the  name,  under  the  form  of 
Icenhylt  or  Icenhilde  Street,  is  attested  in  documents  earlier  than  the 
Conquest.  It  is  not  a  Roman,  but  perhaps  a  British  road,  and  so  far  we 
have  here  no  concern  with  it.  But  we  are  concerned  with  its  name. 
For  when  the  antiquaries  of  the  twelfth  and  following  centuries  began 
to  treat  of  the  so-called  '  Four  Roads,'  they  got  hold  of  the  name  Ick- 
nield, obviously  without  knowing  what  exactly  it  meant.  One  of  them 
said  that  it  ran  from  east  to  west — which  is  roughly  true — and  another 
said  that  it  ran  from  north  to  south.  This  latter  was  identified  with  our 
road  ;  not,  so  far  as  we  can  tell,  because  of  any  local  name,  certainly  not 
because  of  any  Iceni  in  the  west,  but  probably  because  this  road  alone 
i  241  31 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

fulfilled  the  condition  of  a  road  from  north  to  south.  The  views  of  the 
antiquaries  spread  abroad,  and  two  Icknield  Streets  came  into  ordinary 
use  as  names,  one  for  the  Berkshire  and  Oxfordshire  trackway,  and  the 
other  for  our  road.  Now  it  is  just  this  intrusion  of  Icknield  into  the 
west  that  seems  responsible  for  the  appearance  of  Rycknield.  That  name 
is  a  misreading  of  Icknield,  spelt,  as  often,  with  a  prefixed  '  H.'  Thus 
much  seems  to  be  proved  by  the  facts  of  the  case.  The  first  name  given 
to  the  road  was  Icknield  Street,  and  that  name  occurs  in  documents  of 
the  thirteenth  century.  A  little  later  Rycknield  emerges,  first  in  the 
writings  of  Higden.  He,  like  all  other  medieval  chroniclers,  mentions 
the  '  Four  Roads,'  and  he  calls  them  Fosse,  Watling  Street,  Ermine  Street, 
and  Rykeneld  Street.  Here  Rykeneld  Street  usurps  precisely  the 
place  which  is  given  to  Icknield  Street  by  all  Higden's  predecessors  and 
indeed  by  many  after  him,  and  the  simplest  and  most  natural  explanation 
is  that  we  have  a  misreading.1  Hence  arise  two  names  for  our  road — 
Icknield  and  Rycknield.  Both  occur  in  charters  and  deeds,  though  the 
former  is  the  commoner  and  also  survives  in  various  local  names.  It  is 
the  earliest,  but  by  no  means  the  only,  instance  in  which  the  antiquaries 
have  given  its  current  name  to  an  ancient  road. 

The  road  has  however  other  names.  North  of  Alcester  it  is 
occasionally  called  Headon  or  Haydon  Way,  and  also  Eagle  Street — 
perhaps  a  corruption  of  Ickle,  that  is,  Icknield  Street.  South  of  Alcester, 
between  Bidford  and  Weston  Subedge,  it  is  called  Buckle  Street,  and 
this  is  probably  its  oldest  existing  appellation.  It  is  the  modern  form  of 
a  name  Bucgan  or  Buggilde  Straet,  which  appears  in  documents  earlier 
than  the  Conquest,  and  which  proves  that  the  road  was  known  in  very 
early  English  days,  at  least  between  Bidford  and  Weston.8 

(b]    WATLING    STREET,    FOSSE    AND    OTHER    ROADS 

Watling  Street  is  the  name  in  use  since  Saxon  times  to  describe 
the  Roman  road  which  ran  north-west  from  London  past  Verulamium 
(St.  Albans)  to  Viroconium  (Wroxeter).  Its  course  in  general  is  certain, 
and  not  least  in  Warwickshire,  where  most  of  it  is  a  county  boundary 
and  nearly  the  whole  of  it  is  still  in  use  as  a  high  road.  It  enters  the 
county  from  the  south  at  Dunsland,  4  miles  south-east  of  Rugby,  and 
from  there  to  Mancetter  it  divides  Warwickshire,  first  from  Northamp- 
tonshire and  then  from  Leicestershire.  Between  Mancetter  and  Fazeley 

1  So  Thorpe.  Guest,  Origints  Celtic*,  ii.  220,  tries  to  defend  the  antiquity  of  the  word 
Rycknield,  but  without  meeting  the  real  points  of  the  case.  The  foundation  charter  of  Hilton  or 
Hulton  Abbey  in  Staffordshire  (A.D.  1223)  mentions  a  Richmilde  or  Rikenilde  Street  near  Stoke-upon- 
Trent — Richmilde  according  to  Dugdale's  Mmasticon,  v.  715  ;  Rikenilde  according  to  a  seventeenth 
century  copy  in  the  British  Museum,  Harleian  MS.  2060  :  I  do  not  know  where  the  original  charter  is. 
This  suggests  that  a  street-name  somewhat  like  Rykeneld  existed  in  Staffordshire  before  Higden,  and  this 
may  help  to  explain  Higden's  statements.  But  that  street  near  Stoke  is  far  away  from  the  road  which 
is  now  under  discussion. 

*  On  Bucgan,  Buggilde,  see  Napier  and  Stevenson,  Crawford  Charter!  (Oxford,  1895),  p.  56. 
The  name  Buckle  Street  is  still  known  to  the  country  folk  within  the  limits  mentioned  in  the  text.  For 
instance,  there  are  '  Buckle  Street  housen,'  a  mile  north  of  Honeybourne  railway  station.  The  Ordnance 
surveyors  also  insert  the  name  on  Broadway  Down,  but  this  (so  far  as  I  can  discover  by  local  inquiries) 
is  doubtful. 

242 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

it  runs  through  Warwickshire  ;  at  Fazeley  it  crosses  the  Tame  into 
Staffordshire.  Constant  use  through  many  centuries  has  presumably 
destroyed  almost  everywhere  its  Roman  paving.  There  is  however  a 
story  that  during  the  sewerage  works  at  Atherstone  in  1868  the  old 
Roman  paving  was  found  at  varying  depths,  marked  with  grooves  of 
chariot-wheels  and  laid  in  slabs  like  those  in  the  Forum  of  Rome.  What 
truth  underlies  this  tale  is  impossible  and  perhaps  unimportant  to  dis- 
cover. Certainly  no  such  paving  as  that  of  the  Via  Sacra  at  Rome  has 
been  found  elsewhere  in  Roman  Britain,  and  slab-paving  of  any  sort  is 
rare  on  Romano-British  roads. 

(3)  The  Fosse  is  the  name  used  since  Saxon  times  for  the  road  or 
series  of  roads  which  ran  from  Lincoln  past  Leicester,  Cirencester  and 
Bath  into  the  west.     Its  general  course  is  no  less  certain  than  that  of 
Watling  Street.      In  Warwickshire  it  is  still  for  the  most  part  used  as  a 
road  or  field-track  ;  for  about  half  its  course  it  forms  intermittently  a 
parish  boundary.     It  enters   the   county   at   High    Cross,   passes  Street 
Ashton,  Stretton-under-Fosse,  Brinklow  (where  perhaps  later  earthworks 
have   been   thrown   across  it),  Chesterton   and    Halford,  and   leaves  the 
county  at  Stretton-on-the-Fosse.     Except  at  Chesterton,  and  perhaps  at 
Halford  (p.  246),  it  traverses  no  sites  known  to  have  been  inhabited  in 
Romano-British  times. 

The  Romans  seem  to  have  drawn  some  distinction  between  the  Fosse 
from  Lincoln  to  High  Cross  and  the  Fosse  from  High  Cross  southwards. 
The  former  belonged  to  an  itinerary  route  from  Lincoln  to  London  ;  the 
latter  has  no  place  in  the  Itinerary.  The  reason  is  not  now  discoverable 
with  certainty.  It  can  hardly  be  connected  with  any  distinction 
between  military  and  commercial  roads — for  which  distinction  there 
seems,  indeed,  to  be  no  proper  warrant.  But  it  suggests  that  the 
Romans  did  not  regard  the  Fosse  quite  as  we  are  inclined  to  do — that  is, 
as  a  great  through  route  from  Lincolnshire  into  Somerset.  It  did  serve 
that  end,  but  in  Roman  times  that  was  not  its  principal  purpose. 

(4)  Lastly,  we  have  to  mention  two  branch  roads,  both  short  and 
doubtful.      Possibly  a  road  connected  Alcester  and   Droitwich,    though 
the  assertions  often  made  about  it  are  too  positive  and  the  appellation 
often  given  to   it,    Lower  Saltway,   seems  devoid  of  ancient  authority. 
The  line  of  the  existing  highway  between  the  two  towns,  both   Roman 
sites,  is  really  the  only  evidence,  and  this,  though  not  adverse,  is  not 
conclusive  in  favour  of  the  road.      Another  road  may  perhaps  have  run 
from  Alcester  to  Stratford.     The   existing   highway   between   the  two 
places  is  singularly  straight,  and  where  it  once  diverges   (near  Alcester) 
the  straight  line  is  taken  up  by  a  field-track.     Moreover  the  name  of 
Stratford,  as  Mr.  Stevenson  assures  me,  is  genuinely  old  and  may  really 
indicate  a   Roman   road.     Unfortunately   hardly   any   Roman    remains, 
except  coins,  have  been  found  in  or  near  Stratford  (p.  248)  ;  and,  sup- 
posing the  road  to  be  Roman,  there  is  no  sort  of  indication  of  its  further 
course   east   of  Stratford.     On  the  other  hand  we  may  reject   without 
scruple  the  idea  of  a  Roman  road  from  Alcester  to  Warwick.     No  trace 

243 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

of  this  road  exists,  and  no  Roman  remains  have  been  found  at  Warwick 
which  would  justify  any  such  a  road  (p.  249). 

6.    MISCELLANEOUS  :  INDEX 

Villages,  houses,  roads,  indicate  some  form  or  other  of  settled 
occupation.  We  pass  on  now  to  notice  scattered  finds,  coins,  potsherds 
and  the  like,  which  we  cannot  refer  to  any  definite  place  in  the  civili- 
zation of  Roman  Warwickshire.  Some  of  these  finds,  probably,  are  so 
imperfectly  known  to  us  that  we  fail  to  catch  their  significance.  Others 
certainly  seem  to  be  due  to  chance.  We  shall  therefore  be  content  to 
summarize  these  in  the  alphabetical  list  with  which  our  article  concludes 
without  wasting  words  on  what  must  be  idle  speculation  why  or  how 
they  came  to  where  they  have  been  found.  This  list  is  intended  to 
include  all  the  principal  sites  on  which  Roman  remains  have  been  found, 
or  thought  to  be  found,  in  Warwickshire.  Such  sites  as  have  already 
been  fully  described  are  indicated  by  references  to  the  pages  on  which 
the  descriptions  occurred.  For  the  rest,  the  sporadic  discoveries  just 
mentioned,  I  have  briefly  indicated  the  nature  of  the  objects  found  and 
the  chief  printed  or  other  authorities  for  them. 

The  items  of  most  interest  are  perhaps  those  relating  to  Birming- 
ham, Bubbenhall,  Eatington,  Hartshill,  Rugby,  Stratford,  Warwick  and 
Wolfhamcote.  Had  the  county  been  better  explored  it  is  likely  that 
some,  though  not  all  of  these,  might  have  claimed  a  place  in  the  earlier 
sections  of  this  article. 

I  have  omitted  from  this  list,  and  indeed  ignored  through  this  article, 
a  large  number  of  earthworks  which  though  often  called  Roman  have 
no  claim  whatever  to  be  considered  such. 

ALCESTER.— Village  :  see  p.  236. 

ALVESTON. — See  Tiddington. 

ATHERSTONE. — Alleged  paving  of  Watling  Street  :  p.  243. 

ATHERSTONE-ON-STOUR. — One  'third  brass'  coin  of  Constantine  the  Great  [J.  H.  Bloom]. 

BADEN  (BARDEN)  HILL. — See  Stratford-on-Avon. 

BEAUDESERT  HILL. — Alleged  solitary  fragment  of  Roman  pottery,  found  1807  :  age  doubtful. 

Near  Henley-in-Arden. 

BICKMARSH. — Coins  of  the  Constantine  period  [J.  H.  Bloom]. 
BINSWOOD. — Coins  vaguely  mentioned  by  J.  T.  Burgess  [Proceedings  of  IVaruilck  Field  Club, 

1873,  p.  u]. 

BINTON. — Coin  of  Allectus  [J.  H.  Bloom]. 
BIRMINGHAM. — (i)  Coins  of  Constantine  period,  found  on  the  north  side  of  Birmingham  near 

Holford  or  Holdford,  where  the  Rycknield  Street  crossed  the  Tame.     '  Camp '  near   the 

crossing,    very    doubtful    [H.   S.    Pearson,    Proceedings    of  the  Birmingham  and  Midland 

Institute  (Archasol.  section),  1890,  xvi.  36]. 

(2)  Roman  coins  (dates  not  recorded)  found  in  constructing  a  sewer  at  the  junction  of 
Dudley  Street  and  Smallbrook  Street,  south  of  New  Street  Station  [ibid.]. 

(3)  Many  coins — one  a  bronze  Vespasian,  Cohen  457 — found  June,  1816,  by  a  man 
digging  in  a  garden  near  the  Jews'  Burying  Ground  [Concise  History  of  Birmingham, 
printed  by  Jabet  (ed.  5,  1817),  p.  18].     As  the  maps  of  Hanson,  Kempson,  etc.,  show, 
the  Jews'  cemetery  in  1816  (and  till  1823)  was  near  wnat  is  now  tne  Worcester  Wharf, 
half  way  along  Granville  Street  to  the  east  of  it. 

(4)  Gough   [Add.  to  Camden,  ii.  460],  Reynolds,  Brayley  and  Britton  and  others 
mention  a  Roman  bridge,  castle  and  coins.     But  this  is  a  mere  misreading  of  a  passage 
in  Hutton's  History  of  Birmingham,  p.  216,  ed.  3.     The  remains  really  belong  to  Derby. 

244 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

(5)  An  alleged  '  camp  '  at  Selly  Oak  (now  indistinguishable)  and  an  alleged  well  near 
Harborne  seem  to  lack  proof  of  Roman  origin. 

These  finds  show  that  Birmingham  was  not  in  any  real  sense  an  inhabited  site  in  the 
Roman  period.  Wm.  Baxter  [Glossarium  Antiq.  Britann.  (London,  1719),  p.  46],  gave 
the  spot  the  name  Bremenium,  just  as  a  guess,  and  the  idea  was  picked  up  by  Bertram 
in  forging  '  Richard  of  Cirencester.'  It  has  of  course  no  validity  and  is  totally  unworthy 
of  credence  :  Bremenium  itself  was  in  Northumberland.  For  the  line  of  Rycknield 
Street  across  Birmingham  see  p.  240. 

BLACKLOW  HILL. — Lord  Algernon  Percy  of  Guy's  Cliffe  has  four  coins  (silver  of  Antony, 
Pius,  Commodus,  bronze  of  Nero)  which  were  found  in  a  drawer,  wrapped  in  a  paper 
marked  '  Coins  dug  up  at  Blacklow  Hill.'  Other  coins  are  believed  to  have  been  found 
with  them  but  are  lost  and  the  date  of  the  find  is  unknown.  Blacklow  Hill  (in  Leek 
Wootton  parish)  is  close  to  Guy's  Cliffe  and  Gaveston's  Cross.  [Unpublished.] 

BRAILES. — Potsherds  [R.  F.  Tomes]. 

BRINKLOW. — N.  Salmon  [New  Survey  (1731),  p.  492]  put  Ratae  here,  but  it  is  ;in  impossible 
idea.  The  earthworks  here  are  certainly  not  Roman,  as  all  will  agree  who  have  seen 
them.  The  question  whether  the  Fosse  deviates  to  avoid  them  [Archaological  "Journal, 
xxxv.  114,  etc.]  can  only  be  settled  by  excavation,  but  they  seem  to  me  to  be  planted 
across  it  [Dugdale,  218;  W.  G.  Fretton,  '  Staunton  Folio,'  Birmingham  and  Midland 
Institute,  1883,  p.  35,  plan  of  1821  ;  Archaeological  Journal,  xxxv.  113,  xxxviii.  435 
(horseshoes,  miscalled  Roman)  ;  Builder,  June  12,  1884  ;  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeo- 
logical Association,  xx  ix.  40]. 

BROWNSOVER. — Roman  cinerary  urn  in  chapel  yard,  recorded  by  Bloxam  [Rugby,  the  School  and 
Neighbourhood  (London,  1889),  p.  195  ;  and  Rugby  School  Nat.  Hist.  Sac.  Trans.  1884]. 
The  '  camp '  here  has  no  claim  to  be  considered  Roman. 

BUBBENHALL. — Seven  inscribed  tiles  found  1877  in  demolishing  a  building  supposed  to  be  200 
years  old.  The  inscriptions  are  identical  and  are  a  reproduction  of  the  inscription  found 
about  the  year  1600  at  Bremenium  (High  Rochester),  [Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latin,  vii. 
986].  The  texture  of  the  tiles,  the  forms  of  the  letters  and  a  mistake  in  the  lettering 
prove  these  tiles  to  be  modern  productions  ;  and  comparison  shows  that  they  were 
actually  stamped  with  the  block  (or  a  duplicate  of  the  block)  used  by  Camden  [Britannia 
(1607),  ed.  4]  to  illustrate  the  High  Rochester  altar.  One  tile  was  given  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  one  to  Warwick  Museum,  where  I  have  seen  them  [Notes  and 
Queries,  fifth  series,  vii.  (1877),  pt.  2,  pp.  28,  74,  133,  195,  436  ;  Archteological  Journal, 
xxxiii.  452].  Sir  John  Evans  (in  Notes  and  Queries)  first  suggested  the  original  of  the 
tiles,  and  Mr.  S.  M.  Leathes,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  confirmed  this  by  comparing 
the  tile  in  Trinity  College  Library  with  the  illustration  in  Camden.  I  imagine  that  the 
tiles  were  fabricated  early  in  the  seventeenth  century  and  more  probably  as  a  jeu  d 'esprit 
than  as  a  forgery. 

BUTLERS  MARSTON. — Coins  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  parish.  There  is  a  farm 
called  Blacklands,  but  I  am  assured  that  nothing  has  ever  been  detected  on  it.  See 
Combrook. 

CAVE'S  INN. — Hamlet  on  Wading  Street :  p.  230. 

CESTERSOVER. — Various  assertions  have  been  made  that  this  is  a  Roman  site,  but  it  is  probably 
only  a  Saxon  one.  Stukeley  [Itin.  Curiosum,  i.  112]  mentions  foundations,  etc.,  at  Old 
Town,  though  without  calling  them  Roman  ;  M.  H.  Bloxam  in  one  of  his  earlier 
papers  [Birmingham  Analyst,  1836,  iv.  179]  speaks  of  Roman  pavements  and  burials. 
But  these,  as  he  later  saw,  are  Saxon  [C.  Roach  Smith,  Collectanea  Antiqua,  i.  38  ; 
Bloxam,  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  viii.  322,  ser.  2  ;  Archceologia,  xlviii.  337]. 
The  late  J.  T.  Burgess  stated  that  Roman  pavements  and  late  Roman  remains  were 
found  during  the  construction  of  the  Midland  Railway  from  Leicester  to  Rugby  in 
1839  [Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  1873,  xxix.  40].  But  I  can  get 
no  confirmation  of  the  statement  though  I  have  made  local  enquiries.  The  derivation 
of  the  name  is  doubtful.  Mr.  W.  H.  Stevenson  tells  me  that  Dugdale's  '  the  eastern 
over '  is  wrong,  and  that  a  derivation  from  '  ceaster '  is  unlikely. 

CHESTERTON. — Village  (?) :  see  p.  234. 

CLIFTON-ON-DUNSMORE. — Skeletons,  beads,  a  jewel  mounted  in  gold  and  a  bronze  bowl- 
handle,  found  in  1843,  nave  Deen  called  Roman  [M.  H.  Bloxam,  Associated  Architectural 
Society  Papers,  i.  229].  But  the  jewel  was  pronounced  Saxon  by  Sir  A.  W.  Franks  and 
probably  the  whole  find  is  Saxon.  Mr.  Goodacre  of  Ullesthorp  has  some  of  the  things. 

245 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


CLOUDESLEY  BUSH.  —  Tumulus  on  Fosse  Way,  two  miles  south  of  High  Cross,  now  removed. 
Dugdale  (p.  92),  Stukeley  [Itin.  Curiosum,  i.  in]  and  others  took  this  to  be  the  tomb  of 
one  Claudius,  and  the  impossible  idea  still  lingers  in  some  books. 

COLESHILL.  —  Copper  coin  of  Trajan  discovered  among  old  foundations  in  Grimeshill  field, 
north  of  the  town  [Dugdale,  p.  1006  ;  hence  Gough,  Add.  to  Camden,  ii.  461,  and 
others].  Possibly  an  unexplored  Roman  house. 

COMBE  ABBEY.  —  See  Peter  Hall. 

COMBROOK.  —  Coins  (i  Victorinus,  I  Helena,  5  Constantine,  I  Urbs  Roma)  at  Brokehampton, 
near  Butlers  Marston  [J.  H.  Bloom]. 

COMPTON,  LONG.  —  Two  coins  :  '  first  brass  '  of  Lucilla,  '  second  brass  '  of  Daza  [Journal 
of  British  Archttological  Association,  xvii.  75]. 

COVENTRY.  —  'Second  brass'  of  Nero,  also  'regular  pavement'  under  Broadgate,  taken  to  be 
Roman  in  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1793,  ii.  787,  and  later  writers.  But  as  no  other 
Roman  objects  have  occurred  in  Coventry  the  pavement  may  better  be  called  medieval. 

DUGDALE.  —  Reynolds  (p.  437)  ascribes  remains  to  a  place  of  this  name,  but  he  means  Coles- 
hill. 

EATINGTON  (ETTINGTON).  —  Many  coins,  including  a  '  second  brass  '  of  the  elder  Faustina  and 
and  Constantinian  'third  brass,'  bronze  fibula.  Samian  ware  (SATVRNINI  -OF  and 
SENTIA  •  M)  found  in  Eatington  Park  [E.  P.  Shirley,  Archaeological  Journal,  ii.  199,  and 
Lower  Eatington  (London,  1869),  p.  no  ;  J.  H.  Bloom].  These  finds  can  be  connected 
with  others  made  at  Halford  and  in  Worcestershire  at  Newbold-on-Stour,  Talton, 
Arnscote  [Victoria  History  of  Worcestershire,  \.  22O  ;  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
ser.  2,  iv.  231].  The  whole  seems  to  indicate  a  rather  denser  population  here  than  in 
most  of  Warwickshire. 

FENNY  COMPTON.  —  Much  pottery  (Samian,  pelves,  grey-blue  common  ware,  etc.)  was  found 
in  1  88  1  in  draining  the  '  Great  Ground,'  a  field  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  village  on 
the  lane  to  Farnborough  fields  ;  some  pieces  resemble  wasters  from  a  kiln.  [Information 
from  E.  R.  P.  Knott  of  St.  Leonards,  Burton  Dassett,  who  showed  me  specimens.] 

FOLESHILL.  —  Two  hoards  of  fourth  century  copper  coins  in  earthen  jugs,  found  December, 
1792,  and  January,  1793.  The  former  comprised  1800  coins  of  Constantine  I.  and 
Magnentius  ;  the  latter,  larger  coins,  better  preserved  but  fewer,  of  the  same  period 
[Gentleman's  Magazine,  1793,  i.  83,  and  ii.  786,  with  plate  of  urn]. 

GOODREST.  —  Coins  vaguely  mentioned  by  J.  T.  Burgess  [Warwick  Field  Club  Report,  1873, 
p.  1  1].  Goodrcst  is  3  miles  north  of  Warwick  and  a  mile  west  of  Leek  Wootton. 

HALFORD  BRIDGE.  —  Coins  of  Gallienus,  Probus,  etc.,  found  in  a  field  called  '  The  Stones,' 
now  in  possession  of  Mr.  T.  S.  Potter  [J.  H.  Bloom].  Other  small  finds  ;  see  Warwick 
Field  Club  Report,  1878.  The  remains  noted  in  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1792,  ii.  785, 
seem  post-Roman.  See  Eatington,  above. 

HAMPTON-IN-ARDEN.  —  See  Knowle. 

HARBOROUGH  BANKS.  —  Earthwork  called  Roman  by  Dugdale  (p.  790)  ;  [Hannett,  Forest  of 
Arden  (London,  1863),  p.  12]  ;  but.  not  Roman.  In  Lapworth  parish. 

HARTSHILL.  —  Kilns  found  1891-7  at  the  Caldecote  quarries.  Much  pottery  was  noted  in 
and  round  the  kilns,  a  little  Samian  and  dark  grey  ware,  but  principally  cream-coloured 
pelves  (mortaria]  10  to  15  inches  in  diameter  stamped  with  various  marks  on  the  rims. 
One  in  Warwick  Museum  has  the  stamp 


/nine 


which  is  obviously  an  attempt  to  make  a  stamp  without  troubling  about  the  letters. 
Prof.  Windle  records  stamps  VDIO  and  SAR  •  R  but  I  fancy  that  these  were  not  really 
so  definite  [Windle,  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  xvi.  405  ;  Builders'  Journal, 
April  7,  1897  ;  Warwick  Field  Club  Report,  1897,  pp.  27,  IOO  ;  pieces  in  Warwick 
Museum],  Bartlett  [Manduessedum  Romanum,  p.  15]  records  that  in  1773  a  tumulus 
was  dug  up  here  and  beneath  was  found  a  brick  pavement  6  feet  square  with  a  hole  at 
each  corner.  I  do  not  know  if  this  belonged  to  another  kiln  [see  also  Nichols' 
Leicestershire,  iv.  1092,  1031  ;  Brayley  and  Britton,  p.  310]. 

246 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  occurrence  of  small  kilns  for  the  local  manufacture  of  pelves  is  common. 
These  '  mullers '  were  cumbrous  to  transport  and  could  not  be  used  as  wine  jars  or  corn 
jars.  They  were  therefore  seldom  exported,  but  manufactured  as  need  arose  locally. 
The  manufacture  on  any  one  spot  may  have  been  a  temporary  affair  of  a  few  years.  See 
Corpus  Inscrip.  Latin,  xiii.  (3)  p.  77. 

HIGH  CROSS. — Village  (?) :  see  p.  232. 

HILLMORTON. — Cup  of  grey  ware,  found  in  ballast-hole  near  canal  [Rugby  School  Museum]. 

ILMINGTON. — Roman  potsherds  and  coins,  also  small  earthwork  of  uncertain  age,  near  Pig 
Lane  on  Knebsworth  Common  [R.  F.  Tomes  ;  J.  H.  Bloom  ;  Warwick  Field  Club 
Report,  1892,  p.  59]. 

IPSLEY. — Urn,  of  uncertain  age  [Archaeological  "Journal,  ii.  202].  'Camp,  not  Roman 
[Bloxam,  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological  section),  1875,  p.  38]. 

ITCHINGTON,  BISHOP'S. — Coins,  including  denarius  of  Nero  [W.  Gardner]. 

ITCHINGTON  (LONG). — Indications  of  house  :  p.  238. 

KENILWORTH. — Indications  of  house,  in  the  Chase  woods  :  p.  238. 

KINETON. — Coins  (i  Claudius  I.,  4  Constantinian — copper)  in  Bankey  meadow  on  the  north 
side  of  the  road  from  Kineton  towards  Banbury  ;  silver  coin  of  Julian  at  Castle  Hill 
[E.  P.  Shirley,  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  iv.  92,  ser.  ij.  The  Rev.  J.  H. 
Bloom  also  records  coins  of  Pius,  Gordian  I.  (silver)  and  A.D.  250-350. 

KING'S  NEWNHAM. — Samian  potsherd,  bronze  fibula,  deer's  horn,  boar's  tusk  [Bloxam, 
Birmingham  Analyst,  1836,  iv.  180], 

KNOWLE. — Hoard  of  'third  brass'  (Gallienus,  Salonina,  Tetricus,  etc.),  in  all  15  Ib.  weight, 
found  in  an  urn  in  1778  in  the  manor  of  Knowle  [Archaologia,  vii.  413  ;  Gentleman  s 
Magazine,  1795,  ii.  988  ;  hence  Bartlett,  Manduessedum  Romanum,  p.  12  note,  and  later 
writers]. 

LADBROKE. — Frequent  coins,  especially  near  Chapel  Ascot  and  Hodnell  [W.  Gardner]. 

LAWFORD. — At  Little  Lawford,  north  of  the  Avon,  three  urns  in  circular  cist  of  limestone  found 
about  1815  [Bloxam,  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  vi.  346,  ser.  2,  and  Bir- 
mingham and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological  section),  1875,  p.  36  ;  see  also  his  Rugby, 
the  School  and  Neighbourhood  (London,  1889),  p.  182]. 

Potsherds,  including  an  odd-shaped  vessel  of  Samian  ware  2  inches  high  (fig.  2), 
found  on  the  south  side  of  the  Avon,  in  Long  Lawford  [Bloxam,  ibid. ;  Rugby  Museum]. 

LEEK  WOOTTON. — Mr.  J.  T.  Burgess  mentions  a  '  Roman  goddess  '  as  found  here  [Warwick 
Field  Club  Report,  1873,  p.  1 1],  but  I  do  not  know  what  he  means. 

LIGHTHORNE. — Coins  (one  of  Allectus)  near  Warwick  and  Banbury  Road  [Ribton  Turner, 
Shakespeare's  Land,  p.  316  ;  W.  Gardner]. 

LILLINGTON. — Potsherds  found  lately  in  gravel  pit  near  church  [Murray's  Guide,  p.  6 1  ; 
Mr.  S.  S.  Stanley].  Those  I  have  seen  are  not  Roman. 

LOXLEY. — Coin  of  Allectus  found  near  Loxley  House  [Mr.  Cove  Jones]. 

MANCETTER. — Village  (?) :  p.  233. 

MARTON. — Two  silver  coins  [W.  Gardner]. 

MEON  HILL. — Bloxam  mentioned  a  '  camp  '  and  a  '  magazine  of  Roman  arms  '  here,  in  the 
Birmingham  Analyst,  1836,  iv.  185  ;  later  he  gave  them  up. 

MILVERTON. — Earthen  urn  with  about  200  'third  brass'  found  1885.  About  sixty  which 
were  examined  ranged  from  Gallienus  to  Probus  [Numismatic  Chronicle,  1886,  p.  246  ; 
S.  S.  Stanley,  Warwick  Field  Club  Report,  1888]. 

MONKS  KIRBY. — Villa  and  burials  (?)  :  see  p.  238. 

NUNEATON. — Hoard  of  over  40  denarii,  2  Republican  (Cassia,  Livineia),  the  rest  ranging 
from  Vespasian  to  Marcus  [Numismatic  Chronicle,  1 88 1,  p.  307].  A  small  hoard  of  a 
common  type  :  compare  Arch&ologia,  liv.  490. 

OFFCHURCH. — Lady  Aylesbury  has  at  Offchurch  Bury  a  number  of  '  third  brass '  of  circa 
A.D.  260—400  and  some  minims,  found  probably  in  the  neighbourhood  :  compare  War- 
wick Archaeological  Society  Report,  1876,  p.  40,  and  Field  Club  Report,  1878,  p.  2.  The 
alleged  '  Roman  capitals '  now  in  the  porch  of  the  Bury  are  modern. 

PETER  HALL. — Two  small  bronze  heads,  cast  hollow  and  filled  with  lead,  presumably  part  of 
a  steelyard  :  found  at  Peter  Hall  near  Combe  Abbey.  Samian  potsherds  (DIVIX)  found 
about  1840  in  Combe  Park  [Bloxam  in  Associated  Architectural  Society  Papers,  i.  228,  229  ; 
in  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological  section),  1875,  p.  35,  and  in 
Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  v.  303].  The  heads  are  now  in  Rugby  School 

Museum. 

247 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

POLBSWORTH. — Hoard  of  small  Constantinian  copper  round  in  earthenware  urn  at  Aucote  in 
1762  [Annual  Register,  October,  1762  ;  Bartlett's  Manduessedum  Romanum,  p.  12]. 

Large  hoard  of  denarii  of  Vespasian,  Hadrian,  Pius,  the  younger  Faustina  and  others, 
found  at  Hall  End  in  1848  [Journal  of  the  British  Archeeological  Aisociatitn,  iv.  151]. 
Compare  Nuneaton. 

PRINCETHORPE. — A  denarius  (DIVVS  AVGVSTVS),  small  bronze  head  of  bull,  potsherds  including 
a  fragment  of  Castor  ware  [C.  Roach  Smith,  Collectanea  Antiqua,  i.  37  ;  Bloxam, 
Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  v.  303  ;  Rugby  School  Museum].  The  circum- 
stances of  the  find  are  unknown.  The  objects  have  been  recorded  along  with  Saxon 
remains  to  which  they  need  not  and  ought  not  to  belong.  Princethorpe  is  close  to  the  Fosse. 

RUGBY. — Plain  hoop  ring  of  bronze  with  Greek  inscription  on  the  inner  or  flat  side  of  the 
ring.  Bloxam  gives  the  inscription  as  Esunera  Euneiske.  Mr.  W.  T.  Watkin,  who 
examined  it  carefully,  read — 

ESYNEPA    EYNAICXE 

The  sense  in  either  case  is  not  at  all  clear,  and  I  do  not  suppose  either  reading  is  correct. 
The  ring  was  found  about  1848  close  to  Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam's  residence,  St.  Matthew's 
Place,  Rugby  [Bloxam,  Associated  Architectural  Society  Papers,  i.  229  ;  Watkin,  Archaeo- 
logical Journal,  xxxv.  67,  301  ;  Ephemeris  Epigraphies,  iv.  p.  21 1,  No.  711.  I  do  not  know 
where  the  ring  is  now ;  the  curator  of  the  Rugby  School  Museum  assures  me  it  is  not  there]. 
Toy  hammer  of  bronze  found  about  1848  not  far  from  the  ring  just  mentioned  : 
now  in  Rugby  School  Museum  [Bloxam,  ibid,  and  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute 
(Archzological  section),  1875,  p.  36]. 

RYTON-ON-DUNSMORE. — The  'Roman  and  British"  urns  found  in  1848  [Archaeological 
Journal,  v.  217]  seem  all  to  be  'British.' 

SALFORD  PRIORS. — Coins  and  perhaps  a  burial  urn  are  vaguely  mentioned  in  F.  White's 
Warwickshire  and  the  volume  of  the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological 
section)  for  1895,  xxi.  75. 

SECKINGTON. — The  earthwork   here  cannot  be    Roman  and  the   idea  that  the  place  is  the 
Roman  Secandunum  [Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute  (Archaeological  section),  xxvi.  89] 
is  ridiculous.     No  such  name  exists.     For  the   earthwork  see  G.  T.  Clark's  plan  and 
description  in  Archaeological  Journal,  xxxix.  373. 
.  SNITTERFIELD. — Burial  urn  \JVarwick  Archrtological  Society  Report,  1869,  p.  30]. 

SNOWFORD  BRIDGE. — Villa  :   p.  238.      In  Long  Itchington  parish. 

SOUTHAM. — Coins  (i  Allectus,  2  Magnentius)  found  about  1850  in  the  Bury  orchard 
below  the  church  ;  2  denarii  of  Vespasian,  i  of  Geta,  I  copper  of  Probus  (Alexandrian 
mint)  and  others,  found  elsewhere  in  Southam  [W.  Gardner]. 

STOCKTON. — Coins,  cup  or  urn  [W.  Gardner]. 

STONELEIGH. — Coins  [W.  Gardner]. 

STRATFORD-ON-AVON. — About  110  copper  coins,  found  (it  is  said)  at  Cross-o'-the-Hill,  south 
of  the  town,  now  in  the  Birthplace  Museum  ;  about  forty  are  said  to  have  been  found 
before  1800,  the  rest  between  1800  and  1856.  They  are  of  all  dates  from  Germanicus 
to  Gratian,  the  later  being  commonest. 

An  urn  of  gold  and  silver  coins  (one  of  Magnus  Maximus)  is  said  to  have  been  found 
here,  or  near  here,  in  1786  [Gentleman's  Magazine,  1794,  ii.  507]. 

Mr.  Cove  Jones  of  Loxley  has  a  gold  coin  of  Valens,  said  to  have  been  found  in 
Stratford.  It  may  belong  to  this  hoard  of  1786. 

About  1786  a  Stratford  labourer  found  a  broken  urn  and  three  copper  coins  between 
Baden  (Bardon)  Hill  and  the  river  Stour,  i^  miles  west  of  Stratford. 

See  also  Tiddington  (below)  and  for  a  possible  road  to  Alcester,  p.  243.  Coins  seem 
unusually  abundant  round  Stratford,  but  not  other  remains. 

TIDDINGTON. — Mr.  Cove  Jones  of  Loxley  has  about  100  copper  coins  said  to  have  been 
picked  up  at  intervals  from  1846-56  on  the  'Church  Leys,'  Tiddington.  They  include 
i  '  first  brass  '  of  Trajan,  i  '  first '  and  i  '  second  brass '  of  Pius,  i  Alex.  Severus, 
several  small  coppers  of  250-80  A.D.  and  many  of  280-380,  especially  Constantinian. 
They  may  possibly  belong  to  a  hoard  which  had  been  broken  up  and  scattered  by  the 
plough  before  it  was  noticed  and  which  was  therefore  picked  up  piecemeal. 

Mr.  Cove  Jones  has  also  one  Constantinus  said  to  have  been  found  1846  'on  the 
Church  lands,  i  mile  from  Stratford  towards  Tiddington '  (?  the  same  locality),  and  a 
silver  ring  with  four  coins  (i  Constantine,  i  Magnentius)  found  on  the  '  Lench  fields 
between  the  Avon  and  the  Stratford  and  Tiddington  road  in  1850. 

248 


ROMANO-BRITISH    WARWICKSHIRE 

WALTON. — House  (?)  :  see  p.  238. 

WARWICK. — Some  pieces  of  Samian  (three  in  Warwick  Museum,  others  penes  Mr. 
Thos.  O.  Lloyd)  are  said  to  have  been  found  with  bronze  tweezers,  '  tearbottles,'  etc., 
in  the  Priory  grounds.  The  details  of  the  discovery  have  not  been  recorded,  but  the 
tweezers  suggest  Saxon  burials.  [For  such  details  as  survive  see  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  1867,  iii.  472,  ser.  2  ;  Warwick  Archaeological  Society  Report,  1867,  p.  10 
(each  mentioning  graves,  but  not  the  potsherds,  tweezers,  etc.) ;  ibid.  1868,  p.  23  (skulls 
and  Roman  pottery  presented  to  museum) ;  Warwick  Field  Club  Report,  1873,  p.  II, 
1875,  p.  12,  1876,  p.  40.] 

These  potsherds  appear  to  be  the  only  Roman  remains  recorded  from  Warwick. 
Reynolds  [p.  469]  refers  to  coins,  but  too  vaguely  to  be  of  use.  The  reputed  Roman 
masonry  under  the  clock  tower  in  the  castle  seems  not  to  be  really  Roman.  The  alleged 
road  to  Alcester  is  equally  unproven.  Dugdale  (p.  372  note)  seems  to  have  been  right 
in  saying  that  Warwick  was  not  a  Roman  site.  Certainly  the  Roman  name  ascribed  to 
it  by  Camden  and  accepted  by  many  later  writers,  Praesidium,  is  a  mere  guess,  utterly 
undeserving  of  acceptance.  The  only  Praesidium  known  in  Roman  Britain  was  a  small 
fort  in  Yorkshire  \Notitia  Dignitatum  Occid.  xl.].1 

WATLING  STREET. — Coins  found  in  the  Street,  near  Higham  (i  silver  of  Trajan)  [Burton's 
Leicestershire,  p.  131]. 

WEIXESBOURNE. — Burial  urn  found  1823  [Warwick  Arck<eological  Society  Report,  1843,  p.  12  ; 
Warwick  Museum]. 

WESTON-ON-AvoN. — Samian  and  other  potsherds,  small  bronze  boar,  coin  of  Domitian,  three 
Constantinian  coins  [Warwick  Archaeological  Society  Report,  1866,  pp.  1 8,  23  ;  Warwick 
and  Worcester  Museums]. 

WHITCHURCH. — A  'third  brass'  of  Tacitus,  found  1901  [].  H.  Bloom], 

WILMCOTE. — Well  (?),  9  feet  diameter,  regularly  steyned  ;  containing  horns  and  skulls  of 
animals,  potsherds,  coins  ( I  Aurelian).  Other  wells  (or  pits)  near  [Gentleman's  Magazine, 
1841,  ii.  8l  ;  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  xxix.  41]. 

WOLFHAMCOTE. — At  Sawbridge  (Salbridge)  in  1689  a  well  was  found  4  feet  square;  in  it, 
2O  feet  deep,  was  a  large  square  stone  with  a  hole  in  it,  on  which  stood  urns  of  grey 
ware.  Twelve  of  these  urns  were  taken  out  whole,  and  about  twelve  others  were 
broken  by  the  fall  of  a  stone  from  above.  Under  the  large  square  stone  the  well  was 
sounded  to  a  depth  of  40  feet  more,  getting  narrower  as  it  got  deeper,  but  no  bottom 
was  reached — and  apparently  no  more  urns  were  found  [Dugdale,  p.  308  ;  Stukeley, 
Iter  Boreale,  p.  21  (vague)  ;  hence  Gough,  Add,  to  Camden,  ii.  450  ;  Reynolds,  p.  460, 
etc.].  The  account  suggests  that  the  urns  were  all  originally  perfect  and  arranged  pur- 
posely in  the  well.  Wells  or  pits  containing  urns  which  appeared  to  the  finders  to  have 
been  purposely  arranged  have  been  found  in  many  places  [Victoria  History  of  Norfolk,  i.  29$, 
296].  No  satisfactory  reason  has  ever  been  suggested  to  explain  such  a  purposeful  arrange- 
ment, and  some  competent  judges  have  ventured  to  doubt  whether  the  finders  have  not 
mistaken  an  accidental  approach  to  symmetry  for  an  intended  symmetry  of  arrangement. 

WORMLEIGHTON. — Wooden  coffin,  made  of  a  tree  trunk,  and  coins  of  Constantine  found 
between  Wormleighton  and  Staunton  or  Stoneton  [Stukeley,  Iter  Boreale,  p.  21  ;  hence 
Gough,  Add.  to  Camden,  ii.  450,  etc.]. 

1  Mr.  Henry  Bradley  \An  English  Miscellany  presented  to  Dr.  Funtivall  (Oxford,  1901),  p.  15] 
conjectures  that  Warwick  is  the  Caer  Wrangon  of  Welsh  tradition — the  Cair  Guiragon  or  Guoeirangon 
or  Guoranegon  of  Nennius'  list  of  xxviii.  civitates.  He  takes  Wrangon  (that  is,  Gwrangon)  to  be  the 
name,  not  of  a  person  but  of  the  Avon.  The  list  is  so  obscure  that  it  is  hard  to  argue  about  it,  but  one 
would  not  expect  to  find  in  it  a  site  which  was  not  really  occupied  in  Romano-British  days. 

It  should  be  added  that  some  nineteen  Roman  sepulchral  inscriptions,  now  built  into  the  wall  of 
a  bathroom  in  the  Spy  Tower  of  Warwick  Castle,  have  no  connection  with  Warwick  and  are  not  of 
Romano-British  origin.  Nothing  is  recorded  of  their  origin  save  that  they  were  found  or  detected  when 
the  lower  court  of  the  Castle  was  levelled  in  181 1,  but  one  of  them  is  known  to  have  been  elsewhere 
in  England  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  their  appearance  and  epigraphic  characteristics  declare  that 
they  were  brought  originally  from  Rome.  Great  numbers  of  such  inscriptions  have  been  brought  to 
England  by  travellers  on  their  '  grand  tour  '  or  others,  and  many  of  these  have  been  lost  :  some  have 
even  made  their  way  deep  underground.  When  rediscovered,  they  have  often  been  taken  for  Romano- 
British  antiquities  (see  the  Victoria  Hist,  of  Hampshire,  i.  289,  note  3  ;  and  my  remarks  in  the  Classical 
Review,  v.  240).  The  Warwick  Castle  inscriptions  have  been  examined  by  the  late  Dr.  HObner  and 
printed  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  :  I  have  seen  rubbings  of  all,  and  casts 
of  several  are  in  Warwick  Museum. 

1  249  32 


HISTORY  OF  WARWICKSHIRE 


ANGLO-SAJ 


r  Ednibiirgfe  Gefljfrnpliu-*!  TojtUni. 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    OF 


N    REMAINS. 


REFERENCE 
nterments 
Miscellaneous  Finds,  Coin*,  etc. 

Scale 


~-    COUNTI  ES    OF    ENGLAND 


ANGLO-SAXON 
REMAINS 


IF  account  be  taken  of  the  original  aspect  and  extent  of  Arden,  the 
Anglo-Saxon  remains  of  Warwickshire  now  preserved  in  museums 
acquire  a  coherence  that  is  certainly  exceptional,  and  an  interest 

that  seldom  attaches  to  isolated  finds.  A  glance  at  the  map  will 
justify  the  statement  of  a  well-known  local  antiquary  that  sepulchral 
relics  of  the  pagan  period  are  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Avon. 
Perhaps  the  only  exception  is  near  Atherstone  in  the  north,  which  must 
have  been  alien  territory  before  the  Anglian  invaders  from  the  north 
and  cast  skirted  the  forest  and  founded  the  Mercian  kingdom  of  the 
midlands. 

It  is  difficult  in  these  days  and  in  this  country  to  appreciate  the 
sundering  influence  of  such  a  forest  as  that  which  covered  most  of  the 
county  between  the  Avon  and  the  site  of  Birmingham.  The  enlarged 
area  of  cultivation  and  the  improved  means  of  communication  have 
annihilated  the  obstacles  that  to  a  primitive  population  must  have  been 
of  immense  importance.  Friend  and  foe  alike  would  find  the  transit 
irksome  if  not  dangerous  ;  and  though  great  highways  ran  beside  it, 
Arden  must  have  hindered  intercourse  between  the  dwellers  to  the  north 
and  south  of  what  is  known  to-day  as  Warwickshire. 

Of  the  Rycknield  Way  nothing  need  here  be  said,  as  it  only  skirts 
the  western  border  of  the  county  ;  but  during  the  post-Roman  period 
an  important  part  must  have  been  played  in  the  over-running  of  the 
southern  midlands  by  the  Watling  and  Fosse  Ways  that  meet  at  High 
Cross.  The  latter  road  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  earliest  settle- 
ments of  the  Teutons  in  the  Avon  valley,  and  not  only  determined  to 
some  extent  the  area  of  their  occupation,  but  also  seems  to  indicate  at 
least  one  point  at  which  the  strangers  entered  the  county. 

Who  these  new-comers  were  may  also  be  fairly  conjectured  from  a 
comparative  examination  of  the  data  furnished  by  history  and  archaeology. 
The  Venerable  Bede,  who  wrote  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century, 
is  our  best  authority1  for  the  settlement  of  a  people  called  the  Hwiccii 
or  Hwiccans  in  the  Severn  valley.  They  seem  to  have  been  an  offshoot, 
and  were  certainly  the  neighbours,  of  the  West  Saxons  ;  and  from  the 
extent  of  the  pre-Reformation  diocese  of  Worcester*  it  is  permissible  to 

1  Ecclesiastical  History,  bk.  ii.  chap,  z  ;  bk.  iv.  chaps.  13,  23. 

2  The  metropolis  of  the  Hwiccan  diocese  (Kemble,  Codex  Diplomatics,  No.  xci.). 

251 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

fix  upon  the  eastern  border  of  Gloucestershire  as  the  dividing  line 
between  them  so  long  as  the  West  Saxon  dominion  centred  in  the  upper 
valley  of  the  Thames.  The  general  similarity  of  the  pagan  relics  dis- 
covered in  the  diocese  is  all  in  favour  of  a  connection  that  is  suggested 
by  geographical  considerations.  A  conquering  people  whose  chief  desire 
was  to  acquire  the  most  fertile  lands  of  the  Britons  would  find  no 
obstacle  at  the  point  where  the  Avon  enters  Warwickshire  ;  and  the 
occurrence  of  a  certain  kind  of  brooch  at  Bidford1  and  at  other  points 
further  up  the  river  shows  a  connection  with  the  West  Saxon  Hwiccan, 
while  the  diocesan  boundary  included  the  southern  part  of  the  county 
with  most  of  Worcestershire  and  Gloucestershire  east  of  the  Severn. 
The  first  bishop  of  the  Hwiccans  was  consecrated  about  679,  and  it  is 
therefore  to  be  expected  that  signs  of  paganism  should  here  appear  in 
graves  that  on  archaeological  grounds  may  be  assigned  to  the  seventh 
century.  As  the  heathen  practice  of  burying  arms  and  ornaments  with 
the  dead  was  gradually  abolished,  a  lower  time-limit  is  secured  for  the 
generality  of  graves  so  furnished  ;  but  there  is  something  also  to  give 
the  earliest  date  for  Teutonic  burials  in  these  parts.  If  the  early  entries 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  are  to  be  trusted,  the  battle  of  Deorham 
in  577  marked  the  establishment  of  the  West  Saxons  in  what  was  after- 
wards to  be  the  Hwiccan  realm  ;  and  a  century  later  the  conquests  of 
Ceawlin  were  ratified  by  the  Church.  It  has  been  suggested2  that 
Fethanleah,  the  site  of  an  important  battle  in  584,  should  be  looked  for 
not  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chester,  but  rather  in  the  Avon  valley  ; 
and  in  the  time  of  Offa,  two  centuries  later,  there  was  in  fact  a  place 
Fa-hhaleah  not  far  from  Stratford-on-Avon,  which  would  be  a  likely  spot 
for  a  Hwiccan  victory  if  the  advance  took  place  up  the  river  valley. 
The  Fosse  Way  would  also  be  a  convenient  route  from  the  south-west, 
and  enable  the  Saxons  to  occupy  the  part  of  Warwickshire  south  of  the 
Avon  that  was  long  known  as  Feldon  to  distinguish  it  from  the  forest 
district  to  the  north. 

What  may  be  regarded  as  a  link  between  Romano-British  civiliza- 
tion and  the  comparative  barbarism  of  the  Teutonic  conqueror  has  come 
to  light  in  the  county.  This  interesting  discovery  was  communicated  by 
Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam  to  the  Northampton  and  Warwickshire  Architectural 
Societies  in  i85i,3  and  was  at  that  time  attributed  to  the  Romano- 
British  period.  Eight  years  before,  some  labourers  had  been  employed 
to  fill  up  an  old  gravel-pit  about  half  a  mile  north-west  of  Newton 
Lodge,  in  the  parish  of  Clifton-upon-Dunsmore,  and  in  levelling  the 
surrounding  soil  had  found  the  remains  of  eight  or  ten  human  skeletons 
buried  a  little  below  the  surface.  Among  the  objects  deposited  with  the 
bodies  was  the  bronze  handle  of  what  in  all  probability  had  been  a 
Roman  skillet,  such  as  have  occasionally  been  found  in  interments. 

1  Two  specimens  of  the  saucer  brooch  are  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Victoria  Institute  at 
Worcester,  but  no  particulars  of  the  discovery  are  available. 

2  By  Rev.  C.  S.  Taylor,  Tram.  Bristol  and  Glouci.  Arch.  Soc.  (1896-7),  p.  354. 

3  Reports  «f  Associated  Architectural  Societies  (1850-1),  Nortkants,  p.  229. 

252 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 


A  suggestion  was  indeed  made  that  the  handle  belonged  to  a  mirror,  but 
the  find  as  a  whole  corresponds  so  closely  with  the  relics  from  Des- 
borough,  Northants,1  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  that  the 
question  may  be  regarded  as  settled.  A  flat  handle  is  characteristic  of 
the  skillets  used  by  the  Romans  and  apparently  the  Romanized  Britons 
for  sacrificial  purposes,2  and  the  present  example  was  6  inches  long  and 
an  inch  wide,  terminating  in  a  disc  i  inches  in  diameter,  with  a 
raised  knob  in  the  centre.  From  a  mere  fragment  of  the  rim  the 
diameter  of  the  bowl  was  calculated  to  be  about  6  inches,  but  the 
Desborough  specimen,  which  had  a  handle  of  the  same  length,  was  10 
inches  across.  The  vessel  would  by  analogy  have  had  a  depth  of  3 
inches,  and  in  shape  was  intermediate  between  a  modern  saucepan  and 
frying-pan,  though  the  bottom  was  slightly  rounded. 

In  the  same  deposit  was  a  bead  of  amethyst  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
long,  which  was  said  to  be  of  lilac-coloured  transparent  pebble  ;  and 
a  black  stone,  just  over  an  inch  in  diameter,  set  in  a  looped  circlet  of 
gold,  as  was  also  an  oval  garnet,  which  measured  rather  more  than  half 
an  inch  in  length.  Other  objects  of  the  precious  metal  were  a  barrel- 
shaped  bead  of  wire,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  long  and  similar  in  shape  to 
two  smaller  beads  of  silver,  and  two  ornaments  of  conical  form  about  a 
third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  loop  attached.  Gold  wire  beads  and 
garnet  pendants  set  in  the  same  metal  were  also  found  with  the  skillet 
at  Desborough,  only  about  eighteen  miles  from  Clifton  ;  and  the  parallel 
is  too  close  to  be  entirely  accidental. 

An  important  discovery,  which  also  finds  a  parallel  in  the  adjoining 
county,  was  made  in  1824  on  the  line 
of  the  Watling  Street,  about  a  mile 
from  Cestersover,  between  Bensford 
(Bransford  or  Beresford)  Bridge  and 
the  turnpike  road  leading  from  Rugby 
to  Lutterworth.  The  road  was  under 
repair,  and  the  labourers  excavated  a 
number  of  human  skeletons  which  lay 
buried  in  the  centre  and  on  both  sides 
of  the  road,  at  a  distance  of  1 8  inches 
or  2  feet  below  the  surface.  With 
them  were  found  weapons,  shield- 
bosses,  and  spearheads  varying  from  6 
to  15  inches  in  length  and  retaining 
traces  of  the  wooden  shaft  in  the 
socket  ;  knives  and  iron  buckles, 
brooches  of  various  shapes,  clasps, 
rings,  tweezers  and  feminine  orna- 
ments. The  majority  were  of  bronze,  some  few  of  silver,  and  there 


CINERARY  URN,  CESTERSOVER 
(CHURCHOVER). 


1  Victoria  History  of  Northants,  i.  238. 

*  A  list  and  details  of  such  vessels  are  given  by  Mr.  Romilly  Allen   in  Arckttok&a  Cambrensil, 


ser.  6,  i.  35. 


253 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

was  also  a  variety  of  beads  in  amber  and  glass  paste.  One  urn  only 
was  discovered  :  this  was  well  fired,  had  been  turned  on  the  lathe, 
and  was  much  ornamented.  Close  to  the  urn  lay  an  iron  sword,  and 
across  the  mouth  an  iron  spearhead,  distinguished  from  the  rest  by  a 
narrow  bronze  ring  round  the  socket.  Other  pottery  was  found  of  a 
distinct  character,  comprising  several  cups  capable  of  containing  about 
half  a  pint  each,  imperfectly  baked  and  in  crumbling  condition.1 

Of  the  objects  figured  from  this  site,  two  call  for  special  mention  as 
being  of  rare  occurrence  in  Anglo-Saxon  graves.  One  is  a  metal  fragment 
described  as  '  an  article  of  brass  supposed  to  have  been  attached  to  a  sword 
belt,'  but  its  original  breadth  of  2^  inches  leaves  little  room  for  doubt 
that  it  was  the  chape  of  a  scabbard,  the  longitudinal  ribs  on  both  sides 
having  clearly  been  attached  to  the  leather  sheath,  which  has  perished. 
Whether  this  fragment  originally  belonged  to  the  weapon  found  near  the 
urn  just  mentioned  it  is  perhaps  impossible  to  decide,  but  it  is  in  itself  a 
rare  specimen,  and  is  sufficient  evidence  that  a  sword  was  once  deposited 
with  it  in  a  grave.  The  other  piece  of  special  interest  is  a  circular 
brooch  of  the  same  metal,  from  which  the  settings  have  disappeared.  No 
detailed  description  is  given,  but  the  form  is  enough  to  refer  it  to  a  type 
common  in  the  late  Roman  period,  and  frequently  found  in  localities 
yielding  Anglo-Saxon  relics.  The  original  setting  seems  to  have  been  a 
carbuncle,  either  oval 2  or  circular  ;  and  while  a  find  at  Canterbury 3 
shows  a  specimen  associated  with  ornaments  richly  enamelled  in  the 
Roman  manner,  the  national  collection  contains  examples  of  both  shapes 
from  Roman  and  Anglo-Saxon  sites.4  The  central  cabochon  has  in  most 
cases  been  lost,  but  a  glass-paste  imitation  is  found  on  some  of  the 
Roman  examples  ;  while  the  Teutonic  fashion  was  to  cut 
the  stone  or  glass  into  thin  slabs  and  set  these  on  gold  foil. 
An  interesting  example  of  such  work  has  been  found  near 
Rugby,6  and  consists  of  a  gold  stud,  now  somewhat  damaged, 
with  the  centre  ornamented  in  quadrants,  and  garnets  in- 
laid in  imbricated  and  step  patterns,  while  the  edge  has 
oblong  pieces  of  the  same  stones.  This  jewelled  boss  was 
probably  intended  to  ornament  a  circular  brooch,  a  buckle, 
or  even  a  cup,6  and  may  have  been  subsequently  attached 
as  a  Pommel  to  a  sword-hilt,  as  rough  holes  at  the  bottom 
and  at  two  opposite  points  on  the  rim  show  that  an 
unskilled  hand  has  fastened  it  by  means  of  a  wire  or  metal  band. 

Coloured  drawings  of  other  brooches  found  on  this  site  are  given  in 
Akerman's  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xviii.,  including  two  long  narrow  speci- 

1  Roach  Smith,  Collectanea  Antijua,  i.  41,  where  the  cinerary  urn  is  figured  ;  other  objects  on  pi. 
xviii.  p.  36;  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Proceedings,  ser.    I,   iii.   55  ;    Bloxam,  fragmenta  SepulchraKa,  pp. 
52.  53.  57  ;  an(i  Monumental  Architecture  and  Sculpture  of  Great  Britain,  pp.  34,  44,  52. 

2  A  specimen  found  at  Ragley  Park  and  noticed  below  seems  to  have  been  of  this  description. 

3  Roach  Smith,  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vii.  202,  pi.  xx.  fig.  3. 

*  Long  Wittenham  and  East  ShefFord,  Berks  ;  and  Haslingfield,  Cambs. 

6  Preserved  in  the  School  Art  Museum,  and  kindly  lent  for  illustration  by  Mr.  Thos.  Lindsay. 

6  Compare  the  Kentish  jewellery,  the  Taplow  buckle,  and  the  Ardagh  chalice. 

254 


ANGLO-SAXON   REMAINS 

mens  of  solid  construction  that  are  apparently  of  Anglian  origin.  Both 
terminate  in  a  conventional  horse's  head,  and  the  smaller  of  the  two  is  of 
the  realistic  character  noticeable  on  the  earliest  Teutonic  imitations  of 
the  Roman  brooch  in  vogue  during  the  fourth  century,  somewhat 
resembling  a  crossbow.  Of  the  others,  two  have  some  points  of  resem- 
blance with  specimens  from  Offchurch  noticed  later,  and  there  was  an 
example  of  the  quoit-shaped  brooch,  as  well  as  of  the  horseshoe  or 
penannular  form1  similar  to  specimens  found  at  Longbridge. 

At  Norton,  twelve  miles  to  the  south  in  Northants,  a  very  similar 
burial  place  came  to  light  about  twenty  years  later,  during  the  excavation 
of  a  mound  2  or  3  yards  wide  and  about  a  yard  high,  which  ran  by  the 
hedge  along  the  Watling  Street.  The  level  at  which  the  bodies  had 
been  deposited  was  about  6  feet  below  the  crown  of  the  Roman  road 
and  about  25  feet  from  its  centre,  just  outside  the  original  embankment. 
The  graves  were  in  a  single  line,  and  contained,  besides  the  skeletons 
which  it  is  believed  lay  with  the  heads  to  the  south,  some  formless 
pieces  of  metal  and  one  rude  bead  of  amber.2 

The  burials  on  the  Roman  road  do  not  however  belong  to  the  main 
Teutonic  district  of  the  county,  and  more  characteristic  remains  occur  on 
the  other  side  of  Dunsmore  Heath,  in  the  valley  of  the  Learn.  During  the 
construction  of  the  Rugby  and  Leamington  railway,  Anglo-Saxon  relics 
were  found,  about  1850,  in  an  artificial  mound  of  earth  at  Marton. 
Two  of  the  urns  then  brought  to  light  were  bequeathed  to  Rugby 
School  Art  Museum  by  Mr.  Bloxam  of  Rugby,  who  gave  an  account 3 
of  this  and  other  Warwickshire  finds  in  1851  ;  and  another  urn, 
about  half  the  size,  is  now  in  the  museum  at  Warwick,  with  three 
shield-bosses  from  the  same  site.  All  were  quite  plain  and  of  globular 
form,  the  larger  specimens  being  8  inches  high  and  of  about  the 
same  diameter,  the  smaller  being  2  inches  less.  They  were  not  made 
on  the  wheel,  and  could  be  easily  distinguished  from  Roman  pottery, 
specimens  of  which  have  also  been  met  with  in  the  county.  The 
contents  too  showed  that  they  belonged  to  another  period  and  another 
people ;  for  besides  fragments  of  bones,  there  were  two  spearheads 
of  iron  and  a  fragment  of  the  same  metal,  which  was  taken  to  be 
part  of  a  sword,  2^  inches  wide.  Neither  the  Romans  nor  the 
Romanized  Britons  buried  weapons  with  the  dead,  and  the  presence 
of  a  long  broad  sword  of  the  usual  Anglo-Saxon  type  is  quite  in 
keeping  with  the  brooches  which  were  happily  recovered  from  the 
mound.  One  was  circular,  with  the  face  ornamented  by  means  of  a 
punch  ;  this  type  is  common  enough  in  central  England,  and  is  not 
confined  to  a  particular  district,  as  the  saucer-shaped  brooch  appears  to 
be.  Of  this  latter  description  there  was  a  single  specimen,  found  on  the 
top  of  some  bones  in  one  of  the  urns.  This  direct  association  with  the 
rite  of  cremation  should  be  noticed,  as  even  in  the  mixed  cemeteries  of 

1  These  are  figured  in  Baron  de  Baye's  Industrial  Arts  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  pi.  ix.  figs,  i ,  6. 

*  Arch&ologia,  xli.  479  ;  Victoria  History  of  Northants,  i.  234. 

8  Reports  of  Associated  Architectural  Societies  (1850-1),  Northampton,  p.  230. 

255 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Fairford  and  Wittenham,  brooches  of  this  type  are  only  known  to  occur 
in  unburnt  burials,  and  are  almost  exclusively  confined  to  an  area  in 
which  cremation  was  not  the  ordinary  practice.  A  stray  specimen  has 
indeed  been  found  at  Sleaford,  Lines.,1  the  only  one  from  242  burials, 
six  of  which  were  by  way  of  cremation.  With  this  exception,  Marton, 
just  south  of  Dunsmore  Heath,  and  Norton,  in  the  neighbouring  county 
of  Northants,  seem  to  mark  the  northern  limit2  of  these  brooches, 
which  from  their  occurrence  chiefly  in  the  Thames  basin  may  be  looked 
on  as  peculiarly  West  Saxon  ;  and  the  discovery  of  a  specimen  with  a 
cinerary  urn  typifies  aptly  enough  the  intermingling  of  different  tribes 
on  what  in  all  probability  was  for  some  time  the  borderland  between 
them. 

A  brooch  five  inches  long  of  pronounced  Anglian  type  terminating 
in  conventional  horse's  head  was  found3  with  an  iron  spearhead  and  other 
objects  on  the  site  of  a  supposed  Roman  station  on  the  Fosse  road  at 
Princethorpe  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Leam.  No  further  details  were 
supplied  by  Mr.  Bloxam,  but  an  ornamented  fragment  of  Roman 
pottery  is  figured  on  the  same  plate,  together  with  what  appears  to  have 

been  the  butt  of  a  spear  ;  these  may 
.',-'•" — •"""""r>  possibly  have  been  associated  with  the 

A-;-'.'.'.  ".'I.'-'--;?-          brooch  and  spearhead  in    a  burial   of 

-'.••*"">--.".*_""*"•••• "T_---7"."V  *• 

the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  Though 
common  enough  in  the  eastern  coun- 
ties, this  class  of  brooch  is  not  other- 
wise represented  in  Warwickshire,  and 
may  be  regarded  in  connection  with 
the  few  instances  of  cremation  in  this 
county  as  indicating  the  presence  of 
a  certain  number  of  settlers  or  tempo- 
rary occupants  of  the  Leam  valley  who 
were  more  closely  related  to  the 
Anglians  of  the  north  and  east  than 
to  the  inhabitants  of  mid-England. 
On  the  same  highway  six  miles  to  the  north,  traces  of  the  Anglian  site 
of  cremation  have  also  been  found  at  Brinklow,4  and  the  urn  here  figured 
is  from  the  glebe  land  there. 

Ten  miles  to  the  south  at  Bascote,  and  about  three  miles  from 
the  Fosse  Way,  Saxon  spearheads,  a  javelin  or  two  and  a  knife  have  been 
found  in  quarrying  for  limestone,  but  no  further  particulars  have  been 
recorded.6  Westward  beyond  the  Roman  road,  the  site  of  the  supposed 
Saxon  cemetery  at  OfFchurch  flanks  the  direct  road  to  Long  Itchington, 
south  of  the  church  ;  and  graves  have  been  found  as  at  Longbridge  in 

1  Archtfohgia,  vol.  50,  p.  388. 

1  Two  brooches,  said  to  be  of  saucer  shape  (Wright,  Celt,  Roman  and  Saxon,  p.  484),  were  found  at 
Driffield,  E.  R.  Yorks,  but  according  to  one  account  (Collectanea  Antique,  ii.  166)  were  originally  filled 
with  enamel  and  belong  to  another  category. 

8  Roach  Smith's  Collectanea  Antiqua,  i.  pi.  xix.  p.  37.         *  Bloxam,  Monumenta  Sefulchralia,  p.  59. 

6  Journal  of  British  Arch<tolo&cal  Association,  xxxii.  465. 

256 


CINERARY   URN,   ERINKLOVV. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

digging  gravel  at  the  summit  of  the  hill.  Lack  of  supervision  reduced  the 
archaeological  value  of  the  discovery,  and  the  statements  of  the  labourers 
cannot  be  implicitly  accepted.  The  ordinary  shield-boss,  knife  and 
spearheads  were  found  ;  but  the  brooches,1  as  usual,  form  the  most  inter- 
esting portion  of  the  find.  All  the  objects  enumerated,  however,  may 
well  have  belonged  to  one  or  two  interments,  and  do  not  in  themselves 
prove  the  existence  of  a  cemetery.  Of  the  three  bronze  brooches  figured 
in  the  original  account,2  one  is  of  peculiar  type.  It  is  circular,  in  the 
form  of  a  dish,  having  in  the  centre  a  flat-headed  stud  that  projects 
about  £  inch,  while  the  edge  of  the  slightly  concave  face  is  turned  up 
at  a  decided  angle  all  round.  The  ornament,  which  has  been  altogether 
lost,  seems  to  have  come  away  all  in  one  piece,  and  may  have  consisted 
of  enamel,  mosaic  glass,  or  garnet  cell- work.  It  is  quite  distinct  from 
the  common  saucer  brooch  and  the  type  with  embossed  plate  applied  to 
the  face  ;  and  most  resembles  a  specimen  found  in  a  barrow  at  Driffield, 
E.  R.  Yorks,  and  preserved  in  York  Museum,  though  this  was  smaller 
and  had  no  stud  in  the  centre.  The  second  is  of  a  more  common  form 
(fig.  3),  a  flat  disc  with  a  swastika  in  open  work.  This  is  generally 
regarded  as  the  sign  of  the  god  Thor,  and  the  three  brooches  of  this 
kind,  like  several  found  in  Cambridgeshire,3  had  no  doubt  been  worn  by 
adherents  of  the  old  faith. 

The  principal  brooch  (fig.  5)  belongs  to  the  ordinary  square-headed 
type,  but  is  more  richly  ornamented  than  usual,  and  when  gilt  must  have 
been  a  striking  addition  to  the  costume.  The  chased  portions  present 
the  tangled  succession  of  detached  limbs  of  a  quadruped  so  often  seen  on 
ornaments  of  this  period,  but  the  attempt  to  represent  the  human 
features  in  relief  is  unusual  and  in  this  case  fairly  successful.  The 
elaborate  and  well-executed  decoration  marks  out  this  specimen  as  of 
fairly  early  date  ;  but  comparison  with  a  very  similar  but  still  finer 
example  4  found  in  Denmark,  and  attributed  to  the  end  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury,6 would  justify  us  in  assigning  the  brooch,  and  no  doubt  also  the 
Offchurch  burial,  to  the  middle  of  the  succeeding  century.  There  were 
in  addition  two  cruciform  brooches  of  ordinary  patterns,  and  a  few  beads 
of  amber  and  glass  paste.  Mention  is  also  made  of  a  small  buckle  of 
silvered  bronze  and  a  girdle-tag  of  the  same  metal ;  but  more  important, 
as  showing  the  currency  of  the  period,  are  a  number  of  minimi  or 
'  third  brass  '  coins  of  the  Constantine  period.  The  evidence,  however, 
is  vitiated  by  the  suspicion  that  these  were  mixed  up  with  others  found 
near  the  Fosse  Way  on  an  earlier  occasion  ;  and,  in  any  case,  coins  of 

1  These  have  been  kindly  lent  by  the  Dowager  Countess  of  Aylesford,  and  two  selected  for 
illustration. 

*  Journal  of  British  Arcbteokgjcal  Association,  xxxii.  466.  As  one  brooch  is  only  given  in  section 
and  no  scale  is  indicated,  the  illustrations  are  somewhat  misleading. 

8  Examples  from  Malton  (British  Museum),  Linton  Heath  (Neville,  Saxon  Obsequies,  pi.  iii.)  and 
Barrington  (Collectanea  Antiyua,  vi.  pi.  xxxiii.)  ;  also  Islip,  Northants  (Society  of  Antiquaries,  Proceedings, 
ix.  90). 

4  Figured  in  Sophus  Mailer's  NorJische  Alterthumskunde,  ii.  zio. 

5  By  Sven  Saderberg,  who  also  figures  the  Danish  brooch,  in  Anttquarisk  Tidskrift  /Sr  Sverige,  voL 
xi.  pt.  5,  p.  28,  and  PrShistorische  Blatter  (1894),  pi.  xii. 

i  257  33 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

this  description  would  not  help  to  date  the  burial  which  on  other 
grounds  may  be  referred  to  the  close  of  the  pagan  period  in  this  part  of 
England. 

In  the  museum  of  the  county  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Society  at  Warwick  is  a  remarkable  brooch l  (fig.  6)  found  near  the 
railway  at  Emscote  Road,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Nicholas,  Warwick.  It 
is  sometimes  called  the  Myton  brooch  from  the  suburb  of  that  name, 
and  was  discovered  about  1852  by  a  labourer  while  digging  a  gravel  pit, 
a  section  of  which  showed  2  feet  of  gravel  overlaid  by  9  inches  of  soil. 
It  is  supposed  that  there  were  several  burials  in  the  same  locality,  but 
no  exact  details  are  available,  and  all  that  is  known  about  the  find  is 
that  the  brooch  was  associated  with  a  skull,  a  large  bead  of  crystal,  and 
part  of  a  silver  ring  ornamented  with  heart-shaped  impressions  made 
with  a  punch. 

The  crystal  *  is  of  unusually  large  dimensions  with  facetted  surface 
and  a  central  perforation  that  seems  unnecessarily  large  for  stringing  as 
a  bead,  and  accords  better  with  the  common  interpretation  of  these 
objects  as  spindle-whorls.  In  this  instance  the  edges  show  signs  of  wear, 
but  objects  of  this  class  were  probably  intended  rather  for  use  than 
ornament,  and  the  utilitarian  nature  of  clay  specimens  with  openings  of 
the  same  size  is  obvious. 

The  Warwick  Museum  also  contains  five*  enamelled  discs*  which 
are  of  special  interest,  as  their  origin  and  date  are  as  yet  unascertained. 
Reference  to  the  plate  will  render  a  long  description  unnecessary, 
and  a  partial  section  (fig.  SA)  will  show  the  character  of  the  hook 
attached  to  the  ring  surrounding  two  of  the  five  pieces,  the  third  of  this 
pattern  being  without  the  setting.  The  design  (fig.  8)  is  the  same  in 
all  three,  consisting  of  a  graceful  combination  of  three  flamboyant  spirals 
or  trumpet-shaped  curves,  the  sunk  ground  having  been  filled  with 
enamels  of  two  or  more  colours,  including  red  and  green. 

These  discs  were  used  for  attaching  hooks  to  the  side  of  a  bronze 
bowl,  the  animal  head  just  overlapping  the  rim  and  thus  enclosing  a 
loop  perhaps  for  suspending  the  bowl  by  means  of  chains.  So  much  may 
be  inferred  from  extant  specimens  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,5  as  well  as 
from  analogous  mounts  on  Roman  bowls  or  buckets  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury.8 It  is  also  clear  that  it  was  usual  to  insert  another  enamelled  disc 
within  the  foot-rim  of  the  bowl,  to  be  seen  from  below  ;  and  the  two 
larger  specimens  found  with  the  others  at  Chesterton,  on  the  Fosse  Way, 
were  doubtless  so  applied.  The  pattern  in  this  case  (fig.  9)  consists  of 
eight  closely  wound  spirals  connected  round  a  centre  which  was  filled 

1  A  coloured  drawing  is  given  in  Akerman's  Pagan  Saxon  Jam,  pi.  xx.  fig.  I. 
*  Figured  in  Journal  of  drchttologic al  Institute,  ix.  179. 
8  Earlier  accounts  however  mention  only  four. 

4  Two  are  illustrated  by  kind  permission  of  the  hon.  curators. 

5  A  list  of  known  examples  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Romilly  Allen,  whose  illustrated  paper  in 
Arch<tokga,  vol.  Ivi.,  should  be  consulted. 

6  See  for  example  Dr.  Grempler's  Der  Fund  von  Sackrau  (Breslau),  pt.  i,  pi.  iv.  figs.  1,2;  pts.  2  &  3, 
pi.  iv.  fig.  6. 

258 


[ANGLO-SAXON  REMAINS. FKOM  WARWICKSHIRE 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

with  red  or  white  enamel  like  the  ground,  or  with  a  gem  of  some  kind. 

All  the  Chesterton  discs  may  possibly  have  belonged  to  the  same 
bowl,  as  the  second  large  one  might  have  been  fixed  to  the  bottom 
inside  ;  but  no  traces  of  the  thin  bronze  vessel  remain,  and  there  is  no 
detailed  account  of  the  discovery.1  This  is  much  to  be  regretted,  as 
further  light  on  this  subject  would  be  most  welcome  to  archaeologists. 
At  present  the  evidence  is  a  tangle  of  contradictions,  and  only  a  ten- 
tative conclusion  can  be  arrived  at  in  dealing  with  the  Warwickshire 
specimens.  Such  enamelled  mounts  with  or  without  the  bowls  have  been 
found  in  eleven  English  counties,2  and  apparently  only  two  specimens  are 
known  from  Ireland  ; a  yet  in  spite  of  the  occurrence  of  five  in  Romanized 
Kent  out  of  a  total  of  sixteen,  and  of  their  scarcity  in  Ireland,  it  is  hard 
to  believe  that  they  were  not  imported  from  beyond  St.  George's  Channel. 
Again,  though  one  such  bowl  has  been  found  in  an  east-and-west  burial 
on  Middleton  Moor,  Derbyshire,  another  had  been  placed  near  the  head 
of  a  skeleton  at  the  north  end  of  a  grave  4  at  Barlaston,  Staffs  ;  and 
though  this  would  leave  their  Christian  origin  in  doubt,  the  discovery 
of  the  Lullingstone  bowl  in  Kent,  and  the  constant  occurrence  of  the 
disc-designs  in  the  early  illuminated  manuscripts  of  Ireland,  render  their 
connection  with  the  Church  a  practical  certainty,  while  a  negative  proof 
is  furnished  by  their  absence  from  cremated  interments. 

Assuming  therefore,  in  spite  of  some  indications  to  the  contrary, 
that  the  bowls  were  made  or  utilized  by  Christian  ecclesiastics,  it  may 
be  conjectured  that  they  were  introduced  into  this  country  by  the  Celtic 
priests  of  the  Scotic  mission,  to  whom  we  owe  the  conversion  of  the 
greater  part  of  England  ;  and  if  reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  accepted 
date  of  the  book  of  Durrow,  the  enamels  may  be  referred  to  the  seventh 
century,  when  the  earlier  trumpet-pattern  (fig.  8)  was  giving  way  to 
the  more  purely  Christian  treatment  of  the  spiral  (fig.  9).  But  even  if 
all  this  be  granted  it  still  remains  for  the  antiquary  to  specify  the  use 
of  these  bowls  and  to  explain  why  they  are  found  not  only  in  the 
graves  of  men  and  women  alike,  but  also  with  the  arms  and  accoutre- 
ments of  the  pagan  warrior  in  England  of  the  seventh  century  as  well 
as  in  a  Norwegian  grave-mound  of  the  Viking  period.6 

Ten  miles  to  the  south-west,  where  the  Fosse  Way  enters  the  county 
by  Halford  Bridge,  two  separate  discoveries  have  been  made,  but  as  the 
accounts  are  not  very  explicit  and  are  devoid  of  illustrations,  it  is 
uncertain  whether  either  of  them  should  be  attributed  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  period.  In  November  1790,  three  skeletons  were  found  lying 
from  south  to  north,  with  a  bed  of  limestone  above  and  below,  about 
2 1  feet  below  the  surface.  The  most  careful  burial  of  the  three  con- 

1  Journal  of  Archtfological  Institute,  ii.  162  ;  Journal  of  British  Archaeological  Association,  iii.  282. 

2  In  addition,  a  small  fragment  from  Morden,  Surrey,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  a  bird-shaped 
mount  with  part  of  bowl  from  Basingstoke,  Hants. 

3  The  designs  are  reproduced  on  title-page  of  J.  O.  Westwood's  Facsimiles  of  Angk-Saxon  and 
Irish  MSS. 

*  A  plan  is  given  in  Jewitt's  Grave  Mounds  and  their  Content!,  p.  259. 

6  A  bowl  of  the  same  kind  but  without  enamel  is  figured  in  O.  Rygh's  Norske  Oldiager,  No.  726. 

259 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

tained  three  weapons  :  a  spearhead,  a  sword  21  inches  long,  with  remains 
of  a  wooden  handle,  and  '  a  small  weapon  with  an  iron  handle.'  This 
last  may  possibly  have  been  the  boss  of  a  shield,  and  the  '  pieces  of 
broken  armour  ' l  mentioned  may  have  been  other  parts  of  the  shield, 
together  with  the  customary  knife.  The  second  find  occurred  in  1858, 
and  is  of  a  still  more  indefinite  character.  In  a  stone  pit  at  Armscot 
Field  were  found  fragments  of  pottery  in  close  proximity  to  horns  of 
the  red  deer.  The  ware  was  coarse  and  imperfectly  fired,  and  had 
neither  been  ornamented  nor  lathe-turned.  It  was  however  pronounced 
'  post-Roman,  with  more  of  the  characteristics  of  Anglo-Saxon  manu- 
facture.'2 

To  turn  now  to  more  satisfactory  contributions  to  the  history  of 
the  district  in  pagan  times.  By  far  the  most  important  discovery  of 
Anglo-Saxon  remains  in  the  county  occurred  at  Longbridge  during  the 
last  days  of  1875,  and  was  fully  described  by  Mr.  Tom  Burgess  of 
Leamington.3  On  the  north  bank  of  the  Avon,  about  a  mile  due  west 
of  Warwick  at  an  angle  of  the  Castle  park,  a  cemetery  was  accidentally 
revealed,  and  yielded  relics  that  help  to  fill  the  gap  left  in  the  written 
history  of  the  time.  They  were  presented  to  the  nation  by  Mr.  John 
Stanton,  and  comparison  of  types  assists  in  determining  the  affinities  and 
era  of  the  people  buried  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  Avon  valley.  The 
skeletons  were  discovered  about  2\  feet  below  the  level  green  turf,  and 
not  more  than  a  foot  in  the  coarse  gravel  of  a  slightly  sloping  bank  that 
had  evidently  been  thrown  up  by  the  river  when  its  course  was  wider 
than  at  present.  That  the  burials  belonged  to  the  early  Anglo-Saxon 
period  there  could  be  no  doubt,  for  here  were  the  familiar  shield-bosses 
of  iron  that  protected  the  handle  of  the  fighting  man's  '  war-board.' 
Here  too  were  the  iron  spearheads  and  knives  that  commonly  occur  in 
male  interments,  and  a  number  of  brooches  and  ornaments  that  are  more 
characteristic  of  the  other  sex.  It  was  not  however  thought  to  have 
been  a  place  of  regular  interment,  and  may  have  been  on  or  near  the  site 
of  a  battle  ;  for  though  some  of  the  bodies  lay  with  the  head  eastward, 
others  had  evidently  been  interred  in  haste,  with  no  regard  to  regularity. 
Some  in  fact  were  found  immediately  overlying  others,  and  their  hap- 
hazard disposal  has  been  taken  to  show  that  these  last  were  prisoners 
or  slaves  that  had  been  slaughtered  over  a  chieftain's  grave.4  This  is 
little  more  than  a  conjecture,  though  some  with  indications  of  riches 
had  evidently  been  handled  with  great  care.  The  position  of  the  shields 
as  shown  by  the  iron  remnants  varied  considerably  in  the  graves,  and  in 
one  case  the  boss  was  found  above  the  skull.  In  this  and  other  features 
the  present  cemetery  resembles  in  a  remarkable  degree  a  number  of 
interments  opened  on  two  occasions  at  Holdenby,  Northants.6  There 

|  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Nov.  1792,  bm.  985.         *  Journal  of  Archaoh&cal  Institute,  xviii.  374. 

Journal  of  British  Arcb<rological  Association,  xxxii.    106  ;  Journal  of  Arclxtohgical  Institute,  xxxiii. 
4  w*  JCCtS  'S  g'Ven  In  p™"**&,  Society  of  Antiquaries,  ser.  2,  vii.  78. 

Ihis  may  possibly  have  been  the  case  with  two  of  the  burials  at  Halford  Bridge  mentioned  above. 
rutona  H,,tory  of  Northant,,   i.   246  ;    Miss   Hartshorne's  Memorials  of  HoUenby,  p.  6  ;    and 
Athenaum,  Nov.  n,  1899. 

260 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

also  the  bodies  appeared  to  have  been  buried  regardless  of  position,  and 
the  personal  ornaments  were  in  many  respects  almost  identical.  For 
instance,  some  iron  rings  of  various  sizes  found  with  female  skeletons 
at  Holdenby  correspond  with  bronze  examples  at  Longbridge,  which 
may  thus  be  considered  part  of  a  woman's  costume  at  the  time.  Signs 
of  wear  on  the  inside  go  to  show  that  the  ring  was  firmly  attached  to 
the  clothing  to  hold  something  that  hung  from  the  waist.  Again,  some 
of  the  brooches  are  strikingly  similar,  and  are  all  represented  in  the 
Holdenby  find,  as  are  also  the  key,  commonly  known  as  a  girdle  hanger, 
and  the  small  brooch  of  horseshoe  form  (fig.  4). 

The  sword  and  bronze-mounted  buckets  from  Longbridge  find  no 
parallel  in  the  Northants  cemetery  already  referred  to,  but  are  not  of 
unusual  occurrence  in  that  and  other  counties  of  England.  The  view 
that  swords  were  carried  exclusively  by  the  thane  while  the  spear  marked 
the  ceorl  who  fought  on  foot  has  never  been  disproved,  and  is  in  fact 
supported  by  documentary  evidence  as  well  as  by  the  comparative  rarity 
and  magnificence  of  graves  containing  the  sword.  In  this  particular 
case  the  weapon  retained  traces  of  the  wooden  scabbard  and  its  orna- 
mentation, and  while  at  Bransford  Bridge  the  bronze  chape  alone 
remained,  here  the  remains  were  sufficient  to  show  the  original  form  of 
the  handle  and  scabbard.  The  total  length  was  2  feet  10  inches,  and 
the  blade  was  a|  inches  broad  from  the  guard  almost  to  the  point.  The 
pommel  seems  to  have  consisted  of  two  parts  :  a  wooden  bar  surmounted 
by  a  square  piece  of  bronze  brought  to  a  point.  Such  pyramidal  buttons 
are  rarely  met  with  but  are  uniform  in  size  and  construction,  and  a 
notable  example  may  be  seen  in  the  British  Museum  from  a  grave  at 
Broomfield,  Essex.  The  hilt  and  guard  had  decayed,  but  the  narrow 
bands  of  bronze  at  the  mouth  of  the  scabbard  still  remained  in  position, 
as  on  specimens  from  Kempston,  Beds,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  the 
national  collection. 

The  buckets,  which  are  generally  supposed  to  have  contained  food 
or  drink  for  the  benefit  of  the  dead,  had  certain  peculiarities.  In  one 
the  ordinary  staves  of  wood  were  replaced  by  bronze,  ornamented  on 
both  sides  with  beading  and  held  in  position  by  three  hoops  of  the  same 
metal.  Of  the  other  two  buckets,  the  larger  one  was  j\  inches  high  : 
its  five  hoops  of  bronze  were  fastened  to  the  upright  strips  of  plain 
bronze  by  square-headed  rivets,  producing  a  chequered  appearance,  and 
inside  a  piece  of  linen  about  an  inch  square  was  fastened  to  one  of  the 
staves.  The  fabric  was  of  excellent  thread  finely  woven,  and  adhered 
firmly  to  the  wood,  which  was  also  in  good  condition  and  appeared  to 
be  yew.  Vessels  of  this  kind  are  found  either  at  the  head  or  feet  of 
the  dead,  and  are  most  frequent  in  the  central  parts  of  the  country,  from 
Fairford  to  Peterborough  and  from  Warwick  to  Devizes.  Little  how- 
ever can  be  deduced  from  their  geographical  distribution,  and  it  may 
be  that  some  future  explanation  of  the  linen  patches  will  decide  the 
ceremonial  significance  of  the  buckets  themselves. 

The  brooches  however  seem  to  furnish  more  exact  indications  of 

261 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

the  territorial  divisions  which  were  imposed  by  natural  features  and 
recognized  by  the  Teutonic  invaders  and  settlers  of  south  Britain  during 
the  post-Roman  period  ;  and  in  the  present  case  enable  us  to  connect  the 
Warwickshire  Avon  with  the  upper  valley  of  the  Thames.  West  of  the 
Severn,  history  and  archaeology  alike  point  to  the  continued  predominance 
of  the  native  element  ;  but,  as  already  mentioned,  geographical  con- 
siderations at  that  early  date  rendered  tribal  intercourse  in  this  region 
almost  impracticable.  While  therefore  there  is  nothing  surprising  in 
the  absence  of  early  Anglo-Saxon  remains  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Severn  or  in  its  valley  above  the  Avon,  every  discovery  in  the  south- 
east of  Warwickshire,  of  Worcestershire  and  of  Gloucestershire  adds 
weight  to  the  theory  that  here  and  in  Oxfordshire  was  centred  a  tribe 
or  group  of  tribes  whose  funeral  customs  and  personal  ornaments  mark 
them  off  as  a  separate  people. 

