Full text of "The Victoria history of Berkshire"

JFoi

FOUNDED BY

GOLDWlN SMITH
HARRIETS.M1TH

1901

Dfctoda Ibfstot^ of the
Counties of

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

A HISTORY OF
BERKSHIRE

VOLUME I

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTIES
OF ENGLAND

BERKSHIRE

LONDON

ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE

AND COMPANY LIMITED

This History is issued to Subscribers only

By Archibald Constable fcf Company Limited

and printed by Butler & Tanner of

Frame and London

INSCRIBED

TO THE MEMORY OF

HER LATE MAJESTY

QUEEN VICTORIA

WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE

THE TITLE TO AND

ACCEPTED THE

DEDICATION OF

THIS HISTORY

THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY

His GRACE THE LORD ARCH- SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D.,

BISHOP OF CANTERBURY LL.D., F.S.A., ETC. F.S.A.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., COL. DUNCAN A. JOHNSTON, C.B.,

BEDFORD, K.G. LL.D., F.R.S., ETC. R ' E ' .

President of the Zoological Society La " Director General of the Ordnance

TT _ _ _, SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, Survey

His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVON- trr>nr\r>TTTni?CAn T?T> T AT A

j^ Q K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,r.s.A., PROF. E.RAY LANKESTER, M.A.,

, ' / ', ',, . rr . , ., ETC. Director of the British Museum F.R.S.. ETC.

Chancellor of the university of Cambridge

,, ,-, n HIT Director of the Natural History

His GRACE THE DUKE OF SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, Museum, South Kensington

RUTLAND, K.G. I ^ C ' V B -' Kl 2 /' ^ v / REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A.

Present of the Royal Geographical c; mWj;> Lecturer in Dip

His GRACE THE DUKE OF
PORTLAND, K.G.

Society

Oxford

_. .
D,phmaUl t

SIR HENRY C. MAXWELL-LYTE, I. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., ETC. WALTER RYE

ARGYLL, K.T. Keeper of the Public Records

W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A.
THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF SIR Jos. HOOKER, G.C.S.I., M.D., Assistant Secretary of the Society of

ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T. D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC. Antiquaries

THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF SlR ARCHIBALD G E IK IE, LL.D., Amon 8 the original members of
COVENTRY F R S ETC Council were

President of the Royal Agricultural THE LATE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY

Society REV. . CHARLES Cox. LL.D., , T-> T /-

~ ., Vc- A THE LATE DR. MANDELL CREIGH-

THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT F.S.A., ETC.

...

TON, BISHOP OF LONDON

President of the Society of Anti- LlONEL CuST - M- V -O-, M.A., THE LATE DR. S T UBBS, BlSHOP OF

r.S.A., ETC. OXFORD

Dinctoref 'the National Portrait Gallery TH LATE LQRD ACTON

H FIPTH M A T T Fi r. ir r>

n. f TH, 1V1.A., L.L..U. ^HE LATE SlR WlLLIAM FLOWER

Regius Professor of Modern History. _ ,,

Oxford THE LATE PROFESSOR F. YORK

L G Gt]tiTK ^ M ^ POWELL

M.D., F.R.S., Pn.D. THE LATE COL. SIR J. FAROJJHAR-

Late President of the Linnean Society SON, K.C.B.

yuaries
THE RT. HON. THE LORD LISTER

Late President of the Royal Society
THE RT. HON. THE LORD

ALVERSTONE, G.C.M.G.

Lord Chief Justice

THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,

M.P.

General Editor : WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT

The VICTORIA HISTORY of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey
which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history,
and archjeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it
a worthy and permanent monument to her memory.

Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been
no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form.

Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare
and costly; most of them are imperfect, and many are now out of date. Moreover they were
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal adequately
with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history.

vil

In the VICTORIA HISTORY each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of many,
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar
undertakings.

The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a
guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department
of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past
and of the social, institutional and political developments of national life. As these histories
are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is
hoped that they will iform a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than
welcome to the man of culture.

THE SCOPE OF THE WORK

The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social
and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private
papers. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public
records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet
far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local
institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain
for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political,
ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and
social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to
generation. The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact
that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is
directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research.
The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con-
tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that although an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire
absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto
robbed the results of much of their value.

In the VICTORIA HISTORY, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our
national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising
the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts
has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are
fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among
workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information
is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible.

THE RECORDS COMMITTEE

SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, K.C.B. C. T. MARTIN, B.A., F.S.A.

SIR HENRY MAXWELL-LYTE, K.C.B. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.

W. J. HARDY, F.S.A. S. R. SCARGILL-BIRD, F.S.A.

F. MADAN, M.A. W. H. STEVENSON, M.A.

F. MAITLAND, M.A., F.S.A. G. F. WARNER, M.A., F.S.A.

viii

FAMILY HISTORY

Family History is, both in the Histories and in the supplementary genealogical volumes
of chart Pedigrees, dealt with by genealogical experts and in the modern spirit. Every effort
is made to secure accuracy of statement, and to avoid the insertion of those legendary
pedigrees which have in the past brought discredit on the subject. It has been pointed out
by the late Bishop of Oxford, a great master of historical research, that ' the expansion and
extension of genealogical study is a very remarkable feature of our own times,' that ' it is an
increasing pursuit both in America and in England,' and that it can render the historian most
useful service.

CARTOGRAPHY

In addition to a. general map in several sections, each History contains Geological,
Orographical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps ; also maps illustrating the
articles on Ecclesiastical and Political Histories and the sections dealing with Topography.
The Series contains many hundreds of maps in all.

ARCHITECTURE

A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other
monastic foundations.

In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture,
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. PEERS, M.A.,
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work :

ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE

J. BILSON, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A.

R. BLOMFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. KNOWLES, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. J. T. MICKLETHWAITE, F.S.A.

PROF. BALDWIN BROWN, M.A. ROLAND PAUL, F.S.A.

ARTHUR S. FLOWER, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.

GEORGE E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. PERCY G. STONE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

J. A. GOTCH, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. THACKERAY TURNER

GENEALOGICAL VOLUMES

The genealogical volumes contain the family history and detailed genealogies of such
houses as had at the end of the nineteenth century seats and landed estates, having enjoyed
the like in the male line since 1760, the first year of George III., together with an intro-
ductory section dealing with other principal families in each county.

The general plan of Contents and the names among others of
those who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as
follows :

Natural History.

Geology. CLEMENT REID, F.R.S., HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S., and others
Palzontology. R. L. LYDEKKER, F.R.S., etc.

Contributions by G. A. BOULENCER, F.R.S., H. N. DIXON, F.L.S., G. C. DRUCE, M.A.,
Flora F.L.S., WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., F.L.S., HERBERT Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. I. POCOCK,

Fauna" REV. T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S.,etc., B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S.,F.R.M.S., etc.,

and other Specialists

Prehistoric Remains. SIR JOHN EVANS K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., W. BOYD DAWKINS, D.Sc., LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.S.A., GFO. CLINCH, F.G.S., JOHN GARSTANG, M.A., B.LiTT., and others
Roman Remains. F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. HERCULES READ, F.S.A., REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A., and others
Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists
Architecture. C. R. PEERS, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A., and HAROLD BRAKS?EAR,

F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A.

Ecclesiastical History. R. L. POOLE, M.A., and others

Political History. PROF. C. H. FIRTH, M.A., LL.D., W. H. STEVENSON, M.A., J. HORACE ROUND,
M.A., LL.D., PROF. T. F. TOUT, M.A., PROF. JAMES TAIT, M.A.,and A. F. POLLARD
History of Schools. A. F. LEACH, M.A., F.S.A.

Maritime History of Coast Counties. PROF. J. K. LAUGHTON, M.A., M. OPPENHEIM, and others
Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities
Agriculture. SIR ERNEST CLARKE, M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and others
Forestry. JOHN NISBET, D.OEC., and others

Industries, Arts and Manufactures )

c i j c -IT- r By Various Authorities

Social and Economic History J '

Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. CUMING and others.
Hunting "\

Shooting j- By Various Authorities
Fishing, etc.;
Cricket. HOME GORDON
Football. C. W. ALCOCK

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

BERKSHIRE

EDITED BY P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.,
AND WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

VOLUME ONE

JAMES STREET

HAYMARKET

1906

&70

V. I

Counts Committee for Berkshire

JAMES HERBERT BENYON, ESQ.

Lord Lieutenant, Chairman.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON,
K.G., G.C.V.O.

THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF DOWN-
SHIRE.

THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT BARRINGTON

THE RT. REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF OXFORD

THE RT. HON. THE LORD ARTHUR HILL, P.C.

LT.-COL. THE LORD GEORGE MURRAY PRATT

THE RT. HON. THE LORD SAVE AND SELE

THE RT. HON. THE LORD STANMORE,
K.C.M.G.

THE RT. HON. THE LORD HAVERSHAM

THE REV. SIR JOHN L. HOSKYNS, BART.

SIR ROBERT R. WILMOT, BART.

SIR CHARLES RUSSELL, BART.

SIR GEORGE YOUNG, BART.

SIR GILBERT A. CLAYTON-EAST, BART.

SIR W. CAMERON GULL, BART.

SIR ROBERT G. C. MOWBRAY, BART.

SIR FRANCIS TRESS BARRY, BART.

SIR ALEXANDER HENDERSON, BART.

SIR WALTER PALMER, BART.

SIR CHARLES LISTER RYAN K.C.B.

LT.-GEN. SIR EDWIN MARKHAM, K.C.B.

SIR WILLIAM J. FARRER, F.S.A.

THE WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF NEWBURY

THE WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF READING

W. W. ASTOR, ESQ.

EDWARD BARRY, ESQ., J.P., F.S.A.

HENRY B. BLANDY, ESQ., J.P.

THE REV. C. LOVETT CAMERON, M.A.

F. C. CARR-GOMM, ESQ., J.P.

BROMLEY CHALLONER, ESQ.

THE REV. ALAN CHEALES, M.A.

MAJOR-GEN. APSLEY CHERRY-GARRARD

THEODORE A. COOK, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.

FREDERICK COWSLADE, ESQ.

CHARLES T. D. CREWS, ESQ., F.S.A., J.P.

P. E. CRUTCHLEY, ESQ., J.P.

WILLIAM H. DUNN, ESQ., D.L., J.P.

JOHN EYSTON, ESQ., J.P.

THE REV. J. E. FIELD, M.A.

THE REV. T. FIELD, D.D., WARDEN OF

RADLEY COLLEGE
THE REV. JOHN FOOTMAN, M.A.
R. E. GOOLDEN, ESQ., F.S.A.
THE REV. H. B. GRAY, D.D., HEADMASTER

OF BRADFIELD COLLEGE
RICHARD HOLMES, ESQ., M.V.O.
JAMIESON B. HURRY, ESQ., M.D.
RUFUS ISAACS, ESQ., K.C., M.P.
CHARLES E. KEYSER, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., J.P.
A. K. LLOYD, ESQ., K.C., J.P.
WALTER MONEY, ESQ., F.S.A.
F. J. MORLAND, ESQ.
W. A. MOUNT, ESQ., J.P.
WILLIAM NIVEN, ESQ., F.S.A., J.P.
ALFRED PALMER, ESQ., J.P.
GEORGE W. PALMER, ESQ., J.P.
W. HOWARD PALMER, ESQ., J.P.
HAROLD PEAKE, ESQ.
THE REV. B. POLLOCK, D.D., HEADMASTER

OF WELLINGTON COLLEGE
THE VEN. ARCHDEACON POTT, M.A.
W. RAVENSCROFT, ESQ., F.S.A.
THE REV. CANON SAVORY, M.A.
J. CHALLONER SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
S. SLINGSBY STALLWOOD, ESQ., F.S.A.
E. A. STRAUSS, ESQ., M.P.
MARTIN J. SUTTON, ESQ.
MAJOR W. R. M. THOYTS, S.C.L., J.P.
A. R. TULL, ESQ., M.A., J.P.
COL. VICTOR VAN DE WEYER, J.P.
H. M. WALLIS, ESQ.
ARTHUR F. WALTER, ESQ., M.A., J.P.
THE REV. HARRY M. WELLS, M.A.
PHILIP WROUGHTON, ESQ., M.A., J.P.
CAPT. OLIVER YOUNG, R.N., J.P.

xin

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

Dedication ......

The Advisory Council of the Victoria History
General Advertisement ....

The Berkshire County Committee
Contents .......

List of Illustrations

Preface

Table of Abbreviations ....
Natural History

Geology

Palaeontology ......

Botany .......

Zoology

Molluscs ......

Insects

Orthoptera (Earwigs, Grasshoppers,
Crickets, etc.) ....

Neuroptera (Dragonflies, Lace-wings,

etc.)

Hymenoptera Phytophaga (Sawflies,

Gall-flies, etc.) ....

Hymenoptera Aculeata (Ants, Wasps,

and Bees)

Coleoptera (Beetles) ....
Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) .
Hemiptera (Bugs) ....

Spiders

Crustaceans .....

Fishes

Reptiles and Batrachians

Birds .......

Mammals ,

By HORACE W. MONCKTON, F.G.S., F.L.S.

By R. LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S. .

By G. CLARIDGE DRUCE, Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.L.S.

By B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.R.M.S. .
Edited by The Rev. Canon W. W. FOWLER,
M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S

By W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.

PACE
V

vii
vii
xiii
xv

xvii
xxi

xxiii

25
27

By A. H. HAMM

By W. HOLLAND and Dr. NORMAN H. JOY
By A. H. HAMM and W. HOLLAND . .

By W. HOLLAND

By the late F. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDCE, M.A. .

By the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S..

F.Z.S. *

By C. H. COOK, M.A

By the late CHARLES J. CORNISH, M.A. .

By HEATLEY NOBLE

By the late CHARLES J. CORNISH, M.A. .
XV

71
72

79
too

117
1 20

123
132

138
140
167

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

PACE

Early Man 173

The Paleolithic Age: Neolithic Age:) By o A . SHRUBSOLE> F . G . S .

Bronze Age J

The Prehistoric Iron Age : The White Horse

at Uffington : Ancient British Coins :

By GeoRCE CLINCH, F.G.S.

Ancient Roads : Pile Dwellings
Romano-British Berkshire . . . -By the GENERAL EDITOR and Miss C. M. CALTHROP,

First Class Classical Tripos . . .19?
Anglo-Saxon Remains . . . -By REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A. . . 229

Ancient Earthworks By HAROLD T. E. PEAKE . . . .251

Introduction to the Berkshire Domesday . By J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. . . 285
Translation of the Berkshire Domesday . By the Rev. F. W. RAGG, M.A. . . . 324

Industries By the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A.

Introduction ............... 371

Ironworks . 383

Boat Building 385

Cloth Making 387

Silk Manufacture .............. 395

Tanning ...... ......... 397

Printing ............... 400

Brewing ....... ....... 404

Biscuit Making 411

Bell Foundries . . . . -By ALFRED HENEACE COCKS, M.A., F.S.A. . 412

xvi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PACE

Windsor Castle. By WILLIAM HYDE .

Knife made from a flint flake from Reading

Implement from Woodley, Reading

Implement from Grovelands, Reading .

Implement from Englefield

Implement from Grovelands, Reading .

Borer from Caversham

Flat Scraper of flint, with hooked point, from Reading

Scraper of flint from Reading

Scraper or Polisher of veined grit from Reading .

Hollowed Flint Scraper from Reading

Hollowed Flint Scraper, wrought all over, from Maidenhead

Knife, Scraper and Saw combined (flint) from Reading

Part of radius of Bos, notched and cut by flint tool, from Reading

Palaeolithic Implement, with sharp edge all round, from Caversham

Late Palaeolithic Implement, chisel type, from Caversham

Neolithic Implement from Reading

Neolithic Flint Implement, ground and pointed, from the Kennet at Reading
Neolithic Quartzite Implement, ground, from the Thames at Reading .

Rude Bronze Celt from Wallingford

Flint Dagger from a Barrow at Lambourn

Flint Arrow-heads from Wallingford .......

Wayland's Smithy : Ground Plan of probable original arrangement

Bronze Spear-head from Speen

Neolithic Flint Chisel from Englefield

Neolithic Flint Chisel from Boyn Hill, Maidenhead

Neolithic Flint Celt from Boyn Hill, Maidenhead

Neolithic Gouge from Reading

Neolithic Scraper from Wallingford ....

Neolithic Spoke-shave from Reading ....

Holed Pebble of quartzite from Enborne, Newbury

Holed Hammer-head of basalt from the Thames at Reading

Flint Knife from the Kennet near Reading

Flint Knife from the Thames near Cookham

Bronze Sword from the Thames opposite Henley"!

Bronze Blade from Thatcham . . . /

Bronze Knife or Razor from Cothill . . \

Bronze Sickle from the Thames at Windsor. }

Bronze Celt, with broad edge, from Cholsey

Bronze Palstave, with flanges and stop ridge, from Wallingford

Bronze Flanged Celt from the Kennet at Reading

Bronze Palstave, with flanges hammered over, from Wallingford

Socketed Celt, with loop, from Reading ....

Socketed Celt, with loop and ribbed ornament, from Reading
x xvii

frontispiece

full-page plate facing 174

,, 174

176

. 177
full-page plate facing 178

179
1 80

full-page plate facing 1 80

. 181
. 182

full-page plate facing 182

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Bronze Chisel from Yattendon .

Bronze Spear-head from the Thames at Reading"!

Bronze Spear-heads from Cookham . j. . . . . full-page plate facing 184

Bronze Spear-head from Mortimer

Bronze Spear-head from the Thames at Reading

Urn from Sunningdale

Bronze Knives from Lambourn .

Drinking Vessel from Lambourn .

Food Vessel from Drayton .

Bronze Sword from the Thames near Reading

Drinking Cup from Lambourn .

Bronze Knife from Sutton Courtenay .

Ring from Hagbourne Hill

Horse-bit from Hagbourne Hill .

Iron Spear-head from Cookham Dean

Pins from Hagbourne Hill .

Ring from Hagbourne Hill .

Horse-bit from Hagbourne Hill .

The White Horse, Uffington 189

Bronze Sickle from the Thames at Bray

1 86

. ) .. .

f Cist)} ' ' ^^ *** '""**

Wayland Smith's Cave, near Uffington (General view of

Stone Axe from Lambourn . . . )

Hammer-head of Deer's Horn from Lambourn J

Urn from Lambourn . . . \

Urn from Sunningdale . .1 ....... full-page plate facing 194

Urn found in Barrow at ChildreyJ

Incense Cup from Great Shefford ....... ... 195

Thumb Pot of New Forest Ware, containing Hoard of Coins, from Reading,

in the Reading Museum ........

Pottery from Abingdon, in the Reading Museum . . | /"^^ fkte faeitg

Bronze Figure from Wallingford, in the Reading Museum

Pottery from South Fawley, in the Reading Museum .... 1

Pottery with Dotted Diamonds in White Slip from Abingdon, in the Reading f full-page plate facing 206

Museum ........... J

Ground Plan of Roman Buildings excavated at Frilford ....... 207

Cranhill Villa, Letcombe Regis ............ 211

Plan and Section of Octagonal Building at Weycock Field . ...... 217

Supposed Steelyard Weight found at Weycock Field |
Fibula from Wantage ..... J

Plans of Discoveries at Long Wittenham .......... 221

Oval Bronze Fibula from Long Wittenham .......... 222

Early Italian Brooch of Bronze, Battle Farm, Reading |
Early Italian Brooch of Bronze j

Early Celtic and Roman Brooches ........... 224

Brooch of Roman Period ............. 225

Early Roman Brooches ............. 226

Bronze Panels of Stoup, Long Wittenham . . . . . . . . . . 230

Stoup or Beaker, Long Wittenham . ..... full-page plate facing 230

Bronze Brooches, Long Wittenham, ........... 232

Cinerary Urns, Long Wittenham ........... 234

Pewter Chalice found at Reading ....... full-page plate facing 238

Bronze Brooch, Lambourn Downs ........... 240

Anglo-Saxon Antiquities found in Berkshire ...... coloured plate facing 240

Hilt of the Sword found at Reading .... ....... 24.3

xviii

1 266

ling/

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PACE

Sword HUt found at Wallingford .244

Bone Seal from Wallingford, with Impressions 245

Penannular Brooch from Abingdon . . 247

Ancient Earthworks

Alfred's Castle, Ashbury 253

Blewburton Hill, Blewbury \

Borough Hill Camp, BoxfordJ ' 254

Bussock Camp, Chieveley ) 2CC

** l-..........>*33

Perborough Castle, Compton)

Badbury Hill Camp, Great Coxwell) ,

Caesar's Camp, Easthampstead . J

Grimsbury Castle, Hampstead Norris 257

Parkwood Entrenchment, Hampstead Norris 258

Walbury Camp, Inkpen 259

Membury Fort, Lambourn . . 260

Letcombe Castle, Letcombe Regis 261

Cherbury Camp, Longworth) ,

Uffington Castle . . J

Sinodun Hill Camp 263

Lowbury Camp, Aston Upthorpe) ,

_ i ? 204

Fmchampstead I

Wallingford 265

South Moreton

Forbury Hill, Reading]

Hinton Waldrisn ,

Windsor Castle \

Hinton Waldrist ... "1

Donnington Castle, Donnington 272

Hardwell Camp, Uffington .

Seven Barrows, Lambourn 281

Stamp of Lion's Head ^

Figure of Dragon on Bell at Dorchester (Oxon)l 413

Initial Cross of Fleurs-de-lis . . . J

Figure of Horse on a Bell at Dorchester (Oxon))

\ 44

Stamp of Roger Landen )

Stamp of Lion's Head 4 ! S

Stamp showing Arms of the See of Winchester)
Stop introduced by Saunders . . J

Ornaments used by Joseph Carter \
Border used by Yare . . . )
Stamps used by T. Swain . . )
Stamp and Initials of Thomas Eldridgej

LIST OF MAPS

Geological Map between pp. xxviii, I

Orographical Map 20, 21

Botanical Map 26, 27

Pre-Historical Map . *7 2 > 1 73

Romano-British Map 196. 1 97

Anglo-Saxon Map 228, 229

Ancient Earthworks Map .... .... 250, 251

Domesday Map 3 22 > 3 2 3

xix

PREFACE

ITHERTO no complete and exhaustive history of this royal
county has been written. Many attempts, it is true, have
been made in this direction ; some excellent monographs
have appeared dealing with special subjects, and volumes
treating of the history of Hundreds, single towns and parishes, or
country seats, have been written ; but no work hitherto published
relating to the county as a whole can claim to be exhaustive.

Among the scholars of an earlier age who have laboured in the
same field may be mentioned Elias Ashmole who earned the gratitude
of Berkshire men by publishing his Antiquities of Berks, as well as his
Visitation of Berks and The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the most
noble Order of the Garter, which forms an important part of Windsor
history. Hearne, a native of Berkshire, wrote an Account of some
Antiquities between Windsor and Oxford, and Dr. Wise in his Letter to
Dr. Mead gave an account of some Berkshire Antiquities, especially
relating to the White Horse Hill. Mr. E. Rowe Mores published in
1759 his Collections towards a Parochial History of Berks, but the returns
which he sought from the incumbents and other gentlemen were in
many cases somewhat meagre;

The Antiquarian Societies of Berkshire have contributed largely
to the elucidation of the history of the county. The Berkshire Ash-
molean Society founded in 1840 published a few volumes, amongst
which the Union Inventories was perhaps the most important. The
Transactions of the Berks Archaeological Society, the Newbury Field
Club, the Thames Valley Antiquarian Society, the Maidenhead and
Taplow Field Club, and the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Archaeological "Journal,
have been of some service in the compilation of this history.

The editors wish to express their indebtedness to Dr. F. Haverfield
for suggestions and help regarding the article on the Roman Remains
of the county, and regret that owing to his many duties he was un-
able to write this article.

The editors desire also to record their thanks to the Corporation
of Reading for the use of books, and for permission to have photo-
graphs and drawings of various objects in the Reading Museum, to
Mr. J. W. Colyer the Curator for his constant assistance and courtesy to
those who have helped in the production of this volume, to Mr. J.
Rutland and others. The editors also wish to express their acknow-
ledgments to the Society of Antiquaries, Sir John Evans, Messrs.
Longmans, Green & Co., the Royal Archaeological Institute, and Mr.
A. H. Cocks for the use of blocks for illustrations.

XXI

NOTE.

It has been thought advisable to
print the Index to the Domesday
Introduction and Translation ih
the last volume instead of in
the first volume for the county.

XXll

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbrev. Plac. (Rec.

Com.)
Acts of P.C. . .

Add

Add. Chart. . .
Admir. ....
Agarde ....
Anct. Corresp. . .
Anct. D. (P.R.O.)

A 2420

Ann. Mon. . . .
Antiq

A PP

Arch

Arch. Cant. . .
Archd. Rec. . .

Archit

Assize R,

Aud.Off. . . .
Aug. Off. . . .
Ayloffe ....

Bed

Beds ....
Berks ....

Bdle

B.M

Bodl.Lib. .

Boro

Brev. Reg. . . .

Brit

Buck

Bucks ....

Cal

Camb

Cambr. ....

Campb. Ch. . .

Cant

Cap

Carl

Cart. Antiq. R.
C.C.C. Camb . .

Certiorari Bdles.

(Rolls Chap.)
Chan. Enr. Decree

Chan. Proc. . .
Chant. Cert.

Chap. Ho. . . .

Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re-
cord Commission)

Acts of Privy Council

Additional

Additional Charters

Admiralty

Agarde's Indices

Ancient Correspondence

Ancient Deeds(Public Record
Office) A 2420

Annales Monastici

Antiquarian or Antiquaries

Appendix

Archaeologia or Archaeological

Archaeologia Cantiana

Archdeacon's Records

Architectural

Assize Rolls

Audit Office

Augmentation Office

Ayloffe's Calendars

Bedford

Bedfordshire

Berkshire

Bundle

British Museum

Bodley's Library

Borough

Brevia Regia

Britain, British, Britannia,etu

Buckingham

Buckinghamshire

Calendar

Cambridgeshire or Cambridge

Cambria, Cambrian, Cam-
brensis, etc.

Campbell Charities

Canterbury

Chapter

Carlisle

Cartae Antique Rolls

Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge

Certiorari Bundles (Rolls
Chapel)

Chancery Enrolled Decree
Rolls

Chancery Proceedings

Chantry Certificates (or Cer-
tificates of Colleges and
Chantries)

Chapter House

Charity Inq. . .
Chart. R. 20 Hen.

III. pt. i. No. 10
Chartul. . . .

Chas

Ches

Chest

Ch. Gds. (Exch.

K.R.)

Chich

Chron

Close ....

Colch

Coll

Com

Com. Pleas . . .
Conf. R. . . .
Co. Plac. . . .
Cornw. ....

Corp

Cott

Ct.R

Ct. of Wards . .

Cumb

Cur. Reg. .

D.andC. . . .
De Bane. R. . .
Dec. and Ord. .
Dep. Keeper's Rep.

Derb

Devon ....

Dioc

Doc

Dods. MSS. . .
Dom. Bk. . . .

Dors

Duchy of Lane.
Dur

East

Eccl

Eccl. Com. .

Edw

Eliz

Engl

Engl. Hist. Rev. .

Enr

Epis. Reg. . . .
Esch. Enr. Accts. .
Excerpta e Rot. Fin.
(Rec. Com.)

Charity Inquisitions
Charter Roll, 20 Henry III.

part i. Number 10
Chartulary
Charles
Cheshire
Chester
Church Goods (Exchequer

King's Remembrancer)
Chichester

Chronicle, Chronica, etc.
Close Roll
County
Colchester
Collections
Commission
Common Pleas
Confirmation Rolls
County Placita
Cornwall
Corporation
Cotton or Cottonian
Court Rolls
Court of Wards
Cumberland
Curia Regis

Deed or Deeds

Dean and Chapter

De Banco Rolls

Decrees and Orders

Deputy Keeper's Reports

Derbyshire or Derby

Devonshire

Diocese

Documents

Dodsworth MSS.

Domesday Book

Dorsetshire

Duchy of Lancaster

Durham

Easter Term
Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical Commission
Edward
Elizabeth
England or English
English Historical Review
Enrolled or Enrolment
Episcopal Registers
Escheators Enrolled Accounts
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium
(Record Commission)

xxin

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Exch. Dep. . .
Exch. K.B. . .
Exch. K.R. . .

Exch.L.T.R. . .

Exch. of Pleas, Plea

Exch. of Receipt .
Exch. Spec. Com.

Feet of F. . . .
Feod. Accts. (Ct.

of Wards)
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of

Wards)

Feud. Aids . . .
fol. ". ......

Foreign R. . . .

Forest Proc.

Exchequer Depositions
Exchequer King's Bench
Exchequer King's Remem-
brancer
Exchequer Lord Treasurer's

Remembrancer
Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll

Exchequer of Receipt
Exchequer Special Commis-
sions

Feet of Fines '

Feodaries Accounts (Court of

Wards)
Feodaries Surveys (Court of

Wards)
Feudal Aids
Folio

Foreign Rolls
Forest Proceedings

Gaz. .... Gazette or Gazetteer

Gen Genealogical, Genealogica,

etc.

Geo George

Glouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester

Guild Certif. Guild Certificates (Chancery)
(Chan.) Ric. II. Richard II.

Hants .... Hampshire

Harl Harley or Harleian

Hen Henry

Heref Herefordshire or Hereford

Hertf Hertford

Herts Hertfordshire

Hil Hilary Term

Hist History,Historical,Historian,

Historia, etc.

Hist. MSS. Com. . Historical MSS. Commission

Hosp Hospital

Hund. R. . . . Hundred Rolls

Hunt Huntingdon

Hunts .... Huntingdonshire

Inq. a.q.d. .

Inq. p.m. .
Inst. . .
Invent. .
Ips. ...
Itin.

Inquisitions ad quod dam-

num

Inquisitions post mortem
Institute or Institution
Inventory or Inventories
Ipswich
Itinerary

Journ

. James
. Journal

Lamb. Lib. . . Lambeth Library

Lane Lancashire or Lancaster

L. and P. Hen. Letters and Papers, Hen
VIII. VIII.

Lansd Lansdowne

Ld. Rev. Rec. . . Land Revenue Records

Leic Leicestershire or Leicester

Le Neve's Ind. . Le Neve's Indices

Lib Library

Lich. ... Lichfield

Line

Load

Mem

Memo. R. .

Mich

Midd

Mins. Accts.
Misc. Bks. (Exch.

K.R., Exch.

T.R. or Aug.

Off.)

Mon.
Monm. .
Mun.
Mus.

N. andQ. .

Norf. . .
Northampt.
Northants .
Northumb.
Norw. .
Nott.

N.S. .

Off. . .
Orig. R.
O.S. .
Oxf.

Palmer's Ind. .
Pal. of Chest.
Pal. of Dur.
Pal. of Lane. .

Par

Parl. . . .
Parl. R. . . .
Parl. Surv. . .
Partic. for Gts.
Pat. ...
P.C.C. ,

Pet. ......

Peterb

Phil

Pipe R

PleaR

Pop. Ret. . . .
Pope Nich. Tax.
(Rec. Com.)

P.R.O

Proc

Proc. Soc. Antiq. .

pt. .
Pub.

Rec. . . .
Recov. R. . .
Rentals and Surv.

Lincolnshire or Lincoln
London

Membrane

Memorials

Memoranda Rolls

Michaelmas Term

Middlesex

Ministers' Accounts

Miscellaneous Books (Ex-
chequer King's Remem-
brancer, Exchequer Trea-
sury of Receipt or Aug-
mentation Office)

Monastery, Monasticon

Monmouth

Muniments or Munimenta

Museum

Notes and Queries
Norfolk
Northampton
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Norwich

Nottinghamshire or Notting-
ham
New Style

Office

Originalia Rolls
Ordnance Survey
Oxfordshire or Oxford

Page

Palmer's Indices

Palatinate of Chester

Palatinate of Durham

Palatinate of Lancaster

Parish, Parochial, etc.

Parliament or Parliamentary

Parliament Rolls

Parliamentary Surveys

Particulars for Grants

Patent Roll or Letters Patent

Prerogative Court of Canter-
bury

Petition

Peterborough

Philip

Pipe Roll

Plea Rolls

Population Returns

Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re-
cord Commission)

Public Record Office

Proceedings

Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries

Part

Publications

Roll
Records
Recovery Rolls
Rentals and Surveys

xxiv

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Rep

Rev

Ric

Roff

Rot. Cur. Reg.
Rut

Sarum ....

Ser

Sess. R

Shrews

Shrops

Soc

Soc. Antiq.
Somers.
Somers. Ho.
S.P. Dom. . . .

Staff

Star Chamb. Proc.

Stat

Steph

Subs. R. . . .

Suff

Surr

Suss

Surv. of Ch. Livings
(Lamb.) or (Chan.)

Report

Review

Richard

Rochester diocese

Rotuli Curiae Regis

Rutland

Salisbury diocese
Series

Sessions Rolls
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
Society

Society of Antiquaries
Somerset
Somerset House
State Papers Domestic
Staffordshire

Star Chamber Proceedings
Statute
Stephen
Subsidy Rolls
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex

Surveys of Church Livings
(Lambeth) or (Chancery)

Topog.

Trans.
Transl.
Treas.
Trin.

Univ.

Topography or Topographi-
cal

Transactions
Translation
Treasury or Treasurer
Trinity Term

University

Valor Eccl. (Rec. Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record

Com.) Commission)

Vet. Mon. . . . Vetusta Monumenta

V.C.H Victoria County History

Vic Victoria

vol. . Volume

Warw. .
Westm. .
Westmld.
Will. .
Wilts .
Winton.
Wore. .

Yorks

Warwickshire or Warwick

Westminster

Westmorland

William

Wiltshire

Winchester diocese

Worcestershire or Worcester

Yorkshire

XXV

A HISTORY OF

BERKSHIRE

GEOLOC

* jjfcVKJEwfcKi i^^iMW^

af \ LAABCfKgkj

THE VI CTOR I A HI STORY

MAP.

Btufsfutt and EracMesham Beds

London. Clay

Woolwich and neatiirut Beds

UnxMhaVnitmj^

&3&f*w*-'

^" ,!- -

""'""

COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

County Boundary shown that

GEOLOGY

BERKSHIRE is in parts decidedly hilly, but nevertheless much
of the high ground takes the form of flat-topped plateaux or
rises with a regular and gentle slope ; indeed it might fairly be
described as a county of tableland in which long and deep valleys
have been carved out. The highest levels are on the ridge of Chalk
which crosses the county in a nearly east and west direction from
Streatley to Ashbury, it being in places over 800 feet above the sea,
but elsewhere the hills and plateaux rise little above the 400 feet
contour.

The county is naturally divided into three very well marked dis-
tricts. They are indicated by colours or groups of colours on the
geological map, but are almost as clear on any map where the hills are
shaded or the contours marked.

The first of these districts forms the northern end of the county,
and there a succession of Oolitic and Cretaceous formations cross the
county in bands, with an east and west trend approximately parallel to
the ridge of high ground already mentioned. These formations consist
largely of clay, though there are also sands and prominent limestones.

The second comprises the central part of western Berkshire,
extending from the Wiltshire border to the Thames, and forming the
sides of that river's valley from Wallingford to Reading. The tract
included in the bend of the Thames between Twyford and Maidenhead
belongs mainly to this district, as also does the ground upon which
Windsor Castle stands. The geological formation is Chalk, and it
is wholly calcareous.

The third district includes the south-eastern end of the county, most
of the area south of the Kennet and some tracts west of Reading and
north of Newbury. The geological formations belong to the Eocene
System, and are composed of clay and sand. The Chalk extends under
the whole of these formations, forming a hollow or basin in which they
rest, and this is the western end of the London Basin.

In this third district therefore formations newer than the Chalk
form the surface of the ground, in the second district the Chalk is itself
the surface rock, and in the first formations older than the Chalk lie at
the surface.

Speaking generally, we pass from newer to older geological strata

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

as we travel from the south-east towards the north-west, and we find the
oldest, the Oxford Clay, forming a strip of low land along the banks of
the Isis from the Cole to the Thames near Oxford.

The Oxford Clay is not however a very ancient formation if
looked at from a geological point of view ; it belongs only to the middle
part of the Jurassic Series, and it and all the other strata which form the
surface of Berkshire and extend to a depth of many hundreds of feet
rest upon a platform of very much older rock. What these older rocks
are is not certainly known. A boring at Burford Signet, 13 miles
west of Berkshire, reached the Rhastic Beds at a depth of 717 feet and
the Coal Measures at a depth of 1,184 feet, 1 and a boring at Richmond
in Surrey, 1 2 miles east of Berkshire, reached rocks which were pro-
bably New Red Sandstone at a depth of 1,239 feet below the surface ; *
so it may be assumed that the platform of old rock, New Red Sandstone
with possibly Coal Measures, etc., lies somewhat over 1,000 feet beneath
the surface of Berkshire.

Resting on these old rocks are probably representatives of the Lias
and Lower Oolites, for the former is believed to have been reached in a
boring at Wytham near Oxford, and rock of Lower Oolitic age was
found in the Richmond boring. 3

There is however very little evidence on these points, so we pass
on to consider the formations which are found at the surface of the
ground ; but perhaps it may be as well to point out that these forma-
tions, which are coloured on the geological map in this volume, are in
fact very often hidden from view by beds of gravel, sand, clay, etc.,
which in places attain a thickness of many feet and are included under
the general term ' Drift.' They will be dealt with after the formations
indicated on the map have been described. One of the recent deposits,
the Alluvium which accumulates along our rivers, is, it will be seen,
marked upon the map.

The geological history of Berkshire may be said to open in the
period .of the Oxford Clay. At that time the sea extended over the
whole county and also over nearly all England, though there was
probably land to the west in Cornwall, Wales, etc., and perhaps also to
the east from east Norfolk to east Kent. This submergence continued
through succeeding periods, though in Portlandian times the land seems
to have closed in on the north, and eventually the Purbeck continent
arose and separated the northern or Aquilonian from the southern or
Tithonic sea. Probably the whole of Berkshire then became land, and
so it continued through the Purbeck and Wealden periods.

This change in the distribution of land and sea was due to great
earth movements which eventually resulted in a considerable folding of
the Oolitic strata.

1 H. B. Woodward, 'Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' Geol. Survey, iv. 303.

2 J. W. Judd and C. Homersham, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1884) xl. 724, (1885) xli. 523.
Compare fig. 22 (p. 44) and fig. 145 (p. 299) in 'The Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' Geol. Survey,

vol. v. (1895).

GEOLOGY

TABLE OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF BERKSHIRE

Period

Formation

Character of the strata

Approximate
thickness
in feet

Recent to

Alluvium

Silt clay marl, peat

Neolithic

Brickearth

Loam

Pleistocene,
Palaeolithic,

Valley Gravel ....

Gravel, mainly flint, both sub-angu-
lar and pebbles and sand .

to 30

and of
doubtful

Plateau Gravel ....

Gravel and sand, with ferruginous
conglomerate ....

to 2O

age

Clay with Flints . . .
Pebble Gravel ....

Clay, flints and pebbles ....
Gravel, mainly flint pebbles . . .

to 20

Barton or Upper Bagshot
Bracklesham or Middle
Bagshot

Light coloured sand
Sand, clay, pebbles ; much green
coloured sand

2OO

Eocene

Lower Bagshot Beds .
London Clay ....

Reading Beds ....

Yellow sand, some clay ....
Blue clay, with Septaria Sand and
pebbles at the base
Mottled clay, grey clay, pebbles and
sand

IOO

52 to 3491

70 to oo

Upper Chalk ....

Chalk with flints, the Chalk Rock at
the bottom

720

Upper
Cretaceous

Middle Chalk ....
Lower Chalk ....

Chalk with very few flints, the
Melbourn Rock at the bottom .
Chalk and Chalk Marl with no
flints

170
215

Upper Greensand .
Gault ....

Malmstone, green sandy marl .

90
22O

Lower
Cretaceous

Lower Greensand .

Sand with ironstone, chert, pebbly
gravel and calcareous sponge gravel

to 60

Upper
Oolites

Portland Beds ....
Kimeridge Clay

Pebbly limestone, sand ....
Clay and shale, with septaria and
nodules of earthy limestone .

to 20

140

Middle

Corallian

Limestone coral rag sand and clay

50 to 80

Oolites

Oxford Clay

Clay with septaria

4. CO

In course of time a subsidence of the land took place and the sea
again spread over Berkshire, and in so doing no doubt effected consider-
able destruction of the older oolitic beds and apparently removed all land
or freshwater deposits which may have accumulated during the time of
emergence. The result is that our next formation, the Lower Green-
sand, rests upon the denuded folds of the Oolite in an unconformable
manner.

Our Lower Greensand is a marine formation, but there was probably
land in the western counties, Wales, etc., and also in Kent and Belgium.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Further earth movements took place at the close of the Lower
Greensand period, and the sea gradually extended until in Chalk times
it stretched far and wide over south Europe. There was however still
in all probability a land area to the west, including Cornwall, part of
Wales and Ireland. 1

After the deposition of the newest beds of Chalk now remaining
in Berkshire there is a very long break in our geological history, which
can however be filled in by a study of the rocks in other parts of
England, in Belgium and Denmark. Our next formation, the Reading
Beds, records a time when, though sea water flowed over at least the
south and east of the county, it was water of a great estuary and not of
the open sea.

The succeeding deposits of Eocene age are more marine in character
taken as a whole, but land was never far off, and possibly they may even
in a small part be of fluviatile origin.

During or soon after the close of the Eocene period further great
earth movements took place, and as the result of the consequent folding
of strata the London and Hampshire Basins were separated from one
another and Berkshire eventually emerged from the sea and has remained
land until the present day.

A list of works relating to the geology of Berkshire was compiled
by Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., and will be found in the Report of the
British Association for 1882, p. 340. This list, as well as the 'Geology
of parts of Oxfordshire and Berkshire' (GeoL Survey, 1861) by Messrs.
Hull and Whitaker, and the 'Geology of the London Basin' (GeoL Survey,
1872) by Mr. Whitaker, have been largely used in the preparation of
the present history.

OXFORD CLAY

As has been already stated, the Oxford Clay is the oldest geological
formation which comes to the surface in Berkshire, and it forms a
narrow strip of low-lying land extending from the river Cole to the
Thames at the northern end of the county. Buscot, Eaton Hastings and
Dencourt stand on it. It is a good deal hidden by Gravel and Alluvium,
and is mainly grass land.

It consists of dark-coloured, often shaly clay, with bands of sep-
tarian nodules and sometimes a little clayey limestone. Its thickness
has been estimated by Mr. H. B. Woodward at 450 feet, the lower part
of which represents the Kellaways Rock of other areas. Carbonaceous
matter, selenite and pyrites are common. It is a marine mud, and a
large oyster (Grypbaa dilatata), a characteristic fossil, has been recorded
from Fyfield Marsh. It is not a water-bearing formation.

The Oxford Clay dips underground to the east and is covered by
newer rocks, the first of which is the Corallian.

For further details reference should be made to Mr. H. B. Wood-
ward's monograph on the 'Jurassic Rocks of Britain' (Geol. Survey,

1 W. F. Hume, 'The Genesis of the Chalk,' Pnc. Geol. ASM. (1893-4), xiii. 211.

GEOLOGY

1895, v. 5,40, etc.), which work has been largely used in the description
of the succeeding Jurassic formations.

CORALLIAN

The Corallian forms a very well marked band running across the
county from the Cole to the Thames. Below it is a thick bed of clay
the Oxford Clay already described and above it there is another thick
bed of clay the Kimeridge Clay ; and the Corallian, essentially a
calcareous formation with hard limestones, rises above these two clay
beds as a ridge of elevated ground. Shrivenham, Coleshill, Faringdon,
Stanford, Kingstone Bagpuize, Garford and Cumnor are situated on it.
In the north near Wytham there is a small outlying patch of Corallian
rocks which reach a height of 583 feet above sea level. The land is
largely laid out in cornfields. The thickness of the formation in Berk-
shire is from 50 to 80 feet, but it is very variable both in thickness and
in character, and though, as has been said, it is essentially a calcareous
formation, the lower part is often sandy or clayey and in places sands
and even clays occur in the upper part.

The formation is highly fossiliferous and has been divided into two
fossil zones, the lower of which is known as the zone of Ammonites
perarmatus and the upper as that of Ammonites p/icati/is, and both these
ammonites are found in Berkshire.

The Lower Corallian was found to be 35 feet 3 inches thick in a
boring at Shillingford north of Wallingford. It consisted to a con-
siderable extent of clays and partly of sand, but both the clays and sands
contained bands and layers of stone.

At Marcham the sands are current bedded and in places ripple
marked, and Mr. H. B. Woodward remarks that their irregular cemen-
tation into doggers and into bands of sandstone was well shown in the
quarries there. These sands are fairly fossiliferous, and Marcham is
famous owing to the fine examples of Ammonites perramatus, mostly in
the form of casts, which have been found there. Pebbles of quartz,
lydite, etc., frequently occur in the Lower Corallian.

The Upper Corallian consists mainly of limestone, oolitic, pisolitic
and shelly beds, with very subordinate sands and clays and with rubbly
coral rag near the top. Its thickness was 44! feet in the Shillingford
boring. At Shrivenham Professor Hull noted a local deposit of ferru-
ginous sands separated from the coral rag by a parting of clay, and Mr.
Woodward remarks that it may be difficult in some places, in the
absence of the upper coral band, to discriminate between this deposit and
the Lower Greensand, which now and then rests on the Corallian.

The Upper Corallian is exceedingly fossiliferous, and one bed,
which is termed the Trigonia Bed owing to the abundance of the shell
Trigonia perlata, is clearly marked at Faringdon, Fyfield, Marcham and
other places. The bed contains the shell Ammonites plicatilis, which gives
its name to the fossil zone, and also Ammonites cordatus^ Belemnites, Lima,
Ostrea, Ecbinobrissus, Pygaster, etc.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Corals are abundantly found in the topmost beds, and Messrs. Blake
and Hudleston, in their account of the quarry at Bradley farm north of
Marcham, describe those beds as ' about six feet of magnificent coral, the
massive portions growing in lenticular masses with bases not horizontal
and the intermediate spaces filled to a large extent with Thecosmiliae,
and they add that the reef corals there are in a more perfect state of
preservation than in any locality they know of.' 1

Brachiopoda and bryozoa are not common in this district, and
echinoderms are far less abundant than in the Corallian of Calne and
other places.

As in the Lower Corallian, there are in some of the beds numerous
pebbles of quartz, lydite, etc., and there are also rolled fragments of hard
limestone bored by Lithodomi and encrusted with Serpulas.

The fossils of the Corallian are all marine, and the above evidence
points to a sea with shallow sand and coral banks or shoals. The pebbles
suggest that land was at no great distance.

The late Mr. J. H. Blake stated that good supplies of water are
frequently to be obtained from the Corallian, but the amount varies
according to the circumstances of the locality. Sometimes it is met
with in the upper part of the formation being held up by clay seams
or chert bands but it is usually most abundant near the bottom, where
it is held up by the Oxford Clay. 2

KIMERIDGE CLAY

The calcareous beds of the Corallian are overlain by another clayey
series, the Kimeridge Clay, which like the older formations already
described forms a narrow east and west band across the country. The
town of Abingdon stands on it. It is a good deal hidden by gravel and
alluvium.

It consists of dark-coloured clays and shales with septaria, and occa-
sionally nodules or bands of earthy, fossiliferous limestone. The bones of
the reptiles Campfosaurus, Ichthyosaurus and Pliosaurus have been found in
it as well as many marine shells. Ammonites biplex is characteristic of
the upper part and Exogyra virgula and Ostrea deltoidea of the lower.
Many other fossils occur and also driftwood. These fossils taken
together with the character of the strata show that it is a marine mud
accumulated at some distance from land and probably in fairly deep
water. Possibly there was land in the west, Cornwall, Wales, etc.,
and Mr. H. B. Woodward suggests that there was a coast to the south,
south-east and east.

In Dorsetshire bituminous shales occur in this formation, but have
not been recorded in Berkshire. Fruitless trials for coal have been made
at times. The soil is cold and stiff. Oaks grow well on it.

It is according to Mr. J. H. Blake apparently 140 feet thick at
Denchworth, 1 1 1 feet at Goosey, 94 feet at Wantage, and less at Chawley.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1877), xxxiii. 307.

'The Water Supply of Berkshire from Underground Sources,' Gecl. Survey (1902).

GEOLOGY

Near Faringdon and Cumnor the Kimeridge Clay has suffered denuda-
tion before the overlying deposit, the Lower Greensand, was laid over it,
and consequently its thickness has been much reduced. It was estimated
at from 70 to 80 feet near Cumnor by Prestwich.

PORTLAND BEDS

Next in succession above the Kimeridge Clay we come to the Port-
land Beds, a formation which once extended over a large tract in north
Berkshire and the adjoining counties. It has however suffered greatly
from denudation, and only fragments remain here and there to show its
former extent. In Berkshire only one very small patch occurs at the
surface. It caps the rising ground south of Shrivenham, and the village
of Bourton stands on it.

The formation is calcareous the upper part consists of soft, thin
bedded, chalky oolite and hard, bluish limestone with pebbles of quartz
and lydite.

The lower part is sandy, and the thickness of the whole is perhaps

20 feet.

Though this patch is very small there can be no doubt as to the
age of the rock, for the characteristic Portland fossils Ammonites giganteus
and Cardium dissimile have been found here. They are marine shells,
and the formation appears to have been a series of sands and calcareous
mud deposited on the bottom of a shallow sea. The gradual depression
which went on during the periods of the Oxford Clay, Corallian and
Kimeridge Clay had come to an end, and a period of elevation was begin-
ning. The result of this was that the shore was closing in and Berkshire
and the greater part of England were gradually becoming land, part of
what has been termed the Purbeck continent. In lakes, lagoons and
rivers of this continent the Purbecks, the closing formation of the
Oolites, and the Wealden, the beginning of the Cretaceous system, were
deposited.

It is possible that patches of Portland or even of Purbeck strata
may lie buried under the newer formations in Berkshire, but there is at
present no satisfactory evidence of this.

The rocks of Oolitic age above described dip away to the east, but
it is not improbable that they lie in the form of a basin or synclinal and
that they soon curve up again, in which case the various formations,
Kimeridge Clay, Corallian and Oxford Clay, would be successively cut
out or end off against the overlying rocks.

The evidence of the Richmond boring which has been already
mentioned favours this view, for there the above mentioned formations
were all absent and the section passed from Cretaceous into Bathonian
rocks which are older than the Oxford Clay.

LOWER GREENSAND

We cannot tell to what extent freshwater deposits such as are found
in other parts of England may have been laid down in this county

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

during the continental period, for no remains have been found prob-
ably any that existed were washed away when depression again set in
and the sea waves advanced over Berkshire. In any case our next
deposit, the Lower Greensand, is, in so far as this county is concerned,
of marine origin, and owing to the earth movements which had taken
place since the deposit of the underlying strata it rests upon them in an
unconformable manner. The effect of this unconformity is an overlap
which is very clearly indicated on the geological map, for it will be
observed that the Lower Greensand does not cross the county in a band
parallel to the older series but occurs in an irregular and patchy way.

The largest patch extends from Uffington almost to Faringdon, and
near that place are two small outliers. There is a narrow line between
Bourton and Compton Beauchamp, a patch near Drayton, and three
outliers near Wootton and Cumnor.

The Lower Greensand of Faringdon is of great interest, indeed the
sponge gravel found there is probably the most interesting geological
deposit in Berkshire.

In 1850 a party of geologists, Professor Edward Forbes, Mr. Sharpe,
Mr. (afterwards Sir Joseph) Prestwich, Mr. Tylor, Mr. Cunnington,
and Mr. R. A. C. Austen visited Faringdon, and the results of their
investigation are given in a paper by the last named published by the
Geological Society. 1

He remarks : ' What seemed to render this district more peculiarly
interesting was the circumstance that it included the beds at Faringdon,
so well known from their fossils, as far back as the catalogue of Llwyd,
1759, described by Dr. Fitton 2 as outlying masses of lower greensand,
and considered by him to be especially deserving of notice ; also that
published lists afforded indications of fossil forms peculiar to this portion
of the Cretaceous series and limited to a few localities, and which seemed
to present a wide departure from the ordinary conditions which influenced
the Lower Cretaceous deposits, such as the numerous and perfect Amor-
phozoa at Faringdon.' The late Mr. C. J. A. Meyer made a careful
study of these beds and divided them into three divisions :

1. The lowest the calcareous sponge gravel.

2. Above it the red gravel.

3. At the top ferruginous sands with ironstone.

The sponge gravel is seen in the pit known as the Windmill pit
or Ballard's pit north of the village of Little Coxwell ; it is about 30 feet
thick, is fairly well and evenly stratified, and is crowded with fossil sponges
and shells. Portions of the beds are here and there consolidated into
calcareous masses. The shells are mostly brachiopoda, both Rhynchonella
and Terebratula are abundant and belong to several species. The valves
are often united, but single valves are quite common, they have not
however been at all rolled or waterworn. Many bryozoa are to be
found and are in beautiful preservation, but it is the sponges which
have made Faringdon celebrated, and they occur in vast abundance.

1 Q uart - 7un>- Geol. Sx. (1850), vi. 454. Geol. Tram. iv. part ii. ser. 2,271.

GEOLOGY

They are quite unwaterworn, and appear to have lived on the spot
attached to the pebbles which form part of the gravel.

They all belong to the group of Calci sponges, that is to sponges
whose skeleton spicules are formed of carbonate of lime.

Calci sponges are rare fossils in any case, and it is most unusual to
find them as here with no admixture of sponges whose spicules are
siliceous.

About seventeen species occur, the commonest of which, Rapbi-
donema faringdonensis, is locally known as the petrified salt cellar. 1

Pebbles of quartz and other rocks are fairly abundant, and amongst
them are many fossils derived from oolitic formations. Thus the Kime-
ridge Clay has furnished Exogyra, Ostrea, Perna and Belemnites. There
are Cidaris, Diadema, Exogyra and Pecten from the Corallian, and
Grypbcea, Belemnites and Ammonites from the Oxford Clay, showing
that all these formations were undergoing much denudation during the
deposit of the Lower Greensand.

Owing to the unconformable overlap of this formation the sponge
gravel rests partly on Kimeridge Clay and partly on Corallian beds.
Possibly it thins out to the south-east.

Mr. Austen remarks 2 that 'apart from the organic remains [this gravel]
might be taken for a mass of stratified drift, a geologist who should be
guided by such characters as those of general aspect, mineral composi-
tion and mode of accumulation, and who, finding himself in one of these
pits was required to determine the age of the deposit, might most
excusably suppose himself to be in the Crag district of Suffolk : in both
accumulations there is a like condition of the mineral materials, a like
arrangement of the component beds, and a like proportion, as well as
condition, of the included animal remains. In these latter respects the
Faringdon Beds are of great interest as they present to us the only
instance now remaining in any part of Great Britain of a bank of sub-
angular sea gravel of the secondary period.' s

The red gravel which rests on top of the sponge gravel at Little
Coxwell consists of ferruginous sands and pebbles with beds of hard con-
glomerate with Terebratula, bryozoa, etc., but with few sponges. Its
thickness is about 20 feet.

The highest division of sands, with ironstone and some chert, about
30 feet in thickness, occupies the upper part of Furze Hill, etc., and
the ironstone has been worked in former times. These old workings
are known as Coles' pits, and one of them is, according to local tradition,
the site of the castle of King Cole. 4 Like the underlying beds the bands
of iron ore contain marine shells such as Leda, and this is of some

1 See G. J. Hinde and H. B. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1891-2), xii. 327, and references
given at p. 333 ; see also E. C. Davey, Papers contributed to the second volume of transactions of the
Newbury District Field Club (Wantage, 1874).

2 Loc. cit. p. 454.

3 On November 7, 1 809, Mr. James Sowerby gave a short account of this gravel to the Linnxan
Society (Trans. Linn. Sac. x. 405).

4 Davey, op. cit. p. 17.

I 9 "2

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

importance, for very similar beds at Shotover Hill in Oxfordshire con-
tain fossils of freshwater origin.

The patches of Lower Greensand near Cumnor consist of pebbly
sand and ironstone. Mr. Whitaker notes that at Broom Hill these beds
fill in and cover the eroded surface of the Kimeridge Clay. 1

The Lower Greensand is absent under Wantage, for a boring passed
from the Gault directly into the Kimeridge Clay. This shows that the
patchy character of the formation is largely due to erosion at an early
period, before the next bed, the Gault, was deposited.

At Shillingford the thickness was 25 feet, and the water obtained
from it was saline, containing 98 grains per gallon, 54 of which was
chloride of sodium. 8

The Lower Greensand has been found in a boring in east Berk-
shire, so that it probably occurs in patches large or small under much of
the county.

The boring was at New Lodge in the parish of Winkfield rather
more than 3! miles west-south-west of Windsor Castle. 3 The Lower
Greensand was reached at a depth of 1,234 feet (or 1,016 feet below the
sea), and consisted of fine sharp light brown sand and contained water.
It was penetrated to a depth of 9 feet only. The supply of water was
good and it rose to a height of 7 feet 8 inches above the level of the
ground. It was found to be remarkably pure so far as regards organic
matter, but it contains a large quantity of common salt. This, Dr. B.
Dyer, who made the analysis, remarks, is of course not prejudicial to
health, though persons of delicate palate might detect a faint trace of
salt. The hardness is only 3, so that for laundry purposes the water
would be economical. It would be excellent for boiler purposes in the
sense that it would not form a crust, though a steam boiler would want
occasional blowing out owing to the concentration of salt.

GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND

The Gault and Upper Greensand have been grouped together by
Mr. Jukes-Browne under the name Selbornian, 4 and as they are very
intimately related to one another they may well be taken together.
There was, as has been explained above, a great unconformity between
the Lower Greensand and the Oolitic rocks which underlie it, and there
is again evidence of a break in the continuity of deposition between
the Lower Greensand and the Gault, for the latter overlaps the former
in many places and rests directly upon older formations. This overlap
is not so noticeable in Berkshire as in other districts, but one instance of
Gault resting on Kimeridge Clay has been already mentioned as occur-
ring at Wantage.

The Selbornian crosses Berkshire in a nearly east and west direction
from Wallingford to Ashbury, and together with the Kimeridge Clay

i W. Whitaker, 'Geology of Parts of Oxfordshire and Berkshire,' Geol. Survey (1861), p. 15.

H. B. Woodward, 'Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' Geol. Survey, v. 127.
3 W. Whitaker and A. J. Jukes-Browne, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sx. (1894), 1. 496.
' See A. J. Jukes-Browne, 'The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain,' Geol. Survey (1900), i.

GEOLOGY

forms the valley which lies between the ridge of Corallian rocks on the
north and the great ridge of the Chalk on the south. This valley was
long ago described by Dr. Beke as ' the remarkably fertile vale of Berk-
shire which crosses the county from the parish of Shrivenham on the
west to Cholsey on the eastern boundary. At present, as when Domesday
Survey was taken, the western part of this vale is employed as pasture
land, chiefly dairy, while the sides and eastern part are arable, and may
be reckoned some of the most productive wheat land in the kingdom.
The soil of this vale in general is a strong grey calcareous loam which
evidently owes its excellence to the intimate mixture of vegetable mould
with cretaceous earth.' l

The lower 175 feet of the Selbornian is a grey clay belonging to
the Lower Gault. This is overlain by some 50 to 60 feet of light grey
silty marl which is darkest towards the bottom. This latter is the lower
part of the zone of Ammonites rostratus, and together with the Lower
Gault is marked Gault on the map. The ground is generally flat and
marshy. This part of the series contains no water.

The higher beds of the Selbornian are mapped Upper Greensand.
They are composed of 60 to 90 feet of sandy marls and malmstone, and
i o to 12 feet of grey marl with large grains of glauconite at the top of
the formation.

The total thickness of the Selbornian is about 315 feet. Steventon,
Wantage and Didcot are situated on it. The stone beds form a broad
plateau by Ardington, Hendred, Harwell, Didcot, Hagbourne, North
Moreton and Brightwell, and Mr. Jukes-Browne observes that it is along
this tract that the malmstone attains its greatest thickness, probably
about 90 feet. The stone lies in regular beds, the central part being a
fairly pure malmstone containing sponge spicules and globular colloid
silica in large quantity and weathering to a very light grey, so that it
might easily be mistaken for grey chalk on a cursory inspection.

The beds form a ridge of high ground to the west and south-west
of Wallingford. Strong springs are thrown out on the inner side of this
ridge at Sotwell and Brightwell, but Mr. Jukes-Browne thinks that a
considerable amount of water must find its way beneath the Chalk, a
good supply having been obtained from these strata by borings at Wal-
lingford and Moulsford. The water is sometimes rather hard.

The fossils of the Selbornian are all marine ; the lower clayey part
was probably laid down in fairly deep water, the upper part may possibly
have been deposited during a pause in the depression of the sea-bottom,
causing a shallowing of the sea, and the change in mineral character
may be due to earth movements causing an alteration in the coast-line
and a consequent change in the nature of the sediment carried out to sea
in this area. Probably the sea was by degrees spreading over this part
of. Europe.

In the south-west corner of the county the Upper Greensand comes
to the surface near Inkpen. It forms a patch, for the most part outside

1 Dr. Beke in Lyson's Mag. Brit. I (1806), 188.
II

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

the county, which is surrounded by Chalk, and is known as the Shal-
bourne Inlier. It consists of greyish and yellowish-brown sand with
green grains (glauconite) and with beds of irregular blocks of hard grit.
It is, according to Mr. J. H. Blake, probably over 45 feet thick.

In east Berkshire the boring at New Lodge, Winkfield, reached the
Upper Greensand at a depth of 939 feet, or 721 feet below the sea level.
The thickness of the formation was 295 feet, much the same as in the
west, and probably it passes under the whole of Berkshire east of its
outcrop.

CHALK

The Chalk occupies a large part of the surface of Berkshire, and in
the eastern part of the county when not at the surface it is to be found
underground. It is a porous formation, and the rainfall on the large
area at the surface collects and furnishes a water supply throughout nearly
its whole extent. In the east earth movements have folded the Chalk into
a basin shape, the middle of which is filled with clay and sand beds of
Eocene age. The south side of this basin lies in Hampshire, and there
the dip is steeper than on the north side, a fact of much importance
from the well sinker's point of view.

The Chalk was found at a depth of 603 feet at Wellington College,
and at 490^ feet at Ascot Racecourse. At Wokingham the depth to
the Chalk was found to be 344 feet, at Bearwood 350 feet, at Burghfield
Hill 280 feet, and at St. Mary's College, Woolhampton, 2781 feet.

The solid bottom of the Thames valley below the alluvium and
gravel is Chalk for the whole distance from Wallingford to Bray and also
at Windsor, where the Chalk is bent into an anticline.

The Kennet valley is cut in Chalk from the county boundary to
Newbury and from Theale to the Thames. The Lodden flows over
Chalk for the last three miles of its course only.

In Reading the Abbey Ward is on Chalk, and so is the whole of
the Oxford road and most of the area between the river Kennet and
the London road. The Chalk in the town as in many other places is
nearly concealed by coverings of gravel, alluvium, etc., and wells and
other sections show that it is often 1 5 feet, 20 feet, or even more below
the surface of the ground. One well passed through 28 feet of drift
before reaching the Chalk.

In central Berkshire the Chalk is much covered by a formation
known as clay with flints, the result of its dissolution by surface water,
as will be explained later on.

The Chalk is a light coloured limestone, sometimes soft and earthy
but often very hard.

Its total thickness at Winkfield was found to be 725 feet. It is
divided into three divisions :

1. The Lower Chalk, about 215 feet thick.

2. The Middle Chalk with the Melbourn rock at its base, about
170 feet.

GEOLOGY

3. The Upper Chalk with Flints and with the Chalk rock at its base.
Its greatest proved thickness is 329 feet.

THE LOWER CHALK. This division is usually of a darker colour than
the upper ; the lower part, which contains Ammonites variant, is equiva-
lent to the Chalk Marl of other districts, but here it is mostly a firm-
bedded Chalk. The upper part contains the urchin Holaster subglobosus
and it is separated from the lower part by a representative of the Tot-
ternhoe stone of other districts. This stone band was fairly well marked
in the Winkfield boring and is recorded by Mr. Jukes-Browne as seen in
the railway cuttings between Upton and Chilton, where it consists of
dark brownish-grey stone with phosphatic nodules from i| to 2 feet
thick. Mr. J. H. Blake observes that springs emanate from the Tottern-
hoe stone horizon along the lower part of the escarpment at Letcombe
Basset, Manor farm (Wantage), East Lockinge, East Ginge and south of
West Hendred. He adds that these springs are of considerable volume
and form streams which unite with those from springs in the Upper
Greensand, and after working various mills along their course join the
Thames at Abingdon and Sutton Courtney.

THE MIDDLE CHALK consists of white chalk both hard and soft, and
in Berkshire only rarely contains flints. Fossils are common, and Rhyn-
cbonella cuvieri and Ostrea vesicu/osa are characteristic forms. The Mel-
bourn rock at its base is a hard nodular band with some glauconite.
It is 4 feet thick near Chilton * and probably represented by part of a
bed of very hard white chalk 14 feet thick at Winkfield.

THE UPPER CHALK. The Chalk rock at the bottom of this divi-
sion is about 3 feet thick and contains green grains and green coated
phosphatic nodules. It is exposed in several quarries on the Hendred
Downs near Cuckhamsley Knob, and a fine collection of fossils now
in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge came from these pits. The
mollusca have been described by Mr. H. Woods. 2

The cephalopoda are represented by species belonging to 7 genera,
the gasteropoda by species of 9 genera, the lamellibranchiata by species
of 15 genera, and there is a species of Dentalium. The Chalk rock
was first described by Mr. Whitaker. 3

The Upper Chalk is distinguished in Berkshire by the presence of
flints, though this distinction does not hold good in all other parts of
the country.

The flints have been largely used as building material. The
Roman walls at Silchester are to a great extent made of them, and there
are also chalk flints at the Roman settlement known as Wickham Bushes
near Easthampstead which are shown by their black colour not to have
been taken from the neighbouring gravel pits, and as there is no Chalk
near the surface at either Silchester or Wickham Bushes the Romans
must have carried the flints for some miles to those places.

1 See A. J. Jukes-Browne, 'The Geology of Upton,' etc. Proc. Geol. Atsot. (1889-90), xi. 198.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1896), Hi. 68, and (1897) liii. 377.

3 Ibid, (i 86 1), xvii. 1 66.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

The urchins Echinocorys vu/garis and Micraster cor-anguinum are to
be found in most pits in the Upper Chalk and also often occur in flints
in the gravels. All the fossils of the Chalk are marine. Windsor Castle
stands upon a mound of Chalk which is believed to be an inlier, 1 that is
to say the Chalk projects through the Eocene Beds, and Mr. H. B.
Woodward tells me it may be seen in the ice-house in the Castle
grounds ; the relations of the formations are however greatly obscured
by a thick covering of gravel and alluvium.

Chalk has been extensively used as a building stone, and many
churches are at least partially built of it. Mr. Whitaker remarks that
in some old churches, as at Tilehurst and Sonning near Reading, there
may be seen a variety of chalk with irregular veins of a dusky tint as in
many marbles. He adds that he had not met with it in any section. 8

Chalk is also used as a dressing for the clay soils, and many of the
pits in the county have been worked mainly for that purpose. It is the
great water-bearing formation of all the counties round London, and the
water is almost invariably colourless, palatable and brilliantly clear. 3

The full thickness of the Chalk is not found in Berkshire, possibly
the highest beds were not deposited over this area, certainly great
denudation took place before the time of the Reading Beds, the next
over-lying formation in the district.

In fact there is here a very great break in the geological succession
and a considerable series of strata occur in Denmark, Belgium and
France, and even in other parts of England, which are absent here.

READING BEDS

The Reading Beds are the oldest Eocene formation in Berkshire ;
there are however older members of that series in other places, for not
only the top of the Cretaceous but also the bottom of the Eocene is
wanting here. The Calcaire de Mons of Belgium and the Thanet Sands
of Kent and Surrey, for instance, are older Eocene formations than any
we have in this county. Hence the Reading Beds lie upon a very
greatly eroded surface of Chalk.

A band of Reading Beds crosses the flat ground from Bray by
White Waltham and St. Lawrence Waltham to Twyford, and then turns
by way of Sonning to Reading. Most of the town between the London
Road and Southern Hill stands on them as does Coley and the higher
part of Castle Ward.

The plateau of Tilehurst is formed of this formation with a capping
of London Clay and gravel.

A strip of Reading Beds runs along the sides of the hills by Engle-
field, Bradfield, Bucklebury, and spreads out to some width at Oare.
The bottom of the Kennet valley below the alluvium and gravel is
mainly formed of Reading Beds from Theale to Newbury, from which

1 W. Whitaker, 'The Geology of London,' Geol. Survey (1889), i. 176.
8 'Geology of Parts of Oxford and Berks,' Geol. Survey (1861), p. 22.
3 'The Water Supply of Berks,' Geol. Survey (1902).

GEOLOGY

place they form a band on the south of the Kennet past Inkpen and
extending almost to the county boundary.

There are a number of outlying patches of Reading Beds, some
with cappings of London Clay. They mostly lie on rather high ground.
Then there are some small patches near Cookham and a large one near
Wargrave. Yattendon stands on one, and there is another near Fril-
sham. There are several north of Newbury, one of which runs out
from Newbury to Wickham.

There are also a number of small outliers dotted about on the Chalk
near Basildon, Aldworth, Great Fawley, etc.

The Reading Beds are a great deal hidden by alluvium and gravel.
They consist in the main of clay though important beds of sand occur.
The clay is often mottled, red, blue, orange, etc. Beds of pebbles occur
in places. The thickness, according to Mr. Blake, varies from about
70 to 90 feet, but it is a little less in places. Good supplies of water
are to be obtained from the sands and it is often soft in character.

The Reading Beds, as has been said, rest upon a greatly eroded
surface of Chalk, but it is a fairly even surface and is usually covered
by holes or perforations filled with sand. These perforations are prob-
ably often the work of boring shell fish, or, as Mr. W. H. Hudleston
has suggested, they may in some cases be due to the roots of seaweed.

Upon this Chalk floor lies the bottom bed of the Reading series
consisting of green loamy sand with pebbles of flint. These pebbles
are derived from the Chalk and show to what a large extent the Chalk
had been eroded before the deposition of the Reading Beds.

The bottom bed also contains flints which are of irregular shapes
and have not been at all waterworn or rolled. They have become
externally green and are usually spoken of as ' green-coated flints.'

At Reading, Newbury, Kintbury and other places this bottom bed
contains great numbers of oyster shells, usually Ostrea bellovacina, but at
least one other species occurs. The two valves of the oysters are fre-
quently united and they are not rolled or waterworn, showing that they
lived where we find them.

In some places at Reading there are two distinct oyster beds a foot
or so apart. A few marine shells and many sharks' teeth occur in the
bed.

This bed of oysters has long attracted attention. It is referred to
by Robert Plot in his Natural History of Oxfordshire (folio, Oxford, 1705),
p. 1 20. He remarks that ' at Cats Grove near Reading they met with
a bed of oyster shells both flat and gibbous about 12 or 14 foot under-
ground, not at all petrified, all of them opened except some very few
that I suppose have casually fallen together, which how they should
come there without a deluge seems a difficulty to most men not easily
avoided.'

Dr. William Stukeley in Itinerarium Curiosum (folio, London, 1724),
p. 59, also refers to this locality. He says that 'near the trench the
Danes made between the river Kennet and the Thames is Catsgrove

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Hill, a mile off Reading ; in digging there they find first a red gravel,
clay, chalk, flints, and then a bed of huge petrified oysters 5 yards thick
20 foot below the surface ; these shells are full of sea sand.'

Above the bottom bed at Reading are some sandy beds which occur
in a very irregular manner and occasionally contain layers of clay with
abundant and very perfect impressions of leaves of plants. This leaf
bed has also been found in the brickfields at Knowl Hill between
Twyford and Maidenhead l and at Shaw Hill near Newbury. The
oyster bed shows that this formation was deposited in salt or at any
rate brackish water, and the leaf beds that land was not far away ;
probably Berkshire was at the time in the seaward part of the estuary
of a great river. Mr. J. Starkie Gardner has remarked that the plants
are of a remarkably temperate aspect, the leaves and fruits of the plane
tree for instance being conspicuous. 2

In some places these sands contain numerous clay galls of large size,
some as much as 18 inches in diameter. Some are mottled, but the
majority are grey in colour. Many are ferruginous and somewhat sep-
tarian, and ferruginous nodules also are found. 8

Above the sand there is usually some 40 to 50 feet of mottled clay
without fossils and above it are sometimes more sands, but the whole of
the Reading Beds are irregular and no two sections are alike.

They are worked for bricks, tiles and coarse pottery at many places.

There is a record of an unsuccessful attempt to obtain coal at Hose
Hill in the parish of Burghfield on the south bank of the Kennet valley
about 4! miles south-west of Reading. 4 It was probably through
alluvium and Reading Beds.

LONDON CLAY

The Reading Beds are overlain by the London Clay ; its basement
bed, some 10 feet thick, consists of green-coloured sands and clay with
bands of calcareous stone and some pebbles. It usually contains one or
more lines of fossils, and in one case, Mock Beggars Brickfield on the
east of Reading, it was found to be fossiliferous throughout. The shells
are of marine species ; Pectuncu/us and Cardium are very common at
Reading. The two valves are frequently united and the shells show no
sign of rolling, so that they no doubt lived on the spot. The annelid
Ditrupa plana is very abundant.

In the Winkfield boring this basement bed was 6 feet thick and
consisted of green-coloured sand with shells. Its stony beds, with the
characteristic Ditrupa, may be seen in the Bray cut. It was 10 feet
thick in the Wokingham well, and has been exposed in the railway
cutting at Sonning and in many brickfields near Reading, Newbury and
other places ; in short it is very persistent throughout the county. It is
a water-bearing bed, but only furnishes small supplies.

1 H. J. O. White, Pnc. Geol. Assoc. (1901), xvii. 181.

8 The British Eocene flora (Palaeontographical Society), ii. I.

' T. R. Jones and C. C. King, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1875), ***' 453-

* J. Rofe, Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, v. 129 (1837).

GEOLOGY

The London Clay itself is as its name implies almost wholly clay
and of a very uniform character throughout, excepting near the top,
which is often rather sandy. It is practically impervious to water. It
extends over a broad belt of country from Windsor to Reading and
from that town south to the county boundary.

West of Reading it is largely covered by the next formation, the
Bagshot Beds.

Most of Windsor Park, Winkfield, Hawthorn Hill, Warfield, Bin-
field, Hurst, Arborfield, Shinfield, Swallowfield, Mortimer, Burghfield
and Beenham are on London Clay. It is but little obscured by superfi-
cial deposits.

Its colour is dark, usually of a bluish tint, but near the surface of
the ground it is reddish or reddish-brown, the effect of the action of air
and percolating water.

It contains layers of septaria or cement stones, i.e. nodules of hard
calcareous clay with divisions of calcite or aragonite.

In the east of the county the London Clay is very thick. Several
wells and borings have passed through the whole formation. At Cum-
berland Lodge, Windsor Park, it was 314 feet in thickness, and at Ascot
Racecourse as much as 349! feet, but it gradually thins westwards. At
Wokingham it was 273 feet, Bearwood 256 feet, in the Burghfield
district it is only a little over 200 feet, and at Inkpen only 52 feet in
thickness. In all these cases the basement bed is included in the figures
given. It forms a stiff soil.

At Bracknell, Wokingham and other places the clay is worked for
brick and tile making. Fossils are not common but occur in the sep-
tarian nodules. The bivalves usually have the valves united and are
not waterworn. Mr. Gardner considers that the climate was warmer
than in the Reading Bed period. The fossils are marine, and the extent,
thickness and uniform character of the greater part of the formation
suggest that owing to depression the sea water had encroached much
further up the estuary than in the time of the Reading Beds and even
than in that of the basement bed.

BAGSHOT, BRACKLESHAM AND BARTON BEDS

The three formations, Bagshot, Bracklesham and Barton, may be
taken together, for they are intimately connected with one another and
indeed are often all included under the general name Bagshot Beds.

They extend over a considerable area in Berkshire. Sunninghill,
Ascot, Bagshot Heath, Easthampstead Plain, Sandhurst, Wokingham,
Sulhampstead Abbots, Ufton, Padworth, Aldermaston Park, Wasing and
Brimpton are on beds belonging to these formations.

The surface of the ground is however to a large extent covered
with gravel; indeed it is to this fact that the patches of Bagshot Beds
owe their preservation. They are essentially soft formations, consisting
of sands with very subordinate beds of clay, and they have consequently
suffered great erosion from rain, streams, etc., so that though they
i 17 3

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

probably once had an extension far and wide we now only find patches
left where beds of gravel have protected the soft strata beneath. One
result of this is that on the roads in the district from Newbury to
Windsor we find hills with a tolerably gradual ascent over the sandy
Bagshot Beds and a steep bit up the gravel capping at the top.

The nomenclature of these formations is in a somewhat indefinite
state, but the facts are perfectly clear and simple.

There are three formations as already mentioned :

1. The Bagshot Beds or Lower Bagshot Beds.

2. The Bracklesham Beds or Middle Bagshot Beds.

3. The Barton Beds or Upper Bagshot Beds.

The Bagshot or Lower Bagshot Beds are about 100 feet in thick-
ness, and consist of yellow sand with a little clay in places and here
and there a few flint pebbles.

There is no satisfactory record of fossil shells from these beds in
Berkshire, but evidence from Surrey is in favour of the view that the
upper part at least was deposited in salt water. The sands show
much sign of currents, and probably the truth is that they were like the
underlying strata deposited in or near the mouth of the estuary of a
great river which was subsiding, and that at some times the salt water
advanced further up it than at others.

This division of the Bagshot series frequently yields a very soft
and pure water; owing however to the porous character of the beds
the water is liable to surface pollution.

The Bracklesham or Middle Bagshot Beds rest on the Lower Bag-
shot ; they are composed of light-coloured sandy clays, green and yellow
sands with occasionally beds of stiff dark-coloured clay and usually some
layers of flint pebbles.

The beds of green-coloured sand are found more or less well
developed and often contain pyrites and fossil wood. Beds of lignite
occasionally occur.

The greatest thickness is about 50 feet. Fossils are scarce, but
here and there casts of shells occur in some abundance and occasionally
the shell is preserved. Corbula, Cardium and a large Cardita together
with a small oyster are fairly common. The valves are always or almost
always united, and probably the shell fish lived where we now find them.
They are all salt water forms ; many casts of these shells were collected
from a cutting just within the county on the railway between Ascot and
Bagshot, and specimens will be found in the Museum of Practical
Geology in Jermyn Street.

The water found in the Bracklesham Beds is usually of an unsatis-
factory character. The clays are worked for brickmaking near Ascot,
etc.

The Barton or Upper Bagshot is again a sandy series, indeed it
consists practically of yellow sand. The greatest thickness is about
200 feet. The only fossils found in Berkshire are very indistinct casts
of shells ; better specimens have however been discovered in Surrey,

GEOLOGY

and show that the sands are of salt water origin and of the age of the
Lower Barton Beds of Hampshire.

The soil over the Bagshot and Barton Beds is very poor, and the
ground is to a great extent uncultivated and covered with heather and
fir plantations. It forms however healthy residential tracts.

The soil of the Bracklesham Beds is slightly better, and fine trees
grow on it at Swinley and in many other places.

Springs are thrown out at the bottom of the Barton Beds and a
fair supply of water may often be obtained in wells sunk to that horizon;
the upper part of the sands seldom contains any water.

DRIFT AND SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS

The Bagshot series is the most recent formation in Berkshire which
can with certainty be stated to have been deposited in sea water. At
some time after Upper Bagshot and Lower Barton date, elevation of this
part of England took place and Berkshire became dry land, and the
oldest record of dry-land condition is probably the clay with flints.

THE CLAY WITH FLINTS covers a large part of the Chalk district. It
consists of clay, loam and earth full of flints, which retain their original
irregular shape and have not been rolled or waterworn. The deposit is
of the most variable thickness up to about 20 feet, often filling pipes or
hollows in the Chalk. It is believed to be largely due to the dissolution
of the Chalk near the surface of the ground by the action of water which
percolates through it, the water carrying away in solution the carbonate
of lime and any other easily soluble minerals and leaving the insoluble
residue, i.e. flints and earthy or loamy material, with which is often
mixed clay and flint pebbles, the relics of Eocene beds which lay on the
surface of the Chalk. 1

The irregularity of the deposit and the pipes in the Chalk are due
to the irregular course underground taken by the percolating water.

Sometimes these hollows in the Chalk are of considerable size and
form what are known as ' swallow holes,' since they swallow up the
water which flows into them.

Mr. Whitaker explains that the swallow holes are often due to
streams which, rising in the higher ground, flow down an escarpment of
Eocene beds until they reach the pervious and jointed Chalk, the water
flowing into which forms in time a swallow hole through the chemical
action of the carbonic acid which it contains, assisted by the mechanical
action of the water itself ; and the presence of swallow holes at a dis-
tance from Eocene clays is probably an indication of their former extent
in comparatively recent geological times.

Some of the best timber in the county grows upon the clay with
flints, and good crops are often found on it in spite of the stony ground.

It is a sub-aerial deposit the sea has had no part in its formation
and as the process must have been very slow, its thickness and great

1 See W. Whitaker, ' Geology of London,' Geol. Survey (1889), i. 281.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

extent show that a very long time has elapsed since the sea retreated
from the high ground of Berkshire.

PEBBLE GRAVEL. The oldest gravel in this part of England consists
almost wholly of pebbles, hence the name Pebble Gravel. There are
small patches on the top of Ashley Hill and Bowsey Hill near Twyford,
and on the high ground above Streatley, which may belong to this
deposit or are perhaps mainly formed of debris from it. It occurs in
many places north of the river Thames. 1

PLATEAU GRAVEL. Much of the high ground in east and south
Berkshire forms wide and flat-topped plateaux in which rain and streams
have carved out valleys. These plateaux are covered by sheets of gravel,
and at one time there was a pretty general opinion that the gravels
were of marine origin. The present tendency however seems to be
opposed to such a conclusion, and recent authors are inclined to regard
them all as gravels laid down by our rivers and streams and deposited at
various levels during the process of the formation of the present surface
features.

The complete absence, so far as is known, of marine shells, etc., in
the gravels, and the existence of the clay with flints, support this view,
and the composition of the various sheets of gravel is also in its favour,
for it is not uniform as might be expected of a marine deposit, but
differs probably in accordance with the variation in the materials found
in the drainage areas of different rivers.

Thus the gravels of the high ground near the Thames contain
pebbles and boulders of grey, pink and purple quartzite, which have
almost certainly been derived from the Triassic pebble beds of the
Birmingham district. They might have been brought by a river
flowing in the direction of the Thames itself, along the Cherwell and
Evenlode, though it is true that the Birmingham district is now in the
drainage area of the Severn ; but it is suggested that that river has in
course of time been gaining on and acquiring parts of the old drainage
area of the Thames.

Then the sheet of gravels of Bucklebury Common, Greenham
Heath and of the great plateau between Aldermaston and Mortimer are
without the peculiar quartzites, etc., alluded to above, and contain only
such stones as might be derived from the drainage area of the Kennet
and its tributaries.

Again, and still passing eastwards, the gravels of Finchampstead
Ridges and Easthampstead Plain are distinguished by the presence of
fragments of a peculiar chert and ragstone which has been recognized as
having come from the Lower Greensand of Surrey away to the south-
east, and though that country now belongs to the drainage area of the
Wey, it is suggested that it once belonged to that of the Lodden and its
tributaries, and that the Wey has gained on the Lodden, or rather on
the Blackwater, just as the Severn has gained on the Thames.

The plateau gravels are mainly composed of flint from the Chalk.

1 H. J. O. White, 'Westleton and Glacial Gravels,' Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1895-6), xiv. 1 1.

HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

OROGRA

45'

3O'

15'

40'

.70'

THE VI CTOR I A HI STORY

, MAP.

REFERENCE NOTE

above 800 feet
600 to 800 feet
400 to 600 feet
2OO to 400 feet

OUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

County Boundary shown thus

GEOLOGY

It is usually sub-angular and somewhat rolled and waterworn, and long
exposure to the atmosphere has changed its colour from the black of the
ordinary chalk flint to a brown or orange tint. There are also very
frequently large numbers of pebbles derived from the Eocene pebble beds.

In some places the sand and stones are consolidated by a ferruginous
cement into a hard conglomerate, and this has been used as a building
stone. The tower of Wokingham church, for instance, is mainly built
of this conglomerate.

The ferruginous bands in this gravel frequently hold up the water
which percolates from the surface of the plateaux, and there are in
consequence very often springs at the bottom of the gravel near its
junction with the underlying formations.

The plateaux vary greatly in height above the sea. Bucklebury
Common is 444 feet, Tilehurst just over 343 feet, Mortimer Common
334 feet, Easthampstead Plain rather over 400 feet, and the plateau
above Sonning 205 feet above sea level.

VALLEY GRAVEL. In the valleys of the Thames and its tributaries
there are numerous sheets and patches of gravel which it is convenient
to separate from those at higher levels under the term Valley Gravel,
though in fact there is every stage of transition between the gravels
which form flats on the floor of the valleys and those which, owing to
elevation and denudation, have become the capping of plateaux.

In many cases patches of gravel are separated from the drift on the
floor of the valley, but denudation has not proceeded far enough to form
them into plateaux, and they are in the intermediate form of terraces.
Near Maidenhead, for instance, there are three such terraces, 1 but the
highest of these terraces has in some places already become a plateau, as
above Staverton Lodge, for instance.

There are flats and terraces of gravel at many places by the side of
the Thames and Kennet, and a large part of Reading is built on Valley
Gravel. There is very little gravel in the valley of the Lodden until
it is joined by the Blackwater, but the sheets of gravel along that river
and by the Lodden after the Blackwater has joined it are extensive,
giving support to the suggestion already mentioned that the drainage
area of the Blackwater was once more extensive than now. In the
north-west of the county there is also a certain amount of gravel.
Buscot Park, for instance, is on flint gravel on Oxford Clay. The
thickness of the gravel is very variable, but is often 20 feet or more in
the neighbourhood of Reading.

Flint implements have been found in many places and mammalian
remains have been recorded from gravel at Reading, Windsor, etc.

The gravels at all levels in Berkshire often present a curiously
contorted stratification, and probably in many cases this may be due to
the action of river ice. Possibly much of our gravel was formed during
the period of extreme cold known as the Glacial period, but there is a
lack of evidence on this point. The Boulder Clay is not found in or

1 W. Whitaker, ' Geology of London,' Geol. Surt'ey, i. 391.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

anywhere near Berkshire, and a great deal of ice work may take place in
a river without a glacial period. All that can at present be said is that
the Glacial period covers a portion, perhaps a large portion, of the time
during which the present surface features of Berkshire were carved out
and its gravels deposited.

The valley gravel is very sandy in places and often contains an
abundant supply of water, which Mr. Blake remarks is of good quality
but very liable to pollution.

The quartzite boulders above mentioned are very hard, and often
used as cobbles.

CHALK RUBBLE. In some of the valleys in the chalk district and
on the sides of the chalk downs there have accumulated patches of
gravel consisting of fragments of chalk and irregular or broken flints.
In one. of these patches at Chilton, nearly 400 feet above the sea, Sir
Joseph Prestwich found a quantity of mammalian remains and land
shells, with which were associated two species of mollusca, Planorbis albus,
Ltnncea truncatula, which are of amphibious habit. He compares this
interesting deposit to the beds of angular rubble overlying the raised
beaches of Sangatte and Brighton. 1

ALLUVIUM is the modern deposit of our rivers. It is muddy or
silty, and small sections may be seen in the river banks.

In Lyson's Magna Britannia (1806), i. 192, it is noted that peat is
found in the vale of the Kennet on both sides of the river for several
miles above and below the town of Newbury. ' The stratum of peat lies
at various depths below the surface of the ground, and varies in thickness
from i to 8 or 9 feet. Horns, heads and bones of various animals have
been found in the peat.'

Professor Rupert Jones in 1879 referred to a place near Newbury
where the peat had been excavated a comparatively few years previously,
and which had become entirely rilled up with fresh accumulations of
vegetable growth, Equisetum having been an active agent among the
plants. 2

A well in London Road, Newbury, passed through 15 feet of
drift. At the bottom there was 3 feet of gravel, above it z feet of
peat and 6 feet of malm, and then more gravel forming the surface of
the ground.

Speaking of the river Kennet near Hungerford and the soil around
that place Dr. Stukeley, writing as long ago as 1724, says : ' I have often
wished that a map of soils was accurately made, promising to myself that
such a curiosity would furnish us with some new notions of geography
and of the theory of the earth.' 3 An interesting and early suggestion in
favour of a geological map.

1 J. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. (1882), xxxviii. 127 ; A. J. Jukes-Browne, Proe. Geol.
Atsoc. (1889-90), xi. 204.