It  is  to  this  district  that  the  saucer-brooches  are  practically  con- 
fined, and  of  the  common  type,  all  in  one  piece  with  incised  ornament 
and  gilt  face,  specimens  were  found  at  Longbridge.  One  pair  had  a 
geometrical  design  in  the  form  of  a  star,  and  on  a  couple  more  was  a 
band  of  spirals  (fig.  i),  recalling  the  wedge-like  engraving  (the  German 
Keilschnitt)  that  is  often  met  with  on  late  Roman  ornaments1  (450-550). 
As  uncommon  varieties  of  the  saucer-brooch,  may  be  mentioned  two 
specimens  found  with  the  largest  of  the  three  buckets  already  described. 
They  too  were  made  out  of  the  solid  and  gilt  ;  but  while  the  others  had 
geometrical  designs  incised,  these  had  a  ring  of  the  usual  dislocated 
quadrupeds  surrounding  a  small  piece  of  garnet,  or  glass  intended  to 
resemble  that  stone  so  popular  at  the  time  (fig.  2).  Once  more  a 
parallel  may  be  found  in  the  neighbouring  county  of  Northampton,  for 
a  similar  specimen  from  Kettering  is  preserved  in  the  Northampton 
Museum. 

Further  excavation  produced  a  glass  drinking  cup,  a  part  of  which 
in  the  British  Museum  shows  it  to  have  been  similar  in  shape  to  one 
found  at  Kempston,  Beds,  in  1863  ;  also  a  cinerary  urn  of  more  than 
usual  size  and  with  impressed  ornament  in  chevrons  on  the  shoulder, 
now  restored  and  preserved  in  the  same  collection. 

But  in  point  of  magnificence  the  last  grave  opened  at  Longbridge 
was  the  most  important  of  all.  Instead  of  the  usual  relics  of  a  warrior, 
were  recovered  the  costly  ornaments  of  a  lady  of  distinction.  Of  her 
skeleton  nothing  remained  but  a  few  teeth  scattered  in  the  ground,  but 
she  had  worn  a  cruciform  brooch  which  in  size  *  perhaps  surpasses  any 
yet  found  in  this  country,  but  in  workmanship  is  far  inferior  to  others 
of  the  same  type,  as  for  example  one  from  Ragley  Park  presently  to  be 
noticed.  The  deceased  had  also  a  silver  bracelet  formed  of  one  strip 
of  metal  originally  1 5  inches  long,  and  bent  so  as  to  form  a  double  hoop, 
expanding  on  one  side  to  a  width  of  1 1  inches,  with  six  flutings.  This 

1  A.  Riegl,  Die  SpStfSmische  Kurt  it-indiu  trie  in  Osterreich-Ungarn,  plates  xvii.-jcrii. 
*  It  is  7$  inches  in  length  ;  one  found  in  North  Trondhjem,  Norway,  and  figured  in  Rygh's 
Ninke  Oldiager,  No.  259A,  measures  over  9  inches. 

262 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

may  be  compared  with  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  from  Malton, 
Cambs,1  and  Long  Wittenham,  Berks,  the  ornament  on  all  consisting  of 
stamped  patterns  produced  by  means  of  punches,  as  was  that  of  another 
piece  of  jewellery  from  the  same  grave.  There  was  found  a  disc  of 
gold  (fig.  n)  2  inches  in  diameter,  which  had  evidently  been  attached 
to  a  necklace,2  doubtless  composed  of  the  amber  beads  that  also  came  to 
light. 

The  bracteate,  of  which  these  are  examples,  is  familiar  to  the 
student  of  northern  archaeology,  and  is  mainly  restricted  to  a  certain 
period  and  area.  They  are  seldom  found  outside  the  Scandinavian 
countries,  and  apart  from  specimens  that  clearly  belong  to  a  later  date, 
are  referred  unquestionably  to  the  centuries  between  450  and  650.'  This 
of  course  only  limits  the  date  of  their  manufacture,  but  it  is  unlikely 
that  so  thin  a  disc  of  soft  gold,  exposed  as  it  was  to  friction  and  accident, 
would  last  more  than  an  ordinary  lifetime.  The  present  example  is 
damaged  near  the  loop  and  considerably  rubbed,  but  a  close  examination 
enables  the  design  to  be  distinguished  sufficiently  to  range  it  with  a 
particular  Scandinavian  series.  It  now  weighs  5  dwt.  1 1  grains,  and 
has  an  embossed  design,  the  concentric  borders  being  executed  by  means 
of  punches.  The  stamps  no  less  than  the  central  device  had  doubtless 
a  religious  signification,  but  for  our  present  purpose  the  style  of  execution 
is  of  primary  importance.  The  row  of  dots  near  the  centre  is  seen  on 
the  large  majority  of  specimens,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  lower  out- 
line of  the  helmet,  which  with  the  head  it  covered  generally  occupied 
a  large  share  of  the  field.  Below  was  an  animal  resembling  a  horse, 
though  sometimes  horns  are  distinctly  visible.  The  figure  which  is 
represented  by  the  helmeted  head  is  seen,  like  the  horse,  in  profile,  usually 
to  the  left,  and  sometimes  on  either  side  of  the  rider  are  seen  runic 
characters  and  a  bird  of  indeterminate  character.  This  combination  of 
symbols  has  enabled  some  of  the  leading  antiquaries  of  Scandinavia  to 
identify  the  figures  and  explain  the  symbolism  from  their  voluminous 
mythological  records.  Even  if  it  were  possible  to  decipher  the  present 
specimen,  its  interpretation  would  here  be  out  of  place,  for  there  can 
be  little  doubt  that  the  Longbridge  bracteate  was  imported  from  Scan- 
dinavia, and  can  only  by  accident  throw  light  on  the  early  condition  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Warwickshire.  Suffice  it  then  to  say  that  one  of  the 
common  types  of  the  gold  bracteate  is  here  represented  ;  and  as  most 
of  them  were  connected  with  the  legend  of  Sigurd,4  and  many  bear 
the  swastika  of  Thor,  their  origin  may  be  sought  in  the  cult  of 
heroes,  among  whom  the  greatest  ranked  as  the  national  deities  of 
Scandinavia. 

It  is  possible  to  range  the  more  common  forms  in  order  of  chronology, 

1  See  also  Collectanea  Antique,  vol.  vi.  pi.  raiv. 
s  Figured  in  "Journal  of  Archeeok&cal  Institute,  xxxiii.  380. 

8  Memoirei,   1850— 60,  p.  291  ;   1866-71,  pp.  323,  361  ;  Sophus  Mliller,  NorJische  Alterthumi- 
kunde,  ii.  193. 

4  Memoiret  dt  la  Societl  des  Antiquairei  du  nurd,  1866-71,  pi.  xvii.  figs.  4-1 1,  p.  344. 

263 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

and  a  starting  point  is  afforded  by  the  rude  but  obvious  imitations  of 
Roman  coins  that  may  be  assigned  to  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries.  A 
more  native  art  that  had  profited  from  contact  with  Roman  craftsman- 
ship may  be  seen  in  the  realistic  treatment  of  national  legends  ;  and  the 
degraded  forms,  which  are  certainly  the  more  numerous,  may  be  assigned 
to  the  late  sixth  or  early  seventh  century. 

In  the  same  grave  at  Longbridge  was  found  a  silver  bracteate 
(fig.  7)  which  is  now  fragmentary  but  was  ornamented  in  a  more 
purely  mechanical  way  by  means  of  two  punches.  In  spite  of  this 
difference  however  it  is  contemporary  with  the  specimen  of  gold  which 
may  be  taken  to  mark  the  open  profession  of  paganism  at  the  time  of 
this  particular  burial  ;  and  as  no  obvious  emblems  of  Christianity  have 
been  found  in  the  Saxon  graves  of  Warwickshire,  it  may  be  argued  that 
some  at  least  of  the  remains  discussed  in  the  present  chapter  may  well 
date  from  the  seventh  century. 

Rare  as  bracteates  are  in  this  country,  apart  from  the  peculiar 
examples  frequently  met  with  in  Kentish  graves,  Warwickshire  has  pro- 
duced yet  another,  which  from  internal  evidence  must  be  assigned  to  a 
somewhat  later  date  than  those  just  described.  This  is  now  preserved  in 
the  museum  of  national  antiquities  at  Copenhagen,  but  its  story  was  laid 
before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  in  1774.  It  is  of  gold, 
with  a  milled  or  cabled  border  (fig.  10),  and  was  found  on  the  neck  of 
a  skeleton  at  the  base  of  a  grave-mound  at  Compton  Mordock,  now 
known  as  Compton  Verney,  near  Walton.  In  the  same  mound  was 
another  skeleton  with  a  second  gold  pendant,1  which  is  ornamented  with 
applied  gold  wire,  having  in  the  centre  a  stone  or  glass-paste,  and 
closely  resembling  a  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  from  Wye 
Down  in  Kent. 

A  century  and  a  quarter  ago  there  were  fewer  opportunities  of 
comparison  than  now  exist  in  the  extensive  museums  of  Scandinavia, 
and  there  is  ample  excuse  for  a  faulty  attribution  of  this  valuable  relic 
in  the  original  account  of  its  discovery.  The  mistake  was  indeed  cor- 
rected in  1855,  and  two  years  later  the  bracteate  was  published  in  the 
Atlas  2  of  the  Copenhagen  Museum  on  a  plate  devoted  to  specimens  of 
a  similar  character.  The  descriptive  list  of  the  collection  was  issued 
in  the  MJmoires 3  of  the  northern  antiquaries,  and  rightly  compares  the 
Compton  example  with  a  sceatta  that  must  however  be  regarded  as 
subsequent  to  the  year  600  rather  than  as  '  current  among  the  English 
Christians  a  little  after  the  fall  of  the  (western)  Roman  Empire.' 

The  Compton  bracteate  is  an  obvious  imitation  of  a  coin  called  the 
sceatta,  current  between  the  time  of  ^thelbert's  conversion  and  the 
introduction  of  the  penny  by  Offa  of  Mercia,  some  time  after  the  middle 
of  the  eighth  century.  This  allows  about  1 50  years  for  the  coinage  of 
these  small  and  somewhat  thick  pieces,  numbers  of  which  have  been 

'  This  and  the  bracteate  are  figured  in  Anhttohgia,  iii.  371. 
PI.  iii.  No.  31;  the  original  sceatta  is  figured  beside  it. 
Vol.  for  1850-60,  pp.  203-93  ;  see  especially  pp.  232-3. 

264 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

published  ;  and  within  these  limits  numismatists  distinguish  three  styles1 
that  seem  to  characterize  successive  periods.  First  in  point  of  time 
come  the  sceattas  struck  in  imitation  of  Roman  coins  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries  ;  then  copies  of  Prankish  money  ;  and  lastly,  examples 
of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  that  perhaps  on  one  face  betray  their  indebtedness 
to  Roman  or  Prankish  originals,  but  otherwise  reveal  a  growing  sense 
of  independence  on  the  part  of  the  native  moneyers. 

The  sceatta  from  which  the  Compton  bracteate  was  derived  belongs 
to  this  last  class,  the  roundels2  on  the  reverse  occurring  down  to  the 
time  of  Offa  on  other  specimens  that  are  known  to  be  contemporary, 
and  the  bracteate  under  discussion  supports  the  view  that  the  native 
types  of  sceattas  were  the  latest.  Though  the  characters  in  imitation 
of  the  Latin  legend  are  meaningless,  there  is  still  some  internal  evidence 
of  date.  A  cross  supported  by  two  standing  figures  occurs  on  certain 
Byzantine  coins  down  to  the  twelfth  century  ;  but  as  the  sceatta  was 
in  all  probability  current  in  Mercia  at  the  time  the  bracteate  was  made, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  type  was  derived  from  coins  of  the 
Eastern  Empire  struck  between  650  and  750,  especially  by  Constantine 
Pogonatus  (659—68).  Allowing  a  few  years  for  the  stages  of  trans- 
mission, it  is  clear  that  the  Compton  burial  cannot  be  earlier  than  the 
last  quarter  of  the  seventh  century. 

Some  characteristic  relics  were  found  with  a  skeleton  about  Easter, 
1851,  in  the  Mill  field,  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  south  of  Aston 
Cantlow  church,  and  to  the  left  of  the  road  leading  to  Sydenham  Ford.3 
The  burial  was  upon  the  brow  of  a  hill,  about  a  foot  beneath  the  surface, 
the  head  raised  somewhat  above  the  feet.  The  skeleton  was  complete 
and  appeared  not  to  have  been  previously  disturbed,  so  that  the  objects 
recovered  may  be  taken  to  represent  the  complete  array  of  ornaments. 
The  head  faced  the  north,  and  the  hands  seemed  to  have  been  folded 
over  the  breast.  As  neither  weapons  nor  iron  objects  of  any  kind 
accompanied  this  interment  it  may  be  supposed  to  have  been  that  of 
a  woman,  the  ornaments  consisting  of  two  gilt  saucer-shaped  brooches, 
one  on  either  shoulder,  a  buckle  lying  on  the  chest,  and  below  it  a  white 
stone  bead,  which  may  possibly  have  been  a  spindle-whorl.  Though 
numerous  coins  and  a  paved  pathway  have  been  found  at  Mill  Hill  and 
in  the  adjacent  fields  from  time  to  time,  there  was  no  record  of  any  other 
interment  of  this  period. 

More  than  sixty  years  ago  a  female  skeleton  was  discovered  in  the 
boundary  fence  of  Ragley  Park  at  Alcester.4  Associated  with  this  were 
some  interesting  antiquities  of  the  early  Anglo-Saxon  period.  The  small 
iron  knife  is  usually  found  in  graves  of  either  sex,  but  the  richness  of 
the  ornaments  and  the  absence  of  weapons  alike  testify  to  the  sex  of  the 

1  Catalogue  of  Anglo-Saxon  Coins  (British  Museum),  vol.  i.  p.  xviii. 

8  Examples  in  Catalogue  of  Anglo-Saxon  Coins  (British  Museum),  vol.  i.  pi.  iv.  figs.  2,  1 3  (reverse)  ; 
the  cross  with  supporters  occurs  on  same  plate,  figs.  4  (reverse)  and  1 7  (obverse).  All  these  are  attributed 
to  Mercian  kings. 

3  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Proceedings,  ser.  2,  iii.  424.  *  Ibid.  v.  453. 

34 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

deceased.  Two  bronze  brooches  of  the  radiated  type,  just  over  three 
inches  long,  are  such  as  most  commonly  occur  in  Kent  but  are  of  con- 
tinental manufacture,  and,  as  imported  articles,  are  occasionally  found  in 
other  parts  of  England,  as  for  instance  in  Hunts,1  Cambs,2  Suffolk  and 
Lines.*  What  was  described  as  part  of  an  elliptical  buckle  is  probably  a 
brooch  of  Roman  make,  set  originally  with  a  large  stud  of  glass  paste 
in  imitation  of  a  carbuncle.  The  dimensions  agree  with  those  of  a 
specimen  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  at  Long  Wittenham,  Berks, 
and  now  in  the  British  Museum  ;  while  what  was  apparently  a  circular 
example  of  similar  character  has  been  found  in  Warwickshire,  and  can 
also  be  paralleled  in  the  national  collection.  These  may  be  regarded 
as  survivals  from  the  Roman  period  of  a  pattern  that  the  Saxon  peoples 
did  their  best  to  imitate  ;  but  a  remarkable  specimen  of  native  art  came 
to  light  in  the  same  grave,  and  has  been  published  in  the  Arcbaologia, 
vol.  xliv.  pi.  xviii.  This  is  a  bronze  brooch  7  inches  long,  with  the 
front  originally  gilt  and  the  ornament  in  relief  much  clearer  than  is 
generally  the  case.  It  is  of  the  square-headed  variety,  which  is  mostly 
confined  to  the  Midlands*  but  also  occurs  in  Norfolk  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  while  on  the  continent  it  is  common  in  Denmark,  Sweden  and 
Norway,  as  well  as  in  south-west  Germany.  The  ornament  shows  that 
the  English  specimen  is  as  usual  comparatively  late,  and  exhibits  a 
remarkable  falling  off  from  the  best  and  earliest  specimen  attributed  to 
the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century.8 

The  four  angles  of  the  head  have  slight  projections,  the  upper  ones 
containing  pear-shaped  spaces  left  unengraved,  which  doubtless  represent 
the  stones  or  glass  pastes  that  are  still  found  on  the  St.  Nicholas  speci- 
men (fig.  6)  and  others  from  Norfolk.  The  lower  part  has  three  lobes 
enclosing  similar  spaces  and  is  joined  to  the  head  by  a  bow  on  which  is 
a  circular  stud,  while  from  the  top  of  the  bow  to  the  lower  lobe  runs  a 
ridge  that  has  been  considered  an  Anglo-Saxon  characteristic.  The 
surface  decoration  consists  of  the  heads  and  limbs  of  grotesque  animals 
constantly  met  with  in  that  period,  but  an  unusual  feature  of  the  Ragley 
brooch  is  the  occurrence  of  the  perfect  quadruped  with  the  head  turned 
backward  and  the  jaws  gaping.  Here  and  there  also  occurs  what  is 
usually  regarded  as  a  rude  representation  of  the  human  face. 

It  is  possible  that  this  large  square-headed  type,  of  which  the 
Ragley  brooch  is  the  best  specimen  in  this  country,  is  of  Mercian 
origin,4  but  more  discoveries  of  the  kind  can  alone  settle  the  question. 
Examples  from  unburnt  burials  at  Chessell  Down,  Isle  of  Wight,  and  at 
Brooke  and  Kenninghall,  Norfolk,  seem  to  be  exceptional,  and  may  well 
belong  to  the  period  of  Mercian  supremacy  in  both  districts  dating  from 
the  middle  of  the  seventh  century.7 

1  Journal  of  British  Jnbitokgical  Association,  new  ser.  (1899),  v.  346. 
1  Neville,  Saxon  Obsequies,  pi.  8.  »  Both  in  British  Museum. 

*  Leicestershire,  Gloucestershire,  Cambridgeshire,  Northants. 
8  Sven  Soderberg,  Prahistorische  Blatter  (1894),  fig.  10. 

1  This  and  several  Isle  of  Wight  types   have,  however,  been   found   at   Herpes,  Dept.  Charente, 
France.  1  Victoria  History  of  Norfolk,  i.  345. 

266 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

In  1812  the  discovery  of  two  urns  in  a  piece  of  ground  called 
'  Black  Lands '  near  Alcester  was  reported  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.1 
At  a  little  distance  from  the  smaller  of  the  two  was  found  the  skeleton 
of  a  man  '  measuring  nearly  7  feet.'  By  his  left  side  had  been  placed 
a  long  straight  sword,  which  upon  being  moved  broke  into  fragments. 
It  is  said  that  human  skeletons  had  been  frequently  met  with  in  digging 
for  gravel,  and  were  generally  about  3  feet  below  the  surface.  Roman 
copper  coins  were  of  common  occurrence  in  the  fields  adjoining  the 
town,  and  it  is  not  at  all  certain  that  the  urns  mentioned  above  as  well 
as  similar  specimens  unfortunately  destroyed  by  the  workmen  were  not 
of  Roman  date  and  manufacture.  In  any  case  this  is  very  slender 
evidence  that  both  methods  of  disposing  of  the  dead  were  adopted  by 
the  Teutonic  settlers  of  the  district,  and  it  is  now  impossible  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  urns  were  of  the  smaller  kind  commonly  found  in 
unburnt  burials  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  as  no  measurements  or  other 
details  appear  in  the  account  of  the  discovery. 

Such  are  the  discoveries  that  show  a  certain  light  on  the  post- 
Roman  occupation  of  the  tract  of  country  now  known  as  Warwickshire, 
or  at  least  of  the  southern  part  of  it  which  was  watered  by  the  Avon 
and  its  tributaries  and  served  by  two  Roman  roads.  Here  are  found 
traces  of  a  people  that  must  have  been  in  close  contact  with  the 
Teutonic  conquerors  of  the  southern  midlands,  from  the  lower  Severn  to 
the  Chiltern  hills,  and  also  of  another  tribe,  more  or  less  connected  in 
blood  but  probably  advancing  from  the  north-east  coast,  who  burnt  their 
dead  and  foreshadowed  the  southern  expansion  of  Mercia. 

But  an  exception  to  the  general  rule  has  now  to  be  noticed. 
In  a  prehistoric  barrow  excavated  in  1824  at  Oldbury  near  Ather- 
stone  was  found  a  secondary  interment,  which  may  without  doubt  be 
referred  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  It  was  on  the  east  side  of  the 
barrow,  which  at  the  time  of  exploration  was  about  20  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  base,  rising  in  the  centre  to  a  height  of  about  15  feet  ;  and  the 
iron  spearhead  and  shield-boss  8  which  determine  the  character  of  the 
grave  were  found  with  human  bones  2  feet  from  the  surface.  This  is 
the  usual  depth  for  pagan  burials  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  but  the 
mounds  raised  over  them  were  seldom  more  than  a  foot  or  two  above 
the  ground.  In  the  first  place,  this  locality  is  isolated  from  what  were 
undoubtedly  the  main  seats  of  the  Teutonic  conquerors  of  the  county 
and  appears  to  have  a  northern  connection.  According  to  one  historian,3 
the  Forest  of  Arden  was  bounded  by  an  imaginary  line  from  High  Cross 
to  Burton-on-Trent,  and  Oldbury  would  thus  be  on  the  fringe  of  a 
difficult  district  right  in  the  path  of  an  invader  from  the  valley  of  the 
Trent  or  Soar.  That  the  interment  in  question  is  of  a  distinct  origin  is 
further  suggested  by  a  feature  that  has  been  frequently  observed  in 

1  Arch&ologia,  xvii.  33*. 

8  These  are  figured  in  Roach  Smith's  Collectanea  Anfiqua,  vol.  i.  pi.  xiv.  figs.  ;,  6  (see  also  pp.  33,  38) ; 
Bloxam,  Monumenta  Sepukhrafta,  p.  22,  where  the  discovery  is  said  to  have  been  in  1835. 
s  Wm.  Smith,  History  of  Warwickshire,  p.  2. 

267 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Yorkshire.  The  exploration  of  British  barrows  on  the  Wolds  has 
incidentally  brought  to  light  a  number  of  secondary  burials  that  must  be 
assigned  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  The  absence  of  ornaments  renders 
a  more  precise  date  inadmissible,  but  with  the  Mercian  kingdom  the 
political  history  of  Warwickshire  may  be  said  to  begin  ;  and  where  the 
pagan  relics  of  the  grave  cease  to  appear,  the  written  page  takes  up  the 
record. 


268 


DOMESDAY  SURVEY 


Assessment  of  the  county,  p.  269 — King's  revenues,  p.  270 — Church  lands,  p.  273 — Tenants- 
in-chief,  p.  276 — Under  tenants,  p.  281 — English  predecessors,  p.  282 — Classes  of  men, 
p.  284 — Legal  antiquities,  p.  286 — Warwick,  p.  289 — Rural  economy,  p.  291 — The 
Hundreds,  p.  293 — Identification  of  manors,  p.  294 — Duplicate  entries,  p.  296. 


I 


Warwickshire  portion  of  the  Great  Survey  is  interesting 
and  fairly  full.  In  proportion  to  area  the  county  occupies 
about  as  much  space  in  Domesday  as  does  Worcestershire  to 
its  west,  less  than  Northamptonshire  and  Leicestershire  to  its 
east,  but  considerably  more  than  Staffordshire.  The  chief  features  of 
interest  in  its  survey  are  found  in  the  light  it  throws  on  local  financial 
administration,  the  names  of  the  persons  to  whom  it  introduces  us,  and 
the  religious  houses,  English  and  foreign,  holding  land  within  its  borders. 
But  as  the  Domesday  Survey  was  before  all  a  record  of  the  assessment  to 
'  geld  '  (land-tax),  it  is  with  that  aspect  of  its  contents  that  the  student 
has  first  to  deal. 

Warwickshire  was  one  of  the  hidated  counties,  that  is,  of  those  which 
were  assessed  in  '  hides  '  ;  but  it  actually  adjoined  on  the  north-east  the 
group  of  '  carucated  '  counties  of  which  Leicestershire  is  a  striking 
example.  The  assessment  of  these  latter  was  based  on  units  of  six  or 
twelve  '  carucates,'  while  that  of  the  former  was  similarly  based  on  units 
of  five  or  ten  '  hides.'  The  duodecimal  and  the  decimal  systems  were 
brought  into  sharp  contrast  ;  Leicester,  when  the  king  set  forth  to  war, 
sent  him  twelve  of  her  burgesses  ;  Warwick  sent  him  ten.  It  was,  I  have 
urged,  the  Scandinavian  region,  the  counties  settled  by  the  Danes,  which 
thus  reckoned  in  twelves.1  This  conclusion,  one  may  fairly  say,  is  con- 
firmed by  the  local  place-names,  such  characteristic  forms  as  Rugby, 
Wibtoft  and  (Monks)  Kirby  being  found  close  to  the  Leicestershire 
border,  as  are  Barby,  Kilsby,  and  Yelvertoft  in  the  adjoining  and  hidated 
county  of  Northants.  We  may  say,  therefore,  that  Domesday  bears 
clear  witness  to  the  existence  of  a  real  dividing  line  between  Warwick- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  a  line  that  marked  the  limit  of  racial  conquest 
and  settlement. 

But  although  Warwickshire  was  assessed  in  '  hides  '  the  basing  of 
its  assessment  on  arbitrary  units  of  five  or  ten  hides  is  less  obvious  to  the 
eye  than  in  several  other  counties.  The  proportion^  however,  of  such 
assessments  is  too  high  to  be  accounted  for  on  any  other  hypothesis.  For 
instance,  in  the  adjoining  Domesday  Hundreds  of  '  Tremelau '  and 

1  See  feudal  England,  pp.  69  et  seq. 
269 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

t 

'  Honesberie,'  we  note  in  the  former — with  a  total  assessment,  according 
to  Mr.  Walker,1  of  1 50  hides — that  Eatington  (Upper  and  Lower)  was 
assessed  at  20  (17  +  i  +  I  +  0  hides,  Walton  at  15  (5  +  10),  Compton 
Murdak  at  10  (7  +  3),  Butler's  Marston  at  10,  and  Barford,  Lighthorne, 
Chadshunt,  Wasperton,  and  Moreton  Morrell  at  5  each,  thus  accounting 
for  more  than  half  the  total  assessment  of  the  Hundred.  In  'Honesberie ' 
Hundred  Dassett  was  assessed  at  25  (15  +  10)  hides,  Priors  Hardwick 
at  15,  Fenny  Compton  at  10  (4!  +  2  +  3?),  and  Arlescote,  Ratley,  New- 
bold  Comyn,  and  Mollington  at  5  each,  some  two-thirds  of  the  Hundred 
being  thus  demonstrably  assessed  on  the  five-hide  system.  Where  the 
assessments  are  fractional  and  not  suggestive  of  that  system,  it  is  probable 
that  groups  had  been  formed,  as  we  know  to  have  been  sometimes  done, 
to  complete  a  perfect  unit.  As  examples  of  the  five-hide  unit  in  other 
parts  of  the  county,  one  may  take  Church  Lawford,  Long  Lawford, 
Bishop's  Itchington,  Dunchurch,  Stretton-on-Dunsmore,  Radford  Simele, 
Bourton-upon-Dunsmore,  Bubbenhall,  and  Wappenbury,  each  of  which 
was  assessed  at  exactly  5  hides.1  An  interesting  illustration  of  the 
working  of  this  system  in  practice  is  found  in  the  charter  of  Henry  I. 
which  reduced  the  assessment  of  Alveston  in  favour  of  the  church  of 
Worcester,  from  15  hides  to  10,  that  is  to  say  by  one  of  these  five-hide 
units.3  The  arbitrary  nature  of  such  assessment  is  shown  by  this 
example.  Before  leaving  the  subject  of  assessment  we  may  note  that 
'  inland,' which  was  land  free  from  contributing  to  the 'geld,'  is  men- 
tioned at  Offbrd  (in  Wootton  Wawen)  and  at  Lighthorne. 

The  list  of  holders  of  lands  is  headed  as  always  by  the  king,  but  the 
manors  in  which  he  had  succeeded  his  predecessor  were  few.  In  the 
south  of  the  county  Edward  the  Confessor  had  held  Bidford,  with  its 
water  meadows  on  the  Avon,  and  Kington,4  with  Wellesborne  Hastings 
as  its  appendage  (berewicb),  Stanley  with  Kenilworth  in  the  heart  of 
the  county,  and  Coleshill  in  its  northern  portion,  complete  the  list  of  his 
possessions.  These  are  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  those  which  his 
successor  held  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  namely  the  forfeited  lands  of 
Earl  Eadwine,  by  two  peculiarities.  In  the  first  place,  the  number  of 
plough-lands  in  each  manor  is  omitted  ;  in  the  second,  its  value.  We 
know  little  of  the  system  on  which  the  returns  were  made  for  the  king's 
manors  in  io86,5  but  in  the  case  before  us  the  omission  of  values  appears 
to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  preceding  column  they  are,  as  one  may 
say,  '  lumped  in '  with  other  sources  of  revenue,  all  of  which  were 

1  See  'The  Hundreds  of  Warwickshire  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey,'  by  Benjamin  Walker, 
A.R.I.B.A.  (Jnrifxary,  xxix.  146-51,  179-84).  This  valuable  paper  contains  an  analysis  of  each 
Hundred. 

1  The  system  of  the  five-hide  unit  occasionally  affords  a  clue  in  the  work  of  identification,  as  will 
be  seen  from  the  notes  to  Mr.  Carter's  translation  of  the  text. 

'  '  H.  Rex  Angl.  comitibus  et  omnibus  baronibus  et  ministris  suis  de  Warewicasire  salutem.  Clamo 
quietas  imperpctuum  Priori  et  monachis  de  Wirecestria  v  hidas  de  Alvestun  de  geldis  et  murdris  et  omni- 
bus regiis  exactionibus,'  etc.  Regiitnm  Prieratiu  B.  M.  Wig>rnensis  (Camden  Soc.)  p.  85<». 

4  jfXat  Kineton. 

•  It  is  noteworthy  that  in  the  transcripts  of  the  original  returns  from  the  Cambridgeshire  Hun- 
dreds, which  are  so  rich  in  detail,  no  information  whatever  is  given  on  the  royal  manors,  for  which  it 
seems  to  be  implied  there  was  a  separate  return. 

270 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

1  farmed  '  together.  The  evidence  of  Domesday  that  in  this  county,  as  in 
the  adjoining  one  of  Worcestershire,  royal  manors  were  '  farmed  '  as  a 
group  is  of  very  great  importance  as  bearing  on  that  system  of  the  '  firma 
comitatus '  which  plays  so  large  a  part  in  early  administration  and 
finance.1  But  the  special  and  indeed  unique  value  of  the  Warwickshire 
evidence  is  that  it  carries  back  the  system  to  days  before  the  Conquest 
and  thereby  flatly  contradicts  the  Dialogus  de  Scaccario.* 

In  view  of  the  extreme  importance  of  these  Warwickshire  entries 
one  cannot  too  closely  scan  their  exact  wording.  The  royal  revenue 
from  a  county,  apart  from  taxes,  was  derived  normally  from  three  sources, 
(i)  the  king's  lands  ;  (2)  his  rights  in  the  county  town  ;  (3)  his  profits 
from  jurisdiction  (known  as  the  pleas  of  the  shire).  There  is  no  question 
that  under  the  Conqueror  this  last  item  was  among  the  sources  of  the 
farm  *  ;  but  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  was  so  also  under  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor. For  if  the  passage  (in  the  footnote)  be  carefully  read  it  will  be 
found  to  enumerate  distinctly  three  sources  of  revenue  :  (i)  the  vice- 
comitatus;  (2)  the  burgus  ;  (3)  the  regalia  maneria.  Now  in  the  adjoining 
county  of  Worcestershire  (fo.  172)*  we  find  similarly  enumerated  three 
sources  :  (i)  the  comitatus  ;  (2)  the  civitas  ;  (3)  the  dominica  maneria  regis  5  ; 
and  here,  luckily,  Domesday  explains  that  comitatus  stands  for  the  profits 
of  the  pleas  in  the  courts  of  the  county  and  the  hundreds.'  This  then  I 
believe  to  be  also  the  meaning  of  vicecomitatus  among  the  sources  of 
revenue  in  Warwickshire  under  Edward  the  Confessor. 

But  the  Worcestershire  evidence  helps  us  further  in  our  study  of  the 
Warwickshire  payments.  In  both  counties  we  find  precisely  the  same 
sums,  £10  f°r  a  hawk,  jTi  for  a  sumpter  horse,  and  £5  to  the  queen,  and 
the  Worcestershire  evidence  shows  that  they  were  paid  in  respect  of  the 
profits  of  jurisdiction.7  In  Warwickshire,  however,  there  is  a  further 
payment  of  £23  'pro  consuetudine  canum,'  for  a  parallel  to  which  we 
must  turn  to  the  adjoining  county  of  Oxfordshire,  which  paid  precisely 
the  same  sum  '  pro  canibus,'  in  addition  to  the  other  payments,  while 
Northamptonshire,  also  adjoining,  paid  £4.2  '  ad  canes.'  In  Bedfordshire 
again  £13  icxr.  in  all  was  paid  by  three  royal  manors  '  de  consuetudine 
canum,' but  this,  as  in  the  case  of  some  Gloucestershire  manors,  is  distinct 
from  the  payment  of  such  a  due  in  respect  of  the  whole  county. 

Recapitulating  the  evidence,  we  find  that  in  1086  the  farm  of  the 
royal  manors  and  the  pleas  of  the  county  brought  in  jointly  (i)  145 
pounds  of  weighed  silver,  (2)  the  above  £23  f°r  the  hounds,  (3)  the 

i  See  Tie  Ctmmtme  tfLmdon  and  ttier  Studies,  pp.  71-3. 

»  '  Tempore  regis  E.  ricecomitatus  de  Warwic  cum  burgo  et  cum  regalibns  maneriis  reddebat  IXY 
libras,  etc.'     Compare  Diabgts  Je  Scaccaria,  ed.  1902,  p.  36. 

*  '  The  latter  &rm  included  "  pleas  of  the  county,"  and  thus  is  strictly  parallel  with  the  farm*  on  the 
Pipe  Rolls' (tad-) 

«  See  r.C.H.  ITtrt.  L 

*  '  Reddit  ricecomes  rriii  lib.  et  r.  sol  ad  pensum  de  cmtate,  et   de  dominicis  manerro  regis 
reddit  cniii  lib.  et  iiii  sol  ad  pensum.     De  comitatu  rero  reddit  xrii  lib.  ad  pensum,  et  adhnc  reddit 
z  lib.  denariomm  de  xx  in  ora  aut  accipitrem  norresc,  et  adhnc  c  solidos  regime  ad  nnmernm,  et  xx" 
>oL  de  xr°  in  ora  pro  snmmario.' 

*  '  Hz  xrii  librae  ad  pensum  et  xri  lib.  ad  nnmerum  snnt  de  placitis  comitatus  et  Hundreds.' 

*  See  preceding  note. 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


additional  £16  already  described.1  Beyond  this,  however,  there  was  a 
payment  in  those  measures  of  honey  which  play  so  important  a  part  in 
the  Crown  dues  of  Domesday.  And  the  nature  of  this  payment  is  by  no 
means  easy  to  ascertain.  What  Domesday  actually  says  is  that  under  the 
Confessor  the  total  payment  was  £65  and  thirty-six  sestiers  of  honey,  or 
£24  Ss.  'for  all  the  things  that  belonged  to  the  honey,'2  while  at  the 
time  of  the  Survey  the  render  was  twenty-four  sestiers  of  honey  '  cum 
majori  mensura,'  and  from  the  borough  six  sestiers  —  the  sestier,  that  is,  for 
fifteen  pence  —  of  which  the  count  of  Meulan  receives  six  sestiers  and 
5j.3  Here  at  least  we  are  on  sure  ground  ;  for  at  fifteen  pence  to  the 
sestier  the  count's  share  was  equivalent  to  ten  out  of  the  thirty,  that  is,  to 
the  comital  third.4  But  this  reckoning,  it  will  be  observed,  is  wholly  incom- 
patible with  the  sum  of  £24  8s.  as  the  equivalent  of  thirty-six  sestiers.* 
The  words,  however,  '  all  the  things  that  belonged  to  the  honey  '  seem  to 
point  to  the  obscure  '  consuetudines  mellis,'  which  occur  at  Ipswich  and 
elsewhere  in  the  three  eastern  counties.  So  far  as  the  number  of  sestiers  go 
it  is  interesting  to  find  that  at  Warwick  the  unit  seems  to  have  been  six. 
For  while  twelve  sestiers  were  due  from  Gloucester,  Oxford,  Norwich  and 
Ipswich  rendered  six  apiece.  Colchester,  however,  and  Thetford  paid  no 
more  than  four  each.6 

In  addition  to  these  sources  of  revenue  derived  from  his  predecessor, 
King  William  had  reserved  for  himself  most  of  the  forfeited  estates  of  the 
local  earl.  This  was  Eadwine,  son  and  successor  of  Earl  jElfgar  of  Mercia, 
and  grandson  of  the  famous  Earl  Leofric,  to  whom  the  church  at  Coventry 
owed  many  of  its  lands.  Warwickshire  was  but  one  of  the  counties  com- 
prised in  Eadwine's  earldom,  but  his  official  rights  and  revenue  for  each 
county  were  distinct.  On  these  it  was  William's  practice  to  seize  when 
the  earldom  was  vacant  by  its  owner's  forfeiture.  The  third  penny  of  the 
pleas  of  the  shire  and  that  of  the  issues  of  the  county  town  were  the 
normal  perquisites  of  the  earl  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  were  the  share  he 
received  of  the  local  revenues  if  he  received  any.  Here  again  the  Warwick- 
shire evidence  is  of  institutional  importance.  For  in  the  latest  edition  of 
the  Dialogus  de  Scaccario  7  the  learned  editors  observe  that  — 

It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  the  third  penny  of  the  pleas  is  the  final  remnant  of 
the  judicial  functions  of  the  earl,  and  is  originally  due  to  the  Prankish  empire. 
Whether  this  imperial  institution  reached  the  England  of  Henry  II.  through  William 
the  Conqueror,  or  whether  it  came  with  earlier  importations  from  the  same  source, 
admits  as  yet  of  no  exact  determination. 

1  'Modo  inter  firmam  regalium  maneriorum  et  placita  comitatus  reddit  per  annum  cxlv  lib.  ad 
pondus,"  etc. 

'  xxxvi  sextaria  mellis  aut  xxiv  lib.  et  viii  sol.  pro  omnibus  quae  ad  mel  pertinebant.' 

'  '  Praeter  haec  reddit  xxiv  sextar'  mcll'  cum  majori  mensura  et  de  burgo  vi  sextar'  mell',   sextar' 
scilicet  pro  xv  denar'.     De  his  habet  comes  de  mellent  vi  sext'  et  v.  solid'.' 

«  This  was  not,  however,  the  '  earl's  third  penny,'  which  came  from  the  pleas  of  a  shire  or  the  issues 
of  a  borough. 

•  The  other  money  equivalent  of  the  sestier,  viz.  in  Wilts,  is  even  lower  than  in  Warwickshire,  a 
shilling  instead  of  fifteen  pence. 

•  At  Colchester,  as  at  Warwick,  the  money  commutation  seems  strangely  high. 
i  Oxford  University  Press  (1902),  p.  205. 

272 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Our  record  however  states  definitely  that  in  King  Edward's  time  '  the 
third  penny  of  the  pleas  of  the  shire  '  was  held  with  Earl  Eadwine's  manor 
of 'Cotes'1  (near  Warwick).  And  this  Warwickshire  evidence  is  con- 
firmed by  that  for  Dorset,  where  the  earldom  had  been  held  by  Harold,  to 
whose  manor  of '  Piretone  '  (Puddletown)  there  was  similarly  annexed  the 
third  penny  of  the  pleas  of  the  shire.1  These  two  entries  are  sufficient  to 
establish  the  fact  that  the  institution  of  the  earl's  '  third  penny  '  of  the 
shire  was  older  than  the  Norman  Conquest. 

The  rights  of  Earl  Eadwine  in  the  borough  of  Warwick,  which  had 
similarly  passed  to  William,  will  be  dealt  with  under  Warwick  itself,  but 
one  may  here  note  that  of  his  manors  the  Conqueror  kept  in  his  hands 
Brailes,  Coton  and  Sutton  (Coldfield) ,  while  scattering '  Ulverlei,'  Budbrooke, 
Erdington,  Aston,  Myton  and  Bedworth  among  half  a  dozen  tenants-in- 
chief.  Considerable  as  had  been  the  earl's  estates  those  of  his  house  had 
been  larger  still ;  manors  at  Ipsley  and  Aston  Cantlow  had  been  held  by 
his  father  ./Elfgar,  while  his  grandfather  Leofric  had  denuded  himself  of 
sundry  rich  lordships  in  favour  of  his  great  foundation  at  Coventry. 
Domesday  again  records  as  the  land  of  the  Countess  Godiva  (Leofric's 
widow)  manors  at  Alspath,  Atherstone,  Coventry  itself  and  other  places. 
The  curious  statement  found  under  Oxfordshire  that  '  from  the  land  of 
Earl  Eadwine  in  Oxfordshire  and  Warwickshire  the  king  has  >CIO5>'3 
appears  to  be  irreconcilable  with  the  detailed  valuations  of  his  manors  in 
those  two  counties. 

To  the  revenue  derived  from  the  lands  entered  under  Terra  Re<ris 

o 

we  must  add,  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  the  '  farm  '  of  the  manors  which 
Earl  Aubrey  and  Countess  'Godiva'  had  held,  and  which  had  now  escheated 
to  the  Crown.4  The  first  manor,  also,  entered  under  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil 
is  described  as  held  by  him  '  de  rege  in  custodia,'  just  as  the  manors  of 
Earl  Aubrey  were  held  by  Geoffrey  '  de  Wirce.'  It  is  well  worthy  of 
notice  that  Domesday  thus  pointedly  distinguishes  escheated  fiefs  from 
those  forfeited  manors  of  the  local  earl  which  had  passed  into  the  perma- 
nent possession  of  the  Crown.  For  it  may  have  been  even  then,  as  it  was 
later,  recognized  that  escheats  should  not  be  retained,  but  be  granted 
out  anew. 

Of  ecclesiastical  tenants-in-chief  two  bishops  held  lands  within  the 
borders  of  the  county  in  their  official  capacity.  These  were  a  Norman 
prelate,  Peter,  Bishop  of  Chester,  who  had  removed  his  episcopal  seat 
thither  from  Lichfield,  and  who  held,  in  right  of  the  latter  church, 
Bishop's  Tachbrook  in  this  county,  and  Wulfstan,  the  native  Bishop  of 
Worcester,  the  great  possessions  of  whose  see  extended  from  Worcester- 
shire into  Warwickshire.6  His  rival  also,  the  abbot  of  Evesham,  held 

1  Hoc  terra  cum  burgo  de  Warwic  et  tercio  denario  placitorum  sirae  reddebat  T.R.E.  xvii.  libras." 
'  Huic  etiam  manerio  Piretone  adjacet  tercius  denarius  de  tola    scira   Dorsete.      Redd'  cum 
omnibus  appendiciis  Ixxiii  libras'  (fo.  75). 

'  De  terra  Edwini  comitis  in  Oxenef  et  in  Warwicscire  habet  rex  c  lib.  et  c  solid'  '  (fo.  154). 

See  p.  276  below. 

Bishop  Wulfstan's  manor  of  Alveston  is  dealt  with  on  p.  287  below. 

i  273  35 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 

five  Warwickshire  estates  but  failed  to  establish,  as  against  Worcester,  an 
old  claim  to  Stratford-on-Avon.* 

This  and  other  disputes  in  which  the  monks  of  Worcester  were 
involved  help  at  times  to  illustrate  the  entries  in  the  Domesday  Survey. 
In  Warwickshire,  they  complained,  they  had  lost  in  the  days  of  Cnut — 
by  forfeiture  for  delay,  real  or  alleged,  in  the  payment  of  the  '  geld  ' — 
estates  at  Luddington,  Drayton  and  Lapworth,  three  hides  at  Loxley 
and  a  moiety  of  Milcote.8  They  had  also  been  deprived  of  Bickmarsh 
by  Eadwine,  a  brother  of  Earl  Leofric,8  while  Abbot  ./Ethelwig  of  Eves- 
ham  had  stripped  them  of  the  other  moiety  of  Milcote.4  It  is  only  in 
the  case  of  Milcote  that  we  can  test  their  statements  by  Domesday.  The 
whole  of  it  was  held  at  the  time  of  the  Survey  by  Stephen  the  steersman,6 
and  Domesday  asserts  that  its  former  holders  were  Bishop  Wulfstan  and 
an  ./Elfstan.  The  story  of  the  monks  of  Worcester  is  that  Abbot  ^Ethel- 
wig,  having  obtained  ^Ifstan's  moiety  of  Milcote,8  set  himself  to  ac- 
quire from  Bishop  Wulfstan  the  other  moiety.7  Succeeding  in  this  by 
guile,  he  obtained  the  whole,  but  Bishop  Odo  of  Bayeux,  they  added, 
seized  on  his  lands  at  his  death.  Domesday,  however,  shows  Milcote 
held,  as  I  have  said,  by  Stephen  and  unconnected  with  Odo.  The  ex- 
planation is,  I  believe,  that  Stephen  who  held  in  capite  Little  Dorsington 
and  Milcote8  was  identical  with  the  Stephen  who  held  as  a  tenant  of  the 
Bishop  of  Bayeux  at  Brome  (in  Bidford)  and  at  Arrow  in  the  same 
neighbourhood.9  He  may  thus  have  acquired  Milcote  by  gift  of  the 
bishop.  The  Evesham  monks  classed  Brome  (now  Broom)  and  Arrow 
with  Dorsington  and  the  Milcotes  as  manors  which  Abbot  ^Ethelwig  had 
acquired  for  his  abbey,  but  which  Bishop  Odo  had  afterwards  seized.10 

On  comparing  Domesday  with  the  Evesham  chronicle  and  the  MS. 
records  of  that  abbey  it  is  not  clear  how  matters  stood  as  between 
the  monks  and  Bishop  Odo,  but  on  one  point  the  concordance  is  perfect ; 
the  only  manor  in  the  Survey  to  which  a  previous  owner  is  assigned 
is  Wixford,  and  this  is  also  the  only  one  for  which  the  chronicle  give 
us  the  details  of  ./Ethelwig's  action.  We  read  in  the  latter  that  it 
five  hides  had  been  given  to  Evesham,  about  a  century  before  Domesday 
by  Ufa,  sheriff  of  Warwickshire,  but  that  his  son  had  been  rashly  allowed 
to  retain  it  for  his  life,  with  the  result  that  it  was  not  secured  till^Ethel- 

1  There  is  no  allusion  in  the  Warwickshire  survey  to  his  recent  contest  with  the  bishop,  but  the 
monk  Heming,  in  his  cartulary,  gives  us  the  Worcester  version,  while  that  of  Evesham  is  preserved 
in  the  abbey's  chronicle.  At  one  stage  of  the  controversy  there  was  a  '  plea,'  described  in  Heming's 
cartulary  (ed.  Hearne,  p.  82),  at  which  two  barons  of  this  county,  Osbern  Fitz  Richard  and  Turchil 
'  de  Warewicscyre  '  were  present  to  depose  to  the  state  of  things  before  the  Conquest. 

»  Heming's  cartulary  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  278.  »  Ibid. 

«  Ibid.  pp.  272,  279.  •  Compare  p.  280  below. 

•  '  Cum  dimidiam  partem,  qua;  ante  a  monasterio  ablata  fuerat,  ipsius  ville,  quae  Mylekota  dicitur, 
ab  ipso,  qui  earn  possederat,  suis  ingeniis,  ut  solebat,  adquisisset.' 

•>  These  moieties  are  now  known  as  Upper  and  Nether  Milcote  ;  in  the  thirteenth  century  they 
were  known  as  Milcote-on-Avon  and  Milcote-on-Stour  (Calendar  of  Charter  Rolls,  i.  284,  292). 
They  are  both  on  the  Gloucestershire  border  and  indeed  in  Gloucestershire  parishes. 

•  This  suggestion  is  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  Brome,  at  least,  descended  with  Milcote  and  Dor- 
sington for  some  time  after  Domesday. 

10  Cbronicm  dt  Evesham,  pp.  95,  97. 

274 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

wig,  in  King  Edward's  time,  '  a  Wigodo  regis  barone  digno  pretio  earn 
comparavit.'  It  is  this  Wigot  whom  Domesday  names  as  the  holder 
T.R.E. 

An  entry  in  the  Survey  relating  to  Lapworth  may  lead  us  to  an  in- 
teresting discovery.  All  that  we  learn  from  Domesday  is  that  at  eight 
places  in  Warwickshire,  of  which  Lapworth  was  one,  Hugh  de  Grent- 
mesnil  had  been  preceded  by  one  or  more  men  bearing  the  name  of 
Baldwin.  But  on  turning  to  Heming's  Cartulary  (p.  267)  we  read  that 
the  half-hide  of  which  Domesday  speaks  had  belonged  to  the  church  of 
Worcester,  but  had  been  given,  at  a  nominal  quit-rent,  by  Bishop  Briht- 
heah  to  a  certain  '  Hearlewinus,'  who  had  been  his  companion  when  he 
took  Cnut's  daughter,  Gunnild,  to  'Saxony'  for  her  marriage  (1036). 
Now  Baldwin  and  Herlwin  are  strange  names,  names  that  in  pre-Con- 
questual  England  arrest  attention.  Can  we  connect  them  ?  It  is  not, 
surely,  a  mere  coincidence  when  in  Gloucestershire  Domesday  shows 
us  a  *  Baldwin  son  of  Herlwin  '  as  the  former  holder  of  a  substantial 
manor  in  Bradley  Hundred  (fo.  163),  or  when  in  Bucks  it  mentions 
'  Turstin  a  man  of  Baldwin  son  of  Herlwin '  (fo.  144-b.1)  Clearly 
*  Baldwin  son  of  Herlwin  '  was  a  man  of  note  before  the  Conquest,  and 
when  we  find  that  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil  had  succeeded  to  lands  of 
'Baldwin'  in  a  whole  group  of  counties,  Gloucestershire,  Oxfordshire, 
Warwickshire,  Northamptonshire,  Leicestershire,  we  can  hardly  any 
longer  doubt  that  this  was  Baldwin  the  son  of  Herlwin,  and  that  he 
had  succeeded  his  father  at  Lapworth  and  in  other  places. 

But  the  most  richly  endowed  religious  house  in  the  county  was 
the  local  minster  of  Coventry.  Of  other  English  abbeys  the  posses- 
sions were  insignificant,  Abingdon,  Burton,  Malmesbury,  and  Winch- 
combe  holding  an  estate  apiece  in  chief.  Under  Turchil  of  Warwick  a 
small  estate  was  held  by  St.  Mary's  church,  Warwick.  The  endow- 
ment of  foreign  monasteries  had  as  yet  only  begun,  but  the  abbey  of 
St.  Evroul  already  held  of  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil  a  manor  at  Pillerton 
(Priors),  as  did  that  of  Preaux  at  Arlescote  under  the  Count  of  Meulan, 
while  Geoffrey  de  la  Guerche  bestowed  on  the  monks  of  St.  Nicholas  of 
Angers  lands  at  (Monks)  Kirby. 

To  this  last  endowment  there  attaches  exceptional  interest,  because 
we  have  the  text  of  the  actual  charter  by  which  Geoffrey  bestowed  it. 
Granted  at  (Monks)  Kirby  itself  i  July  1077,  it  specially  mentions 
Kirby  church,  which,  as  it  was  decayed,  he  had,  we  learn,  rebuilt  in 
honour  of  St.  Mary  and  St.  Denis,  and  dedicated  that  same  day  in 
presence  of  Peter  the  bishop,  himself,  as  we  have  seen,  a  Warwickshire 
tenant-in-chief.8  As  the  charter  is  granted  with  the  consent  of  ./Elfgifu 
(Aheva)  his  wife,  it  is  clear  that  we  have  in  Geoffrey  a  follower  of 
William  who  really  did  marry  what  is  called  '  a  Saxon  heiress,'  and  that 

'  This  is  one  of  the  entries  omitted  from  Ellis'  Indexes. 

*  For  knowledge  of  this  charter  in  the  register  of  Burton  Lazars'  Hospital,  which  is  printed  in 
Nichols"  Leicestershire,  vol.  ii.  appendix,  p.  125,  I  am  entirely  indebted  to  Mr.  A.  S.  Ellis'  paper  on 
Geoffrey  in  his  'Landholders  of  Yorkshire,  1086'  (TorkMre  Arch.  Journ.)  To  that  paper  also  we 
owe  the  solution  of  Geoffrey's  origin  from  the  genealogical  work  of  Pere  du  Paz. 

275 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

she  must  have  brought  him  his  Warwickshire  lands,  for  they  had  all 
belonged  to  the  same  man.  Geoffrey  himself  hailed  from  the  border  of 
Anjou  and  Britanny,  being  lord  of  Pouence  on  its  Angevin  and  La 
Guerche  on  its  Breton  side.  He  appears  to  have  died  childless. 

English  abbeys  in  other  counties  which  had  obtained  lands  in  War- 
wickshire had  done  so  in  various  ways.  Burton  owed  its  land  at  Austrey 
to  Earl  Leofric,  and  Malmesbury  its  Newbold  estate  to  the  gift  of  Wulf- 
wine  its  owner  on  his  becoming  a  monk  of  that  house.  But  the  case  of 
Abingdon  is  the  most  interesting,  for  it  illustrates  the  variety  of  versions 
that  are  given  of  these  incidents.  The  abbey's  chronicle  narrates  that, 
in  the  Conqueror's  reign,  a  local  magnate,  Turchil  of  Arden,  bestowed  on 
it  lands  at  Hill  and  Chesterton  ;l  this  gift  the  Conqueror  confirmed  by 
his  charter.4  But  it  elsewhere  states  that  the  abbot  obtained  these  lands 
from  'the  King.'3  Neither  of  these  versions  accords  with  the  evidence 
of  Domesday,  which  shows  us  the  abbey  holding  Hill  in  capite,  the  abbot 
having  '  bought '  it  of  Turchil's  fee,  while  under  Turchil's  own  fief  we 
find  two  estates,  of  a  hide  each,  at  Chesterton  entered  as  held  of  him  by 
the  abbey,  one  of  them  being  held  in  pledge  (vadimonium). 

Intermediate  in  position  between  church  and  lay  landowners  were 
the  Bishops  of  Bayeux  and  Coutances,  who  held  land  in  their  personal, 
not  their  official  capacity.  In  Warwickshire,  however,  their  holdings 
were  not  of  much  importance. 

Early  among  the  lay  magnates  we  meet  with  two  who  had  already 
ceased  to  hold  the  lands  entered  as  theirs  in  Domesday.  One  was  '  earl 
Aubrey  '  and  the  other  '  countess  Godiva.'  The  former  has  been  shown4 
to  have  been  probably  identical  with  Aubrey  de  Couci  ('  Coci  '),  and  had 
certainly  derived  his  title  from  having  been  appointed  earl  of  the  North- 
umbrians some  years  before.  His  lands,  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  in 
Warwickshire  as  elsewhere,  had  been  resumed  by  the  Crown,  and  in  this 
county  they  are  found  in  the  charge  of  Geoffrey  '  de  Wirce,'  a  great 
baron  in  Leicestershire,  Warwickshire  and  other  counties.  As  for 
'  countess  Godiva,'  Earl  Leofric's  widow,  her  estates  had  doubtless  passed 
to  King  William  at  her  death.  They  lay  in  the  north  of  the  county 
and  are  entered  as  farmed  by  '  Nicholas,'  who  appears  to  have  been  also 
farming  the  manors  of  her  son  Earl  jElfgar  in  Staffordshire.  Most,  if  not 
all,  of  her  land,  however,  must  have  been  subsequently  granted  to  the 
Earls  of  Chester,  in  whose  hands  it  is  found.6 

But  all  the  local  fiefs  are  dwarfed  by  those  of  the  Count  of  Meu- 
lan  and  of  Turchil  '  de  Warwic,'  which  follow  one  another  in  Domes- 
day and  occupy  between  them  no  less  than  nine  columns  of  the 

'  Turkillus  quidam  de  Anglis,  valde  inter  suos  nobilis,  in  partibus  Ardene  mansitans,  abbatis  famt- 
liaritate   et  fratrum    dum  nonnunquam  uteretur,  de  patrimonio  suo  terras  duobus  in  locis  ecclesiae 
Abbendoniae  concessit'  (ii.  8). 
'  Ibid. 

'contulit  a  rege  Cestertunam,  Hull  et  Newenham  '  (ii.  284).  Another  variant  of  this  version  is 
found  in  the  Testa  de  Nevill  (p.  87)  :  '  W.  Rex  Bastardus  feoffavit  abbatem  de  Abindon  de  iiij  virgatis 
terrx  in  Hulle,  que  valet  per  annum  iiij  rnarcas  per  servicium  faciendi  wardam  castr'  de  Wyndeshore.' 

By  Mr.  A.  S.  Ellis  in  his  paper  on  «  The  Landholders  of  Yorkshire  in  Domesday.' 
«  Dugdale,  misled  by  the  pseudo-Ingulf,  made  them  inherit  it  from  her  by  descent. 

276 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

record.  Within  a  very  few  years  these  two  fiefs  were  combined  in 
the  hands  of  the  first  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  the  great  dominion  thus 
created,  with  Warwick  Castle  as  its  head,  completely  overshadows  the 
feudal  history  of  the  county.  Something  therefore  should  here  be  said 
of  the  origin  of  these  fiefs.  At  the  time  of  the  Conquest  Roger  de 
Beaumont,  a  trusted  friend  and  minister  of  the  Conqueror,  had  two 
sons,  Robert  and  Henry,  of  whom  Robert  inherited,  through  his 
mother,  the  Comte  of  Meulan,  while  Henry,  very  shortly  indeed  after 
the  Domesday  Survey,  was  created  Earl  of  Warwick.  As  early  as 
1068,  when  Warwick  Castle  was  'founded,'  Henry  was  entrusted  with 
its  keeping,1  but  he  is  not  found  in  Domesday  as  a  holder  of  land. 
It  was  his  elder  brother,  the  Count  of  Meulan,  one  of  the  heroes 
of  the  battle  of  Hastings,  who  held  so  large  a  fief  in  the  county 
in  1086.  He,  however,  it  would  seem,  had  not  been  its  first 
holder.  The  cartulary  of  Preaux  distinctly  states  that  the  five 
hides  at  Arlescote  were  given  to  that  house  by  Roger  de  Beaumont 
himself,  not  by  his  sons2  ;  and  we  must  therefore  conclude  that  the 
Count  of  Meulan  (from  whom  the  abbey  held  this  endowment  in  1086) 
had  inherited  the  fief  (or,  in  any  case,  part  of  it)  from  his  father.  Its 
subsequent  devolution  appears  to  be  somewhat  obscure,  for,  instead  of 
descending  to  Robert's  heirs,  it  clearly  passed  to  his  brother  Henry,  who 
became  Earl  of  Warwick.  This,  indeed,  is  implied  by  the  same  cartu- 
lary of  Preaux,  which  states  that  the  tithes  of  some  Warwickshire  manors 
were  added  by  Roger's  sons,  Robert,  Count  of  Meulan,  and  Henry,  Earl 
of  Warwick.3  It  is  probable  that  the  fief  was  transferred  to  Henry  when 
he  was  made  an  earl,  and  that  his  elder  brother  was  compensated  by  the 
large  grants  of  other  lands  which  we  know  he  subsequently  obtained. 

It  was  also  to  provide  Henry  with  lands  suitable  to  his  dignity  that 
he  received  the  fief  which  had  been  held  by  Turchil  'of  Warwick.' 
This  we  learn  incidentally  from  the  chronicle  of  Abingdon  Abbey, 
which  states  that  in  consequence  of  this  transference  Henry  claimed  Hill 
and  Chesterton,  which  Turchil  had  given  to  the  abbey,  and  had  to  be 
induced  by  a  sum  of  money  to  confirm  the  gift.*  On  what  ground 
Turchil  (or  his  son  and  heir,  Siward)  was  deprived  of  his  extensive  fief 
we  cannot  tell  ;  but  the  fact  that,  in  Mr.  Freeman's  words, '  he  stands 
out  more  conspicuously  in  Domesday  than  any  other  Englishman ' 
would  be  of  itself  enough  to  excite  the  cupidity  of  Normans.  That 
his  house  however  was  not  doomed  to  such  ruin  and  destruction  as  was 
the  fate  of  others  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  his  descendants  held  some 
ten  knights'  fees  under  the  Earls  of  Warwick.5  Their  long  continu- 
ance in  the  county,  under  Turchil's  name  of  Arden,  is  of  great  interest 

1  '  Rex  itaque  castrum  apud  Guarevicum  condidit  et  Henrico  Rogerii  de  Bellomonte  filio  ad 
servandum  tradidit '  (Ord.  Vit.) 

*  Calendar  of  Documents  preserved  in  France,  p.  1 08.  3  Ibid. 

4  'In  comitatus  supplementum  Henrici  Warewicensis  comitis,  regis  Willelmi  junioris,  in  sui  imperil 
principio,  dono,  patrimonium  terrarum  Turkilli  de  Ardene  adjectum  est '  (ii.  21). 

«  Eighty  years  after  Domesday  Henry  de  'Ardene'  was  holding  5  fees,  and  Hugh  de  'Ardene' 
5j  of  William,  Earl  of  Warwick  (ReJ  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  325} 

277 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

to  genealogists,  and  affords  an  exceptional  instance  of  the  early  adoption 
of  a  surname.  That  their  forefather  was  also  known  as  Turchil  '  de 
Warwic  '  was  due,  in  my  opinion,  to  his  association  with  the  shrievalty, 
as  in  the  cases  of  those  houses  which  took  their  surnames  from  Salis- 
bury and  from  Gloucester.  For  Turchil's  father  ^Elfwine  had  un- 
doubtedly been  sheriff,1  though  Turchil  was  not,  when  we  meet  with 
him,  which  is  doubtless  why  the  surname  of  Warwick  was  not  adopted 
by  his  heirs.  One  has  to  insist  that  there  is  nothing  either  in  the 
chronicles  or  in  Domesday  to  connect  him  with  Warwick  Castle  or 
with  the  earldom  of  the  shire.  If  he  succeeded  his  father  as  its  sheriff 
he  was  soon  supplanted  by  Robert  d'Oily,  who  was  his  under-tenant 
in  certain  manors,  two  of  which  he  held  of  him  *  in  pledge.' 

The  predecessors  of  Turchil  in  his  many  estates  had  been  several 
different  persons,  among  whom  a  Hereward  appears  as  the  holder  of  a 
small  estate  at  Ladbroke.  Mr.  Freeman,  we  gather,  was  unable  to  make 
up  his  mind  whether  this  was  the  famous  Hereward  or  not a ;  for  my 
part  I  can  find  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  was.3  In  the  case  of  only 
four  of  Turchil's  manors  is  it  definitely  stated  that  his  father  had  been 
his  predecessor  ;  a  goodly  number  were  held  of  him  by  his  own  fellow- 
countrymen  who  had  held  them  'freely  '  themselves  before  the  Conquest. 
One  of  his  under-tenants,  Gudmund,  is  of  interest  as  having  been  his 
own  brother,  and  an  incidental  allusion  to  '  Chetelbert '  under  his  manor 
of  Radford  is  explained  by  Mr.  Eyton's  proof  that  he  also  was  a  brother 
of  Turchil.4 

Dugdale,  rightly  I  think,  suspected  that  Turchil's  was  not  the  only 
fief  subordinated,  after  Domesday,  to  that  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick.8  The 
fief,  for  instance,  of  William  Fitz  Corbucion  must  have  been  represented 
by  the  ten  knights'  fees  that  his  heir,  Peter  de  Studley,  held  of  the  Earl 
of  Warwick  in  ii66.8  I  am  not  sure,  however,  that  Dugdale  was  also 
right  in  thinking  that  Salford  Priors,  which  appears  in  Domesday  as  held 
in  almoin  by  Leveve  (or  Luith),  the  nun  was  similarly  given  to  the 

i  See  Ellis'  Introduction  to  Domesday,  ii.  496-7,  and  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest  (1871),  iv.  780. 

1  'Thurkill  kept  his  lands,  which  were  largely  increased  by  royal  grants  out  of  the  confiscated  estates 
of  less  lucky  Englishmen  .  .  .  among  whom  we  discern  .  .  .  the  greater  name  of  Hereward '  (Norm. 
Conj.iv.  189).  'Legend  also  has  forgotten  the  fact  which  the  document  [Domesday]  has  preserved, 
namely,  that  the  hero  of  the  fenland  did  not  belong  wholly  to  Lincolnshire,  but  that  he  was  also  a  land- 
holder in  the  distant  shire  of  Warwick '  (ibid.  pp.  455-6).  Elsewhere,  however,  he  admitted  of  the  War- 
wickshire entries  that  'the  Hereward  of  these  entries  may  have  been  some  other  person'  (ibid.  p.  805), 
though  he  urged  that  'the  mention  of  Warwick'  (which  he  had  not  mentioned)  in  the  legend  draws 
'  incidental  confirmation  from  Domesday  '  (ibid.  p.  809). 

'  Turchil's  predecessor,  however,  may  have  been  identical  with  the  Hereward  who  held  under  the 
Count  of  Meulan  in  1086  three  manors  in  the  north  of  the  county  which  he  himself  had  held  freely 
before  the  Conquest. 

4  The  proof  is  an  old  translation  in  the  College  of  Arms  of  a  charter  of  1072,  which  was  printed 
with  annotations  by  Mr.  Eyton  in  Staffordshire  Collections,  ii.  178,  and  which  he  rightly  styled  'a  priceless 
document  which  in  turn  fortifies  history  and  helps  chronology.'  It  is  a  grant  by  Robert  de  Stafford, 
and  among  the  witnesses  are  '  Agelwinus  Viscount,'  'Turkil,  the  sonne  of  Agelwinus,'  '  Ketelbearne  his 
brother.'  From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  right  name  of  Turchil's  father  was  ^Ethelwine  ('  Agel- 
winus'), and  that  he  was  still  sheriff  (vicecomei)  of  Warwickshire  in  1072. 

•  I  have  touched  upon  this  practice  in  my   Geoffrey  de  M andevllle  (pp.    103-4).      The  charters 
obtained  by  Geoffrey  in  Stephen's  reign  contain  several  instances  of  such  subordination. 

•  Rid  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  325. 

278 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

earl.  There  are  interesting  allusions  to  her  tenure  among  the  Kenil- 
worth  Priory  charters,  from  which  we  learn  that  she  consented  to  its 
being  granted  to  the  priory  after  she  had  proved  her  right  to  it  in  the 
court  of  Henry  I.1  But  a  charter  of  that  king  speaks  of  his  having  him- 
self established,  as  against  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  that  the  manor  was  held 
of  him  in  '  almoin,'  Domesday's  own  expression.* 

Of  the  other  Warwickshire  tenants-in-chief,  Earl  Roger  (of  Shrews- 
bury) had  for  his  under-tenant  in  three  five-hide  manors  Rainald  (de 
Bailleul)  whose  holding,  here  as  elsewhere,  is  afterwards  found  in  the  hands 
of  the  Fitz-Alans  ;  and  Earl  Hugh  (of  Chester),  who  had  for  his  prede- 
cessor King  Edward's  Norman  chamberlain  Hugh,  bestowed  some  land 
at  Pillerton  on  the  monks  from  St.  Evroul  whom  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil 
had  endowed  there.  Of  this  last  Hugh,  the  seat  of  whose  power  was  in 
Leicestershire,  the  fief  passed  with  his  other  possessions  to  the  Earls  of 
Leicester,  while  that  of  Henry  de  Ferrers  descended  to  his  heirs  the  Earls 
of  Derby.  The  next  two  tenants-in-chief,  Roger  de  Ivry  and  Robert 
d'Oily,3  are  of  interest  for  their  alleged  sworn  brotherhood  ;  they  cer- 
tainly appear  at  times  in  conjunction,  as,  for  instance,  at  Stow,  Bucks, 
which  manor  they  held  jointly  of  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  The  question 
implied  by  Domesday  as  to  Roger's  tenure  of  Cubbington  in  this  county 
should  be  compared  with  the  entry  on  his  Gloucestershire  manor  of 
Hasledon,  which  had  similarly,  we  read  (fo.  268),  been  held  of  the  Bishop 
of  Bayeux.  Robert  d'Ouilly  was  constable  of  Oxford  and  a  great  man 
in  that  county,  but,  although  in  Warwickshire  he  held  in  chief  one 
manor  only,  he  was,  I  think,  its  sheriff  and  the  '  Robert '  who  is  alluded 
to  as  farming  the  king's  manor  of  '  Cotes,'  as  a  sheriff  would.  For  the 
king's  charter  confirming  the  gift  of  Turchil  of  Arden  to  Abingdon 
Abbey  is  addressed  to  him  in  a  way  that  implies  he  was  sheriff  of  the 
county.4 

Robert  de  Stafford  had  in  Staffordshire  itself  a  fief  so  large  that  it 
dwarfed  even  his  great  estate  in  Warwickshire.  Three  tenants  with 
Breton  names,  Brien,6  Hervey,  and  Urfer,  held  of  him  in  both  counties, 
and  to  these  we  may  add  in  Warwickshire  Ludichel  and  Iwein.  Robert 
Despenser,  brother  of  Urse  d'Abetot,  is  chiefly  remarkable,  in  this  county, 
for  having  at  some  period  obtained  possession  of  Tamworth.8  Robert 
de  Veci's  possession  of  land  in  Warwickshire,  as  in  Leicestershire  and 
Northamptonshire,  is  accounted  for  by  his  having  been  given  the  fief 
of  a  Lincolnshire  thegn,  ./Ethelric  the  son  of  Meriet,  who  appears  to 

1  '  concessione  et  assensu  Luithe  monialis  que  idem  manerium  per  judicium  curie  Regis  Henrici 
recuperavit'  (Harl.  MS.  3650,  fo.  i8d). 

a  '  quod  fuit  Livithe  monialis,  quod  ego  deracionavi  adversum  Rogeri  comitem  de  Warewic  fuisse  de 
elemosina  mea  quodque  ipse  Gaufridus  (de  Clintona)  de  eodem  comite  tenuit'  (ibid.  fo.  143). 

*  They  derived  their  names  from  Ivry-la-Bataille  (Eure)  and  Ouilly  (Calvados). 
4  Abingdon  Chronicle,  ii.  8. 

«  He  was  the  tenant  of  Ditchford.  General  Wrottesley  says  he  was  the  ancestor  of  the  family  of 
de  Standon,  the  most  important  of  the  tenants  of  the  Barony  of  Stafford,  holding  seven  knight's  fees  of 
Robert  de  Stafford  in  Staffordshire,  Lincolnshire  and  Warwickshire  (Hittoty  of  the  Family  of  Wnttesley, 
p.  7).  In  1 1 66  Ditchford  appears  to  have  been  held  of  his  heir  by  Roger  de  '  Dicford  '  (Red  Book  of 
the  Exchequer,  p.  265)  as  two-thirds  of  a  knight's  fee. 

•  Geoffrey  de  Mandevllle,  p.  314. 

279 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

have  been  his  predecessor  in  all  his  manors.  His,  therefore,  is  a  good 
example  of  a  Norman  stepping,  as  it  were,  into  an  Englishman's  shoes. 
It  is  also  doubtless  the  explanation  of  Ralf  de  Mortemer  holding  the 
solitary  Warwickshire  manor  of  Stretton  Baskerville  that  his  predecessor 
there,  '  Edric,'  was  the  famous  '  Eadric  the  Wild,"  whose  lands  in  Here- 
fordshire and  Shropshire  had  passed  into  his  hands. 

William  Fitz  Ansculf  (de  Picquigny)  was  a  Worcestershire  baron, 
whose  seat  was  at  Dudley  Castle  ;  but  William  Fitz  Corbucion,  whose 
seat  was  at  Studley,  held  hardly  any  manors  outside  Warwickshire. 
With  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  an  Essex  baron,  and  Geoffrey  de  la  Guer- 
che,  who  was  great  in  Leicestershire  and  Lincolnshire,  we  return  to  the 
principle  of  Normans  being  placed  in  the  shoes  of  single  Englishmen. 
For  the  latter  obtained  the  whole  of  the  lands  of  a  local  thegn,  Leofwine 
possibly  of  Newnham,1  while  the  former  succeeded  here  as  elsewhere  to 
the  scattered  estates  of  his  predecessor  Ansgar  the  '  staller.'  Stephen  the 
steersman,  though  his  name  suggests  that  he  was  out  of  place  in  the  heart 
of  England,3  appears  also  in  the  great  Survey  as  the  holder  of  two  houses 
in  Southampton,  already  an  important  port.  Osbern  Fitz  Richard  had 
inherited  from  his  father,  one  of  Edward  the  Confessor's  favourites, 
Richard's  castle  in  Herefordshire,  and  his  Warwickshire  lands  descended 
with  the  fief  of  which  it  was  the  head.  He  is  followed  by  another 
Herefordshire  lord,  Harold  the  son  of  Earl  Ralf,  from  whom  his  castle  of 
Ewyas  Harold  derives  its  name. 

The  three  barons  who  follow  were  connected  with  other  counties. 
Hascoit  Musard  was  a  Breton  who  had  lands  in  Gloucestershire  and 
Derbyshire,  and  whose  castle  of  '  La  Musardere'  in  the  former  county 
gave  its  name  to  Miserden.  Nicholas  the  crossbowman  (balistarius), 
though  he  only  held  two  manors  in  this  county,  had  secured  a  goodly 
number  far  away  in  Devonshire.4  Distant  also  was  the  head  of  Nigel 
de  Albini's  barony,  which  was  at  Cainhoe  in  Bedfordshire,  although  he 
had  a  small  estate  in  Leicestershire  as  in  Warwickshire  ;  in  the  latter 
county  he  was  probably  the  '  Nigel '  who  held  a  portion  of  Austrey  as 
tenant  to  Henry  de  Ferrers,  while  holding  the  larger  portion  as  a  tenant- 
in-chief,  an  arrangement  which,  Domesday  shows  us,  was  then  by  no 
means  uncommon.8 

1  See  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest  (1871),  iv.  738. 

*  The  identity  of  this  Leofwine  is  doubtful,  the  name   being  a  common  one.     The  fact  that  (the 
Warwickshire  portion  of)  Mollington  had  been  held  T.R.E.  by  the  mother  of  Leofwine  '  deNiweham,' 
and  that  '  Niweham '  [Newnham]  is  in  this  county  might  seem  decisive.     But,  on  the  other  hand,  Leof- 
wine '  de  Neweham,'  who  took  his  name  from  Nuneham  Courtney,  Oxon,  was  a  Bucks  tenant-in-chief 
in  1086. 

'  But  see  p.  290  below. 

«  The  case  of  Nicholas  illustrates  the  inter-relation  of  counties  even  when  far  apart.  We  learn 
from  the  cartulary  of  St.  Peter's,  Gloucester  (ed.  Rolls  Series  i.  74),  that  in  1095  Odo  Fttz  Gamelin, 
a  Devonshire  baron  in  Domesday,  gave  Plumtree  in  that  county  to  that  abbey.  Between  that  date  and 
1 100  Nicholas  '  de  la  Pole'  exchanged  it  with  them  for  his  Warwickshire  manor  of  Aylestone  ('  Alno- 
destone').  As  this  manor  was  held  in  1086  by  Nicholas  '  balistarius,'  we  can  scarcely  hesitate  to  pro- 
nounce the  two  men  identical. 

•  For  instance,  even  the  Count  of  Meulan,  who  held  two-fifths  of  Myton  as  a  tenant-in-chief, 
condescended  to  hold  another  two-fifths  as  'of  Turchil's  fee,'  that  is,  as  under-tenant  to  that  English- 
man. 

280 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

*  Cristina,'  who  appears  as  the  holder  of  two  manors  in  Warwick- 
shire and  one  in  Oxfordshire,  was  sister  to  Eadgar  ^Etheling,  king  for  a 
moment  of  the  English,  and  to  Margaret  Queen  of  Scots.  Of  her 
valuable  and  extensive  estate  at  Long  Itchington  it  is  expressly  recorded 
that  '  the  king  '  (presumably  William)  gave  it  her,1  though  why  he  should 
have  so  handsomely  provided  for  this  daughter  of  the  native  royal  house 
we  do  not  know.  Her  name  is  followed  by  those  of  two  of  her  humbler 
country-women  who  are  entered  as  holding  their  land  of  the  Conqueror's 
'  alms.'  A  few  Englishmen  also  are  named  as  holding  of  the  king,  but 
these  will  best  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  fate  of  English 
thegns  in  Warwickshire. 

Richard  the  forester,  whose  name  is  entered  as  if  he  were  a  serjeant 
rather  than  a  baron,3  was  the  forester  of  Cannock  Chase  and  held  a  fief 
in  Staffordshire  and  Warwickshire  larger  than  those  of  some  of  the 
barons  ;  in  Staffordshire,  indeed,  his  lands  are  entered  amongst  those  of 
the  other  tenants-in-chief.  It  should  be  observed  that  in  the  Warwick- 
shire Domesday  he  is  thrice  styled  Richard  the  huntsman  (venator)  ;  for  the 
offices  of  forester  and  huntsman  were  closely  connected.  In  the  neigh- 
bouring county  of  Northamptonshire  the  baronial  family  of  Engaine 
combined  a  hunting  tenure  with  a  forestership  in  fee,  and  the  Waleran 
'venator'  of  Domesday  in  Hants  and  Wiltshire  was  also  a  forester  in 
fee.  We  learn  a  good  deal  from  the  'Testa  de  Nevill,  under  Warwickshire, 
about  Richard  and  his  descendants 3  down  to  Hugh  de  Loges  who  held 
his  office  under  Henry  III.,  and  are  also  given  some  detailed  information 
on  his  manors.  It  is  expressly  stated  that  he  founded  the  church  of 
Chesterton  and  that  his  son  and  successor  gave  it  to  Kenilworth  Priory. 

At  Kenilworth  itself  Richard  had  a  holding  entered  separately  from 
the  rest  of  his  fief  on  account  of  its  being  a  member  of  the  king's  manor 
of  Stoneleigh.4  Its  entry  is  immediately  preceded  by  that  of  another 
'  member  '  held  by  '  Albert  the  clerk.'  This  is  that  Albert  of  Lotha- 
ringia  who  enjoyed  the  favour  of  William  as  of  Edward,  and  whom 
Domesday  shows  us  variously  styled,  with  interests  in  Herefordshire, 
Rutland,  Beds,  Middlesex,  Surrey,  Kent,  and  at  Windsor  itself.8 

Having  now  dealt  with  the  bulk  of  those  who  held  their  lands  in 
Warwickshire  of  the  king  himself,  we  will  glance  at  two  of  their  under- 
tenants who  deserve  special  notice.  Saswalo,  who  held  of  Henry  de 
Ferrers  the  great  manor  of  Lower  Eatington,  was  undoubtedly  the 

1  We  read  in  'The  laws  of  Edward  the  Confessor'  (assigned  to  the  reign  of  Henry  I.)  that  Cris- 
tina's  land  was  given  her  by  Edward  and  was  afterwards  held  by  Ralf  de  Limesi  ('  Cui  Cristine  rex 
Eadwardus  dedit  terram  quam  habuit  postea  Radulfus  de  Limesi '  (Die  Gesetze  der  Angelsachstn.  By 
F.  Liebermann  [1903],  Erster  band,  p.  661;).  The  statement  as  to  Edward  seems  to  be  mistaken,  for 
two  of  her  manors  had  belonged  to  Earls  ^(Elfgar  and  Eadwine,  but  her  Warwickshire  lands,  as  Dugdale 
observed,  certainly  came  into  Limesi's  hands. 

1  In  the  schedule  of  names  he  heads  a  group  as  '  Richard  and  other  thegns  and  Serjeants  of  the 
King,'  and  he  occupies  in  the  text  a  corresponding  position. 

3  '  Willelmus  Bastardus  quando  perquisivit  Angliam  dedit  cuidam  scrvienti  suo  Ricardo  Cheven 
(sic)  tres  partes  de  Cestreton  cum  aliis  feodis  pertinentibus  ad  Castreton  (sic)  ad  custodiendam  forestam 
suam  de  Kanocper  x  marcas  solvendas  domino  Regi  pro  ballia  forestae,'  etc.  (pp.  86,  87,  51,  62,  93). 

•  See  p.  294  below. 

«  See  The  Commune  of  London  and  other  Studies,  pp.  36-8. 

I  28l  36 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

ancestor  in  the  male  line  of  that  family  of  Shirley  by  whom  it  has  been 
held  ever  since.1  It  is  doubtful  whether  in  all  England  there  exists 
another  case  of  an  under-tenant's  manor  so  demonstrably  descending  in  a 
male  line  unbroken.  That  this  descent  can  be  established  is  partly  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  holder  of  Eatington  was  an  under-tenant  on  a  very 
considerable  scale.  He  held  of  Ferrers  in  Derbyshire,  in  Northampton- 
shire, and  in  Lincolnshire  as  well  as  here,  and  his  holdings  were  repre- 
sented in  1 1 66  by  nine  knight's  fees.1  As  there  has  been  some  miscon- 
ception with  regard  to  the  origin  of '  Saswalo,'  one  may  here  explain  that 
there  were  certainly  two  (and  possibly  four)  bearers  of  the  name  in 
Domesday.  The  one  who  held  in  Oxfordshire  and  Berkshire  under 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  was  represented  by  Sewale s  de  Oseville  in  1 1 66  and 
probably  bore  that  surname.  Our  Warwickshire  '  Saswalo  '  was  then 
represented  by  '  Sewaldus.' 4  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  Saswalo  was  only 
a  Latinization  of  a  name  represented  now  by  '  Sewell.'  That  its  bearers 
were  foreigners,  not  Englishmen,  is  shown  by  their  having  as  predecessors 
several  different  men  and  by  the  absence  of  the  name  in  England  before 
the  Conquest. 

The  other  Warwickshire  under-tenant  who  appears  to  have  been 
the  ancestor  of  a  still  existing  family  is  '  Rannulf,'  who  held  at  Kinwar- 
ton  under  the  abbot  of  Evesham.  The  researches  of  General  Wrottesley 
have  left  little  doubt  that  '  Rannulf  was  the  brother  of  Walter  then 
abbot,  and  that  he  was  ancestor  in  the  male  line  of  the  house  of  Wrot- 
tesley.6 This  he  has  established  by  Evesham  evidences,  and  his  researches 
have  incidentally  illustrated  other  points  in  the  survey  of  the  shire,  as  is 
seen  in  this  introduction. 

At  length  we  may  approach  the  question  of  the  native  landowners 
and  their  fate.  Great  obscurity  still  surrounds  the  process  by  which  the 
English  holders  were  dispossessed  by  the  strangers.  The  magnates,  no 
doubt,  were  dispossessed  either  at  the  opening  of  William's  reign  or,  on 
various  pretexts,  in  the  course  of  it.  As  a  typical  example  we  may  take 
the  case  of  an  English  noble  who  has  not  yet  been  properly  identified  in 
Domesday.  Three  at  least  of  the  Warwickshire  manors  that  had  passed 
to  Henry  de  Ferrers  had  been  held  by  Siward  Barn,  who  may  also  have 
held  the  rest,  for  all  we  know  to  the  contrary.  In  Gloucestershire  Henry's 
only  estate,  the  valuable  manor  of  Lechlade,*  had  been  held  by  the  same 
man.  Far  away  in  Lincolnshire,  in  its  north-west  corner,  Henry's  only 
manor  in  the  county,  where  his  tenant  was  the  Warwickshire  'Saswalo,' 
had  been  held  by  the  same  man,  oddly  disguised  as  'Seubar'  (fo.  353), 
and  he  was  claiming  other  land  as  having  been  his  at  Amcotts.7  Now 

1  This  was  demonstrated  by  Mr.  Evelyn  Shirley  in  his  own  history  of  his  family. 

1  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  336. 

»  Or  'Sewalus'  (Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  345).    Cf.  Geoffi-ey  de  Mandeville,  p.  231. 

«  Or  '  Sawaldus '  (Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  336). 

«  See  A  History  of  the  Family  of  Wrottesley  of  Wrottesley.  By  Major-General  Wrottesley  (re- 
printed from  the  Genealogist,  1903). 

«  'Siward  bar  tenuit'  (169). 

7  Henricus  de  ferrariis  clamat  super  ipsum  Goisfridum  iij  bov'  terrac,  hoc  e»t  terram  Siwardbar 
in  Amecotes'  (376b). 

282 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

in  Lincolnshire  (fo.  337!))  and  in  Nottinghamshire  (fo.  a8ob)  Domesday 
mentions  him  among  those  local  magnates  who  enjoyed  sac  and  soc,  and 
we  can  hardly  doubt,  therefore,  that  he  was  also  the  '  Siward '  who  was 
the  predecessor  of  Henry  de  Ferrers  in  his  only  two  Nottinghamshire 
manors,  Leake  and  Sutton  Bonington  in  the  south-west  of  that  county. 
He  was  probably  also,  therefore,  the  '  Siward  '  who  had  preceded  Henry 
at  some  two  places  in  Derbyshire,  and  the  '  Seward  '  or  '  Siward  '  whom 
Henry  had  succeeded  in  three  valuable  Berkshire  manors. 

To  finish  with  Siward  while  discussing  him,  we  observe  that  his 
lands  about  the  mouth  of  the  Trent  did  not  pass  to  Henry  de  Ferrers, 
although  Henry,  we  have  seen,  claimed  Amcotts.  Another  Warwickshire 
tenant-in-chief,  Geoffrey  de  la  Guerche,  who  was  great  in  the  Isle  of 
Axholme,  secured  Haxey  on  the  Lincolnshire  and  Adlingfleet  on  the 
Yorkshire  side  of  the  county  border  at  this  point.  'Seiard  bar'  had  some 
outlying  lands,  in  addition  to  all  these,  just  to  the  west  of  Cromer  ;  but 
neither  Henry  nor  Geoffrey  obtained  a  share  of  them.  Now  Siward 
Barn,  by  that  name,  appears  once  on  the  page  of  history  ;  he  was  one 
of  those  who  came  by  ship,  in  1071,  to  join  the  rebels  in  the  Isle  of 
Ely,1  but  were  forced  to  surrender  to  the  Conqueror.  Mr.  Freeman, 
without  giving  his  reasons,  calls  him  a  '  Northumbrian  thegn'  and  makes 
him  identical  with  the  Siward  who  made  his  submission  to  William  after 
the  latter's  coronation.  Among  the  magnates  who  submitted  on  that 
occasion  was  a  Turchil,  who  may  not  impossibly  have  been  Turchil  '  of 
Warwick '  himself.2 

But  the  fate  of  the  smaller  holders  under  William  is  our  difficulty. 
Mr.  Freeman  seems  to  have  held  that  in  Warwickshire  they  fared  ill. 

It  is  painful,  on  looking  through  the  Warwickshire  Survey,  to  compare  the  vast 
estates  of  Thurkill  with  the  two  or  three  other  thegns  of  the  shire  who  retained  some 
small  fragments  of  their  property.  It  is  plain  that  here,  as  elsewhere,  the  men  of  the 
shire  at  large  were  patriotic  and  paid  the  penalty  in  the  confiscation  of  their  lands.3 

Mr.  Freeman,  of  course,  was  speaking  only  of  Englishmen  who  still 
held  their  land  direct  of  the  Crown  ;  the  names  of  these,  five  in  number, 
follow  that  of  Richard  the  forester  in  the  place  where  Domesday  enters 
the  English  thegns,  but,  with  the  exception  of  a  certain  Leofwine,  who 
was  possibly  brother  to  ./Elfwine  the  sheriff,  they  had  but  small  holdings, 

When,  however,  we  turn  to  the  English  under-tenants,  we  are 
struck  at  once  not  only  by  their  number,  but  by  the  frequent  cases  of 
men  who  held  under  Norman  barons  the  same  estate  that  they  had  held 
themselves  in  the  days  before  the  Conquest.  This  is  a  feature  of  the 
Warwickshire  survey  which  makes  it  contrast,  it  will  be  found,  with 
those  of  the  surrounding  counties.  On  some  fiefs,  such  as  those  for  in- 

1  See  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  and  also  Florence  of  Worcester  :  '  Morkarus  vero,  et  ^Egelwinus 
Dunholmensis  episcopus  et  SitvarJui  cognomento  Barn  et  Herewardus  vir  strenuissimus,  cum  multis  aliis, 
Heli  insulam  navigio  petierunt.'  Simeon  of  Durham  makes  the  bishop  and  Siward  come  from  Scot- 
land. 

1  Although  his  father  was  then  living,  Turchil  is  entered  under  Warwickshire  as  having  held  some, 
lands  himself  under  King  Edward,  so  that  he  must  have  been  of  sufficient  age  to  attend. 

3  Norman  Conquest,  iv.  189. 

283 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

stance  of  Osbern  Fitz  Richard  and  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil,  the  under- 
tenants are,  as  usual,  Norman  ;  but  on  others  the  prevalence  of  English 
names  is  worthy  of  careful  study.  As  we  might  expect,  the  fief  of  Tur- 
chil  is  the  most  remarkable  in  this  respect.  '  Bruning '  at  Wigginshall, 
four  brothers  at  Wolfhamcote,  four  franklins  at  Birdingbury,  Wulfric  at 
Walcote,  Wulfcytel  at  Napton,  'Leuiet'  and  Godwineat  Willoughby,  and 
'  Hadulf '  at  Binley,  all  continued  to  hold  under  him  their  own  old 
estates.  Brihtric  was  still  living,  as  before,  on  his  land  at  Baddesley 
Ensor. 

Of  Turchil's  other  English  tenants,  some  of  whom  held  two  and 
even  three  manors,  we  cannot  speak  so  positively,  for  they  may  or  may 
not  have  been  related  to  the  Englishmen  entered  as  their  predecessors  ; 
in  any  case  they  seem  to  have  been  eighteen  in  number.  One  might 
have  suggested  that,  on  Turchil's  fief,  the  prevalence  of  English  tenants 
was  due,  either  to  smaller  men  '  commending '  themselves  to  their 
fellow-countryman  in  order,  under  his  protection,  to  escape  confiscation, 
or  to  his  selecting  English  tenants  for  the  lands  he  had  obtained.  But 
the  occurrence  of  the  same  phenomenon  on  the  fiefs  of  Norman  lords 
is  fatal  to  this  explanation.  On  that  of  the  Count  of  Meulan,  which 
immediately  precedes  his  own,  we  find  a  Hereward  holding  under  him 
three  of  his  old  manors,  Waltheof  holding  two,  and  Merewine  holding 
one,  while  five  of  his  under-tenants  also  have  English  names,  one  of 
them  holding  in  three  places.  One  of  them,  Salo,  installed  at  Bulking- 
ton,  was  clearly,  as  Mr.  Carter  points  out,  the  Salo  who  had  lost  his  land 
at  Bramcote  adjoining.  Robert  de  Stafford,  again,  had  seven  under- 
tenants bearing  English  names,  of  whom  two  at  least  held  their  old  lands 
under  him,  while  William  Fitz  Corbucion,  William  Fitz  Ansculf,  and 
Geoffrey  '  de  Wirce '  are  responsible  for  ten,  each  of  them  having  at  least 
one  seated  at  his  old  home.  The  case  of  Geoffrey's  fief  is  of  special 
interest,  because  after  stating  that  his  manor  of  Hopsford  had  formerly 
been  held  freely  by  his  English  tenant  Wulfric,  the  record  goes  on  to 
tell  us  that  all  his  lands  had  belonged  to  Leofwine  (of  Newnham  ?). 
Wulfric,  therefore,  had  but  exchanged  an  English  lord  for  a  foreign 
one  ;  he  must  formerly  have  held  under  Leofwine,  as  he  did  now  under 
Geoffrey.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause  of  the  prevalence  of 
English  tenants,  it  leads  us  to  believe  that  in  feudal  times  a  goodly 
number  of  the  Warwickshire  gentry  were  probably  of  native  origin. 

It  is  singular,  and  in  this  connection  appropriate,  that  while  not  a 
single  Warwickshire  parish  (except,  perhaps,  Brownsover)  commemorates 
in  its  name  a  Domesday  baron  or  under-tenant  of  alien  birth,  Wootton 
Wawen  derives  its  appellation  from  Waga,  a  Warwickshire  thegn  who 
held  that  manor  and  six  others  in  days  before  the  Conquest.1 

The  variety  of  classes  and  even  of  nationalities  named  in  the 
Warwickshire  survey  is  exceptionally  large.  On  Robert  de  Stafford's  fief 
we  have  seen  there  were  Breton  tenants,  and  nine  Flemings  (JlanJrenses) 

»  He  was  possibly  the  «  Wagen  minister '  who  attests  a  Worcestershire  charter  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor in  Heming's  Worcester  Cartulary  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  398. 

284 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

are  mentioned  on  a  manor  of  Osbern  Fitz  Richard.  '  Francigenas,'  who 
occasionally  occur,  as  at  Haselor,  are  men  of  French  birth,  but  I  claim  the 
'  francones  homines,'  who  had  weathered  the  Conquest  at  Birdingbury,  as 
English  franklins.  The  actual  term  '  francolanus  '  (franklin)  does  not,  it 
would  seem,  occur  in  Domesday,1  nor  indeed  are '  francones  homines  '  met 
with  elsewhere  in  the  record  except  in  a  reference  to  the  *  placita 
franconum  hominum'  in  the  adjoining  county  of  Worcestershire  (fo.  175) ; 
but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  '  franci  homines  '  of  Domesday  has 
the  same  meaning.  Another  term  employed  in  the  Warwickshire  survey 
is  *  taini,'  applied,  as  at  Pillerton  and  Lower  Eatington,  to  members  of  the 
agricultural  community.  Knights  (milites)  are  similarly  found  grouped 
with  the  peasant  classes  in  a  way  that  makes  their  real  status  very  doubtful. 
The  priest  again  is  regularly  found  (except  in  the  case  of  some  special 
tenancies  which  will  be  dealt  with  separately)  occupying  the  same  position  ; 
but  the  fact  that  it  is  also  occupied  by  men  who  were  clearly  above  peasants 
modifies  any  conclusion  that  might  be  drawn  from  the  fact,  and  leads  us 
to  doubt  whether  the  plough-teams  assigned  to  these  groups  of  classes  can 
have  been  held  by  them  as  members  of  a  village  community.  Some  types 
of  these  groups  will  illustrate  their  mixed  character — 

LOWER  EATINGTON  PILLERTON  ASTON  CANTLOW 

32  villeins  13  villeins  9  Flemings 

i  priest  23  bordars  16  villeins 

25  bordars  i  'francigena'  i  priest 

1  knight  3  '  taini'  i  o  bordars 

2  '  taini ' 

61  40  36 

COMPTON  STRETTON  BARFORD 

45  villeins  8  villeins  2  knights 

1  priest  3  bordars  i  priest 
13  bordars  i  priest  4  villeins 

2  knights  i  knight  1 1  bordars 

61  13  18 

We  may  compare  this  grouping  with  the  frequent  statement  in  Domesday 
that  a  manor  had  been  held  by  several  sokemen,  who  prove,  when  details 
are  elsewhere  available,  to  have  varied  not  only  in  their  tenure,  but  in  the 
extent  of  their  holdings. 

When  we  turn  to  the  peasantry  proper,  we  find  not  only  the  normal 
villeins,  bordars  and  serfs,  but  six  of  '  the  small  but  interesting  class  of 
buri,  burs,  or  colibert?  '  (of  whom  the  status  is  undetermined)  at  Nuneaton. 
We  have  also  a '  brruarius '  at  Chesterton,  and  bondwomen  (ancilltz)  at  several 
places.  The  bovarius  and  ancilla  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  adjoin- 
ing county  of  Worcestershire,  and  I  have  shown  that  the  former  was  the 
servant  who  had  charge  of  the  oxen  in  the  lord's  plough-team,  two  of  them 

1  Monastic  cartularies  show  it  us  in  use  in  the  twelfth  century. 

3  Maitland_'s  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  36. 

285 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

going  to  each  team.1  They  were  consequently  closely  connected  with  the 
demesne  portion  of  the  manor,  as  were  also  the  ancillce.  In  Warwickshire 
the  place  of  the  bovarius  is  taken  by  the  serf,  who  is  normally  spoken  of 
as  on  the  demesne.  The  proportion,  however,  of  the  serfs  to  the  lord's 
plough-teams  is  by  no  means  regular,  although  the  opening  entry  for  the 
county  shows  us  six  ploughs  and  twelve  serfs  'indominio.'  An  analysis  of 
all  the  entries,  which  I  have  made  for  this  purpose,  reveals  the  following  cases 
in  which  the  proportion  of  ploughs  to  serfs  is  correct :  6  to  1 2,  one  ;  5  to 
i  o,  one ;  4  to  8,  one  ;  3  to  6,  three ;  2  to  4,  twelve  ;  i  \  to  3,  three ;  i  to 
2,  thirty-three.  This  gives  us  a  total  of  fifty-four  cases  as  against  107  in 
which  the  number  of  serfs  is  either  above  or  below  that  which  is  required. 
Students  will  recognize  that,  even  so,  the  number  of  cases  in  which  the 
required  proportion  occurs  is  significantly  large  ;  and  there  are  several  in 
which  it  is  closely  approached.2 

The  bondwomen  are  closely  connected  with  the  serfs,  and  indeed  in 
one  entry  (at  Haselor)  we  find  them  grouped  together.3  They  are  men- 
tioned in  seventeen  entries,  relating  to  eighteen  places  scattered  about  the 
county,  and  were  about  three  dozen  in  number.  At  Thurlaston  and  at 
Marston  Jabbet  on  the  fief  of  the  Count  of  Meulan,  there  were  respectively 
one  plough  and  two  bondwomen,  and  one  bondwoman  and  two  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  there  were  no  serfs. 

Agriculture  dominated  so  completely  all  other  industries,  that  save 
for  a  '  burgess'  here  and  there  who  is  entered  as  appendant  to  a  manor,  and 
for  the  '  two  smiths '  at  Wilnecote,  we  have  no  other  occupations  outside 
Warwick.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Domesday  gives  us 
only  a  partial  picture  of  the  national  life  ;  it  ignores  Tamworth  and 
Alcester  at  least,  and  it  tells  us  nothing  of  the  urban  life  that  must  have 
existed  at  Coventry. 

Of  priests  we  find  mention  in  some  fifty-five  entries,  and  in  a  very 
few  instances  two  are  spoken  of.  As  I  have  said  above,  they  are  nor- 
mally grouped  with  the  peasants,  but  at  '  Uptone  '  two  priests  with  their 
two  ploughs  are  entered  separately.  Apart  from  these  parish  priests, 
Ansgot  the  priest  had  a  hide  at  Bentley  as  a  tenant  of  Geoffrey  '  de  Wirce,' 
Robert  de  Stafford's  tenant  Ludichel  is  styled  a  priest  in  a  charter,  and 
an  unnamed  priest  held  a  virgate  of  land,  under  Turchil  of  Warwick,  at 
Ladbroke. 

The  Warwickshire  survey  does  not  throw  much  light  on  questions 
of  tenure,  though  under  Harbury  we  have  the  strange  statement  that  the 
two  Englishmen  who  had  held  the  4*  hides  '  had  power  to  sell,  but 
could  not  depart  (discedere)  with  the  land.'  This  appears  to  imply  that 
they  could  not  «  commend  '  themselves  with  the  land  to  another  lord, 
although  they  could  sell  it  without  obtaining  the  lord's  leave,  subject  to 

1  See  the  Introduction  to  the  Domesday  Survey  in  V.C.H.  Wort.  \. 

1  In  this  analysis  I  have  only  counted  those  serfi  who  are  quite  clearly  connected  with  the  lord's 
demesne. 

'  'v  inter  servos  et  ancillas '  (244).     I  have  explained  in  the  Worcestershire  Domesday,  where  the 
phrase  is  common,  how  it  should  be  read. 
«  See  p.  278,  note  4. 

286 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

its  commendation  remaining  unchanged.  Subinfeudation  by  an  under- 
tenant occurs  on  two  manors  held  of  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux  by  one  of  his 
great  vassals,  Wadard ;  and  rent-paying  tenants  are  mentioned  at  Myton, 
where  eight  of  them  brought  in  32  pence  a  year.  Perhaps  the  most 
interesting  question  connected  with  tenure  in  the  county  was  that  con- 
cerning the  Bishop  of  Worcester's  manor  of  Alveston.  A  moiety  of  this 
great  manor  had  been  held  by  Brihtnoth  and  '  Alwi,'  but  the  county  court 
could  not  say  from  whom  they  had  held  it.  As  to  the  other  moiety, 
the  position  was  very  complicated  ;  the  six  sons  of  '  Bricstuin  '  deposed 
that  they  knew  not  whether  their  father  had  held  it  of  the  Bishop  of 
Worcester  or  of  Earl  Leofric,  though  he  did  service  to  (serviebaf)  the 
latter.  They  added  that  Archbishop  Ealdred  (of  York,  who  had  held 
the  see  of  Worcester)  possessed  extensive  rights  over  this  land,  namely 
sac  and  soc  and  *  tol '  and  '  teim '  and  churchscot  (cerset1)  and  (the 
profits  of)  '  all  other  (sic)  forfeitures  except  those  four  which  the  king 
has  throughout  his  realm.'2  As  to  themselves,  'they  had  held  the  land 
of  Earl  Leofric  and  could  betake  themselves  with  the  land  whither  they 
would,' 3  that  is,  as  the  phrase  is  understood,  could  commend  themselves 
and  the  land  to  another  lord.  Bishop  Wulfstan,  on  his  side,  boldly 
asserted  '  that  he  had  proved  his  right  to  this  land  in  a  plea  held  before 
Queen  Matilda  in  the  presence  of  4  counties  and  had  King  William's 
writs  for  it  and  the  witness  of  the  county  of  Warwick.' 4 

It  is  very  interesting  to  compare  this  passage  in  Domesday  with  the 
bishop's  charter,  purporting  to  be  granted  three  years  later,  by  which 
he  devotes  Alveston  to  the  support  of  his  monks  at  Worcester.  For  in 
it  he  relates  that  he  acquired  the  manor,  '  which  had  long  been  wrong- 
fully possessed  by  certain  powerful  men,'  from  the  Conqueror  at  great 
trouble  and  expense,6  owing  to  the  growing  needs  of  his  monastery. 

Another  plea  is  referred  to  towards  the  end  of  the  Survey,  where 
we  read  that  Leofwine,  an  English  thegn,  asserted  that  he  held  the 

1  This  due  played  an   important   part  in  the  adjoining  county   of  Worcestershire,  where  it  was 
received  (as  'circset')  by   the  abbot  of  Pershore  from  300  hides  in  the  form  of  loads  of  grain  due  at 
Martinmas.     The  Bishop  of  Worcester  was  entitled  to  the  same  (as  '  circset '  or  '  cirsette  ')  from  the  300 
hides  of  Oswaldslaw,  over  which  district  he  possessed   most  exceptional  rights  (see   Introduction   to  the 
Domesday  Survey  in  V.C.H.  Wore.  i.  238).     In  Warwickshire  he  also  drew  8</.  a  year   from  Lapworth 
at  Martinmas  (the  regular  term)  '  pro  Chirchset '  (Registrum  Prioratus  B.  M.  Wigorniensis,  p.  ygb). 

2  On  this  phrase  Professor  Maitland  comments  :    '  These  four  forfeitures  are  probably  the  four 
reserved  pleas  of  the  Crown  that  are  mentioned  in  the  laws  of  Cnut — mundbryce,  hamsocn,  forsteal  and 

Jyrdwite.  We  may  construe  these  terms  by  breach  of  the  king's  special  peace,  attacks  on  houses,  ambush, 
neglect  of  the  summons  to  the  host '  (Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  87). 

s  '  quo  volebant  cum  terra  poterant  se  vertere.' 

«  '  se  hanc  terram  deplacitasse  coram  regina  Mathilde  in  presentia  iiiior  vicecomitatuum  et  inde 
habet  breves  regis  Willelmi  et  testimonium  comitatus  Warwic.'  The  mention  of  the  plea  being  held 
before  the  queen  (probably  in  the  king's  absence  abroad)  is  of  interest  and  importance.  The  use  of  the 
word  '  vicecomitatus '  for  'county'  should  also  be  observed. 

•  '  Consilio  ergo  inito  cum  optimatibus  meis  terram  quandam  xv  hidarum,  que  Alfestun  ab  incolis 
nominatur,  multo  tempore  a  quibusdam  potentibus  hominibus  injuste  possessam,  maximo  labore  et 
pecunie  donatione  a  rege  Willelmo  seniore  adquisivi '  (Registrant  Prioratus  B.M.  Wigorniensis,  p.  84,  and 
Heming's  Cartulary  of  Worcester  [ed.  Hearne],  pp.  418-9).  In  another  part  of  the  latter  volume 
(p.  407)  it  is  given  as  an  illustration  of  William's  love  for  Wulfstan  that,  at  the  request  of  the  bishop, 
he  gave  him  '  terram  duorum  cassatorum  quae  Cullaclif  dicitur,  et  alteram  xv  cassatorum,  quae  Alfestun 
nominatur.' 

287 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

larger  portion  of  his  land  at  Flecknoe  of  Bishop  Wulfstan,  '  but  the 
bishop  failed  him  when  the  plea  was  held  (in  placito)^  and  he  found 
himself,  therefore,  at  the  king's  mercy.1 

There  are  numerous  cases  in  Warwickshire  in  which  purchase  is 
spoken  of,  and  some  in  which  land  is  entered  as  held  in  pledge  (in  vadi- 
mom'o),  that  is,  for  money  advanced.  The  abbot  of  Coventry  is  asserted 
to  have  bought  his  land  at  Binley — which  had  formerly  belonged  to 
Ealdgyth,  daughter  of  ./Elfgar,  and  wife  of  Griffith  of  North  Wales — of 
Osbern  Fitz  Richard  ;  and  it  is  a  singular  fact  that,  although  this  land 
is  entered  in  Domesday  under  his  fief,  not  under  Osbern's,  Binley  is 
found  long  afterwards  feudally  dependent  on  Richard's  Castle,  the  head 
of  Osbern's  fief.3  In  Domesday  itself  there  is  nothing  to  show  that 
Broom  (in  Bidford)  had  been  the  subject  of  a  similar  transaction  between 
Osbern  and  jEthelwig,  abbot  of  Evesham.  But  Dugdale  has  a  curious 
story,  'ex  Coll.  H.  Ferrers,'  that  Bishop  Odo,  having  obtained  it,  gave  it 
to  Osbern  Fitz  Richard,  who  mortgaged  it  to  Abbot  ./Ethelwig  for  four 
marks  of  gold,  parting  with  it  afterwards  for  good,  as  he  could  not  repay 
the  money.  It  is  added  that,  after  the  death  of  Odo  and  of  /Ethelwig, 
Osbern  seized  it  again  '  and  withheld  both  the  land  and  the  money.' 
The  whole  story  is  probable  enough,  but  one  cannot  well  reconcile  it 
with  the  evidence  in  Domesday  Book.  The  Evesham  chronicle  only  tells 
us  that  Broom  was  one  of  the  manors  acquired  by  Abbot  ./Ethelwig  and 
seized  after  his  death  by  Odo.3  It  is  possible  that  what  really  happened, 
as  to  these  manors,  is  that  Odo  contended  they  had  been  acquired  by  the 
abbot  *  for  his  personal  possession  only. 

Of  the  abbot  of  Abingdon's  acquisition  of  Hill  and  Chesterton 
I  have  already  spoken.8  An  estate  at  Barston  "  is  recorded  to  have  been 
sold  by  '  Ailmar,'  its  former  holder,  with  the  king's  permission,  to 
'  Alwin  '  the  sheriff,  father  of  Turchil  ;  as  the  king  must  here  be 
William,  this  entry  strengthens  the  evidence  that  '  Alwin  '  was  sheriff 
under  him.  Of  Radford  we  read  that  Ermenfrid,  its  under-tenant  in 
1086,  had  bought  it  of  Chetelbert7  and  held  it  of  the  king  in  fee  as 
the  king's  writ  testifies.  This  seems  to  imply  that  he  claimed  to  hold  the 
land  in  capite,  not  as  an  under-tenant,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  bought 
it  himself.  It  is  on  Turchil's  fief  also  that  we  meet,  at  Myton,  with 
a  somewhat  similar  difficulty  ;  the  Count  of  Meulan  is  entered  as 
holding  the  land  '  of  Turchil's  fee,'  but  it  is  added  that  '  R.  Halebold 
bought  this  land.'  Robert  d'Oily  gave  as  his  title  to  the  only  Warwick- 
shire manor  he  held  in  chief  that  he  had  bought  it  '  by  leave  of  King 
William '  from  ./Elfric  its  former  holder.  Robert  must  have  had  money 
at  his  disposal,  for  we  find  him  holding  two  manors  of  Turchil  de  Warwic 

»  See  also  p.  296  below. 

>  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  604,  and  Testa  de  Nevlll.  In  the  latter  the  monks  of  Combe,  not 
of  Coventry,  are  shown  as  holding  at  Binley  of  the  Richard's  Castle  fief,  which  is  wholly  at  variance  with 
all  the  history  of  the  place  as  given  by  Dugdale.  Nor,  indeed,  is  it  easy  to  understand  what  interest 
Osbern  and  his  heirs  retained  there. 

*  See  p.  274  above.  «  Compare  p.  275  above.  6  See  p.  276  above. 

•  See  p.  296  below.  *  Brother  of  Turchil  the  over-lord  (see  p.  278). 

288 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

*  in  pledge,'  and  he  was  also  probably  the  '  Robert '  who  held  of  William 
Fitz  Corbucion  one  of  his  manors  in  pledge.  And  we  find  him  else- 
where in  Domesday  thus  acquiring  land.  Possibly  he  had  wrung 
money  out  of  the  burgesses  of  Oxford  ;  possibly  he  had  farmed  to  his 
advantage  the  royal  manors  of  Warwickshire.1 

Before  discussing  the  sources  of  rural  wealth  we  may  see  what  we 
can  learn  from  Domesday's  account  of  Warwick.  The  great  Survey  is 
always  disappointing  when  it  is  dealing  with  the  towns  ;  even  of  those 
which  it  does  not  ignore  its  account  is  meagre  and  obscure.  The  two 
points  which  it  seems  to  have  concerned  itself  with  recording  are  (i)  the 
king's  rights  and  dues,  (2)  the  payment  of  the  king's  '  geld,'  that  '  geld  ' 
which  may  almost  be  described  as  the  raison  d'etre  of  Domesday. 

We  should  first  note  the  position  occupied  by  Warwick  in  the 
Survey,  implying  that  it  stood  in  some  way  apart.  Professor  Maitland 
has  attached  significance  to  the  position  thus  assigned  to  county  towns  "  by 
Domesday  ;  it  places  them,  he  says,  'outside  the  general  system  of  land 
tenure.'  And  the  cause  of  this  he  finds  in  what  he  terms  '  the  tenurial 
heterogeneity  of  the  burgesses.'  At  Warwick,  says  the  record,  '  the 
king  has  113  houses  in  his  demesne,  and  the  king's  barons  have  112, 
from  all  of  which  the  king  receives  his  'geld.'  It  then  draws  up  a  roll 
of  the  houses  held  by  the  '  barons,"  and  incidentally  we  may  observe  that 
it  accounts  for  121,  not  for  ii2.3  We  recognize  every  'baron'  on  the 
list  as  holding  land  of  the  king  in  chief  somewhere  in  the  county, 
though  we  have  to  reckon  as  '  barons  '  for  the  purpose  not  only  the  lady 
Christina,  but  even  '  Luith  '  the  nun.  The  record  then  tells  us  that  all 
these  houses  belong  to  the  lands  which  the  said  barons  hold  outside  the 
borough  and  are  valued  with  them.  This  is  another  distinctive  feature 
of  county  towns  in  Domesday,  and  it  has  given  rise  to  much  theorizing,4 
which  has  failed,  however,  to  gain  acceptance. 

The  difficulty  in  dealing  with  these  houses  is  that,  on  analysing  the 
Survey,  we  can  only  discover  in  all  twenty-three  houses  entered  under  rural 
manors  as  appurtenant  to  them  in  Warwick.  The  Bishop  of  Worcester's 
manors  reveal  seven  houses  instead  of  nine  ;  those  of  Ralf  de  Limesi 
seven  instead  of  nine  ;  those  of  Robert  de  Stafford  four  instead  of  six. 
Of  the  other  'barons'  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil  has  two  instead  of  four,  and 
Turchil  one  instead  of  four  ;  William  Fitz  Corbucion  alone  has  two  as  in 
the  borough  list.  The  only  explanation  one  can  offer  is  that  the  missing 
houses  are  included  in  the  values  of  other  manors  without  their  existence 
being  mentioned.  The  vagaries  of  Domesday  are  endless/ 

Alveston  and  Bishop's  Hampton,  south-west  of  Warwick,  are 
credited  with  three  and  with  four  houses  respectively  ;  Budbrooke, 

1  The  other  local  case  of  holding  land  in  pledge  is  at  Chesterton,  to  which  I  have  referred  on 
p.  276. 

3  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  176-7. 

'  This   may  be   due  to   a   scribal  miscript,   such  as  sometimes  occurs  in  Domesday,  'cxii.'  being 
written  in  error  for  '  cxxi." 

4  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  179-90. 

6  Apart  from  these  houses  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil   had   '  two  burgesses   in    Warwick '  appurtenant 
to  his  manor  of  Mars  ton. 

I  289  37 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 

close  to  the  borough,  with  seven  ;  Tysoe,  far  to  the  south,  with 
three  ;  and  Atherstone-on-Stour,  Billesley,  Coughton,  and  Bearley,  in 
the  west  of  the  county,  with  one  apiece.  Pillerton  in  the  south  and 
Wolverton  near  Warwick  had  also  a  house  apiece.  Four  of  these  houses 
were  valued  at  eightpence  a  year  each  and  some  at  fourpence,  but 
Ralf  de  Limesi's  averaged  a  shilling  each.  Fourpence  is  markedly 
common  in  Domesday  as  a  unit  of  rent  for  houses  in  towns. 

From  the  '  barons  '  the  record  turns  to  those  humbler  folk,  the  '  bur- 
gesses,' nineteen  of  whom,  it  tells  us,  had  houses  '  with  sac  and  soc  and  all 
customary  dues  and  so  held  them  in  King  Edward's  time.'  This,  in  Pro- 
fessor Maitland's  opinion,  is  a  '  difficult '  passage,  and  he  suggests  that  'we 
are  likely  to  see  here  a  relic  of  the  ancient  "  house-peace,"  '  and  of  the  due 
payable  to  its  owner  for  breaking  it.1  Only  four  houses  are  entered  as 
having  been  pulled  down  to  make  room  for  the  castle  (propter  situm 
castelli),  but  the  fact  that  any  had  to  be  destroyed  supports  the  view  that 
William  founded,1  rather  than  repaired,  the  stronghold. 

The  service  by  land  and  sea  to  which  the  burgesses  of  Warwick 
were  liable  was  represented,  as  in  other  cases,  by  a  fixed  commutation. 
When  the  king  went  forth  to  war  by  land,  ten  burgesses  joined  him  on  be- 
half of  the  whole  body,  and  the  man  who  was  summoned  and  failed  to  go 
had  to  pay  five  pounds,  clearly  thzfyrd-wite.  When  the  king  sailed  against 
his  foes  by  sea,  the  burgesses  could  send  him  four  '  bat-sueins  '  or  four 
pounds  in  money.  The  liability  of  a  town  so  far  inland  as  Warwick  to 
provide  mariners  has  been  deemed  a  difficulty 3  ;  but  we  have  to 
remember  that  at  that  period  rivers  were  larger  and  vessels  smaller. 
In  the  adjoining  county  of  Worcestershire  we  meet  with  Turchil, 
'King  Edward's  steersman'  (stirman,  fo.  174-b),  and  Eadric,  'who 
was  in  King  Edward's  time  steersman  (stermannus)  of  the  Bishop  (of 
Worcester)^  ship  and  leader  of  his  men  in  the  King's  service.'4  We  read 
of  William  employing  ships  and  '  buthsecarlas  '  in  his  siege  of  the  Isle  of 
Ely,  and  the  Domesday  entry  on  Malmesbury  is  worth  comparing  with 
the  Warwick  one,  for  we  read  there  (fo.  64b)  of  the  town  sending  the 
king  twenty  shillings  '  ad  pascendos  suos  buzecarl' '  or  of  one  man  going 
thence  in  person.  The  Warwick  '  batsueins,'  in  short,  would  serve  as 
mariners  in  the  fleet,  and  the  doings  of  the  dreaded  Danes  had  proved 
that  their  long  galleys  could  penetrate  far  up  the  English  rivers. 

With  the  king's  dues  from  the  borough  I  have  already  dealt,5  but 
Earl  Eadwine's  dues  annexed  to  his  manor  of  '  Cotes'  present  a  point  of 
difficulty.  For  '  the  borough  '  is  spoken  of  as  if  the  earl  received  all  its 
dues."  This  he  cannot  have  done,  as  the  opposite  column  shows.  I 

1  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  98—9. 

»  See  p.  277,  note  i, above. 

>  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker  in  his  '  Notes '  on  the  Domesday  Survey  of  Warwickshire  (pp.  4-5) 
observes  that  •  boatswain,  by  which  we  understand  a  steersman  or  some  sort  of  petty  officer  on  board 
a  ship,  would  be  very  far  from  a  correct  translation  of  "  batsuein  "  in  the  present  case.  .  .  .  they 
furnished  his  navy  with  four  "  Boat-servants,"  without  implying  that  they  possessed  any  knowledge 
of  navigation,  which,  indeed,  could  not  be  expected  in  inhabitants  of  such  an  inland  town  as  Warwick.' 

•  Heming's  Cartulary,  p.  82.  •  See  p.  271. 

•  '  Hec  terra  cum  burgo  de  Warwic,'  etc.,  etc. 

290 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

conclude,  therefore,  that  by  'the  borough'  Domesday  means  that  '  third 
penny '  of  the  borough  dues  which  was  normally  the  earl's  portion. 
Another  item  helped  to  swell  the  'income  he  received  from  '  Cotes  ;  '  a 
hundred  bordars  paid  him  fifty  shillings  a  year  in  respect  of  their  gardens 
'  outside  Warwick.'  Gardening  on  this  extensive  scale  is  probably  unique 
in  Domesday.1 

The  realm  described  by  Domesday  is  a  realm  in  which  the  plough 
is  king.  To  the  ordinary  reader  there  is  something  irksome  in  the  dry, 
endless  figures  relating  to  the  plough-land  and  the  plough,  and  even  the 
expert  has  to  confess  that  he  does  not  fully  apprehend  their  significance 
or  their  intention.  But  whether  or  not  the  Conqueror  and  his  ministers 
proposed  to  revise  the  system  of  land  taxation,  it  is  clear  that  they 
attached  great  importance  to  obtaining  a  record  of  the  arable  land  and 
of  the  ploughs  at  work  on  it.  In  Warwickshire  the  feature  that  seems 
to  call  for  special  notice  is  the  occurrence  at  certain  places  of  a  number 
of  plough-teams  in  excess  of  that  for  which  the  land  was  reckoned  to  afford 
employment.  At  Bishop's  Hampton,  with  land  for  twenty-two  ploughs, 
there  were  two,  we  find,  on  the  demesne  and  twenty-four  outside  it. 
Sowe,  with  its  five  plough-lands,  had  six  plough-teams,  and  at  Radway, 
with  its  six,  there  were  six  and  a  half.  Charlecote  had  land  for  five 
ploughs,  but  on  the  demesne  were  two,  and  five  outside  it.  That  such 
excess  was  not  due  to  mere  scribal  error,  but  was  recognized  by  the  com- 
missioners is  shown  by  the  case  of  Wolfhamcote,  where  there  were  two 
plough-lands,  '  and  yet,'  they  add,  '  there  are  there  three  ploughs.'  The 
same  formula  is  used  at  Ladbroke,  at  Newton  and  at  Holme,  at  each  of 
which  there  was  one  for  half  a  ploughland,  at  Walcote  also,  which  for 
its  one  plough-land  had  two  and  a  half  ploughs,  and  at  Lillington,  where 
the  discrepancy  was  so  great  that  for  only  half  a  plough-land  there  were 
two  ploughs. 

The  value  of  a  manor  varied  mainly  with  the  amount  of  stock  on  it 
and  especially  of  plough-oxen.  When  all  the  plough-oxen  were  gone, 
the  manor  was  described  as  '  waste,"  for  the  land  could  not  be  worked. 
Of  this  '  waste  '  land  there  was  not  much  in  Warwickshire.  A  '  hide  ' 
at  '  Rincele  '  is  so  described ;  a  hide  and  a  half  at  Kington,  a  hide  at  one 
of  the  Marstons,  and  a  virgate  and  a  half  at  Weston  appear  to  complete 
the  list,  save  for  i£  hides  at  Harbury  which  are  specially  entered  as  laid 
*  waste  by  the  king's  army.' 

Among  the  sources  of  rural  wealth  in  addition  to  the  ploughed  land 
were  the  woodland,  which  was  very  extensive,  the  pasture  for  the  stock, 
the  watermills,  and  the  meadows  in  the  river-valleys.  Although  in  War- 
wickshire the  woodland  is  reckoned  by  rough  estimates  of  its  area,  and 
not,  as  in  certain  other  counties,  by  the  number  of  swine  it  could  feed,1 
its  chief  value  as  affording  mast  is  implied  by  such  entries  as  those  at 

1  But  it  mentions  twenty-three  men  with  gardens  at  Holywell,  a  suburb  of  Oxford. 

"  At  Stoneleigh,  however,  the  information  is  added  that  it  could  feed  2,000  swine,  and  at  Cough- 
ton  there  was  reckoned  to  be  pasture  for  50  swine.  At  Kington  by  Claverdon  it  it  reckoned  in  yet 
another  way,  as  worth  ten  shillings  a  year. 

291 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Sutton  Coldfield,  Fillongley,  '  Rincele,'  Claverdon,  Sowley,  Bedworth, 
Packington,  'Ulverlei'  and  Arley,  where  the  phrase  '  cum  oneratur  '  refers 
to  the  mast  it  bore.  At  Erdington  alone,  near  the  Staffordshire  border, 
is  the  woodland  claimed  as  *  in  defense  regis,'  that  is,  as  set  apart  for  the 
king  and  his  hunting  ;  but  at  Southam,  at  the  other  end  of  the  county, 
the  woodland  was  '  in  the  king's  hands.'  A  grove  (grava)  is  spoken  of 
at  Lighthorne  and  a  spinetum  at  Weston,  the  latter  being,  probably,  rather 
a  thorn-wood  than  what  we  now  call  a  '  spinny.'  There  is  an  unusual  entry 
under  Sowe,  which  records  that  the  woodland  of  the  king  and  of  the  abbot 
(of  Coventry)  and  of  Richard  the  forester  together,  was  three  '  leagues  ' 
long  and  i  '  league '  wide.  The  '  league '  of  Domesday,  it  is  true,  was 
only  a  mile  and  a  half,  but  one  cannot  insist  too  strongly  on  the  utter 
vagueness  of  such  statements  and  the  folly  of  treating  them  as  exact. 
The  same  remark  applies  to  the  '  hay  '  (baia)  at  '  Donnelie,'  '  half  a 
league  long  and  the  same  in  width,'  a  fenced  enclosure  for  capturing  wild 
animals  in  what  was  then  and  long  afterwards  '  a  wild  Forest  ground.' 

Of  profits  from  pasture  and  from  meadow  we  hear  less  than  usual  ; 
but  at  '  Cotes '  by  Warwick  they  were  valued  at  the  large  sum  of  £4, 
perhaps  owing  to  the  nearness  of  the  borough,  for  it  was  only  in  excep- 
tional cases  that  either  served  for  more  than  the  lord  and  his  peasants. 

The  mill  is  one  of  the  very  few  features  of  the  Domesday  Survey 
that  can  often  be  recognized  to-day  standing  where  it  stood  then.  Indeed, 
as  Mr.  Walker  has  observed  of  '  Offeworde  '  : — 

In  Dugdale's  time  the  only  indication  of  this  place  was  a  mill  known  as  Offord's 
mill ;  this  name  has  now  disappeared,  although  the  mill  is  still  shown  on  the  ordnance 
survey  maps.1 

Many  mills  at  the  time  of  the  Survey  paid  their  rent  partly  in  kind, 
especially  in  eels  from  the  mill  pond.  Twenty-five  eels  went  to  the  'stich,' 
of  which  measure  a  fixed  number  was  usually  due.  Eels  were  due  in  this 
county  from  the  mills  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  Alveston,  Atherstone-on- 
Stour,  Wixford,  Salford,  Wootton  Wawen,  Spernall,  Aston,  and  Barford, 
while  that  of  Wasperton  produced  no  less  than  twenty  shillings,  1,000 
eels,  and  four  (horse) loads  of  salt,  and  that  of  Binton  was  responsible 
for  four  (horse)loads  of  grain,  and  three  '  stiches  '  of  eels. 

Salt,  at  that  time  a  valuable  commodity,  was  produced  either  from 
saltpans  on  the  coast  or  from  inland  brine-springs,  as  at  Droitwich  and 
Nantwich.  The  six  Warwickshire  entries  in  which  it  is  mentioned 
deserve  careful  study,  for,  in  my  opinion,  they  all  refer  to  salt  obtained 
from  Droitwich,  which  is  less  than  ten  miles  from  the  Warwickshire 
border.  This  is  expressly  so  stated  in  the  case  of  Binton,  where  the 
revenue  of  its  lord,  William  Fitz  Corbucion,  included  three  loads  (summas) 
of  salt  from  (Droit)wich,a  and  in  that  of  Urse  de  Abetot's  manor  at  Hill- 

1  Some  Notes  en  Domeiday  Book,  p.  37. 

»  The  load  seems  to  have  been  a  '  mitta  '  of  salt,  for  we  read  that  the  tenants  of  the  church  of 
Worcester  at  Broadwas  (Wore.)  had  to  find  horses,  on  Sundays,  to  carry  salt  from  (Droit)Wich  to 
Worcester,  and  that  each  horse  was  to  carry  '  unam  mittam  '  (Registrant  Ptioratnt  B.M.  Wigom'unsis, 
P-  34")- 

292 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

borough,  to  which  was  appurtenant  '  a  saltpan  in  (Droit)wich,  rendering 
three  shillings.'  Urse  was  the  great  man  at  Droitwich,  and  appears  to 
have  assigned  salt  from  it  to  some  of  his  manors.  Therefore  when  we 
read  of  Studley,  the  seat  of  William  Fitz  Corbucion,  that  it  included 
a  saltpan  rendering  nineteen  (horse) loads  of  salt,1  we  have  to  remember 
that  William  also  had  interests  at  Droitwich  in  the  salt,  and  that,  conse- 
quently, this  saltpan  was  probably  there,  not  at  Studley.  This  is  likely 
to  have  been  the  case  also  with  the  saltpan  entered  under  Haselor,  a 
manor  of  Nicholas,  and  with  the  salt  rendered  by  Wasperton  mill.  The 
other  mention  of  salt  is  at  Brailes,  the  render  from  which  manor  in- 
cluded twenty  (horse)  loads. 

The  problem  of  the  Domesday  Hundreds  of  Warwickshire  is 
closely  connected  with  questions  of  local  identification.  Where,  as  here, 
there  are  several  places  bearing  the  same  name — Compton,  for  instance 
— one  is  often  dependent  on  the  Hundredal  headings  for  distinguishing 
one  from  the  other.  But  in  Warwickshire  these  headings  are  at  times 
omitted  by  the  scribe  ;  the  Hundreds  themselves,  moreover,  were  subse- 
quently re-arranged ;  and,  lastly,  the  sequence,  of  Hundreds  in  the  text 
appears  to  me  irregular. 

To  take  the  last  of  these  points  first,  it  must  always  be  remem- 
bered that  we  see  in  Domesday  only  a  compilation,  made  from  original 
returns  in  the  form  of  Hundred  Rolls.  The  compiler  is  supposed  to 
have  gone  through  these  rolls  for  each  fief  in  turn,  picking  out  those 
manors  which  belonged  to  its  tenant-in-chief,  so  as  to  bring  them  to- 
gether. For  Warwickshire  he  first  picked  out  the  manors  retained  '  in 
demesne,'  and  then  went  through  the  rolls  again  to  collect  those  in 
which  the  '  baron '  had  enfeoffed  his  under-tenants.  This  is  well  seen 
on  the  fiefs  of  the  Count  of  Meulan,  of  Turchil  of  Warwick,  and  of 
Hugh  de  Grentmesnil,  where  a  space  is  left  in  the  manuscript  between 
the  two  classes.  Oddly  enough,  on  the  fief  of  William  Fitz  Corbucion 
he  reversed  his  normal  order  and  placed  the  demesne  manors  last. 

If  this  process  had  been  carried  out,  as  in  some  counties,  with 
regularity,  the  Hundreds  would  follow  in  a  strict  sequence  which 
would  help  us  to  identify  a  manor  where  the  heading  was  omitted. 
But  a  careful  analysis  of  the  fiefs  shows  that  the  sequence  cannot  be 
relied  on.  Eight  fiefs,  it  is  true,  show  us  the  Hundred  of  '  Fernecumbe  ' 
following  immediately  on  that  of  '  Tremelau,'  while  '  Meretone  '  pre- 
cedes '  Stanlei '  in  six  cases  ;  but  '  Bomelau  '  appears  twice  before  and 
once  after  '  Meretone ';  'Stanlei'  once  after  and  once  before  '  Hones- 
berie,'  and  '  Patelau  '  once  before  and  once  after  '  Berricestone.' ' 

For  a  study  of  the  Domesday  Hundreds  of  the  county  we  are  in- 
debted to  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker,3  who  has  shown  that  they  were  ten  in 
number.  It  is  one  of  our  difficulties  in  Warwickshire  that  these  have 

1   See  note  2  previous  page. 

J  On  the  subinfeuded  portion  of  Robert  de  Stafford's  fief  the  Hundreds  appear  in  this  order  : 
Patelau,  Stanlei,  Bedricestone,  Fernecumbe,  Berricestone,  Patelau. 

'  See 'The  Hundreds  of  Warwickshire  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey,'  with  map,  in  the 
Antiquary,  xxxix.  146-51,  179-84. 

293 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

all  disappeared,  their  place  being  taken  by  four  only,  which  bear  differ- 
ent names.  Mr.  Walker  shows  that  Hemlingford  Hundred  practically 
represents  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Coleshelle  '  ;  that  Knightlow  is 
composed  of  the  Domesday  Hundreds  of 'Bomelau,'  '  Meretone,'  and 
'  Stanlei' ;  that  '  Tremelau,' '  Honesberie,'  *  Fexhole,'  and  '  Berricestone  ' 
form  what  is  now  Kineton  ;  and  that  '  Barlichway,'  a  name  as  old  as 
1176,  represents  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Fernecumbe,'  with  the 
addition  of  that  Pathlow  Liberty,  the  '  Patelau  '  of  Domesday,  which 
continued  long  afterwards  to  cut  it  in  two.  '  Berricestone,'  according 
to  Mr.  Walker's  map,1  was  similarly  cut  in  two,  while  '  Fexhole  '  con- 
sisted of  two  portions  widely  detached. 

This  is  not  the  place  in  which  to  discuss  the  development  of  the 
later  Hundreds,  the  term  '  Sipe  socha '  as  connected  with  them,  or  the 
subsequent  appearance  as  '  leets '  of  the  three  Domesday  Hundreds,1 
which  went  to  form  Knightlow.  Such  points  as  these,  together  with 
the  names  of  the  places  from  which  the  Hundreds  were  called  and  where 
their  assemblies  met,  will  be  discussed  under  each  Hundred.  The  very 
boundaries  of  the  Domesday  Hundreds  are  by  no  means  absolutely  clear, 
and  although  they  are  occasionally  referred  to  in  the  notes  to  the  text, 
they  are  not  of  much  importance. 

The  identification  of  Domesday  manors  is  often  a  work  of  extreme 
difficulty,  but  is  one  which  cannot  be  shirked.  Mr.  Carter,  fortunately, 
in  his  notes  to  the  text  has  been  able  to  diminish  the  number  of  those 
which  have  hitherto  remained  unidentified.8  I  do  not  propose,  therefore, 
to  deal  with  the  matter  myself  beyond  touching  on  the  cases  of'  Surland' 
and  '  Optone.'  With  regard  to  the  former,  our  difficulty  is  that  this 
substantial  manor  is  not  mentioned,  so  far  as  we  know,  after  Domesday, 
although  it  ought  to  occur,  as  in  the  record,  among  the  possessions  of 
Coventry  Priory.  Mr.  Carter's  suggestion  that  it  represents  the  abbey's 
portion  of  Coventry  itself  (which  is  not  entered  in  Domesday)  would 
obviously  meet  this  difficulty  ;  but  Domesday  distinctly  places  '  Surland ' 
between  Grandborough  and  Birdingbury  in  '  Meretone'  Hundred,  which 
is  inconsistent  with  that  solution.  At  present,  therefore,  I  cannot  sug- 
gest where  '  Surland '  was.  As  to  '  Optone,'  I  agree  with  Mr.  Carter  in 
rejecting  Dugdale's  guess  (for  it  can  have  been  nothing  else)  that  it  was 
part  of  Kenilworth.4  The  only  actual  evidence  we  have  is  :  (i)  that  of 
Domesday,  which  tells  us  that  '  Optone '  and  Kenilworth  were  both 
members  of  Stoneleigh ;  (2)  that  of  the  Stoneleigh  cartulary,  which  asserts 
that  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  the  members  of  Stoneleigh 
were  Kenilworth,  Baginton,  Ryton,  and  Stretton.6  Dugdale  was  ac- 

1  See  Antiquary,  xzxix.  p.  147. 

'  t'  Meretone '  and  '  Stanlei,'  as  Dugdale  shows,   appeared  for  a  time  as   «  Hundreds '  and   then  as 
Leets,  while  'Brmklow,'  which  appears  to  represent  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Bomelau,'  did  the  same. 
1  Compare  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker's  Some  Notes  on  Domesday  Book,  p.  10. 
«  Ibid.  p.  37.  Dngdale's  words  are  :  'this  being  that  part  of  Kenilworth  which  now  the  inhabitants 

igh  Town,  and  situate  upon  the  ascent  upon  the  north  part  of  the  Church.' 
'  Edwardus  rex  habuit  in  dominico  suo  hereditario  manerium  de  Stonle  cum  membris,  videlicet 
Kenilworth,  Bakyngtone,  Ruytone,  et  Stratone,'  etc. 

294 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

quainted  with  this  statement,  and  pointed  out,  as  confirmation  or  it,  that 
Baginton  was  included  as  a  chapelry  of  Stoneleigh  in  a  grant  temp.  Henry 
II.  ;  but  he  did  not  draw  from  it  what  would  seem  to  be  the  natural 
inference,  namely,  that,  just  as  Kenilworth  to  the  west  was  a  member  of 
Stoneleigh,  so  '  Optone '  must  be  sought  somewhere  in  the  three  adjoining 
vills  of  Baeinton,  Rvton,  and  Stretton-on-Dunsmore  to  the  east.  Under 

O  J 

Baginton  and  Ryton  he  rejects  the  statement  of  the  same  Stoneleigh 
cartulary  that  they  were  given  to  the  Ardens  by  Henry  I.,  on  the  just 
ground  that  Turchil  held  them  as  early  as  1086.  But  if  '  Optone'  lay 
within  them,  it  might  conceivably  have  been  so  granted,  and  its  identity 
thus  lost  in  the  manors  they  already  held  there.  This,  however,  can 
only  be  conjecture  in  the  absence  of  further  evidence. 

If  we  could  only  be  sure  of  the  forms  of  Domesday  names,  the  work 
of  identification  would  present  less  difficulty.  But  those  we  find  in  War- 
wickshire are  enough  to  show  that  we  cannot.  Barston  is  represented  by 
'  Bercestone  '  and  by  *  Bertanestone.'  *  Berdingeberie  '  occurs  also,  by 
transposition,  as  'Derbingerie.'  Burmington  is  'Burdintone  '  in  Domes- 
day. Harbury  is  '  Edburberie,'  but  also  '  Erburgeberie.'  '  Filunger  ' 
and  '  Felingelei '  both  represent  Fillongley.  *  Ilmedone  '  and  '  Edelmi- 
tone  '  are  variant  forms  of  Ilmington.  Both  '  Tacesbroc  '  and  '  Tas- 
chebroc  '  stand  for  Tachbrook,  as  do  '  Wara '  and  '  Gaura '  for  Over. 
Willoughby  masquerades  as  '  Wilebec,'  '  Wilebene,'  and  '  Wilebere,' 
and  Wormleighton  as  '  Wimelestone,'  '  Wimenestone,'  and  '  Wimere- 
stone.'  '  Worwarde  '  and  '  Volwarde  '  are  both  considered  to  represent 
Great  Wolford. 

In  the  midlands  we  have  to  be  always  on  our  watch  for  that 
strange  transposition  of  manors,  which  is  one  of  the  puzzles  of  Domes- 
day. Just  as  two  manors  in  the  Staffordshire  Hundred  of  Cuttlestone 
have  wandered  into  the  Northamptonshire  portion  of  the  great  Survey,1 
so  we  find  surveyed  under  Warwickshire  quite  a  group  of  manors  on  the 
border  of  Staffordshire  and  Shropshire.  On  the  Staffordshire  side  of  it 
are  Essington,  Bushbury,  and  Chillington  in  Brewood,  all  in  the 
Hundred  of  Cuttlestone  ;  on  the  Shropshire  side  are  Quatt,  Romsley, 
Rudge,  and  Shipley  near  Bridgenorth.  Under  Warwickshire  also  we  find 
surveyed  the  important  manor  of  Spilsbury  in  the  west  of  Oxfordshire, 
while  of  Mollington,  a  manor  of  ten  hides  where  three  counties  meet, 
five  hides  arc  surveyed  under  Warwickshire,  four  under  Oxfordshire 
and  one  under  Northamptonshire  !  A  parallel  case  is  that  of  the 
Overs,  which  lay  on  the  border  of  Warwickshire  and  Northamptonshire, 
William  Fitz  Ansculf  s  estate  of  one  hide  at  '  Wavre  '  being  found  under 
Northants.  In  Northamptonshire  also,  we  find  the  survey  of  Turchil's 
manor  of  Sawbridge,  of  the  Count  of  Meulan's  estates  at  Berkswell  *  and 
Whitacre,  and  apparently  of  Whichford,  which  is  not  mentioned  under 
Warwickshire  in  Domesday.3 

1  See  y.C.H.  Northanti,  i.,  and  p.  344  below. 
!  i.e.  4  hides  in  addition  to  the  I  hide  under  Warwickshire. 

3  My  ground  for   identifying  Gilbert  de  Gant's  manor  of  '  Wicford,'  placed  under  Northampton- 
shire by  Domesday,  with  Whichford  in  the  south  of  Warwickshire  is  solely  that  its  church  was  given  to 

295 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  duplicate  entries  which  are  sometimes  found  in  the  great  Survey 
are  of  value  for  the  light  they  throw  on  the  methods  of  its  compilation. 
In  Warwickshire  the  only  certain  example  is  afforded  by  Clifton,  which 
the  scribes,  as  they  sometimes  did  in  such  cases,  dealt  with  in  two  places. 
Turchil's  father,  jElfwine  the  sheriff,  had  bestowed  the  manor  on  the 
church  of  Coventry,  which  had  been  despoiled  of  it  by  Earl  Aubrey, 
whose  land,  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  was  in  the  king's  hands.  The 
scribes,  when  recording  the  Coventry  manors,  added  at  the  foot  of  the 
column  an  entry  dealing  with  the  case  ;  but  they  reckoned  the  manor 
among  those  that  Earl  Aubrey  had  held,  although  a  marginal  note 
alluded  to  the  church's  claim.  We  observe,  on  comparing  the  two 
entries,  that  the  case  for  the  church  is  distinctly  stronger  in  the  first 
of  the  two,  the  validity  of  ^Elfwine's  grant  and  the  wrongfulness  of 
the  earl's  action  being  clearly  expressed  : — 

CHURCH    OF  COVENTRY  EARL    AUBREY 

fo.  r)8b  f°-  J39b 

'  Huic  ascclesias  dedit   Alwinus  vicecomes  '  Hanc    terram    dedit    Alwin    aecclesiae   de 

Cliptone   conccssu   regis  E,    et  filiorum   iuorum      Coventreu    pro    anima    sua    T.R.E.     Comes 
pro   anima  sua  et  testimonia  comitatm.    Comes      Albericus  abstulit.' 
Albericus     hanc     injuste    invasit  et    aecclesias 
abstulit.' 

In  the  first  of  these  entries  we  seem  to  be  hearing  the  monks' 
own  story,  while  the  second  appears  to  be  a  marginal  note  based  upon 
the  first. 

Another  case  in  which  an  estate  is  almost  certainly  entered  twice 
over  is  that,  as  Mr.  Carter  points  out,  of  the  2\  hides  held  by  Leofwine 
at  Flecknoe.  These  are  first  entered  as  held  of  the  Bishop  of  Worcester 
by  Leofwine,  and  then,  at  the  end  of  the  Survey,  appear  as  held  by  Leof- 
wine (as  he  said,  but  failed  to  prove)  of  the  bishop.  Here,  the  tenure 
being  disputed,  a  duplicate  entry,  it  would  appear,  was  made. 

Isdem    episcopus    tenet    in    Flechenho    ii          Lewin'  tenet  de  rege  ii  hidas  et  dim.  virga- 

hidas  et  dim.  virgatam  terrae,  et  Lewin  de  eo.  tam    terrae   in   Flechenho.      Terra  est    ii  car. 

Terra  est  ii   car.   Ibi  sunt  ii  villani  et  i  bor-  Ibi  est  una  cum   ii  villanis  et   i  bordario  et  vi 

darius  cum  i  car.   Ibi  vi  acre  prati.  T.R.E.  et  acris    prati.      Valuit    x    solidos.      Modo    xx. 

post    valebat    x    solidos.      Modo  xx"  solidos  solidos  (fo.  2440). 
(fo.  238b). 

I  have  spoken  of  this  dispute  on  p.  288   above. 

It  is  thought  that  the  two  entries  under  '  Bertanestone '  (Barston) 
may  be  duplicates,  for  the  two  surveys  would  be  identical  were  it  not 
that  the  first  gives  9  hides  and  1 1  ploughlands,  and  the  second  10  hides 
and  i  o  ploughlands.  But  the  one  shows  us  '  R.  de  Olgi '  holding  the 
manor  of  Turchil,  while  the  other  makes  Robert  the  Despenser  hold  it 
in  demesne.  The  alternative,  of  course,  is  that  we  are  dealing  with  two 
moieties  of  what  was  one  estate,  as  is  certainly  the  case  at  Shuttington. 

Bridlington  Priory,  which  was  founded  by  his  son  and  closely  connected  with  his  house.  It  seems 
difficult  to  account  for  the  gift  in  any  other  way,  but  the  manorial  evidence  does  not  seem  to  support 
the  identification. 

296 


THE    DOMESDAY   SURVEY 

We  have  there  a  '  five-hide '  manor  divided  before  the  Conquest  into 
two  equal  moieties  of  2|  hides  each,  with  an  equal  share  of  the  wood- 
land and  of  the  mill  in  each  ;  but  one  moiety  had  three  ploughlands, 
and  the  other  five,  though  their  '  values  '  were  the  same.  One  of  these 
moieties,  it  is  clear,  had  again  been  subdivided,  although  it  was  reunited 
under  the  Norman  rule.  For  the  feudal  system  arrested  sharply  that 
process  of  disintegration  which  had  exposed  to  crushing  defeat  at  the 
hands  of  knights  and  nobles  a  host  of  small  landowners,  of  almost  anarchic 
yeomen. 


29? 


NOTE 

The  reader  should  bear  in  mind  throughout  that 
the  date  of  the  Domesday  Survey  is  1086  ;  that  the 
time  of  King  Edward  (here  expressed  by  T.R.E.),  to 
which  it  refers,  normally  means  the  date  of  his  death 
(5  January  1066),  and  that  the  intermediate  date, 
which  is  spoken  of  as  '  afterwards,'  is  that  at  which 
the  estate  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  new  holder. 

The  Domesday  '  hide '  was  a  unit  of  assessment 
divided  into  four  quarters  called  '  virgates,'  each  of 
which  was  reckoned  to  contain  30  '  acres'  ;  but  these 
were  merely  fiscal,  not  areal  measures.  'Demesne' 
was  that  portion  of  a  manor  which  the  holder  (whether 
a  tenant-in-chief  or  only  an  under-tenant)  worked  as  a 
home  farm  with  the  help  of  labour  due  from  the 
peasants  who  held  the  rest  from  him.  But  when 
the  term  '  demesne  '  is  applied  to  a  fief,  it  denotes  those 
of  its  manors  which  remained  in  the  baron's  hands 
and  were  not  held  of  him  by  under-tenants.  Of  the 
peasantry,  the  three  main  classes  were,  in  descending 
order,  villeins,  bordars  and  serfs.  The  classes  above 
them  are  dealt  with  in  the  Introduction.  The  essen- 
tial element  of  the  plough  ('caruca')  was  its  team  of 
oxen,  always  reckoned  in  Domesday  as  eight  in  number. 
The  '  league  '  of  the  record  appears  to  have  been  a 
mile  and  a  half  long  (see  Introduction,  p.  292). 

It  must  always  be  remembered  that  when  Domes- 
day speaks  of  a  place  as  held  by  a  certain  tenant,  it 
does  not  follow  that  the  whole  of  it  is  thereby  meant. 
For  the  vills  often  comprised  other  manors  which 
form  the  subject  of  separate  entries. 

The  notes  of  the  text  which  are  initialled  J.H.R. 
have  been  added  by  Mr.  Round,  the  Domesday  editor. 
Those  to  which  B.W.  is  appended  are  contributed 
by  Mr.  Benjamin  Walker,  who  kindly  read  the  proofs. 


298 


NOTE  TO  DOMESDAY  MAP 

COMPILED  BY  BENJAMIN  WALKER,  A.R.I.B.A. 

On  the  accompanying  map  the  manors  held  by  the  king  are 
shown  by  red  capitals  ;  those  held  by  the  chief  ecclesiastical 
tenant,  the  abbey  of  Coventry,  by  red  small  type  ;  and  those 
held  by  the  chief  lay  tenant,  the  Count  of  Meulan,  by  black 
capitals.  The  asterisk  against  some  of  the  abbey's  manors 
indicates  that  the  Count  of  Meulan  also  had  an  interest  there. 

For  the  sake  of  uniformity  and  convenience  of  reference  the 
modern  boundaries  of  the  county  are  given.  These  probably 
differ  but  little  from  those  in  Domesday  times  except  in  the 
extreme  south,  where  the  parish  of  Little  Compton,  formerly 
belonging  to  Gloucestershire,  has  been  transferred  to  Warwick- 
shire. Neither  the  rivers  nor  the  three  great  ancient  ways, — 
the  Watling  Street,  the  Fosse  Way,  and  the  Icknield  Street, — are 
mentioned  in  the  Survey,  but  they  are  so  necessary  to  the  under- 
standing of  the  map  that  they  have  been  added. 

The  general  positions  of  the  ten  hundreds  into  which  the 
county  was  divided  in  Domesday  times  are  shown  upon  the  map  ; 
but  as  the  rubrication  of  the  Survey  is  not  sufficiently  accurate  to 
enable  them  to  be  reconstructed  with  certainty,  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  indicate  their  boundaries. 

In  those  cases  where  Domesday  Book  records  a  name  in  two 
or  more  different  forms  only  one  of  the  variants  can  be  given  on 
the  map. 

The  natural  characteristics  of  the  district  are  well  shown  by 
the  varying  density  of  the  names  upon  the  map.  This  density 
is  greatest  in  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Arrow  and  the  Avon,  and 
least  in  the  forest  district  of  the  Arden  in  the  west  and  north- 
west of  the  county. 

In  fixing  the  position  of  manors  the  church  has  been  the  guide. 
The  manors  of  Rincele  and  Werlavescote  are  not  marked  on 
the  map,  as  their  positions  could  not  be  identified. 


o 


z 
o 
O 


a 
o 


a 

o 


WARWICSCIRE 

IN  THE  BOROUGH  OF  WARWIC(K)  the  king  has  in  his  demesne  1 13 
houses  and  the  king's  barons  have  1 12,1  from  all  of  which  the  king  has 
his  geld. 

The  Bishop  of  Worcester  (Wirecestre)  has  9  messuages  (masuras). 
The  Bishop  of  Chester  7.  The  Abbot  of  Coventry  36,  and  4  2  (of  these) 
are  (laid)  waste  to  make  room  for  the  castle  (profiler  situm  castellt).  The 
Bishop  of  Coutances  has  i  house.  The  Count  of  Meulan  (Mel/end]  (has) 
1 2  messuages.  Earl  Aubrey  had  4,  which  belong  to  the  land  which  he 
held.  Hugh  de  Grentemaisnil  (has)  4,  and  the  monks  of  Pilardintone 
[Pillerton]  have  i  from  him.  Henry  de  Fereres  has  2.  Harold  2. 
Robert  de  Stadford  [Stafford]  6.  Roger  de  Ivri  (iuri)  2.  Richard  the 
huntsman  (uenator)  I.  Ralf  de  Limesi  9.  The  Abbot  of  Malmesbury  i. 
William  Bonuaslet  i.  William  son  of  Corbucion  2.  Geoffrey  de 
Magneville  i.  Geoffrey  de  Wirce  I.  Gilbert  de  Gant  2.  Gilbert 
Buili 3  i .  Nicholas  the  crossbowman  (balistarius)  i .  Stephen  Stirman  i . 
Turchil  4.  Harold  2.  Osbern  son  of  Richard  I.  Cristina  i.  Luith 
the  nun  (monialis)  2.  These  messuages  (tnasurce)  are  appurtenant  to  the 
lands  which  the  same  (ipst)  barons  hold  outside  the  borough  and  are 
there  taken  into  account  (appre ciantur) .  Besides  these  above-mentioned 
messuages  there  are  in  the  same  (ipso)  borough  1 9  burgesses,  who  have 
19  messuages  with  sac  and  soc  and  all  customary  rights  (consuetudimbus) 
and  thus  had  (them)  T.R.E. 

In  the  time  of  King  Edward  the  shrievalty  (vicecomitatus)  of 
Warwic(k)  with  the  borough  and  with  the  royal  manors  paid  65  pounds 
and  36  sestars  (sextaria)  of  honey  ;  or  24  pounds  and  8  shillings  in  place 
of  all  (dues)  pertaining  to  honey. 

Now,  what  with  (inter)  the  farm  of  the  royal  manors  and  the  pleas 
of  the  county,  it  pays  yearly  145  pounds  by  weight,  and  23  pounds  for 
the  customary  payment  for  dogs  (consuetudine  canum),  and  20  shillings 
for  a  sumpter-horse  (summario),  and  10  pounds  for  a  hawk,  and  100 
shillings  to  the  queen  for  a  benevolence  (gersumma). 

It  also  pays  24  sestars  of  honey  by  (cum)  the  greater  measure  and 
from  the  borough  6  sestars  of  honey,  a  sestar  to  wit  for  1 5  pence. 

1  Note  the  total,  225 — i.e.  two  and  a  quarter  hundreds — but  also  see  next  note. 

3  As  the  total  number  of  houses  here  recorded  is  116,  not  112,  this  entry  no  doubt  means  that 
the  4  were  part  of  the  36,  so  that  the  abbot  is  reckoned  as  having  only  32.  But  see  Introduction,  p.  298. 

1  This  certainly  appears  the  correct  reading,  not  '  Budi,'  as  the  official  edition  reads.  (The  only 
tenant  in-chief  whom  this  can  represent  is  Gilbert  son  of  Turold. — J.H.R.) 

299 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

From  these  the  Count  of  Meulan  (Me/lend]  has  6  sestars  and  5  shil- 
lings. 

The  custom  of  Warwic(k)  was  that  when  the  king  goes  by  land  on 
an  expedition  10  burgesses  of  Warwic(k)  should  go  on  behalf  of  (pro)  all 
the  others. 

(He)  who  did  not  go  when  summoned  used  to  pay  100  shillings 
fine  (emendabaf)  to  the  king. 

If  however  the  king  were  going  against  his  enemies  by  sea  (the 
burgesses)  used  to  send  him  either  4  boatswains  (batsueins)  or  4  pounds 
of  pennies.1 


HERE  ARE  ENTERED 

THOSE    HOLDING    LANDS    IN 

WARWICSCIRE 


i   KING  WILLIAM 
ii  The  Bishop  of  Chester 
in  The  Bishop  of  Worcester 
mi  The  Bishop  of  Bayeux 
v  The  Bishop  of  Coutances 
vi   The  abbey  of  Coventry 
vn  The  abbey  of  Abingdon 
vnj  The  abbey  of  Burton 
ix  The  abbey  of  Malmesbury 
x  The  abbey  of  Winchcombe 
xi  The  abbey  of  Evesham 
xn  Earl  Roger 
xnj  Earl  Hugh 
xmi  Earl  Aubrey 
xv  Countess  Godeva 
xvi  The  Count  of  Meulan 
xvij  Turchil  of  Warwick 
xvni   Hugh  de  Grentemaisnil 
xix   Henry  de  Ferieres 
xx  Roger  de  Ivri  (Juri) 
xxi  Robert  de  Oilgi 

XLIJ  Cristina.  XLIII  Leveva 
thegns  and  Serjeants  (servientes)  of 
(de  Grentemaisnil). 


XXII 

XXIII 

XXIIII 

XXV 

XXVI 

XXVII 

XXVIII 

XXIX 

XXX 

XXXI 

XXXII 

XXXIIJ 

XXXIV 

XXXV 

XXXVI 

XXXVIJ 

XXXVIIJ 

XXXVIII 

XXXIX 

XL! 


Robert  de  Stafford 
Robert  Dispensator 
Robert  de  Veci 
Ralf  de  Mortemer 
Ralf  de  Limesi 
William  son  of  Ansculf 
William  son  of  Corbucion 
William  Buenvasleth 
Geoffrey  de  Mannevile 
Geoffrey  de  Wirce 
Gilbert  de  Gand 
Gilbert  son  of  Turold 
Gerin 

Urse  de  Abetot 
Stephen 

Osbern  son  of  Richard 
Harold  son  of  Earl  Ralf 
Hascoit  Musard 
Nicolas  the  crossbowman 
Nigel  de  Albengi 


and  Eddid     XLIIIJ  Richard  and  other 
the  king.     XLV  Adeliza  wife  of  Hugh 


See  the  Introduction  (pp.  289,  290)  for  the  whole  of  this  opening  section. 

1  Sic.  The  scribe  having  numbered  two  entries  xxxviii  did  not  think  it  worth  while,  or  perhaps 
was  not  permitted,  to  correct  the  second  entry  and  the  one  which  followed  it,  so  solved  the  difficulty  by 
leaping  straight  from  xxxix  to  xli. 


300 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


I.  THE   LAND    OF   THE   KING 
IN  FEXHOLE  HUNDRET  ' 

The  king  holds  BRAILES  [Brailes].  Earl  Ed- 
win held  it.  There  are  46  hides.  There  is 
land  for  60  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  6 
(ploughs),  and  12  serfs,  and  3  bondwomen 
(anclllis).  And  (there  are)  100  villeins  and 
30  bordars  with  46  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  10  shillings,  and  100  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  3  leagues  long  and 
2  leagues  wide.  T.R.E.  it  used  to  pay  1 7 
pounds  and  10  shillings.  Now  it  is  worth 
55  pounds  and  20  loads  (summas)  of  salt. 

The  king  holds  QUINTONE  [Kineton]  * 
and  WALEBORNE  [Wellesbourne].3  King 
Edward  held  (them).  There  are  3  hides. 
There  is  land  for  *  .  In  the  demesne 

are  6  ploughs,  and  3  serfs  and  2  bondwomen. 
And  (there  are)  93'  villeins  and  18  bordars 
with  32  ploughs.  There  (are)  130  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  half  a  league  and  2 
furlongs  long  and  4  furlongs  broad.  This  is 
(shared)  between  the  manor  and  the  bere- 
wick. 

The  king  holds  BEDEFORD  [Bidford]. 
King  Edward  held  it.  There  are  5  hides. 
There  is  land  for  *  .  In  the  demesne 

are  5  ploughs,  and  8  serfs  and  5  bondwomen. 
And  (there  are)  28  villeins  and  13  bordars 
with  1 6  ploughs.  There  are  4  mills  worth 
(tie)  43  shillings  and  4  pence,  and  150  acres 
of  meadow.  Wood(land)  4  leagues  long  and 
I  league  broad. 

The  king  holds  STANLEI  [Stoneleigh]. 
King  Edward  held  it.  There  are  6  hides. 
There  is  land  for 4  .  In  the  demesne 

are  5  ploughs,  and  I  serf  and  I  bondwoman. 
And  68  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  2  priests 

1  These  three  words  are  written  above  the 
column,  but  in  the  Warwickshire  Domesday  the 
rubricated  Hundred  can  only  be  assumed  to  relate 
to  the  paragraph  by  or  over  which  it  stands.  The 
only  places  certainly  known  to  have  been  in  Fex- 
hole  Hundred  are  Brailes  and  three  places  close  to 
it,  namely  Honington,  Oxhill  and  Tysoe. 

a  Doubtless  Kineton,  which  was  afterward  the 
head  of  an  important  Hundred  and  is  near  to 
Wellesbourne.  Dugdale  did  not  see  this,  and  be- 
ing misled  by  the  similarity  of  name  says  that 
Wellesbourne  was  joined  to  Quinton  in  Glouces- 
tershire (see  p.  439),  and  yet  he  was  puzzled  at 
the  absence  of  Kineton  (p.  431). 

1  Doubtless  both  Wellesbourne  Hastang  (now 
Hastings)  and  Wellesbourne  Mountford,  which  are 
in  Kineton  Hundred. 

4  Here  is  a  space  left  blank  in  the  original. 

5  Literally,  '  a  hundred  villeins  less  seven.' 


have  30  ploughs.  There  (are)  2  mills  worth 
(de)  35  shillings  and  4  pence,  and  20  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  4  leagues  long  and 
2  leagues  broad.  Feed  for  (past'  ad)  2,000 
swine. 

The  king  holds  COLESHELLE  [Coleshill]. 
King  Edward  held  it.  There  are  3  hides. 
There  is  land  for a  .  There  30  villeins 

with  a  priest  and  13  bordars  have  16  ploughs. 
There  (is)  a  mill  worth  (de)  40  pence,  and 
in  Tameworde  [Tamworth]  10  burgesses  be- 
long to  this  manor.  Wood(land)  3  leagues 
long  and  2j  leagues  broad. 

The  king  holds  COTES  [Colon  (End)].7 
Earl  Edwin  held  it.  There  is  i  hide.  There 
is  land  for  20  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  4  serfs.  And  (there  are)  10  villeins  and 
6  bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There  (are)  2 
mills  worth  (de)  100  shillings,  and  80  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  3  furlongs  long  and 
the  same  in  breadth.  Meadows  and  pas- 
tures worth  4  pounds.  Outside  the  borough 
[Warwick]  100  bordars  with  their  garden- 
plots  (hortulls)  pay  50  shillings  rent.  This 
land,  with  the  borough  of  Warwic(k)  and  the 
third  penny  of  the  pleas  of  the  shire,  used  to 
pay  T.R.E.  17  pounds.8  When  Robert9  re- 
ceived it  to  farm  it  was  worth  30  pounds. 
Now  (it  is  worth)  the  same,  including  all 
things  which  belong  to  it. 

The  king  holds  SUTONE  [Button  Cold- 
field].10  Earl  Edwin  held  it.  There  are  8 
hides  and  I  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land 
for  22  ploughs.  One  plough  is  in  the  de- 
mesne, and  2  serfs.  And  (there  are)  20 
villeins  and  4  bordars  with  7  ploughs.  There 
(are)  10  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  2 
leagues  long  and  I  broad  ;  when  it  bears 
(onerat')  it  is  worth  30  shillings.  The  whole 
manor  was  and  is  worth  4  pounds. 

In  OPTONE  "  [  ]  Albert  the  clerk  " 

holds  3  hides  of  the  king  in  frankalmoin 
(demos').  There  are  2  priests  with  2  ploughs, 
and  10  villeins  and  bordars13  with  4  ploughs. 

«   Here  is  a  space  left  blank  in  the  original. 
i  An  unimportant  suburb  of  Warwick, 
s  See  Introduction,  pp.  290,  291. 
8   Probably  Robert  d'Oilli  (J.H.R.). 

10  Well  known  as  a  royal  borough. 

11  I  cannot  identify  this  place.     Dugdale  thinks 
it  was  the  part  of  Kenilworth,  north  of  the  church, 
then  called  the  'High  Town.'      There  are  two 
Uptons  in  the  county,  neither  having  any  trace  of 
a  connection  with  Stoneleigh. 

12  See  Introduction,  p.  281. 

"  '  X  inter  villanos  et  bordarios.' 


301 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3  furlongs 
broad. 

In  CHINEWRDE  [Kenilworth] l  Richard 
the  forester  a  holds  3  virgates  of  land  of  the 
king.  There  are  10  villeins  and  7  bordars 
with  3  ploughs.  Wood(land)  half  a  league  long 
and  4  furlongs  broad.  These  two  members 
belong  to  (jac*  ad)  STANLEI  [Stoneleigh],  a 
manor  of  the  king. 

to.  238b 

II.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  BISHOP  OF 
CHESTER 

IN    HONESBERIE    HuNDRET 

The  Bishop  of  Chester  holds  of  the  King 
3  hides  in  FERNEBERGE  [Farnborough].  Stori 
held  them  T.R.E.,  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  is  land  for  14  ploughs.  One  is  in  the 
demesne,  and  2  serfs.  And  (there  are)  1 8 
villeins  and  I  bordar  with  9  ploughs.  There 
are  60  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was 
worth  100  shillings;  when  (the  bishop)  received 
it  60  shillings  ;  now  IOO  shillings. 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HuNDRET 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  CALDECOTE 
[Caldecote  juxta  Weddington]  '  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  One  is  in  the 
demesne,  and  2  serfs.  And  7  villeins  with  a 
priest  have  5  ploughs.  There  (is)  a  mill  worth 
(de)  2  shillings,  and  12  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  3  leagues  long  and  the  same 
in  breadth.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings, 
and  afterwards  and  now,  60  shillings.  Tonna 
held  this  land,  but  could  not  betake  himself4 
(ire)  where  he  would  with  his  land. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
The  same  bishop  holds  7  hides  in  TASCHE- 
BROC  [Bishop's  Tachbrook].8  There  is  land 
for  1 2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs 
and  9  serfs.  And  1 1  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  7  bordars  have  9  ploughs.  There  (are)  2 
mills  worth  (de)  12  shillings  and  8  pence,  and 
12  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth 
3  pounds,  now  7  pounds,  and  the  same  when 
(the  bishop)  received  it.  This  land  belongs 
to  (est  de)  the  church  of  S.  Chad.6 

1  This  identification  seems  clear.  Kenilworth 
subsequently  appears  in  the  leet  of  Stoneleigh. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  281. 

*  In  Hemlingford  Hundred,  which  represents  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  Coleshill. 

4  i.e.  choose  a  lord. 

•  The  modern  Bishop's  Tachbrook  includes  the 
hamlet  of  Tachbrook  Mallory,  which  is  distinguished 
from  it  in  Domesday  Book. 

•  «S.  Cedde,'  i.e.  Lichfield. 


III.    THE    LAND    OF   THE   BISHOP 
OF  WORCESTER  7 

IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 
The  bishop  of  Worcester  holds  HANTONE 
[Hampton  Lucy].8  There  are  12  hides. 
There  is  land  for  22  ploughs.  Two  are  in 
the  demesne,  and  4  serfs.  And  there  are 
22  villeins  and  9  bordars  with  a  priest  who 
have  24  ploughs.  There  (is)  a  mill  worth  (de) 
6  shillings  and  8  pence,  and  15  furlongs  of 
meadow  in  length  and  i  furlong  in  breadth. 
In  Warwic(k)  3  houses  worth  16  pence  (are 
appurtenant  to  this  place).  Wood(land)  i 
league  long  and  another  broad.  T.R.E.  it 
was  worth  4  pounds,  and  afterwards  the  same  ; 
now  it  is  worth  20  pounds. 

The  same  bishop  holds  and  held  STRAD- 
FORDE  [Stratford  on  Avon].*  There  are 
14^  hides.  There  is  land  for  31  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs  ;  and  21  villeins 
with  a  priest  and  7  bordars  have  28  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  10  shillings  and  a 
thousand  eels,  and  meadow  5  furlongs  long 
and  2  furlongs  broad.  T.R.E.  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  IOO  shillings  ;  now  25  pounds. 

The  same  bishop  holds  ALVESTONE  [Alves- 
ton].9  There  are  15  hides.  There  is  land 
for  24  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  two  ; 
and  (there  are)  28  villeins  and  15  bordars  and 
i  bondwoman  ;  these  have  22  ploughs. 
There  are  3  mills  worth  (de)  40  shillings  and 
1 2  sticks  (stick?)  of  eels  and  a  thousand  (eels). 
In  Warwic(k)  4  houses  worth  16  pence  (belong 
to  this  manor).  Meadow  6  furlongs  long  and 
I  furlong  broad.  T.R.E.  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  15  pounds. 

Bricstuin  T.R.E.  held  in  ALVESTON  [Alves- 
ton]  7^  hides.  Of  this  land  Archbishop 
Eldred  had  soc  and  sac  and  tol  and  teim  and 
churchscot  (cerset)  and  all  other  forfeitures  ex- 
cept (pneter)  those  four  which  the  king  has 
throughout  hisi  whole  kingdom.  This  his10 
sons  Lewin,  Edmar,  and  four  others  testify, 
but  they  do  not  know  from  whom  he  held 

'  « Wirecestre.' 

s  Dugdale  says  this,  which  was  known  as  Bishop's 
Hampton,  was  called,  of  later  time, '  Hampton-on- 
Avon.' 

8  Stratford,  and  Alveston,  and  Loxley  are  now  all 
in  Barlichway  Hundred,  which  includes  the  Domes- 
day Hundred  of  '  Patelau,'  but  it  is  uncertain 
whether  they  were  in  the  latter  Hundred. 

[The  Registrant  Prioratus  .  .  .  Wtgirnlentis  (ed. 
Camden  Soc.)  distinctly  states  (p.  Sob)  of  Alves- 
ton :  '  Haec  villa  est  de  libcrtate  hundred!  Domini 
Episcopi  de  Pathelowa.'— J.H.R.] 

10  i.e.  Bricstuin's. 


302 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


this  land,  whether  from  the  church,  or  from 
Earl  Leofric  (Leuric)  whom  he  served.  They 
say  however  that  they  themselves  held  it  from 
Earl  Leofric  and  were  able  to  betake  them- 
selves (se  vertere)  whither  they  would,  with  the 
land.  The  remaining  7^  hides  Britnod  and 
Alwi  held  T.R.E.  But  the  county  knows 
not  from  whom  they  may  have  held.  Bishop 
Wulfstan  (IVlstan1)  however  says  that  he 
made  good  his  claim  to  (depladtasu]  this  land 
before  Queen  Mathilda  (regina  Mathildi)  in 
presence  of  four  sheriffdoms  (vicecomitatuum), 
and  thereof  (inde)  he  has  the  writs  of  King 
William  and  the  testimony  of  the  county  of 
Warwic(k).* 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  LOCHESHAM 
[?  Loxley]  i  hide.3  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  one  ;  and  there 
are  4  villeins  with  i  plough.  T.R.E.  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
25  shillings. 

The  same  bishop  holds  SPELESBERIE  [Spils- 
bury] 3  and  Urse  of  him.  There  are  10 
hides.  There  is  land  for  1 6  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  4  ploughs  and  5  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  25  villeins  and  12  bordars  with  12  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  50  pence,  and  32 
acres  of  meadow,  and  (of)  pastures  (pascua) 
36  acres.  (There  is)  wood(land)  i  league 
and  I  furlong  long,  and  7  furlongs  broad. 
It  was  and  is  worth  10  pounds. 

IN  MERETON  f MARTON]  HUNDRET  4 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  FLECHENHO 
[Flecknoe] s  2  hides  and  half  a  virgate  of 
land,  and  Lewin  (holds  it)  of  him.  There  is 
land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  2  villeins  and 

1  The  whole  of  this  passage  from  Bricstuin  on- 
ward is  written  at  the  foot  of  a  column  and  at  the 
end  of  the  list  of  the  lands  of  the  Bishop  of  Worces- 
ter. Reference-signs  connect  it  with  the  entry  re- 
lating to  Alveston.  (Sec,  for  it,  the  Introduction.) 

3  The  fact  that  SPELESBERIE,  referred  to  in  the 
next  entry,  is  in  Oxfordshire  inclined  me  to 
think  that  this  may  be  Bloxham  in  that  county. 
But  I  find  no  trace  of  any  interest  held  by  the 
bishop  or  church  of  Worcester  in  Bloxham,  where- 
as in  Loxley  temp.  Edw.  I.  the  monks  of  Worcester 
had  a  rent.  Moreover  if  we  accept  Dugdale's 
suggestion  that  Lochesham  is  part  of  Loxley  we 
find  that  the  total  hidage  of  the  place  would  be 
the  frequently  occurring  five  hides. 

3  In    Oxfordshire,  though    here  entered  under 
Warwickshire. 

4  This  heading  is  inserted  in  the  margin. 

6  Called  'Flekcnho'  by  Dugdale.  It  is  a 
hamlet  in  the  parish  of  Wolfhamcoteand  Hundred 
of  Knightlow.  After  the  date  of  Domesday  it 
appears,  as  we  should  expect,  in  Marton  leet. 


I  bordar  with  i  plough.  There  are  6  acres 
of  meadow.  T.R.E.  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  10  shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings. 

HI!.   THE    LAND    OF   THE   BISHOP 
OF  BAYEUX 

The  Bishop  of  Bayeux  holds  of  the  king 
ARUE  [Arrow],'  and  Stephen  (holds  it)  of  him. 
Lewin  held  it  and  was  a  free  man.  There 
are  "]\  hides.  There  is  land  for  5  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  two  ;  and  (there  are)  8 
villeins  and  10  bordars  with  4  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (tie)  6  shillings  and 
8  pence,  and  30  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  i  league  .  .  .  and  2  furlongs 
broad.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  60  shillings, 
and  afterwards  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  EDRICESTONE 
[Atherstone  upon  Stour]  4  hides,  and  Corbin 
(holds  it)  of  him.  Sberne  held  it  and  was  a 
free  man.  There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  4  villeins,  with  a 
priest  and  4  bordars  and  4  serfs,  have  3  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (rli)  10  shillings  and 
10  sticks  of  eels.  There  are  3  acres  of 
meadow.  T.R.E.  as  now,  it  was  worth  4 
pounds  ;  when  (the  bishop)  received  it,  4 
pounds. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  BEOSHELLE 
[Beausale]  7  half  a  hide  ;  Wadard  (holds  it) 
of  him,  and  Gerold  under  him.  Eduin  the 
sheriff  held  it,  and  was  a  free  man.  There  is 
land  for  I  plough.  (There  are)  7  villeins  and 
4  bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There  are  4  acres 
of  meadow  and  2  furlongs  of  wood(land).  It 
was  worth  5  shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings. 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  ULWARE  [?  Little 
Wolford]8  1 1  hides,  a  d  Wadard  (holds  it) 
of  him,  and  Gerold  under  him.  Alvric  held  it 
and  was  a  free  man.  There  is  land  for  i 
plough.  (There  are)  3  villeins  with  half  a 
plough,  and  there  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings. 

6  Appearing  afterward  in  Barlichway  Hundred, 
but  not  in  Pathlow   Liberty,  it  was  doubless  in 
the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Fernecumbe.' 

7  Formerly  part  of  Hatton. 

8  Probably  this  estate  and  the  estate  in  ULWARDE 
recorded  subsequently  as  held  by  Ralf  under  the 
Count  of  Meulan,  were  parts  of  one  place,  as  each 
contained  an  odd   half-hide,  and   each  had  been 
held   by  Alvric  T.R.E.     Little  Wolford  is  now  in 
Kineton  Hundred. 


303 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


The  same  bishop  holds  in  BEDEFORD  [Bid- 
ford]  *  2  J  virgates  of  land,  and  Robert  d'Olgi 2 
of  him.  Ernulf  and  Ernegrin  held  it  and 
were  free  men.  There  is  land  for  3 
There  is  i  free  man  and  I  serf  and  I  bordar 
with  i  plough  ;  and  14  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(Iand)  2  furlongs  long  and  i  broad. 
It  was  worth  12  pence  ;  now  10  shillings. 

The  same  bishop  holds  in  BROME  [Broom]  * 
4j  hides,  and  Stephen  (holds  it)  of  him.  Five 
free  men  held  it  T.R.E.  There  is  land  for 
4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  there 
are  4  villeins  and  10  bordars  with  2  ploughs. 
There  are  14  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E. 
it  was  worth  40  shillings,  and  afterwards  30 
shillings  ;  now  60  shillings. 


V.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  BISHOP  OF 

COUTANCES 

The  Bishop  of  Coutances  holds  half  a 
hide  in  FILUNGELEI  [Fillongley],6  and  Lewin 
(holds  it)  of  him.  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  I,  with  2  serfs  ;  and  5 
villeins  with  2  bordars  have  I  plough.  There 
are  2  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is)  wood 
(land)  2  furlongs  long,  and  I  furlong  broad. 
It  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Alwin  held  it  freely. 

VI.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  COVENTRY 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILI,]    HuNDRET 

The  abbey  of  Coventry  (Coventreu)  holds  in 
FILUNGER  [Fillongley]8  half  a  hide.  There  is 
land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  8  villeins  and 
6  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  is  a  quarter 
of  a  league  of  woodland  ;  when  it  bears 
(oneratur)  it  is  worth  10  shillings.  T.R.E. 
it  was  worth  7  10  shillings  ;  now 

30  shillings. 

1   Bidford  is  in  Barlichway  Hundred. 
1  'Olgi'  is  interlined. 

3  Here  is  a  space  left  blank  in  the  original. 

4  Broom    is    a    hamlet    in     Bidford,    formerly 
divided  into  King's  Broom  and  Burnett's  Broom. 
This  entry  appears  to  relate  to  King's  Broom. 

•  Fillongley  is  in  Hemlingford  Hundred. 

•  This  would  appear  to  have  been  the  part  which 
Gerard  de  Alspath  held  temp.  Henry  III.  from 
the  numb   of  Coventry    by   the   name   of  Old 
Fillongley.     Fillongley  appears  in  Domesday  Book 
as  consisting  of  four   half-hide  estates,   and   it   is 
difficult  to  piece  them  together. 

7  Here  is  a  space  left  blank,  which  should  prob- 
ably have  contained  the  T.R.E.  value,  and  the 
word  '  post.' 


IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 
The  same  (ipsa)  church  (holds)  (G)8RANE- 
BERGE  [Grandborough].  There  are  8  hides 
and  i  virgate.  There  is  land  for  1 7  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there  are)  27 
villeins  and  II  bordars  and  4  serfs  with  14 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  1 6  pence, 
and  32  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  wa. 
worth  6  pounds,  and  afterwards  100  shillings  ; 
now  8  pounds. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  SURLAND  * 
[  ].  There  are  6  hides.  There  is 

land  for  12  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  26  villeins  and  9 
bordars  with  8  ploughs.  There  are  40  acres 
of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  7  pounds, 
and  afterwards  4  pounds  ;  now  6  pounds. 

The  same  (Ipsa)  church  holds  DERBINGERIE 
[Birdingbury].10  There  are  2  hides.  There 
is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  6 
bordars  with  i  plough.  There  are  6  acres  of 
meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings, 
and  afterwards  20  shillings  ;  now  35  shillings. 