2 Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1879-80), vi. 188 ; see also T. R. Jones, A Lecture on the Geological History
of Netobury, Berks (8vo, London, 1854), where lists of the fossils are given.

3 Itinerant* Curiosum (1724, fol. London), p. 60.

GEOLOGY

MALM OR TUFA. In the valley of the Kennet there are a few
small patches of a calcareous loam. They rest upon peat or alluvium.

One patch near Newbury has been described as full of shells of
land and freshwater mollusca and caddis-worm cases. Many of them
were coated with concretionary carbonate of lime. It is a flood water
deposit. In a well already mentioned it was found to be 6 feet thick. 1

GREYWETHERS OR SARSEN STONES

The greywethers have long attracted attention. They are de-
scribed in Lyson's Magna Britannia as ' those remarkable stones, called by
the country people sarsden stones or the greywethers, which are scat-
tered over the Downs. They appear to have been removed by some
violent concussion of the earth, as they evidently lie on strata to which
they do not naturally belong. The greatest number of them are to
be seen in a valley near Ashdown Park on a stratum of chalk, others
on a bed of clay in the parish of Compton Beauchamp. They are
frequently blasted with gunpowder and used for pitching, etc., but are
too hard to be worked.' *

The ' Blowing Stone ' on the road from Faringdon to Uffington
was described by Mr. James Sowerby in a communication to the
Linnsean Society on November 7, 1809."

Mr. Aveline remarks that around Middle farm, Knighton Bushes,
Weathercock Hill and Hone Warren they are plentiful, and he gives
the dimensions of a number of stones, the largest measuring 8 feet by
8 1 feet by 5 feet, 9 feet by 5 feet by 2 feet, and 12 feet by 6 feet by i
foot. 4 Similar stones occur on the east of the county on Bagshot
Heath, etc.

These stones are believed to be derived from the Reading and
Bagshot Beds and possibly in some cases from the basement bed of the
London Clay. They are usually formed of hard, often very hard, sand-
stone or quartzite, and sometimes have a somewhat cherty appearance.
Their minute structure, according to Professor Judd, varies greatly.
Those with saccharoid fracture stand at one end of the series. An
example from Camberley in Surrey is wholly made up of sand grains,
and much of the cement is ferruginous.

At the other end of the series stand sarsens with a fracture like
some cherts. He mentions one case where the original sand grains had
almost wholly disappeared and an aggregate of grains of secondary quartz
had been formed. 6

Mr. Hudleston has described this class of stone as siliceous doggers
or concretionary slabs which have hardened in situ and have resisted the
atmospheric agencies of destruction, and after noting specimens which

1 Prof. Geol. Assoc. (1879-80), vi. 188 ; see also a paper by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,
op. cit. (1901-2), xvii. 213.

8 Lysons, Magna Britannia (1806), i. 192. s Trans. Lin. Soc. x. 405.

4 'Geology of Parts of Oxford and Berks,' Geol. Survey (1861), p. 47.
6 Geological Mag. (1901), p. i.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

seemed to bear the marks of roots, he adds, 'It is by no means improbable
that the decomposition of vegetable matter and consequent formation of
humus, and the various organic acids which arise from its gradual
alteration into carbonic acid, may have had something to do with the
concretionary action.' 1 A somewhat similar opinion has been expressed
by the Rev. Dr. Irving. 2 Greywethers or sarsens are often to be seen
at the corners of roads or used as stepping stones, and, as stated in the
passage in Lyson's referred to above, they have been used as building
stone. Mr. H. B. Woodward remarks that much of Windsor Castle is
built of greywether sandstone. 8

In the sandy and clayey districts the older buildings often consist of
a considerable variety of material. The tower of the church of Waltham
St. Lawrence, for instance, is built mainly of chalk and of flints, but
there are also several fragments of sarsen, a number of blocks of irony
conglomerate and a few bricks.

In addition to the works referred to above, several papers relating
to Berkshire will be found in the recent volumes of the Quarterly 'Journal
of the Geological Society f , the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, and
the Geological Magazine.

1 Pnc. Geol. Assoc. (1881-2), vii. 138. * Ibid. (1883-4), viii - 'S3-

3 Geology of England and Wales, ed. 2 (1887), p. 449. For further details of sarsens in Berkshire
see T. R. Jones, Geol. Mag. (1901), viii. 54, 115. A bibliographic list of works treating of sarsens
will be found at p. 124, and a paper by the same author in the Berks, etc. Arch. Journ. for July,
1901, vii. 54.

PALEONTOLOGY

ALTHOUGH Berkshire has no extinct vertebrate fauna peculiar to itself, and apparently
only a single species hitherto unknown elsewhere, yet it enjoys the distinction of being
the county which first afforded evidence as to the former existence of the musk-ox (Ovibos
moschatus) in Britain. The imperfect skull (now in the British Museum) on which this deter-
mination was made came from a pit in the lower level drift near Maidenhead, where it was
discovered in July, 1855, by the Rev. C. Kingsley and Mr. John Lubbock (now Lord Avebury).
It attracted much interest at the time, and during the same year was described by Sir Richard
Owen in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London ; a note on the age and
relations of the deposit in which it was found being added by Sir Joseph Prestwich. 1
Remains of the musk-ox have been subsequently discovered in several other British localities,
notably at Bromley, Freshford near Bath, Barnwood near Gloucester, in the Thames Valley
at Crayford and also at Cromer.

The county also appears to be the first from which remains of the beaver (Castor fiber)
were obtained. This record dates from the year 1757, when a letter from Dr. John Collet to
the Bishop of Ossory was published in the Philosophical Transactions, 2 which contains an ac-
count of the well-known peat-pit near Newbury, and states that ' a great many horns, heads
and bones of several kinds of deer, the horns of the antelope, the heads and tusks of boars, the
heads of beavers, etc.,' were disinterred. This account was subsequently fully confirmed by
later discoveries, Sir R. Owen 3 stating that from 20 feet below the present surface of the New-
bury peat valley a Mr. Purdoe obtained jaws and teeth of the beaver in association with remains
of the wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus), roebuck (Capreolus capreolus), goat (Capra hircus), red deer
(Cervus elaphus) and wolf (Cants lupus). The goat is of course the ' antelope ' of the earlier
account. Sir R. Owen * doubtfully refers a skull from Newbury to the fallow deer (C. dama).
From the same deposits have been subsequently recorded B remains of the badger (Meles meles),
water-vole (Microtus amphibius), Celtic shorthorn (Bos taurus), extinct wild ox or aurochs
(B. t. primigenius) and horse (Equus caballus). Of the aurochs a fine skull from Ham Marsh
is preserved in the museum of the Newbury Institution.

Of nearly equal antiquity with the record of remains of the beaver from Newbury is an
account of the discovery of tusks and other teeth of the wild boar at Abingdon. These were
sent to John Hunter in 1787 by a Mr. W. Jones of Abingdon, accompanied by a letter de-
scribing their discovery in a layer of sand accompanied by hazel nuts about ten feet below the
surface. 6 Remains of the mammoth (Elephas primigenius) and straight-tusked elephant (E.
antiquus) are also recorded by Messrs. Woodward and Sherborn from Abingdon, although the
writer has been unable to discover on what authority.

In digging the foundations for new cavalry barracks at Windsor in 1867, there were dis-
covered in a bed of gravel numerous mammalian remains, among which Professor W. B. Daw-
kins 7 identified a bear (perhaps Ursus spelaus), the wolf, horse, fossil bison (Bos priscus) and
reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), the antlers and bones of the latter largely outnumbering the
other remains. From Ufton remains of the extinct Irish deer, or ' Irish elk ' (Cervus giganteus),
are recorded in Woodward and Sherborn's catalogue.

In the communication referred to above Sir J. Prestwich mentioned the occurrence of
remains of the mammoth in the same pit at Maidenhead, and likewise that mammalian bones
had been obtained by Mr. Blackwell in the Kennet valley at Aldermaston near Newbury.

' Vol. xii. 124, 132. a p. 109.

3 Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 193 (1846). Op. cit. 483.

8 See Woodward and Sherborn, Brit. Fan. " Owen, op. cit. p. 430.

Vertebrates. 7 See Early Man in Britain, p. 155 (1880).

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Mammalian remains, together with trunks of trees, have also been reported from Pleisto-
cene sands near Reading by Professor E. B. Poulton. 1 The former have been assigned to four
species, namely the mammoth, the wild ox, the fossil race of the horse (Equus caballus fossilii),
and a rhinoceros, which is probably the woolly Siberian Rhinoceros antiquitatis. A couple of
years later, during the construction of a line of railway from Didcot to Newbury, some sections
in gravel between the main Great Western line and the village of Chilton yielded other mam-
malian fossils which were identified by Sir J. Prestwich 2 as belonging to the mammoth, horse,
woolly rhinoceros, red deer, reindeer, and probably the fossil bison. A gravel-pit on the
Tilehurst Road near Reading has likewise afforded mammalian remains, Mr. O. A. Shrubsole
recording those of the mammoth, aurochs, horse, red deer and an undetermined species of
rhinoceros. To this list Sir J. Prestwich 3 has added the Pleistocene hippopotamus (Hippo-
potamus amphibius major), whose former presence in the county has been indicated by a dis-
covery at East Challow.*

Other references to mammalian remains from the Reading neighbourhood will be found
in the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, xi. 204 and xv. 306. The earliest record of
such ' finds ' appears to be one by Rofe in the Transactions of the Geological Society for 1834
(ser. 2, v. 127), where mention is made of the occurrence of elephants' teeth near Reading.

Vertebrate fossils from strata older than the Pleistocene appear to be rare in the county
and only one peculiar type seems to have been hitherto described. The following forms have
been identified, but it is probable that remains of some of the commoner Cretaceous fishes
likewise occur in the Berkshire Chalk.

From the base of the Eocene Reading beds at Tilehurst Road two fish-teeth have been
identified by Mr. E. T. Newton as belonging respectively to the common Tertiary sharks
known as Lamna macrotus and Odontaspis contortidens. A shark's tooth assigned to some
member of the genus Lamna has likewise been obtained from the basement bed of the London
Clay in the Great Western railway cutting at Sonning ; while two other teeth, apparently
referable to the same genus, have been collected by Mr. L. Treacher in the upper part of the
London Clay at Bracknell and Wokingham.

From the Lower Greensand of Faringdon the British Museum possesses a plesiosaurian
vertebra provisionally identified with the species now known as Murtznosaurus latispinus, and
likewise teeth of the enamel-scaled fish Lepidotus maximus, both of these being derived from
Kimeridgian strata.

By far the most interesting Berkshire fossil vertebrate is however a small iguanodon-like
dinosaur, of which the imperfect skeleton (now in the Oxford Museum) was obtained from
the Kimeridge Clay of Cumnor Hurst. This unique specimen was described in 1880 by the
late Mr. J. W. Hulke 5 under the name of Iguanodon prestwichi. Seven years it was made the
type of a new genus, Cumnoria, by Professor H. G. Seeley, 8 but in the following year it was
referred by the present writer 7 to the American genus Camptosaurus. The reptile in question
was much smaller than the iguanodons of the Wealden.

Among specimens collected in the Coralline Oolite at Marcham near Abingdon by Mr.
Treacher is an undetermined saurian vertebra ; another specimen of the same nature has also
been obtained by that gentleman from the Corallian at Shellingford.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. rxxvi. 303. ' Ibid, xxxviii. 102.

3 Ibid. xlvi. 588. Geol. Mag. 1898, p. 411.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxvi. 433. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1887, p. 698.

' Cat Toss. Reft. Brit. Mus. i, p. 196.

HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

BOTANIC

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LIST OF BOTANICAL DISTRICTS

E COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

BOTANY

ALTHOUGH the highest point in Berkshire does not reach
1,000 feet above the sea, there is probably no equally level
county which can compare with it in the picturesque char-
acter of its scenery ; while its rich meadows, the graceful
outline of the chalk hills, its high breezy heathlands, its sombre pine-
woods, and its stately royal park and forest afford varied and delightful
scenes of quiet and peaceful beauty.

The contour of the county is rather unusual. If a section of it
were made from north to south from Lechlade to the Hampshire border,
which is to the south of Hungerford, it would be found that on the
north the river Thames at Lechlade is about 250 feet above the sea
level. From this level the country rises and attains the height of 465
feet on Badbury Hill. This hill is on the western side of a range which
stretches nearly west and east, its highest eastern points being Pickett's
Heath, which is 535, and Wytham Hill, which is 539 feet above the
sea. This range slopes gently down to the south so that near Shrivenham
its altitude is about 200 feet. The country then rises rapidly to the
summit of the White Horse Hill, which is 840 feet high. This chalk
ridge, like the preceding range of hills which belong to the Coralline
formation, also runs in a direction which is nearly west to east ; in fact,
it is one of the four ranges of chalk hills which radiate from the high
ground of Salisbury Plain. In its progress through Berkshire it sinks
slightly in elevation, so that while on the White Horse it is 840, at
Wantage it is 740, at Letcombe Castle it is 690, at Lowbury it is 585,
and at King Standing Hill it is only 391 feet above the sea : the river
Thames at Mongewell is about 160 feet above sea level. Returning to
consider the imaginary section on the west of the county, it will be found
that from the summit of the White Horse Hill the ground gradually
slopes towards the Kennet, which enters the county near Hungerford ;
there the river is about 328 feet above the sea, while at its outfall into
the Thames at Reading it is not more than 123 feet. This river runs also
in a direction nearly west and east in Berkshire. From the trough of
the valley at Hungerford the ground soon rises in an abrupt escarpment
of the chalk to the greatest altitude which this formation reaches in
southern England, namely on Walbury Camp, which is 959 feet above
the sea ; the neighbouring hill, called Gibbet Hill, reaches 955 feet,
and in the slight depression between the two hills there is a small pond

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

which is 9 1 2 feet above the sea. This range does not pursue the easterly
direction for any considerable distance, but turns southwards and soon
leaves the county. It will thus be seen that the county slopes from west
to east, and that three distinct ranges of hills traverse it from the west
to the east. South of the Kennet, to the east of the point where the
chalk range leaves the county, the country rises in a gentle slope, and
separates for some distance the valley of the Emborne from that of the
Kennet ; but the height of the hilly ground forming the watershed is
only about 400 feet on Greenham Common, and this height gradually
sinks eastwards, Crookham Common being 382, Burghfield 313, and
Sulhampstead only 300 feet above sea level. To the south of Reading
the watershed of the Blackwater is formed by hilly ground belonging to
the Tertiary formations. The river enters Berkshire at a point where
the height of the surface of the water is about 200 feet above the sea,
its outfall near Twyford, after its junction with the Loddon, being about
i oo feet. The hills in this southern part of the county are not arranged
in regular lines as are those already mentioned, but are irregularly scattered
over the area. In the south-east there is a flat tract between Twyford
and Maidenhead, of which a considerable extent is less than 150 feet,
and some not more than 90 feet above the sea. East of Twyford a rather
conspicuous and picturesque group of hills is formed by the London clay,
one of which, Bowsey Hill, reaches an altitude of 454 feet, Ashley Hill
being 358, and Crazey Hill 316 feet above the sea. On the south-west
the same formation rises into a hilly country which on Hawthorn Hill is
248, on St. Leonard's 294, and on High Standing Hill and Cranbourn
Park is 280 feet above the sea. South-west of Wokingham the ground
rises at Finchampstead to 320 feet, and overlooks the valley of the Black-
water ; Caesar's Camp near Bracknell attains an elevation of 410 feet,
Lodge Hill is 377, and Easthampstead Plain, the highest point of the
Bagshot beds, is 423 feet above the sea. The river at Maidenhead is
only 84 feet above the sea.

Berkshire therefore not only slopes from the west to the east, but
there is also a decided slope from the north to the south. It must be
borne in mind that the central plateau of the chalk is by no means a
plain, or even an inclined plain ; on the contrary it is very diversified,
and may be roughly divided into two parts ; of these the western, which
is on the whole the more elevated of the two, is drained by the Lambourn,
its northern side being terminated by the White Horse, and, as has been
said already, the country slopes down towards the Kennet. In this part
the elevation of Wickham Heath is 477 feet, the river Lambourn near
Welford is 329 feet, and at its junction with the Kennet near Shaw is
254 feet above the sea. The eastern side includes the high ground of
the chalk which rises at Lowbury to a height of 585 feet ; further
south, overlooking the Pang stream, is Oare Hill, which is 397 feet
high, and in the vicinity is the earthwork known as Grimsbury Castle,
which is 461 feet high. The high ground about Aldworth reaches 579
feet, and Beedon touches 545 feet, while Ashampstead is 447 feet, and

BOTANY

Cold Ash Common is 513 feet above the sea. The watershed of
the Pang and the Kennet near Englefield is nearly 300 feet above
the sea.

In the following pages, which by the kind permission of the dele-
gates of the Clarendon Press at Oxford I have been allowed to compile
from my Flora of Berkshire published by them in 1897, 1 shall endeavour
to give a general idea as to what species are native of the county, and of
those which are, although not indigenous, yet now well established, and
to show roughly their distribution through its area, for which purpose
various botanical districts essentially based upon the river drainage have
been made. The boundaries of these districts will be briefly described, and
a list of the more interesting species occurring in each district will be
enumerated ; but for those who seek a more intimate acquaintance with
the distribution of plants through the county, and an account of the
various local forms and varieties, or for a complete Botanologia of those
botanists who have assisted to bring our knowledge of the county flora
to its present state of completeness, my Flora of Berkshire already alluded
to should be consulted.

The following tables show the number of species which have been
reported on good authority to have been seen growing in a wild state in
the counties surrounding Berkshire, as well as those compiled for the
county by myself :

Berkshire Oxfordshire Bucks

Native plants . . 898 . . 847 . . 818

Denizens. ... 46 .. 49 .. 25

Colonists .... 56 .. 43 .. 34

Total. . 1,000 939 877

The word native, as used above, signifies the grade of citizenship of
the plant in Berkshire, namely an aboriginal species ; denizen means that
although the plant at present maintains its habitat, as if a native, without
the aid of man, yet it is liable to some suspicion of having been originally
introduced, for example the common elm ; while colonist suggests a
weed of cultivated land, or about houses, and seldom found except in
places where the ground has been adapted for its production by the
operation of man, as the red poppy (Papaver Rhceas).

Besides these species about 400 named varieties and forms, and
about 70 hybrids, and over 200 species not native in Britain, or of casual
occurrence or planted in Berkshire, have been observed.

The total number of species native in the British Isles is about
1,750, and about 250 of colonists, denizens and aliens are also included in
our British lists ; but of these 144 are confined to the neighbourhood of
the sea, 17 are confined to Ireland, about 20 to the Channel Isles, while
200 are plants of northern latitudes, or are not found so far south as Berk-
shire except in mountainous situations.

It will be observed that after making these reductions about 1,350
species remain which might occur in the county ; yet we find from the

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

above table such is not the case, no fewer than 350 being unrecorded.
And while it is probable that a few additional species will reward the
searcher, yet there are few areas which have been more systematically
worked than Berkshire ; but it must be borne in mind that however
minute and assiduous the research of a botanist may be, finality can never
be attained, since only a small portion comparatively of the actual surface
of the ground comes within his observation, and that only for a short
time.

In the Compendium to the Cybele Britannica, Mr. H. C. Watson
made a classification of the British plants according to their distribution.
He regarded the universally distributed plants as ' British,' the southern
plants as ' English,' the species having their headquarters in the western
counties as ' Atlantic,' the eastern plants as ' Germanic,' while the
northern species were ' Scottish ' or ' Highland.' ' Intermediate ' was
applied to plants having their headquarters in the midlands and
thinning out to the north and south ; ' local ' was applied in a few
cases of almost isolated species. These terms were further differentiated
by combining them ; thus, ' British-English ' means a plant of wide
diffusion with a tendency towards the southern type, and ' English-
British ' signifies a plant of a southern type widely diffused.

Adopting the specific limits laid down by Mr. Watson (and omit-
ing about 1 20 critical and other species, some of which have been in-
cluded in the British flora since the publication of the Compendium]
our Berkshire flora is constituted as follows :

ENGLISH

ENGLISH-BRITISH .
Intermediate ,
Germanic
Atlantic . .
Local .

Total

BRITISH.

British-English .
British-Germanic

Scottish . .

Atlantic .

Intermediate .

Highland .

Total .

GERMANIC . . .
Germanic-English
British.

183

47
i

379
in

9
i

2
3

_
506

23
4

Myosotis sylvatica, Aquilegia, Carex elata

Scutellaria minor

Elatine Hydropiper, Sisymbrium Sophia,
Tordylium y the latter now extinct

Local

Capnoides claviculata (CorydaHs)
Saxifraga granu/ata, Polygonum Bistorta
Vaccinium Myrtillus, Lycopodium Selago,
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium

Astragalus danicus, A. glycyphyllus, Con-
vallaria, Hypochceris glabra

Orchis militaris, O. Simia (? extinct),
Muscari (? if native)

Total

BOTANY

ATLANTIC 2 Cervicina hederacea (Wahlenbergia],

Agrostls setacea
Atlantic-Local ... i lllecebrum vertidllatum

British .... 2 Hypericum Androseemum, Erodium mos-

chatum (? native)

English .... 3 Hypericum elodes, Cotyledon, Verbascum

virgatum

Total ... 8

SCOTTISH i Pinus sy/vestris (replanted)

Scottish-British i . 10

Scottish-Local ... i Asperugo procumbent (casual)

Total ... 12

INTERMEDIATE ... 2 Rites nigrum, R. Grossularia

Intermediate-British . i Gagea fascicularis

English .... i Poterium officinale

Local I Campanula rapunculoides

Highland .... i Galium sylvestre

Total ... 4
Grand Total . 885

The Scottish-British types are Sagina subulata, Vicia syhatica, Par-
nassia, Antennaria dioica (but I have not seen it in the county), Pinguicula
vu/garis, Galeopsis speciosa, Carex dioica, Pbegopteris polypodioides, and Pyrola
minor.

The British-Scottish types are Potentilla palustris, Pyrus Aucuparia,
Geum rivale, Epilobium angustifolium, Gentiana campestris, Myosotis repens,
Habenaria -viridis, Eleocbaris uniglumis, Scirpus ccespitosus, and Eotrychium.

Among the records which have been published respecting the
plants of the county many have been reported which are almost cer-
tainly errors of identification, and probably all of the following belong to
this category, and they cannot be admitted into our estimate of the
ingredients of the county flora until they are refound. These errors are :
Thalictrum majus, a mistake for T.jtavum, which is common ; Cardamine
impatient, a mistake for C. syhatica, but the true plant occurs in Surrey ;
Draba inflata this was a form of Erophila prczcox ; Lepidium latifolium,
recorded by Mr. Bicheno from Newbury peat pits, but if it ever
occurred there, which is very unlikely, it was only a casual plant ;
Polycarpon tetraphyllum was never likely to have been seen ; Viola Cur-
tisii- a large flowered form of V. tricolor probable var. bella was mistaken
for this species, which is a maritime plant ; Linum angustifolium this was
L. usitatissimum, the common flax, which occasionally occurs as a casual ;
Geranium syhaticum, mistaken for G. pratense the former does not reach
so far south as Berkshire as a native plant ; Vicia Orobus the pretty V.
syhatica was doubtless the plant observed, but V. Orobus has been found
in Hants ; Rosa villosa all the Berkshire plants so named appear
to be forms of R. tomentosa, which is synonymous with R. mollissima,
Willd. ; Drosera anglica occurs in Hants but awaits confirmation for

3 1

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Berks, as D. longifolia (D. intermedia) was probably mistaken for it ;
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, but the reported locality was on the Buck-
inghamshire side of the river at Cliveden, and the plant was possibly
C. oppositifolium ; Sedum Forsteri was a small form of the introduced
S. rejiexum ; Peucedanum officinale was probably Silaus pratensis it is
certainly an error ; Cicuta virosa, perhaps confused with Conium ; Rubia
peregrina possibly Asperula was mistaken for this plant, which is never
found so far inland. Cnicus heterophyllus the form of C. pratensis with
leaves more deeply cut was the plant seen ; Crepis paludosa this is not
found so far south in a native condition, forms of C. wrens being doubt-
less mistaken for it ; Melampyrum arvense, M. syhaticum and M. cristatum
probably all of these were forms of M. pratense, which is a variable
species ; Orobanche purpurea the purple flowered form of 0. Trifolium-
pratense (O. minor) was the plant seen ; Euphorbia platyphyllos has some
chance of being correct, it appears to be a decreasing species ; Allium
Scorodoprasum was only large A. vinea/e ; Habenaria albida was white
flowered H. conopsea ; Cephalanthera ensifotia, but probably a form of
C. pallens, which is a frequent plant of the beech woods of the Berkshire
downs, was mistaken for it ; Potamogeton gramineum (heterophyllus) was
probably a form of P. polygonifolius ; and Carex arenaria and C. CEderi, the
first being probably C. disticba, the latter a small form of C. flaw.

In addition to the above there are also a few species which I have
been unable to discover in the reported stations, and respecting which
some mistake of identification may be suspected or the plant may have
been extirpated. They are Lathyrus palustris, recorded by Blackstone
from woods in the neighbourhood of Abingdon and possibly by Miller
from the neighbourhood of Windsor, and these may have been correct,
unless Lathyrus montanus, which does occur in these localities, was mis-
taken for the marsh pea ; Rosa pimpinellifolia, so far as the Wellington
College plant is concerned, is a form of the sweet brier, and the other
records have never been corroborated ; Pyrus scandica may be refound
unless a form of P. Aria was really observed instead of the plant we
now know as P. rotundifolia var. decipiens ; Tillcea muscosa may possibly
have been correctly named and be again found ; Antennaria dioica has
been found on the Oxfordshire Chilterns and we may expect it in Berks,
but if it occurs it must be very locally ; Arctium tomentosum possibly a
cottony form of A. minus may have been confused with it, but a plant so
named said to have been brought from Bagley Wood was at one time
cultivated in the Oxford Botanic Garden, but whether this is identical
with the Bagley Wood plant is not absolutely clear ; Filago gallica the
Buckinghamshire locality of Iver Heath was probably confused with
this county ; Ajuga Cbamcepitys occurs in Surrey, and so may reward
the searcher in this county ; Stacbys germanica an Oxfordshire locality
(Ducklington) was by mistake referred to Berkshire ; and Calamagrostis
lanceolata was probably C. efigeios, as the synonymy of these two species
was much confused, and Dr. Lightfoot's record for Windsor Park may
have meant C. epigeios, which still grows there.

BOTANY

In addition there are a few alien species which I have not been
able to verify, although they are probably correctly identified, namely
Anemone apennina, Isatis the woad was formerly cultivated about Want-
age ; Silene conica, which I have seen as a casual in Oxfordshire at
Goring ; S. quinquevulnera, Pyrus germanlca the medlar occurs in a wild
state in the Oxfordshire hedges, but very rarely ; Doronicum plantagineum
and Polemonium were garden escapes ; Chenopodium Botrys, a mere casual ;
and Aristolochia Clematitis the Oxfordshire locality at Godstow is just
on the Berkshire border, and the Reading locality has apparently been
lost.

Among the native species which have become so scarce as to elude
my observations are Lythrum Hysoppifolia ; Tordylium maximum ; Crepis
fcetida, if indeed this was not mistaken for C. taraxacifolia ; Damasonium
Alisma, which is a decreasing species in the Thames province ; Dryopteris
Thelypteris^ which may possibly be refound ; and the two club-mosses,
Lycopodium clavatum and Selago) are likely to still occur in some portion
of the Kennet or Loddon districts. Two plants, Tordylium maximum,
which formerly certainly grew near Windsor but probably on the
Buckinghamshire side of the Thames only, and is not now to be found
there or in its Berkshire locality near Frilford, and the monkey orchid
(Orchis Simia) may be put in the category of extinct species, and it is
most sincerely to be hoped that the list of extinctions will not be
enlarged in the immediate future.

A few statistics on the comparative distribution of the Berkshire
plants in Great Britain may not be unwelcome.

Mr. H. C. Watson in the first edition of Topographical Botany (ii.
665-710) gives a comitial census of British plants which shows in a
tabular form their comparative distribution. It must be borne in mind
that the census numbers there given are now much too small, as many
additions have been made since the publication of that work. It must
also not be overlooked that these census numbers, while useful to show
the distribution of a species through Britain, give no idea of the relative
frequency of the species ; but adopting the list of species there given,
with the specific limitations as made by Mr. Watson, we find that

Of the 368 species, which in that work are stated to be found in
from 80 to 110 counties and vice-counties of Great Britain, all occur in
Berkshire. Of the 127 species found in from 70 to 80 counties and
vice-counties, two inland species, Sparganium natans and Eriophorum
vaginatum, are not actually known to grow in Berkshire, but Dr. Eyre de
Crespigny in the London Flora has stated that the latter occurs at
Sunningwell, and a renewed search may possibly put its occurrence in our
county beyond doubt.

Of the 1 17 species recorded as occurring in from 60 to 70 counties,
Berkshire has 108, the four missing inland species being Empetrum
nigrum, Cystopteris fragilis, Polypodium Dryopteris (Phegopteris Dryopteris)
(which occurs in woods on the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Chil-
terns, may yet be found), and Cbrysosplenium alternifolium. The five
1 33 5

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

maritime species are not likely to occur, and in future the maritime
species will not be considered in this summary.

Of the 103 species which are recorded for 50 to 60 counties Berk-
shire has 8 1, n of the missing species being maritime. The 9 inland
species not recorded for the county on recent or trustworthy authority
are the cranberry (Oxy coccus quadripetala, the Vaccinium Oxy coccus of
Linnasus), which may possibly occur in the bogs of the southern part of
the county. The throat- wort (Campanula latifolia), a very local plant in
southern Britain, occurs in Bucks, but from its being so conspicuous is
scarcely likely to have eluded observation ; and the sweet cicely (Myrrhis
Odoratd) is chiefly found in northern Britain, and there as a somewhat
questionable native ; and the pond-weed (Potamogeton gramlneum (P.
heterophyllus] may yet possibly be found in some of the large sheets of
ornamental water. The other absentees, Viola lutea, Tbalictrum minus,
Trollius, Geranium sanguineum, Prunus Padus and Vaccinium Vitis-idaea,
are perhaps with occasional exceptions, as the bird cherry, northern
plants or natives of mountainous districts, or, as in the case of the
bloody cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum), of rocky limestone places or
sand dunes.

Of the 1 06 species stated to occur in from 40 to 50 counties,
Berkshire has 79. Of the missing ones, 13 are maritime species ; one of
them however, the grass Sclerochloa (Panicularia) distant, being occa-
sionally found inland. The other absentees are chiefly plants of northern
Britain or are mountainous species, such as the stone bramble (Rubus saxa-
tilis]. The Alpine club-moss (Lycopodium alpinum) is found in Hampshire
and Gloucestershire, and being in southern England a very local species
may with Habenaria albida, which occurs but rarely on the southern
chalk downs, possibly be found, and there is even greater probability of
adding the round leaved mint (Mentha rotundifolia], the great sundew
(Drosera anglicd] and the sedge (Carex diandra = C. teretiuscula) to our
list.

Of the 89 species recorded from 30 to 40 counties Berkshire has
57. Of the 35 missing ones 15 are maritime, and 9 are nothern species
which do not reach so far south as Berkshire, while the green spleenwort
(Asplenium viride) is a fern inhabiting damp rocky places. The practical
absence of the burnet rose (Rosa pimpinellifolid) accounts for the non-
occurrence of Rosa Sabini and other members of the irrvoluta group, since
these are now to be considered to be hybrids of R. pimpinellifolia with
jR. canina or members of that group. There is some remote possibility
of one or other of the following being found : Linum angustifolium, Pyrola
media, Pulmonaria, Ma/axis paludosa, the two latter being found in the
New Forest ; and Ma/axis should be well searched for in the sphagnum
bogs of the Loddon district, Carex filiformis also occurring in the Hamp-
shire bogs, and the reed grass (Arundo Calamagrostis = Galamagrostis
lanceolata), a local grass, in damp woods.

Of the 103 species recorded from 20 to 30 counties Berkshire has
only 51, but of the 52 missing ones 14 are maritime, and 21 are

BOTANY

northern species. Of the remaining plants, Scirpus Savii (S, nanus) and
Rubia are rarely found inland ; Impatient Noli-tangere is not native so far
south ; and Arenaria verna itself is a plant of mountainous situations, al-
though a variety called Gerardi occurs on the rocks of Kynance Cove in
Cornwall ; Cicuta is very local and chiefly found in East Anglia, and
Sparganium minimum is very local in southern Britain. The remaining
absentees, of which one or two may yet be added to our list, are
Cardamine impatiens (found in Surrey), Vicia Orobus (found in Hants),
Campanula patula (also in Hants, and as a casual in Berks), Andromeda
recorded on very old authority for Bucks), Pinguicula lusitanica (a western
species falling short of Berks), Symphytum tuberosum (recorded for Surrey
and Beds), Euphorbia platyphylla, Salix acuminata (now regarded as hybrid),
Gastridium, Lastrea eemula, and Hymenophyllum tunbridgense (the latter,
although found at Tunbridge Wells, is not likely to occur, as we have no
damp rocks such as those on which it finds a home).

We now come to the more local British species, and in order to
save space we shall now enumerate, not the absentees, but the plants
which occur in Berkshire, and are found in from 15 to 20 counties or
vice-counties of Britain.

Of the 75 species found in from 15 to 20 counties Berkshire
possesses Anemone Pulsatilla, Fumaria Boreei, F. confusa, F. parvifolia, F.
pallidiflora, F. muralis, Polygala vu/garis, Viola tricolor, Geranium rotundi-
folium, Medicago denticulata (casual), Epilobium tetragonum, Galium elongatum,
G. erectum, G. syhestre, (Enantbe silaifolia, Cineraria (Senecio) campestris,
Filago apiculata, F. spatbulata, Linaria repent, Stachys ambigua (now con-
sidered to be a hybrid), Chenopodium Jicifolium, Stratiotes Aloides, Fritillaria,
Orchis incarnata, Apera Spica-"uenti and Lycopodium inundatum. Of these
the census numbers for 'Polygala vu/garis, Orchis incarnata, Viola tricolor
and some others are much too low.

Of the 99 species found in from 10 to 14 countries we have
Helleborus feetidus, Iberis amara, Draba brachycarpa (Eropbila prcecox),
Polygala calcarea, Ulex nanus (U. minor), Erodium moschatum, Barkhausia
(Crepis] faetida (?), B. (C.) taraxacifolia (now rapidly spreading over Eng-
land), Crepis biennis (a colonist), 'Taraxacum erytbrospermum (now con-
sidered to be only a variety of the common dandelion), Hieracium rigidum
(not the type), Asperugo procumbens (as casual), Villarsia nympbpbczoides
(Limnantbemum peltatum), Teucrium Scordium, Potamogeton zosterifolius (P.
compressum), Carex Bcenningbausiana (now considered to be a hybrid of
C. remota and paniculata), C. elongata, Actinocarpus (Damasonium Alisma)
(not recently found), and Agrostis setacea.

Of the 307 very local plants found in 9 or fewer counties, we
possess Ranunculus intermedius (with some doubt), Adonis (as a casual),
Viola lactea, Fumaria Vaillantii, Diantbus prolifer (Tunica prolif era], Elatine
Hydropiper, Tblaspi perfoliatum (casual), Pyrus scandica, Rosa agrestis
(sepium), Epilobium lanceolatum, Caucalis latifolia (as a casual), Ly thrum
Hyssopjfolia, Tordylium (probably extinct), Gentiana germanica, Verbascum
Lycbnitis, Illecebrum verticillatum, Ballota ruderalis (now considered to be a

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

variety only of B.fcetidd), Calamintha Nepeta, Daphne Mezereum, Polygonum
dume forum, Asarum (?), Orchis Simla (? extinct), Ornithogalum pyrenalcum,
Orchis mllitarls^ Leucojum eestivum, and Potamogeton compressum (P.
Friesii) .

In the two groups mentioned last there are several species which
have much too low census numbers, and among these we may mention
Crepls taraxaclfolla and C. biennis, Ulex minor ( U. nanus] , Eropbila prcecox,
Potamogeton compressum (P. zosterifolius, P. Friesii (P. compressum) and
Polygala calcarea,

Of the 58 species said to be limited to a single county in Topogra-
phical Botany we have not a single example, for Rosa septum (R. agrestls]
has now been found in several, but I have discovered one endemic
species limited to Berkshire, namely Potamogeton Drucei, Fryer, which
is as yet known from no other locality in the world.

If we compare the flora of Oxfordshire with that of Berkshire we
shall find that the two counties are more dissimilar than their contiguity
and physical characters would have led one to expect. Oxfordshire
possesses a few interesting species not known to occur in Berkshire, and
which are chiefly round on the oolite and forest marble, geological
formations which do not extend into Berkshire. These species are
Thlaspl pe rfo/iafum, only found as an introduced plant by the railway near
Denchworth in Berkshire ; the limestone polypody (Phegopterls calcarea)
and the spider orchid (Ophrys aranifera), very rare; the green hound's
tongue (Cynoglossum. montanum) ; the woundwort (Stacbys germanlcd) ; and
the meadow sage (Safola pratensis] , but this is found in solitary examples in
Berkshire and possibly may be introduced. The once extensive fen district
of Otmoor in Oxford has yielded three species not known in Berkshire,
namely the marsh sowthistle (Sonchus palustrls) , the fen violet (Viola per sl-
ccefolia) and the marsh dock (Rumex limosus), but the two latter have not
been met with recently. The Oxfordshire Chilterns have the sword-
leaved helleborine (Cephalanthera ensifolia), the oak fern (Phegopterls
Dryopteris) and the mountain cat's-foot (Antennaria dlolca), but all three
are excessively local in Oxfordshire. Potamogeton declplens, Rubus
PoiveHii, R. fusco-ater, Teucrlum Chamcedrys, Aristolochla and Fesfuca
hetrophylla. The last three species more or less naturalized in Oxford-
shire are either not recorded or, as in the case of the birthwort,
recorded only on very old authority for Berkshire.

A few local plants are more plentiful in Oxfordshire than in Berk-
shire ; among them are Helleborus fcetidus, H. viridis, Cnicus eriophorus
and Colchicum, which are not only more frequent but have a wider dis-
tribution in Oxfordshire than in Berkshire. Pyrola minor, which is
widely distributed in the woods of the Oxfordshire Chilterns, appears to
be absent from similar woods on the Berkshire side of the Thames,
though it is found in two localities on the Bagshot sands in the latter
county.

The Berkshire flora, as will have been seen by the enumeration already
given, is larger than that of Oxfordshire, the extensive heaths and bogs

BOTANY

of the former county affording a home for many additional species. To
this category of ericetal and uliginal plants belong Ranunculus Lenormandi,
Sagina subulata, Drosera rotundifolia (formerly grew on bogs in Oxfordshire
but now extirpated by drainage), D. longifolia (D. intermedia], Hypochceris
glabra, Gentiana Pneumonantbe, Myosotis repens, Illecebrum iierticillatum,
Myrica Gale, Narthecium ossifragum, Scirpus ctzspitosus, Carex elongata, C.
elata (C. stricta=C. Hudsonii], C. Icevigata, Agrostis setacea, Osmunda,
Pbegopteris polypodioides, Pilularia globulifera and Lycopodium inundatum.
Arnoseris, which is a plant sometimes found in sandy cornfields recently
reclaimed from heath vegetation, is another interesting species. A few
maritime or semi-maritime species occur in a meadow near Marcham, in
which there is a saline spring, namely Buda media, Juncus Gerardi, Scirpus
maritimus and Zannicbellia pedicellata. We have also Tunica prolifera
(Diantbus prolifer], Stellaria umbrosa, Fumaria muralis, Elatine hexandra,
E. Hydropiper, Impatiens bijiora, Myriopbyllum alternifolium, Epilobium lanceo-
latum, Cer-vicina (Wahlenbergia) bederacea, Utricularia minor, Verbascum
Lycbnitis, Erigeron canadense, Myosotis syhatica, Polygonum dumetorum,
Crocus vernus, Ornitbogalum pyrenaicum, Allium oleraceum, Potamogeton
Drucei, P. obtusifolius, P. coloratus, Carex Bcenningbausiana, Apera Spica-
venti, Poa Cbaixii, Tolypella glomerata and Nitella translucens. The
bramble flora of Berks is also very rich, and Rubus sulcatus, R. nessensis
(R, suberectus), R. Colemanni, R. lentiginosus, R. mercicus var. bracteatus, R.
Questierii and several others with the above species are not recorded for
Oxfordshire. I may also state that the following species which have been
recorded for Oxfordshire have now either become extinct through drain-
age and cultivation or are so rare as to have eluded my observation in that
county, although I have found them in Berkshire, namely Anemone Pul-
satilla, Ranunculus sardous (R. hirsutus], Dianthus Armeria, Viola palustris,
Trifolium subterraneum, Potentilla argentea, Carduus pycnocephalus (C. tenui-
ftorus] , Pulicaria vu/garis, Gentiana campestris, Ecbinodorus ranunculoides, Carex
strigosa, Juncus squarrosus, Salix repens, Equisetum syhaticum, Ryncbospora
alba, Cerastium quaternellum (Mcencbia), Dryopteris montana (Lastrea Oreop-
teris], Herminium, Orobanche Rapum-genistez and Teucrium Scordium. There
are several species which are extremely rare in Oxfordshire, being
confined to a few localities, but have a much wider range and are much
more abundant in Berkshire, and these give a different aspect to the
country in which they grow, especially the ericetal species such as
Vaccinium Myrtillus, Erica cinerea, E. Tetralix, Calluna, Scutellaria minor,
Genista anglka, Molinia varia, Carex binervis and Solidago Virgaurea,
Other heath loving species are Centunculus, Millegrana, Scirpus fluitans,
Viola lactea, Antbemis nobilis, Plantago Coronopus, Rhamnus Frangula,
Nardus stricta and Potamogeton polygonifolius. The Solomon's seal (Poly-
gonatum multiflorum) is very rare in Oxfordshire but is widely distributed,
and a very beautiful feature in the woods of the centre and south of
Berkshire, and the pendulous sedge (Carex pendula] is abundant in
Wytham Woods in the north of the county. The beautiful snowflake
(Leucojum cestivum) is an example of a riverside species which is more

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

frequent in Berkshire, where it is known as the Loddon lily ; but if the
unrestricted rooting up of this charming ornament from our rivers is
allowed to persist, the plant will meet with a similar fate to that which it
has met with in the neighbouring county. The poisonous waterdrop-
wort (CEnantbe crocafa), which is absent from the greater part of Oxford-
shire and is very rare in its restricted range, is an abundant and conspicu-
ous feature in Berkshire south of the Kennet. The small shepherd's
rod (Dipsacus pilosus) is also rather more frequent in Berkshire, while
Mercurialis annua and Antirrhinum Orontium, both very rare in Oxford-
shire, are found, the former in plenty in garden ground near Bisham,
the latter also frequently in cultivated soils in the Kennet and the Loddon
districts.

Comparing the flora of Berkshire with that of Buckinghamshire it
will be found a few plants which occur in the latter county are unre-
corded for Berkshire ; among these are the great earth-nut (Carum Bul-
bocastanuni) ; the limestone polypody (Phegopteris calcarea = P. Robertiana) ;
the oak fern (P. Dryopteris) ; the milk parsley (Peucedanum palustre), but
this may have been planted ; the sedge (Carex montana), and the fern
(Lastrea uliginosa).

Besides the foregoing a few species have been recorded for Bucking-
hamshire but on very unreliable authority, and in one or two cases they
are certainly erroneous ; none of these are known to grow in Berkshire.
They are Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Melampyrum cristatum, Filago gallica,
Aceras anthropophora, Orchis purpurea, Campanula patula (casual in Berks
only) and Utricularia intermedia, but the two last named are almost cer-
tainly mistakes for C. rapunculoides and U. major (U.neglecta) respectively.

The flora of Buckinghamshire is less perfectly known, so that
Berkshire has a large number of plants not at present recorded for the
larger county, but it is probable that the flora of Buckinghamshire is
numerically inferior to that of Berkshire.

In comparison with Surrey the flora of Berkshire will be found to
be rather poorer in the number of its recorded species. The principal
species which have not been found by me in Berkshire but which have
been reported from Surrey are Barbarea stricta, Cardamine impatiens,
Cerastium pumilum, C. tetrandum, Linum angustifolium, Trifolium glomeratum,
T. ochroleucon, Lathyrus hirsutus, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Epilobium
Lamyi, Bupleurum fa/cafum, B. tenuissimum, Hieracium surrejanum, Senecio
viscosus, Centaurea Calcitrapa, Lactuca Scariola, Phyteuma orbiculare, Cam-
panula latifolia, C. patula (casual in Berks), Oxycoccos, Cynoglossum mon-
tanum, Symphytum tuber osum (? native), Orobancbe Picridis, Mentha rotundi-
folia, Teucrium Botrys, Chenopodium glaucum, Rumex limosus, Buxus (extinct
as a native plant in Berks), Ma/axis, Cephalanthera ensifolia, Orchis pur-
pur ea, Aceras, Scilla autumnalis (? extinct), Sparganium affine (S, natans,
auct. var.), Potamogeton gramineum (P. heterophyllus], P. decipiens, P. Zizii
(P. angustifolius], P. acutifolius, P. trichoides, Cyperus fuscus (? native),
Scirpus Tabernamontanus, S. carinatus, S. triqueter, Eriphorum vaginatum, E.
gracile, Rynchospora fusca, Carex diandra (C. teretiuscula], C. depauperata

BOTANY

(C. 'ventricosa], C. Jiava var. cyperoides, C. Jiliformis, Homalocenchrus
(Leersia}, Gastridium, Deschampsia discolor (D. setacea), Bromus madritensis,
Equisetum litorale (a hybrid) , E. hyemale, Char a aspera and Nitella gracilis.

In addition to this somewhat lengthy list there are several brambles
of which we lack records for Berkshire but which occur in Surrey, and
the two following species although recorded for Surrey appear to need
confirmatory evidence, namely Opbrys aranifera and Calamagrostis lanceolata.

Berkshire possesses a few species which are not, so far as I am aware,
recorded for Surrey : Anemone Pulsatilla, Tunica prolifera, Astragalus
danicus, Geum rrvale, G. intermedium (a hybrid), Senecio squalidus, Carduus
pycnocepbalus, Cnicus eriopborus, Gentiana gfrmanica, G. campestris, Linaria
repens, Pinguicula -vulgaris, Mentha Cardiaca, Teucrium Scordium, Illecebrum
verticil latum, Leucojum (estfoum, Ornitbogalum pyrenaicum, Potamogeton
coloratus (P. plantagineus], P. Drucei, Zannichellia maritima, Eleocbaris
uniglumis, Car ex elata (C. stricta), C. distant, Poa Cbaixii, Phegopteris
polypodioides, Tolypella prolifera, T. intricata and Nitella mucronata.

In comparing the flora of Berkshire with that of its bordering
county of Hampshire, I omit the plants peculiar to the Isle of Wight
because Mr. Watson makes that island a separate vice-county, nor do I
enumerate the maritime species which the extensive coast line of Hamp-
shire affords. The large sylvan tract of the New Forest affords several
species which are not found in Berkshire, and we do not possess as native
plants the following species : Ranunculus tripartitus (this may occur), R.
ophioglossifolius (?), Viola persiccefolia, Silene nutans (casual in Berks), S.
quinquevulnera, Cerastium pumilum, Linum angustifolium, Trifolium glomeratum,
Vicia Orobus, Latbyrus palustris (? in Berks), Tilia parvifolia (T. cor data],
Pyrus scandica (P. rotundifolia var. decipiens] , Rosa leucocbroa, R. pimpinelli-
fo/ia, Cbrysosplenium alternifolium, Till&a muscosa (? in Berks), Drosera
ang/ica, Ludwigia apetala (Isnardia palustris) , (Enanthe pimpinelloides, Senecio
viscosus, Centaurea Calcitrapa, Gnapbalium luteo-album, Pbyteuma orbiculare,
Campanula patula (casual in Berks), Oxycoccos, Microca/a, Pulmonaria
angustifo/ia, Bartsia viscosa, Rbinantbus major, Utricularia intermedia, Pin-
guicula lusitanica, Veronica spicata (??), M. pratensis, M. gentilis (?), Mentha
rotundifolia, Melittis Melissophyllum, Stachys germanica, Rumex limosus, Salix
acuminata (hybrid), S. laurina, S. pentandra (??), Herniaria hirsuta (? colo-
nist), Ma/axis, Gyrostacbis (Spiranthes] cestivalis, Listera cor data, Acer as (?),
Orchis bircina (extinct), Opbrys aranifera, Melampyrum cristatum, M.
arvense, Gladiolus, Polygonatum officinale, Sparganium minimum, Potamogeton
gramineum (P. beteropbyllus], P. decipiens, Cyperus fuscus, Eriopborum
vagina turn, E. gracile, Rynchospora fuse a, Cladium, Car ex diandra (C.
teretiuscula), C. limosa, C. humilis, C. montana, C.jia'ua var. cyperoides, C.
filiformis, Homalocenchrus (Leersia) Gastridium, Deschampsia discolor (D.
setacea), Bromus madritensis, Lycopodium alpinum, Chara connivens and C.
aspera.

The following plants are not likely to grow in Berkshire from the
fact of their usually occurring near the sea, although occasionally found
inland : Cerastium tetrandrum, Trifolium sujfocatum, Lotus hispidus, Rubia,

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Scirpus nanus, S. cernuus, Carex punctata, Cyperus longus and Scirpus
Taberncemontanus.

Berkshire therefore lacks many plants possessed by Hampshire, but
several are confined to the New Forest, others are limited to the neigh-
bourhood of Fleet Pond and the bogs of the neighbourhood, while the
southern chalk downs afford Carex bumilis and Phyteuma orbiculare not yet
detected on our chalk range. There are reported for Berkshire, on the
other hand, several species which do not appear to be recorded for the
larger county. The chief of these are Anemone Pulsatilla, Sisymbrium
Sophia, Roripa syhestris (Nasturtium syhestre), Eropbila prcecox, Geranium
rotundifolium, Astragalus danicus, Callitriche polymorpha, Crepis biennis, C.
fcetida (?), Pimpinella major, Rosa agrestis (R. septum], R. glauca, Limnan-
themum peltatum (Villarsia), Verbascum Lychnitis, Mentba piperita, Teucrium
Scordium, Galeopsis speciosa, Calamintba parvifolia (C. Nepeta), Illecebrum
uerticillatum, Orchis militaris, O. Simla (? extinct), Leucojum czstivum,
Valerianella carinata, Senecio squalidus, Cbenopodium opulifolium, Ornithoga-
lum pyrenaicum, Potamogeton coloratus (P. plantagineus], P. Drucei, P. com-
pressum (P. zoster cefolius], P. prcelongus, Zannichellia maritima, Carex
Baenninghausiana, Alopecurusfuhus, Festuca rubra var. fallax, Poa Chaixii,
Tolypella intricata, T. glomerata and T. prolifera.

Compared with the flora of Berkshire the flora of Wiltshire will be
found to be considerably poorer in the number of recorded species, but
Wiltshire has several plants which are not on authoritative record for our
county. Those in square brackets however appear to require recent
confirmation. The chief of these plants recorded for Wilts not pos-
sessed by us are Ranunculus tripartitus (possibly in Berks), Cerastium
pumilum, \Cardamine impatiens~\, Thlaspi perfoliatum (casual in Berks),
Linum angustifolium, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Cnicus tuberosus, (Enanthe
piminelloides, Phyteuma orbiculare, Campanula latifolia, C. patula (casual in
Berks), Orobanche Hedercz, Pinguicula lusitanica, Mentha rotundifolia, [M.
pratensis], Melittis Melissophyllum, Asarum, Cephalanthera ensifolia, Ophrys
aranifera, Polygonatum officinale [Potamogeton gramineum (heterophyllus]\,
Cyperus longus, [Eriophorum vagina turn], Scirpus Tabernamontani, Carex
digitata, C. humilis, C. tomentosa, [C. diandra (C. teretiuscu/a)], Bromus
madritensis, Phegopteris calcarea and [Festuca syhatica~\.

Berkshire has upwards of eighty species not recorded for Wiltshire.

East Gloucestershire has several species which are either not recorded
for or are extinct in Berkshire ; among these are Vicia Orobus, Rubus
saxatilis, (Enanthe pimpinelloides, Mentha pubescens auct. angl. Cephalanthera
rubra, C. ensifolia, Polygonatum officinale, Melittis Melissophyllum, Carex
digitata, Lycopodium alpinum var. decipiens (L. complanatum var. fallax},
Carex tomentosa, Ranunculus ophioglossifolius (now extinct), Thlaspi per-
foliatum (casual in Berks), Cerastium pumilum, Chrysosplenium alternifolium,
Epilobium Lamyi (?), Campanula latifolia, Cynoglossum montanum, Mentha
rotundifolia, Cystopteris fragilis and Phegopteris calcarea. The records of
Linum angustifolium, Prunus Padus, Melica nutans, Eriophorum "vaginatum
and Orobanche Hederce appear to need confirmation.

BOTANY

The flora of east Gloucestershire is but imperfectly known, so that
Berkshire possesses a very large number of species which are not recorded
for it. Several of the Berkshire species are not likely to occur in
Gloucestershire, nor are we at all likely to have as native plants many of
the above species.

The geological map of Berkshire shows that the outcrop of the

several formations appears as a series of approximately parallel strips

crossing the county from west to east, and the dip of the beds is to the

south ; so that in travelling from north to south we pass continually on

to more recent beds. For botanical purposes subdivisions of the county

are essential, and following the practice adopted in the floras of the

bordering counties, including my own Flora of Berkshire, these divisions

are based, not upon soils or geological formations, but upon river drainage,

as by many authorities the latter leads to the most valuable scientific

results. Much however is said in favour of choosing divisions based

upon the geological formations, but the extent to which these are obscured

by surface deposits negatives to a great extent its value, the influence

of the surface soil being infinitely more powerful than the bed rock far

below. We shall find however that the divisions based upon the river

drainage in such a small area as the one we are treating of is by no

means perfectly satisfactory for several reasons, among which may be

named the difficulty in suggesting boundaries when the gradient is so

small as that which occurs in some places, while the fact that some of

our streams run transversely to the geological formations, and not unfre-

quently cut through several beds of extremely different character, also

give results which may perplex the student of phyto-geography. In

passing we may mention that the oldest and most northern geological

formation represented in the county is that of the Oxford Clay, which,

as will be seen from the map, occurs on a narrow strip of low-lying

land, chiefly pasture, a mile or two across, which borders the southern

bank of the Thames from Lechlade to Botley, and it also stretches in

the west from Lechlade to Coleshill and on the east as far south as

to Iffley. It offers no exceptional plant vegetation, but the graceful

sedge (Carex pendula) is very abundant on it in Wytham Woods, the

Cyperus grass (Scirpus sylvaticus) is plentiful in one locality, and the

horsetail (Equisetum maximum) is also frequent at its junction with the

coralline oolite in several localities. Plants which are exceptionally

common on it are a groundsel (Senecio erucifolius] , the teasel (Dipsacus

syfoesfris), the hard rush (Juncus glaucus) the ox tongue (Picris Echioides),

the knapweed (Centaurea nigrd) and the fleabane (Pulicana dysenterica),

but these also reappear on the other impervious formations.

Next in order are the Corallian Beds, which afford a valuable soil,
sandy or rubbly, but always porous and warm according as sand or lime-
stone forms the bed rock. On the south these beds can be traced trom
Shrivenham and Faringdon eastwards in a belt about 3 miles wide as far
as Abingdon. At Wytham they form a picturesque outlier which rises
to a height of 538 feet, and give a home, the most northerly in the
i 4i 6

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

county, for the calcareous loving species, the broad-leaved helleborine
(Cephalanthera palkns) and the yellow birds'-nest (Hypopitys Monotropa).
The stone-crop (Sedum dasyphylluni) is abundant on many of the village
walls built of this coral rag, and the navel-wort (Cotyledon Umbilicus)
(once an abundant species on the walls of Oxford) also occurs and
appears to be limited to this formation. The traveller's joy (Clematis
Vitalbd), the hoary-headed thistle (Cnicus eriopborus], the grasses Avena
pubescent, A. pratensis, Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum, the hairy
violet (Viola birta), the salad burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), the field
chickweed (Cerastium arvense), the round-leaved cranesbill (Geranium
rotundifolium), the hawk's beard (Picris Hieracioides) , the gromwell (Litbo-
spermum officinale] and the milk licorice (Astragalus glycyphyllus) are
characteristic plants. Several very local species are found on it, including
such well known calcareous loving xerophytes as these hygrophilous species
are called, such as the pasque flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), the trefoil (Tri-
folium scabrum), the flix-weed (Sisymbrium Sophia), the sandwort (Arenaria
tenuifolia), the small-headed thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus var. tenuiflorus),
the cotton thistle (Onopordon Acanthium), the lesser calamint (Calamintba
parvifolia], the burnt orchid (Orchis ustulata), the rusty-back spleen wort
(Ceterach officinarum) and the maiden- hair spleenwort (Asplenium Tricho-
manes) .

In some instances, especially on the eastern side of the Berkshire
Corallian Beds, small streams have cut their way down through the lime-
stone to the impervious Oxford Clay, and marshes and bogs of a very
interesting character may then be seen, such as that at Cothill and those
on the Boar's Hill range, where many original species may be found,
including a pond weed (Potamogeton coloratus) not known to grow else-
where in the county.

The next belt is formed by the Kimeridge Clay, and consists
of flat and unpicturesque country, with a stiff, cold, damp soil. It
is from i to 3 miles broad. Many large fields, separated from each
other by watery ditches, are found to occupy a considerable portion of
the formation, which owing to its soil, and to its being almost entirely
under cultivation, is very poor in botanical features. In addition to the
plants mentioned as being plentiful on the Oxford Clay, we may allude
to the prevalence of the two willow herbs Epilobium hirsutum and E.
parmforum, and the water parsnip (Apium nodiflorum) in the watery ditches.
The occurrence of drift gravels does something to relieve the monotony
of its surface and flora, and at Bagley an extensive woodland tract already
mentioned occurs which has several very interesting botanical features,
including the ivy-leaved campanula (Cenncina [Wablenbergia] hederacea).
The crimson grass-leaved vetchling (Lathyrus Nissolia) is found at the
junction of the Kimeridge with the Corallian Beds, and the everlasting
pea (L. syhestris] is locally common, as on the Boar's Hill range.

One locality of special interest in the Kimeridge Clay area is a
detached patch forming the meadows near Marcham. Here a spring
rises from the junction of the Kimeridge with the Corallian Beds, and

BOTANY

its water is loaded with a sufficient percentage of chloride of sodium to
exert a considerable influence upon the surrounding vegetation, so that
several maritime or sub-maritime plants occur in this inland situation.
They are the sea sandwort (Buda marina), the sea club-rush (Scirpus mari-
timus), a rush (Juncus Gerardi], a sedge (Carex distant], \he celery (Apium
graveolens), the water dropwort ((Enanthe Lacbenalii], and a horned pond-
weed (Xannichellia maritima], the X.pedunculata, Reichb., of my Berkshire
Flora. In addition to these there are forms of Atriplex deltoidea and of
Agrostis alba, which resemble the marine forms of these plants.

THE PORTLAND BEDS exist only as a small outlier on which the
village of Bourton is built, and the formation does not exhibit any
special plants.

THE LOWER GREENSAND occupies a much less continuous belt than
the formations already alluded to, as in places it is overlapped by the
gault. The outlier of Boar's Hill, where it reaches its highest point in the
county of 535 feet on Pickett's Heath, Faringdon Clumps and Badbury
Hill in the west of the county are capped by the formation, and there
are some picturesque cliffs of it at Clifton Hampden. These detached
areas of the Lower Greensand form a light sandy soil, and offer a home
for many interesting and local species. The bramble flora especially is
as rich as it is poor on the Oxford Clay and Gault. The crimson poppy
(Papaver hybnduni), the pink (Tunica prolifera), the English catchfly (Silene
anglicd), the sheep's scabious (Jasione montand), the heaths Galluna and
Erica cinerea, the climbing bindweed (Polygonum dumetorum) and many
other species are found on it.

The Lower Greensand contrasts very markedly in the character of
the scenery from that of the Oxford Clay and Gault, which is further
accentuated by the fact that the flora itself is so very different in
appearance.

THE GAULT forms another zonal band, i to 3 miles in width, across
the county, and consists of a blue clay which is usually calcareous and
often micaceous. It forms a stiff, heavy and rather cold soil, which
were it not for a few deposits of drift would be a singularly undiversified
country, either as regards its scenery or its vegetation. The sparsity of
woodland is an especially noticeable feature, and accounts for the absence
of many sylvan species from the district. The ragwort (Senecio tenuiflorus)
is a conspicuous plant, and the willow herb (Epilobium tetragonunf), and a
hybrid of this with E. parviflorum occur. The marshy meadows afford
the orchid (Orchis incarnata) and the bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliate?) .

THE UPPER GREENSAND occupies a belt which narrows, from 5
or 6 miles at Wittenham, till it almost thins out at Woolstone, and
forms a steep terraced escarpment to the south of the Gault plain. The
upper part is calcareous, and also contains occasionally phosphatic matter ;
therefore the soil is very fertile, which is further increased by the supply
of marly debris which every shower washes down from the chalk
escarpment and spreads over its surface. The flora is consequently
much more varied than that of the Gault. About twenty miles south

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

of the main outcrop a small outlier is found at the base of Riever Hill,
on which the village of Shalbourn is built. The richer and more fertile
country afforded by this formation is plainly shown from the high chalk
hills of Walbury Camp and the White Horse. The mouse-tail (Myosurus
minimus), the hone-wort (Corum segetum) and the grass Bromus interruptus
are found on it, and it gives the most northerly home in the county
for the water dropwort (QLnanthe crocata). In the streams which issue
from the base of the chalk escarpment a pond-weed (Potamogeton densuni)
is a prominent feature. The presence of calcareous matter in the soil
is shown by the occurrence of such eminently gypsophilous plants as
the traveller's joy (Clematis), the candy-tuft (Iberis amara), the grass Bromus
erectus, the striped toadflax (Linaria repens), and the thistle (Cnicus elio-
phorus. On the Upper Greensand hops are cultivated in small quantity
near Didcot, and there are very extensive orchards of plums, cherries
and other fruit.

THE CHALK, like the last two formations, extends right across the
county from i o to 12 miles broad, and rises above the vale of Berks in
a long graceful escarpment, forming by far the most striking physical
feature in the county. This escarpment is indented by numerous narrow
winding valleys, most of which are dry, and as viewed from the vale of
the White Horse it presents the appearance of a long alternation of bays
and promontories, which give it a striking resemblance to a coast-line,
but there can be no doubt that its outlines are the product of subaerial
denudation and not of marine action. The Dorchester or Wittenham
Clumps are two outliers of the chalk on the upper greensand, and
Windsor Castle is built on an inlying boss. In addition to the main
mass of the Chalk there is a second area to the south of the Kennet, but
this, although apparently distinct, is really conterminous with the Chalk
of the central plateau, the beds of which, in their gentle southern slope,
dip under the tertiaries of the Kennet valley to reappear at a more
abrupt angle, and then form the line of picturesque hills of which
Walbury Camp, 957 feet above the sea level, is the highest point. The
chalk is also present in the south-east of the county from Sonning to
Maidenhead, but the eminences in this area are capped with London
clay. Where chalk actually comes to the surface we find rolling downs
overgrown by short turf, which forms excellent pasturage. Over con-
siderable extent of county this has been removed, and then the arable
fields show great quantities of the yellow flowered mustard (Brassica alba),
here called charlock, and four species of fumitory (Fumaria) have been
found, Fumaria officinalis, F. parvijiora, F. Vaillantii and F. densiflora, as well
as the candy tuft (Iberis amara), the sainfoin (Onobrychis), the chicory
(Cichorium), etc. The turf offers in profusion the beautiful blue flowers
of the milkwort (Polygala calcarea), the pink flowered squinancy wort
(Asperula cynanchica], the blue Canterbury bell (Campanula glomerata], the
purple flowered gentians (Gentiana germanica and G. Amarella), and here
too the writer was fortunate enough to discover a new hybrid of these
species which he has named G. Pamplinii. There are also the field rag-

BOTANY

wort (Senecio campestus], the parasitic Tbesium bumifusum, the eyebrights
E. Kerneri, E. gracilis and E. nemorosa, the orchids Orchis ustu/afa,
Herminium Monorcbis, Ophrys apifera and Habenaria viridis. The pasque
flower (Anemone Pulsatilla] is local, but the horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis
comosa) and the rock-rose (Helianthemum Chamcecistus] and the scabious
(Scabiosa Columbaria) are abundant. In one locality the purple horseshoe
vetch (Astragalus danicus] occurs. The grasses Bromus erectus, Bracby-
podium pinnatum, Kaeleria, Avena pubescens and A. pratensis are common.
The juniper is rather, and the bedstraw (Galium sy/vestre) very local.
In the woods and hedges on the chalk we shall find the white-beam
tree (Pyrus Aria], the buckthorn (Rbamnus catbarticus), the cornel
(Cornus sanguinea), the wayfaring tree (Viburnum Lantana), the yew
(Taxus baccata), the spurge laurels (Daphne Laureola and D. Mezereuni),
the holly (Ilex Aquifolium)., and the beech is a prevailing tree.

In and about these woods, especially on sunny banks, the violet
(Viola hirtd) is a conspicuous feature, and in such places the rare orchids
0. Simla and 0. militaris have been found. The bear's foot and stinking
hellebore (Helleborus viridis and H. faetidus] occur, and the orchids
Ophrys muscifera, Epipactis vio/acea, Habenaria bifolia, Cephalanthera
pallens and Neottia Nidus-avis grow as well as the yellow birds' nest
(Monotropa], the poisonous deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna], the
butcher's broom (Rascus acu/eatus), where it was first noticed as a British
plant, the wood barley (Elymus europceus), the wall lettuce (Lactuca
mura/is), the St. John's wort (Hypericum montanum), the tutsan (H.
Androscemum) , the stinking gladdion (Iris fcetidissima] , and the wood-rush
(Juncoides or Luzu/a Forsteri), as well as very locally the tooth-wort
(Dentaria or Cardamine bulbifera), and the wood forget-me-not (Myosotis
syhatica). This by no means exhausts the flora of the chalk formation,
but such species are chiefly selected which appear to be influenced by
the surface soil.

Over a large portion of the county coloured as Chalk in the
geological maps, and where chalk does exist at a moderate depth, the
actual surface is overspread by a stiff red clay full of flints, known as
' clay with flints,' and this deposit gives to the soil and what grows upon
it a different character from that which prevails where the chalk rises
to the surface, and this too holds true of the deposits of the sandy clay
known as ' brick-earth,' which also occurs over considerable areas. On
these more impervious soils we find extensive tracts of woodland where
the meadow saffron (Colchicum autumna/e), the spiked star of Bethlehem
(Ornitbogalum pyrenaicum) and the Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multifloruni)
are found. The dry valleys in the chalk country often contain a spurious
gravel made up of broken flints, and sometimes a thin bed of clay spread
over these troughs. In such situations the silvery leaved Potentilla
Anserina is often very abundant, and may be seen for a considerable
distance away. By walking across the belt of Chalk from Wantage to
Newbury or UfEngton to Hungerford, or from Ilsley to Theale, the
peculiar character of the Chalk formation can be well seen. The

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

northern portion is composed of grassy downs with softly curving out-
lines, or of the more undulating tracts which have been brought under
cultivation. Further south the chalk becomes covered with ' clay with
flints ' and ' brick-earth,' and is often a woodland tract, and extensive
heathlands prevail where the tertiaries are present, and boggy ground
where these are impervious. From the base of the porous chalk
copious streams of water issue, in which large quantities of water cress
are grown.

READING BEDS. The lowest tertiary strata found in Berkshire
consist very largely of stiff clay, but also include beds of sharp sand and
loams. These beds once formed an unbroken sheet extending over
the whole of the chalk, but they have been largely swept away by
denudation, and beyond their main mass a very large number of outliers
testify that they had formerly a much wider range.

They are now found scattered over a large area of southern Berk-
shire, and are shown on the geological map. The varied soils formed
by them necessarily give rise to a varied vegetation, which includes
several local species, but as the beds are much broken up it would not
be easy, even if desirable, to keep their flora apart from that of the
other members of the tertiary beds. The extensive deposit of drift
gravels with which they are often covered also increases the difficulty
of keeping the flora of the ' Reading Beds ' distinct. One must
content oneself by saying that where the * plastic clay ' is the pre-
dominating surface, there plants which prefer an argillaceous soil will
be found, so that the bladder sedge (Carex vesicaria) and the greater
spear-wort (Ranunculus Lingua) appear in ponds on the clay of the
' bottom bed ' near Marlstone and Yattendon ; in Oare Woods the
pale sedge (Carex pallescens) is to be found. South of Newbury, in
ponds, the pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegiuni) occurs ; at the base of the
Wargrave outlier is a marshy spot which gives a home for the tussock
sedge (Carex pantcu/a fa), etc. On the sandy portions of the beds sand-
loving arenaceous plants are necessarily found, such as the cudweed
(Filago apiculata), the clovers Trifolium striatum and T. arvense, the
bird's-foot (Ornitbopus perpusillus), the hawkweeds Hieracium boreale^
H. sciaphilum and H. umbellatum. The drift gravels which overlay
these Reading Beds give a specially interesting flora, as from the absence
of rich pasturage and the more exposed condition of the surface soils
such local species as the cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea), the clovers T.
scabrum, T. subterraneum, the pinks Dianthus Armeria and D. deltoides,
the centaury (Erythrcea ramosis sima] , and the scabious (Jasione montana)
are found, as well as a very varied bramble flora.

THE LONDON CLAY is a thick mass of a bluish or greyish clay,
which weathers brown on the surface, and has a broad outcrop in Berk-
shire. The range of hills from Cold Ash Common to Mare's Ridges
consists very greatly of this formation. There are several outliers north
of the Kennet, such as the large area of Bucklebury Common, where
the clay is much obscured by drift gravels. South of the Kennet the

BOTANY

London Clay is much more continuous, especially from Crookham nearly
to Reading. It also occupies a large area between Reading and Windsor.
The country formed by it is often flat, but the well marked range of hills
on the south near Binfield, Winkfield, Warfield and Snow Hill in
Windsor Great Park belong to the same formation, and the hills of
Ashley, Bowsey and Crazey, where the London Clay reaches 454 feet,
its highest elevation in the county, although at their base are composed
of the Reading Beds, are thickly covered by London Clay. These hills
form striking objects which can be seen for many miles off, and are
rendered more conspicuous and beautiful from their being covered with
wood up to the top. Both Bowsey and Ashley Hills are capped with
pebble gravel. This and other drift gravels make the vegetation of the
London Clay more varied than it would otherwise be, and the old
sylvan vegetation has contributed in turn to make it more extensive by
the deposits of peaty growth with which it is sometimes overlaid,
while its situation in many cases at the base of the Bagshot Beds again
help to contribute to the variety of species. Instances of peat-loving
species are the royal fern (Osmunda regalis] ; the sedges Carex elongata,
C. elata (C. stricta), C. pulicaris, C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. echinata, etc. ; the
sundews Drosera longifolia and D. rotundifolia ; the Lancashire asphodel
(Narthecium ossifragum], and the deer's grass (Scirpus ccespitosus) . The
combination of gravel overlying a peaty gravel is especially conducive
to the occurrence of such plants as the all-seed (Millegrana Radiola], the
chaffweed (Centunculus minimus], the lesser skull-cap (Scutellaria minor)
and others. More distinctly argillaceous species are the grass Alopecurus
fufous, the bur marigold (Bidens cernua), the knot grasses Polygonum
minus and mite, the reed mace (Typba angustifolia), the orchid Orchis
latifolia, and the sedges C. vesicaria and C. axillaris,

THE BAGSHOT BEDS. In its upper part the London Clay grows
sandy and passes into a very variable group, to which this name is given.
It consists of alternations of sands, greensands, pebble beds and clays,
and is subject to many local variations as it is traced from place to place.
Its junction with the London Clay is marked by springs, the water of
which has percolated through the porous Bagshots till it is thrown out
by the impervious clay on which it rests, and in such places a bog is
formed with a vegetation essentially dissimilar from the dry, porous
and more elevated gravelly and sandy hillocks of the Bagshot sands, so
that in a few steps one- passes from the heaths and their accompanying
parasite the dodder, the dwarf furze, the brambles and hawkweeds and
grasses Descbampsia Jiexuosa, Aira caryopbyllea, A. preecox, the foxglove
(Digitalis purpurea), the St. John's wort (Hypericum pulcbrum] and the
cudweed (Gnaphalium syfoaticum) to a sphagnum bog with its sundews,
Lancashire asphodel, smaller skullcap, its sedges Ryncbospora alba, Scirpus
ccespitosus, Juncus bulbosus (supinus), etc., and in the wettest portion we
may see the bogbean (Menyantbes], the floating club rush (Scirpus Jiuitans) ,
the cotton grass (Eriopborum angustifolium), the sedge Carex rostrata,
and the marsh St. John's wort (Hypericum Elodes).

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

The Bagshot Beds form the high grounds of Cold Ash Common,
Hartshill and Bucklebury Commons. South of the Kennet they
extend from Inkpen Common to Greenham and Crookham Commons,
and the commons of Brimpton, Tadley, Silchester and Burghfield. Here
a gap occurs owing to the denudation of these beds from the valley of
the Loddon ; they reappear however near Risely Common, and the main
mass rises up to form the beautiful Finchampstead Ridges, and covers
a considerable tract of the country which extends from Wokingham and
Sandhurst to Ascot racecourse, Sunninghill and the border of Virginia
Water. The elevated ground of Cassar's Camp, Wickham Bushes,
Easthampstead Plain, Tower Hill, etc., belong to the upper Bagshot
sands, and are often covered with pebble drift. In the Windsor district
the lower Bagshot Beds are to be seen about Cranbourn Lodge, and in
the wood near the stream has cut itself through to the London Clay.

A very interesting flora is to be found on the great tracts of heath-
lands, pine woods, numerous and rather extensive bogs and open com-
mons which is formed of the Bagshot Beds, but it is much too large to
be quoted in full ; moreover, as has already been hinted, the occurrence
of certain plants appears to be induced by the condition of porosity or
imperviousness, by the presence or absence of peat or humus, by sun and
wind exposure, by shade from sun or shelter from wind, and such
physical causes, rather than by the various geological strata on which
they grow, except inasmuch as these in themselves act as any of the
above factors in plant distribution.

The contrast between the country formed by these Bagshot Beds is
however very marked from that of the more northern parts of the
county. Instead of the rich meadows of the Oxford Clay and its oak
woods, studded with primroses or blue with wild hyacinths, or the stone
walls and houses of the Corallian Beds, or the flat uninteresting agrestal
districts of the Kimeridge and Gault, or the gently undulating and
fertile greensand, with its fields of blazing poppies and crimson clover
(Trifolium incarnatum), or the crisp turf of the chalk downs, redolent of
thyme, with its maple and buckthorn hedges and its fields sometimes
dazzlingly yellow with mustard, at other times white with corn camo-
mile instead of these we have an area to a great extent uncultivated,
sometimes showing a golden coloured common owing to the abundance
of the dwarf gorse (U/ex minor), or crimson with the heath (Erica
cinerea), or amethystine with the heather (Calluna Erica). In other
parts great tracts of sombre pine woods, showing on their borders the
grass Agrostis setacea, an Atlantic species here perhaps in its most
easterly situation ; or it may be we observe a shallow trough or valley,
with somewhat sombre colouring, caused by the combination of the
cross-leaved heath (Erica Tetralix) and the grass Molinia varia, among
which grow the sweet gale (Myrica Gtf&),with here and there the sedge
Carex echinata, the orchid O. ericetorum, the rich orange spikes of the
Lancashire asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), and the meadow thistle
(Cnicus pratensis) . In drier and more exposed situations we may observe

BOTANY

the dwarf willow (Sa/ix repens] or occasionally the gregarious bilberry
(Vaccinium Myrtillus}. In other places monotonous tracts yielding little
besides the sombre grass Molinia varia occur. In the short turf, especially
of the riding through the pine woods where there is good sun exposure,
we may pick the local Hypochaeris glabra, Teesdalia nudicaulis, or Ceras-
tium quaternellum (Maencbia), and it will often be found studded with the
beautiful blue flowers of Myosotis collina or the dainty Ornithopus perpusillus.

Instead of the buckthorn of the chalk and limestone we have the
genus represented here by the alder buckthorn (Rhamnus Frangula) ;
instead of the oaks and elms and beech we have the pine, not indeed as a
native but as a replanted tree. The Molinia grass replaces the wood barley
(Elymus] and the Milium eff'usum of the chalk woods. The violets here
are not the hairy and sweet violets (Viola hlrta and odorata) of the chalk
and oolite, but V. palustris and V, lactea. Instead of the butterwort
(Pinguicula)., the sedges Carex dioica, C. vulpina and C.fu/va, the orchid
Epipactis palustris of the calcareous bogs, we have in this more
acidulated peat water .the sundews Drosera rotundifolia and D. longifolia,
the sedges Ryncbospora alba^ Scirpus ccespitosus^ Carex data and C.
canescens, and the Lancashire asphodel (Nartbecium) . The pondweed
Potamogeton polygonifolius here takes the place of P. natans, so common
in the ponds north of the Kennet, while P. alpinus replaces P. prcelongus
in the streams. In the northern bogs the cotton grass is usually Erio-
phorum latifolium, in these it is E. angustifolium. The ponds in the north
have usually a coarse vegetation in which Bidens tripartita is often fre-
quent ; in these B. cernua is more likely to occur. Instead of the Charas
C, fragi/is, C. bispida and C. contraria of the north, here they will
probably be Nitella opaca or N. fexilis. The bottom of the northern
pools are too muddy or are too much disturbed by cattle and domestic
poultry to yield any interesting species, but in these comparatively
undisturbed waters the very small and local plants Elatine hexandra or
E. Hydropiper may occasionally be met with, or certainly a profuse
growth of the shoreweed (Littorella), or perhaps the pillwort (Pilularia
globuliferd] . Instead of the ferns the Ceterach or Asplenium Tricbomanes,
we shall meet with Blecbnum and Dryopteris montana (Lastrea oreopteris)
or perhaps Osmunda. But space prevents one extending these com-
parisons, interesting and suggestive as the subject may be.

The following species have as yet been found on no other of the
formations : Illecebrum verticillatum, which was discovered by my young
friend Mr. Fisher, and known elsewhere in Great Britain only from
Devon and Cornwall ; the winter green (Pyrola minor] ; the beech fern
(Pbegopteris polypodioides] , found by my lamented friend Mr. F. Tufnell ;
the marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris) ; the marsh gentian (Gentiana
Pneumonanthe) ; the swine's succory (Amoseris pusilla] ; the pillwort (Pilu-
laria} ; the climbing fumitory (Capnoides [Coryda/is] claviculata] ; the
club moss (Lycopodium inundatum) ; and the grass Agrostis setacea.

The enumeration of the stratified rocks of Berkshire may be con-
sidered to come to an end with the Bagshot Beds, using that term in a
i 49 7

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

wide sense, so as to include the Bracklesham and Barton formations.

Besides these formations however, as has been stated, the surface
is much modified by deposits of POST TERTIARY AGE, which, unlike
those already alluded to, may be distinguished as superficial deposits. 1
Though nowhere reaching any great thickness, they are often thick
enough to be the determining factors in fixing the character of the soil
and of the plants that grow on it. This fact has been already mentioned.
So that over each of our geological formations there is a considerable
portion which differs essentially from the ' bed rock,' so that, for
instance, on the high ground above Cumnor, Wytham and Bagley, the
Corallian or Kimeridge beds are covered with a pebble drift, largely
composed of quartzite, and which therefore must have been brought
from long distances.

In addition to these we have bordering our streams alluvial deposits
made up of materials carried down by the streams, and dropped
whenever a slackening of the current prevented the matter being carried
further. They naturally vary in their character, and may be of gravel,
loam, or of a clayey consistence, but their constituents must be similar
to the river valley in which they are found. Thus, in the alluvial
deposits of the Thames above Oxford the pebbles of the gravels are
masses of the Jurassic rocks across which the river has run in the part
of its course above that city, and the only foreign elements are such as
are derived from gravels of an older date which may have been cut
through and reasserted. On this alluvial deposit the vegetation will be
much influenced by the composition of the gravel. If much limestone
be present we may find, as near Yarnton, the orchid Orchis ustu/ata,
growing in a rather unusual situation, and the bell flower (Campanula
glomerata), lady's fingers (Anthyllis Fulneraria), the grass Bromus erectus,
and ploughman's spikenard (Inula Conyza) may often be found in the
gravels made up to a great extent of chalk fragments in the meadows
near Windsor and Newbury. The sulphur wort (CEnanthe silaifolia), the
water avens Geum rivale and its hybrid G. intermedium, the dock
(Rumex maritimus), the snake's head (Fritillaria Me/eagris), the great
burnet (Poterium qfficinale], the pearl wort (Sagina nodosa], the sedge
Scirpus caricis, and the adder's tongue (Ophioglossum -vulgatum) are
characteristic species of the alluvium.

The high-level alluvium is also largely represented in our area,
and as it affords a porous soil, and from its varied composition, it yields
an interesting vegetation.

In some of our valleys peaty deposits are found, and at Newbury
they were somewhat extensive. In the Lambourn valley also peat was
cut at the beginning of last century, and in such situations the tussock
sedge (Carex paniculata) and the water dropwort (CEnantbe crocatd] are
sure to be found.

1 With the exception of some of the alluvia, these deposits are not shown on the Geological Map,
but will be found in the ' Drift ' edition of the maps of the Geological Survey.

BOTANY

THE RIVER DRAINAGE OF BERKSHIRE

as used for dividing the county into botanical districts must be next considered. Berkshire is
wholly in the Thames basin, the area of which is about 5,162 square miles, or over 3,300,000
statute acres. For no miles of its course the Thames forms a boundary for Berkshire. At
the point of its touching Berkshire near Lechlade it receives a small stream, the Cole, which
rises from the chalk hills of north Wiltshire near Idstone.

It is this small portion of our county, as well as the long strip, chiefly of Oxford clay,
and the corallian oolite ridge which stretches from Oxford to Faringdon, which is com-
prised in our first division, namely

i. THE Isis OR UPPER THAMES,

which corresponds to the district ' Thames 3 ' of Preston's Wiltshire Flora, and to the district
' 5. Isis or Upper Thames ' in my Oxfordshire Flora.

It would perhaps have been well to subdivide this into two parts, that drained by the
Cole, and the second into that portion drained by the main stream from Faringdon to
Oxford ; the Cole itself contains a country with very varied geological character, since the
stream drains the upper and lower chalk, the upper and lower greensand, the gault, the
Kimeridge clay, the corallian oolite and the Oxford clay, while the portion drained by
the main stream only consists of the two latter, and it is consequently much less diversified in
scenery and much less rich in vegetation than the former. The northern boundary of the
district is the Thames, the western boundary is the Cole and the county of Wilts, and the
southern boundary is practically that of the turnpike road between Oxford and Faringdon.
From this highway very extensive and pleasing prospects can be obtained, and many interesting
species occur even by the roadside. In this district the beautiful estate of Wytham is con-
tained, and this yields several varieties. It is the only locality known with us for the rose
Rosa agrestis, and it is the most northern locality for the orchid Cephalanthera pollens. In
the woods still grow the beautiful wood vetch (Ficia sylvatica), and the deadly nightshade
(Atropa Belladonna), the yellow star of Bethlehem (Gagea fascicularis), the henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger), the hound's tongue (Cynoglossum ojficinale), the gromwell (Lithospermum officinale), the
herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia), the elecampane (Inula Helenium), the spurge laurel (Daphne
Laureola), the wild everlasting pea (Lathyrus sylvestris), the large burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella
major), the small buttercup (Ranunculus parviflorus], Samolus Valerandi, the bog pimpernel
(Anagallis tenella), the spindle tree (Euonymus europaus) and birds' nest (Hypopitys) occur, as
well as a most profuse growth of Carex pendula.

Between Wytham and Faringdon the district of the upper Thames is well cultivated,
heathland and true bogland being almost entirely absent, so that Drosera, Narthecium, Erica,
Calluna, Juncus squarrosus, Plantago Coronopus, Anthemis nobilis and Salix repens, so common in
the south of the county, are very rare or wanting, nor are the natural woods very extensive.
On the corallian oolite the great thistle (Cnicus eriophorus) is found, and also the zigzag
clover (Trifolium medium), the mullein (ferbascum nigrum), and the calaminth (Calamintha
montana), while the grasses Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum and Avena pubescens are
common, and Keeleria cristata local. The Thames meadows have a rich riparian vegetation,
which includes the great spearwort (Ranunculus Lingua), the bitter cress (Cardamine amara),
the bogbean (Menyanlhes trifoliata), the stitchwort (Stellaria palustris), the louse wort (Pedi-
cularis palustris), the sulphur wort (CEnanthe silaifolia), the bistort (Polygonum Bistorta), and the
elegant water parsnip (Sium latifolium). It has one feature of special interest in the occurrence
in some plenty over a limited area of the water germander (Teucrium Scordium), a very rare
and local and decreasing species in Britain, which was first made known as a British species
from the neighbourhood of Oxford in 1552, but which appears to be quite extinct on the
Oxfordshire side of the Thames. In some of the sluggish waters grow the bladderwort
(Utricularia vulgaris), the water primrose (Hottonia palustris), and the frog bit (Hydrocharis
Morsus-ranie. A characteristic grass is Bromus commutatus. In the main streams there are
quantities of pondweed, but they chiefly consist of common species, Potamogeton interrupts
being especially a noticeable feature, with the buttercup (Ranunculus fluitans). Here and there
the beautiful fringed water lily (Limnanthemum peltatum) occurs, and both the common yellow
and white lilies abound.

The ornamental waters at Buscot have both species of reed mace (Typha), and the
mare's tail (Hippuris), and Lotus tenuis, and the leopard's bane (Doronicum Pardalianches)
occur in the vicinity. In Buckland Park the bear's foot (Helleborus viridis) and the box tree

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

are naturalized, as well as the spotted hawlcweed (Hieracium maculatum), while the lake has
Chara hispida. In gravelly fields near, those very local plants Hypochaeris glabra and Dianthus
Armerta have been found by Miss M. Niven. Pusey Woods have the viper's bugloss (Echiuni)
and the moschatel (Adoxa\ as well as great quantities of a naturalized Russian species of
balsam (Impatient parviflord). Tubney Woods yield Polygonum dumetorum, Rosa mol/issima,
Willd. = the R. tamentosa, Sm., R. glauca and var. subcristata, Lathyrus syhestris, and Sedum
Telephium.

At Kingston Bagpuize the lily Li/ium Martagon is completely naturalized. Appleton
Common Woods have the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) and spurge laurel (Daphne
Mezereum), and the copses at Cumnor still yield the yellow star of Bethlehem (Gaged), the
toothwort (Lathred), and abundance of the great horsetail (Equisetum maximum).

The portion drained by the Cole is very pleasing. The contrast between the elevated
bare bleak fields, without trees and almost without hedgerows, near the Ridgeway, with its
extensive prospects over the vale, and the sheltered village of Shrivenham, with its well wooded
park and its murmuring brook, and the deep coombes, with the extensive watercress beds of
Ashbury and Kingstone, is very marked. Another distinct kind of scenery may be seen at
Coleshill, where in the beautiful park an extensive view is obtained over gently undulating
and well wooded country, which in turn changes as the Thames is approached to large flat
alluvial meadow lands which are characteristic of the upper Thames, and, as Leland says,
' are often overflown with rage of rain.' By the Cole some upland pastures near Watchfield
have large quantities of the star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatuni), and very rarely the
garlic (Alllum oleraceum) ; near Coleshill the snake's head (Fritillaria Meleagris) is found, and
here too are the black currant (Rites nigrum) and the purple willow (Salix purpured). Two
plants of the neighbouring counties, Carex tomentosa and Ecbinodorus ranuncu/oides, do not
appear to come within our border, the latter being plentiful in the canal where the water is
almost undisturbed by traffic, just outside our boundary ; the character of our meadows is
very different from those of the Colne where the sedge grows, but I should not be surprised
to hear of its occurring on some of the upland pastures of our own river Cole.

In addition to the plants mentioned in the preceding notes as occurring in the district of
the upper Thames, we may mention :

Ranunculus Drouetii, F. Schultz
Sisymbrium Sophia, L.
x Viola permixta, Jord.
Geranium rotundifolium, L.

pyrenaicum, VHir.
Hypericum quadrangulum, L.
Rubus dumnoniensis, Bab.

Balfourianus, Bab.

diversifolius, Lindl.

pyramidalis, Kalt.

imbricatus, Hort.

thyrsoideus, Wimm.

Cratasgus Oxyacantha, L., var. eriocalyx, Druce

Sedum dasyphyllum, L.