IN  STANLEIE  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  BILVEIE  [Bin- 
ley].11  There  are  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  8 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  plough,  and  4 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  10  villeins  and  6  bor- 
dars with  5  ploughs.  There  are  8  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  is)  wood(land)  half  a  league 
long,  and  i  furlong  broad.  T.R.E.,  and  now, 
worth  60  shillings. 

This  land  Aldgid  wife  of  Grifin  held. 
The  abbey  bought  it  from  O(sbern)  son  of 
Richard. 

8  The  MS.  is  injured  here. 

8  This  should  apparently  be  some  place  which 
would  afterward  be  in  the  leet  of  Marton.  I 
cannot  however  in  the  subsequent  history  of  the 
abbey  find  mention  of  any  of  its  estates  with  a 
name  bearing  the  slightest  resemblance  to  Surland. 
I  hazard  the  suggestion  that,  as  it  was  obviously  a 
place  of  importance,  it  was  that  part  of  Coventry 
known  afterward  as  '  Coventry  ex  parte  Prioris." 
If  it  was,  I  make  the  further  suggestion  that  the 
reading  should  be  '  Scirland,"  i  .e.  Shire-land,  part 
of  Earl  Leofric's  lands. 

10  The  uncouth  form  of  the  name  is  doubtless  a 
scribe's  error.     Birdingbury  was  one  of  the  town- 
ships given  by  Earl   Leofric  to  the  abbey.     It  was 
afterwards   in   the  leet  of  Marton,  and  therefore 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Meretone.' 

11  This  name  in  a  subsequent  entry  (p.  323),  and 
in  other  documents  of  later  date,  appears  as  Bilnei. 
The  Domesday  scribe  doubtless  mistook  '  n '  for 
'  u,'  which  he  wrote  as  '  v.' 


304 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  CONDONE 
[Coundon] *  3  virgates  of  land.  There  is 
land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  4  villeins  and 
6  bordars  with  2  ploughs  and  i  serf  (servo). 
(There  is)  wood(land)  3  furlongs  and  30 
perches  long  and  3  furlongs  broad.  It  was 
and  is  worth  20  shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  COBINTONE 
[Cubbington]  2  hides.  There  is  land  for 
4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  half  a  plough, 
and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and 
i  bordar  with  i  plough.  There  are  8  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings ;  now 
30  shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  SUCHAM 
[Southam] a  4  hides.  There  is  land  for 
12  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs 
and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  20  villeins  and 
8  bordars  with  8  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills 
worth  (de)  4  shillings,  and  i  o  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  i  league  long  and  half  a  league 
broad  ;  this  wood(land)  is  in  the  king's  hand. 
T.R.E.,  as  now,  it  was  worth  100  shillings  ; 
when  received,  60  shillings. 

*  To  this  church  (of  Coventry)  Alwin  the 
sheriff  gave  CLIPTONE  [Clifton  on  Dunsmore] 
by  permission  (concessu)  of  King  Edward  and 
of  his  own  sons,  for  (the  benefit  of)  his  soul, 
and  with  the  county  to  testify  (testimonio  comi- 
tatus).  Earl  Aubrey  wrongfully  intruded  on 
this  (bane  injuste  invasit)  and  took  it  from  the 
church. 

fo.  239 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  SOWA 
[Sowe]4  3J  hides.  There  island  for  5  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  there  is  i,  and  4  serfs  ;  and 
(there  are)  10  villeins  with  5  ploughs.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de)  2  shillings.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  4  furlongs  broad. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60 
shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  ULCHETONE 

1  Coundon  and  Cubbington,  subsequently  appear- 
ing in  the  leet  of  Stoneleigh,  were  doubtless  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  Stanlei." 

3  Most  probably  Southam,  the  '  c '  being  a  mis- 
script  for  '  t.'  Appearing  afterward  in  Marlon 
Leet,  it  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred 
of '  Meretone.' 

3  This  is  not  one  of  the  rubricated  paragraphs 
describing  an  estate   of  the  abbey,  but  is  a  note  at 
the  foot  of  a  column.     See  the  entry  relating  to 
'Cliptone'  under  the  head  of  Earl  Aubrey's  estates, 
where  the  statement  is  repeated  in  a  side-note. 

4  Sowe  appears  in  a  subsequent  entry,  as  in  the 
Hundred  of '  Stanlei.' 


[?  Ufton]  4  hides.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  12  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  6  ploughs. 
There  is  I  acre  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was 
worth  4  pounds,  and  afterwards  40  shillings  ; 
now  100  shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  ICETONE 
[Bishop's  Itchington].  There  are  5  hides. 
There  is  land  for  16  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne are  2,  and  6  serfs ;  and  (there  are) 
30  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  13  ploughs. 
There  are  50  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it 
was  worth  10  pounds, and  afterwards  3  pounds; 
now  12  pounds. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  EDBUR- 
BERIE  [Harbury]5  i  hide  and  I  virgate  of  land. 
There  is  land  for  i  plough.  It  has  been 
(laid)  waste  by  (vasta  per)  the  king's  army. 
There  are  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  2  shillings. 

IN     HONESBERIE    HuNDRET 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  HERDEWICHE 
[Prior's  Hardwick].8  There  are  15  hides. 
There  is  land  for  1 6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  4  serfs;  and  (there  are)  43  villeins 
and  2  bordars  with  13  ploughs.  There  are 
40  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth 

9  pounds,   and   afterwards   4    pounds ;    now 

10  pounds. 

IN  FEXHOLE  HUNDRET 
The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  HUNITONE 
[Honington],  There  are  5  hides.  There  is 
land  for  16  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3 
ploughs  ;  and  (there  are)  36  villeins  and  1 3 
bordars  and  4  serfs  with  10  ploughs.  There 
are  4  mills  worth  (de)  54  shillings  and  4  pence, 
and  40  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was 
worth  10  pounds,  and  afterwards  7  pounds  ; 
now  10  pounds. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  CEDELESHUNTE 
[Chadshunt].  There  are  5  hides.  There 
is  land  for  16  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
2,  and  6  serfs;  and  (there  are)  18  villeins  and 
12  bordars  with  8  ploughs.  There  are  12 
acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  6 
pounds,  and  afterwards  3  pounds ;  now  7 
pounds. 

5  This  appears  in  Dugdale  and  on  all  the  early 
county  maps  as  '  Herberbury.' 

8  Prior's  Hardwick,  now  only  1,600  acres  in 
extent,  doubtless  included  Prior's  Marston,  which 
is  contiguous  and  was  formerly  parochially  depen- 
dent on  it,  and  contains  3,600  acres.  Even  so 
the  assessment  is  severe. 


305 


39 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  CESTRE- 
TONE  [Chesterton l]  I J  hides.  There  is  land 
for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  3 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  9  bordars 
with  2  ploughs.  There  are  10  acres  of  mea- 
dow. T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings,  and 
afterwards  2O  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  WASMERTONE 
[Wasperton  3].  There  are  5  hides.  There 
is  land  for  1 1  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  2  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  18  villeins  and  i 
bordar  with  7  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  20  shillings  and  4  loads  of  salt  and 
loooeels.  There  are  30  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  2  furlongs 
broad.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  4  pounds,  and 
afterwards  50  shillings  ;  now  70  shillings. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 
The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  NEWEHAM 
[PNewnham  in  Aston  Cantlow3].  There  are 
5  hides.  There  island  for  14  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  2,  and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  I  5 
villeins  and  5  bordars  with  8  ploughs.  It 
was  and  is  worth  6  pounds. 

IN    HONESBERIE    HUNDRET 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  RADWEI 
[Radway]  3  hides ;  and  Ermenfrith  (holds 
them)  of  the  abbot.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  4  serfs; 
and  13  villeins  and  6  bordars  have  5j  ploughs. 
There  are  1 6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings. 

VII.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  ABINGDON1 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

The  abbey  of  Abingdon  4  (Abendone)  holds 

in  HILLE  [Hill B]  2  hides  which   the  abb(ot) 

bought    (emit)  of  the  fee  of  Turchill ;  and 

Warin  holds  (it)  of  the  abbot.     There  is  land 

1  Chesterton  is  shown  by  a  subsequent  entry  to 
have  been  in  '  Tremelau  '  Hundred. 

3  Wasperton  is  afterward  found  in  Kineton 
Hundred,  and  may  well  have  been  in  the  Domes- 
day Hundred  of '  Tremelau.' 

3  Apparently  this  identification  must  be  correct, 
for  '  Fernecumbe  '  Hundred  was  swallowed  up  by 
Barlichway  Hundred,  and  this  is  the  only  Newn- 
ham  in  Barlichway  Hundred.  Its  subsequent  his- 
tory is  that  of  an  obscure  hamlet  in  Aston  Cant- 
low,  whereas  it  appears  here  as  an  important  place, 
equal  in  assessment  and  value  to  Aston. 

*  Abingdon  in  Berkshire. 

*  Near  Leamington  Hastings.     For  particulars 
of  this  grant  see  Historta  Monasterii  de  Abingdon 
(Rolls  Series),  ii.  8,  284,  and  Introduction,  p.  176, 
above. 


for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  there  are  now 
2  ploughs  ;  and  5  villeins  with  7  bordars 
have  I  plough.  There  are  12  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now 
40  shillings. 

VIII.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  BURTON 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HUNDRET 

The  abbey  of  BURTON  6  (Bertone)  holds 
in  ALDULVESTREU  [Austrey]  2j  hides.  There 
is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i, 
and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  4  bordars  with 
2  ploughs.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings, 
and  afterwards  10  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Earl  Leofric  (Leuric)  gave  this  land  to  the  same 
church. 

IX.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  MALMESBURY 

The  abbey  of  Malmesbury   (Malmnbtrit) 

holds  in  NIWEBOLD  [Newbold  (Comyn7)]  3 
hides.  There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  There 
are  now  in  the  demesne  2  ploughs  and  4  serfs ; 
and  8  villeins  with  3  bordars  have  3  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  8  shillings,  and  16 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shillings ; 
now  50  shillings.  Ulwin  a  monk  held  it, 
and  himself  gave  it  to  the  church  when  he 
became  a  monk. 

X.  THE    LAND    OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  WINCHCOMBE8 

The  abbey  of  Winchcombe  (IVincehumbe} 
holds  6  hides  in  ALNE  [Great  Alne9]. 
There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I  plough,  and  3  serfs  ;  and  1 1  villeins  with 
4  bordars  have  5  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  5  shillings.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
half  a  league  long  and  4  furlongs  broad.  It  was 
worth  3  pounds  ;  now  4  pounds. 

XI.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH 

OF  EVESHAM 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

The  abbey  of  Evesham  holds  in  WITE- 
LAVESFORD  [Wixford]  5  hides.  There  is 

8  Burton-on-Trent. 

7  The  seat  of  the  Willes  family  close  to  Leam- 
ington.    The  identification  is  clear   from  the  sub- 
sequent history  of  the  place.     Being  afterward  in 
Stoneleigh  leet,  it  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Stanlei .' 

8  Winchcombe  in  Gloucestershire. 

*  Doubtless  in  '  Fernecumbe '  Hundred,  being 
afterward  in  Barlichway  Hundred,  but  not  in 
Pathlow  liberty. 

306 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  3  serfs,  and  2  bondwomen  ;  and  (there  are) 
4  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  2  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  10  shillings  and  2O 
sticks  of  eels.  There  are  24  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  i  furlong  long  and 
half  (a  furlong)  broad.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth 
40  shillings,  and  afterwards  30  ;  now  50  shil- 
lings. This  land  Wigot  held  T.R.E. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  SANDBURNE 
[Sambourn1]  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  2  villeins  and  4  bordars  with 
3  ploughs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  i  league 
long  and  half  a  league  broad.  It  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 

The  same  (ip;a)  church  holds  in  SALFORD 
[Abbot's  Salford*]  2  hides.  There  is  land 
for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  5  bordars 
with  7  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  10 
shillings  and  20  sticks  of  eels  ;  and  meadow 
6J  furlongs  long  and  ij  furlongs  broad.  It 
was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60  shillings. 

The  same  (ipsa)  church  holds  in  CHENEVER- 
TONE  [Kinwarton]  3  hides,  and  Rannulf  (holds 
them)  of  the  abbot.  There  is  land  for  5 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  3  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  I 
plough.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  3  shil- 
lings; meadow  I  furlong  long  and  12  perches 
broad.  It  was  worth  40  shillings,  and  after- 
wards 5  shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings. 

The  same  (tpsa)  church  holds  in  WILELEI 
[Weethley]  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  They  are  there  (I hi  sunt).3 

XII.  THE  LAND  OF  EARL  ROGER  • 

IN  STANJLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 
Earl  Roger  holds  of  the  king  LAMINTONE 
[Leamington  Prior's].  There  are  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  3  serfs ;  and  5  villeins  with  a 
priest  and  3  bordars  have  4  ploughs.  There 

1  Formerly  part  of  Coughton.  Doubtless  in 
'  Fernecumbe '  Hundred,  as  was  Coughton  \Coc- 
tutie],  both  of  them  being  subsequently  in  Bar- 
lichway  Hundred,  but  not  in  Pathlow  liberty. 

J  This  and  the  two  following  places  afterwards 
appear  in  Barlichway  Hundred,  and,  not  being  in 
Pathlow  liberty,  were  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 

3  I  take   this  to   be  an   incomplete   entry,  the 
particulars  not  being  filled  in. 

4  Roger  de  Montgomery,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury. 


are  2  mills  worth  (de)  24  shillings,  and  26  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  50  shillings,  and 
afterwards  25  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 
Olwin  6  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  earl  holds  in  FRANCHETONE 
[Frankton6]  4  hides  less  I  virgate.  There 
is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3 
ploughs  ;  and  (there  are)  8  villeins  and  6  bor- 
dars with  3^  ploughs.  There  are  15  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  60  shillings. 
Ulwin"  held  it  freely  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward. 

Of  the  fee  of  Earl  Roger  Rainald  7  holds  5 
hides  in  STRATONE  [Stretton  on  Dunsmore6]. 
There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  3  ploughs  and  8  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  2O 
villeins  and  6  bordars  with  14  ploughs. 
There  are  5  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  3  furlongs  long  and  i  broad. 
It  was  worth  3  pounds,  and  afterwards  IOO 
shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

The  same  R(ainald)  7  holds  ot  the  earl  in 
ULVRICETONE  [Wolston8]  5  hides.  There 
is  land  for  1 2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
4,  and  6  serfs  ;  and  1 8  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  19  bordars  have  12  ploughs.  There  is 
a  mill  worth  (de)  6  shillings  and  4  pence  ;  and  5 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60  shillings, 
and  afterwards  20  shillings  ;  now  IOO  shil- 
lings. Ailmund  held  these  2  manors. 

The  same  (Rainald)  7  holds  of  the  earl  5 
hides  in  LEILEFORDE  [Church  Lawford6]. 
There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I,  with  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins 
and  17  bordars  and  2  Frenchmen  (Frandg') 
with  6  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  10 
shillings  and  6  pence,  and  1 1  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  40  shillings,  and 
afterwards  10  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings. 
Chetelbert  held  it. 

William  holds  of  the  earl  in  BELTONE 
[Bilton]  5  hides  less  I  virgate.  There  is 
land  for  1 1  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ; 

'  These  were  probably  the  same. 

8  Apparently  none  of  these  five  places  (Frankton, 
Stretton  on  Dunsmore,  Wolston,  Church  Lawford 
and  Bilton)  was  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of 
'  Stanlei,'  for  all  of  them,  except  Stretton,  appear  sub- 
sequently in  the  leet  of  Marlon  and  were  therefore 
probably  in  '  Meretone '  Hundred  at  the  time  of 
Domesday.  They  are  all  now  in  Knightlow  Hun- 
dred, which  has  swallowed  up  '  Meretone '  and 
•  Stanlei '  Hundreds.  With  regard  however  to 
Wolston,  see  note  i  on  p.  308. 

7  This  was  Rainald  de  Bailleul. 


307 


A    HISTORY    OF  WARWICKSHIRE 

and  23  villeins  with   a   priest  and   9   bordars  is  land  for  3  ploughs.     There  are  2  villeins ; 

have    8  £    ploughs.     There    are    8    acres    of  and  there  is  i  furlong  of  oaks  in  length  and 

-J-     -J  -r— -       L — J'u      T-  : -u   5  shillings.     Alsi  held 


meadow.  It  was  worth  4  pounds,  and  after- 
wards 10  shillings  ;  now  3  pounds.  Ulwin 
held  it. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 
Rainald  holds  of  the  earl  in    ULUESTONE* 
[  ]  i  virgate  of  land.     There  is  land  for 

half  a  plough.  There  is  i  villein.  It  is  worth 
5  shillings.  Elmund  held  it. 

Outi  holds  of  the  earl  3  hides  in  QUATONE 
[Quat  (in  Shropshire)].2  There  is  land  for 
12  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4,  and  5 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  19  villeins  and  14  bor- 
dars with  10  ploughs.  There  is  i  acre  of 
meadow.  (There  is)  wood(land)  2  leagues 
long  and  I  broad  ;  and  a  mill  worth  (de)  2  shil- 
lings. It  was  worth  6  pounds;  now  100 
shillings.  The  same  Outi  held  it  freely. 

Walter  holds  of  the  earl  i  hide  in  RAMES- 
LEGE  [Romslcy  (in  Shropshire)].2  There  is 
land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  7 
bordars  with  3  ploughs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
I  league  long  and  half  a  league  broad.  It 
was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 
Achi  held  it  freely. 

Ralph  holds  of  the  earl  5  hides  in  RIGGE 
[Rudge  (in  Shropshire)].2  There  is  land  for 
7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  with  i 
serf;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  4  bordars 
with  2  ploughs.  It  was  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  40  shillings.  Edric  held  it  freely  of 
Earl  Leofric  (Lcurico). 

The  same  Ralph  holds  of  the  earl  in  SCIP- 
LEI  [Shipley  (in  Shropshire)]  a  I  hide.  There 

1  I  do  not  like  to  follow  Dugdale  in  identifying 
this  place  with  Wolston  (Ulvricetone)  mentioned 
three  entries  further  back,  because  (i)  Wolston 
must,  as  mentioned  in  the  previous  note,  almost 
certainly  have  been  in'Meretone'  Hundred  ;  (2) 
Uluestonc  and  Ulvricetone  having  both  been  held 
by  Ailmund  or  Elmund  T.R.E.  and  by  Rainald 
as  Domesday  tenant  under  Earl  Roger,  would,  had 
they  been  in  one  place,  have  been  lumped  to- 
gether as  one  estate,  and  would  not  have  required 
two  separate  entries.  I  think  it  is  some  obscure 
little  estate  in  the  Leet  or  Hundred  of  '  Stanlei,' 
long  ago  merged  in  some  more  important  place. 

3  Eyton  (Domesday  Studies:  An  Analysis  and 
Digest  of  the  Staffordshire  Survey,  p.  z)  considers 
that  at  the  time  of  Domesday  these  four  Shrop- 
shire manors  of  Earl  Roger  were  probably,  as 
were  three  others  certainly,  in  Staffordshire.  Fifty 
years  later  they  were  undoubtedly  in  Shropshire, 


breadth.     It  is  worth 
it  freely  T.R.E. 


XIII.  THE  LAND  OF  EARL  HUGH3 
IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

Earl  Hugh  holds  I  hide  and  3  virgates  of 
land  in  PILARDETUNE  [Pillerton  Priors],4 
and  Waleran  of  him.  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  with  i  serf; 
and  (there  are)  2  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  i 
plough.  It  was  worth  2O  shillings ;  now  30 
shillings.  Hugh  the  chamberlain  (camerarius) B 
held  it  freely. 

fo.  J39b 

XIIII.   THE   LAND   OF   EARL 
AUBREY8 

IN    CoLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HUNDRET 

Earl  Aubrey  (jflbericus)  held  of  the  king 
ETONE  [Nuneaton].  Harding  held  it  T.R.E. 
There  is  land  for  26  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  3,  and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there  are) 
44  villeins  and  6  coliberts  and  10  bordars  with 
1 6  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  32 
pence,  and  20  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  2  leagues  long  and  i^  leagues 
broad.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth  8  pounds, 
and  afterwards  3  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings. 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

The  same  (ipse)  earl  held  CLIPTONE  [Clif- 
ton upon  Dunsmore].  Alwin  the  sheriff 
held  it  T.R.E.  and  he  with  his  land  was 
free.  There  are  5  hides.  There  is  land  for 
1 6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs  ; 
and  12  villeins  with  a  priest  and  20  bordars 
have  7  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth  (de) 
1 1  shillings,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E. 
and  afterwards,  it  was  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  4  pounds. 

This  land  Alwin  gave  to  the  church  of 
Coventry  for  (the  repose  of)  his  soul  (pro  ant- 
ma  sua)  T.R.E.  Earl  Aubrey  took  it  away.7 

where  they  now  remain,  being  all  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bridgenorth.  Romsley  and  Shipley, 
as  '  Hremesleage '  and  '  Sciplea,'  occur  together 
in  the  will  of  Wulfric  Spott,  among  the  estates 
bequeathed  to  Burton  Abbey. 

a  Of  Chester. 

«  Otherwise  Over  Pillerton  or  Little  Pillerton. 

*  He  was  chamberlain  to  Edward  the  Confessor. 

•  See  Introduction,  p.  276. 

7  This  paragraph  is  written  in  the  margin  by 
the  side  of  the  description  of '  Cliptone,'  to  which 
it  relates  (see  Introduction,  p.  296). 


308 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


IN    BOMELAU    HUNDRET 

The  same  earl  held  SMITHAM  [Smite].1 
Harding  held  it  T.R.E.  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  are  6  hides.  There  is  land  for  25 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs ; 
and  (there  are)  22  villeins  and  23  bordars  with 
12  ploughs.  There  are  2  free  men.  (There 
is)  wood  (land)  half  a  league  long  and  as  much 
in  breadth  ;  and  there  are  50  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

The  same  earl  held  in  BRANCOTE  [Bram- 
cote]  2  i£  hides.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs. 
Salo  held  it,  and  was  a  free  man.  There  is 

1  villein.     It  was  worth  5  shillings. 

The  same  earl  held  in  WAURE  [?  Church 
Over]  *  2$  hides.  There  is  land  for  3 

1  Upper  and  Lower  Smite  were  two  villages 
almost  forgotten  in  Dugdale's  time,  and  forming 
part  of  the  parish  now  known  as  Combe  Fields. 

On  Morden's  map  of  Warwickshire  (cir.  1695) 
a  Snite  Super  and  a  Snite  Infer  are  shown.  On 
the  Ordnance  Survey  maps  (cir.  1831)  a  '  Smeeton 
Lane  or  Smiteton  Lane  '  is  shown  between  Brink- 
low  and  Stretton  under  Fosse  ;  on  the  more  re- 
cent maps  this  is  not  shown,  but  a  Smite  Brook  is 
noted.— B.W. 

8  I  have  little  doubt  of  this  identification,  for 
Salo  was  the  Domesday  tenant  of  the  neighbouring 
Bulkington  under  the  Count  of  Meulan.  This 
Bramcote  probably  belonged  to  '  Bomelau  Hun- 
dred.' 

3  There  are  three  'Overs'  in  Warwickshire, 
Churchover,  Brownsover  and  Cesters  Over ;  the  last 
being  now  only  a  farm  in  Monks  Kirby.  These  are 
represented  in  Domesday  by  the  following  :  (i) 
Waure  (in),  i\  hides,  held  by  Geoffrey  de  Wirce 
for  the  king  as  "above  ;  (2)  Waura  (in),  half  a  hide 
held  by  Turchil  ;  (3)  Wara  (in),  7  hides  held  by 
Robert  de  Stafford  in  demesne  ;  (4)  Gaura  (in), 

2  hides  held  by  Geoffrey  de  Wirce  and  under  him 
by  Bruno  ;  (5)  Wara  (in),  5  hides  held  by  Geof- 
frey   de    Wirce  and  under  him  by  Robert    (?de 
Statfbrd).     Of  these,  4   is  obviously  Brownsover, 
named  from  the  under-tenant  Bruno.     Neglecting 
Dugdale's   identifications,  which  seem  little  more 
than  guesses,  and  taking  no  notice  of  Turchil's  estate, 
I    suggest    that     I,    2  and    3,   making    up  a    10- 
hide    place,  were  Churchover    excluding    Cesters 
Over,    and    that     5,    being  a    j-hide  place,  was 
Cesters  Over,  which  may  have  been  considered  as  a 
separate  place  or  as  a  part  of  Churchover.    Judg- 
ing by  the  present  acreage  of  Churchover  (1,640 
acres)  and  Brownsover  (912  acres),  the  assessments 
of  15  and  5  hides  seem  severe.     (3)  is  rubricated 
as  in  '  Bomelau '   Hundred  :   it  therefore  in  my 
opinion  follows  that  this  '  Waure '  of  Earl  Aubrey 
is  in  that  Hundred. 

[In  addition  to  the  above  five  entries  we  have 
(6)  Wanre,  (in),  I  hide,  held  of  William  Fitz  An- 
sculf  by  William  Fitz  Mauger,  which  is  entered 
under  Northants  (see  p.  344). — J.H.R.] 


ploughs.  Alric  held  it,  and  he  with  his  land 
was  free.  There  are  i  villein  and  2  bordars. 
It  was  worth  5  shillings  ;  now  4  pence  more. 

IN    HONESBERIE    H0NDRET 

The  same  earl  held  in  RODEWEI  [Radway] 
2  hides.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  Hard- 
ing held  it,  and  he  with  it  was  free.  There 
are  4  villeins  and  i  bordar  with  i  plough. 
There  are  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is 
worth  2O  shillings. 

These  lands  of  Earl  Aubrey  are  in  the 
king's  hand.  Geoffrey  de  Wirce  has  charge 
of  them  (eas  custod[it]). 

XV.    THE   LAND   OF   COUNTESS 
GODEVA 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HuNDRET 

Countess  Godeva  held  T.R.E.  AILESPEDE 
[Alspath].*  There  are  4  hides.  There  is 
land  for  8  ploughs.  There  are  8  villeins  and 
I  bordar  with  2|  ploughs.  The  wood  (land) 
is  (habei)  \\  leagues  long  and  i  league  broad. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  40  shillings,  and  after- 
wards and  now  30  shillings. 

The  same  (ifsa)  countess  held  in  ADER- 
ESTONE  [Atherstone  juxta  Merevale]  3  hides. 
There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  There  arc  1 1 
villeins  and  2  bordars  and  i  serf  with  4 
ploughs.  There  are  6  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  2  leagues  long  and  2  leagues 
broad.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60 
shillings. 

The  same  countess  held  in  ARDRESHILLE 
and  HANSLEI  [Hartshill  and  Ansley]  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  There  are  13 
villeins  with  5  ploughs.  There  are  6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  IOO 
shillings. 

The  same  countess  held  CHINESBERIE 
[Kingsbury],  There  are  6  hides.  There  is 
land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2 
ploughs  and  i  serf;  and  (there  are)  33  villeins 
and  3  bordars  with  2  priests,  having  16 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  9  shillings 
and  4  pence,  and  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  Wood- 
(land)  i  league  long  and  as  much  in  breadth. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  6  pounds,  afterwards  7 
pounds  ;  now  1 3  pounds  of  weighed  money. 

IN   BOMELAU  HUNDRET 
The    same    countess    held    ANESTIE    and 
FOCHESHELLE   [Ansty  and  Foleshill].    There 

4  Now  Meriden.  (There  is  an  Alspath  Hall  in 
the  parish  of  Meriden. — B.W.) 


309 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


are  9  hides.  There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  3,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  30  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  1 1 
ploughs.  T.R.E.  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  10  pounds;  now  12  pounds. 

The  same  countess  held  COVENTREU  [Coven- 
try]. There  are  5  hides.  There  is  land  for 
20  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs 
and  7  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  50  villeins  and  12 
bordars  with  20  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  3  shillings.  Wood(land)  2  leagues 
long  and  as  much  in  breadth.  T.R.E.  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  12  pounds.  Now 
1 1  pounds  of  weighed  money. 

These  lands  of  Countess  Godeva,  Nicholas 
farms  (tenet  ad  firmani)  from  the  king. 

XVI.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  COUNT 
OF  MEULAN 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 
The  Count  of  Meulan  (de  Mellend]  holds  of 
the  king  MUITONE  [Myton].1  There  are  2 
hides.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  Earl  Algar 
held  it.  In  the  demesne  is  I  (plough)  and  2 
serfs ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  1 1  bordars 
with  3  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth 
(de)  70  shillings,  and  12  acres  of  meadow. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  3  pounds,  and  after- 
wards 40  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  in  MALVERTONE 
[Milverton] "  2  hides  less  I  virgate.  Lew  in 
held  it  and  was  a  free  man.  There  is  land 
for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2 
serfs;  and  (there  are)  I  villein  and  5  bordars 
with  I  plough.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  50 
shillings  and  30  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  40  shillings;  now  IOO  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  WIDECOTE  [Wood- 
cote].3  There  is  I  hide.  There  is  land  for 

1  Myton  is  a  suburb  of  Warwick,  and,  like 
Warwick,  is  now  in  Kineton  Hundred,  whereas  any 
place  in  '  Stanlei '  Hundred  would  normally  be 
found  afterward  in  Stoneleigh  Leet  and  the  Hundred 
of  Knightlow.  The  explanation  seems  to  be  that 
Myton  is  absolutely  on  the  boundary  of  the  two 
hundreds.  There  are  two  subsequent  entries  re- 
lating to  Myton  ;  one  speaking  of  z  hides,  the 
other  of  I  hide.  These,  with  the  2  hides  of 
this  entry,  make  it  a  5-hide  place. 

*  Milverton  is  found  afterward  in  the  Leet  of 
Stoneleigh,  and  was  no  doubt  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of « Stanlei.' 

»  Woodcote,  now  a  small  estate  in  Leek  Wool- 
ton,  is  subsequently  to  Domesday  found  to  be 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Woodcote.  There 
teems  no  ground  for  deciding  whether  the  two 


2  ploughs.  Cantuin  and  Turbern  held  it 
and  were  free.  There  are  4  villeins  and  5 
bordars  with  I  plough.  T.R.E.  it  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  RINCELE  [Rin- 
sell]  *  I  hide.  It  is  waste.  There  is  wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  2  furlongs 
broad.  When  it  bears  (oneratur)  it  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  DERCETO  [Avon 
Dassett]  8  i  o  hides.  Three  thegns  held  it  and 
were  free.  There  is  land  for  12  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs  and  i  o  serfs ; 
and  12  villeins  with  a  priest  and  5  bordars 
have  7  ploughs.  There  are  50  acres  of  mea- 
dow. T.R.E.  it  was  worth  10  pounds,  and 
afterwards  40  shillings  ;  now  8  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WARMINTONE 
[Warmington] a  13  hides.  Azor  held  it 
and  was  a  free  man.  There  is  land  for  14 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4,  and  12  serfs; 
and  (there  are)  36  villeins  and  8  bordars  with 
14  ploughs.  There  are  69  acres  of  meadow. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  10  pounds;  now  the 
same. 

The  same  count  holds  in  ERBURBERIE 
[Harbury] 7  4$  hides.  Lewin  and  Alric 
held  it  and  could  sell  it,  but  could  not  with- 
draw themselves  (discedere)  with  their  land. 
There  is  land  for  10  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne is  i  plough  with  I  serf ;  and  (there 

divisions  are  connected  with  the  two  entries  in 
Domesday  Book.  Woodcote,  appearing  afterwards 
in  the  Leet  of  Stoneleigh,  was  doubtless  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Stanlei.' 

4  This  was  doubtless  the  wood  of  Rinsell  men- 
tioned by  Dugdale  (p.  309)  in  conjunction  with 
'  Wegcnoke '  (Wedgnock),  the  latter  place  being 
found  afterwards  in  Knightlow  Hundred  and  lying 
near  to  Leek  Wootton;  and  Woodcote  was  prob- 
ably like  them  in  '  Stanlei '  Hundred ;  and  so, 
presumably,  was  '  Rincele.' 

6  This  identification  is  proved  by  Testa  de  Nevill, 
p.  98,  which  shows  that  the  Earl  of  Warwick's  fee 
was  in  '  Avendercet.' — J.H.R. 

6  In  Kineton  Hundred. 

7  This  appears  afterward  in  Stoneleigh  Leet  and 
was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of 'Stanlei.' 
Including  the  previous  mention  of  it  as  '  Edbur- 
berie '  it  occurs  five  times  in  Domesday  Book,  the 
hidations    being  :     I    hide   I   virgate,  4    hides    2 
virgates,  4  hides,   2   hides,   3  virgates;  total,  12^ 
hides.     It    still   appears  in  modern   directories  as 
'alias  Herberbury." 

(On  Speed's  map  of  Warwickshire  dated  1610, 
and  on  the  maps  of  Saxton,  Morden  and  Blome, 
this  place  appears  as  Harberbury. — B.W.) 


310 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


are)  9  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  4  ploughs. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  100  shillings,  after- 
wards 60  shillings;  now  100  shillings. 

IN  TREMESLAU  HUNDRET 
The  same  count  holds  MORTONE  [Moreton- 
Morrell].1  Derman  held  it,  and  a  free  man 
held  it  (et  liber  homo  tenuit).*  There  are 
5  hides.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  4  ploughs  and  18  serfs  ; 
and  2O  villeins  with  a  priest  and  I  bordar 
have  7  ploughs.  There  are  40  acres  of 
meadow.  T.R.E.  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  6  pounds  ;  now  1 1  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  WALTONE  [Wal- 
ton].3 Saxi  held  it  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  are  5  hides.  There  is  land  for  6  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  3,  and  6  serfs ;  and  (there 
are)  9  villeins  and  I  bordar  with  4  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  6  shillings.  T.R.E. 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  3  pounds  ;  now 
7  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  WALTONE  [Wal- 
ton].3 Gida  and  Saied  held  it  and  were  free. 
There  are  10  hides.  There  is  land  for  10 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs  and 
9  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  32  villeins  and  3 
bordars  with  10  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills 
worth  (de)  12  shillings,  and  8  acres  of  mea- 
dow. Wood(land)  4  furlongs  long  and  2  broad. 
T.R.E.  it  was  worth  100  shillings  and  after- 
wards 4  pounds  ;  now  10  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  CONTONE  [Comp- 
ton  Verney].4  Ulward  and  Cantuin  held  it 

1  There  are  eight  entries  relating  to  various 
Mortons  in  the  Domesday  of  Warwickshire,  and 
to  identify  them  is  difficult.  This  however  is 
clear,  for  Moreton  Morrell  is  the  only  Moreton  in 
Kineton  Hundred,  and  'Tremelau'  Hundred  was 
subsequently  absorbed  by  Kineton  Hundred. 

*  The  text  seems  to  be  corrupt  here. 

*  Walton  in  the  Subsidy  Roll  of  Edw.  III.  was  in 
Kineton  Hundred,  agreeing  with  Dugdale.    It  was, 
after  the  time  of  Domesday,  divided  into  Walton 
D'Eivile  and  Walton    Mauduit,  and   the  former 
stands  first  in  the  Subsidy  Roll.     Not  improbably 
the  same  order  was  maintained  in  Domesday  Book. 
The  assessment  of  1 5   hides  seems  very  severe,  if 
the  acreage  was  then,  as  now,  only  2,100  acres. 

4  Disregarding  Little  Compton,  a  small  village 
near  Long  Compton,  which,  in  1842,  was  taken 
from  Gloucestershire  into  Warwickshire,  there 
are  in  the  latter  county  the  following  Comp- 
tons :  Long  Compton,  Fenny  Compton,  Compton 
Verney,  Compton  Scorpion,  Compton  Wyniates. 
All  these  five  occur  in  the  Subsidy  Roll  of 
I  Edward  III.,  the  first  being  there  called  Cump- 
ton  Magna,  the  second  Fennicumpton,  the  third 


and  were  free.  There  are  7  hides.  There 
is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3, 
and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  14  villeins  with 
a  priest  and  3  bordars  with  5  ploughs. 

Cumpton  Murdak,  the  fourth  Cumptone  Scorfen, 
and  the  fifth  Cumptone  Wynzate.  All  of  them 
have  been  continuously  in  Kineton  Hundred. 

Turning  now  to  Domesday  Book,  we  find  that 
the  various  Comptons  are  there  recorded  in  the 
following  eight  entries  : — 

(1)  Contone,  7  hides  ;   held  by  the  Count  of 
Meulan. 

(2)  Contone    (in),  4  hides  3  virgates  ;  held  by 
the  Count  of  Meulan. 

/(3)   Contone  (in),  2  hides  ;  held  by  Turchil. 
j  (4)   (in   eadem  villa),  3    hides,  I    virgate  ;  held 
^by  Turchil. 

(5)  Contone  (in),  3  hides  ;    held   by   Turchil 
(his  under-tenant  Alwin). 

(6)  Contone    parva    (in),    5    hides  ;     held    by 
Robert  de  Statford. 

(7)  Contone  (in),   i  hide  ;  held  by  Robert  de 
Statford  (his  under-tenant  Alwin). 

(8)  Cuntone,   30  hides  ;    held  by  Geoffrey  de 
Manneville. 

Of  these  eight,  No.  I  is  almost  certainly  (part  of) 
Compton  Murdak  (now  Compton  Verney),  be- 
cause that  place  is  close  to  Morton  Morrell  and 
the  two  Waltons  which  immediately  precede 
it  in  Domesday  Book,  all  four  of  them  being 
probably  in  'Tremelau'  Hundred.  This  identi- 
fication agrees  with  Dugdale,  and  is  strength- 
ened by  the  fact  that  Compton  Murdak  (now 
Compton  Verney)  is  an  ancient  parish,  and  the 
Domesday  entry  mentions  a  priest  as  one  of  the 
under-tenants.  No.  6  is,  it  may  be  affirmed  with 
assurance,  Compton  Scorfen,  which  is  close  to 
Ditchford,  Willington,  and  Wolford,  and  is  now 
only  a  hamlet  of  Ilmington.  It  is  found,  after 
Domesday,  included  in  the  Barony  of  Stafford. 
No.  8  I  take  to  be  Long  Compton,  called  in  the 
Subsidy  Roll  of  I  Edward  III.  '  Great  Compton.' 
This  is  clear,  not  merely  because  of  its  evident  size 
and  importance,  but  because  the  history  of  its 
tenure  under  the  Mandevilles  is  well  known,  and 
is  given  in  detail  by  Dugdale. 

There  remain,  then,  Nos.  i,  3,  4,  5  and 
7.  With  these,  Dugdale  does  not  help  us,  and 
his  identifications  may  be  disregarded,  for  he 
identifies  both  3  and  4  twice  over,  once  with 
Fenny  Compton,  and  once  with  Compton  Wyn- 
iates, and  gives  no  convincing  reasons  when  deal- 
ing with  the  other  three.  If,  however,  we  bear  in 
mind  Mr.  Round's  principle  of  the  J-hide  basis 
of  assessment,  we  shall,  I  think,  be  able  to  arrive 
at  a  satisfactory  conclusion. 

No.  2,  then,  is  probably  (part  of)  Fenny 
Compton  ;  and  for  the  following  reasons  :  It 
follows  next  to  Arlescote  and  close  after  Worm- 
leighton  and  Warmington,  all  of  which  are  in  the 
same  corner  of  Kineton  Hundred,  with  Fenny 
Compton,  Wormleighton  being  contiguous  and 
also  held  under  the  Count  of  Meulan  by  Gilbert. 
Fenny  Compton  is  also  an  ancient  parish,  and  the 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E. 
it  was  worth  100  shillings,  afterwards  the 
same  ;  now  6  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  CERLECOTE  [Char- 
Domesday  entry  mentions  a  priest.  Wormleighton 
certainly  was  in  '  Honesberie '  Hundred,  and  so, 
no  doubt,  were  Warmington,  Arlescote  and  Fenny 
Compton. 

Nos.  3  and  4  are,  also,  if  we  judge  by  juxta- 
position, to  be  identified  with  Fenny  Compton, 
for  they  occur  in  Domesday  Book  between  Ratley, 
which  is  rubricated  as  in  '  Honesberie '  Hundred, 
and  Wormleighton,  which,  as  we  have  already 
seen,  is  in  that  Hundred.  (The  occurrence  of 
'  Moitone,'  which  intervenes,  may,  I  think,  be  dis- 
regarded.) Having  travelled  independently  in  our 
argument  thus  far,  we  now  turn  our  attention  to 
the  hidage,  and  finding  that  the  4  hides  3  virgates 
of  No.  2,  the  2  hides  of  No.  3  and  the  3  hides  I 
virgate  of  No.  4  make  up  exactly  10  hides,  we  may 
conclude  that  our  identifications  are  justified. 

Coming  now  to  No.  5,  we  find  it  following  two 
places,  Fulready  and  Eatington  rubricated  as  in 
'  Tremelau  '  Hundred,  and  coming  before  'Cestre- 
tone'  (Chesterton),  which  we  know  to  have  been  in 
the  same  Hundred.  I  therefore  identify  this  with 
Compton  Murdak  (now  Compton  Verney),  which, 
in  treating  of  No.  I,  we  found  good  reason  to  con- 
clude was  in 'Tremelau'  Hundred.  Again,  putting 
our  identification  to  the  hidage  test,  we  find  that 
the  7  hides  of  I  and  the  3  hides  of  this  No.  5  make 
up  a  lo-hide  place. 

There  remains  only  No.  7  with  its  I  hide. 
This,  by  the  process  of  exhaustion,  I  might  affirm 
to  be  Compton  Wyniates  (called  in  Dugdale's  map 
'  Compton-in-the-HoIe  '),  always  the  smallest  and 
least  important  of  the  Comptons,  except,  perhaps, 
Compton  Scorfen.  The  difficulty,  however,  is  that 
Compton  Wyniates  does  not  afterward  appear 
in  the  Barony  of  Stafford,  but  is  found  to  be  held 
by  the  service  of  half  a  knight's  fee  under  Turchil's 
descendants,  the  Ardcns,  who  held  it  under  the 
Earls  of  Warwick  (Testa,  p.  98).  We  should  therefore 
have  expected  to  find  it  identical  with  one  of  the 
first  five,  and  more  especially  with  one  of  Nos.  3, 
4  and  5.  The  explanation  I  suggest  is,  that  Alwin, 
who  held  No.  7  under  Robert  de  Stafford,  was  identi- 
cal with  Alwin  who  held  No.  5  under  Turchil.  It 
is  always  inconvenient  to  serve  two  masters,  and  it 
is  not  unlikely  that  one  of  the  Staffords  passed 
this  estate  over  to  be  held  under  Turchil  or  the 
Earls  of  Warwick.  This  would  be  all  the  more 
probable  if  Alwin  were,  as  his  name  may  indicate, 
a  blood-relation  of  Turchil,  the  latter  being  son  of 
Alwin  the  sheriff. 

Before  bringing  this  long  note  to  a  close,  I  may 
say  that  the  modern  acreage  and  rateable  value  of 
the  respective  Comptons,  and  their  assessments 
under  Edward  III.,  do,  on  the  whole,  support  my 
identifications.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  Mr. 
Round  does  not  think  this  explanation  of  how 
Compton  Wyniates  came  to  be  held  of  the  Earls 
of  Warwick  satisfactory. 


lecote].1  Saxi  held  it  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  are  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  5 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  7  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  14  villeins  and  2  bordars  with 
5  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  21 
shillings,  and  12  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E. 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  50  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 
The  same  count  holds  SCIREBURNE  [Sher- 
borne].  Edric  and  Leueget  held  it  and 
were  free.  There  are  2$  hides.  There  is 
land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
1 1  ploughs  and  4  serfs  ;  and  9  villeins  with 
a  priest  and  2  bordars  have  2  ploughs.  There 
are  16  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was 
worth  60  shillings,  and  afterwards  40  shillings ; 
now  50  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  FULEBROC  [Ful- 
brook].2  Alfled  held  it  and  was  free  (liber a). 
There  are  2j  hides.  There  is  land  for  8 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  \\  ploughs, 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  10  villeins  and 
3  bordars  with  5  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  12  shillings,  and  8  acres  of  mea- 
dow. T.R.E.  it  was  worth  60  shillings,  and 
afterwards  40  shillings  ;  now  60  shillings. 

fo.  240 

The  same  count  holds  SNITEFELD  [Snitter- 
field].3  Sexi  held  it  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  are  4  hides.  There  is  land  for  14 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  i  O  serfs  ; 
and  1 1  villeins  with  a  priest  and  4  bordars 
have  6  ploughs.  There  are  1 2  acres  of  mea- 
dow. T.R.E.  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4 
pounds  ;  now  IOO  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  CLAVENDONE 
[Claverdon].3  Boui  held  it,  and  was  a  free 
man.  There  are  3  hides.  There  is  land 
for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  ;  and  12 
villeins  with  a  priest  and  14  bordars  have  5 
ploughs.  There  are  3  serfs,  and  16  acres  of 
meadow.  And  i  league  of  wood(land)  when 
it  bears  (cum  oneraf\  is  worth  10  shillings.  It 
(Claverdon)  was  worth  40  shillings ;  now  4 
pounds. 

1  Charlecote  is    in   the    modern    Hundred    of 
Kineton,  and  being  in  the  same  corner  of  it  as  the 
four  preceding  places,  may  well  have  been,  as  they 
probably  all  were,  in  '  Tremelau '  Hundred. 

2  Fulbrook  is  a  small  place  within   a   mile  of 
Sherborne  and  was  doubtless  in  the  same  Hundred. 

3  Snitterfield,  Claverdon,  Preston  and  Kington, 
being  afterward   in  Barlichway  Hundred,  but  not 
in  the  Liberty  of  Pathlow,  were  doubtless  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


The  same  count  holds  DONNELIE  [?  *  Don- 
nele '  in  Hatton].1  Alwold  held  it  and  was 
a  free  man.  There  is  i  hide.  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  There  are  6  villeins  and  2 
bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  is  a  hay  (baia) 
which  is  (habem)  half  a  league  long  and  as  much 
broad.  It  was  worth  20  shillings ;  now  30 
shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  PRESTETONE  [Pres- 
ton Bagot].  Turbern  held  it  and  was  a  free 
man.  There  are  5  hides.  There  is  land  for 
3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  plough  and 
2  serfs  ;  and  7  bordars  with  I  Frenchman 
(francig(tt')  have  i  plough.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  16  shillings.  Wood(land)  i  league 
long  and  half  a  league  broad  ;  when  it  bears 
(cum  oneraf}  it  is  worth  10  shillings.  It 
(Preston)  was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  50 
shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  CINTONE  [Kington 
juxta  Claverdon].2  Britnod  held  it  and  was 
a  free  man.  There  are  \\  hides.  There 
is  land  for  I  plough.  It  is  waste  (vasta).  It 
is  worth  5  shillings.  The  wood(land)  is  worth 
yearly  10  shillings;  it  was  worth  as  much 
T.R.E. 

IN  BEDRICESTONE  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 

The  same  count  holds  ILMEDONE  [Ilming- 
ton].  Three  thegns  held  it  and  were  free. 
There  are  7  hides  less  half  a  virgate.  There 

1  This  was  probably  the  wood  in  Hatton  parish 
adjoining  '  Wegenok '  (Wedgnock)  Park  and  taken 
into  the  park  by  Thomas  de  Beauchamp,  Earl  of 
Warwick,  under  the  name  of  Wegenok-Donele 
Wood  (Dugdale,  p.  182).  Dugdale  evidently  for- 
got these  particulars  given  by  himself,  and  on  p.  591 
suggests  that  Donnelie  was '  Bel-desert '  (Beaudesert) 
just  above  Henley  in  Arden.  Although  it  is  going 
somewhat  further  afield,  it  has  occurred  to  me  as 
a  possibility  that  '  Donnele  '  is  Honiley,  which  was 
adjacent  to  'Wegenok '  Park.  Hatton  and  Haseley 
were  doubtless  in  '  Fernecumbe  '  Hundred,  for  the 
reason  given  in  the  case  of  Snitterfield  and  Claver- 
don. 

(I  suspect  that  '  Donnelie  '  was  Honiley,  though 
the  latter  is  a  little  to  the  northward. — J.H.R.) 

'  Dugdale  (p.  431)  calls  this  'an  obscure  vil- 
lage,' but  according  to  his  account  of  the  place,  it 
is  a  farm  or  grange  between  Pinley  and  Claverdon. 
Mr.  Walker  observes  that  Kington  is  shown  on 
Gary's  map  of  Warwickshire,  1806.  Kington 
Grange  is  shown  on  the  i-inch  ordnance  map  of 
1898. 

(Ancient  Deed  B  1802  is  a  grant  of  a  messuage 
'  in  Kynton  abutting  on  the  highway  from  Walton 
towards  Warwick,  of  the  fee  of  Claverdon,'  a  de- 
scription which  answers  to  the  position  of  Kington 
Grange.— J.H.R.) 


is  land  for  12  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
3  ploughs  and  9  serfs  ;  and  24  villeins  and  3 
bordars  with  a  priest  have  8  ploughs.  There 
are  40  acres  of  meadow.  T.R.E.  it  was 
worth  7  pounds,  and  afterwards  100  shil- 
lings ;  now  10  pounds. 

The  same  count  holds  WITECERCE  [Whit- 
church]  for  2  manors.  Alwin  held  it  and 
could  betake  himself  (ire)  whither  he  would.8 
There  are  7  hides.  There  is  land  for  12 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs  and 
7  serfs  ;  and  1 6  villeins  and  I  free  man  and 
2  bordars  with  a  priest  have  8  ploughs. 
There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  20  shillings,  and 
30  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now  8  pounds  10  shillings. 

IN     COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]     HuNDRET 

The  same  count  holds  in  CETITONE  [Shut- 
tington]  2£  hides,  and  Lewin  from  him. 
Celred  and  Godric  held  them  and  were  free 
men.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  7 
villeins  and  4  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There 
is  a  moiety  of  a  mill  (dlmidlum  molin'i)  pay- 
ing a  rent  of  5  shillings,  and  8  acres  of  mea- 
dow. Wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3 
furlongs  broad.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  the  same  vill  2j 
hides,  and  Godric  from  him.  The  same 
(Godric)  held  it  T.R.E.  and  was  free.  There 
is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i, 
and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  3 
bordars  with  I  plough.  There  is  a  moiety 
of  a  mill  (dimidium  molini)  paying  a  rent  of  5 
shillings,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  Wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3  furlongs 
broad.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WJLMUNDECOTE 
[Wilnecote  near  Tamworth]  3  hides,  and 
Ingenulf  and  Arnulf  of  him.  Leuenot  held 
it  and  was  a  free  man.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  There  are  1 1  villeins  and  5  bordars 
with  2  smiths  having  3^  ploughs.  Wood(land) 
I  league  long  and  a  half  (league)  broad  is 
worth  5  shillings,  and  the  smithy  (ferraria)  5 
shillings.  It  (the  estate)  is  worth  30  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  SECINTONE  [Seck- 
ington]  2j  hides,  and  Ingenulf  and  Arnulf  of 
him.  Godric  held  it  and  was  a  free  man. 
There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne are  2  ploughs  ;  and  (there  are)  6  vil- 
leins and  5  bordars  with  3  ploughs.  It  is 
worth  40  shillings. 


3  i.e.  could  choose  his  lord. 


313 


40 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


The  same  count  holds  in  WATITUNE  [Wed- 
dington]  3  hides,  and  Hereward  of  him.  The 
same  (Hereward)  held  it  T.R.E.  and  was 
free.  There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  i  J,  and  4  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  1 2 
villeins  and  5  bordars  with  4  ploughs.  There 
are  20  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  2 
furlongs  long  and  i  furlong  broad.  It  is 
worth  30  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  BERCHEWELLE  * 
[Berkswell]  I  hide,  and  Walter  of  him. 
Leuenot  held  it,  and  was  free.  There  is  i 
villein  with  half  a  plough.  It  is  worth  5 
shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WERLAUESCOTE 
[Arlescote  ?]  a  3  virgates  of  land.  Saxi  held 
it  freely  T.R.E.  There  is  land  for  I  plough, 
and  the  same  is  there,  with  2  villeins  and  3 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  2  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  FRANCHETONE 
[Frankton] 3  i  hide  and  I  virgate  of  land, 
and  Ralf  of  him.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  i  bordar  with  i  plough. 
There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  It  was^nd 
is  worth  20  shillings.  Chentuin  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  BORTONE  [Bour- 
ton  on  Dunsmore]  *  5  hides,  and  Ingenulf  of 
him.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  3,  and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  13 
villeins  and  1 1  bordars  with  3^  ploughs  ;  and 
I  knight  (miles)  has  there  i^  ploughs.  There 
are  50  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  70  shillings.  Lewin  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  NEPTONE  [Nap- 
ton]  5  3  hides  and  3  virgates  of  land,  and 
Robert  of  him.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  4  serfs  ;  and  1 1 
villeins  with  a  priest  and  8  bordars  have  4^ 
ploughs.  There  are  10  acres  of  meadow  and 
as  many  (acres)  of  pasture.  It  was  worth  4 
pounds  ;  now  3  pounds.  Leuenot  and  Bundi 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

'   See  also  p.  344  below. 

*  Arlescote  appears  *-.  'Orlavescote'  on  p.  317 
below,  but  the  above  entry  may  also  refer  to  it. — 
J.H.R. 

>  Frankton  in  Knightlow  Hundred.  Frankton 
being  in  the  Leet  of  Marton  was  doubtless  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Meretone.' 

«  Doubtless  in  '  Meretone '  Hundred  for  exactly 
the  same  reason  as  Frankton. 

•  Napton,   Upper  Shuckburgh   and  Thurlaston 


The  same  count  holds  in  SOCHEBERGE 
[Upper  Shuckburgh]  B  4  hides,  and  Herleuin 
of  him.  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  2,  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there 
are)  8  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  3^  ploughs. 
There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
40  shillings,  and  afterwards  30  shillings  ; 
now  50  shillings.  Lewin  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  TORLAUESTONE 
[Thurlaston]  G  2£  hides.  There  is  land  for 
6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  bond- 
women (ancille) ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins 
and  i  bordar  with  2  ploughs.  There  are  50 
acres  of  meadow,  and  2  furlongs  of  pasture. 
It  was  worth  40  shillings,  and  afterwards  30  ; 
now  35  shillings.  Wlgar  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  HODENELLE 
[Hodnell] "  4  hides,  and  Gilbert  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne is  i  ;  and  I  knight  with  6  villeins  and 
3  bordars  has  3  ploughs.  There  are  20  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings,  and 
afterwards  40 ;  now  60.  Ordric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  MORTONE  [?  Mar- 
ton]  7  I J  hides,  and  Mereuin  of  him.  There 
is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  i  serf;  and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  6 
bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There  are  12  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shillings,  and 
afterwards  35  shillings ;  now  30  shillings. 
Mereuin  and  Scrotin  and  Wallef  held  it 
freely. 

are  all  found  afterward  in  the  Leet  of  Marton, 
and  were  therefore  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Meretone.' 

6  Hodnell  appears  four  times  in  Domesday  Book, 
its  total  hidage,  as  will  hereafter  be  seen,  amounting 
to  no  less  than  10  hides,  an  extraordinarily  severe 
assessment  if  it  was  then,  as  now,  only  some  5  20 
acres  in  extent,  and  severe  enough  even  if  it 
included  most  of  Radbourn.  It  was  undoubtedly 
in  '  Meretone '  Hundred,  being  so  rubricated  in  a 
subsequent  entry. 

'  I  think  this  identification  is  correct,  though 
the  mis-spelling  of  the  name  is  curious,  seeing  that 
the  Hundred  of  '  Meretone '  to  which  Marton  gave 
the  name  is  always  correctly  spelled.  Dugdale 
suggests  that  the  third  of  these  three  entries,  being 
that  held  by  Wallef,  was  Marton,  but  it  is  evident 
that,  having  regard  to  the  tenures  of  Wallef,  Mereuin 
and  Scroti,  the  three  entries  relate  to  one  place. 
Hillmorton  was  also  in  the  Leet  of  Marton,  but  is 
doubtless  the  'Mortone'  referred  to  in  a  subsequent 
entry  jointly  with  '  Wilebec  '  [Willoughby],  which 
is  actually  or  almost  an  adjoining  parish. 


314 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


The  same  count  holds  in  the  same  vill 
[?  Marlon]  *  i  hide  and  i  virgate  of  land, 
and  Wallef  of  him.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  with  i  serf; 
and  (there  are)  I  o  villeins  and  7  bordars  with 
4  ploughs.  There  are  12  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  50  shillings,  and  afterwards  and 
now  45  shillings.  Scroti  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  MORTONE  [?  Mar- 
ton  ]  l  half  a  hide,  and  Wallef  of  him.  There 
is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  3  villeins 
with  i  bordar  and  I  serf  who  have  I  plough, 
and  there  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  15  shillings;  now  I  o  shillings.  The 
same  Wallef  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN    BOMELAU    HUNDRET 

The  same  count  holds  in  WESTONE  [Wes- 
ton  in  Arden]  *  2  hides,  and  Fulk  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I  ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  7  bordars 
with  3  ploughs.  There  are  8  acres  of  mea- 
dow. It  was  and  is  worth  40  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WIBETOT  [Wib- 
toft]  and  in  WELEI  [Willey]  half  a  hide, 
and  Fulk  of  him.  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins 
and  4  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  are  40 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  30 
shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  the  same  vill 
i\  hides,  and  Robert  of  him.  There  is 
land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2 ; 
and  5  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  2  French- 
men (francig')  have  3  ploughs.  There  are 
30  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  50 
shillings. 

These  three  estates  (terras)3  Sexi  held  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  BOCHINTONE 
[Bulkington]  4  hides  and  i  virgate  of  land, 
and  Salo  of  him.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs. 

1  See  p.  314,  note  7,  above. 

2  This  is  certain,  because  '  Bomelau '  Hundred 
consisted   of  a  group  of  places   in   the  north    of 
Knightlow  Hundred  where  this  Weston  is  found. 
Weston,  Bulkington,  Wibtoft  and   Willey   subse- 
quently appear  in  Brinklow  Leet.     Weston  is  now 
only  a  hamlet  in  Bulkington,  but  in  mediaeval  days 
Bulkington  and  Wibtoft  were  in  Weston   Manor. 
That   being  so  it  is  interesting  to  note   that  the 
hides  recorded  in  this  and  the    next   two   entries 
amount  to  five. 

3  i.e.  those   described   in  the  three   entries  im- 
mediately preceding  this  note  (J.H.R.) 


In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there 
are)  5  villeins  with  i  plough.  There  are  100 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  20 
shillings.  Aliet  and  Alsi  held  it  freely. 

fo.  240b 

The  same  count  holds  in  ESTLEIA  [Astley] 
i  hide  and  Godric  of  him.  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  plough  ; 
and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  I 
plough.  (There)  is  wood(land)  i  league  long  and 
half  a  league  broad  ;  when  it  bears  (onera?) 
it  is  worth  10  shillings.  It  (the  estate)  was 
and  is  worth  20  shillings.  Alsi  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  (holds)  in  SMERECOTE 
[Smercote] 4  and  in  SOULEGE  [Souley  (End)] 5 
l  hide,  and  Godric  of  him.  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  There  are  2  villeins.  (There) 
is  wood(land)  i  league  long,  and  half  a  league 
broad;  when  it  bears  (oneraf]  it  is  worth  10  shil- 
lings. It  (the  estate)  was  worth  15  shillings  ; 
now  5  shillings.  Sexi  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  BEDEWORD  [Bed- 
worth]  4  hides,  and  Ulfchetel  of  him.  There 
is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  3 
bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  are  1 6  acres 
of  meadow.  (There  is)  wood(land)  I  league 
long  and  half  a  league  broad  ;  it  is  worth 
10  shillings  when  it  bears  (onerat').  It  (the 
estate)  was  and  is  worth  40  shillings.  Earl 
Edwin  held  it. 

The  same  count  holds  in  SCELFTONE  [Shil- 
ton]  2  hides,  and  Wallef  of  him.  There  is 
land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i 
plough;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  2  bordars 
with  2  ploughs.  There  are  4  acres  of  mea- 
dow. (There  is)  wood  (land)  2  furlongs  long 
and  i  furlong  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth 
40  shillings.  The  same  Wallef  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  MERSTONE  [Mar- 
ston  Jabbett]6  I  hide,  and  Hereward  of  him. 

4  A  place  '  depopulated  '  in  Dugdale's  time,  and 
'  lying  for  the  most  part,  if  not  all,  in  Bedworth.' 
Now  apparently  quite  lost  sight  of. 

(A  Smercote  Ma.  and  a  Smercote  P.  are  shown 
in  1695  on  Morden's  map  of  Warwickshire. — 
B.W.) 

6  Sole  End  in  Astley,  now  represented  only  by 
Sole  End  farm. 

6  All  these  nine  places  following  after  Weston 
(namely,  Wibtoft,  Willey,  Bulkington,  Astley, 
Smercote,  Souley,  Bedworth,  Shilton  and  Marston 
Jabbett)  were  in  the  same  corner  of  Knightlow  Hun- 


315 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  I  bondwoman  (ancilla) ;  and  (there 
are)  1 2  villeins  and  8  bordars  with  4  ploughs. 
There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is 
worth  3  pounds.  The  same  Hereward  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 
The  same  count  holds  in  LODBROC  [Lad- 
broke]  2  hides.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  i.  William  holds  it  from 
him.1  There  are  4  villeins  and  i  bordar  with 
2  ploughs,  and  10  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  2O  shillings ;  now  50  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  BERNHANGRE 
[Barnacle]  z  3  virgates  of  land,  and  Here- 
ward  of  him.  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs. 
There  are  2  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  i 
plough.  (There  is)  wood(land)  4  furlongs 
long  and  3  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  2O 
shillings.  The  same  Hereward  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds,  and  Gilbert  of  him, 
2  hides  and  i  virgate  of  land  which  belong 
to  the  earl's  manor  of  STANLEI.3  There  is  I 
plough  in  the  demesne.  It  is  worth  20  shil- 
lings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  ILLINTONE  [Lil- 
lington]  *  4  hides,  and  Warin  and  Roger  of 
him.  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  i,  and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  2 
villeins  and  3  bordars  with  i  plough.  There  is 
a  mill  wortli  (tie)  6  shillings  and  8  pence.  There 
are  9  acres  of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  I  league 
long  and  half  (a  league)  broad.  It  was  worth 
2O  shillings;  now  40  shillings.  Edric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WIDECOTE 
[VVoodcote] 6  i  hide,  and  Gilbert  of  him. 

dred,  and  were  doubtless,  like  Weston,  in  '  Bomelau' 
Hundred.  In  the  Subsidy  Roll  of  I  Edward  III. 
they  all  appear  in  the  Leet  of  Brinklow,  Smercote 
and  Souley  not  being  named,  but  being  doubtless 
included  in  Bedworth  and  Astley. 

1  This  clause  is  obviously  misplaced. 

3  Here  we  apparently  go  back  to '  Bomelau  'Hun- 
dred. Barnacle  is  in  Bulkington  parish. 

3  I  cannot  identify  this  place.  Stoneleigh  ap- 
pears in  Domesday  as  wholly  the  king's. 

1  This  Domesday  form  of  the  name  seems  to  be 
a  mere  clerical  error,  and  might  almost  be  read  as 
'  Lilintone.'  Lillington,  being  afterward  in  Stone- 
leigh Leet,  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hun- 
dred of '  Stanlei.' 

5  Woodcote,  Weston  and  Cubbington  all  appear 
at  a  later  date  in  Stonleigh  Leet,  and  were  doubtless 
in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Stanlei.' 


There  is  land  for  i  plough.  There  I  knight 
(miles)  with  2  villeins  and  9  bordars  has  l£ 
ploughs.  The  wood(land)  is  (habet)  i  league 
long  and  half  (a  league)  broad.  It  was  worth 
10  shillings;  now  20  shillings.  Leuric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WESTONE  [Wes- 
ton under  Wetherley] B  3  hides  less  one- 
third  of  a  virgate  (tercia  parte  unius  virgata 
minus),  and  Robert  of  him.  There  is  land 
for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  2 
bondwomen.  There  are  i  knight  and  3  vil- 
leins and  7  bordars  with  2  ploughs ;  and  (there 
are)  12  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is)  a  spinney 
(spinetum)  2  furlongs  long  and  I  broad.  It  was 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings.  Ulf 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  CUBITONE  [Cub- 
bington] B  3  hides,  and  Boscher  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  i  plough  with  3  bordars.  There  are  8 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  30  shillings.  Lewin  and  Chetelbern 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN    HONESBERIE    HuNDRET 

The  same  count  holds  in  WIMERESTONE 
[Wormleighton]  i£  hides.  There  is  land 
for  5  ploughs.  Gilbert  holds  of  him.  In 
the  demesne  are  2  ploughs,  and  6  serfs,  and 
(there  are)  1 5  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  7 
ploughs  and  with  a  priest.6  There  are  9  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shillings,  and 
afterwards  20  shillings;  now  4  pounds  and  10 
shillings.  Leuric  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WARMINTONE 
[Warmington]  *  2j  hides,  and  a  certain 
knight  of  him.  Azor  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings.  What  (qua:')  this 
knight  has  there  was  included  in  the  reckon- 
ing of  the  estate  of  the  men  (cum  hominum 
pecunia  qui  sunt  in  manerio  comitis  numerata 
sunt)  who  are  in  the  count's  manor.8 

6  This  is  an  anomalous  formula.      Probably  the 
priest    was  omitted  by  the  scribe  who    ought  to 
have  grouped  him  with  the  villeins,  etc. — J.H.R. 

7  See  p.  310,  note  6. 

8  On  reference  to  the  previous  entry  relating  to 
Warmington   (p.  310),   it   will  be   seen   that   the 
count  held  it  as  a  demesne  manor,  and  that  while 
there  was  land   for   only    14  ploughs,  no  less  than 
1 8  are  there   recorded  as  in  use.     In  this  present 
entry  nothing  is  said  as  to  how  many  ploughs  there 
was  land  for.     I  apprehend  that  there  was  land  for 
at  least  4,  making  up  room  for  the  1 8  in  use.     No 
villeins,  bordars  or  serfs  are  here  recorded,  because 
they  were  (?  by  mistake)  given  in  the  former  entry. 


316 


THE    HOLDERS   OF  LANDS 


The  same  count  holds  in  ORLAVESCOTE 
[Arlescote] l  5  hides,  and  (the  abbey  of)  St. 
Peter  of  Pr£aux  (holds)  of  him.  There  is 
land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  ij 
ploughs  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins 
and  3  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  are 
12  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth 
3  pounds.  Boui  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  CONTONE  [Fenny 
Compton]  3  4  hides  and  3  virgates  of  land, 
and  Gilbert  of  him.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs  and 
7  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  8  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  6  bordars  with  4  ploughs.  There  are 
40  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60  shil- 
lings; now  4  pounds.  Aluric  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  TACESBROC  [Tach- 
brook]  3  8  hides  less  I  virgate,  and  Roger  of 
him.  There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  half  a  plough  ;  and  (there  are)  5 
villeins  and  7  bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There 
are  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  40.  Baldeuin  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  NIWEBOLD  [New- 
bold  Comyn]  *  2  hides,  and  Gilbert  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2  ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  4  bordars 
with  4  ploughs.  There  are  12  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now 
50  shillings.  Alsi,  Ailred  and  Tube  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

1   See  p.  314,  note  2.          2  See  pp.  311,  312. 

3  Although   in    the  Subsidy  Roll  of  I    Edward 
III.  Tachbrook  Episcopi  and  Tachbrook   Mallory 
were   both   in    Kineton   Hundred,  yet  as  early  as 
Dugdale's  time  the  former  was  in  Kineton  Hun- 
dred  and    the   latter   in   Knightlow  Hundred.      I 
think  this  is  Tachbrook   Mallory,  and   that   being 
between   Whitnash    and    Harbury,    it    was,    like 
them,  in  'Stanlei'  Hundred.     But  even  if  it  were 
Tachbrook    Episcopi    (now  Bishop's  Tachbrook), 
that  place  would  not  be  in   '  Honesberie '   Hun- 
dred, which  was  in  quite  another  part  of  Kineton 
Hundred. 

4  I  have  little  doubt  of  this,  not  merely  because 
Newbold  Comyn  was  afterward  in  Stoneleigh  Leet 
and  therefore  doubtless  in  'Stanlei'  Hundred,  but 
because  the  z  hides  of  this  entry,  together  with  the 
3  hides  held   by  Malmesbury  Abbey  as  stated   in 
the  former  entry,  make  it  a   5 -hide  place.     It  is 
also  instructive   to   notice   that  in  both  entries  the 
relation  of  number  of  hides  to  number  of  ploughs 
is  the  same,  namely  2  to  4  and  3  to  6,  while  the 
Domesday  and  T.R.E.  values  are  identical,  namely 
50  shillings  and  30  shillings  in  each  case.     New- 
bold  Pacey,  which  might  seem  a  possible  alternative, 
is  accounted  for  elsewhere  as  a  5 -hide  place. 


IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 

The  same  count  holds  in  LUDITONE  [Lud- 

dington]    12   hides,  and    4    knights    of   him. 

There  is  land  for  9  ploughs.      In  the  demesne 

are  5  ploughs ;  and  (there  are)  2O  villeins  and 

9  bordars  with  5  ploughs.     There  are  42  acres 
of  meadow.     It  was  worth  8  pounds  ;  now 
6  pounds.     Four  thegns  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 
as  2  manors. 

The  same  count  holds  in  LOCHESLEI  [Lox- 
ley]  s  4  hides  less  I  virgate,  and  Hugh  of 
him.  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  2,  and  3  serfs ;  and  1 1  villeins 
with  a  priest  and  1 1  bordars  have  6  ploughs. 
It  was  worth  30  shillings ;  now  4  pounds  and 

10  shillings.     Estan  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  PRESTETONE 
[Preston  Bagot]  '  5  hides,  and  Hugh  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  half  a  plough  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  I 
villein  and  3  bordars  with  I  plough.  It  was 
worth  30  shillings ;  now  40.  Britnod  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  OVESLEI  [Overs- 
ley]  °  3  hides,  and  Fulk  of  him.  There  is 
land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and 
(there  are)  5  villeins  and  5  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings 
and  6  acres  of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  3  fur- 
longs long  and  I  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth 
40  shillings.  Britmar  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  BERRICEST(ONE)  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 
The  same  count  holds  in  ILMEDONE  [II- 
mington] 7  I  hide  and  half  a  virgate,  and 
Odard  of  him.  (Odard)  has  there  in  demesne 
2  ploughs  and  6  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins 
with  half  a  plough.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 
This  estate  (terra)  is  in  the  count's  manor  of 
Ilmedone. 

In  WITECERCE  [Whitchurch],7  the  count's 

if 

5  This  is  written  as  follows:  'iiii  hid  et  Hugo 
de  eo  ^  una  v  min','  the  reference  signs  showing 
that  it  must  be  read  in  accordance  with  the  above 
translation.  The  deducted  virgate  appears  in  a 
later  entry. 

*  Preston  and  Oversley  appearing  afterward  in 
Barlichway  Hundred  but  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty 
were  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  Ferne- 
cumbe.' 

7  Ilmington  and  Whitchurch  are  two  contigu- 
ous places,  mentioned  together  some  way  back 
among  the  count's  demesne  manors.  No  doubt 
Whitchurch,  like  Ilmington,  was  in  Barcheston 
Hundred.  Each,  it  may  be  mentioned,  contained 
8  hides. 


317 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


manor,  Walter  holds  of  him  i  hide  and  has 
there  i  plough  ;  and  (it)  is  worth  i  o  shillings. 
Alwin  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  count  holds  in  ULWARDA 
[Wolford]1  4$  hides,  and  Ralf  of  him. 
There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I,  and  2  serfs;  and  (there are)  3  villeins  and 
5  bordars  with  i  plough.  It  was  worth  30 
shillings;  now  40  shillings.  Alvric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 


XVII.  THE  LAND  OF  TURCHIL  OF 
WARWICK 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HuNDRET 

Turchil  holds  of  the  king  CREDEWORDE 
[Curdworth].  There  are  4  hides.  There 
is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3 
ploughs  and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  12  villeins 
and  7  bordars  with  5  ploughs.  There  are  16 
acres  of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  half  a  league 
long,  and  as  much  broad.  It  was  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  50  shillings.  Ulwin  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

1  This  is  apparently  Wolford  in  Kineton  Hun- 
dred. The  following  entries  in  Domesday  Book 
appear  to  relate  to  Wolford  : — 

(1)  Ulteare,    ij    hides   held  by   the    Bishop  of 

Bayeux. 

(2)  Ulwarda,  \\  hides  held    (as   above)    by  the 

Count  of  Meulan. 

(3)  Uolu'arde,  J   hides  held  by  Robert  de  Stad- 

ford. 

(4)  Worwarde,  2  hides  held  by  the  same. 

(5)  Woneardt  (in  eadem  villa),  2  hides  held  by 

the  same. 

Of  these,  i  and  2  were  probably  the  same 
place,  having  been  held  by  an  Alvric  T.R.E. 
Judging  by  the  particulars  of  i  alone,  I  should 
have  supposed  it  to  be  some  place  near  Beausale  in 
Barlichway  Hundred,  for  it  was  held  under  the 
bishop  by  the  same  tenants  as  Beausale,  namely 
Wadard,  and  (under  him)  Gerold.  But  2,  follow- 
ing after  Ilmington  and  Whitchurch,  seems  to  be 
the  third  of  three  places  in  Barcheston  Hundred, 
in  which,  judging  by  its  locality,  I  suppose  Wol- 
ford to  have  been.  We  may  without  hesitation 
pronounce  3  to  have  been  Wolford,  which  is 
afterward  found  in  the  Barony  of  Stafford,  and, 
judging  by  the  mention  of  a  priest,  it  was  no 
doubt  Great  Wolford.  No  doubt  also  4  and  5 
were  also  Wolford,  not  merely  because  they  were 
held  by  Robert  de  Stadford,  but  because  also  they 
came  next  after  '  Bertone,'  which  is  rubricated  as 
being  in  Barcheston  Hundred.  The  hidage  does 
not  help  us  in  coming  to  a  decision,  but  it  may  be 
noted  that  the  hides  of  i,  2,  4  and  5  make 
up  10.  Dugdale  (pp.  451-2)  identifies  3,  4 
and  5  as  Great  Wolford,  and  2  as  Little  Wolford, 
but  omits  to  notice  I. 


The  same  Turchil  holds  BICHEHELLE  [Bic- 
kenhill].2  There  are  2  hides.  There  is 
land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  half 
a  plough  ;  and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  4  bor- 
dars with  3  ploughs.  There  are  3  acres  of 
meadow  ;  wood(land)  4  furlongs  long,  and 
as  much  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  30 
shillings.  Alward  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  T(urchil)  holds  the  other  BICHE- 
HELLE [Bickenhill].11  There  are  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  There  are  8 
villeins  with  2  ploughs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
1 2  furlongs  long  and  6  broad.  It  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  10  shillings.  Alvric  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  T(urchil)  holds  in  MENEWORDE 
[Minworth]  i  hide.  There  is  land  for  I 
plough.  There  is  i  villein  with  half  a  plough, 
and  5  acres  of  meadow.  Wood  (land)  half  a 
league  long  and  3  quarentines  broad.  It  was 
and  is  worth  5  shillings.  Godric  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

The  same  T(urchil)  holds  ULFELMESCOTE 
[Wolfhamcote].  There  are  4^  hides.  There 
is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  7  villeins  with  a  priest  and 
10  bordars  have  4  ploughs.  There  are  5  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  40  shillings. 
Aschil  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

The  same  T(urchil)  holds  in  RIETONE  [Ry- 
ton  on  Dunsmore]  3J  hides.  There  is  land 
for  10  ploughs.  There  are  23  villeins  with  a 
priest  and  8  bordars  who  have  (babentes)  8 
ploughs ;  and  there  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  1 2 
shillings,  and  12  acres  of  meadow  ;  wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  2  furlongs 
broad.  It  was  worth  100  shillings ;  now 
60  shillings.  Alwin  his  (i.e.  Turchil's)  father 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

fo.  241 

From  Turchil  Gudmund  his  brother 3  holds 
PATITONE  [Packington].4  There  are  4  hides. 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  de- 

2  Probably  the  first  of  the  two  is  Church  Bicken- 
hill  and  the  other  is  Middle  Bickenhill,  but  how 
the  various  hamlets  were  .divided  between  the  two 
I  cannot  say. 

3  'fr'  ei"  (=  frater  ejus)  is  interlineated  above 
1  Gudmund.' 

•  This  brings  us  back  to  Coleshill  Hundred  again. 
The  space  for  '  Coleshelle  Hundret '  has  been  left 
in  the  MS.  and  not  filled  in. 


318 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


mesnc  is  I  ;  and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  8 
bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There  are  2  mills 
worth  (de)  2  shillings,  and  IO  acres  of  meadow  ; 
wood(land)  i  league  long  and  I  broad,  worth 
2O  shillings  when  it  bears  {pneraf}.  The  whole 
was  and  is  worth  30  shillings.  Alward  held  it 
(and)  was  free. 

From  T(urchil)  Almar  holds  LANGEDONE 
[Longdon  in  Solihull].1  There  are  2^  hides. 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  half  (a  plough)  ;  and  6  villeins  and  3  bordars 
have  I  £  ploughs.  There  are  6  acres  of  meadow  ; 
wood(land)  i  league  long,  and  a  half  broad. 
It  was  and  is  worth  20  shillings.  Arnul  held 
it  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Alnod  holds  MACHITONE 
[Maxstoke].3  There  are  5  hides  less  I  vir- 
gate.  There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  There 
are  IO  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  3  ploughs, 
and  2  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  I  league  long  and  half  (a  league)  broad. 
It  was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 
Ailmund  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Roger  holds  MERSTONE 
[?  Marston  Green  in  Bickenhill]  ?  There  are 
3  hides.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  I ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  2 
bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There  are  2  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings ; 
now  30.  Eduin  the  sheriff  held  it  freely. 

From  (Turchil)  the  same  Roger  holds  in 
ELMEDONE  [Elmdon]  half  a  hide.  There  is 
land  for  half  a  plough,  yet  there  is  there  in 
the  demesne  i  plough,  and  5  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  I  furlong  long,  and 
another  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  5  shil- 
lings. Tochi  held  it  freely. 

1  Longdon  does  not  appear  in  the  Subsidy  Roll 
of  I  Edward  III.,  but  was  a  well  recognized  manor 
in  the  time  of  Dugdale.  It  is  now  only  a  farm.  At 
the  time  of  Domesday  it  may  have  included  Widney. 

a  This  was  probably  the  original  name  of  the 
place,  and  is  still  I  believe  preserved  in  the  form  of 
Mackidown,  which  is  the  name  given  to  some  part 
of  the  parish. 

[The  Domesday  form  clearly  reappears  in  the 
name  of  Helias  son  of  Helias  de  '  Makinton,' 
grantee  of  some  land  in  the  neighbouring  parish 
of  Elmdon  (Ancient  Deed,  C.  2025).  The  deed 
is  assigned  to  the  reign  of  Hen.  III. — J.H.R.] 

3  Of  the  six  references  in  the  Warwickshire 
Domesday  to  places  named  '  Merstone '  or  '  Merse- 
tone,'  one  has  been  dealt  with  already  (see  p.  3 1 5) ;  one 
situate  in  'Tremelau'  Hundred  is  certainly  Marston 
Butler  (now  Butler's  Marston) ;  and  two,  one  held  by 
Robert  de  Olgi  and  one  by  Robert  Dispensator,  are 
rubricated  as  in  Coleshill  Hundred.  This  '  Mers- 


From  T(urchil),  Bruning  holds  in  WINCHI- 
CELLE  [?  Wigginshill]  *  3  virgates  of  land. 
There  is  land  for  i  plough,  and  the  same  is 
there  in  the  demesne,  and  8  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  2  furlongs  long,  and  as 
much  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  5  shillings. 
The  same  (Bruning)  held  it  freely. 

FromT(urchil),  R.  de  Olgi  holds  in  DERCE- 
LAI  [?  Dosthill]  6  2  hides  in  pledge  (in  uadim'). 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  There  are  7 
villeins  with  2  ploughs,  and  2  serfs,  and  a 
mill  worth  (de)  32  pence,  and  10  acres  of 
meadow  ;  wood(land)  2  furlongs  long  and  as 
much  broad.  It  was  worth  30  shillings  ; 
now  40  shillings.  Untain  8  held  it. 

From  T(urchil),  Eduin  holds  in  WITECORE 
[Whitacre]  7  2  hides  less  I  virgate.  There 

tone,'  coming  between  Maxstoke  and  Elmdon,  is 
probably  like  them  in  Coleshill  Hundred.  I  have 
no  doubt  that,  coming  as  it  does  next  to  Elmdon,  it 
is  that  Marston  which  Dugdale  divides  into  Wavers 
Marston  (now  Marston  Hall)  and  Marston  Culi 
(now  Marston  Green).  The  only  other  Marston 
in  Coleshill  (now  Hemlingford)  Hundred  is  Lea 
Marston,  and,  as  will  appear,  I  take  that  to  be 
represented  in  Domesday  by  the  two  '  Merstones ' 
which,  as  mentioned  above,  were  held  by  Robert 
de  Olgi  and  Robert  Dispensator.  None  of  the 
Hemlingford  Hundred  Marstons  was  important 
enough  to  appear  by  name  in  the  Subsidy  Roll  of 
I  Edward  III.  Lea  Marston  appears  as  '  La  Lee 
juxta  Kingsbury.' 

*  This  is  Dugdale's  identification  and  is,  I  sup- 
pose, correct.  Turchil's  descendants  the  Ardens 
afterwards  had  an  interest  in  it.  It  is  now  a  farm 
in  Sutton  Coldfield  on  the  border  of  Curdworth. 

B  This  is  also  Dugdale's  identification,  and  also, 
I  think,  correct.  He  says  that  the  name  is  spelled 
in  later  documents  Derteulla  (?  for  Derceulla)  and 
Derchetull.  Also  the  de  la  Laundes  had  an 
interest  in  it,  and  they  were  descendants  of  Chetel- 
bern  who  was  doubtless  a  relation  of  Turchil. 
Further,  however,  the  Marmions  subsequently  had 
an  interest  here  as  they  had  in  Barston  (Bertane- 
stone)  which  also  Domesday  records  as  held  by  R. 
de  Olgi  in  pledge.  Dosthill  is  a  village  in  Kings- 
bury  parish. 

6  Untain  seems  a  curious  name.     I  suggest  that 
it  is  a  mis-reading  of  '  un'  (=  unus)  tainus.' 

('Unton,'  however,  is  met  with  below. — J.H.R.) 

7  Whitacre  appears  twice  in  the  Warwickshire 
Domesday    as   '  Witecore,'  once  as  '  Witacre,'  and 
once  in  the  Northamptonshire  Domesday  as  'Wit- 
acre.'    There  are  recorded  in  the  two  '  Witecores ' 
a  hidage  of  2^  hides,  and  in  the  two  'Witacres'  I 
hide.     I  therefore  think  that  this  '  Witecore  '  re- 
presents  part   of  Nether  Whitacre  which  is  larger 
than   Over  Whitacre.     Dugdale  assigns  all   three 
entries  to  Nether  Whitacre,  but  I  think   that   2^ 
(=  half   5)   hides  and   I    hide  are   the  probable 
allocation  of  the  total. 


319 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


is  land  for  i  plough  ;  the  same  is  in  the 
demesne  with  2  villeins  and  5  bordars  ;  and 
there  are  2  acres  of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  I 
league  long,  and  half  (a  league)  broad.  It  was 
and  is  worth  10  shillings.  Two  Ulvrics  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil),  R.  de  Olgi  holds  BERTANE- 
STONE  [Barston]  l  in  pledge.  There  are  9 
hides.  There  is  land  for  1 1  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  i  plough  ;  and  6  free  men 
with  9  villeins  and  4  bordars  have  10  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings ;  wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3  furlongs  broad. 
It  was  and  is  worth  100  shillings.  Ailmar 
held  it,  and  by  the  king's  licence  sold  it  to 
Alwin  the  sheriff,  the  father  of  Turchil. 

From  T(urchil)  William  holds  BEDESLEI 
[?  Baddesley  Ensor].2  There  are  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  3 
villeins  and  5  bordars  and  2  serfs  with  i  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  ij  leagues  long  and  half 
a  league  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  10  shil- 
lings. 

Of  this  estate  this  William  seized  upon 
(prteoccupavii)  a  fifth  part  to  the  wrong  of 
King  William  (super  W.  regem)  ;  and  a  cer- 
tain Brictric  who  used  to  hold  it  T.R.E. 
dwells  there.  The  other  part  of  the  estate 
(aliam  terram)  Archil  and  Cerret,  Turchil's 
men,  held. 

From  (Turchil)  four  brothers  hold  in  WLFES- 
MESCOT  [?  Wolfhamcote]  3  I  hide  and  half  a 

1  What  I  judge  to  be  a  duplicate  of  this  entry 
occurs  later  (p.  331),  and  the  hidage  is  there  given 
as  10  hides.    In  the  Subsidy  Roll  of  i  Edward  III. 
the  name  appears  in  the  intermediate  form  of '  Ber- 
stanston.' 

2  I    have    no  doubt    that  this  identification   is 
correct,  though  Dugdale  gives  no  reasons  in  support 
of  it,  and  judging  by  proximity  to  '  Bertanestone'  it 
would  more  naturally  be  Baddesley  Clinton.      But 
that  place  was,  I  think,  too  unimportant  for  such  a 
hidage.     For  example,  in    i   Edward  III.  the  in- 
habitants of  Baddesley  Clinton   paid  only  $s.  6J. 
subsidy,  while   those  of  '  Baddesley  Endeshouer ' 
paid  23/.  6tt.     Dugdale  does  not  trace  any  subse- 
quent Arden    interest  in  either   place,  but  I   feel 
sure    that    the    devolution    of   Baddesley    Ensor 
(Edensor)    was    the    same    as   that    of    Baginton, 
which,  as  Dugdale  shows,  came  to  Geoffrey  Savage 
in  frank  marriage  with  Letice  daughter  of  Henry 
de  Arden,  and  descended  to  the  Edensors  in  right 
of  the  marriage  of  Thomas  de  Edensor  with  Lucy 
daughter    and    eventually    coheiress    of    Geoffrey 
Savage  grandson  of  Geoffrey  and  Letice.     It  is  curi- 
ous, and  possibly  significant,  that  Baddesley  (Ensor) 
and  Baginton  were  both  held  T.R.E.  by  Archil. 

'  With  this  entry  we  leave  Coleshill  Hundred, 
and  find  ourselves  in  the  Hundred  of  Marton. 


virgate  of  land.4  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs, 
and  yet  there  are  there  3  ploughs,  and  (there 
are)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth 
20  shillings.  The  very  same  men  (idem  ipsi) 
held  it,  and  were  free. 

From  T(urchil)  Hermenfrid  holds  in  LOD- 
BROCH  [Ladbroke]  i  hide  and  i  virgate  of 
land.  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There 
are  3  men  having  2  ploughs ;  and  6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  1 5  shillings ;  now 
20  shillings.  Eduin  held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Ermenfrid  holds  in  CALDE- 
COTE  [Caldecote  in  Grandborough] 8  half  a 
hide.  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  I,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  4  shillings  ;  now  8  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Richard  holds  in  CALDECOTE 
[Caldecote  in  Grandborough] B  half  a  hide. 
There  is  land  for  i  plough.  It  is  there  with 
2  men,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and 
is  worth  4  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Almar  holds  in  LODBROC 
and  REDBORNE  [Ladbroke  and  Radbourn] 
i£  hides.8  There  island  for  4  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  3,  and  6  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  9  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  3  ploughs; 
and  there  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Almar  holds  in  CALVESTONE 
[Cawston  7]  i  J  hides.  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  with  I  serf; 
and  4  villeins  and  2  bordars  have  I  plough. 
It  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  16  shillings. 

4  This  seems  a  singular  hidage,  but  on  com- 
parison with  the  previous  entry  of  Wolfhamcote 
we  find  that  this  entry  includes  exactly  one  quarter 
of  the  hidage  there  recorded.  It  looks  as  if  the 
place  had  been  assessed  at  5  hides,  and  then  one- 
eighth  of  a  hide  had  been  tacked  on  to  each  com- 
plete hide,  the  total  being  5  hides  and  five-eighths 
of  a  hide.  It  is  possible  that  this  place  may  be 
Woolscott  in  Grandborough,  but  I  know  of  no 
evidence  connecting  Turchil's  descendants  with  it 
as  is  the  case  with  Wolfhamcote.  Both  places  were 
in  the  Leet  of  Marton,  and  therefore  doubtless  in 
the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Meretone.' 