Cotyledon Umbilicus, L.

Sambricus Ebulus, L.

Apium graveolens, L.

CEnanthe Lachenalii, Gmel.

Inula Helenium, L.

Senecio aquaticus, Huds., var. dubius, Druce

[Crepis nicaeensis, Balb.~\

Hieracium murorum var. pellucidum, Laeit.

vulgatum, Fries.
Calamintha arvensis, Lam.
Salvia pratensis, L.
Polygonum mite, Scbrank.

minus, Huds.

minus X mite

Bistorta, L.

Ceratophyllum demersum, L.
Epipactis media, Fries.

palustris, Crantz.
Orchis latifolia, L.

pyramidalis, L.

ustulata, L.
Ophrys apifera, Huds.
Habenaria conopsea, Bentb.
Zannichellia palustris, L.
Eleocharis acicularis, Br.

multicaulis, Sm.

uniglumis, Schult.
Scirpus setaceus, L.

pauciflorus, Lightf.

Carex acuta, L., var. impuncta, Druce

paniculata, L.

distans, L.

x Lolium festucaceum, Link.
Dryopteris montana, Kuntze = Lastrea Oreopteris,
Presl.

dilatata, Asa Gray

spinulosa, Kuntze
Ceterach officinarum, Willd,
Asplenium Trichomanes, L.

Adiantum-nigrum, L.

Botrychium Lunaria, Stv. (not recently seen)
Chara hispida, L.
Tolypella glomerata, Leonb.

2. THE OCK DISTRICT

drained by the river of that name, which is entirely a Berkshire stream, and corresponds to

BOTANY

a great extent with the district ' 6. The Thame ' in my Oxfordshire Flora. It is of con-
siderable size, and consists essentially of the vale of the White Horse. It also includes the
north side of the chalk escarpment and the whole of the Boar's Hill range. It has for its
boundaries on the west and north the Isis district just described, on the north-east the river
Thames from Oxford to Mongewell, while the southern boundary passes from the Thames
near Mongewell over King Standing Hill to East Ilsley, and then follows the Ridge road to
the Wiltshire border on the south-west.

The Ock is a stream with many head-waters, several of which spring from the junction
of the chalk and gault ; in fact, the site of many villages at the base of the chalk escarp-
ment were chosen on account of the presence of springs of clear pure water, and the bare
chalk slopes were rejected, while the sheltered spots with water springs were selected by the
early inhabitants, and villages grew up around them. These springs, which issue from the
base of the hills at about 460 feet elevation above the sea, flow at first bright and sparkling,
and are filled with ' cresses ' and the pondweed Potamogeton densum, but on reaching the
clay of the vale are soon sullied. The vale part is to a considerable extent excavated in
Kimeridge clay. The Wilts and Berks Canal traverses part of the district, and yields the
local pondweed P. pnehngus as well as P. compressum (zostereefolius), P. Friesii and P. pusil-
lum, and Tolypella glomerata also occurs. By its banks Cerefolium Anthriscus, Ceterach and
Juncus obtusiflorus are found. One of the feeders of the Ock passes by Cherbury Camp, an
interesting earthwork on which several local plants are found, and in the neighbourhood of
which the pasque flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), the frog orchis (Habenaria viridis), the field
chickweed (Cerastium arvense\ Orchis ustulata and Asperula cynanchica occur.

Another, the Frilford brook, drains a particularly interesting piece of ground, in which
are rich marshes and dry gravel commons. The latter afford the clovers Trifolium striatum,
T. scabrum, T. arvense ; the cotton thistle (Onopordon Acanthium), which may be native here ;
the bugloss (Echium), and the mullein (Ferbascum nigrum).

Another and still more interesting feeder is a small brook with two or three branches
which comes from Besilsleigh, and the branch which passes by Cothill forms a marsh which
is one of the richest and most interesting in the midland counties. It is a very pretty bit of
scenery, consisting of woodland merging gradually into marshland, with both bog and fen
vegetation, so that there is the pondweed Potamogeton coloratus in its only known Berkshire
locality, the bladderworts Utricularia major and U. minor, the sundew Drosera rotundifolia,
the butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), the grass of Parnassus (Parnassia), the cotton grass (Eriopho-
rum latifolium), the marsh orchids Epipactis pa/ustris, Orchis incarnata and 0. latifolia, the
dropwort (OLnanthe Lachenalif), besides Samolus Valerandi, Echinodorus ranunculoides, Menyanthes,
Anagallis tene/la, Valeriana dioica, Carex dioica, C. pulicaris, C. echinata, C. Bcenninghausiana,
C. flava, C. Hornschuchiana, C. xanthocarpa, C. rostrata, Schaenus nigricans, Molinia, Juncus
obtusiflorus and Cnicus pratensis. In the drier portions Genista tinctoria, G. anglica, Lithospermum
officina/e and Euonymus occur. In its lower course this brook has marshy ground on its margin,
where the peppermint (Mentha piperita) and the spearmint (M. longifolia var. villosa, Sole)
occur, the latter in great quantity.

The high ground of the Boar's Hill range, with Cumnor Hurst and the coppices about
it, and Bagley Wood is also very productive ground to the botanist, although building opera-
tions threaten to destroy some of the county which is most prolific in rare plants. The
northern side is marked by watercourses which have cut their way through the soft strata,
and in one of these, now occupied by the ' rifle butts,' there is a large quantity of that
elegant plant Scirpus sylvaticus. The village walls of Hinksey give Sedum dasyphyllum, which
appears to be native in this district, so widely distributed is it, the navelwort (Cotyledon
Umbilicus), the shining cranesbill (Geranium lucidum), and the round-leaved cranesbill (G.
rotundi folium), the last a very abundant plant on the coralline oolite, but which rapidly thins
out or disappears on the more southern strata.

The summit of Boar's Hill from whence may be seen one of the most beautiful views
in the county, comprising as it does the vale of the White Horse, the coast-like range of the
chalk hills, the woodland tracts of Bagley and Wytham, and the spires and towers of Oxford
immediately below is especially characterized by the rich bramble flora which it affords.
Here, in one of the few spots known in Britain, is Rubus Colemanni. Another very handsome
species is R. sulcatus, and R. flssus, R. mercicus var. bracteatus, R. nessensis, R. holerythros, R,
idaus var. anomalus, R. affinis, R, Marshalli, R. Sprengelii, R. putescens, R. oigoclados, R. folio-
sus, R.fuscus, R. rudis, and many others have been found. The marsh violet (Viola pa/ustris)
occurs where it was first mentioned by Dr. Plot, the beautiful horsetail (Equisetum syhaticum),

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

the cress (Teesdalia nudicau/is), the catchfly (Silene anglica), the spurrey (Spergula sativa), the
clovers T. medium, T. arvense, T. striatum, T. filtforme ; the wild licorice (Astragalus glycy-
phyllos, lady's ringers (Anthyllis), the vetches Vicia gracilis and V. lathyroides, the grass leaved pea
(Lathyrus Nissolia), the everlasting pea (L. sylvestris), a rose (R. mollissima var. pseudo-mollis,
(Baker f.), Druce), the hare's ear (Bupleurum rotundifolium), a hybrid bedstraw (Galium verwn
x Mollugo), the thistles Cnkus eriophorus and C. pratensis, the saw-wort (Serratula), the hawk-
weeds H. sciaphilum, H. rigidum, H. boreale ; the scabious (Jasione montana\ the Canter-
bury bell (Campanula rapunculoides), now extirpated ; the ivy-leaved bell flower (Cervicina
\Wahlenbergia~\ hederacea, tracts of ling and heather, the bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella\
the blue pimpernel (A.femina), the yellow wort (Blackstonia), the toadflaxes Linaria spuria,
L. Elatina and L. viscida ; the clary (Salvia Verbenaca\ the cat mint (Nepeta Cataria), the
plantain (Plantago Coronopus), the large bindweed (Polygonum dumetorum), the orchids Neottia,
Epipactis latifolia, E. pa/ustris, Orchis pyramidalis, 0. latifolia, Ophrys apifera, Habenar.ia conop-
sea, H. viridis, H. btfolia ; the gladdion (Iris faetidissima), the daffodils N. major and N. Pseudo-
narcissus], the lily of the valley (Convallaria), the ramson (Alllum ursinum), the garlic (A.
vineale), the star of Bethlehem (Gagea), and many sedges and grasses already mentioned are
some among the many rarities of this rich area.

The Thames meadows from Oxford to Abingdon have afforded Thalictrum flavum
Myosurus, Stellaria palustris, Slum latifolium, CEnanthe silaifolia, Hottonia, Samo/us, Polygonum
minus, P. mite, Rumex maritimus, Hydrocharis, Leucojum tsstivum, Fritillaria, Typha angustifolia,
Zanniche/lia pa/ustris and var. repens, Eleocharis acicularis, Acorus Calamus, Scirpus caricis, Carex
vesicaria, C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. distans, Juncus compressus, Catabrosa, Tolypella prolifera, and T.
intricata among many interesting species.

The meadows at Marcham on the Kimeridge clay, in which there is a saline spring,
have already been alluded to, and the course of the brook through the meadow may be traced
by the growth of the wild celery which fringes its margin. In this vicinity there are also
Sagina nodosa, Callitricha obtusangula and Carex axillaris.

On the slopes of the chalk downs as about Blewbury we have, in addition to many
plants previously noted, Anemone Pulsatilla, Fumaria Vaillantii, F. densiftora, F. parvtflora t
Papaver hyiridum, Valerianella rimosa, Gentiana germanica, Crepis biennis, C. taraxacifolia,
Senecio campestris, Orchis ustulata, Gyrostachis (Spiranthes) autumnalis, Ga/eopsis speciosa, Linaria
repens, Juniperus, Taxus, Carum segetum, Ophrys muscifera, 0. apifera, Bromus interruptus and
Phyllitis vulgaris (Sco/opendrium). About Dry Sandford Tordylium was once gathered, and the
thistle (Cnicus tenuiflorus) and the wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium) occur, while the abundance
of Calamintha montana (C, officinalis) is remarkable. In the park at Besilsleigh several species
are naturalized, including Galanthus, Tulipa, Ornithogalum umbellatum and Campanula Rapun-
culus, while Miss Walker has found Salvia pratensis in the meadows, and the leopard's bane
(Doronicum Pardalianches) and the cudweed (Filago spathulata) and the great broom rape (Oro-
banche major (0. elatior, Sutton) are in the vicinity.

Among the noticeable absentees from the district are Narthecium, which was eradicated
about a century ago, Scutellaria minor, Millegrana, Hypericum Elodes, Scirpus ctespitosus, Geum
rivale and Cerastium quaternellum, but this latter is likely to occur about Frilford.

The large meadow near Abingdon has a rich fen vegetation in which Ranunculus Lingua
is a conspicuous species, and the water soldier (Stratiotes Aloides) almost chokes the trenches of
stagnant water, where Lemna trisulea, Hydrocharis and Hottonia abound, and on the banks of
which Polygonum minus and mite occur. Orchis latifolia and incarnata and Menyanthes are also
abundant, and the variations of Carex acuta are remarkable. Samolus Valerandi is also in the
vicinity.

Among other interesting plants of the Ock district not yet alluded to are :

Adonis annua, L. [Lepidium Draba, L.}

Ranunculus parviflorus, L. Roripa amphibia var. variifolia, Druce

[Delphinum Ajacis, Reichb.] [Thlaspi perfoliatum, L.]

Berberis vulgaris, L. Tunica prolifera, Scop. (? extinct)

Fumaria confusa, Jord. Saponaria officinalis, L.

capreolata, L. [ Vaccaria, L.]

muralis, Sond. Arenaria tenuifolia, L.
Sisymbrium Sophia, L. x Viola permixta, Jord.
Erophila praecox, DC. Geranium pyrenaicum, UHer.
[Camelina sativa, Cr.] Malva sylvestris, L., var. lasiocarpa, Druce
[Isalis tinctoria, L.] [_ pu silla, SOT.]

BOTANY

Ulex Gallii, Planch.
Melilotus arvensis, Wallr.

alba, Dew.
Lotus tenuis, Kit.

Vicia gemella, Cr., var. tenuissima, Druce
Alchemilla vulgaris, L., var. filicaulis (Buser)
Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh.
Agrimonia odorata, Mill.
Rubus Babingtonii, Bell-Salt

carpinifolius, W. & N.
Rosa mollissima, Willd.

var. sylvestris (Lino 1 /.)
scabriuscula (SOT.)
Sherardi (Davits)

Eglanteria, L.
Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L.

Sherardia arvensis, L., var. maritima, Griseb

Valerianella carinata, Lois.

Sambucus Ebulus, L.

Senecio vulgaris, L., var. radiatus, Koch

[ squalidus, L.*\

[ crassifolius, Willd.}

Filago germanica, L., var. laxa, Druce

Arctium intermedium, Lange

Newbouldii, Williams
Taraxacum officinale var. alpinum, Koch

var. taraxacoides, Koch
Campanula Rapunculus, L.
x Gentiana Pamplinii, Druce

Euphrasia Kerneri, Wettst.

Orobanche Trifolii pratensis var. flavescens,

Druce

[Melittis officinalis, L.]
Calamintha parviflora, Lam.
Mentha aquatica, L., var. affinis (Bar.), Druce

var. Ortmanniana (Opiz), Druce
x Cardiaca, Baker
Salvia pratensis, L.

[Galeopsis Ladanum, L. ; G. intermedia,
Teucrium Scordium, L. (? extinct)
Chenopodium Vulvaria, L.

album, L., var. glomerulosum, Reichb.

var. lanceolatum (M'Ahl.)
[ opulifolium, Schrad.]

ficifolium, Sm.

murale, L.

urbicum, L.
[Euphorbia Esula, LJ\
Ceratophyllum submersum, L.

x Juncus diffusus, Hoppe
Eleocharis uniglumis, Schult.
Carex acuta, L., var. impuncta, Druce
[Setaria viridis, Beauv.]
Bromus arvensis, L.
Avena pratensis, L.

x Salix undulata, Ehrh.

x Smithiana, Willd.
Botrychium Lunaria, SOT.

3. THE PANG OR MID THAMES

bears a considerable resemblance to the district ' 7. The Thames' of my Oxfordshire Flora,
and is bounded on the north by the Ock district, on the east by the river Thames, and is
separated by the watershed of the Lambourn and Kennet on the west and south from the
Kennet district.

Although small the Pang district has many interesting features. It is wholly situate on
the cretaceous and Eocene measures, and a considerable portion is more than 300 feet above
sea level. The northern part is bare and bleak, and is formed of chalk down covered by short
grassy turf, and almost destitute of trees ; but the turf is thickly covered with individual
plants in countless numbers, although its number of species is not large. The chalk milkwort
(Polygala calcarea), the rock rose (Helianthemum Cham&cistus), the squinancy wort (Asperula
cynanchica), the bastard flax (Thesium humifusum), the field ragwort (Senecio campestris [S. integri-
folia]\ the orchids 0. ustulata and O. pyramidalis, the chickweed (Cerastium arvense), the
gentians G. Amarella and G. germanica, and the scabious (Scabiosa Columbaria) being the con-
spicuous features.

The arable fields have already been alluded to, and one of these yielded a grass which
subsequent examination and cultivation shows to be a good species, and I have called it Bromus
interruptus (see my Flora of Berkshire, p. 593, and Journ. Linn. Sac. (1896) pp. 42630). It
differs from any other known species of Bromus by the inner pale being split to the base, as
well as by its inflorescence.

I have already alluded to the flora of the wooded portion of this district under the
geological formations, but one can scarcely realize their charm until they have come under
observation, each coppice having something fresh to show. At Hampstead Norris there is a
particularly fine growth of the spurge laurel (Daphne Laureola], Unwell Woods have a very
varied flora, including the Solomon's seal. Nearer Basildon, but in woods away from the
river, the hellebore (H. viridis, L., var. occidentalis) occurs in quantity ; in another bushy
place near H. faetidus grows. Where the chalk becomes coated with tertiaries, as at
Ashampstead Common, another flora presents itself; and in this place, which resembles rather
a hilly woodland tract than what is usually meant as a Berkshire common, we find very fine
beech and splendid hawthorns, the true cherry (Prunus Cerasus], as well as a variety of the
cow wheat (Melampyrum pratense var. latifolium), the hound's tongue and sweetbriar. Near

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Hawkstone there is a coppice known as ' Hurt's Copse,' from the profusion of Vaccinium
Myrtillus which grows there.

The Pang itself rises near Compton at about 320 feet above sea level, and flows past
Hampstead Norris to Frilsham, near which is Marlstone Park, a locality for the yellow tulip,
and then to Bucklebury and Stanford Dingley. Here tufts of Carex paniculata and (Enanthe
crocata begin to appear and Carex dioica has also been found. The Pang then passes by
Bradfield, once the residence of Elias Ashmole, and on its way to Tidmarsh and Pangbourn
flows through meadows where the avens Geum rivale and its hybrid G. intermedium appear ;
while Aconitum Napellus has become naturalized on one place. A profusion of Cardamine
amara is to be noticed, and in the damp coppices the Solomon's seal is luxuriant. Trifolium
uabrum occurs on a patch of gravel on its banks. The once interesting marsh near Pangbourn
is now nearly ruined and, like the village itself, suffers from the irruption of residents from
Reading ; but I saw Genista anglica once there as evidence of what it formerly was. To the
south of this marsh rises the beautiful wooded slopes of Sulham and Purley, which are charming
in themselves, and are also the home of many local species. The rose of Sharon (Hypericum
calycinum) is quite naturalized there, and H. Androstsmum and H. montanum are native. On
the sloping grassy bank in its only known Berkshire locality grows Galium syhestre, and near
it is naturalized Euphorbia Chamescyparissias, while Cuscuta Epithymum and Thesium still grow,
and formerly Gentiana campestris occurred. In this vicinity also are Arenaria tenuifolia, Ruscus,
Carum segetum, Valerianella carinata, Geranium rotundifolium, Linaria repens, Iberis amara,
Papaver hybridum, Antirrhinum Orontium, Myosurus, Lonicera Caprifolium, Blackstonia, Dianthus
Armeria, Arabis hirsuta, Viola tricolor var. bella (Gren. and Godr.), Lactuca virosa, Vinca minor,
V. major, Vhcum, Saponaria, and also a variety of Malva moschata with nearly uncut leaves,
which comes under var. Ramondiana (Gren. and Godr.) and is the var. integrifolia of Lejeune.
A form of the winter cress occurs, which I have named Barbarea vulgaris var. transiens,
Druce (see Flora of Berkshire, p. 44).

The more elevated portion of the Pang district, such as that about East Ilsley, is bare and
bleak, but further south there are extensive woodlands, such as Ashridge, where the spiked star
of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum) grows, and in which there is also Colchicum, Vicia
sylvatica, Lathyrus sylvestris and Polygonatum multiflorum. At Oare, where the London Clay is
worked for brickmaking, we have Equisetum sylvaticum and Carex pallescens. In the vicinity is
Grimsbury Castle, 460 feet above sea level, with its circular rampart now overgrown with
whortleberry.

The higher portion of Fence Woods leads to the elevated plateau of Cold Ash Common,
from which a glorious prospect of the surrounding country can be obtained, and near are the
extensive commons of Bucklebury and Chapel Row, and there are some very lovely bits of
country and rich botanizing to be found about them and in Fence Woods and the numerous
coppices. In this vicinity we have Aquilegia, Arabis perfoliata, Cerastium quaternellum, very
abundant on some of the gravelly commons ; Hypericum Elodes, Millegrana, Genista anglica,
Drosera longifolia (intermedia), Cuscuta Epithymum, Carex dtoica, C. Itevigata, C. Hormchuchiana,
C. vesicaria, and a magnificent clump of Osmunda once grew near a bed of Menyanthes.

As specially interesting plants of the Pang district, in addition to those already mentioned,
are the following :

Ranunculus Lingua, L. Rubus Borreri, Bell-Salt.

Anemone Pulsatilla, L. anglosaxonicus, Gelert

Adonis annua, L. foliosus, W. and N.

Fumaria Vaillantii, Lois. Lejeunei var. ericetorum, Lefev.

parviflora, Lam. - rosaceus, W. and N.
[Barbarea intermedia, Bar.'] Geum rivale, L.
Lepidium heterophyllum, Bentb, var. canescen x intermedium, Ebrb.

Gr. and Godr. Pimpinella major, HuJs.

x Viola permixta, JorJ. [Lonicera Caprifolium, L.}

palustris, L. Crepis biennis, L.

Polygala oxyptera, Relcbb. Myosotis annua, Mcench, var. umbrosa (Bab.)

Lychnis dioica x alba [Scrophularia vernalis, L.]

Ulex Gallii, Planch. [Mimulus Langsdorffii, Donn.}

Trifolium subterraneum, L. (? extinct) Euphrasia Kerneri, Wetts.

Vicia gemella, Cr., var. tenuissima, Druce Mentha Pulegium, L.

Lathyrus Aphaca, L. [Chenopodium opulifolium, ScbraJ.]

Rubus erythrinus, Geniv. Leucojum aestivum, L.

pallidus, W. and N. Orchis Simia, Lam. (? extinct)

BOTANY

Orchis militaris, L. Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.

[Lilium Martagon, L.~\ Elymus europasus, L.

Convallaria majalis, L. Dryopteris montana, Kuntze

Bromus hordeaceus, L., var. glabrescens (Cost.), Lomaria Spicant, Desv.
Druce

4. THE KENNET DISTRICT

is a large and unequally shaped tract of country, which is bounded on the north by the Ock
district, on the east by the Pang district, on the west by Wiltshire, and on the south by
Hampshire and the portion of Berkshire drained by the Loddon and Blackwater. Near East
Ilsley the summit of the watershed is about 600 feet, and the ridge rises to 650 feet at Cuck-
hamsley Knob, while the downs above Wantage are 740 feet high, and White Horse Hill,
840 feet, culminates this northern range. Membury Fort, on the Wiltshire border, is a
little over 700 feet, but Hungerford is only 328 feet above sea level.

The drainage area of the Kennet district consists mainly of three portions : that traversed
by the main stream of the Kennet ; secondly, that through which the Lambourn flows ; and,
thirdly, that drained by the Emborne stream.

The Lambourn sub-division consists of the upper chalk formation, and a great part of it
is bare, arable soil with numerous dry valleys. In the upper portion trees are few, and com-
paratively small bits of the original grassy downs remain. The river issues near the base of
the ' Seven Barrow Field,' near Upper Lambourn, and passes by the sequestered town of that
name and by East Garston and the pretty villages of Great and Little Shefford. It is here a
pleasant, clear trout stream with a gravelly bottom, and the narrow meadows are on peat, since
peat was cut in them a century ago for fuel. The tussocks of Carex paniculata are conspicuous,
and (Enanthe crocata grows here and there in the irrigated fields. The river then passes the
villages of Weston and Welford, where there is a row of fine old crab-trees, a lime avenue and
a considerable growth of mistletoe ; it then flows by Boxford and past the ruined, ivy-mantled
castle of Donnington, where Chaucer's Oak formerly grew, to the Kennet.

The northern part is bare and bleak, and resembles in its flora the similar area belonging
to the Pang district in many respects ; but the soldier orchid (Orchis militaris) and the monkey
(0. Simia) have never been recorded for it, nor does the pasque flower (Anemone Pulsatilla) or
the butcher's broom (Ruscus) extend so far to the west. But one plant at least occurs in the
upper Lambourn district which has not yet been found elsewhere in the county, namely the
purple milk vetch (Astragalus danicus), which occurs near West Ilsley over a very limited area.

Further south in the Lambourn, as in the Pang district, the chalk becomes covered with
deposits either of brick earth or else of tertiary beds, and then extensive woodlands prevail,
or gravelly commons whose borders shelve down into boggy tracts. One of the richest of
these heathy and boggy commons is that of Snelsmore, 470 feet above sea level, where one
has in close contiguity a rich ericetal flora with numerous interesting species of brambles,
including Rubus nessensis, R. plicatus, R. nitidus and R. Sprenge/ii, and deep sphagnum bogs with
an extensive uliginal vegetation. Near Bagnor the monkey flower (Mimulus Langsdorffii) is
completely naturalized, and Akhemilla vulgaris var. filicaulis occurs. Rosa systyla has been
found near Donnington.

The Emborne stream runs through pretty scenery south of the Kennet and drains
very rich and interesting country, including Inkpen Common, where Viola lactea grows,
and the southern side of Greenham Common and Crookham Heath, as well as the woods of
Sandleford Priory, where there is a locality for the field gentian (Gentiana campestris). On
Greenham Common grows the sweet gale (Myrica Ga/e), and by the stream the American
balsam (Impatiens biflora) and Mimulus Langsdorffii are both naturalized, and probably were
brought down from the ornamental water in Highclere Park. On the common also grows
a rich bramble flora including R. Babingtonii, R. Sprengelii, R. holerythros, R. rosaceus, R.plicatus,
R. carpinifelius, R. infestus, R. Borreri, R. oigoclados var. Newbouldii, R. Bloxamii, R. Marshall'^
etc., as well as Trigonella, Hypericum Elodes^ Carex Baenninghausiana, a hybrid of C. remota
and C. paniculata.

The main stream of the Kennet, which runs in a trough in the synclinal chalk in its
course from Chilton Foliat to Reading, is a pleasing stream with charming villages near, and
the extensive irrigated meadows are a feature in its scenery, as are the large and luxurious
reed beds, which however are somewhat disappointing in variety of vegetation. The avens
Geum rivale is a characteristic plant, especially as the stream nears Reading, and occasionally
its hybrid with G. urbanum may be seen.

I 57 8

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

To the south Walbarrow Camp rises to the greatest altitude the chalk attains in the
county, 957 feet, and on its slopes the musk orchid (Herminium monorchii) still grows. An
upland pasture near Inkpen affords the spring crocus (Crocus vernus) in great quantity, the
spiked star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum) grows near the county border, and Myosotis
sylvatica, Carex strigosa and Poa Chaixii also occur. The latter may possibly be native here.
Rubus dumnoniensis grows near Hungerford. In a wood near Kintbury the tooth-wort (Lathrea
Squamaria] occurs, and the great park of Hampstead Marshall has the lady's traces Gyrostachis
autumnalis, Iris faetidissima and Cynoglossum.

Near Newbury the banks of the Lambourn railway are white with Lepidium Draba, and
in the peaty meadows near Newbury and Chilton Foliat Scirpus cartels and Sag'tna nodosa occur;
near Newbury also grows Ranunculus sardous, Latbyrus Nissolia, Afuscari, Orobanche major (0.
elatior] and Barbarea prescox. At Southcote formerly occurred Damasonium Alisma, and Smyr-
nmm Olusatrum still is plentiful.

The beautiful woods and heaths of Aldermaston, Wasing, Brimpton, Ufton and Mortimer
are particularly rich, and in them and on the commons we have a very varied flora, including
Viola lactea, Stellaria umbrosa, Sagina subulata, Vicia graci/is, Pulicaria vulgaris, Anthemh nobilis,
Jasione, Utricularia major, Drosera longifolia, Littorella, Euphorbia Lathyrus (probably native),
Convallaria, Scirpus caspitosus, Agrostis setacea, and Festuca rubra var. fallax.

Among other interesting plants of the district may be mentioned :

Anemone Pulsatilla, L.
Adonis annua, L.
Papaver hybridum, L.
Fumaria parviflora, Lam.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC.
Silene anglica, L.
Dianthus deltoides, L.
Millegrana Radiola, Druce
Rhamnus Frangula, L.
Hypericum quadrangulum, L.
Geranium lucidum, L.
Genista tinctoria, L.
Vicia sylvatica, L.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L.
Rubus scaber, W. and N.

saxicolus, P. J. Muell.
Agrimonia odorata, Mill.

Rosa mollissima, Willd., var. Sherardi (Davits)

var. sylvestris (Lindl.)
Callitriche polymorpha, L'tun.
Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. and Maur.

roseum, Schreb.
Myriophyllum alterniflorum, DC.
Kentranthus ruber (DC.), Druce
Caucalis daucoides, L.
Sambucus Ebulus, L.
Valerianella carinata, Lois.
[Petasites fragrans, Presl.']

Hieracium rigidum var. acrifolium, Dakht.

Lactuca virosa, L.

Filago apiculata, G. E. Sm.

germanica, L., var. laxa, Druce
Senecio aquaticus, Huds., var. dubius, Druce
Centunculus minimus, L.

Hottonia palustris, L.
[Asperugo procumbens, L.~\
Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. (extinct)
Samolus Valerandi, L.
Orobanche Rapum-genistx, Thuill.
[Scrophularia vernalis, Z,.]

Veronica scutellata, L., var. villosa, Schum.
Rhinanthus stenophyllus, Scbur.
Euphrasia Kerneri, Wetts.
Polygonum Bistorta, L.

dumetorum, L.
Rumex acutus, L.

[Beta trigyna, Waldst. and Kit.]
Mentha Pulegium, L.

longifolia, Huds.
Melissa officinalis, L.
Littorella juncea, Berg.
Mercurialis annua, L.
Salix purpurea, L.

x ambigua, Ehrh.
Galanthus nivalis, L.
Paris quadrifolia, L.
Colchicum autumnale, L,
Epipactis violacea, Bar.

latifolia, All.

Orchis maculata, L., var. ericetorum (E. F.

Llntori)

Gagea fascicularis, Salisb.
Convallaria majalis, L.
Allium ursinum, L.
Echinodorus ranunculoides, Eng.
Scirpus caespitosus, L.

fluitans, L.
Rynchospora alba, L.
Carex Pseudo-cyperus, L.
Alopecurus fulvus, SOT.
Lycopodium Selago, L.

clavatum, L.

inundatum, L.
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, L.
Dryopteris montana, Kuntze
Phegopteris polypodioides, A. Br.
Polystichum angulare, Presl.

aculeatum, Presl.
Osmunda regalis, L.
Equisetum sylvaticum, L.

5. THE LODDON OR LOWER THAMES

is an irregularly shaped district which is bounded on the north-west by the Kennet district
from the Hampshire border not far from the hamlet of Forward nearly to Reading. Then

BOTANY

the Thames divides it from Oxfordshire as far as Henley, and thence on the south-eastern side
from Bucks between Henley and Old Windsor. Southwards its boundary is often of an arti-
ficial character, but from Old Windsor to Blackwater the county boundary of Surrey is the
line of limitation. From Blackwater to Thatchams Ford near Swallowfield the river Black-
water separates it from Hampshire, and thence to the Forward Road the county boundary of
Hants is its western limit.

The district is the least homogeneous of all the botanical divisions of the county. It has
four well marked kinds of soil. First, that of the heathy, sandy tract of country such as is
found round Wokingham and Sandhurst ; secondly, that of the flat clay-land about Rus-
combe ; thirdly, that of the hilly chalk country of Wargrave and Cookham ; and lastly, that
of the elevated knolls of London clay, often capped by gravel, to be seen at Ashley, Crazey,
and Bowsey Hills. But these by no means represent all the varieties of soil. The drainage of
the district is complex and often obscure, since a great extent of the area is below 150 feet.
The highest point reached by the London clay is at Bowsey Hill, 450 feet, and Easthamp-
stead Plain is 430 feet. The Blackwater where it enters the county is about 200 feet, and its
outfall into the Thames is about 150 feet above sea level, and the scenery in its course is
essentially different from that found in the Isis, Ock, Pang or northern part of the Kennet
districts, consisting as it does of extensive tracts of heathy ground planted with pines, which
seed freely, stretching in various directions for a considerable distance, and include in fact the
hilly country leading up to Easthampstead Plain, Wickham Bushes, Broadmoor and Crow-
thorn, the country south of the long Roman road known as the Devil's Highway, and that
which lies about Long Moor, Wellington College and the beautiful Finchhampstead Ridges.
From the summit of one of the rounded hills the view is over a stretch of dark pine planta-
tions covering the lower eminences, or else over an expanse of heather and gorse showing
here and there green patches where the sphagnum growth denotes boggy ground. And the
vegetation, as has already been stated, is quite as different as the geology or the scenery. In
the damper parts, as under Finchampstead Ridges, the birch is plentiful, and in one or two of
the wooded portions we may get the Pyrola minor or winter green. The berry-bearing alder
(Rhamnus Frangula) replaces R. catharticus, so common on the chalk, and the sweet gale
(Myrica Gale) here and there may be found. Two species of sundew grow on the boggy
parts, and a rich uliginal vegetation is found, including Illecebrum verticillatum, only known
from Devon and Cornwall elsewhere in the British Isles. In the ponds I have found both
species of Elatine, E. hexandra and a variety which I have called sessilis, and E. Hydropiper,
and the mud wort (Limosella aquatica), but very sparingly. The sedge vegetation is rich and
varied, including C, elongata, C. pulicaris, C. canescens, C. turfosa, a hybrid probably of C.
data (stricta) with Gordenawii (vu/garis), C. vesicaria, C. rostrata, Rynchospora alba and
Schcenus. The form of Veronica scutellaria which occurs is usually var. villosa ; in the northern
part of the county the glabrous form alone occurs. The ponds also occasionally yield the
pill wort (Pilularia globulifera\ and I have found Nitella flexilh also. The shore weed (Lit-
torella juncea), which is absent from the county north of the Kennet, often covers the bottom
of the ponds with a dense vegetation, and in one instance I am afraid has extirpated Elatine.
A small fruited form of the bur-reed, S. erectum var. microcarpum (Neum.), has been noticed,
and on one of the moors the beautiful Gentiana Pneumonanthe has been found.

The heathy portion offers several species which are unknown in our county north of
the Kennet, such as the grass Agrostis setacea, the buttercup (Ranunculus Lenormattdi), the violet
V. lactea, the marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), and some plants which are very rare on
the Pang and other districts are not uncommon, such as Genista anglica, Teesdalia, Hypocharis
glabra, Anthemis nobilis. The hedge banks have Stellaria umbrosa and very rarely Fumaria
pallidiflora and F. muralis, while the stream sides afford Epilobium roseum and hybrids of it.

A hawkweed (Hieracium murorum) has been found near Wellington College, and a bell
flower (Campanula Rapunculus) has been seen near Sandhurst.

The bramble flora is particularly rich, and one at least is unknown elsewhere in the
county, i.e. Rubus lentiginosus, Lees, the R. cambricus of Focke. Of the suberect forms R.
nessensis, R. fissus, and R. plicatus occur, and R. ericetorum, R. Marskalli, R. cognatus, R. nitidus,
R. holerythros, R. carpinifolius, R. rhombifolius, R, silvaticus, R. >uestierii, so far only known
in Berks from Sandhurst, R. Sprengelii, R. mucronatus, R. Gelertii, R. infestus, R. Babingtonii,
R. Lejeunei var. ericetorum, R. foliosus, R. rosaceus and others. The cultivated fields in the
Sandhurst district have yielded Apera Spica-venti, Agrostis nigra, Silene anglica, Arnoseris (limited
to this district), Mercurialis annua, Filago apiculata, and Antirrhinum Orontium. The railway
embankment gives a home for a few species which are rare elsewhere in the district ; such are

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Origanum (probably chalk ballast accounts for this calcareous loving species), Calamintha offici-
nalis, Kcehria, Erigeron acre, Jasione and Serratula, while the cutting in the stiff clay near
Wellington College often has on the barer portion Lycopodium inundatum, and a profuse growth
ofNartkecium is not unfrequent, while the moonwort fern (Botrychium), the sweet scented moun-
tain fern (Dryopteris montana), and the royal fern (Osmunda) are among the other filices which

occur.

The district about Loddon Bridge and Wokingham has a varied flora, as one might
expect from the different soils which occur. In rapid succession come the alluvial meadows
of the Thames, the gravelly soil near Early and Reading, the clayey ground about Ruscombe,
the sandy soil near Bearwood, and the gravels of Twyford, Wokingham and Hurst. From
Swallowfield to Twyford the Loddon flows through pleasant and more highly cultivated
country, passing in one of its reaches through the ' verdant alders,' where it is fringed with
the beautiful snowflake (Leucojum astivum). Loddon lilies is the local name, and it has the
privilege in another portion to yield one of the few endemic species which the British Flora
includes, for in abundance grows a pondweed which in my Berkshire Flora I called with some
doubt Potamogeton fluitans, or a hybrid species, but which subsequent research and culture has
proved to be a new species which Mr. A. Fryer has described and also beautifully figured in
his Monograph of the British Potamogetons under the name P. Drucei. P. alpinus also occurs
in the same stream, and Carex data grows in one of the marshes on its borders. Carex
elongata is in the vicinity and Pulicaria vulgaris, Polygonum minus, P, mite, Carex axillaris,
C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. vesicaria, Dipsacus pilosus, and Echinodorus ranunculoides are found. Rosa
systyla and R. obtusifolia are not uncommon, and on the dry gravelly soils we have Trifolium
subterraneum, T. striatum, Arabis perfoliata, Dianthus Armeria and Potentilla argentea, and
Geranium lucidum, Ft/ago apiculata and Cynoglossum are also found. The Bearwood district
affords Epipactis latifolia, many brambles including R. nitidus, R. incurvatus, R. car-
pinifolius, R. rudis, R. Lejeunei, Scirpus fluitam, Chrysanthemum Parthenium (and it may be
native here), Apium inundatum and many other species. The creeping jenny (Lysimachia
Nummularia) was found fruiting by Mr. Broome and myself near Hurst in 1900; the capsule
is very similar to that of L. nemorum ; it has not, that I am aware of, been found in that con-
dition before in Britain. Near Shottesbrooke and elsewhere in the neighbourhood (Enanthe
Phellandrium occurs in the ponds, and a scarce grass, Alopecurus fulvus, is locally common.

One of the small streams which run into the Loddon is called the Ermine brook ; it rises
on the north-eastern side of Easthampstead Plain and drains the interesting earthwork known
as Caesar's Camp with its distinct double vallum now overgrown with whortleberry. From
the summit a fine view is to be obtained as far as the chalk hills of Oxfordshire over,
in the near distance, a beautifully mingled foliage of birch, chestnut, oak, beech, larch and
pine.

The Broadwater drains the hilly and heathy district of Bracknell. In Easthampstead
Park Samolus grows, and the Swinley oaks are very fine ; under them I have found the
pill wort (Ranunculus Ficaria) fruiting freely, and in the neighbourhood Lepidium Smithii,
or as it is now called L. heterophyllum var. canescens, is found. Other parts have a rich
bog flora similar to that of the Sandhurst neighbourhood, but as the stream leaves the
Bagshot sands it passes into the flat tract of the London clay, through which it winds in a
very devious course through country which is so low and flat that the waters formerly inun-
dated the country round for a considerable distance, the stream being then more worthy of
its name and appearing on the map as Ruscombe Lake. The numerous ponds and the deep
ditches by the roadsides are evidences of the former marshy condition of the country, which
at one time was the habitat of Damasonium Alisma.

Next to be briefly described is the portion of the county drained by the main stream of
the Thames between Reading and Maidenhead, and it has both a rich flora and lovely scenery,
the highest ground in the Loddon district being found in it.

About Wargrave and Twyford we have the great dodder (Cuscuta europtea), the Loddon
lilies (Leucojum), the mint (Mentha longifilia), the white mullein (Verbascum Lychnitis), the
lettuce (Lactuca virosa), the cress (Lepidium Smithii), and the small teasel (Dipsacus pilosus). The
range of chalk hills by the river afford, or have afforded, the orchids Orchis militaris, Epipactis
violacea, Neottia, Gyrostachis autumnalis, Ophrys muscifera and Aranifera, besides atropa Bella-
donna, Helleborus fcetidus, Monotropa, Daphne Mezereum and Linaria repens. The arable fields
here afford Bromus interruptus, Alyssum calycinum, Iberis amara, etc.; and the meadows are
often crimson with the abundance of Pedicularis palustris. The river itself yields Lim-
nanthemum, Acorus and Typha angustifolia, its ditches give Hottonia and Hydrocharis, while its

BOTANY

banks and holts show abundance of Saiix purpurea, and the black poplars and limes are not
unfrequently the home of the mistletoe. The Bisham Woods have the toothwort Dentaria or
Cardamine bulbifera, its only known Berkshire station, and the local sedge Carex strigosa also
is found ; while there and at Cookham we have Hypericum Androscemum, Ranunculus Lingua,
Arabis perfoliata, Iris faetidissima, Juncoides Forsteri, Utricularia vulgaris, Lactuca virosa,
Hypericum montanum, Elymus europeeus, and the hornbeam (Carpinus) is native.

Maidenhead Thicket, once notorious as the resort of highwaymen, and its vicinity
yields Rubus Gelertii, R. micans, Rosa systyla, Trifolium subterraneum, Ft/ago spathulata and
Ranunculus parviflorus. The meadows between Maidenhead and Windsor give/-. Ga//'z
erectum.

The walls of Windsor Castle, although not so rich in mural plants as formerly since the
wall rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) has disappeared, still show the red valerian (Kentranthus ruber),
the wall lettuce (Lactuca mura/is) and the wall rue (Asplenium Ruta-muraria); and in the Home
Park and in some part of the private grounds the spotted medic (Medlcago arabica) is very
abundant. Campanula Rapunculus is quite naturalized in the private portion of the park, and
the snowdrop and the double daffodil are semi-wild. Near to and about the grotto Lactuca
muralis is common (Windsor Castle is built on a boss of chalk), and Geranium sanguineum and
Sedum dasyphyllum occur, but the two latter are doubtless introduced. Chara fragilis and
Potamogeton pusillum grow in the streams with Ceratophyllum, and I once found the latter
growing there in symbiotic union with a sponge.

The beauties of the great park have so often been described that one need only say in
the sixteenth century Windsor Park was visited by the celebrated botanist De L'Ecluse, when
he recorded for the first time as Berkshire plants the heaths Calluna and Erica cinerea. Shortly
afterwards Johnson, the author of the second edition of Gerardis Herbal, found Rynchospora
alba there, while in later times Dr. Lightfoot, author of the Flora Scotica, a tutor of Queen
Charlotte's, and Dr. Goodenough, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, botanized there, the latter
recording some sedges from this locality in his classical monograph of this genus. The Long
Avenue, consisting of upwards of a thousand trees, chiefly of elm, planted in 1680, stretches
for three miles, and there is much in the wooded district in its upper portion to attract the
attention of the botanists, and its magnificent examples of oak and beech command the
admiration of all visitors. Herne's Oak fell in 1862 ; Queen Victoria had a cabinet made
of the wood.

The country about Virginia Water is in the drainage area of a small stream which passes
into Surrey. On the turfy margins of this artificial piece of water grow Sagina subulata,
S. ciliata, Cerastium quaternellum, Myosotis versicolor var. Balbisiana and Plantago Coronopus.
By its sides it has Carex canescens, C. paniculata, C. echinata in very luxuriant condition ;
dcorus, Molinia varia and Bidens. In the lake grow Ranunculus peltatus, Potamogeton obtusi-
folius, P. alpinus, P. polygonifolius, Littorella, Eleocharis acicularis, Scirpus fluitans, Nitella opaca;
and in the Surrey portion, only so far as my observations go, Elatine hexandra var. sessi/is. In
damp shady places my friend Mr. Nicholson found for the first time a new hybrid of Scutel-
laria galericulata and S. minor, which has since been called S. Nicholsoni.

The gravelly uplands of the park give Echium, Hieracium umbellatum, H. boreale, H.
sciaphilum, H. rigidum, Solidago, Erigeron acre, Cynoglossum officinale, Carex binerus, Cerastium
semidecandrum, Myosotis collina, Melampyrum pratense, etc., while Calamagrostis epigeios and
Dryopteris Thelypteris grow, or used to grow, in the marshy portions.

The once celebrated and fashionable watering place of Sunningwell is still interesting to
the botanist for its historic piece of bog, which was a favourite hunting place of the botanists
of the seventeeth and eighteenth centuries, including Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Goodenough and
others. The bog, although it has suffered much from the encroachment of the railway and
by building operations, still affords Carex rostrata and C. canescens, C. dloica, C. Hornscbuchiana,
Scirpus ceespitosus, S. pauclflorus, S. fluitam, S. multicaulis, Eriophorum, Rynchospora alba, Ranun-
culus Lenormandi, Festuca ovina var. paludosa, and many other uliginal plants.

The Loddon district, in addition to the preceding species, has also many other interesting
plants, among which may be given:

Adonis annua, L. [Bunais orientate, L.]

Ranunculus sardous, Crantz Viola lactea x canina

Caproides (Corydalis) claviculata, Druce Sagina nodosa, Fenzl.

Fumaria Boraei, Jord. [Malva pusilla, Sm.]

[Barbarea praecox, Br.} [Oxalis corniculata, DC.]

[Lepidum Draba, L.] Vicia gemella, Cr., var. tenuissima, Druce

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Vicia lathyroides, L.

Fragaria vesca, L., var. bercheriensis, Druce

Potentilla procumbens x sylvestris

procurabens x reptans

reptans x sylvestris

Rosa sarmentacea, Woods, var. Deseglisei (Bar.)

Epilobium lanceolatum, Sel>. and Maur.

Crepis fcetida, L. (f extinct)

[ setosa, Hall, f.]

Hieracium vulgatum, Fr.

[Anchusa officinalis, L.~]

Scrophularia nodosa, L., var. bracteata, Druce

Mentha piperita, Hurls.

Scutellaria galericulata, L., var. leiosepala, Druce

Galeopsis speciosa, Miller

Chenopodium opulifolium, Schrad.

ficifolium, Sfflf.

murale, L.
Polygonum dumetorum, L.

x Salix ambigua, Ehrh.

Orchis maculata,i., var. ericetorum [E.F. Linton]
Tulipa sylvestris, L.
Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L.

x Juncus diffusus, Hoppe

bulbosus, L., var. Kochii, Druce
x Carex axillaris, Good.

Molinia varia, Schrank, var. breviramosa (Pan.)

var. major (Roth), Druce
Elymus europaeus, L.

THE BRAMBLES (Rubt)

As will have been gathered from the preceding pages, Berkshire is
found to be very rich in the forms of brambles, as these species delight
in heathy country with peaty and gravelly soils, such as are so well
represented in the Pang, Kennet and Loddon districts. The Oxford and
Kimeridge clays and chalk formation yield but few species, and over
the greater portion where these formations come to the surface we shall
find only R. ulmifolius, R. corylifolius and R. c&sius with their forms and
hybrids, unless in some woodland spot where R. leucostachys and forms of
R. Radula and R. rhamnifolius may be found. But on the greensand a
rich variety may be observed, the Boar's Hill range being especially
representative, and my friends Dr. Focke and the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers,
to whom we owe so much for the identification of these critical plants,
were both delighted with the forms they found. It was on this spot I
pointed out that beautiful species which I called a pink-flowered nitidus
to Dr. Focke, and he has since named it R. holerytbros ; and the heaths
and woods on the Bagshot sands are also very prolific. Among our
rarer plants are R. Colemanni, R. /enttginosus, R. su/catus, R. saxicolus,
R. holerythros, R. mercicus var. bracteatus, R. imbricatus and R. rudis.
Even now there is much work to be done at them, and several additional
species will assuredly be added to our list.

THE ROSES

are not so well represented, as we have no authenticated record in a
native situation of the burnet rose (R. pimpinellifolia}, hence Rosa invo-
luta, R. Sablni and R. hibernica, which are hybrids of this with other
species, are also absent. Rosa vittosa, L. (R. mo//is, Sm.) is also, I believe,
absent, although an allied species, R. mo/h'ssima, Willd., which is an
older name for JR. tomentosa, Sm., is widely distributed, and in one of its
varieties, var. pseudo-mollis (E. G. Baker), bears much resemblance to it.
We have also var. Sherardi (Davies) -subglobosa (Sm.),var.jy/i;w/r/j(Lindl.)
and var. scabriuscula (Winch.). The subcristate forms so common
in the north of Britain are very scarce, but we have R. glauca, as at
Tubney, and its variety var. crassifolia (Wallr.), which is the R. corii-
folia, Fries, and R. c&sia, Sm. ; the var. subcristata (Baker) also occurs.

BOTANY

At Wytham there is a bush of R. agrestis, Savi., and in the Loddon
district R. sty/osa, Desv., is rather common as the var. systy/a, Bast.,
and is often a very beautiful plant. The sweet briar (R. Eglanteria, L.)
is more frequent on the chalk, and it is curious to note that while the
clays and chalk yield a curiously unvarying bramble flora, yet on these
formations we meet with most variation in the roses. jR. obtusifolia and
its variety tomentella are somewhat widely distributed, and many forms
grouped under R. verticil lacantba are found. Near Winkfield I saw a
plant of R. Deseglisei, which I have placed as a variety of R. sarmentacea,
Woods. I am under great indebtedness to M. Crepin for kindly examin-
ing my roses.

THE VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS

THE CLUBMOSSES (Lycopodiace*)

The three recorded species (L. inundatum, L. Selago and L,. c/avatum
are all very local and the two latter very rare, and are confined to the
Bagshot sands of the Kennet and Loddon districts.

THE HORSETAILS (Equisetum)

Five species are found, and with the exception of E. sylvaticum,
absent from the Isis district, are widely distributed. E. maximum is a
handsome species and is especially fond of a wet, sheltered situation
at the base of a porous formation where the water is thrown out by
the clay at its juncture. A hybrid, E. litorale, should be sought for in the
neighbourhood of Sandhurst, as it occurs near our county in Surrey.

THE PILLWORT (Marsiliacea)

One species only is known as British, and this (Pilularia globulifera)
has a very restricted range with us, being confined to the Bagshot sands
near Sandhurst, but may easily be passed over from its small size and
place of growth.

THE FERNS (Ft/ices)

Although we have twenty species recorded, yet, with the exception
of the bracken, Berkshire is but poorly represented. Even such com-
mon ferns of the west of England as the hart's tongue, Scolopendrium
(Pbyllitis vu/garis), and Asplenium Trichomanes and A. Adiantum-nigrum are
scarce ; while our woodlands are being ravaged to such an extent that
Dryopteris montana (Lastrea Oreof ten's) has been extirpated from the Isis
and Ock districts. How long is this wholesale depredation of the roots
of plants to go on unchecked by legislation ? is a question the field
naturalist is asking. Three other species, Botrycbium, Osmunda and Tbe-
/yf ten's, are also being gradually exterminated. In one sheltered trench
on the Bagshot sands the beech fern (Phegopteris) still luxuriates. May
it long remain undetected by the marauder.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

THE MOSSES (Musci)

The moss flora of Berkshire is but imperfectly known except for
that portion included in the Ock and Isis district, which have been
investigated by my lamented friend the well known bryologist Mr.
Henry Boswell, and a detailed list of the species observed is given in
my Flora of Oxfordshire. In our neighbourhood Bagley Wood was
also investigated by Mr. W. Baxter, and this wood is especially rich in
species, while Mr. H. E. Garnsey of Magdalen College has also inves-
tigated the bryology of this neighbourhood.

Pleuridium nitidum Pogonatum nanum

subulatum aloides

alternifolium Polytrichum juniperinum
Weisia microstoma piliferum

viridula commune
Dicranella heteromalla Antitrichia curtipendula
Dicranum palustre Neckera pumila

scoparium complanata
Campylopus flexuosus Homalia trichomanoides

turfaceus Thamnium alopecurum
Leucobryum glaucum Isothecium myurum
Fissidens exilis Camptothecium lutescens

taxifolius Brachythecium glareosum

bryoides velutinum
Phascum serratum rutabulum
Leptodontium flexifolium Eurhynchium striatum
Tortula fallax praelongum
Ulota intermedia pumilum
Orthotrichum affine Rhyncostegium confertum

Lyellii Hypnum aduncum

leiocarpum cordifolium
Bartramia pomiformis cuspidatum
Mnium hornum Hylocomium splendens

punctatum Sphagnum recurvum
Philonotes fontana cymbifolium
Aulacomnion palustre subsecundum
Atrichum undulatum

The neighbourhood of the Hinkseys, Wytham, Kennington and
the Boar's Hill range afford in addition to some of the above :

Systegium multicapsulare Tortula Hornschuchiana

Dicranella varia revoluta

Phascum muticum var. sardoa (Br. Sch.). Wytham

cuspidatum convoluta
Fissidens viridulus sinuosa

var. fontanus subulata

inconstans, Schimp. Sunningwell marginata
Pottia minutula latifolia

intermedia bevipila

lanceolata _ intermedia
Trichostomum rubellum ruralis

luridum _ pap jll osa
Tortula cavifolia, very common on the lanceolata

oo ' Ite Grimmia apocarpa

ri ida orbicularis

vinealis _ p u l v i na ta

BOTANY

Zygodon viridissimus

- Stirtoni (H. E. Garnsey, IPytham,

1884)
Orthotrichum saxatile

cupulatum

diaphanum

obtusifolium

tenellum
Encalypta vulgaris
Physcomitrium pyriforme
Bryum uliginosum (Mr. Holliday)

- murale

atropurpureum

capillare

turbinatum
Mnium undulatum

Cryphaea heteromalla
Pogonatum urnigerum
Climacium dendroides
Leskea polycarpa
Anomodon viticulosus
Eurhynchium Swartzii

speciosum
Rhyncostegium murale
Hypnum Schreberi

Kneiffii

filicinum

- chrysophyllum
Plagiothecium denticulatum
Sphagnum contortum
- cymbifolium
- recurvum

The neighbourhood of Buckland and Pusey was investigated by
Mrs. Milne and Messrs. Boswell and Holliday, and in addition to some
of the preceding species they found :

Fissidens incurvus Plagiothecium undulatum

Trichostomum rubellum Hylocomium splendens

Bryum nutans Racomitrium canescens. Tubney

Mnium cuspidatum Hypnum triquetrum

Cothill Bog affords :

Hypnum stellatum Hypnum cuspidatum

falcatum Mnium hornum

The Seligerias are represented only by the rare S. paucifolia, which
the Rev. W. O. Wait has found on the White Horse Hill.

The woods and commons and streams of the Kennet valley are rich in
mosses, and Mr. A. B.Jackson and others have observed the following :

Atrichum undulatum
Polytrichum nanum

juniperinum

commune

- formosum. Sulham
Pleuridium subulatum
Dicranoweisia serrata
Ditrichum flexicaule
Phascum cuspidatum
Pottia truncatula

cuspidatum var. piliferum
Barbula revoluta
Zygodon viridissimus

Physcomitrium pyriforme
Bartramia pomiformis
Bryum capillare
Pleuropus sericeus
Camptothecium lutescens
Brachythecium velutinum
Eurhynchium rusciforme
Hypnum riparium
Hylocomium triquetrum
Bryum erythrocarpum. Padworth
Sphagnum subsecundum

acutifolium

- cymbifolium. Burghfield

squarrosum. Greenhorn

Orthotrichum cupulatum
Splachnum ampullacum. Greenham

Windsor Forest and the neighbourhood of Virginia Water, and the
bogs of Sunningdale and Sandhurst are also rich hunting grounds, but

they are only scantily explored. Among the species found are :

Buxbaumia aphylla Tetraphis pellucida

Dicranella cerviculata Atrichum undulatum (fruit)

heteromalla Polytrichum formosum

Bryum nutans subrotundum (P. nanum) var. lon-

Aulacomnion androgynum gisetum, with the type (Virginia

- palustre Water] Orthotrichum diaphanum,

Mnium hornum and several species of Sphagnum

i 65 9

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

THE LIVERWORTS (Hepatic^)
The recorded species include :

Scapania nemorosa Madotheca platyphylla

Jungermannia albicans Metzgeria furcata

- crenulata var. seruginosa

- sphaerocarpa Pellia epiphylla

ventricosa Aneura pinguis

pumila Marchantia polymorpha

bicuspidata Plagiochila asplenioides
Lophocolea bidentata Frullania dilatata
Radula complanata

but the damp woods of Aldermaston Soak, Padworth, Hermitage and
Finchhampstead are at present unexplored.

CHARACE^

This curious group of aquatic plants, of which twenty-eight have
been recorded as British, and eleven of which have been found in
Berkshire, inhabit pools, streams and ponds, but are often of very
ephemeral duration, occurring sometimes in immense quantities for one
season and then disappearing for many years. They often occur in
newly cleared out ditches and pools, and it may be that the competitive
growth of leafy forms of phanerogams such as Callitriche exert a malign
influence by shutting out the sunlight, and that it is to this cause rather
than to the exhaustion of the food supply that their short-lived duration
is due.

One of the rarest species, Nitella mucronata, was discovered in Britain
for the fourth time by me in 1892, and then it filled up a large ditch for
about 100 yards just on the border of our county at Godstow, and subse-
quently I found it on the Berkshire side of the Thames. It existed in
quantity till the following February, since which time I have been unable
to find it in the ditch where it was so abundant.

On the basic strata of the north of the county the species Chara
vu/garis, C. contraria and C.fragilis, the latter chiefly as the var. Hedivigii,
occur, the latter often in great quantity in the Thames tributaries.

Tolypella glomerata is very sporadic in its occurrence, and for one year
I noticed T. prolifera opposite the college barges at Oxford. On the
more silicious Bagshot sands Nitella Jiexilis and N. opaca, the latter com-
mon in Virginia Water, and the very handsome N. translucent are found,
Pools of stagnant water, as at Wytham, Buckland and Cothill, yield the
large species Chara hispida.

FRESHWATER ALG^E

Very little systematic work has been done at this group, but the
county affords very rich hunting grounds not only in the marshes and
ditches of the north but in the bogs and peaty moors of the south. In
the saline meadow at Marcham Vaucheria dichotoma var. submarina occurs.

BOTANY

LICHENS (Ucbeni)

Our knowledge of the lichens of Berkshire is in an even more
elementary stage than that of the fungi. Beyond a few species collected
by Mr. Baxter, Mr. E. M. Holmes and myself, and those mentioned in
Leighton's Lichen Flora of Great Britain, scarcely anything is known.

Collema crispa. Windsor Great Park

nigrescens

fascicularis
Baeomyces roseus. Bagley
Cladonia gracilis. Wokingham
Usnea plicata

articulata. Bagley
Ramalina fastigiata
Sticta pulmonaria
Thelotrema lepadinum

Physcia pulverulenta var. subvenusta.
Windsor Great Park

parietina f. cinerascens

lychnea. Windsor

ciliaris. FaringJon, Windsor
Parmularia nigra

Pannaria nigra

psotina

Lecanora murorum var. corticola

laciniosa

vitellina sub-sp. xanthostigma

Lecanora aurantiaca

luteo alba

phlogina

irrubata

allophana

Hageni

orosthea

var. sublivescens
Lecidea alboatra var. epipolia

caradocensis

myriocarpa
Opegrapha lyncea

atra

varia

Graphis inusta f. macularis. Windsor

elegans
Verrucaria rupestris

cinerea

nitida

mutabilis. Bagley

Among special localities are the old walls of coralline oolite and
the damp heaths of the Bagshot sands, as well as the trees of the
extensive woodlands of the Kennet valley.

FUNGI

The very varied character of the soil of Berkshire afford a rich
gathering of fungi ; and an autumnal walk through the extensive woods
such as border the Kennet valley or those of Wytham and Bagley in the
north, or the park of Bearwood and the chalk woods of Bisham and
the great park of Windsor, will reward the student of this perishable
order of plants a very numerous gathering. But it must be confessed
that the information about the Berkshire fungi is very scanty, and that
much remains to be done to bring the knowledge of their distribution to
any degree of completeness.

Mr. Baxter made a close investigation of the microscopic forms in
the neighbourhood of Oxford. Bagley Wood proved a specially rich
locality, and in his published set of dried specimens many of these
species came from this and other localities on the Berkshire side of the
Thames.

Both Miss Beatrice Taylor and I collected many species from the
Boar's Hill range, and I have seen how rich some parts of the Kennet and
Loddon districts are.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Among the species noted are :

Amanita vaginata

phalloides

rubescens

strangulata

strobiliformis

- vernus. Boar's Hill

muscaria. Very common in many

parts of the Kennet and Loddon
districts

mappa. Bearwood
Lepiota granulosa

cristata

clypeolaria. Boar's Hill
Tricholoma sejuncta. Bagley

spermatica. Unwell
Clitocybe infundibuliforme

laccatus. Boar's Hill

fragrans. Windsor
Collybia dryophila. Boar's Hill

esculentus. Windsor
Leptonia asprella

lampropa

Nolanea pascua. Boar's Hill
Alcyena lactea. Wellington College
Hebeloma crustuliniformis

geophylla
Hypholoma fascicularis
Psilobyce spadiceus
Coprinus micaceus

- atramentarius
Paxillus involutus

Lactarius vellereus

quietus. Boar's Hill

torminosus. Bearwood
Russula nigricans

emetica

ochroleuca

alutacea

fragilis

rubra

cyanoxantha. Boar's Hill
Cantharellus cibarius. Bearwood, Windsor
Marasmius peronatus

Boletus flavus

subtomentosus

chrysenteron. Boar's Hill

laracinus. Bearwood

edulis. Windsor

luridus. Bearwood
Polyporus versicolor

hispidus. Boar's Hill
Fistulina hepatica. Windsor
Tremella mesenterica. Kintbury
Hirneola auricula Judae. Wargrave
Phallus impudicus. Sulkampstead, etc.
Lycoperdon pyriforme

saccatum

gemmatum

giganteum
Hygrophorus conicus
Paxillus involutus. Boar's Hill
Morchella esculenta

Peziza coccinea, etc. Bagley

Lactarius piperatus

The naturalists of Wellington College and the Rev. H. P. Fitz-
gerald have done good work in discovering many varieties in their
district. In the pine woods around the College fungi are very prolific.
The following varieties have been found :

Cantharellus aurantiacus
Laccaria turpis

deliciosus

- rufus

Russula furcata, var. ochroviridis

fragilis
Mycena epiterygia
Collybia semitalis

butyracea

- maculata
Tricholoma sordidum

album

Scleroderma vulgaris
Auricularia mesenterica
Sparassis crispa
Thelephora laciniata
Calocera viscosa
Stereum hirsutum

purpureum
Hydnum repandum
Daedalea quercina
Polyporus abietinus
Boletus badius

flavus

variegatus

scaber
Stropharia aeruginosa

Percevali

- semiglobata
Paxillus atrotomentosus
Clitopilus prunulus

nudum

flavo brunneum

rutilans
Armillaria bulbigera
Hygrophorus virgineus
Gomphidius viscidus

ZOOLOGY

MOLLUSCS

The published accounts of the Berkshire Mollusca are few and
relate principally to the neighbourhoods of Wellington College l and of
Oxford 2 : these, supplemented from the observations of Mr. W. Holland
and the Rev. S. S. Pearce, as well as the Records of the Conchological
Society, have yielded a list of 97 species. Seeing that the soil and
physical features of Berkshire are such as to favour the development
of molluscan life this number is not high ; but several other forms out
of the 139 known to inhabit the British Islands should be forthcoming
with further investigation.

Although Helix pomatia, the Roman snail, has been named as
occurring in the county (Nature, xxviii. 8 1 ) this is apparently an error,
at the same time its absence is unaccountable, seeing that it is found not
far from the border in Oxfordshire, and there is no obvious reason why
it should not be present in Berkshire as well.

The most noteworthy species in the fauna is the pretty little
Acanthinula lamellata, a single specimen of which was found by Mr.
Holland in a ditch by Theale Lock near Reading. This species had
not previously been found living further south than mid Staffordshire,
though in Pleistocene deposits it has been met with in Essex and at
West Wittering near the coast of Sussex by the Hants border.

Except for the presence of this northern form the assemblage is of
an average British facies.

A. GASTROPODA

I. PULMONATA
a. STYLOMMATOPHORA

Testacella maugei, FeY. Faringdon

haliotidea, Drap. Reading
- scutulum, Sby. Faringdon

Limax maximus, Linn.

flavus, Linn.

arborum, Bouch.-Chant.

Agrlolimax agrestis (Linn.)

/avis (Mull.). Wytham Hill
Vitrlna pelludda (Mull.)

Vitrea crystallina (Mttll.)

lucida (Drap.). Near Reading

alliaria (Miller)

glabra (Brit. Auct.)

eel/aria (Milll.)

nitidula (Drap.)

l H. W. Monckton, Rept. Wellington Coll. Nat. Hist. Sue. 1888.

9 J. F. Whiteaves, 'On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca inhabiting the neighbourhood of
Oxford' (Aihmolean Society), 1857.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Wellington ; Streatley
Wellington

Vitrea pura (Aid.)

radiatula (Aid.).

excavata (Bean).

nltida (Mull.)

fufaa (MQll.)
Anon ater (Linn.)

hortenstS) FeV.

circumscriptus, John. Near Oxford
Punctum pygmeeum (Drap.)
Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.). Sandford

rotundata (Mall.)

Helicella virgata (Da C.). Streatley ; Cum-
nor ; etc.

itala (Linn.)

caperata (Mont.)

cantiana (Mont.)
Hygromia granulata (Aid.)

hispida (Linn.)

rufescens (Penn.)
Acanthinula aculeata (Mtill.)

lamellata QefF.). Theale Lock, near

Reading

Vallonia pulckella (Mull.)
Helicigona lapicida (Linn.)

arbustorum (Linn.)
Helix aspersa, Mull.

nemora/is, Linn.

hartensts, Mull.
Buliminus obscurus (Mttll.)
Cochlicopa lubrica (Moll.)
Ciecilianella adcula (Mtlll.) Streatley
Pupa secale, Drap. Unhill, near Streatley

cylindracea (Da C.)

muscorum (Linn.)
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.)
Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.)

pygm&tf (Drap.)
Eaka peruersa (Linn.)
Clausilia laminata (Mont.)

bidentata (Strom.)

rolphii, Gray. Newbury ; S. Hinksey ;

Sulham

Succinea putris (Linn.)

elegans, Risso. Near Reading

b. BASOMMATOPHORA

Carychium minimum, Mttll.
Ancylus fluviatilh, Mtlll.
Velletia lacustris (Linn.)
Limntsa auricularia (Linn.)

pereger (Mull.)

palustris (Mtlll.)

truncatula (Mtlll.)

stagnalis (Linn.)

glabra (Mtill.). Ditch near Kennington
Amphipeplea g/utinosa (Mtlll.). Near Reading
Planorbis corneus (Linn.)

- albus, Mtlll.

glaber, JefF. Wellington ; Bulmershe

Park, near Reading

nautileus (Linn.). Bulmershe Park, near

Reading ; Chieveley

- carinatus, Mtlll.

marginals, Drap.

vortex (Linn.)

spirorbis, Mtlll.

contortus (Linn.)

fontanus (Lightf.). Wellington ; Bul-

mershe Park, near Reading
Physa fontinalii (Linn.)

hypnorum (Linn.). Near Reading, Ken-

nington

II. PROSOBRANCHIATA

Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.)

leachii (Shepp.). Near Reading
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.)

contecta (Millett)
Valvata piscina/is (Mtlll.)

- cristata, Mtlll.
Pomatias elegans (Mtlll.)
Neritina ftuviatilis (Linn.)

B. PELECYPODA

Dreissemia polymorpha (Pall.)
Unto pictorum (Linn.)

tumidus, Retz.
Anodonta cygntea (Linn.)
Sphterium rivicola (Leach)

corneum (Linn.)

Sphisrium lacustre (Mull.). Near Reading
Pisidium amnicum (Milll.)

puiillum (Gmel.). Near Reading

nitidium, Jenyns.

fontinale (Drap.)

INSECTS'

The insect fauna of Berkshire is very large and varied ; the lists of
Coleoptera, Hymenoptera Aculeata, and Lepidoptera are very good, but
in this, as in other counties, very much remains to be done in the
other orders : the Diptera, for instance, which are very abundant and
probably very well represented, are as yet very partially worked.

The surface of the county is much diversified with woods, downs,
streams, etc., and the chief localities may be classified as follows :

1. The Thames Valley, in its restricted sense. This has hardly yet
been properly worked, but will probably be found to be exceedingly
rich in Coleoptera.

2. The Beech Woods. These are very characteristic of the county;
the larger beech woods have but little undergrowth in them, but are
always well fringed with it and the more open spaces are occupied by
it ; some of the smaller and more open woods have patches of wych-
elm, and here and there a sprinkling of oak, ash, holly, yew and
occasionally fir, and in the undergrowth on the fringe we find maple,
buckthorn, dogwood, spindle and large-leaved sallows. Perhaps the
most characteristic insect of the beech woods is Stauropus fagi, the Lobster
Moth, which is usually accounted a great rarity, but in some seasons
has been found quite commonly since Mr. J. Clarke discovered that it
selects the youngest and smallest trees to rest upon.

3. The Chalk Hills and Downs, producing an extraordinary abun-
dance of the ' Blues ' of various species and also many rare beetles.

4. The Valleys and Meadows. Here the wood is various, but
chiefly consists of elm, poplar and willow, with frequent beds of sallow
and willow by the small streams.

5. The Heath-lands, which are chiefly found about Wellington
and Eversley, but stretch more or less continuously to Newbury. These
give us many good species, not only from the heath and fir, but from
the moist dips or hollows so frequent on our well-wooded portion. The
dips have a flora of their own and a good growth of oak, alder, sallow,
willow and sometimes poplar ; in fact, some of the larger dips are filled
with good oak woods ; on the higher portions of the heaths there are
often large plantations of birch and larch. Among the many interesting
insects which are found in these localities we may mention Apatura
iris, the Purple Emperor, and Limenitis sibylla, the White Admiral,
which occur all along the line, and in some seasons not uncommonly,
and many rare moths, such as Endromis versicolor, Trochilium crabroniforme^

Edited by W. W. Fowler.
71

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Sest'a sphegiformis, Dicycla oo., Dasycampa rubiginea and Acronycta aim \
of the latter species about twenty larva; have been beaten out of oaks,
on the edge of a single wood in one afternoon. These heath lands,
moreover, abound in good beetles, the ant's-nests species being particularly
noteworthy, and the Hymenoptera are well worthy of attention.

Throughout the lists the species that are common and generally
distributed are marked with an asterisk ; whereas those which have
occurred in several localities at some distance from one another, but are
not, in the present state of our knowledge, general, are marked with a
dagger ("f") ; it has been found necessary to adopt these signs through the
exigencies of space. Many species are common or generally distributed
on particular plants or trees only, but these can be learned from any
manual of entomology. The abbreviation Well. Coll. has been used
for Wellington College.

In the case of the Lepidoptera, and, as a rule, in the other orders
where no name is attached to a locality, the species has been taken
either by Mr. Holland or Mr. Hamm. In the list the nomenclature
follows the undermentioned authorities : Lepidoptera, Entom. Syn. List.,
South. Coleoptera, Fowler's Coleoptera of the British Islands, Sharp and
Fowler's Catalogue 1903. Aculeate Hymenoptera, Saunders's Aculeate
Hymenoptera of the British Islands. Hemiptera, Saunders and Edwards,
'The Hemiptera Heteroptera and The Hemiptera Homoptera of the British
Islands.

ORTHOPTERA 1

Records of the occurrence of Orthoptera in Berkshire are not numerous. The chief cause of
this, no doubt, is that workers in the order have been so few, although, excepting the Aptera,
this would seem to be the most ancient group of insects and therefore should not be the least
interesting. Probably, however, even if the distribution of the Orthoptera in Berkshire were
well known we should find this county is not so prolific as many others owing to the large pro-
portion of the land under cultivation and to the necessary absence of a coast fauna.

FORFICULODEA. The Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia) is very common throughout
the county. The Little Earwig (Labia minor) has been taken by Mr. Holland at Tubney
and is not uncommon. There are two records of the less known Russet Earwig (Forficula
lesnef) a male at Wallingford, September 1892 (Donisthorpe), and a specimen at Bradfield
College near Reading (Chitty). Afterygida media should be sought for.

BLATTODEA (Cockroaches). The indigenous species (Ectobia lapponica)has been taken by
Mr. Holland in most of the woods in the county. Two established aliens, Pbyllodromia
germanica and Blatta orientalis, the " Black Beetle," are recorded, the latter being a very
common pest. One or two other aliens will probably be recorded and possibly the British
species Ectobia livida.

ACRIDIODEA. Of the short-horned grasshoppers, though the records are few, a good num-
ber of species are present. Stenobothrus lineatus (rarely), St. viridulus, and St. rufipes are given
in the ' Flora and Fauna ' as present near Radley College (Burr). St. bicolor is recorded from
Chilswell Hill (Lucas), Crookham Common near Newbury (Morley), Wellington College and
Tubney (Hamm), Bradfield College (Chitty), and near Radley College (Burr) ; St. elegans
from Crookham Common (Morley) ; and St. parallelus from Wantage (Holland), near Radley
College (Burr), Chilswell Hill (Lucas), and Crookham Common (Morley). Of the club-
horned Acridians Gompbocerus rufus is present (Hamm), while the commoner G. maculatus has
been recorded from Tubney (Hamm) and Bessels Leigh (Burr), lettix bipunctatus occurs at
Radley (Burr), and at Wantage and Tubney (Holland). Burr says that the other species,
T. subulatus, also occurs, though not commonly, at Radley : this I usually look upon as a very

i By W. J. Lucas, B.A.
72

INSECTS

local coast species. All the Acridians so far known as British occur in this list, except the large
Mecostethus grossus, which may be present if there are any bogs sufficiently extensive : it is
common in the New Forest.

LOCUSTODEA (Long-horned Grasshoppers). Leptophyes punctatissima occurs at Radley
and Bagley Wood (Burr), while Radley (Burr) is the only locality recorded for the common
Meconema varium. Locusta viridissima is present at Tubney (Hamm), and used to be, if it is
not now, at Chilswell Hill (Lucas). Thamnotrizon cinereus is recorded from Radley and Bag-
ley Wood (Burr), and Platycleis brachyptera is present in the county (Hamm). Of the other
four British species three are almost certainly absent, but Xiphidium dorsale may occur in
boggy places.

GRYLLODEA. Of the four British crickets the common one, Gryllus domesticus, is no doubt
well distributed over the county, while the Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) has been re-
corded from Bessels Leigh (Distant). It is possible that the local Wood Cricket (Nemobius
sylvestris) may occur, and although the Field Cricket (Gryllus campestris) seems to be scarce
in England, there is no reason why it should not occur in Berks.

NEUROPTERA 1

In Britain the natural order Neuroptera of Linnaeus is represented by the sub-orders,
Mallophaga, Psocidia, Perlidia, Ephemeridia, Odonata, Planipennia and Trichoptera. At
present, of the first two no records seem to have been made for Berkshire. Possibly they
have received but little attention, the insects comprised in them being usually very small, and
often obscure in addition. In the other sub-orders work of a more or less extensive character
has been done ; but yet on the whole we must admit that naturalists have done little more at
present than break the ice in the matter of the study of the Berkshire Neuroptera.

Passing over, therefore, the MALLOPHAGA (Bird-lice) and PSOCIDIA (Psocids), we come to
the PERLIDIA (Stone-flies). Possibly most of the PERLIDIA prefer in the nymph-stage rather
rapidly flowing water, and this may be the reason why but one species has been noted Ne-
moura variegata, at Bagley Wood (Holland), and Wellington College (Hamm).

Of the EPHEMERIDIA (May-flies) five species only are on the list ; but the conditions in
Berkshire are such that many more may be looked for. Ephemera vulgata has been found at
Reading and Woolhampton (Hamm), Thames side above Godstow (Holland), and Crookham
Common near Newbury (C. Morley) ; E. danica, Reading (Hamm) ; Leptophlebia marginata,
Thames side above Godstow (Holland), Thames side below Oxford (Lucas), Wellington College
(Hamm) ; Centroptilum pennulatum, Thames side near Oxford (Hamm) ; Ecdyurus volitans, an
interesting species, Thames side above Godstow (Holland).

Although individual records of the ODONATA (Dragon-flies) are not numerous for Berkshire,
yet they include more than half the British species. Of the remainder Sympetrum sanguineum,

5. scoticum, Orthetrum cancellatum, Anax imperator, and Lestes sponsa most probably occur,
while it is not at all unlikely that a systematic search would reveal in addition Libellula fulva,
Lestes dryas, Pyrrbosoma tenellum, Iscbnura pumilio, and Agrion mercuriale. The list at present is
Sympetrum striolatum, Wellington College (J. E. Tarbat), near Eynsham, near Godstow, near
Oxford, and near Kennington (Lucas), Wokingham and near Bagley Wood (Hamm). S.
flaveolum, a male, early in July 1 899 near Wellington College Station (Tarbat), and 21 August
1898 a male near Oxford (Hamm). Libellulla depressa, common at Windsor (E. R. Speyer),
Reading (Tarbat). L. quadrimaculata, Dry Sandford (M. Burr), Reading (Tarbat), Bulmershe
Park near Reading (Hamm), Windsor (Speyer). Orthetrum coerulescens, Reading (Hamm).
Cordulia <enea, Wellington College (Tarbat), Bulmershe Park (Hamm). Gomphus vulgatissimus,
Thames near Reading (Hamm), near Bagley Wood (Burr), Thames side above Godstow
(Holland), Eynsham (A. East). Cordulegaster annulatus, Wellington College (Tarbat), near
Reading (Hamm). Br achy iron pratense, one at Radley (Burr). JEschna mixta, Maidenhead
(P. Harwood). &. juncea, near Bagley Wood (Hamm). M. cyanea, Crookham Common
near Newbury (Morley), Bagley Wood (Lucas), Reading (Hamm), Maidenhead (Harwood).

6. grandis, Bagley Wood, South Hinksey, and near Eynsham (Lucas), Reading (Hamm),
Maidenhead (Harwood). Calopteryx virgo, Windsor (F. A. Walker), Kennet near Reading
(Hamm), Tubney Wood, a brown male apparently mature (Holland), Charney near Wantage
(H. Trim), Crookham Common near Newbury (Morley). C. splendent, Thames at Windsor
(Walker), Thames near Nuneham (Burr), near Eynsham (Lucas), Maidenhead (Porritt), Read-

By W. J. Lucas, B.A.
I 73 I0

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ing (Hamm), Sulhamstead (Poulton), King's Weir and Midgham (Holland), Crookham
Common near Newbury (Morley). Platycnemis pennipes, near Eynsham (Lucas), Bablock-
hythe (East), King's Weir (Holland). Erythromma naias, Thames below Eynsham (East),
King's Weir (Holland). Pyrrbosoma nymphula, Boar's Hill and near Wokingham (Hamm),
Tubney and Midgham (Holland). Iscknura elegans, near Eynsham (Lucas), Radley College
(Burr), Midgham, Tubney, Thames side near Kennington, and King's Weir where one variety
of the female, rufescens, also was taken (Holland). Agrion pulchellum, King's Weir (Holland).
A. puella, Maidenhead (Porritt), Midgham, Tubney, King's Weir, and Thames side near Ken-
nington (Holland). Enallagma cyathigerum, Midgham and King's Weir (Holland).

Of the PLANIPENNIA (Lace-wings, etc.) the following have been noted : Sialis lutaria
(the Alder Fly), Thames side above Godstow (Holland), Crookham Common near Newbury
(Morley), Thames side at Maidenhead, abundant (Porritf). Raphidia notata (a Snake-fly),
Wokingham (Hamm). Osmylus maculatus, Wokingham, 1894 (Hamm). Sisyra fuscata,
Thames side above Godstow (Holland), riverside at Maidenhead (Porritt). Hemerobius humuli,
Boar's Hill (Poulton). H. stigma, Wellington College (Hamm). Chrysopa alba, Boar's Hill
(Poulton). C. vulgaris, Wellington College (Hamm), Sandford-on-Thames (Lucas). C.
septempunctata, Ferry Hinksey (Holland), East Ilsley (Hamm). C. ventralis, Wokingham, and
Tubney Wood (Holland), Crookham Common near Newbury (Morley). C. perla, Thames
side near Kennington and King's Weir (Holland). Panorpa communis, Tubney Wood (Holland),
East Ilsley (Hamm). P. germanica, Tubney Wood and Thames side above Godstow (Hol-
land), Boar's Hill (Hamm).

Considering the number of British species, and the distribution of water in Berkshire, the
list of recorded TRICHOPTERA (Caddis-flies) is somewhat disappointing. Phryganea grandis,
Maidenhead (Harwood) . P. striata, Reading (Hamm) , Thames side near King's Weir (Holland) .
Colpotaulius incisus, Thames side above Godstow (Holland). Grammotaulius atomarius,
Reading (Hamm). Glyphottelius pellucidus, Cold-harbour near Oxford (Lucas), Woolhampton
(Hamm). Limnophilus rhombicus, Reading (Hamm). L. lunatus, Port Meadow stream near
Oxford, and Iffley (Lucas). Stenophylax permistus, Thames near King's Weir (Holland). Micro-
pterna later alis, Woolhampton (Hamm). Notidobia ciliaris and Goer a pilosa, Thames side above
Godstow (Holland), riverside at Maidenhead (Porritt). Lepidostoma hirtum, riverside Maiden-
head, common (Porritt). Molanna angustata, Maidenhead (Porritt), Sandford-on-Thames
(Lucas). Leptocerus annulicornis, Thames side above Godstow (Holland). L. cinereus, river-
side at Maidenhead, abundant (Porritt). L. commutatus, Maidenhead (Harwood). Mysta-
cides nigra, Kennet at Reading, and Woolhampton (Hamm), riverside at Maidenhead (Porritt),
Port Meadow stream, Iffley and Sandford-on-Thames (Lucas), Thames side above Godstow
and Boar's Hill (Holland). M. azurea, Maidenhead (Porritt). Hydropsyche guttata, river-
side at Maidenhead (Porritt), Woolhampton (Hamm). Neuroclipsis bimaculata, Reading
(Hamm). Polycentropus flavomaculatus, riverside Maidenhead (Porritt), and Sandford-on-
Thames (Lucas). Cyrnus trimaculatus, Sandford-on-Thames (Lucas). Tinod.es weeneri,
Thames side above Godstow (Holland), riverside at Maidenhead, common (Porritt), Iffley
(Lucas). Lype ph&opa, Sandford-on-Thames (Lucas), Kennet at Reading (Hamm). Glosso-
soma boltoni, Thames side above Godstow (Holland).

Summary.

Berks. Britain.

Perlidia i 30

Ephemeridia, 5 39

Odonata, 22 42

Planipennia, 13 . . . . . . 55

Trichoptera, 25 ...... 163 (about)

HYMENOPTERA

The lists of the Cephidae, Tenthredinidae, Siricidae, Ichneumonidae and Chrysididae are
due to Mr. Hamm, who has been assisted with names by the Rev. F. D. Morice and Mr. Claude
Morley. Mr. Hamm is also responsible for the compilation of the Aculeata lists, in which he
has been largely helped by Mr. W. Barnes, who has drawn up a very good list from the Reading
district. Mrs. Cope (formerly Miss Thoyts) has contributed a good list from Sulhamstead,
and Mr. L. Young a useful list from Bradfield. Mr. Harwood has also recorded a few species
from the Maidenhead district; and we are greatly indebted to Mr. E. Saunders, F.R.S., for
his kindness in naming and verifying many doubtful species in this group.

PHYTOPHAGA

CEPHID^E AND TENTHRE-
DINIDyE

Pamphilius silvaticus, L. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford
Cephus pygmaeus,L. Boar's Hill ;

Tubney
Trachelus tabidus, Fab. Tubney,

near Abingdon
Trichiosoma lucorum,L. Reading

latreillei, L. Reading

tibialis, L. Reading
Abia sericea, L. Well. Coll.
Cimbex femorata, L Wokingham,

Reading

Arge cyanocrocea, Forst. Tubney
Holcocneme lucida, Panz. Boar's

Hill
Pachynematus vagus. Tubney

trisignatus, Foerst. Boar's Hill

capreas, Panz. Boar's Hill

cinersbergensis, Htg. Boar's

Hill

tibialis, Steph. Well. Coll.
Hoplocampa crataegi, Klg. Boar's

Hill
Tomostethus nigritus,Fab.J5oarV

Hill
Monophadnus albipes, Grnl.

Boar's Hill
Athalia lineolata, Sep. Boar's

Hill; Tubney

glabricollis, Thorns. Boar's

Hill
Selandria serva, Fab. Boar's Hill

stramineipes, Kl. Tubney
Strongylogaster cingulatus, Fab.

Bagley Wood ; Tubney
Poecilosoma abdominalis, Fab.

Boar's Hill
Emphytus cinctus, L. Well.

Coll. ; Boar's Hill ; Tubney

serotinus, Klg. Boar's Hill

grossulariz, Klg. Reading
Cladius pectinicornis. Fourc.

Boar's Hill
Dolerus pratensis, Fall. Well. Coll.

xriceps, Thorns. Godstow

picipes, Klg. Boar's Hill

paluster, Klg. Reading

aeneus, Htg. Boar's Hill ;

Godstow
Rhogogastera viridis, L. Tubney

punctulata, Kl. Boar's Hill

fulvipes, Scop. Boar's Hill

aucupariae, Kl. Woodley ;

Boar's Hill

Tenthredopsis litterata, Geoff.
Boar's Hill

tiliae, Panz. Reading

- (?) dorsalis, Lep. Boar's Hill

coqueberti, Klg. East Ilsley

campestris, L. Reading ;

Boar's Hill ; Godstow

INSECTS

Tenthredopsis excisa, Thorns
Reading

thornleyi, Knw. Reading
Macrophya rufipes, L. Reading

punctum album, L. Boar's

Hill

blanda, Fab. Reading

neglecta. Boar's Hill

albicincta, Schr. Tubney
Allantus temulus, Scop. Read-
ing ; Tubney

scrophulariae. Tubney

maculatus, Fourc. Reading

arcuatus, Forst. Reading ;

Tubney ; Godstow

vespa, Retz. Reading

- omissus, Foerst. Tubney
Tenthredo livida, L. East Ilsley ;
Cumnor Hill

mesomela, L. Boar's Hill

SIRICID^E

tSirex gigas, L.
juvencus, Fab. Reading

PARASITICA

ICHNEUMONIDyE

ICHNEUMONIN.7E

Ichneumon extensorius, Linn.
Boar's Hill, near Oxford

bucculentus, Wesm. Bag-

ley Wood, near Oxford

confusorius, Gr. Well. Coll ;

Boar's Hill

sarcitorius, Linn. Streat-

ley ; Boar's Hill

xanthorius, Forst. Reading

var. flavoniger, Gr.
Boar's Hill; Tubney

trilineatus, Gmel. Bagley

Wood and Boar's Hill

impressor, Zett. Boar's

Hill

exornatus, Wesm. Reading

lineator, Fab. Bagley

Wood

leucocerus, Grav. Reading

annulator, Fab. Reading

fabricator, Fab. Reading }

Bagley Wood

fugitivus, Grav. Reading ;

vestigator, Wesm. Tubney

castaneiventris, Grav. Well.

Coll.

leucomelas, Gmel. Boar's

Hill

dumeticola, Grav. Boar's

Hill

gracilentus, Wesm. Read-

ing

proteus, Christ. Reading

angustatus, Wesm. Tubney

gravenhorste, Fonsc. Well.

Coll.

ICHNEUMON i NJE (continued)
Ichneumon liostylus, Thorns.
Well. Coll.

consimilis, Wesm. Tubney

latrator, Fab. Newbury

(Morley)

var. means, Grav. New-
bury (Morley)

perscrutator, Wesm. Well.

Coll. ; Tubney
Chasmodes motatorius, Fab.

Tubney
Amblyteles palliatorius, Grav.

Boar's Hill

castanopygus Steph. Well.

Coll.

armatorius, Forst. Reading

occisorius, Fab. Streatley

divisorius, Grav. Well.

Coll.
castigator, Fab. Boar's Hill

subsericans, Gr. Boar's Hill

negatorius, Fab. Boar's

Hill ; Tubney

Herpestomus brunnicornis,
Grav. Boar's Hill

Phaeogenes ischiomelinus,

Grav. Boar's Hill

Hemichneumon elongatus,
Ratz. Reading

Alomyia debellator, Fab. Read-
ing ; Boar's Hill
CRYPTIN./E

Cryptus viduatorius, Fab.
Well. Coll. ; Boar's Hill

peregrinator, Linn. Tub-

ney

parvulus, Grav. Well. Coll.

obscurus, Grav. Well. Coll. ;

Reading

Diana;, Grav. Well. Coll.
Echthrus reluctator, Linn.

Reading
Mesostenus obnoxius, Grav.

Reading
Phygadeuon titillator, (?) Grav.

Reading

vagabundus, Grav. Read-

ing ; Tubney

Hemi teles areator,Panz. Crook-
ham, near Newbury ;
Boar's Hill

Theroscopus gravenhorsti,
Forst. Well. Coll.

Aptesis hemiptera, Fab.
Streatley

Pezomachus instabilis, Forst.
Boar's Hill

zonatus, Forst. Tubney

kiesenwetteri, Forst. Tub-

ney
TRYPHONINJE

Perilissus filicornis, Grav. Boar's
Hill

praerogator, Grav. Boar's

Hill

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

TRYPHONIN^: (continued)

Sphecophaga vesparum, Curt.

Well. Coll.

Bassus lactatorius, Fab. East
' Ilsley

festivus, Fab. Reading

nemoralis, Holmgr. Read-

ing

Ophion luteus, Linn. Read-
ing ; Soar's Hill

obscurus, Fab. Reading ;

Tubney

Casinaria vidua, Grav. Boar's
Hill

orbitalis, Grav. Boar's Hill
Limneria rufiventris, Grav.