6  Dugdale  gives  the  name  as  '  Caldecote,'  as 
does  the  Ordnance  Survey,  but  it  appears  in  modern 
directories  as  '  Calcutt.' 

6  If  we    divide   this   equally  between  the  two 
places,  making  Ladbroke's  share  three-quarters  of  a 
hide,    it  will    be  found  that  the  total   hidage  of 
Ladbroke  (which  appears  seven  times  in  Domesday 
Book)  is  8  hides.      Of  these,  exactly  5  hides  were 
held  by  William,  who  was  tenant  under  the  Count 
of  Meulan,  Turchil,  and  Hugh  de  Grentmesnil. 

7  In  Dunchurch. 


320 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


From  T(urchil)  William  holds  in  LODBROC 
[Ladbroke]  2  hides  and  i  virgate  of  land. 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  4 
villeins  and  3  bordars  and  2  serfs  and  l  i 
knight  (miles)  with  2  ploughsamong  all.  There 
are  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  2O 
shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  i  priest  holds  I  virgate  of 
land  in  the  same  (ipsa)  vill.  There  is  I 
plough  with  i  villein  ;  and  there  are  2  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  5  shillings ;  now 
10  shillings. 

FromT(urchil)  Eddulf  holds  in  ROCHEBERIE 
[Rugby]  2^  hides.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  plough  and  2 
serfs ;  and  (there  are)  1 1  villeins  and  5  bordars 
with  5  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (di)  1 3 
shillings  and  4  pence,  and  1 6  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  50  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 

From  (Turchil)  Ulf  holds  in  CALVESTONE 
[Cawston]  i  hide.2  There  is  land  for  i 
plough.  It  is  in  the  demesne  ;  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  I  bordar  and  i  serf.  It 
was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  12  shillings. 

These  9  estates  (terras)  before  mentioned  3 
Eduin  held  and  was  able  to  betake  himself 
(ire)  whither  he  wished. 

From  T(urchil)  Goslin  holds  in  BERDINGE- 
BERIE  [Birdingbury]  i  hide  and  half  a  virgate 
of  land.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  There 
are  3  franklins  (francones  homines)  with  4 
villeins  and  3  bordars  who  have  (habentes)  3 
ploughs.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
40  shillings.  The  same  franklins  (homines 
francones)  held  it  T.R.E. 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]   HUNDRET  * 
From  T(urchil)   Robert  holds   in  EPTONE 
[Napton]  s    3   virgates    of   land.      There    is 

1  The  scribe  wrote  '  c,'  inadvertently  beginning 
the  word  '  cum.'  He  then  wrote  through  it  thus 
jf ,  the  sign  for '  et,'  realizing  no  doubt  that  it  would 
be  improper  to  record  a  knight  as  if  he  were  ap- 
purtenant to  villeins,  bordars  and  serfs. 

a  This,  with  the  i  £  hides  previously  recorded, 
makes  Calvestone  a  2^-hide  place  (  =  half  5  hides). 

3  i.e.  Caldecote,  Caldecote,  Lodbroc,  Redborne, 
Calvestone,  Lodbroc,  Lodbroc,  Rocheberie  and 
Calvestone.  These  9  estates  were  not  grouped  to- 
gether without  reason.  They  contain  exactly  10 
hides  (i  +  £+  i|  +  i£  +  2j  +  J  +  z£  +  i). 

1  This  rubrication  is  unnecessary  here,  for  it 
comes  in  the  middle  of  a  list  of  places  in  Marton 
Hundred. 

B  I  have  little  doubt  of  this  identification.  I 
should  have  supposed  that  this  form  of  the  name 


land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  ; 
and  4  villeins  and  5  bordars  have  2  ploughs. 
There  are  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings.  Eduin  held 
it. 

From  T(urchil)  Oslach  holds  in  FLECHENOC 
[Flecknoe ']  2^  hides.  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  i  ^,  and  3  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  10  villeins  and  3  bordars  with 
3^  ploughs.  It  was  and  is  worth  30  shillings. 
Eduin  held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Harding  holds  in  HODEN- 
HELLE  [Hodnell]  4  hides.  There  is  land  for 
4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  (there 
are)  1 1  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  2  ploughs, 
and  (there  are)  20  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
and  is  worth  40  shillings.  Ulnod  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Goduin  holds  in  the  same 
vill  I  hide.  There  is  land  for  I  plough.  It 
is  in  the  demesne,  with  i  serf;  and  (there 
are)  4  bordars  with  half  a  plough,  and  (there 
are)  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  10 
shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings.  Ordric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Ailric  holds  in  FLECHENHO 
[Flecknoe 8]  i  hide  and  half  a  virgate  of 
land.  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  i  ;  and  (there  are)  i  villein  and  4 
bordars  with  i  plough.  There  are  4  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
30  shillings.  Alwin  the  father  of  T(urchil) 
held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Gilbert  holds  in  LODBROC 
[Ladbroke]  3  virgates  of  land.  There  is 
land  for  half  a  plough.  In  the  demesne 
however  is  i  plough  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  5  shil- 
lings ;  now  10  shillings.  Hereward  held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Ulvric  holds  in  WILEBERE 
[Willoughby]  ij  virgates  of  land.  There  is 
land  for  i  plough.  The  same  is  in  the  de- 
mesne ;  and  (there  are)  2  villeins  with  i  bor- 
dar ;  and  (there  is)  i  acre  of  meadow.  It  was 

was  simply  a  clerical  error  resulting  from  the  collo- 
cation of  the  final  '  n  '  of '  in  '  and  the  initial  '  N  ' 
of  '  Neptone,'  but  the  same  form  occurs  a  few 
entries  lower  down.  Robert  has  already  been 
recorded  as  holding  3  hides  3  virgates  in  '  Neptone' 
under  the  Count  of  Meulan.  His  further  3  vir- 
gates recorded  here,  and  Ulchetel's  half-hide 
mentioned  a  few  entries  hence  bring  up  the  total 
hidage  to  the  constantly  recurring  5  hides. 
•  In  Wolfhamcote. 


321 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


and  is  worth  10  shillings.     The  same  Ulvric 
held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  Ulsi  holds  3^  virgates  of 
land.1  There  is  land  for  I J  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  half  (a  plough),  and  (there  are) 

2  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  i  plough  ;  and 
(there  are)  4  acres  of  meadow.     It  was  and 
is  worth  10  shillings. 

From  (Turchil)  Gilbert  holds  in  BENTONE 
[Bilton]  3  i  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land 
for  half  a  plough.  It  was  worth  5  shillings  ; 
now  2  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Ordric  holds  in  WALECOTE 
and  WILEBENE  and  CALDECOTE  [Walcote 
and  Willoughby  and  Caldecote  in  Grand- 
borough]  2  hides.  There  is  land  for  I  plough. 
In  the  demesne  however  is  I  plough  and  2 
serfs ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  6  bordars 
with  i  J  ploughs.  There  are  6  acres  of  mea- 
dow. It  was  worth  2O  shillings ;  now  30 
shillings.  The  same  Ordric  held  it  freely. 

From  (Turchil)  Ulchetel  holds  in  EPTONE 
[Napton]  3  half  a  hide.  There  is  land  for 

3  ploughs.      In  the  demesne  is  half  a  plough  ; 
and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and   2   bordars  with 
i£  ploughs  ;   and  (there  are)  6  acres  of  mea- 
dow.     It  was  worth   20  shillings  ;    now   30 
shillings.      The  same  Ulchetel  held  it  freely. 

From  (Turchil)  Alwin  holds  in  SOCHEBERGE 
[Upper  Shuckburgh]  *  half  a  virgate  of  land. 
There  is  land  for  half  a  plough.  It  is  there 
in  the  demesne  with  2  bordars ;  and  (there  are) 
2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  5 
shillings.  Ulwin  held  it  freely. 

1  The  place  where  this  estate  was  is  not  given. 

1  I  have  no  doubt  that  this  identification  is 
correct,  for  these  are  still  places  in  '  Meretone ' 
Hundred,  and  there  is  no  other  name  that  could 
be  mistaken  for  it  among  places  subsequently  ap- 
pearing in  Marlon  Leet.  Moreover,  as  pointed 
out  in  the  note  on  the  previous  entry  of  Earl 
Roger's  estate,  we  have  here  the  missing  virgate 
which  makes  Bilton  a  j-hide  place.  Dugdale  sug- 
gests that  one  scribe  wrote  '  Beu  '  because  that 
was  equivalent  to  'Bel,'  and  that  another  scribe 
mistook  the  '  u  '  for  '  n.'  This  however  seems 
far-fetched.  It  appears  to  me  that  at  one  stage  or 
another  the  names  of  places  were  often  written 
down  from  word  of  mouth  by  men  who  could  not 
easily  distinguish  the  sounds  of  the  liquid  conso- 
nants. 

3  See  p.  321,  note  5. 

4  As  mentioned  in  a  former  note  (p.  314,  note 
5)  this  is  Upper  Shuckburgh,  being  in  'Meretone' 
Hundred,    whereas    Lower    Shuckburgh    was    in 
'  Honesberie '  and  afterwards  in  Kineton  Hundred. 


From  T(urchil)  Leuiet  and  Goduin  hold  in 
WILEBEI  [Willoughby]  half  a  hide.  There 
is  land  for  i  plough.  The  same  is  in  the  de- 
mesne, and  (there  are)  2  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  and  is  worth  10  shillings.  The  very 
same  men  (Idem  ipsi)  held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Godric  holds  in  NIWETONE 
[Newton6]  2  hides.8  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  2  bordars  ;  and  2  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  20  shillings. 
Wlstan  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Aide  holds  in  NIWETONE 
[Newton  6]  half  a  hide.  There  is  land  for 
half  a  plough  ;  yet  i  (plough)  is  there  with 
2  bordars.  It  was  and  is  worth  10  shillings. 
Godeva  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  Ralf  holds  in  NIWETONE 
[Newton  7]  half  a  hide.  There  is  land  for  i 
plough.  There  are  2  villeins  and  half  an 
acre  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  2 

shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Ulvric  holds  in  HOLME  8 
[?  Biggin]  i  hide.  There  is  land  for  half  a 
plough  ;  yet  there  is  there  I  plough  with  2 
villeins  and  I  borclar  and  I  serf;  and  (there 
are)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  5 
shillings;  now  10  shillings.  The  same  Ulvric 
held  it  freely. 

fo.  24lb 

From  T(urchil)  Ralf  holds  in  HOLME  8 
[?  Biggin]  i  hide.  There  is  land  for  i  plough. 
There  is  i  bordar  with  half  a  plough,  and 
(there  are)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
5  shillings  ;  now  3  shillings.  Ulstan  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

6  In  the  parish  of  Newton  and  Biggin. 

6  Here  begi  ns  a  1  ist  of  places  ( down  to '  Lilleford ') 
afterwards    found  in    Brinklow   Leet,  but   in    the 
Domesday     Hundred    of    '  Meretone,'   I     think, 
'  Bomelau  '  being  more  north  and  Marston  being 
undoubtedly  in    Marton  Leet.     Newton    is   now 
considered   to  be  in  Clifton,  but   in   the   Subsidy 
Roll   of   I    Edward    III.  was   in    Brinklow    Leet, 
Clifton    being  in   Marton  Leet,  as  it  had  been  in 
'  Meretone   Hundred '  at  the  time  of  Domesday 
Book. 

7  See  note  5  above. 

8  Dugdale,   finding  this    place    following    after 
Newton,  identifies  it  as  Biggin,  which  now  appears 
combined  with  Newton.     I  think  he  is  right,  as 
the  3  hides  recorded  for  Newton  and  the   2  hides 
of  Holme  would  make  up  a  5 -hide  place. 

[The  Testa  de  tievill  (pp.  83,  98)  shows  that 
'  Holm  '  was  held  by  the  Ardens  of  the  Earls  of 
Warwick.— J.H.R.] 


322 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


From  T(urchil)  the  same  Rait  holds  in 
WAURA  [?  Churchover] l  half  a  hide.  There  is 
land  for  half  a  plough.  There  is  i  villein  and 
half  an  acre  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth 

3  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Leveva  holds  in  LILLEFORD 
[Long  Lawford  and  Little  Lawford]  2  2  hides. 
There  is  land  for  ii  ploughs.  There  are  6 
villeins  with  I  plough,  and  I  serf  (seruo),  and 
a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings,  and  ij  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
10  shillings  and  8  pence.  Alwin  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  R.  de  Olgi  holds  in  MER- 
STONE  [?Marston  juxta  Wolston]3  i  hide. 
There  is  land  for  I  plough  ;  it  is  waste  (vasta) 
There  are  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
10  shillings;  now  1 6  pence.  Earl  Algar 
held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Ermenfrid  holds  in  ASCE- 
SHOT  [Ashow]  4  2  hides.  There  is  land  for 

4  ploughs.     There  are  9  villeins  and  13  bor- 
dars  with  4  ploughs,  and  2  mills  worth  (de)  2O 
shillings,  and  16  acres  of  meadow.    (There  is) 
wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3  furlongs 
broad.      It  was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  40 
shillings.    Turchil  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  William  holds  in  ERBURGE- 
BERIE  [Harbury]  4  hides.  There  is  land  for 
9  ploughs.  There  are  1 2  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  5  bordars  who  have  (habentes)  4  ploughs. 
There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is 
worth  60  shillings.  Ordric  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  Alwin  holds  in  BADECHI- 
TONE  [Baginton]  4  hides.  There  is  land 
for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and 
(there  are)  7  villeins  and  8  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  10  shillings 
and  8  pence,  and  27  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  30  shillings ;  now  50  shillings. 
Archil  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

1   See  note  3  on  p.  309. 

3  See  note  6  on  p.  322.  We  are  not  now,  I  think, 
in  'Meretone'  Hundred,  so  this  cannot  be  Church 
Lawford. 

3  I    do   not   feel   certain  of  this  identification, 
though  I  think  it  is  more  probable  than  any  other. 
Robert  de  Olgi  was  tenant  in  chief  of  a  '  Merstone ' 
in    Coleshill    Hundred,   but    it   would    be  rather 
strange  for  one  place  in  Coleshill  Hundred  to  be 
inserted  among  these  places,  all  of  which  are  after- 
ward found  in  Knightlow  Hundred. 

4  This  is  the  first  of  eight  successive  places  which 
all  appear  afterward  in  Stoneleigh  Leet  and  were 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Stanlei.' 


From  T(urchil)  Hadulf  holds  in  BILNEI 
[Binley] 5  2  hides.  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  ;  and  (there  are) 
5  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  2  ploughs. 
There  are  2  serfs,  and  a  mill  worth  (de)  40 
pence,  and  8  acres  of  meadow;  wood(land)  4 
furlongs  long  and  2  furlongs  broad.  It  was 
worth  20  shillings  ;  now  35  shillings.  The 
same  man  held  it  who  now  holds  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Robert  holds  in  WESTONE 
[Weston  under  Wetherley]8  i$  virgates  of 
land.  There  is  land  for  half  a  plough.  It  is 
waste  (vasta).  There  are  4  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  6  shillings  ;  now  it  brings  in 
(reddit)  nothing.  Ulwi  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  Wlsi  holds  in  BRANDUNE 
[Brandon]  half  a  hide.  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  There  are  10  villeins  with  i  serf. 
They  have  3  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)2&  pence,  and  16  acres  of  meadow; 
wood(land)  4  furlongs  long  and  2  furlongs 
broad.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  25 
shillings.  Turchil  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  R.  de  Olgi  holds  in  LILLIN- 
TONE  [Lillington]  half  a  hide.  There  is 
land  for  half  a  plough,  yet  I  (plough)  is  there 
with  6  bordars  and  I  bondwoman  who  have 
another  plough.  There  are  4  acres  of  mea- 
dow. It  was  worth  10  shillings;  now  20 
shillings.  Bruning  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  Ermenfrid  holds  in  REDE- 
FORD  [Radford  Semele]  *  5  hides.  There  is 
land  for  13  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3 
ploughs  and  8  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  19  villeins 
and  8  bordars  with  9  ploughs.  There  is  a 
mill  worth  (de)  6  shillings  and  8  pence,  and  i  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  100  shil- 
lings and  afterwards  40  shillings ;  now  6 
pounds.  Eduin  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 
Ermenfrid  bought  it  from  Chetelbert  by  (the 
king's)  leave  (licentia)  and  holds  it  of  the  king 
in  fee,  as  the  king's  writ  testifies. 

8  See  the  note  (on  p.  304)  to  the  previous  entrj 
relating  to  this  place.  The  3  hides  there  recorded, 
with  the  2  hides  given  here,  make  it  a  5  hide 
place. 

6  I  have  no  doubt  of  this,  for  as  we  have  seen 
this  is  a  list  of  places  in  '  Stanlei '  Hundred.     This 
Robert  is  doubtless  the   Robert  who  held  another 
part  of  this  Weston  under  the  Count  of  Meulan. 
As  to  the  total  hidage  see  note  7,  p.  333,  relat- 
ing to  William  Fitz  Corbucion's  holding  here. 

7  I  think  this  is  correct,  as  it  was  a  more  impor- 
tant  place  than    Radford  juxta   Coventry,   which 
also,  as  Dugdale  points  out,  was  doubtless  in  the 
hands  of  the  church  of  Coventry. 


323 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


IN    HONESBERIE    HuNDRET 

From  T(urchil)  Almar  holds  in  ROTELEI 
[Ratley]  5  hides.  There  is  land  for  7 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  6  serfs ; 
and  (there  are)  1 8  villeins  and  7  bordars  with 
7  ploughs.  There  are  24  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  3  pounds,  and  afterwards  4 
pounds;  now  100  shillings.  Ordric  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Almar  holds  in  CONTONE 
[Fenny  Compton] l  2  hides.  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  i£ 
ploughs  and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  6  vil- 
leins and  2  bordars  with  i  J  ploughs.  There 
are  1 6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
20  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 

From  T(urchil)  Roger  holds  in  the  same  vill 
3  hides  and  I  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land 
for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  with  I 
serf ;  and  (there  are)  8  villeins  and  4  bordars 
with  4  ploughs.  There  are  34  (acres)2  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
50  shillings.  Ordric  and  Alwin  and  Ulsi 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

Of  the  fee  of  T(urchil)  the  Count  of 
Meulan  (mellend)  holds  MOITONE  [Myton].3 
There  are  2  hides.  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  3 
ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  70  shil- 
lings, and  8  men  paying  32  pence.  It  was 
worth  100  shillings,  and  afterwards  40  shil- 
lings ;  now  6  pounds.  Earl  Edwin  held  it.* 
R.  Halebold  bought  this  estate. 


From  T(urchil)  Warin  holds  in  WIMENE- 
STONE  [Wormleighton]  6  3  hides.  There  is 
land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4;  and 
1 5  villeins  and  4  bordars  and  2  Frenchmen  6 
(franc'),  between  them  all  (inter  omnes),  have 
7  ploughs.  There  are  36  acres  of  meadow. 
Of  this  estate  2  knights  hold  I  hide  and  i 
virgate,  and  have  2  ploughs  with  3  bordars. 
The  whole  was  worth  T.R.E.  4  pounds,  and 
afterwards  the  same  amount ;  now  i  o  pounds. 
Ordric  and  Ulwin  and  Ulvric  held  it  freely. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

From  T(urchil)  Tonne  holds  in  BERICOTE  ' 
2  hides.  There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are) 

4  villeins   and    3    bordars    with    2    ploughs. 
There  is    a   mill   worth  (de)    4  shillings,  and 
6  acres  of  meadow.     It  was  worth    20  shil- 
lings ;  now    40  shillings.      Alwin  the  father 
of  T(urchU)  held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  the  church  of  S.  Mary  of 
Warwic(k)  holds  i  hide  in  MOITONE  [My  ton].8 
There  is  land  for  i  plough.  There  are  3 
bordars  with  i  plough  and  I  bondwoman. 
There  are  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 

5  shillings  ;    now   10   shillings.     Earl  Edwin 
held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  Algar  holds  i£  hides.9 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne are  2  ploughs  and  6  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  I  plough. 
There  are  12  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings.  Alvric 
held  it  freely. 


1  See  note  on  p.  311.      This,  like  '  Rotelei,'  is 
in  '  Honesberie  '  Hundred. 

2  This  word  is  omitted  in  the  text. 

3  See  note  on  p.  31  o.     It  was  in  '  Stanlei '  Hun- 
dred.    This  entry  is  suspiciously  like  the  previous 
one,  in  which  the  Count   of  Meulan  appears  as 
holding  Muitone — 2  hides  (as  here),  with  I  plough 
and  2  serfs  in   demesne  (as  here),  and   3   ploughs 
out  of  demesne  (as  here),  and   2  mills  worth  70 
shillings  (as  here),  and  a   value  of  6   pounds   (as 
here),  but  in   several   respects  differing   from  the 
particulars  here  recorded.     However,  it  is  against 
the  one  entry  being  a  repetition  of  the  other  that 
the   total   hidage  recorded    in  the  three   entries 
amounts  to  5  hides. 

fThe  differences  appear  to  be  too  great  for 
duplicate  entries.  Compare  Introduction,  p.  296. 
-J.H.R.) 

4  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  former  entry 
relating    to   Myton  states  that  the   z-hide   estate 
in  it  had  been  held  T.R.E.  by  Earl  Algar.     This 
and  the  »ubsequent  entry  speak  of  its  tenure  by 
Algar's  son  Earl  Edwin. 


IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

From  T(urchil)  Ermenfrid  holds  i  hide  in 
FULREI  [Fulready]  and  another  in  ETENDONE 
[Eatington],  There  is  land  for  i  plough. 
It  is  in  the  demesne,  with  i  bordar.  It  was 
worth  10  shillings;  now  25  shillings.  Almar 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  T(urchil)  Alwin  holds  in  CONTONE 
[Compton  Murdak] 10  3  hides.  There  is  land 
for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and 
4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  10  bor- 

6  This  brings  us  back  (for  one  entry  only)  to 
'  Honesberie '  Hundred. 

6  This  rendering  is  probable,  but  not  certain. 

7  Now  only  represented  by  Bericote  Wood  in 
Ashow. 

8  See  the  last  note  but  two. 

9  The  place  is  not  mentioned. 

0  Now  Compton  Verney.     See  note  on  p.  311. 


324 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


dars  with  5  ploughs.     There  are  30  acres  of 
meadow.      It  was  and  is  worth  4  pounds. 

From  T(urchil)  the  abbot  of  Abendone 
[Abingdon  l]  holds  i  hide  in  CESTRETON 
[Little  Chesterton].3  There  is  land  for  7 
ploughs  and  (there  are)  2  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  10  villeins  and  8  bordars  with  6  ploughs. 
There  are  1 6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  100  shillings.  Alwol 
held  it. 

From  T(urchil)  the  same  abbot1  holds  in 
CESTRETON  [Little  Chesterton] a  i  hide  in 
pledge  (vadimonium}.  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  There  are  5  English  knights  (mili- 
tes  angli)  who  have  (habentes)  4^  ploughs. 
There  are  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
20  shillings ;  now  50  shillings.  Alnod, 
Brictuin  and  Turi  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

From  T(urchil)  William3  holds  in  COCTUNE 
[Coughton]  4  hides.  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  There  are  2  free  men  and  7  bor- 
dars and  4  serfs  with  3  ploughs.  There  is  a 
mill  worth  (^32  pence,  and  inWarwic(k)  i 
house  paying  a  rent  of  8  pence.  There  are 
10  acres  of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  6  furlongs 
long  and  4  furlongs  broad.  Feed  (JW)  for 
50  swine.  It  was  worth  40  shillings,  and 
afterwards  2O  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings. 
Untoni'  held  it  freely. 

From  T(urchil)  R.  de  Olgi  holds  in  ETONE 
[?  Nuneaton]  *  3  hides.  There  is  land  for 
5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs 
and  5  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  8 
bordars  with  8  ploughs.  There  are  5  acres 
of  meadow  ;  wood(land)  i  league  in  length 
and  breadth.  It  was  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  4  pounds.  Alwin  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

1  See  Introduction,  p.   276. 

2  In  a  subsequent  entry  Chesterton  is  rubricated 
as  in  'Tremelau  '  Hundred.     It  seems  clear  from 
Dugdale   that  these  two    entries   relate   to   Little 
Chesterton  now  called  Kingston. 

3  This  was  probably  William  Fitz  Corbucion, 
as  his  heir  gave  the  church  here  to  Studley  Priory. 
— J.H.R. 

4  I  suppose  this  identification   is  correct  ;  but 
there  seems  to  be  no  further  trace   of  R.  de  Olgi's 
interest.     It  may  seem   curious  that  for   this  one 
entry  we  go  back  to  Coleshill   Hundred,   but  on 
the  other  hand  this  is  the  end  of  the  list  of  Tur- 
chil's  estates,  and  an  omitted  entry  may  have  been 
here  inserted.     I  suppose  it  to   have  been  only  a 
coincidence  that  in  the  Oxfordshire  Domesday  R. 
de  Olgi  appears  as  holding  an  estate   in  '  Etone  ' 
(Water  Eaton). 


fo.  242 

XVIII.  THE  LAND  OF  HUGH  DE 
GRENTEMAISNIL 

Hugh  de  Grentemaisnil  holds  of  the  king, 
in  charge  (in  custodia)  i  hide  and  the  sixth 
part  of  a  hide  in  MORTONE  [Hillmorton] 
and  in  WILEBEC  [Willoughby].8  There  is 
land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  5  villeins 
with  i  bordar  who  have  (habentes)  2  ploughs. 
It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Grinchet  and  Suain  held  it. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
The  same  Hugh  holds  in  MERSETONE 
[Butler's  Marston]6  10  hides.  There  is  land 
for  10  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3, 
and  6  serfs  and  2  bondwomen  ;  and  30  vil- 
leins and  2  bordars  with  a  priest  have  7 
ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  1 1  shil- 
lings ;  and  2  Frenchmen  (francig')  are  there, 
and  2  burgesses  in  Warwic(k)  pay  a  rent  of  1 6 
pence.  It  was  worth  10  pounds  ;  now  15 
pounds.  Baldwin  held  it  freely. 

The  same  H(ugh)  holds  in  PILARDETONE 
[Pillerton  Hersey]  7  10  hides.  There  is  land 
for  10  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3,  and 
8  serfs  and  4  bondwomen  ;  and  (there  are) 
23  villeins  with  a  priest  and  I  knight  and  5 
bordars  who  have  (babentes)  9  ploughs.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de}  5  shillings.  Wood(land) 
I  league  long  and  i  broad.  And  in  Warwic(k) 
I  messuage  paying  a  rent  of  4  pence.  And 
2O  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  10  pounds; 
now  17  pounds.  Baldeuin  held  it  freely. 

The  same  H(ugh)  holds  in  MIDELTONE 
[Middleton] 8  4  hides.  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  I  £  ploughs  and  3 
serfs  ;  and  12  villeins  with  a  priest  and  5  bor- 
dars have  1\  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth 
(de)  20  shillings,  and  6  acres  of  meadow.  It 

6  These  two  places  being  found  subsequently  in 
Marlon  Leet  were  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Meretone.' 

6  Butler's  Marston,  formerly  Marston   Butler,  is 
close  to  Pillerton,  and  no  other  '  Mersetone  '  could 
be  in  'Tremelau'  Hundred,  which  was  a  collection 
of  places  in  the  north-west  part  of  Kineton  Hun- 
dred.    Considering  its  large  hidage,  it  must  have 
included  more  than  the  modern  place. 

7  Otherwise   Nether  Pillerton.     This   identifi- 
cation is  no  doubt  correct,  for  the  separate  history 
of  Pillerton    Priors    can  clearly  be    traced.     See 
note  on  p.  308.      No   doubt  also  this   Pillerton, 
like  the  other,  was  in  '  Tremelau  '  Hundred. 

8  I  suppose  this  must  be  Middleton  near  Sutton 
Coldfield,  which  however  is  in  Hemlingford  Hun- 
dred, and  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred 
of  Coleshill. 


325 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6  pounds.     Pallin 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  FEXHOLE  HUNDRKT 
The  same  H(ugh)  holds  OCTESELVE  [Ox- 
hill].  There  are  10  hides.  There  is  land 
for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3,  and  1 1 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  20  villeins  and  1 1  bor- 
dars  with  7  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de) 
1 6  pence,  and  20  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  IG  pounds;  now  n  pounds.  Toli 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  H(ugh)holds  in  SERUELEI  [Shrew- 
ley]1  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  12  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  8  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  2j  ploughs. 
There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  Wood- 
(land)  I  league  long  and  half  (a  league)  broad. 
It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Toli  held  it  freely. 

The  same  H(ugh)  holds  in  LAPEFORDE  [Lap- 
worth]2  half  a  hide.  There  is  land  for  I 
plough.  There  are  3  villeins.  Wood(land)  2 
leagues  long  and  I  league  broad.  It  was 
worth  10  shillings;  now  20  shillings.  Bald- 
euin  held  it  freely.3 

From  the  same  Hugh,  Hubert  holds  2j 
hides  in  TORLAVESTONE  [Thurlaston].4  There 
is  land  for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
2  ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  4  bordars 
with  3  ploughs.  There  are  40  acres  of 
meadow,  and  I  furlong  of  pasture.  It  was 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60  shillings.  Bald- 
euin  held  it. 

1  Shrewley  being  afterward  in  Barlichway  Hun- 
dred but  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty  was  probably  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Fernecumbe.'     But  as  this 
seems  to  be  a  list  of  places  in  '  Fexhole '  Hundred, 
and  as  Shrewley  is  not  far  from  the  Kineton  Hun- 
dred 'nook'  mentioned  in  the  next  note,  it  is  just 
possible  that  it  also  was  in  '  Fexhole  '   Hundred. 
(Mr.  Walker  considers  that  it  was.) 

2  Lapworth,  Packwood  and  Tanworth,  forming 
what  should  be  the  northern   point  of  Barlichway 
Hundred,  are  all  in  Kineton  Hundred.     Dugdale 
states  that  Tanworth   was  a   member  of  Brailes. 
Brailes,  as  we  have  seen  (p.  301),  was  in  '  Fexhole ' 
Hundred.     Probably  therefore  all  this  '  nook '  was 
in  '  Fexhole '  Hundred,  which  Hundred  was  after- 
wards absorbed  by  that  of  Kineton. 

1  This  concludes  the  list  of  Hugh's  demesne 
manors,  and  there  is  the  usual  slight  gap  between 
this  entry  and  the  next,  which  begins  the  list  of  his 
subinfeuded  manors. 

4  These  ^\  hides,  together  with  the  2^  hides 
previously  recorded,  make  Thurlaston  a  5 -hide 
place.  As  already  stated,  it  was  in  '  Meretone ' 
Hundred. 


From  H(ugh),  William  holds  3  virgates  of 
land  in  LODBROC  [Ladbroke].'  There  is 
land  for  i  plough.  There  a  priest  and  i 
villein  with  2  bordars  have  half  a  plough,  and 
(there  is)  a  mill  worth  (de)  3  shillings,  and  3  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  5  shillings  ;  now 
10  shillings. 

From  H(ugh),  Robert  holds  I  hide  in 
ETEDONE  [Eatington].8  There  is  land  for  i 
plough.  There  I  villein  with  i  bordar  has 
half  a  plough.  It  was  and  is  worth  10 
shillings.  Baldeuin  held  it. 

From  H(ugh),  the  abbey  of  S.  Evroul 
(Ebrulfus)  holds  6  hides  and  i  virgate  of  land 
in  PILARDETUNE  [Pillerton  Priors].8  There 
is  land  for  10  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  3 ;  and  1 3  villeins  and  23  bordars  with  i 
Frenchman  (frandgen')  and  3  thegns  have  8 
ploughs.  There  are  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  6  pounds ;  now  10  pounds. 
Four  thegns  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  H(ugh),  Roger  holds  (Q)UATERCOTE 
[Whatcote],7  5  hides.  There  is  land  for  5 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4  ;  and  7  vil- 
leins with  a  priest  and  19  bordars  have  3 
ploughs.  It  was  worth  100  shillings  ;  now 

7  pounds.     Toli  held  it  freely. 

From  H(ugh),  the  same  Roger  holds  3  hides 
in  ROCHINTONE  [Rowington].8  There  is 
land  for  8  ploughs.  There  27  villeins  with 
a  priest  and  24  bordars  have  9  ploughs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  i£  leagues  long  and  8 
furlongs  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  100 
shillings.  Baldeuin  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  H(ugh),  Osbern  holds  5  hides  in  BIL- 
LESLEI  [Billesley].8  There  is  land  for  8 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs  and 

8  serfs  ;    and  (there  are)    8   villeins   with   a 
priest  and    9   bordars  who  have  (habentei)  4 

«  In  'Meretone'  Hundred,  as  mentioned  before. 
•  In  '  Tremelau '  Hundred,  as  rubricated  in  the 
previous  entry  on  p.  324. 

7  Whatcote,  like  its  neighbour  Pillerton,  is  after- 
ward found  in   Kineton   Hundred,   and  may  well 
have  been  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Treme- 
lau.'   (Mr.  Walker,  however,  holds  that  it  was  in 
'  Fexhole '  Hundred.) 

8  Rowington    and    Billesley,   being    afterwards 
found  in  Barlichway  Hundred  but  not  in  Pathlow 
Liberty,  were  probably  in  the  Domesday  Hundred 
of '  Fernecumbe.' 

(The  parish  of  Rowington  lies  between  the 
parishes  of  Shrewley  and  Lapworth.  I  am  there- 
fore strongly  inclined  to  think  that  it,  as  they,  was 
in  «  Fexhole  '  Hundred.— B.W.) 


326 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


ploughs.  In  Warwic(k)  (there  is)  I  house 
worth  (de)  8  pence.  It  was  and  is  worth 
100  shillings.  Baldeuin  held  it. 

From  H(ugh),  Hugh  son  of  Constantius 
holds  I  virgate  of  land  in  LOCHESLEI  [Lox- 
ley].1  There  is  land  for  half  a  plough. 
There  is  I  villein.  It  was  and  is  worth  5 
shillings.  Manegot  held  it  freely. 

IN    COLESHELLE    [COLESHILL]    HUNDRET 

From  H(ugh),  Walter  holds  half  a  hide  in 
WITACRE  [Whitacre].2  There  is  land  for 
half  a  plough.  There  is  i  villein  ploughing 
with  2  oxen.3  It  was  and  is  worth  2  shillings. 
Baldeuin  held  it. 


XIX.    THE    LAND    OF    HENRY    DE 
FERIER[ES] 

IN  COLESHELLE  [COLESHILL]  HUNDRET 

Henry  de  Fereires  holds  5^  hides  in  GREN- 
DONE  [Grendon],  and  Turstin  from  him. 
There  is  land  for  16  ploughs.  There  are  24 
villeins  and  1 6  bordars  with  8  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  5  shillings,  and  36 
acres  of  meadow ;  wood(land)  i  J  leagues 
long,  and  i  league  broad.  It  was  and  is 
worth  40  shillings.  Siward  Barn  *  held  it. 

IN  BOMELAU  HUNDRET 

From  H(enry),  Ralf  holds  4  hides  in  BOR- 
TONE  [Burton  Hastings].5  There  is  land 
for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and 
13  villeins  with  a  priest  and  7  bordars  have  6 
ploughs.  There  are  2  mills  worth  (tie)  7  shil- 
lings and  8  pence.  It  was  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  40  shillings.  Siward4  held  it. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

From  H(enry),  Wazelin  holds  2  hides  in 
ERBURBERIE  [Harbury].6  There  is  land  for 
5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  2 
serfs;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins  with  i  plough. 
It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 
Siward  *  held  it. 


1  Loxley,  as  mentioned  in  a  previous  note,  was 
probably  in  '  Patelau '  Hundred. 

8  Probably,  as  mentioned  in  a  previous  note, 
Over  Whitacre. 

3  i.e.  a  quarter  of  a  plough-team. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  282. 

5  Burton  Hastings  'is  in  the  northern  corner  of 
Knightlow  Hundred,  where  other  places  belonging 
to  '  Bomelau '  Hundred  are  found.  It  appears  in 
subsequent  history  as  held  under  the  family  of 
Ferrers. 

8  See  the  former  note  (p.  310,  note  7). 


IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
From  H(enry),  Saswalo7  holds  17  hides  in 
ETENDONE  [Eatington].  There  is  land  for  12 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4  ploughs  and 
10  serfs  ;  and  32  villeins  with  a  priest  and  25 
bordars  and  I  knight  (mi/ite)  and  2  thegns 
(taints)  have  i6j  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  1 8  shillings,  and  30  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  6  pounds,  and  afterwards  4 
pounds  ;  now  20  pounds. 

From  H(enry),  Wazelin  holds  half  a  hide  in 
CESTEDONE  [Chesterton].8  There  is  land  for 
ij  ploughs.  There  is  i  plough  with  i  ox- 
man  (bovarius)  and  i  acre  of  meadow.  It 
was  and  is  worth  10  shillings. 

From  H(enry),  Nigel9  holds  2$  hides  in 
ALDULVESTREU  [Austrey].10  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  ;  and  7 
villeins  and  3  bordars  have  2  ploughs.  It 
was  and  is  worth  20  shillings. 

XX.  THE  LAND  OF  ROGER  DE 

IVERI 
IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

Roger  de  Ivri  holds  of  the  king,  as  it  is 
said  (ut  dicitur)^  5  hides12  in  CUBINTONE 
[Cubbington].  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  3  serfs ;  and  (there 
are)  2  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  I  plough. 
There  are  1 5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and 
is  worth  40  shillings.  Turbern  held  it  freely 
T.R.E.  This  is  of  the  fee  of  the  Bishop  of 
Bayeux.13 

XXI.    THE  LAND   OF   ROBERT  DE 

OILGI14 

IN  COLESHELLE  [COLESHILL]  HUNDRET 
Robert  de  Oilgi  holds  2  hides  in  MERSTONE 

7  See  Introduction,  p.   282. 

8  Chesterton  doubtless  ;  for  that  place  is  a  sub- 
sequent entry  rubricated  as  in  '  Tremelau  '  Hun- 
dred.    For  this  reason  therefore  '  Cestedone  '   fol- 
lows '  Etendone.' 

9  See  Introduction,  p.   280. 

10  This  was  doubtless  in  '  Coleshelle  '  Hundred, 
being  afterward  in  the  Hundred  of  Hemlingford. 

11  These  two  words  are  an  interlineation. 

12  These  5  hides,  together  with  the  2  and  3  hides 
already    recorded,    make    Cubbington    a    lo-hide 
place. 

13  See    Introduction,    p.   279.      In    the   Bucks 
Domesday  (p.  144)  Robert  (de)  Olgi  and  Roger  (de) 
Ivri  hold  '  Stou '  of  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux. 

14  This  entry  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  page,  and  is 
separated  by  a  considerable  gap  from   the  previous 
one.     Probably  this  was  done  for  the  sake  of  be- 
ginning  the  important  fief  of  Robert  de  Statford 
at  the  top  of  a  new  page. 


327 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


[?  Lea-Marston] '  and  Robert  the  huntsman 
(venator)  *  from  him.  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs; 
and  4  villeins  have  2  ploughs.  There  are  6 
acres  of  meadow ;  wood(land)  4  furlongs  long, 
and  I  broad.  It  was  worth  10  shillings;  now 
2O  shillings.  Alvric  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 
Robert  bought  this  estate  from  him  by  leave 
(Kcentia)  of  King  William. 

fo.  242b 

XXII.  THE  LAND   OF  ROBERT  DE 
STATFORD8 

IN    BOMELAU    HUNDRET 

Robert  de  Stadford  holds  of  the  king  7 
hides  in  WARA  [?  Churchover].4  There  is 
land  for  I  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4  ; 
and  14  villeins  and  5  bordars  have  5  ploughs. 
There  are  a  mill  (fie)  worth  2  shillings,  and  4 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  100  shillings.  Waga  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

The  same  Robert  holds  7  hides  in  UOL- 
WARDE  [Wolford].6  There  is  land  for  10 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  8  and  4  serfs  ; 
and  8  villeins  and  8  bordars,  with  a  priest, 
have  6  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de) 
20  pence.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
100  shillings.  Waga  held  it  freely. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  5  hides  in  BURDIN- 
TONE  [Burmington].7  There  is  land  for  8 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there 
are)  1 2  villeins  and  8  bordars  with  6  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (fir)  10  shillings,  and  12 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  100  shillings.  Godwin  held  it  freely.8 

1   See  notes  on  pp.  319,  323. 
8  This  word  is  an  interlineation. 

3  The    numerous    manors    held   by   Robert   de 
Stafford  in  Warwickshire  require  to   be   compared 
for  identification  with  (l)  the  detailed   return   of 
his  knights'  fees  in  I  1 66,  which   is  found   in   The 
Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  264-8  ;   (2)  the  list 
of  his  Warwickshire  fees  at  a  later  date  in  The  Red 
Book,  pp.   612-3  ;    (3)    the  valuable    list    of  his 
Warwickshire   fees  and  their  tenants  in   Testa  de 
Nevill,  p.  96.— J.H.R. 

4  See  note  on  p.  309.      (This  '  Wara  '  is  '  Wav 
Rog[eri] '  in  the  Testa.— J.H.R.) 

6  Probably  Great  Wolford  ;  see  note  on  p.  318. 
It  was  probably  in   Barcheston   Hundred.      (Both 
Great  and  Little  Wolford  appear  in  the   Testa  as 
held  of  Stafford.— J.H.R.) 

8  No  number  stated. 

7  Burmington  appears  in  later  records  as  part  of 
the  Barony  of  Stafford.     It  lies  between  Wolford 
and    Barcheston,  and  was  doubtless  in  Barcheston 
Hundred. 

1  This  last  sentence  is  written  in  the  margin. 


IN  FEXHOLE  HUNDRET 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  TIHESHOCHE 
[Tysoe].  There  are  23  hides.  There  is 
land  for  32  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  II, 
and  9  serfs  ;  and  53  villeins  with  a  priest  and 
28  bordars  have  23  ploughs.  There  are  16 
acres  of  meadow ;  and  in  Warwic(k)  3  houses 
paying  1 8  pence  rent.  It  was  worth  20 
pounds ;  now  30  pounds.  Waga  held  it 
freely. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  5  hides  in  ETELIN- 
COTE  [Idlicote].9  There  is  land  for  9 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs  and  7 
serfs;  and  (there  are)  26  villeins  and  3  bordars 
with  8  ploughs.  It  was  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  8  pounds.  Auegrin  and  Ordec  held  it 
freely. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRED 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  i  hide  in  HOLE- 
HALE  [Ullenhall].10  There  is  land  for  15 
ploughs.  There  are  17  villeins  and  u 
bordars  with  6  ploughs.  Wood(land)  half  a 
league  long  and  i  furlong  broad.  It  was  and 
is  worth  3  pounds.  Waga  held  it. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  in  OFFEWORDE 
[Offbrd  in  Wootton  Wawen]11  5  hides. 
There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  There  are  3^ 
ploughs  with  3  serfs  and  10  bordars.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings.  Wood(land)  I 
league  long  and  half  a  league  broad.  It  was 
worth  3  pounds ;  now  4  pounds.  Waga 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  in  EDRICESTONE 
[Edstone  in  Wootton  Wawen]  12  5  hides. 

8  This  appears  in  later  records  as  in  the  Barony 
of  Stafford,  and  being  close  to  Tysoe  was  probably 
in  '  Fexhole '  Hundred. 

10  There  can  be  little  doubt  of  this  identification, 
but  Ullenhall  was  afterward  accounted  in  Pathlow 
Liberty. 

11  Offord  appearing  subsequently  in  Barlichway 
Hundred,  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty,  was  probably  in 
the   Domesday    Hundred    of  '  Fernecumbe.'     Its 
locality  was  only  marked  by  a  mill   in   Dugdale's 
time,  and  the  name  has  now  disappeared. 

13  This  seems  clear.  It  appears  as  '  Edristone '  in 
the  Subsidy  Roll  of  i  Edward  III.  '  Edricestone ' 
held  by  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux  was  undoubtedly 
Atherstone-on-Stour,  which  was  in  Kineton  Hun- 
dred. In  his  account  of  Edstone  Dugdale  mis- 
takenly speaks  of  the  tenure  of  the  de  Ruperiis 
family,  who  really  had  to  do  with  Atherstone, 
as  he  himself  had  shown  in  his  account  of  that 
parish.  The  two  places  are  similarly  confused  in 
The  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  1 1 64.  Edstone, 
of  which  the  name  is  now  only  preserved  in  Edstone 
Hall,  a  country  seat,  is  found  in  Barlichway  Hun- 


328 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins 
and  6  bordars  with  i  plough,  and  in  War- 
wic(k)  i  house  paying  a  rent  of  5  pence. 
Wood(land)  half  a  league  long,  and  half  a 
furlong  broad.  It  is  worth  3  pounds.  Ailric 
and  Ulwin  held  it  freely. 

IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  7  hides  in  WOTONE 
[Wootton  Wawen].1  There  is  land  for  9 
ploughs.  There  are  23  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  22  bordars  who  have  (habentes)  6  ploughs. 
There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  1 1  shillings  and 
8  sticks  of  eels.  Wood(land)  2  leagues  long 
and  i  broad.  It  is  worth  4  pounds.  Waga* 
held  it  freely. 

[Robert  the  huntsman  holds  of  him  in 
BRANCOTE  i  hide.  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs  which  is  (est)  there  with  i  villein. 
(It  is)  worth  10  shillings.3] 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

From  the  same  Robert,  Alvric  holds  5  hides 
in  BUBENHALLE  [Bubbenhall].  There  is  land 
for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  i£  ploughs 
with  I  serf;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  2 
bordars  with  2^  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  4  shillings.  Wood(land)  2  furlongs 
long,  and  the  same  in  breadth.  It  is  worth  50 
shillings.  The  same  (Alvric)  held  it  freely. 

[!N  BEDRICESTONE  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET] 
From  R(obert),  Grim  holds  half  a  hide  in 
BERTONE  [Barton  on  the  Heath].     There  is 

dred  but  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty,  and  therefore  was 
probably  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Ferne- 
cumbe.' 

1  It  may  be  only  a  coincidence,  but  the  hidage 
of  these  6  estates  of  Waga,  which  Robert  de  Staf- 
ford kept  in  his  own  hands  amounts  exactly  to  55. 

a  See  Introduction,  p.  284. 

3  This  entry  is  inserted  in  the  margin  at  this 
point,  and  is  apparently  intended  to  come  between 
Robert's  demesne  manors  (which  end  with  Wootton 
Wawen)  and  those  held  of  him  by  his  tenants. 
Mr.  Carter  holds  that  it  should  be  referred  to  the 
fief  of  Robert  '  Dispensator,'  and  that  it  relates  to 
Bramcote  in  Polesworth.  But  'Bramcote'  is  en- 
tered as  J  fee  among  Stafford's  Warwickshire  manors 
in  The  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  613,  which  is 
decisive.  There  is  nothing,  however,  to  show  which 
Bramcote  is  meant,  and  no  Bramcote  is  mentioned 
in  the  Testa  tie  Nevill,  which  is  therefore  no  help. 
As  Robert  the  huntsman  was  a  tenant  only  at 
Robert  d'Oilli's  '  Merstone  '  and  this  Bramcote,  we 
should  expect  those  manors  to  adjoin.  One  of  the 
Bramcotes  does  adjoin  Marston  Jabbett,  but  this 
Marston,  »o  far  as  we  know,  was  all  held  by  the 
Earls  of  Warwick  and  their  Domesday  predecessor. 
— J.H.R. 


land  for  I  plough.  It  is  there,  in  the  demesne, 
and  5  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  2  villeins  and  3 
bordars.  It  was  and  is  worth  2O  shillings. 
This  estate  (terra)  is  in  Bedricestone  Hundret/ 

From  R(obert),  Ordwi  holds  2  hides  in  WOR- 
WARDE  [Wolford].8  There  is  land  for  6 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  i  plough. 
It  is  worth  50  shillings.  Alwi  held  it  freely. 

From  R(obert),  Alwin  holds  2  hides  in  the 
same  vill.5  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  i,  with  i  serf  ;  and  (there  are) 
4  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  i  plough.  It 
was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Alwin  held  it  freely. 

From  R(obert),  Iwein  holds  i£  hides  in 
ULLAVINTONE  [Wellington].  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2 
serfs,  with  I  villein  and  I  bordar.  It  was 
and  is  worth  20  shillings.  Dodo  and  Leuric 
held  it  freely. 

From  R(obert),  Brion  holds  2  hides  in  Dic- 
FORDE  [Ditchford  Frary].6  There  is  land 
for  7  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  9 
serfs ;  and  (there)  are  8  villeins  and  3  bor- 
dars with  3  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth 
(de)  68  pence.  It  was  worth  40  shillings;  now 
4  pounds.  Leuric  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  R(obert),  Warin  holds  5  hides  in 
LITTLE  CONTONE  [Compton  Scorfen].7 
There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  3  ploughs  and  8  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  8 
villeins  and  2  bordars  with  6  ploughs.  There 
are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  IOO  shillings.  Brictric  held 
it  freely. 

From  R(obert),  Alwin  holds  i  hide  in  CON- 
TONE  [?  Compton  Wyniates].7  There  is  land 

1  The  words  '  In  Bedricestone  H'd  '  are  rubri- 
cated as  a  hundredal  heading. — J.H.R. 

6  See  note  on  p.  318. 

8  So  called  from  Frary  de  Dicheford,  who  held 
it  under  Brion's  heirs  the  Standons. — J.H.R. 

'  I  take  these  five  places  (Wolford,  Willington, 
Ditchford,  Compton  Scorfen  and  Compton  Wyn- 
iates) following  after  Barton  to  have  been,  like 
Barton,  in  Barcheston  Hundred.  They  are  all 
near  together,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Barcheston. 
It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Mr.  Round 
considers  the  identification  of  Compton  Wyniates 
to  be  against  all  the  record  evidence. 

(The  only  indication  of  Compton  Scorfen  on 
the  ordnance  maps  is  a  district  called  Compton 
Scorpion  Farms. — B.W.) 


329 


42 


A    HISTORY  OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


for  I  plough.  There  are  2  bordars.  It  was 
and  is  worth  10  shillings.  Two  brothers 
held  it  freely. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

From  R(obert),  Hugh  holds  2  hides  in  MOR- 
TONE  [Morton  Bagot].1  There  is  land  for 
4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs ; 
and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  5  bordars  with 
2  ploughs.  There  is  meadow  3  furlongs 
long  and  6  perches  broad.  Wood(land)  half  a 
league  long  and  i  furlong  broad.  It  was 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings.  Grim- 
ulf  held  it  freely. 

IN  BERRICESTONE  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 

From  R(obert),  Ailric  holds  i  hide  in 
EDELMITONE  [?  Tidmington].2  There  is  land 
for  i  plough.  It  is  there  in  the  demesne, 
with  2  serfs  and  I  villein.  It  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  15  shillings.  Ailric  held 
it  freely. 

IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 

From  R(obert),  Hugh  holds  I  hide  and  I 
virgate  of  land  in  CLIFORDE  [Ruin  Clifford].3 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I,  and  2  serfs;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins 
and  3  bordars  with  I  plough.  It  was  and 
is  worth  30  shillings.  Saward  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 


CLOTONE  [Clopton].4  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  with  i  serf; 
and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  It  was  and  is  worth  60  shillings. 
Odo  and  Aileva  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  R(obert),  Hervey  holds  I  hide  in  MOR- 
TONE  [?  Norton-Lindsey].8  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  Two  however  are  in  the  de- 
mesne, and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  5  villeins 
and  2  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  It  was  worth 
20  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings.  Waga  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  R(obert),  Urfer  holds  I  hide  and  i 
virgate  and  the  third  part  of  i  virgate  in  UL- 
WARDITONE  [Wolverton].'  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  with  i 
serf  and  2  villeins  and  (there  is)  i  furlong 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  10  shillings; 
now  20  shillings.  Simund  the  Dane7  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  R(obert),  Dreu  (Drogo)  holds  3 
hides  in  WITELEIA  [Whitley  juxta  Henley].8 
There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  i,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins 
and  6  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  is  a 
mill  worth  (de)  2  shillings,  and  10  acres  of  mea- 
dow ;  wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  2 
furlongs  broad.  It  was  worth  20  shillings; 
now  40  shillings.  Three  brothers  held  it. 


From  R(obert),  William  holds  5  hides  in          From  R(obert),  Ludichel  holds  i£  hides  in 


1  I    have  little  doubt  of  this  identification,  for 
there  is  no  other  Morton  in  Barlichway  Hundred, 
in  which  Hundred  'Fernecumbe'  Hundred  became 
included.      Dugdale  does  not   take   notice  of  this 
entry,  but  considers  that  the  '  Mortone '  four  entries 
further  on  was  Morton  Bagot. 

2  Dugdale  regards  this  as  Ilmington  (which   is 
'  Ilmedon'  or  '  Ilmedone'  in  Domesday),  but  I  have 
little  doubt  that  my  identification  is  correct.     For 
the  connecting  form  'Tidelmitone  '  seep.  83  of  the 
edition   of  Habington's   MSS.,  published    by   the 
Worcestershire  Historical  Society.     No  connection 
of  the  Staffords   with   Ilmington   is  to  be  traced. 
Tidmington  was  part  of  a  Worcestershire  island  in 
Warwickshire   and   is  still  included  in  Worcester- 
shire. 

(In  Domesday  Tidmington  appears  as  'Tidelmin- 
tun,'  a  'member'  of  Tredington  in  Worcester- 
shire, and  is  assessed  with  it  at  23  hides,  but  only 
the  stream  divided  it  from  Warwickshire  and  it  is 
barely  two  miles  from  Barcheston.  It  is  possible 
therefore  that  this  entry  refers  to  a  portion  of  the 
parish  which  was  surveyed  under  Warwickshire. — 
J.H.R.) 

'  This  was,  it  would  appear  from  Dugdale's  map, 
a  small  hamlet  in  Warwickshire  separated  from  the 
Gloucestershire  Clifford  by  the  river  Stour. 


*  Clopton,  like  (Ruin)  Clifford,  subsequently 
appears  in  Pathlow  Liberty. 

6  I  suggest  this  identification  for  several  reasons, 
though  Dugdale,   as  mentioned   four  notes    back, 
identifies  this   place   as   Morton  Bagot.      But  that 
Norton   should  be  omitted  from  Domesday  Book 
seems  unlikely,  and  we  should  expect  to  find  it  (as 
here)  next  to  Wolverton,  which  is  contiguous,  and 
in  the  same   Barony.     The  fact   that   Waga   was 
tenant  T.R.E.  both  here  and  at  Wootton  Wawen 
may   be   connected   with  the  former  parochial  de- 
pendence of  Norton  on  Wootton  Wawen.     Both 
Morton  and  Norton   appear  in  the  Subsidy  Rolls 
as   in   Barlichway   Hundred    but  not   in    Pathlow 
Liberty.     We  should  expect  therefore  to  find  them 
in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 

(It  is  certain  from  the  Red  Book  and  the  Testa  de 
Nevill  that  Langley  and  '  Norton '  were  held  un- 
der Stafford  by  Curli,  but  there  seems  to  be  some 
confusion  between  Norton  Limesi  [now  Lindsey] 
and  Norton  Curli,  owing  to  Curli  holding  in 
both.— J.H.R.) 

0  See  p.  331,  note  2. 

7  In  Heming's  Cartulary  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  265, 
he  is  spoken  of  as  a    knight  of  Earl   Leofric,  by 
whose  influence  he  extorted  land  from  the  church 
of  Worcester.— J.H.R. 


330 


THE  HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


LONGELEI  [Langley  *].  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  with  i  serf ; 
and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  4  bordars  with 
2  ploughs.  There  are  1 2  acres  of  meadow  ; 
wood(land)  I  league  long  and  half  a  league 
broad.  It  was  worth  30  shillings ;  now  40 
shillings.  Ernui  held  it  freely. 

From  R(obert),  Ailric  holds  i  hide  in  BURLEI 
[Bearley]."  There  is  land  for  I  plough. 
There  is  I  villein  and  i  serf,  and  I  acre  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
i  o  shillings.  The  same  (Ailric)  held  it. 

Leuing  holds  in  OFFEWORDE  [Offord 2  in 

Wootton  Wawen] a  I  carucate  of  inland  3  and 

there  has  I  plough.  It  was  and  is  worth  10 
shillings. 


XXIII.  THE  LAND  OF  ROBERT 
DISPENSER  4 

IN    COLESHELLE     [CoLESHILL]    HUNDRET 

Robert  Dispenser  (Dispensator)  holds  of  the 
king  9  hides  in  MERSTON  [?  in  Lea  Mars- 
ton].5  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  2,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  24 
villeins  with  6  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  i  o  shillings,  and  6  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  and  is  worth  4  pounds.  Ailmar  held 
it  freely  T.R.E.  In  like  wise  (he  held)  this 
estate  following. 

The  same  Robert  holds  half  a  hide  in 
FILINGELEI  [Fillongley].8  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  There  are  4  villeins  with  a 
priest  and  I  bordar  who  have  (habentes)  2 
ploughs.  There  is  I  acre  of  meadow ; 

1  See  next  note. 

2  As  none  of  these  six  places  following  Clopton 
appears  afterward  in  Pathlow  Liberty,   though  all 
were  in  Barlichway  Hundred,  I  suppose  that  they 
were  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 

3  This  entry  appears  at   the  end  of  Robert  de 
Stafford's  barony,  but  does  not  state  that  Leuing 
held  of  him.     A  Leuing  was  a   king's  thegn   in 
Staffordshire.      This    entry,    and    the    subsequent 
entry  relating  to  Lighthorne  contain  the  only  two 
references  to  '  inland  '  in  the  Domesday  of  War- 
wickshire. 

*  '  Dispensatoris.' 

8  I  have  little  doubt  that  this '  Merston  '  and  the 
'  Merstone '  held  by  Robert  de  Oilgi  were  the  same 
place  and  were  Lea-Marston.  The  arguments  in 
favour  of  this  are  almost  too  intricate  to  be  stated 
in  a  footnote.  The  Marmions  were  afterwards 
lords  of  Lea-Marston,  and  it  is  usual  to  find  them 
in  possession  of  Robert  Dispenser's  lands. 

•  This  is  obvious.    Moreover  here  also  the  Mar- 
mions in  later  times  had  an  estate. 


wood(land)  2  leagues  long  and  i  league  broad. 
It  was  worth  10  shillings;  now  2O  shillings. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  i  hide  in  LETH 
[?  Lea-Marston].7  There  is  land  for  I 
plough.  There  is  I  knight  with  I  plough  ; 
and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  I  bordar  and  2 
serfs  with  i  plough.  There  are  2  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  10  shillings,  and  is 
worth  15  shillings.  Alwin  held  it  freely. 

The  same  R(obert)  holds  10  hides  in  BER- 
TANESTONE  [Barston].8  There  is  land  for 
10  ploughs.  There  are  6  free  men  and  9 
villeins  and  4  bordars  with  10  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings.  Wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  3  furlongs  broad. 
It  was  and  is  worth  100  shillings.  Ailmar 
held  it  freely,  and  with  the  leave  (licentia)  of 
King  William,  sold  it  to  Alwin  the  sheriff. 

XXIV.    THE     LAND     OF     ROBERT 
DE  VECI 

IN  BOMELAU  HUNDRET 

Robert  de  Veci  holds  of  the  king  5  hides 
and  a  half  in  ULVEIA  [Wolvey].  There  is 
land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  15  villeins  with  a  priest  and 
2  bordars  have  7  ploughs.  There  are  50 
acres  of  meadow.  Pasture  half  a  league  in 
length  and  breadth.  It  was  worth  (?  3)' 
pounds ;  now  50  shillings.  Alric  son  of 
Meriet  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  Robert  holds  3  virgates  of  land 
in  WITECORE  [(?  Nether)  Whitacre].10  There 
is  land  for  I  plough,  and  it  is  there,  with  I 
villein  and  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
IO  shillings  ;  now  2  shillings.  Ailric  held  it 
freely.11 

7  It  had  occurred  to  me  that  this  might  be 
Blithe  and  that  the  initial  B  had  somehow  dropped 
out.     But  Blithe  was  not  even  important   enough 
to  appear  in  the  Subsidy  Roll  of  i  Edward  III.,  and 
moreover  Dugdale  shows  that  it  was  held  from  the 
Mowbrays,  whereas  Lea,   like   Marston,  was  held 
under  the    Marmions,   the   successors   of  Robert 
Dispenser. 

8  This,  as  already  stated  (see  p.  320),  is  apparently 
a  duplicate  of  the  entry  relating  to  '  Bertanestone ' 
under  Turchil's  fee.      But  this  is  not  certain,  and 
Mr.  Round  doubts  it. 

9  Here    is    a    smudge  of   ink   in   the   original. 
There  are  certainly  two  strokes  and  may  be  three. 

10  See  the  note  relating  to  the  entry  of  Wite- 
core  in  Turchil's  fee,  p.  319. 

11  This  entry  at  the  foot  of  the  column,  in  a 
smaller  handwriting  and  lower  than  the  foot  of 
the  other  column,  appears  to  be  an  afterthought. 


331 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


fo.  H) 

XXV.  THE    LAND    OF    RALF    DE 

MORTEMER 

IN    BOMELAU    HUNDRET 

Ralf  de  Mortemer  holds  STRATONE  [Stret- 
ton  Baskerville],  and  Roger  of  him.  There 
are  3  hides.  There  is  land  for  6  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there  are)  8  vil- 
leins and  4  bordars  with  4  ploughs.  There 
are  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  40  shil- 
lings ;  now  30  shillings.  Edric  held  it  freely. 

XXVI.  THE    LAND    OF    RALF   DE 

LIMESI 

Ralf  de  Limesi  holds  of  the  king  in  BUDE- 
BROC  [Budbrooke]1  5  hides.  There  is  land 
for  1 2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs 
and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  22  villeins  and 
13  bordars  with  6  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  2  shillings  and  30  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  I  league  long  and  3  furlongs 
broad.  In  Warwic(k)  7  houses  yield  (reddunt) 

7  shillings  per  annum.     It  was  and  is  worth 

8  pounds.     Earl  Eduin  held  it. 

XXVII.  THE    LAND    OF    WILLIAM 

SON   OF  ANSCULF 

William  son  of  Ansculf  holds  of  the  king 
ESTONE  [Aston  juxta  Birmingham],8  and 
Godmund  of  him.  There  are  8  hides. 
There  is  land  for  2O  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne is  land  for  6  ploughs,  but  the  ploughs 
are  not  there.  There  30  villeins  with  a 
priest  and  I  serf  and  12  bordars  have  1 8 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  3  shillings. 
Wood(land)  3  leagues  long  and  half  a  league 
broad.  It  was  worth  4  pounds;  now  IOO 
shillings.  Earl  Eduin  held  it. 

From  W(illiam),  Stannechetel  holds  I  hide 
in  WITONE  [Witton  in  Aston].  There  is 
land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and 
2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  I  villein  and  2  bordars 
with  2  ploughs.  It  was  worth  10  shillings; 
now  20.  The  same  S(tannechetel)  held  it 
freely. 

From  W(illiam),  Peter  holds  3  hides  in 
HARDINTONE  [Erdington].  There  is  land  for  6 

1  The  words  '  In  Budebroc  '  are  written  as  if  it 
were  the  name  of  a  hundred.  Budbrooke,  appear- 
ing afterward  in  Barlichway  Hundred  but  not  in 
Pathlow  Liberty,  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 

3  Aston  and  all  William's  other  Warwickshire 
estates  here  recorded  appear  afterward  in  Hemling- 
ford  Hundred,  and  were  therefore  doubtless  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of '  Coleshelle.' 


ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  4 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  3  shillings, 
and  5  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  i  league 
long  and  a  half  broad,  but  it  is  set  apart  for 
the  king  (in  defense  regis  est).  It  was  worth 
20  shillings  ;  now  30.  Earl  Eduin  held  it. 

From  W(illiam),  Dreu  (Drogo)  holds  2  hides 
in  CELBOLDESTONE  [Edgbaston].3  There  is 
land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 

1  £  ploughs  ;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  7 
bordars  with  5  ploughs.     Wood(land)  3  fur- 
longs broad  and  half  a   league  long.     It  was 
worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30.    Aschi  and  Alwi 
held  it  freely. 

From  W(illiam),  Ricoard  holds  4  hides  in 
BERMINGEHAM  [Birmingham].  There  is 
land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i ,  and 
(there  are)  5  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  Wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and 

2  furlongs   broad.     It  was  and  is  worth  2O 
shillings.     Ulwin  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  CUDULUESTAN  [CuTTLESTONE] 

HUNDRET  * 

From  W(illiam),  Roger  holds  2  hides  in 
ESENINGETONE  [Essington  in  Bushbury,  Staf- 
fordshire]. There  is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are) 
15  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  3  ploughs. 
Wood(land)  i  league  long  and  the  same  broad. 
In  Biscopesberie  [Bushbury]  is  i  virgate  of 
land  appurtenant  to  this  estate,  but  it  is  waste. 
It  was  and  is  worth  20  shillings. 

XXVIII.   THE    LAND    OF   WILLIAM 
SON    OF  CORBUCION 

William  son  of  Corbucion  holds  of  the 
king  ERMENDONE  [PAmington]  and  Robert 
of  him  in  pledge  (vadimon\ium\).  There  are  4 
hides.  There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  2  and  6  serfs  ;  and  (there  are) 
6  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  2J  ploughs. 
There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land) 
4  furlongs  long  and  2  furlongs  broad.  It 
was  and  is  worth  50  shillings.  Turchil 
batoc  B  held  it  freely. 

3  The  early  post- Domesday  form  of  the  name 
is  Egbaldeston.     Unless  there  was  some  such  name 
as  '  Ecgilbald,'  from  which  '  Egbald '  was  a  cor- 
ruption,  I  suppose  the  '  Cel '  which  here  begins 
the  name  is  a  clerical  error. 

4  This  is  the  Staffordshire  Hundred  of  Cuddle- 
ston,  now  called  Cuttlestone,  and  this  entry  is  re- 
peated verbatim  et  literatim  in   the   Domesday  of 
Staffordshire. 

•  '  batoc  '  is  interlined. 


332 


THE    HOLDERS  OF    LANDS 


From  W(illiam),  Ailmar  holds  2  hides  in 
CINTONE  [?  Kington1  in  Bickenhill  and 
Solihull].2  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs. 
There  are  5  villeins  who  have  them.  Wood- 
(land)  half  a  league  long  and  4  furlongs  broad. 
It  was  and  is  worth  10  shillings.  Turchil 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  W(illiam),  Juhell  holds  1\  hides 
in  SECHINTONE  [Seckington].  There  is  land 
for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  ;  and 
(there  are)  6  villeins  and  4  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  There  are  \\  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  and  is  worth  30  shillings.  Ernui  held 
it. 

From  W(illiam),  Ordric  holds  2  hides  in 
WITSCAGA  [Wishaw].3  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  There  are  3  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  4  bordars.  Wood(land)  3  furlongs  long 
and  i  broad.  It  was  worth  30  shillings;  now 
10  shillings.  The  same  Ordric  held  it  freely. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

From  W(illiam),  Roger  holds  i  hide  in 
HODENELLE  [Hodnell].  (There  is  land  for)  4 
i  plough.  It  is  there  with  2  villeins  and  2 
bordars.  There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  10  shillings;  now  2O  shillings. 
Alwi  held  it  freely. 

From  W(illiam),  Osmund  holds  2  hides  in 
HUNINGEHAM  [Hunningham].6  There  is  land 
for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2 
serfs ;  and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  2  bordars 
with  i  plough.  There  are  6  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
Ernewi  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From    W(illiam),    Chetel  holds    \\    hides 

1  Alias  Kingsford. 

J  Coming  between  Amington  and  Seckington, 
which  are  two  adjoining  parishes  in  Hemlingford 
Hundred,  I  thought  that  '  Cintone  '  would  be  a 
neighbouring  place  in  the  same  hundred,  and 
as  Kington,  which  with  Lyndon  formed  a  mem- 
ber of  Bickenhill,  is  in  the  same  hundred  and 
in  Turchil's  territory,  and  is  found  at  an  early  date 
in  the  hands  of  the  Mountforts  of  Beaudesert,  who 
somehow  acquired  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
Corbucion  estates,  I  have  little  doubt  that  the 
identification  here  made  is  correct.  Dugdale  (p. 
553)  seems  to  identify  this 'Cintone'  with  Kineton, 
but  evidently  distrusts  (p.  431)  his  own  sugges- 
tion. (There  is  however  nothing  to  connect 
William  or  his  heirs  with  the  above  place. — 
J.H.R.) 

3  Doubtless  in '  Coleshelle '  Hundred,  being  after- 
ward in  Hemlingford  Hundred. 

*  The  leaf  is  injured  here. 


in  the  same  vill  [HUNINGEHAM]  8  and  half 
a  virgate  of  land.8  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  with  i  serf; 
and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  5  bordars  with  2 
ploughs.  There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  and  is  worth  30  shillings.  Saulf  held  it 
freely. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

From  W(illiam),  Johais  holds  2j  virgates  of 
land  in  WESTONE  [Weston  under  Wetherley].7 
There  is  land  for  ij  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne is  I  with  I  villein  and  I  bordar. 
There  are  I O  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and 
is  worth  10  shillings.  Sawold  held  it  freely. 

From  W(illiam),  Roger  holds  I  virgate  of 
land  in  CONDELME  [Coundon].8  There  is 
land  for  i  plough.  There  are  2  bordars. 
Wood(Iand)  half  a  league  long  and  4  fur- 
longs broad.  It  was  worth  5  shillings  ;  now 
4  shillings. 

IN    BERRICESTONE   [BARCHESTON]    HUNDRET 

From  W(illiam),  Johais  holds  2^  hides  in 
BERRICESTONE  [Barcheston].  There  is  land 
for  3^  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and 
(there  are)  5  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  ij 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  100 
pence,  and  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings.  Wiching  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  W(illiam),  Geoffrey  holds  I  hide  in 
MAPELBERGE  [Mappleborough  in  Studley].9 
There  is  land  for  3  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  i  with  i  serf;  and  (there  are)  2  villeins 
with  i  plough.  There  are  10  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  I  furlong  long  and  I 
broad.  It  was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  1 5 
shillings.  Leuiet  held  it  freely. 

6  Honingham  (now  Hunningham),  which  ap- 
pears afterward  in  Marton  Leet,  was  doubtless  in 
the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Meretone.' 

8  i.e.  if  hides  in  all. 

7  The  identification  seems  clear,  for  this  Weston 
afterward  appears  in  Stoneleigh  Leet.    The  \\  vir- 
gates held  here  by  Robert  under  Turchil,  together 
with  these  2\  virgates,  make  up  a  i-hide  estate,  in 
addition  to  which  Robert  also  held  here  an  estate 
of  3  hides   less   one-third  of  a   virgate  under  the 
Count  of  Meulan. 

8  Coundon   afterward   in   Stoneleigh  Leet  was 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Stanlei.' 
The   one   virgate  of  this  estate  together  with  the 
three    virgates    held    here     by    the     Church    of 
Coventry  make  it  a  i-hide  place. 

•  Mappleborough  was,  no  doubt,  like  Studley,  in 
'  Fernecumbe '  Hundred. 


333 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


From  W(illiam),  Turchil  holds  I J  hides  in 
ECLESHELLE  [Exhall].1  There  is  land  for  I 
plough.  There  are  2  bordars  and  10  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now 
5  shillings.  Suain  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

From  W(illiam),  Leuric  and  Eileua  hold  3 
hides  and  i  virgate  of  land  in  GRASTON 
[(?  Arden's)  Grafton].'  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  one,  and  2  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  i  villein  and  3  bordars  with  i 
plough.  There  are  4  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
The  same  persons  (Idem  ipsf)  held  it  freely. 

From  W(illiam),  William  holds  2  hides  in 
BENINTON  [Binton].3  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  one,  with  i  serf 
and  5  bordars.  There  are  3  acres  of  meadow. 
On  the  part  of  the  mill  (there  are  received)  4 
loads  (summas)  of  flour  and  8  '  sticks  '  of  eels  ; 
and  from  Wich  [Droitwich]  3  loads  (summas) 
of  salt.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30 
shillings.  Edric  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

William  himself  (Ifse  Willelmuf)  holds  I 
hide  in  HEREFORD  [Barford] 4  of  the  king. 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There  are  2 
serfs  and  9  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  5  shillings.  Saulf  held  it 
T.R.E. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

The  same  W(illiam)  holds  4  hides  in  STOD- 
LEI  [Studley].0  There  is  land  for  1 1  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  3  serfs  ;  and  19 

1  Near  Alcester.  This  identification  is  clear 
owing  to  the  connection  of  the  Corbisons  with 
the  place.  It  is  afterward  found  in  Barlichway 
Hundred  but  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty,  and  was 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  'Ferne- 
cumbe.' 

J  This  was  probably  the  portion  of  Grafton  known 
as  'Arden's,'  being  the  smaller  of  the  two.  It  is 
between  Exhall  and  Binton,  and  for  the  same 
reasons  as  Exhall  was  doubtless  in  '  Fernecumbe  ' 
Hundred.  The  connection  of  the  Corbisons  with 
it  in  after  times  is  well  ascertained  (Dugdale,  p. 
540- 

3  This  identification  is  no  doubt  correct.     Bin- 
ton,  in  the  same  way  as  Exhall  and  Grafton,  was 
doubtless  in  '  Fernecumbe '  Hundred.   For  Domes- 
day purposes  we  may,  I  think,  ignore  the  place  in 
Salford  now  called  Bevington,  but  in  the  first  two 
Subsidy  Rolls  '  Benynton.' 

4  Barford  appears  afterward  in  Kineton  Hun- 
dred, in  which  '  Tremelau  '  Hundred  was  merged. 

8  Studley,  as  we  should  expect,  appears  after- 
wards in  Barlichway  Hundred,  but  not  in  Pathlow 
Liberty. 


villeins  with  a  priest  and  12  bordars  have  9 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  5  shillings, 
and  24  acres  of  meadow.  A  salt  pan  renders 
19  loads  (summas)  of  salt.6  Wood(land)  i 
league  long  and  half  a  league  broad.  It  was 
and  is  worth  100  shillings.  Suain  held  it 
freely. 

The  same  W(illiam)  holds  2^  hides  and 
two  thirds  of  I  virgate  in  ULWARDITONE 
[Wolverton].7  There  is  land  for  5  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  4  serfs;  and 
(there  are)  10  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  5 
ploughs.  There  are  2O  acres  of  meadow. 
Wood(land)  i  furlong  long  and  half  (a 
furlong)  broad.  In  Warwic(k)  i  house  paying 
8  pence.  It  was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  60 
shillings.  Ernuin  held  it  freely  T.R.E.8 

The  same  W(illiam)  holds  4  hides  in  BURLEI 
[Bearley].9  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  I,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  9  villeins  and  6  bordars  with  5  ploughs. 
There  are  4  acres  of  meadow.  In  Warwic(k) 
I  house  paying  8  pence.  It  was  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  40  shillings.  Erneuin  and  his 
mother  held  it  freely. 

IN  COLVESTAN  HUNDRET  lo 
The    same    W(illiam)    holds    CILLENTONE 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  293. 

7  Comparing  this  with  the  entry  of  '  Ulwardi- 
tone'  among  Robert  de  Stafford's  estates  (see  p. 3  30) 
we  find  that  it  was  a  4-hide  vill,  of  which    Urfer, 
Robert's  tenant,  held  one  third,  namely  i  hide  and 
I  virgate  and  one  third  of  a  virgate,  while  William 
son  of  Corbucion  holds  two  thirds,  namely  2  hides 
and   2  virgates  and  two  thirds  of  a  virgate.      As 
stated  before,  Wolverton  was  evidently  in  '  Ferne- 
cumbe' Hundred,  so  that  the  rubrication  of  Studley 
applies  to  this  entry  of  Wolverton  which  follows 
next. 

8  On   the  outside   margin  opposite  this  entry 
is     written     v.v'  ;    and    similarly,     opposite    the 
paragraph   relating  to  Stodlei  is  written   1 1  &  d'. 
The  former  might  be  short    for   quinque  virgatit 
and  the   latter  for  duo  et  dimidium.     I  cannot   see 
that  these  signs  bear  any  reference  to  any  entries 
on  the  page,  and  I  understand  it  has  been  suggested 
that  the  scribe  was  merely  trying  his  pen. 

8  As  before  stated,  this  was  doubtless  in  'Ferne- 
cumbe '  Hundred.  The  4  hides  here  given,  to- 
gether with  the  I  hide  entered  under  the  fee  of 
Stafford,  make  '  Burlei '  a  5-hide  place. 

10  This  is  the  Staffordshire  Hundred  now  called 
'  Cuttlestone.'  It  will  be  remembered  that 
William  fitz  Anscult's  Staffordshire  manor  of 
Essington,  which  is  recorded  in  this  county,  is  also 
in  Cuttlestone  Hundred.  In  the  case  of  Essing- 
ton however  there  is  a  duplicate  entry  in  the 
Staffordshire  Domesday,  whereas  Chillington  is  re- 
corded in  Warwickshire  only. 


334 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


[Chillington].1  There  are  3  hides.  There 
is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I 
plough,  and  9  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  1 3  vil- 
leins and  6  bordars  with  5  ploughs.  There 
are  2  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  2 
leagues  long,  and  half  a  league  broad.  It 
was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  30  shillings.  The 
Bishop  of  Chester  claims  this  estate. 


XXIX.    THE    LAND    OF    WILLIAM 
BUENVASLETH 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
William  Buenvasleth  holds  of  the  king 
LISTECORNE  [Lighthorne].  There  are  5 
hides  beside  'inland.'2  There  is  land  for  18 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ploughs  and 
7  serfs  ;  and  1 9  villeins  and  9  bordars  with  a 
priest  have  6  ploughs.  There  are  30  acres  of 
meadow,  and  I  grove  (grava)  1  furlongs 
long  and  20  perches  broad.  It  was  worth  100 
shillings  ;  now  7  pounds.  Earl  Ralf 3  held  it 

fo.  343b 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

The  same  William  holds  3  virgates  of  land 
in  ERBURBERIE  [Harbury].4  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  There  are  2  villeins.  It  was 
worth  10  shillings  ;  now  5  shillings.  Ulwin 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

From  W(illiam),  Roger  holds  4^  hides 
in  OPTONE  [Upton  juxta  Haselor].5  There 
is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
1 1,  and  4  serfs;  and  (there  are)  I o  villeins 
and  5  bordars  with  4  ploughs.  There  are  30 
acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  10  furlongs 
and  1 8  perches  long,  and  5  furlongs  broad. 
It  is  worth  70  shillings.  It  was  worth 6 
10  shillings.  Three  men  of  Earl  Leofric 
(Leurici)  held  it  freely. 

From  W(illiam),  Hugh  holds  2  hides  in 
SPERNORE  [Spernall].7  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  ;  and  (there) 

1  In  Brewood,  Staffordshire. 
1  '  Inland '  paid  no  geld  to  the  king.     This  was 
evidently  a  case  of  'beneficial  hidation.' 

3  Probably  Ralf  Earl  of  Hereford.— J.H.R. 

4  This  is  the  last  of  the  five  entries  relating  to 
Harbury,  and  brings  thehidage  up  to  exactly  izj. 

5  This  identification  is  clear,  for  this  is  the  only 
Upton  found  afterwards  in  Barlichway  Hundred, 
which  Hundred  absorbed  '  Fernecumbe '  Hundred. 
Upton  is  not  far  from  Studley  and  Spernall. 

•  The  text  is  doubtful  here. 
'   Near  Studley. 


are  4  villeins  and  7  bordars  with  3  ploughs. 
There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings  and  7 
sticks  of  eels,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  Wood- 
(land)  3  furlongs  long  and  I  broad.  It  is  worth 
40  shillings.8 

From  W(illiam),  William  holds  I  hide  in 
STODLEI  [Studley].9  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  plough  ;  and 
(there)  are  4  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  3 
furlongs  long  and  2  furlongs  broad.  It  is 
worth  i  o  shillings.  Godric  held  it  freely. 


XXX.  THE   LAND    OF    GEOFFREY 

DE   MANNEVILE 

Geoffrey  de  Mannevile  holds  of  the  king 
CUNTONE  [Long  Compton].10  There  are  30 
hides.  There  is  land  for  20  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  7,  and  25  serfs  ;  and  45  villeins 
with  a  priest  and  13  bordars  and  2  knights 
have  10  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de) 
IO  shillings,  and  meadow  3  furlongs  long 
and  as  much  broad.  Wood(land)  2  furlongs 
in  length  and  breadth.  It  was  worth  1 5 
pounds  ;  now  30  pounds.  Asgar  the  Staller 
(stalre)  held  it. 

IN    HONESBERIE    HUNDRET 

From  the  same  Geoffrey,  William  holds 
half  a  hide  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  hide  in 
WIMELESTONE  [Wormleighton].  There  is 
land  for  ij  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I 
plough  with  2  bordars.  It  was  worth  2O  shil- 
lings ;  now  1 5  shillings. 

XXXI.  THE   LAND    OF   GEOFFREY 

DE  WIRCE 

IN  BOMELAU  HUNDRET 

Geoffrey  de  Wirce11  holds  of  the  king  CHIR- 
CHEBERIE  [Monks  Kirby].  There  are  15 
hides.  There  is  land  for  2O  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  7,  and  6  serfs,  and  2  bond- 
women ;  and  (there  are)  41  villeins  and  2  bor- 
dars with  2  priests,  who  have  (habentes)  2 1 
ploughs.  There  are  40  acres  of  meadow. 

8  Doubtless  like  Studley,  it  was  in  '  Fernecumbe  ' 
Hundred. 

9  This  hide,  together  with  the  4  hides  held  by 
William  fitz  Corbucion  in  demesne,  make  Studley 
a  5 -hide  place. 

10  As  shown  in  my  former  note  concerning  the 
Comptons,   this  was  evidently  Long  Compton,  for 
Dugdale  clearly  traces  the  tenure  of  the  Mande- 
villes.     Judging  by  its  position,  I   suppose  that  it 
was  in  Barcheston  Hundred. 

11  See  Introduction,  p.  275. 


335 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


In  this  manor  the  monks  of  S.  Nicholas  [of 
Angers]  have  2  ploughs,  and  22  villeins  (vil- 
lanos)  and  6  bordars  with  5  ploughs. 

The  whole  was  worth  100  shillings,  and 
afterwards  40  shillings  ;  now  10  pounds. 
Lewin  held  it  freely. 

The  same  G(eoffrey)  holds  NEWEBOLD  [New- 
bold-on-Avon].1  There  are  8  hides.  There 
is  land  for  16  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
3,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  25  villeins  and 
8  bordars  with  n  ploughs.  It  was  and  is 
worth  100  shillings.  Lewin  held  it  freely. 

The  same  G(eoffrey)  holds  FENINIWEBOLD 
[Newbold  Revel].2  There  are  8  hides. 
There  is  land  for  16  ploughs.  In  the  de- 
mesne are  4  ploughs  and  8  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  26  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  10  ploughs. 
There  are  i  o  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and 
is  worth  7  pounds.  Lewin  held  it  freely. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

The  same  G(eoffrey)  holds  5  hides  in  LELLE- 
FORD  [Long  Lawford].3  There  is  land  for 
14  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  ;  and  14 
villeins  and  7  bordars  have  7  ploughs.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de)  14  shillings.  It  was  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  50  shillings. 

The  same  G(eoffrey)  holds  WAPEBERIE 
[Wappenbury].4  There  are  5  hides.  There 

1  This  is  Dugdale's  identification,   and   I  think 
it  is  correct,   though  his   logic   is    not  convincing. 
Otherwise  we  must  suppose  that  Newbold-on-Avon, 
the  most  important  of  the  Newbolds,  was  omitted 
from  Domesday  Book.     See  next  note. 

2  This  also  is  Dugdale's  identification,  and  prob- 
ably correct.      Indeed,   if,   as  he   states    (p.   56), 
this  manor  was  conveyed   in  6  Richard  II.  by  the 
name  of  'Feni-Newbold,'  there  can  be  no  question 
but  that  he  is  right.     Otherwise,  this  entry  looks 
suspiciously    like  a   repetition    of  the    account  of 
Newebold    preceding    it,    with  the  less  important 
particulars  slightly  varied.     In  the  Subsidy  Roll  of 
i    Edward  III.  Newbold  Revel  appears   under  the 
head    of  '  Newbolde  and   Strettone,'  with    John 
Revel  first  on  the  list  of  those  who  paid. 

3  I  have  little  doubt  of  this  identification,  pro- 
viding that  Dugdale  (p.  21)  is  correct  in  stating 
that  it  was  in  this  Lawford  that  Geoffrey  de  Wirce 
granted  the  tithes  to  the  monastery  of  S.  Nicholas 
of  Angers.      In    I    Edward   III.,  Long  Lawford, 
was   in    Brinklow  Leet,   and   Church  Lawford   in 
Marton  Leet:  but  as  Long  Lawford  was  originally 
in  the  parish  of  Church  Lawford,  it  was  doubtless 
also  originally  in  Marton  Leet  and  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Meretone.' 

4  This  identification   is  obvious.     Moreover   it 
is  afterward  found  in  Marton  Leet,  and  was  there- 


is  land  for  15  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
3  ploughs  and  6  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  1 9  vil- 
leins and  6  bordars  with  10  ploughs.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de)  6  shillings  and  8  pence. 
Wood(land)  half  a  league  long  and  2  fur- 
longs broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  no  shil- 
lings. 

The  same  G(eoffrey)  holds  HANTONEB 
[Hampton  in  Arden].8  There  are  10  hides. 
There  is  land  for  22  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  2  serfs,  and  2  bond-women  ;  and  50 
villeins  with  a  priest  and  16  bordars  have  13 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  40  pence 
and  i  o  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  3  leagues 
long  and  3  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  100 
shillings. 

From  the  same  G(eoffrey),  Sot  (Sotus)  holds 
SCOTESCOTE  [Shustoke].7  There  are  4  hides. 
There  is  land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
is  I  plough  and  3  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  I O  vil- 
leins with  3  ploughs.  There  are  16  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  i  league  long  and  half 
a  league  broad.  It  was  and  is  worth  40  shil- 
lings. 

From  G(eoffrey),  Ansgot  the  priest  holds  I 
hide  in  BENECHELIE  [Bentley]  8  in  almoin. 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs,  and  they  are 
there  with  4  villeins.  Wood(land)  half  a  league 
long  and  3  furlongs  broad.  It  was  and  is 
worth  64  pence. 

From  G(eofFrey),  Bruno  holds  2  hides  in 
GAURA  [Brownsover].9  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs,  and  they  are  there,  with  4  villeins 
and  3  bordars  and  2  serfs  (servis).  There  are 
2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  20 
shillings. 

fore   doubtless,   like  the  preceding  place,  in  the 
Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Meretone.' 

6  Between  this  and  the  preceding  entry  there  is 
a  space  left  in  the  MS.  for  '  Coleshelle '  Hundred 
to  be  inserted. 

6  This  is  also    an    obvious    identification,    and 
Dugdale  (p.  696)  makes  clear  the  subsequent  over- 
lordship    of   the  Mowbrays,    who    succeeded     to 
Geoffrey  de  Wirce.     Hampton   in  Arden,  after- 
wards in   Hemlingford  Hundred,  was  doubtless  in 
the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Coleshelle.' 

7  Shustoke.     Exactly  the  same  remarks  apply  to 
this  identification. 

8  Bentley  was  of  course,  like  Shustoke,  in  '  Coles- 
helle' Hundred.    The  'c '  was,  as  often,  a  mistake 
for  '  t.' 

8  This  place  no  doubt  took  its  name  from  the 
Domesday  tenant  Bruno.  See  note  on  p.  309  and 
also  the  next  note. 


336 


THE    HOLDERS    OF   LANDS 


From  G(eoffrey),  Robert  holds  5  hides  in 
WARA  [?  Cesters  Over].1  There  is  land  for 
8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  with  i 
serf ;  and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  2  bordars 
with  5  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de}  2 
shillings,  and  loj  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
and  is  worth  40  shillings. 

From  G(eoffrey),  Ansegis  holds  I  hide  in 
NIWEHAM  [Newnham  Paddox].2  There  is 
land  for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and 
3  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  16  villeins  and  5  bor- 
dars with  6  ploughs.  There  are  20  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
60  shillings. 

From  G(eoffrey),  Ulvric  holds  3  hides  in 
APLEFORD  [Hopsford].3  There  is  land  for  3 
ploughs,  and  they  are  there,  with  6  villeins 
and  2  serfs.  There  are  5  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30  shillings. 
The  same  Ulvric  held  it  freely. 

All  the  above-mentioned  lands  Lewin  held, 
and  could  betake  himself  (ire)  whither  he 
would.4 

XXXII.   THE  LAND  OF  GILBERT 
DE   GAND 

Gilbert  de  Gand  holds  of  the  king  i  hide 
and  ij  virgates  in  ULLAVINTONE  [Willing- 
ton]  5  and  Fulbric  of  him.  There  is  land  for 
i  plough.  There  is  i  villein,  and  2  bordars 
and  4  serfs  with  i  plough.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  5  shillings,  and  1 5  acres  of  meadow. 

1  This  identification  is  probable,  but  by  no 
means  certain.  See  note  on  p.  309.  One  of  the 
Overs  is  rubricated  as  in  '  Bomelau '  Hundred,  so 
probably  they  were  all  in  that  Hundred,  though 
they  are  farther  south  than  the  places  known 
to  be  in  that  Hundred. 

1  This  identification,  which  is  Dugdale's,  is  no 
doubt  right  so  far  as  it  goes,  for  this  Newnham  can 
be  traced  as  in  the  fee  of  the  Mowbrays  the  suc- 
cessors of  Geoffrey  de  Wirce.  But  judging  of  its 
importance  by  the  particulars  given  I  consider  that 
it  must  have  also  included  Newnham  Regis.  I 
suppose  that,  appearing  afterward  in  Brinklow  Leet, 
it  was  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Bomelau.' 
See  the  Introduction,  p.  280,  for  the  identity  of 
'Lewin,'  its  previous  holder. 

3  This  identification  is  also  Dugdale's,  and  is  no 
doubt  correct.     The  '  1 '  may   be  a  clerical  error 
for  '  s.'     The   name  generally  appeared    in    early 
records  as  '  Happesford,'  and  the  place  was  in  the 
Mowbray  fee.    Like  Newnham,  it  was,  I  suppose, 
in  '  Bomelau'  Hundred. 

4  i.e.  choose  his  lord. 

5  I  suppose  this  is  correct.     Cf.  note  on  p.  329. 
But  the  total  hidage  seems  severe.     Willington  was 
doubtless  in  Barcheston  Hundred. 


It  was  and  is  worth   20  shillings, 
held  it  freely. 


Alward 


XXXIII.  THE  LAND  OF  GILBERT 
SON  OF  TUROLD 

IN  BERRICESTONE  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 

Gilbert  son  of  Turold  holds  of  the  king  6 
hides  in  STRATONE  [Stretton  on  the  Fosse],9 
and  Walter  (holds)  of  him.  There  is  land 
for  8  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  i  \  ploughs, 
and  4  serfs ;  and  8  villeins  and  3  bordars 
with  a  priest  and  i  knight  have  5  ploughs. 
There  are  23  acres  of  meadow,  and  of  pas- 
ture 40  perches  long,  and  as  much  broad. 
It  was  worth  70  shillings  ;  now  no  shillings. 
Chenward  and  Brictric  held  it  freely. 

XXXIV.  THE  LAND  OF  GERIN7 

Gerin  holds  of  the  king  5  hides  in  BENI- 
TONE  [?  Binton].8  There  is  land  for  4 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  with  i  serf; 
and  (there  are)  5  villeins  and  5  bordars  with  i 
plough.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings, 
and  1 5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  60  shillings.  Grim  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

XXXV.  THE  LAND  OF  URSE  DE 
ABETOT 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 
Urse  (de)  Abetot  holds  of  the  king  i  \  hides 
in  HILDEBORDE  [Hillborough].9  There  is 
land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I, 
and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  3  bordars  with 
half  a  plough.  There  are  9  acres  of  meadow, 
and  a  salt  pan  in  Wich  [Droitwich]  pays  3 
shillings.  It  was  worth  16  shillings  ;  now 
2O  shillings.  Ernui  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  Urse  holds  2  hides  in  BENITONE 
[Binton].'0  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  is  i  ;  and  (there  are)  3  villeins 
and  I  bordar  with  I  plough.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  2  shillings.  It  was  worth  16  shil- 
lings ;  now  40  shillings.  Ernui  held  it  freely. 

8  Plainly,  being  close  to  Barcheston,  and  being 
the  only  Stretton  so  situate  that  it  would  be  in  a 
hundred  of  which  Barcheston  was  head. 

7  This  may  have  been  an    Englishman,  for  a 
'  Gerin '    occurs    among    the    English  thegns  of 
Hampshire  in  1 086. — J.H.R. 

8  Doubtless  Binton,  which  adjoins  Hillborough, 
and  like  the  latter  must  have  been  in  '  Fernecumbe ' 
Hundred. 

9  Evidently  Hillborough  in  Temple  Grafton. 

10  Obviously    Binton,    which    in    a    subsequent 
entry  is  bracketed  with  Hillborough,  the  two  being 
rubricated  as  in  '  Fernecumbe  '  Hundred. 


337 


43 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


XXXVI.  THE  LAND  OF  STEPHEN1 
Stephen  holds  of  the  king  i  hide  in  DORSI- 
TONE*  [Little  Dorsington].  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and 
(there  is)  I  free  man  with  8  bordars  with  i 
plough.  There  are  4  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  30.  Ordui  held 
it  freely. 

IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 

The  same  Stephen  holds  3  hides  in  MELE- 
COTE  [Milcote].3  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  are  2  ;  and  (there  are)  6  vil- 
leins and  6  bordars  with  3  ploughs.  There 
are  1 5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  50  shillings.  Bishop  *  Ulstan  s 
and  JElfstan  held  it  freely. 

XXXVII.  THE  LAND  OF  OSBERN 
SON  OF  RICHARD 

Osbern  son  of  Richard  holds  of  the  king 
ESTONE  [Aston  Cantlow].6  There  are  5 
hides.  There  is  land  for  10  ploughs.  There 
are  9  Flemings  (flandrensei)  and  1 6  villeins 
with  a  priest  and  10  bordars  who  have 
(habentes)  12  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth 
(de)  8  shillings,  and  5  '  sticks  '  of  eels,  and  40 
acres  of  meadow.  Wood  (land)  i  league  in 
length  and  breadth.  It  was  worth  loo  shil- 
lings ;  now  6  pounds.  Earl  Algar  held  it. 

IN  PATELAU  [PATHLOW]  HUNDRET 

From  the  same  O(sbern),  Urse  holds  3  hides 
in  WILMECOTE  [Wilmcote  near  Stratford]. 

1  Stephen  the  steersman  (see  Introduction). 

2  Dorsington  parva,  though   in  the  Gloucester- 
shire parish  of  Welford,    is   in  Warwickshire,   and 
was  doubtless  in  'Fernecumbe'  Hundred.  See  next 
note. 

3  Milcote  is  in  Warwickshire,  though  it  is   part 
of  the  Gloucestershire  parish  of  Weston  on  Avon. 
In  the  Chronicle  of  Evesham  Abbey  '  Dorsintune, 
Mulecote,  et    alia    Mulecote '  are    mentioned    as 
places  in  Gloucestershire  acquired  by  Abbot  Agelwi 
(1059-77)   for    the    abbey.       Pathlow    Hundred 
consisted  largely  of  church  lands.     I  suggest  that 
Bishop  Wulstan  may  have  brought  Milcote  into  it. 
In  I  Edward  III.   both   Milcote  and  Dorsington 
were  outside  Pathlow  Liberty. 

«  The  "  ep's  "  (episcopus)  is  an  interlineation. 

s  i.e.  Wulfstan,  Bishop  of  Worcester. 

•  Although  there  is  no  subsequent  trace  of  Os- 
bern's  connection  with  Aston  Cantlow,  the  identi- 
fication is  doubtless  correct.  The  only  other  War- 
wickshire Aston  has  already  been  accounted  for. 
Aston  Cantlow,  like  other  places  appearing  sub- 
sequently in  Barlichway  Hundred  but  not  in 
Pathlow  Liberty,  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 


There  is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2,  and  2  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  2  villeins 
and  2  bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  are 
24  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  30  shil- 
lings ;  now  60  shillings.  Lewin  Doda  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

From  O(sbern),  William  holds  5  hides  in 
DONECERCE  [Dunchurch].  There  is  land 
for  9  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  3 
serfs ;  and  1 2  villeins  with  a  priest  and  1 1 
bordars  have  5  ploughs.  There  are  30  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  and  is  worth  100  shil- 
lings. Ulmar  held  it. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

From  O(sbern),  Hugh  holds  4  hides  in 
BEREFORDE  [Barford].  There  is  land  for 
12  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  2 
serfs  ;  and  2  knights  with  a  priest  and  4  vil- 
leins and  1 1  bordars  have  3  ploughs.  There 
is  a  mill  worth  (de)  2  shillings  and  13  'sticks'  of 
eels,  and  60  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and  is 
worth  40  shillings. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

From  O(sbern)  the  same  Hugh  holds  3  hides 
and  a  half  in  HILDEBEREURDE  [Hillborough] 
and  in  BENINTONE  [Binton].  There  is  land 
for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I,  and  4 
serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  7  villeins  and  2  bordari 
with  2  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  1 2 
pence,  and  20  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  and 
is  worth  40  shillings.  Lodric  held  it  freely 
T.R.E. 

From  O(sbern)  the  same  Hugh  holds  3  hides 
in  EPESLEI  [Ipsley].8  There  is  land  for  7 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  2  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  7  villeins  with  a  priest  and  13 
bordars  with  4  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  1 6  pence.  Wood(land)  I  league  long 
and  half  a  league  broad.  It  was  worth  30 
shillings  ;  now  40  shillings.  Earl  Algar  held 
it. 

From  O(sbern),  Gilbert  holds  5  hides  in 
GRASTONE  [Temple  Grafton].*  There  is 

7  This  with  the  hide  and  a  half  of  Hillborough 
already  recorded  as  held  by  Urse  de  Abetot  make 
up  a  5-hide  estate,  as  if  a  piece  of  Binton  had  been 
annexed  to  round  off  Hillborough. 

8  Ipsley,     being    subsequently    in     Barlichway 
Hundred  but  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty,  was  doubt- 
less in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Fernecumbe.' 

•  Grafton,  for  the  same  reason  as  Ipsley,  was 
doubtless  in  '  Fernecumbe '  Hundred.  This  was,  no 
doubt,  Temple  Grafton,  for  the  history  of  Arden's 


338 


THE   HOLDERS    OF   LANDS 


land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  with  a 
priest  and  6  bordars  with  5  ploughs.  There 
are  24  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  3 
pounds  ;  now  4  pounds.  Mervin  and  Scrotin 
and  Toti  and  Tosti  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  BERICEST(ON)  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 
From  O(sbern),  Walter  holds  2  hides  in 
STRATONE  [Stretton  on  Fosse].1  He  has 
there  half  a  plough  in  the  demesne,  and  2 
villeins  (uUFas)  with  I  plough.  It  was  worth 
20  shillings ;  now  30  shillings.  Brictric  held 
it  freely. 

From  O(sbern),  William  holds  MOLLITONE 
[Mollington].a  There  are  5  hides.  There 
is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  ; 
and  (there  are)  4  villeins  and  5  bordars  with  i 
plough.  There  are  20  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  worth  40  shillings ;  now  60  shillings. 
The  mother  of  Lewin  of  Niweham  [Newn- 
ham  Paddox3  ?]  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 


XXXVIII.  THE  LAND  OF  HAROLD 
SON  OF  THE  EARL 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HuNDRET 

Harold  son  of  Earl  *  Ralf  holds  of  the  king 
CELVERDESTOCHE  [Chilvers  Coton].5  There 
are  8  hides.  There  is  land  for  10  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  half  a  plough  and  9  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  1 5  villeins  and  7  bordars  with 
7  ploughs.  Meadow  3  furlongs  long  and  I 
broad.  Wood(land)  ij  leagues  long  and  i 
league  broad.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  50  shillings.  His  father  held  it. 

Grafton  under  the  Corbucions  seems  clear,  and 
moreover  the  priest  here  mentioned  implies  the 
church,  which  was  in  Temple  Grafton. 

i  See  the  note  on  the  former  entry  concerning 
this  place.  The  recorded  hidage  is  8. 

»  This  is  clear,  for  Dugdale  (p.  414)  shows 
that  part  of  the  Warwickshire  portion  of  Molling- 
ton  was  held  of  the  Honour  of  Richard's  Castle. 
Hemmed  in  by  Farnborough  and  Warmington, 
Mollington  must,  like  them,  have  been  in  '  Hones- 
berie'  Hundred.  See  also  Introduction,  p.  295, 
and  V.C.H.  Northants,  p.  33gb. 

'  See  Introduction,  p.  280. 

*  '  comitis  '  is  an  interlineation. 

«  Certainly  :  the  tenure  of  that  place  under  the 
barons  of  Sudeley,  the  descendants  of  Harold,  is 
quite  clear.  In  the  Subsidy  Roll  of  l  Edward  III. 
and  other  mediaeval  records  the  name  appears  as 
'  Chilverscote,'  for  which  I  am  inclined  to  think 
the  Domesday  name  is  a  mistake.  The  modern 
name  is  probably  a  compound  derived  partly 
from  Coton  which  is  a  hamlet  in  this  parish. 


IN  ONESBERIE  HUNDRET 

The  same  Harold  holds  15  hides  in  DERCE- 
TONE  [Dassett].6  There  is  land  for  23 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I  plough  and  4 
serfs ;  and  46  villeins  with  a  priest  and  9  bor- 
dars have  26  ploughs.  There  3  knights  have 
12  villeins  with  3  ploughs.  There  are  27 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  1 6  pounds  ; 
now  20  pounds.  Harold  held  it  T.R.E. 

XXXIX.  THE  LAND  OF  HASCULF 

IN  MERETONE  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 
Hasculf  Musard  holds  of  the  king  in  LUN- 
NITONE  [Leamington-Hastings] 7  1 2^  hides 
and  half  a  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land  for 
27  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  7  ploughs 
and  15  serfs;  and  33  villeins  with  a  priest 
and  24  bordars  have  18  ploughs.  There  is 
a  mill  worth  (de)  2  shillings,  and  20  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  10  pounds;  now  12 
pounds.  Azor  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 
From  Hasculf,  Humfrey  holds  2  hides  in 
WITENAS  [Whitnash].  There  is  land  for  8 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2  and  5  serfs  ; 
and  (there  are)  1 1  villeins  and  8  bordars  with 
6  ploughs.  There  are  10  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  100  shillings. 
Alvred  held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 
From  Hasculf  the  same  Humfrey  holds  5 
hides  in  NIWEBOLD  [Newbold  Pacey].8  There 
is  land  for  9  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  4 
ploughs  and  5  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  1 1  villeins 
and  1 1  bordars  with  8£  ploughs.  There  are 
10  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  60 
shillings;  now  IOO  shillings.  Alvred  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 
From    Hasculf  the   same    Humfrey    holds 

6  Certainly  Burton  Dassett,  in  which  Harold's 
descendants  the  Sudeleys  held  an  interest  for  cen- 
turies.    The  I  5  hides  here  recorded,  together  with 
the  10  hides  held  by  the  Count  of  Meulan,  make 
it  a   z  5 -hide  place.     I  strongly  suspect   that  the 
three  knights  gave  its  name  to  Knightcote,  a  ham- 
let of  Dasset,  which  certainly  existed  as  early  as 
i  Edward  III. 

7  Its  tenure  by  the  Hastangs  under  the  barony 
of  Musard  is  clear,  and  it  was  in  Marton  Leet. 

8  This  identification  is  clear.     It  is  in  Kineton 
Hundred,  in  which  '  Tremelau '  Hundred  became 
included.     Its  tenure  by  Humfrey's  descendants, 
the    Hastangs,    under   the  barony  of  Musard,  is 
clearly  shown  by  Dugdale  (p.  391). 


339 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


HASELEIA  [Haseley].  There  are  3  hides 
and  half  a  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land  for 
2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  I ;  and  3  vil- 
leins with  a  priest  and  7  bordars  have  2 
ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  4  shillings, 
and  6  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  I  league 
long  and  2  furlongs.  It  was  worth  2O  shil- 
lings ;  now  30  shillings.  Azur  held  it  freely. 


XL.  THE   LAND  OF  NICOLAS  THE 
CROSSBOWMAN  (Balistarii) 

IN  TREMELAU  HUNDRET 

Nicolas  the  Crossbowman  (Balistarius)  holds 
of  the  king  3  hides  and  I  virgate  of  land  in 
ALNODESTONE  [Aylestone  in  Atherstone  on 
Stour].1  There  is  land  for  5  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  are  2,  and  4  serfs  and  3  bondwomen  ; 
and  (there  are)  9  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  3 
ploughs.  It  was  and  is  worth  60  shillings. 
Leuric  held  it  freely. 

IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

The  same  Nicolas  holds  5  hides  and  I 
virgate  of  land  in  HASELOUE  [Haselor].2 
There  is  land  for  9  ploughs.  In  the  demesne 
are  2  ploughs,  and  5  serfs  and  bondwomen 
(inter  servos  et  ancillas);  and  1 6  villeins  with 
i  bordar  have  7  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (de)  6  shillings  and  8  pence ;  and  a 
saltpan  (sa/ina  3)  pays  4  shillings  and  2  loads 
(summas)  of  salt.  There  2  Frenchmen  ( frandg") 
and  i  burgess  render  seven  pence  halfpenny. 
It  was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6  pounds.  Ul- 
viet  and  Alvric  held  it  freely. 

XLI.  THE  LAND  OF  NIGEL  DE 
ALBINGI 

Nigel  de  Albingi  holds  of  the  king  AL- 
DULVESTREU  [Austrey].4  There  are  5^  hides 

1  This  is  Dugdale's  identification  (p.   486)  and 
is  doubtless  correct,  'Tremelau'   Hundred    being 
afterward   merged   in  Kineton  Hundred   in  which 
Aylestone  is   situate.      In   the   Subsidy   Roll   of   I 
Edward  III.  the  name  appears  as  '  Ailuastone.' 

2  Haselor  is  in  Barlichway  Hundred,  in  which 
'  Fernecumbe  '  Hundred  is  merged.     Nicolas  de  la 
Pole  (whom  Dugdale  considers  identical  with  this 
Nicolas)  appears  later  as  concerned  both  in  Haselor 
and  Aylestone. 

'  See  Introduction,  p.  293. 

4  This  is  clear ;  and  doubtless  it  was  this  Nigel 
who  also  held  an  estate  of  z-J-  hides  here  under 
Henry  de  Ferrieres.  Including  the  zi  hides  held 
by  Burton  Abbey,  the  total  hidage  was  i  o  hides 
and  3  virgates.  It  looks  as  if  the  latter  assessment 
had  been  super-imposed  upon  the  former.  Austrey 
was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of '  Coles- 
helle.' 


and  i  virgate  of  land.  There  is  land  for  10 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2,  and  12  vil- 
leins with  a  priest  and  8  bordars  have  5 
ploughs.  There  is  meadow  (pratt)  i  furlong 
long  and  another  broad.8  It  was  worth  6 
pounds ;  now  3  pounds.  Eight  thegns  held 
it  freely  T.R.E. 

The  same  Nigel  holds  1\  hides  in  ALTONE 
[?  Hatton].8  There  is  land  for  4  ploughs. 
There  are  3  villeins  with  i  bordar  who  have 
(habentei)  2j  ploughs.  It  was  and  is  worth 
2O  shillings.  Ulwin  and  Leuric  held  it 
freely. 


XLII.  THE  LAND  OF  CRISTINA7 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHILL]    HuNDRET 

Cristina  holds  of  the  king  8  hides  in 
ULVERLEI  [Solihull].8  There  is  land  for  20 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  3  serfs  ; 
and  22  villeins  with  a  priest  and  4  bordars 
have  7  ploughs.  There  are  12  acres  of 
meadow.  Wood(land)  4  leagues  long  and  half 

B  Austrey  meadows  are  of  sufficient  importance 
to  be  marked  on  the  map  between  Austrey  and 
Shuttington. — J.H.R. 

8  I  think  this  is  possible.  Otherwise  Hatton, 
an  ancient  parish  which  included  Shrewley  and 
Beausale,  was  omitted  from  Domesday  Book. 
Hugh  fitz  Richard  was  the  successor  of  Nigel  de 
Albingi  in  Austrey,  and  it  was,  I  feel  sure,  as  such 
successor  that  he  held  Hatton,  even  though  the 
overlordship  was  in  the  Earls  of  Warwick.  Dug- 
dale  ignores  this  entry,  but  does  not  make  his  fre- 
quent suggestion  that  Hatton  was  '  involved  '  in 
any  other  place.  Hatton,  being  afterward  in 
Barlichway  Hundred,  not  in  Pathlow  Liberty,  was 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Ferne- 
cumbe.' But  the  history  of  these  two  manors  is  at 
present  obscure,  and  Mr.  Round  says  he  cannot 
accept  this  conclusion  because  Nigel  de  Albini's 
barony,  of  which  Cainhoe,  Beds,  was  the  head, 
remained  for  generations  in  the  hands  of  his  heirs  ; 
and  because,  although  Dugdale  no  doubt  considered 
that  he  was  succeeded  at  Austrey  by  Hugh  fitz 
Richard,  the  Burton  Abbey  document  on  which 
he  relied  ends  by  speaking  of  Albini  of  Cainhoe  as 
the  overlord. 

7  See  Introduction,  p.  281. 

8  I  have  no  doubt  that  Dugdale  is  right  in  this 
identification.     The  name  of  Hullerley    survived 
in  the  parish  in   his   day,  and  the  Ordnance  maps 
now  show  a  district  called  '  The  Ulleries,'  and  also 
an  Ulverley  Green,  the  latter  preserving  the  Domes- 
day name.     Moreover,  the  Limesis  who  succeeded 
Cristina    in   both  Warwickshire  and  Oxfordshire, 
undoubtedly  held  Solihull.       It  is  not  surprising 
that  a  priest  is   mentioned,  for  the  dedication  of 
the   church,  being  to   S.   Alphege,  was  doubtless 
pre-conquestual. 


340 


THE  HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


a  league  broad,  is  worth  12  shillings  when  it 
bears  (oneratur).  It  (Ulverlei)  was  worth  IO 
pounds  ;  now  4  pounds.  Earl  Eduin  held  it. 
With  this  is  valued  also  the  following 
estate  (terra). 

The  same  (Ipsa)  Cristina  holds  I  hide  in 
ARLEI  [Arley].1  There  are  4  villeins  who 
have  (habentes)  2  ploughs.  Wood(land)  I 
league  long  and  a  half2  and  in  breadth  I 
league,  when  it  bears  (oneratur),  is  worth 
60  shillings. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

The  same  Cristina  holds  ICENTONE  [Long 
Itchington].3  There  are  24  hides.  There 
is  land  for  2 1  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  5 
ploughs  and  10  serfs  ;  and  83  villeins  with 
2  priests  and  4  bordars  have  17  ploughs. 
There  are  2  mills  worth  (de)  6  shillings  and 
8  pence,  and  16  acres  of  meadow  ;  pasture 
2  furlongs  long  and  i  furlong  broad.  It 
was  worth  1 2  pounds ;  now  2O  pounds. 
When  the  king  gave  it  to  Cristina  it  was 
paying  36  pounds. 

XLIII.  OF   THE   KING'S   ALMS 
(Elemosinte  Regis) 

Leveve  the  nun  (mania/is)  holds  of  the 
king  SALFORD  [Salford  Priors]  *  in  almoin 
(in  demos').  There  are  3  hides.  There  is 
land  for  IO  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are 
2,  and  7  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  8  villeins  and 
8  bordars  with  a  priest,  who  have  (habentes) 
8  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill  worth  (de)  5 
shillings,  and  12  acres  of  meadow.  Wood 
(land)  2  furlongs  long  and  half  a  furlong 
broad.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  6 
pounds.  Godeva,  the  wife  of  Earl  Leofric 
(Leurici)  held  it. 

1  This  is  obvious,  and  Arley  also  came  to  the 
Limesis.  Being  afterward  in  Marlon  Leet,  it  was 
doubtless  in  the  Domesday  Hundred  of  Meretone.' 
[There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Arley  was  in  the  Leet 
of  Marton,  for  it  is  so  described  in  the  Subsidy  Roll 
of  i  Edw.  III.,  and  also  in  the  Roll  quoted  by 
Dugdale,  Antlq.  Warwlcks.  p.  4  (1656  ed.)  Other- 
wise one  would  certainly  say,  from  its  position,  that 
it  was  in  the  Leet  of  Brinklow  and,  in  Domesday 
times,  in  the  Hundred  of '  Bomelau.' — B.W.] 

J  Translated  word  for  word,  in  the  same  order 
as  the  Latin. 

3  Plainly,  because  Long  Itchington  was  in 
Marton  Leet  and  was  held  by  the  Limesis. 

*  This  is  quite  clear.  Its  history  as  distinct 
from  Abbot's  Salford  is  given  by  Dugdale.  Like 
Abbot's  Salford  it  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of  '  Fernecumbe."  The  two  Salfords  to- 
gether contained  5  hides. 


IN  FERNECUMBE  HUNDRET 

Edith  (Eddid)  holds  of  the  king  5  hides 
in  BICHEMERSE  [Bickmarsh].  There  is  land 
for  9  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3  ploughs 
and  4  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  13  villeins  and  3 
bordars  with  6  ploughs.  It  was  worth  4 
pounds ;  now  i  oo  shillings.  The  same 
(Edith)  held  it  T.R.E. 

to.  344b 

XLIV.  THE   LAND  OF    RICHARD 
THE  FORESTER 

IN  BOMELAU  HUNDRET 

Richard  the  Forester  holds  of  the  king 
HERDEBERGE  [Harborough  ( ?  Great  and 
Little)].5  There  are  4^  hides.  There  is 
land  for  as  many  ploughs.  There  are  4 
villeins  and  4  bordars  with  I  plough.  There 
are  2O  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  worth  10 
shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings.  Four  thegns 
held  it  freely. 

The  same  Richard  holds  half  a  hide  in 
BRANCOTE  [Bramcote  in  Bulkington].6  There 
is  land  for  I  plough.  There  is  I  villein  with 
half  a  plough.  It  is  worth  2  shillings.  Sexi 
held  it  freely. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

R(ichard)  holds  of  the  king  2  hides  in 
GRENEBERGE  [Grandborough].7  There  is 
land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  2, 
and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  2 
bordars  with  2  ploughs.  There  are  20  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
50  shillings.  Bundi  held  it  freely.8 

6  This  is  doubtless  so  ;  for  '  Bomelau  '  Hundred, 
which  contained  Monks  Kirby,  may  well  have  in- 
cluded the  adjoining  Harborough.  '  Bomelau  ' 
Hundred  seems  to  have  been  superseded  by  Brink- 
low  Leet,  in  which  Harborough  subsequently 
appears. 

6  This    seems    correct.     Being    afterward     in 
Brinklow  Leet,  it  was  doubtless   in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of  '  Bomelau. '     This  half-hide  together 
with    the    hide  and  a    half  held  by  Earl  Aubrey 
would  make  this  Bramcote  a  2-hide  place.  More- 
over, Sexi,  its  T.R.E.  tenant,  had  also  been  tenant 
of  Weston,  Smercote  and  Souley,  all   adjoining  to 
Bramcote-in-Bulkington. 

7  The    8    hides    i    virgate   of   the    Church  of 
Coventry's  estate,  together  with  the   2   hides  here 
recorded,  make  it  appear  that  this  was  a  lo-hide 
place,  to  which  an  additional  virgate  of  assessment 
had  been  tacked  on. 

8  This  last  clause  is  inserted  at  the  end  of  the 
next  entry,  but  is  plainly  connected  by  a  reference 
sign  with  this  entry  relating  to  Grandborough. 


341 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


The  same  R(ichard)  holds  half  a  hide  in 
SOCHEBERGE  [Nether  Shuckburgh].1  There 
is  land  for  i  plough  and  it  is  there  with 
5  villeins.  It  was  worth  10  shillings;  now 
2O  shillings.  Edric  held  it  freely. 

The  same  R(ichard)  holds  i  hide  in  MOR- 
TONE  [Hillmorton].*  There  is  land  for  2 
ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  half  a  plough  ; 
and  (there  are)  3  villeins  and  3  bordars  with  i 
plough.  There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  and  is  worth  20  shillings.  Wiching  held 
it  freely. 

IN    HONESBERIE    HuNDRET 


From  the  same  Richard, 
fritf)  holds  i  hide  at  farm 
way].3  There  is  land  for 
demesne  are  2,  with  I  serf 
villein  and  3  bordars  with 
are  3  acres  of  meadow, 
shillings;  now  25.  Earl 
held  it  T.R.E.* 


Ermenfrith  (ErmJ- 

in  RADWEIA  [Rad- 

3  ploughs.    In  the 

;  and  (there  are)  i 

i  plough.     There 

It  was  worth   20 

Ralf    (Coma    R.) 


IN  STANLEI  [STONELEIGH]  HUNDRET 

Richard  the  Huntsman  6  (R.  Senator)  holds 
of  the  king  i  hide  in  SOWA  [Sowe].  There 
is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i  ; 
and  (there  are)  2  villeins  and  2  bordars  with 

1  Assuming  that  Dugdale's  account  of  this  place 
and  his  reference  to  the  Testa  de  Nevill  are  correct, 
this  must  be  Nether  Shuckburgh  which  however 
was  always  afterwards  in  Kineton  Hundred  ;  where- 
as, seeing  the  apparently  careful  rubrication  of 
Richard  Forester's  estates,  this  would  seem  to  be  in 
Marton  Hundred.  (The  Testa  de  Nevill  does  not 
specify  in  which  of  the  Shuckburghs  Richard's 
holding  lay.  But  Dugdale's  account  seems  to  be 
right.— J.H.R.] 

1  I  think  so  ;  but  the  subsequent  history  affords 
no  clue  ;  and  see  the  former  notes  on  the  Mor- 
tons held  by  the  Count  of  Meulan  and  Hugh  de 
Grentmesnil,  as  to  the  difficulty  of  distinguishing 
between  Marton  and  Morton.  All  the  five  entries 
make  up  in  hidage  a  little  more  than  5  hides,  so 
that  if  they  relate  to  one  place,  that  would,  I  sup- 
pose, be  Hillmorton,  which  is  about  three  times  as 
large  as  Marton. 

'  It  is  on  the  strength  of  this  rubrication  that 
Radway  has  been  assigned  to  <  Honesbcrie '  Hundred 
in  the  notes  on  the  former  entries  relating  to  it. 
The  hide  here  recorded  brings  the  hidage  up  to 
the  unusual  number  of  6  hides. 

«  Dugdale  (p.  420)  shows  that  Earl  RalPs 
descendants,  the  de  Sudeleys,  and  Richard  Forester's 
descendants,  the  de  Loges  family,  both  had  interests 
in  this  place. 

•  Dugdale  is  no  doubt  right  in  stating  that  this 
is  merely  Richard  the  Forester  under  a  different 
name.  He  was  also  known  as  Chenuin,  and 
Chenen  or  Cheven.  See  Eyton's  Domesday  Studies, 
Staffordshire,  pp.  53,  55-6. 


half  a  plough.  There  are  3  acres  of  meadow. 
The  wood(Iand)  there,  between  himself  and 
the  king  and  the  abbot,"  is  (habet)  3  leagues 
long  and  i  league  broad.  It  was  worth  20 
shillings  ;  now  60  shillings.  Colebran  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

IN  TREMEJLAU  HUNDRET 
Richard  the  Huntsman  (R.  Venator)  holds 
3  hides  in  CESTRETONE  [Chesterton].  There 
is  land  for  6  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  3 
ploughs  ;  and  (there  are)  6  villeins  and  4  bor- 
dars with  3  ploughs.  There  are  30  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
100  shillings.  Four  thegns  held  it  freely.7 


IN  BERRICESTUNE  [BARCHESTON]  HUNDRET 
Alvric  holds  of  the  king  i  hide  and  half  a 
virgate  of  land  in  BERRICESTUNE  8  [Barches- 
ton].  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  In  the 
demesne  is  i,  and  4  villeins  have  2  ploughs. 
There  are  10  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
worth  20  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings.  Wichig' 
held  it  freely. 

IN    COLESHELLE    [CoLESHIU.]    HuNDRET 

Alsi  holds  of  the  king  half  a  hide 9  in 
FELINGELEI  8  [Fillongley].  There  is  land  for 
i  plough,  and  it  is  in  the  demesne  with  i 
serf;  and  7  villeins  with  r  bordar  have  i 
plough.  Wood(land)  worth  10  shillings  when 
it  bears  (oner at'}.  It  (the  estate)  is  worth  30 
shillings.  The  same  man  (Idem  ipse)  held  it 
himself. 

IN  MERETON  [MARTON]  HUNDRET 

Lewin  holds  of  the  king  i$  hides 
in  FLECHENHO  [Flecknoe].  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  3 
serfs  ;  and  3  villeins  with  i  bordar  have  I 
plough.  It  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  30 
shillings. 

This  (hie)  Lewin  bought  (it)  from  Alwin 
his  brother. 

6  i.e.  of  Coventry.  See  the  entry  under  the 
estates  of  the  Church  of  Coventry. 

'  Between  this  entry  and  the  next  following, 
there  is  something  of  a  gap,  showing  that  the  list 
of  Richard  the  Forester's  estates  ends  here.  The 
holdings  which  follow  are  those  of  English  thegns. 

8  'Berricestune' and  'Felingelei'  are  both  inter- 
lineated.     I  take  this  as  a  sign  that  to  this  particu- 
lar clerk  who  made  these  returns  it  seemed  of  more 
importance  to  know  on  what  hundred  the  assess- 
ment lay,  than  on  what  township. 

9  Fillongley  appears  under  four  estates,  each  of 
half  a  hide. 


342 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


The  same  Lewin  holds  2  hides  and  half  a 
virgate  of  land  in  FLECHENHO  [Flecknoe]. l 
There  is  land  for  2  ploughs.  There  is  I  with 
2  villeins  and  i  bordar  and  6  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  2O  shillings. 

This  estate  Lewin  said  that  he  holds  of 
Bishop  Ulstan  ;  but  the  bishop  failed  him  in 
(his)  plea,  whereby  the  same  Lewin  is  at  (in) 
the  king's  mercy.* 

Ordric  holds  of  the  king  I  hide  in  ETEDONE 
[Eatington].3  This  is  waste. 

Goduin  holds  of  the  king  I  hide  in  COR- 
NELIE  [Corley].4  There  is  land  for  2  ploughs. 
In  the  demesne  is  i,  and  3  serfs  ;  and  (there 
are)  4  villeins  and  2  bordars  with  2  ploughs. 
There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is) 
Wood(land)  having  in  length  the  fourth  part 
of  a  league,  and  in  breadth  the  fourth  part  of 
half  a  league.  It  was  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  30  shillings.  The  same  Goduin  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

XLV.    THE    LAND    OF   THE   WIFE 
OF  HUGH  DE  GRENTEMAISNIL 

Adeliz  wife  of  Hugh  holds  of  the  king  4 
hides  in  MILDENTONE  [Middleton].5  There 

i  The  particulars  here  given  as  to  this  estate  arc 
(except  that  the  value  '  post '  is  not  given)  exactly 
the  same  as  those  stated  in  the  entry  under  the 
Bishop  of  Worcester's  estates,  where  Lewin  is  said 
to  hold  under  the  Bishop.  I  therefore  take  it 
that  these  two  are  duplicate  entries  referring  to  the 
same  estate.  That  being  so  it  appears  that  Lewin 
held  (or  claimed  to  hold)  one  half  of  the  place 
(viz.  z  hides  and  half  a  virgate  +  l|  hides  = 
3J  hides  and  half  a  virgate),  and  Turchil  held  one 
half  (viz.  I  hide  and  half  a  virgate  +  2^ 
hides,  =  3$  hides  and  half  a  virgate).  Lewin 
would  seem  to  have  been  Turchil's  uncle. 

«  See  Introduction,  p.  296. 

3  Eatington  in  a  former  entry  was  rubricated  as 
in  .'  Tremelau '  Hundred.  It  is  mentioned  four 
times  in  Domesday  Book  ;  the  first  entry  assigning 
I  hide  to  '  Fulrei '  and  '  Etendone '  jointly.  '  Fulrei ' 
[Fulready]  however  is  merely  a  hamlet  in  Eating- 
ton.  In  the  other  three  entries  the  hidages  are  I, 
17  and  I,  making  up  altogether  a  2O-hide  place. 

•  Corley,  appearing  subsequently  in  Hemling- 
ford  Hundred,  was  doubtless  in  the  Domesday 
Hundred  of  '  Coleshelle.' 

6  In  the  same  way  as  Corley,  Middleton  would 


is  land  for  4  ploughs.  In  the  demesne  are  i£ 
ploughs,  and  3  serfs ;  and  (there  are)  1 2  villeins 
and  5  bordars  with  3^  ploughs.  It  was 
worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6  pounds.  Turgot 
held  it  freely  T.R.E. 

8  Robert  holds  of  the  king  half  a  hide  in 
BERCESTONE  [?  Barston] 7  and  there  has  i 
plough,  and  a  mill  worth  (de)  20  pence.  It  is 
worth  20  shillings.  Turchil  held  it  freely. 

Anseis8  holds  of  the  king  4  hides  in  HERDE- 
BERGE  [Harborough].9  (There  is)  land  for  4 
ploughs.  There  is  now  in  the  demesne  I 
plough  ;  and  8  villeins  with  a  priest  and  7 
bordars  have  2  ploughs.  There  is  a  mill 
worth  (tie)  1 6  pence.  It  was  worth  10  shil- 
lings ;  now  20  shillings.  Bruning  held  it 
freely  T.R.E. 

(MEMORANDUM. — The  following  entries  relating 
to  Berchewelle  [Berkswell],  Witacre  [Whitacre], 
Salwebrige  [Sawbridge]  and  Wicford  [possibly 
Whichford]  occur  in  the  Domesday  of  Northamp- 
tonshire. 


be  in  '  Coleshelle '  Hundred.  This  looks  suspiciously 
like  a  duplicate  entry  of  her  husband's  estate  in 
Middleton,  but  there  are  differences,  and  we  may 
suppose  that  the  former  tenants  Pallin  and  Turgot 
enjoyed  an  equal  division,  which  Hugh  and  his  wife 
had  continued,  the  husband  retaining  the  manorial 
mill,  and  his  interest  in  the  priest's  estate  whatever 
that  may  have  implied.  It  may  be  mentioned  that 
Adeliz  held  a  'Mildentone'  in  Bedfordshire,  but  I 
see  no  reason  to  suspect  confusion. 

6  This  and  the  next  entry  stand  at  the  head  of 
the  second  column  and  therefore  come  after  the 
entry  of  Adeliz's  estate,  but  they  are  obviously  in- 
tended   to     be    included    among    the  estates    of 
'  Richard  and   other   thegns  and  sergeants  of  the 
king.'      Possibly  they  had  been  overlooked. 

7  I  think  so,  and  that  Robert  is  either  Robert 
Dispensator  or  Robert  de  Olgi,  who  were  both  con- 
cerned in  Barston.      Turchil  is  the  former  holder, 
and  we  have  found  his  father  Alwin  the  T.R.E.  tenant 
of  'Bertanestone'   which  is  undoubtedly  Barston. 
The '  c '  may  be,  as  often,  a  mistake  for  '  t.'   Barston, 
which  is  in   Hemlingford   Hundred,  would  be  in 
the  Domesday  Hundred  of  '  Coleshelle.' 

8  This  must  have  been  the  '  Ansegis '  who  held 
under  Geoffrey  de  '  Wirce  '  in  the  adjoining  parish 
of  Newnham  Paddox. — J.H.R. 

9  Harborough,  as  already  stated,  is  rubricated  in 
'  Bomelau '  Hundred. 


343 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


[NORTHANTS] 

(From  V.C.H.  Norrtaaa,  vol.  i.) 


THE  LAND  OF  THE  CHURCH  OF 
THORNEY 

p.  319*,  fo.    332b 

IN  GRAVESEND  HUNDRET 

In  SALWEBRIGE  [Sawbridge]  Turchil  holds 
of  the  abbot  5  hides.  There  is  land  for  5 
ploughs.  There  are  12  villeins  and  5  bor- 
dars, with  4  ploughs,  and  (there  are)  8  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  worth  50  shillings;  now 
(it  is  worth)  60  shillings. 


THE  LAND  OF  THE  COUNT  OF 
MELLEND 

p.  32gb,  fo.  334 

IN  GRAVESEND  HUNDRET 

The  same  Count  of  Meulan  (Mellend) 
holds  BERCHEWELLE  [Berkswell1]  in  demesne.2 
There  are  4  hides.  Of  these  he  has  3  hides 
in  demesne.*  There  is  land  for  8  ploughs. 
In  demesne  there  is  I  (plough),  and  4  serfs  ; 
and  7  villeins,  with  3  bordars,  have  I  plough. 
There  (are)  5  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land) 
I  league  in  length  and  I  league  in  breadth. 
It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

The  same  count  holds  in  WITACRE  [Whit- 
acre]  half  a  hide  (which  is)  waste,  and  it  is 
worth  12  pence.  Levenot  held  these  lands 
freely  T.R.E. 

1  See  also  p.  3  1 4  above. 

2  See  the  Domesday  Note. 


THE  LAND  OF  WILLIAM  SON  OF 
ANSCULF 

p.  3403,  fo.  236 

IN  OPTONEGRAVE  WAPENT[AKE] 
William,  son  of  Malger,  holds  of  William 
i  hide  in  WAVRE  [Over3].  There  is  land 
for  2  ploughs.  In  demesne  there  is  i  (plough), 
with  i  villein.  There  (are)  4  acres  of  mea- 
dow. Wood(land)  I  furlong  in  length  and 
half  a  furlong  in  breadth.  It  was  and  is 
worth  10  shillings.  Ulwin*  held  it  freely 
T.R.E.  as  did  (the)  others. 


THE  LAND  OF  GILBERT  DE 

GAND 

p.  34&b,  fo.  22?b 

IN  WILEBROC  HUNDRET 
Rotbert  holds  of  Gilbert  WICFORD  [Which- 
ford  B] .  There  (are)  1 5  hides.  There  is  land 
for  19  ploughs.  In  demesne  there  are  4 
(ploughs),  and  10  serfs;  and  33  villeins  and 
21  bordars  have  15  ploughs.  There  (are)  2 
mills  rendering  (de)  15  shillings,  and  3  fur- 
longs of  meadow  in  length,  and  as  much  in 
breadth.  Wood(land)  i  furlong  in  length, 
and  as  much  in  breadth.  It  was  worth  10 
pounds  ;  now  (it  is  worth)  2O  pounds. 
Wlf  held  (it)  freely  T.R.E. 

3  See  note  3  on  p.  309. 

4  Probably   his  predecessor   at   Birmingham. — 
J.H.R. 

6  See  p.  295  above. 


344 


REFERENCE. 

O      Class    A,B',&.B2 

D         ••         C 

0        "        D&E 

a      » 


for  description  of  classes  see  p  348. 
•*_  SCALE     OF   MILES 


."    '•J 


/>fe^/7t,<  ft'Wffi?  V^'      .' 
- 


EARTHWORKS. 


[Tojace  page   345. 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE 
EARTHWORKS 


H 


ERE  and  there,  up  and  down  the  length  and  breadth  of  our 
land,  even  the  most  casual  observer  must  have  noticed  certain 
great  grassy  mounds  and  high  heaped  banks  of  earth,  often 
accompanied  by  long  and  deep  trenches,  all  of  which  strike 
the  eye  as  being  necessarily  of  artificial  origin.  Many  of  these  banks 
and  ditches  still  enclose  some  specific  area  ;  others  again,  and  these  the 
majority,  seem  to  have  no  definite  use  or  object,  and  though  in  contiguity 
often  appear  quite  unconnected  with  one  another.  In  either  case  they 
are  for  the  most  part  the  remains  of  earthworks  which  were  constructed 
by  former  inhabitants  of  the  district  for  defensive  purposes. 

Sometimes  these  entrenchments  are  of  very  imposing  dimensions, 
with  great  earthern  ramparts  and  ditches  encircling  the  flat  top  of  a  hill 
or  a  lowland  area  of  considerable  extent  ;  they  are  then  often  known  as 
'  burys,'  '  camps  '  and  '  castles,'  and  their  construction  is  ascribed  to  Dane, 
Roman,  or  other  people  of  bygone  days,  or  else  some  curious  legend  is 
connected  with  them,  giving  an  earlier  and  even  mythical  origin. 

Defensive  earthworks  of  one  kind  or  another  have  been  made  and 
used  by  well-nigh  every  race  of  mankind  ;  they  date  from  the  present  day, 
back  through  successive  ages,  to  those  far  off  prehistoric  times  when 
war  was  waged  between  man  and  man  with  primitive  weapons  of  flint 
and  stone. 

The  most  recent  military  forts,  built  to  resist  twentieth  century 
artillery  are  scientifically  designed  earthworks,  consisting  of  steep  grass- 
covered  ramparts  protected  outwardly  by  deep  ditches.  Such  works  now 
form  the  defences  of  the  most  strongly  fortified  cities  in  Europe.  Dur- 
ing the  middle  ages  great  structures  of  masonry,  instead  of  earth,  were 
erected  in  most  civilized  countries  for  similar  purposes,  as  the  strong 
walls  of  many  old  towns  and  the  imposing  castles  scattered  over  the 
land  abundantly  testify.  But  prior  to  this  again,  and  back  to  very  early 
times,  the  chief  method  of  defensive  fortification  was  by  earthworks  sup- 
plemented by  palisading.  Each  of  the  different  races  and  peoples  which 
has  successively  invaded  our  island  has  settled  down  for  protection  within 
the  shelter  of  some  kind  of  earth-built  fort  :  Normans,  Danes,  Saxons, 
Romans,  Celts,  back  to  the  tribes  of  the  Bronze  and  Stone  ages,  have  all 
constructed  earthworks,  of  which  traces  are  still  to  be  seen  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  ;  and  it  is  curious  to  note  that  although  there  have 
i  345  44 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

been  many  variations  in  the  form  and  design  of  these  works  during  this 
long  period  of  time,  some  of  the  great  prehistoric  hill  fortresses  of  the 
Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  quite  startlingly  resemble  in  outward  appearance 
the  above  mentioned  military  defences  of  the  present  day. 

Speaking  in  general  terms  a  defensive  earthwork  was  originally 
formed  by  the  excavation  of  a  ditch  or  fosse  round  a  given  area,  the 
earth  being  piled  up  inside  to  form  a  raised  bank,  rampart  or  vallum. 
This  bank  was  often  increased  and  strengthened  by  turf  sods  or  rough 
stones,  and  along  its  top  a  strong  fence  was  erected,  usually  made  of 
horizontal  logs  of  timber  or  of  upright  wooden  stakes  interlaced  with 
wattle  work.  Sometimes  stones  were  used  for  the  fence  instead  of  wood, 
if  they  happened  to  be  more  abundant  than  trees  in  the  vicinity.  Of 
course  all  vestiges  of  the  perishable  timber  work  have  long  ago  dis- 
appeared from  our  ancient  earthworks,  and  stones,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
have  been  removed  for  the  making  of  field  walls  in  later  days.  Such 
an  entrenched  enclosure  was  usually  placed  on  some  point  of  vantage, 
varying  according  to  the  particular  ideas  of  its  makers  ;  it  was  often  at 
the  top  of  a  high  hill,  or  else  upon  a  slight  elevation  protected  from 
attack  by  water  and  swampy  marsh  ;  sometimes  it  was  but  in  a  hollow 
for  the  sake  of  shelter,  different  races  and  peoples  having  a  predilection 
for  very  different  situations.  In  the  majority  of  instances  the  dwellings 
of  the  makers  of  the  stronghold  were  collected  within  its  interior,  but 
occasionally,  as  in  the  case  of  the  larger  prehistoric  '  camps  '  on  the  ex- 
posed tops  of  steep  hills,  their  circular  huts  were  clustered  in  some 
sheltered  hollow  hard  by.  These  early  hill  strongholds  had  much  in 
common  with  the  lately  extinct  pa  of  the  Maories  in  New  Zealand, 
while  the  forts  on  lower  ground  were  not  unlike  the  fenced  villages  still 
to  be  seen  among  savage  tribes  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 

Warwickshire  has  numerous  remains  of  ancient  defensive  earth- 
works. Some  are  well  preserved  and  of  sufficiently  imposing  dimensions 
to  attract  the  notice  of  every  passer  by  ;  very  many  however  are  mere 
worn  and  damaged  remnants  of  former  considerable  entrenchments, 
relics  of  the  past  which  require  the  eye  of  an  archaeologist  to  discover 
them,  or  at  any  rate  to  distinguish  them  with  certainty  from  mere  natural 
features  of  the  ground. 

Time  has  a  very  destructive  effect  upon  these  remains.  Rain  and 
frost  are  continually  at  work  disintegrating  the  material  of  artificial 
mounds  and  ramparts,  gradually  making  them  lower  and  smaller.1 
Ditches  again  are  continually  becoming  wider  and  shallower  through 
the  same  agencies  ;  not  only  do  they  tend  to  get  filled  up  with  the 
soil  washed  down  from  the  banks  above,  but  dead  vegetation  accu- 
mulates in  their  hollows  and  raises  the  levels  within  for  many  feet,* 
as  has  been  shown  by  excavation.  Instead  of  ramparts  and  ditches 
round  a  camp  we  sometimes  now  find  a  series  of  terraces,  as  for  ex- 
ample at  Brownsover  and  at  Gredenton  Hill,  which  would  aid  rather 
than  hinder  its  assailants  ;  this  of  course  was  no  part  of  the  original 

1  See  under  Seckington,  p.  390.      *  See  Chesterton  p.  366. 
346 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORK^ 

design,  but  is  the  result  of  the  natural  changes  above  described.  But  the 
greatest  destroyer  of  these  interesting  memorials  of  the  past  is  undoubt- 
edly man — the  agriculturist  and  the  builder.  A  good  farmer  discovers 
that  the  light  rich  soil  in  a  mound  or  bank  would  make  excellent  material 
with  which  to  top-dress  a  clay  field,  and  he  forthwith  digs  into  it  and 
carts  it  away.  Again,  a  great  bank  and  ditch  may  stretch  across  his  corn- 
lands  and  greatly  impede  the  use  of  the  plough  or  steam  cultivator,  and 
he  promptly  sets  to  work  to  level  the  one  into  the  other,  with  very  sad 
results  for  the  archaeologist.  Even  in  the  absence  of  such  measures  on 
the  part  of  the  occupier  of  the  land,  wherever  the  ground  within  the 
area  of  an  earthwork  has  been  continously  cultivated  for  hundreds  of 
years,  as  is  often  the  case,  the  natural  action  of  the  plough  tends  to 
flatten  the  ramparts  and  to  wear  away  the  sides  of  the  ditches  and 
make  them  wider  and  shallower.  So  that  in  this  way  camps  are  not 
only  gradually  being  destroyed  but  their  defences  are  meanwhile  mate- 
rially altered  from  their  original  form.  In  such  a  highly  cultivated 
county  as  Warwickshire  the  ancient  earthworks  have  unfortunately 
suffered  greatly  at  the  hands  of  the  farmer  ;  this  may  be  particularly 
noted  in  the  descriptions  which  follow  of  the  remains  at  Beaudesert, 
Beausale,  Brownsover,  Corley,  Chesterton,  Edgbaston,  Mancetter,  Lap- 
worth,  Solihull,  Ratley,  and  elsewhere  ;  indeed,  not  only  have  several 
of  the  works  described  by  Hutton  as  extant  a  hundred  years  ago  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Birmingham  apparently  disappeared,  but  many  of 
those  mentioned  by  Burgess  as  recently  as  1875,  have  since  become  very 
ill  defined  or  have  even  entirely  vanished.  In  Birmingham  and  other 
towns  building  operations  have  of  course  obliterated  many  early  works. 

Though  frequently  therefore  much  changed  in  appearance  and  often 
but  mere  remnants  of  what  they  once  were,  the  ancient  defensive  earth- 
works of  the  county  are  fairly  numerous  and  are  also  very  varied  both  in 
form  and  in  choice  of  site  ;  they  have  probably  been  constructed  by  many 
distinct  peoples  and  at  widely  different  dates.  Unfortunately  however 
no  systematic  excavation  has  ever  been  undertaken  in  connection  with 
them,  and  without  this  it  is  quite  impossible  to  determine  the  age  of  par- 
ticular remains  with  accuracy.  The  adjoining  county  of  Northampton 
has  been  more  happy  in  this  respect,  its  celebrated  camp  known  as  Huns- 
bury  having  been  thoroughly  explored  by  aid  of  the  spade  with  very 
notable  results. 

Defensive  earthworks  have  for  convenience  of  description  been 
divided  into  certain  easily  recognizable  types,  based  mainly  upon  their 
form  and  situation.1  Before  any  description  of  local  examples  is  given, 
it  may  be  well  therefore,  for  the  clearer  understanding  of  the  subject,  to 
sketch  briefly  the  characteristics  of  these  varieties.3  After  this  we  shall 

1  Scheme  for  recording  Ancient  Defensive  Earthworks^  pub.  by  Congress  of  Arch.  Societies  in  Union 
with  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  London,  1903. 

2  Epitomized  in  '  Early  Defensive  Earthworks,'  by  I.  Chalkley  Gould,  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ., 
1901,  to  which  article  the  writer  is  much  indebted. 

347 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

be  better  able  to  see  how  far  the  less  perfect  remains  extant  in  Warwick- 
shire may  agree  with  finer  examples  found  elsewhere,  and  then  it  is  hoped 
that  more  definite  ideas  as  to  their  origin  and  use  may  be  possible.  It 
must  always  be  borne  in  mind  that  knowledge  of  the  subject  at  the 
present  day  is  quite  insufficient  for  the  compilation  of  a  strictly  chrono- 
logical table  of  earthworks  ;  and  the  difficulty  of  doing  this  is  increased 
by  the  fact  that  the  earlier  forms  were  reproduced  again  and  again 
through  long  periods  of  time,  and  that  the  works  themselves  were  fre- 
quently occupied  by  successive  invaders  of  different  races,  who  made 
alterations  in  their  defences  to  accord  with  their  own  particular  ideas 
upon  the  subject  of  fortification. 

In  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  in  Britain,  men  dwelt  for  the  most 
part  upon  the  higher  ground,  the  lowlands  being  probably  little  else  than 
impenetrable  forest  or  dismal  marsh  and  unhealthy  swamp.  The  latter 
formed  excellent  hunting  grounds,  but  they  were  quite  unsuitable  for  per- 
manent habitation.  On  the  hills  therefore,  which  were  always  com- 
paratively dry  and  open,  we  look  for  remains  of  the  earliest  defensive 
earthworks. 

Passing  over  those  vague  banks  and  shelters  found  in  many  moun- 
tainous parts  of  the  country,  which  still  await  careful  exploration  and 
may  possibly  prove  to  be  the  earliest  extant  earthworks,  we  commence 
with — 

(A]  Certain  strongholds  found  upon  the  summits  of  high  rocky  hills 
in  various  parts  of  the  country,  the  defences  of  which  are  chiefly  the 
natural  ones  of  crags  and  precipices,  any  weak  side  being  fortified  by 
ramparts  and  ditches.  The  entrance  to  such  a  fortress  is  usually  by  a 
difficult  path  winding  up  the  rocky  face  of  the  hill.  Being  one  of  the 
simplest,  this  is  probably  one  of  the  earliest  types  of  large  strongholds  de- 
fended by  earthworks.  Of  this  description  are  the  well  known  '  camps ' 
at  Carl's  Wark  and  Comb  Moss  in  Derbyshire  and  Cleeve  Camp  in 
Gloucestershire,  but  we  have  no  similar  fortress  within  the  confines  of 
Warwickshire.  The  camp  on  the  top  of  Corley  Rocks  has  some  features 
in  common  with  this  variety,  but  in  other  ways  it  corresponds  with  a 
much  later  form. 

(B l)  Another  kind  of  stronghold  is  that  in  which  earthworks  sur- 
round the  summit  of  a  hill.  The  defences  consist  of  one,  two,  and 
sometimes  even  three,  ramparts  and  ditches ;  these  ramparts,  as  previously 
mentioned,  were  originally  strengthened  by  having  a  palisade  of  wood  or 
sometimes  a  rough  wall  of  loose  stones  upon  the  top.  Characteristics  of 
this  particular  variety  of  camp  are,  firstly,  that  the  earthworks  follow 
the  natural  contours  of  the  hill ;  and  secondly,  that  the  entrance  is  gener- 
ally rendered  difficult  and  intricate,  by  winding  in  and  out  among  com- 
plicated artificial  banks  and  ditches. 

Some  of  these  hill  fortresses  are  very  large  and  even  now  most  im- 
posing ;  they  were  often  engineered  by  their  makers  with  marvellous 
skill,  so  that  from  their  airy  ramparts  the  defenders  could  sweep  the 
slopes  below  with  their  sling-stones,  javelins  and  arrows,  and  easily  keep 

348 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

an  enemy  at  bay.  Near  these  great  strongholds  the  dwellings  of  the 
people,  consisting  of  circular  huts  half  buried  in  the  ground,  are  fre- 
quently found  grouped  together  in  some  secluded  hollow.  As  among 
savage  races  at  the  present  day,  the  population  in  Britain  in  these  early 
times  was  split  up  into  numerous  small  tribal  communities,  which  were 
perpetually  at  strife  with  one  another  ;  whenever  danger  approached,  the 
whole  tribe,  with  all  their  flocks  and  herds,  would  leave  their  dwellings 
in  the  vales  and  take  refuge  in  their  stronghold  on  the  hill  above.  The 
frequent  absence  of  water  within  the  area  of  these  '  camps  of  refuge  ' 
has  been  remarked  upon  ;  but  there  is  little  doubt  that,  as  was  formerly 
the  custom  among  the  aborigines  of  New  Zealand,  the  women  of  the 
tribe  carried  up  a  supply  in  earthen  vessels,  in  anticipation  of  the  tem- 
porary occupation  of  the  fortress. 

Many  of  the  camps  of  this  description  have  been  proved  to  belong 
to  the  Bronze  age,  and  some  apparently  date  still  further  back  ;  but  as 
successive  peoples  have  so  often  made  use  of  a  previously  existing  design 
in  the  construction  of  their  fortresses,  careful  excavation  in  any  particular 
earthwork  is  the  only  method  of  arriving  at  its  age  with  even  approxi- 
mate accuracy. 

Well-known  examples  showing  the  features  usually  associated  with 
this  class  of  hill  fortress  are  the  earthworks  on  Mam  Tor  in  Derbyshire 
and  at  Maiden  Castle  in  Dorset.  Camps  of  this  type  on  a  large  and 
imposing  scale  are  found  upon  many  of  the  highlands  surrounding  the 
Avon  valley,  though  beyond  the  actual  confines  of  Warwickshire  ;  such 
are  the  deep  entrenched  strongholds  upon  the  Malvern  Hills,  the  great 
camp  with  ramparts  nearly  three  miles  in  circumference  at  Burrow  Hill, 
Daventry,  the  enormous  earthworks  on  Meon  Hill  on  the  Gloucester- 
shire border,  and  the  lesser  camp  on  Burrow  Hill  near  Leicester.  As 
far  as  one  can  judge  by  appearance  in  the  absence  of  excavation,  War- 
wickshire can  show  somewhat  similar  remains,  but  upon  a  smaller  scale  and 
much  worn,  on  the  Edge  Hill  at  Ratley.  All  traces  of  the  circular  hut 
village,  which  was  once  doubtless  associated  with  such  a  fortress,  have 
long  ago  disappeared  in  this  highly  cultivated  county.  In  Worcester- 
shire, on  the  contrary,  where  the  surface  of  the  ground  on  Malvern 
Chace  has  never  been  disturbed  by  the  plough,  large  numbers  of  such 
ancient  dwellings  may  still  be  seen,  hidden  away  among  the  brushwood, 
below  the  great  camp  on  Midsummer  Hill. 

(B  n)  As  a  subdivision  to  this  class  we  have  earthworks  somewhat 
resembling  the  last,  but  smaller  in  size  and  differing  in  various  details. 
These  camps  are  not  found  upon  the  high  tops  of  hills,  but  usually  upon 
some  ridge  or  slight  eminence  on  lower  ground  ;  they  are  frequently  near 
a  river,  and  often  in  the  triangular  space  above  the  junction  of  two 
streams ;  here  the  swamps  and  morasses  which  in  former  days  were  wont 
to  stretch  far  and  wide  on  either  side  of  every  watercourse,  formed  an 
admirable  natural  defence.  The  ramparts  of  these  camps  do  not  follow 
the  natural  contours  of  the  ground  so  much  as  those  previously  described, 
but  are  more  artificial  in  form  ;  they  are  often  oval  or  round,  or  some- 

349 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

times  they  have  more  or  less  rectangular  corners  and  straight  sides.  Their 
entrances  are  not  made  intricate  and  tortuous,  but  are  straight  cuttings 
in  the  encircling  defences.  Sometimes  the  ramparts  and  ditches  are 
double,  but  often  they  are  only  single.  The  huts  of  the  people  were  usually 
placed  inside  the  area  of  this  type  of  fort,  which  was  thus  a  permanent 
dwelling  place,  in  contradistinction  to  the  camps  of  refuge  last  described. 
Although  these  two  extreme  types  are  thus  distinct  in  character,  it 
must  always  be  remembered  that  one  form  merges  gradually  into  the 
other,  and  that  many  extant  remains  have  features  in  common  with  both 
and  are  intermediate  between  them  ;  this  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the 
county  of  Warwick. 

A  far-famed  example  of  this  class  of  camp,  which  is  to  be  seen 
quite  close  to  Warwickshire  at  Hunsbury  near  Northampton,  has  had  the 
good  fortune  to  be  thoroughly  excavated  and  explored. 

Form  alone,  we  must  always  remember,  is  no  criterion  of  age  ; 
but,  nevertheless,  the  oval  camps  at  Beausale  and  at  Claverdon  in  this 
county  in  many  ways  resemble  that  at  Hunsbury — would  that  the  spade 
could  be  brought  to  bear  within  their  area.  As  local  examples  of  camps 
of  the  present  class  with  angular  corners,  the  entrenchments  at  Ipsley,  at 
Lapworth  and  at  Tachbrook  may  be  cited,  with  perhaps  those  at  Corley  ; 
but  this  only  as  far  as  we  may  dare  to  judge  simply  by  appearances. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  details  of  these  earthworks  of  the  ancient 
Britons  is,  of  course,  based  almost  entirely  upon  the  evidence  of  archas- 
ology ;  nevertheless  with  the  dawn  of  history  in  the  land  on  the  advent 
of  the  Romans,  we  catch  an  occasional  glimpse  of  such  camps  in  con- 
temporary writings.  Caesar  describes  the  towns  of  the  Britons  as 
'  splendidly  fortified  by  nature  and  art,'  and  Strabo  speaks  of  them  as 
defended  by  palisades  of  '  hewn  down  trees  '  fencing  round  a  '  circular 
space,'  within  which  they  erected  huts  for  themselves  and  stalls  for  their 
cattle. 

Although  we  know  that  forts  of  this  kind  were  constructed  as 
far  back  as  prehistoric  times,  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  they  were 
also  copied  and  used  in  much  later  days.  In  Celtic  Ireland,  for  instance, 
the  remains  of  thousands  of  these  '  raths,'  as  they  are  there  called,  may 
be  seen  all  over  the  lowlands,  and  Spenser,  writing  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth, describes  how  the  people  then  still  lived  in  small  tribal  communi- 
ties within  their  shelter  in  times  of  war,  while  in  peaceful  days  they 
wandered  forth  with  their  flocks  and  herds  to  the  upland  pastures. 

(C)  We  now  come  to  quite  a  different  variety  of  earthwork. 
Instead  of  the  often  large  sized  and  irregularly  shaped  camps  of  prehis- 
toric days,  which  were  generally  either  placed  upon  a  hill  or  defended 
by  water  and  marshy  ground,  we  find  small  square  or  oblong  earth- 
forts  situated  on  an  open  plain  or  sometimes  even  in  a  hollow.  These 
entrenchments  were  evidently  constructed  for  purposes  of  offence  rather 
than  for  defence ;  they  have  a  clear  space  all  round,  so  that  a  body  of 
drilled  soldiers  could  rapidly  issue  forth  to  battle ;  they  were  often  placed 
near  to  a  stream  for  the  sake  of  a  water  supply.  The  ramparts  of 

350 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

these  works  are  of  lesser  height  than  those  of  previously  described 
camps  and  their  ditches  are  not  so  deep.  No  tortuous  or  difficult  en- 
trances are  now  seen,  but  always  straight  cut  gateways,  usually  in  the 
centre  of  each  side  of  the  square.  Many  of  these  earthworks  are  relics 
of  the  Roman  military  occupation  of  Britain. 

A  typical  example  of  such  a  Roman  fort  is  the  almost  square  camp 
(measuring  336  by  366  feet),  with  its  four  gateways,  at  Melandra  near 
Glossop  in  Derbyshire.  Another  is  the  oblong  entrenchment  at  Ratby 
in  Leicestershire.  In  Warwickshire  the  earthwork  at  Mancetter  is  a 
good  example  of  the  oblong  form  of  Roman  camp,  and  the  remains  at 
Chesterton  may  possibly  be  Roman  also. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  the  legions  often  temporarily  occupied 
the  strongholds  of  the  conquered  Britons;  in  this  case  they  probably 
altered  and  added  to  the  defences  to  make  them  more  in  unison  with  their 
own  ideas.  Hence  we  sometimes  find  a  small  square  Roman  fort  placed 
in  the  corner  of  a  large  prehistoric  camp  ;  oftener  still  we  find  new  gate- 
ways, after  the  model  of  those  in  their  own  camps,  cut  through  the 
ancient  ramparts,  and  the  latter  remodelled  with  straight  sides  and  rect- 
angular corners.  Perhaps  this  may  explain  features  in  connection  with 
the  prehistoric  camps  at  Oldbury,  at  Corley  and  elsewhere  in  Warwick- 
shire. 

(D)  The  earth  forts  of  the  Teutonic  settlers  in  this  country  differed 
both  from  the  above  described  camps  of  the  tribal  Britons  and  from  the 
military  forts  of  the  Romans.  They  were  smaller  than  the  first  named, 
being  the  headquarters  of  a  family  only,  the  fortified  dwelling  of  a  power- 
ful lord  and  his  household. 

Remains  belonging  to  this  period  consist  of  a  conical  mount, 
varying  from  10  to  as  much  as  60  feet  in  height,  and  surrounded 
by  a  ditch  or  moat,  which  was  once  filled  with  water;  the  top  of  the 
mount  is  flat,  or  sometimes  saucer  shaped,  and  it  occasionally  shows 
traces  of  a  raised  rim  of  earth  all  round. 

(£)  Abutting  upon  the  ditch  upon  one  side  of  this  mount  a  crescent- 
shaped  enclosure  or  courtyard  is  often  seen  surrounded  by  rampart  and 
moat ;  it  generally  covers  an  area  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  that  of 
the  mount.  Beyond  this  again  there  is  sometimes  a  second  and  still 
larger  enclosure,  similarly  defended  by  entrenchments ;  and  in  a  few 
instances  there  is  yet  a  third  and  much  more  extensive  court,  partly  sur- 
rounding the  smaller  ones.  These  considerable  additions  to  the  mount 
fort  were  made  to  afford  protection  to  retainers  and  shelter  for  flocks 
and  herds. 

For  a  long  time  the  nature  of  these  two  classes  of  moated  mounts 
was  not  understood  by  archaeologists  ;  they  were  thought  to  be  large 
sepulchral  tumuli,  and  as  such  they  are  often  marked  in  the  maps  of  the 
ordnance  survey  ;  the  earthworks  around  the  courtyards,  when  present, 
were  moreover,  thought  to  be  the  remains  of  prehistoric  fortresses. 

Moated  mounts,  similar  to  those  so  numerous  in  England,  are 
also  found  in  Flanders  and  in  Normandy ;  and  the  celebrated  Bayeux 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

tapestry,  supposed  to  have  been  worked  in  the  eleventh  century,  gives 
a  curious  contemporary  representation  of  the  fort  at  Dinan  in  the  latter 
country,  which  greatly  helps  us  to  understand  the  mode  of  construction 
and  former  appearance  of  such  works.  In  the  centre  of  this  interesting 
needlework  picture  is  seen  the  conical  mound  of  earth  surrounded  by 
its  moat,  outside  of  which  is  a  gate  guarded  by  turrets,  apparently  of 
wood ;  from  this  gate  a  ladder-like  bridge  crosses  the  moat  to  a  tower, 
which  also  appears  to  be  of  timber,  and  is  half-way  up  the  side  of  the 
mount;  above  this  again  is  a  strong  enclosure  or  keep,  the  stockades 
of  which  encircle  the  top  of  the  earthwork.  Round  the  inside  of  this 
timber  palisade  runs  a  fighting  platform  of  earth  for  the  defenders  to 
stand  upon,  and  within  the  stockaded  keep  is  a  timber-built  house. 
Soldiers  are  seen  attacking  the  fort  from  without,  while  others  defend 
it  from  behind  the  palisades.  This  remarkable  picture  shows  that  the 
first  defences  of  these  moated  mounts  were  of  timber,  and  not  of  masonry, 
which  the  newly  heaped  up  earth  would  not  be  solid  enough  to  bear ; 
it  also  explains  the  object  of  the  rim  of  earth  which  is  often  found,  as 
at  Castle  Bromwich,  round  the  top  of  the  mount,  and  which  is  evidently 
a  portion  of  the  fighting  platform  within  the  stockade  or  keep.  The 
outer  court  or  bailey,  so  frequently  found  in  England,  is  not  shown  in 
the  picture  of  the  Dinan  fort.  As  in  the  case  of  the  earlier  camps, 
the  original  timber  defences  of  these  moated  mount  and  court  castles 
have  long  ago  disappeared. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  go  outside  of  Warwickshire  for  a  good 
example  of  this  particular  type  of  earth  fort.  For  few  finer  specimens 
are  to  be  seen  anywhere  than  that  at  Brinklow,  which  is  also  singularly 
well  preserved,  with  its  large  moated  mount  and  outer  as  well  as  inner 
courts.  Seckington  and  Castle  Bromwich  are  also  excellent  examples  of 
these  mount  and  court  forts  once  defended  by  stockades  of  timber,  neither 
of  them  showing  any  traces  of  masonry  ;  smaller  and  less  perfect  specimens 
are  to  be  found  at  Fillongley  and  at  Kineton. 

While  the  original  forts  of  this  class  were  undoubtedly  protected 
by  timber  defences  only,  many  years  after  they  were  first  constructed, 
and  when  the  earth  had  had  time  to  settle  down  and  get  solid,  some 
of  these  moated  mounts  and  their  accompanying  ramparts  were  built 
upon,  and  became  incorporated  in  mediasval  castles  of  masonry ;  the  latter 
are  usually  based  upon  the  same  ground  plan  of  tall  keep  and  outer  court 
or  bailey.  Locally  this  has  been  done  at  Tamworth,  at  Warwick,  at 
Kenilworth  and  in  many  other  instances. 

Although  the  typical  courtyards  found  attached  to  these  moated 
mounts  are  more  or  less  curved  and  rounded  in  shape,  as  at  Brinklow 
and  at  Seckington,  examples  are  occasionally  found  of  rectangular  form ; 
such  are  the  courts  at  Tamworth,  at  Warwick  and  at  Castle  Bromwich ; 
they  have  been  supposed  to  represent  the  remains  of  some  earlier  for- 
tress which  has  been  utilized  by  the  makers  of  the  later  stronghold. 

Finally,  who  were  the  people  who  first  constructed  these  moated 
mount  and  court  forts  ?  Few  archaeological  questions  have  been  the 

352 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

cause  of  greater  controversy ;  champions  have  been  eager  to  ascribe  them 
exclusively  to  the  Saxon,  to  the  Dane  and  to  the  Norman.  The  balance 
of  probability  would  seem  to  be  that  this  type  of  stronghold  originated 
in  its  simpler  form  in  Saxon  times,  as  is  the  traditional  record  of  the 
two  '  Ethelflasda's  mounts '  at  Tamworth  and  at  Warwick ;  while  there 
is  no  doubt  that  many  existing  remains  (especially  those  with  courtyards) 
date  from  Norman  days,  either,  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Gould,  '  from  the 
time  of  the  Conquest,  or  as  late  as  the  days  of  anarchy  when  Stephen 
was  reigning  but  not  ruling.'  During  his  reign  so  many  fortified 
strongholds  were  constructed  by  the  landed  proprietors,  that  his  successor, 
Henry  II.,  thought  it  advisable  to  destroy  no  less  than  1,150  of  them; 
and  after  that  no  castle  could  be  built  without  a  royal  licence  to  '  cren- 
ellate '  or  fortify.  It  is  also  quite  possible,  of  course,  that  in  certain 
instances  the  makers  of  these  forts  may  have  utilized  for  their  mount  or 
keep  an  earlier  sepulchral  tumulus  which  they  found  ready  to  hand; 
this  has  been  suspected  at  Brinklow,  but  excavation  can  alone  decide 
such  a  point. 

(F)  We  have  now  to  notice  yet  another  form  of  earthwork,  viz. 
the  moated  enclosure  without  a  mount.  In  this  case  the  earth  dug  out 
from  the  moat  was  either  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  enclosed  area, 
raising  it  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  land,  or  else,  but  more 
rarely,  used  to  form  a  rampart  round  the  inside. 

These  '  homestead  moats,'  as  they  are  called,  usually  enclose  areas 
ranging  from  a  half  to  two  acres,  but  are  sometimes  more  extensive. 
They  differ  greatly  in  form ;  one  variety  is  very  similar  to  the  moated 
mount,  but  with  only  a  flat  raised  platform  inside  instead  of  a  conical 
hill,  as  may  be  seen  at  the  site  of  the  old  manor  house  near  the  church 
at  Maxstoke ;  another  has  the  above-named  slight  rampart  round  the 
edge  of  the  platform,  as,  for  example,  at  '  Castle  Hills  '  Fillongley,  at 
'The  Mount'  Cheswick  Green  near  Solihull,  at  Ladbroke,  at  '  Kent's 
Moat '  Sheldon,  and  at  '  Hob's  Moat'  Solihull. 

While  some,  perhaps  the  earlier  ones,  are  circular,  the  great 
majority  of  these  moated  areas  are  either  square,  oblong,  or  of  various 
irregular  shapes  ;  some  are  single,  as  those  named  above  ;  some  are 
double,  either  one  within  the  other,  as  Peddimore  near  Sutton  Coldfield, 
Ward  End  near  Birmingham,  Hob's  Moat  (formerly)  and  Salford  Priors, 
or  lying  side  by  side  as  Court  Farm  at  Fulbroke  near  Sherborne.  Occa- 
sionally we  find  a  group  of  moated  enclosures  placed  near  to  one  another, 
as  at  Horston  Grange  near  Nuneaton,  while  in  a  few  instances,  as  at 
Great  Wolford  and  perhaps  at  Wappenbury,  a  whole  village  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fosse. 

All  these  varied  forms  merge  gradually  and  almost  imperceptibly 
into  one  another,  but  they  no  doubt  represent  different  designs  in  vogue 
at  considerably  distant  intervals  of  time.  Some  may  have  originated  in 
Saxon  days  as  a  protection  against  the  marauding  armies  of  the  Danes, 
and  possibly  others  were  made  for  defensive  purposes  as  late  as  the  reigns 
of  Stephen,  John  and  Henry  III.,  when  intestine  wars  harrowed  the 
1  353  45 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

country  ;    the   subject  is   well   worth    the    investigation    which   it   still 
awaits. 

There  are  at  least  1 50  of  these  '  homestead  moats  '  in  Warwickshire. 
Sometimes  the  ancient  dwelling-place  which  once  stood  within  the  pro- 
tected area,  and  which  was  probably  of  wood,  has  entirely  disappeared,  as 
at  Kent's  Moat,  Cheswick  Green,  Hob's  Moat,  Ladbroke  and  elsewhere. 
But,  for  the  most  part,  an  ancient  manor  house  or  fortified  mediaeval 
mansion  still  stands  upon  the  water  encircled  island.  This  is  often,  of 
course,  not  nearly  so  old  as  the  moat,  which  may  have  seen  several 
successive  edifices  erected  in  course  of  ages  upon  the  site.  Notable 
local  examples  of  these  often  picturesque  moated  houses  are  Baddesley 
Clinton,  Astley  Castle  near  Nuneaton,  Maxstoke  Castle  and  Compton 
Wyniates. 

(G  l)  In  connection  with  many  mediaeval  castles,  artificial  banks  of 
earth  are  found  surrounding  areas  now  dry  but  which  were  originally 
covered  by  sheets  of  water  which  they  served  to  dam.  These  broad 
water  defences,  which  differ  from  the  ordinary  moat,  were  fed  by  some 
neighbouring  stream,  and  were  often  very  extensive,  as  well  as  most 
elaborately  engineered  with  channels  and  sluices.  Conspicuous  examples 
of  this  are  to  be  seen  in  the  dams  of  the  great  artificial  lake,  with  its 
extensions,  which  once  existed  at  Kenilworth  Castle,  and  also  at  Brandon 
Castle. 

(G  u)  While  the  various  earthworks  previously  described  served  to 
defend  an  enclosed  area,  '  dykes  and  ramparts '  and  earthen  '  walls  '  are 
sometimes  found  running  in  a  more  or  less  continuous  line  across  country 
for  many  miles.  Well  known  examples  of  these  are  the  '  Wall '  of 
Antoninus,  reaching  across  Scotland  from  the  Forth  to  the  Clyde,  the 
triple  ramparts  in  front  of  Hadrian's  Wall  in  Northumberland,  and  the 
great  Offa's  and  Watt's  Dykes  upon  the  Welsh  border.  They  were 
probably  constructed  partly  for  defence  and  partly  to  serve  as  boundaries. 
In  Warwickshire  the  ramparts  at  Loxley,  though  short,  are  apparently  of 
this  type. 

Lastly,  on  account  of  their  outward  similarity  to  defensive  earth- 
works, some  mention  must  here  be  made  of  the  great  earth-heaped 
sepulchral  tumuli  of  prehistoric  days.  We  have  many  of  these  burial 
mounds  in  Warwickshire,  and  they  are  not  always  easy  to  distinguish  from 
worn  examples  of  moated  mount  forts ;  in  fact  many  of  the  latter  have 
frequently  been  misnamed  'tumuli,'  even  when  encircling  moat  and 
adjoining  court  showed  a  different  origin  ;  when  the  moat  has  dis- 
appeared, the  spade  alone  can  decide  between  the  two  ;  even  then  it  is 
always  possible  that  the  makers  of  a  certain  fort  may  have  incorporated 
in  it  an  ancient  sepulchral  mound,  which  they  found  ready  to  hand  upon 
the  spot.  Notable  examples  of  tumuli  in  Warwickshire  are,  or  were 
(for  some  are  now  destroyed),  at  Butler's  Marston,  Combe,  Churchover 
(Pilgrim's  Low)  near  Hartshill,  King's  Newnham,  Ruyton  (Knightlow), 
Rugby,  Wibtoft  (Cloudsley  Bush),  Wolston  and  elsewhere. 

354 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

In  the  following  pages  the  most  important  earthworks  extant  in 
Warwickshire  are  described  under  the  names  of  the  parishes  where  they 
are  found,  and  these,  for  facility  of  reference,  are  placed  in  alphabetical 
sequence.  The  arrangement  under  parishes  has  been  adopted,  to  avoid 
the  confusion  which  has  previously  been  brought  about  by  various  writers 
calling  the  same  remains  by  different  names. 

In  order  to  find  the  account  of  any  earthwork  in  a  particular 
district,  the  map  must  first  be  consulted  for  the  name  of  the  parish  where 
it  is  situated,  and  reference  should  then  be  made  to  the  latter  in  the  text. 

The  list  does  not  pretend  to  be  in  any  sense  a  complete  one  ;  for 
the  compilation  of  this  much  more  time  would  be  necessary  than  is  at 
the  writer's  disposal.  Nevertheless  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  serve  to  give 
an  idea  of  the  field  which  is  open  to  future  explorers,  who  may,  in  con- 
sequence, be  attracted  to  work  out  the  subject  in  detail.  And,  further,  in 
view  of  the  rapid  destruction  of  these  valuable  monuments  of  the  past 
which  is  continually  in  progress,  it  is  also  hoped  that  this  article  may 
direct  local  attention  to  the  existence  of  these  interesting  remains,  and 
may  thus  lead  to  more  care  being  taken  of  them  in  the  future. 

The  writer  begs  to  thank  many  who  have  given  him  much  valuable 
information  and  assistance,  including  Rev.  J.  Harvey  Bloom,  Mr.  Jethro 
A.  Cossins,  Mr.  Alfred  Hayes,  Mr.  Howard  S.  Pearson,  Rev.  W.  H. 
Payne-Smith,  and  especially  Mr.  I.  Chalkley  Gould.1 

BARMOOR.    See  Claverdon. 

BEAUDESERT  (by  Henley-in-Arden). — On  a  steep  hill  called  'The 
Mount,'  just  east  of  the  parish  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  are  remnants  of 
the  earthworks  of  an  ancient  castle  ;  they  consist  of  a  moated  mount 
with  traces  of  courtyards  defended  by  ramparts  and  ditch  (see  class  E, 
described  p.  351). 

'  The  Mount '  forms  a  promontory,  jutting  towards  the  little  river 
Alne,  from  a  ridge  of  high  ground  running  north  and  south  ;  it  rises  to 
an  altitude  of  about  300  feet  above  sea  level.  The  site  is  by  nature  a 
very  strong  and  commanding  one  ;  from  it  the  Edge  Hills  and  the 
Malverns  may  both  be  plainly  seen.  The  church  and  the  few  houses 
which  comprise  the  village  are  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  by  the  side  of  the 
stream  ;  from  the  church  the  road  winds  round  the  south  side  of  the  hill 
to  the  entrance  of  the  courtyard  on  the  top  of  the  first  elevation. 

1  The  plans  are  drawn  to  scale  on  the  basis  of  the  25  inch  Ordnance  Survey  of  1883  ;  details  are 
frequently  filled  in  from  other  sources,  sometimes  from  earlier  plans  and  notes  showing  features  which 
have  since  become  indistinct  and  obliterated.  The  following  abbreviations  are  used  to  indicate  publi- 
cations referred  to  in  the  text,  viz.  : — 

Burgess'  Wane.  .     .  =  Burgess'  Historic  Warwickshire  (1875). 

Clark's  Mil.  Arckit. .  =  Clark's  Medieval  Military  Architecture  (1884). 

Dugdale's  Warw.      .  =  Dugdale's  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire  (Coventry  ed.  1765). 

Dugdale's  Warw.  .  =  Dugdale's  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,  with  MS.  additions  by  William 
(Hamper's  copy)  Hamper,  in  the  British  Museum  Library. 

Dugdale's  Warw.  .  =  Dugdale's  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,  with  MS.  additions  by  Matthew 
(Bloxam's  copy)  Holbeche  Bloxam,  F.S.A.,  in  Rugby  School  Library. 

Hutton's  B'bam.      .  =  Hutton's  History  of  Birmingham  (3rd  ed.  1806). 

O.S =  Ordnance  Survey. 

Timmins's  Warm.    .  =  Samuel  Timmins's  History  of  Warwickshire  (1889). 

Turner's  Skaki.  Land  =  Ribton-Turner's  Shakespeare's  Land  (1893). 

355 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  extant  remains  of  the  castle  consist  primarily  of  a  flat  topped 
oval  artificial  mound  surrounded  by  a  ditch,  covering  altogether  an  area 
of  about  2  acres  ;  a  raised  bank  of  earth  crossing  the  ditch  to  the  south- 
west connects  this  moated  '  keep '  with  its  accompanying  courtyard. 
At  250  feet  distance  beyond  this  entrance  another  ditch  runs  across  the 
flat  top  of  the  hill  from  north-west  to  south-east  ;  this  appears  to  have 
formed  a  division  between  two  courtyards,  an  outer  and  an  inner  one. 
The  defences  which  formerly  encircled  these  courts  are  now  barely 
traceable,  for  the  earthern  ramparts  have  in  the  course  of  ages  gradually 
been  demolished  and  the  ditches  become  filled  ;  indeed,  so  far  back  as 


^>/nm\^  ' 

*<*!•«...  «*!»»*'* 


Path, :// 


BEAUDESERT 


SCALE  or  FEET 
100  ZOO 


250  years  ago  Dugdale  wrote  :  '  The  Trenches  themselves,  notwith- 
standing their  great  Depth  and  Widenesse,  are  so  filled  up,  as  that  the 
Plough  hath  Sundry  Times  made  Furrows  in  every  part  of  them  to  the 
Great  Advantage  of  the  industrious  Husbandman  whose  Pains  through 
the  Ranknesse  of  the  Soil  hath  been  richly  rewarded  with  many  a  plentifull 
Crop.'  There  are  now  no  signs  of  stonework  to  be  seen,  though  Dug- 
dale's  words  that '  there  is  not  only  any  one  Stone  visibly  left  upon  another' 
would  seem  to  imply  that  in  his  day  there  were  some  remnants  of  masonry 
extant  upon  the  mount.1  The  limits  of  the  present  article  do  not  admit 

i  Dugdale's  Wane.,  pp.  559-65  ;  Burgess  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  p.  41  ;  Turner'sS^/. 
Land,  p.  191  j  Timmins's  Wane.  p.  235  ;  Hannett's  forest  of  Arden  (1863)  p.  158. 

356 


! 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

of  the  histories  of  these  moated  mount  castles  being  entered  into  ;  they 
will  be  dealt  with  in  later  topographical  sections. 

BEAUSALE  (4  miles  north-west  of  Warwick). — The  somewhat  worn 
remains  of  an  oval  entrenchment  are  to  be  seen  upon  an  eminence  called 
Camphill  in  this  hamlet,  about  i£  miles  south  of  Honiley  parish  church  ; 
a  farmhouse  stands  just  within  it  at  the  end  nearest  the  high  road. 

The  camp  is  situated  upon  a  little  hill  which  projects  eastwards 
from  the  ridge  of  high  ground  running  from  Honiley  to  Haseley  ;  it 
overlooks  the  valley  along  which  the  Inchford  brook  takes  its  course 
towards  Kenilworth  a  couple  of  miles  away  ;  it  has  an  extensive 


BEAUSALE 

A.D  1837  after  Bloxam 


SCALE  OF  FEET 

IOO  2OO  3OO 


prospect.  In  form  the  earthwork  is  roughly  egg-shaped,  with  its  broadest 
end  towards  the  west  ;  it  has  a  raised  interior  plateau  of  about 
5^  acres,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  rampart,  now  much  worn  ; 
beyond  this  is  a  wide  ditch,  evidently  far  less  deep  than  it  once  was, 
and  outside  the  latter,  remains  of  a  second  rampart  are  discernible  here 
and  there,  more  especially  upon  the  north  and  east  ;  some  parts  of  the 
ditch  contain  water.  These  defences  have  become  much  less  imposing 
during  the  last  three-quarters  of  a  century,  owing  both  to  the  effects  of 
natural  denudation  and  to  the  operations  of  the  agriculturist ;  a  plan 

357 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

made  in  the  year  1837  shows  the  outer  vallum  encircling  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  camp,  and  another,  made  probably  a  few  years  later,  marks 
this  outer  rampart  as  intact  along  the  whole  of  the  northern  and  eastern 
sides.1  Burgess  records  that  a  subterranean  chamber  was  discovered 
within  the  area  of  the  entrenchment  some  years  prior  to  a  visit  which  he 
paid  there  in  1872  ;  he  suggests  that  this  might  have  been  for  the  storage 
of  grain,  as  was  the  practice  in  the  raths  in  Ireland.2 

As  far   as  can   be  judged  from    outward    appearances   only,  these 
remains  would  seem  to  correspond  with  the  class  of  earthwork  described 
above  under  letter  B  ",  and  in  various  particulars  they  resemble  the  cele- 
brated camp  excavated  at  Hunsbury  near  Northampton.3 
BOURNBROOK. — See  Edgbaston. 