Tubney
Collyria calcitrator, Grav.

East Ilsley
Bauchus falcator, Fab. Tubney

variegator, Fab. Sandleford
PIMPLINJE

Pimpla instigator, Fab. Read-

ing , Soar's Hill; Tub-

ney
Rhyssa persuasoria, Linn.

Soar's Hill
Perithous divinator, Rossi.

Soar's Hill

mediator, Fab. Reading
Ephialtes carbonarius, Christ.

Soar's Hill

cephalotes, Holmgr. Soar's

Hill
Glypta bifoveolata, Gray.

Soar's Hill

Glypta resinanae, Hart. Tubney
Meniscus murinus, Grav.

Reading ; Soar's Hill
Lissonota cylindrator, Vill.

Soar's Hill

EVANIID.E

Foenus assectator, Linn. Tub-
ney

jaculator, Linn. Well.

Coll.

BRACONID.E

Chelonus oculator, Fab. Read-

ing ; Boar's Hill ; Tubney
Bracon minutor, Fab. Boar's

Hill
Apanteles sodalis, Hal. Well.

Coll.
Alysia manducator, Panz.

Reading
Macrocentrus marginator,

Hees. Well. Coll. ; Bag-

ley Wood

PROCTOTRYPID.E

Proctotrypes gravitator, Linn.
Boar's Hill

TUBULIFERA

Cleptes nitidula, Fab. Read-
ing (Barnes) ; Tubney

pallipes, Lep. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

Notozus panzeri, Fab. Read-
ing (Barnes) ; Well. Coll.;
Tubney

Ellampus auratus, Linn.
Reading (Barnes) ; Boar's
Hill

aeneus, Fab. Reading

(Barnes)

truncatus, Dhlb. Reading

(Barnes)

caeruleus, Dhlb.

var. virens, Mocs. Tubney
Hedychridium minutum, Lep.
(== ardens). Reading
(Barnes) ; Tubney

roseum, Rossi. Reading

(Barnes) ; Wokingham
Hedychrum nobile, Scop.
(= lucidulum, Fab.)
Tubney

Chrysis neglecta, Shuck. Read-
ing (Barnes) ; Boar's Hill
t cyanea, Linn.

viridula, Linn. (= biden-

tata, L.). Well. Coll. and
Tilehurst (Barnes) ; Boar's
Hill; Tubney

succincta, Linn. Tubney

ruddii, Shuck. Bradfield

(Barnes); Soar's Hill;
Tubney

- pustulosa, Ab. Well. Coll.
(Barnes). Reading ; Tub-
ney ; Charney (Trim)
' ignita, Linn.

ACULEATA
HETEROGYNA

FORMICIDJE

Formica, L.
* rufa, L.

sanguinea, Latr. Well.

Coll.; Burghfield (Bar-
nes)
* fusca, L.

race cunicularia
Latr.

Lasius, Fab.

t fuliginosus, Latr. Com-
mon about Well. Coll.
* niger, L., and race

alienus

t umbratus, Nyl.
* flavus, De Geer.
MYRMICID^

Formicoxenus, Mayr.

nitidulus, Nyl. Well. Coll.,

in nest of F. rufa (Bar-
nes)

MYRMICIDJE (continued)

Myrmecina, Curt.

latreillei, Curt. Bagley

Wood, near Oxford
(Young)
Tetramorium, Mayr.

casspitum, Linn. Well.

Coll. (Barnes)
Leptothorax, Mayr.

acervorum, Fab. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Soar's
Hill, near Oxford

tuberum, Fab. Pangbourne

(Crawley)
Myrmica, Latr.
* rubra, L.

race sulcinodis, Nyl.

Well. Coll.
(Barnes)
ruginodis, Nyl.

laevinodis, Nyl.
scabrinodis, Nyl.

Monomorium, Mayr.

pharaonis, L. Extremely

abundant at Messrs.
Huntley & Palmer's
Biscuit Factory, Reading

FOSSORES

Mutilla, L.

europaea, L. Well. Coll.

(W. F. White)

rufipes, Latr. We'll. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Tubney, near
Abingdon
Myrmosa, Latr.

melanocephala, Fab. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Tubney
near Abingdon
Methoca, Latr.

ichneumonides, Latr. Well.

Coll. (Barnes)
TIPHIID.S
Tiphia, Fab.

femorata, Fab. Sandhurst,

near Windsor (Smith)

minuta, V. de Lind. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford (R. C.
L. Perkins)

SAPYGIDJE
Sapyga, Latr.

5-punctata, Fab. Well.

Coll. ; Reading (Barnes) ;

Tubney, near Abingdon

POMPILIDJE

Pompilus, Fab.

unicolor, Spin. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

rufipes, L. Streatley Downs

(Barnes)

- bicolor, Lep. Well. Coll.
(Barnes); Tubney

INSECTS

POMPILIDJE (continued)
Pompilus cinctellus, Spin. Sul-
hamstead (Cope) ; Engle-
field (Young)

plumbeus, Fab. Well. Coll.

(Barnes); Tubney

niger, Fab. Sulhamstead

(Cope)
t viaticus, L.

minutulus, Dalhb. Tubney,

near Abingdon

spissus, Schiodte. Sulham-

stead (Cope); Reading;
Bagley Wood, near Ox-
ford (Perkins) ; Tubney

chalybeatus, Schiodte. Tub-

ney, near Abingdon

gibbus, Fab. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Tubney

unguicularis, Thorns.

Well. Coll. ; Boar's Hill,
near Oxford ; Tubney

wesmaeli, Thorns. Well.

Coll.

pectinipes, V. de Lind.

Well. Coll.; Englefield
(Young), Boar's Hill, near
Oxford
Salius, Fab.

fuscus, L. Well. Coll.;

Reading (Barnes) ; Boar's
Hill; Tubney

affinis, V. de Lind. Well.

Coll. (Barnes)
* exaltatus, Fab.

notatulus, Saund. Bagley

Wood, near Oxford (Per-
kins)

obtusiventris, Schiodte.

Boar's Hill, near Oxford ;
Tubney

pusillus Schiodte. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Tubney

parvulus, Dhlb. Well. Coll.

(Barnes); Boar's Hill
Agenia, Schiodte.

variegata, L. Tubney, near

Abingdon
Ceropales, Latr.

maculatus, Fab. Well. Coll.;

Tubney
SPHEGID.S:
Astata, Latr.

boops, Schr. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

stigma, Panz. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Tubney
Tachytes, Panz.
* pectinipes, L.

unicolor, Panz. Sandhurst

(Smith) ; Well. Coll.
(Barnes) ; Tubney, near
Abingdon
Dinetus, Jur.

pictus, Fab. Windsor and

Ascot (Smith)

SPHEGID.S: (continued)
Miscophus, Jur.

concolor, Dhlb. Sand-

hurst (Smith) ; Well. Coll.
(Barnes)

Trypoxylon, Latr.
t figulus, L.
t clavicerum, Lep.

attenuatum, Sm. Tubney,

near Abingdon
Ammophila, Kirb.
t sabulosa, L.
t campestris, Latr.

hirsuta, Scop. Bradfield
Spilomena, Shuck.

troglodytes, V. de Lind.

Boar's Hill, near Oxford
Stigmus, Jur.

solskyi, Mor. Well. Coll.
Pemphredon, Latr.

* lugubris, Fab.
* shuckardi, Mor.
* lethifer, Shuck.

morio, V. de Lind. Read-

ing (Barnes)

Diodontus, Curt.

* minutus, Fab.

luperus, Shuck. Reading

(Barnes) ; Tubney
t tristis, V. de Lind.
Passalcecus, Shuck.

corniger, Shuck. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford

insignis, V. d. Lind. Well.
Coll.

gracilis, Curt. Sulham-

stead (Cope) ; Engle-
field (Young)

monilicornis, Dhlb. Sul~

bamstead (Cope) ; Tub-
ney

Mimesa, Shuck,
t shuckardi, Wesm.

equestris, Fab. Well. Coll.

bicolor, Fab. Well. Coll. ;

Tubney

dahlbomi, Wesm. Well.

Coll.
Psen, Latr.

pallipes, Panz. East Ilsley ;

Tubney
Gorytes, Latr.

tumidus, Panz. Tubney,

near Abingdon

mystaceus, L. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Sulhamstead
(Cope) ; Englefield

(Young) ; Bagley Wood

campestris, L. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

quadrifasciatus, Fab. Boar's

ff 7/,J near Oxford; Tub-
ney
Nysson, Latr.

spinosus, Fab. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Englefield

SPHEGID.S: (continued)

(Young); Boar's Hill,
near Oxford

interruptus, Fab. Tubney,

near Abingdon

dimidiatus, Jur. Near

Wootton
Mellinus, Fab.
* arvensis, L.

sabulosus, Fab. Boar's Hill,

near Oxford ; Tubney
Cerceris, Fab.

arenaria, L. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Wokingham

interrupta, Panz. Well.

Coll. (Barnes); Tubney
t labiata, Fab.
t ornata, Schaeff.

Oxybelus, Latr.
* uniglumis, L.

Crabro, Fab.

tibialis, Fab. Sulhamstead

(Cope)
- leucostomus, L.

pubescens, Shuck. Well.

Coll.

cetratus, Shuck. Englefield

(Young)

podagricus, V. de Lind.

Boar's Hill, near Oxford

gonager, Lep. Maiden-

head (Harwood); Well.
Coll.

palmarius, Schreb. Tub-

ney, near Abingdon
t palmipes, L.

anxius, Wesm, Boar's Hill,

near Oxford (Perkins)

wesmaeli, V. de Lind. Will.

Coll.

elongatulus, V. de Lind.

Sulhamstead (Cope) ;
Tubney

signatus, Panz. Sulham-

stead (Cope) ; Reading
* quadri-maculatus, Dhlb.

dimidiatus, Fab. Sulham-

stead (Cope) ; Englefield
(Young)

vagabundus, Panz. Engle-

field (Young) ; Ferry

Hinksey

t cephalotes, Panz.
t chrysostomus, Lep
t vagus, L.
* cribrarius, L.
t peltarius, Schreb.

interruptus, De Geer. Sul-

hamstead (Cope) ; Read-
ing

t lituratus, Panz.

* albilabris, Fab.

panzeri, V. de Lind. Read-

ing (Barnes)
Entomognathus, Dhlb.
brevis, V. de Lind.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

DIPLOPTERA

VESPIDJE
Vespa, L.

crabro, L. Maidenhead

(Harwood) ; Sulham-
stead (Cope) ; Mortimer
(Barnes) ; Reading

* vulgaris, L.

* germanica, Fab.
* rufa, L.

* sylvestris, Scop.

norvegica, Fab. Well. Coll.
EUMENID.S

Odynerus, Latr.

spinipes, L. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Sulhamstead
(Cope) ; Reading ; Boar's
Hill

laevipes, Shuck. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Sulhamstead
(Cope) ; Tubney, near
Abingdon

* callosus, Thorns.

* parietum, L.
t pictus, Curt.

t trifasciatus, Olir.
t parietinus, L.
t antilope, Panz.
t gracilis, Brulle.

sinuatus, Fab. Sulham-

stead (Cope) ; Well. Coll.
Eumenes, Latr.

coarctata, L. Well. Coll.

and Wokingham (Barnes)

ANTHOPHILA

Colletes, Latr.
t succincta, L.

fodiens, Kirb. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Boar's Hill ;
Tubney

picistigma, Thorns. Well.

Coll. (Barnes)
t daviesana, Sm
Prosopis, Fab.

cornuta, Sm. Well. Coll. ;

Tubney

dilatata, Kirb. Englefield

(Young)

* communis, Nyl.
t signata, Panz.

t hyalinata, Sm.
t confusa, Nyl.

genalis, Thorns. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Wokingham

brevicornis, Nyl. Tubney,

near Abingdon

pictipes, Nyl. Reading
ANDRENID.S:

Sphecodes, Latr.

* gibbus, L.

reticulatus, Thorns. Well.

Coll. and Wokingham
(Barnes)

ANDRENID.S: (continued)

Sphecodes rubicundus, v. Hag.
Sulhamstead (Cope) ;
Pepper Lane, Reading
(Barnes)

t subquadratus, Sm.
t pilifrons, Thorns,
t similis, Wesm.

puncticeps, Thorns. Well.

Coll.

longulus, v. Hag. Well.

Coll. (Barnes)

ferruginatus, Schenck.

Boar's Hill, near Oxford

hyalinatus, Schenck. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford

variegatus, v. Hag. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford

dimidiatus, v. Hag. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Boar's

Hill

* affinis, v. Hag.
Halictus, Latr.
* rubicundus, Christ.

quadricinctus, Fab. S/-

hamstead (Cope)
t xanthopus, Kirby.
* leucozonius, Schrank.
t zonulus, Sm.
t quadrinotatus, Kirby.

laevigatus, Kirby. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Sulham-
stead (Cope) ; East Ils-
ley; Soar's Hill

sexnotatus, Kirby. Snl-

hamstead (Cope)
t prasinus, Sm.
* cylindricus, Fab.
* albipes, Kirby.

pauxillus, Schenck. Sul-

hamstead (Cope)
t subfasciatus, Nyl.
t villosulus, Kirby.

breviceps, Saund. Sulham-

stead (Cope)

punctatissimus, Schenck.

Boar's Hill, near Oxford
" nitidiusculus, Kirby.
t minutus, Kirby.
t minutissimus, Kirby.
t tumulorum, L.
t smeathmanellus, Kirby.
t morio, Fab.

leucopus, Kirby. Engle-

field (Young) ; Soar's Hill
Andrena, Fab.
* albicans, Kirby.

pilipes, Fab. Wokingham

(Barnes) ; Tubney ; Boar's

Hill

* tibialis, Kirby.
t bimaculata, Kirby.

var. decorata, Sm. Well.

Coll.
* rosse, Panz.

var. trimmerana, Kirby.

ANDRENID.S (continued)

Andrena thoracica, Fab. Sul-
hamstead (Cope)

t nitida, Fourc.

* fulva, Schr.

clarkella, Kirby.

* nigroaenea, Kirby.

* gwynana, Kirby.

var. bicolor, Fab.

t angustior, Kirby.

apicata, Sm. Boar's Hill,

near Oxford

prascox, Scop. Reading

(Barnes) ; Boar's Hill
t ambigua, Perk,
t varians, Rossi.

helvola, L. Sulhamstead

(Cope)

t fucata, Sm.
t nigriceps, Kirby.
t fuscipes, Kirby.
t denticulata, Kirby.

fulvicrus, Kirby. Reading

(Barnes) ; Sulhamstead
(Cope)

fasciata, Nyl. Sulham-

stead (Cope)

ferox, Sm. Windsor (Des-
vignes)

hattorfiana, Fab. Maiden-

head (Harwood) ; Tub-
ney, near Abingdon
red var. of $? . Tubney

cetii, Schrank. Tubney,

near Abingdon
t cingulata, Fab.
* albicrus, Kirby.

argentata, Sm. Sandhurst

(Smith); Ascot (S. S.
Saunders); Well. Coll.

chrysosceles, Kirby. Sul-

hamstead (Cope) ; Boar's
Hill

analis, Panz. Reading

(Barnes) ; Tubney
t coitana, Kirby.

lucens, Imhoff. Reading

(Barnes)

fulvago, Christ. Sulham-

stead (Cope)

humilis, Imhoff. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford
* labialis, Kirby.
* minutula, Kirby.

var. parvula, Kirby.
* nana, Kirby.

dorsata, Kirby. Reading

(Barnes); Well. Coll.

niveata, Friese. Sulham-

stead (Cope) ; Boar's Hill,
near Oxford

similis, Sm. Reading

(Barnes) ; Boar's Hill
" wilkella, Kirby.
t afzeliella, Kirby.
Cilissa, Leach.

INSECTS

ANDRENID.S (continued)
tCilissa leporina, Panz.
Dasypoda, Latr.

hirtipes, Latr. Tubney,

near Abingdon
Panurgus, Panz.
f calcaratus, Scop.
t ursinus, Gmel.
Nomada, Fab.

obtusifrons, Nyl. Mortimer

(Barnes) ; Tubney, near
Abingdon

roberjeotiana, Panz. Well.

Coll. (Barnes); Tubney
* solidaginis, Panz.
* succincta, Panz.

lineola, Panz. Tilehurst

(Barnes) ; Boar's Hill ;
Tubney
* alternata, Kirby.

jacobasae, Panz. Well. Coll.

alboguttata, H.-Schf. Sand-

hurst (Smith) ; Well. Coll
(Barnes)
* ruficornis, L.

bifida, Thorns. Boar's Hill,

near Oxford

borealis, Zett. Mortimer

(Barnes); Boar's Hill
t ochrostoma, Kirby.

armata, H.-Schff. Tubney,

near Abingdon

ferruginata, Kirby. Boar's

Hill, near Oxford
* fabriciana, L.
t flavoguttata, Kirby.
t furva, Panz.

APID.E

Epeolus, Latr.

productus, Thorns. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Tubney,
near Abingdon

rufipes, Thorns. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

APIDJE (continued)
Chelostoma, Latr.
* florisomne, L.

campanularum, Kirby.

Reading (Barnes) ; Sul-
hamstead (Cope) ; Tub-
ney
Coelioxys, Latr.

quadridentata, L. Waking-

ham ; Mortimer (Barnes)

rufescens, Lep. Woking-

ham
t elongata, Lep.

acuminata, Nyl. Woking-

ham (Barnes)
Megachile, Latr.

maritima, Kirby. Sul-
hamstead (Cope) ; Well.
Coll.

t willughbiella, Kirby.
t circumcincta, Lep.
t ligniseca, Kirby.

versicolor, Sm. Woking-

ham ; Reading (Barnes)
* centuncularis, L.
Osmia, Panz.
* rufa, L.

pilicornis. Sm. Boar's Hill;

Tubney

t coerulescens, L.
t fulviventris, Panz.

bicolor, Schrank. Streat-

ley (Barnes) ; Boar's Hill

aurulenta, Panz. Streatley

(Barnes) ; Bagley Wood
(Young)

t leucomelana, Kirby.
t spinulosa, Kirby.

Stelis, Panz.
t aterrima, Panz.

phceoptera, Kirby. Tub-

ney, near Abingdon

octo-maculata, Smith. Well.

Coll. (Banks)
Anthidium, Fab.

COLEOPTERA

APID.SJ (continued)

Anthidium manicatum, L.

Sulhamstead (Cope) ;

Ferry Hinksey
Eucera, Scop.

longicornis, L. Reading;

Lower Erleigh (Barnes) ;
Tubney

Melecta, Latr.
t armata, Panz.
Anthophora, Latr.

retusa, L. Sulhamstead

(Cope); Boar's Hill
* pilipes, Fab.
t furcata, Panz.
Saropoda, Latr.

bimaculata, Panz. Well.

Coll. ; Wokingham (Bar-
nes) ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading
Psithyrus, Lep.
* rupestris, Fab.
1 vestalis, Fourc.

- barbutellus, Kirby.
' campestris, Panz.

quadricolor, Lep. Reading

(Barnes) ; Boar's Hill
Bombus, Latr.
t venustus, Sm.
* agrorum, Fab.
t latreillellus, Kirby.

var. distinguendus, Mor.

Boar's Hill
* hortorum, L.

var. subterraneus, Auct.

var. harrisellus, Kirby.

sylvarum, L.

derhamellus, Kirby.

- lapidarius, L.

pratorum, L.

terrestris, L.

var. lucorum, Sm.
var. virginalis, Kirby.
Apis, Linn.
mellifica, Linn.

For the list of insects contained in this group we are chiefly indebted to Mr. W. Holland
(formerly of Reading), of Oxford and Dr. Joy, of Bradfield : Mr. Holland has for a long time
worked the county successfully, and Dr. Joy, though one of our younger Coleopterists, has
within a short space of time become one of our leading collectors and observers. We are also
indebted to Mr. P. Harwood, Mr. E. F. Elton, Mr. E. A. Butler, Dr. F. W. Andrewes, the
late Mr. F. W. Lambert, Commander J. J. Walker, and the late Mr. C. E. Collins. In Mr.
Collins we have lost an ardent collector and an enthusiastic naturalist, who, had he lived, would
certainly have taken a foremost place in entomology.

Many of the captures are most interesting, but we have not space to discuss them.

CICINDELID^;

*Cicindela campestris, Linn.
sylvatica, Linn. Well. Coll. ;
Wokingham

CARABID.E

CYCHRINA
tCychrus rostratus, Linn.

CARABINA

Carabus catenulatus, Scop.
Very common in beech
woods near the Thames
* nemoralis, Mull.
* violaceus, Linn.

- granulatus, Linn,
t monilis, Fabr.

CARABINA (continued)
Calosoma inquisitor, Linn.

Burghfield; common on
oak at Bagley Wood

NOTIOPHILINA

Notiophilus biguttatus, Fabr.
t substriatus, Wat.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

NOTIOPHILINA (continued)
Notiophilus aquaticus, Linn.
* palustris, Duft.

rufipes, Curt. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

NEBRIINA

"Leistus spinibarbis, Fabr.
t fulvibarbis, Dej. Not un-
common in marshy places
t ferruginous, Linn.

rufescens. Fabr. Alder-

maston (Joy)
*Nebria brevicollis, Fabr.

ELAPHRINA

Elaphrus riparius, Linn. Banks
of theThames and Kennet ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; edge of
a small pond near Un-
well Wood

t cupreus, Duft.

LORICERINA

"Loricera pilicornis. Fabr.

SCARITINA

Clivina fossor, Linn.

Dychirius politus, Dej. Well.
Coll. Qoy); Berks (Col-
lins)

Dyschirius zneus, Dej.
Bradfield (Joy)

globosus, Herbst. Reading ;

Theale; Bradfield (Joy);
Newbury

PANAGJEINA

Panagaeus crux-major, Linn.
Berkshire (Fowler) ; Tub-
ney

quadripustulatus, Stm. Tub-

ney sandpits

LICININA

Badister bipustulatus, Fabr.

sodalis, Duft. Aldworth

peltatus, Panz. Fyfield

(Butler)

Licinus silphoides, Fabr. Brad-
field (Jy); Streatley;
Unwell Wood

CALLISTINA

Callistus lunatus, Fabr. Streat-
ley

CHLJENIINA

Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. Fyfield
(Butler)

nigricornis, Fabr. Coley

Park, Reading

OODINA

Oodes helopioides, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Burghfield ; Brad-

field (Joy)

STENOLOPHINA

Stenolophus teutonus, Dej.
Well. Coll. (Elton)

vespertinus, Panz. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Well. Coll. (Joy);
Reading (Andrewes); Brad-
field Goy) ; Theale
Acupalus flavicollis, Sturm.
Well. Coll. (Joy); Read-
ing (Andrewes)

dorsalis, Fabr. Well. Coll. ;

Reading (Andrewes)

exiguus, Dej. Well. Coll.

(Joy) ; Reading ; Pang-
bourne ; Aldermaston and
Bradfield (Joy)

meridanus, Linn. Reading

(Purley); Bradfield (Joy)

consputus, Duft. Fyfield

(Butler)

Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. Read-
ing ; Thatcham (Joy) ;
Newbury (Harwood)

t distinctus, Dej.

t verbasci, Duft.

t harpalinus, Dej.

similis, Dej. Well. Coll.

(Joy) ; Reading ; Alder-
maston (Joy) ; Boar's Hill ;
Bagley Wood

HARPALINA

Harpalus sabulicola, Panz. Aid-
worth (Joy)

rotundicollis, Fairm. Pang-

bourne ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Streatley ; Boar's Hill

punctatulus, Duft. Quarry

Woods (Harwood) ; Brad-
field and Aldworth (Joy)

azureus, Fabr. Common on

the chalk hills

rupicola, Sturm. Streatley
* puncticollis, Payk.

t rufibarbis, Fabr.
* ruficornis, Fabr.
* seneus, Fabr.

consentaneus, Dej. Tubney

sandpits (Donisthorpe)

rubripes, Duft. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Reading ; Pang-
bourne ; Boar's Hill

discoideus, Fabr. Tubney ;

Boar's Hill

caspius, Stev. The chalk

downs, Streatley
t latus, Linn

var. metallescens, Rye
(rare). Tubney (Donis-
thorpe)
* tardus, Panz.

HARPALINA (continued)
Harpalus anxius, Duft. Tubney
and Frilford

ignavus, Duft. Well. Coll.

(Joy); Boar's Hill

PTEROSTICHINA
tStomis pumicatus, Panz.
Platyderus ruficollis, Marsh.

South Hinksey

*Pterostichus cupreus, Linn.
t versicolor, Sturm.

dimidiatus, Ol. Well. Coll.

(Elton)

lepidus, Fabr. Tubney sand-

pits
* madidus, Fabr.

oblongo-punctatus, Fabr.

Bradfield (Joy) ; Hen-
wood ; Bagley Wood

niger, Schall. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Pangbourne ; Hen-
wood ; Boar's Hill
* vulgaris, Linn.

anthracinus, 111. Reading;

Tubney; Boar's Hill
* nigrita, Fabr.

gracilis, Dej. Fyfield (But-

ler)

minor, Gyll. Reading ;

Kennet meadows ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood)

* strenuus, Panz.

t diligens, Sturm.

picimanus, Duft. Grazeley ;

Burghfield ; Calcot ; Brad-
field (Joy)

inaequalis, Marsh. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Tubney

* vernalis, Gyll.

t striola, Fabr. Generally dis-
tributed in woods

AMARINA

Amara fulva, Dej. Tubney
* apricaria, Sturm.

consularis, Duft. Local
t spinipes, auct.

patricia, Duft. Streatley ;

Tubney

bifrons, Gyll. Aldworth

(Joy) ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill ; Bagley Wood

ovata, Fabr. Sulham ; Pang-

bourne ; Bradfield (Joy) ;

Streatley

* similata, Gyll.
t acuminata, Payk.

tibialis, Payk. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill; Bagley Wood

lunicoliis, Schiod. Tubney ;

Bagley Wood
* familiaris, Duft.
' trivialis, Gyll.

INSECTS

AMARINA (continued)
*Amara communis, Panz.

continua, Thorns. Pang-

bourne ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill

plebeia, Gyll. Reading

ANCHOMENINA
Calathus cisteloides, Panz.

fuscus, Fabr. Tubney ; Boar's

Hill
* melanocephalus, Linn.

piceus, Marsh. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Pangbourne ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; N em-
bury (Harwood) ; Tubney;
Boar's Hill

Taphria nivalis, Panz. Well.
Coll. (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Henwood ; Boar's Hill

tPristonychus terricola, Herbst.
Sphodrus leucopthalmus, Linn.
Reading, in cellars

tAnchomenus, angusticollis,Fabr.

* dorsalis, Mull.

* albipes, Fabr.

oblongus, Sturm. Sonning ;

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)

livens, Gyll. King's Weir

(Lambert)

t marginatus, Linn.
* parumpunctatus, Fabr.
t viduus, Panz.

versutus, Gyll. Reading ;

Pangbourne; King's Weir

micans, Nic. Reading ; Pur-

ley
t fuliginosus, Panz.

gracilis, Gyll. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Reading (An-
drewes)

piceus, Linn. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Kennet side ; Theale

puellus, Dej. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)
*Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk.

BEMBIDIINA

Bembidium rufescens, Guer.
Reading ; Theale ; Brad-
field (Joy); Wytham (Wal-
ker).
quinquestriatum, Gyll.

Bradfield (Joy)
t obtusum, Sturm.

- guttula, Fabr.
t mannerheimi, Sahl.
t biguttatum, Fabr.

clarki, Daws. Fyfield (But-

ler)
t articulatum, Panz.

doris, Panz. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Aldermaston (Joy)
' gilvipes, Sturm.
* lampros, Herbst.

BEMBIDIINA (continued)
Bembidium tibiale.Duft. Theale

nitidulum, Marsh. Sonning ;

Pangbourne ; Bradfield

(Jy)

affine, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy)

* quadriguttatum, Fabr.
* quadrimaculatum, Gyll.
t femoratum, Sturm.

bruxellense, Wesm. Theale ;

Sulhamstead
* littorale, Ol.
t flammulatum, Clairv.

obliquum, Sturm. Woking-

ham (Collins) ; Reading
(Barnes)

Tachypus flavipes, Linn. Brad-
field (Joy)

TRECHINA
"Trechus minutus, Fabr.

var. obtusus.

Patrobus excavatus, Payk. Read-
ing; Bradfield (Joy); Hen-
wood

ODACANTHINA

Odacantha melanura, Payk.
Thatcham (Joy)

LEBIINA

Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. Well.
Coll. (Elton) ; Aldermas-
ton Park ; Hermitage (Har-
wood) ; Bagley Wood

crux-minor, Linn. Windsor

(Dawson)

"Demetrias atricapillus, Linn.
*Dromius linearis, Ol.

agilis, Fabr. Reading ; Tile-

burst ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

meridionalis, Dej. Tilehurst ;

Bradfield (Joy)
* quadrimaculatus, Linn,
t quadrinotatus, Panz.
t melanocephalus, Dej.
*Blechrus maurus, Sturm.
Metabletus foveola, Gyll.

truncatellus, Linn. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wytham (Walker)

obscuro-guttatus, Duft.

Sonning

BRACHININA

Brachinus crepitans, Linn. Very
common on the chalk
hills

HALIPLID.S:

Haliplus obliquus, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wantage; Tubney (Wal-
ker)

HALIPLID^E (continued)
Haliplus flavicollis, Sturm. Fy-
field (Butler) ; Reading
(Andrewes)

fulvus, Fabr. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

cinereus, Aube. Reading
* ruficollis, De G.

fluviatilis, Aub. Reading ;

King's Weir
* lineatocollis, Marsh.

PELOBIIDJE

Pelobius tardus, Herbst. Broad-
moor Pond ; Wokingham ;
Aldermaston ; Aldworth
and Bradfield (Joy)

DYTISCID.E

NoTERINA

Noterus clavicornis, De G.
Battle Farm, Reading

sparsus, Marsh. Reading

LACCOPHILINA

Laccophilus interruptus, Panz.
Reading; Bradfield (Joy)
- obscurus, Panz.

HYDROPORINA
Bidessus geminus, Fabr. Cold

Ash (Harwood)
"Hyphydrus ovatus, Linn.
Coelambus versicolor, Schall.
Reading (Andrewes) ; Tub-
ney

inaequalis, Fabr. Reading ;

Thatcham (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

confluens, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy)

Deronectes assimilis, Payk.

Reading ; Pangbourne
t depressus, Fabr.
t I2-pustulatus, Fabr.
Hydroporus pictus, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Theale ; Bradfield

(Joy).

granularis, L. Bradfield

(Jy)

flavipes, Ol. Well. Coll.

(Elton)

lepidus, Ol. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Reading ; Bag-
ley Wood

rivalis, Gyll. Bradfield (Joy)
t dorsalis, Fabr.

t lineatus, Fabr.

neglectus, Schaum. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

angustatus, Sturm. Read-

ing ; Thatcham (Joy)

gyllenhali, Schiod. Read-

ing (Andrewes) ; Bradfield

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

HYDROPORINA (continued)
Hydroporus palustris, Linn.
* erythrocephalus. Linn.

memnonius, Nic. Berks

(Collins)

obscurus, Sturm. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Tubney

nigrita, Fabr. Bradfield

(Jy)

t pubescens, Gyll.

planus, Fabr. Reading ;

Tubney ; Soar's Hill

lituratus, Fabr. Sradfield

(Joy) ; Bagley Wood.

marginatus, Duft. Cold Ash

(Harwood)

DYTISCINA

Agabus guttatus,Payk. Fyfield
(Butler) ; Well. Coll. (El-
ton) ; Bradfield (Joy)

paludosus, Fabr. Read-

ing ; Theale ; Bradfield

0y)

didymus, Ol. Reading ;

Tubney ; Bradfield (Joy)

nebulosus, Forst. Reading ;

Midgham ; Bradfield (Joy)
Tubney (Walker)

femoralis, Payk. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

abbreviatus, Fabr. Windsor

(Fowler)

sturmi, Gyll. Reading;

Tubney

chalconotus, Panz. Read-

ing ; Midgham ; Brad-

field (]oy)

* bipustulatus, Linn.
tPlatambus maculatus, Linn,
tllybius fuliginosus, Fabr.
t fenestratus, Fabr.
t ater, De G.

obscurus, Marsh. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Reading
Copelatus agilis, Fabr. Reading
(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

Rhantus exoletus, Forst. Read-
ing ; Tbatcham (Joy) ;
Tubney

pulverosus, Steph. Tubney

bistriatus, Berg. Reading
"Colymbetes fuscus, Linn.
tDytiscus punctulatus, Fabr.
* marginalis, Linn.

circumcinctus, Ahr. Fyfield

(Butler)
Hydaticus seminiger, De G.

Tbatcham (Joy)
tAcilius sulcatus, Linn.

GYRINID^E

'Gyrinus natator, Scop.

opacus, Sahl. King's Weir

HYDROPHILID^

HYDROPHILINA

Hydrophilus piceus, Linn. Read-
ing (Austin)

Hydrobius fuscipes, Linn.
tAnacaena globulus, Payk.
* limbata, Fabr.

bipustulata, Steph. Read-

ing

tPhilydrus testaceus, Fabr.
t-nigricans, Zett

melanocephalus, Ol. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Cold Ash

(Harwood)

coarctatus, Gredl. Battle

Farm, Reading ; Cold Ash
(Harwood)

Cymbiodyta ovalis, Thoms.
Reading ; Streatley ; Brad-
field gy)

Enochrus bicolor, Gyll. Read-
ing ; Theale

tHelochares lividus, Forst.
t punctatus, Sharp.
Laccobius sinuatus, Mots. Tub-
ney

alutaceus, Thoms. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy)

minutus, Linn. Reading ;

Tubney

bipunctatus, Fabr. Read-

ing ; Tubney
Berosus luridus, Linn. Well.

Coll. (Elton) ; Reading
tLimnebius truncatellus, Thoms.
t papposus, Muls.
tChaetarthria seminulum,Herbst.

HELOPHORINA

tHelophorus rugosus, Ol.
t nubilus, Fabr.
* aquaticus, Linn.

dorsalis, Marsh. Bradfield

(Jy)

aeneipennis, Thoms. Brad-

field Qoy)

laticollis, Thoms. Well.

Coll. (Elton)

affinis, Marsh. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading ; Bradfield

(Joy)

brevicollis, Thoms. Read-

ing ; Midgham ; King's
Weir

brevipalpis, Bedel. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
King's Weir

arvernicus. Muls. Reading

nanus, Sturm. Well. Coll.

(Elton); Bradfield (Joy)
Hydrochus elongatus, Schall.
Reading

angustatus, Germ. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

HELOPHORINA (continued)
Henicocerus exsculptus, Germ.

River Kennet (Joy)
Ochthebius pygmaeus, Fabr.
Fyfield (Butler) ; Reading ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

bicolon, Germ. Aldermaston

(Joy) ; Tubney (Walker)
Hydraena testacea, Curt. Brad-
field (Joy)

riparia, Kug. Bradfield (Joy)

nigrita, Germ. Bradfield

(Jy)

angustata, Sturm. Brad-

field (Joy)

SPH^ERIDIINA

"Cyclonotum orbiculare, Fabr.
Sphsridium scarabasoides, Fabr.
* bipustulatum, Fabr.
Cercyon haemorrhous, Gyll.
Reading (Andrewes) ; Tub-
ney ; King's Weir
* haemorrhoidalis, Herbst.

obsoletus, Gyll. Near Read-

ing , Aldworth (Joy) ; Tub-
ney

aquaticus, Muls. Bradfield

(Joy)

t flavipes, Fabr.

lateralis, Marsh. Bradfield

(Joy); Boar's Hill
t melanocephalus, Linn.
t unipunctatus, Linn,
f quisquilius, Linn.

nigriceps, Marsh. Boar's

Hill

pygmaeus, 111. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy); Boar's Hill

terminatus, Marsh. Brad-

field (Joy)

analis, Payk. Reading ;

Pangbourne ; Bradfield

(Joy)

lugubris, Payk. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Ferry Hinksey

granarius, Er. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

minutus, Muls. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)
tMegasternum boletophagum,

Marsh.
tCryptopleurum atomarium,

Fabr.

STAPHYLINID^;

ALEOCHARINA
Aleochara fuscipes, Fabr.
t lata, Grav.

brevipennis, Grav. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Reading (An-
drewes)

tristis, Grav. Boar's Hill

(Lambert) ; Bradfield (Joy)

INSECTS

ALEOCHARIKA (continued)
Aleochara bipunctata, Ol. Aid-
worth (Joy)

cuniculorum Kr. Aldworth

(Joy) ; Kenwood, Tubney
(Walker)

* lanuginosa, Grav.
- succicola, Th. Bagley Wood
(Lambert)

mycetophaga, Kr. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

mcerens, Gyll. Well. Coll. ;

Mortimer (Joy)
t nitida, Grav.

morion, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

Microglossa suturalis, Sahl.
Bradfield (Joy)

marginalia, Gyll. Bradfield

(Jy)

pulla, Gyll. Aldviorth (Joy) ;

Tubney (Walker)

nidicola, Fairm. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney ^

Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark.
Bradfield (Joy)

lividipennis, Mann. Brad-

field (Joy)

vittata, Mark. Well. Coll.;

Bradfield, and Mortimer

(Jy)

opaca, Grav. Reading (An-

dre wes) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Cothill ; Wytbam (Walker)
* alternans, Grav.

exoleta, Er. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy)

umbrata, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

longiuscula, Er. Rennet side,

Burgbfield

formiceticola, Mark. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

recondita, Kr. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

haemorrhoa, Mann. Well.

Coll. and Bradfield (Joy)

annularis, Sahl. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

brachyptera, Steph. Tubney

(Lambert)

Thiasophila angulata, Er. Wind-
sor Park (Blatch) ; Well.
Coll. (Joy)

inquilina, Mark. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

Ischnoglossa corticina, Er. Brad-

field (Joy)
Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

maura, Er. Grandfont, near

Oxford

picina, Aube. TbatcbamQoy)
Phloeopora reptans, Grav.

Quarry Woods and Lam-
bourn (Harwood).

ALEOCHARINA (continued)

Phloeopora corticalis, Grav.

Quarry Woods (Harwood)

Ocalea castanea, Er. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Bagley (Lambert)

badia, Er. Bradfield (Joy) ;

Bagley and Wytbam (Wal-
ker)

Ilyobates nigricollis, Payk. Brad-
field (Joy)

Calodera nigrita, Mann. Alder-
maston (Joy) ; South
Hinksey (Lambert)

riparia, Er. Fy field (Butler) ;

Thatcbam (Harwood)

asthiops, Grav. Thatcham

(Jy)

Chilopora longitarsus, Steph.

Aldermaston (Joy)
Dinarda markeli, Kies. Windsor

Park (Blatch) ; Well. Coll.

(Joy); Burghfield

dentata, Grav. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

Atemeles emarginatus, Payk.
Bucklebury Common (Joy)

Myrmedonia limbata, Payk.
Well. Coll. (Joy) ; Chils-
well Hills (Walker)

funesta, Grav. Well. Coll.

and Mortimer Gy) >
Streatley (Lambert)

humeralis, Grav. Well. Coll.

and Mortimer (Joy)

cognata, Mark. Mortimer

(Joy)

lugens, Grav. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

laticollis, Mark. Well. Coll.

and Mortimer (Joy)
*Astilbus canaliculatus, Fabr.
Callicerus obscurus, Grav.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Boar's
Hill

rigidicornis, Er. Well. Coll.

(Fowler)

Thamiarasa cinnamomea, Grav.
Bradfield (Joy) ; W ailing-
ford (Lambert)

hospita, Mark. Bradfield

Gy)

Notothecta flavipes, Grav.
WeU. Coll. (Joy)

confusa, Mark. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

anceps, Er. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

Alianta incana, Er. Bradfield

(Jy)

Homalota insecta, Thorns.
Kennet side, Reading

cambrica, Woll. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

gregaria, Er. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Wallingford

(Lambert)

ALEOCHARINA (continued)
Homalota luridipennis, Mann.
Well. Coll. (Joy)

hygrotopora, Kr. Bradfield

(Joy)

elongatula, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes)

volans, Scrib. Thatcham

(Joy)

vestita, Grav. Bradfield

vicina, Steph. Bradfield and
Aldermaston (Joy) ; Wan-
tage

graminicola, Gyll. Thames
side, Reading; Tbatcham

(Jy)

squata, Er. Well. Coll. (Joy)
angustula, Gyll. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Thatcham (Har-

wood) ; Wantage
linearis, Grav. Windsor

Park (Blatch); Bradfield

circellaris, Grav. Reading
(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

immersa, Heer. Windsor

Park (Blatch) ; Bradfield

(Joy)
cuspidata, Er. Quarry Woods

(Harwood) ; Bradfield and

Aldworth (Joy)
analis, Grav. Bradfield (Joy);

Wallingford (Lambert)
exilis, Er. Thatcham (Joy)
depressa, Gyll. Bradfield

and Aldworth (Joy)
xanthoptera, Steph. Well.

Coll. and Bradfield (Joy)
euryptera, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy)

trinotata, Kr. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)
fungicola, Thorns. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Tubney
liturata, Steph. Windsor

Park (Blatch)
sodalis, Er. Aldworth (Joy)
gagatina, Baudi. Reading

(Andrews)
divisa, Mark. Windsor Park

(Blatch) ; Tubney (Walker)
scapularis, Sahl. Bradfield

(Joy); Wytbam (Walker)
celata, Er. Windsor Park

(Blatch)
sordidula, Er. Bradfield

(Jy)

canescens, Sharp. Windsor

Park (Blatch)
macrocera, Thorns. Ferry

Hinksey

atramentaria, Gyll. Reading
longicornis, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ALEOCHARINA (continued)
Homalota sordida, Marsh.
Bradfield (Joy); Boar's
Hill (Lambert)
laticollis, Steph. Tbeale
* fungi, Grav.
Gnypeta labilis, Er. Walling-
ford (Lambert) ; Bradfield

Tachyusa atra, Grav. Brad-
field (Joy) ; Thatcham
(Harwood)
*Falagria sulcata, Payk.

sulcatula, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

thoracica, Curt. Aldwortb

(Jy)

t obscura, Grav.
tAutalia impressa, Ol.
rivularis, Grav. Bucklebury

(Jy)

Encephalus complicans, Westw.

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

(Walker)
Gyrophaena affinis, Mann.

Bradfield (Joy)

gentilis, Er. Bradfield (Joy)

fasciata, Marsh. Boar's Hill

minima, Er. Aldworth (Joy)

manca, Er. Wytham(Wz]ker)

strictula, Er. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;

Tubney (Walker)
Agaricochara bevicollis, Kr.

Bradfield (Joy)
Placusa pumilio, Grav. Windsor

Park (Blatch)
Epipeda plana, Gyll. Bradfield

(Jy)

Silusa rubiginosa, Er. Reading

(Andrewes)
Leptusa fumida, Er. Bradfield

and Aldworth (Joy) ; Lam-

bourn (Harwood)
Sipalia ruficollis, Er. Aldworth

(Joy) ; Lambourn (Har-

wood)
Bolitochara lucida, Grav. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Bagley (Walk-

er)

lunulata, Payk. Aldworth

(Jy)

bella, Mark. Reading; Cal-

cot ; Bradfield (Joy) ;

Bagley (Walker)
Hygronoma dimidiata, Grav.

Cookham (Harwood) ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Newbury

(Harwood) ; Tubney (Wal-
ker)
Oligota inflata, Mann. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy)

parva, Kr. Bradfield (Joy)

pusillima, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

ALEOCHARINA (continued)
Oligota atomaria, Er. Bradfield

(Jy)

punctulata, Heer. Boar's

Hill (Lambert); Bradfield

(Joy)

Myllaena dubia, Grav. Grand-
pont, near Oxford; Alder-
maston (Joy)

intermedia, Er. Bradfield

and Aldermaston (Joy)

minuta, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

kraatzi, Sharp. Well. Coll.

(Joy)

elongata, Matth. Bradfield

(Jy)

gracilis, Matth. Aldermas-

ton (Joy) ; Grand-font, near
Oxford

infuscata, Matth. Thatch-

am (Joy)

brevicornis, Matth. Alder-

maston (Joy)

Deinopsis erosa, Steph. Alder-
maston (Joy)

TACHYPORIKA
"Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk.

seminulum, Er. Aldermas-

ton (Joy) ; Wytham (Walk-
er)

Conosoma littoreum, Linn.
Well. Coll. (Joy) ; Reading
(Andrewes) ; Newbury
(Harwood)

pubescens, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

- immaculatum, Steph. Well.

Coll. (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood) ; Tubney (Wal-
ker)

pedicularium, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes) ; near God-
stow (Walker)

lividum, Er. Wallingford

(Lambert) ; Newbury

(Harwood)

"Tachyporus obtusus. Linn.
formosus, Matth. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney ;

South Hinksey ; Wytham

(Walker)

solutus, Er. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy)

pallidus, Sharp. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Wytham

(Walker)

' chrysomelinus, Linn.
t humerosus, Er.

tersus, Er. Thames side,

Reading; Boxjord (Har-
wood)

- hypnorum, Fabr.

TACHYPORINA (continued)
Tachyporus pusillus, Grav. Brad-
field (joy) ; Berks (Collins)

brunneus, Fabr. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

transversalis, Grav. New-

bury (Harwood)
Lamprinus s.iginatus, Grav .

Tubney (Walker)
Cilea silphoides, Linn. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy)
"Tachinus humeralis, Grav.
t rufipes, Linn.
t subterraneus, Linn.

marginellus, Fabr. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

laticollis, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy)

elongatus, Gyll. Boar's Hill
Megacronus cingulatus, Mann.

Reading (Andrewes)
t analis, Fabr.

inclinans, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy); Aldwortb (Joy);

Berks (Collins)
'Bolitobius lunulatus, Linn.
* trinotatus, Er.

exoletus, Er. Well. Coll.;

Bradfield (Joy)

pygmaeus, Fabr. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. Well.
Coll. (Joy)

splendens, Marsh. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Aldwortb

(Jy)

punctus, Gyll. Aldworth

(Joy)

lepidus, Grav. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

longulus, Mann. Walling-

ford (Lambert) ; Brad-
field (Joy)

angularis, Rey. Well. Coll.

(Joy) .

clavicornis, Steph. Brad-

field (joy)

splendidus, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytbam (Walker)
Habrocerus capillaricornis,Grav.
Aldworth (Joy) ; Bagley
and Wytbam (Walker)

STAPHYLININA

Heterothops dissimilis, Grav.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Boxford
(Harwood)

Quedius longicornis, Kr. Aid-
worth (Joy)

microps, Grav. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Bradfield (Joy)

ventralis, Ar. Bradfield (Joy)

lateralis, Grav. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Aldworth
(Joy); Wytbam (Walker)

INSECTS

STAPHYLININA (continued)
"Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh.

fulgidus, Fab. Reading

(Andrewes); Boar's Hill

puncticollis, Thorns. Brad-

fieM,Aldworth,znd Thatch-
am (Joy)

brevicornis, Thorns. Aid-

worth (Joy) ; Wantage

cruentus, Ol. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Netobury (Har-
wood) ; Wytham and Bag-
ley (Walker)

scitus, Grav. Windsor Park

(Blatch)
* cinctus, Payk.

brevis, Er. Well. Coll. (Joy)
t fuliginosus, Grav.

* tristis, Grav.

molochinus, Grav. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill

picipes, Mann. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

nigriceps Kr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Boar's Hill ; Hen-
wood

fumatus, Steph. Aldermas-

ton (Joy) ; Aldworth (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)
- maurorufus, Grav. Cumnor
Hill; Tubney (Walker)

suturalis, Kies. Bradfield

(Jy)

obliteratus, Er. Bradfield

Coy)

rufipes, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker)

attenuatus, Gyll. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Chilswell
Hills

semiaeneus, Steph. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy)
t boops, Grav.
"Creophilus maxillosus, Linn.
tLeistotrophus nebulosus, Fabr.
t murinus, Linn.
Staphylinus pubescens, De G.

Bagley Wood. Rare.
t stercorarius, Ol.

latebricola, Grav. Sulham ;

Ferry Hinksey

erythropterus, Linn. Sul-

ham ; Tubney ; Bagley

Wood

t caesareus, Ceder.
"Ocypus olens, Mull.

similis, Fabr. Reading

fuscatus, Grav. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Aldworth (Joy)
t cupreus, Rossi.
t ater, Grav.
* morio, Grav.

compressus, Marsh. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Streatley ;
Tubney ; Cumnor Hill

STAPHYLININA (continued)
tPhilonthus splendens, Fabr.
t intermedius, Boisd.
t laminatus, Creutz.
* seneus, Rossi.

proximus, Kr. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

addendus, Sharp. Bradfield

(Jy)

carbonarius, Gyll. Brad-

field (Joy)

decorus, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Bagley Wood
* politus, Fabr.

lucens, Er. Reading ; Tub-

ney ; Boar's Hill
* varius, Gyll.
t marginatus, Fabr.

albipes, Grav. Bradfield

(Jy)

umbratilis, Grav. Thatcham

(Joy); Berks (Collins)

cephalotes, Grav. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wallingjord (Lam-
bert)
t fimetarius, Grav.

sordidus, Grav. Reading ;

Aldermaston and Bradfield

(Jy)

fuscus, Grav. Bradfield (Joy)
t ebeninus, Grav.

fumigatus, Er. Boar's Hill

debilis,Grav. Reading; Brad-

field (Joy) ; near Kenning-
ton

sanguinolentus, Grav. Brad-

field (Joy); South Hink-
sey
* cruentatus, Gmel.

longicornis, Steph. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

* varians, Payk.

agilis, Grav. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

ventralis, Grav. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

discoideus, Grav. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

quisquiliarius, Gyll. Read-

ing (Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Foxcombe Hill

thermarum, Aube. Brad-

field (Joy)

fumarius, Grav. Reading ;

Midgham

micans, Grav. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading

nigritulus, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Lower Ear-
ley (Barnes)

trossulus, Nord. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

Actobius cinerascens, Grav.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wytham (Walker)

STAPHYLININA (continued)
Actobius procerulus, Grav.

Reading (Andrewes) ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
Xantholinus fulgidus, Fabr.

Reading; Bradfield (Joy)
* glabratus, Grav.

punctulatus, Payk. Reading,

Bradfield (Joy)

ochraceus, Gyll. Bradfield

(Jy)

atratus, Heer. Tubney

tricolor, Fabr. Aldttiorth(]oy)
linearis, Ol.

t longiventris, Heer.
Leptacinus parumpunctatus,
Gyll. Bradfield (Joy);
Newbury (Harwood)

batychrus, Gyll. Reading

(Andrewes)

linearis, Grav. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

formicetorum, Mark. Wind-

sor Park (Blatch) ; Well.
Coll. (Joy) ; Reading

tBaptolinus alternans, Grav.

tOthius fulvipennis, Fabr.
laeviusculus, Steph. Wall-
ingford (Lambert) ; 'Tub-
ney ; Aldermaston (Joy)

t melanocephalus, Grav.

myrmecophilus, Kies. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ; Tub-
ney

P.SDERINA

tLathrobium elongatum, Linn.
t - boreale, Hoch.
t fulvipenne, Grav.
* brunnipes, Fabr.

longulum, Grav. River

Kennet (Joy) ; Bagley
(Walker)

punctatum, Zett. Well.

Coll. (Joy) ; Reading (An-
drewes)

filiforme, Grav. Reading ;

King's Weir (Walker)

quadratum, Payk. Fyfield

(Butler)

terminatum, Grav. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ; Cold
Ash (Harwood) ; King's
Weir

multipunctum, Grav. Brad-

field (Joy); Berks (Collins)
Achenium depressum, Grav.
Thames side, Reading ;
Ferry Hinksey

humile, Nic. Reading ;

Pangbourne (Joy)
tCryptobium glaberrimum,

Herbst.

Stilicus rufipes, Germ. Alder-
maston ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
W ytham (Walker)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

PJEDERINA (continued)
Stilicus orbiculatus, Er. Read-
ing (Andrewes)
" affinis, Er.

geniculatus, Er. Streatlcy

(Lambert)

Scopaeus sulcicollis, Steph.
Bradfield (Joy)

Medon castaneus, Grav. Tub-
ney
dilutus, Er. Tubney (Collins)

brunneus, Er. Bradfield

(Jy)

fusculus, Mann. Reading

(Barnes) ; Aldworth (Joy)

apicalis, Kr. Windsor Park

(Walker)
- propinquus, Bris. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)
t melanocephalus, Fabr.

obsoletus, Nord. Windsor

Park (Blatch); Streatley

(Lambert)
Lithocharis ochracea, Grav.

Bradfield (Joy)
Sunius filiformis, Latr. Reading

(Andrewes)

diversus, Aube. Bradfield

angustatus, Payk. Common

and general

Pasderus littoralis, Grav. Com-
mon everywhere

riparius, Linn. Thames side,

Reading ; Thatcham (Joy);
Newbury (Harwood) ;
King's Weir (Walker)

EV.SSTHETINA

Evaesthetus scaber, Thorn.
Thatcham (Joy)

ruficapillus, Lac. Thatcham

(Joy); Cold Ash (Har-
wood)

STENINA

Dianous caerulescens, Gyll.
Bradfield (Joy)

Stenus biguttatus, Linn. Aid-
worth (Joy)

bipunctatus, Er. Well. Coll.

(Joy) ; Reading ; South
Hinksey

guttula, Mull. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

.(Joy)

* bimaculatus, Gyll.
* juno, Fabr.

longitarsis, Thorn. Thatch-

am (Joy)

speculator, Er. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy); Ferry
Hinksey

providus, Er. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Wytham
(Walker)

STENINA (continued)
Stenus buphthalmus, Grav.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

melanopus, Marsh. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

. (Jy)

incrassatus, Er. Bradfield

(Joy).

melanarius, Steph. Hen-

wood (Collins) ; Bradfield

Uy)

canaliculatus, Gyll. Brad-

field Qoy)

pusillus, Er. Reading ;

Bradfield (joy) ; Thatcham
(Harwood)

exiguus, Er. Wokingham

fuscipes, Grav. Fy field (But-
ler) ; Reading (Andrewes)

circularis, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Thatcham

(Jy)

declaratus, Er. Kennet side,

Reading

opticus, Grav. Reading;

Thatcham (Joy)

carbonarius, Gyll. Banning ;

Reading (Andrewes)

argus, Grav. Bradfield (Joy)

nigritulus, Gyll. Ferry

Hinksey

* brunnipes, Steph.
subaeneus, Er. Aldworth and
Bradfield (Joy) ; South
Hinksey

ossium, Steph. Bradfield (Joy)

palustris, Er. Pangbourne

(Lambert)
t impressus, Germ.

erichsoni, Rye. Bradfield

Qy)

pallipes, Grav. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

flavipes, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood) ; Bagley (Walker)

pubescens, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy); King's Weir

binotatus, Ljun. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy)

canescens, Ros. Reading

(Andrewes)

pallitarsis, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy); Botley

nitidiusculus, Steph. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Thatcham (Joy);
Newbury (Harwood)

picipes, Steph. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading ; Bradfield

(Joy)

foveicollis, Kr. Reading
t cicindeloides, Grav.

similis, Herbst. Reading;

Aldermaston (Joy) ; . Tub-
ney ; Boar's Hill

STENINA (continued)
Stenus solutus, Er. Thatcham
(Joy); Newbury (Harwood)

tarsalis, Ljun. Kennet side,

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)

paganus, Er. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

latifrons, Er. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Newbury (Harwood)

fornicatus, Steph. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

OXYPORINA

Oxyporus rufus, Linn. Reading;
Bradfield (Joy)

OXYTELINA

Bledius femoralis, Gyll. Well.
Coll. (Joy)

opacus, Block. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney (Walker)
Platystethus arenarius, Fourc.
Reading (Andrewes); Brad-
field (Joy)

cornutus, Gyll. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

- capito, Heer. Reading
*Oxytelus rugosus, Grav.

- insecatus, Grav. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)
t sculptus, Grav.
t laqueatus, Marsh.
* inustus, Grav.
t sculpturatus, Grav.

- nitidulus, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes); Bradfield (Joy)

complanatus, Er. Reading

(Andrewes)

clypeonitens, Pand. Aid-

worth (Joy)

t tetracarinatus, Block.
I Haploderus coelatus, Grav.
tTrogophloeus bilineatus, Steph.

rivularis, Mots. Bradfield

(Jy)

elongatulus, Er. Reading;

Thatcham (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood)

corticinus, Grav. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Thatcham
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

pusillus, Grav. Bradfield

and Thatcham (Joy)
tSyntomium aeneum, Mull.
tCoprophilus striatulus, Fabr.

OMALIINA

"Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze.
t sicula, Er.

pubescens, Mann. Ferry

Hinksey

"Olophrum piceum, Gyll.
Lathrimsum atrocephalum,

Gyll.

OMALIINA (continued")
*Lathrimaeum unicolor, Steph.
Philorhinum sordidum, Steph.

Boxford (Harwood)
Orochares angustatus, Er.

Bradfield (Joy)

Coryphium angusticolle, Steph.
Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;
Aldworth (Joy) ; Bagley
(Walker)
*Omalium rivulare, Payk.

septentrionis, Thorns. Brad-

field and Aldermaston
(Joy) ; Tubney ; Wytbam
(Walker)

oxyacanthae, Grav. Tubney

(Lambert)

t - excavatum, Steph.
t caesum, Grav.

nigriceps, Kies. Bradfield

(Joy) ; South Hinksey ;
Wytham (Walker)

pusillum, Grav. Quarry

Woods (Harwood) ; Well.
Coll.

punctipenne, Thorns. Quarry

Woods (Harwood) ; Brad-

t rufipes, Fourc.

vile, Er. Quarry Woods

(Harwood) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

iopterum, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham and Bag-
ley (Walker)

planum, Payk. Bradfield

(Jy)

t concinnum, Marsh.

deplanatum, Gyll. Brad-

field (Joy)
Hapalaraea pygmaea, Gyll. Brad-

field (Joy)
Eusphalerum primulae, Steph.

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)
Anthobium minutum, Fabr.

Bradfield (Joy) ; Ferry

Hinksey
t opthalmicum, Payk.

torquatum, Marsh. Read-

ing ; Bagley (Walker)

sorbi, Gyll. Aldworth (Joy) ;

Bagley

PROTEININA

Proteinus ovalis, Steph. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney

brachypterus, Fabr. Burgh-

field ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney

macropterus, Gyll. Brad-

field (Joy)

- atomarius, Er. Reading
(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

Uy)

INSECTS

PROTEININA (continued)
Megarthrus denticollis, Beck.
Bradfield (Joy); Wytham
(Walker)

affinis, Mull. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Bradfield (Joy)

depressus, Lac. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

sinuaticollis, Lac. Bradfield

(Jy)

hemipterus, 111. Bradfield

(Joy); Wytham (Walker)
Phloeobium clypeatum, Mull.
Reading (Andrewes); Brad-
field (Joy); Newbury (Har-
wood) ; Tubney (Walker)

PHLCEOCHARINA
Phloeocharis subtilissima, Mann.

Well. Coll. (Joy)
Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm.

Bradfield (Joy)

PlESTINA

Prognatha quadricornis, Lac.
Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Hen-
wood

PSELAPHID.E

PSELAPHINA

Pselaphus heisei, Herbst. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Newbury (Harwood)

dresdensis, Herbst. Thatch-

am (Harwood and Joy)
Tychus niger, Payk. Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

Bythinus puncticollis, Denny.
Bradfield (Joy)

bulbifer, Reich. Reading ;

Bradfield and Thatcham

(Jy)

curtisi, Denny. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham and Bag-
ley (Walker)

securiger, Reich. Bradfield

(Joy)

Bryaxis sanguinea, Linn. Fy-
field (Butler) ; Reading

fossulata, Reich. Reading ;

Bradfield and Aldworth
(Joy); Bagley (Walker)

haematica, Reich. Reading

(Andrewes)

juncorum, Leach. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood) ; B alley

impressa, Panz. Thatcham

0y)

Euplectus karsteni, Reich.
Aldworth (Joy)

signatus, Reich. Aldworth

(Joy)

PSELAPHINA (continued)
Euplectus nanus, Reich. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Aldworth (Joy)
- - sanguineus, Denny. Brad-

field Qoy)
piceus, Mots. Bradfield

and Aldworth (Joy)

CLAVIGERINA

Claviger testaceus, Preyss.
Aldworth (Joy)

Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull.
Aldworth (Joy)

angulatus, Mull. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

- carinatus, Muls. Bradfield

(Joy)

- sparshalli, Denny. Bradfield

(Joy)

Scydmaenus scutellaris, Mull.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood)

collaris, Mull. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

pusillus, Miill. Longmere

(Barnes) ; Bradfield (Joy)

poweri, Fowler. Aldworth

(Joy)

Euconnus denticornis, Miill.
Wytham (Walker)

hirticollis, 111. Thatcham

fimetarius, Chaud. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

maklini, Mann. Bradfield

(Jy)

Eumicrus tarsatus, Miill.
Bradfield (Joy) ; New-
bury (Harwood) ; Bagley
(Walker)

Cephennium thoracicum, Mull.
Reading ; Mortimer and
Bradfield (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood)

LEPTINID.E

Leptinus testaceus, Miill. Brad-
field (Joy) ; Bagley (Wal-
ker)

SILPHID^E
CLAMBINA

Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh.

Bradfield (Joy)
Clambus pubescens, Redt.

Bradfield (Joy)

armadillo, De G. Bradfield

minutus, Sturm. Aldzeorth

(Jy)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ANISOTOMINA

Agathidium nigripenne, Kug.
Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;
Wytham (Walker)

at rum, Payk. Reading;

Aldworth (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Berks (Collins)

seminulum, Linn. Well.

Coll. (Tomlin) ; Mortimer,
Bradfield, and Aldworth

(Jy)

laevigatum, Er. Tubney

(Walker) ; Aldworth

(Harwood)

marginatum, Sturm. Read-

ing (Andrewes)

varians, Beck. Windsor Park

(Blatch) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)

convexum, Sharp. Well.

Coll. (Joy) ; Aldworth
(Harwood)

rotundatum, Gyll. Ald-

wortb (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

- nigrinum, Sturm. Bradfield
(Joy) ; Bagley (Walker)

Amphicyllis globus, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wallingford

Liodes humeralis, Kug. Read-
ing (Andrewes) ; Bradfield
and Aldworth (Joy)

orbicularis, Herbst. Aid-

worth (Joy) ; Wytham

(Walker)
Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt.

Bradfield (Joy)
Anisotoma cinnamomea, Er.

Wytham (Walker)

oblonga, Er. Bradfield (Joy)

dubia, Kug. Burghfield

badia, Sturm. Bagley (Wai-

ker)

ovalis, Schmidt. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Aldworth (Har-
wood) ; Wytham (Wal-
ker)

punctulata, Gyll. Bradfield

smdAldteorthQoy); Wood-
bay (Harwood) ; Wytham
(Walker)

calcarata, Er. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney, Wytham,
and Bagley (Walker)

nigrita, Schmidt. Well. Coll.

(Jy)

rugosa, Sahib. Tubney (Wal-

ker)

parvula, Sahib. Aldworth

(Harwood)

Colenis dentipes, Gyll. Brad-
field (Joy); Wytham
(Walker)

Agaricophagus cephalotes,

Schmidt. Bradfield (Joy)

ANISOTOMINA (continued)
Hydnobius punctatissimus,
Steph. Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wytham (Walker)

migosus, Schmidt. Wyth-

am (Walker)

Triarthron markeli, Schmidt.
Woodhay and Newbury
(Harwood)

SILFHINA

Necrophorus germanicus, Linn.
Banks of the Thames above
Windsor (Stephens)
humator, Fabr.
* mortuorum, Fabr.

vestigator, Heer. Sulham ;

Streatley

ruspator, Er. Wokingham ;

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

interruptus, Steph. Burgh-

field ; Bradfield (Joy);

Streatley ; Bagley Wood
* vespillo, Linn.
Necrodes littoralis, Linn.
"Silpha quadripunctata, Linn.

Common among oaks

opaca, Linn. South Hinksty

thoracica, Linn.

rugosa, Linn.

sinuata, Fabr.

laevigata, Fabr.

atrata, Linn.

CHOLEVINA

Choleva angustata, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Brad field (joy) ; Tub-
ney

cisteloides, Frohl. Fy field

(Butler); Bradfield (Joy) ;
Henwood

- intermedia, Kr. Reading;

Tubney

spadicea, Sturm. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bagley (Walker)

- agilis, 111. Bradfield (Joy) ;

Tubney

velox, Spence. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

wilkini, Spence. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood) ; Bagley (Walker)

anisotomoides, Spence. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Tubney

fusca, Panz. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

nigricans, Spence. Fyfield

(Butler),- Reading ; Tubney

morio, Fabr. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

grandicollis, Er. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney ; Boar's

Hill

tCholeva nigrita, Er.
t tristis, Panz.

CHOLEVINA (continued}
tCholeva kirbyi, Spence.
t chrysomeloides, Panz.

fumata, Spence.
t watsoni, Spence.

colonoides, Kr. Bradfield

Coy)

'Ptomaphagus sericeus, Fabr.
Colon dentipes, Sahl. Bradfield

(Jy)

brunneum, Latr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham and Bag-
ley (Walker)

HISTERID^E
Hister unicolor, Linn. Reading

merdarius, Hoff. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

cadaverinus, Hoff. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

succicola, Thorns. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

Wood
t purpurascens, Herbst.

- neglectus, Germ. Reading
t - carbonarius, 111.

I2-striatus, Schr. Reading;

Aldworth (Joy)

bimaculatus, Linn. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Streatley ;
Wantage ; Tubney
Carcinops minima, Aube. Read-
ing; near Godstow (Wai-
ker)

14-striata. Steph. Bradfield

(Jy)

Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst.
Windsor (Fowler) ; Wind-
sor Park (Walker)

Dendrophilus punctatus, Herbst
Bradfield (Joy)

pygmzus, Linn. Windsor

Park (Blatch)

Myrmetes piceus, Payk. Morti-
mer (Joy)

Gnathoncus nannetensis, Mars.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Cumnor

punctulatus, Thorns. Brad-

field (Joy)
Saprinus nitidulus, Payk.

xneus, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney

virescens, Payk. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy); Tubney
(Champion)

Plegaderus dissectus, Er. Wind-
sor Park (Blatch)

Abraeus globosus, Hoff. Brad-
field (Joy) ; Ferry Hink-
ity ; Wytham (Walker)

Acritus minutus, Herbst. Brad-
field (Joy)

Onthophilus striatus, Fabr.
Burghfield ; Bradfield

(Joy) ; Boxford (Harwood)

sulcatus, Fabr. Tubney

INSECTS

SCAPHIDIID^E

Scaphidium quadrimaculatum>
Ol. Padworth ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Aldworth (Walker)

Scaphisoma agaricinum, Linn.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Wytham (Walker)

boleti, Panz. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney (Collins) ;
Wytham (Walker)

TRICHOPTERYGID^E
Pteryx suturalis, Heer. Brad-
field (Joy)

Ptinella denticollis, Fairm.
Bradfield (Joy)

angustula, Gill. Aldworth

0y)

Trichopteryx atomaria, De G.
Bradfield and Aldwortb

(Jy)

grandicollis, Mann. Brad-

field (Joy)

lata, Mots. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy) ; Wallingford

fascicularis, Herbst. Brad-

field (Joy)

seminitens, Matth. Thatch-

am (Joy)

dispar, Matth. Bradfield

and Aldwortb (Joy)
Ptilium kunzei, Heer. Brad-
field (Joy)

spencei, All. Bradfield (Joy)

exaratum, All. Bradfield

(Jy)

myrmecophilum, All. Wind-

sor Park (Blatch)
Nossidium pilosellum, Marsh.
Padworth and Aldworth

(Jy)

Ptenidium nitidum, Heer.
T batch am (Joy)

evanescens, Marsh. Brad-

field Goy)

turgidum, Thorns. Brad-

field (Joy)

CORYLOPHID^E

Orthoperus atomus, Gyll. Ald-
wortb (Joy)

mundus, Matth. Bradfield

(Jy)

Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh

Tbatcham (Joy)
Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll.

Bradfield (Joy) ; South

Hinksey

COCCINELLID^E

tSubcoccinella 24 - punctata,

Linn.

Hippodamia variegata, Goeze.
Well. Coll. (Elton) ; Fy field
(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Boar's Hill (Walker)

COCCINELLID.S: (continued)
Anisosticta ig-punctata, Linn.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)

*Adalia obliterata, Linn. Com-
mon on firs.

* bipunctata, Linn.

tMysia oblongoguttata, Linn.

*Anatis ocellata, Linn. Common
on firs

*Coccinella lo-punctata, Linn.

t hieroglyphica, Linn.

* 1 1 -punctata, Linn.

* 7-punctata, Linn.

tHalyzia i6-guttata, Linn.

t I4-guttata, Linn.

t i8-guttata, Linn.

conglobata, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield and Aldworth
(Joy) ; Bagley Wood
* zz-punctata, Linn.
'Micraspis i6-punctata, Linn.
Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst.
Windsor Forest (Fowler) ;
Newbury (Harwood)
Scymnus nigrinus, Kug. Bagley
Wood

frontalis, Fabr. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney

suturalis, Thunb. Bradfield

(Joy); Boxford (Harwood);
Wytham (Walker)

testaceus, Mots. Thatcham

(Joy) ; Tubney

haemorrhoidalis, Herbst.

Fyfield (Butler) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Bagley Wood

capitatus, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Bagley Wood

ater, Kug. Chilwell Hills

minimus, Rossi. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy)
tChilocorus similis, Rossi.
t bipustulatus, 111.
tExochomus quadripustulatus,

Linn.

*Rhizobius litura, Fabr.
*Coccidula rufa, Herbst.

scutellata, Herbst. Berks

(Collins)

ENDOMYCHIDjE

Symbiotes latus, Redt. Brad-
field (Joy)

Mycetasa hirta, Marsh. Read-
ing ; Pangbourne ; Brad-
field (Joy)

Alexia pilifera, Mull. Aldworth
(Joy) ; Boxford (Har-
wood)

Lycoperdina bovistae, Fabr.
Basildon ; Aldwortb (Joy)

Endomychus coccineus, Linn.
Bradfield and Aldworth
(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker)

EROTYLIDjE

Dacne humeralis, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Aldworth and Tubney
(Walker)

rufifrons, Fabr. Burghfield ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Henwood,
Tubney, and Wytham
(Walker)

Triplax lacordairei, Crotch.
Windsor (Stephens)

PHALACRID.E

'Phalacrus corruscus, Payk.

substriatus, Gyll. Bagley

Wood

- caricis, Sturm. Reading
tOlibrus corticalis, Panz.
t aeneus, Fabr.

liquidus Er. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Boar's
Hill

affinis, Sturm. Tubney ;

Bagley ; Henwood

millefolii, Payk. Ferry

Hinksey; Boar's Hill
(Walker)

pygmzus, Tubney
tEustilbus testaceus, Panz.

atomarius, Linn. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill

MICROPEPLID^E

Micropeplus staphylinoides,
Marsh. Bradfield (Joy)

margaritae, Duv. Bradfield

0y)

Brachypterus gravidus, 111.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney (Walker)

* pubescens, Er.

* urtics, Fabr.

Cercus pedicularius, Linn. Read-
ing

bipustulatus, Payk. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)
t rufilabris, Latr.
Carpophilus hemipterus, Linn.

Bagley (Shipp)
Epurea decemguttata, Fabr.

Bradfield (Joy)

diffusa, Bris. Bradfield (Joy)

* a;stiva, Linn.

melina, Er. Reading ; Ald-

wortb (Joy)

longula, Er. Berks (Collins)

florea, Er. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy) ; Bagley Wood

deleta, Er. Bradfield and

Aldworth (Joy)

obsoleta, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Boar's Hill (Lam-
bert)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

NITIDULID.S (continued)
Epurea angustula, Er. Alder-
maston (Joy)

pusilla, Er. Reading
Omosiphora limbata, Fabr.

Thatcham (Joy)
Micrurula melanocephala,

Marsh. Bagley Wood
Nitidula bipustulata, Linn.

rufipes, Linn. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
Soroniapunctatissima, 111. Brad-

field (Joy)
t grisea, Linn.
Amphotis marginata, Er. Well.

Coll. (Joy)

Omosita depressa, Linn. Alder-
maston and Bradfield

(Joy) .

* colon, Linn.

* discoidea, Fabr.
Thalycra sericez,StuTm.Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker)
Pocadius ferrugineus, Fabr.
Fyfield (Butler); Aldworth
and Bradfield (Joy) ; Bot-
ley ; Tubney (Walker)
Pria dulcamaras, Scop. Fyfield
(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Botley
Meligethes rufipes, Gyll.

lumbaris, Sturm. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Cumnor;
Tubney

* aeneus, Fabr.

- viridescens, Fabr.

- difficilis, Heer. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Boar's
Hill

ochropus, Sturm. Bradfield

(Jy)

brunnicornis, Sturm. King's

Weir

pedicularius, Gyll. Aid-

worth (Joy)

- bidens, Bris. Bradfield (Joy)

umbrosus, Sturm. Bradfield

ovatus, Sturm. Aldermaston

(Joy); Wytham (Walker)

flavipes, Sturm. Bradfield

(Joy)

* picipes, Sturm.

serripes, Gyll. Aldworth

(Jy)

murinus, Er. Aldworth (Joy)

Tubney

lugubris, Sturm. Aldworth

(Joy)

obscurus, Er. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

erythropus, Gyll. Aldworth

(Jy)

Cychramus luteus, Fabr.
Cryptarcha strigata, Fabr.
Bradfield (Joy)

NITIDULIDJE (continued)
Cryptarcha imperialis, Fabr.

Bradfield (Joy)
Ips quadriguttata, Fabr. Wind-

sor Park (Walker)

quadripunctata, Herbst.

Reading Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

quadripustulata, Linn.

Windsor (Stephens)

Pityophagus ferrugineus, Fabr.

Reading (Andrewes)

TROGOSITID^E

Tenebrioides mauritanicus,
Linn. Reading ; Pang-
bourne

Oxylaemus variolosus, Duft.

Bradfield (Joy) ; Bagley

(Walker)
Orthocerus muticus, Linn.

Tubney
Ditoma crenata, Fabr. Windsor

Park (Blatch) ; Well. Coll.

(Joy)

Cicones variegatus, Hellw.
Windsor Park (Blatch);
Aldworth (Joy)
'Cerylon histeroides, Fabr.

fagi, Bris. Bradfield and

Aldworth (Joy)

ferrugineum, Steph. Wind-

sor Park (Walker) ; Ferry
Hinksey

CUCUJID^E

Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Walling-
ford (Lambert)

depressus, Fabr. Wokingham

perforatus, Er. Windsor

Park (Blatch)

parallelocollis, Er. Well Coll.

ferrugineus, Payk. Brad-

field (Joy)

* bipustulatus, Fabr.
Pediacus dermestoides, Linn.

Windsor Park (Blatch);

Bradfield (Joy)
Laemophlceus ferrugineus,

Steph. Windsor Park

(Blatch); Reading; Aid-

worth (Joy)

duplicatus, Wad. Windsor

Park (Blatch)
Psammoechus bipunctatus,

Fabr. Reading ; Burgh-

field ; Bradfield (Joy);

Newbury (Harwood) ;

Wytham (Walker)
Silvanus unidentatus, Fabr.

Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;

Well. Coll.; Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney

MONOTOMID^E

Monotoma conicicollis, Aube.
Windsor Park (Blatch)

formicetorum, Thorns. Mor-

timer (Joy)

spinicollis, Aube. Bradfield

(Joy) _

brevicollis, Aube. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

picipes, Herbst. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wallingford (Lam-
bert)

quadricollis, Aube. Brad-

field (Joy)

rufa, Redt. Bradfield (Joy)

longicollis, Gyll. Bradfield

and Aldworth (Joy)

LATHRIDIIDJ5

Anommatus 12-striatus, Mull.

Aldworth (Joy)
Lathridius lardarius, De Geer.

angulatus, Humm. Brad-

field (Joy)

bergrothi, Reit. Reading

.(Joy)

*Coninomus nodifer, Westw.
Enicmus minutus, Linn.
* transversus, Ol.

testaceus, Steph. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney ; Wytham
(Walker)

brevicornis, Mann. Aid-

worth (Joy)

Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh.
Bradfield (Joy)

elongata, Curt. Bradfield

(Joy)

Corticaria pubescens, Gyll.
Reading (Andrewes) ;
Bradfield (Joy)

crenulata, Gyll. Reading;

Pangbourne ; Bradfield

(Joy)

denticulata, Gyll. Reading

(Andrewes)

serrata, Payk. Bradfield

(Jy)

umbilicata, Beck. Bradfield

(Jy)

fulva, Com. Bradfield (Joy)

elongata, Humm. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

tMelanophthalma gibbosa,
Herbst.

fuscula, Humm. Readings

Bradfield (Joy)

CRYPTOPHAGID^E

Diphyllus lunatus, Fabr. Aid-
worth (Joy) ; Cumnor ;
Wytham (Walker)

Diplocoelus fagi, Guer. Aid-
worth (Joy)

INSECTS

CRYPTOPHAGID^; (continued)
Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. Brad-
field (Joy)

typhse, Fall. Bradfield (Joy)
Antherophagus nigricornis,

Fabr. Reading ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Bagley Wood ;
Wytbam (Walker)

pallens, GyU. Well. Coll.

(Tomlin)

silaceus, Herbst. Aldwortb

(Joy)

*Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst.

setulosus, Sturm. Bradfield

(Jy)

pilosus, Gyll. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

punctipennis, Bris. Brad-

field (Joy)

populi, Payk. Bradfield

Qoy) ; Tubney (Walker)

saginatus, Sturm. Bradfield

(Jy)

umbratus, Er. Reading ;

Aldworth (Joy) ; Tubney

scanicus, Linn. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytbam (Walker)

badius, Sturm. Bradfield

(Joy)

dentatus, Herbst. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

distinguendu, Sturm. Read-

ing ; Wallingford ; Brad-
field (Joy)

acutangulus, Gyll. Brad-

field (Jy)

cellaris, Scop. Reading ;

Pangbourne ; Bradfield

(Joy)

affinis, Sturm. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

pubescens, Sturm. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytbam (Walker)

bicolor, Sturm. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Box ford (Harwood)
tMicrambe vini, Fanz.

abietis, Payk. Bradfield

Uy)

Atomaria nigriventris, Steph.
Bradfield (Joy)

umbrina, Er. Bagley (Wal-

ker)
t linearis, Steph.

- elongatula, Er. Bradfield

(Joy)

- fuscipes, Gyll. Bradfield

. (Jy)

nigripennis, Payk. Bradfield

(Jy)

fuscata, Schon. Bradfield

Qoy)

pusilla, Payk. Bradfield

(Joy)

t" atricapilla, Steph.

berolinensis, Kr. Bradfield

(Joy)

CRYPTOPHAGIDJE (continued)
Atomaria mesomelas, Herbst.
Thatcham (Joy) ; Cookbam
(Harwood) ; King's Weir
(Walker)

gutta, Steph. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Pangbourne

apicalis, Er. Bradfield (Joy)

analis, Er. Reading (An-

drewes)
- ruficornis, Marsh. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)
tEphistemus gyrinoides, Marsh.

MYCETOPHAGID.E

Typhaea fumata, Linn. Gener-
ally common

Triphyllus suturalis, Fabr.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

punctatus, Fabr. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
Litargus bifasciatus, Fabr.
Aldworth (Joy) ; Nezvbury
(Harwood) ; Wytbam

(Walker)

*Mycetophagus quadripustula-
tus. Linn.

atomarius, Fabr. Windsor

Park (Blatch) ; Bradfield,
Aldworth, and Streatley

(Jy)

quadriguttatus, Mull. Brad-

field (Joy)

multipunctatus, Hellw.

Bradfield and Aldwortb

(Joy)

Byturus sambuci, Scop. Read-
ing ; Pangbourne ; Brad-
field (Joy)
* tomentosus, Fabr.

DERMESTID.&

Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr.
Reading ; Crookbam Com-
mon (Morley)
* murinus, Linn.
* lardarius, Linn.
'Attagenus pellio, Linn.
Megatoma undata, Er. Brad-
field (Joy) ; Berks (Collins)
Tiresias serra, Fabr. Windsor
Park and Tujney (Walker)
Anthrenus varius, Fabr. Cumnor

musaeorum, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

claviger, Er. Reading (An-

drewes)

Trinodes hirtus, Fabr. Wind-
sor (Stephens)

BYRRHID.E

Syncalypta hirsuta, Sharp.
Reading (Collins) ; Aid-
worth (Joy) ; Tubney

spinosa,Rosse. Aldwortb(]oy)

BYRRHID^E (continued)
'Byrrhus pilula, Linn.

fasciatus, Fabr. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Tubney
t dorsalis, Fabr.

murinus, Fabr. Tubney
tCytilus varius, Fabr.
tSimplocaria semistriata, Fabr.

Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll.
Windsor Park (Blatch);
Bradfield (Joy)

PARNID^E

Elmis aeneus, Mull. Reading ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Newbury
(Harwood) ; Tubney (Wal-
ker)

volkmari, Panz. Bradfield

(Joy)

Limnius tuberculatus, Mull.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Newbury (Harwood)
Potaminus substriatus, Mull.

Reading (Andrewes)
tParnus prolifericornis, Fabr.
t auriculatus, Panz.

HETEROCERID^E
Heterocerus marginatus, Fabr.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

laevigatus, Panz. Reading

LUCANID.E

tLucanus cervus, Linn.
*Dorcus parallelopipedus, Linn.
Sinodendron cylindricum, Linn.
Bradfield (Joy)

SCARAB^EID^E

COPRINA

'Onthophagus ovatus, Linn.
* coenobita, Herbst.

fracticornis, Payk. Reading ;

Bagley Wood

nuchicornis, Linn. Well.

Coll. (Elton) ; Reading
Aphodius erraticus, Linn. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Boar's Hill

t subterraneus, Linn.

* fossor, Linn.

t haemorrhoidalis, Linn.

t fcetens, Fabr.

* fimetarius, Linn.

scybalarius, Fabr. Reading ;

Boar's Hill
* ater, De G.
t granarius, Linn.

nitidulus, Fabr. Fy field

(Butler)
t rufescens, Fabr.

putridus, Sturm Reading ;

Bagley Wood

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

COPRINA (continued)
Aphodius porcus, Fabr. Brad-
field (Joy)

tristis, Panz. Bucklebury

(Joy)

t pusillus, Herbst.

quadrimaculatus, Linn.

Windsor (Fowler)
t merdarius, Fabr.

inquinatus, Fabr. Reading ;

Tubney ; Boar's Hill
t sticticus, Panz.
* punctato-sulcatus, Sturm.
* prodromus, Brahm.
* contaminatus, Herbst.

obliterates, Panz. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney

zenkeri, Germ. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wallingford (Lam-
bert)

luridus, Fabr. Reading ;

Streatley
* rufipes, Linn.

depressus, Kug. Reading ;

Basildon

Plagiogonus arenarius, Ol. Read-
ing (Andrewes) ; Aldwortb

(Jy)

Heptaulacus villosus, Gyll.

Aldworth (Harwood) ; Fril-

ford (Walker)
Odontaeus mobilicornis, Fabr.

Well. Coll. (Elton)
Geotrupes typhoeus, Linn. Well.

Coll. ; Bucklebury (Joy) ;

Tubney

* spiniger, Marsh
* stercorarius, Linn.

mutator, Marsh. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy); King's
Weir

f sylvaticus, Panz.
Trox sabulosus, Linn. Ascot
(Harwood) ; Tubney

scaber, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

MELOLONTHINA
tHoplia philanthus, Fuss.
tSerica brunnea, Linn.
Rhizotrogus solstitialis, Linn.
Common everywhere

ochraceus, Knoch. Aid-

worth (Joy)
Melolontha vulgaris, Fabr.

RUTELINA

tPhyllopertha horticola, Linn.
Anomala frischii, Fabr. Well.
Coll. and Wokingham

CETONIINA

Cetonia aurata, Linn. Well.
Coll. (Elton) ; Reading ;
Pangbourne ; Bradfield

0y)

CETONIINA (continued)
Gnorimus variabilis, Linn.
Windsor Forest (Bowring)

BUPRESTID^E

Agrilus sinuatus, Ol. Near

Windsor (Stephens)

laticornis, 111. Bagley Wood

angustulus, 111. Bradfield

Aphanisticus emarginatus, Fabr.
Bagley (Shipp)

pusillus, Ol. Aldermaston

(Joy) ; Bagley (Shipp)
Trachys minuta, Linn. Bagley
(Walker)

pumila, 111. Tubney ; Berks

(Collins)

troglodytes, Gyll. Green-

ham (Harwood)

THROSCID^E

Throscus dermestoides, Linn.
Reading ; Aldermaston
(Joy) ; Bagley Wood

carinifrons, Bouv. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Bagley (Walk-
er)

EUCNEMID^

Melasis buprestoides, Linn.
Windsor Forest (Fowler) ;
Bagley (Walker)

ELATERID^E
*Lacon murinus, Linn.
Cardiophorus asellus, Er.
Ascot (Harwood) ; Read-
ing ; Tubney
tCryptohypnus riparius, Fabr.

quadripustulatus, Fabr.

Burgh field; Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney (Walker) ;
Ferry Hinksey

Elater sanguineus, Linn. Bagley
Wood (Stephens)

lythropterus, Germ. Wind-

sor (Fowler)

praeustus, Fabr. var. cocci-

natus, Rye. Windsor
Forest (Rye)

sanguinolentus, Schr. Ascot

(Harwood); Well. Coll.
(Elton)

elongatulus, Ol. Mortimer

(Jy)

t balteatus, Linn.

nigrinus, Payk. Well. Coll.

(Elton)

aethiops, Lac. Windsor For-

est (Desvignes and Turner);

Aldermaston Park
Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Panz.

Windsor Forest (Stephens);

Well. Coll. (Elton)
Megapenthes tibialis, Lac.

Windsor (Griesbach)
92

ELATERID.TE (continued)

Ludius ferrugineus, Linn. Wind-
sor (Fowler)

Melanotus punctolineatus, Pel.
Reading

rufipes, Herbst. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Reading ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Bagley Wood

*Athous niger, Linn.

t longicollis, Ol.

* haemorrhoidalis, Fabr.

* vittatus, Fabr.

tLimonius cylindricus, Payk.

t minutus, Linn.

tSericosomus brunneus, Linn.
Adrastus limbatus, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy)

'Agriotes sputator, Linn.

* obscurus, Linn.

* lineatus, Linn.

t sobrinus, Kies.

t pallidulus, 111.

tDolopius marginatus, Linn.
Corymbites pectinicornis, Linn
Bagley (Shipp) ; Berks
(Collins)

cupreus, Fabr. Streatley,

one specimen only
var. aeruginosus, Fab. Berks
(Collins)

tessellatus, Fabr. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Burgbfield ; Tub-

ney

t quercus, Gyll.
t holosericeus, Fabr.

metallicus, Payk. Reading ;

Padworth

bipustulatus, Linn. Tubney
Campylus linearis, Linn.

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

DASCILLID^
Dascillus cervinus, Linn. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Streatley

tHelodes minuta, Linn.

t marginata, Fabr.

'Microcara livida, Fabr.

*Cyphon coarctatus, Payk.
Generally distributed

t nitidulus, Thorns.

t variabilis, Thunb.

pallidulus, Boh. Reading

padi, Linn. Bradfield (Joy)
Prionocyphon serricornis, Mull

Reading

tScirtes hemisphaericus, Linn.
Eubria palustris, Gyll. Berks
(Collins)

MALACODERMID^E

LAMPYRINA
Lampyris noctiluca, Linn.

INSECTS

TELEPHORINA

*Podabrus alpinus, Payk.
Telephorus fuscus, Linn. Read-
ing (Andrewes)
* rusticus, Fall.
* lividus, Linn,
t pellucidus, Fab.
t nigricans, Mull.
t lituratus, Fab.

figuratus, Mann. Sonning ;

Reading

* bicolor, Fabr.
t haemorrhoidalis, Fabr.

oralis, Germ. Burgh field ;

Cbilswell Hills
t flavilabris, Fall.

thoracicus, Ol. Reading
tRhagonycha fuscicornis, Ol.

unicolor, Curt. Bradfield

(Jy)

* fulva, Scop.

testacea, Linn. Burghfield ;

Bradfield (Joy)
* limbata, Thorns,
t pallida, Fabr.
tMalthinus punctatus, Fourc.

fasciatus, Ol. Tilehurst ;

Bradfield (Joy)

balteatus, Suff. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

frontalis, Marsh. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Bradfield (Joy)
Malthodes marginatus, Latr.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

flavoguttatus, Kies. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

guttifer, Kies. Reading

dispar, Germ. Bradfield

(Joy)

pellucidus, Kies. Well. Coll.