BRAILES  (  12  miles  south-east  of  Stratford-on-Avon). — At  a  height 
of  nearly  500  feet  above  the  sea  level,  within  the  village  of  Upper 
Brailes  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north-west  of  the  magnificent 

church   of  St.   George  belonging   to 

.^\\\\\\\l\\\\lWWHHlli  Lower  Brailes,  is  a  detached  artificial 

»r        mount  surrounded  by  entrenchments 
and  called  the  '  Castle  Hill.' 

These  earthworks  lie  upon  the 
southern  slope  of  a  considerable  ele- 
vation which  forms  an  eastern  outlier 
of  the  great  Brailes  Hill  rising  upon 
M|(||(I[()(1  the    other    side   of    the    high    road; 

.v\\\v  though  not  upon  the  actual  top  of  the 

ridge,  the  site  is  a  commanding  one 
and  overlooks  the  valley  containing 
the  lower  village  and  the  country  be- 
yond.  The  present  remains,  which 

BRAILES.  are  evidently  much  worn  and  altered, 

SCALE  OFPEET  consist   mainly  of  a    central    mount, 

?         '?° 12f 2?°  which  has  a  flat  top  some  80  to  90 

feet  in  diameter;  this  mount  is  sur- 
rounded by  earthworks  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  oval ;  beyond  these 
again  are  further  banks  encircling  the  area  upon  three  sides,  but  absent 
towards  the  east.  The  entire  works  cover  nearly  3  acres.  Mr.  Burgess 
describing  the  site  says  :  '  The  Castle  Hill  is  separated  from  the  adjacent 
highlands  by  a  valley  which  appears  to  have  been  a  natural  gap  enlarged 
by  the  hand  of  man  ;  the  adjacent  hill  is  also  fortified  by  terraces  rising 
one  above  another  and  more  apparent  on  the  south  side.' 4 

In  the  present  eroded  and  altered  state  of  the  earthworks  it  is  diffi- 

1   See  drawings  in  Dugdale's  Warw.  (Bloxam's  copy). 

•  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  86,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Jour*. 

»  The  only  antiquities  which  are  known  to  have  been  found  here  are  two  large  iron  cannon-balls 
which  were  unearthed  near  the  farmhouse  ;  possibly  they  fell  during  one  of  the  numerous  fights  around 
Kemlworth  castle  m  the  middle  ages,  or  when  the  troops  marched  to  Meriden  in  the  troubles  of  1745. 

«  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  82. 

358 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

cult  to  say  what  they  once  were.  Local  antiquaries  have  suggested  that 
they  belonged  to  some  mediaeval  fortress  about  which  history  would  seem 
to  be  silent,  or  again  that  they  originated  in  a  far  earlier  age.  It  may 
be  noted  that  the  lord  of  the  manor  here  in  the  time  of  Edward  I.  had 
a  park  of  30  acres,  which  would  point  to  some  residence  of  importance, 
most  probably  fortified,  to  which  it  belonged  ;  the  local  tradition  which 
calls  the  mount  the  '  Castle  Hill '  supports  this  idea.1 

BRANDON    (half-way  between  Coventry  and  Rugby).  —  There  are 


BRANDON. 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
O  100  200  500 


some  very  extensive  earthworks  between  the  railway  station  and  the 
Avon  in  this  parish,  marking  the  site  of  the  important  mediaeval  castle 
which  formerly  stood  here. 

The  remains  are  on  low  ground,  often  liable  to  be  flooded,  by  the 
side  of  the  river.  The  defences  appear  to  have  consisted  largely  of 
broad  moats  and  sheets  of  water  very  similar  to  those  at  Kenilworth  ; 

1  Dugdale's  Warm.  p.  396  ;  Bloxam   in   B'ham  and  Mid.  Inst.   Arch.   Trans.  (1875),  P-    31  5 
Turner's  Sbakt.  Land,  p.  355. 

359 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

they  were  dammed  by  a  number  of  artificial  banks  and  fed  by  sluices 
from  the  Avon.  These  works  are  very  extensive,  covering  perhaps  6  or 
7  acres.  The  central  moated  mount,  upon  which  the  castle  itself  stood, 
is  an  almost  square  plateau  and  contains  nearly  an  acre  ;  it  has  irregular 
additions  and  another  smaller  raised  square  on  the  east  side  ;  only  frag- 


/•»     ^ 
r> 

*  £/ 


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^viuuu^      V, 

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Xb  (f**  ^r% 

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ill 

HJ 
i.O- 


^ 


SECTION 


* aeoff 


BRINKLOW 


SCALE  or  FEET 
IOO      2OO 


300 


N-fl.  The  entrenchments  of  the  large  cu-ea,  to 
the  south,  are  outside  of  the  limits  cfthvs 
plan 

ments  of  walls  of  masonry  now  survive,   and   Dugdale  wrote  of  it  as 
merely  '  Moats  and  Heaps  of  Rubbish  '  in  1656.' 

BRINKLOW    (5  miles  north-west    of    Rugby). — Above   and   to   the 
east  of  the  churchyard  in  this  village  are  some  very   imposing  and  re- 

1  Dugdale's  Warm.  p.  32  ;  Turner's  Shaks.  Land,  p.  280  ;  Timmins's  Wane.  p.  237. 

360 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

markable  earthworks  of  the  moated  mount  and  court  type.  While 
many  of  the  ancient  earth  forts  of  Warwickshire  are  now  so  worn 
away  as  to  be  easily  passed  over  by  the  ordinary  visitor,  these  remains, 
owing  to  their  striking  dimensions  and  excellent  state  of  preservation,  at 
once  attract  the  eye  of  the  most  casual  observer  ;  indeed  Brinklow  is  as 
fine  an  example  of  this  particular  description  of  earth  fort  as  can  be  seen 
anywhere  within  the  kingdom. 

The  works  occupy  a  strong  position  upon  a  short  elevated  ridge 
running  from  east  to  west,  at  the  highest  point,  near  its  western  ex- 
tremity. The  great  artificial  mount  is  a  most  conspicuous  landmark 
for  many  miles  ;  five  elm  trees  grow  upon  its  summit,  which  com- 
mands magnificent  views  all  round.  The  entrenchments  are  placed 
right  in  the  line  of  the  ancient  Fosse  Way,  which  crosses  the  Avon  at 
Bretford  a  couple  of  miles  to  the  south,  and  then  ascends  the  slope  to- 
wards them.  The  road  disappears  temporarily  however  before  it  reaches 
the  fortifications,  and  whether  it  originally  continued  its  usually  straight 
course  and  passed  through  the  site  of  the  works,  which  some  have 
thought  were  erected  to  block  it,  or  whether  it  passed  round  the  hill  to 
the  west,  is  difficult  to  determine.  The  low  ground  to  the  north-east 
was  formerly  a  great  lake,  which,  according  to  Dugdale,  once  extended 
down  the  valley  from  the  Fosse  road  '  even  unto  the  skirts  of  Newbold 
Revel.' 

These  very  formidable  looking  remains  consist  in  the  first  place  of 
the  typical  mount  or  keep  standing  upon  the  highest  point.  To  the 
west  of  this  lies  an  inner  court,  defended  by  a  rampart  and  ditch  ;  and 
beyond  this  again  is  a  second  and  larger  court  similarly  entrenched. 
The  entire  works  cover  an  area  of  between  6  and  7  acres.  The  great 
mount  itself  is  circular  and  conical  in  shape,  and  rises  40  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  adjoining  ground  and  60  feet  from  the  bottom  of  its  exca- 
vated fosse  ;  its  diameter  is  260  feet  at  base,  and  its  top  is  flat  and 
measures  50  feet  across.  The  ditch  which  surrounds  it  is  well  preserved, 
and  is  20  feet  deep  and  40  feet  broad.  The  two  adjacent  courtyards 
with  their  defences  are  on  slightly  lower  ground  ;  they  are  enclosed  by 
a  great  ditch,  which  branches  off  laterally  from  that  which  surrounds 
the  mount.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  ditch  there  is  a  rampart,  from  30 
to  50  feet  broad  at  its  base  and  from  10  to  20  feet  high  above  the  in- 
terior of  the  court,  its  broadest  and  highest  parts  being  at  the  corners. 
The  two  courtyards  are  separated  from  one  another  by  a  second  rampart 
with  ditch,  which  runs  across  between  them  and  at  125  to  150  feet 
distance  from  the  fosse  which  encircles  the  mount.  These  dividing 
earthworks  are  smaller  than  those  which  enclose  the  united  courts.  The 
inner  court  is  a  long  irregular  oblong  in  shape,  and  the  outer  one  forms 
a  triangle.  About  250  yards  to  the  south  of  the  main  fort  there  are 
remnants  of  yet  a  further  rampart  and  ditch,  the  latter  filled  with  water 
for  some  200  yards  of  its  length  ;  these  defences  very  probably  enclosed 
a  third  and  much  larger  court.  Salmon,  one  hundred  and  seventy-five 
years  ago,  describes  the  remains  as  a  large  camp  of  25  acres  in  extent, 
i  361  46 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

which  must  have  included  this  southern  area1  ;  some  writers  however 
have  considered  that  these  entrenchments  represent  a  portion  of  a  much 
earlier  '  bury '  or  fortress.  There  are  now  three  entrances  into  the 
courts,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  of  them  are  ancient  ;  there  is  also 
a  passage  leading  from  the  inner  to  the  outer  inclosure.  Possibly  the 
original  entrance  to  the  fort  was  near  its  northern  corner,  where  a 
small  mound  is  to  be  seen  upon  the  rampart.  There  is  no  spring  visible 
within  the  area  of  the  works,  but  some  of  the  ditches  or  moats  contain 
water. 

The  strength  of  this  earthwork  impresses  every  one  even  now,  after 
its  mount  and  ramparts  must  have  suffered  from  many  centuries  of  de- 
nudation and  its  ditches  must  have  become  partly  filled  up  ;  but  in  its 
original  state  when  the  great  mount  or  keep,  encircled  by  its  deeper 
moat,  stood  much  higher,  and  was  defended  in  all  probability  by  tall 
wooden  palisades,  and  when  the  ramparts  of  the  outer  courts  were 
topped  by  similar  erections,  it  must  have  been  a  very  imposing  strong- 
hold. As  in  the  case  of  the  moated  mount  fort  at  Dinan  pictured  on 
the  Bayeux  Tapestry,2  the  whole  of  the  palisading  here  was  doubtless  of 
wood,  for  there  is  no  sign  of  any  masonry  upon  either  the  mount  or  the 
ramparts. 

Many  writers  have  made  mention  of  the  curious  ancient  '  covered 
way '  near  the  village  called  Tutbury  Lane  ;  whether  it  had  any  connec- 
tion with  the  possibly  early  earthworks  to  the  south  of  the  main  fort,  is 
unknown.  It  runs  up  the  hill  from  the  old  ford  at  Bretford  to  the  left 
of,  and  more  or  less  parallel  to,  the  Fosse  Way.  It  is  little  more  than  a 
deep  ditch,  only  wide  enough  for  the  passage  of  a  large  wheelbarrow. 

Such  important  remains  as  these  at  Brinklow  have  naturally  long 
attracted  the  attention  of  local  antiquaries,  and  many  have  been  the 
suggestions  made  as  to  their  origin.  They  have  been  ascribed  frequently 
both  to  the  ancient  Britons  and  to  the  Romans,  but  there  is  no  doubt 
that  they  are  really  of  very  much  later  date  than  either  of  these  peoples,  and 
that  they  are  in  fact  an  excellent  example  of  the  Teutonic  mount  and  court 
fortress.  This  stronghold  is  very  similar  to  the  mount  forts  at  Tamworth 
and  at  Warwick,  which  are  ascribed  locally  to  King  Alfred's  daughter 
Ethelfleda  ;  the  present  earthworks  are  almost  certainly  however  later 
than  Saxon  days.  The  apparent  silence  of  history  about  the  erection  of 
so  large  and  imposing  a  stronghold  is  curious.  After  an  occupation  of 
possibly  a  couple  of  hundred  years,  the  great  stockaded  fort  was  presum- 
ably abandoned,  for  no  subsequent  castle  of  masonry  was  ever  erected 
upon  its  mount  and  ramparts.  Local  tradition  in  Dugdale's  time  pre- 
served the  memory  of  a  '  keep '  having  once  existed  upon  the  mount, 
and  the  idea  is  recorded  as  prevalent  in  the  village  as  late  as  1845." 

1  Salmon,  New  Survey  (1731),  p.  493. 

*  Above,  p.  351. 

»  Dugdale's  Warw.  (1765)  pp.  t,  14.8  ;  Camden's  Brit.  (Gough  ed.),  ii.  331,  347  ;  Arch.  Inst. 
Journ.,  Clark,  xxxv.  112-17;  Burgess  in  B'ham  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),?.  85,  and  in  Brit. 
Arch.  Assoc.  Jour*.  (1873),  p.  40. 

362 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

BROWNSOVER  (near  Rugby). — Some  worn  remains  of  what  was  early 
in  the  last  century  an  important  ancient  camp,  may  be  traced  around 
the  church  and  village  here.  Many  of  its  entrenchments  were  destroyed 
when  an  alteration  was  made  in  the  course  of  the  old  turnpike  road 
between  Rugby  and  Lutterworth  ;  this  formerly  ran  more  to  the  north, 
close  to  Brownsover  Hall,  and  almost  outside  of  the  area  of  the  earth- 
works. The  site  chosen  by  the  makers  of  this  fortress  is  a  commanding 
one  ;  it  is  at  the  south  end  of  a  low  ridge,  and  overlooks  the  valleys  of 


BROWNSOVER 

A,D.  1827,  after  Bloxgrrt 


SCALE  OFFECT 

100  zoo  3OQ 


the  rivers  Avon  and  Swift,  which  join  one  another  just  below  ;  a  small 
ravine  separates  it  from  the  higher  ground  to  the  north.  In  former 
days  the  low-lands  on  either  side  of  the  two  streams,  which  are  now 
often  flooded,  were  probably  an  impassable  morass  ;  this  would  form  a 
good  natural  defence  upon  the  west  and  south. 

Fortunately  we  have  a  record  of  the  camp  as  it  appeared  early  in 
the  last  century,  before  the  diversion  of  the  road.  For  the  late  Mr. 
M.  H.  Bloxam,  F.S.A.,  made  a  sketch  of  it  in  the  year  1827,  which, 
together  with  his  description  of  the  remains,  is  preserved  in  Hamper's 

363 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

copy  of  Dugdale  with  MS.  additions  in  the  British  Museum.  From 
this  the  entrenchments  seem  to  have  partly  enclosed  two  areas,  con- 
tiguous to  one  another,  but  not  then  visibly  connected  ;  one  lay  to  the 
north  of  the  churchyard,  and  the  other  to  the  west  ;  possibly  ramparts 
which  once  joined  the  two  together  were  destroyed  by  the  erection  of 
the  buildings  and  the  making  of  the  road  on  the  west  side  of  the  church. 
Mr.  Bloxam  describes  the  defences  which  he  mapped  out,  and  which 
are  reproduced  on  the  plan  on  page  363,  as  follows  :  '  The  north  side 
of  Chapel  yard  is  bounded  by  a  fosse,  about  twenty  feet  in  breadth,  which 
runs  eastward  into  the  adjoining  field,  and  there  curves  off  towards  the 
north  ;  after  running  in  that  direction  for  some  distance,  it  again  turns 
to  the  west,  and  all  traces  of  it  are  lost  when  it  reaches  the  road.'  He 
adds  that  '  the  vallum  and  fosse  on  the  east  side  are,  though  easily  trace- 
able, very  slight,  the  vallum  being  on  a  level  with  the  interior  area.' 
From  the  western  side  of  the  chapel  yard  he  says  that  '  the  ground 
gradually  slopes  to  the  road,'  and  that  this  slope  appears  to  be  continued 
all  along  the  side  of  the  latter,  though  traces  of  probable  former  earth- 
works are  obliterated  by  buildings. 

Turning  to  the  enclosed  area  on  the  west  side  of  the  road,  Mr. 
Bloxam  goes  on  to  say  that  on  the  north  '  the  remains  appear  to  con- 
sist of  a  triple  row  of  valla  rising  like  terraces  one  above  another,'  and 
that  there  is  no  fosse  now  discernible.  Continuing  round  to  the  west 
'  appear  indications  of  a  double  vallum,'  and  on  the  south  of  '  a  single 
vallum,  which  is  carried  as  far  as  the  road,  when  it  is  again  lost.' 

All  the  above  described  remains  on  the  north  side  were  destroyed 
when  the  new  road  was  cut  through  them  ;  the  worn  defences  on  the 
west,  south  and  east  sides  only  are  now  discernible.  Mr.  Bloxam  always 
considered  the  camp  to  belong  to  a  prehistoric  age,  which,  as  far  as  can 
be  judged  from  its  general  plan,  would  seem  to  be  correct.  The  dis- 
covery of  some  ancient  interments  with  bodies  in  a  crouching  position, 
and  also  of  a  Roman  cinerary  urn,  are  recorded  from  the  adjacent  chapel 
graveyard.1 

CASTLE  BROMWICH  (5  miles  north-east  of  Birmingham). — In  a  large 
field  called  the  '  Castle  Hills,'  on  the  north  side  of  the  road  opposite  to 
the  village  church,  some  imposing  earthworks  of  the  moated  mount 
and  court  type  at  once  attract  the  eye.  They  are  situated  at  a  height 
of  350  feet  above  sea  level,  upon  the  brow  of  a  hill  overlooking  the 
river  Tame,  which  runs  just  below  them  at  the  foot  of  a  steep  slope. 
Their  raison  d'etre,  in  the  first  instance,  was  evidently  to  guard  and 
dominate  the  important  ford  across  the  river  close  by,  where  the  very 
ancient  highway  now  called  the  Old  Chester  Road  is  carried  north- 
wards by  a  bridge.  The  great  mount  is  a  prominent  object,  visible 
from  many  miles  away  ;  the  outlook  from  it  is  most  extensive,  especially 
over  the  low  level  country  to  the  north. 

>  Bloxam,  MS.  in  Dugdale's  Warw.  (Hamper's  copy),  p.  10  ;  Bloxam's  Rugby  School  and  Neighbour- 
hood, pp.  1 94-5  ;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  Phil.  Inst.  Trans,  vol.  iv.  No.  xvi.  etc. ;  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid. 
Arch.  Tram.  (1872),  p.  84,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  p.  40. 

364 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 


The  remains  consist  of  a  great  conical  artificial  mount,  very 
similar  to  that  at  Brinklow,  only  smaller  ;  it  is  slightly  oval  in  shape, 
and  measures  about  70  by  100  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base  ;  it  is  25 
feet  high,  and  has  a  flat  top  about  25  feet  across.  Round  the  edge  of 
the  summit  is  a 
distinct  raised  rim 
of  earth,  evidently 
the  remains  of  the 
'fighting  platform' 
erected  within  the 
wooden  palisades 
which  once  de- 
fended the  'keep,' 
as  pictured  in  the 
Dinan  fort  on  the 
Bayeux  Tapestry.1 
Encircling  the 
mount  is  a  moat, 
which  is  now  how- 
ever almost  filled 
up  on  the  south 
side  ;  it  was  no 
doubt  formerly 
supplied  with  water 
from  the  spring  still 
to  be  seen  within 
it.  Beyond  the 
moat  on  the  north 
the  ground  falls 
away  very  sharply 
to  the  river  below. 
Adjoining  this 
moated  mount  on 
the  south-east  lies 
a  courtyard,  which 
is  defended  by 
strong  entrench- 
ments. This,  in- 
stead of  being  of , , 

the    usual    curved 

horseshoe  shape,  as  at  Brinklow  and  at  Seckington,  is  rectangular,  in 
which  respect  it  resembles  the  courtyards  at  Warwick  and  at  Tamworth. 
Its  earthworks  are  still  well  preserved  upon  the  north  and  part  of  the  east 
sides,  and  consist  of  a  deep  moat  with  a  rampart  inside,  upon  which 
several  ancient  thorns  and  yew  trees  grow  ;  both  rampart  and  moat  have 


VXA\V'%%  "ll\  l\v*        ti<"'/ 


CASTLE  BROMWICH 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
|OO  2OO 


306 


1  See  above,  p.  352. 
365 


A    HISTORY  OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

disappeared  upon  the  south  side  of  the  enclosure,  but  on  the  west  there 
is  a  long  and  deep  ditch  running  in  a  straight  line  in  a  south-westerly 
direction  from  near  the  mount.  Further  west  there  are  remains  of 
other  moats  and  terraces,  and  traces  of  fortifications  are  to  be  seen  almost 
as  far  as  the  water-mill  beside  the  road  below  ;  there  are  also  arti- 
ficial terraces  in  the  field  to  the  east  of  the  rectangular  court.  Alto- 
gether, the  works  accompanying  the  mount  appear  to  have  been  very 
extensive  ;  but  they  have  become  so  worn,  and  also  been  apparently  so 
much  altered  by  man  in  former  years,  that  their  original  plan  is  not 
now  easily  discernible.  Dugdale,  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  speaks 
of '  vestigia  '  of  the  castle  only  being  visible  in  his  day.  There  are  no 
traces  of  ancient  masonry  either  upon  the  mount  or  the  ramparts  ;  their 
palisades  were  evidently  therefore  of  wood,  which  has  long  since  dis- 
appeared. A  few  old  bricks  upon  the  top  of  the  mount  are  the  relics  of 
a  monument  erected  there  by  one  of  the  Bridgemans  in  the  last  century. 

This  mount  has  often  been  described  as  a  sepulchral  tumulus,  and 
the  earthworks  adjoining  it  as  Roman  ;  of  course  either  might  have 
been  made  use  of  by  later  designers  of  the  existing  mount  and  court  fort, 
but  excavation  would  be  necessary  to  substantiate  the  assertion.  As  at 
Brinklow  and  at  Seckington,  no  mediaeval  structure  of  masonry  was  ever 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  stockaded  fortress  of  the  Norman  Lords  '  del 
Chastel  de  Bromwyz.' l 

CHESTERTON  (4  miles  south-east  of  Leamington).  —  One  and  a 
third  miles  north-west  of  the  church  in  this  parish,  and  on  the  line  of 
the  ancient  Fosse  Way,  which  cuts  through  it,  is  a  worn  entrenchment 
known  locally  as  the  Roman  Camp. 

These  earthworks  are  in  a  little  valley  formed  by  the  course  of  the 
Chesterton  brook,  on  the  right  bank  of  which  they  are  situated  ;  the 
spot  is  sheltered  by  low  encircling  hills.  In  shape  the  camp  is  roughly 
oblong,  with  an  interior  area  of  about  8  acres  ;  it  lies  almost  north-west 
by  south-east  ;  the  corners  at  the  east  and  south  are  slightly  rounded 
rectangles,  while  those  at  the  north  and  west  are  acute  and  obtuse  angles 
respectively,  owing  to  the  north-east  rampart  being  longer  than  that  to 
the  tsouth-west.  This  irregularity  in  construction  is  presumably  caused 
by  the  formation  of  the  ground  ;  the  makers  of  the  camp  appear  to 
have  chosen  the  slight  elevation  in  the  course  of  the  Fosse  Way  across 
the  valley  as  an  advantageous  position  for  their  purpose,  but  the  brook 
running  close  by  has  obliged  them  to  cut  away  a  portion  of  the  oblong 
upon  the  west  side.  The  entrenchments  now  consist  only  of  wide  and 
imposing  looking  ditches  ;  and  even  these  are  more  or  less  obliterated 
in  parts,  notably  at  the  west  corner  and  along  the  south-east  side  ;  in 
some  places  the  ditches  measure  as  much  as  140  feet  across  the  top,  and 
are  only  from  9  to  1 2  feet  deep,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  their  appearance 
has  been  materially  altered  by  the  levelling  action  of  the  plough,  which 
has  steadily  widened  them  at  the  top  and  at  the  same  time  filled  them 

'  Dugdale's  Warm,  p.  620  ;  Chattock's  Antiquities  (1884),  pp.  205,  287-9  5  Burgess  in  B'ham. 
and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trent.  (1872),  p.  88,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  pp.  39-42. 

366 


CHESTERTON 

A-D.  f8E2, after  Pretty 

SCALE  Or  FEET 
O        100      £00      300 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

up  at  the  bottom.  A  very  careful  survey  made  in  1822  by  Mr.  Edward 
Pretty,  then  drawing-master  at  Rugby  School,  and  here  reproduced,1 
shows  the  ditches  at  that  time  to  have  been  upon  an  average  less  than 
100  feet  across,  and  they  would  doubtless  be  correspondingly  deeper  ; 
even  then  there  were  no  signs  of  the  inner  rampart  remaining  ;  this  in 
all  likelihood  has  been  thrown  down  at  some  time  or  other  into  the 
ditch,  for  the  easier  cultivation  of  the  field. 

The  ancient  Fosse  Way,  in  its  course  across  the  midlands,  passes 
through  the  western  half  of  this  camp  ;  it  enters  near  the  corner,  and 
quits  the  interior  through  the  north-east  side.  Within  and  just  outside 
the  area  of  the  camp,  it  is  in  its  present  shape  merely  a  trackway  7^  feet 
wide,  whereas,  a  little  further  north  and  south,  it  again  becomes  a  10 
foot  road,  raised  3  feet  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  ground,  and 
with  wide  ditches  on  either  side,  6  feet  in  depth  from  the  surface  of  the 
highway. 

The  position  of  Chesterton  camp,  placed  as  it  is  upon  the  Fosse 
Way,  much  resembles  that  of  Mancetter,  hereafter  described,  upon  the 
Watling  Street  ;  with  the  exception,  that  in  the  first  case  the  oblong  lies 
across,  and  in  the  second,  parallel  with,  the  road. 

Dugdale  records  that  '  within  the  Compasse '  of  the  camp  '  divers 
old  Coynes  '  were  '  digg'd  up '  ;  and  since  his  time  many  pieces  of 
Roman  money,  as  well  as  fragments  of  Roman  pottery,  have  been  found 
in  the  fields  near.'  Whether  this  earthwork  is  actually  Roman  or  not, 
only  excavation  upon  the  site  can  finally  determine  ;  the  arguments,  for 
and  against,  at  present,  are  fully  set  forth  in  the  article  on  '  Romano- 
British  Warwickshire.' 

CHESWICK  GREEN. — See  Tanworth. 

CHURCHOVER  (4  miles  north  of  Rugby). — An  interesting  and  well  pre- 
served little  moated  mount  castle  of  class  D  is  to  be  seen  in  this  parish,  about 

half  a  mile  south  of  Coton  House.  Proceed- 
ing from  Brownsover  along  the  Lutterworth 
road,  it  lies  in  the  middle  of  the  second  field  to 
the  east  of  the  highway,  just  after  passing  the 
third  milestone  from  Rugby.  The  remains 
consist  of  a  low  circular  artificial  hill,  measur- 
ing about  i  50  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base,  with 
a  flat  top  about  70  feet  across ;  it  is  surrounded 
by  a  ditch,  in  which  water  still  lies  at  the 
south-east  side. 

The  Ordnance  Survey  map  calls  this 
mount  a  tumulus ;  there  is  an  undoubted  sepul- 
chral mound  here,  once  opened  by  Mr.Bloxam, 
which  lies  in  the  spinney  beside  the  high-road  a  few  hundred  yards  to  the 
north-west ;  but  it  is  much  smaller  than  the  mount  above  described,  and 
has  no  encircling  ditch.3 

1    Preserved  in  Dugdale's  Wane.  (Hamper's  copy),  p.  340. 

Dugdale's  Wana.  p.  340  ;  Turner's  Sbaki.  Land,  pp.  301-3.  a  O.S.  Map  25  in.,  1883. 

368 


CHURCHOVER 


SCALE  OF  FEET 

too          200 


Zoo 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

CLAPPER'S  HILL. — See  Coughton. 

CLAVERDON  (5  miles  west  of  Warwick). — Here  are  well  preserved 
remains  of  a  small  oval  camp,  hidden  away  in  the  brambles  of  Barmoor 
Wood,  on  the  western  confines  of  the  parish,  600  yards  north-west  of 
Kington  Grange.  It  is  situated  upon  the  southern  edge  of  a  slight 
elevation,  with  extensive  views  all  round.  The  little  river  Alne  runs 
not  far  away  from  its  north  and  west  sides,  and  would  no  doubt  afford 
good  natural  protection  in  former  days,  when  its  waters  would  spread  out 
into  marsh  and  swamp  along  its  course. 


CLAVERDON 

A.  D.  1875,  after  Burg-ess 

SCALE  OF  FEET 
o 190     2qO     390 


Mr.  Burgess  was  the  first  to  discover  and  describe  these  earthworks. 
From  his  account,  the  entrenchment  appears  to  be  almost  oval  in  form, 
enclosing  a  raised  plateau  of  about  3!  acres  in  extent  ;  this  is  defended 
by  a  very  perfect  vallum  and  fosse,  with  portions  of  a  second  vallum  be- 
yond ;  '  the  inner  vallum  is  about  20  feet  broad  at  its  base,  and  there 
appears  to  have  been  a  smaller  one,  or  perhaps  the  ledge  for  a  stockade, 
nearer  the  ditch  '  ;  '  the  outer  vallum  is  considerably  modified  by  the 
fence  which  surrounds  it.'  Mr.  Burgess  describes  the  fosse  as  20  feet 

i  369  47 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

wide  and  some  12  feet  deep,  with  a  causeway  30  feet  broad  across  it, 
which  connects  the  enclosure  with  a  flat  elevated  area,  covering  about 
24  acres,  lying  beyond  it ;  this  area  has,  he  goes  on  to  say,  sloping  sides 
showing  signs  of  cut  terraces,  which  are  probably  the  weather-worn 
remains  of  former  ramparts.  He  mentions  that  he  was  informed  by  a 
native  that  there  were  some  cut  stones  remaining  in  a  corner  of  the 
interior  area,  thirty  years  previous  to  his  visit,  which  appeared  to  have 
formed  part  of  an  underground  chamber.  This  camp  is  somewhat  similar 
in  appearance  to  the  one  at  Beausale,  4!  miles  away.1 

On  Yarningale  Common,  an  elevated  promontory  about  a  mile 
north-east  of  Barmoor  Wood,  Mr.  Burgess  discovered  a  low  double 
mound  surrounded  by  a  fosse,  situated  on  the  north-west  shoulder  of  the 
hill ;  the  base  of  the  larger  mound  he  described  as  about  70  feet  in 
diameter,  and  the  '  inner  central  one  not  more  than  9  feet.'  The  fosse 
he  measured  as  1 1  feet  wide.2 

CORLEY  (6  miles  south-west  of  Nuneaton.) — There  are  remains  of 
a  considerable  fortress  in  this  parish,  on  the  hill  called,  in  consequence, 
the  Burrow  Hill.  They  are  situated  upon  a  sloping  plateau  on  the  top 
of  the  hill,  facing  north-east,  and  at  an  altitude  of  some  500  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  from  which  there  is  a  magnificent  prospect  on 
every  side. 

The  shape  of  the  camp  is  an  irregular  square,  containing  an  area  of 
about  10  acres;  it  is  defended  partly  by  natural  rocky  precipices,  and 
partly  by  artificial  earthworks.  The  latter  are  now  much  weather-worn, 
and  also  altered  by  cultivation  ;  they  consist  mainly  of  a  rampart,  vary- 
ing from  10  to  barely  3  feet  in  height,  and  about  30  feet  wide  at  its  base; 
no  accompanying  fosse  is  now  visible,  except  on  the  side  near  the  valley  ; 
there  is  also  a  long  ditch  on  the  south-west  separate  from  the  main  works. 
In  the  interior  is  a  pit,  fed  by  a  spring,  which  would  afford  a  good  water 
supply.  There  appears  to  have  been  but  one  ancient  entrance,  that  on 
the  north-west  side  by  the  rocks ;  the  opening  at  the  north-east  angle 
has  evidently  been  cut  in  later  days  to  form  a  road  from  the  field  within 
the  area  to  the  farmhouse  below. 

Mr.  Ribton-Turner,  who  was  the  first  to  report  upon  these  remains 
in  detail,  describes  further  traces  of  ancient  works,  as  follows  :  *  Two 
escarpments  with  terraces  and  trenches,'  the  former  '  from  40  to  60  feet 
in  height,  on  the  curved  front  of  the  steep  declivity  overlooking  the 
valley,  and  extending  some  ten  chains  or  more  on  each  side  of  the  main 
works '  ;  he  also  says  that  '  there  are  indications  of  other  smaller  fortifi- 
cations in  the  fields  on  this  side  of  the  hill,  running  nearly  parallel  with 
the  rock,  but  time  and  the  plough  have  left  few  traces  of  the  original 
features.' s 

»  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  86,  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ. 
(1873),  p.  41,  and  m  Arch.  Journ.  xxxiii.  (1876),  pp.  369-70  ;  Timmins's  Warw.  pp.  6c-6  ;  Turner's 
Shaks.  Land,  p.  195. 

»  Burgess  in  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1876),  p.  370,  and  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Tram. 
(1872),  p.  86. 

'  Turner's  Shaks.  Land,  p.  252. 

370 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

As  far  as  one  dare  judge  from  outward  appearance  alone,  these  earth- 
works would  seem  to  be  of  prehistoric  origin  ;  Mr.  Turner  expressed 
the  opinion  that  they  were  afterwards  utilized  and  adapted  by  the 
Romans.  It  would  be  very  interesting  if  some  excavation  could  be 
undertaken  upon  the  site,  as  up  to  the  present  there  are  no  records  of 
any  '  finds  '  to  throw  light  upon  the  subject. 


CORLEV 

Burrow  Hill  Camp 


SCALE  Of  FfeCT 
100  200 


300 


COUGHTON  (2  miles  north  of  Alcester.) — Some  worn  remains  of 
earthworks,  which  have  long  been  known  as  the  '  Danes'  Banks, '  lie 
about  a  mile  west  of  the  church  in  this  parish,  on  a  rounded  knoll  called 
Clappers'  Hill.  They  occupy  a  dominating  position  upon  a  plateau 
on  the  summit  of  this  hill,  at  an  altitude  of  300  feet  above  sea  level, 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

from  which  there  is  a  fine  view  on  nearly  every  side.  The  Icknield  Street 
passes  northwards  from  the  Roman  station  at  Alcester  about  a  mile  away 
on  the  east,  and  the  ancient  Ridgeway  at  about  the  same  distance  on  the 
west  ;  to  the  south  runs  the  valley  of  the  Alne,  with  the  town  of  Alcester 
beside  the  river. 

The  remains  are  now  slight  and  disconnected.     But  in  1875  they 
were  much  more  striking,  and  Mr.  Burgess  made  the  plan  of  them  here 


Danes'  Banks. 


^minrimmmiMffig^      If 

»-i3  —  a«!w;rr,;T^r,tfr,;n^Wff.''*-CE::  «•="==  r 5r~ 

1 1^  ^T-  *fiS^  \i 


---B 


""Hittiitftttti  i  mi  i  Mm*  nmn»  nm»  i»i'tiii"C  ^ 


•fc 


SECTION. 


o B 


ENLARGED    SECTION    AT  C 


COUCHTON 

A.  D.  1875,  after  Burg  ess 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
190  20O 


390 


reproduced  for  a  paper  which  he  contributed  to  the  Archaeological  Journal '; 
he  then  described  these  singular  earthworks  as  consisting  of  a  '  long  rect- 
angular mound  like  a  gigantic  barrow,  encompassed  by  a  double  rampart 
and  terminating  in  the  north  in  two  rectangular  enclosures.'  The  ditches 
between  the  ramparts  were  12  to  15  feet  deep.1  In  1784  a  writer  in  The 

»  Burgess  in   B'ham.  and   Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (187*),  p.  87,  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ. 
(i»73),  P-  39.  and  m  Jrch.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1876),  p.  373. 

372 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

Gentleman's  Magazine  described  the  '  old  camp  '  upon  '  Danes'  Bank  '   as 
defended  by  '  deep  trenches.'1 

Local  tradition  says  that  Danish  soldiers  once  occupied  these  earth- 
works, whence  they  attacked  and  destroyed  Coughton,  and  the  now  long 
forgotten  hamlet  of  Wyke,  close  by. 


1 1 


IT 


lUIUlllllUlllllllllllMUlii 


\  \ 
\  \ 

v> 

\ 


\ 

\\      inin<i|ifi///>i '•', 
\\  '-z. 

>  v  5 

t\ 


EDGE  ASTON 


SCALE  OF  FEET 

lOO  ZOO  5O~O 


An    interesting  moated  area,    which    is    also   connected    by  local 
tradition  with  the  camp,  is  to  be  seen  in  a  field,  to  the  south  of  the  road 


Gent.'s  Mag.  (1784),  pt.  i,  p.  404. 
373 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

called  Wick  Lane,  half  way  between  Coughton  Lodge  Farm  and  the 
railway  station.  It  is  nearly  a  square,  containing  about  an  acre,  and  with 
a  deep  ditch  the  greater  part  of  the  way  round  and  the  remains  of  a 
vallum  outside  the  ditch  ;  the  moat  completely  enclosed  the  area  until 
recent  years,  when  a  road  leading  from  the  highway  to  the  farm  was  made 
across  it.1 

EDGBASTON  (near  Birmingham.) — There  are  remains  of  a  large 
rectangular  entrenchment,  in  Metchley  Park,  at  the  south-west  corner  of 
this  parish,  and  near  Selly  Oak ;  it  lies  400  yards  west  of  Metchley  Lane  ; 
the  Birmingham  and  Worcester  Canal  and  the  Birmingham  and  West 
Suburban  Railway  cross  its  south-east  corner. 

The  earthworks  now  extant  are  oblong  in  form,  lying  north-west 
by  south-east ;  they  are  situated  just  north  of  the  Bourne  brook,  on 
fairly  level  ground,  at  an  altitude  of  about  500  feet  above  the  sea.  They 
are  much  worn  and  mutilated.  Even  a  century  ago,  Hutton,  in  giving 
an  account  of  them,  wrote  that  though  no  part  was  actually  obliterated, 
the  fortification  was  nearly  levelled  by  cultivation.  He  described  the 
works  as  then  covering  about  30  acres,  being  nearly  in  the  form  of  a 
square,  each  side  of  which  was  400  yards  long  ;  in  the  centre  was  a 
quadrangular  platform  of  about  6  acres,  surrounded  by  three  ditches  '  at 
irregular  distances  from  one  another  '  ;  each  of  these  ditches  measured 
'  about  8  yards  over.'2 

Hutton  records  that  'pieces  of  armour  were  frequently  ploughed  up  ' 
here  in  his  day,  '  particularly  those  of  the  sword  and  the  battle  axe.'  A 
recent  cutting  was  made  through  the  earthworks  for  the  pipes  of  the 
Welsh  Birmingham  Water  Supply,  but  Mr.  Pearson  informs  me  that, 
although  careful  watch  was  kept  for  antiquities,  nothing  of  any  interest 
was  found.  It  may  perhaps  be  mentioned  that  the  camp  would  not  be 
far  away  from  the  now  lost  track  of  the  ancient  Icknield  Street  through 
Birmingham. 

FENNY  COMPTON  (14  miles  south-east  of  Warwick). — One  of  the 
spurs  of  the  Burton  Dassett  Hills  called  Gredenton  Hill,  half  a  mile 
south-west  of  this  village,  has  its  steep  sides  scarped  into  a  series  of 
artificial  terraces.  These  terraces  have  every  appearance  of  being  the 
remains  of  ancient  entrenchments  which  once  encircled  the  summit  of 
the  hill,  and  which  have  been  reduced  by  the  weather  and  the  action  of 
the  plough  to  their  present  condition.  It  has  sometimes  been  argued 
that  they  are  merely  '  linchets '  resulting  from  repeated  ploughing  of 
the  hillside  ;  but  a  similar  levelling  of  ramparts  into  ditches,  producing 
the  effect  of  terraces,  is  not  infrequent  in  connection  with  ancient  camps  ; 
it  may  be  seen,  for  example,  at  Brownsover  in  this  county.  The  top  of 
Gredenton  Hill,  which  has  an  altitude  of  about  650  feet  above  sea  level, 
is  a  strong  and  commanding  position,  such  as  would  early  be  seized 
for  fortification  by  settlers  in  the  district  ;  two  little  streams,  now  much 

»  Burgess  in  Arcfi.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1876),  p.  373. 
1  Hutton'»  B'tam.  pp.  461-3. 

374 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

reduced  in  volume,  which  run  at  the  bottom  of  valleys  cut  on  either  side 
of  it,  probably  once  added  to  the  natural  defences  of  the  site.1 

FILLONGLEY  (7  miles  north-west  of  Coventry.)  —  In  this  elevated 
village  are  two  earthworks,  one  bearing  the  name  of  the  '  Castle  Hills  ' 
and  the  other  called  '  Castle  Yard.' 

The  first  named,  '  Castle  Hills,'  is  a  small  and  well  preserved  en- 
trenchment on  a  farm  known  as  the  '  Bury  Fields.'  It  is  situated  about 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  north-east  of  the  church,  on  low-lying  ground 
by  the  side  of  a  small  stream. 


FILLONGLEY, 

Castle  Hills. 


SCALE  orFEEf 

too  zoo  300 


FILLONGLEY 

Castle  Yard 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
100'          zoo 


soe 


The  little  fortress  is  nearly  oval  in  form  and  covers  an  area  of  about 
an  acre.  Its  defences  consist  of  a  strong  rampart  running  round  a  raised 
internal  plateau  with  a  deep  ditch  beyond.  The  ditch  or  moat  was 
probably  once  filled  with  water  from  the  stream  which  still  runs  through 
it  on  the  south-west  side.  There  are  remnants  of  further  artificial  banks 
in  the  field  to  the  south,  but  they  are  now  worn  and  indistinct  in  plan. 
The  site  was  called  '  Old  Fillongley  '  in  Henry  the  Third's  time.3 

1  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  83  ;  Bloxam  in  ditto  (1875),  p.  31  ; 
Burgess  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  p.  38  ;  Turner's  Shaks.  Land,  p.  293. 

'  Dugdale's  Warw.  p.  725,  quoting  Testa  de  Nevill;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  Phil.  Inst.  Tram.  vol.  iv.  no. 
xvi.  p.  186  ;  Burgess'  Warw.  p.  5  ;  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  pp.  85,  88. 

375 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

The  later  earthworks,  on  the  site  known  as  the  '  Castle  Yard,'  are 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  church.  They  are  placed  in  a  strong 
position,  upon  a  triangle  of  land  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  brooks  ; 
they  are  now  much  worn.  At  the  apex  of  this  triangle  rises  a  low 
mount  or  keep  ;  south  of  this  is  a  courtyard,  which  occupies  an  area  of 
rather  over  an  acre,  lying  between  the  brooks.  A  moat  surrounds  the 
mount  and  the  court,  through  the  eastern  side  of  which  one  of  the  little 

streams  runs,  while 
water  also  stands 
within  it  on  the  west. 
There  are  remnants 
of  a  rampart  running 
round  inside  the  moat 
upon  the  south  side 
of  the  court.  Further 
banks  and  ditches  are 
to  be  seen  beyond  the 
stream  to  the  north- 
east,  but  their  plan  is 
not  now  easily  dis- 
cernible. On  the 
summit  of  the  mount 
there  are  remains  of 
masonry,  but  there 
are  no  visible  traces  of 
stonework  upon  the 
bank  round  the  court. 
This  little  mount 
and  court  castle  was 
occupied  by  the  great 
Hastings  family  early 
in  the  reign  of  Henry 
I.,  and  it  afterwards 
became  their  chief  re- 
sidence in  Warwick- 
shire.1 

GR  EDE  NTON 

HILL.  —  See    Fenny 
Compton. 

HARBOROUGH  BANKS. — See  Lapworth. 

HARTSHILL  (3  miles  north-west  of  Nuneaton) — The  ancient  camp 
known  as  Oldbury  crowns  a  rocky  elevation,  550  feet  above  sea 
level,  which  rises  to  the  west  of  this  village  ;  in  its  centre  stands  the 
Georgian  mansion  called  Oldbury  Hall.  The  stronghold  has  a  most 
commanding  position,  overlooking  the  vale  of  Leicestershire  and  domin- 

1  Dugdale's  Wane.  p.  725  ;  Clark's  Mil.  Archlt.  vol.  i.  p.  8 1,  vol.  ii.  pp.  47~8  ;  Burgess'  Wane. 
p.  5  ;  Timmins's  Wane.  pp.  84-5. 

376 


HARTSHILL. 

Oldbury  Camp 


SCALE  OFFEET 
IOO  200 


3OO 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

ating  the  ancient  Watling  Street,  which  passes  below  it  a  couple  of 
miles  to  the  north.  These  remains  have  long  attracted  the  attention  of 
antiquaries,  William  Camden  having  written  of  the  '  quadrangular  fort ' 
as  early  as  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth.1 

The  camp  is  oblong  in  form,  lying  north-west  by  south-east,  and 
encloses  an  area  of  about  7  acres  ;  its  two  longest  sides  are  parallel  to 
one  another,  and  its  extant  corners  are  slightly  rounded  rectangles.  The 
ramparts  are  well  preserved  on  three  sides,  but  on  the  fourth,  that  to  the 
south-east,  they  are  much  worn.  They  consist  of  a  single  bank,  about 
20  feet  broad  at  the  base  and  now  only  about  6  feet  high  ;  outside  of  this 
is  a  ditch,  well  marked  upon  the  north-west  side  and  fairly  so  along  the 
south-west,  where  it  contains  water,  but  only  just  traceable  elsewhere. 
Two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  when  Dugdale  knew  them,  the  de- 
fences were  evidently  much  more  imposing,  as  he  writes  of  '  Rampires 
whose  Height  and  Largenesse  do  still  shew  the  Strength  '  of  the  fort. 
Bartlett  also,  as  late  as  1777,  speaks  of  'high  ramparts  still  in  full  per- 
fection.' There  are  now  three  openings  through  the  ramparts  into  the 
interior  area,  one  at  the  north  corner,  one  in  the  middle  of  the  north- 
west side  and  a  third  near  the  west  corner  ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine whether  any  of  these  represent  ancient  entrances.  Dugdale  records 
certain  interesting  discoveries  made  in  his  day,  apparently  within  the 
area  of  the  camp.  He  says  that  '  on  the  North  Part  of  this  Fort  have 
been  found  by  plowing  divers  Flint  Stones,  about  four  Inches  and  a  half 
in  Length,  curiously  wrought  by  Grinding,  or  some  such  Way,  into  the 
Form  here  exprest.'  He  then  gives  a  drawing  of  what  is  apparently  a 
Neolithic  celt,  and  which  he  says  was  deposited  in  the  museum  of  Elias 
Ashmole  at  Oxford. 

This  camp  has  often  been  described  as  Roman,  and  Salmon,  in  his 
Survey  of  Roman  Antiquities,  even  placed  the  Man- 
duessedum  of  Antonine's  Itinerary  here.  But  there 
is  nothing  to  substantiate  these  statements ;  on 
the  contrary  Manduessedum  was  upon  the  Watling 
Street  at  Mancetter  just  below,  and  general  ap- 
pearances,  as  well  as  the  above  recorded  finds, 
certainly  point  to  a  prehistoric  origin  for  these  \|  %2iJ*  If 

earthworks.2  WKiasssa' 

HOB'S  MOAT. — See  Solihull. 

ILMINGTON   (7  miles  south  of  Stratford-on- 
Avon). — High  up  the  hill  above  this  village,  and 

about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  south-west  of  the     »,.  ****»**•» «OVT 
parish  church  is  a  small  double  moated  enclosure  IVIXJN  \y  i  (JIM 

locally  called  '  The  Camp.'     It  is  in  a  large  open  SCALE  or  FEET 

field  known  as  Nebsworth,  which  crowns  the  top     ?    ..-'?-  ..  z°°      ,3?° 

1  Camden's  Brit.  (Gibson  ed.  1695),  p.  510. 

1  Dugdale's  Wane.  p.  765  ;  Michel's  Leicestershire,  vol.  iv.  p.  1029  ;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  and  Mid. 
Inst.  Arch.  Tram.  (1875),  PP-  32>  33  !  Burgess  in  ditto  (1872),  p.  88,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ. 
(1873),  p.  43  ;  Langford's  Staffs,  and  Warvi.  vol.  ii.  pp.  128,  392. 

I  377  48 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

of  the  eastern  extension  of  the  steep  Ilmington  Hills,  and  it  lies  close  to 
the  ordnance  survey  cairn  which  marks  an  altitude  of  761  feet.  The 
works  are  square  with  slightly  rounded  corners  ;  they  cover  less  than 
three-quarters  of  an  acre.  The  fosse  which  encloses  the  area  is  very 
perfect,  and  within  its  interior  is  a  second  ditch. 

These  small 
remains  have  fre- 
quently been  de- 
scribed as  Roman, 
and  a  few  Roman 
coins  and  pot- 
sherds which  have 
been  turned  up  on 
the  hill  have  sup- 
ported the  theory.1 
This  is  however 
unlikely  ;  the 
place  would  seem 
rather  to  be  the 
site  of  an  early 
moated  home- 
stead. 

IPSLEY  (7 
miles  north  of  Al- 
cester). — On  the 
left  bank  of  the 
little  river  Ar- 
row, and  half  a 
mile  south  of  the 
village  church,  are 
important  remains 
of  an  entrenched 
camp. 

Like  that  at 
Chesterton,  this 
camp  is  placed  in 
a  sheltered  valley 
instead  of  on  a 
hill.  It  is  approxi- 
mately a  square  in 
shape,  but  with 

its  south-east  angle  cut  away  into  a  sloping  curve  ;  two  of  its  corners, 
those  to  the  north-east  and  north-west,  are  rectangular  ;  it  covers  an 
area  of  about  4  acres.  The  defences  consist  of  a  rampart,  which  ex- 
tends for  the  greater  part  of  the  way  round  it,  and  there  are  slight 

p.  5  ;  Timh.i  Burgess  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  p.  38  ;  Timmins's  Warw.  p.  68. 

378 


IPSLEY 


SCALE OF reer 

4OO  ZOO  3O& 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

remains  of  a  ditch,  the  latter  altered  and  worn.  A  little  brook,  which 
falls  into  the  river  Arrow  just  below,  runs  close  to  the  camp  upon  its 
eastern  side,  while  the  river  itself  almost  washes  the  base  of  the  western 
ramparts  ;  in  former  days  therefore  the  stronghold  would  be  well  pro- 
tected on  three  of  its  sides  by  water  and  by  marsh  and  swamp.  The 
ancient  Icknield  Street  passes  only  a  few  yards  away  from  the  entrench- 
ment on  the  north-east. 

Various  writers  have  described  these  earthworks  as  Roman,1  without 
producing  adequate  evidence  in  support  of  the  statement ;  as  far  as  mere 
appearances  go,  the  remains  resemble  the  angular  variety  of  camp  de- 
scribed under  Class  B11' 

KENILWORTH. — There  are  here  interesting  remains  of  earthworks 
of  diverse  ages  and  descriptions.  The  stately  castle  is  based  upon  an 
earlier  mount  and  court  fort,  some  of  the  earth  foundations  of  which  are 
still  traceable.  Earthworks  of  contemporary  origin  once  aided  in  the 
defence  of  the  great  mediaeval  stronghold  of  masonry  ;  these  are  of 
two  kinds  :  firstly,  the  scientifically  designed  embankments  which  were 
constructed  for  the  purpose  of  damming  up  the  waters  of  the  two  streams 
and  the  ancient  pool  in  order  to  form  the  great  lakes  and  broad  moats 
which  once  encircled  the  castle  ;  secondly,  an  elaborate  system  of  ram- 
parts and  ditches,  which  formed  strong  outworks  for  the  protection  of 
the  dam  of  the  upper  lake,  and  also  of  the  approaches  to  the  entrance 
gate  situated  upon  it. 

The  spot  where  Kenilworth  Castle  stands  was  well  chosen  for  de- 
fensive purposes  ;  it  is  a  knoll  of  rock  and  gravel  which  forms  a  head- 
land just  below  the  junction  of  two  streams,  viz.  the  Inchford  brook  on 
the  south  and  one  of  its  nameless  tributaries  on  the  west  ;  on  the  east 
side  there  is  also  a  little  valley  running  down  to  the  first  named  brook, 
which  probably  contained  water  and  swamp  in  earlier  days  ;  the  low 
lying  ground  at  the  junction  of  the  two  streams  was  originally  an  exten- 
sive pool,  mention  of  which  is  made  in  the  foundation  charter  to  Kenil- 
worth Abbey  which  was  drawn  up  early  in  the  twelfth  century. 

Upon  this  naturally  strong  site  therefore  some  lord  of  the  place  in 
early  days  would  seem  to  have  constructed  a  mount  and  court  fort  of 
earth  and  timber.  The  extant  traces  of  this  have  been  carefully  exam- 
ined by  the  late  Mr.  G.  T.  Clark,  and  are  well  described  by  him.2  He 
considered  that  the  original  moated  mound,  which  is  not  now  distinctly 
to  be  identified,  occupied  either  a  spot  close  to  John  of  Gaunt's  Hall  or, 
and  more  probably,  the  site  of  the  present  Norman  keep  now  called 
Caesar's  Tower  ;  both  of  these  buildings  are  seen  to  be  connected  with 
ancient  earthworks,  and  the  keep  still  encloses  within  its  area  an  arti- 
ficial mount,  some  10  to  15  feet  high,  against  which  its  walls  are  built. 
The  inner  ward  of  the  castle  apparently  occupies  the  site  of  the  principal 
courtyard  of  the  early  fort  ;  it  is  about  i£  acres  in  extent ;  its  north- 

1  Bloxam   in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1875),  PP-  31.  38  >   Burgess  in  ditto  (1872) 
p.  87. 

2  Clark's  Mil.  Archil,  vol.  ii.  pp.  130-52. 

379 


A«totf*vr^ 


Mortimers  £ 
Tower 


Site  of  the 

Great  Lake 


KENILWORTH 

SCALE   OF   FEET 
O  IOO  ZOO  3OO 


%|  %  ^i^f&^Z^rays    XTIry^ 

"iS«J!SSfe^5o^ 


380 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

east  corner  is  a  right  angle  and  its  east  and  north  sides  are  straight  lines  ; 
to  the  west  and  south  its  boundaries  are  irregular  in  outline,  having  two 
triangular  platforms  of  artificially  raised  earth  (which  appear  to  be  the 
remains  of  very  early  works)  projecting  beyond  the  present  stone  walls. 
The  ground  falls  rapidly  all  round  this  court  on  its  north,  west  and 
south  sides,  but  on  the  east  the  slope  is  more  gradual,  and  a  deep  ditch 
separates  it  from  the  outer  ward.  The  latter  enclosure  and  the  gardens 
now  lying  to  the  north-west  of  it  were  thought  by  Mr.  Clark  to  repre- 
sent the  secondary  courtyard  of  the  original  earth  fort ;  they  cover  an 
area  of  about  j\  acres.  The  stream,  as  we  have  seen,  formed  a  natural 
defence  to  the  early  stronghold  upon  the  west,  and  the  pool  protected 
the  south  ;  a  moat  extended  along  the  east  side,  and  possibly  also  round 
to  the  north,  where  the  present  deep  ditch  was  cut  through  the  rock  in 
mediaeval  times. 

Passing  from  these  early  works,  which  have  been  so  much  altered 
by  the  erection  of  the  later  walls  of  masonry  as  to  be  only  just  trace- 
able, the  important  mediaeval  earthworks  outside  the  walls  of  the  castle 
invite  attention.  Running  in  a  south-easterly  direction  for  a  length  of 
about  150  yards  is  an  artificial  bank  thrown  right  across  the  valley  from 
Mortimer's  Tower  to  the  Gallery  or  Flood  Tower  ;  it  is  about  1 8  yards 
broad  and  in  parts  about  20  feet  high  ;  this  was  constructed  for  the 
purpose  of  damming  up  the  waters  of  the  streams  and  pool,  and 
raising  their  level  so  as  to  improve  and  enlarge  the  water  defences 
around  the  castle  on  the  south  and  west  and  north.  The  lake  thus  formed 
on  the  south  was  half  a  mile  long  and  about  100  yards  across  and  from 
10  to  12  feet  deep  ;  it  covered  an  area  of  1 1 1  acres.1  At  the  south-east 
end  of  the  great  earthen  dam  was  a  ditch,  56  feet  wide  and  20  feet 
deep,  which  served  as  an  overflow  for  the  waters  of  the  lake  ;  portions 
of  the  stonework  of  a  sluice  still  remain  ;  the  tower  above,  now  called 
the  Gallery,  was  at  one  time  known  as  the  Floodgate  Tower.  Besides 
controlling  the  level  of  the  lake,  this  sluice  was  also  used  to  cause  its 
waters  to  flow  into  the  encircling  moats  of  the  castle,  for,  in  the  words 
of  the  above  named  survey,  they  are  '  to  be  let  round  about  the  castle 
at  pleasure.'  Beyond  the  dam,  a  second  and  shallower  lake  was  like- 
wise formed  to  protect  the  south-east  side  of  the  fortress  ;  this  was 
made  by  the  construction  of  another  long  bank  of  earth,  which  was 
apparently  only  sufficiently  high  to  retain  the  water  to  a  depth  of  4 
or  5  feet. 

So  important  in  the  scheme  of  defences  was  the  function  of  this 
great  dam  and  its  sluice  considered,  that  it  was  deemed  necessary  to 
construct  further  extensive  earthworks  beyond  them,  in  order  to  ensure 
their  safety  in  time  of  attack.  Accordingly  we  find  that  a  tongue  of 
land  lying  between  the  south  side  of  the  lake  and  a  small  water  course 
which  runs  in  a  north-easterly  direction  into  Inchford  brook,  has  been 

1  Vide  a  survey  made  in  the  time  of  James  I.  ;  quoted  by  Dugdale  in  his  Wane.  p.  1 74,  from  a 
copy  in  Cotton  Library. 

381 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

scarped  into  a  crescent,  presenting  a  convex  front  to  the  south-east  some 
300  yards  in  length  ;  this  crescent  is  defended  by  an  artificial  bank  some 
20  feet  high  and  20  feet  broad  which  has  been  raised  upon  it.  On  the 
top  of  this  earthwork  four  circular  mounds,  the  largest  of  which  is  40 
feet  in  diameter  at  its  base,  were  also  erected  at  intervals  ;  these  mounds 
at  a  later  date  were  called  '  cavaliers,'  and  upon  them  mangonels  were 
probably  placed  for  defensive  purposes.  In  front  of  this  bank  again  is 
a  wide  fosse,  40  feet  deep  and  100  feet  broad,  which  was  formerly 
filled  with  water  ;  it  has,  to  a  large  extent,  been  filled  up  for  nearly 
half  of  its  length  by  the  earth  thrown  into  it  when  the  comparatively 
recent  road  running  alongside  of  it  to  the  north-east  was  made.  All 
these  formidable  earthworks,  now  overgrown  with  trees  and  shrubs,  are 
known  as  the  '  Brays,'  anciently  '  Brayz.'  Near  their  centre,  opposite 
to  the  spot  where  the  highway  approaches  them  from  the  south-east, 
and  separated  from  the  road  by  the  above-named  deep  ditch,  are  to  be 
seen  the  remains  of  two  circular  stone  bastions.  These  guarded  the 
main  entrance  to  the  castle,  which  was  originally  by  a  road  passing  be- 
tween them  and  then  leading  over  several  drawbridges  and  along  the 
top  of  the  dam  to  Mortimer's  Tower.  Beyond  the  Brays  again,  re- 
mains of  still  further  earthworks,  consisting  of  a  slight  bank  and  a  ditch, 
are  distinctly  traceable.1 

Saxon  origin  has  been  claimed  for  the  mount  and  court  fort  here  ; 
but  it  is  more  probable  that  this  was  the  '  castle  '  which,  according  to 
the  register  of  Kenilworth  Priory,  was  erected  by  the  Norman  lord 
soon  after  1120.  History  throws  light  upon  the  date  of  several  of 
the  later  earthworks,  but  these  details  must  be  dealt  with  in  a  subsequent 
volume. 

KENT'S  MOAT. — See  Sheldon. 

KINETON  (8  miles  east-south-east  of  Stratford-on-Avon). — The 
remains  of  some  earthworks  of  the  mount  and  court  type  are  to  be 
seen  near  the  railway  station  of  this  once  important  little  town ;  they 
are  known  locally  as  King  John's  Castle. 

The  '  Castle '  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  slope  of  Pittern  Hill, 
on  the  right  bank  of  a  stream  which  skirts  the  south  side  of  the  town. 
The  extant  works  consist  chiefly  of  a  round  conical  artificial  mount, 
about  125  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base,  and  with  a  truncated  top  measur- 
ing about  40  feet  across.  This  mount  formerly  had  what  Gibson,  writing 
in  1694,  described  as  a 'broad  deep  ditch'  round  it,2  only  traces  of 
which  are  now  however  to  be  made  out.  To  the  north  and  north-west 
of  the  mount  or  'keep'  are  some  fragments  of  ramparts  and  ditches, 
evidently  remnants  of  the  defences  of  a  courtyard. 

Various  coins,  some  of  them  Roman,  have  been  found  upon  the  site 
of  the  castle,  and  some  ancient  pottery  was  also  dug  up  when  the  railway 
station  was  made.3 

i  Dugdale's  Warw.  pp.  161-2  and  165-75  ;  Clark's  Mil.  Archit.  vol.  i.  p.  80  and  vol.  ii.  pp.  130- 
52  ;   Turner's  Shaks.  Land,  pp.  107-25  ;  Burgess'  Warw.  pp.  145-53. 
1  Camden's  Brit.  (Gibson  ed.  1695),  p.  510. 
»  See  article  on  '  Romano-British  Warwickshire,'  ante. 

382 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

The  mount  has 
often  been  supposed 
to  be  merely  a  sepul- 
chral tumulus  ;  but 
though  the  remains 
are  now  much  muti- 
lated, these  earth- 
works without  doubt 
represent  one  of  the 
moated  mount  and 
court  forts  of  which 
we  have  such  per- 
fect examples  in  the 
county  at  Brinklow 
and  at  Seckington.1 
As  in  these  fortresses, 
the  original  stock- 
ades here  were  never 
replaced  by  subse- 
quent walls  of  ma- 
sonry ;  this  shows 
that  the  stronghold 
fell  early  into  disuse. 
K  i  N  G  T  o  N 
GRANGE. — See  Cla- 
verdon. 

LADBROKE  (7 
miles    south-east   of 

Leamington). — There  is  a  small  entrenchment  on  the  confines  of  this 

parish,  2  miles  east  of  the  church  of  All 
Saints,  and  half  way  between  Upper  Rad- 
bourn  Farm  and  the  old  Welsh  road  leading 
from  Southam  to  Priors  Hardwick. 

0,.  >% It  is  situated  on  level  ground,  360  feet 

,^?>  ^'^^'"'''''''v'''''''^      above  the  sea  ;    this  slopes  downwards  at  a 

short  distance  away  on  several  sides,  but  is 
slightly  lower  than  Lady  Hill,  on  the  other 
side  of  the  hollow  made  by  the  tiny  brook  to 
the  north-west.  The  remains  now  consist  of 
little  more  than  a  ditch  enclosing  an  irregular 
oblong  area  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and 
of  rather  more  than  an  acre  in  extent.  For- 
merly, however,  according  to  a  plan  made  by 
the  late  Mr.  W.  G.  Fretton,  F.S.A.  in  1849," 
there  was  a  perfect  rampart  all  round  the 


KINETOKf 

King  John's  Castle 
SCALE  OF  FEET 

IOO  ZOO 


300 


%$$» 


LADBROKE 


SCALE  OFFEET 

100         aoo 


'  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  83  ;  Turner's  Sbaki.  Land,  p.  347. 

1  MS.  in  writer's  possession. 

383 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

inside  of  this  ditch,  except  where  there  was  a  gap  just  north-east  of  the 
west  corner  ;  there  is  a  small  pool  of  water  in  the  angle  of  the  ditch  at 
this  point. 

These  works,  besides  having  been  described  as  prehistoric  and  as 
Roman,  are  sometimes  said  locally  to  have  been  thrown  up  by  the 
troops  at  Southam  during  the  Civil  War  in  the  seventeenth  century  ;  but 
there  is  no  known  historical  record  of  this,  nor  is  there  any  proof  of 
the  suggested  much  earlier  origin.  Their  appearance  at  present  rather 
points  to  their  being  one  of  the  ancient  moated  enclosures  of  which  we 
have  so  many  examples  in  the  county. 

LAPWORTH  (8  miles  north-west  of  Warwick). — Within  the  manor 
of  Broom  in  the  hamlet  of  Kingswood,  and  i  £  miles  east  of  the  parish 
church  of  Lapworth,  are  to  be  seen  the  scant  remains  of  a  once  important 
camp,  known  locally  as  Harborough  Banks.  This  camp  was  situated 
upon  the  slopes  of  a  slight  hollow,  with  higher  ground  on  three  of  its 
sides,  the  west,  north,  and  east  ;  a  little  brook  runs  near  its  eastern  side. 

Unfortunately  these  earthworks  have  suffered  what  amounts  very 
nearly  to  destruction  at  the  hands  of  man.  Their  demolition  was  begun 
as  early  as  1730,  for  we  read  of  their  banks  being  dug  into  for  gravel 
about  that  time.1  But  the  main  work  of  destruction  took  place  as  late 
as  1862,  soon  after  an  Inclosure  Act  was  obtained  by  local  landowners. 
The  existing  remains  therefore  are  but  fragmentary.  They  consist  chiefly 
of  a  rampart  and  fosse  running  in  a  north-westerly  direction  for  a  distance 
of  about  300  yards,  beginning  at  an  elbow  in  the  lane  leading  from  the 
Lapworth  and  Warwick  road  to  Broom  Hall  ;  the  fosse  here  is  dry,  but 
it  is  probably  traceable  a  little  farther  north  in  two  short  lengths  which 
are  now  filled  with  water. 

In  a  plan  of  the  works,  made  about  i86o,2  the  existing  rampart  is 
represented  as  continuing  for  another  200  yards  towards  the  north  from 
where  it  ends  at  present  ;  the  plan  also  shows  the  same  rampart  as  turning 
off  at  a  right  angle  at  its  southern  extremity  and  running  thence  north- 
north-east  for  a  distance  of  about  300  yards  ;  here  it  apparently  must  have 
turned  again  almost  at  a  right  angle,  for  after  an  interval  another  length 
of  rampart  ran  west-north-west  for  about  200  yards  in  a  straight  line 
parallel  to  the  Warwick  and  Lapworth  road.  If  this  rampart  formerly 
continued  about  150  yards  further  in  the  same  direction,  and  then 
turned  round  to  join  the  defences  still  traceable  on  the  west  side  of  the 
enclosure,  the  interior  area  of  the  camp  must  have  been  at  least  as 
much  as  25  acres.  Its  shape  would  thus  have  been  an  irregular 
oblong,  but  with  the  south-western  and  north-western  sides  joining 
in  a  curve  instead  of  in  an  angle.3 

1  Dugdale's  Warw.  (ed.  Thomas,  1730),  p.  730. 

1  Hannett,  Forest  of  Arden  (1863),  p.  12. 

Apparently  the  only  relics  of  antiquity  known  to  have  been  found  here  are  the  following,  viz. 
'  Something  like  the  spout  of  an  ewer,'  unearthed  when  the  banks  were  dug  away  for  gravel  prior  to 
1730, 'which  when  melted  down  proved  to  be  metal  very  like  what  we  call  Prince's  metal '  (Dug- 
dale's  Warw.  [ed.  Thomas,  1730],  p.  730),  and  a  cannon-ball  and  portions  of  a  pistol  dug  up  about 
1850. 

384 


Harblorougn      /Banks 


LAPWORTH 

Harborough  Banks  abt.  I860, after  Hannett. 


•SCALE  OF  FEET 

100  200  300 


385 


49 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Local  antiquaries,  including  Bloxam,  Burgess  and  Hannett,  have 
called  these  works  Roman,  but  they  gave  no  evidence  to  support  the 
assertion,  and  it  is  quite  an  improbable  one.1  The  low  ground  chosen 
for  the  camp  by  its  makers  differentiates  it  from  the  earlier  camps  of 
refuge  on  the  hill-tops  ;  in  this  respect  it  is  similar  to  the  smaller-sized 
entrenchments  at  Tachbrook  and  at  Ipsley  ;  the  camp  also  somewhat 
resembles  these  two  strongholds  in  design,  both  in  having  some  of  its 
sides  straight  lines  and  at  least  some  of  its  corners  angular.  One  is 
induced  to  think  that  it  may  be  of  similar  origin. 

Rather  over  2  miles  to  the  south-west  of  Harborough  Banks 
there  are  some  further  fragmentary  remains  of  earthworks  in  this  parish ; 
they  are  on  the  top  of  an  elevation  bearing  the  name  of  Camp  Hill, 
which  lies  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  road  leading  from  Lapworth  to 
Henley  in  Arden,  just  after  passing  Liveridge  Hill.  The  existing  mound, 
from  the  summit  of  which  there  is  a  most  commanding  view,  has  been 
called  a  'Roman  outpost'  by  various  writers2;  but  there  does  not  appear 
to  be  any  foundation  for  the  statement,  and  its  origin  and  connection 
remain  obscure. 

LIVERIDGE  HILL. — See  Lapworth. 

LOXLEY  (3!  miles  west-south-west  of  Stratford-on-Avon). — There  is 
a  remarkable  line  of  double  and  sometimes  triple  entrenchments  running 
through  this  parish,  traceable  for  a  total  length  of  over  3  miles.  The 
earthworks  extend  along  the  northern  face  of  the  hill  overlooking  the 
valley  of  the  Avon,  in  a  direction  roughly  north-east  and  south-west ;  they 
commence  near  Walton,  pass  through  the  wood  round  the  summit  of 
Redhill  and  by  Loxley,  until  they  reach  Goldicote  just  over  the  county 
boundary  in  Worcestershire.  The  entrenchments  are  very  formidable 
in  places,  consisting  of  three  ramparts  one  above  the  other,  with  two 
intervening  ditches;  in  other  parts  they  are  not  so  imposing,  being 
worn  away  through  natural  agencies  or  levelled  down  by  the  agriculturist. 
The  plan  and  section  here  shown  are  reproduced  from  drawings,  represent- 
ing the  best  preserved  portions  of  the  earthworks,  made  by  Mr.  Burgess 
in  1875. 

These  remains  have  been  attributed  to  a  prehistoric  age,  and  certain 
bronze  celts  similar  to  some  found  at  Tadmarton  Camp  in  Oxfordshire 
were  unearthed  on  the  hill  above  Loxley  ;  but  in  the  absence  of  exca- 
vation it  is  wiser  not  to  hazard  a  conjecture  as  to  the  date  of  their  origin. 
They  would  certainly  appear  to  have  been  constructed  for  defensive  pur- 
poses, as  they  are  too  formidable  for  a  mere  boundary  line.3 

MANCETTER  (4  miles  north-west  of  Nuneaton). — On  the  line  of 
the  Watling  Street,  at  a  distance  of  700  yards  east-north-east  of  the 

'  Hannett,  Forest  of  Arden  (1863),  pp.  10,  12  and  144  ;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  Mid.  Inst.  Arch. 
Tram.  (1875),  p.  32  ;  Burgess  in  ditto  (1872),  p.  87. 

2  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  86  ;  Hannett's  Forest  of  Arden,  pp. 
10,  13,  150  ;  Turner,  Sbaks.  Land,  p.  191. 

»  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1875),  p.  31  ;  Burgess  in  ditto  (1872),  p.  83, 
in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  pp.  38,  44,  and  in  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii.  (1876),  pp.  374-76  ; 
Timmins's  Warn.  p.  66. 

386 


Red  Hill 


A  - 


LOXLEY 

A.D.  1875,  after  Burgess 


SCALE  OF  FEET 

IOO  2OO  3OO 


JAIIIIIH 


iiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiitiM/////. 

"'""liliiiiiMiiiiiii Minn  111  Miiiiiiilir///^  t£- 


//.  lllllHIIIIUIIIIIIHIIIIIlllllllllMllllllllllllllMIIIIIIV^ 


MANCETTER 

A.D.  1872 


SCACE  or  FEET 

100  300  300 

387 


A    HISTORY    OF   WARWICKSHIRE 

village  church  of  St.  Peter  in  this  parish,  are  the  remains  of  a  rectangular 
earthwork  of  the  variety  described  under  class  C.  It  lies  upon  almost 
level  ground,  about  300  yards  away  from  the  river  Anker  ;  the  ancient 
Watling  Street,  which  here  forms  the  boundary  between  the  counties  of 
Warwick  and  Leicester,  runs  right  through  it  and  then  descends  a  slight 
slope  to  the  north-west  and  crosses  the  river.  The  Bull  Inn  and  several 
houses  now  stand  within  the  entrenchment  upon  either  side  of  the  street. 

The  internal  area  of  this  camp  is  about  6  acres  ;  in  shape  it  is  an 
oblong,  about  200  yards  in  length  and  150  yards  in  breadth  ;  its  four 
corners  are  nearly  rectangular ;  there  appear  to  be  two  entrances  only,  at 
the  points  where  the  Roman  road  passes  into  it  and  leaves  it.  The  defences 
are  now  much  weather-worn,  and  they  are  apparently  also  considerably 
changed  in  aspect  by  building  and  ploughing.  In  1872  Mr.  Burgess 
described  them  as  consisting  of  ramparts  6  feet  in  height  and  20  feet 
broad  at  base1  ;  but  when  Dr.  Stukeley  visited  the  site  about  1724,  he 
wrote  of  ditches  as  well  as  banks,  both  of  which  he  described  as  in  good 
preservation.  The  remains  have  long  been  known  locally  by  two  different 
names,  those  on  the  Warwickshire  side  of  Watling  Street  being  called 
'  Castle  Banks,'  and  those  in  Leicestershire  '  Oufort  (for  Old  Fort)  Banks.'3 
Dr.  Stukeley  says  that  he  was  informed  by  the  inhabitants  that  *  bricks 
and  exceeding  strong  mortar,  with  coins  of  brass,  silver  and  some  gold, 
had  been  dug  up  here,'  and  Dugdale,  and  also  Burton,  a  century  earlier, 
both  speak  of  Roman  coins  having  been  ploughed  up.3 

It  is  now  generally  conceded  that  this  Roman  fortified  station  was 
the  Manduessedum  of  Antonine's  Itinerary  in  Britain.  For  further  details 
of  the  Roman  remains  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  earthwork  see 
'  Romano-British  Warwickshire.' 

METCHLEY. — See  Edgbaston. 

NADBURY. — See  Ratlev. 

j 

OAKLEY  WOOD. — See  Tachbrooke. 

OLDBURY. — See  Hartshill. 

RADBOURN. — See  Ladbroke. 

RATLEY  (12  miles  east-south-east  of  Stratford-on-Avon). — The 
remains  of  the  extensive  earthworks  called  Nadbury  Camp,  anciently 
known  as  Northbury,4  are  still  to  be  seen  on  the  hill  above  this  village  ; 
they  are  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  north-north-east  of  the  church,  and 
upon  the  boundary  of  the  parish. 

The  camp  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  county,  and  is  situated  on  a 
jutting  promontory  of  the  imposing  Edge  Hills  at  an  altitude  of  700 
feet ;  it  has  a  most  commanding  position  at  the  top  of  a  steep  escarp- 
ment, and  overlooks  the  entire  Warwickshire  vale  to  the  north,  as  far 
as  the  distant  highlands  of  the  ancient  Forest  of  Arden  on  the  further 
side  of  the  Avon  ;  the  ground  falls  away  steeply  also  to  the  south  and 

1  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  88. 
1  See  Survey  made  1812  ;  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Tram.  (1900),  p.  2. 

'  Dugdale's  Warm.  p.  761  ;  Stukeley's  Itinerarium  Curiosum  (1776)  ;  Burton's  MS.  of  about  1620, 
quoted  in  Nichols'  Leicestershire,  vol.  iv.  p.  1027. 

«  See  Dugdale  MSS.  quoted  Dugdale  Warm.  (Hamper's  copy),  p.  389. 

388 


RAT LEY 

Nadbury  Camp 
D.  IBaa, after  Pretty 


SCALE  Or  FEET 

100  ZOO        .          3OO 


389 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

west,  where  a  little  stream  runs  at  the  bottom  of  a  valley.  In  shape 
the  stronghold  much  resembles  a  pear,  with  its  pointed  end  towards  the 
west ;  the  two  corners  at  the  eastern  end  approach  the  rectangular.  The 
entrenchments  enclose  an  area  of  about  1 7  acres. 

The  defensive  earthworks  of  the  camp  have  now,  unfortunately, 
become  very  much  worn  by  denudation  and  have  also  been  sadly  muti- 
lated by  man.  The  fortress  was  sufficiently  striking  in  appearance  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time  to  be  remarked  upon  by  Camden1 ;  Dugdale,  who 
took  notice  of  but  few  remains  of  this  kind,  described  the  place  250  years 
ago  as  a  'great  fortification'  ;  and  even  early  in  the  last  century,  the 
entrenchments  were  still  formidable  looking,  consisting  of  double  ram- 
parts, rising  one  above  the  other,  with  an  intervening  ditch ;  this  is 
shown  by  a  careful  plan  made  in  1822"  by  Mr.  Edward  Pretty,  drawing- 
master  at  Rugby  School,  which  is  here  reproduced  in  its  main  details. 
The  only  ancient  entrance  to  the  camp  was  at  the  western  extremity  ;  it 
was  approached  by  a  '  hollow  way  '  which  curved  round  from  a  north- 
westerly direction  ;  this  was  crossed  in  later  days  by  the  present  highway 
from  Ratley  and  Radway,  which  enters  the  area  of  the  camp  at  the  west, 
and  runs  along  in  the  hollow  of  its  northern  fosse,  until  it  quits  it  again 
at  its  north-east  corner. 

Dugdale  records  that  '  near  unto  '  this  camp  '  in  our  Memory  was 
found  a  Sword  of  Brasse,  and  a  Battaill  Axe,'  and  his  MS.  notes  add  to  this 
'with  the  bones  of  two  men.'3  He  evidently  here  describes  a  bronze 
sword  and  palstave,  relics  which  point  to  the  considerable  antiquity  of 
the  earthworks.  The  camp  apparently  forms  a  link  in  the  long  chain  of 
prehistoric  fortresses,  which  extends  from  south  to  north  along  the  tops 
of  the  Cotswolds  and  the  highlands  of  the  Oxfordshire  border,  and  reaches 
as  far  as  the  great  entrenchments  at  Borough  Hill  near  Daventry  in 
Northamptonshire.* 

SECKINGTON  (4  miles  north-east  of  Tamworth) — Close  to  this 
village,  and  150  yards  north-west  of  the  parish  church,  are  some  very 
perfect  little  earthworks  of  the  moated  mount  and  court  type  ;  they 
are  much  like  those  at  Brinklow,  only  smaller  and  with  single,  instead 
of  double,  courtyard  adjacent  to  the  mount. 

The  works  occupy  an  excellent  position  on  the  highest  part  of  the 
slight  elevation  upon  which  the  village  is  located.  The  area  covered  by 
the  mount  and  its  courtyard  is  about  2|  acres.  The  mount  itself  is  a 
conical  hill,  truncated  at  the  top  ;  it  is  about  30  feet  high  and  140  to 
150  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base;  its  flat  top  measures  about  50  feet 
across.  Encircling  this  mount  is  a  ditch,  now  about  30  feet  wide  and 
from  10  to  12  feet  deep.  To  the  south  and  south-east  lies  the  court- 
yard, crescent-like  in  shape,  and  further  protecting  the  mount  for  about 

1  Camden's  Brit.  (Gibson  ed.  1695),  p.  499. 

>  Preserved  in  Dugdale's  Warm.  (Hamper's  copy),  p.  389. 

•  Ibid.  p.  389. 

•  Bloxam    in    B'ham.    Phil.  Inst.  Trans.,  vol.   iv.   no.    16, ;    Dugdale's   Warm.  p.  389;  Burgess 
in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Tram.    (1872),  p.  82,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  p.  38  ; 
Turners  Stab.  Land,  p.  337. 

390 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 


half  of  its  circumference  ;  it  likewise  is  defended  by  a  ditch,  with  a 
rampart  on  the  inner  side  ;  both  rampart  and  ditch  increase  in  size 
in  a  curious  way  in  their  course  round  from  south-west  by  south-east  to 
north,  until  the  bank  abutting  upon  the  fosse  belonging  to  the  mount  is 
fully  two-thirds  of  the  height  of  the  latter.1  All  these  earthworks  have 
suffered  considerably  in  course  of  ages  by  denudation.  Dugdale  records 
that  the  mount  in  his  day  was  as  much  as  42  feet  high,  and  measured 
only  23  feet  across  its  flat  summit  ;  also  that  the  ditch  was  then  only  20 
feet  wide  at  the  top,  with  a  depth  of  1 2  feet.  The  present  measure- 
ments, given  above, 
show  that  the  mount 
and  banks  have  be- 
come considerably  re- 
duced in  height,  and 
the  tops  of  ditches 
have  also  become 
wider  in  the  last  250 
years.  Dugdale  no- 
ticed that  this  natural 
erosion  was  continu- 
ally in  progress,  for  he 
remarked  that  the  di- 
mensions he  gave  were 
evidently  '  much  lesse 
than  what  they  were 
at  first,  by  Reason  that 
the  Earth  is  so  shrunk 
down.' a  An  entrance 
into  the  courtyard  at 
its  south-east  corner  is 
possibly  the  original 
one ;  at  any  rate  it 
existed  in  Dugdale's 
time.  As  at  Brinklow, 
there  are  also  remains 
of  a  further  and  much 
larger  enclosure  at 

Seckington,  the  defences  of  which  may  have  encircled,  but  did  not  join 
on  to  the  inner  works  of  moated  mount  and  court  ;  for  to  the  north- 
north-east  and  east  traces  of  a  long  rampart  and  ditch  are  to  be  seen,  the 
latter  still  containing  water  in  parts.  No  signs  of  any  masonry  are  ap- 
parent upon  either  the  mount  or  the  ramparts  of  this  little  fortress. 

These  interesting  earthworks  have  attracted  the  attention  of  many 
antiquaries  even  from  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  when  Camden 
makes  mention  of  them.3  Some  have  ascribed  their  origin  to  the  ancient 

1  See  section.  »  Dugdale's  Warm.  p.  799. 

3  Camden's  Brit.  (Gibson's  ed.  1695),  p.  507. 

391 


SECTION 


SECKINGTON. 


3CAUEOPFCCT 
IQO  BOO 


300 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Britons  and  some  to  the  Romans,  Camden  even  making  them  an  im- 
aginary military  station  which  he  called  Secandunum,  an  unfortunate 
statement  which  has  been  frequently  repeated  by  local  writers  down  to 
the  present  day  ;  others  again  have  considered  the  mound  to  be  a  sepul- 
chral tumulus,  and  apportioned  it  as  a  burial  place  for  the  slain  in  the 
great  battle  which  was  fought  here  755  A.D.  But  all  these  surmises  are 
incorrect,  and  though  history  is  apparently  silent  as  to  its  actual  maker, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  these  very  perfect  earthworks  are  the  remains  of 
the  moated  mount  and  court  castle  of  some  Saxon  or  Norman  lord  of 
Seckington.  Dugdale  records  that  the  villagers  in  his  day  still  called  the 
work  '  the  Castle.'  It  is  further  evident  that  this  castle,  like  the  strong- 
holds at  Brinklow,  at  Kineton  and  at  Castle  Bromwich,  must  somewhat 
early  in  its  existence  have  fallen  into  disuse,  as  no  walls  of  stone  were 
ever  subsequently  erected  upon  the  earthworks  to  take  the  place  of  the 
original  palisades  of  wood.1 

SELLY  OAK. — See  Edgbaston. 

SHELDON    (near  Birmingham). — In  the  north-west  corner  of  this 
parish  and  about  half  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the  adjoining  village  ofYardley 

is  an  irregular  oblong  entrenchment  known 
as  Kent's  Moat.  In  contradistinction  to  the 
usual  moat  in  a  hollow,  this  earthwork  is 
situated  upon  slightly  elevated  ground.  Its 
defences  enclose  an  area  of  about  an  acre 
and  a  half ;  they  consist  of  an  inner  rampart 
and  an  outer  ditch,  neither  of  which  are 
now  as  formidable  as  they  probably  once 
were,  owing  to  the  effects  of  several  hundred 
years'  denudation.  There  are  no  signs  of 
buildings  within  the  area,  and  Hutton,  at 
the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  wrote 
that  local  tradition  had  then  quite  lost  the 
recollection  of  any  ;  the  edifice  which  must 
once  have  existed  there  was  probably  only 
of  wood.2 

SOLIHULL  (south  of  Birmingham). — 
There  are  remains  of  what  was  once  a  camp 
of  large  size,  situated  at  Solihull  Lodge  at 
the  extreme  west  of  this  parish,  and  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  little  river  Cole.  A  century 
ago  it  seems  to  have  been  called  '  Danes' 
Camp,'  but  it  is  now  known  as  the  '  Berry 
Mound.' 

The  earthworks  are  upon  a  low-lying 


...         Kent's  Moat 

\~4lV\\t\\i\ 


Section 


SHELDON 

SCALE  or  FEET 
too          200 


300 


1  Dugdale's  Wane.  p.  799  ;  Clark  in  Arch.  Inst.  Journ.  xxxix.  p.  372,  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst. 
Arch.  Tram.  (1900),  p.  89  ;  Burgess  in  ditto  (1872),  p.  85,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ.  (1873)  pp. 
39,  43  ;  Timmins's  Warn.  pp.  4,  61. 

«  Mutton's  B'ham.  p.  418;  Burgess  in  B'ham  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trani.  (1872),  p.   88. 

392 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

hill  ;  this  is  surrounded  by  running  streams  on  three  of  its  sides — close 
below  on  the  west  and  north,  and  at  a  short  distance  away  on  the  east. 


Mound    !  =  / 


/%^«iK, 


c/ 

/ 


SOLIHULL 
A.D.  1 834,  after  Hamper 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
IPO          190 


300 


The  camp  was  originally  more  or  less  of  an  oval,  with  two  pointed  ends, 
one  to  the  south  and  the  other  to  the  north-east ;  its  inner  defences  were 
about  850  yards  in  circumference  and  enclosed  an  area  of  nearly  1 1  acres, 
i  393  50 


SECTIONS  IN  1834,  HAMPER 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

Unfortunately  these  important  remains  have  suffered  much  in 
modern  times  at  the  hands  of  man.  At  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century  the  ramparts  were  described  by  Hutton  as  in  tolerable  preserva- 
tion ;l  as  late  as  1831  they  were  still  traceable  all  round,2  and  in  1834, 
when  Hamper  made  a  plan  of  them,3  they  were  perfect  for  three-fourths 
of  the  distance,  and  traceable  further.  But  between  1865  and  1871, 
several  hundred  yards  of  the  banks  were  thrown  into  the  ditches  below 
by  the  occupier  of  the  land  ;  and  by  1882  only  about  300  yards  of  the 
ramparts  at  the  southern  end  of  the  camp  remained  intact,  together 
with  a  few  remnants  around  the  northern  side.4  In  1872  the  defences 

at  the  south  end 
were  described  by 
Burgess  as  consist- 
ing of  a  rampart,  20 
feet  high  in  parts 
(measured  from  the 
bottom  of  the  fosse), 
and  about  40  to  50 
feet  in  breadth  at  its 
base  ;  outside  this 
was  a  ditch,  beyond 
which  was  a  second 
rampart,  about  half 
the  size  of  the  first  ; 
below  this  again 
traces  of  a  third 
vallum  were  visible 
upon  the  western 
side.6  The  sections 
here  figured,  and 
which  were  made 
by  Hamper  as  far 
back  as  1834,  show 
the  inner  defences 
in  greater  detail. 