(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood) ; Botley (Lam-
bert)

minimus, Linn. Tilehurst;

Bradfield (Joy)

atomus, Thorns. Bradfield

(Joy)

MELYRINA

tMalachius aeneus, Linn.
* bipustulatus, Linn,
t viridis, Fabr.
Axinotars us ruficollis, Ol. Well.
Coll. (Elton) ; Reading ;
Bradfield (Joy)

tAnthocomus fasciatus, Linn.
Dasytes flavipes, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bradfield, (Joy)

aerosus, Kies. Common

everywhere

Psilothrix nobilis, 111. Reading
(Hamm) ; Aldwortb and
Streatley (Joy)

MELYRINA (continued)
Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh
Streatley ; Bagley (Walk-
er)

CLERIDJE

Tillus elongatus, Linn. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Burghfield ;

Aldwortb (Joy)
unifasciatus, Fabr. Windsor

(Stephens)
Opilo mollis, Linn. Windsor

(Fowler)
Thanasimus formicarius, Linn.

Well. Coll. ; Wokingham ;

Aldwortb and Bucklebury

(Joy)

tNecrobia ruficollis, Fabr.
* violacea, Linn.
t rufipes, De G.
tCorynetes coeruleus, De G.

LYMEXYLONID^

Lymexylon navale, Linn. Wind-
sor Forest (Bowring)

PTINID.E

PTININA

Panz.

Ptinus sexpunctatus,
Reading

lichenum, Marsh. Well.

Coll. (Elton) ; Burghfield
* fur, Linn.

subpilosus, Mull. Bradfield

Gy)

*Niptus hololeucus, Fald.
Hedobia imperialis, Linn.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)
Mezium affine, Boield. Reading

ANOBIINA
Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll.

Bradfield (Joy)

Priobium castaneum, Fabr.
Reading; Burghfield (Joy);
Bagley Wood
*Anobium domesticum, Fourc.

fulvicorne, Sturm. Reading ;

Wallingford

paniceum, Linn. Woking-

ham ; Reading ; Walling-
ford

Xestobium tessellatum, Fabr.
Windsor (Fowler) ; Brad-
field (Joy); Wallingford
(Harwood) ; King's Weir

Ernobius mollis, Linn. Brad-
field (Jay)

*Ptilinus pectinicornis, Linn.
tOchina hederae, Mull

Xyletinus ater, Panz. Ascot
Heath (Fowler)

Ccenocara bovistse, Hoff. Wind-
sor (Fowler)

LYCTID^I

Lyctus canaliculatus, Fabr.
Windsor (Fowler) ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Bagley

SPHINDID.E

Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Aid-
worth (Joy)

*Cis boleti, Scop.

villosulus, Marsh. Quarry

Woods (Harwood) ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Lambourn
(Harwood)

micans, Fabr. Crowtborne

hispidus, Payk. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Bradfield (Joy)
t bidentatus, Ol.

alni, Gyll. Bradfield, and

Aldwortb (Joy) ; Lam-
bourn (Harwood) ; Bagley
(Walker)

nitidus, Herbst. Windsor

(Fowler); Bradfield (Joy)

pygmsus, Marsh. Windsor

Park (Blatch) ; Reading ;
Calcot

festivus, Panz. Bradfield

Gy)

Rhopalodontus fronticornis,
Panz. Bradfield (Joy)

Ennearthron affine, Gyll.
Bradfield and Aldwortb

<Jy)

cornutum, Gyll. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Lambourn (Har-
wood)

Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Lam-
bourn (Harwood)

CERAMBYCID^E

PRIONINA

Prionus coriarius, Linn. Wind-
sor Park (Bowring) ; Quar-
ry Woods (Harwood) ;
Wokingham ; Reading

CERAMBYCINA
Aromia moschata, Linn.

Streatley
Asemum striatum, Linn. Ascot

(Harwood); Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Wokingham (L.

Andrewes)
Callidium violaceum, Linn.

Wokingham ; Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Bagley

Wood

variabile, Linn. Twyford ;

Reading ; Wallingford

lividum, Rossi. Reading

(Butler) ; In wine stores

alni, Linn. Burghfield (Wil-

kins)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

CERAMBYCINA (continued)
'Clytus arietis, Linn.

mysticus, Linn. Reading ;

Streatley ; Bagley Wood
Gracilia minuta, Fabr. Wo-
kingham ; Reading ; Brad-
field (Joy)
Leptidea brevipennis, Muls.

Well. Coll. (Barnes)
Molorchus minor, Linn. Wind-
sor (Stephens)
tRhagium inquisitor, Fabr.
t bifasciatum, Fabr.
"Toxotus meridianus, Panz.
Leptura livida, Fabr. Reading ;
Sulham ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney
Strangalia revestita, Linn.

Windsor (Stephens)
* armata, Herbst.

nigra, Linn. Reading
* melanura, Linn.
tGrammoptera tabacicolor,De G.

analis, Panz. Reading
* ruficornis, Fabr.

LAMIINA
Acanthocinus aedilis, Linn.

Reading (Hamm)
tLeiopus nebulosus, Linn.
Pogonochaerus bidentatus,

Thorns. Reading ; Pad-
worth ; Bagley (Walker)

dentatus, Fourc. Reading ;

Aldermaston Park

Mesosa nubila, Ol. Windsor
(Stephens)

Saperda carcharias, Linn. Read-
ing

t populnea, Linn.
tTetrops praeusta, Linn.

Phytoecia cylindrica, Linn.
Reading ; Aldworth (Joy) ;
Tubney (Walker)

BRUCHIM

Bruchus cisti, Fabr. Reading ;
Aldworth (Joy)

canus, Germ. Aldworth

(Jy)

pisi, Linn. Reading ; Wall-

ingford
* rufimanus, Boh.

atomarius, Linn. Reading

rufipes, Herbst. Reading

loti, Payk. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy)

villosus, Fabr. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Bradfield (Joy)

CHRYSOMELID^;

EuPODA

Orsodacna lineola, Panz.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)

EUPODA (continued')
Donacia crassipes, Fabr. Well.
Coll. (Elton) ; Newbury

dentata, Hoppe. Windsor

(Stephens) ; Reading

(Collins)

versicolorea, Brahm. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Hungerjord

(Wallis)

dentipes, Fabr. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Reading (An-
drewes)

limbata, Panz. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

bicolora. Zsch. Kennet side,

near Theale (Joy) ; Hun-
gerford (Wallis)

thalassina, Germ. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

- impressa, Payk. Well. Col!.

(Elton) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
King's Weir

- simplex, Fabr.

vulgaris, Zsch. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

- clavipes, Fabr. Theale
* semicuprea, Panz.

cinerea, Herbst. Aldermas-

ton (Joy)
* sericea, Linn.

discolor, Panz. Reading
I" affinis, Kunze.

Haemonia appendiculata, Panz.
Near Windsor (Stephens)
tZeugophora subspinosa, Fabr.
tLema cyanella, Linn.
* lichenis, Voet.
* melanopa, Linn.
tCrioceris asparagi, Linn.

CAMPTOSOMATA

Clythra quadripunctata, Linn.
Well. Coll. (Elton) ; Tub-
ney Wood

Cryptocephalus coryli, Linn.
Aldworth (Joy)

bipunctatus, Linn. var.

lineola, F. Ascot (Har-
wood) ; Wokingham ;
Burghfield ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Henwood

- aureolus, Suffr. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Streatley ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Brimpton (Har-
wood)

hypochsridis, Linn. Read-

ing

parvulus, Mull. Burghfield

moraei, Linn. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Streatley ; Wan-
tage

bilineatus, Linn. Aldworth

(Jy)

fulvus, Goeze. Reading ;

Aldworth and Aldermaston

(Jy)

CAMPTOSOMATA (continued)
Cryptocephalus pusillus, Fabr.
Fyfield (Butler); Burgh-
field ; Bradfield (Joy)
t labiatus, Linn.

CYCLICA

"Timarcha tenebricosa, Fabr.
t violaceonigra, De G.
Chrysomela marginalis, Duft.

Tilehurst ; Aldworth (Joy) ;

Streatley ; Soar's Hill

marginata, Linn. Burgh-

field

* staphylea, Linn.
* polita, Linn.

orichalcia, Mull. Reading ;

Aldworth (Joy)

haemoptera, Linn. Streat-

ley

varians, Schall. Maidenhead

Thicket (Butler) ; Alder-
maston

goettingensis, Linn. Read-

ing ; Streatley ; Tubney

didymata, Scriba. Burgh-

field ; Bagley {Chitty)

hyperici, Forst. Pang-

bourne ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)
Melasoma populi, Linn. Wo-
kingham ; Burghfield ; Al-
dermaston

longicolle, Suffr. Bagley

Wood

Phytodecta rufipes, De G.
Newbury (Harwood) ;
Tubney (Walker) ; Bagley
Wood
* viminalis, Linn.

olivacea, Forst. Well. Coll.

(Elton) ; Sulham ; Aid-
worth (Joy)

*Gastroidea polygoni, Linn.

Generally distributed
Plagiodera versicolora, Laich.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
King's Weir ; South Hink-
sey (Walker)

Phaedon tumidulus, Germ.

armoraciae, Linn. Well. Coll.

(Elton)

* cochleariae, Fabr.
*Phyllodecta vulgatissima, Linn.
* cavifrons, Thorns.
* vitellinae, Linn.
Hydrothassa aucta, Fabr.

Reading ; Aldworth (Joy) ;

Bagley (Walker)
t marginella, Linn.
tPrasocuris junci, Brahm.

phellandrii, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata,
Linn. Well. Coll. (Elton) ;
Reading

INSECTS

CYCLICA (continued)
Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goeze.

Burghfield ; Bradfield(joy)
t rufipes, Scop,
t flavipes, Linn,
tl.ochmaea capreae, Linn,
t suturalis, Thorns.
'* crataegi, Forst.
Galerucella viburni, Payk.

Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;

Tubney (Walker)

nymphaeae, Linn. Reading ;

Newbury (Harwood)

sagittariae, Gyll. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Reading
* lineola, Fabr.

calmariensis, Linn. Read-

ing ; Pangbourne (Joy)

tenella, Linn. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading,- Bradfield

(Jy)

tAdimonia tanaceti, Linn.
"Sermyla halensis, Linn.
Longitarsus pulex, Schr. Brad-
field and Aldworth (Joy)

anchusae, Payk. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

holsaticus, Linn. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Reading ; Cot-
hill (Walker)

dorsalis,Fabr. Aldworth (Joy)
* luridus, Scop.

brunneus, Duft. Reading;

Wantage; Tubney
agilis, Rye. Cothill (Cham-
pion)

suturellus, Duft. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wallingford (Lam-
bert) ; Tubney

atricillus, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Boar's
Hill; Tubney

patruelis, All. Ferry Hinksey

- melanocephalus, All. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney ; Boar's Hill

piciceps, Steph. Bradfield

(Jy)

lycopi, Foudr. Reading

(Andrewes); Streatley(]oy)

- membranaceus, Foudr.

Burghfield; BradfieldQoy);
Tubney ; Boar's Hill

ferrugineus, Foudr. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Wantage

flavicornis, Steph. Well.

Coll. (Barnes) ; Reading ;
Bradfield (Joy)

femoralis, Marsh. Reading

pusillus, Gyll. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Aldworth (Joy) ;
Tubney

tabidus, Fabr. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Bradfield; Aid-
worth (Joy)

CYCLICA (continued)
'Longitarsus jacobsae, Wat.

ochroleucus, Marsh. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Newbury

gracilis, Kuts. Streatley

(Lambert) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker) ;
near Tubney (Walker). Var.
poweri, All. Tubney

laevis, Duft. Bradfield (Joy);

Wantage ; Chilswell Hills ;
Tubney

pellucidus, Foudr. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Wantage
Haltica lythri, Aube. Reading ;
Bradfield (Joy); South
Hinksey

ericeti, All. Reading ; Tub-

ney

coryli, Brit. Coll. Bagley
Wood

oleracea, Linn. Reading ;

Aldworth (Joy) ; Tubney

palustris, Weise. Reading ;

Midgham

pusilla, Duft. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Aldworth (Joy) ;
Wytham (Walker)
"Hermzophaga mercurialis,

Fabr.

Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh.
Streatley ; Aldworth (Joy)

nigripes, Fabr. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

consobrina, Curt. Reading

(Andrewes); Bradfield (Joy)

punctulata, Marsh. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Cumnor

atra, Payk. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy)

- cruciferae, Goeze. Burgh-

field ; Bradfield (Joy)

- vittula, Redt. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;

Tubney

* undulata, Kuts.
* nemorum, Linn.

ochripes, Curt. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Wallingford (Har-
wood)

tetrastigma, Com. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

exclamationis, Thunb.

Reading (Andrewes) ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Bagley
(Walker)

Apthona nonstriata, Goeze.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Newbury (Harwood) ;
Cumnor

venustula, Kuts. Reading ;

Pangbourne (Lambert) ;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Bagley
(Walker)

CYCLICA (continued)
Apthona atrocoerulea, Steph.
Reading ; Basildon ; Brad-
field (Joy)

virescens, Foudr. Reading ;

Pangbourne

atratula, All. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Streatley ; Bradfield

(Jy)

herbigrada, Curt. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Tubney ; Wytham
(Walker)
Batophila rubi, Payk. Bradfield

0y)

aerata, Marsh. Pangbourne ;

Aldworth (Walker)
*Sphseroderma testaceum, Fabr.
t cardui, Gyll.
tApteropeda orbiculata, Marsh.

globosa, 111. Reading ; Brad-

field (Joy)

Podagrica, fuscipes, Linn. Read-
ing

* fuscicornis, Linn.

Mantura rustica, Linn. Reading;
Sulham ; Bradfield (Joy)

obtusata, Gyll. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Reading (An-
drewes)

matthewsi, Curt. Aldworth

(Joy); Wytham (Walker)
*Crepidodera transversa, Marsh
* ferruginea, Scop,
t rufipes, Linn.

ventralis, 111. Reading

nitidula, L. Bagley
* helxines, Linn.

t chloris, Foudr
' aurata, Marsh.

smaragdina, Foudr. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Reading ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Bagley Wood

Hippuriphila modeeri, Linn.
Reading ; Chilswell Hills ;
Bagley (Walker)

Epitrix atropas, Foudr. Wytham
(Walker)

Chaetocnema subcarulea, Kuts.
Ascot (Butler) ; Reading ;
Aldermaston (Joy)

aridula, Gyll. South Hinksey

confusa, Boh. Reading; Tub-

ney

hortensis, Fourc. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

*Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.
Psylliodes attenuata, Koch.
Fyfield (Butler)

chrysocephala, Linn. Read-

ing ; Bagley Wood

napi, Koch. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Aid-
worth (Walker)

cuprea, Koch. Reading (Col-

lins) ; Bradfield (Joy)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

CYCLICA (continued)
Psylliodes affinis, Payk. Read-
ings Bradfield (Joy) ;
Streatley ; Tubney (Wal-
ker)

dulcamara;, Koch. Brad-

field (Joy)

chalcomera, 111. Streatley ;

Tubney

hyoscyami, Linn. Wytham

(Walker)

picina, Marsh. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wallingford (Lam-
bert) ; King's Weir

CRYPTOSOMATA

Cassida murraea, Linn. Chils'
well Hills (Walker)

fastuosa, Schall. Windsor

(Stephens)

vibex, Fabr. Reading ; Wal-

lingford

sanguinolenta, Fabr. Read-

ing ; Streatley

nobilis, Linn. Reading ;

Bradfield and Aldworth

(Jy)

flaveola, Thunb. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy); Boar's
Hill

equestris, Fabr. Reading ;

King's Weir
* viridis, Fabr.

hemisphaerica, Herbst. Read-

ing

TENEBRIONID.E

*Blaps mucronata, Latr.

similis, Latr. Reading
Crypticus quisquilius, Linn.

Tubney

Opatrum sabulosum, Gyll.
Reading (Andrewes)

Microzoum tibiale, Fabr. Tub-
ney

Heledona agaricola, Fabr. Wind-
sor Park

Scaphidema metallicum, Fabr.
Ufton ; Aldermaston Park ;
Aldworth (Joy)

Tenebrio molitor, Linn. Maid-
enhead (Harwood) ; Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Wytham (Walker)

obscurus, Fabr. Reading
Alphitobius piceus, Ol. Reading

(Barnes)
Gnathocerus cornutus, Fabr.

Reading
Tribolium ferrugineum, Fabr.

Reading ; Pangbourne ;

Bradfield (Joy)

confusum, Duv. Reading
Palorus melinus, Herbst. Read-

TENEBRIONID.S (continued)
Hypophloeus bicolor, Ol. Brad-
field (Joy) ; Aldworth and
Tubney (Walker)

tHelops striatus, Fourc.

Cistela luperus Herbst. Brad-
field and Aldworth (Joy) ;
Streatley

ceramboides, Linn. Burgh-
field
t murina, Linn.

Eryx ater, Fabr. Windsor
(Fowler)

Cteniopus sulphureus, Linn.
Tubney

LAGRIID.E

*Lagria hirta, Linn.

MELANDRYID^
Tetratoma fungorum, Fabr.

Tubney (Walker)
- desmaresti, Latr. Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood)

Orchesia micans, Panz. Wind-
sor (Fowler) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

Clinocara tetratoma, Thorns.
Aldworth (Joy)

Conopalpus testaceus, Ol. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Jy) >
Wytham (Walker)

Melandrya caraboides, Linn.
Aldworth and Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Har-
wood) ; Bagley Wood

Abdera bifasciata, Marsh.
Bradfield (Joy)

Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll. Wind-
sor Forest (Fowler)

Osphya bipunctata, Fabr. Wind-
sor (Fowler)

PYTHID.E

Salpingus castaneus, Panz.
Well. Coll. (Elton) ; Read-
ing ; Boxford (Harwood) ;
Wytham (Walker)
Lissodema quadripustulata,
Marsh. Aldworth (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)
tRhinosimus ruficollis, Linn,
t viridipennis, Steph.
* planirostris, Fabr. Gener-
ally distributed

OEDEMERIDjE
Oedemera nobilis, Scop. Read-
ing ; Streatley
* lurida, Marsh.
Oncomera femorata, Fabr.
Reading ; Streatley

OEDEMERID.S (continued)
Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt.

Reading (Andrewes)
Ischnomera coerulea, Linn.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood

sanguinicollis, Fabr. Wind-
sor Forest (Fowler)

PYROCHROID^E
'Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop.

SCRAPTIID^;

Scraptia dubia, Ol. Near Wind-
sor (Stephens)

MORDELLIOE

Mordella fasciata, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Aldworth (Joy) ;
Bagley Wood; Wytham
(Walker)

Mordellistena abdominalis,

Fabr. Reading (Collins) ;
Bagley (Walker)

humeralis, Linn. Reading

(Collins) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Aldworth (Walker)

brunnea, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy)

pumila, Gyll. Reading (Col-

lins) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Abingdon (Walker)

brevicauda, Boh. Reading

(Andrewes)

parvula, Gyll. Bradfield

(Jy)

*Anapsis frontalis, Linn. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney

garneysi, Fowler. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Bagley Wood
t pulicaria, Costa.

- rufilabris, Gyll. Well. Coll.

(Barnes)

t geoffroyi, Mull.
* ruficollis, Fabr.
t flava, Linn.
* subtesacea, Steph.
* maculata, Fourc.

RHIPIDOPHORID^E

Metcecus paradoxus, Linn. Wal-
lingford ; Bradfield (Joy)

ANTHICID.E

Notoxus monoceros, Linn.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Boar's Hill

'Anthicus floralis, Linn.
t antherinus, Linn.

XYLOPHILID^E

Xylophilus populneus, Fabr.
Fy field (Butler); Brad-

(Joy)

INSECTS

XYLOPHILID.S: (continued)
Xylophilus oculatus, Gyll. Brad-
field (Joy)

MELOID.E

*Meloe proscarabasus, Linn.

violaceus, Marsh. Reading ;

Boar's Hill ; Radley (Col-
lins)

brevicollis, Panz. Windsor

(Stephens)

Sitaris muralis, Forst. W ailing-
ford; Boar's Hill (Smith)

Lytta vesicatoria, Linn. Brad-
field (Joy); East Ilsley
(Taplin)

ANTHRIBID^E
Brachytarsus varius, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bagley Wood ; Tub-
ney (Walker)

CURCULIONID^E

ATTELABINA

tApoderus coryli, Linn.
tAttelabus curculionoides, Linn.

RHINOMACERINA

Rhinomacer attelaboides, Fabr.

Boxford (Harwood)

RHYNCHITINA

Byctiscus betuleti, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Bagley Wood
*Rhynchites aequatus, Linn,
t aeneovirens, Marsh.

coeruleus, De G. Reading ;

Aldermaston Park
t minutus, Herbst.

interpunctatus, Steph. Bag-

ley ; Henwood (Walker)

pauxillus, Germ. Alder-

maston Park

nanus,Payk. Reading ; Burgh-

field ; Brad field (Joy)
t uncinatus, Thorns.

sericeus, Herbst. Aldwortb

(Jy)

t pubescens, Fabr.
Deporaiis megacephalus, Germ.

Virginia Water (Butler)
* betulae, Linn.

APIONINA
Apion pomonas, Fabr.

craccae, Linn. Bradfield

0y)

* ulicis, Forst. Common on
furze

urticarium, Herbst. Maid-

enhead Thicket (Butler);
Reading (Andrewes)
t miniatum, Germ.

cruentatum, Walt. Reading;

Bagley (Walker)
t hsematodes, Kirby.

APIONINA (continued)
tApion rubens, Steph.

sanguineum, De G. Tubney

(Walker)

pallipes, Kirby. Aldworth

and Tubney (Walker)

rufirostre, Fabr. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Streatley (Walker)

difforme, Germ. Fyfield

(Butler); Sulham ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Tubney (Wal-
ker)

varipes, Germ. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bucklebury
(Joy) ; Wantage

laevicolle, Kirby. Windsor

(Fowler)

schonherri, Boh. Tubney
* apricans, Herbst.

bohemani, Thorns. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)

assimile, Kirby. Tubney
* trifolii, Linn.

t dichroum, Bedel.
* nigritarse, Kirby.

confluens, Kirby. Boar's

Hill (Walker)

stolidum, Germ. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Reading (Col-
lins)

hookeri, Kirby. Streatley ;

Aldworth (Joy)
* seneum, Fabr.
* radiolus, Kirby.
* onopordi, Kirby.
* carduorum, Kirby.

laevigatum, Kirby. Tubney

flavimanum, Gyll. Aldworth

(Walker)

vicinum, Kirby. Windsor

(Fowler) ; Tubney

atomarium, Kirby. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Aldwortb
* virens, Herbst.
* pisi, Fabr.
* zthiops, Herbst.
t ebeninum, Kirby.

filirostre, Kirby. Aldworth

(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker)
* striatum, Kirby.
t ononis, Kirby.

ervi, Kirby. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading ; Bradfield

(Jy)

t vorax, Herbst.

gyllenhali, Kirby. Bradfield

(Jy)

unicolor, Kirby. Wytham

(Walker)

meliloti, Kirby. Windsor

(Fowler)

livescerum, Gyll. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wantage ; Tubney
(Walker)

waltoni, Steph. Unhill ;

Reading (Barnes)

APIONINA (continued)
Apion spencei, Kirby. Tubney
(Walker)

seniculum, Kirby.

tenue, Kirby. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Tubney ; Wytham
(Walker)

pubescens, Kirby. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney

marchicum, Herbst. Com-

mon and general

affine, Kirby. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Boar's Hill (Walk-
er)
* violaceum, Kirby.

hydrolapathi, Kirby. Read-

ing ; Pangbourne ; Wan-
tage ; Wallingford ; Hen-
wood
* humile, Germ.

OTIORRHYNCHINA
tOtiorrhynchus tenebricosus,
Herbst.

fuscipes, Walt. Basildon ;

Aldworth (Joy) ; Streatley

scabrosus, Marsh. Reading

(Andrewes) ; Bradfield

(Jy)

ligneus, Ol. Reading ; Wal-

lingford ; Tubney
* picipes, Fabr.
* sulcatus, Fabr.
* ovatus, Linn.
Trachyphloeus squamulatus, Ol.

Aldworth (Joy)

scaber, Linn. Cold Ash

(Harwood) ; Tubney

scabriculus, Linn, Tubney

alternans, Gyll. Bradfield

(Joy) ; Wytham (Walker)
Casnopsis waltoni, Schon.

Bradfield (Joy)
'Strophosomus coryli, Fabr.
* capitatus, De G.

fulvicornis, Walt. Tubney
t retusus, Marsh.

* faber, Herbst.
t lateralis, Payk.
tExomias araneiformis, Schr.
Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Hunger-
ford (Harwood)
fSciaphilus muricatus, Fabr.
Barypeithes sulcifrons, Boh.

Reading (Collins)
tLiophloeus nubilus, Fabr.
Metallites marginatus, Steph.
Reading ; Aldworth (Joy).
Very local, but very com-
mon where found
Polydrusus micans, Fabr. Read-
ing ; Padworth ; Brad-
field (Joy)

* tereticollis, De G.
* pterygomalis, Boh.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

OTIORRHYNCHINA (continued)
Polydrusus flavipes, De G.

Windsor Forest (Fowler)
* cervinus, Linn.
*Phyllobius oblongus, Linn.

calcaratus, Fabr. Reading ;

Aldermaston ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Bagley Wood

* urticae, De G.

* pyi> Linn.

* argentatus, Linn.

t maculicornis, Germ.

t pomonae, Ol.

* viridiaeris, Laich.

viridicollis, Fabr. Aldworth

(Jy)

Barynotus obscurus, Fabr.
t elevatus, Marsh.
*Alophus triguttatus, Fabr.

CURCULIONINA

Sitones griseus, Fabr. Reading
(Collins) ; Tubney

cambricus, Steph. Bagley

(Chitty)

regensteinensis, Herbst.

Very common on broom

crinitus, Herbst. Reading;

Bradfield (Joy)
* tibialis, Herbst.
* hispidulus, Fabr.
t humeralis, Steph.

meliloti, Walt. Reading

(Andrewes)

t flavescens, Marsh.
* puncticollis, Steph.

suturalis, Steph. Boar's Hill

(Collins)

* lineatus, Linn.

t sulcifrons, Thunb.
Gronops lunatus, Linn. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney ; Bagley
Limobius dissimilis, Herbst.
Aldworth (Joy) ; Hunger-
ford (Harwood)

*Hypera punctata, Fabr.

t rumicis, Linn.

* polygoni, Linn.

* variabilis, Herbst.

murina, Fabr. Reading ;

Burghfield ; Pangbourne ;
Bradfield (Joy)

plantaginis, De G. Brad-

field (Joy)

t trilineata, Marsh.
* nigrirostris, Fabr.
Cleonua sulcirostris, Linn.

Tubney ; Boar's Hill
Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv.
Reading; Bradfield (Joy)
Bagley (Walker). Var. colla-
ris, Rye. Bagley (Walker)
Hylobius abietis, Linn. Well.
Coll. ; Wokingham ; Brad-
field (Joy)

CURCULIONINA (continued}
Pissodes pini, Linn. Well. Coll.

(Bucknill)
"Orchestes quercus, Linn.

* alni, Linn.
t ilicis, Fabr.

avellanae, Don. Bradfield

(Joy)

* fagi, Linn.

t rusci, Herbst.

iota, Fabr. Burghfield

stigma, Germ. Reading

(Barnes) ; Well. Coll. (Joy)
t salicis, Linn.
Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv.

Bradfield (Joy)
Orthocaetes setiger, Beck. Tub-

ney (Walker)
Grypidius equiseti, Fabr. Read-

ing
Erirrhinus bimaculatus, Fabr.

Reading

* acridulus, Linn.
Thryogenes festucas, Herbst.

Bradfield and Pangbourne

(Joy)

nereis, Payk. Reading; Pang-

bourne ; Bradfield (Joy)
Dorytomus vorax, Fabr.

Reading; Bagley Wood
t tortrix, Linn.

hirtipennis, Bedel. Reading

(Andrewes)

* maculatus, Marsh.
t pectoralis, Gyll.

Smicronyx reichei, Gyll. Brad-
field (Joy)

jungermanniae, Reich. New-

bury (Harwood)
Tanysphyrus lemnae, Fabr.

River Rennet and Brad-

field (Joy) ; Wytham
(Walker)
Bagous alismatis, Marsh. Fyfield

(Butler)

frit. Brit. Coll. River

Kennet (Joy)
Anoplus plantaris, Naez.

Bucklebury (Joy) ; Berks

(Collins)
Elleschus bipunctatus, Linn.

Wokingham ; Henwood

(Walker)
Tychius polylineatus. Aldworth

(Jy)

lineatulus, Steph. Aldworth

(Jy)

junceus, Reich. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)

tomentosus, Herbst. Streatley

tibialis, Boh. Reading

(Andrewes)

tMiccotrogus picirostris, Fabr.
Sibinia potentillae, Germ.
Ascot (Harwood) ; Brad-
field

CURCULIONINA (continued)
Sibinia primita, Herbst. Read-
ing ; Burghfield ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Tubney

Miarus campanulae, Linn.
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Boar's Hill

graminis, Gyll. Aldworth

(Walker)

plantarum, Germ. Tubney
Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll.

Reading ; Bradfield (Joy)

beccabungae, Linn. Brad-

field (Joy)

melanarius, Germ. Aid-

worth (Harwood)

rostellum, Herbst. Windsor

Forest (Fowler) ; Streatley
(Walker)

antirrhini, Payk. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Tubney (Walker)
Mecinus pyraster, Herbst.
Anthonomus ulmi, De G. Read-
ing ; Bradfield (Joy)

rosinae, Des Gozis. Read-

ing ; Calcot

pedicularius, Linn. Com-

mon and general
* rubi, Herbst.
Nanophyes lythri.Fabr. Theale;

Bradfield Qoy)
*Cionus scrophulariae, Linn.

thapsus, Fabr. Reading
t hortulanus, Marsh.

t blattariae, Fabr.

t pulchellus, Herbst.
Orobitis cyaneus, Linn. Alder-
maston and Bradfield
(Joy); Bagley (Chitty) ;
Tubney (Walker)

fCryptorrhynchus lapathi, Linn.

Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. Well.

Coll. (Joy) ; Reading ;

Bradfield and Aldworth

(Joy) ; Bagley (Walker)

turbatus,Boh..Bri3<f/kW(Joy)
tCoeliodes rubicundus, Herbst.

t quercus, Fabr.

t ruber, Marsh.

f erythroleucus, Gmel.

t cardui, Herbst.

* quadrimaculatus, Linn.

geranii, Payk. Hungerford

(Harwood)

exiguus,Ol.Ttti^ (Walker)
tPoophagus sisymbrii, Fabr.
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis,Payk.

setosus.Boh. Bradfield (Joy)

cochleariae, Gyll. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy)
t erica:, Gyll.
* erysimi, Fabr.
* contractus, Marsh.

chalybaeus, Germ. Reading

(Andrewes); Br adfield (Joy)

INSECTS

CURCULIONINA (continued)
Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens,
Panz. Reading(Andievfes);
Bradfield (Joy)

geographicus, Goeze. Basil-

don ; Streatley ; Tubney

(Walker)

* pollinarius, Forst.
t pleurostigma, Marsh.

alliaria:, Bris. Aldworth (Joy)

resedae, Marsh. Aldworth

(Joy) ; Wallingjord (Har-
wood)

marginatus, Payk. Basildon ;

Cumnor ; Tubney (Walker)

rugulosus, Herbst. Ttvyford;

Sulhant
t melanostictus, Marsh.

asperifoliarum Gyll. Theale ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Bagley (Walker)

euphorbias, Bris. Reading ;

Aldermaston and Bradfield
(Joy) ; Aldworth (Har-
wood) ; Tubney

chrysanthemi, Germ. Son-

ning ; Pangbourne ; Wall-
ingjord. ; Tubney
* Htura, Fabr.

trimaculatus, Fabr. Aid-

worth (Joy)

tCeuthorrhynchidius floralis,
Payk.

nigrinus, Marsh, Bradfield

(Joy) ; Streatley (Lam-
bert)

melanarius, Steph. Twy-

ford ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
King's Weir

terminatus, Herbst. Brad-

field (Joy) ; Wantage ;
Tubney

horridus, Fabr. Maidenhead

Thicket (Butler); Aid-
worth (Joy) ; Tubney (Walk-
er)

quercicola, Payk. Newbury

(Harwood)

troglodytes, Fabr.

chevrolati, Bris. Aldermas-

ton

rufulus, Duf. Bradfield

(Jy)

Amalus hsemorrhous, Herbst.
Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)
Rhinoncus pericarpius, Linn.

gramineus, Herbst. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)

CURCULIONINA (continued)

Rhinoncus perpendicularis,
Reich. Fyfield (Butler) ;
Reading ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Bagley (Walker)

castor, Fabr. Reading ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney ;
Boar's Hill

denticollis, Gyll. Windsor

Forest (Fowler)

Eubrychius velatus, Beck.
Pangbourne and Bradfield

(Jy)

Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh.
Reading (Andrewes) ;
Bradfield (Joy)

Phytobius waltoni, Boh. Wind-
sor (Fowler)

quadrituberculatus, Fabr.

Bradfield (Joy) ; Tubney
(Walker)

canaliculatus, Fahr. Wok-

ingham ; Reading ; Brad-
field (Joy)

quadrinodosus, Gyll. Wall-

ingjord, and Cold Ash
(Harwood)

Limnobaris T-album, Linn.
Baris picicornis, Marsh. Read-
ing (Collins) ; Bradfield

(Joy)

lepidii, Germ. Reading
*Balaninus venosus, Grav.

t nucum, Linn.
t turbatus, Gyll.

rubidus, Gyll. Well. Coll.

(Joy) ; Reading
* villosus, Fabr.
* salicivorus, Payk.
* pyrrhoceras, Marsh.
Magdalis armigera, Fourc.

Reading (Andrewes) ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Sotley

cerasi, Linn. Wokingham ;

Bradfield (Joy) ; Bagley
Wood

pruni, Linn. Tilehurst;

Bradfield (Joy)

barbicornis, Latr. Reading

CALANDRINA
tCalandra granaria, Linn.

oryzz, Linn. Well. Coll.

(Elton)

COSSONINA

Cossonus ferrugineus, dairy-

South Hinksey
Rhyncolus lignarius, Marsh.

Bradfield (Joy)

SCOLYTID.E
*Scolytus destructor, Ol.

pruni, Ratz. Reading;

Aldworth (Joy)

intricatus, Ratz. Reading

multistriatus,Marsh. Reading

(Collins) ; Bradfield (Joy)
Hylastes ater, Payk. Well.
Coll.; Burgh field; Brad-
field (Joy)

opacus, Er. Well. Coll. ;

Bradfield (Joy)

angustatus, Herbst. Read-

ing ; Bradfield (Joy)

palliatus, Gyll. Wokingham ;

Bradfield (Joy)
Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh.

Bradfield (Joy)
Hylesinus crenatus, Fabr.

Reading ; Aldworth and

Bradfield (Joy)

oleiperda, Fabr. Tubney

(Walker)
t fraxini, Panz.

vittatus, Fabr. Reading

(Collins)

Myelophilus piniperda, Linn.
Well. Coll. ; Burgh field;
Bradfield (Joy)

Cryphalus fagi, Nord. Brad-
field (Joy)

Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh
Well. Coll. (Joy)

Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft.
Well. Coll. (Joy) ; Reading
(Andrewes)

Dryocxtes villosus, Fabr. Read-
ing (Andrewes) ; Brad-

field (Joy)

Tomicus laricis, Fabr. Quarry
Woods (Harwood) ; Read-
ing; Bradfield (Joy)

Trypodendron domesticum,
Linn. Aldermaston (Joy)

Xyleborus dryographus, Ratz.
Bradfield (Joy)

saxeseni, Ratz. Reading (An-

drewes) ; Bradfield (Joy) ;
Streatley (Walker)
Platypus cylindrus, Fabr.
Windsor (Stephens)

ABNORMAL COLEOP-

TERA
STYLOPID.E

Stylops melittae, Kirby. Read-
ing (Hamm)

Halictophagus curtisii, Dale.
Reading ; Boar's Hill
(Hamm)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

LEPIDOPTERA

This list is almost entirely due to Mr. Holland and Mr. Hamm ; help has also been
given by the following : Mrs. Chorley (formerly Miss M. Kimber, of Cope Hall, Newbury),
Mr. A. H. Clarke, Mr. E. Meyrick, the Rev. C. R. Digby (a good list of rare micros), Lieut.-Col.
Mochler-Ferryman, Mr. J. H. Durrant, Mrs. Bazett, Mr. Wells, Mr. A. Sidgwick, Mr. N. V.
Sidgwick, Mr. Pogson-Smith and Mr. Geldart. Mr. Holland has also made use of a list of insects
captured at Burghfield by the Rev. C. S. Bird (Entom. Mag. vol. ii., 1835), and of these he
writes as follows : ' Many of Bird's species used to be looked on with doubt, but I have my-
self taken and verified most of them as occurring there still.'

RHOPALOCERA.

PlERIDJE

Aporia crataegi, Linn. Burgh-
field (Bird) ; near En-
borne (Steph.). Now ex-
tinct.

*Pieris brassicae, Linn.

* rapx, Linn.

* napi, Linn.

Euchloe cardamines, Linn.
Leucophasia sinapis, Linn.
Burghfield (Bird) ; Brad-
field (Joy) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

Colias hyale, Linn. Well distri-
buted but very uncertain

edusa, Fabr. Occurs every-

where, but irregularly
'Gonopteryx rhamni, Linn.

NYMPHALID;E

Argynnis selene, Schiff. Local
in woody places. Plenti-
ful at Wokingham, Burgh-
field, and Aldermaston
Park ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Tubney (Walk-
er)

euphrosyne, Linn. Fairly

general in woods ; often
abundant in several woods

latona, Linn. Mr. J. Clarke

of Reading saw a specimen
in 1867 or 1868, in the
cabinet of a grocer at
Henley, the owner of
which stated that it had
been taken on the Park
Place estate, in the county
of Berks

aglaia, Linn. Local, but

sometimes common where
it occurs ; Sandhurst
(Mochler - Ferryman) ;
Well. Coll. ; Burghfield ;
Ufton; Aldermaston Park

adippe, Linn. Common in

many woods

paphia, Linn. Widely dis-

tributed in woody places ;
the var. valezina, Esp.
occasionally at Basildon
and Streatley

NYMPHALIDJE (continued)
Melitasa aurinia, Rott. Burgh-
field (Bird); Tilehurst,
near railway station, once.
Particularly abundant at
Enborne (Steph.); Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley); Cothill
(Jackson) ; Bagley Wood
(A. Sidgwick)

athalia, Rott. Well. Coll.,

several in 1899 (Wells) ;
Bagley Wood

Vanessa c-album, Linn. Bagley
Wood (W. H. Draper)
(Newm.) ; also more re-
cently (Lambert), and
1901 (Jackson)

polychloros, Linn. Gener-

ally distributed, some-
times abundant, as in
1874, l8 93> an d I 9 I

* urticae, Linn.

* io, Linn.

antiopa, Linn. Taken in

Berks (Steph.) ; White-
knights' Park, Reading, in
August 1872 (Wilkins) ;
Burghfield, two specimens
seen in 1892 (Wallis) ;
Ardington, two specimens
taken in September 1880
(C. L. Lindsay)

* atalanta, Linn

t cardui, Linn.

Limenitis sibylla, Linn. Local,
but sometimes tolerably
common. Mortimer;

Burghfield; Ufton; Pad-
worth; Aldermaston Park;
Bradfield (Joy) ; Enborne
Copse (Steph.) ; one near
Bagley Wood, July 15,
1897, by W. R. Strick-
land

APATURID.E

Apatura iris, Linn. Mortimer ;
Burghfield ,- Ufton (W.
Barnes) ; Padworth ; Al-
dermaston Park ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Enborne Copse
(Steph.) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Bagley Wood
(W. J. Lucas)

IOO

SATYRIDJE

Melanargia galatea, Linn. Very
local, but plentiful where
it occurs. Mortimer ;
Burghfield, by G. W. Rail-
way bank ; Streatley Hill ;
The Downs ; Tubney ;
Henwood ; Lamboum (Blair)
*Pararge egeria, Linn.

* megaera, Linn.

Satyrus semele, Linn. Local,
but generally common
where it occurs. Sand-
hurst (Mochler-Ferry-
man) ; Wokingham, on
the heath ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; on the downs,
but not commonly
*Epinephele janira, Linn.

* tithonus, Linn.

* hyperanthus, Linn.
"Ccenonympha pamphilus, Linn.

Thecla betulae, Linn. Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Bradfield
(Joy) ; Wallingford (Cole-
man) ; at Bagley it is not
uncommon in open places,
and round the edges of the
wood.

W-album, Knoch. Local

and irregular in numbers.
Maidenhead (A.H.Clarke);
Sonning ; Burghfield (Bird);
Ufton (W. Barnes) ;
Bradfield (Young) ; Streat-
ley ; Lambourn (Blair) ;
Tubney

quercus, Linn. Common

generally in oak woods.
At flowers of the lime in
Aldermaston Park it is
particularly easy to catch

rubi, Linn. Widely distri-

buted and sometimes

common

Polyommatus phloeas, Linn.
Var. schmidtii, Gerh. at Streat-

ley and Henwood
'Lycsena aegon, Schiff. On most

of the heaths in abundance
* astrarche, Bgstr.

INSECTS

LYCJENID.S: (continued)
'Lycaena icarus, Rott.

bellargus, Rott. Sulham ;

Pangbourne ; Streatley ;
and The Downs ; a recent
arrival, not known in this
district until about 1894
or 1895

corydon, Fabr. Common

and general on the chalk,
frequently in great abun-
dance
t argiolus, Linn.

minima, Fues. Streatley Hill

and The Downs; very
plentiful in places

ERYCINID./E

Nemeobius lucina, Linn. Mor-
timer ; Burghfield (Bird) ;
Sulham, Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley). Common at
Tubney and Bagley Woods

HESPERIID^E
tSyrichthus malvae, Linn.

var. taras, Meig. once near

Wokingham, 1896
Nisoniades tages, Linn. Well
distributed in grassy places
and at edges of woods.
Sometimes very common.
In 1888 in extreme abun-
dance

Hesperia thaumas, Hufn.
Local, but in many damp
places near woods through-
out the county
* sylvanus, Esp.
t comma, Linn.

HETEROCERA
SPHINGES
SPHINGIDJE

Acherontia atropos, Linn.
Generally distributed,
but uncertain in num-
bers

Sphinx convolvuli, Linn. Oc-
curs everywhere, but irre-
gular in numbers and only
occasionally fairly com-
mon
* ligustri, Linn.

Deilephila galii, Schiff. Several
specimens bred from larvae
found 10 September,l888,
feeding on Clarkia in a
garden at Reading (W.
Barnes)

livornica, Esp. Reading
(Prof. Poulton) ; Abing-
don, one taken 15 July,
1883, by F. Walker

SPHINCIDJE (continued)
Chcerocampa celerio, Linn. A
specimen taken flying to
flowers in his garden at
Reading by Mr. G. Phil-
brick on 3 August, 1888.
This specimen is in the
Reading Museum. One
found by a lady in a green-
house I October, 1884, at
West Hanney, near Wan-
tage (Slade)

porcellus, Linn. Widely

distributed and common,
particularly plentiful on
the chalk

* elpenor, Linn.

*Smerinthus ocellatus, Linn.

' populi, Linn.

* tiliae, Linn. Particularly
plentiful in the Thames
and Kennet valleys, where
the larvae feed principally
on the elm.

Macroglossa stellatarum, Linn.
Generally distributed, but
only occasionally com-
mon

t fuciformis, Linn. Local
in wooded places, but
generally common where
it occurs

bombyliformis, Och. Local.

Maidenhead (A. H.
Clarke) ; Well. Coll. ; Sul-
ham ; Bagley Wood

SZSIIDJC

Trochilium apiformis, Clerck.
Generally distributed
among poplar

crabroniformis, Lewin. Rath-

er local among willow and
osier. Wokingham ; Bul-
mershe Park and Battle
Farm, Reading ; Burgh-
field ; Aldermaston Park ;
Englefield (Young)
Sesia sphegiformis, Fabr. Not
uncommon in the alder
beds at Burghfield and
Mortimer ; Ufton (].
Clarke)
* tipuliformis, Clerck.

asiliformis, Rott. Bulmershe

Park, Reading ; garden of
Greyfriars House, Reading
(F. W. Andrewes) ; Burgh-
field (Bird); Tubney Wood ;
Bagley Wood

myopiformis, Bork. Gener-

ally common in gardens
and orchards among apple
trees

culiciformis, Linn. Bul-

mershe Park, Reading

101

SESIID.SE (continued)
Sesia formiciformis, Esp. Com-
mon in osier beds by the
Thames near Reading

Ino statices, Linn. Local.

Sandhurst (Mochler-

Ferryman); Well. Coll.

(Wells) ; near Woking-

ham ; Tilehurst ; Bradfield

(Young) ; Newbury (Mrs.

Chorley); Bagley (Gel-

dart)
geryon, Hubn. On the

downs about Unwell Wood

(W. Barnes)
tZygsna trifolii, Esp. Local,

but plentiful in many

marshy spots
* filipendulae, Linn.

BOMBYCES

NYCTEOLID*
Sarothripus undulanus, Hubn.

General in woods
Earias chlorana, Linn. Burgh-
field, by G. W. Railway ;
Midgham

*Hylophila prasinana, Linn.
Common everywhere in
woods, particularly the
beech woods

t bicolorana, Fues. Well dis-
tributed in oak woods

NOLIDJE
*Nola cucullatella, Linn.

strigula, Schiff. Mortimer

and Padtvorth (Mrs. Ba-
zett)

confusalis, H.-S. Well dis-

tributed in oak woods, but
not common

albulalis, Hubn. Boar's Hill

(Pogson-Smith)

LITHOSIID.S:

Nudaria senex, Hubn. Woking-
ham ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ;
Midgham ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

mundana, Linn. Maidenhead

(A. H. Clarke). In lanes
about Reading, sparingly

tCalligenia miniata, Forst.

tLithosia mesomella, Linn.

sororcula, Hufn. Generally

distributed in woods. Par-
ticularly common in the
beech woods
t griseola, Hubn.
var. flava, Haw. occasionally with
this type.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

LITHOSIID/E (continued)
Lithosia lurideola, Zinck.

complana, Linn. General

on heaths, but not com-
mon

Gnophria rubricollis, Linn.
Well distributed, but ap-
parently not common

Emydia grammica, Linn. " Two
. . . taken in the autumn
of 1815 near Windsor, one
of them is in the collection
of the British Museum,
the other in my own
cabinet, respectively pre-
sented by my valued
friend Dr. Leach " (Steph.
Illus. vol. 2, p. 92)

EUCHELIIDJE

Euchelia jacobzae, Linn.
Callimorpha dominula, Linn.
Local. Kennet side near
Reading ; Brad field ;

Thatcham; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; larvae feeding
here on Symphytum offi-
cinale; Cotbill (Jackson)

CHELONIID^;

Nemeophila russula, Linn.
Common on the heath
land

plantaginis, Linn. Very

local. Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; West Woodhay
(Beales); Tubney Wood and
Common ; Boar's Hill
Arctia caia, Linn.

villica, Linn. Burghfield

(Bird)

tSpilosoma fuliginosa, Linn.
t mendica, Clerck.

* lubricipeda, Esp.

* menthastri, Esp.

'Hepialus humuli, Linn.

* sylvanus, Linn.

t velleda, Hubn. Well distri-

buted, but scarce
var. gallicus, Led. occasionally
with the type

* lupulinus, Linn.
t hectus, Linn.

COSSIDJE

*Cossus ligniperda, Fabr.
Zeuzera pyrina, Linn. Widely
distributed, but not com-
mon

COCHLIOPODID.S:
Heterogenea limacodes, Hufn.
General in and near oak
woods, but not common

LIPARIDJE

'Porthesia similis, Fues.
Leucoma salicis, Linn. Occa-
sionally in Reading and
neighbourhood. Com-
mon at South Hinksey
Ocneria dispar, Linn. One
male taken at light near
Maidenhead, about 1882,
by Rev. E. de Ewer
(Raynor)

'Psilura monacha, Linn.
Dasychira fascelina, Linn. Sand-
hurst (Bacon) ; Well. Coll.
(Tarbat) (Wells) ; Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Bagley Wood
(Shepheard-Walwyn)
* pudibunda, Linn.
Orgyia gonostigma, Fabr. Bag-
' ley Wood, Rev. W. T
Bree and Rev. F. W. Hope
(Steph.) ; Bagley Wood,
1895 (Shepheard-Wal-
wyn), and 1 898 (Lambert)
* antiqua, Linn.

BOMBYCID^

tTrichiura crataegi, Linn.
tPoecilocampa populi, Linn.
tEriogaster lanestris, Linn.
*Bombyx neustria, Linn,
t rubi, Linn.
* quercus, Linn,
var. callunae, Palmer, occasion-
ally

*Odonestis potatoria, Linn.
tLasiocampa quercifolia, Linn.

ENDROMIDJE

Endromis versicolor, Linn.
Burghfield

SATURN IIDJE

Saturnia pavonia, Linn. Com-
mon on the heath land ;
also in some of the willow
beds by the Thames and
Kennet

DREPANULID^;

tDrepana lacertinaria, Linn,
t falcataria, Linn,
t binaria, Hufn.

cultraria, Fabr. In all the

beech woods, sometimes
abundant
*Cilix glaucata, Scop.

DlCRANURIDJE

tDicranura furcula, Linn. Gen-
erally distributed, but not
plentiful

bifida, Hubn. Well. Coll.

(Wells) ; Reading ; Burgh-
field ; Sulhamstead ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Bagley

102

DICRANURID^ (continued)
'Dicranura vinula, Linn.
Stauropus fagi, Linn. Widely

distributed in woods ;

sometimes common in the

beech woods

NOTODONTID.S;

Ptilophora plumigera, Esp.
Rare. Maidenhead (A. H.
Clarke) ; Reading at light ;
Tilehurst

tPterostoma palpina, Linn.
tLophopteryx camelina, Linn.

cuculla, Esp. Not rare

about the edges of the
beech woods. Maiden-
head (A. H. Clarke ; Har-
wood) ; Tilehurst ; Sul-
ham ; Streatley

carmelita, Esp. Rare. Well.

Coll. ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading; Burghfield
Notodonta dictaea, Linn. Bul-
mershe Park, Reading ;
gardens, Reading (Hen-
derson) ; Mortimer ; Al-
dermaston Park

dictxoides, Esp. Bulmershe

Park, Reading ; suburbs

of Reading (Henderson) ;

Burghfield ; Padworth ;

Aldermaston Park / Bagley

Wood

t dromedarius, Linn,
t ziczac, Linn.

trepida, Esp. Burghfield ;

Padworth ; Aldermaston
Park ; Tilehurst ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Henwood

chaonia, Hubn. Scarce.

Burghfield (Bird); Pad-
worth (Mrs. Bazett) ; Al-
dermaston Park ; Sulham ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

trimacula, Esp. Well dis-

tributed. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ;

Aldermaston Park ; Sul-
ham ; Streatley ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

PYCJERID.S:

Phalera bucephala, Linn.
Pygaera curtula, Linn. Finch-
ampstead 1892 (L. An-
drewes) ; Burghfield(EM);
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

pigra, Hufn. Rather local,

but common where it
occurs. Wokingham ;

Burghfield ; Padworth ;
Aldermaston Park; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

INSECTS

CYMATOPHORIDJE
tThyatira derasa, Linn.
t batis, Linn.
Cymatophora or, Fabr. Well.
Coll. (Wells) ; Finchamp-
stead ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Boar's Hill
(Pogson-Smith)
t duplaris, Linn.

fluctuosa, Hubn. Burgh-

field (Bird)

tAsphalia diluta, Fabr.

t flavicornis, Linn. Well
distributed in the birch
plantations, and some-
times plentiful

ridens, Fabr. Rarely at

all common. Sandhurst
(Mochler-Ferryman) ;
Whiteknights' Park, Read-
ing ; Burghfield ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley) ; Bagley
Wood

NOCTILE
BRYOPHILIDJE
Bryophila perla, Fabr.

BOMBYCOID.K

tDemas coryli, Linn. General
in woods. Common in
the beech woods
Acronycta tridens, Schiff. Fre-
quent in lanes about Read-
ing; Boar's Hill (A. Sidg-
wick)
* psi, Linn.

leporina, Linn. Not plenti-

ful. Wokingham ; Bul-
mtrshe Park, Reading ;
Burghfield ; Padworth ;
Aldermaston Park ; Cal-
cot ; Newbury (Mrs. Chor-

. ley)

t aceris, Linn.

t megacephala, Fabr.

alni, Linn. Widely distri-

buted. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Padworth ; Al-
dermaston Park ; Sulham ;
Basildon ; Streatley ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

ligustri, Fabr. Not common.

Maidenhead (A. H.
Clarke) ; lanes about
Reading ; Burghfield ;
Mortimer (J. Clarke) ;
Grazeley; Tilehurst; Brad-
field (Young) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

* rumicis, Linn.

*Diloba coeruleocephala, Linn.

LEUCANIID.SJ
'Leucania conigera, Fabr.

LEUCANIID.S (continued)
Leucania vitellina, Hubn. Hen-
wood (A. Sidgwick)

turca, Linn. Not common.

Burghfield (Bird); Pad-
worth ; Aldermaston Park ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
* lithargyria, Esp.

impudens, Hubn. Local.

Finchampstead ; Woking-
ham ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield

(Bird) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
t comma, Linn.

* impura, Hubn.

* pallens, Linn.

Calamia phragmitidis, Hubn.
Rare. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield (Bird)

Coenobia rufa, Haw. Local.
Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park, Reading

Tapinostola fulva, Hubn.

Rather local. Bulmershe
Park, and Battle Farm,
Reading ; Burghfield

(Bird) ; Aldermaston Park ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

Nonagria arundinis, Fabr.
Common and general in
marshy places among
Typha

geminipuncta, Hatch. Local.

Coley lower Park, Reading;
Kennet side, Burghfield

lutosa, Hubn. At street

lamps, Reading ; Burgh-
field (Bird)

APAMEIDJE

tGortyna ochracea, Hubn.
fHydroecia nictitans, Bork.

petasitis, Dbl. Rare. Burgh-

field; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

* micacea, Esp.

tAxylia, putris, Linn.
Xylophasia rurea, Fabr. Not
very common. Kennet
meadows, Reading; Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Calcot
(Robertson) ; Pangbourne ;
Bradfield (Young) ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

* lithoxylea, Fabr.

* sublustris, Esp. Common
in all the beech woods

* monoglypha, Hufn.

* hepatica, Linn.

scolopacina, Esp. Bulmershe

Park (Poulton) ; Boar's

Hill (A. Sidgwick)
*Dipterygia scabriuscula, Linn.
tNeuria reticulata, Vill.
*Neuronia popularis, Fabr.

103

APAMEIDJE (continued)
Charsas graminis, Linn. Not
generally common. Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Aldermaston
Park ; Tilehurst (Hen-
derson) ; Streatley Downs ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
West Woodhay (Beales) ;
Lambourn (Blair)

tCerigo matura, Hufn. Gener-
ally distributed. Common
on the chalk hills

"Luperina testacea, Hubn.

t cespitis, Fabr.

'Mamestra sordida, Bork. Gen-
erally distributed and
common

* brassicae, Linn.

' persicaria;, Linn.

*Apamea basilinea, Fabr.

gemina, Hubn. Well dis-

tributed but not gener-
ally common. Plentiful
on the chalk hills.

unanimis, Tr. In marshy

places about Reading, but
not common. Boar's Hill
(A. Sidgwick)

ophiogramma, Esp. Thames

side, Reading ; Burghfield,

by G. W. Railway
* didyma, Esp.
*Miana strigilis, Clerck.
t fasciuncula, Haw.

literosa, Haw. Scarce and

local. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Tilehurst
* bicoloria, Vill.

arcuosa, Haw. Maidenhead

(A H. Clarke). Common
in the Thames and Kennet
meadows, at the flowers
of grasses. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)

CARADRINID.S

*Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn.
Var. bilinea, Hubn. occasionally
Stilbia anomala, Haw. Rare.

Once at light, Reading;

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
*Caradrina morpheus, Hufn.
t alsines, Brahm.
t taraxaci, Hubn.
t quadripunctata, Fabr.
tRusina tenebrosa, Hubn. Local

but plentiful where it

occurs. Maidenhead (A.

H. Clarke) ; Wokingham ;

Bulmershe Park, Reading;

Burghfield ; Padworth ;

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

NOCTUID.S

Agrotis vestigialis, Hufn. Hen-
wood, plentiful in 1896
(A. Sidgwick)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

NOCTUID* (continued)
Agrotis puta, Hubn. Rather
uncommon. Lanes about
Reading ; Englefield

(Young) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

* suffusa, Hubn.

t saucia, Hubn. Generally
distributed, but only oc-
casionally common

* segetum, Schiff.

* exclamationis, Linn.

corticea, Hubn. Not com-

mon, but well distributed.
Maidenhead (A. H.
Clarke) ; Sandhurst (Moch-
ler-Ferryman) ; Well. Coll.
(Wells) ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Pangbourne ;
Neivbury (Mrs. Chorlejr)

cinerea, Hubn. Rare. Read-

ing, at light occasionally ;
Burghfield (Bird) ; N em-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Wytham (Walker)

t nigricans, Linn. Rather
local and rarely common

t tritici, Linn.

aquilina, Hubn. Local.

Lanes about Reading ;
Burghfield (Bird) ; Calcot
(Robertson) ; Tilehurst ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

agathina, Dup. On heaths.

Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park, Reading ; Burgh-
field ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Boar's Hill
t strigula, Thnb. Common
on the heath land

obscura, Brahm. Rare.

Burghfield ; Englefield
(Young) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

Noctua glareosa, Esp. Scarce.
Aldermaston Park ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

depuncta, Linn. Rare.

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;

West Woodhay (Beales)
* augur, Fabr.
* plecta, Linn.
* c-nigrum, Linn.

ditrapezium, Bork. Rare.

Calcot (Robertson) ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

* triangulum, Hufn.

t stigmatica, Hubn.

t brunnea, Fabr.

t festiva, Hubn.

dahlii, Hubn. Scarce. Al-

dermaston Park; Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
* rubi, View,
t umbrosa, Hubn.
t baia, Fabr.

NOCTUID.S: (continued)
Noctua castanea, Esp. Scarce.
Wett. Coll. (Wells) ; Bul-
mershe Park, Reading ;
Burghfield (J. Clarke) ;
Mortimer, in several vari-
eties

* xanthographa, Fabr.

tTriphaena janthina, Esp.

t fimbria, Linn.

t interjecta, Hubn.

orbona, Hufn. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley) ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

* comes, Hubn.

* pronuba, Linn.

AMPHIPYRID.H:

*Amphipyra pyramidea, Linn.

* tragopogonis, Linn.

'Mania typica, Linn.

t maura, Linn.

ORTHOSIIDJE

Panolis piniperda, Panz. Toler-
ably plentiful in fir woods
everywhere

Pachnobia leucographa, Hubn.
Not infrequent near Mai-
denhead (A. H. Clarke);
Burghfield (Bird)
t rubricosa, Fabr.
Tasniocampa gothica, Linn.
Var. gothicina, H.S. at Reading,

once
* incerta, Hufn.

opima, Hubn. Not common.

Willow beds by the Ken-
net (Mrs. Bazett)

populeti, Fabr. Rather

local, but sometimes com-
mon among poplar. Wok-
ingham ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ; Cal-
cot ; Tilehurst ; Bagley

* stabilis, View.

t gracilis, Fabr.

miniosa, Fabr. Not gener-

ally common ; most fre-
quent near large oak
woods. Very plentiful in
1895. Wett. Coll. (Wells) ;
Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park, Reading ; Morti-
mer ; Aldermaston Park ;
Tilehurst ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Bagley Wood

t munda, Esp.

* pulverulenta, Esp.
Orthosia suspecta, Hubn.
Scarce usually. Waking
ham ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Tilehurst

* upsilon, Bork. Generally
distributed and common
among willow

* lota, Clerck.

104

ORTHOSIID^ (continued)

*Orthosia macilenta, Hubn.
Anchocelis rufina, Linn. Gen-
eral in oak woods. Plenti-
ful at Bulmershe Park,
Reading, and near Sulham
oak wood

* pistacina, Fabr.

t lunosa, Haw.

* litura, Linn.

*Cerastis vaccinii, Linn.

t spadicea, Hubn.

erythrocephala, Fabr. Near

Maidenhead, October 21,
one specimen (A.H.Clarke)

'Scopelosoma satellitia, Linn.
Dasycampa rubiginea, Fabr.
Local and rare generally,
though sometimes occur-
ring in fair numbers at
several places on the Bag-
shot Sands ; Maidenhead
(A. H. Clarke); Sand-
hurst (Mochler- Ferryman);
Well. Coll. ; Wokingham ;
Bulmershe Park, Reading
Oporina croceago, Fabr. Rare.
Burghfield (Bird); Bag-
ley Wood (A. Sidgwick)
(Merry)

tXanthia citrago, Linn. Very
abundant among lime-
trees everywhere

* fulvago, Linn.
Var. flavescens,Esp. Occasionally

* flavago, Fabr.

t aurago.Fabr. Often abundant
and beautifully variable in
the Reading district

gilvago, Esp. Often com-

mon among the elms
in the Kennet and
Thames valleys. Also
frequent at the street
lamps, Reading.
circellaris, Hufn.
Cirrhredia xerampelina, Hubn.
Scarce. Reading at light ;
Tilehurst ; Calcot (Robert-
son) ; Englefield (Young) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Boar's Hill (Pogson-
Smith).

COSMIIDJR

Tethea subtusa, Fabr. Not
common. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ;
Sulhamstead ; Tilehurst ;
Englefield (Young) ; Bag-
ley Wood

retusa, Linn. Not common.

Burghfield ; Aldermaston
Park ; Tilehurst ; Calcot ;
Englefield (Young) ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

INSECTS

COSMIIDJE (continued)
Dicycla oo, Linn. Local and
scarce generally, but oc-
casionally more plentiful.
Well. Coll.; Finchamp-
stead ; Wokingham ; Read-
ing (Hawkins) ; Burgh-
field

"Calymnia trapezina, Linn.

pyralina, View. Rather

scarce among elm. Sand-
hurst (Mochler-Ferryman);
Wokingham ; Lanes about
Reading ; Burghfield

(Bird) ; Tilehurst

t diffinis, Linn.

* affinis, Linn.

HADENID.S:

Eremobia ochroleuca, Esp-
Maidenhead, always asleep
in flower heads of knap-
weed in the daytime (A.
H.Clarke); Streatley
Dianthoecia nana, Rott. Appar-
ently uncommon. Lower
Basildon ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

* capsincola, Hubn.
f cucubali, Fues.

carpophaga, Bork. Rather

common on the chalk hills
tHecatera chrysozona, Bork.
t serena, Fabr. Common on

the chalk hills. Often on

flowers in the daytime
Polia chi, Linn. In the northern

part of the county only.

Rather scarce. Boar's Hill,

and roads near
* flavicincta, Fabr.
tAporophyla lutulenta, Bork.

nigra, Haw. Rare. Sand-

hurst (Mochler - Ferry-
man)

Cleoceris viminalis, Fabr. Ir-
regular. Not common
usually, but only in certain
seasons. Well. Coll.
(Wells) ; Wokingham ; Bul-
mershe Park, Reading ;
Burghfield (Bird); Mor-
timer (J. Clarke) ; Midg-
ham ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

Miselia oxyacanthae, Linn.
Var. capucina, Mill. Not un-
common

Agriopis aprilina, Linn. Very
common in oak woods

tEuplexia lucipara, Linn.

*Phlogophora meticulosa, Linn.

tAplecta prasina, Fabr.

occulta, Linn. Rare. Well.

Coll. (Wells); Bulmershe
Park, Reading

HADENID^E (continued)

'Aplecta nebulosa, Hufn. Com-
mon on the heath lands
everywhere

tincta, Brahm. In the birch

plantations chiefly, occa-
sionally abundant. Wok-
ingham; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ; Pad-
worth ; Aldermaston Park

advena, Fabr. Not common.

Maidenhead (A. H.Clarke);
Bulmershe Park, Reading ;
Burghfield ; Padworth ;
Aldermaston Park ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)
Hadena porphyrea, Esp. Once
near Reading ; Burghfield
(received from the Rev.
C. S. Bird by the late Mr.
S. Stevens)

adusta, Esp. Maidenhead

(A. H. Clarke) ; Bulmershe
Park, Reading ; Burgh-
field ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
* protea, Bork.

glauca, Hubn. Englefield

(Young)

* dentina, Esp.
t trifolii, Rott.

dissimilis, Knoch. Not com-

mon. Bulmershe Park,

and lanes about Reading ;

Burghfield ; Tilehurst ;

Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)
* oleracea, Linn.
t pisi, Linn.
t thalassina, Rott.

contigua, Vill. Rare. Wok-

ingham ; Burghfield (Bird)
t genistae, Bork.

XYLINIDJE

'Xylocampa areola, Esp.
Calocampa vetusta, Hubn.
Scarce. Wokingham ;

Burghfield (J. Clarke) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
t exoleta, Linn.
tXylina ornithopus, Rott.
t semibrunnea, Haw.

socia, Rott. Frequent near

Maidenhead (A. H.

Clarke) ; Henwood
fAsteroscopus sphinx, Hufn.
tCucullia verbasci, Linn.

lychnitis, Rbr. Near Maid-

enhead (Harwood)

asteris, Schiff. Bradfield

(Bird)

t chamomillae, Schiff.
* umbratica, Linn.

GONOPTERID^
*Gonoptera libatrix, Linn.
105

PLUSIID.S

tHabrostola tripartita, Hufn.

t triplasia, Linn.
Plusia moneta, Fabr. Near
Bulmershe Park, Reading,
2 July, 1890, E.M.M. v.
26, p. 255 ; at light, Read-
ing; Ascot (M. J. Mans-
field, Entont. v. 28, p. 18) ;
fairly common now at
Ascot (E. A. Bowles, Ent.
Rec. v. 8, p. 185) ; toler-
ably common now at
Sandhurst (Mochler-Ferry-
man) ; Well. Coll. (Wells)

chryson, Esp. Near New-

bury, ... in plenty by Mr.
Dale (Steph.); Bradfield
(Bird)
* chrysitis, Linn.

festucae, Linn. Rare. G.W.

Railway bank, Reading ;
Burghfield (Bird) ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Hungerford (Beales)

t iota, Linn.

t pulchrina, Haw.

* gamma, Linn.

HELIOTHID^
tAnarta myrtilli, Linn.
tHeliaca tenebrata, Scop.
Heliothis dipsacea, Linn. Well.
Coll., flying in the sun-
shine (Wells) ; Burghfield
(Bird)

peltigera, Schiff. Rare.

Maidenhead (Raynor) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

armigera, Hubn. Rare.

Reading at light
Chariclea umbra, Hufn. Some-
times common on the
chalk hills

delphinii, Linn. " In that

of the British Museum,
and in my own collection,
are specimens from the
neighbourhood of Wind-
sor, caught about 15 years
since, in June " (Steph.
Illus. v. 3, p. 92)

ACONTIID.K

Acontia luctuosa, Esp. New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

ERASTRIID.S

Erastria fasciana, Linn. Fre-
quent on the heath land

Hydrelia uncula, Clerck. Well.
Coll, fairly plentiful (Wells) ;
Boar's Hill (Pogson- Smith)

POAPHILID*

Phytometra viridaria, Clerck.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

EUCLIDIIDJE

"Euclidia mi, Clerck.
* gtyphica, Linn.

CATOCALID.E:
Catocala nupta, Linn.
promissa, Esp. Padworth ;
Aldermaston Park some-
times common ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

Aventia flexula, Schiff. Gener-
ally distributed but rare

TOXOCAMPID.K

Toxocampa pastinum, Tr.
Local, but plentiful in
willow beds where it oc-
curs. Burghfield ; Midg-
ham ; Thatcham ; near
Henwood

HERMINIID.S
tRivula sericealis, Scop.
'Zanclognatha grisealis, Hubn.

* tarsipennalis, Tr.
Pechypogon barbalis, Clerck.

Local, but common where
it occurs

HYPENID/E

Bomolocha fontis, Thnb. Rare.
Bulmershe Park, Reading ;
Aldermaston Park
*Hypena rostralis, Linn.

* proboscidalis, Linn.
Hypenodes albistrigalis, Haw.

Not common. Maiden-
head (A. H. Clarke) ; Mor-
timer; Aldermaston Park

costaestrigalis, St. Local,

but not uncommon. Wok-
ingbam ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading; Burghfield (Bird);
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
Tholomiges turfosalis, Wk.
Local, but plentiful. Wok-
ingham ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

BREPHID.TE

tBrephos parthenias, Linn.
Common and general in
birch woods and planta-
tions

notha, Hubn. BagleyWood;

Wytham Wood (Pogson-
Smith)

GEOMETRY
UROPTERYGIDJE
Uropteryx sambucaria, Linn.

ENNOMID.S:

tEpione apiciaria, Schiff. Com-
mon in sallow beds every-
where

advenaria, Hubn. Newbury,

(Mrs. Chorley)

*Rumia luteolata, Linn.

tVenilia macularia, Linn.
Angerona prunaria, Linn.
Rather scarce. Mortimer ;
Burghfield ; Padworth ;
Aldermaston Park ; Brad-
field (Young)

'Metrocampa margaritaria, Linn.

tEllopia prosapiaria, Linn. Gen-
erally distributed in the
fir woods, and fairly plen-
tiful

tEurymene dolobraria, Linn.

tPericallia syringaria, Linn.

'Selenia bilunaria, Esp.

lunaria, Schiff. Well distri-

buted, but not common

tetralunaria, Hufix. Widely

distributed, but rather un-
common

'Odontopera bidentata, Clerck.

Crocallis elinguaria, Linn.
Eugonia autumnaria, Wernb.
Reading at light, once,
August 1901 (W. Barnes)

* alniaria, Linn.

fuscantaria, Haw. Rather

scarce. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Burghfield ;
Mortimer ; Aldermaston
Park; Tilehurst

erosaria, Bork. Scarce.

Maidenhead (A. H.
Clarke) ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Mortimer ; New-
bury (Mrs Chorley) ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

* quercinaria, Hufn.

*Himera pennaria, Linn.

AMPHIDASYDJE

*Phigalia pedaria, Fabr.
Nyssia hispidaria, Fabr. Com-
mon occasionally. Well.
Coll. ; Wokingham ; Burgh-
field; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Bagley Wood ;
Henwood

Biston hirtaria, Clerck. Usually
sparingly, but sometimes
more plentifully. On
street lamps and tree
trunks in the suburbs of
Reading; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

tAmphidasys strataria, Hufn.

* betularia, Linn.
An immaculate black var. at
Aldermaston Park and
Bagley Wood

106

BOARMIIDJE

tHemerophila abruptaria, Thnb.
tCleora lichenaria, Hufn.
'Boarmia repandata, Linn.
* gemmaria, Brahm.

cinctaria, Schiff. Uncom-

mon. Burghfield, on fir
trees (J. Clarke)

abietaria, Hubn. On the

Bagshot Sands near Read-
ing (Henderson)

roboraria, Schiff. Not un-

common. Burghfield ;
Ufton ; Padworth ; Alder-
maston Park ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley); Hen-
wood (Sedgwick) ; Beau-
mont (Gardner)
t consortaria, Fabr. Generally

distributed in oak woods
Tephrosia consonaria, Hubn.
Often abundant in the
beech woods

crepuscularia, Hubn. Very

local. Well. Coll. ; Bul-
mershe Park, Reading ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

* biundularia, Bork., Esp.

t luridata, Bork.

t punctularia, Hubn. Abun-
dant among birch
Gnophos obscuraria, Hubn.
Rare and uncertain. Bul-
mershe Park, Reading ;
Padworth

GEOMETRIDJE

tPseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn.
Tolerably common among
furze generally

fGeometra papilionaria, Linn.
Generally distributed
among birch and alder,
and tolerably common

t vernaria, Hubn. General on
the chalk, but not com-
mon

tPhorodesma pustulata, Hufn.
Not uncommon in oak
woods everywhere
Nemoria viridata, Linn. Burgh-
field (Bird)

*Iodis lactearia, Linn.

Hemithea strigata, Mull.

EPHYRIDJE

tZonosoma porata, Fabr.

t punctaria, Linn.

General and common in
the oak woods

t linearia, Hubn. Abundant
in all the beech woods

t annulata, Schulz. Not un-
common among maple,
particularly in the beech
woods

INSECTS

EPHYRIDJE (continued)
Zonosoma pendularia, Clerck.

Common among birch

everywhere

ACIDALIID.K

tAsthena luteata, SchiflE.
* candidata, Schiff.

sylvata, Hubn. Rare.

Bulmershe Park, Reading;
Burghfield

blomeri, Curt. Local among

wych elm. Bulmershe
Park, Reading; Burgh-
field

Eupisteria obliterata, Hufn.
Common among alder
everywhere

Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn.

* bisetata, Hufn.

trigeminata, Haw. Rare

usually. Bulmersbe Park,
Reading; Newbury (Mey-
rick) ; Boar's Hill (Lam-
bert)

holosericata, Dup. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
* dilutaria, Hubn.
* virgularia, Hubn.

ornata, Scop. Newbury (Mrs.

Chorley)

straminata, Tr. Very local

and not common. Wok-
ingham ; near Calcot (Ro-
bertson)

subsericeata, Haw. Local,

but plentiful where it
occurs. Wokingham ;

Burghfield (Mrs. Bazett) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

immutata, Linn. Rather

local, but common where
it occurs. Bulmershe Park,
and meadows by the
Thames and Kennet,.foa^-
ing ; Burghfield

* remutaria, Hubn.

imitaria, Hubn.

* aversata, Linn.

inornata, Haw. In moist

spots on all our heaths,

but not common
t emarginata, Linn.
tTimandra amataria, Linn.

CABERID.S:
Cabera pusaria, Linn.

rotundaria, Haw. Occasion-

ally bred from larva; found

near Reading ; Boar's Hill

(A. Sidgwick)
exanthemaria, Scop.
tBapta temerata, Hubn. Not

uncommon near the beech

woods

CABERID.K (continued)

tBapta bimaculata, Fabr. Well

distributed, but not com-

mon
Aleucis pictaria, Curt. Rare.

At street lamps, Reading ;

Mortimer (Mrs. Bazett)

MACARIIDJE

Macaria alternata, Hubn. Wok-
ingham to Sandhurst (Hen-
derson)

* liturata, Clerck.
*Halia vauaria, Linn.

tStrenia clathrata, Linn. Gener-
ally common in clover
crops, and on the chalk
downs. Abundant in the
willow beds about Midg-
ham. The black var. at
Newbury (Beales)

*Panagra petraria, Hubn.

tNumeria pulveraria, Linn.
Scodiona belgiaria, Hubn.
Well. Coll. (Wells); Burgh-
field (Bird)

Selidosema ericetaria, Vill.
Apparently rare. Finch-
ampstead (W. Barnes) ;
Bulmershe Park, Reading ;
Burghfield (Bird)

*Ematurga atomaria, Linn.

*Bupalus piniaria, Linn.

tMinoa murinata, Scop. Very
local among wood spurge,
but common where it
occurs. Burghfield (Bird) ;
Pangbourne Wood.; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ; Bag-
ley Wood, Rev. W. T. Bree
(Steph.)

tAspilates strigillaria, Hubn.

ZERENIDJE

"Abraxas grossulariata, Linn.
. sylvata, Scop. Bulmershe
Park, Reading, occasion-
ally ; frequent in the beech
woods of Pangbourne,
Basildon, and Streatley ;
Newbury (Mrs. C'horley)
Ligdia adustata, Scruff, Spar-
ingly distributed every-
where. Common at Sul-
ham, Pangbourne, and
Streatley ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
*Lomaspilis marginata, Linn.

LICIID.S:

Pachycnemia hippocastanaria,
Hubn. Common on the
heath land about Well.
Coll. and Wokingham

107

Hybernia rupicapraria, Hubn.

* leucophaearia, Schiff.

t aurantiaria, Esp. Abundant

in the birch groves
* marginaria, Bork.
* defoliaria, Clerck.
Anisopteryx aescularia, Schiff.

LARENTIIDJE

Cheimatobia brumata, Linn.

t boreata, Hubn.

"Oporabia dilutata, Bork.

"Larentia didymata, Linn.

* multistrigaria, Haw.

t olivata, Bork.

* viridaria, Fabr.
Emmelesia affinitata, St. Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Crookham
Common (Morley) ; Brad-
field (Young) ; Burgh-
field (Young) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley); Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

f alchemillata, Linn.

albulata, SchifF. In meadows

among Rhinanthus crista-
galli. Common where it
occurs. Aldermaston ;

Tilehurst ; Sulham ; Midg-
ham ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Thames mea-
dows above Goditow
* decolorata, Hubn.

unifasciata, Haw. Burgh-

field (Bird)
tEupithecia venosata, Fabr.

consignata, Bork. Rare.

Reading at street lamps

linariata, Fabr. Maidenhead

(A. H. Clarke); Reading
at street lamps ; at Burgh-
field and Aldermaston the
larvae are common on
Linaria ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

t pulchellata, St. Well distri-
buted and common among
Digitalis

* oblongata, Thunb.

succenturiata, Linn. Maid-

enhead (A. H. Clarke);
Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park, Reading ; Burgh-
field; Tilehurst; Calcot
(Robertson)

subfulvata, Haw. Bulmershe

Park, Reading; Burgh-
field (Bird) ; Calcot (Ro-
bertson) ; Pangbourne ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

scabiosata, Bork. Mortimer

plumbeolata, Haw. In

woods ; Mortimer ; Sul-
ham ; Bradfield (Young) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

LARENTIID.S (continued)
Eupithecia isogrammata, H.-S.
Bred commonly from Cle-
matis flowers. Pangbourne;
Basildon, Streatley and the
downs

satyrata, Hubn. Tilehurst

(Henderson) ; Calcot (Ro-
bertson) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
* castigata, Hubn.

- virgaureata, Dbl. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)

- fraxinata, Crewe. Midgham

(Mrs. Bazett)

- pimpinellata, Hubn. Read-

ing at light ; Streatley
Downs ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

- pusillata, Fabr. Boar's Hill

(A. Sidgwick)

- irriguata, Hubn. Burghfield;

Padworth ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

- campanulata, H.-S. Sulham

and Streatley Woods

- indigata, Hubn. Rare. Wo-

kingham

constricata, Gn. Rare. Read-

ing

nanata, Hubn. Common on

all the heaths

subnotata, Hubn. Well.

Coll. (Wells); Bulmershe
Park, and at street
lamps, Reading ; Pang-
bourne ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
* vulgata, Haw.

albipunctata, Haw. Read-

ing, at street lamps
* absinthiata, Clerck.
t minutata, Gn.
* assimilata, Gn.

tenuiata, Hubn. Woking-

ham (Mrs. Bazett) ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

subsciliata,Gn. Rzie.Reading

lariciata, Frr. Bulmershe

Park, Reading ; Tilehurst ;
Sulham; Bradfield(Young);
Lambourn (Blair) ; Hen-
wood
* abbreviata, St.

- dodoneata, Gn. Scarce.

Padworth Wood

exiguata, Hubn.

sobrinata, Hubn. Very

common among juniper

pumilata, Hubn.

- coronata, Hubn.

rectangulata, Linn.

Collix sparsata, Hubn. Near

Wytham (Carpenter)
tLobophora sexalisata, Hubn.
t halterata, Hufn.

LARENTIID.S (continued)
Lobophora viretata, Hubn.
Scarce. Bulmershe Park,
Reading ; Sulham, beech
woods ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

t carpinata, Bork.

polycommata, Hubn. Bag-

ley Wood (Pogson-Smith)
Thera juniperata, Linn. Streat-
ley Hill, among juniper

* variata, Schiff.

t firmata, Hubn.

tHysipetes trifasciata, Bork.

* sordidata, Fabr.
Melanthia bicolorata, Hufn.
Among alder ; Well. Coll.
(Wells) ; Wokingham ;
Bulmershe Park, Read-
ing ; Mortimer ; Bradfield
(Young)

* ocellata, Linn.

t albicillata, Linn.

t procellata, Fabr.

t Melanippe unangulata, Haw.

I" rivata, Hubn.

* sociata, Bork.

* montanata, Bork.

galiata, Hubn. Rather

plentiful at Pangbourne
Hill; Bradfield (Young);
Tubney

* fluctuata, Linn.
Anticlea cucullata, Hufn. " In
Berkshire " (Steph.) ; ^Id-
worth (J. J. Walker)

rubidata, Fabr. Not un-

common on the chalk.

Pangbourne ; Basildon ;

Streatley

* badiata, Hubn.
t nigrofasciaria, Goze.

berberata, Schiff. " It has

been taken in Berkshire "

(Steph.)

Coremia designata, Hufn.
* ferrugata, Clerck.
* unidentaria, Haw.
t quadrifasciaria, Clerck.
"Camptogramma bilineata,

Linn.

fluviata, Hubn. Reading at

light, one specimen (Mrs.
Bazett)

Phibalapteryx tersata, Hubn.
Common on the chalk in
lanes near woods. Occa-
sionally at Well. Coll., no
wild Clematis to be found
near (Wells)

vittata, Bork. Local in damp

meadows by the Thames
and Kennet ; Fobney ;
Coley Lower Park, and
Battle Farm, Reading

1 08

LARENTIID.K (continued)
Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Hubn.

Frequent in lanes and

woody places on the chalk
tTriphosa dubitata, Linn.
Eucosmia certata, Hubn. Well.

Coll. (Wells); Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
t undulata, Linn.
tScotosia vetulata, Schiff.
t rhamnata, Schiff.
tCidaria siterata, Hufn.
" miata, Linn.
t picata, Hubn.

- corylata, Thnb.

- truncata, Hufn.
t immanata, Haw.

' suffumata, Hubn.
t silaceata, Hubn. Frequent
in the beech woods

prunata, Linn. Wokingham

(Butler)

t testata, Linn. Abundant in
willow beds and boggy
places near woods

t fulvata, Forst.

- dotata, Linn.

t associata, Bork.
tPelurga comitata, Linn.

EUBOLIIDJE

tEubolia cervinata, Schiff.
* limitata, Scop.

plumbaria, Fabr. Common

on all the heaths

bipunctaria, Schiff. Abun-

dant on the chalk hills

'Anaitis plagiata, Linn.

tChesias spartiata, Fues. Com-
mon among broom

rufata, Fabr. Well. Coll.

(Wells) ; once at a street
lamp, Reading

SIONID.S

Tanagra atrata, Linn. Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

PYRALIDES

PYRALIDID.S
Cledeobia angustalis, Schiff.

Sonning (Digby)
'Aglossa pinguinalis, Linn.

cuprealis, Hubn. Near

Wokingham ; Reading
Pyralis costalis, Fabr. Sonning

(Digby) ; Reading (Mrs.

Bazett)

* glaucinalis, Linn.
* farinalis, Linn.
*Scoparia ambigualis, Tr.

basistrigalis, Knaggs. Scarce.

Reading, at street lamps
t cembras, Haw.
* dubitalis, Hubn.

INSECTS

PYRALIDID.E (continued)
Scoparia lineolea, Curt. Maiden-
bead (A. H. Clarke) ; Read-
ing, at street lamps ; Calcot
(Robertson)

t mercurella, Linn.

cratzgella, Hubn. Reading,

at street lamps ; Engle-
field (Young) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)
t truncicolella, Sta.

angustea. St. Calcot

pallida, St. Battle Farm,

Reading ; Burghfield
tNomophila noctuella, Schifi.
tPyrausta aurata, Scop.
* purpuralis, Linn.

ostrinalis, Hubn. Appar-

ently rare. Sulham slopes
tHerbula cespitalis, Schiff.
tEnnychia nigrata, Scop.
tEndotricha flammealis, Schiff.

BOTYD.S:

*Eurrhypara urticata, Linn.
Scopula lutealis, Hubn. Local.
Sulham ; Calcot ; Tile-
burst (Mrs. Bazett) ; AL-
dermaston ; Bradfield
(Young) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

* olivalis, Schiff.
* prunalis, Schiff.

ferrugalis, Hubn. Well dis-

tributed on dry hillsides,

but rather irregular ;

comes frequently to light

Botys hyalinalis, Hubn. Scarce.

On the chalk hills
* ruralis, Scop.

fuscalis, Schiff. Common

among Rhinanthus
Ebulea crocealis, Hubn. Local,
but common among Inula
dysenterica and Conyza.
Bulmersbe Park, Reading;
Pangbourne ; Basildon ;
Streatley ; Midgham; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)
t sambucalis, Schiff.
Spilodes palealis, Schiff. Rare.
G. W. Railway bank near
Reading

verticalis, Linn. Generally

distributed in clover crops
and on the chalk hills
*Pionea forficalis, Linn.
Orobena extimalis, Scop. Berk-
shire, in June (Steph.) ;
Bradfield (Young)

straminalis, Hubn. Very

local. Battle Farm, Read-
ing ; Aldermaston ; Sul-
bamstead Woods (Young) ;
sometimes plentiful at
Padworth Wood

HYDROCAMPID.E

*Cataclysta lemnata, Linn.

*Paraponyx stratiotata, Linn.

*Hydrocampa nymphaeata, Linn.

* stagnata, Don. At Maiden-
head a pale form, almost
devoid of markings, occurs
on the river (Porritt)

ACENTROPODID.S
Acentropus niveus, Oliv. Read-
ing, two males taken at
light (Mrs. Bazett)

PTEROPHORI

CHRYSOCORIDIDJE
Chrysocoris festaliella, Hubn.
Sulham; Padworth Wood

PTEROPHORIDJE

Platyptilia ochrodactyla, Hubn.
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

bertrami, Rossi. Sonning

(Digby) ; Englefield

(Young) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

gonodactyla, Schiff. Bul-

mershe Park, Reading ; on
railway banks and in
waste places about Read-
ing; Bradfield (Young)
tAmblyptilia acanthodactyla
Hubn.

cosmodactyla, Hubn. Burgh-

field (Bird)

Oxyptilus teucrii, Greening.
Reading (Mrs. Bazett) ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

Mimasseoptilus phaeodactylus,
Hubn. Basildon; Streat-
ley ; Bradfield (Young) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
* bipunctidactyla, Haw.

plagiodactylus, Sta. Alder-

maston Park

* pterodactylus, Linn.
CEdematophorus lithodactylus,
Tr. Bulmershe Park, Read-
ing ; The Downs, Streat-
ley ; Boar's Hill (A. Sidg-
wick)

*Pterophorus monodactylus,Linn

Leioptilus tephradactylus,Hubn.

Near Reading (Mrs.Bazett)

microdactylus, Hubn. Midg-

ham ; Boar's Hill (A. Sidg-
wick)

Aciptilia galactodactyla, Hubn.
Well distributed and com-
mon among Arctium
lappa. Sonning (Digby) ;
Sulham ; Basildon ; Streat-
ley ; Bradfield (Young) ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
109

PTEROPHORIDJE (continued)
Aciptilia baliodactyla, Zell. Sul-
ham; Streatley; The Downs

tetradactyla, Linn. Sulham

slopes ; Streatley ; The
Downs

* pentadactyla, Linn.

ALUCITIDJE
'Alucita hexadactyla, Linn.

CRAMBIITES

CHILID.S:

Chilo phragmitellus, Hubn.
Bulmershe Park, Reading
'Schoenobius forficellus, Thnb.

mucronellus, Schiff. Bul-

mershe Park and Battle
Farm, Reading ; Kennet
side, Burghfield

CRAMBIDJE

Crambus falsellus, Schiff.
Burghfield (Bird) ; Engle-
field (Young) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley) ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

* pratellus, Linn.

dumetellus, Hubn. New-

bury (Mrs. Chorley)

* pascuellus, Linn.

pinellus, Linn. Well dis-

tributed. Most frequent
on the chalk at Streatley,
and The Downs ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

* perlellus, Scop.

Var. warringtonellus, Zell. with
type

selasellus, Hubn. Waking-

ham (Mrs. Bazett)

* tristellus, Fabr.

t inquinatellus, Schiff.
t geniculeus, Haw.

* culmellus, Linn.

* hortuellus, Hubn.
Eromene ocellea, Haw. New-

bury (Mrs. Chorley)

Myelophila cribrum, Schiff.
Tubney (Walker)

Homoeosoma nebulella, Hubn.
Sonning (Digby) ; Streat-
ley, and The Downs ; En-
glefield (Young) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

binasvella, Hubn. Streatley

senecionis, Vaughan. Boar's

Hill (A. Sidgwick)
Ephestia elutella, Hubn.
t kuehniella, Zell.
Euzophera pinguis, Haw. Streat-

ley ; Englefield (Young)
Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw.
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

(continued)

Plodia interpunctella, Hubn.
Reading, in corn stores

Phycis betulae, Goze. Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley) ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

f usca, Haw. Bulmershe Park,

Reading ; Mortimer (Mrs.
Bazett) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)

adornatella, Tr.,-=subornat-

ella,Dup. Basildon ; Streat-
ley ; Englefield (Young)

ornatella, SchiflF. Sulham

slopes

Dioryctria abietella, Zinck.
Wokingham ; Mortimer
(Mrs. Bazett)

Nephopteryx spissicella, Fabr.
Sonning (Digby) ; Bul-
mershe Park, Reading;
Mortimer (Mrs. Bazett) ;
Englefield (Young) ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) (Mey-
rick)

Pempelia palumbella, Fabr.
Rhodophaea formosa, Haw.
Englefield (Young)

* consociella, Hubn.

advenella, Zinck. Reading,

at light (Mrs; Bazett);
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

suavella, Zinck. Bulmershe

Park, Reading ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)
* tumidella, Zinck.
Oncocera ahenella, Zinck.
G. W. Railway banks,
Reading; The Chalk
Downs; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

GALLERID^E

Galleria mellonella, Linn.
Wbitley, Reading; Tile-
hurst

Aphomia sociella, Linn.
Achroea grisella, Fabr. Engle-
field (Young)

TORTRICES
TORTRICID.S:

Tortrix podana, Scop. Com-
mon everywhere

piceana, Linn. Rare. Wok-

ingham, Padworth, beaten
from Scotch pine

cratzgana, Hubn. Not

common. Padworth ; Al-
dermaston Park ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley) ; Bagley
Wood (S.) i

1 Species marked (S) were recorded
by Messrs. A. and N. V. Sidgwick and
W. G. Pogson-Smith.

TORTRICIDJE (continued)
'Tortrix xylosteana, Linn.
t sorbiana, Hubn.
* rosana, Linn.

diversana, Hubn. Scarce.

Coley Park, Reading (Mrs.
Bazett); Aldermaston Park

cinnamomeana, Tr. Rare.

Bulmershe Park; Streat-
ley ; Boar's Hill (S.)

* heparana, Schiff.

* ribeana, Hubn.

t corylana, Fab.

* unifasciana, Dup.

costana, Fab. Common in

damp meadows and
marshes in Reading dis-
trict

viburnana, Fab. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)

palleana, Hubn. Rare.

railway bank, Burghfield

* viridana, Linn.

* ministrana, Linn.

* fors.terana, Fab.
Dichelia grotiana, Fab. Local
and not common. Wok-
ingham ; Bulmershe Park ;
Sonning (Digby) ; Alder-
maston Park ; Bagley
Wood (S.)

gnomana, Linn. Burghfield

(Bird) ; Wittenham (Dale)
CEnectra pilleriana, Schiff.

Burghfield (Bird)
Leptogramma literana, Linn.
Not common. Bulmershe
Park; Burghfield; Pad-
worth ; Bagley Wood (S.)
Peronea sponsana, Fab.

rufana, Schiff. Local, but

not uncommon in willow
beds along the Kennet

mixtana, Hubn. Not very

common. Wokingham ;
Mortimer ; Burghfield ;
Padworth ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

schalleriana, Linn. Local

and not common. Sul-
ham, in oak wood

comparana, Hubn. Rather

scarce. Pangbourne Marsh ;
Padworth ; Penge Wood,
near Reading (Mrs. Ba-
zett)
* variegana, Schiff.

cristana, Fab. Burghfield

(Bird) ; Padworth ; Alder-
maston Park
t hastiana, Linn.

umbrana, Hubn. Rare.

Reading, at light
* ferrugana, Tr.

logiana, Schiff. Burghfield

(Bird)

110

TORTRICIDJE (continued)
Peronea aspersana, Hubn.

shepherdana, St. Rare.

Reading, at light (Bazett)
'Rhacodia caudana, Fab.
*Teras contaminana, Hubn.
Dictyopteryx lorquiniana, Dup.

Newbury (Chorley)
* loeflingiana, Linn.
* holmiana, Linn.

- bergmanniana, Linn.
t forskaleana, Linn.
"Argyrotoxa conwayana, Fab.
'Ptycholoma lecheana, Linn.

PENTHINID^

Ditula semifasciana, Haw.
Bagley Wood (Pogson-
Smith)

Penthina corticana, Hubn.
Local and uncommon.
Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park; Burghfield; Bag-
ley Wood (S.)
t betulaetana, Haw.

capraeana, Hubn. Not com-

mon. Mortimer ; Padworth
(Mrs. Bazett) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

sororculana, Zett. Rare.

Sulham

* pruniana, Hubn.
* ochroleucana, Hubn.
* variegana, Hubn.

gentiana, Hubn. Not rare

among teazle ; Tilehurst ;
Sulham ; Bagley Wood (S.);
Barcote (Durrani)

sellana, Hubn. Rare. Son-

ning (Digby)
t marginana, Haw.

fuligana, Hubn. Rare. Wo-

kingham ; Sonning (Dig-
by)
tAntithesia salicella, Linn.

SPILONOTID^E
*Hedya ocellana, Fab.

lariciana, Zell. Not com-

mon. Bulmershe Park ;
Sonning (Digby) ; Bagley
Wood (S.)

aceriana, Dup. Barcote,

near Faringdon (Durrant)
* dealbana, Frol.

servillana, Dup. Rare.

Sonning (Digby) ; Read-
ing (Mrs. Bazett) ; Bagley
Wood (S.)
'Spilonota trimaculana, Haw.

rosaecolana, Dbl. Fairly com-

mon in lanes and gardens
about Reading; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

t roborana, Tr.

Pardia tripunctana, Fab.

SERICORIDJE

Aspis udmanniana, Linn.
Sideria achatana, Fab. Not
common. Sonning (Dig-
by) ; Bulmershe and Pros-
feet Parks, Reading ; Tile-
hurst; Boar's Hill (Pogson-
Smith)

Sericoris fuligana, Haw. Boar's
Hill (S.)

rivulana, Scop. Boar's Hill

(Pogson-Smith)

* urticana, Hubn,

* lacunana, Dup.

micana, Frol. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
Roxana arcuana, Clerck. Local

in woods. Tilehurst ;

Sulham ; Padworth (Mrs.

Bazett) ; Newbury (Mrs.

Chorley) ; Boar's Hill

(S.)
Euchromia purpurana, Haw.

Local, but tolerably com-

mon where it occurs.

Sulham ; Streatley ; Boar's

Hill (A. Sidgwick)
Orthotaenia antiquana, Hubn.

Rare. Aldermaston Park

striana, Schiff. Common on

the chalk hills and in dry
meadows. Sonning (Dig-
by) ; Sulham ; Pang-
bourne ; Streatley ; Boar's
Hill(S.); Tubnty

branderiana, Linn. Bagley

Wood (S.)

ericetana, Westw. Not

common. Sonning (Dig-
by) ; Basildon

SdAPHII.ID.ffi

Eriopsela fractifasciana, Haw.

Rare. Reading
Phtheochroa rugosana, Hubn.

Local among Bryonia.

Lanes about Reading ;

Newbury '(Meyrick)/ Boar's

Cnephasia politana, Haw. New-
bury (Meyrick)

* musculana, Hubn.
'Scaphila nubilana, Hubn.

conspersana, Dougl. Not

common. Sulham
The pale form at Bulmershe

Park, Reading
' subjectana, Gn.

* virgaureana, Tr.

pascuana, Hubn. Bulmershe

Park; Tilehurst; Burgh-
field

chrysantheana, Dup. Gen-

erally distributed

sinuana, St. Rare. Reading

* hybridana, Hubn.

INSECTS

SCIAPHILID.S: (continued)
Sphaleroptera ictericana, Haw.

Sonning (Digby) ; Reading

at street lamps
Capua favillaceana, Hubn.

Scarce. Padworth ; Alder-

maston Park; Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley) ; Boar's

Hitt (S.)
Clepsis rusticana, Tr. Boar's

Hill (Pogson-Smith)

GRAPHOLITHIDS
Bactra lanceolana, Hubn.
Phoxopteryx siculana, Hubn.
Local and not common.
Reading (Mrs. Bazett)

unguicella, Linn. Rare.

Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

uncana, Hubn. Wokingham ;

Bulmershe Park ; Burgh-
field ; Mortimer (Mrs.
Bazett) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley) ; Boar's Hill
(Pogson-Smith)

inornatana, H.-S. Rare.

Burghfield

comptana, Frol. Abundant

on the downs around
Streatley

myrtillana, Tr. Near Alder-

maston Park ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)

* lundana, Fab.

derasana, Hubn. Not com-
mon. Wokingham (Mrs.
Bazett) ; railway banks
near Reading

diminutana, Haw. Marshy

ground near Battle Farm,
Reading (Mrs. Bazett) ;
Midgham

mitterpacheriana, Schiff.

Not uncommon. Bul-
mershe Park ; Pangbourne ;
Aldermaston ; Boar's Hill
(S.)

lactana, Fzb. Boar's Hill (S.)
tGrapholitha ramella, Linn.

t nisella, Clerck.

cinerana, Haw. Reading

once (Mrs. Bazett)
t nigromaculana, Haw.
* subocellana, Don.

minutana, Hubn. Boar's

Hill (Pogson-Smith)
* trimaculana, Don.
* penkleriana, Fisch.

obtusana, Haw. Rare.

Reading (Mrs. Bazett) ;

Mortimer

t naevana, Hubn.
"Phlceodes tetraquetrana, Haw.
t immundana, Fisch.
Ill

GRAPHOLITHIDJE (continued)
'Hypermecia cruciana, Linn.
* angustana, Hubn.
'Batodes angustiorana, Haw.
tPaedisca bilunana, Haw.

oppressana, Tr. Sonning

(Digby)

ratzeburghiana, Rtz. Scarce.

Wokingham ; Bulmershe
Park
' corticana, Hubn.

profundana, Fab. Not com-

mon. Sonning (Digby) ;
Wokingham ; Tilehurst ;
Sulham ; Padworth ; Bag-
ley Wood (S.)

ophthalmicana, Hubn. Not

uncommon among aspen,
Reading; Bagley Wood
(S.)

occultana, Dougl. Rare.

Burghfield; Boar's Hill
(S.)
t solandriana, Linn.

semifuscana, St. Burghfield,

bred from willow
t sordidana, Hubn.
Ephippiphora similana, Hubn.

cirsiana, Zell. Not common.

Bulmershe Park ; Streat-
ley ; Boar's Hill

pflugiana, Haw. Near Wok-

ingham; Sulham; Boar's
Hill (S.)
* brunnichiana, Frol.

inopiana, Haw. Burghfield;

Aldermaston ; Midgham ;
Boar's Hill (S.)
t foenella, Linn.

nigricostana, Haw. Rather

scarce. Wokingham; Son-
ning (Digby) ; railway
banks, Reading ; East Ils-
//?y,among Stachys ; Boar's
Hill

signatana, Dougl. Tilehurst
1 trigeminana, St.

populana, Fab. Rare. Al-

dermaston Park ; Boar's
Hill (Pogson-Smith)

obscurana, St. Boar's Hill

(N. V. Sidgwick)
Olindia ulmana, Hubn. Local
among wych elm, Pang-
bourne Wood

Semasia spiniana, Fisch. Not
common. Wokingham ;
Newbury (Meyrick)

t ianthinana, Dup.

t rufillana, Wilk.

* woeberiana, Schiff.
Coccyx splendidulana, Gn. Al-
dermaston Park; Boar's
Hill (S.)

* argyrana, Hubn.

* t*della, Clerck.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

GRAPHOLITHIDJE (continued)
Coccyx nanana,Tr. Wokingham;
Bulmershe Park ; Burgh-
field; Barcote (Durrani)
Heusimene fimbriana, Haw.
Rare. Bulmershe Park ;
Burghfield

Retinia buoliana, Schiff. Mor-
timer ; Padworth ; Boar's
Hill (S.)

- pinicolana, Dbl. Scarce. Wo-

kingham ; Bulmershe Park

turionana, Hubn. Burgh-

field (Bird)

- pinivorana, Zell. Woking-

ham ; Bulmershe Park
"Carpocapsa splendidana, Hubn.
* grossana, Haw.
* pomonella, Linn.
tEndopisa nigricana, St.
Stigmonota coniferana, Ratzb.

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
t perlepidana, Haw.

- internana, Gn. Burghfield;

Padworth

t compositella, Fabr.
t nitidana, Fab.

- flexana, Zell. Boar's Hill

(Pogson-Smith)
t regiana, Zell.

roseticolana, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Streatley, on
Aldworth-road

- germarana, Hubn. Tile-

hurst; Sulham
tDicrorampha alpinana, Tr.
t politana, Hubn.
' sequana, Hubn.

- petiverella, Linn.
* plumbana, Scop.

saturnana, Gn. Woking-

ham ; Pangbourne
" plumbagana, Tr.

acuminatana, Zell. Near

Weirmills, Burghfield
t simpliciana, Haw.

consortana, St. Reading, at

light (Mrs. Bazett) ; Al-

dermaston
Pyrodes rheediella, Clerck.

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;

Boat's Hill (S.)
'Catoptria albersana, Hubn.
* ulicetana, Haw.

Juliana, Curt. Sonning, bred

from acorns (Digby) ;
Boar's Hill (S.)

hypericana, Hubn. Com-

mon generally among hy-

pericum
t cana, Haw.
t fulvana, St.

scopoliana, Haw.

expallidana, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

GRAPHOLITHIDJE (continued)
tTrycheris aurana, Fab.

PYRALOIDID.S:

Choreutes myllerana, Fab.

Not common. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Tyle's

Mill, Oxford

*Syma;this oxyacanthella, Linn.

CONCHYLIDJE

Eupoecilia nana, Haw. Reading

dubitana, Hubn. Finchamp-

stead (Digby) ; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley)
t maculosana, Haw.

ambiguella, Hubn. Read-

ing ; Newbury (Mrs. Chor-
ley)

- angustana, Hubn.
- udana, Gn. Sonning (Digby)

notulana, Zell. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; Aldermaston (Mrs.
Bazett)

manniana, Fisch. Newbury

(Meyrick)

roseana, Haw. Boar's Hill

(Pogson-Smith) ; Barcote
(Durrant)

heydeniana, Wlsm. Sonning

(Digby)

implicitana, H.-S. Reading

(Mrs. Bazett) ; Aldermas-
ton Park

ciliella, Hubn. Tilehurst ;

Tidmarsh

anthemidana, Curt. Read-

ing (Mrs. Bazett)

tXanthosetia zoegana, Linn.

* hamana, Linn.

tChrosis alcella, Schulz.
Lobesia reliquana, Hubn. Rare.
Wokingham ; Mortimer ;
Boar's Hill (N. V. Sidg-
wick)

tArgyrolepia hartmanniana,
Clerck.

subbaumanniana, Wilk.

Sulham; common on the
downs near Streatley ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

zephyrana, Tr. Chalky

hillside at Sulham

badiana, Hubn. Boar's Hill

(A. Sidgwick)

cnicana, Dbl. Padworth;

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidg-
wick)

Conchylis dipoltella, Hubn.
Sonning (Digby)

t francillana, Fab.

t dilucidana, St.

smeathmaniana, Fab. Son-

ning (Digby) ; Boar's Hill
(A. Sidgwick)

113

AFHELIIDJE

Aphelia osseana, Scop. Streat-
ley, abundant on the
downs
Tortricodes hyemana, Hubn.

TINE^E

EPICRAPHIID.S:

"Lemnatophila phryganella,

Hubn.
Exapate congelatella, Clerck.

Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
'Diurnea fagella, Fab.
*Semioscopus avellanella, Hubn.
Epigraphia steinkellneriana,
Schiff. Wokingham; Bul-
mershe Park ; Newbury
(Meyrick)

PSYCHID;E
*Taljeporia pseudo-bombycella>

Hubn.

Psyche opacella, H.-S. Crow-
thorne; Well. Coll.
(Barnes) ; Padworth
tFumea intermediella, Brd.
Solenobia inconspicuella, Sta.
Sulham

lichenella, Linn. Well. Coll. ;

Wokingham

TINEIDJE

Diplodoma marginepunctella,
St. Sonning (Digby) ; Tile-
burst

tXysmatodoma melanella, Haw.
Ochsenheimeria birdella, Curt.

Sonning (Digby)
Scardia corticella, Curt. Tile-
burst ; Sulham

parasitella, Hubn. Woking-

ham ; Boar's Hill (N. V.

Sidgwick)

* granella, Linn.
* cloacella, Haw.

ruricolella, Sta. Reading

arcella, Fab. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; Wokingham ; Sul-
bamstead ; Boar's Hill
(S.)

Blabophanes ferruginella, Hubn.
Sonning (Digby) ; Wok-
ingham ; Aldermaston Park

t rusticella, Hubn.
Tinea fulvimitrella, Sodof. New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

* tapetzella, Linn.

albipunctella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Streatley

caprimulgella, H.-S. Son-

ning (Digby)

misella, Zell. Reading (Mrs.

Bazett) ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)
pellionella, Linn.

INSECTS

TINEIDJE (continued) ,
Tinea fuscipunctella, Haw. Son-
ning (Digby); Wokingham;
Tilehurst ; Barcote (Dur-
rant)

argentimaculella, Sta. Son-

ning (Digby)

pallescentella, Sta. Reading
t lapella, Hubn.

merdella, Zell. Bulmershe

Park

nigripunctella, Haw. Read-

ing, at street lamps
t semifulvella, Haw.

Tineola biselliella, Hml. Abun-
dant everywhere

Lampronia quadripunctella,
Fab. Sonning (Digby) ;
railway banks near Read-
ing

praelatella, Schiff. Reading

rubiella, Bjerk. Sonning

(Digby) ; Reading
'Incurvaria muscalella, Fab.
* pectinea. Haw.

capitella, Clerck. Sonning

(Digby) ; Reading ; New-

bury

'Micropteryx calthella, Linn,
t aruncella, Scop.

seppella, Fab.

aureatella, Scop. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
t thunbergella, Fab.
t purpurella, Haw.
t semipurpurella, St.

unimaculella, Zett. Local

among birch. Well. Coll. ;
Burghfield ; Mortimer ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)

salopiella, Sta. Local and

not common. Well. Coll.
among birch

sparmannella, Bosc. Among

birch. Well. Coll. ; Wok-
ingham ; Bulmershe Park ;
Sulham

fimbriata, Wlsm. Well.

Coll.

* subpurpurella, Haw.
Nemophora swammerdammella,

Linn.

t schwarziella, Zell.
t metaxella, Hubn.

ADEi.iD.flE
tAdela fibulella, Fab.

rufimitrella, Scop. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Newbury

crcesella, Scop. Burghfield

(Bird) ; East Ilsley ; Boar's
Hill (N. V. Sidgwick)

* degeerella, Linn.

* viridella, Linn.

tNematois scabiosellus, Scop.

ADELID.SE (continued)
Nematois cupriacellus, Hubn.
Sulham ; Aldermaston
Park; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

minimellus, Zell. Streatley

(Mrs. Bazett)

HYPONOMEUTIDJE
Swammerdammia combinella,

Hubn.

t csesiella, Hubn.
t griseocapitella, Sta.
t lutarea, Haw.
f_ pyrella, Vill.
* spiniella, Hubn.
tScythropia crataegella, Linn.
*Hyponomeuta plumbellus,

Schiff.

* padellus, Linn.
* cagnagellus, Hubn.

evonymellus, Linn. Sulham ;

Streatley, among black-
thorn ; Boar's Hill (S.)
Anesychia decemguttella, Hubn.
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)
tPrays curtisellus, Don.

var. rustica, Haw. Sonning

(Digby)

PLUTELLID.E:

'Plutella cruciferarum, Zell.
Cerostoma sequella, Clerck.
Aldermaston Park ; New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Bagley Wood (S.)

t vittella, Linn.

* radiatella, Don.

costella, Fab.

t sylvella, Linn.

t alpella, Schiff.

t lucella, Fab.

horridella, Tr. Boar's Hill

(S.)

Harpipteryx scabrella, Linn.
Reading, in gardens ; Tile-
hurst ; Boar's Hill (N. V.
Sidgwick)

nemorella, Linn. Tilehurst ;

Sulham; Newbury (Mrs.

Chorley)

* xylostella, Linn.
tTheristis mucronella, Scop.

GELECHIIDJE

Orthotelia sparganella, Thnb.
Bulmershe Park ; Battle
Farm, Reading

Henicostoma lobelia, Schiff.
Sonning (Digby) ; Sulham
*Phibalocera quercana, Fab.
*Depressaria costosa, Haw.
t flavella, Hubn
t umbellana, St.
* assimilella, Tr.
* arenella, Schiff.

GELECHIID.S: (continued)
Depressaria propinquella Tr.
Sonning (Digby) ; Sulham ;
Englefield; Barcote (Dur-
rant)

subpropinquella, Sta. Bul-

mershe Park; Newbury
(Mrs. Chorley) ; Barcote
(Durrant)

alstrcemeriana, Clerck. Tile-

hurst ; Calcot Park ; Bar-
cote (Durrant)
t purpurea, Haw.

liturella, Hubn. Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
t conterminella, Zell.

hypericella, Hubn. Boar's

Hill (S.)
* angelicella, Hubn.

ocellana, Fab. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; BulmershePark ; Sul-
ham ; Midgham

yeatiana, Fab. In willow

beds by the Kennet near
Reading
* applana, Fab.

ciliella, Sta. In willow beds

by the Kennet at Reading,
Burghfield and Midgham ;
Barcote (Durrant)

zephyrella, Hubn. Bul-

mershe Park

albipunctella, Hubn. New-

bury (Mrs. Chorley)

choerophylli, Zell. Near the

Kennet, Burghfield ; Bar-
cote (Durrant)
* heracleana, De Geer.

Psoricoptera gibbosella, Zell.
Bulmershe Park, at sugar ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

Gelechia pinguinella, Tr. New-
bury (Mrs. Chorley)

muscosella, Zell. Boar's Hill

(N. V. Sidgwick)
* ericetella, Hubn.

mulinella, Zell. Padworth,

among furze ; Newbury
(Meyrick)

sororculella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Bulmershe Park

cuneatella, Zell. Boar's Hill

(Pogson-Smith)

diffinis, Haw. Reading;

Newbury (Meyrick)

rhombella, Schiff. Sonning

(Digby)

scalella, Scop. Reading;

Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)
Brachmia mouffetella, Schiff.
Boar's Hill (Pogson-
Smith)
Bryotropha terrella, Hubn.

politella, Dougl. Woking-

ham ; Sulham ; Streatley

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

GELECHIIDJE (continued)
Bryotropha senectella, Zell.
Sonning (Digby) ; Reading

similis, Dougl. Tilehurst

affinis, Dougl. Sonning

(Digby) ; Basildon

domestica, Haw. Sonning

C^igby) ; Wokingham ;
Pangbourne

Lita acuminatella, Sircom.
Pangbourne

aethiops, Westw. Near

Crowthorne ; Wokingham ;
Burghfield, among heather

maculea, Haw. Sonning

(Digby); Tilehurst; Sul-
ham

tricolorella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby)

fraternella, Dougl. Sonning

(Digby)

maculiferella, Dougl. Read-

ing (Mrs. Bazett)

semidecandrella, Sta. Near

Reading

knaggsiella, Sta. Woking-

ham, once, on tree trunk
Teleia proximella, Hubn. Wok-
ingham; Bulmershe Park ;
Burghfield; Boar's Hill
(W. M. Geldart)

notatella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Boar's Hill
(Pogson-Smith)
t humeralis, Zell.

vulgella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley)
t luculella, Hubn.

scriptella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby); Christ Church
Gardens, Reading, among
maple

fugitivella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Southcot-lane,
Reading, on elm trunks ;
Barcote (Durrant)

sequax, Haw. Streatley

dodecella, Linn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Padwortb

triparella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading
(Mrs. Bazett)

Recurvaria leucatella, Clerck.
Boar's Hill (N. V. Sidg-
wick)

nanella, Hubn. Reading, in

gardens

Pcecilia nivea, Haw. Sonning
(Digby) ; Sulham ; Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

albiceps, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading
Nannodia hermannella, Fab.
Sonning (Digby)

GELECHIID.S (continued)
Apodia bifractella, Mann. Read-

ing (Mrs. Bazett) ; Boar's

Hill (S.)
Sitotroga cerealella, Oliver.

Padworth

'Ergatis ericinella, Dup.
Doryphora arundinetella, Zell.

Sonning (Digby) ; Woking-

ham
Monochroa tenebrella, Hubn.

Sonning (Digby)
Lamprotes atrella, Haw. Near

Reading
Anacampsis tzniolella, Tr.

Sulham

anthyllidella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Streatley and

the downs near ; Barcote

(Durrant)
Acanthophila alacella, Dup.

Whitley; Reading
tTachyptilia populella, Clerck.
Brachycrossata cinerella, Clerck

Sonning (Digby) ; Sulham.

Padworth ; Boar's Hill

(S.) ; Barcote (Durrant)
tCeratophora rufescens, Haw.
Cladodes gerronella, Zell.

Sonning (Digby) ; near

Reading
Parasia carlinella, Dougl. Streat-

ley, on the downs (Mrs.

Bazett)
Chelaria hiibnerella, Don. Bul-

mershe Park ; Newbury

(Mrs. Chorley)
Anarsia spartiella, Schr. New-

bury (Meyrick)
Hypsilophus schmidiellus,

Heyd. Sulham

marginellus, Fab. Bulmer-

she Park, plentiful among
juniper

Sophronia parenthesella, Linn.
Basildon ; Boar's Hill
(S.)

humerella, Schiff. Padworth
'Pleurota bicostella, Clerck.
Harpella geoffrella, Linn.
*Dasycera sulphurella, Fab.

t olivierella, Fab.
CEcophora minutella, Linn.
Sonning (Digby)

fulviguttella, Zell. Woking-

lunaris, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Boar's Hill (A. Sidgwick)

tinctella, Hubn. Tilehurst ;

Boar's Hill (S.)

unitella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Boar's Hill (S.)

flavifrontella, Hubn. Bul-

mershe Park ; Pangbourne,
beaten from yew trees

114

GELECHIIDJE (continued)
CEcophora fuscescens, Haw.
Sonning (Digby) ; Read-
ing (Mrs. Bazett)
* pseudospretella, Sta.
"Endrosis fenestrella, Scop.
Bu tails grandipennis, Haw.
Padwortb, among furze ;
Newbury (Meyrick)
Amphisbatis incongruella, Sta.

Wokingham
tPancalia leuwenhoekella, Linn.

GLYPHIPTERYGID.S:
Roslerstammia erxlebenella,
Fab. Padworth ; Alder-
maston Park, plentiful
round the lime trees in
sunshine ; Newbury (Mrs.
Chorley)

*Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella,
Haw.

* thrasonella, Scop.

equitella, Scop. Sonning

(Digby) ; gardens in and
near Reading

forsterella, Fab. Reading

fischeriella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Newbury (Mrs. Chorley) ;
Boar's Hill (S.)
^Echmia dentella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby)

Perittia obscurepunctella, Sta.
Sonning (Digby) ; near
Reading
tHeliozela sericiella, Haw.

resplendella, Dougl. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)

ARGYRESTHIIDJE

Argyresthia ephippella, Fab.
Sonning (Digby) ; in gar-
dens about Reading ; Sul-
ham ; Boar's Hill (A. Sidg-
wick)

* nitidella, Fab.
* semitestacella, Curt.

spiniella, Zell. Barcote (Dur-

rant)
* albistria, Haw.

conjugella, Zell. In gardens

about Reading, among
mountain ash

semifusca, Haw. Sonning

(Digby)

mendica, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)

glaucinella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby)

retinella, Zell. Bulmershe

Park ; Boar's Hill (S.)

andereggiella, Dup. Boar's

Hill (N. V. Sidgwick)

INSECTS

ARGYRESTHIIDJE (continued}
Argyresthia dilectella, Zell.

Streatley
t curvella, Linn.

sorbiella, Tr. Bulmershe

Park ; gardens near Read-
ing

pygmaeella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby) ; Sulham ; Streat-
ley

* goedartella, Linn.

* brochella, Hubn.

arceuthina, Zell. Sulham,

among juniper

Cedestis farinatella, Dup. Bul-
mershe Park, among fir ;
Barcote (Durrant)

Ocnerostoma piniariella, Zell.
Well. Coll.; Bulmershe
Park, among fir ; in gar-
dens about Reading

GRACILARHDJE

Gracilaria alchimiella, Scop.

stigmatella, Fab.
* elongella, Linn.

tringipennella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Tilehurst ; New-
bury (Meyrick) ; Boar's
Hill (N. V. Sidgwick);
Barcote (Durrant)
* syringella, Fab.

omissella, Dougl. Sonning

(Digby)

phasianipennella, Hubn.

Sonning (Digby)

auroguttella St. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Pangbourne

Coriscium brongniartellum,
Fab. Sonning (Digby) ;
near Reading ; Newbury
(Meyrick)

sulphurellum, Haw. Streat-

ley (Meyrick)
Ornix avellanella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby) ; Sulham, among

oak ; Newbury (Meyrick) ;

Barcote (Durrant)
* anglicella, Sta.
t betulae, Sta.

fagivora, Sta. Sonning

(Digby)

torquillella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby) ; Reading ; New-
bury (Meyrick)

guttea, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading
(Mrs. Bazett) ; Boar's Hill
(S.)

COLEOPHORID.S:

tColeophora fabriciella, Vill.

deauratella, Lien. Boar's

Hill (N. V. Sidgwick)

COLEOPHORIDJE (continued)
Coleophora fuscocuprella, H.-S.
Aldermaston Park (Mrs.
Bazett)

alcyonipennella, Kol. Son-

ning (Digby) ; Barcote
(Durrant)

paripennella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby)

potentillae, Sta. Near Read-

ing (Mrs. Bazett)

lixella, Zell. Sulham

pyrrhulipennella, Tisch.

Newbury (Meyrick)

albicosta, Haw. Bulmershe

Park ; Padworth, among
furze ; Boar's Hill (S.)

anatipennella, Hubn. Son-

ning (Digby)
var. albidella, Sonning (Dig-

by)
t palliatella, Zinck.

ibipennella, Heyd. Sonning

(Digby)

ardeaepennella, Scott. Son-

ning (Digby)

discordella, Zell. The chalk

downs near Streatley

therinella, Tgstr. Basildon

Park

graminicolella, Wk. Near

Reading (Mrs. Bazett)

troglodytella, Dup. Pad-

worth

lineolea, Haw. Sonning

(Digby)

murinipennella, Fisch.

Finchampstead (Digby) ;
Bulmershe Park
* caespititiella, Zell.

laripennella, Zett. Sulham-

stead ; Streatley ; New-
bury (Meyrick)

apicella, Sta. Finchamp-

stead (Digby) ; Newbury
(Meyrick)

argentula, Zell. Sonning

(Digby)

juncicolella, Sta. Newbury

(Meyrick)
laricella, Hubn.

albitarsella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)

* nigricella, St.

t fuscedinella, Zell.

orbitella, Zell. Finchamp-

stead (Digby)

gryphipennella, Bouche.

Sonning (Digby)

siccifolia, Sta. Sonning (Dig-

by); Burghfield, among birch

bicolorella, Scott. Near

Reading

viminetella, Heyd. Sonning

(Digby)

COLEOPHORID.S (continued)
Coleophora olivaceella, Sta. Near
Reading

solitariella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)
t lutipennella, Zell.

badiipennella, Fisch. Twy-

ford; Sonning (Digby)
t limosipennella, Fisch.

wilkinsoni, Scott. Alder-

maston Park (Mrs. Bazett)

ELACHISTID/E

Batrachedra praeangusta, Haw.
Sonning (Digby) ; Reading
(Mrs. Bazett) ; Midgham

pinicolella, Dup. Sonning

(Digby) ; Bulmershe Park
Chauliodus illigerellus, Hubn.
Sonning (Digby) ; in wil-
low beds near Pangbourne
and Midgham, common

chaerophyllellus,G6ze. Burgh-

field ; Newbury (Meyrick)
Laverna propinquella, Sta.
Sonning (Digby) ; by the
Thames near Reading

lacteella, St. Sonning (Dig-

by)

* epilobiella, Schr.
- ochraceella, Curt, Sonning
(Digby) ; Streatley and
Midgham (Mrs. Bazett)

subbristrigella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Boar's Hill (N.
V. Sidgwick)

- vinolentella, H.-S. Near

Reading

hellerella, Dup. Sonning

(Digby)

atra, Haw. Near Reading

- rhamniella, Zell. Near

Reading (Mrs. Bazett)
Chrysoclysta linneella, Clerck.
Near the gaol, Reading, on
lime trunks (F. Barnes)

schrankella, Hubn. Sonning

(Digby)
t aurifrontella, Hubn.

Anybia langiella, Hubn. Son-
ning (Digby)

Asychna modestella, Dup. Son-
ning (Digby) ; Newbury
(Meyrick)

terminella, Dale. Sonning

(Digby)

Antispila pfeifferella, Hubn.
Sonning (Digby) ; Basildon

treitschkiella, Fisch. Son-

ning (Digby)
Stephensia brunnichella, Linn.

Streatley, East Isley
Elachista albifrontella, Hubn.

atricomella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby) ; Tilehunt

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ELACHISTID./E (continued)
Elachista luticomella, Zell. Son-
ning (Digby)

poae, Dougl. Sonning (Digby)
* nigrella, Hubn.

subnigrella, Dougl. Sulham

perplexella, Sta. Streatley

(Digby)

bedellella, Sircom. Streatley

obscurella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading

gangabella, Fisch. Woking-

ham

taeniatella, Sta. Tilehurst

obliquella, Edl. Boar's Hill

(N. V. Sidgwick)

megerlella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick)

adscitella, Sta. Boar's Hill

(A. Sidgwick) ; Barcote
(Durrani)
t cerussella, Hubn.

rhynchosporella, Sta. New-

bury (Meyrick)

- triatomea, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham

- pollinariella, Zell. Near

Reading (Mrs. Bazett)
* rufocinerea, Haw.

subalbidella, Schl. Sulham
* argentella, Clerck.
"Tischeria complanella, Hubn.

dodonaea, Heyd. Sonning

(Digby)

marginea, Haw. Tilehurst;

Burghfield ; Newbury

(Meyrick)

LlTHOCOLLETID^;

Lithocolletis hortella, Fab-
Boar's Hill (N. V. Sidg-
wick)

concomitella, Bankes. Bar-

cote (Durrant)

oxyacanthae, Frey. Barcote

(Durrant)
* pomifoliella, Zell.

spinicolella, Kol. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick) ; Boar's Hill (N. V.
Sidgwick)
* faginella, Mann.

salicicolella, Sircom. Sonning

(Digby)
1 ulmifoliella, Hubn.

spinolella, Dup. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Boar's Hill (S.)
* quercifoliella, Fisch.

LITHOCOLLETIDJE (continued)
Lithocolletis messaniella, Zell.
Newbury (Meyrick) ; Bar-
cote (Durrant)

t corylifoliella, Haw.

viminiella, Sircom. Mor-

timer

ulicicolella, Vaughan. New-

bury (Meyrick)

alnifoliella, Hubn. Woking-

ham ; Newbury (Meyrick)
* cramerella, Fab.

sylvella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick) ; Boar's Hill (N. V.
Sidgwick)

frolichiella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby)

nicellii, Zell. Newbury(M.ey-

rick)

stettinensis, Nicelli. Sonning

(Digby)

kleemannella, Fab. Sonning

(Digby) ; Boar's Hill (A.
Sidgwick)

schreberella, Fab. Sonning

(Digby) ; Newbury (Mey-
rick) ; Barcote (Durrant)

tristrigella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham

trifasciella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Wokingham ;
Burghfield., among birch ;
Newbury (Meyrick); Boar's
Hill (A. Sidgwick)

comparella, Fisch. Calcot;

Sulham, among poplar

LYONETIID.S:

Lyonetia clerckella, Linn. Son-
ning (Digby) ; Barcote
(Durrant)
tPhyllocnistis suffusella, Zell.

saligna, Zell. Sonning (Dig-

by)

Cemiostoma spartifoliella,Hubn.
Sonning (Digby) ; Woking-
ham, among broom
* laburnella, Heyd.

scitella, Zell. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; Boar's Hill (Pogson-
Smith) ; Barcote (Durrant)

lotella, Sta. Finchamfstead,

from Latus major (Digby)
Opostega salaciella, Tr. Sonning
(Digby)

crepusculella, Fisch. Sonning

(Digby)

Bucculatrix nigricomella, Zell.
Sonning (Digby) ; com-

LYONETHD.S (continued)

mon on railway banks near
Reading

Bucculatrix cidarella, Tisch.
Sonning (Digby)

ulmella, Mann. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading ;
Newbury (Meyrick)

crataegi, Zell. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; Newbury (Meyrick)

boyerella,Dup. Sonning (Dig-

by) ; Newbury (Meyrick)

cristatella, Fisch. Sonning

(Digby)

NEPTICULID.S:

Nepticula atricapitella, Haw.
Sonning (Digby) ; New-
bury (Meyrick)

ruficapitella, Haw. Sonning

(Digby) ; Reading ; New-
bury (Meyrick)

anomalella, Goze. Sonning

(Digby) ; Barcote (Dur-
rant)

pygmaeella, Haw. Newbury

(Meyrick)

oxyacanthella, Sta. Near

Reading

viscerella, Dougl. Sonning
(Digby) ; Barcote (Dur-
rant)

catharticella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby)

septembrella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby)

intimella, Zell. Sonning

(Digby) ; near Reading
t subbimaculella, Haw.
t floslactella, Haw.

salicis, Sta. Sonning (Digby)

argentipedella, Zell. Boar's

Hill (N. V. Sidgwick)

plagicolella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby)

tityrella, Dougl. Newbury

(Meyrick)

turicella, H.-S. Barcote

(Durrant)

basalella, H.-S. Barcote

(Durrant)

marginicolella, Sta. Sonning

(Digby) ; Barcote (Dur-
rant)
* aurella, Fab.

Bohemannia quadrimaculella,
Boheman. Sonning, among
alder (Digby)

Trifurcula pulverosella, Sta.
Streatley

116

INSECTS

HETEROPTERA
GYMNOCERATA

PENTATOMIDJE

tCorimelsna scarabaeoides, Linn.
tPodops inuncta, Fabr.
Sehirus bicolor, Linn. Tile-
hurst ; Tubney

dubius, Scop. Pangbourne

(Saunders, Syn.)

biguttatus, Linn. Basildon
t morio, Linn.

Gnathoconus albomarginatus,
Fabr. Tubney Sandpits

picipes, Fall. King's Weir
Jilia acuminata, Linn. Sulham

chalk slopes

Neottiglossa inflexa, Wolff.
Maidenhead Thicket (But-
ler) ; Sulham

Eysarcoris melanocephalus,

Fabr. Reading (Barnes) ;
Burghfield

Fentatoma baccarum, Linn.
Bagley ; Soar's Hill

prasina, Linn. Quarry

Woods (Harwood) ; Basil-
don ; Streatley

*Piezodorus lituratus, Fabr.

'Tropicoris rufipes, Linn.
Picromerus bidens, Linn. Near
Maidenhead (Harwood) ;
Sulham ; Streatley
Podisus luridus, Fabr. Sulham ;
Streatley ; Bagley ; Boar's
Hill

Zicrona coerulea, Linn. Alder-
maston ; Tubney ; Aid-
worth (Walker)

'Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale,
Linn.

t dentatum, De G.

t interstinctum, Linn.

tristriatum, Linn. Streatley,

plentiful in juniper

COREID.S:

Syromastes marginatus, Linn.
Near Maidenhead (Har-
wood) ; Bagley ; Boar's
Hill

Verlusia rhombea, Linn. Well.
Coll.; Padworth; Boar'sHill

Coreus denticulatus, Scop.
Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;
Aldermaston Park

Alydus calcaratus, Linn. Well.
Coll.

Stenocephalus agilis, Scop.
Maidenhead Thicket (But-

HEMIPTERA*

COREIDJE (continued)

ler) ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading

Corizus maculatus, Fieb. Ascot
(Butler) ; Crowthorne,
among heather in April
- capitatus, Fabr. Unhill
*Myrmus miriformis, Fall.

BERYTIDJE

Berytus minor, H.-S. Burgh-
field ; Aldermaston

montivagus, Fieb. Maiden-

head Thicket (Butler)
Metatropis rufescens, H.-S.
Pangbourne (Saunders,
Syn.)

LYGJEID.7E

Nysius thymi, Wolff. Tubney
Cymus glandicolor, Hahn.
Fyfield and Ascot (Butler)

claviculus, Fall. Streatley ;

Wantage

Ischnorhynchus geminatus,
Fieb. Ascot (Harwood) ;
Fyfield (Butler); Pad-
worth ; Tubney

Heterogaster urticae, Fabr.
Maidenhead (Harwood) ;
Tubney

Rhyparochromus dilatatus, H.
S. Wokingham ; Burgh-
field ; Aldermaston

chiragra, Fabr. Burghfield ;

Padworth ; Tubney ; Boar's
Hill

Tropistethus holosericeus,

Schltz. Streatley ; Wan-
tage

Ischnocoris angustulus, Boh.
Well. Coll. ; Aldermaston

Plinthisus brevipennis, Latr.
Broadmoor

Acompus rufipes, Wolff. Ken-
net side, near Reading
tStygnus rusticus, Fall.
t pedestris, Fall.
t arenarius, Hahn.

Peritrechus luniger, Schill.
Maidenhead Thicket (But-
ler) ; Tubney

geniculatus, Hahn. Maiden-

head Thicket (Butler) ;
Padworth ; Tubney
fTrapezonotus agrestis, Fall.
Aphanus lynceus, Fabr. Burgh-
field ; Tubney

pini, Linn. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Padworth

(continued)
tScolopostethus affinis, Schill.

puberulus, Horv. Tubney

neglectus, Edw. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Streatley ;

Boar's Hill

decoratus, Hahn. Well. Coll.

(Barnes) ; Burghfield ;
Padworth

Notochilus contractus, H.-S.
Maidenhead Thicket (But-
ler) ; Burghfield

tDrymus sylvaticus, Fabr.

t brunneus, Sahib.

pilipes, Fieb. Bagley

- pilicornis, Muls. Pangbourne
tGastrodes ferrugineus, Linn.

TINCIDID.S:

Piesma capitata, Wolff. Fyfield
(Butler) ; Theale

Serenthia laeta, Fall. Reading
(Barnes) ; Tubney (Walk-
er)

Orthostira parvula, Fall. Tubney

macrophthalma, Fieb. Boar's

Hill
tDictyonota crassicornis, Fall.

strichnocera, Fieb. Fyfield

(Butler)

Derephysia foliacea, Fall. Fy-
field (Butler) ; Tubney
(Walker)

Monanthia ampliata, Fieb.
Maidenhead Thicket (But-
ler) ; Abingdon

cardui, Linn. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Reading; Theale;
Basildon

costata, Fieb. Tubney ;

Boar's Hill

dumetorum, H.-S. Tubney

humuli, Fabr. Fyfield (But-

ler)

ARADIDJE
tAradus depressus, Fabr.

HYDROMETRID./E
Mesovelia furcata, M. and R.

Fyfield (Butler)

"Hydrometra stagnorum, Linn.
*Velia currens, Fabr.
Microvelia pygmaea, Duf.

Fyfield (Butler)

Gerris paludum, Fabr. Fyfield
(Butler) ; Kennet near
Reading

najas, De G. Aldermaston,

in river Kennet

1 Mr. Holland has been assisted in this list by Mr. E. A. Butler (who has drawn up a list of species found between
Ascot and Maidenhead), Mr. R. Harwood, Mr. J. J. Walker, Mr. W. Barnes, Mr. Claude Morley, and the late Mr. F. W.
Lambert of Oxford ; Mr. E. A. Butler has also given considerable help in the list of Homoptera.

117

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

HYDROMETRIDJE (continued)
Gerris thoracica, Schum. Near
Theale, in Kennet

gibbifera, Schum. Broad-

moor

lacustris, Linn. Reading, in

Kennet

odontogaster, Zett. Fy field

(Butler) ; Broadmoor

argentata, Schum. Fyfield

(Butler)

REDUVIID/E
Ploiaria vagabunda, Linn.

Fyfield (Butler)
Reduvius personatus, Linn.
Reading ; Burgh field (Bird)
Coranus subapterus, De G.
Well. Coll.; Burghfield;
Boar's Hill
Nabis brevipennis, Hahn.

Tilehurst

t lativentris, Boh.
t major, Cost.

boops, Schiodte. Maiden-

head Thicket (Butler)
t flavomarginatus, Scholtz.

limbatus, Dahlb. Fyfield

and Maidenhead Thicket
(Butler)

lineatus, Dahlb. Ascot (But-

ler)

t ferus, Linn.
t rugosus, Linn.
t ericetorum, Schltz.

SALDIDJE

Salda orthochila, Fieb. Well
Coll.

saltatoria, Linn. Fyfield

(Butler)

cincta, H.-S. Fyfield (But-

ler)

ClMICIDJE

Cimex lectularius, Linn. Read-
ing, in old houses

Lyctocoris campestris, Fabr.
Burghfield ; Calcot

Piezostethus galactinus, Fieb.
Quarry Woods (Harwood) ;
Reading

cursitans, Fall. Crowthorne,

under fir bark
Temnostethus pusillus, H.-S.

Fyfield (Butler)
Anthocoris confusus, Reut. Fi-

field (Butler) ; Wantage
t nemoralis, Fabr.
* sylvestris, Linn.
Tetraphleps vittata, Fieb. Bray

(Butler) ; Padworth ; Al-

dermaston
Acompocoris pygmaeus, Fall.

Bray (Butler) ; Well. Coll.;

Burghfield

CIMICIDJE (continued)
Acompocoris alpinus,Reut. Tub-

ney
Triphleps niger, Wolff. Ascot

(Butler)

majusculus, Reut. Fyfield

(Butler)

minutus, Linn. Well. Coll. ;

Burghfield; Tubney

CAPSIDJE
Pithanus mserkeli, H.-S. Fyfield

(Butler)
Acetropis gimmerthalii, Flor.

Padworth

tMiris holsatus, Fabr.
* bevigatus, Linn.
t calcaratus, Fall.
tMegaloceraea erratica, Lmn.

longicornis, Fall, Maiden-

head Thicket (Butler) ;
King's Weir

ruficornis, Fall. Theale ;

Wallingford

Leptopterna ferrugata, Fall.
Wokingham; Reading;
Theale

t dolobrata, Linn.

Monalocoris filicis, Linn.
Pantilius tunicatus,Fabr. ^treat-
ley ; Henwood ; Bagley

'Phytocoris tiliae, Fabr.

t longipennis, Flor.

reuteri, Saund. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Wokingham
* ulmi, Linn,
t varipes, Boh.
tCalocoris striatellus, Fabr.

fulvomaculatus, De G. Basil-

don ; Moulsford ; Bagley

sexguttatus, Fabr. Brad-

field ; Crookham Common

(Morley)

t roseomaculatus, De G.
t chenopodii, Fall.
* bipunctatus, Fabr.
t infusus, H.-S.
t striatus, Linn.
'Oncognathus binotatus, Fabr.
*Lygus pabulinus, Linn,
t contaminatus, Fall.

lucorum, Mey. Reading ;

Midgham

spinolae, Mey. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Wallingford; Tubney
" pratensis, Fabr.
t pastinacse, Fall,
t kalmii, Linn.
t rubricatus, Fall.
tZygimus pinastri, Fall.
Poeciloscytus unifasciatus, Fieb.

Tilehurst ; Sulham
tCamptobrochis lutescens, Schill.
Liocoris tripustulatus, Fabr.
"Capsus laniarius, Linn.
tRhopalotomus ater, Linn.

CAPSIDJE (continued)
Pilophorus clavatus, Linn.

South Hinksey

Allodapus rufescens, H.-S. Fy-
field (Butler) ; Burghfield
Halticus apterus, Linn. Pang-
bourne ; Tubney

tOrthocephalus saltator, Hahn.
t mutabilis, Fall.
Dicyphus epilobii, Reut. Fy-
field (Butler) ; Sonning ;
Theale

errans, Wolff. Wallingford

(Lambert)

stachydis, Reut. King's Weir

pallidicornis, Fieb. South

Hinksey

globulifer, Fall, Reading;

Netobury

tCampyloneura virgula, H.-S.
tCyllocoris histrionicus, Linn.
t flavonotatus, Boh.
*^Etorhinus angulatus, Fall.
Cyrtorrhinus caricis, Fall. Wok-
ingham

pygmaeus, Zett. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Wokingham ;
Burghfield

Orthotylus nassatus, Fabr.
Burghfield ; Padworth ;
Aldermaston

diaphanus, Kb. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Burghfield ; Midg-
ham

scotti, Reut. Reading; Tile-

hurst

ochrotrichus, D. and S.

Fyfield (Butler)

chloropterus, Kbm. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Sulham

flavosparsus, Sahib. Fyfield

(Butler)

rubidus, Put. Maidenhead

Thicket (Butler)
t ericetorum, Fall.
Hypsitylus bicolor, D. and S.

Padworth ; Henwood

* Heterotoma merioptera, Scop.

Macrotylus paykullii, Fall.

Streatley (Lambert)
Macrocoleus molliculus, Fall.
Fyfield (Butler) ; Alder-
maston

tHarpocera thoracica, Fall.
Phylus palliceps, Fieb. Pad-
worth ; Bagley; Henwood

melanocephalus, Linn. Boar's

Hill (Lambert)
t coryli, Linn.
tPsallus betuleti, Fall.

ambiguus, Fall. Reading,

in gardens
t variabilis, Fall,
t lepidus, Fieb.
t varians, H.-S.
t sanguineus, Fabr.

INSECTS

CAPSIDJE (continued)
tPlagiognathus arbustorum,

Fabr.
viridulus, Fall.

CRYPTOCERATA

NAUCORID./E
Naucoris cimicoides, Linn-

Fyfield (Butler); North

Lake, Bulmershe Park,

Reading
Aphelochirus sestivalis, Fabr.

Near Bagley Wood (Saun-

ders)

NEPIDJE

Nepa cinerea, Linn.
Ranatra linearis, Linn. Sonning
meadows, on water plants
(W. Barnes); Burghfield
(Bird); Tubney (Walker)

NOTONECTIDJE

Notonecta glauca, Linn,
var. maculata. Burghfield

(Bird)

CORIXID.K
Corixa geoffroyi, Leach.

sahlbergi Fieb. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Wokingham ;
Tubney

linnzei, Fieb. Fyfield (Butler)

striata, Fieb. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Bulmershe Park,
Reading

distincta,Fieb. Fyfield (But-

ler)

maesta, Fieb. Tubney

limitata, Fieb. Near Read-

ing (Barnes)

HOMOPTERA
CICADINA

ClCADID/E

Centrotus cornutus, Linn.

Reading; Burghfield
Issus coleoptratus, Geoffr.

Burghfield ; Aldermaston
Cixius pilosus, Ol. Reading;

Bagley Wood

nervosus, Linn. Reading;

Tubney ; South Hinksey

DELPHACID*
Liburnia lineola, Linn. Fyfield
and Maidenhead Thicket
(Butler) ; Bagley Wood

vittipennis, J. Sahl. Fyfield

(Butler)

perspicillata, Boh. Fyfield

(Butler)

pellucida, Fabr. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Ferry Hinksey

DELPHACIDJE (continued)
Liburnia difficilis, Edw. South
Hinksey

limbata, Fabr. Tubney
Triecphora vulnerata, Illig.

Reading ; Bagley Wood
Aprophora alni, Fall. Bray and
Fyfield (Butler) ; Reading;
Burghfield

salicis, De G. Ferry Hink-

sey

CERCOPIDJE
Philaenus spumarius, Linn.

campestris, Fall. Reading;

Theale

exclamationis, Thunb. Read-

ing; Wantage

lineatus, Linn. Ascot

(Butler); Reading; Wan-
tage

LEDRIDJE

Ledra aurita, Linn. Reading;
Burghfield; Tubney

ULOPID.S:

Ulopa reticulata, Fabr. Read-
ing

PAROPID.K

Megophthalmus scanicus, Fall.
Fyfield (Butler) ; Tubney

BYTHOSCOPIDJE

Macropis lanio, Linn. Read-
ing ; Sulham

Bythoscopus rufusculus, Fieb.
Reading

flavicollis, Linn. Reading;

Boar's Hill

Pediopsis tibialis, Scott. Fyfield
(Butler) ; Reading

scutellatus, Boh. Burgh-

field

cereus, Germ. Padworth
Idiocerus distinguendus, Kbm.

Bray (Butler)

vitreus, Fabr. Bray (Butler)

fulgidus, Fabr. Reading

populi, Linn. Fyfield (But-

ler)

confusus, Flor. Sulham

albicans, Kbm. Bray (But-

ler)

Agallia puncticeps, Germ.
Fyfield (Butler)

TETTIGONID.K
Evacanthus interruptus, Linn.

Reading
acuminatus, Linn. Reading ;

Ferry Hinksey
Tettigonia viridis, Liv. Fyfield

(Butler); Burghfield;

Aldermaston

119

ACOCEPHALID.B

Acocephalus nervosus, Schrk.
Fyfield (Butler) ; Reading ;
Tilehurst

albifrons, Linn. Bessels-

Leigh

Eupelix cuspidata, Fabr. Read-
ing

JASSID.E

Athysanus brevipennis, Kbm.
Fyfield (Butler)

sordidus, Zett. Ascot (But-

ler) ; Burghfield ; Botley

obscurellus, Kbm. Well.

Coll.

Deltocephalus pascuellus, Fall.
Ascot and Fyfield (Butler)

ocellaris, Fall. Fyfield

(Butler)

coronifer, Marsh. Maiden-

head Thicket (Butler)

argus, Marsh. Reading

pulicaris, Fall. Fyfield (But-

ler) ; Ferry Hinksey
Allygus mixtus, Fabr. Read-
ing

Thamnotettix subfuscula, Fall.
Tubney

splendidula, Fabr. Read-

ing

Limotettix 4-notata, Fabr. As-
cot (Butler) ; Wantage

sulphurella, Zett. Fyfield

(Butler) ; Wantage
Cicadula metria, Flor. Maid-
enhead and Fyfield (But-
ler)

sexnotata, Fall. Ascot (But-

ler) ; Ferry Hinksey

cyane, Boh. Fyfield (Butler)

TYPHLOCYBID.SE
Alebra albostriella, Fall. Fyfield

(Butler)
Dicraneura flavipennis, Zett.

Ascot and Fyfield (Butler)
Eupteryx atropunctata, Goeze.

Fyfield (Butler) ; Walling-

ford ; Tubney

germari, Zett. Burghfield

concinna, Germ. Alder-

maston

Typhlocyba ulmi, Linn. Pang-
bourne

cratajgi, Dougl. Padworth

rosae, Linn. Reading

PSYLLINA

PSYLLIDJE

Psylla cratzgi, Schr. Wantage
Trichopsylla walkeri, Forst.

Fyfield (Butler)
Trioza albiventris, Forst

Reading

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ARACHNIDA

Very few collections have been made of members of this order in
the county of Berkshire. The following list, including 61 species,
were taken for the most part by the late Lieut. -Colonel Arthur Pickard,
V.C., R.A., in the neighbourhood of Windsor Castle, and the late Rev.
C. W. Penny of Wellington College, Wokingham :

ARANE^

ARACHNOMORPH&

DYSDERID^E

Spiders with six eyes and two pairs of stigmatic openings, situated close together on the
genital rima ; the anterior pair communicating with lung books, the posterior with tracheal
tubes. Tarsal claws, two in Dysdera, three in Harpactes and Segestria.

1. Harpactes bomber gn (Scopoli). 3. Segestria bavarica, C. L. Koch.

Windsor (A.P.) (O.P.-C.)

Common ; April to July. OONOPID/E

2. Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus). 4. Oonops pulcher t Templeton.

Windsor (A.P.) (O.P.-C.)

Common ; July. Rare ; adult in July.

Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows, two tarsal claws and anterior
spinners close together at their base. Maxillae not impressed. The crab-like shape and side-
long movements of these spiders are their chief characteristics, enabling them to be easily
distinguished from the more elongate Drassidts and Clubionldee,

5. Thomisus onustus (Walckenaer). 7. Philodromus elegans, Blackwall.

Wokingham (C.W.P.) Wokingham (C.W.P.)

6. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck).

Windsor (A.P.)

SALTICIDjE

The spiders of this family may be recognized in a general way by their mode of pro-
gression, consisting of a series of leaps. More particularly they may be known by the square
shape of the cephalic region and the fact that the eyes are arranged in three rows of 4, 2, 2,
the centrals of the anterior row being much the largest. Otherwise the spiders are simply
specialized Clubionids with two tarsal claws and other minor characters possessed in common
with other members of this family.

8. Salticus scenicus (Clerck). IO. Attus pubescens (Fabr.)

Windsor (A.P.) Windsor (A.P.)

9. Hasarius arcuatus (Clerck).

Wokingham (C.W.P.)

PISAURID^:

Spiders with eight eyes in three rows of 4, 2, 2 ; the small anterior eyes being some-
times in a straight line, sometimes recurved and sometimes procurved. Those of the other
two rows are situated in the form of a rectangle of various proportions and are much larger
than the eyes of the anterior row. The tarsal claws are three in number. Pisaura runs
freely over the herbage, carrying its egg-sac beneath the sternum ; while Dolomedes is a
dweller in marshes and swamps.

II. Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck). 12. Dolomedes fimbriatus (Walckenaer).

Wokingham (C.W.P.) Wokingham (C.W.P.)

Known also as Dolomedes, or Ocya/e, mirabilis.

120

SPIDERS

LYCOSID^

The members of this family are to be found running freely over the ground, and carry-
ing the egg-sac attached to the spinners. Many of the larger species make a short burrow in
the soil and there keep guard over the egg-sac. Eyes and tarsal claws as in the Pisaurida,
with slight differences.

13. Lycosa cuneata (Clerck). 14. Lycosa perita, Latreille.

Wolcingham (C.W.P.) Wokingham (C.W.P.)

AGELENID^

Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two straight or more or less curved transverse rows.
Tarsal claws, three. The species of this family spin a large sheet-like web, and construct a
tubular retreat at the back of it, which leads to some crevice amongst the rocks or in the
herbage, or in the chinks in the walls of outhouses and barns, wherever the various species
may happen to be found. The habits of Argyroneta, the water spider, are however quite
different. The posterior pair of spinners is much longer than the others in the more typical
genera of this family.

I"]. Tegenaria derkami (Scopoli).

Windsor (A.P.)

A very common species everywhere.
1 8. Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck).

Windsor (A.P.)
Abundant, forming large sheet-like webs

15. Tegenaria atrica, C. L. Koch.
Windsor (A.P.)

1 6. Tegenaria parietina (Fourcroy).
Windsor (A.P.)

Abundant in the London district generally.
Known also as T. guyonii and T. domestica.

on the herbage, with a funnel-shaped tubular
retreat.

The spiders included in this family have eight eyes, situated in two rows, the lateral eyes
of both rows being usually adjacent, if not in actual contact, while the central eyes form a
quadrangle. The tarsal claws are three, often with other supernumerary claws. The web is
either an orbicular snare, as in the case of the ' common garden spider,' or consists of a sheet
of webbing, beneath which the spider hangs and captures its prey as it falls upon the sheet.
This immense family includes those usually separated under the names Epeiridts and Linyphiidts.

Meta segmentata (Clerck). 26. Araneus umbraticus, Clerck.

Windsor (A.P.) Windsor (A.P.)

Very abundant. Known also as Efeira 2?- Araneus sclopetarius, Clerck.

inclinata, Blackwall.

20. Meta meriana (Scopoli).
Windsor (A.P.)

Not uncommon. Known also as Epeira
antriada, Blackwall, and a striking variety
as E. ce/ata, Blackwall.

21. Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus).
Windsor (A.P.)

Most abundant and generally distributed.

22. Cyclosa conica (Pallas).
Windsor (A.P.)

23. Zilla x - notata (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

24. Araneus cucurbitinus, Clerck.
Windsor (A.P.)

25. Araneus diadematus, Clerck.
V/indsor (A.P.)

Windsor (A.P.)

28. Singa sanguinea, C. L. Koch.
Windsor (A.P.)

29. Linyphia triangularis (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

30. Linyphia montana (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

31. Linyphia clathrata, Sundevall.
Windsor (A.P.)

32. Lepthyphantes minutus (Blackwall).
Windsor (A.P.)

33. Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall).
Windsor (A.P.)

34. Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert).
Windsor (A.P.)

35. Bathyphantes dorsalis (Wider).

Windsor (A.P.)

121,

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

36. Batbyphantes concolor (Wider).
Windsor (A.P.)

Known also as Theridion filipe;, Blackball.

37. Batbyphantes arcumspectus (Blackwall).
Windsor (A.P.)

38. Labulla thoracica (Wider).
Windsor (A.P.)

39. Erigone atra (Blackwall).
Windsor (A.P.)

40. Kulczynskiellum retusum (Westring).
Windsor (A.P.)
D ; phus cgrnutus (Blackwa m

4 2 - Wahkenaerla crtstata, Blackwall.
Windsor (A.P.)

43. Entelecara erythropus (Westring).

Windsor (A.P.)
MIMETID-ffi

Spiders of this family are similar in general respects to the Tberidiid<e, having eight eyes
and three tarsal claws. The species of Era construct a small brown pear-shaped or cylindrical
egg-cocoon suspended on a fine silken stalk.
44. Era tuberculata (De Geer). Wokingham (C.W.P.)

THERIDIID^E

The members of this family have eight eyes, situated very much like those of the
Arglopldee ; but the mandibles are usually weak, the maxillae are inclined over the labium,
and the posterior legs have a comb of stiff curved spines beneath the tarsi. The web
consists of a tangle of crossing lines, and the spider often constructs a tent-like retreat
wherein the egg-sac is hung up. The tarsal claws are three in number.

45. Theridion formosum (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

Known also as T. sisyphium, Blackwall.

46. Theridion tepidariorum, C. L. Koch.
Windsor (A.P.)

47. Theridion sisyphium (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

Known also as T. nervosum, Blackwall.

48. Theridion denticulatum (Walckenaer).

Windsor (A.P.)

cri -,- tr L

40. Theridion variant. Hahn.

Windsor (A.P.)

cr, < ... r> T ir i.

50. Theridion vittatum, C. L. Koch.

w j /A DN
Windsor (A.P.)

Known also as T. pulcbellum (Walckenaer).

Theridion pa/lens, Blackwall.
Windsor (A.P.)
Theridion ovatum (Clerck).
Windsor (A.P.)

Known also under the name Phyllonetbis
lineata.

53- Theridion tinctum, Walckenaer.
Windsor (A.P.)
Theridion bimaculatum (Linnzus).

Windsor ( A ' P '>

Steatoda bipunctata (Linnaeus).
v

55
JJ

Known also as Theridion quadnpunctatum.
. , r

Blackwall.

The spiders belonging to this family possess three tarsal claws, and the eyes, eight in
number, situated in two transverse rows, the laterals being in contact. The cribellum (or
extra pair of spinning organs) and the calamistrum (a row of curving bristles on the protarsi
of the fourth pair of legs) are present in all members of the family. They construct a
tubular retreat with an outer sheet of webbing, which is covered with a flocculent silk made
with the calamistrum from threads furnished by the cribellum.

56. Amaurobius similis (Blackwall). 58. Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus).

Windsor (A.P.) Wokingham (C.W.P.)

Common. Known also under the name Abundant. Known also as Ergatis benigna,

Ciniflo.

57. Amaurobius ferox (Walckenaer).
Windsor (A.P.)

Common. Known also under the name
Ciniflo.

Blackwall.

59. Dictyna uncinata. Thorell.

Windsor (A.P.)
6o D i ctyna var l a bUlt, C. L. Koch.

(O.P.-C.)
6 1. Uloborus walckenaerius, Latreille.

Wokingham (C.W.P.)

CRUSTACEANS

The naturalists of the county have not been hitherto attracted to
lavish any exaggerated amount of industry on this branch of its fauna.
Such an inference at least may be drawn from some of their published
annals. In three volumes containing the Transactions of the Newbury
District Field Club from 1870 to 1886 no allusion to Crustacea was trace-
able, although, as will later appear, the class is not unrepresented in that
district. The Reports and Transactions of the Reading Literary and Scienti-
fic Society are scarcely more fruitful in regard to this department of know-
ledge. They do, however, allow it recognition. In the Report and
Proceedings for 1893, pp. 14, 15, an abstract is given of a lecture by
Miss K. Green on ' Wonders of Pond Life,' and therein mention is made
of * Cyclops, Cypris, Daphnia (Crustacea)' These are very properly
introduced as examples of arthropods to be found in ponds, but there is
nothing to show whether actual specimens of any species had been
observed within the county. In the Report and Proceedings for 1894,
p. 23, the abstract of a lecture by Miss E. C. Pollard on ' Some Animal
Parasites ' offers ' a comparison of a lobster with its parasitic relation,
the extremely degenerate sacculina.' That these are not indigenous to
the inland waters of England needs no saying, but to prevent confusion
the remark may be volunteered that species of the degenerate cirripede
genus Sacculina have not been found infesting the ordinary lobster of our
seas. The antithesis therefore might well have been more strongly
pointed by contrasting the parasite with the common shore crab, an
animal higher in the scale of organization than the lobster, though less
able to protect itself from the attacks of this especial intruder.

That Berkshire has very many species of aquatic crustaceans and at
least a few that are terrestrial may be safely inferred from the circum-
stance that it offers these groups the same conditions of existence as they
enjoy in the neighbouring counties. Nor are there any intervening
obstacles of an insuperable character. Reliance on this line of argument
is encouraged by some definite notices. Few and scanty as these are,
they prove that both Malacostraca and Entomostraca are here represented.
The former division embraces the Decapoda or ten-footed species, such
as crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimps, which often in popular ideas are
supposed to monopolize the whole crustacean class. According to this
view our inland counties would have to content themselves with a
solitary species. This in fact is the one to which our attention should first
be directed, and as to this one it is fair to admit that both early and late
in the nineteenth century clear intimations exist of its occurrence in this

123

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

county. To credit the earlier of these to carcinology might not be
quite so fair. It sprang rather from an unnatural union in the circle of
the sciences, being got as a breeder might say by ichthyology out of
etymology. The story works out in this way. In the first place we
find the Messrs. Lysons stating in their well known work upon Great
Britain that ' the principal rivers of Berkshire are the Thames, the
Kennet, the Loddon, the Ock, the Lambourn, and the Auborn.' 1
Secondly, they declare that ' the fish of the Ock are pike, perch,
gudgeon, roach, dace, and crayfish.' 2 Thirdly, through other sources
we know that from the old German krebiz, which answers to the new
German krebs, came either independently or through the French
ecrevisse our old English crevisse. All in good time with our well
known linguistic skill we modified this into crayfish, and finally by this
trick of language writers, more bent on the pleasures of angling than on
the technicalities of systematic zoology, have been led to include a long-
tailed decapodous arthropod among vertebrate fishes. A more recent
authority, better acquainted with the proper classification of the cray-
fish, also guarantees its presence within these borders. But his warrant
too may be regarded as to some extent accidental, since it depends on
his mentioning the Kennet as one out of the many rivers of England in
which this species is found. Speaking of the sides of rivers in general,
Dr. Hamilton says :

Of the Crustacea two will occasionally come under notice :

1. The crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) or the river lobster (Aitakos being the name
by which the Greeks called the lobster) is found in many of our rivers.

Then after noticing its colour and the miscellaneous character of
its food he continues :

Owing to some unknown cause, the crayfish has entirely died out from the
upper part of the river Kennet, and consequently the trout have lost a most important
food-supply ; and it is possible that the redness of the flesh for which the trout in this
river were noted, and which is not now so universal, was due in a great measure to
this crustacean, to the young of which trout are extremely partial. May not the
cause arise from the absence in the water of ingredients which were necessary for the
formation of the shell ?

2. The freshwater shrimp (Gammarus pulex) is extremely common in all
springs and rivers, particularly where decaying vegetable matter has accumulated. It
generally keeps near the bottom and swims on its side with a kind of jerking motion,
and feeds on dead fishes or any other decaying matter. In some parts of the Kennet
this crustacean is to be found in great numbers. 8

The second species of this reference will be discussed hereafter.
The first is more properly called Potamobius pallipes (Lereboullet). Not
every reader can be expected to care about the technical names of all
the animals which perhaps he captures with zeal, eats with satisfaction,

1 Magna Britannia : being a precise Topographical Account of the several Counties of Great Britain, by
the Rev. Daniel Lysons, A.M., F.R.S., F.A. and L.S., and Samuel Lysons, Esq., F.R.S. and F.A.S.
Volume the First, containing Bedfordshire, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire (1805), p. 193. Auborn is
elsewhere spelt Aubourn. * Loc. cit. p. 196.

3 The River-side Naturalist: Notes on the various forms of Life met with either in, on, or by the Water, ot
in its immediate vicinity, by Edward Hamilton, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (1890), pp. 296, 297.

I2 4

CRUSTACEANS

or observes with interest and pleasure. Some even in the scientific
world think that such names are of no importance. Some discuss them
with an almost passionate eagerness. In truth one name may do as well
as another so long as the meaning is really known. But there a diffi-
culty comes in. Just as the Syrian captain thought that the rivers of his
own Damascus must be of more virtue than all the waters of Palestine,
we are apt to think that expressions like ' river crayfish,' drawn from
the ' well of English undefiled,' must be superior to any terminology of
uncouth and sometimes barbarous Latin. Unfortunately the term 'river
crayfish ' is indifferently applicable to any one of several scores of species
distributed over Europe, Asia, America and Australia. Out of the whole
number only one species of one genus is known to occur in England,
and that one is not Astacus fluviatilis. The generic name Astacus,
formerly applied with great vagueness to many very distinct creatures, is
now properly confined to lobsters which live in the sea. In Potamobius,
a word meaning ' life in a river,' our freshwater crayfishes enjoy an ap-
propriate designation. It is the only genus of them found in Europe,
and its three or four European species are all closely connected. Between
two of these Huxley institutes a very interesting comparison, to illustrate
the difficulty of deciding whether differing forms should in certain cases
be regarded as distinct species or as mere varieties. He says :

If large series of specimens of both stone crayfishes and noble crayfishes from
different localities are carefully examined, they will be found to present great variations
in size and colour, in the tuberculation of the carapace and limbs, and in the absolute
and relative sizes of the forceps.

The most constant characters of the stone crayfish are :

1. The tapering form of the rostrum and the approximation of the lateral spines
to its point ; the distance between these spines being about equal to their distance from
the apex of the rostrum (fig. 61, A).

2. The development of one or two spines from the ventral margin of the
rostrum.

3. The gradual subsidence of the posterior part of the post-orbital ridge, and the
absence of spines on its surface.

4. The large relative size of the posterior division of the telson (G).
On the contrary, in the noble crayfish :

1. The sides of the posterior two-thirds of the rostrum are nearly parallel, and
the lateral spines are fully a third of the length of the rostrum from its point ; the
distance between them being much less than their distance from the apex of the
rostrum (B).

2. No spine is developed from the ventral margin of the rostrum.

3. The posterior part of the post-orbital ridge is a more or less distinct, some-
times spinous elevation.

4. The posterior division of the telson is smaller relatively to the anterior
division (A).

I may add that I have found three rudimentary pleurobranchiae in the noble cray-
fish, and never more than two in the stone crayfish. 1

With these contrasted details a student would find it a useful exer-
cise to determine for himself whether our English species is the stone
crayfish or the noble crayfish. Most of the technical terms are not
difficult to understand. The rostrum is the median projection from the

1 Huxley, The Crayfish, ed. 3 (1881), pp. 294, 295, fig. 61, A, G, B, H, on p. 233.

125

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

front of the carapace. The carapace is the great cephalothoracic shield
which covers the bases of the eye-stalks, antennae, mouth-organs and
legs. The orbits are excavated on either side of the rostrum. The
transversely sutured telson is at the opposite extremity to the rostrum,
being the last of the twenty-one segments which may be assumed as
constituents of the head, thorax and abdomen (or cephalon, perason and
pleon) of a stalk-eyed malacostracan. The gills or branchiae are limited
to the head and thorax, and are concealed under the carapace. They are
called podobranchias when attached to the basal joint of an appendage,
arthrobranchiae when attached to the membrane connecting this joint
with the supporting segment, and pleurobranchia? when attached to the
side of the segment itself. In Potamobius there are six pairs of the first
sort, eleven of the second, and of the third one pair well developed and
either two or three pairs that are rudimentary. The reckoning of
twenty-one segments is spoken of as an assumption, because out of the
first fourteen, which belong to the cephalothoracic division, all but the
last are here so firmly soldered together that their original individuality,
though not a matter of any reasonable doubt, is a matter of inference.
In regard to the distinctive characters above arrayed, a beginner will
very likely not find it especially easy to determine whether his specimen
has three pairs of rudimentary pleurobranchias or only two, but the other
differences are not difficult to observe. In the case of fresh specimens
assistance may be derived from the colouring of the limbs, these being
so much redder in one form than in the other that the noble crayfish
has been distinguished as the ' red-clawed ' from the ' white-clawed '
stone crayfish. The value of this distinction is much enhanced by the
evidence adduced that, notwithstanding the provision of ample oppor-
tunity, the two forms do not interbreed. 1 That our English species is
the stone crayfish seems to be placed beyond doubt, but in distinguishing
that species as Astacus torrentium from the other and larger form which
he calls A. nobilis, Huxley has chanced to be unlucky in all his
names. From the more extended researches of Dr. Walter Faxon it
appears that the German name Steinkrebs, with its Latin equivalent
A. saxatilis, has covered two varieties or very nearly related species.
Out of much confusion the scientific names torrentium (Schrank, 1803)
and pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) emerge as the earliest available names
for the forms in question, pallipes belonging to the one found in England.
On the other hand, the ancient name Jluviatilis, though under accepted
rules its date is restricted to its use by Fabricius in 1775, has still a long
precedence over nobilis (Schrank, iSoj). 2 For all three forms, as already
stated, the correct -generic name is Potamobius.

As in other inland counties, the remaining crustaceans are all of
small size and of no commercial importance, though undoubtedly
valuable as consumers of waste products and as a food supply to animals
higher in general esteem. Conspicuous among the minor species is the

1 Huxley, The Crayfish, ed. 3 (1881) p. 297.

Faxon, Proceedings of the American Academy of Am and Sciences (1884), xx. 153-6.

126

CRUSTACEANS

Gammarus pulex (Linn.), to which Dr. Hamilton calls attention in a
passage already quoted. Less economically useful but scientifically of
more interest are the * well-shrimps.' These may be regarded as the one
redeeming feature in the niggardly annals of Berkshire carcinology, for
though the earliest discovery of them was made in another part of
England, it was through Berkshire specimens that they were first recog-
nized as a determinate part of our English fauna. Bate and Westwood,
in their History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea^ when discussing the
genus Niphargus^ Schiodte, write as follows :

Between the years 1835 and 1842, Koch, in the continuation of Panzer's great
work on the Insects of Germany, published descriptions and figures of two species which
he procured from the draw-wells of Ratisbonne and ZweibrUcken, under the single
name of Gammarus puteanus. In 1851 Schiodte obtained other specimens from the
caves of Carniola ; and to him is due the credit of establishing this interesting genus
among the Amphipod Crustacea. In the year 1852 Prof. Westwood was so fortunate
as to obtain from a pump with a substratum of clay, near Maidenhead, a quantity of
these animals. 1

The specimens forwarded to Prof. Westwood from Maidenhead
proved to belong to the species Niphargus agui/ex, Schiodte, and this,
which is possibly but by no means certainly identical with Gammarus
subterraneus, Leach, 1813, was soon afterwards found to occur in the
wells of several counties. 8

That all the Malacostraca are tied and bound together in singularly
close relationship is not readily apparent to those ' that choose by show,
not learning more than the fond eye doth teach.' The eye must be not
' fond ' in the old sense of simple and foolish, but well informed, before
it can perceive the resemblances that connect the groups together, or even
duly appreciate the features that keep them distinct. The Amphipoda
to which Gammarus and Niphargus alike belong have as a rule all the
same parts and appendages as the shrimp of commerce, with one excep-
tion. The eatable shrimp, like the crayfish and the crab, has pedunculate
eyes. According to the length of the stalk, the depth of the orbit, and
other arrangements, movable organs of vision are capable of playing a
great part in the activities and appearance of species which possess them.
But this does not affect the Amphipoda, all of which have the eyes
sessile. They cannot, like a poet in a fine frenzy, roll them to and fro,
nor like a decapod abruptly lift or lower them. These unjointed eyes
cannot take rank in the series of appendages, and accordingly they cannot
be supposed to imply a supporting body-segment. In the head and
thorax of an amphipod therefore there is no proof of more than thirteen
segments, and the last seven of these are not covered by a carapace or
immovably consolidated. By the intervention of a flexible membrane
they are after a fashion articulated one to the other, with the same
freedom of movement as that which pertains to the segments of the
abdomen both here and in the lobsters and true shrimps. Of the limbs
corresponding to the seven segments of the thorax or perason, the first two

1 Brit. Sess. Crust, pt. 7 (1862), i. 312. * Loc. cit. p. 317.

127

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

pairs are generally subchelate, that is to say they terminate in a sort of
incomplete though sufficiently effective pincers. These appendages are
equivalents of the last two pairs of mouth-organs in the crayfish and
other decapods, while the remaining five pairs of legs tally with the
ten feet from which the decapods derive their designation. Another
important characteristic of the Amphipoda is found in the branchiae,
which, instead of being greatly subdivided and concealed in branchial
chambers on either side of the carapace, are commonly of simple structure
and unenclosed. They are attached to the bases of some or all of the
last six pairs of the thoracic limbs. Between the two species that have
been already mentioned, Gammarus pulex and Niphargus aquilex^ the dis-
tinction is fairly easy. The former is of a yellowish or greenish brown
colour, with dark eyes, and the two branches of the terminal appendages
only a little unequal in length ; the latter is white and pellucid, with
the eyes imperceptible, and the terminal appendages distinguished by the
great length of the outer branch and the rudimentary condition of the
inner. The late Mr. Spence Bate described three other species of
English 'well-shrimps,' two of them being additions to the genus
Niphargus. One of these is found near Maidenhead. Specimens of it
were procured for me from that locality by one of my former pupils,
Mr. H. F. Cowper-Smith. Between this species, N. kochianus, and the
nearly allied N. aquilex some points of distinction are very apparent from
the figures given in the well known volumes by Bate and Westwood. If
attention be directed to the pleon, that is, the part of the animal behind
the legs, it will be seen that the large second and third segments have
the postero-lateral margins broadly rounded in N. aquilex but acute-
angled in N. kocbianus. The two front pairs of limbs, known as
gnathopods, are shown with ' hands ' longer than broad in the latter
species, but as broad as they are long in the former. Also the adjustment
of the ' hand ' to the ' wrist ' differs in the two forms. 1 The figures
referred to cannot perhaps be trusted for very minute accuracy, since the
equality of size between the first and second gnathopods attributed to
both species does not really belong to either. The first gnathopods
certainly as a rule are in both species decidedly smaller than the second.
Not improbably in the case of N. kocbianus, instead of the first and
second, the second have been figured in duplicate. A more exact study
of the species however has recently been made by Dr. Charles Chilton,
M.D., D.Sc., and his paper in the Journal of the Linnean Society* on
' The Subterranean Amphipoda of the British Isles,' cannot be dispensed
with by those who take an interest in this subject. He points out two
additional distinctions which are important, although the student will
scarcely be in a position to verify them without carefully dissecting his
specimens. When the fourth pair of mouth-organs, known as the
maxillipeds, are flattened out under the microscope, it will be perceived
that the large spine-bordered plate of the third joint in N. kocbianus

1 Brit. Sess. Crust, pt. 7 (1862), i. 315, 323.
* Vol. xxviii. (1900), 140-61, pis. 16-18.

128

CRUSTACEANS

reaches to the far end of the fifth or antepenultimate joint, whereas in
N. aquilex it reaches not nearly so far. In like manner, if the terminal
segment of the body, the segment which has no appendages and is
known as the telson, be detached and flattened out, it will be seen that
the median slit runs much further up in N. kocbianus than in N. aquilex.
It is perhaps worth suggesting that dissections should not be practised
upon rare specimens until some skill has been acquired by dealing with
examples that are common and plentiful, such as those of Gammarus pulex.

It is rather singular that Dr. Hamilton should have mentioned the
universally prevalent freshwater amphipod, without making any allusion
to its almost equally common and very frequent companion, our fresh-
water isopod, Asellus aquaticus (Linn.). The genuine Isopoda are
sessile-eyed like the Amphipoda, with which they further agree in
having the seven segments of the thorax or middle body articulated and
not covered by a carapace. But they differ from the amphipods and
from almost all the other Malacostraca in one highly important particular.
They have the appendages of the abdomen or pleon modified for branchial
purposes, in this respect agreeing only with the small group of the
Stomatopoda or Squillidas. But whereas the latter have the abdomen
enormously developed, this portion in the Isopoda is comparatively
reduced, often with the seven segments all consolidated, and uniformly
with the sixth and seventh segments united into one piece so that there
is no separate telson. The presence of A. aquaticus in the streams
of Berkshire may be taken for granted. The presence of all our
commonest English woodlice in its roads and gardens, woods and hedge-
rows, may with equal confidence be presumed. There cannot be any
reasonable doubt that the county harbours Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli) ;
Trichoniscus pusillus, Brandt ; Oniscus asellus, Linn. ; Platyarthrus hoff-
mannseggii, Brandt ; Porcellio sca&er, Latreille ; and Armadillidium -vulgare
(Latreille). These form rather more than a fourth part of the whole
number of species which England can at present claim among the
terrestrial isopods, but even of these few the existing records only point
the finger at Berkshire without definitely naming it. The six species
mentioned, being generally distributed in neighbouring and surrounding
counties, could have no motive for omitting this one from the pertinacity
of their colonizing instincts. The little opaque-white Platyarthrus^ which
lives in ants' nests, has been observed not many miles from the county
boundary, and a seventh species, Metoponortbus pruinosus (Brandt), is re-
corded as ' plentiful in the vicinity of Oxford,' 1 an expression capable of
including both the shires whose borders are illumined by that learned
city. Of Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber Miss Slocock has kindly
sent me specimens collected in the wood at her father's residence,
Goldwell, Newbury.

Like the Malacostraca at large, the air-breathing isopods have two
pairs of antennas, but the first pair are small and obscure in those
terrestrial crustaceans commonly called woodlice, whereas the second

1 Brit, Sets. Crust, pt. 21 (1868), ii. 488.
I 129 17

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

pair frequently offer very serviceable marks of distinction. These
appendages consist generally of a five-jointed peduncle and a terminal
part called the flagellum. Of the seven species above mentioned the
first three have this flagellum at least triarticulate, but in the remaining
four it is only biarticulate. In Trichoniscus pusillus the antennae are dis-
tinguished by being more spiny and more strongly geniculate than those
of other species. In Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii the antennas are broad
and flattened, and the first joint of the flagellum is scarcely visible.
Where the antenna? fail, other parts supply distinctive characters. Thus
in Philoscia muscorum the pleon is more abruptly contracted than in
Oniscus asellus. The smooth Metoponorthus pruinosus, as its generic name
implies, has a straight forehead, whereas the roughly tuberculate Porcellio
scaber has a very prominent rounded lobe on each side of its front.
Armadillldium vu/gare is easily known from the others because on slight
provocation it rolls itself up into a ball. Should other species be found
in the county, as will doubtless be the case, more details will be required
for even a rough discrimination of the extended series. Sometimes the
eye may be beguiled into expecting a new species when exact examina-
tion shows that there is nothing more than variety of colouring. This
happens especially in the genera Armadillidium and Porcellio. The
prevalent colour of P. scaber is a gloomy black, but there are brightly
margined and marbled varieties, which the student must beware of con-
fusing with the closely related species P. pictus.

The Entomostraca of the county appear to have suffered a neglect
which is almost absolute. Dr. Hamilton allows the riverside naturalist
to remain serenely unconscious of their existence. Miss Pollard, in
lecturing at Reading on ' Animal Parasites,' takes her illustrations from
marine species in preference to relying on the remarkable Copepoda
which infest our freshwater fishes, or on Argulus fo/iaceus, the widely
distributed representative of the Branchiura, which assails carp and
sticklebacks, salmon and tadpoles. Miss Green tantalizes expectation
by mentioning Cyclops, a genus of the Copepoda, the ostracode genus
Cypris, and Daphnia, which may be regarded as the best known genus of
all the Cladocera. But, so far as the reports of these lectures inform us,
no single species is identified as living in river or rivulet, pond or pool,
within the borders of Berkshire. The only actual record that can be
relied on is a new one, kindly supplied me by Mr. D. J. Scourfield,
editor of the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. He informs me
that he took Simocephalus vetulus at Maidenhead on May 20, 1899, and
adds, ' I only happened to record this because I found some specimens of
the rare males.' In the family Daphniidas, Simocephalus was separated by
Schcedler in 1858 from O. F. Muller's genus Dapbnia, a leading distinc-
tion between them being that in the elder genus the head is carinate
above, while in the newer one, as implied by the generic name signifying
' blunt-head,' it is convex and not carinate. Some divergence of opinion
has arisen as to the true name of the species with which we are here
concerned. Miiller named a form Daphne vefu/a in 1776. Then in

130

CRUSTACEANS

1785 he described and figured apparently the same form as Daphnia
sima. Other closely allied species have since been discovered. Now
therefore it is uncertain which of them all was the one originally
observed by Miiller. Since Schoedler has incorporated the word sima
into the name of the genus, it has been by pretty general consent thought
best to follow him in accepting the name vefu/us for the species to which
he has given a fairly satisfactory definition under that title. The study
of these little ' water-fleas ' is to some extent complicated not only by the
difference in shape between male and female, but by the fact that the
' vernal ' female is not quite like the * autumnal ' or ' ephippial ' female.
This difference is connected with the phenomena of reproduction. In
the earlier stage the female bears numerous eggs which are independent
of fertilization, and from which the young ones leave their mother ready
for lively existence in their aquatic birthplace. At the later season the
mother produces a single egg, which requires to be fertilized, and which
is enclosed in a portion of her carapace known as the ephippium. In
due course this envelope with the egg inside it is cast off. One could
imagine the package labelled in bold handwriting, ' Not to be opened
until the recurrence of a season and circumstances favourable to Daphnid
life.' At any rate, we find in practice that when the basin of a dried-up
pond is again filled with water, the ' resting ' eggs of Daphnia or
Simocephalus or any kindred genus are speedily responsive to the voice of
nature. They abstain from developing while the surroundings would be
fatal, but with the least possible delay emerge into a friendly environ-
ment. Lilljeborg, in his great work on the Cladocera of Sweden, says
that S. vetulus is one of the most frequent Swedish Cladocera, occurring
not only in pools but in marshes and at the sides of greater waters such
as rivers and lakes, though always among plants. He notes that the
male is found sometimes as early as in July, but most often in September
and October. As might be expected, it is during the same months that
the ephippial females are usually met with. 1 That Mr. Scourfield at
Maidenhead met with the males in May is worth noting as a sign that
the seasonal habits of this widely distributed species will not necessarily
be the same in all parts of its range. A prophetic eye may discern that
the carcinology of Berkshire, which is for the moment in its resting
stage, will in the future find a favourable epoch for a full and vivacious
development.

1 Cladocera Suecitt (1901), p. 173.

13*

FISHES

From the Bells of Ouseley to Lower Inglesham, the Thames, if we
omit one small portion, borders the county of Berkshire, a distance of over
a hundred miles. Into it flow many tributaries, and thus, so far as river
fish are concerned, the county is abundantly supplied. The anadromous
fish, namely those which ascend the river from the sea for spawning
purposes, are not present owing, it is believed, to the obstructions caused
by the weirs and locks, and to the pollution of the estuary. But of the
catadromous fish, the eel descends from the river to spawn in the sea,
the resulting young returning to the river recently vacated and never
revisited by their parents, pollutions and obstructions notwithstanding.
An elver can climb over nearly anything which is moist, and makes
nothing of a waterfall which would be fatal to the ascent of salmon and
sea trout. In the early years of the century Berkshire possessed in the
Thames a salmon river. In the second edition of Salter's Angler 's Guide,
published in 1 8 1 5, is the remark that the salmon is a fish which is seldom
taken by the angler in south Britain, although ' some are found in the
Thames,' which the writer believed were justly considered to be superior
to any bred in other rivers. He speaks of them being caught in the
Thames and Medway with such baits as a raw mussle or cockle taken
clear from the shell, and adds that in 1789, which would of course be
within his recollection, a salmon was taken from the river Thames that
weighed 70 Ib. and was sold ' at Mr. Howell's, the fishmonger opposite
America Square in the Minories, at one shilling per pound.' There is
no doubt that salmon were getting scarce in Salter's day.