There  is  an  entrance  which  is  apparently  ancient  at  the  south  end  ;  a 
cutting  now  to  be  seen  through  the  eastern  bank  did  not  exist  in  1834. 
Water  still  lies  in  the  moat  below  the  inner  rampart  on  the  south-west 
side.  After  Nadbury,  which  it  somewhat  resembles  both  in  its  shape  and 
in  the  form  of  its  defences,  this  camp  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its  class  in 
the  county.  It  must  once  have  been  a  very  formidable  stronghold ;  besides 
having  apparently  triple  ramparts,  it  had  also  doubtless  the  protection  of 
the  swamps  and  the  morasses  which  would  spread  out  along  the  still  boggy 

»  Hutton's  B'ham.  p.  460.  »  O.S.  Map,  I  in.  (1831). 

'  Preserved  in  Dugdale's  Wanu.  (Bloxam's  copy).  4  O.S.  Map,  6  in.  (1882). 

Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  87,  and  in  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  Journ. 

,  PP-  39.  4Z- 

394 


SOLIHULL 


SCALE    or     TEET 
SO  6O  9O 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 


courses  of  the  little  streams  which  surround  it  upon  three  of  its  sides  ; 
the  advantages  offered  by  these  natural  defences  would  seem  to  explain 
the  selection  of  the  existing  site  for  the  stronghold  in  preference  to 
higher  ground  available  close  at  hand. 

Though  the  area  within  the  ramparts  has  been  frequently  ploughed, 
there  is  no  record  of  any  antiquities  having  been  unearthed  here  to  throw 
light  upon  the  age  of  the  entrenchments  ;  from  their  general  appear- 
ance, however,  they  would  seem  to  be  of  early  origin,  and  intermediate 
between  the  two  types 
previously  described 
under  letters  Bl  and  Bu. 
Perhaps  the  former  name 
of  '  Danes'  Camp  '  may 
point  to  a  temporary 
occupation  of  the  more 
ancient  stronghold  by 
these  people. 

HOB'S  MOAT. — At 
the  northern  end  of  this 
extensive  parish  are  to  be 
seen  some  ancient  en- 
trenchments of  quite  a 
different  age  and  type, 
and  nowknown  as  above. 
In  Dugdale's  time  the 
place  was  called  Hogg's 
Moat,1  and  Hutton  re- 
cords that  it  was  once 
called  Odingsell's  Moat, 
a  name  preserved  in  the 
adjoining  farmhouse 
called  Odensil,  and  also 
recalling  certain  owners 
of  the  estate  in  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

These      entrench- 
ments    are    oblong 


SOLIHULL 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
100  200 


300 


in 


shape  and  enclose  an  interior  area  of  about  2  acres  ;  they  consist  of  a 
double  rampart  with  an  intervening  fosse  which,  together,  cover  about  2 
acres  more.  A  century  ago  there  were  remains  of  a  second  fosse  beyond 
the  outer  rampart,  and  Hutton  relates  that  the  total  area  covered  by  the 
earthworks  and  their  enclosure  was  5  acres ;  he  described  the  inner  moat 
as  very  formidable,  about  20  feet  deep  and  90  feet  across  from  the  crown 
of  one  bank  to  that  of  the  other.2 

There  are  now  no  signs  of  any    building  within   this   moated   area  ; 
nor  were  there  any  250  years   ago,  when  Dugdale   visited  the  spot  and 

»  Dugdale's  Warvi.  p.  662.  a  Hutton's  B'kam.  pp.  414-16. 

.-...,<  395 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

found  a  number  of  ancient  oaks  growing  in  the  interior.  He  says ^ that 
there  was  a  tradition  in  the  neighbourhood  in  his  day  that  a  '  castle '  was 
'  long  since  situated  '  within  the  moats  ;  this  would  probably  give  the 
name  to  the  Castle  Lane  which  still  approaches  the  entrenchments  from 
Ulverlie  Green.1  Most  probably  the  structure  surrounded  by  these 
strong  double  ramparts  and  ditches  was  only  of  wood. 

'A 


\  \ 
\  V 

\  v 
\  ' 


Oakley 


Wood 


ENLARGED     SECTION          ,» 
~  '' 


TACHBROOK 

about  A.D.  1875,  after  Burgess 

SCALE  OF  FEET 
O  ICO  2OO  5OO 


TACHBROOK  (3  miles  south-west  of  Warwick). — An  entrench- 
ment in  good  preservation  and  of  considerable  size  lies  in  Oakley  Wood, 
on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  Warwick  and  Banbury  Road,  about  i£ 
miles  south-south-east  of  the  parish  church  of  Bishop's  Tachbrook.  It 
is  upon  fairly  level  ground  between  Ashorne  Hill  to  the  south  and  some 
rounded  elevations  in  Tachbrook  to  the  north. 


»  Dugdale's  Wano.  p.  662  ;  Hannett,  Forest  of  Arden,  pp.  278-80. 

396 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

The  camp  is  roughly  triangular  in  form,  though  actually  its  sides  are 
five  in  number  ;  it  encloses  an  area  of  about  9  acres.  The  defences, 
which  are  still  formidable  on  the  north  side,  consist  primarily  of  a 
rampart,  protected  externally  by  a  ditch  ;  beyond  this  again  there  are 
remnants  in  some  places  of  a  second  rampart  and  ditch.  There  are 
further  banks  and  trenches  to  be  seen  within  the  wood,  which  probably 
form  outworks  to  the  main  fort.  The  height  of  the  rampart  at  the 
northern  apex  of  the  camp  is  12  feet  with  a  breadth  at  its  base  of 
27  feet ;  the  ditch  defending  it  measures  32  feet  across. 

Local  antiquaries  have  invariably  described  these  remains  as  Roman, 
without  apparently  any  kind  of  proof  for  the  assertion.1  No  antiquities 
of  any  kind  are  known  to  have  been  dug  up  here,  to  afford  a  clue  either 
to  the  occupiers  or  the  makers  of  the  earthworks.  As  far  as  mere  out- 
ward appearances  go,  the  stronghold  more  or  less  resembles  some  of  the 
works  of  class  Bu ;  but  the  site  requires  exploration  with  the  spade  before 
any  definite  opinion  as  to  age  or  origin  can  safely  be  expressed. 

TAMWORTH. — The  massive  tower  called  the  castle  stands  upon  the 
earthwork  keep  of  an  ancient  mount  and  court  fort  of  class  E.  This 
fort  again  lies  in  the  corner  of  what  was  once  a  rectangular  entrenched 
area  of  considerable  extent. 

The  site  of  the  mount  and  court  stronghold  is  upon  the  right  bank 
of  the  river  Tame,  just  below  the  point  where  it  is  joined  by  its  tribu- 
tary the  Anker.  It  is  within  the  county  of  Warwick,  while  half  of  the 
town  of  Tamworth,  including  a  portion  of  the  large  rectangular  entrenched 
area,  is  in  Staffordshire. 

Entering  the  small  modern  park  which  now  surrounds  the  mediaeval 
castle,  we  see  the  solid  tower  placed  upon  the  top  of  a  round  hill.  This 
hill  is  an  earthen  mount  of  artificial  origin  ;  it  measures  about  250  feet  in 
diameter  at  its  base,  and  is  about  50  feet  in  height  ;  it  is  conical  in  shape, 
with  a  truncated  summit  measuring  nearly  100  feet  across.  On  the  east 
side  of  this  mount  is  to  be  seen  a  portion  of  its  ancient  moat  ;  we  are 
also  reminded  of  the  former  existence  of  a  similar  excavation  on  the  west 
side  by  the  name  of  a  street,  the  '  Hollow  Way,'  which  occupies  its 
former  site.  Ninety  years  ago  the  fosse  around  the  mount  was  still 
almost  perfect.  A  writer  in  T'be  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1813  describes 
the  keep  as  then  encircled  by  a  deep  ditch  for  two-thirds  of  its  circum- 
ference on  the  landward  side  ;  this  fosse,  he  remarks,  was  '  probably 
always,  as  now,  dry,  being  above  the  level  of  the  river,'  which  defended 
it  upon  its  remaining  side.' 

Adjoining  this  moated  mount  on  its  south-east  side,  and  about  1 5 
feet  above  the  water  of  the  Tame,  is  a  roughly  triangular  platform  of 
earth,  which  is  apparently  more  or  less  artificial  ;  its  south  bank,  facing 
the  river,  is  straight  ;  that  on  the  east  is  at  present  concave,  but  was 

1  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  83,  and  in  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii. 
(1876),  p.  375  ;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Irani.  (1875),  p.  32  ;  Turner's  Sbaks.  Land, 
p.  309. 

3  Gents.  Mag.   (1813)  pt.  i.  pp.   592-3. 

397 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

perhaps  formerly  also  straight.  The  platform  was  probably  once 
defended  by  an  encircling  rampart  and  ditch,  and  would  form  the  usual 
courtyard  to  the  moated  mount  keep. 

Outside  the  limits  of  this  moated  mount  and  court  fort  there  are 
further  considerable  remains  of  earthworks  to  be  seen  in  Tamworth  upon 
the  east  side  of  the  castle  and  town  ;  these  entrenchments  have  long 
borne  the  name  of  the  King's  Ditch,  and  are  sometimes  known  as  Offa's 
Dyke,  in  reference,  as  has  been  supposed,  to  the  great  Mercian  sovereign 
who  once  had  his  palace  here.  Mr.  Clark  described  these  defences  in 
1884  as  consisting  of  a  raised  bank  and  a  ditch  (the  latter  more  or  less 
rilled  up),  beyond  which  was  a  slope  representing  a  glacis  ;  he  traced 
them  from  the  banks  of  the  Anker  below  Bole  bridge  for  about  300 
yards  to  the  north,  where  they  turned  at  a  right  angle  ;  within  this 
corner  was  a  sort  of  earth  tump,  which  people  living  '  remembered,' 
he  says,  '  to  be  somewhat  larger.'  Mr.  Clark  wrote  of  the  works  as 
being  traceable  from  this  angle  in  a  straight  line  in  an  eastern  direction 
nearly  as  far  as  the  cross-road  from  Seckington,  after  which  buildings 
obscured  their  course.1  Two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  in  Dugdale's 
time,  the  King's  Ditch  was  still  intact  round  the  three  sides  of  the  town 
which  were  not  already  defended  by  the  river  Tame.  He  described  a 

vast  Ditch  which,  stretching  forth  in  a  straight  line  from  the  River  Anker 
somewhat  below  Bowl  Brig,  then  making  a  right  Angle,  keepeth  on  its  course  paralell 
to  the  River  for  the  Space  of  neer  four  Hundred  Paces  ;  and  so  returning  by  another 
right  Angle,  runs  into  Tame  below  Lady  Bridg  ;  whereby  the  ground  within  the 
Precincts  thereof  is  of  a  Quadrangular  forme.  Which  Ditch  [he  goes  on  to  say] 
though  much  filled  up  in  most  Places,  appears  to  have  been  at  least  xlv.  Foot  broad,  as 
by  Measure  I  have  observed.2 

The  earthworks  at  Tamworth  would  therefore  seem  to  have  con- 
sisted primarily  of  a  moated  mount  fort  with  an  adjacent  courtyard, 
which  courtyard,  like  those  at  Castle  Bromwich  and  at  Warwick,  was 
apparently  angular  in  outline,  instead  of  crescentic,  as  more  usual. 
This  mount  and  court  fort  lay  at  the  south-west  corner  of  a  large 
quadrangle  which  was  defended  by  a  rampart  and  fosse  ;  the  latter 
enclosure  may  either  have  been  constructed  as  an  addition  to  the  first- 
named,  or  it  may  have  been  a  work  of  much  earlier  origin,  as  indeed 
its  position,  lying  as  it  does  in  two  counties,  would  seem  to  indicate. 

The  origin  of  these  various  earthworks  at  Tamworth  has  been  much 
discussed.3  Many  authorities  have  dated  the  rampart  and  fosse  of  the 
large  outer  area  as  far  back  as  the  time  of  the  Romans,  basing  their 
argument  upon  the  quadrangular  form  of  the  enclosure ;  but  no 
Roman  antiquities  have  been  brought  to  light  to  support  this  theory. 
Others  have  considered  that  they  were  the  defences  of  the  palace  and 
town  of  the  early  Saxon  kings  who  were  located  here  ;  this  is  possible, 
though,  with  the  exception  of  the  name  'Offa's  Dyke,'  we  have  no  actual 
evidence  of  it.  Early  tradition  in  Tamworth,  as  in  the  similar  case  of 

»  Clark's  Mil.  Jrchit.,  vol.  i.  p.  20,  vol.  ii.  pp.  481-8.          »  Dugdale's  Wane.  pp.  802-8. 
3  Timmins's  Wanv.,  pp.   71,  83,   234-5. 

398 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

Warwick,  has  persistently  identified  this  moated  mount  with  the  fortress 
recorded  in  the  Anglo  Saxon  Chronicle  to  have  been  built  upon  the  spot 
by  Ethelfleda,  the  Lady  of  the  Mercians,  in  the  year  913.'  Such  tradi- 
tion was  noted  in  the  Chronicle  called  by  the  name  of  Matthew  of  West- 
minster as  early  as  the  fourteenth  century.  On  the  other  hand,  the 


%/jJiyillUttMUMIIIIIIItee, 


Section,  after  Burgess 


TANWORTH 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
IOO  ZOO 


300 


whole  of  the  present  mount  and  court  fort  may  have  been  the  later  work 
of  one  of  the  Norman  custodians  of  the  '  castle'  of  Tamworth.  Careful 
excavation  is  required  to  settle  the  question. 

TANWORTH  (8  miles  south  of  Birmingham). — At  Cheswick  Green, 

1  Jngl.-Sax.  Chron.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  186,  187. 
399 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

rather  more  than  half  way  between  the  village  of  Tanworth  and  that  of 
Solihull,  is  an  ancient  earthwork  surrounded  by  a  moat  and  called  '  The 
Mount.'  It  is  in  a  strong  defensive  position,  on  the  top  of  a  pro- 
jecting triangle  of  high  ground  in  a  corner  made  by  the  valley  of 
the  Blythe ;  which  stream,  after  running  from  north  to  south  on  its 
western  side,  turns  off  sharply  to  the  east  and  protects  it  on  the  south. 

The  remains  consist  of  an  oblong  area  encircled  by  a  deep  moat,  on 
the  inner  side  of  which  there  is  a  strong  earthen  rampart ;  the  moat  is 
square  at  its  eastern  and  rounded  at  its  western  end.  The  works  with 
their  enclosure  cover  about  a  couple  of  acres.  The  moat  is  from  1 8  to 
20  feet  wide  across  the  surface  of  the  water  that  now  lies  within  it  ;  the 
vallum  is  in  places  as  much  as  60  feet  broad  and  20  feet  high.  An 
unusual  feature  in  connection  with  this  stronghold  is  that  parts  of  the 
interior  area,  instead  of  being  higher,  appear  to  be  lower  than  the  level 
of  the  water  of  the  encircling  moat.  There  are  two  entrances  to  the 
enclosure  made  by  embankments  across  the  moat  and  corresponding 
breaches  in  the  rampart  ;  one  is  at  the  south-east  and  the  other  at  the 
south-west.  Mr.  Burgess  thought  that  there  were  traces  of  an  outer 
enclosure  or  court  abutting  on  the  moat  on  its  eastern  side.1 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  this  ancient  moated  stronghold. 
Dugdale  wrote  that  '  by  the  Forme  of  it  and  the  Depth  of  its  Trenches' 
it  seemed  to  him  to  be  a  Roman  work2;  but  this  is  quite  unlikely.  In 
some  ways  it  resembles  the  earthwork  of  uncertain  age  known  as  the 
'  Castle  Hills '  at  Fillongley. 

WAPPENBURV  (4  miles  north-east  of  Leamington.) — This  little 
village  is  situated  close  to  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Leam,  and  about 
a  mile  to  the  west  of  the  ancient  Fosse  Way.  It  was  formerly  well-nigh 
enclosed  by  extensive  entrenchments  surrounding  an  area  roughly  oblong 
in  shape  and  about  20  acres  in  extent.  The  earthworks  are  now  much 
denuded  and  also  altered  in  form,  and  they  have  in  places  become 
almost  indistinguishable.  Their  course  is,  or  was,  as  follows  :  from 
the  ford  and  stepping-stones  across  the  river  at  the  south-east  of  the 
village,  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Leam  in  a  straight  line  slightly 
south  of  west  for  a  distance  of  350  yards;  at  this  point  they  take  a  north- 
westerly direction  for  nearly  200  yards,  to  a  rounded  corner,  and  then 
turn  north  and  run  in  an  almost  direct  but  somewhat  broken  line  for 
300  yards  as  far  as  another  corner  which  is  almost  a  right  angle  ;  from 
this  they  run  directly  east  for  over  250  yards,  nearly  up  to  the  road  by 
Wappenbury  Hall,  where  all  traces  of  them  disappear.  On  the  east 
side  of  the  village  no  remains  whatever  are  shown  upon  the  6-inch 
ordnance  survey  ;  but  in  a  plan  made  probably  sixty  or  seventy  years 
ago,  and  now  preserved  in  Mr.  Bloxam's  copy  of  *  Dugdale'  in  Rugby 
School  library,  a  bank  runs  from  north  to  south,  at  a  distance  of  about 
a  hundred  yards  east  of  the  church,  back  to  the  stepping-stones,  where 
it  joins  the  southern  rampart  in  a  rounded  corner. 

>  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  87. 
*  Dugdale's  Warw.  p.  549. 

400 


WAPPENBURY 

aboiJt  A.D.  1830,  after  Bloxam 


SCALE  OF 
190          ago 

4OI 


SOO 


A    HISTORY    OF  WARWICKSHIRE 

Sections  of  the  ramparts  from  the  above-named  plan  are  here 
given,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  interior  area  of  the  camp 
is  raised  above  the  neighbouring  ground  level  some  6  to  8  feet  upon 

the  north  and  west  sides, 
and  as  much  as  40  feet  on 
the  south  along  the  banks 
of  the  river  ;  the  remnants 
of  a  vallum  are  shown  upon 
the  top  of  the  works  on  the 
north  and  west  sides,  but  no 
ditches  ;  the  latter  have 
probably  been  filled  up  at 
some  time  or  other  by 

WAPPENBURY,  local  cultivators  of  the  soil, 

about  A.Q.  1830  after  Bloxam  It  will  thus   be    seen 

that    the    church   and   the 

few  houses  which  stand  near  it  are  in  the  interior  of  a  roughly  parallel- 
sided  oblong  entrenchment  ;  the  churchyard  lies  rather  south  of  the 
central  point  of  this,  and  from  it  three  ancient  roads,  now  in  two  instances 
little  more  than  field  lanes,  take  their  courses  approximately  in  the  direc- 
tion of  west,  north  and  east ;  according  to  the  old  Bloxam  plan  there 
appears  to  have  been  a  fourth  road  leading  south  to  the  river,  passing 
by  some  buildings  to  the  south-west  of  the  church. 

These  earthworks  were  considered  by  Bloxam,  Burgess  and  others, 
to  be  Roman,1  on  account  of  the  oblong  form  of  the  area  enclosed,  and 
of  the  position  of  the  church  and  roads  radiating  therefrom  ;  but  unless 
we  accept  a  vague  report  of  Roman  tiles  having  been  found  to  the  south 
of  the  churchyard,  no  discoveries  of  antiquities  appear  to  have  been 
made  here  to  give  support  to  the  theory,  and  the  works  may  possibly 
be  of  very  much  later  date. 

WARWICK. — The  magnificent  mediaeval  castle  here  is  built  upon 
ancient  earthworks  of  the  moated  mount  and  court  type.  These  origi- 
nal fortifications  have  probably  been  more  or  less  modified  by  the 
erection  of  the  later  defences  of  masonry,  but  the  great  mount  itself 
remains  unaltered,  and  is  a  very  prominent  object,  and  the  ditches  pro- 
tecting its  courtyard  are  still  distinctly  traceable. 

The  site  of  this  ancient  fortress  is  upon  a  rocky  elevation  over- 
hanging the  north-west  bank  of  the  river  Avon.  The  high  grassy  mount 
which  formed  the  '  keep '  rises  at  the  south-west  of  the  earthworks, 
and  about  120  feet  away  from  the  river  ;  it  is  conical  in  shape  and,  as 
usual,  truncated  at  the  top  ;  it  measures  about  200  feet  in  diameter  at  its 
base,  and  about  60  feet  at  its  summit  ;  remnants  of  the  surrounding 
fosse  are  still  to  be  seen,  more  distinctly  upon  the  western  side.  The 
walls  of  the  present  castle  now  enclose  a  portion  of  the  mount,  and  the 

»  Burgess  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Trans.  (1872),  p.  87,  and  in  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xxxiii. 
(1876),  p.  374.  ;  Bloxam  in  B'ham.  and  Mid.  Inst.  Arch.  Tram.  (1875),  p.  31. 

402 


ANCIENT    DEFENSIVE    EARTHWORKS 

northern  tower  stands  upon  it  ;  formerly  a  great  tower,  which  is  said 
to  have  resembled  Clifford's  keep  at  York,  crowned  the  summit,  but  it 
has  long  been  removed.  To  the  north-east  of  this  mount  is  the  large 
inner  courtyard,  covering  an  area  of  over  2  acres  ;  instead  of  being 


SCALE  OF  FEET 

o  100          BOO          300 


of  the  usual  crescentic  or  curved  shape,  it  is  oblong  in  form,  with  rect- 
angular corners  ;  in  this  respect  it  corresponds  with  Castle  Bromwich 
and  Tamworth  ;  the  walls  and  towers  of  the  present  castle  now  stand 
upon  its  former  earthern  ramparts,  while  the  ditches  beyond  them  have 
probably  been  deepened  and  enlarged  to  form  the  existing  moat.  To 

403 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

the  north  of  this  courtyard  again,  and  between  it  and  the  embattled 
entrance  gateway  opening  from  the  town,  is  a  second  and  larger  moat, 
probably  enclosing  an  area  of  5  acres  ;  this  outer  bailey  became  'the 
vineyard '  of  mediaeval  times,  lying  without  the  castle  walls.  Portions  of 
the  defensive  ramparts  still  remain,  though  they  have  been  modified  in 
course  of  ages  by  subsequent  works. 

Beyond  the  limits  of  this  moated  mount  and  court  fortress,  still  further 
banks  of  earth  are  to  be  seen  towards  the  north-west  ;  they  seem  to  have 
had  no  connection  with  the  original  works,  but   were  in  all  probability 
raised  by  the  assailants  of  the  castle  during  the  Civil  War  in  the  seven 
teenth  century. 

Various  writers  have  called  the  whole  of  the  earthworks  here  either 
ancient  British  or  Roman,  but  without  sufficient  reason  in  either  case.1 
The  rectangular  form  of  the  inner  courtyard  has  suggested  the  idea  that 
it  might  originally  have  been  a  Roman  camp,  utilized  by  the  makers  of 
the  mount  and  court  fortress,  but  excavation  could  alone  throw  light 
upon  the  matter.  The  name  by  which  the  great  conical  mound  has 
long  been  known  locally  is  '  Ethelflasda's  Dungeon  '  or  '  Castle  '  ;  accord- 
ing to  tradition  it  is  the  actual  fort  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle 
records  was  erected  by  the  famous  '  Lady  of  the  Mercians  '  at  Warwick 
'  late  in  the  harvest '  of  the  year  914.  But  whether  this  is  so  is  difficult, 
in  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  the  subject,  to  determine  ;  and  some 
authorities  would  date  the  construction  of  the  existing  mount  and  court 
fortress  at  least  some  years  after  the  Norman  Conquest. 

GREAT  WOLFORD  (4  miles  south  of  Shipston-on-Stour). — This 
elevated  village,  well  placed  on  a  triangle  of  land  above  the  junction 
of  two  little  streams,  was,  like  Wappenbury,  formerly  defended  by 
entrenchments  running  all  round  it  ;  they  probably  enclosed  an  area 
of  about  30  acres.  Even  within  the  memory  of  people  still  living 
ramparts  well  nigh  encircled  the  village.  But  they  have  now  been 
practically  levelled,  except  upon  one  side,  that  to  the  east  and  south- 
east. Here  too  they  have  been  considerably  mutilated  in  places.  The 
extant  defences  show  formidable  double  ramparts  with  intervening  fosse, 
all  placed  upon  the  top  of  a  steep  decline  which  slopes  down  to  the 
valley  of  the  Nethercote  Brook  ;  they  are  perhaps  best  preserved  at 
the  south-east  corner,  where  water  still  lies  in  a  ditch  which  is  15 
feet  in  width.  The  outer  vallum  at  this  point  is  25  feet  high  above 
the  water,  and  the  inner  bank  only  20  feet  high,  the  enclosed  village 
being  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  it  ;  an  inner  vallum  in  all  probability  once 
existed  here,  which  has  apparently  at  some  time  or  other  been  demolished 
for  agricultural  purposes.2 

A  road  running  from  south-east  to  north  through  the  village  was 
formerly  known  as  the  Ridgeway,  and  in  old  deeds  a  meadow  near  it  on 

»  Dugdale's  Wane.  pp.  260,  308  ;  Clark,  Mil.  Archlt.  vol.  i.  pp.  20,  80  ;  Burgess  in  Brit.  Arch. 
Assoc.  Journ.  (1873),  pp.  42,  44  ;  Turner's  Shak.  Land.  pp.  23-5  ;  Timmins's  Warw.  pp.  5,  73,  80, 
231. 

•  O.S.  Map  25  in.  (1900)  ;  Rev.  J.  Harvey  Bloom  In  Ktt. 

404 


GREAT  WOLFORD 


SCALE    OF    FEET 
0  IOO  ZOO  3OO 


Section. 


405 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 

the  north  is  called  the  Port  meadow.     An  old  trackway  runs  through  a 
gap  in  the  ramparts  directly  east  from  the  Ridgeway. 

There  are,  unfortunately,  no  records  of  antiquities  having  been 
unearthed  here  when  the  banks  were  demolished,  to  throw  light  upon 
their  age  or  origin. 


406 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY    OF 
WARWICKSHIRE 


Abetot,  Urse  de,  279,  292,  293, 

yxA,  337* 
Abingdon  [Abendone],  Abbey  of, 

275,  276,    279,    300*3,    306*3, 
note  276. 

Abingdon  [Abendone],  Abbot  of, 

276,  288,  306**,  325*2 
Achi,  308*3 

Adeliz,  Adeliza,  wife  of  Hugh  de 
Grentmesnil,  300,  343*2 

JEligar  [Algar],  Earl  of  Mercia, 
272,  273,  276,  288,  310*2,  3233, 
338*1,  338*,  notes  281,  324*? 

.fElfgifu  [Alveva],  wife  of  Geoffrey 
de  la  Guerche  [de  Wirce],  275 

.fElfric  [Alvric],  288,  328* 

.(Elf stan,  274,  338*2 

.Elfwine  [Alwin],  Sheriff  of  War- 
wickshire, 278,  283,  288,  296, 
305*,  308*,  3i8i,  320*3,  321*, 
324*,  331*,  note  278 

./Ethelric  [Alric]  son  of  Meriet, 
279,  331* 

jEthelwig,  Abbot  of  Evesham. 
See  Evesham 

Aileva,  330* 

Ailmar,  288,  320*1,  331*1,  3316 

Ailmund,  307/1,  319*2 

Ailred,  3174 

Ailric,    32li,   329*7,    330*2,   331*3, 

331* 
Albengi  [Albingi],  Nigel  de,  280, 

300*,    327*,    340*3,    340/1,   note 

3404 
Albert  of  Lotharingia,  the  clerk, 

281,  Tfllb 

Albini.     See  Albengi 
Aide,  322/1 
Aldgid,  Ealdgyth,  wife  of  Grifin 

of  North  Wales,  288,  304* 
Alfled  a  free  man,  31 24 
Algar,  Earl.     See  .*Elfgar 
Algar,  324* 
Aliet,  315* 

Almar,  319,2,  320$,  3244,  324* 
Alnod,  319*7,  3250 
Alric,  310* 
Alric  a  free  man,  309* 
Alric.     See  also  ^Ethelric 
Alsi,  308/1,  3154 


PERSONAL    NAMES 

Alsi  a  thegn  of  the  king,  342* 

Alspath,   Gerard  de,  note  304*3 

Aluric.     See  Alvric 

Alvred,  339/1 

Alvric,   317*3,   318*2,   3186,   324*, 

329*3,  340*3 

Alvric  a  free  man,  303^ 
Alvric  a  thegn  of  the  king,  342* 
Alvric.     See  also  yElfric 
Alward,  318/1,  337/1 
Alward  a  free  man,  319*3 
Alwi,    287,    303*3,    329/1,    332*, 

333" 

Alwin,   304*3,   313/1,   318*3,   322*3, 
323*3,  324*3,  324*,  329*,  331/1, 
notes  311/1,  312*3 
Alwin  brother  of  Lewin,  3426 
Alwin  father  of  Turchil  of  War- 
wick.    See  ^Elfwine 
Alwold  a  free  man,  313*2 
Angers,  St.  Nicholas  of,  note  336*3 
Angers,  monks  of,  275,  336*2 
Ansegis,  Anseis,  337*3,  343*,  and 

note 
Ansgar  [Asgar]  the  staller,  280, 

335* 

Ansgot  the  priest,  286,  336/1 
Archil  a  man  of  Turchil,  323*1 
Arden,  Turchil  of.  See  Turchil 

of  Warwick 

Ardene,  Henry  de,  note  277 
Ardene,  Hugh  de,  note  277 
Arnul,  319*2 
Arnulf,  3134 
Aschi,  332* 
Aschil,  318* 
Asgar.     See  Ansgar 
Aubrey    [Albericus],     Earl,    273, 

276,    296,    299,    300*3,    305*3, 

308*,  309*2,  3094 
Auegrin,  328* 
Azor,  3164,  3394 
Azor  a  free  man,  310* 
Azur,  340*2 

Bailleul,  Rainald  de,  279,   3074, 

308*3 
Baldwin  [Baldeuin]  son  of  Herl- 

win,    275,    317*3,    3253,    326*2, 

326*,  327*3 

407 


Barn,    Siward,    Seward    [Seiard, 

Seubar],  282,  283,  327*3,  notes 

282,  283 
Bayeux,   Odo,     Bishop   of,    274, 

276,  279,  287,  288,  300*3,  303/1, 

304*3,   327*,  notes  318*3,  3274, 

3284 
Beauchamp,    Thomas    de.     See 

Warwick,  Earl  of 
Beaumont,  Roger  de,  minister  of 

William  the  Conqueror,  277 
,  Henry,  son   of.     See  War- 
wick, Earl  of 
— — ,  Robert,  son  of.     See  Meu- 

lan,  Count  of 
Bonvaslet,   William.     See  Bucn  • 

vasleth 
Boscher,  31 6b 
Boui,  312^,  317*1 
Bricstuin,    287,    302/1.     See   also 

Edmar,  Lewin 
Brictuin,  325*3 
Brictric,     Brihtric,     284,     320*3, 

329*,  337*,  339*3 
Bridlington  Priory,  note  296 
Brihtheah,  Bishop  of  Worcester. 

See  Worcester 
Brion,  Brien,  279,  329* 
Britmar,  317* 
Britnod,    Brihtnoth,    287,    303*2, 

3  ijb 

Britnod  a  free  man,  313*3 
Bruning   of     Wigginshall,     284, 

319*,  323* 
Bruning,  343* 
Bruno,  336/1,  note  309*3 
Buenvasleth,  William,  299,  3006, 

335".  335* 
Buili,   Gilbert  de.     See  Gilbert 

son  of  Turold 
Bundi,  314*2,  341* 
Burton  [Bertone],  Abbey  of,  275, 

276,    300*3,    306*,    note    308/1 


Cantuin,  310*,  311*1 
Celred  a  free  man, 
Cerret  a  man  of  Turchil,  320*3 
Chentuin,  314*2 
Chenward,  3374 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Chester,  Peter,  Bishop  of,  273, 

275.  299>  3°°"'  302<z>  335" 
Chester,  Hugh,  Earl  of,  279,  300*, 

308* 

Chester,  Earldom  of,  276 
Chetel,  333* 

Chetelbern,  316*,  note  319* 
Chetelbert  brother  of  Turchil  cf 

Warwick,  278,  288,  307*,  323^, 

note  278 
Christina     [Cristina],     sister     to 

Edgar  ^Ethling,  281,  289,  299, 

300,  340/1,  341*2,  note  281 
Cnut.     See  Gunnild 
Colebran,  342* 

Combe,  the  monks  of,  note  288 
Constantius.     See  Hugh 
Corbin,  303* 
Couci  ['  Coci '],  Aubrey  de.     See 

Aubrey,  Earl 
Coutances,  Bishop  of,  276,  299, 

3004,  3044 
Coventry  [Covcntrcu],  Abbey  of, 

272,  273,  275,  294,  296,  300*2, 

3040,  304*,  305*2,  306*2,  3086, 

note  333* 
Coventry  [Coventreu],  Abbot  of, 

288,  292,  299,  3426 
Coventry  [Covcntrcu],  monks  of, 

note  304*2 

Derby,  Earldom  of,  279 

Derman,  311*2 

Despenser  [Dispensator],  Robert 
brother  of  Urse  d'Abetot,  279, 
296,  300*,  331*2,  33 1 b,  notes 
319*7,  329*7,  331*,  343* 

Dicford',  Roger  de,  279  and  note 

Doda,  Lewin,  338* 

Dodo,  329* 

Dreu  [Drogo],  330*,  332* 

Eadgar  ^Etheling.     See  Christina 
Eadric,  steersman  of  the  Bishop 

of  Worcester's  boat,  290 
Eadric  '  the  Wild  '  [Edric],  280, 

332" 
Eadwine  brother  of  Earl  Leofric, 

274 
Eadwine   [Edwin,   Eduin],   Earl, 

son  of  Earl  yElfgar,  270,  272, 

273»    29°.    301",    301*,    315*, 

3244,  324*,  332*1,  332*,  341*2, 

notes  281,  324*1 
Ealdgyth.     See  Aldgid 
Ealdred  [Eldred],  Archbishop  of 

York,  287,  3023 
Eddulf,  321*1 

Edith  [Eddid],  300*,  341* 
Edmar  son  of  Bricstuin,  302* 
Edric,   308*1,   312*,   316*2,   334*2, 

342*2.    See  also  Eadric. 
Eduin,  319*,  320*,  321*2,  321*, 

323^.     See  also  Eadwine,  Earl 
Eduin  the  Sheriff,  a  free  man, 

303*,  319*, 


Edward  the  Confessor,  270,  301*2, 

301*,  305*2,  note  283 
Edwin,  Earl.     See  Eadwine,  Earl 
Eileva,  334*2 
Eldred.     See  Ealdred 
Elmund,  308*2 
Ermenfrid,  288,  320*,  323*2,  323*, 

324*.      See    also    Ermenfrith, 

Hermenfrid 

Ermenfrith  [Erm'frid'],  342*1 
Ernegrin  a  free  man,  304*2 
Erneuin  and  his  mother,  334* 
Ernewi,  333*1 
Ernui,    331*2,    333*2,    337*.     See 

also  Ernuin 
Ernuin,  334* 
Ernulf  a  free  man,  304*2 
Estan,  317* 
Evesham,  Abbey  of,  274,   300*2, 

306*,  307*2 
Evesham,   jEthelwig,  Abbot   of, 

273,  274,  288,  note  338*2 
Evesham,  Walter,  Abbot  of,  282, 

307*2 

Ferrers  [Fereres,  Fereires,  Feri- 
er(es)],  Henry  de,  279,  280,  281, 
282,  283,  299,  300*2,  327*2,  327*, 
notes  282,  340* 

Fulbric,  337*2 

Fulk,  315*2,  317* 

Gamelin,  Odo  Fitz,  note  280 
Gand,    Gant,    Gilbert    de,    299, 

300*,  337*2,  344*,  note  295 
Geoffrey,  333* 
Gerin,  300*,  337*,  and  note 
Gerold,  303*,  note  318*2 
Gida,  311*2 
Gilbert,  314*,  316*2,  316*,  317*2, 

321*,  322*2,  338*,  note  3116 
Gilbert    (Buili)    son   of   Turold, 

299,  300*,  337*,  note  299 
Gloucester,    St.    Peter's    Abbey, 

note  280 
Godeva,Godiva,  Countess,  widow 

of  Earl  Leofric,  273,  276,  300*2, 

309*,  310*2,  341*2 
Godeva,  322* 
Godmund,  332a 
Godric  315*,  318*,  322*,  335* 
Godric  a  free  man,  313* 
Goduin  a  thegn,  3433 
Godwin,  328*1 
Godwine   [Goduin],    284,    321*, 

322* 

Goslin,  321*2 
Grentmesnil        [Grentemaisnil], 

Hugh  de,  273,  275,  279,  284, 

289,    293,    299,    300*2,    325*, 

326*2,  326*,  327*2,  note  289 
Grim,  329*2,  337* 
Grimulf,  330*2 
Grinchet,  325* 
Gudmund  brother  of  Turchil  of 

Warwick,  278,  318*,  and  notes 

408 


Guerche,    Geoffrey   de    la.     See 

Wirce 
Gunnild,  Cnut's  daughter,  275 

Hadulf,  284,  323$ 

Halebold,  R.,  288,  324*1 

Harding,  321* 

Harding  a  free  man,  308*,  309*2, 

309* 
Harold  son  of  Earl  Ralf,  280,  299, 

300*,  339*2,  339*,  and  notes 
Hasculf  Musard.     See  Musard 
Henry  I,  270,  279,  295,  notes  270, 

279 
Hereward,  278,  284,  314*2,  315*, 

316*2,  321*,  notes  278,  283 
Herlwin,Hearlewinus[Hearleuin], 

275.  3if* 
Hermenfrid,  320*.     See  also  Er- 

menfrid 

Hervey,  279,  330* 
Hubert,  326*2 

Hugh,  317*,  330*2,  335*2,  338* 
Hugh,  King  Edward's  chamber- 

lain, 279,  308* 

Hugh  son  of  Constantius,  327*2 
Hugh  Fitz  Richard,  note  340* 
Hugh,    Earl    of    Chester.     See 

Chester,  Earl  of 
Humfrey,  339* 

Ingenulf,  313*,  314*2 
Ivri,  Ivry  [Iveri,  Juri],  Roger  de, 
279,  299,  300*2,  327*,  and  note 
Iwein,  279,  329* 


Johais,  333* 
Juhell,  333*2 
Juri,  Roger  de. 


See  Ivri 


Kenilworth  [Chinewrde]  Priory, 
279,  281 

Leicester,  Earldom  of,  279 
Leofric  [Leuric],  Earl,  272,  273, 

276,    287,    303*2,    306*,    308*2, 

note  304* 
Leofric  [Leuric],  widow  of.     See 

Godeva,  Countess 
Leofric  [Leuric],  three    men  of, 

335* 

Leofwine.     See  Lewin 
Leueget  a  free  man,  312^ 
Leuenot,  314*2 

Leuenot  a   free  man,  313*,  314*2 
Leuiet,  284,  322*,  333* 
Leuing,  331  and  note 
Leuric,  316*,  329*,  334*2,  340*2, 

340* 

Levenot,  344*2.    See  also  Leuenot 
Leveve,  or  Luith  the  nun  (moni- 

alis),  278,  289,  299,  300,  323*2, 

341*1,  note  279 
Lewin,  303*2,  304*1,  310*,  313*, 

314*2,  314*,  316* 
Lewin  a  free  man,  303*,  310*2 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Lewin,  Leofwine  of  Newnham  (?), 
280,  284,  336*,  337*2,  notes  280, 

337" 
Lewin,  Leofwine  of  Newnham(?), 

mother  of,  33911 
Lewin,    Leofwine,    brother    of 

Alwin    the    Sheriff,    a    thegn, 

287,  296,  342*,  343,2,  and  note 
Lewin  son  of  Bricstuin,  302* 
Lewin  Doda.     See  Doda 
Lichfield,  Church  of  St.  Chad  at, 

note  302*2 
Limesi,  Ralf  de,  289,  290,  299, 

300*,  332,2,  notes  281,  340* 
Lincoln,  Bishop  of,  279 
Lodric,  338* 

Loges,  Hugh  de,  281,  note  3420 
Ludichel,  279,  286,  3306 

Malmesbury  [Malmesberie],  Ab- 
bey of,  275,  276,  300*,  306*, 
note  3174 

Malmesbury  [Malmesberie],  Ab- 
bot of,  299 

Mandeville  [Magneville,  Manne- 
vile],  Geoffrey  de,  280,  299, 
300*,  335*,  note  278,  311* 

Manegot,  3274 

Margaret,  Queen  of  Scots.  See 
Christina 

Matilda  [Mathilde],  Queen,  287, 
3030,  note  287 

Merewine  [Mereuin],  284,   314* 

Meulan  [de  Mellend],  Robert  the 
Count  of,  272,  275,  276,  277, 
284,  286,  288,  293,  295,  299, 
300,  300*2,  310*2,  310*,  311,2, 
312*,  312*,  3133,  313*,  314*, 
314*,  315*,  315*,  316*2,  316*, 
3  1  7*7,  317/5,  318*2,  324*,  344*2, 
notes  278,  280,  303*,  309*2, 
311*,  321* 

Mervin,  339*2 

Montgomery,  Roger  de.  See 
Shrewsbury,  Earl  of 

Mortemer,  Ralf  de,  280,   300*, 

332" 
Musard,    Hascoit     [Hasculf],     a 

Breton,  280,  300*,  339* 

Nicholas  [Nicolas]  the  crossbow- 
man    (Balistarius),    280,    293, 
299,  300*,  340/2,  note  280 
Nicholas  [Nicojas],  276,  31013 
Nigel  de  Albe'ngi.     See  Albengi 
de 


Odard, 

Odo,  330* 

Odo,  Bishop  of  Bayeux.  See 
Bayeux 

Odo  Fitz  Gamelin,  note  280 

Oilgi  [Olgi,  Oily,  Oilli,  Ouilly], 

Robert  de,  Sheriff  of  Warwick- 

shire, 278,  279,  288,  289,  296, 

300*2,  301*,  304/2,  319*,  320*, 

I 


323/2,  323*,  325*,  327*,  notes 

319/2,  323*,  327^,  343* 
Olwin,  307*.     See  also  Ulwin 
Ordec,  328* 
Ordric,  314*,  321*,  322-1,  323/2, 

324,2,  324*,  333/2 

Ordric  a  thegn  of  the  king,  343/2 
Ordui,  338/2 
Ordwi,  329* 
Osbern  son  of  Richard,  280,  284, 

285,  288,  299,  300*,  304*,  338,2, 

338*,  339" 
Osbern,  326* 
Oseville,  Sewale  de,  282.  See 

also  Saswalo 
Osmund,  333/2 
Oslach,  321* 
Ouilly.     See  Oilgi 
Outi,  308/2 
Oxford,  burgesses  of,  289 

Pallin,  326/2,  note  343* 
Pershore,  Abbot  of,  note  287 
Peter,  332,2 
Peter,    Bishop   of   Chester.     See 

Chester 
Preaux,  St.  Peter,  Abbey  of,  275, 

317/2 

Rainald.     See  Bailleul  de 

Ralf,    314*,    318/2,    322*,    323/2, 

3270,  note  303* 
Ralf,     Earl  (of  Hereford),  335/2, 

339".  342".  «»<«  335",  342" 
Ralph,  308/2 
Rannulf  brother  of  Walter,  Abbot 

of  Evesham,  282,  307,2 
Richard,  320* 
Richard  the  forester  or  huntsman 

(venator),  281,   283,   292,  299, 

300*,  302,2,  341*,  342,2,  342*, 

notes  281,  342*2 
Ricoard,  332* 
Robert,  314*2,  315/2,  316*,  321/1, 

323*,  326*,  332*,  337*1,  344*, 

notes  321*,  323*,  333* 
Robert  a  thegn  of  King  William, 

343*  and  note 
Robert     the     huntsman,     328*1, 

329*?,  and  note 

Robert  son  of  Roger  de  Beau- 
mont.    See  Meulan,  Count  of 
Robert,    Dispensator.     See  Des- 

penser 
Roger,  316*2,  317*1,  319*2,  324*2, 

326*,  332*2,  332*,  333*;,  333*, 

335" 
Roger    de    Montgomery.        See 

Shrewsbury,  Earl  of 
Rotbert.     See  Robert 

Saied  a  free  man,  311*2 

St.  Evroul  [Ebrulfus],  Abbey  of, 

275,  326* 
St.  Evroul  [Ebrulfus],  monks  of, 

279,  299 

409 


St.  Mary's  Church  at  Warwick. 
See  Warwick 

Salo  a  free  man,  284,  309*2,  315*2 

Saswalo,  Sewaldus,  281,  282, 
327* 

Saulf,  333*,  334* 

Saward,  330*2 

Sawold,  333* 

Saxi,  314*2 

Saxi  a  free  man,  311*2,  312* 

Sberne  a  free  man,  303* 

Scroti,  315*2 

Scrotin,  314*,  339*2 

Seubar,  282.     See  also  Barn 

Sewaldus.     See  Saswalo 

Sewale  de  Oseville.  See  Ose- 
ville de 

Sexi,  315/2,  315*,  341* 

Sexi  a  free  man,  312* 

Simund  the  Dane,  a  knight  of 
Earl  Leofric,  330* 

Siward  Barn.     See  Barn 

Siward  son  of  Turchil,  277 

Shrewsbury,  Roger  de  Mont- 
gomery, Earl  of,  279,  300*2, 
307*2,  307*,  308*2,  notes  307*2, 
322*2 

Sot  [Sotus],  336* 

Spott,  Wulfric,  note  308* 

Stafford  [Stadford,  Statford], 
Robert  de,  279,  284,  286,  289, 
299,  300*,  328*2,  328*,  329*2, 
329*,  330,2,  330*,  331*;,  notes 

278,  293,    309*;,    311*,    312*2, 
318*2,  328*2 

Stannechetel,  332*2 

Standon  de,  notes  279,  329* 

Stephen,  303*,  304*2 

Stephen  the  steersman  (Stirman), 

270,  280,  299,  300*,  338*2 
Stori,  a  free  man,  302/2 
Studley,  Peter  de,  278 
Studley  Priory,  note  325*2 
Suain,  325*,  334/2,  334* 
Sudeley  de,  barony  of,  notes  339*2, 

339*,  342*2.  See  also  Ralf,  Earl 

Thorney  (Northants),  Abbey  of, 

344" 
Thorney  (Northants),  Abbot  of, 

344*2 

Tochi,  319*2 
Toli,  326*2,  326* 
Tonna,  302*1 
Tonne,  324* 
Tosti,  339*2 
Toti,  339*1 
Turbern,  327* 

Turbern  a  free  man,  310*,  313*2 
Turchil,  283 
Turchil    (Thurkill)   of   Warwick 

and  Arden,  275,  276,  277,  278, 

279,  283,  284,  286,  288,  289, 
293,  295,  299,  300*2,  306*2,  318*2, 
318*,  319*2,  319*,  320*2,  320*, 
321*2,  321*,  322*.  322*,  323*2, 

52 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


323*,  324*,  3243,  325*,  333*3, 

334^   343*.   344*>   *****  274. 
277, 278,  283,  309*1,  311*,  3120, 

343" 

Turchil '  batoc,'  3326 

Turchil,  King  Edward's  steers- 
man, 290 

Turgot,  343*,  and  note 

Turi,  32511 

Turstin,  327* 

Ufa,  Sheriff  of  Warwickshire,  274 

— ,  son  of,  274 
Ulchetel,  3224 
Ulf,  316*,  321*3 
Ulfchetel,  315* 
Ulmar,  338* 
Ulnod,  321* 
Ulsi,  322*3,  324,1 
Ulstan,  322*.   See  also  Worcester, 

Bishop  of 
Ulviet,  340*3 
Ulvric,  321*,  322*3,  322*,  324*, 

337" 

Ulvrics,  two,  320*2 
Ulward  a  free  man,  311*3 
Ulwi,  3236 
Ulwin,   307*,   3080,  318*2,  322*3, 

324*,  3293,  332*,  335,1,  340^, 

344*,     See  also  Olwin 
Ulwin  (Wulfwine),  a  monk,  276, 

306* 

Untain,  319*  and  note 
Untoni',  325^ 
Urfer,  279,  3306 
Urse,     303*2,     338*3.     See     also 

Abetot  de 

Veci,  Robert  de,  279,  3006,  33 ib 
Wadard,  287,  303*,  note  3184 


Waga  a  thegn,  284,  328*1,   328$, 

329*2,  330*,  note  284 
Waleran,  308* 
Waleran, '  venator  '  of  Hants  and 

Wilts,  281 
Wallef    (Waltheof),    284,    314*, 

3'S".  315* 
Walter,  308*7,  314*1,  318*1,  327*?, 

337*.  339" 
Walter,  Abbot  of  Evesham.     See 

Evesham 

Waltheof.     See  Wallef 
Warin,  306*?,  316*,  324*,  329* 
Warwick,  burgesses  of,  290,  300, 

325* 
Warwick,  Church  of  St.  Maiy  at, 

275,  324* 

Warwick,  Henry,  Earl  of,  277 

Warwick,  Roger,  Earl  of,  279 
Warwick,  Thomas,  Earl  of,  note 

313*1 
Warwick,  William,  Earl  of,  278, 

note  277 
Warwick,  Earldom  of,  notes  312*3, 

340* 

Wazelin,  327*3,  327* 
Wichig  a    thegn    of     the     king, 

342* 

Wiching,  333^,  342*? 
Wigot,  275,  307*2 
William,  307*,  316*3,  320*3,  323*3, 

3266,  330*3,  334*3,  335$,  338*, 

339" 

William  son  of  Ansculf  (de  Pic- 
quigny),  280,  284,  295,  300*, 
332*2,  332*,  344*,  note  309*3 

William  the  Conqueror,  272,  273, 

276,  281,  283,  287,  288,  290, 
291,    296,    300*3,    301*3,    301*, 
302*3,  303*3,  303^,  307*3,  308*, 
309*,  310*3,  318*3,  320*3,  323*, 


325*,  327*,  328*3,  331*3,  331*, 
332*3,  332*,  334*3,  335*1,  335*, 

337",  337*.  33^,  339".  339*. 

340*3,  340*,  341*1,  341*,  342*3, 

342*,  343* 
William  son  of  Corbucion,  278, 

280,  284,  289,  292,  293,  299, 

300*,  325*3,  332*,  333*3,  333*, 

334*3,  334*,  note  323* 
William   son    of   Malger,    344*, 

note  309*3 
Winchcombe       [Wincelcumbe], 

Abbey  of,  275,  300*3,  306* 
Wirce,  Geoffrey  de  [Geoffrey  de 

la    Guerche],    273,    275,    276, 

280,  283,  284,  286,  299,   300*, 

3°9*.  335*.  336",  336*,  337". 

note  309*3 
Wirce,  Geoffrey  de,  wife  of.    See 

jElfgifu 
Wlf,  344* 
Wlfstan.  See  Worcester,  Bishop 

of 

Wlgar,  314* 
Wlsi,  323* 
Wlstan,  322* 
Worcester    [Wirecestre],    Abbey 

of,  270,  274,  275,  303*3,  and 

note 
Worcester,  Brihtheah,  Bishop  of, 

275 
Wulfstan  [Ulstan],  Bishop 

of,  273,  274,  287,  288, 289, 296, 

299,  300*3,  302*,  303*3,   343*3, 

notes  338*3,  343*3, 
Worcester,  monks  of,  274,  287, 

notes  270,  303*3 
Worcester,  Prior  of,  270 
Wulfcytel,  284 
Wulfric,  284 
Wulfwine.     See  Ulwin 


Abbot's  Salford.     See  Salford 
'  Aderestone.  '     See     Atherstone 

juxta  Mere  vale 
Adlingfleet  (Yorks),  283 
Alcester,  286 

'  Aldulvestreu.'     See  Austrey 
Alne,  Great  [Alne],  3066 
'  Alnodestone.'     See  Aylestone 
Alspath    [Ailespede],    273,  309*, 

and  note 

'  Altone.'     See  Hatton  (?) 
Alveston   [Alveston,    Alvestone], 

270,  287,  289,  292,  302*,  and 

note 

Amcotts  (Lines.),  282,  283 
Amington  ?  [Ermendone],  332* 
Ansley  [Hanslei],  309* 
Ansty  (Anestie],  309* 
'  Apleford.'    See  Hopsford 
Arden's  Grafton.    See  Grafton 
'  Ardreshille.'    See  Hartshill 


PLACE   NAMES 

Arlescote  ?  [Orlavescote,  Wer- 
lavescote],  270,  275,  277,  314*3, 
317*3,  notes  312*3,  314*3 

Arrow  in  Bidford  [Arue],  274, 
303*,  and  note 

Ashow  [Asceshot],  323*3.  See 
also  Bericote 

Astley  [Estleia],  315*,  and  note. 
See  also  Souley  End 

Aston  juxta  Birmingham  [Estone] 
273,  292,  332*3,  and  note.  See 
also  Witton 

Aston  Cantlow  [Estone],  273, 
285,  338*3,  and  note.  See  also 
Newnham 

Atherstone  juxta  Merevale  [Ad- 
erestone], 273,  309* 

Atherstone  on  Stour  [Edrice- 
stone],  290,  292,  303*,  note 
328*.  See  also  Aylastone 

Austrey  [Aldulvestreu],  276, 
410 


280,    306*,    327*,    340*3,   note 

34°* 

Avon  Dassett.     See  Dassett 
Axholme,  Isle  of  (Lines.),  283 
Aylestone      in     Atherstone-on- 

Stour    [Alnodestone],      340*3, 

notes  280,  340*3 

Baddesley  Clinton,  note  320*1 

Baddesley  Ensor  ?  [Bedeslei],  284, 
320*3,  and  note 

Baginton  [Badechitone],  294, 295, 
323*3,  note  320*3 

Barby  (Northants),  269 

Barcheston  [Berricestone,  Berri- 
cestune],  333*,  342* 

Barcheston  [Bedricestone,  Beri- 
ceston,  Berricestone,  Berrices- 
tune]  Hundred,  now  part  of 
Kineton,  293,  294,  313*3,  317*, 
329*3,  329*.  330*3,  333*,  337*, 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


339,2,  342*,  notes  318,2,  335*, 

337" 
Barford    [Bereford,    Bereforde], 

270,  285,  292,  334,2,  338* 

'Barlichway'  Hundred,  294,  notes 
302 b,  3043,  306,2,  3073,  312*, 
317*,  318,2,  326*,  328$,  330,2, 
331,2,  332,2,  338,2,  338*.  See 
also  Fernecumbe,  Pathlow 

Barnacle  in  Bulkinglon  [Bern- 
hangre],  3164,  and  note 

Barston  f  [Bercestone,  Bertane- 
stone],  288,  295,  296,  320,2, 
331*.  343*.  notes  319*,  343* 

Barton  on  the  Heath  [Bertone], 
329* 

Bearley  [Burlei],  290,  33 1  a,  334* 
and  note 

Beausale  [Beoshelle],  303*,  notes 
318,2,  340* 

'  Bedeslei.'     See  Baddesley  Ensor 

'  Bedricestone.'     See  Barcheston 

Bedworth  [Bedeword],  273,  292, 
315*,  and  note 

'  Beninton.'    See  Binton 

Benlley  [Benechelie],  286,  3366 

Bereford.'     See  Barford 

Bericote    in    Ashow    [Bericote], 

324* 

Berkswell  [Berchewelle]  (North- 
ants),  295,  314*,  343*,  344* 
'  Bernhangre.'       See     Barnacle 
'  Berricestone.'     See  Barcheston 
'  Bertanestone.'    See  Barston 
Bickenhill,  Church  ?  [Bichehelle], 
318*,  and  note.    See  also  King- 
ton,  Marston  Green 
Bickenhill,  Middle  ?  [Bichehelle], 
318*,  and  note.    See  also  King- 
ton,  Marston  Green. 
Bickmarsh    [Bichemerse],     274, 

341* 
Bidford   [Bedeford],    270,    304*2. 

See  also  Arrow,  Broom 
Biggin  ?  [Holme],  291,  322*,  and 

note.     See  also  Newton. 
Billesley  [Billeslei],  290,  326* 
Bilton  [Beltone,  Bentone],  307*, 

322,2,  and  note 
Binley  [Bilnei,  Bilveie],  284,  288, 

304*,  323*,  and  notes 
Binton     [Beninton,     Benintone, 

Benitone],    292,    334*,    337*, 

338* 
Birdingbury[Berdingeberie,  Der- 

bingerie],  284,  285,  294,  295, 
304*,  321^,  note  304* 

Birmingham  [Bermingeham], 
332*.  See  also  Aston 

'  Biscopesberie.'     See  Bushbury 

Bishop's  Hampton.  See  Hamp- 
ton, Bishop's 

Bishop's  Itchington.  See  Itching- 
ton,  Bishop's 

Bishop's  Tachbrook.  See  Tach- 
brook 


Bloxham  (Oxf.),  note  303,2 
'  Bochintone.'    See  Bulkington 
Bomelau  Hundred,  now  part  of 
Knightlow,    293,    294,    309*, 
309*,  315*,  327*,  328,2,  331*, 
332*,  335*.  341*.  notes  Il6a> 

337" 

'  Bortone.'  See  Burton  Hast- 
ings 

Bourton  on  Dunsmore  [Bortone], 
270,  314,1 

Bradley  Hundred  (Glouc.),  275 

Brailes  [Brailes].  273,  293,  301* 

Bramcote  in  Bulkington  [Bran- 
cote],  284,  3094,  341*,  and  note 

'  Brancote,'  329,1.  See  also  Bram- 
cote 

Brandon  [Brandune],  323* 

Brewood  (Staffs).  See  Chilling- 
ton 

Bridgenorth  (Shrops.),  295,  note 
308* 

Brinklow  Leet  or  Liberty,  note 

294.  See  also  Bomelau 
Broadwas    (Wore.),  Church   at, 

note  292 

Broom  in  Bidford  [Brome],  for- 
merly King's  Broom  and  Bar- 
nell's  Broom,  274,  288,  304*2, 
and  note 

Brownsover  [Gaura],  284,  295, 
336*,  note  309,2 

Bubbenhall  [Bubenhalle],  270, 
329,7 

Budbrooke  [Budebroc],  273,  289, 

332« 
Bulkington     [Bochintone],     284, 

315,2,    note   315*.       See     also 

Barnacle,  Bramcote 
'  Burlei.'  See  Bearley 
Burmington  [Burdintone],  295, 

328,2 

BurnelPs  Broom.     See  Broom 
Burton  Dassett.     See  Dassett 
Burton  Hastings  [Bortone],  327,3 
Bushbury  [Biscopesberie]  (Staffs.) 

295,  332*.     See  also  Essington 
Butler's  Marston.    See  Marston 

Butler 

Cainhoe  (Beds),  280,  note  340* 
Caldecote  in  Grandborough  [Cal- 

decote],  320*,  3224,  note  320* 
Caldecote      juxta     Weddington 

[Caldecote],  302,1 
Cannock  Chase,  281 
Cawston  in  Dunchurch  [Calve- 

stone],  320*,  321,7 
'  Celboldestone.'    See  Edgbaston 
'  Celitone.'     See  Shuttington 
'  Celverdestoche.'     See    Chilvers 

Colon 

Cester's  Over  ?     See  Over 
Chadshunt  [Cedeleshunte],   270, 

305* 

Charlecote  [Cerlecote],  291,  312* 
411 


'  Chenevertone.'    See  Kinwarton 
Chesterton   [Cestedone,   Cestre- 

tone],  285,  306,2,  327*,  342*, 

notes  281,  312,7 
Chesterton    [Cestedone,    Cestre- 

tone],  Church  of,  281 
Chesterton,  Little,  now  Kingston 

[Cestreton],    276,     277,     288, 

325*  ,  notes  289,  325* 
Chillington  in  Brewood  (Staffs) 

[Cillentone],  295,  335* 
Chilvers  Colon  [Celverdestoche], 

339" 

'  Chinesberie.'  See  Kingsbury 
'  Chinewrde.'  See  Kenilworlh 
'  Chircheberie.'  See  Kirby, 

Monk's 
Church  Bickenhill.     See  Bicken- 

hill 

Church  Lawford.  See  Lawford 
Churchover  ?  [Wara,  Waura, 

Waure],  295,  309*,  323,2,  3283, 

note  309,2.     See    also   Cester's 

Over 

'  Cintone.'     See  Kington 
Claverdon      [Claverdone],      292, 

312*.  See  also  Kington 
Clifford  (Glouc.),  note  330,2 
Clifford,  Ruin  [Cliforde],  330,2, 

and  note 
Clifton  on  Dunsmore  [Cliptone], 

296,  305,2,  308*,  note  322* 
Clopton  [Clotone],  330* 
'  Cobintone.'     See  Cubbington 
'  Coctune.'     See  Coughton 
Colchester  (Essex),  272 
Coleshill  [Coleshelle],  270,  301* 
Coleshill    [Coleshelle]    Hundred, 

now  in  Hemlingford,  294,  302,2, 

3043,  306*,  308*,  309*,  313*, 

318,2,  327,2,  327*,  331,2,  339,2, 

340*,   342*,  notes  3023,   3186, 

319,2,  319*,  325,2,  327*,  3333, 

336*,  340*,  343* 
'  Colvestan.'     See  Cuttlestone 
Combe  Fields,  note  309,2 
Compton,  Fenny  [Contone],  270, 

312,7,  317,2,  324,2,  note  311* 
Compton,  Long  [Cuntone],  285, 

3356,  note  31  la. 
Compton  Scorfen    [Little   Con- 

tone],  329*,  notes  311*,  31  ^a, 

329* 
329*  Compion   Scorpion  [Con- 

tone],  note  3  1  la 
Compton      Verney,       formerly 

Compton  Murdak  [Conlone], 

270,   31  la,   324*,   notes   31  la, 


Compton  Wyniales     [Conlone], 

329*,  notes  31  la,  312,7 
Corley  [Cornelie],  343,2,  and  note 
Colon  End  near  Warwick  [Cotes], 

273,  279,  290,  291,  292,  301* 
Coughton  [Coctune],  290,   3250, 

notes  291,  307,2 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Coundon  [Condelme,  Condone], 

3054,  333*,  and  note 
Coventry  [Coventreu],  286,  294, 

31012 

Cromer  (Norf.),  283 
Cubbington  [Cobintone,  Cubin- 

tone],  279,  305*1,  316*,  327*, 

note  3050 

Curd  worth  [Credeworde],  3184 
Cuttlestone  [Colvestan,  Cudulv- 

estan]  Hundred  (Staffs),  295, 

332*,  334* 

Dassett,  Avon  [Derceto],  270, 
3io4  andwote 

Dassett  (Burton)  [Dercetone], 
270,  339*,  and  note 

'  Derbingerie.'     See  Birdingbury 

'Dercelai.'  See  Dosthill  in  Kings- 
bury 

Ditchford  Frary  [Dicford],  3296, 
note  279 

Donnele  f  in  Hatton  [Donnelie], 

292,  313*2,  and  note 
Dorsington,    Little    [Dorsitone], 

274,  338*3,  and  note 

Dosthill  ?  in  Kingsbury  [Derce- 
lai], 3196,  and  note 

Drayton,  274 

Droitwich  (Wore.)  [Wich],  292, 

293,  334*.  337*.  note  292 
Dudley  Castle  (Wore.),  280 
Dunchurch     [Donecerce],     270, 

3384.     See  also  Cawston 
Dunsmore.  See  Bourton,  Clifton, 
Ryton,  Stretton 

Eatington,    Upper    and    Lower 

[Etendone],  270,  281,  282,  285, 

3246,   326*,   327*,   343*,   note 

312*1 

'  Ecleshelle.'     See  Exhall 
'  Edburberie.'     See  Harbury 
'  Edelmitone.'  See  Ilmington  and 

Tidmington 
Edgbaston  [Celboldestone],  3324, 

and  note 
'  Edricestone.'     See     Atherstone 

on  Stour  and  Edstone 
Edstone     in     Wootton     Wawen 

[Edricestone],   328*,  and  note 
Elmdon  [Elmedone],  319*1 
Ely,  Isle  of  (Camb.),  290 
'  Epeslei.'     See  Ipsley 
'  Eptone.'    See  Napton 
'  Erburberie.'   See  Harbury 
Erdington     [Hardintone],      273, 

292,  332*2 

'  Ermendone.'    See  Amington 
Essington  in  Bushbury  [Esenin- 

getone]  (Staffs),  295,  332* 
'  Estleia.'     See  Astley 
'  Estone.'    See  Aston 
'  Etelincote.'    See  Idlicote 
'  Etone.'    See  Nuneaton 
Evesham  (Wore.),  274 


Ewyas  Harold  Castle  (Heref.),  280 
Exhall  [Ecleshelle],  334*1,  and  note 

Farnborough  [Ferneberge],  302*1, 

note  339*1 
'  Feniniwebold.'      See  Newbold 

Revel 

Fenny  Compton.     See  Compton 
Fernecumbe  Hundred,  293,  294, 

303*,  306*1,  306*,  312*,  325*1, 

330*7,  328*,  334*1,  335*2,  337*, 

338*,  339*.  34°a>  341*.  *<"« 
303*,  306*,  307*1,  317*,  333*, 
334*2,  340*,  341*1.  See  also 
'  Barlichway ' 

Fexhole  Hundred,  now  part  of 
Kineton,  294,  301*1,  305*, 
326*1,  328* 

Fillongley  [Felingelei,  Filinge- 
lei,  Filunger],  292,  295,  304*?, 
331*2,  342*,  note  304*2 

Flecknoe  in  Wolfhamcote  [Fle- 
chenho,  Flechenoc],  288,  296, 
303*1,  321*,  342*,  343*2,  note 
303*1 

Foleshill  [Focheshelle],  309* 

Frankton  [Franchetone],  307*, 
314*2,  note  307* 

Fulbrook  [Fulebroc],  312*,  and 
note 

Fulready  [Fulrei],  324*,  notes 
312*2,  343*1.  See  also  Eating- 
ton 

'  Gaura.'     See  Brownsover 

Gloucester,  272 

Grafton,  Arden's  i  [Graston], 
334*2,  and  note 

Grafton,  Temple  [Grastone], 
338*,  and  note.  See  also  Hill- 
borough 

Grandborough  [(G)ranberge, 
Greneberge],  294,  304*,  341*, 
and  note.  See  also  Caldecote 
'  Grastone.'  See  Temple  Graf- 
ton 

Gravesend  Hundred  (North- 
ants),  344*2 

Great  Alne.     See  Alne 

Great  Harborough.  See  Har- 
borough 

Great  Wolford.     See  Wolford 

Grendon  [Grendone],  327*2 

Hampton  in  Arden  [Hantone], 
336*,  and  note 

Hampton,  Bishop's  [Hantone], 
289,  291,  302*,  and  note 

Hampton  Lucy.  See  Hampton, 
Bishop's 

'Hanslei.'     See  Ansley 

'  Hantone.'  See  Bishop's  Hamp- 
ton 

Harborough,  Great  and  Little  ? 
[Herdeberge],  341*,  343*,  note 
341* 

412 


Harbury    [Edburberie,     Erbur- 
berie, Erburgeberie],  286,  291, 
295.  305*.  310",  323*2,  327*2, 
335*2,  note  $ija 
Hardwick,       Prior's,       [Herde- 

wicke],   270,   305*,   and  note 
'  Hardintone.'    See  Erdington 
Hartshill  [Ardreshille],  309* 
Haseley  [Haseleia],  340*2 
Haselor    [Haseloue],    285,    286, 

293,  340*2,  and  note.     See  also 

Upton 

Hasledon  (Glouc.),  279 
Hatton  ?    [Altone],    340*,    notes 

303*,  340*.     See  also  Beausale, 

Donnele 

Haxey  (Lines),  283 
Hemlingford  Hundred,  294,  notes 

304*2,  325*,  332*2,  343*2.    See 

also  Coleshill 

'  Herdeberge.'     See  Harborough 
Hill  [Hille],  276,  277,  288,  306*2, 

and  note 
Hillborough  [Hildebereurde,  Hil- 

deborde],     292,     337*,     338*, 

note  337* 
Hillmorton  [Mortone],  3254,342*2, 

notes  314*,  342*2 
Hodnell  [Hodenelle,  HodenheUe], 

314*,  3214,  333*2,  note  314* 
'  Holehale.'     See  Ullenhall 
'  Holme.'    See  Biggin,  Newton 
Holywell  (Oxf.),  note  291 
Honesberie,     Onesberie,     Hun- 
dred,  now  part  of   Kineton, 

270,  293,  294,  302*2,  305*,  306*2, 

309*,  316*,  324*2,  3354,  3394, 

342*2,  notes  312*2,  3244,  339*2 
Honiley,  note  3 1 3*2 
Honington  [Hunitone],  3054,  note 

301*2 
Hopsford  [Apleford],  284,  337*2, 

and  note 
Hunningham         [Huningeham], 

333*,  333*,  and  note 

'  Icentone.'        See     Itchington, 

Long 
'  Icetone.'          See      Itchington, 

Bishop's 
Idlicote   [Etelincote],    328*,  and 

note 

'  Illintone.'     See  Lillington 
Ilmington     [Edelmitone,     lime- 
done],   295,   313*2,   3174,  note 

3ii4 

Ipsley  [Epeslei],  273,  3384 
Ipswich,  272 
Itchington,    Bishop's    [Icetone], 

270,  3054 
Itchington,     Long    [Icentone], 

281,  341*2 

Jabbett.     See  Marston 
Kenilworth    [Chinewrde],    270, 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


281,  294,  295,  302*7,  notes  3016, 

3020 

Kilsby,  269 
Kineton  or  Kington  [Quintone], 

270,  291,  30 1  a 
Kineton    Hundred,     294,    notes 

303*,  3o6a,  310*1,  310*,  312*, 

317*,  318*,  3220,  326*,  339*, 

3424 
Kineton    Hundred.        See    also 

Barcheston,    Fexhole,    Hones- 

berie  and  Tremelau 
Kington  juxta  Claverdon  [Cin- 

tone],  3133,  note  291 
Kington  or  Kingsford  in  Bicken- 

hill    and    Solihull    [Cintone], 

333" 

King's  Broom.     See  Broom 
Kingsbury     [Chinesberie],  309*. 

See  also  Dosthill 

Kingston.   See  Chesterton,  Little 
Kinwarton  [Chenevertone],  282, 

307" 
Kirby,     Monk's    [Chircheberie], 

269,  275,  335*,  3364,  note  309* 
Kirby,    Monk's     [Chircheberie], 

Church  of  St.  Mary  and  St. 

Denis,  275 

Knightcote  in  Dassett,  note  339* 
Knightlow  Hundred,   294,  notes 

3034,  307*,  3106,  314*,  3155, 

315*.  3'7" 

Knightlow  Hundred.  See  also 
Bomelau,  Meretone  and  Stone- 
leigh 

Ladbroke  [Lodbroc,  Lodbroch], 
278,  286,  291,  316*,  320*,  321*1, 
321*,  326* 

'  Lamintone.'      See  Leamington 
'  Langedone.'    See  Longdon 
Langley  [Longelei],  33 1  a 
Lapworth  [Lapeforde],  275,  326*7, 

note  287 
Lawford,    Church    [Leileforde], 

270,  307*,  note  33612 
Lawford,  Little.    See  Lawford, 

Long 

Lawford,  Long  [Lelleford,  Lille- 
ford],  270,  3230,  336* 

Leake  (Notts),  283 

Lea-Marston.     See  Marston 

Leamington-Hastings  [Lunni- 
tone],  339* 

Leamington  Prior's  [Lamin- 
tone], 3074 

Lechlade  (Glouc.),  282 

Leicester,  269 

'  Leth.'    See  Marston,  Lea- 

Lichfield  (Staffs),  273 

Lighthorne  [Listecorne],  270, 
292,  335* 

Lillington  [Illintone,  Lillin- 
tone],  291,  316*7,  323* 

Little  Chesterton.  See  Chester- 
ton 


Little  Compton.     See  Compton 
Little  Dorsington.    See  Dorsing- 

ton 
Little  Harborough.       See  Har- 

borough 

Little  Lawford.     See  Lawford 
Little  Pillerton.       See  Pillerton 

Priors 

Little  Wolford.     See  Wolford 
'  Lodbroc.'    See  Ladbroke 
Long  Compton.     See  Compton 
Longdon    in     Solihull     [Lange- 
done], 3194 

'  Longelei.'     See  Langley 
Long  Itchington.   See  Itchington 
Long  Lawford.     See  Lawford 
Lower  Eatington.      See  Eating- 
ton 

Lower  Woodcote.  See  Wood- 
cote 

Loxley    [Lochesham,  Locheslei], 
274,    303*,    317*,    327*,   notes 
302*,  3033 
Luddington     [Luditone],     274, 

317*. 

'  Lunnitone.'     See  Leamington 
Lyndon,  note  333*7 

'  Machitone  '    See  Maxstoke 

Malmesbury  [Malmesberie],  290 

Mappleborough  in  Studley 
[Mepelberge],  333* 

Marston  Butler  (now  Butler's 
Marston)  [Mersetone],  270, 
325*,  notes  289,  319*7 

Marston  Green  in  Bickenhill 
[Merstone],  3194 

Marston  Hall,  note  319* 

Marston  Jabbett  [Merstone], 
286,  315*  and  note 

Marston,  Lea-  [Merston,  Mer- 
stone, Leth],  328*2,  331*7,  331*, 
notes  319*,  331* 

Marston  juxta  Wolston  I  [Mer- 
stone], 291,  3232 

Marton  ?  [Mortone],  314*,  3154, 
notes  314^,  342*7 

Marton  Leet,  note  294.  See  also 
Meretone  Hundred 

Maxstoke  [Machitone],  319*7, 
and  note 

Mereton  [Marton]  Hundred, 
now  part  of  Knightlow,  293, 
294,  303*,  304*,  306*7,  308*, 
316*7,  318*,  321*1,  333*,  336*. 

338",  339*.  34Ia>  341*.  342*. 
notes  305,1,  307*,  314*,  3204, 
320*,  325*,  333*,  3414 

Meriden.     See  Alspath 

Middle  Bickenhill.  See  Bicken- 
hill 

Middleton  [Mideltone,  Milden- 
tone],  325*,  343*7 

Milcote  [Melecote],  274,  33811, 
note  274 

Mildentone  (Beds),  note  343* 

413 


Milverton  [Malvertone],  310* 
Minworth    [Meneworde],  318* 
Miserden  (Glouc.),  280 
'  Moitone.'     See  Myton 
Mollington  [Mollitone],  270,  295, 

3394,  note  280 
Monk's  Kirby.     See  Kirby 
Morcton  Morrell  [Mortone],  270, 


'  Morton.'     See  Hillmorton 
Morton  Bagot  [Mortone],  3304 
'  Mortone.'    See    Norton-Lind- 

sey 

'  Muitone.'    See  Myton 
'  Musardere  La  '  Castle  (Glouc.), 

280 
Myton  [Muitone,  Moitone],  273, 

286,    288,    310*7,    324*,    324*, 

note  280 

Nantwich  (Ches),  292 

Napton  [Eptone,  Neptone],  284, 

314*,  321*7,  322* 
Nether  Shuckburgh.    See  Shuck- 

burgh 

Nether  Whitacre.     See  Whitacre 
Newbold-on-Avon     [Newebold], 

336* 
Newbold     Comyn     [Niwebold], 

270,  276,  306*,  317*7 
Newbold  Pacey  [Niwebold],  339*, 

note  317* 
Newbold  Revel  [Feniniwebold], 

336* 
Newnham    in     Aston     Cantlow 

[Neweham],  306* 
Newnham    Paddox    [Niweham], 

337" 

Newnham  Regis,  note  337*1 
Newton   [Niwetone],  291,  322* 
Norton-Lindsey  ?        [Mortone], 

330*,  and  note 
Norwich,  272 
Nuneaton  ?  [Etone],  308*,  3254 

'  Octeselve.'     See  Oxhill 
Offord  in  Wootton  Wawen  [Offe- 

worde],  270,  292,  328*,  331*7 
'  Onesberie  '    Hundred.  See 

Honesberie 
'  Optone,'   286,    294,  295,  301*, 

and     note.     See    also     Upton 

juxta  Haselor 
Optonegrave  Wapentake  (North- 

ants),  344* 

'  Orlavescote.'  See  Arlescote 
Oswaldslaw  (Wore.),  note  287 
Over  [Wavre]  (Northants),  295, 

344*,  note  309*1 
Over,  Cester's  [Wara],  295,  337*7, 

note  309*1 
Over  Pillerton.       See  Pillerton 

Priors 
Overs,  The.       See  Brownsover, 

Cester's  Over,  Churchover 
Oversley  [Overslei],  317* 


A    HISTORY    OF    WARWICKSHIRE 


Over  Whitacre.    See  Whitacre 
Oxford,  272 

Oihill,    [Octeselve],    3260,   note 
JOU 

Packington  [Pa ti tone],  292,  318* 

Packwood  note  326*2 

Pathlow  Liberty,  294.      See  also 

Barlichway  and  Fernecumbe 
Pathlow     [Patelau]      Hundred, 
293,    294,    302*,    317*,    3294, 
330*2,  3384.     See  also  Barlich- 
way and  Fernecumbe 
Pillerton  Hersey  or  Nether  Filler- 
ton    [Pilardetone],    325*,  and 
note 

Pillerton  Priors  [Pilardetune,  Pil- 
ardintone],  275,  279,  285,  290, 
299,  308*,  326*,  note  308* 
Plumtree  (Glouc.),  note  280 
Preston  Bagot  [Prestetone],  313*1, 

3176,  note  31  zb 

Prior's  Hardwick.     See  Hardwick 
Prior's  Marston,  note  305* 
Prior's  Salford.     See  Salford 
Puddletown  [Piretone]  (Dorset), 
273 

'  Quatercote.'    See  Whatcote 
Quatt  [Quatone]  (Shrops),   295, 

30813,  and  note 

Quinton  (Glouc.),  note  301*2 
'  Quintone.'        See   Kineton   or 

Kington 

Radbourn     [Redborne],     320*, 

note  314* 
Radford    juxta    Coventry,    note 

3*3* 
Radford  Semele  [Redeford],  270, 

278,  288,  3236,  and  note 
Radway  [Radweia,  Radwei,  Rode- 

wei],  291,  3065,  3093,  342(1 
Ratley  [Rotelei],  270,  324*3 
Richard's  Castle,  280,  288,  notes 

288,  339* 
Rinsell  [Rincele],  291,  292,  310*, 

and  note 
Romsley    [Rameslege]    (Shrops), 

295,  308*2,  and  note 
Rowington  [Rochintone],   326* 
Rudge    [Rigge]    (Shrops),    295, 

308*3,  and  note 

Rugby  [Rocheberie],  269,  3210 
Ruin  Clifford.     See  Clifford 
Ryton  on  Dunsmore  [Rietone], 

294>  29S>  3i8* 

Salford,  Abbot's  [Salford],  292, 

307" 
Salford    Priors     [Salford],    278, 

34" 

Sambourn  [Sandburne],  3074 
Sawbridge  [Salwebrige],  (North- 
ants),  295,  343*,  344,, 
'  Scotescote.'    See  Shustoke 


Seckington    [Sechintone,    Secin- 

tone],  313*,  333d 
Sherborne  [Scireburne],  3 1  ib 
Shilton  [Scelftone],  315*,  and  note 
Shipley,  near  Bridgenorth  [Scip- 

lei],  (Shrops),  295,  3084  and  note 
Shrewley   [Seruelei],    3260,   note 

34°* 
Shuckburgh,     Nether     [Soche- 

berge],  342*1,  and  note 
Shuckburgh,      Upper      [Soche- 

berge],  314*,  322*3,  and  note 
Shustoke  [Scotescote],  336* 
Shuttington  [Cetitone],  296,  313* 
Smercote  [Smerecote],  315*,  and 

note 

Smite  [Smitham],  309*3,  and  note 
Snitterfield  [Snitefeld],  312* 
Solihull     [Ulverlei],     273,     292, 

340*,   341*3.      See  also   King- 
ton,  Longdon 
Souley  (End)  [Soulege),  292, 315*, 

and  note 
Southam    [Sucham],    292,  305*?, 

and  note 

Southampton,  280 
Sowe    [Sowa],    291,    292,    305*3, 

342*1 

Spernall  [Spernore],  292,  335*2 
Spilsbury     [Spelesberie]     (Oxf.), 

29S.  3°3" 

'  Stanlei,'  316*3.  See  also  Stone- 
leigh 

Stoneleigh  [Stanlei],  270,  281, 
294,  295,  301*2,  302*2,  note  291 

Stoneleigh  [Stanlei,  Stanleie] 
Hundred,  now  part  of  Knight- 
low,  293,  294,  304*,  307*2,  308*2, 
310*2  3186,  324*,  327*3,  327*, 
329*2,  333*,  335*2,  339*,  342*2, 
notes  305*2,  306*,  316*2,  317*2, 
323*2,  324*2 

Stoneleigh  Leet,  notes  294,  302*. 
See  also  Stoneleigh  Hundred 

Stow  [Stou]  (Bucks),  279,  note 
327* 

Stratford-on-Avon  [Stratforde], 
274,  292,  302*,  and  note 

Stretton  Baskerville  [Stratone], 
280,  332a 

Stretton  on  Dunsmore  [Stratone], 
270,  294,  295,  307* 

Stretton-on- the- Fosse  [Stratone], 
285,  337*.  339">  note  3376 

Studley  [Stodlei],  280,  293,  334*2, 
335*,  and  note.  See  also  Map- 
pleborough 

'  Sucham.'    See  Southam 

'  Surland,'  294,  304*,  and  note 

Sutton  Bonington  (Notts),  283 

Sutton  Coldfield  [Sutone],  273, 
292,  301* 

Tachbrook,  Bishop's  [Tacesbroc, 
Taschebroc],  273,  295,  302*2, 
317*2,  and  notes 

414 


Tachbrook  Mallory,  notes  302*2, 

317*2 
Tamworth  [Tameworde],     279, 

286,  301* 

Tanworth,  note  326*2 
Temple   Grafton.     See   Grafton 
Thetford  (Norf.),  272 
Thurlaston  [Torlavestone],  286, 

314*,  326*3,  and  note 
Tidmington?  [Edelmitone],  330*2, 

and  note 
Tremelau,  Tremeslau  Hundred, 

now  part  of  Kineton,  269,  293, 

294,  302*2,   303*,   305*,   308*, 

311*2,  324*,  325*,  327*,  334,2, 

335".  338*,  339*.  34°">  342* 
Tysoe  [Tiheshoche],  290,    328*, 
note  301*2 

Ufton  ?  [Ulchetone],  305* 

'  Ulfelmescote.'      See  Wolfham- 

cote 

'  Ullavintone.'     See  Willington 
Ullenhall  [Holehale],  328* 
'  Ulleries,  The,'  note  340* 
'  Uluestone,'  308*2,  and  note 
'  Ulvei.'    See  Wolvey 
'  Ulverlei.'     See  Solihull 
Ulverley  Green,  note  340* 
'  Ulvricestone.'     See  Wolston. 
'  Ulwarda.'     See  Wolford 
'  Ulwarditone.'    See  Wolverton 
Uolwarde.    See  Wolford 
Upper  Eatington.    See  Eatington 
Upper  Shuckburgh.     See  Shuck- 
burgh 

Upper  Woodcote.  See  Wood- 
cote 

Upton  juxta  Haselor  [Optone]. 
335*2,  and  note 

Walcote  [Walecote],  284,  291, 
322*2 

Walton,  now  Walton  D'Eivile 
and  Walton  Mauduit  [Wai- 
tone],  270,  311*2,  and  note 

Wappenbury  [Wapeberie],    270, 

336* 

'Wara.'  See  Caster's  Over, 
Churchover 

Warmington  [Warmintone]  310*, 
316*,  notes  312*2,   339<2 

Warwick  [Warwic(k)j,  borough  of, 
269,  272,  289,  290,  291,  299, 
300,  301*,  3026,  325*2,  3256 
327*2,  3286,  329*2,  332*2,  334* 

Warwick  [Warwic(k)],  Castle, 
277,  278 

Warwick  [Warwic(k)],  shrievalty 
of,  299,  303*2 

Wasperton  [Wasmertone],  270, 
292,  293,  306* 

'  Waura,' '  Waure.'  See  Church- 
over 

Weddington  [Watitune],  3I4*». 
See  also  Caldecote 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Wedgnock,  note  310* 

Weethley  [Wilelei],  3074 

'  Welei.'     See  Willey 

Wellesbourne  (Hastings)  [Wale- 
borne],  270,  301*2,  and  note 

Wellesbourne  Mountford.  See 
Wellesbourne  (Hastings) 

'  Werlauescote.'    See  Arlescote 

Weston    in    Arden    [Westone], 

315" 

Weston  under  Wetherley  [Wes- 
tone], 291,  292,  316*,  323*, 

333* 

Wetherley.     See  Weston 

Whatcote  [(Q)uatercote],  326*, 
and  note 

Whichford  [Wicford]  (North- 
ants),  295,  343*,  344*,  note 
295 

Whitacre  [Witacre]  (Northants), 

295.  343*,  344" 
Whitacre       (Nether)  ?       [Wite- 

core],   319*,    331*,   note   319* 
Whitacre     (Over)  f      [Witacre], 

327*,  note  319* 
Whitchurch    [Witecerce],    313*, 

317* 
Whitley    juxta    Henley    [Wite- 

leia  ,  3306 


Whitnash  [Witenas],   339*,  note 

317" 
Wibtoft  [Wibetot],     269,    3154, 

note  315* 

'  Wich.'     See  Droitwich 
'  Widecote.'    See  Woodcote 
Widney,  note  3194 
Wigginshall  f  [Winchicelle],  284, 

319* 
Wilebroc  Hundred  (Northants), 

344* 
'Wilelei.'     See  Weethley 

Willey  [Welei],  315*2,  note  315* 
Willington   [Ullavintone],    329*, 

337" 

Willoughby  [Wilebec,  Wilebei, 
Wilebene,  Wilebere],  284,  295, 
321*,  322*2,  322*,  325*,  note 

314* 
Wilmcote,near  Stratford,  [Wilme- 

cote],  338* 
Wilnecote,  near  Tamworth,  [Wil- 

mundecote],  286,  313* 
'  Wimelestone.'          See    Worm- 

leighton 

'  Winchicelle.'      See  Wigginshall 
'  Wirecestre.'     See  Worcester 
Wishaw  [Witscaga],  333*2 
Witton  in  Aston  [Witone],  332*1 


Wixford    [Witelavesford],     274, 

292,  306* 
Wolfhamcote  ?       [Ulfelmescote, 

Wlfesmescot],  284,  291,  318*, 

320*2,     note     303*1.     See     also 

Flecknoe 
Wolford,    Great  ?       [Uolwarde, 

Worwarde],   295,   328*2,   329*, 

notes  318*2,  328*1 
Wolford  Little  ?  [Ulwarda,  Ul- 

ware],  303*,  318*2,  and  notes 
Wolston     [Ulvricestone],     307*, 

note  308*2 
Wolverton    [Ulwarditone],    290, 

330*,  334*,  and  note 
Wolvey  [Ulveia],  331* 
Woodcote  [Widecote],  310*2,  316*2 
Woolscott  in  Grandborough,  note 

320* 
Wootton      Wawen      [Wotone], 

284,  292,  329*2.     See  also  Ed- 
stone,  Offord 

Worcester  [Wirecestre],  note  292 
Wormleighton        [Wimelestone, 

Wimenestone,    Wimerestone], 

295,    316*,    324*,    335*,   notes 

311*,  312*2 

Yelvertoft  (Northants),  269 


415 


DA 
670 
W3V6 
v.l 


The  Victoria  history  of  the 
county  of  Warwick 


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