In May, 1901, the Thames Salmon Association, of which Mr. W.
H. Grenfell, M.P., is the president, turned into the Thames at Tedding-
ton 600 salmon smolts. Since that date smolts have been turned in to
the number of about 1,500 to 2,000 a year. Some years ago a large
number of salmon fry were turned in by Buckland and others, but
these small delicate fish were not of a size to insure or even render
success probable. The Thames Salmon Association intends to continue
turning in fish for five or six years, and if they find that any return from
the sea, salmon stocking will in all probability be carried out on an
adequate scale. It is just possible therefore that before long we may find
Berkshire possessing a salmon river of its own. The writer has seen an
old manuscript book kept by Mr. Alnutt, who lived towards the close
of the eighteenth century, and was a former clerk of the old Thames
Commissioners, in which were instructions how to fish for ' skeggers,'
namely with light float tackle baited with a gentle. ' Skegger' was a

132

FISHES

Thames name for the samlets, which must have been at that time fairly
plentiful. Owing to the increase of population, dredging, drainage,
the use of chemical manures, and obstructions on tributaries which
the salmon would otherwise ascend for spawning purposes, it does
not appear probable that salmon if reintroduced will breed naturally
to any extent, but the river might be kept stocked by artificial
means if funds were available. In that case samlets would have to
be turned in by the million, judging by similar work which has been
carried on in the United States of America. It is an interesting fact
that in October 1901 an ill-conditioned salmon or grilse was caught at
Leigh-on-Sea. Whether this was the result of one of the smolts bred
by Mr. Gilbey at Denham for the Thames Salmon Association, or was
simply one of those stray salmon which from time to time are caught in
the estuary of the Thames is a point which cannot possibly be decided.
Sea trout are frequently being caught at Leigh and in other parts of the
Thames estuary, and now and again salmon are captured. It would
appear therefore that salmon are desirous of coming up the Thames,
but do not find the condition of the water in the estuary to their liking.

Among the new arrivals in Berkshire must be mentioned the rain-
bow trout, Salmo irideus^ a most beautiful species of the salmon family
which has been imported from America by way of Germany. It is
difficult to speak too highly of this fish, but it has yet to be seen if it
will remain in the Thames, for it certainly appears to have, if not
migratory instincts, habits of wandering which carries it far afield and
often to the sea. It has been known to grow to as much as 13 Ib.
in weight in the course of four years, but this was in an estuary and is
therefore not very remarkable having regard to the growth rate in the
sea of such fish as salmon and cod. Another fish which is a newcomer
so far as several waters in Berkshire are concerned is the grayling. This
fish, though an old county inhabitant, is now found in the Lambourn,
a tributary of the Kennet, in the Pang, and in certain portions of the
Kennet where within living memory it was not known. A curious fact
about this fish is that it does not seem disposed to thrive in the Thames,
and though a good many hundreds have been netted out of the Kennet
at Hungerford and placed in the main river, there is at present no
reason to believe they are breeding there. A few fall back from the
Pang into the Thames at Pangbourne and are caught by roach fishers ;
but even there, with such a capital source of supply, grayling do not
appear to become more numerous than they were ten or fifteen years
ago.

The fish of the county is undoubtedly the Thames trout. It may
be said without exaggeration that the Thames grows grander trout than
any river of the British Islands. The lakes of both England, Scotland
and Ireland can show finer specimens, but not the rivers. The trout of
the Kennet are also noted for their excellence, and below Hungerford
they more closely resemble Thames trout than above that ancient town,
owing to the presence of coarse fish on which they largely feed. Above

133

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

the town, where coarse fish are persistently netted out for many miles,
though not entirely exterminated, the trout run smaller, are much more
numerous and rise rreely to the artificial fly. Trout are also found in the
upper portions of the Loddon, the Pang, the Cole, the Embourn and in the
Lambourn, a choice little trout stream which rises near the racing town
of that name and flows into the Kennet below Newbury. Of the so-called
coarse fish there is little to be said, except that the Thames still pro-
duces them in fairly large numbers, though there has been a very marked
decrease during the past fifteen years. In the Kennet, if we except jack
or pike and trout, the fish, owing doubtless to superior feeding, are more
portly in build and grow to a better average size than in the main river.

TELEOSTEANS

ACANTHOPTERYGII

1. Perch. Perca fluviatilhy Linn.

This is a common form in the Thames,
the lower Loddon, and in most of the ponds
or lakes, artificial or otherwise, in the county.
It used to be far more numerous in the
Thames than it is at present, and its decrease
is owing to the large number of swans, which,
when the perch deposit their eggs among the
waterweeds or on the roots of trees, feed on
them, destroying millions. Tame ducks, which
are allowed to go down to the river in the
spring, are almost equally destructive. The
perch of the Thames and tributaries are ex-
cellent fish as food when in their best season.
They do not appear to grow to such a large
size as was the case a quarter of a century ago,
when fish of 3 Ib. were frequently recorded.
Now it is not a common occurrence to catch
one of more than 2 Ib. in weight. The Ken-
net in particular used to be noted for very large
perch. One reason doubtless for the decrease
in size of these fish is the fact that much
sewage which formerly went into the river
is otherwise dealt with.

2. Ruffe (Pope). Acerina cernua, Linn.

A somewhat common fish in the upper
Thames and the lower portions of its tribu-
taries.

3. Miller's Thumb (Bullhead). Cottus gobio y

Linn.

Are found under stones in the brooks
throughout the county and in all parts of the
Thames and tributary streams.

HEMIBRANCHII

4. Three-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus

aculeatus y Linn.

This fish is very widely distributed in the
more stagnant portions of the streams and

brooks of the county. It is destructive to the
fry of other fish.

HAPLOMI

5. Pike (Jack). Esox Indus, Linn.

There are several private sheets of water in
the county containing quantities of these fish
which grow to a large size, while the Thames
every year yields specimens running up to,
and sometimes over, 20 Ib. Since a destruc-
tive method of angling known as ' trailing '
has been abolished from the Thames, pike,
which were decreasing, appear to have be-
come more numerous, but they now run
somewhat small in size. The portion of the
Thames bordering this county probably con-
tains a larger number of fair sized pike than
any part of the river.

OSTARIOPHYSI

6. Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn.

These fish are occasionally caught in the
Thames, which they probably reach in times
of flood from private ponds and lakes. They
have occasionally been found fairly numerous
in the neighbourhood of Shellingford. Carp
are too scarce in the river to be regularly
fished for ; their capture is invariably acci-
dental when anglers are seeking tench, chub
or roach. In private lakes, such as those in
Highclere Park, numbers of large carp are to
be found.

7. Gudgeon. Gobio fluviatilis, Flem.
These delicate little fish are found in large

quantities in the Thames, Kennet and Loddon,
and in not a few of the tributary brooks. It
used to be quite a common thing for anglers
in the upper Thames to catch as many as
twenty-two dozen in the day, but half that
bag is now considered satisfactory, and there
is no doubt that there are not half as many of

134

FISHES

these fish as there used to be. It appears that
the steam traffic, which causes a wave as the
vessels pass along, disturbs the eggs or these
fish and in this way injures the fishery.

8. Roach. Leuciscus ruti/us, Linn.

Are a very common fish in the Thames,
though they do not grow to so great an aver-
age weight as in the Kennet. The roach is,
as a matter of fact, the piece de resistance of the
London mechanic angler who spends his holi-
days on the banks of the river. The fish are
also found in most of the ponds and private
lakes scattered throughout the county. The
capture of a roach of over 2 Ib. in the Thames
is of rare occurrence.

9. Rudd. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Linn.
Is by no means a common fish in the

county. It used to be fairly plentiful in the
Thames, but being easily caught has become
almost if not quite exterminated. A case of
these fish which were caught in the river
may be seen at the George and Dragon at
Wargrave.

10. Dace. Leuciscus dobula, Linn. (L. vul-

garis t Day).

Is a somewhat scarce fish in the portion of
the Thames bordering this county, but it is
plentiful in the Kennet, where it grows to a
remarkable size. Now however that the
sewage of Newbury and other towns is
diverted from the river, it is doubtful whether
the coarse fish of the Kennet will maintain
their fine proportions.

11. Chub. Leuciscus cepka/us, Linn.

Are found only in rivers and are fairly
common in the Thames, Kennet and Loddon,
but not in the upper reaches of the two
tributaries. In the Thames these fish have
largely decreased of late years. There is pro-
bably not one now where twenty years ago
were five or six. They rarely attain a weight
exceeding 5 Ib.

12. Minnow. Leuciscus phoxinus, Linn.

This fish is exceedingly plentiful in nearly
all the running waters of the county, but its
extraordinary decrease in the Thames of late
years is one of the mysteries of fishery pre-
servation. Immense shoals used to cover the
shallows below the weir pools. For instance,
at Pangbourne it was possible to take with a
little hand net a pint of these fish at a time
and use them as white bait ; now they are
literally decimated, and the only possible ex-
planation seems to be the injury done to their
eggs by the wash of the steam traffic. The

minnows of the Kennet are much finer than
those of the Thames.

13- Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.

Berkshire produces in the Thames, Kennet
and Loddon some of the finest tench, both for
size and excellence for table purposes. The
fish are also present in many of the ponds in
the county, but these are not so good for the
table. It is a common thing for the angler
to catch them weighing from 2 to 3-^ Ib., and
some extraordinary takes have been made in
the Loddon from time to time. The tench
however is not easily captured, and it is only
those who understand tench fishing thoroughly
who as a rule succeed. The result is that
few are captured from the rivers mentioned,
though we believe they should be regarded as
fairly common fish.

14. Bream. Abramis brama. Linn.

Bream are occasionally taken in the upper
Thames, where they have been introduced
from Norfolk by various fishery associations,
but their numbers are hardly sufficient to
enable them to hold their own and stock the
river to an appreciable extent. They are
quite as rare in the Berkshire portions of the
river as are carp.

15. Bleak. Alburnus /ucidus, Heck, and

Kner.

Are extremely common in the Thames
and the lower portions of its tributaries.
Immense quantities of these fish used to be
captured for the sake of utilizing the silvery
matter in their scales for making artificial
pearls. Other and cheaper methods have
been discovered, and the practice is now dis-
continued. The bleak is chiefly used as a
bait for other fish.

1 6. Loach. Nemachilus barbatulus y Linn.
These fish are somewhat widely distributed

over the county in the running waters, but
they can hardly be called common. Owing
to their habit of feeding at night and hiding
under stones in the daytime they are not often
seen.

MALACOPTERYGII

17. Trout (Brown Trout). Salmo fario,

Linn.

Berkshire is noted for its trout, for while it
is not visited by the silvery Salmo trutta it
grows in its fresh waters salmonoids of re-
markable dimensions. Probably the finest
recorded specimen is one which was caught
at the mouth of the Kennet almost in the
town of Reading. It weighed 17 Ib. and

135

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

was presented to Queen Victoria. A cast of
it is to be seen in the Great Western Hotel
at Reading. It is owing doubtless to a very
plentiful fish diet, consisting largely of bleak,
that the Thames trout attains such a large
size. Every year fish of from 8 to 12 Ib.
are caught, and now and again some such
monster as that already mentioned. In the
Kennet it is interesting to notice how, as
we pass up stream, we find the coarse fish
gradually decreasing in numbers, while the
trout become the more numerous but fall off
in size. It is a reasonable inference that to
obtain large trout it is desirable to have coarse
fish in the river. Unfortunately when these
big trout once become cannibals they are not
often taken with the fly, except perhaps in the
May-fly season, and where the fly is abun-
dant. They are therefore of no great value
to the fly-fisher. Many strains of trout
have been placed in the Thames : fish for
instance which had the trout of Loch Leven
for ancestors, the excellent trout from the
Wick, and many from the Surrey trout farm
and other fish culture establishments. This
intermixture of strains has been regretted by
some, as it was feared that the quality of the
Thames trout might be lowered by the intro-
duction of this fresh but inferior blood. As
a matter of fact however, ichthyologists and
fish culturists now know that the size and
condition of the trout depend more largely on
the abundance of its food, and the extent and
temperature of the water in which it dwells,
than on ancestry. There is no doubt that,
thanks to the restocking operations of the
various fishery associations, trout are generally
increasing in the Berkshire reaches of the
Thames. The fish are not likely to increase
naturally to any extent owing to the scarcity
of suitable breeding grounds.

1 8. Rainbow Trout. Salmo irideus. Gib-
bons.

This is a comparatively new introduction
to the Thames, and is still on its trial. It
has however proved a great success in several
ponds and larger enclosed pieces of water.
In such places however it cannot breed, and
therefore the stock has to be renewed from
time to time.

19. Grayling. Thymallus vu/garis, Nilss.
The grayling, as already stated in our intro-
ductory remarks, does not appear to breed in
the Thames, and only an occasional example
is found which has strayed into it from the
Pang or Kennet, or has been turned in by one
of the fishery associations. Of late years the
fish has been introduced into the Pang and has
thriven wonderfully in this little trout stream.
In the Kennet it thrives and increases still
better, and at Hungerford a great many of
these fish have been netted out from time to
time to reduce their numbers. Within the
last ten years grayling have been found in the
lower reaches of the Lambourn, where pre-
sumably they have been turned in. The
finest in the county are found in the Kennet.

APODES

20. Eel. Anguilla vu/garis, Turt.

This is a catadromous fish, i.e. one which
descends the river to breed in the sea. The
common eel is one of the most numerous of
Berkshire fishes, and when we say common
eel it should be understood that there is only
one British freshwater eel known to ichthyolo-
gists. The various specimens which slightly
differ in colour or in the shape of the nose are
all or the same species, the differences being
owing to sex, age and so forth. Those with
pointed noses, commonly called silver eels, are
the males, those with broad flat noses are the
females. Eels are found descending the river
from spring to winter, but their descent is
greatest during the autumn floods. They
are not found in the Thames and its tribu-
taries in the same numbers as in former years,
owing possibly to the pollution of the estuary.
If the modern belief that they breed at great
depths in the sea is correct, it is not obvious
how the pollution of the estuary would inter-
fere with them, unless it destroys the elvers on
their ascent in the spring. Numbers of eels
are caught in the Thames, Kennet and the
Loddon by means of traps and baskets, and
few on eel lines. The eels of the Kennet
are justly celebrated and have been for cen-
turies, in fact the fish of this remarkable
stream are very much superior to those of the
Thames and Loddon so far as condition and
edible qualities go.

CYCLOSTOMES

21. Lampern. Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn.

Lamperns used to be very numerous in the
river, but have now become scarce above
Teddington. Of late years very few lamperns
have been recorded in the Thames on the

borders of Berkshire, but Day mentions the
capture of several in an eel basket near Surley
Hall. Enormous quantities used to be cap-
tured in the Thames between Battersea and
Taplow, over a million having been caught

136

FISHES

in one year. They were of considerable
value as bait for cod and turbot, and were
bought for that purpose principally by the
Dutch fishermen. A small quantity are still
caught annually at Teddington, where a
commercial fishery is carried on. Lamperns
may certainly be considered rare in Berkshire.
The writer saw about a dozen fish of this
species collected in a small hole in the gravel
in the Lambourn one spring. They were
acting in the same manner as lamperns are

said to act when breeding, but they were
about the size of the next fish mentioned,
namely the pride or mud lamprey.

22. Mud Lamprey (Pride, Blind Lamprey,
Fringe-lipped Lamprey). Petromyzon
brancbialiS) Linn.

This little fish is found in the Thames and
its tributaries, but cannot generally speaking
be called common. In Plot's History of Ox-
fordshire it is termed the ' Pride of the Isis.'

137

REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS

The county is not among the districts most favoured by Reptiles
or Batrachians. It was ascertained by Captain Stanley Flower, now
head of the Zoological Gardens at Cairo, that the scarce sand lizard is
still to be found near Wellington College. But neither this, nor any
of the heath-haunting reptiles are common in the county. There are
singularly few lakes or still ponds in Berkshire, and the Thames, rather
to its credit, is not a river prolific of frogs, newts, or toads. Snakes are
scarce also, especially the viper.

LACERTILIA

1. Common Lizard. Lacerta vivipara, Jacq.

This species is abundant on the Berkshire
heaths, and equally rare elsewhere. In all the
heather and pine country near Wellington
College and Wokingham, and on the heaths
and commons near Highclere it is very com-
mon. It is also found on Cobham Heath and
Ascot Heath, and on some of the large com-
mons near the Didcot and Newbury railway.
On the downs it is equally scarce. I never
saw one in the Vale of White Horse or on the
Wantage downs, though a few are found near
Frilford and Bessels Leigh, and it is common
at Buckland.

2. Sand Lizard. Lacerta agilis, Linn.

This beautiful and interesting lizard has
been found on the heaths near Wellington
College.

3. Slow-worm. Anguis fragilis, Linn.

The slow-worm, which is among the favour-
ite prey of the smooth snake (coronella), and
also of the viper, is very common on all the
heaths of Berkshire, and is not unfrequently
found on rough parts of the chalk downs, as,
for instance, in the juniper plantations and
scrub above Moulsford, on the Farnham
Downs near Moss Hill plantation, and also
towards Lambourn woodlands. I have never
seen it in the Vale of White Horse. It is very
plentiful near Wellington College.

OPHIDIA

4. Common or Ringed Snake. Iropidonotus

natrix, Linn.

Occurs over the whole county, and very
common in many parts, especially in the
Thames valley, in the Vale of White Horse
by the old canal, and even on the sides of the
downs, where I have frequently seen it found
by setters when beating the second growth of
sanfoin in September. Numbers live on the
banks of the shallow cuttings through which
the disused canal passes, by Shrivenham,
Uffington, Challow and Wantage, where frogs,
the principal food of the snakes, abound.
They swim in the canal as deftly as eels.
Some have their summer holes in the brick-
work of the old swing bridges, and I have often
seen them hunting for food, and on several
occasions witnessed the capture of a frog.
The screams of the frog when caught soon
give warning of what is going on, for this
sound is heard at no other time. Where these
canal snakes hibernate is not known, for there
are neither rubbish piles nor manure heaps
near. They are also found in old chalk quar-
ries, where there are neither frogs nor water.

5. Common Viper or Adder. Viper a berus,

Linn.

Adders are decidedly rare in the county
except in the heath districts, where generally
a few will be found. Wherever the slow-
worm is common, adders occur, the former

138

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

being their favourite food, but the poisonous
snake is nowhere abundant. In some fifteen
years of shooting and birds-nesting in North
Berkshire I have never seen an adder. More
are probably found near Highclere and
round Windsor Forest than in any other parts
of the county. Above Lambourn, on the
north side, are two wild stretches of upland
called 'Crow Down' and 'Worm Hill,'
where I have seen slow-worms, and even a
crow carrying one, but I have never seen an
adder, or heard of any person or animal being
bitten by one.

6. Smooth Snake. Coronella l<evis, Lac6p.

This very interesting and local snake, which
is mainly confined to the southern and sandy
parts of Dorsetshire, Hampshire and Surrey,
is believed to be now extinct in Berkshire,
though twenty years ago it was not uncom-
mon, near Wellington College. In Mr. G.
Leighton's British Serpents (Blackwood and
Sons, London) will be found an account of its
haunts and habits near Wellington College by
Mr. Bevir. Its food consists almost entirely
of slow-worms and lizards.

BATRACHIANS

ECAUDATA

7. Common Frog. Rana temporaria, Linn.

Abundant in all the valleys and especially
by the old canal in the Vale of White Horse,
where the water is in parts wholly covered
with spawn in spring, and in the Kennet
Valley, where water meadows are numer-
ous.

8. Common Toad. JBufo vulgaris, Laur.

Common everywhere, though the natter-
jack toad is not found in the county.

CAUDATA

9. Great Crested Newt. Molge cristata, Laur.

A pond species, and not common. A few
are found in one of the large ballast holes by
the railway line near Steventon, and in some
of the ponds in Windsor Great Park.

10. Common Smooth Newt. Molge vulgaris,

Linn.

Common both in ponds and canals, but not
in the ponds on the downs or in the chalk
streams.

139

BIRDS

Berkshire, owing to its inland position, cannot be considered rich
in birds; and there is an absence of those periodical visitations of rare
wanderers from the far north and east which from time to time occur in
the counties which have a sea frontage. Yet what is lost in this respect
is more or less made up by the numbers of resident birds and the large
flocks of migrants which annually visit us both in spring and autumn.
Then again we are favoured by our rivers which form the county boun-
dary on nearly every side ; for these waterways induce many a wanderer
to rest which would otherwise continue its flight to or from its northern
home, and it is for this reason that our list contains twenty-five out of
the forty-three species of Anatidce that have from time to time visited the
British Islands. The character of the county is varied in the extreme :
from the chalk hills of Lambourn to the fertile valleys of the Thames
and Kennet, from the heathery wastes of Wokingham and Bagshot to
the thickly wooded districts west from Maidenhead to Reading, it would
be hard to find a county better suited to the varied wants of its feathered
population. Regretfully we notice from time to time that some resident
or breeding species has left us to return no more, expelled either
directly through the destructive hand of man or indirectly through the
drainage of marsh lands or better cultivation. The great bustard,
once the pride of Lambourn, has gone for ever; the bearded reedling
and marsh-harrier that once bred in our waste lands are now only
accidental visitors ; and the red kite, formerly numerous and resident,
has long since been exterminated, the last example on record having been
killed in 1875. But while we cannot but deplore the loss of these
interesting species, it must not be forgotten that in all probability the
total number of birds now resident and visiting our lands is larger than at
any previous period. This may be accounted for in many ways the
destruction of birds of prey, the increase of plantations and gardens
which afford adequate feeding grounds, and the Wild Birds' Protection
Acts, although as regards this last we have none in Berks, and, except
for a very limited number of species, protection is not called for.

The literature on the ornithology of Berkshire is meagre in the
extreme, and the only writings I have been able to discover are as fol-
lows :

In or about 1814 Dr. Lamb wrote a paper called ' Ornithologia
Bercheria,' which he sent to Thomas Marsham for publication in the
'Transactions of the Linnean Society. For some reason or other it never
appeared, and the original manuscript was lost ; a copy was however in

140

BIRDS

the possession of the Rev. W. Smith Tompkins of Weston-super-Mare,
who placed it at the disposal of the editor of the Zoologist, and it was
published in that periodical for August, 1880 (p. 313, etc.).

A few notes on Berkshire birds are to be found in a series of
papers on ' Birds of Oxfordshire and its Neighbourhood,' written by the
Revs. Andrew and Henry Matthews in the Zoologist, 1849 (p. 2423,
etc.). Mr. Charles E. Stubbs, for many years resident at Henley-on-
Thames, who died in 1872, left a valuable MS. entitled 'A slight
sketch of the Ornithology of Henley-on-Thames,' and many of his
notes refer to the Berks side of the river. They were written in
1867. In 1868 appeared a little work entitled Birds of Berkshire and
Buckinghamshire ', by the late A. Clark Kennedy, written during his boy-
hood at Eton. Mr. W. H. Herbert compiled ' Notes on some of the
Rarer Birds observed in the Neighbourhood of Newbury ' for the New-
bury District Field Club Report, 1870-1. In May, 1886, the late Dr.
Montagu H. C. Palmer contributed four long articles on ' Birds of New-
bury and District ' for the Newbury Weekly News. I am indebted to
Mr. O. V. Aplin for permission to make many extracts from his Birds
of Oxfordshire (1889); and I have also utilized the late Rev. A. C. Smith's
Birds of Wilts (1887), Mr. J. A. Bucknill's Birds of Surrey (1900), the
Wellington College Natural Science Report, as well as the Fauna and Flora
of Radley and Neighbourhood. Other notes have been culled from the
Zoologist, Field, etc., and I am deeply indebted to the many kind corres-
pondents who have furnished valuable details regarding the ornithology
of their districts. The greater part of my life has been spent in the
area between Maidenhead and Reading, and, with the exception of
observations made during short visits to other portions of the county, I
have had to rely on the kindness of my correspondents.

Leaving out those birds which have obviously escaped from con-
finement, our Berkshire list will be found to comprise 216 species. Of
these 65 are resident, 150 are migrants or accidental and rare visitors,
while 98 are breeding species. To the last may be added about six
which certainly bred here formerly, but have long since ceased to do so,
and a single species the dipper which, as far as I know, has only once
nested within our limits.

1 . Missel-Thrush. Turdus visdvorus, Linn. times a very early breeder, as I have seen

Locally, Stormcock. eggs by February 14 in the exceedingly mild

Common throughout the county, and breeds s P rin g of 1 8 94- The well known nest needs

in all suitable localities ; an exceedingly shy no description, but an exception to the rule

bird except during severe weather or in the was found here in a nest whlch * without

nesting season, when it often becomes very the watertight lining of rotten wood and clay,

bold in defence of its young. On one occa- fine g rass takm S lts P lace '

sion I saw a pair dash at a female sparrow- ,,- , .,. T .

LiL-uuj uj i u ^. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, JLinn.

hawk which had approached too close to their , , . .

nest and successfully drive her away. A winter migrant, arriving about the third

week in October and leaving in March.

2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn. Large numbers may sometimes be seen feed-

Locally, Throstle, Mavis, Thresher. ing in the Thames meadows together with

Abundant, especially in summer, and some- other members of the thrush family, and in

141

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

March, 1901, a considerable flock visited a
bare upland meadow close to my house and
remained several days before taking their
departure at the end of the month. They
suffer terribly if snow lies on the ground for
any length of time, and I have found num-
bers dead in rabbit holes in which they had
taken refuge.

4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn.

Locally, Felt, Blue Felt, Pigeon Felt.
Regular and common winter migrants, ar-
riving here about the end of September and
taking their departure generally in April, but
in late springs some remain until May. I
once heard one singing, on the wing, in March.

5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn.
Generally distributed throughout the county,

breeding abundantly in the wooded districts
from March to June. A nest taken near
here contained the rather unusual number of
six eggs, unspotted blue in colour.

6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn.

A visitor during both spring and autumn
migration, though never in any numbers.
Mr. Phillips informs me that a pair com-
menced a nest at Farley Hill in April, 1899,
but deserted through being too closely watched,
and I cannot hear that young have ever been
reared in the county. The same gentleman
informs me that a ring-ouzel was killed at
Winkfield in January, 1894 a somewhat
unusual date ; and I have notes of many
others taken in Berks.

7. Wheatear. Saxicola aenanthe (Linn.).

Locally, White-tail, Fallow-chat.
A regular spring migrant, visiting us to-
wards the end of March or beginning of April
and returning in September. A few pairs
breed on many of the open commons. Mr.
H. M. Wallis has seen young near Unhill
Wood, and I have reason to believe they
nest on Maidenhead thicket.

8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.).

A spring migrant. I have met with this
bird on arrival at the end of April in bare
upland meadows far from its ultimate breed-
ing place, and again in August I have taken
it close to the river. Its nest may be found
on many of the open heaths, but as far as I
know never in numbers.

9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.).
Resident in many parts of the county, but

much less numerous in winter. A nest was
found near Eton in a furze bush 4 feet from
the ground, an unusual situation (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 21).

10. Redstart. Ruticilla phcenicurus (Linn.).

Locally, Firetail.

A spring migrant, but unaccountably local
in its distribution. In thirty years I have
only met with three examples in this corner
of the county. One, a male, I saw twenty
years ago ; and a pair nested and reared their
young in a box placed in a mulberry tree for
tits just in front of the house at Park Place
in June, 1895. When living at Maidenhead
I never saw the bird, though it has been
observed at Cookham ; in the Reading district
and near Wokingham it is rarely observed,
neither is it mentioned in the Wellington
College list. Mr. Cornish informs me it is
common enough in the meadow lands near
Challow, but scarce at Lockinge five miles off.
Mr. Dewe informs me it is common near
Faringdon, it is mentioned in the Radley list
as numerous in that district, and Mr. Warner
says it is of frequent occurrence near Abing-
don ; while just over our boundary in Bucks
and Oxon, not four miles from here, it breeds
regularly. Mr. Wallis tells me he has heard
a cock bird singing at Englefield Park, also in
the Oak Avenue at Bucklebury ; at Kintbury
he has observed it on migration, and thinks
it breeds near Mortimer on the Hants border.

1 1 . Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli).
A very rare straggler. One is preserved in

the Eton College Museum, but the evidence
of its being a Berks-killed specimen is not
conclusive. That reliable ornithologist the
late Mr. Briggs observed one at Formosa
during a snowstorm in 1861 (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, p. 1 70).

12. Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.).
Locally, Robin, Bobby.

Many are resident, but a partial migration
takes place in autumn, and I believe the
young are driven off by their parents. Al-
though breeding here abundantly they never
seem to increase ; about the same number
may be seen year after year.

13. Nightingale. Daulias luscinia (Linn.).

A regular spring migrant in varying num-
bers. In 1900 it was extremely plentiful,
and more nests were seen than I ever remem-
ber before; the increase or decrease in the
numbers noticed in certain localities is often
to be accounted for by the alteration of the
covert necessary to their habits either by
human or natural agency. When the under-
growth becomes thick nightingales may be
quite common ; when it is cut down the birds
entirely disappear and are not seen for some
years in fact until the undergrowth has

142

BIRDS

again increased. The males arrive first,
about the second week in April ; the return
migration is nearly finished by the middle of
September. An exceptional case of the male
singing after the nest was destroyed is men-
tioned in the Ornithological Report of Welling-
ton College, 1900.

14. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea, Bechstein.
Locally, Nettle-creeper, Peggy.

One of the commonest migrants, arriving
towards the end of April and leaving about
the end of August or September.

15. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca

(Linn.).

Common from the end of April until it
leaves us in September ; in this particular
part of the county it is as numerous as the
former species.

1 6. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.).

Very common, arriving at the end of
March or the beginning of April and remain-
ing until well on into September. Two
broods are sometimes produced in the season,
and in 1899, at Park Place, I found a nest
with five white eggs. This bird often returns
to exactly the same bush for the purpose of
reproduction. I have many times marked an
old nest in winter, and on revisiting the spot
in spring found a new one in or close to the
same spot.

17. Garden-Warbler. Sylvia hortensis, Bech-

stein.

Generally distributed, but rare in some
parts, as is often the case where the blackcap
is common. On this property (Park Place)
I have only seen one nest, whereas dozens of
blackcaps' nests have been found in one season.
The garden-warbler arrives rather later than
the blackcap, but departs about the same
time.

1 8. Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod-

daert).

In the Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 22, it is
stated that this bird ' is resident throughout
the year with us, but is nowhere numerous.'
The late C. E. Stubbs saw one on Maidenhead
Thicket and recorded the fact in his notes.
It used to breed at Sunninghill and seems to
have been fairly common. A nest was found
at Frogmore in the summer of 1866, and
both parents were shot. Mr. Thatcher,
taxidermist, of Henley-on-Thames, informs
me one taken in this county passed through
his hands in 1888.

19. Golden-crested Wren. Regulus cnstatus,

K. L. Koch.
Locally, Goldcrest.

Plentiful and resident, though probably our
stock is increased by migrants from the con-
tinent in winter. It breeds where conifers
and especially yew-trees are found, but it is
irregular in its time of nesting, as I have
found much-incubated eggs on April 30, and
incompleted sets by the middle of May.
Only one brood is reared in the season.

20. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bech-

stein).

Very abundant and our earliest migrant ;
it is generally heard or seen by March 23
and often before. So numerous is it in cer-
tain seasons that I have found upwards, of
thirty nests on a small property of a few
hundred acres ; not one of these was placed
quite on the ground, neither has the writer
ever seen one in that situation. Mr. Howard
Saunders says (Manual of Brit. Birds, p. 68,
ed. 2) : ' The song, if such it may be called,
ends in May to begin again in September' ; but
I can only say that on June 28, 1901, several
were in full song, though perhaps this may be
accounted for by the extreme dryness of the
season which advanced their moult, for it is
after the moult that the bird begins to sing
again.

21. Willow - Wren. Phylloscopus trochilus

(Linn.).

An abundant summer migrant ; arrives a
fortnight or so later than the last species and
leaves about the fourth week of September.
The nests here are generally placed on the
ground ; but I have found them raised a few
feet, and in one case as much as 10 feet.

22. Wood - Wren. Phylloscopus sibilatrix

(Bechstein).

A regular migrant, arriving about the first
week in May ; not very abundant, but a pair
or two may be looked for in most of the
woods where trees are fairly large, preference
being shown in this district for beech. This
bird is truly a 'leaf warbler, singing all
through May and part of June high up in the
thickest foliage. For some unknown reason
they are certainly more common than they
were a few years since, and are on the in-
crease.

23. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalm streperus

(Vieillot).

Common in the Thames valley, nesting in
the ' rod-beds,' where it shows a preference
for those of only a few years' growth. The

143

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) is very fond of deposit-
ing her eggs in nests of this species, and I have
known fourteen of these nests in one small
eyot at Hennerton in this county, each con-
taining a cuckoo's egg, besides those of the
rightful owner. Whether the preference
shown by the cuckoo for the nests of this
species has anything to do with the falling
off in numbers, as suggested by Mr. Gale
(Aplin's Birds of Oxfordshire, p. 60), I am
not prepared to say ; but certain it is that
the reed-warbler is not nearly so numerous in
the district with which I am best acquainted
as it was only a few years ago.

24. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis

(Bechstein).
Locally, Sedge Bird.

Very numerous, especially along the banks
of the Thames, but also near ponds and re-
servoirs, and even occasionally far from water.
It arrives about the third week in April and
leaves again in September. I have found
white eggs and also one nest containing six of
a salmon-colour. Clark Kennedy (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 79) mentions finding a
nest with the unusual number of nine eggs.

25. Grasshopper- Warbler. Locustella nttvia

(Boddaert).

This interesting warbler is probably more
numerous than at first sight might appear.
Very local in its distribution, it has been re-
corded from many parts of Berkshire Wel-
lington, Wantage, Drayton, Cookham, and
is numerous on Bucklebury Common. Mr.
Wallis found it breeding at Thatcham, and
Mr. Selous on an island near Shiplake. As
early as May 6 I have seen a nest containing
fresh eggs.

26. Hedge - Sparrow. Accentor modularis

(Linn.).

Locally, Dunock, Hedge-poker.
This bird, which has, of course, nothing to
do with the house-sparrow, is very abundant
and resident.

27. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein.

A somewhat rare visitor to the Thames
and its tributaries. The earliest record I
have is one mentioned by Dr. Lamb from
Newbury, where it was taken in the Mill,
October, 1803 (' Ornith. Bercheria'), while
several others have since been taken or seen
within our limits. But by far the most inte-
resting occurrence is that mentioned to me
by Mr. H. M. Wallis, who states on indis-
putable authority that a pair nested and
successfully reared their young in a hole in

the masonry of the weir at Mapledurham
during the summer of 1899. It has recently
been reported from Holybrook and the Read-
ing irrigation farm.

28. Bearded Tit. Panurus biarmicus (Linn.).
Probably owing to the altered condition of

the surrounding land through drainage and
cultivation this bird, also known as the
bearded reedling and the reed-pheasant, is
no longer found in the Thames valley, and I
have no recent notice of its occurrence. In
1814 Dr. Lamb wrote that it was frequent
about the banks of the Kennet between Read-
ing and Newbury, undoubtedly breeding about
the latter place (' Ornith. Bercheria '). In
Yarrell (i. 520, ed. 4) it is mentioned as
formerly found up the river as far as Oxford.

29. British Long-tailed Tit. Acredula rosea

(Blyth).

Locally, Bottle-tit, Bumbarrel.
Common and resident. The beautiful
nest, which is commenced at the bottom and
worked upwards till it is finally domed over,
takes nearly three weeks to complete, and as
I have seen slightly incubated eggs (ten in
number) on April 10, the bird must begin
its nest very early in the year. Flocks of
twenty or more may be found roosting to-
gether in winter.

30. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn.
Locally, Ox-eye.

The most numerous of our tits, and resident
throughout the county.

31. British Coal-Tit. Parus britannicus,

Sharpe and Dresser.
Locally, Black-cap.

Common and resident, though not in such
numbers as the great or blue tits.

32. Marsh Tit. Parus palustris, Linn.
Resident, but much more local in distri-
bution, and at this end of the county it might
almost be called rare as a breeding bird. It
certainly lays a smaller number of eggs than
either of its congeners ; the writer has never
found more than six, even when incubation
was advanced.

33. Blue Tit. Parus ceeruleus, Linn.
Locally, Tom-tit, Blue-cap, Blue Bonnet.

Numerous and resident ; in numbers next
to the great tit.

34. Nuthatch. Sitta casia, Wolf.
Locally, Nut-jobber.

Somewhat local, but wherever park-lands
are found with old trees it is quite common,

144

BIRDS

and in this district has increased in an extra-
ordinary manner during the last quarter of a
century. It is very tenacious of its breeding
holes, and a pair or their descendants have
produced young ones in a hole in a tree close
to this house annually for the last fourteen
years. A battle royal takes place each spring
first with starlings and then with tits, but
with our help they are driven off. Once a
blue-tit succeeded in making her nest, but we
destroyed it, and the nuthatches were at work
next day.

35. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch.
Locally, Jenny Wren.

Common and resident, but I think their
numbers are slightly increased in spring.

36. Tree-Creeper. Certhia fami/iaris y Linn.
Resident in all the wooded portions of the

county ; but as far as I am aware it is no-
where abundant.

37. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris,

Temminck.

Locally, Dishwasher, Water Wagtail.
Common ; many are resident, but by far
the larger proportion come to us in early
spring and take their departure about the
middle of October. Almost every lawn has
its breeding-pair, but two nests are seldom seen
in close proximity. Not only are pied wag-
tails pugnacious towards other birds, but they
are even intolerant to members of the same
species.

38. Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope,

Pallas.

Generally considered a winter migrant to
the county, but there is at least one case
known of its breeding within our limits.
Mr. H. M. Wallis discovered a nest with
one young bird and one egg at Padworth Mill
near Aldermaston in 1898, and has also
observed a male bird at Mapledurham Mill in
the summer ; while it has been recorded as a
breeding species from the neighbouring coun-
ties of Bucks (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 26)
and Oxon (Birds of Oxfordshire, p. 77).
Arriving in September or October, it may
often be seen on the banks of the Thames
and other streams until its departure in
spring. During a heavy snowstorm in
December one settled on the balcony of our
window.

39. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla

flava, Linn.

A rare spring visitor. Mr. Wallis tells me
he saw one, a male, seated on the telegraph
wires at Thatcham Marsh early in May, 1 890.

Mr. Herbert mentions having seen one or
two examples near Newbury, but he gives
no dates (Newbury District Field Club, 18701,
P- 95)-

40. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rait (Bona-

parte).

A regular summer migrant, arriving about
the second week in April and returning during
the first autumn month. It breeds in low-lying
lands, but I have seldom found it on the chalk
hills, though often seen some distance from
water-meadows which are its haunt. Mr. W.
Norman May informs me (in lit.) that at least
fifty nests were cut out of vetches in July,
1893, most of these containing young. The
nests were considerately placed upon the cocks
of mown vetches, and it is interesting to learn
that the old birds returned to them ; but
since that year, he tells me, hardly a single
nest has been found at Thatcham.

41. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivialis (Linn.).

A summer migrant, fairly numerous, and
breeding in suitable localities.

42. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.).
Locally, Tit-Lark.

Resident, but not common as a breeding
species. It frequents more open ground than
the preceding bird. In spring or autumn
large flocks may be seen on migration.

43. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
A rare summer visitor. One was seen at

Billingbear by the late Mr. Briggs, who
watched it for some time (Birds of Berks and
Bucks, p. 170). In an article written by Mr.
Palmer for a Newbury paper in 1886, men-
tion is made of another, seen by Mr. Valpy
in 1870, atEnborne Street. The Rev. J. G.
Cornish tells me that a female was shot at
Shellingford near Stamford-in-the-Vale in
June, 1896.

44. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor,

Linn.

A winter visitor ; it has been seen or
taken many times in the county. Dr. Lamb
('Ornith. Bercheria') mentions three ex-
amples : a male shot on the banks of the
Thames, November 28, 1792 ; a female near
Aldermaston, January 6, 1795 ; also another
female near the Kennet at Newbury, Decem-
ber 20, 1810 ; and during the same year one
was taken alive on August 5, and kept in
confinement until December 16 following.
A bird of the year was shot near Newbury on
November 21, 1872 (Zoo/. 1873, p. 3489);
in 1885 one was shot at Hungerford and
another at Bucklebury in 1878 ; a few weeks

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

later a second was shot at the same place
(Palmer, ' Birds of Newbury and District ').
Two were killed by Mr. P. St. Gerrans on
the banks of the Blackwater in the autumn
of 1891, and are in his possession (G. T.
Phillips in lit.). On November 3, 1897, one
was seen by Mr. Woods at Theale (G. W.
Bradshaw in lit.).

45. Red - backed Shrike. Lanius collurio,

Linn.

Locally, Butcher-bird, French Sparrow.
A late summer migrant, seldom seen before
the middle of May in this district but earlier
in the south. It is fairly common and breeds
in many parts of the county ; from Windsor
to Maidenhead it nests freely, and of late
years I have found them on Maidenhead
Thicket at Crazies Hill, Culham Court and
near Reading. Mr. Wallis informs me they
breed pretty commonly near Aldermaston
Station. In the Wellington College district,
and at Radley, near Abingdon, nests have
been found.

46. Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pomeranus,

Sparrman.

This species is included in my list because
I have seen a specimen in the British Museum
labelled ' Reading, Theo. Fisher, Esq.,' but
further particulars are wanting.

47. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.

This species is a rare winter visitor. One
was shot and wounded in January, 1867, at
the Hermitage near Newbury ; it was kept
alive for three days, when it died of its in-
juries (Zool. 1867, p. 561). The year pre-
viously a fine specimen was killed on Novem-
ber 9 in the same district (W. H. Herbert).
The late Dr. Palmer has recorded another in
his collection shot at the same place in 1868.
In December, 1883, one was observed by
Mr. Phillips in a holly bush at 10 yards dis-
tance, and on February i, 1895, a second
was shot in a thorn bush at Binfield. One
is reported from near Wellington College in
1883.

48. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla,

Linn.

A summer visitor, though at rare intervals.
Writing in 1868, Clark Kennedy mentions
one taken in Berkshire ' about ten years
since ' (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 169), and
a well-authenticated nest was found near
Eton in 1860, possibly on the Berks side.
Eggs were shown me from a nest taken at
Hennerton near Wargrave about 1880. A
nest was taken and the female shot at Berry

Hill, Taplow, in (I think) 1873; and al-
though this is over our boundary it is so near
that it should be recorded. A pair have been
noticed on the borders of Englefield Park
each summer for some years, and were pro-
bably breeding there, while a nest was found
near the bathing-place at Park Place in 1901.

49. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola,

Linn.

Locally, Beam-bird.

An abundant summer migrant, arriving
about the middle of May and departing at
the end of September.

50. Swallow. Hirundo rustics, Linn.
Locally, Chimney-swallow.

A few arrive here about the end of first
week in April, although the great migration
does not take place until fully a week or ten
days later. They return for the most part
at the end of September, though some re-
main later, and have often been noticed well
on into October and even November. At
least two broods are produced. The excep-
tionally late occurrences are probably those of
young birds unable to follow their parents,
who often abandon them to shift for them-
selves, so strong is the migratory instinct.

51. House-Martin. Cbelidon urbica (Linn.).
Arriving rather later than the preceding

species, the greater number have left us again
by the first week in October, though single
birds may remain till November. I have
seen one on the 2 5th of that month, and
another is recorded at Henley-on-Thames as
late as December 18 (Zool. 1881, p. 62).
A common idea exists in the local mind that
both these birds and swallows occasionally
hibernate, and one worthy assured me he had
found dozens in a hole in an old bridge an
impossibility which needs no comment. The
martin in this district is not nearly so numer-
ous as it was twenty years ago, owing, I be-
lieve, to the house-sparrow usurping the mar-
tins' nest and driving the birds away. A
story often repeated to the effect that the
martin has been known to avenge itself by
mudding up the entrance to the nest, thus
retaining the sparrow a prisoner, seems un-
likely, as we can hardly believe this strong-
billed bird would peacefully remain in the
nest whilst the operation was being completed.
At the same time I once noticed a martin's
nest with no aperture, and on opening it found
a dead sparrow. Probably the bird had died
from natural causes, and being an unpleasant
companion the entrance to the nest was closed
up.

146

BIRDS

52. Sand-Martin. Cattle riparia (Linn.).
This bird makes its appearance here as a

rule rather earlier than the rest of the Hirun-
dinidee, and after producing one or two broods,
departs in September.

53. Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris (Linn.).
Locally, Green Linnet.

An abundant resident which in common
with other members of the family seems to be
increasing in numbers.

54- Hawfinch. Coccotkraustesvu!garis,Pa.\\zs.
Locally, Grosbeak.

Resident and well distributed, although
from its retiring disposition it is probably
often overlooked. I have seen several nests in
this district ; the bird also breeds near Alder-
maston, Bucklebury, Abingdon, Faringdon,
Reading, and eggs have been taken in the
College grounds at Radley. In Windsor
Forest it breeds abundantly, and is also
recorded from Wantage and Newbury.
There can be no doubt that this bird has
enormously increased in numbers of late
years and has much extended its breeding
range. In winter hawfinches often congre-
gate in flocks, as I have seen thirty to forty
individuals together. The seeds of the horn-
beam form a favourite food.

55- Goldfinch. Carduelis e/egans, Stephens.

In 1868 Clark Kennedy wrote of this
species (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 36), ' has
greatly decreased in numbers during the last
ten years.' This decrease is still going on,
and I fully believe that unless legislation steps
in the goldfinch as a county resident will be
a bird of the past. The lessening of its
numbers is no doubt partially due to the
better cultivation of the land and the conse-
quent destruction of the thistle and other
weeds on the seeds of which it loves to feed ;
but its greatest enemies are the bird-catchers,
who take dozens in spring and autumn.
Some goldfinches are resident and remain
throughout the winter, but there is a large
migration at both seasons. The goldfinch
runs to varieties called by dealers ' cheverels.'
These have the throat white.

56. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.).

The siskin is a winter visitor and may be
seen most years in varying numbers. In the
early spring of 1 90 1 a flock of fully a hundred
were noticed feeding in some fir trees near
Park Place. It has bred in the neighbouring
county of Oxon, and it is possible that an
occasional brood may be reared in our county,
as a young bird has been obtained as early as

September near Park Place, and another was
noticed as late as April 19, 1877 (W. H.
Herbert, Trans. Newbury Club, 1872-5, p.
250).

57. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.).
This agricultural pest is found everywhere

and in increasing numbers. Few people can
have any idea of the damage committed by
these birds, or surely sparrow-clubs would be
restarted, for it is only by combination that
their numbers can be kept in check.

58. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.).
Fairly common and resident, breeding in

holes in pollard willows by the rivers, thatched
roofs of outbuildings and other such situations.
It appears to be rather local.

59. Chaffinch. Fringilla caelebs, Linn.
Locally, Spink, Pink.

Very numerous and resident. Last year
(1901) they suddenly burst into song on
January 31 not one or two males but
dozens, and next day, although it was miser-
ably wet with a temperature of 36, they
were still singing. I never heard them
so early before and cannot account for this
sudden outburst. At the beginning of the
year the last part of the ' song ' is left out.

60. Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn.
A winter migrant, arriving towards the

middle of October and returning to its
northern home late in April. Although I
have never known it absent altogether it is far
more numerous in some years than in others,
depending largely on the ' beech-mast ' crop.
In this part of the county, where the hill-
sides are clad almost entirely with beech, the
numbers are sometimes almost incredible ;
flocks of many hundreds may be seen coming
in to roost. They are exceptionally hardy
birds ; I never knew one come to the food put
out for small birds in hard weather, although
scores are in the woods close by, and even
during the most prolonged frosts they do not
die of starvation like so many others of the
same family. Mr. A. Holte Macpherson in-
formed me that he had seen and heard a male
brambling in full song in Windsor Park in
June, 1885.

61. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.).

Locally, Brown Linnet, Lentie.
A common resident, breeding on the gorse-
covered tracts and also in shrubberies and
pleasure grounds. It seems to show a par-
tiality for box bushes, and I have found four-
teen nests in one small corner of less than a
quarter of an acre on the same day.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

62. Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.).
Under the name of Linota cannabina Dr.

Lamb says, ' occasional visitants ' (' Ornith.
Bercheria '). The editor of the Zoologist in a
footnote (Zool. 1880, p. 323) states that the
cannabina of Dr. Lamb was most probably
the mealy redpoll.

63. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot).

Chiefly a winter visitor, very few remaining
to breed. A nest was taken near Wellington
College, May 20, 1898 (Wellington Coll.
Natural Science Report, p. 71), and Mr. Haw-
kins writes to me from near Reading that
redpolls have frequented the district all the
summer of 1901 and probably bred, as
although very common in winter, he does
not remember to have seen them later than
March before. Mr. Phillips informs me that
he took a clutch of three incubated eggs at
Finchampstead on June 10, 1887.

[Twite. Linota ftavirostris (Linn.).

Clark Kennedy wrote of this bird as if it
were a regular winter visitor (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, p. ui). Personally I have never
seen or heard of it in the county, neither can
I find an authentic specimen. Mr. Aplin
has not recorded it from Oxfordshire.]

64. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europeea, Vieillot.

Common and resident, and, if anything, I
think on the increase, in spite of the numbers
shot in the kitchen-gardens of this locality, in
one of which, less than an acre in extent, I
have known twenty-seven killed in three
weeks, the owner being oblivious of the fact
that each ounce of shot poured into his fruit
trees would do more damage than his victims.
Bullfinches are very prolific, as we find nests
from the later part of April till well on into
August.

65. Pine Grosbeak. Pyrrhula enucleator

(Linn.).

One of these birds was seen in the woods
near Wellington College by Mr. O. T. Per-
kins, and also by Mr. C. M. Rogers on
several separate occasions early in December,
1901. Mr. Rogers very kindly sent me full
particulars, and a note in Nature (December
12, 1901, p. 129) is from the pen of the
same observer.

66. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn.
Chiefly a winter visitor of somewhat irre-
gular appearance, but a few pairs remain to
breed. Mr. G. O. Hughes tells me (in lit.)
that he found a nest at King's Wick, Windsor
Forest, in 1882, and although he was unable

to reach it, on May 1 3 an unfledged bird was
picked up underneath the tree. Mr. Long
watched a pair building a nest in another
part of the forest near Virginia Water, and
climbed to it on May 3, 1889, when it con-
tained no eggs, neither were any subsequently
laid. I have some reason for believing that a
nest was made on this estate in 1898, as a
pair of birds remained well into May. I
have often seen small flocks here and at
Hennerton. Mr. Wallis tells me (in lit.) he
has observed crossbills at Aldermaston in June,
and that they were abundant on both sides of
the Berks-Hants border at Silchester all the
summer of 1898 ; in the following year he
found a nest only a short distance over the
border on the Hants side. They have been
taken in most parts of the county where fir
trees are to be found.

67. Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata

(Brehm).

A very rare straggler. Four were seen
near Wellington College on February 27,
1890 (Wellington Coll. Natural Science Report,
1890, p. 71), and one was killed in the same
district and reported by Mr. J. Ward (Field,
March 8, 1890).

68. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, Linn.
Locally, Buntlark.

A common resident, breeding throughout
the county on the high lands. Seldom found
near the river or on the Thames meadows.

69. Yellow Bunting. Emberiza citrinella,

Linn.

The yellow 'ammer,' as this bird is
frequently called, is the commonest of our
buntings, and a resident species, breeding
from May to August. In this part of the
county I have never found five eggs in a nest,
and birds are often discovered sitting on three.

70. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cirlus, Linn.
Resident, but very local. Morris states

that he procured one in the vicarage grounds
at East Garston, Lambourn, and took a nest
in 1826 or 1827. Gould obtained some in
the grounds at Formosa. It is fairly common
near Faringdon, and a pair nested at Speen
near Newbury in 1884 ; also two were shot
there in December, 1885 (Guide to Newbury).
Two were killed near Maidenhead in 1875,
and preserved for me. In June, 1886, I saw
a pair feeding their young at Park Place. Mr.
Wallis has noticed them near Aldermaston,
Aldworth, Finchampstead, and procured a nest
at Mapledurham near the Thames ; but they
are not recorded in the Radley College list.

148

BIRDS

71. Ortolan Bunting. Emberiza hortulana,

Linn.

Clark Kennedy states (Birds of Berks and
Bucks, p. 177), 'Mr. Sharpe informed me a
few years since (i.e. prior to 1868) three
birds of this species were shot near Cookham
by a man named Mott. These specimens
were well identified, but they were unfortu-
nately not preserved.'

72. Reed - Bunting. Emberiza schceniclus,

Linn.
Locally, Black-headed Bunting, Reed-sparrow.

The first local name is the one by which
this bird is usually known on the banks of the
Thames, though quite erroneously. The
real black-headed bunting (E. melanocephala)
is an inhabitant of south-eastern Europe, and
has only been recorded in England some four
or five times. Our bird is resident and com-
mon, breeding in some numbers by the sides
of streams and in the water meadows, but in
winter often seen feeding with other seed-
eating birds round the rick-yard or on arable
land.

73. Snow-Bunting. Plectrapbenax nivalis

(Linn.).

One killed by a shoemaker near Cookham
passed into the collection of Dr. Bowdler
Sharpe, and was recorded by Clark Kennedy
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 175), but the date
was not forthcoming. There is also one men-
tioned in the Eton College Museum Catalogue
as having been taken in Berks, but when I
went to examine it, it was not to be found !
Two were shot near Reading January, 1795
(' Ornith. Bercheria '). Three have been shot
at different times near Wallingford (Mr.
Newton in lit.). A pair were seen by Mr.
Valpy near Enborne church during the win-
ter of 1885 (Palmer, 'Birds of Newbury and
District '), who also mentions he saw another
shot in the neighbourhood ' some years ago.'

74- Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.
Locally, Stare.

Resident, very numerous and an increasing
species I fear becoming rather too plentiful.
Although the amount of good they do in
destroying vast numbers of insects cannot be
denied, yet in early spring I have known
acres of young wheat pulled up just as it
was showing through the soil. They roosted
in some laurel close by, and killed the
covert owing to their droppings, so that
eventually we were forced to cut it down in
order to drive them away. Another crime
that can justly be laid to their charge is that

of driving other birds from their nesting-holes.
I have seen great spotted woodpeckers, nut-
hatches and tits all deposed. It has often
been disputed whether starlings breed twice
in the year. My own experience, from boxes
placed in sight of the windows, leads me to
believe that, whilst many have double broods,
a large number have not ; also, many do not
breed at all, as proved by the large flocks
roosting here throughout the summer.

75. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus

(Linn.).

A male was shot in September, 1810,
whilst feeding amongst some cows in the
Newbury fields. Its stomach contained some
undigested beetles (' Ornith. Bercheria '). The
late Dr. Palmer mentions one picked up in
an exhausted condition about 1876 ('Birds of
Newbury and District'), and the bird has twice
been obtained near Crowmarsh, just over our
boundary (W. Newton in lit.).

76. Chough. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.).

One was killed near Newbury on August
13, 1868, and seen in the flesh by Mr.
Herbert, into whose collection it passed (Netv-
bury District Field Club, 1870-1, p. 96).
It seems hardly likely this was a wild bird.

77- J a y- Garrulus glandarius (Linn.).

A common resident, though probably its
numbers are increased by migrants in the
autumn. Jays breed in the wooded districts
in fair numbers, considering the persecution
to which they are subjected. That they
destroy a certain number of game-birds' eggs
there is no denying, but their food consists
largely of worms, also acorns, beech-masts
and other seed, so that I would ask game
preservers not to be too hard on them.

78. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli).

Resident and fairly common, but it has
ceased to breed in this part of the county.
Not nearly as cunning as the last species it is
much more easily destroyed, and as it is not
migratory to any extent, we seldom see an
individual now. It still breeds near Radley
and in the less preserved parts of the county ;
also near Faringdon, where it is very common
(T. Dewe in lit.).

79. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn.
Locally, Daw.

This bird is common and resident, breeding
in large numbers. It is a regular eater of
eggs and young birds, with few redeeming
points.

149

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

80. Raven. Corvus ctrax, Linn.

Once resident in the county, it is now only
known as a rare straggler. It is said to have
bred in Windsor Park about 1848 (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 39).

81. Carrion Crow. Corvus corone, Linn.
Locally, Cor Crow.

Very local. An odd pair may sometimes
be heard or seen in this part of the county,
but they are distinctly rare, and I have only
known one nest. Once common near Wind-
sor, stricter game preservation has brought
about their destruction, but in the west and
north-west of the county they are plenti-
ful, breeding near Faringdon, and in the
south near Wellington, while they appear to
be most numerous near Challow, as Mr. Cor-
nish tells me that a dozen nests could be
found in an afternoon's walk from the station.

82. Hooded Crow. Corvus comix, Linn.

A winter visitor, but as far as I can ascer-
tain never in any numbers. It has been
killed at Park Place, and has been seen on
Maidenhead Thicket, as well as at Windsor.
Curiously enough, it does not seem to visit
the north-west corner of the county, and is
not recorded in the Radley list. Near New-
bury a few are killed most winters, and Mr.
Valpy says (' Birds of Newbury and District '),
' I have seen many on the hills near Compton
called by the natives the " Chilton Dun
Crow." '

83. Rook. Corvus frugilegus, Linn.
Common and resident. Possibly owing

to a succession of dry summers this bird,
which has been so long protected, has taken
to egg eating, and it is high time their num-
bers were reduced. Rook shooting is very
little practised, and the birds have increased
to a large extent.

84. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn.

Abundant and resident, breeding in num-
bers, especially on the cultivated lands,
throughout the county. I have seen white
eggs belonging to this species taken at Hener-
ton near Wargrave by Mr. Rhodes. In
winter, at the commencement of a frost, they
may be seen moving in large flocks, and so
regular is their line of flight that I have
known a man shoot dozens while standing
still in his small garden a few poles in extent.

85. Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn.
Resident in small numbers and extremely

local. I have never met with it in this part
of the county, but it has been recorded from

near Wellington College, and Mr. Cornish
tells me a pair nested in his garden at
Lockinge in 1899. Dr. Palmer ('Birds of
Newbury and District') says it is 'rather rare,'
but breeds most years at Deadmore Bottom
and Highclere, just over our boundary.
Writing in 1850, Messrs. Matthews stated
it was then sparingly distributed over certain
parts of the Chiltern Hills.

86. Swift. Cypselus apus (Linn.).
Locally, Devil Screamer.

Regular summer migrant, arriving about
the second week in May and leaving again in
August, though a few remain later. Mr.
Mackenzie has recorded one from the Bucks
side of the river on December 22, 1860 !

[Alpine Swift. Cypselus melba (Linn.).

A bird of this species mentioned in Birds
of Berks and Bucks, p. 1 8 1, as killed near
Reading is a mistake (see ZooL 1889, p. 415).]

87. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europeeus, Linn.
Locally, Night-Hawk, Fern-Owl, Goatsucker.

Regular summer migrant, but in greatly
reduced numbers in this part of the county.
This is due in a great measure to the ignor-
ance of certain gamekeepers, who not only
destroy this harmless bird in mistake for a
hawk, but also, as one informed me, ' because
they fly over the coops at night and disturb
the birds.' I once found a set of three eggs.
The nightjar arrives the second week in May
and usually leaves in September. I saw one
shot at Rose Hill by Mr. L. Micklem in
October ; it is numerous near Wellington
and also at Pusey and Wallingford. In Bagley
Wood near Radley it is also common.

88. Wryneck. lynx torquilla, Linn.
Locally, Cuckoo's Mate, Snake Bird.

Fairly common spring migrant. Its pe-
culiar note may be heard the second week in
April, and by October they have left us.
About here this bird is certainly not com-
mon, as I have only known five nests in more
than thirty years, one of which was placed in
a box fastened against a fir tree for the
accommodation of tits. From Radley I learn
it is a regular visitor, but not in any numbers.
Near Maidenhead and Windsor it is more
numerous.

89. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis

(Linn.).

Locally, Yaffle, Hickle.

Our commonest woodpecker ; resident,
and almost numerous, in the old beech-wood
districts, where it breeds regularly. Whether

150

BIRDS

this bird ever returns to the same nesting-hole
seems doubtful, and where starlings are as
numerous as they are here, the old hole is
always taken by these birds and a new one is
excavated by the yaffle. When once the
hole has been made, the woodpeckers are not
easily driven away. I once enlarged a hole
sufficiently to admit my own arm, only to
find the eggs had not been deposited, but on
visiting the spot a fortnight later I took six
fresh eggs. Not long after another six were
laid and successfully hatched in the same hole.

90. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus

major (Linn.).

Locally, Pied Woodpecker, French Wood-
pecker.

Fairly common in the wooded districts. I
have often found its eggs near Wargrave ; it
also breeds annually near Maidenhead, Wind-
sor and Reading, but becomes rarer in the
north-west of the county. From close obser-
vation with a glass, I am perfectly convinced
that the 'jarring' noise produced in the
spring by this species and the next to be
mentioned is made by blows repeated with
such rapidity that the head seems blurred to
the spectator. The noise is never produced
on a solid part of the tree, but a rotten or
hollow portion is required as a kind of
sounding-board.

91. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus

minor (Linn.).

Locally, Little French Woodpecker, Barred
Woodpecker.

Resident, and far more common than is
generally supposed, for it loves the highest
trees, and is often overlooked in consequence.
A nest or so may be found at Park Place most
years, and it also breeds near Windsor, Reading,
Maidenhead, in old alders by the Thames,
while its eggs have been taken at Cothill
(Fauna and Flora of Radley and Neighbourhood,
p. 10).

[Great Black Woodpecker. Picus martlus,
Linn.

The admission of this bird to the British
list rests on somewhat slender basis (see Mr.
J. H. Gurney's criticism in Dresser's Birds of
Europe, v. 13-14), and I give the following
for what it is worth from Clark Kennedy's
Birds of Berks and Bucks (p. 178). In April,
1 844, one seen for several consecutive days in
Home Park, Windsor, by Mr. Walter. In
March, 1867, one seen by Clark Kennedy in
Ditton Park, who states that he was suffici-
ently near to identify the bird with certainty.
A far more satisfactory notice is that sent by

Capt. Savile G. Reid to the Zoologist for
March, 1888 (p. 107), in which he mentions
a great black woodpecker seen by Capt.
Coleridge in his garden at Twyford. He says :
' Capt. Coleridge got within twenty yards of
the bird ; he is well acquainted with all our
common British birds and knows the other
woodpeckers perfectly well ; he is also most
unlikely to have made a mistake on this
occasion, as his father's collection, familiar to
him from boyhood, contained two stuffed
specimens of D. martius.']

92. Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn.

The kingfisher is common, and perhaps
increasing since shooting on the Thames was
stopped by Act of Parliament. The banks of
the river and chalk cliffs are a favourite site
for its nest, but I have found one in a hole in
a small pit 2 yards square, and another in a
wood quite a mile from water. The old
idea that this bird makes a nest of fish bones
is erroneous : the eggs are laid on the bare
earth, and the fish bones are thrown up
whilst the bird is sitting.

93. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn.

A not very uncommon visitor, and I have
some evidence, though not quite conclusive,
that it has bred in our county. Four birds
were met with near Reading and Wallingford
in the spring of 1700, one of which was
kept alive for some time fed on mealworms
(' Ornith. Bercheria '). Clark Kennedy (Birds
of Berks and Bucks, p. 179-80) has recorded
the following occurrences: (i) One killed
in the autumn of 1864 near Spital Barracks
and another seen in Windsor Great Park by
the same observer ; (2) one shot by Mr.
J. P. Franklin about June 18, 1867, at
Wallingford ; (3) another obtained near
Cookham by Dr. R. B. Sharpy ; and (4)
one near Aldermaston at the beginning of
the last century by Mr. Congreve. Many
years ago a bird of this species was shot
at Park Place by the keeper Hiscock (C.
E. Stubbs, MS.). More recently one was
seen near Wellington College, in June,
1864 (Wellington College Natural History
Report] ; one killed near Newbury on April
23, 1866, and another at East Ilsley in
August, 1877 (W. H. Herbert, Newbury
District Field Club, pp. 97, 250) ; Mr. Dover
of Ilsley shot one in 1883, and another was
killed by Mr. Cundell of Ramsbury in 1874
('Birds of Newbury and District'). Mr.
Phillips mentions a last example shot at East-
hampstead on Easter Monday, 1895 a very
fine specimen.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

94. Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn.

A common summer migrant. The male
cuckoo arrives first about the second week in
April, and the mature birds leave in July or
early August, whilst the young of the year
remain later, even into October. I kept a
young cuckoo alive through two winters, but
it never obtained its full plumage, neither was
its note heard. Incubation lasts 12 days 2
hours, as I proved by placing an egg in the
incubator.

95. White or Barn-Owl. Strlx flammed,

Linn.
Locally, Screech Owl.

This harmless and useful bird is still com-
mon, though it is decreasing in numbers ;
even where they are strictly protected they
do not seem to multiply. More than twenty
years ago we placed three young birds in an
old dovecot at Park Place and confined them
for three weeks, during which time they were
fed on mice. On being liberated one left or
was driven away, but the others or their de-
scendants have bred annually (with the excep-
tion of one year). If we take the average
number of young reared at the low estimate
of four the large total of at least eighty is
reached, yet I have never known more than
two nests on the property in one year. Mr.
Aplin states (Birds of Oxfordshire, p. 36) :
4 Two and sometimes three broods in the
season.' My own experience here is different.
I have never known more than one brood,
though young of different sizes may be seen,
as the eggs are laid at intervals of some days.
Mr. Wallis informs me at least two broods
were reared in his barn near Bucklebury in
1901.

96. Long-eared Owl. Asia otus (Linn.).
Locally, Horned-Owl.

Resident, but not common. I have never
known it breed in the parish of Wargrave or
Remenham, though it certainly does so near
Henley, on the Oxfordshire side. I have met
with it at Rose Hill ; and nests have been found
in Windsor Forest near Wantage, and in other
localities. It is not recorded in the report from
Radley College, but is met with further south.

97. Short-eared Owl. Asia acdpitrinus (Pallas).
Locally, Woodcock-Owl.

A winter migrant in some numbers. Usually
seen about the end of October. I once saw
a flock of nearly a dozen together, probably
just arrived. Mr. Newton says (in lit.) they
are usually common about Wallingford in
October, and I have notes on their occur-

rence from many parts of the county, especially
the low-lying districts.

98. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco (Linn.).
Locally, Wood-Owl.

By far the commonest of our resident owls ;
found wherever timber is plentiful. It is a
very early breeder, as I have discovered young
in March. ' How can owls hurt young pheas-
ants when they only hunt at night ? ' is a ques-
tion often asked ; the answer being that owls
fly over the coops in search of mice which are
attracted by the food put down for the young
birds, the hen is alarmed, the little chicks run
from the shelter and then are often picked
up by the owls. Perhaps this is done at first
in mistake for rats or mice, but the result is
the same, and individual birds acquire detri-
mental habits. If discretion is used and the
harmful individual destroyed, there is no need
to make war on the whole race.

99. Tengmalm's Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi

(Gmelin).

Two were seen, and one of them, a female,
was killed in Windsor Forest about i864(J3/n/r
of Berks and Bucks, p. 167). It was preserved
by Mr. Hasell, taxidermist, of Windsor, and
Clark Kennedy adds : ' Mr. Hasell is well
acquainted with this species and the above
statement may be depended on.'

[Eagle-Owl. Bubo ignavus, T. Forster.

In the autumn of 1843 tne R CV - A.
Matthews states that he had a good view
of an eagle-owl on the railway embankment
near Goring, which is little over half a mile
from our boundary (Zool. 1849, p. 2596).
He adds : ' The bird at that time was not
more than 50 yards distant, so that even if
I had not previously noticed its colour, short-
ness of tail and general appearance whilst on
the wing, I could hardly have been mistaken
as to its identity.' One was killed near Oxford
in 1833, and Messrs. A. and H. Matthews
saw it in the flesh (Zool. 1849, P-

100. Marsh-Harrier. Circus teruginosus (Linn.).

Dr. Lamb ('Ornith. Bercheria') says that in
1814 this bird was common in the marshes
near Newbury, and even as late as 1868
Clark Kennedy says : ' Resident throughout
the year, but nowhere numerous.' At the
present time it can only be considered a rare
wanderer. A fine specimen is recorded from
Newbury, shot on January 13, 1875 (Zool.
1875, p. 4381), which from the description
was probably a female. One was shot at
Culham Court (C. E. Stubbs, MS.) Mr.
Bradshaw very kindly sends me information

152

BIRDS

of an adult male which was shot and winged
at Swallowfield on October 2, 1899, kept
alive till March, 1900, when it died, and is
now preserved in the Reading Museum.

101. Hen-Harrier. Circus cyaneus (Linn.).
This is another hawk which is now only a

rare visitor not very hospitably received. One
was trapped in the Royal Forest at Windsor
in 1855 ; another, a female, shot in the same
forest in 1859 or X 86o (Birds of Berks and
Bucks, p. 4). Mr. Herbert records one in his
collection trapped near Faringdon (Newbury
District Field Club, 1870-1, p. 95); and a
young bird shot near Newbury in 1885 was
in Dr. Palmer's possession. Mr. G. T. Phillips
informs me (in lit.) of the following occurrences
of this bird which have come under his notice :
One shot in Nash Grove near Wokingham in
1 86-, and now in the possession of Mrs. Lane
of that town ; a pair observed at Earley by
Mr. W. Holland in the spring of 1887 ; and
a pair flushed from a piece of ground covered
with heather and young Scotch fir in Septem-
ber, 1886, near Nine-Mile Ride.

102. Buzzard. Buteo vulgaris, Leach.

This bird once bred in the wooded parts of
Berkshire, and was resident, for writing in 1 8 1 4
Dr. Lamb speaks of it as 'very common'
('Ornith. Bercheria'). By the 'sixties' it
must have become rare, as Clark Kennedy
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 164-5) on ty
mentions three instances of its capture that
came under his notice : a pair killed by a
keeper in Windsor Great Park in the summer
of 1857, ar >d a fine male shot in a wood near
Sunninghill in 1866. In the Zoologist, 1876,
p. 4829, Mr. A. H. Cocks mentions one
caught near Wantage in June, 1853, which
was kept alive for some time. Mr. Herbert
mentions one in his collection killed near
Newbury, 1 866 (Newbury District Field Club,
1870-1, p. 95) ; another was shot at Buckle-
bury in 1880, which was seen in the flesh
by Mr. H. M. Wallis ; and Lord Abingdon
tells me (in lit.) one was trapped at Wytham
Abbey last year, 1901.

103. Rough-legged Buzzard. Buteo lagopus

(Gmelin).

A rare winter visitor. C. E. Stubbs saw
one that had been killed at Culham Court
many years ago ; another was shot at Ham
Spray on December 7, 1876, now in the
possession of Mr. Couling of that village.
Mr. Wallis tells me that on October 25,
1895, at 9 a.m., a very white undersided
bird passed over Reading low down going
east, and I have seen one a very short distance
over our boundary in Bucks.

[Golden Eagle. Aquila cbrysaftus (Linn.).

Dr. Bowdler Sharpe was told by Mr. Briggs
of a golden eagle trapped at Billingbear ; it
was seen previously by that keen observer
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 155). Another
is said to have been killed at Shottesbrook in
1794 ('Ornith. Bercheria') ; but a specimen,
often cited as a ' golden ' eagle, from Littlecote
near Hungerford, was really an immature
white-tailed eagle in the tawny-brown plum-
age which has led to so many erroneous identifi-
cations. Nearly all the so-called 'golden'
eagles taken in the south or centre of England
have turned out to be simply young white-
tails, and at this distance of time it is not
possible to prove the identity of the specimens
quoted.]

104. White-tailed Eagle. Haliaftus albicilla

(Linn.).

This migratory eagle has been obtained on
several occasions. The first specimen of
which we have record was shot on Wan-
tage Downs in 1793 ('Ornith. Bercheria').
A fine specimen is preserved in the Eton
Museum which was killed near Windsor
on February 3, 1851, and presented by
H.R.H. the Prince Consort on December
12, 1856. Another was shot in Windsor
Park, and is mentioned by Buckland (Curi-
osities of Nat. Hist. i. 99) ; a fourth, in
immature plumage, was shot by one of the
royal keepers in Windsor Great Park during
the summer of 1865; and about the same
time another was wounded in the park and
kept alive by Mr. Cole at Sandpit Gate (Birds
of Berks and Bucks, p. 155-8). In 1887 another
was shot at Rapley Lake, Bagshot, by one of
the keepers, and is or was in the collection of
Mr. Hart of Christchurch, Hants (Long in lit.
to Bucknill).

[Goshawk. Astur palumbarius (Linn.).

One was shot at Highclere by Mr. Maskell,
a few years prior to 1886 (Palmer, ' Birds of
Newbury and District"). Highclere is just
over our boundary.]

105. Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus (Linn.).
Fairly common and resident, breeding in the

wooded districts, where it shows distinct par-
tiality for larch trees. Although these birds
hold the worst of records from a game-pre-
server's point of view, yet they are not all bad.
A pair nested and reared their young within
300 yards of our pheasant field, flying over
it daily, and often taking young sparrows and
other small birds, but never once did they
touch a pheasant, consequently they were
not destroyed.

153

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

1 06. Kite. Milvus ictinus, Savigny.

We can only write of this species as a bird
of the past, so far as Berks is concerned, though
no doubt it was once resident and bred regu-
larly in our woodlands. Even during the first
quarter of the last century it was fast becoming
rare, as Dr. Lamb says : ' Between thirty and
forty years ago (that is, between 1774-84)
very frequent about Reading, now (about 1814)
very rare ' (' Ornith. Bercheria '). Mr. Hewett,
in his book on the ' Hundred of Compton,' says
the kite was ' often seen on the Ilsley Down.'
One was shot about 1855 at Abingdon and
passed into the collection of the Rev. Murray
A. Matthew, who was told by the old bird-
stuffer, Osman of Oxford, that when he was
a young man the kite was quite common in
Berks. The late Rev. H. A. Macpherson
informed me (in lit.) that about 1875 the head
keeper at Radley shot a fine example, which
he sold to a member of Brasenose College for
half a sovereign.

107. Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus (Linn.).
A summer visitor, and now rare, though

probably it once bred in our beech woods,
as it certainly did just over the boundary
at Bix in Oxon (Zeal. 1844). A female was
killed near Reading in June, 1 793, and another
in Windsor Forest, 1860. Clark Kennedy
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 165) mentions
one in Montagu's collection, since placed in
the British Museum ; but I have failed to find
it there.

[Iceland Falcon. Falco islandus, Gmelin.
One was reported in the Reading Mercury,
but it proved to be an escaped bird.]

108. Peregrine Falcon. Falcoperegrinus,T\in-

stall.

This is a not uncommon visitor, generally
in spring or autumn, and hardly a year passes
that one or more are not noticed. A few
well-identified examples are as follows : April,
1866, a male killed near Hungerford ; another
near Newbury, January 24, 1867 a young
bird ; one killed at Wyfield farm, December
14, 1867, and another seen October 28, 1870
(Herbert, Newbury Field Club, 1870-1, p. 95);
a mature male shot at Park Place, 1875, and
in my possession ; one shot at Burghclere in
1880 (Palmer, < Birds of Newbury and Dis-
trict'); another killed at Pangbourne in 1882
passed through the hands of Mr. Hambling,
taxidermist, of Reading ; one killed at Bil-
lingbear in the winter of 1889-90 (Phillips
in lit.); an adult male from Bagley Wood
in December, 1890 (Fauna and Flora of
Radley and District, p. n) ; one on Decem-

ber 21, 1896, at Compton Downs, and an-
other on April 6, 1 897 (A. Topp in lit.). Mr.
Cornish of Lockinge informs me in a letter that
it is occasionally seen on the downs on migration,
and that one was killed at Lockinge a few years
back. Mr. Newton of Crowmarsh informs
me it is fairly common near Wallingford, and
he has often seen it in autumn and winter.
An adult female was shot on November 2,
1901, at Aston Upthorpe (Bradshaw in lit.),
and another bird seen at the same time.

109. Hobby. Falco sutbuteo, Linn.

Locally, Rip-hook.

This very long-winged and perfectly harm-
less falcon is a summer migrant, and in such
numbers that I feel sure it only requires pro-
tection to become almost numerous. This
unfortunately it does not obtain, and year after
year hobbies are destroyed, either through ig-
norance of their harmless nature or in mistake
for sparrow-hawks. I well remember the late
J. Gould discovering a bird of the year nailed
to the ' keeper's tree ' at Park Place in the
' seventies ' ; he also mentioned a nest taken at
Billingbear. There is strong evidence that it
has bred near Reading, and a pair shot at
Aldermaston, July 23, 1897, are in the posses-
sion of Mr. Keyser. Mr. Wallis tells me he
has seen it at Finchampstead and also near
Wokingham. A pair were shot near Cumnor
and their nest taken (Zaol. 1883, p. 32). Mr.
Dewe writes to inform me that one was trapped
nearFaringdon in May, 1901, and another seen.
A pair nested at Pusey in 1901 ; both birds
were shot and preserved by Mr. Darby of
Oxford, together with one of the young. Mr.
Proger kindly tells me of another nest this
year (1902) which was successfully protected
and the eggs hatched off, but it is not advisable
to mention the exact locality. Mr. Topp, taxi-
dermist, of Reading, informs me that one was
killed at Goring Heath, September 21, 1901.
Mr. Newton says he sees them most years near
Wallingford. Dr. Palmer mentions that the
eggs were taken by Mr. E. Plenty at Burgh-
clere in 1883 ('Birds of Newbury and Dis-
trict '). The fact that a local name is given
to this bird proves that it is well known to
the natives. Mr. H. M. Wallis informs me
that it is a contraction of the word ' reap '
hook, and the origin of it (as given him by the
user) is that the peculiar curve of the reap-
hook blade is like the curve of the hobby's
wings in flight.

no. Merlin. Falco tssalon, Tunstall.

This smallest of European falcons is a some-
what scarce visitor. One was killed in Wind-
sor Great Park in March, 1867 (Birds of Berks

154

BIRDS

and Bucks, p. 103), and several others are
mentioned by the same author. Dr. Lamb
mentions one shot near Reading, January 25,
1 794 (' Ornith. Bercheria ') ; another was seen
near Radley in September, 1895. A male was
killed at Thatcham, February 25, 1871, and
others have been seen (Newbury District Field
Club, p. 95) ; another was shot at Pangbourne
in 1884, and one on Compton Downs, April 6,
1897 (G. A. Topp in lit.}. Two have been
shot at Haines Hill within the last few years
about 1886 and on November 17, 1900.
One killed itself by flying against the rectory
windows at Wokingham, and Mr. Phillips,
who gives me this information, has its skin.

III. Kestrel. Falco tinnunculus, Linn.

Resident and fairly common, in spite of the
unnecessary persecution to which it is sub-
jected. I have often found its eggs laid in
holes in hollow trees as well as in chalk cliffs
near the river, and once in an old squirrel's
nest.

H2. Osprey. Pandion halia'e'tus (Linn.).

An occasional visitor on migration. One was
shot on the Thames at Pangbourne, and one
at Donnington in 1 8 1 o (' Ornith. Bercheria ') ;
another taken in Windsor Great Park in 1864;
one killed at Cookham 1864 (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, p. 161). Mr. Newton tells me a
neighbour has a specimen killed on the river
some three miles from Wallingford ; and Mr. C.
Barnett of Hambledon Mills mentions another
killed on the river near Aston some years ago.

113. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.).

A very rare wanderer. Dr. Lamb (' Ornith.
Bercheria') mentions one killed at Fulsham
near Newbury in November, 1803, and
Mr. W. D. Mackenzie tells me of another
shot by Mr. H. E. Rhodes at Hennerton on
April 14, 1871.

114. Shag. Phalac rocorax graculus (Linn.).
Dr. Lamb has recorded a shag killed near

Pangbourne in September, 1794. A second
example in immature plumage was taken on
the Thames at Blackfriars Road, and is pre-
served in the Oxford Museum.

115. Gannet. Sula bassana (Linn.).

On October 14, 1838, two of these birds
were seen near Wytham, and one, a male in
immature plumage, was killed and passed into
the collection of the Revs. A. and H.Matthews
(Zool. 1849, p. 2624). Another was shot at
Sandleford by Mr. McGregor in 1875 (Palmer,
'Birds of Newbury and District'). A third was
taken in an exhausted state near Newbury in
1865 and passed into the possession of Mr.

Herbert, and a very fine specimen was cap-
tured near Reading on March 25, 1876, and
another near Hungerford, April 14, 1876
(W. H. Herbert, Trans. Newbury Field Club,
p. 250).

1 1 6. Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn.
Locally, Hern, Moll Hern.

Common and resident. Mr. Walter Camp-
bell tells me (in lit.) there is now only one
heronry on the royal ground at Windsor ; it
is at Virginia Water, and consists of about ten
nests. Another heronry, consisting of some
twenty nests, is to be seen at Wytham Abbey,
the seat of the Earl of Abingdon, who in-
forms me they are slightly on the increase.
There is also one at Coley Park of about ten
nests, and another at Buscot of some twenty
nests. Just over our boundary at Fawley
Court is a recent heronry of thirteen nests on
the average.

117. Purple Heron. Ardea purpurea, Linn.
An immature female was killed near White

Waltham early in September, 1861 (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 185). ' Some twenty-five
or thirty years ago an adult purple heron,
handled whilst in the flesh by Mr. G. Arnatt,
was shot on the Isis between Eynsham Bridge
and Bablock Hithe. It was preserved, but
afterwards was destroyed by moth ' (Birds of
Oxon, p. 185). Another was shot at on the
Thames in or about 1880, which fell dead on
Clapper's eyot on the Oxon side (H. M.
Wallis in lit.}.

[Great White Heron. Ardea alba, Linn.

One was killed on the Isis in September,
1833, of which we certainly have the right
to a share, the river being our boundary
(Yarrell, p. 179, ed. 4).]

1 1 8. Night-Heron. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.).
Has been seen near Maidenhead, and was

recorded in the Field by Sir H. Rae Reid ;
but as several had been known to have escaped
from confinement not far up the river, the
bird referred to was probably one of these.

119. Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta (Linn.).
Clark Kennedy (Birds of Berks and Bucks,

p. 186-7) mentions several little bitterns said
to have been taken in the county ; many of
these records are unsubstantiated by locality or
date, but the following can be traced : Wolley
mentioned one shot on Queen's Eyot near
Windsor in the summer of 1860. In the
summer of 1826 a young specimen was shot
on the banks of the Thames near Windsor,
and it is believed to have been bred there
from the situation being favourable and the

155

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

fact that a second bird in the same state of
plumage was seen about the spot for some days
at that time (Yarrel, iv. 202, ed. 4). In the
Field of September 29, 1865, mention is made
of a little bittern shot at Maidenhead in August
of that year. On May 4, 1 869, a female was
killed on the banks of a pond belonging to
Mr. Holmes near Wargrave (Zool. July, 1867,
p. 829). Another was obtained on the Thames
one and a half miles from Wallingford in winter,
and is in the collection of Mr. Newton.

1 2O. Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).
The bittern at no very distant date was

probably resident in the marshes of Berks, and
even now so often is it shot in the early spring
that it seems likely it would breed if only pro-
tection were afforded. The most recent cap-
tures that have come under my notice are a
male and female shot at Hennerton on January
2 and 9, 1892. In January, 1895, Mr. T.
Dewe killed one at Duxford near Farringdon
whilst shooting duck by moonlight, which is
now in the museum at Oxford (in lit.). Another
was obtained at Kintbury in November, 1883,
under rather curious circumstances : it flew in
the face of one of the beaters, who knocked
it down with his stick (Zool. 1884, p. 469).
In 1885 one was killed at Rapley Lake, Bag-
shot (Long in lit. to Bucknill).

121. Glossy Ibis. Pbgadis falcirutltu (Linn.).

Dr. Lamb writes ('Ornith. Bercheria') : ' A
male of this very rare bird was shot a few
miles from Reading in September, 1793,
whilst flying over the Thames in company
with another.'

122. Grey Lag Goose. Anser cinereus y Meyer.
A rare winter visitor. Clark Kennedy states

on the authority of Dr. Bowder Sharpe that
this bird has been taken near Cookham, and
seven were seen, one of which was killed, near
Boveney Lock (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 1 99).
Mr. Barnett has found a record of two of these
geese killed near Remenham in February,! 854,
by relations of his.

123. White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons

(Scopoli).

A rare winter visitor ; one, a mature male,
is recorded in the Zoologist for 1884 (p. 469)
as having been shot by Sir R. F. Sutton on
December 24, 1879, near Kintbury.

[Lesser White-fronted Goose. Anser ery-
thropus (Linn.).

Under the name of Anser erythropus Dr.
Lamb (' Ornith. Bercheria ') mentions a bird
shot near Reading, January 24, 1795, which
must refer to the previous species, as the lesser

white-fronted goose was not described at the
time in which he wrote.]

124. Bean-Goose. Anser segetum (J. F.

Gmelin).

One was shot on the Thames by Mr. G.
Jackson, January 24, 1850, when living at
Greenlands (Birds of Oxon, p. 1 90).

125. Pink-footed Goose. A nser brae hyrhync bus

(Baillon).

Very rare wanderer. Mr. Cornish tells
me that one was shot about 1890 at Cat-
more, and is preserved at the ' Fox and Cubs '
at Lilly.

[Bernacle-Goose. Bernicla leucopsis (Bech-
stein).

Writing about 1814 Dr. Lamb says, ' fre-
quently seen about Newbury in severe wea-
ther.' Times have changed since then, and
I can find no recent record of its capture,
though Captain C. E. Ruck-Keen of Swyn-
combe House has a specimen which was shot
at Henley, probably on the river (Birds of
Oxon, p. 191).]

126. Brent Goose. Bernicla brenta (Pallas).
Three of these birds were killed on the

Thames near Henley at one shot by Mr.
George Jackson, who has one preserved (Birds
of Oxan, p. 191). There is one in the Oxford
Museum labelled ' Kennington, 1830,' and
another, in the collection of Mr. Newton,
was obtained on the Thames one mile from
Wallingford. Mr. C. Barnett of Mill End
tells me he killed one on the Thames at
Aston Ferry in the winter of 1880. The
following note from the manuscript of the
late C. E. Stubbs, written in or about 1867,
is of interest : ' Of wild geese, grey lags have
been shot a few times, so have bean-geese
much more often, and also white-fronted ; in
fact scarcely a winter passes without one or
other of the geese visiting us in greater or
lesser numbers. Brent geese have been ob-
tained a few times ; I saw a pair that were
shot down below Greenlands some years ago,
and have often heard the country people call
them black geese.'

[Canada Goose. Branta canadensis (Linn.).

Egyptian Goose. Chenalopex <sgyptiacus
(Linn.).

Spur-winged Goose. Plectropterus gam-
bensis y Linn.

Black Swan. Chenopsis atratus (Lath.).

Polish Swan. Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell.
All these species have been killed in our

156

BIRDS

county, but inasmuch as the first four are
birds which are continually kept in semi-con-
finement and the young often make their
escape, it is inexpedient to include them as
accidental 'visitors.' The Polish swan is
now generally regarded as a variety of the
mute swan.]

127. Whooper. Cygnus musicus, Bechstein.
An occasional winter visitor ; two were

shot near Reading in January, 1795 ('Ornith.
Bercheria'). The late F. O. Morris says a
flock appeared in January, 1855, between
Cookham and Maidenhead, two of which
were shot (Brit. Birds, v. 1 1 5). Three were
shot in the meadows near Shinfield about the
year 1860 by a Mr. Smith; one of these, in
the possession of Mr. Cresswell of Binfield,
was purchased for the Reading Museum, but
refused (Captain Savile J. Reid in lit.).

128. Mute Swan. Cygnus olor (Gmelin).

Numbers of semi-domesticated swans are
to be seen on most reaches of the Thames
and on many large sheets of water in the
county. The Thames birds belong to his
Majesty the King, the Vintners' Company
and the Dyers' Company. ' Swan-upping '
takes place in July or early August, when the
young birds are caught up, marked on the
bill, pinioned and liberated. Each company
has its own swanherd ; they meet together at
London Bridge and proceed up the river as
far as Henley, the ceremony lasting four
days. ' Some idea of the abundance of swans
on the Thames may be inferred from the fact
that in August, 1897, between London Bridge
and Henley, the number taken up was 481.
Of these 1 68 belonged to the Queen, 181 to
the Vintners' Company, and 132 to the
Dyers' Company ' (J. E. Harting, Handbook
of British Birds, ed. 2, p. 228-9). A few
birds are sometimes overlooked, and these are
often shot as ' wild swans,' though of course
it is possible that truly wild birds may at times
visit our river.

129. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta

(S. G. Gmelin).

Dr. Lamb mentions one shot near New-
bury, 1806, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe states
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 205) during the
winter of 1867-8 a bird of this species was
seen for several days in the neighbourhood
of Cookham.

130. Mallard. Anas ioscas, Linn.
Common, resident, and, since shooting has

been prohibited on the Thames, increasing in
numbers. I have often found nests in pollard

willows on the banks of the river, and they
breed freely in many parts of the county.

131. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (Linn.).

A somewhat rare winter visitor; one was
shot out of a party of four near Iffley, Novem-
ber 12, 1889 (Fauna and Flora of Radley, p.
12). Mr. Dewe informs me he killed a
female on December 10, 1898, near Faring-
don.

132. Pintail. Dafila acuta (Linn.).

As late as March 30 a drake pintail was
shot near Henley (probably on the river) by
Mr. G. Jackson (Birds of Oxon, p. 200).

133. Teal. Nettion crecca (Linn.).

Fairly numerous in winter. Mr. Norman
May has kindly sent me particulars of the
nesting of this species in Berks; his brother,
Mr. E. May, obtained a nest and four eggs
near Thatcham on May 4, 1900. Mr. F. O.
Lindley found another nest just hatching on
the edge of the water at Great Meadow Pond,
Windsor, on May 19, 1896 (Bucknill in
/it.) ; and the late Dr. Montague Palmer had
eggs from Kintbury Marsh in 1880 (H. M.
Wallis in lit.)

134. Garganey. ^uerquedula circia (Linn.).
In the severe January, 1795, one specimen

was killed at Maidenhead ('Ornith. Ber-
cheria'). A pair were shot at Kintbury in 1874
(Palmer, < Birds of Newbury and District ').
Mr. Bradshaw informs me a young male was
shot at Theale on December 15, 1898, by
Mr. Blatch, and is now preserved in the
Reading Museum.

135. Wigeon. Mareca penelope (Linn.).
The wigeon may be found in small num-
bers almost every winter; it has been killed
at Windsor, Maidenhead and Cookham, on
the Kennet and often on the Thames. A
pair remained on the Thames between Wind-
sor and Datchet as late as May (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, p. 125).

136. Pochard. Fuligula ferina (Linn.).

A winter visitor in very limited numbers.
I am not aware that it has bred within our
limits though its nest is said to have been
found in Bucks.

137. Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata (Leach).
A regular winter visitor and seems to be

increasing in numbers ; not a year passes but
several are seen on the Thames between
Henley and Reading and on certain inland
waters.

157

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

138. Scaup Duck. Fuligula marila (Linn.).
Dr. Lamb records one shot on January 24,

1795, near Reading ('Ornith. Bercheria').
Mr. A. H. Cocks possesses a drake shot on
the Thames between Henley and Marlow
(Birds of Oxon, p. 203). A female was shot
by Capt. Rhodes at Hennerton near Wargrave
on November 13, 1888, and it is still in his
possession.

139. Goldeneye. Clangula glaucion (Linn.).
This is a somewhat rare winter visitor,

naturally more frequently seen in severe wea-
ther, and many specimens have been taken on
the Thames. These, as might be expected,
are generally young birds; the most recent
that have come under my notice were an
immature male killed at Hennerton on January
23, 1892, and another near Reading, February
22, 1901.

140. Long-tailed Duck. Harelda glacia/is

(Linn.).

The Revs. A. and H. Matthews mention
one killed near Kennington in January, 1846
(ZaoL 1849, p. 2539).

141. Common Eider Duck. Somateria mol-

lissima (Linn.).

Dr. Lamb records an example ' shot at
Sonning near Reading in a severe winter '
('Ornith. Bercheria'), and adds, ' most delicious
eating ' ! !

142. Common Scoter. (Edemia nigra (Linn.).

A rare winter visitor ; one, a mature male,
was procured near Cookham in 1865, another
was shot on Mr. Palmer's estate near Reading
in July, 1867 (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p.
127), and a pair at Aldermaston in 1860
(Palmer). Dr. Lamb mentions a pair shot
on the Thames near Reading in October,
1792 ('Ornith. Bercheria'). An adult male
was shot at Weirs Mill between Iffley and
Folly Bridge, December 12, 1890 (Fauna and
Flora of Radley and the Neighbourhood, p. 12);
on March 22, 1879, an adult male was killed
at Clewer Point near Windsor (Zoologist, 1879,
p. 220).

143. Velvet-Scoter. (Edemia fusca (Linn.).

Dr. Lamb mentions two captured near
Wargrave in January, 1795 ('Ornith. Ber-
cheria '). Gould says, ' During the severe
winter of 1866-7 a splendid old male was
killed at Cookham (Birds of Great Britain,
vol. v.). A fine male was killed near New-
bury, January 2, 1871 (Zee/. 1871, p. 2527).
In 1855 no less than six were killed in this
district in one week (C. E. Stubbs).

144. Goosander. Mergus merganser, Linn.
In winter the goosander is an occasional

visitor to the Thames, and there are several
records of its capture, usually irl immature
plumage. Dr. Lamb says many were shot
near Reading in the winter of 1791, and a
solitary specimen at Thatcham, December,
1808; he adds, as food 'most unpleasantly
fishy in taste' ('Ornith. Bercheria'). Two
others are mentioned by C. E. Stubbs as
killed in the district. One was shot at
Sonning on January 19, 1896 (Topp in lit.).

145. Merganser. Mergus serrator, Linn.

A winter visitor of less frequent occur-
rence than the goosander. A pair were
killed near Reading in 1795 ('Ornith. Ber-
cheria '). Mr. G. Jackson shot a female on
the river near Henley on January 23, 1848
(A. H. Cocks in lit. to O. V. Aplin), and I
remember one shot by a boatman near Cul-
ham Court in 1879. An adult female in
the collection of Mr. Newton was obtained
near Wallingford in early spring (in lit.}. Mr.
Topp tells me that a male and two females
were killed at Bulmershe in 1883.

146. Smew. Mergus albellus, Linn.

This is another winter straggler which has
been recorded a few times from our county.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe mentions a fine male
killed near Reading in the 'sixties'; Mr. Rhodes
has an immature male taken on the river
below Hennerton, but he cannot remember
the date. An adult and young male were
shot at Sonning by Mr. J. L. Hill and
identified by Mr. A. H. Cocks; four were
seen in company at the time and one of the
survivors was subsequently killed but lost;
the fourth was seen again and shot at unsuc-
cessfully (Zeal. April, 1891, p. 153). Dr.
Lamb records a male shot near Newbury,
January 31, 1814 ('Ornith. Bercheria'). On
January n, 1901, a female was shot on the
Loddon, and on the I7th a young male was
killed near Reading (G. W. Bradshaw in lit.} ;
it weighed 1 3 oz. Mr. Newton has an adult
male in full plumage, obtained in March near
Wallingford, and he tells me he observed
another in similar plumage last March, 1901
(in lit.). Mr. Aplin tells me a female was
killed at Kintbury in the winter of 1890-1.

[The mandarin (/Ex galericulata} and har-
lequin duck (Cosmonetta histrionica} are both
recorded by Clark Kennedy (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, pp. 206, 208) ; the former is an
Eastern Palaearctic species, and had obviously
escaped from confinement, while the latter
was probably a long-tailed duck.]

158

BIRDS

147. Ring-Dove or Wood-Pigeon. Columba

palumbus, Linn.

Very common and resident, though their
numbers are largely augmented in the winter.
In a 'beech-mast' year these flocks often
assume vast proportions, and many thousands
may be seen together. They breed from
early spring to autumn, as I have found nests
in March and November.

148. Stock-Dove. Columba anas, Linn.
Common, and appears to be increasing in

numbers. In the severe winter of 1879-80
they were exceptionally numerous; twenty-
one were killed at a single shot on a pheasant-
feed at Park Place.

[Rock-Dove. Columba livia, Gmelin.

A rock-dove is recorded in the Wellington
College list, 1870-2, without comment, but
inasmuch as the stock-dove is locally called
' rock-dove ' confusion is probable.]

149. Turtle-Dove. Turtur communis, Selby.
A regular summer migrant, breeding in

numbers especially in the underwoods ; they
arrive early in May and return late in Sep-
tember.

150. Pallas's Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes para-

doxus (Pallas).

During the great invasion of sand-grouse
in 1888 a few were recorded within our
county limits and probably many others were
seen. Mr. Aplin tells me (in lit.) one was
taken at Chilton near Hungerford, two near
Newbury, two at Peasemore and one on
Compton Downs; this last hit the telegraph
wires when flying with a flock of about thirty
early in January. Three were seen on the
railway bank between Twyford and Reading
on October 15, 1889 (Field, October 19,
1889). Mr. Cornish tells me that about
January I, 1889, one was killed at Wantage
Road station with a stone, and that a flock
were seen by his father on Windmill Hill
near Wantage in the autumn of 1888.
About the same time Mr. Newton saw some
on his farm at Wallingford.

151. Black Grouse. Tetrao tetrix, Linn.

It seems doubtful if blackgame were ever
indigenous to Berkshire ; but they were
introduced into the county, several having
been turned down in the royal preserves at
Windsor, whence they spread, and many
were killed in various parts of the county,
especially in 1867. That they bred freely
in the summer of 1867 is stated in the
Field, October 5 of that year. As recently

as the spring of 1884 Mr. Phillips tells me
he saw a cock and hen within a few yards
of one another at Easthampstead, and on May
31, 1894, he received three eggs which were
part of a clutch of six taken on Yateley
Common by Mr. Kelsey of Chandler's farm,
Yateley, within a quarter of a mile of our
boundary. His men were cutting heather for
litter and mowed right over the nest. The
eggs were slightly incubated.

152. Pheasant. Pbasianus cokhicus (Linn.).

The pheasant is common throughout the
county, but it is doubtful if a pure P. colchhus
could be found in a wild state in this or any
other county in England. The Chinese
ring-necked bird, P. torquatus, was intro-
duced at the end of the eighteenth century,
and now the white ring can be traced in a
more or less developed condition in almost all
the birds killed in our preserves.

153. Partridge. Perdix cinerea, Latham.
Common in all preserved districts.

154. Red-legged Partridge. Caccabis rufa

(Linn.).

Locally, French Partridge.
Acclimatized in England about the end of
the eighteenth century, it is now fairly dis-
tributed throughout the county. It would
be more plentiful were it not for the erro-
neous idea that it is hostile to the grey
partridge, which has led keepers to destroy
both the birds and their nests. It is curious
to note Dr. Lamb's remarks on this species
written in or about 1814. He mentions two
instances of this bird having been killed, and
adds, ' probably escaped from some aviary, as
they are not known to breed here ' (' Ornith.
Bercheria ').

155. Quail. Coturnix communis, Bonnaterre.
A spring migrant, though not nearly so

plentiful as formerly ; even as long ago as
1814 Dr. Lamb wrote, 'About thirty years
ago very plentiful, now rare.' In the Zoologist
(July, 1868, p. 1294) Mr. Stubbs recorded
the finding of a nest and eleven eggs at
Remenham on June 8 of that year. This
is the only instance that has come under my
notice of its breeding in this part of the
county ; but Mr. Cornish tells me he has
known nests near Childrey and Letcombe,
and in 1886 about twelve birds were shot
there.

156. Corn-Crake or Land-Rail. Crex pra-

tensis, Bechstein.
A regular summer migrant, arriving in

159

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

some numbers about the end of April or
early in May and returning at the end of
September, though a few remain far later and
I have shot one in November. It is partial
to the Thames meadows, where its harsh
notes may often be heard throughout the
night.

157. Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta (Leach).
This species is a spring visitor, and owing

to its retiring habits probably not nearly so
uncommon as might at first sight appear. I
have no actual proof that it has bred within
our limits, but strong presumptive evidence
that such is the case. Mr. Wallis tells me
he has often flushed them in the breeding
season at Thatcham, and has the skin of
one killed there ; and Mr. Aplin mentions
one killed in its first dress near Newbury in
July, 1889. The records of its capture in
the county are numerous.

158. Carolina Crake. Porzana Carolina.
Although the true home of this bird is

temperate North America, yet it has been
known to visit our shores on at least three
separate occasions and cannot any longer be
denied a place amongst our accidental visitors.
The first example was shot in October, 1865,
on the banks of the Kennet near Newbury
by Mr. H. S. Eyre, and exhibited by Profes-
sor Newton at a meeting of the Zoological
Society on February 14, 1866. The second
was taken near Cardiff in 1888 (Birds of
Glamorgan, p. 113), and the third shot in the
island of Tiree, Scotland, and exhibited by
Mr. E. Lort Phillips at a meeting of the
B.O.C., November 20, 1901.

159. Baillon's Crake. Porzana baillonl

(Vieillot).

Clark Kennedy says (Birds of Berks and
Bucks, p. 1 96), ' a single specimen was shot
near the town of Newbury in Berks several
years ago, but I have been unfortunately un-
able to gain any further information.'

1 60. Water-Rail. Rallus aquaticus, Linn.
The water-rail is resident in suitable locali-
ties, but very local as a breeding species. I
have seen several nests taken in the marshes
not far from Reading, but in other places
where the conditions seem similar I have
never found this bird in the nesting season
though numerous in winter. On April 26,
1896, Mr. Lindley found a nest with eight
eggs near the Great Meadow Pond, Wind-
sor Park (Bucknill in lit.).

161. Moorhen. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.).
Very numerous on the river, and almost

every pond has its pair or two. Although a
beautiful bird in itself it is not desirable that
protection should be afforded to an indefinite
extent as the water-hen is a sad destroyer of
ducks' eggs, and I have many times caught
them in the act of eating the eggs of our
tame waterfowl.

162. Common Coot. Fulica atra, Linn.
Locally, Bald Coot.

Resident, though not nearly so common as
the last species ; it is seldom seen on the
banks of the Thames except in winter, and I
doubt if ever it breeds there, though it
undoubtedly does so on many lakes and
ponds throughout the county. Mr. Aplin
tells me he saw numbers on the Kennet in
1889.

163. Great Bustard. Otis tarda, Linn.
There is little doubt that this magnificent

bird was at one time resident and bred on the
open downs of Berkshire, but it has long
since passed away and the records left behind
are meagre in the extreme. The only note
I can find is from the pen of Dr. Lamb, who,
writing in or about 1814, says of this bird :
' Sometimes seen on Lambourn Downs (par-
ticularly March, 1802) before they were
enclosed.' The only actual case of its having
been taken in the county that has come under
my notice is that mentioned by Yarrell
(Zaol. 1856, p. 4995) wherein he records
the capture of a wounded bustard by a small
boy at a farm called ' Starve-all ' near Hun-
gerford on January 3, 1856, which proved on
dissection to be a male, and he considered
about eighteen months old. It passed into
the possession of Mr. W. H. Rowland and
was preserved for him by Lead beater. The
Rev. A. C. Smith (Birds of Wilts, p. 385)
considers that this bird was wounded by one
of Lord Ailesbury's keepers who fired a long
shot at a bird which he supposed to be an
eagle flying over a part of Marlborough
Forest called Henswood.

164. Little Bustard. Otis tetrax, Linn.
One was shot in September, 1858, by

Messrs. Burgis and Meyrick, Fellows of
Magdalen and St. John's, Oxford, while
shooting together on one of the St. John's
farms near Bagley Wood (W. D. Mackenzie
in lit.).

165. Stone-Curlew. (Edicnemus scolepax (S.

G. Gmelin).

The ' thick-knee,' as this bird is sometimes
called, is a regular summer visitor, but from
its partiality to open heaths and waste lands
it is very local in its distribution. As a rule

l6o

BIRDS

it arrives in April and returns in October,
but a few individuals remain much later, as I
have met with them the second week in
November, and one has been recorded as late
as January 30 (Saunders, Man. Brit. Birds,
p. 529, ed. 2). Mr. Wallis tells me young
were found lying between the egg-shells in
June, 1890, near Aid worth, and Mr. Proger
says they [breed regularly on a farm near
Moulsford. Mr. Cornish writes that they seem
to be increasing in his district, and at Catmore
on September i, 1901, he counted twelve on
the wing at once ; he adds that a pair seem
to breed in most localities suited to their
habits.

1 66. Dotterel. Eudromias morinellus (Linn.).
A spring and autumn migrant, passing

through our county to and from their northern
breeding grounds. Although not so numerous
as formerly, a ' trip ' may often be seen on
the Chiltern range of hills in April or May
and again in September. Mr. Newton tells
me that they are to be seen near Wallingford,
in little lots of four or five, the second or
third week in May, and that they return in
trips of fifteen to thirty during the second or
third week in August ; he adds, ' they have
not been so regular of late years.' Mr.
Cornish has often noticed them at Childrey
in September, and it would seem that the line
of migration runs from Wilts to Oxon,
through the vale of the White Horse, Want-
age and Wallingford.

167. Ringed Plover. /Egia/itis hiaticula

(Linn.).

An occasional visitor, and, according to
Clark Kennedy, must have been of more
frequent occurrence in the ' sixties ' than now.
It has been observed near Reading, Wantage
and Maidenhead. One was shot on Ilsley
Downs April, 1810. It is said to be seen on
the river nearly every spring at Radley (Fauna
and Flora of Radley, p. 12).

[Little Ringed Plover. jEgialitis curonica
(J. F. Gmelin).

Dr. Palmer mentions a specimen seen in
the local bird-stuffer's shop by Mr. Herbert
which was said to have been shot in the
neighbourhood (' Birds of Newbury and Dis-
trict '). The above probably refers to the smaller
race of /E. hiaticula which has been specifically
separated under the name of /E. intermedium :
the real . curonica is of extremely rare oc-
currence in this country.]

1 68. Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis,

Linn.

This bird is a regular winter visitor, and

the arrival of small flocks may be looked for
in November. These are curiously constant
to a particular spot and may be found fre-
quenting the same field year after year. One
of their great strongholds would seem to be
the fields between Newbury and Thatcham,
where Dr. Palmer says he has often seen
flocks of considerable dimensions.

169. Lapwing. Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein.

Locally, Peevit, Green Plover.
Common and resident, though its numbers
are greatly augmented in spring and autumn,
and large flocks may often be seen at these
seasons of the year out of all proportion to
the breeding residents.

170. Oyster-catcher.
Linn.

Htematopus ostralegus,

A very rare visitor. Dr. Lamb mentions
one shot at Burghfield in January, 1794;
while Clark Kennedy states that one was
shot 'a few years since near Windsor,' i.e.
about 1863 ; and another was observed near
Reading (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 185),
but particulars are wanting. Mr. Newton
informs me that he once saw this bird on the
Thames near Wallingford. One was taken at
Streatley at the end of 1882 or beginning of
1883 and preserved by Mr. Hambling of
Reading.

171. Avocet. Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn.
Six of these beautiful birds were killed at

one shot while swimming on a pond at Son-
ning near Reading, in April, 1794 (' Ornith.
Bercheria ').

172. Black-winged Stilt. Himantopus candi-

dus, Bonnaterre.

In their list of birds of Oxfordshire and its
neighbourhood published in the Zoologist,
1849 (pp. 2592, 2603), Messrs. A. and H.
Matthews mention a stilt killed at ' Shipley '
near Henley. It was for some time in the
possession of Mr. Kirtland, who obtained it
soon after its capture, and it passed into the
collection of the Rev. H. Roundell. ' Ship-
ley,' or Shiplake, is in Oxon, but inasmuch as
the river here divides the two counties, and
the bird was probably taken on the banks, I
have claimed a share for our county.

173. Grey Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius

(Linn.).

This northern species is a not very rare
visitor. Dr. Lamb mentions one shot at
Shinfield, March, 1794 (' Ornith. Bercheria').
Wooley mentions one killed on the Thames
at Windsor in December, 1851 (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 197). Out of the me-

161

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

morable migration of 1866, when upwards
of 500 are said to have been slaughtered
throughout the country, an old female was
killed near Pangbourne on September 19, and
two others at Newbury, September 27, 1866 ;
one at Oare, October 20, 1869; one at
Newbury, November 10, 1890 (Herbert,
Newbury District Field Club Report, p. 95), and
another was shot at Wargrave Ferry, October
24, 1870 (Zool. 1871, p. 2442); but the
most recent captures that have come under
my notice are two killed near Mortimer,
October 24, 1891 (G. A. Topp in lit.}, and
two others taken on October 16 in the same
year between Tilehurst and Reading (G. W.
Bradshaw in lit.).

174. Woodcock. Scolopax rusticula, Linn.

The woodcock is a well known autumn
migrant, in some years more plentiful than in
others, though never abundant. A few
remain to breed, and nests have been found
in Bagley Wood (Fauna and Flora of Radley
and Neighbourhood, p. 13), and one hatched off
at Bucklebury in 1885 (Palmer, 'Birds of
Newbury and District ').

175. Great Snipe. Gallinago major (Gmelin).

The 'solitary snipe,' as this bird is often
named, is only an occasional and somewhat
rare autumn visitor. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe has
recorded one from near Cookham about 1860
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 195). During
the winter of 1880 we twice flushed one
of these birds from the water meadows at
Hennerton when shooting with the owner,
but although near enough to be sure of the
identification the specimen was unfortunately
not procured. Mr. Newton informs me that
one in his collection was shot near Walling-
ford in October, 1893. In October, 1874,
another was shot near Hungerford (Birds of
Wilts, p. 428).

176. Common Snipe. Gallinago ccelestis

(Frenzel).

Although generally regarded as a winter
migrant an increasing number remain to breed
with us, and in some favoured spots a fair
proportion may be found throughout the year.
Several nests have been observed on the care-
fully preserved Thatcham Marsh ; eggs have
been taken on the Blackwater meadows
near Wellington College (Nat. Science Report) ;
Dr. Palmer mentions nests near Newbury
('Birds of Newbury and District'); and there is
evidence of its having bred near Wokingham
('Ornith. Bercheria '). I have often seen old
birds in the meadows near Wargrave in sum-

mer, but I am not aware that the nest has
been found in that locality.

177. Jack Snipe. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.).

This species is a regular winter migrant,
but always in very limited numbers. They
arrive in October as a rule, but occasionally
an odd bird may be flushed in September.
On first arriving they often take up very
unlikely quarters, high dry ground far from
water, and it was in such a situation that I
shot a male at Park Place on October 2,
1894.

178. Dunlin. Tringa alpina, Linn.

Clark Kennedy says, ' The dunlin is a pass-
ing visitant to the banks of the Thames,
where however it is never very common '
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 145) ; he also
mentions that the Rev. Geo. Jeans has shot
dunlins near Windsor and along the banks of
the river. Personally I have never met with
this bird in the county, neither can I find any
recent records ; but Mr. Newton informs me
that he has specimens taken 3^ miles from
Wallingford. The dates are wanting.

179. Knot. Tringa canutus, Linn.

Two of these birds were shot near Reading
in 1795 ('Ornith. Bercheria'); and another,
according to Dr. Sharpe, was killed during
the winter of 1865 near Cookham (Birds of
Berks and Bucks, p. 195).

1 80. Sanderling. Calidris arenaria (Linn.).

A male and female shot near Wokingham
February, 1795 ('Ornith. Bercheria').

181. Ruff. Machetes pugnax (Linn.).

A ' reeve,' as the female of the ruff is
called, was killed near Cookham and recorded
by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in the ' sixties ' (Birds
of Berks and Bucks, p. 194).

182. Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus

(Linn.).

Locally, Summer Snipe.

This is a passing spring and summer visitor.
In late April or early May it may be seen
along the banks of the Thames, on the sides
of ditches in water meadows or the margins
of pools ; and at this season the majority stay
but a short time, though a few remain
throughout the summer, and there is some
evidence, not yet complete, that they may
have bred. On the return journey the stay
is longer, though all have departed by the end
of September.

162

BIRDS

183. Green Sandpiper. Totanus ochropus

(Linn.).

Dr. Lamb, writing of this bird, says, ' fre-
quent on the banks of the Kennet.' A fine
male was killed on the Thames near Cookham
in the winter of 1865 (Birds of Berks and
Bucks, p. 144). On August i, 1884, the
Rev. E. T. Whitehurst shot a female at a
pond on the downs near Farnborough (Zool.
1884, p. 385) ; another was killed at Boxford
in 1875 (Palmer, 'Birds of Newbury and Dis-
trict '). In January, 1867, one at Newbury,
and another on January 27, 1870 (Herbert,
Newbury District Field Club), whilst I have
heard of others being often seen in the district.

184. Common Redshank. Totanus calidris

(Linn.).

This bird is a rare straggler to our county.
Clark Kennedy says he saw some said to have
been killed near Windsor, but gives no
particulars (Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 191).
Dr. Lamb mentions one shot on the Loddon
in January, 1799. Mr. Wallis tells me he
has often heard their notes when passing over
in October, and that he flushed one from a
small pond in a meadow inside the borough
of Reading.

185. Greenshank. Totanus canescens (Gmelin).

One was killed at Sonning, December,
1 80 1, and one at Newbury, January, 1811
('Ornith. Bercheria'). Mr. Newton tells me
he has a specimen in his collection killed on
the Thames near Wallingford.

1 86. Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica

(Linn.).

One was shot near Reading in March,
1802 ('Ornith. Bercheria').

187. Common Curlew. Numenius arquata

(Linn.).

The curlew is a rare visitor both in spring
and autumn. One was killed at Pangbourne
in February, 1795, and another at Newbury in
February, 1 8 1 1 (' Ornith. Bercheria '). Clark
Kennedy says it has been shot at Cookham,
Maidenhead and Windsor, but gives no data
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 142). Mr.
Herbert saw one in the Boxford meadows,
but did not remember the date (Newbury
District Field Club, p. 97). Another was shot
at Aston in 1867 (C. Barnett in lit.}, one
at Lockinge in 1895 (Cornish in lit.), and
Dr. Joy saw and heard some passing over late
in the summer of 1901.

1 88. Whimbrel. Numenius phaopus, Linn.
The ' May-bird,' as this species is called,

from its notes so often heard when migrating
high over head during that month, seldom
alights in our county. Dr. Lamb mentions
one shot at Sonning, January, 1794. Mr.
G. T. Phillips kindly tells me that a pair
were shot by Mr. Percy St. Gerrans on the
banks of the Blackwater in the autumn of
1892.

189. Black Tern. Hydrockelidonnigra(Linn.).
This tern is a not uncommon visitor in

spring and autumn to our rivers. Mr. Gould
obtained one near Maidenhead in May, 1866.
Mr. Stubbs recorded one seen by him on the
river near Henley in June. An immature
specimen is recorded from the county by
Mr. Cordeaux, but without date (Zool. 1884,
p. 469) ; another by Mr. Herbert from New-
bury (Zool. 1873, p. 3455). Mr. Newton
has two young birds in his collection taken
near Wallingford, and in the late summer of
1878 I well remember watching an immature
bird hawking flies on the river near Marsh
Mills.

190. Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca, Linn.
In the Zoologist for 1895 (pp. 190-1), Mr.

A. H. Cocks gives an interesting account of
having seen eight Sandwich terns on the
river at Great Marlow. They arrived about
9 a.m. and spent the day in the vicinity.
This was on April 10, 1895. The river here
is the boundary between Bucks and Berks,
hence we have a right to a share of them.

[Roseate Tern. Sterna dougalli, Montagu.

Mr. Goatley informed Messrs. Matthews
that these birds had been twice killed on the
Isis (Zool. 1894, p. 2624.]

191. Common Tern. Sterna Jluviatilis,

Naumann.

A spring and autumn visitor of annual
appearance. Sometimes small flocks may be
seen flying up and down the river, more
especially on the upper reaches. Mr. Fletcher
tells me he has often seen them near Benson
Lock in early May. An immature bird was
found dead at Mapledurham on August 30,
1900 (Bradshaw in lit.). Another was ob-
tained at Kennington Island, October 17,
1890 (Fauna and Flora of Radley, p. 13), and
I have often seen these birds on the river from
Henley upwards.

192. Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura, Nau-

mann.

An occasional visitor ; far less common
than the preceding species, with which it is
often confused. It has been killed near
Windsor, and in May, 1866, Gould obtained

163

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

a specimen near Maidenhead (Birds of Berks
and Bucks, p. 148). Mr. T. W. Proger
informs me that he shot one at Moulsford
Ferry in October, 1900.

193. Little Tern. Sterna minuta, Linn.

This, the smallest of the British terns, is
an occasional visitor. One was taken at
Wallingford, September, 1794 (' Ornith. Ber-
cheria'). In July, 1867, another was shot
near Windsor and one at Cookham Grove
(Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 149), and a third
is mentioned the same year in the Wellington
College Natural Science Report. The landlord
of the Swan Inn, Pangbourne, has one in his
possession killed in that district.

194. Sooty Tern. Sterna fulig inosa, Gmelin.
On June 21, 1867, one of these birds was

shot on the Thames near Wallingford by
Mr. Franklyn, and examined in the flesh by
Mr. J. E. Harting (Zool. 1869, p. 1867).
It was an adult bird.

195. Little Gull. Larus minutus, Pallas.
One was shot at Sandford on October 27,

1890 (Fauna and Flora of Radley, p. 13).
This is just over our boundary, but it was
probably on the river which here divides
the two counties.

196. Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus,

Linn.

Often seen on the Thames in spring and
occasionally in autumn. A large flock re-
mained for some days on partially-flooded
meadows at Bolney Court in March, 1900,
which continually passed over to our side.
Under the name of L. ntevius (this gull in
winter plumage) it is mentioned in Dr. Lamb's
list, and under the name of masked gull
(Larus capistratus) the same bird is recorded
by Clark Kennedy (Birds of Berks and Bucks,
p. 2 1 6).

197. Common Gull. Larus canus, Linn.
Frequently seen in spring and autumn,

more especially in the former months. The
last that has come under my notice was killed
at Sulhampstead on February 8, 1902.

198. Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Gmelin.
This species may often be seen in stormy

weather flying high over the county, and
has been taken a few times. Morris mentions
one captured between Maidenhead and Wind-
sor in January, 1855. It is recorded from
Wellington College, and I have more than
once seen specimens at Park Place. A fine
example of the second year was shot at South

Hill Park in August, 1889, by a keeper
named May (E. T. Phillips in lit.}.

199. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus,

Linn.

Rather more uncommon than the pre-
ceding, though possibly some of the immature
birds seen but not handled might belong to
this species. One was shot on Wash Com-
mon in 1884 (Palmer, ' Birds of Newbury and
District'), and another adult male taken at
Upper Mapledurham Lock on April 30, 1898
(Bradshaw in lit.).

200. Great Black-backed Gull. Larus mari-

nus, Linn.

Mr. Newton of Crowmarsh tells me he has
one in his collection killed near Wallingford.

201. Kittiwake Gull. Rissa tridactyla(L\nn.).

Occasionally met with. Clark Kennedy
(Birds of Berks and Bucks) says he examined
several of these gulls killed in the county, but
was unable to procure any particulars. One
was killed near Newbury on January 27,
1872 (Newbury and District Field Club, p.
98). On January 31, 1901, another was
caught with a rod and line on the river near
Mapledurham (Bradshaw in lit.). Another
was obtained by Mr. Newton near Walling-
ford.

202. Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius poma-

torhinus (Temminck).

A male was discovered by Mr. H. M.
Wallis in a bird-stuffer's shop in Newbury,
where it had been sent to be made into a
fan ! It was killed in a wood near that
town on or about October 25, 1877, and
proved on dissection to be a male in very
poor condition (Zool. 1878, p. 135). This is
evidently the bird mentioned by Dr. Palmer
in his paper on ' Birds of Newbury and
District.'

203. Richardson's Skua. Stercorarius crepi-

datus (Gmelin).

Dr. Palmer had one in his possession shot
at Ashmansworth near Newbury in 1883,
and Mr. G. T. Phillips has the skin of another
killed near Broadmoor about 1877.

204. Little Auk. Mergulus alle (Linn.).

In the early part of November, 1807, a
male was taken in the mill-stream at New-
bury (' Ornith. Bercheria '), and another was
shot at Shinfield in January, 1895 (Bradshaw
in lit.).

205. Puffin. Fratercula arctica (Linn.).
One was caught in Northbrook Street,

164

BIRDS

Newbury, on March 16, 1810, and kept
alive some days (' Ornith. Bercheria '). Mr.
Wallis saw another in a bird-stuffer's shop in
the same town which had been knocked
down by a whip as it rose from a ditch ; this
was on December 21, 1877 (Zool. 1888, p.
135). One from our county was recorded in
the Standard on December 17, 1892, by the
Rev. W. O. Waste of Wantage. A young
bird was found near Faringdon on October
25, 1893, and given to Mr. Cornish.

206. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus
cialtSy Linn.

It is somewhat curious that this bird, which
breeds in Iceland, should so often be taken on
our river, whereas the red-throated diver sel-
dom visits us, and I have no record of the
black-throated species, although both these
birds breed no further north than Scotland.
Dr. Lamb mentions having met with three
specimens of the great northern diver one
at Pangbourne and one at Maidenhead,
January, 1 794, and one at Newbury, January,
1810 (' Ornith. Bercheria ') ; and again, under
the name of C. immtr (the young of the
above), one shot at Maidenhead, January,
1794. An exceedingly fine specimen was
killed on Virginia Water, February 4, 1851,
exhibited at the Exhibition of that year, and
presented by the Prince Consort to the Eton
College Museum, where I have seen it.
Another, killed on the Thames near Temple
Island in 1865, is in the possession of Mr.
Mackenzie at Fawley Court. Dr. Palmer
mentions one shot at Ilsley in 187 5, and adds,
' Mr. Allder has had three or four to stuff,
killed in the neighbourhood during the last
ten years ' (' Birds of Newbury and District ').

207. Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septen-

trianalis, Linn.

A casual and rare visitor to the Thames.
It is not mentioned by Dr. Lamb, but Clark
Kennedy (Birds of Berks and Buck, p. 1 34)
says ' some are killed on the river nearly every
winter,' and even gives the local name of
' silver grebe.' He mentions birds taken on
the river at Windsor, Reading, Hungerford,
Maidenhead, etc., but without particulars,
and the only recent capture that has come
under my notice was one killed on the lake
at Maiden Earley by the late Mr. John
Hargreaves about 1880, and now in the
possession of his son, Mr. R. Hargreaves.

208. Great Crested Grebe. Podicipes cristatus

(Linn.).

The increase of this bird as a breeding
species, not only in this county but throughout

Great Britain, is worthy of note. It is a
lake-loving species, and breeds on Virginia
Water, Great Meadow Pond, and on other
large sheets of water in this and the neigh-
bouring counties. It is seldom seen on the
river except in winter. One was shot at
Hungerford in February, 1808 ('Ornith. Ber-
cheria)', and it has been taken on the
Thames at Windsor. A pair, male and female,
were shot on the Sonning meadows about
February 16 and 22, 1901 (Bradshaw in
lit.); in 1883 one was shot at Bulmershe ;
and two were taken in winter on the Thames
near Wallingford (W. Newton in lit.) ; but
by far the most interesting fact to note is that
a pair this year (1901) nested at a certain
spot near Earley.

209. Red-necked Grebe. Podicipes griseigena

(Boddaert).

One was shot at Burghfield, May, 1792
('Ornith. Bercheria').

210. Slavonian Grebe. Podicipes auritus

(Linn.).

An occasional visitor, generally noticed in
winter or early spring. During the winter
of 1858 one was shot near Windsor, another
on January 17, 1861, and a third in 1865,
close to Cookham (Birds of Berks and Bucks,
p. 133). A pair were shot at Newbury,
February 20, 1870 (W. H. Herbert, Newbury
and District Field Club, p. 98). In the Fauna
and Flora of Radley and Neighbourhood mention
is made of another shot at Sandford in No-
vember, 1891.

211. Eared Grebe. Podicipes nigricollis

(Brehm).

In June, 1847, one was captured on the
Thames near Sandford in full summer plumage
(Messrs. Matthews, Zool. 1849, p. 2623).

212. Little Grebe. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tun-

stall).

Resident and very common. The increase
of this little diver during the past twenty
years is remarkable. It must be very pro-
ductive, as I have seen the eggs from the
second week in April to July 26. Four is the
usual complement, but I have seen one nest
containing seven eggs.

213. Manx Shearwater. Puffinus anglorum

(Temminck).

This bird and the next two species are
sometimes taken in our county after severe
weather, generally found dead or in an
exhausted condition. Dr. Palmer (' Birds
of Newbury and District') mentions a
Manx shearwater picked up in a field,

165

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

1883. Another was found in a dying con-
dition in a garden close to the borders of
Berks and Hants in 1893 (G. F. Phillips).
Mr. Bradshaw saw another caught by a
man named Little at Messrs. Huntley &
Palmer's, Reading, on October 24, 1899,
which was kept alive till October 27.

214. Fork-tailed or Leach's Petrel. Oceano-

drome leucorrhoa (Vieillot).
One was shot near Newbury in 1872
(Zool. 1873, p. 3455), and another found

dead under the telegraph wires at Hurst on
November 10, 1899 (Bradshaw in lit.).

215. Storm-Petrel. Procella ria pelagica, Linn.
Mr. Bicheno has recorded one taken near
Newbury in Berks (Yarrell, p. 43, ed. 4).
On March 7, 1871, Mr. Herbert saw one
that had been picked up dead near Wantage
some time prior to that date (Zool. 1871, p.
2563). Another was recorded in the Oxford
Times as having been shot on the river near
Kennington Island.

ADDENDA

47. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.

On 3 April, 1905, a pair were seen by Major
Proctor on Maidenhead Thicket.

48. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla, Linn.

A pair built a nest in an old pollard elm on the
Bath Road, near Reading, in June, 1897 (Norman
May in lit.)
63. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Viellot).

Comparatively common in the summer of 1905.
On 29 May of that year a nest of newly-hatched
young was found by the writer at Hennerton.

73<j. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.)
Four seen 2 February, 1905, near Wellington
College, and one again, 26 February, near the
station (E. F. A. Hay).

99<z. Scops Owl. Scops gui (Scopoli).

One was caught alive under a turnip leaf at
Ashdown Parkin 1858, and presented to Gould by
Lord Craven (Gould, Birds of Great Britain, i. 33).

loia. Montagu's Harrier. Circus cineraceus (Mont.)

A male caught in a trap at Kingston Bagpuze
about 26 April, 1902, passed through the hands of
Mr. W. C. Darbey of Oxford for preservation.

107. Honey Buzzard. Pernis apivorus (Linn.)

A specimen killed at Shottesbrook about 1866
(W. J. Robson). Another killed at Park Place in
1810 is still in the collection of Lord Malmesbury.

108. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall.
A bird of the year shot at Hurst on 18 December,

1902. Another killed at Manor Farm, Longworth,
4 December, 1903 ; and a young female at Maiden
Erleigh on 16 December, 1904.

no. Merlin. Falco eesalon, Tunstall.

A male killed at Shinfield, I January, 1903, and a
female at Twyford, 20 January, 1904 (G. A. Topp).

115. Gannet. Sula bassana (Linn.)

A fine adult male was taken in an exhausted
condition at Grazeley on 20 May, 1902, and sent
to Mr. G. A. Topp for preservation.

1 1 6. Common Heron. Ardea cinerea, Linn.

A nearly white specimen was killed at Stratfield-
saye on 21 December, 1905 (G. A. Topp in lit.)

1 20. Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.)

Two were killed at Thatcham Marsh in the
winter of 1894 (N. May in lit.)
127. Whooper. Cygnus musicus, Bechstein.

Mr. P. W. Munn has the skull of a whooper
shot near Newbury in 1838.
129. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta (S.
G. Gmelin).

A fine female sheld-duck was picked up in an
exhausted condition at Shinfield on 1 6 February,
1904, and passed through Mr. G. A. Topp's hands
for preservation.
131. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (Linn.)

One shot by Mr. Wearing at Manor Farm,
Longworth, on 18 February, 1904 (T. Drew in lit.)
155. Quail. Coturnix communis, Bonnaterre.

The Rev. J. G. Cornish records eggs having been
taken at Lockinge in 1902, and Mr. Norman May
sent the writer a quail killed on 5 September, 1904,
near Tilehurst Station.
174. Woodcock. Scolopax rusticula, Linn.

A nest was found at Fence Wood, Hermitage,
in the spring of 1903 (Rev. J. G. Cornish in lit.)
181. Ruff. Machetes pugnax (Linn.)

A male in change plumage was killed by Mr.
George Hoyle, near Wellington College, in the
autumn of 1900, and some of the feathers were
sent to the writer by Mr. E. F. A. Hay, of Welling-
ton College, for identification.
183. Green Sandpiper. Totanus ochropus (Linn.)

One killed on 30 July, 1902, at Grazeley, and
another at Stratfieldsaye on 18 November, 1905
(G. A. Topp in lit.)
203<z. Guillemot. Uria troile (Linn.)

One picked up dead near Newbury on 13
February, 1904 ; previously seen alive by Mr.
Shooter (G. A. Topp in lit.)
214. Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel. Oceanodroma leu-
corrhoa (Vieillot.)

One found dead at Binfield Manor, Bracknell,
in December 1905, and sent to Messrs. Rowland
Ward for preservation. This is mentioned in
The Field as having been killed at Caversham.

166

MAMMALS

As there is almost no other way of collecting bats, unless their sleep-
ing place is found by accident, information as to the presence or absence
of a particular species in a given district is hard to be obtained. Recently
Mr. J. G. Millais has given special attention to the bats, and has had
the advantage of learning much as to the presence of different species in
a cave of the chalk on Mr. Heatley Noble's property at Park place.
Speaking generally, the fact that a bat has not been noticed or re-
corded at any particular place, or that it has only been recorded once
or twice, is no guarantee that the creature is not found there, or that it
is very rare. It may only mean that no naturalist who has specialized in
observing bats has seen it. Very great numbers of bats of various kinds
feed above the waters of the Thames in summer when insects abound.

The ancient forests of Berkshire were formerly the home of an
extensive fauna, and the remains of a great variety of animals have been
disclosed. Most of these have become extinct, but the wild boar (Sus
scrofa ferox) has been hunted in comparatively recent times.

James I. wished to revive the sport of hunting the boar, and turned
out * six wild pigs.' Wild boars brought from India were kept in
semi-confinement in Windsor Home Park until the year of the accession
of King Edward VII.

Foxes abound in all parts of the shire, being carefully preserved
for the purposes of hunting. Indeed their number is yearly increased
by importation from Scotland and Germany. Badgers are by no means
uncommon, and have their uses. When some imported foxes in Mr.
Garth's country developed mange which spread rapidly and infected the
earths, the master after destroying the mangy foxes procured some
badgers which effectually cleaned out the earths and removed the
disease.

Three kinds of deer abounded in Berkshire : the red deer (Cervus
elaphus], fallow deer (Cervus dama), and the roe deer (Cervus capreolus),
but the old deer have long since vanished from the forest district.
The old stock was nearly all destroyed during the Commonwealth
period by poachers civil and military. Every inhabitant of the forest
made free with them. On one occasion 100 were slaughtered, and it
was reported after a survey in 1 649 that ' in the said park there is noe
deare.' After the Restoration the forest was restocked, and 1,000
was paid on account to Sir William St. Ravy for expenses of transporting
red and fallow deer from Germany and elsewhere. Queen Anne also

167

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

imported 100 red deer from Houghton Park. But ill fate befell them.
In 1731 there were 1,300 deer; in 1806 only 318. Many had been
starved to death, many killed by poachers, and in 1814 the remainder
were driven into the park where they have been preserved ever since.
An account of the other deer parks in the county will be given in the
notes.

Of stoats and weasels and such * small deer ' Berkshire has plenty,
though the latter are diminishing rapidly in numbers. Rabbits in spite
of the Ground Game Act abound, and in many pans hares are still
plentiful. Some interesting animals are preserved in Windsor Park,
notably moufflons, which are very shy and strongly resent intrusion
into their privacy. There are also some German white deer.

CHEIROPTERA

1. Greater Horse-shoe Bat. Rhinolophus

ferrum-equinum, Schreber.
Probably not uncommon in Berkshire, as it
is often found lower down the Thames valley,
and frequents Regent's Park in London. It
has been seen on the Berkshire side of the
Thames at Oxford flying over the reservoir.

2. Long-eared Bat. Plecotus auritus, Linn.
The most remarkable of the English species

in having ears nearly as long as its head and
body. Common in most parts of the county.
They are not unfrequently seen in churches,
disturbed by the service. Their long ears are
unmistakable. These bats frequent the cave
at Park Place owned by Mr. Heatley Noble.

3. Barbastelle. Barbastella barbastellus,

Schreber.

Bell Barbastellas daubentonii.
This bat is found below the Berkshire boun-
dary in the Thames valley, and is not uncom-
mon in Richmond Park. Consequently it is
probable that it is also found higher up the
river.

Bechstein's Bat.
ler.

Myotis bechsteini, Leis-

Bell Fespertilio bechsteinii.
A specimen of this rare bat was taken in
the cave mentioned before, on Mr. Heatley
Noble's property, by Mr. J. G. Millais.

5. Natterer's Bat. Myotis natter eri, Kuhl.

Bell Vespertilio nattereri.
This bat is also found in the cave, above
mentioned. The colony is a very large one.

6. Daubenton's Bat. Myotis daubentoni,

Leisler.

Bell Vespertilio daubentonii.
Common all along the Thames. They are
found at Park Place which appears to be a
centre for several other species.

7. Whiskered Bat. Myotis mystacinus, Leis-

ler.

Bell Vespertilio mystacinus.
This is also on record as a Berkshire species,
having been seen at Welford in 1852.

INSECTIVORA

8. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europ&us, Linn.

As partridge preserving is very little at-
tended to in the Vale of the White Horse, and
large hedgerows abound, hedgehogs are very
numerous there. Elsewhere in the county
fields, gardens, orchards and woods are equally
agreeable to them, and abundance of insect
food is at their disposal. They are frequently
found killed by foxes, the skin being turned
neatly inside out. The beautiful lawns,
which are a feature of Berkshire gardens, are
favourite nightly hunting grounds of the
hedgehogs, which are often found rolled up

tight in a tennis net.
much less common.

On the downs they are

9. Mole. 7alpa europtsa, Linn.

There are perhaps more moles in Berkshire
than in any county. There must be hun-
dreds of thousands on the downs, where they
work easily in the friable surface soil. In the
vale they are also very plentiful. At Lock-
inge Rectory, in the diaries of John Aldworth,
who was rector in the eighteenth century,
entries occur of payments for ' wanting Ard-
ington Mead,' want being a local name for

1 68

MAMMALS

the mole. In the village and country house
gardens the moles have ancient main galleries
in the hedges and banks, even running under
drives and roads. These galleries must have
been used by the moles for generations. In
the Thames valley they are less common,
being frequently drowned in floods, which
also drown the earthworms.

10. Common Shrew. Sorex araneus, Linn.

Judging by the evidence of their dead
bodies, which here as elsewhere are seen lying
about on the roads, the shrews are not very
plentiful in Berkshire. It is only occasionally
that a dead shrew is seen. Very possibly the

abundance of moles is connected with the
absence of shrews, a fact noted in Bell's
British Quadrupeds.

II. Water Shrew. Neomys fodiens, Pallas.

The water shrew is strictly an inhabitant of
running ditches, which are by no means com-
mon in the county, being totally absent both
on the downs and in the vale, while only a few
are found in the Thames meadows. There
the water shrew may be seen, and also in the
upper channels of the little streams rising in
the chalk. It is also common in the Rennet
valley, where the water cuts and channels in
the meadows are much to its taste.

CARNIVORA

12. Fox. Vul-pes vulpes, Linn.

Bell Vulpes vulgaris.

The ' old Berkshire ' country, which in-
cludes the Vale of White Horse, and the north
side of the Downs up to the ridgeway, is full
of foxes. There are earths in the large fences
between the vale meadows, and another range
of earths in the greensand where the villages
are and the springs break out, as in Kingston
Lisle Park and the ' Wilderness ' at Sparsholt
House. Another set of earths is at Childrey
Warren, in Bearwood, near the Great White
Horse, and at Moss Hill, on the way to Lam-
bourn. The foxes on the downs sit out a
good deal on the rough grass in spring. They
may often be seen doing this in the open park
above Kingston Lisle House. In the vale
they regularly hunt along the Great Western
Railway in the early morning for birds killed
by the telegraph wires. The ' Craven Coun-
try ' includes all the downs up to the ridge-
way, with the Kennet and Lambourn valleys.
The ' Down ' foxes are drawn for at a trot, as
no one can say where they are lying. In the
woods of Woolley and Catmore foxes also
abound. A terrible epidemic of mange,
which began by the introduction of some
foxes which developed mange, and were
turned down in Mr. Garth's Country about
1885, attacked the Berkshire foxes for many
years. Some might be seen with tails
like a stick, quite naked of fur, instead of a
brush. One poor animal was seen entirely
devoid of all fur, and numbers died from
the affliction. Nearer London foxes are
becoming increasingly rare.

[Pine Marten. Mustela martes, Linn.

Bell Martes abietum.
This animal is extinct in the county.]

13. Polecat. Putorius putorius, Linn.

BeKMusttla putorius.

With the great woods of Oxfordshire as a
reserve there is always a chance of polecats
being found in Berkshire. One was seen in
Wittenham wood on the Thames in 1896, and
specimens are said to have been killed within
recent years in the ' wild ' woods at Ilsley, and
in Fence wood, on the Didcot and Newbury
line. It is, however, very difficult for a game-
keeper, who is usually the person who traps
the animal, to distinguish between a genuine
polecat, and an escaped polecat ferret, some
of which are lost every year, and tend to be-
come wild.

14. Stoat. Putorius ermineus, Linn.

Bell Mustela erminea.

The amount of trapping diminishes the
numbers of the stoats. They are common
alike in the vale and on the downs, and in the
wooded districts near Windsor, Virginia Water
and Sunningdale. The banks of the Thames
are a favourite hunting ground, where they
capture water rats, young waterhens, and
other small mammals and birds. In harvest-
time they leave the corn-fields and enter the
woods, or raid the rearing fields where young
pheasants are growing up. In the vale they
move into the hedgerows as soon as the hay-
fields are cut, and there live almost entirely
on rabbits till the grass grows the next May
and June. Very large specimens are some-
times killed. It is very rare to see a white
stoat in Berkshire, even in hard winters.

15. Weasel. Putorius nivalis, Linn.

Bell Mustela vulgaris.

Weasels, fortunately for game preservers,
are not very common in Berkshire. Their

169

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

principal prey, the field voles, are not
plentiful either, which may perhaps account
for the comparative scarcity of the weasel.

16. Badger. Meles meles, Linn.

Bell Meles taxui.

These interesting animals survive in Berk-
shire in considerably greater numbers than
is usually supposed. To a great extent they
share the earths of the foxes, and do much
good by cleaning them out and enlarging
them, at times when the earths are tainted
with mange. Owing to their quiet nocturnal
habits they escape notice. But the occasional
surprise of one in a cornfield, or the discovery
of their residence close to a house, reveals the
fact that they have lived for years where
their presence was not suspected. The
writer found a dead one in Wittenham
Wood in 1896. Another had an earth in
the banks of Ginge Brook, near Lockinge.
In Sparsholt wilderness (Colonel Hippisley)
the keeper climbed a tree to watch the fox
cubs come out, and saw two badgers emerge
from an old earth. There are badger earths
in Bear Wood, near the White Horse, and
some were believed to live down in the vale
at Sparsholt Copse. There were also earths
at Lambourn Woodlands, and probably in
the Kennet valley. The hounds not infre-
quently find and kill a badger when drawing
in thorn cover or furze brake. A badger,
or perhaps more than one, is known to fre-
quent a meadow below East Hendred Rec-
tory. The vast areas of downland, now
almost deserted and turned into grass, between
Woolley and the Wiltshire border, and on
both sides of the Upper Lambourn valley,
probably abound in badgers at the present
time, for no one interferes with them in any
way. An eccentric but sporting character
who resided at Dorchester, on the Oxford-

shire side of the Thames, appeared at a local
festival in which there was a procession in
costume, with himself and his pony entirely
covered with badger skins, it having been one
of his amusements to dig them out, with the
aid of terriers who showed which way the hole
turned by their incessant barking.

17. Otter. Lutra lutra, Linn.

Bell Lutra vulgaris.

The otter is also common in the county on
the side bounded by the Thames. This river
and its tributaries are greatly frequented by
the otters, which either lie in the withy beds,
or on the crowns or under the roots of the in-
numerable pollard willows. Their principal
food among the fish are chub and eels, though
they also feed largely on frogs, caught in the
wet grass and in the ditches. Local riverside
persons make a practice of finding out the
trees in which the otters live, when the grass
is long and track them in the mornings. The
poor animal is then trapped in a gin, and
the body taken round and exhibited, as it is
supposed, in the interest of fishermen. It is
afterwards sold to be stuffed, or it is raffled for
in some riverside inn. Otters recently took up
theirabodein the ballast holes near the railway
between Steventon and Wantage, and then,
working up the brook, discovered a series of
trout pools made some three miles off in
Betterton Glen above Lockinge House. They
killed nearly all the trout, and could not be
caught, though as many as fourteen traps were
set at one time. One of these otters, when
crossing the line, was killed by a train. Some
are said to have been seen at the heads of brooks
quite deep among the downs. Mr. A. H.
Cocks caught an otter by hand in the Thames
above Bisham in 1873 and kept it in confine-
ment until 1878, when it was killed by another
otter.

RODENTIA

18. Squirrel. Sciurus leucourus, Kerr.

Bell SCIUTUS vulgaris.

Berkshire squirrels must represent a large
part of the population of these pretty little
rodents existing in the home counties. Wind-
sor Great Park and the woods of Virginia
Water are full of them. And they are very
numerous all through the woodland part of
the downs, at Catmore, Woolley, and Ilsley,
up the Kennet valley, as well as above Lock-
inge, and in the woods by the Thames. There
is also a race of garden squirrels, which keep
to isolated country house gardens, and often
become very tame. Some of these, in the

garden of" the late Mr. C. Provis at Kingston
Lisle, were almost domesticated, and used to
climb the ivy regularly to be fed at an upper
window. The great enemies of these garden
squirrels are the cats, which watch at the foot
of the trees and kill all the young ones when
they descend to the ground.

19. Dormouse. Muscardinus avellanarius,
Linn.

Bell Myoxus avellanarius.
The woodmen of the downs call these
' sleep-mice.' They are not uncommon in
the woods round Lilley, Catmore and Fawley,

170

MAMMALS

and are also found in the large woods near
Radley. The summer nests are as a rule
made in hedges and bushes, while the winter,
or sleeping nest, is on the ground among the
stems of bushes. Often an old bird's nest is
used, the lining being pulled out and very
ingeniously inverted. The sleeping nests are
lined with moss. In the first warm days of
spring the dormice, like the hedgehogs, are
more likely to be seen moving in the daytime
than at any other period of the year. They
are the squirrels of the hedgerows, wonderfully
swift and active, and able to leap considerable
distances. The young are born at the end of
April, and hibernation begins not later than
the end of October.

20. Harvest Mouse. Mus minutus, Pallas.
Invisible itself, this, the smallest of all our

rodents except the water shrew, is known to
be fairly common because its nest is found by
the reapers in the corn. At Childrey, where
the old method of cutting the crops with a
' fagging hook ' and a crooked stick to gather
the stems together was employed till recently,
the chance of finding the nest of the harvest
mouse was always present. Several of these
little woven balls have been brought to the
writer, but the owner always escaped. There
was in no case any hole or door.

21. Wood Mouse, or Long-tailed Field

Mouse. Mus sylvaticus, Linn.
This mouse is common in all the woodland
districts, where it is often seen by day, espe-
cially in early spring.

22. House Mouse. Mus musculus, Linn.

This little pest tends to decrease, owing to
the building of a superior class of cottage, and
to the great reduction in the area of corn
grown, for the corn-stacks were the main
strongholds of mice.

23. Brown Rat. Mus decumanus, Pallas.

The rat plague, very general in the eastern
counties during the first four years of the cen-
tury, did not affect Berkshire. On the con-
trary, the decrease of corn cultivation, which
formerly drew rats to the downs to feed on
grain and live in the stacks, and the pulling
down of numbers of old rat-infested barns in
which the threshed grain was stored, has
greatly reduced their numbers. In the vale,
where there is heavy arable land, as for in-
stance round Steventon, they still frequent
the bean stacks in great numbers. But in
North Berkshire the rat-catcher has almost
ceased to exist as a local institution.

24. Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn.

The species has not been recorded of late
years.

25. Field Vole. Microtus agrestis, Linn.

Bell Arvicola agrestis.

Far more common in the meadows of the
Kennet and Lambourn valleys than in those
near the Thames.

26. Bank Vole. Evotomys glaredus, Schreber.

Bell Arvicola glaredus.
Found everywhere ; perhaps its favourite
haunts being in the sides of the railway em-
bankments.

27. Water Vole or Water Rat. Microtus

amphibius, Linn.

Bell Arvicola ampbibius.
This interesting creature is common
throughout the county, especially by the
Thames, the old canals, such as that running
up the White Horse Valley, now partly dis-
used, and the chalk streams up the Kennet
and Lambourn valleys. On the Thames the
main summer food of the water rats is the pith
of the giant rush. In the evening, if any one
sits quietly by a rush bed, he will hear a crisp
rending and tearing noise. It is the water
rats making their supper off the great rushes.
They climb a rush, cut it off, and let the
stem fall among the other rushes. They
then descend, climb on to the rush, which
is as thick as a walking stick, and cut it
into lengths. Usually they have a rough
platform, like a nest, to which they take the
lengths, which they then peel longitudinally
and eat the pith. The severed rushes will be
noticed in quantities if any one backs a boat
in among them. They also cut off the young
shoots of willows, which they peel, often sit-
ting in the bush while they are so engaged.
In winter they partly hibernate.

28. Common Hare. Lepus europtsus, Pallas.

Bell Lepus timidus.

The downs are ideal places for hares, and
these were formerly preserved there in great
numbers, especially on the estates of the Earl
of Craven, Mr. Wroughton of Woolley, and
other large proprietors. At present the only
notable hare-grounds on the North Berks
Downs are the Lockinge and Woolley estates.
The hares live much in the woods just after
harvest, but later come out into the open
fields, shifting their ground according to the
wind. Hare drives are common on the Lock-
inge property, and at Woolley, and as many

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

as 200 have been killed in a day in late years.
A pretty incident was seen on these downs a
few years ago. A brood of five late leverets
was found in a turnip field in September.
They were about the size of guinea-pigs.
One of the brood repeatedly hopped out of
the nest and struck at the stick with which
the keeper was putting aside the turnip leaves,
at the same time uttering a kind of snuffling
sneeze as if to terrify the keeper !

29. Rabbit. Lepus cuniculus, Linn.
The downs are admirably suited to rabbits,

but the only regular warren of which the
writer knows (one at Lockinge) is only just
maintained. Rabbits have greatly decreased
since the Ground Game Act, and as farming
has pronounced against them their numbers
will continue to diminish. Lately His Ma-
jesty King Edward VII. has allowed a very
large head to be got up in Windsor Great
Park, where they lend an ornamental and
cheerful appearance to the high ground near
the memorial to the Prince Consort. At the
beginning of the last century George Elwys of
Marcham had a well stocked warren.

UNGULATA

30. Red Deer. Cervus elaphus, Linn.

There can be no doubt that the red deer in
Windsor Great Park are the descendants of
those which were imported into Windsor
Forest after the destruction of the herds which
took place during the Commonwealth period.
Besides Windsor Home Park there are others
in which deer remain. A small deer paddock
made by the late Mr. John Allen of Hendred
Downs House (now the property of Lady
Wantage) is no longer kept up. But Windsor
Great Park, covering 3,000 acres, contains
(within a pale of its own) Cranbourne Park,
in which is a herd of twenty-five white red
deer. In the Great Park itself are at least
100 red deer, the stags being of remarkable
size. Neither stags nor hinds are ever killed.

In the rutting season, i.e. in September and
October, the big stags gather many hinds
round them. Continuous watch and ward is
kept, the smaller stags being constantly routed.
At such times the public are warned that it
is dangerous to approach the stags.

At Hampstead Marshall Park, the property
of the Earl of Craven, on the Kennet a few
miles above Newbury, are twenty-five red
deer, as well as fallow. Calcot Park, the
property of Mr. Henry Barry Blagrave, though
only of ninety acres, has the largest herd of
red deer in the county, numbering 150.

In the Paddock at Ascot, until the Buck-
hounds were discontinued, the deer were
kept, which provided runs with these hounds.
They were often selected from stags removed
from Richmond Park, where the largest stags
were caught in the ' toils ' or nets in January
and taken to Windsor. One of these, a fa-
mous stag called ' Moonlight,' returned after
being hunted all day, jumped the high fence

of the paddock from outside, and so rejoined
its companions.

31. Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn.

Fallow deer are kept in no less than nine
parks in Berkshire. Windsor holds one
thousand, Hampstead Marshall 180, and at
Englefield Park Mr. James Herbert Benyon,
Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire, has a large
herd. The park is 450 acres, and 330 fallow
deer are kept. At Aldermaston, the property
of Mr. Charles Edward Keyser, a part only
of the park is devoted to a herd of 70 or 80
fallow deer.

Sir Gilbert A. Clayton East, Bart., at Hall
Place on the Thames, has a herd of 1 20 fallow
deer. Mr. Philip Wroughton at Woolley Park,
between Wantage and Newbury, has some
200; at Silwood Mrs. Cordes has 120; Sir
William Throckmorton at Buckland main-
tains a herd of about 100, and Colonel G. B.
Archer-Houblon at Welford, in the Lambourn
valley, has 80 of these deer. Formerly herds
of deer were maintained at Park Place and
at Buscot Park.

32. Roe Deer. Capreolus capreolus, Linn.

Bell Capreolus caprea.

By a fortunate combination of circum-
stances the roebuck, which has been restored
to Epping Forest, to Dorsetshire, and parts of
Wiltshire and Devon on their Dorset borders,
is and has been for some time resident in Berk-
shire. These elegant deer were turned out
in the Virginia Water woods. There they
have more than maintained themselves, and
have spread into the wooded estates near
Sunningdale, especially into those owned by
the Countess Morella.

172

HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

PRE-HIST

THE VICTORIA HISTORY

C REMAINS.

REFERENCE
A. Settlements and Camps

nterments
Drift Implements
>C Miscellaneous Finds, Coint, etc.
X Bronze Implements

Rldgway, part of Iknleld Way

-_ Ancient Dykes.

.1 (i- J!'iilln>l"iiif.

HE COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

EARLY MAN

part of the history of man which is antecedent to the
era of written records, and which therefore may be called in
the broadest sense prehistoric, is well represented in Berkshire
both by objects which have been found on or in superficial
deposits, and by certain other remains which will be fully described
hereafter.

The prehistoric period falls into certain well-recognized divisions,
characterized either by the material out of which Early Man's cutting
tools and weapons were fabricated, or by his mode of shaping such
tools, these differences indicating progressive stages of culture. Pursuing
the general plan adopted in this series, an account will be given of the
various discoveries, arranged under the respective periods to which they
belong, followed by a topographical list showing in concise form the
precise locality and nature of each discovery.

THE PALEOLITHIC AGE

The earliest clear and unequivocal traces of man in Berkshire
consist chiefly of stone implements or weapons which are found in the
old gravel-deposits of Pleistocene age which lie on the slopes of the
valleys at some considerable elevation roughly 50 to 120 feet above
the present level of the rivers. The absolute ignorance of metals which
these remains indicate accords well with the geological age of the
deposits in which they are found. At the same time the extraordinary
skill shown in working these tools, and the persistence of well-recognized
types over wide areas, indicate that man had made considerable progress
even in these early times.

Attention was first drawn to the existence of palaeolithic imple-
ments in Berkshire by Dr. Joseph Stevens, 1 who described certain
specimens found by him in a gravel-pit in Tilehurst Road, Reading,
near Grovelands Farm, and referred to as the Grovelands pit. He also
found implements at Caversham on the other side of the Thames, some
fine specimens of which are in the Reading Museum. At an earlier
date the writer had found an implement in gravel from a pit
on the Redlands estate, Reading. 2 Since then a very considerable
number of implements of various kinds, as well as flakes or chips struck
off in the process of manufacture, have been found at various places
in the valley-systems of Berkshire, but especially in the main valley

1 Journ. Brit. Arch, Asm. 1881, xxxvii. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, riv. 192.

173

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

of the Thames, where the old gravels have been worked for road-metal.
Implements had previously been found in other parts of the Thames
valley.

The Palaeolithic Age in Berkshire must have lasted a very long
time, as is evident from the fact that during its continuance the river-
channel was cut down some 70 feet deeper. A considerable lapse of
time is also indicated by the differences in the condition and form of
the implements. Some are of ruder type, and are very much rolled by
water-action ; others are comparatively unabraded. Occasionally it is
found that an old broken implement has been re-chipped at a later date.
A specimen of the kind is in the Reading Museum. Owing however
to the mixed condition of fluviatile deposits, it is not quite practicable
to draw up a chronological order of sequence of the various forms ; for
implements of a rude form are found at all levels ; and at one of the
highest and presumably oldest levels, namely at St. Peter's Hill (Toots
farm), Caversham, various types have been found, although the lanceo-
late form is most in evidence, and the workmanship varies, showing
every transition from highly finished forms to slightly trimmed nodules. 1

The gravel-deposit in which these Caversham implements have
been found is 114 feet above the level of the Thames. Of the large
number of specimens found here many have been but little rolled.
Flakes were also abundant. It is curious that a considerable number of
small instruments of the hatchet type have been found here, some being
even less than 2 inches long. From all the indications it is probable
that most of the implements were made near the spot. Implements
have also been found at Caversham, in Henley Road, only about 50 feet
above the river-level. They were associated with the remains of
mammoth, and are of different type from the above, approximating in
general form to those found at Grovelands and at other places on the
Berkshire side of the river.

The gravel of the Grovelands pit near Reading is about 75 feet
above the river-level, and the implements found here are not particularly
well made. They are mostly irregularly ovate, have usually a clumsy look,
and many of them are water-worn. The type, as suggested by Prof.
Rupert Jones," has a certain amount of affinity to the Moustierian of the
French caves. 3 At this pit flakes of flint, large and small, were
numerous ; yet the unabraded tools were few and rarely of good type.
Large and rude tools such as choppers or ' diggers,' also scrapers, par-
ticularly of the hollow type, were relatively abundant. An interesting
form combining a knife, saw, and hollow scraper is consistent with
a comparatively late date. A hatchet of quartzite was found here by
Dr. J. Stevens, 2 and scrapers of the same material have been found.
Quartzite was rarely used by Early Man for cutting tools if flint could be
obtained. The implements found in this pit were more abundant near
the base of the gravel.

1 In general facies they are not unlike the St. Acheul implements.
J See Dr. J. Stevens (op. cit.). 3 See Reliquce Aquitanicte.

174

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

1. Knife made from a flint flake from Reading (f).

2. Implement from Woodley, Reading (5).

3. Implement from Grovelands, Reading (f). Abraded and deeply stained.

4. Implement from Englefield ().

5. Implement from Grovelands, Reading (J).

6. Borer from Caversham ([).

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

1. Flat Scraper of flint, with hooked point, from Reading (f).

2. Scraper of flint from Reading (f).

3. Scraper or Polisher of veined grit from Reading (|).

4. Hollowed Flint Scraper from Reading ().

5. Hollowed Flint Scraper, wrought all over, from Maidenhead (J).

6. Knife, Scraper and Saw combined (flint) from Reading (f).

7. Part of radius of Bos, notched and cut by flint tool, fro.n Reading

EARLY MAN

Implements of a mixed type were found in a gravel-pit, now built
upon, on the Redlands estate at Reading. They were not abundant,
and were usually abraded. Although only about 40 feet above the
river-level, a fine specimen 1 of the pointed type, very ochreous but in
good condition, was found. Only a few flakes were noticed. This
must be regarded as a drift-accumulation. In the same neighbourhood,
at Southern Hill, at the higher level of more than 100 feet above the
river Thames, an implement of good form with cutting edge all round
was obtained.

On the east side of the town of Reading, in a gravel-pit at Sonning
Hill, about 80 feet above the river-level, implements have been found
from time to time. They are usually much abraded, but good forms
have been found, and the predominant type appears to be the ovate-
lanceolate. Very few flakes occur. From the spoil-bank formed of the
material taken from the cutting at this spot when the Great Western
Railway was constructed, was obtained a fine and large ovoid imple-
ment, now in the Reading Museum. At Charvil Hill, near Twyford,
still further east, implements have been found by Mr. L. Treacher, who
obtained others during the widening of the Great Western Railway
near this spot. That gentleman has also found many implements at
Ruscombe near Twyford in a thin spread of gravel overlying brick-earth
at about 60 feet above the river-level. These implements are various in
character, but pointed tools are well represented. A large implement of
elongated form and rounded at the smaller end has been presented by
Mr. Treacher to the Reading Museum, which possesses numerous
examples of the flint implements discovered in this county.

Many implements have been found in the Maidenhead district
in the sheets or terraces of gravel which extend from that town
to Cookham. At the higher levels the implements are usually
rolled and abraded. Some are quite rude in shape ; others have a
very sharp cutting edge. At the lower level of about 75 feet above
the river, near the hamlet of Furze Platt, implements were very
abundant, with much individualization of type. Most of the tools are
little stained or water-worn ; and, although the chipping is frequently
done with skill, there is evidence of remarkable thrift in the use of
material, and also, one might say, an absence of natural pride in the
appearance of the work ; the original shape of the rough nodules having
been very much utilized, so that sometimes only half of the nodule has
been worked. The types here include a peculiar form of hatchet in
which the cutting end is neither pointed nor round, but chisel-shaped
to some extent an anticipation of neolithic form. The implements
were mostly found near the base of the gravel, and flakes were
abundant. There was doubtless a settlement at or near this spot.*

It will thus be seen that the population of Berkshire in the Palaso-

1 Now in the Reading Museum.

2 Implements of a mixed type, usually water-worn, have also been found at Cookham at a somewhat
higher level. A very fine specimen from this locality is in the Reading Museum.

175

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

lithic Age was very much concentrated in the neighbourhood of the
great rivers, as indeed is the case with civilized man to-day ; and here,
besides other conveniences, Early Man found an abundance of material
for his tools.

A few well-shaped implements have, however, been found at some
distance from, and at a considerable height above, the great water-ways.
Mr. H. W. Monckton, F.G.S., found a well-worked pointed-oval
specimen, with a cutting edge all round, in a gravel-pit at Englefield,
about 150 feet above the Thames-level, and near the little stream of the
Bourne. Two implements of the same general type were found at
Bradfield, in the same neighbourhood. Mr. J. W. Colyer found a
well-worked implement of flat ovoid type, also with a cutting edge all
round, at Sulhamstead Abbots, about 1 1 miles from the river Kennet,
and about 150 feet above it. These specimens are all in the Reading
Museum, and the excellence of their type at so high a level is note-
worthy.

So numerous have been the ' finds ' of palaeolithic implements in
Berkshire, that we need not further particularize localities. It may be
mentioned, however, that implements have been found at Newbury, and
that one specimen, a good example of the pointed type, was found at
Wokingham in the old gravel of an affluent of the Loddon.

We may say, then, that the remains of man at this period are for
the most part found in a definite zone in the old gravels which fringe our
rivers. They appear to be absent from the older ' Plateau ' gravels, and
also from the newer, or lower, valley-gravels. Perhaps this apparent
absence of man may be attributed to climate. To a certain extent, also,
there appears to have been a segregation of population in particular
localities, so far as was consistent with the habits of Early Man at this
period. 1

THE NEOLITHIC AGE

As we have seen, man appears to have left this district before the
Thames valley had been cut down to its present depth. When he
reappeared considerable physical changes had taken place ; and we now
find his remains in more recent deposits, such as surface-soil, peat, and
the beds of lakes and rivers. We find also a considerable change in
the form of the tools. In the case of the hatchet or ' celt ' the change
is not at first strongly accentuated beyond the elongation of the tool,
which, like some of the palaeolithic forms, has a cutting edge all
round. A fine example of this type, dug up in gravel and having
probably been buried there, is in the Reading Museum. Very soon,
however, the practice of grinding the edge at one end was resorted
to. A fine specimen of flint chisel was found on an island in the lake
in Englefield Park, and is also in the Museum. It was found also that,

1 See, in addition to the works quoted, O. A. Shrubsole, F.G.S., on ' The Valley-Gravels about
Reading' (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1890, p. 582), L. Treacher, 'Palaeolithic Man in East Berks ,' Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. 1896, p. 16 ; and ' On Stone Implements in the Thames Valley,' etc.,
Man, 1904, p. 17.

176

TtrC Repro Co.

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

1. Palzolithic Implement, with sharp edge all round, from Caversham (}).

2. Late Palzolithic Implement, chisel type, from Caversham (J).

3. Neolithic Implement from Reading (J).

4. Neolithic Flint Implement, ground and pointed, from the Kennet at Reading (J).

5. Neolithic Quartzite Implement, ground, from the Thames at Reading (i).

6. Rude Bronze Celt from Wallingford ({).

EARLY MAN

by the method of grinding, stone other than flint could be utilized.
We therefore find basalt, quartzite, and other rocks now used in the
manufacture of implements, and the instrument is usually polished all
The cutting edge is sharp at one end and the other end is

over.

obtusely pointed or left somewhat rough for insertion into a handle.
Examples of the celt or axe of this period have been found in the beds
of the Thames and Kennet. Two large specimens, one of polished
quartzite or grit and the other of chipped flint, found with charred
wood and bones on an island in the Thames at Reading, are preserved
in the Reading Museum.

Examples have also been found at Abingdon, Bray, Pusey (Cherbury
Camp), Pamber Forest, Stratfield Saye, Thatcham, and other places in
or near the county. A perforated stone axe was found in a barrow at
Stancombe, and a perforated hammer-head of basalt was obtained from
the Thames near Reading. Other examples of holed hammers have
been found, but they are not properly referable to the Stone Age. Very
characteristic of this period are the ' scrapers.' They are smaller
than the palaeolithic scrapers, and have been found in considerable
numbers on the surface of fields in certain localities at Wallingford,
Caversham, Cockmarsh, Great Sheffbrd, Lambourn and other places.
They resemble the instrument used by the Eskimo for cleaning skins,
but may have been used for other purposes also. Associated with these
are often found arrow-heads of flint, some rudely made, some leaf-
shaped, and others exquisitely finished with a 'tang' and a barb on each
side. With regard to these and many other objects of flint or other
stone, it is right to say that the manufacture of them, if it existed
already in this county, doubtless did not cease upon
the introduction of bronze. Arrow-heads have
been found in the neighbourhood of Wallingford *
and at some other places, and a very perfect tanged
and barbed specimen was found at Reading ; but
they are by no means abundant in this county.

The flint knife of this period, thin and beauti-
fully made, is very different from its prototype of
the Palaeolithic Age. A good example has lately
been dredged from the Thames at Stonehouse,
Cookham Dean. Its form is lanceolate, and its
length is slightly over 3! inches, but it has obvi-
ously lost a portion of its base or stem, possibly as
much as 1 1 inches. It is of dark flint, and has
been shaped by chipping with great skill. Mr. R.
E. Goolden, F.S.A., has called attention to this
' find.' Another example was found in the Thames
at Long Wittenham. A dagger of oval shape was
found in a barrow at Lambourn. A gouge or
hollow chisel of chipped flint, ochreous in colour,

1 See Davies collection, Reading Museum.
I 177 23

FLINT DAGGER FROM A
BARROW AT LAMBOURN.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

was found at Woodley near Reading. This is a form which is unusual
in this country. A fine saw, lanceolate in shape, and probably intended
to be fixed in a handle, was obtained at Caversham. The last three
specimens are in the Reading Museum.

The process of working flint reached a high degree of perfection
during the Neolithic Age, and was doubtless carried over into the next
stage, under which head will be noted some fine examples of flint-work
occurring in the burial-mounds. 1

The presence of Neolithic man in the valley of the Kennet appears
to be indicated by the finding of a human skull in the peat near
Newbury associated with stone-implements. 3 A fine specimen of the
skull of the great ox (Bos primigenius) , found on Speen Moor with, it is
said, a flint arrow-head fixed in its skull, is in the Newbury Museum. Two
fine celts were found near Crookham, 4 feet from the surface in peat, with
a large quantity of bones. 3 A chipped instrument, somewhat gouge-like
in form, was found at Newbury, with flakes, etc., during the operations
for the sewerage. 4 Celts have been found at Thatcham, Shaw, and
Eling farm. 5 Various bone instruments have been found at Newbury
(Market Place) 6 and at Reading (Gas works). 7 Other discoveries of
neolithic objects in Berkshire will be found noted in the list given at
the end of this article.

In and near Ashdown Park are a vast number of Sarsen stones
lying in a valley on the Berkshire Downs more than 500 feet above the
sea-level. Mr. A. L. Lewis, 8 who, in an account of them published in
1869, considered them to be ' Druidic monuments,' speaks of these
stones as being arranged in long and somewhat irregular lines. Owing
to their ruinous condition he doubts whether any one line can be traced
as running throughout from end to end. The sketch-plan which
accompanies his account, however, shows upwards of thirty tolerably
distinct lines of stones running with considerable regularity in an east-
and-west direction. These lines are shown within the walls of Ashdown
Park. Outside the arrangement is less clear, but he marks one very
decided series of stones in a line partly north and south with a distinct
tendency towards the east at the northern end. All the stones which
comprise this collection are what is known as Sarsen stones, or grey-
wethers, from their likeness when seen from a distance to sheep grazing
on the downs. They are considered by some to be of geological
origin and the remains of local beds of Tertiary age. These occupy
a space of about 1,600 feet north and south, and about 800 feet east
and west.

The Hon. Daines Barrington," writing of the Sarsen stones in
1785, says they are not ' dropt in any kind of order or figure. None of

1 A list of tumuli and barrows in Berkshire will be found in the article on Ancient Earthworks.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (ser. 2), ii. 128.

3 Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 205. * Ibid. iv. 207. " Ibid. iv. 184.
6 Trans. Brit. Arch. Assoc. (1870). t Trans. Berks Arch. Soc. 1881.

8 Int. Cong, of Prehistoric Arch. Norw. (1869), 37-46. The sketch plan has been reproduced in
Fergusson, Rude Stone Monuments.
Arch. (1787), viii. 442.

178

EARLY MAN

them, moreover, are more than 2 or 3 inches above the surface,
whilst some are buried as deep under it.' He notes their occurrence
also in a bye-road through fields between the villages of Shrivenham
and Compton. Although Barrington failed to notice it, there might be
some regular arrangement of these stones, corresponding to the align-
ments at Carnac and other places ; but, as Mr. Lewis was not very
confident of tracing such an arrangement, perhaps the question might
for the present be left open. 1

Berkshire contains an extremely interesting specimen of a
chambered long-barrow which, under the name of Wayland Smith's
Cave, or Wayland's Smithy, has been popularized in the pages of
Sir Walter Scott's Kenilwortb. The remains, still known locally by
these names, are situated in a wild and lonely place away from any
dwelling and within a few yards of the remarkable ancient road known as
the Ridgeway, a broad, grassy road which leads up over the hill to Uffing-
ton Castle, and forms indeed an important feature in the primitive
road-system of Berkshire. Wayland's Cave is situated under a group
of lofty beeches which throw a gloomy and romantic shade over a spot
of great archaeological interest. The continual breeze passing through
the trees produces a low mournful murmur which greatly adds to the
impressiveness and solemnity of the place. Upon entering the group
of shady trees, one descends into a slight trench or fosse. The actual
stones of which the ' cave ' is composed are in a somewhat confused
condition, but it is still possible to make out an arrangement which will
be best understood from the accompanying illustration.

Mr. Wise, in a pamphlet published in 1738,' gives the following
note about Wayland Smith's Cave, which is interesting as showing the
views of the country people in the first half of the eighteenth century
as to the meaning of the remains : ' Whether this remarkable piece of
antiquity ever bore the name of the person here buried, is not now to be
learned ; the true meaning of it being long since lost in ignorance and
fable. All the account which the country people are able to give of it
is. At this place lived formerly an invisible Smith ; and if a traveller's
Horse had lost a Shoe upon the road he had no
more to do than to bring the Horse to this place,
with a piece of money, and leaving both there for
some little time, he might come again and find the
money gone, but the Horse new shod. The stones
standing upon the Rudee-way, as it is called (which WAYLAND'S SMITHY : GROUND

, , J r . . . ^ PLAN OF PROBABLE ORIGINAL

was the situation they chose tor burial monu- ARRAN GEMENT.
ments), I suppose, gave occasion to the whole

being called Wayland Smith, which is the name it was always known
by to the country people. . . . Leaving therefore the story of the in-

1 Fergusson conjectures that they may be the memorial of the battle of Ashdown fought between
the Saxons and the Danes in 871. Barrington suggests an earthquake. It is not made dear that any one
of these stones is standing upright.

2 ' A letter to Dr. Mead concerning some antiquities in Berkshire.'

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

visible Smith to be discussed by those who have more leisure, I only
remark that these stones are, according to the best Danish antiquaries,
a Burial Altar ; that their being raised in the midst of a plain field, near
the great road, seems to indicate some person there slain, and buried ;
and that this person was probably a Chief or King, there being no
monument of this sort near that place, perhaps not in England beside.'

This monument, however, clearly belongs to a group of sepulchral
structures of which, although there are no others in Berkshire, examples
are found in Wiltshire and other neighbouring counties. It is a gallery-
dolmen or chambered tumulus ; that is, a sepulchral
chamber or chambers approached by a passage or
gallery, and originally covered by earth, constructed
probably on the plan of the house of the period.
As these structures are few in number they must
be supposed to have contained the bones of a chief-
tain or person of high rank. This interesting relic
of the past is figured by Lysons 1 as being already
in a ruinous state, although he describes it as a
' considerable tumulus.' It was also described by
Ackerman in 1847.* This ancient tomb was no
doubt rifled long ago, as no remains connected with
it have hitherto been found. It has lost its earthen
covering, and many of the stones of which it was
composed have been scattered or disarranged ; but
the eastern arm of the chamber still retains its
covering slab of stone in its original position. 3

THE BRONZE AGE

The introduction of metal, instead of flint and
other kinds of stone, as a material for the manu-
facture of implements marks a very great advance.
The first metal thus used in this country was
bronze, which is a mixture of copper with about
12 per cent, of tin, the mixed metal being much
harder than pure copper. The circumstances that
led to the introduction of bronze need not be dis-
cussed here, as it was probably at first imported into
BRONZE SPEAR-HEAD FROM t ^[ s country. Its uses were many and various.

SPEEN. i i 1 i r i

Although the pattern or the stone axe was to a cer-
tain extent followed, there was ultimately considerable change of form
through the flanged palstave to the socketed axe.

The spear-heads are of various patterns, and vary greatly in size.
A fine leaf-shaped specimen about 16 inches long from the Thames

1 Lysons, Mag. Brit. (1806).

Arch, xxxii. 312. See also the article by Mr. Thomas Wright, ' The Legendary History of Way-
land Smith,' Journ. Arch. Ass. 1860, xvi. 50.
3 See illustration facing p. 192.

180

-"-- ; ''

10.

NEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

1. Neolithic Flint Chisel from Englefield (J).

2. Neolithic Flint Chisel from Boyn Hill, Maidenhead ().

3. Neolithic Flint Celt from Boyn Hill, Maidenhead ().

4. Neolithic Gouge from Reading (J).

5. Neolithic Scraper from Wallingford (J).

6. Neolithic Spoke-shave from Reading (if).

7. Holed Pebble of quartzite from Enborne, Newbury.

8. Holed Hammer-head of basalt from the Thames at Reading (|).

9. Flint Knife from the Kennet near Reading (f).
10. Flint Knife from the Thames near Cookham (J).

EARLY MAN

at Windsor is in the British Museum. 1 Another elegant form, in the
Reading Museum, from Mortimer West End, is here shown. The edges
of this are still very sharp. 3 A formidable weapon of large
size (i 2 inches long), from Moulsford, is in the same Museum
and somewhat resembles the barbed spear-head from Speen
figured by Sir John Evans 3 (see plate).

Pointed knives or knife-daggers have been found at
Blewbury and Rowcroft, Yattendon, the latter being j\ inches
in length. The former is in the Ashmolean Museum. At
Sutton Courtenay was found a tanged knife or dagger 10
inches long, and at Newbury was found a tanged dagger of
Arreton Down type, j\ inches long, now preserved in the
collection of Canon Greenwell. * A bronze
dagger 7 inches in length with ogival outline was
found in the bed of the river Thames near Maiden-
head.

An interesting little rapier-shaped blade about
6| inches long was found in the Kennet and Avon
Canal between Theale and Thatcham, and is now
in Sir John Evans's collection. It has two peculiar
small notches just above the rivet-holes.

Bronze knife-blades are occasionally found in
interments, as in a barrow at Stancombe, and in one
of the ' Seven barrows,' Lambourn.

A good example of a rapier-blade 1 1^ inches
long, with one of the rivets attached, was obtained
from the Kennet, near Reading, and was presented
to the Museum by Mr. F. W. Albury. It re-
sembles in type the example from Coveney. 5

A leaf-shaped sword from the Kennet is also BRONZE*BI.ADE
in the Reading Museum. It is somewhat like Sir FROM
John Evans's fig. 343 of a sword from Barrow.
Another, from the Thames near Reading, is in Canon Green-
well's collection.

The long bronze sword is a formidable and at the same
time an elegant weapon. It is equally effective for cutting or
thrusting, and may be considered one of the latest products of
the Bronze Age. A fine example found near the Thames
opposite Henley is in the Reading Museum. It is of the
same type as the sword from Newcastle figured by Sir John

BRONZE SWORD

FROM THE

Evans, 6 and has been described by Dr. Stevens. 7

THAMES OPPO- The celt or axe is well distributed over the county,

SITE HENLEY. a i t h ou gh tne flat and probably early type is not very abundant.

1 A similar example is in the Reading Museum, also from the Thames (14^ inches long).
5 A somewhat larger specimen was obtained from the Thames near Reading.
a See Evans, Bronze Imp. 337. Also Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. (1860), 322.

* See Evans, Bronze Imp. 259. Also Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. (1860), 322.

Evans, Bronze Imp. fig. 313. Ibid. fig. 344. 1 Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. (1882), p. 275.

181

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

BRONZE KNIFE OR RAZOR FROM COTHILL.

Examples of this type are in the Reading Museum from Cholsey and
Wallingford ; and a flat palstave from Pamber forest is also in this
Museum. Socketed celts have been found at Wallingford. Palstaves

are recorded from
Newbury, Sun-
ningwell, Want-
age, Beenham,
and Reading
(Kennet). Sock-
eted spear- heads

have been found at Ashdown, Fyfield, Hagbourne Hill, Speen, Mouls-
ford, Windsor, Mortimer, Reading (2), and Cookham.

Among objects of peculiar form and rare occurrence may be
mentioned a loop of jet, probably intended as a slider for a belt or for
fastening some part of the dress, found at Newbury, the knife or razor
with elongated perforation found at Cothill, near Abingdon, and the
bronze sickles found in the Thames at Reading, Windsor and Bray.
The last-named objects belong to a rare type of implement ; the Bray
example, moreover, is somewhat peculiar in form, the socket dying
into the blade.

Many isolated examples of the Bronze Age have been recovered
from the bed of the Thames in the process of dredging ; and a few
years ago a considerable number of objects were found together in
or near the Thames at Cookham. Among them were twenty spear-
heads of the same general type, a sword and part of another, a bronze
fillet or armlet, parts of a bracelet, and the ferrule or butt-end of
a spear. Some of the above are in the possession of Mr. L. Treacher
of Twyford, who has presented two spear-heads to the Reading
Museum.

Among the bronze antiquities of this county there are two hoards
the contents of which have been described by Sir John Evans.
That at Yattendon, 2 a village some 8 or 9 miles to the north-east of
Newbury, was discovered in the spring of 1878 in digging for the
foundation of a new house. The objects were found lying about 1 8 inches
below the surface of
the ground, in a mass
of gravel that had been
turned red, purple and
black by the action of
fire. The bronze ob-
jects were not en-
closed in any kind of
vessel, but lay in con-
tact with the earth, to
which they had imparted a greenish colour. Close by were found two
balks of oak, which were probably connected with a beacon formerly

1 Evans, Bronze Imp. (1881), 167, 169. a Pnc. Sac. 4ntiq. (ser. 2), vii. 480-1.

182

BRONZE SICKLE FROM THE THAMES AT WINDSOR.

BRONZE IMPLEMENTS.

1. Bronze Celt, with broad edge, from Cholsey (}).

2. Bronze Palstave, with flanges and stop ridge, from Wallingford Q).

3. Bronze Flanged Celt from the Kennet at Reading (}).

4. Bronze Palstave, with flanges hammered over, from Wallingford (j).

5. Socketed Celt, with loop, from Reading (}).

6. Socketed Celt, with loop and ribbed ornament, from Reading (j).

EARLY MAN

erected on the top of this hill, a natural eminence about 450 feet above
the level of the sea.

The hoard contained no less than 58 pieces of bronze, which may
thus be classified :

Flat celt i

Fragments of palstaves .... 3

Socketed celt and fragment ... 2

Socketed gouges 6

Socketed knives 2

Tanged knives and fragment . . 3

Tanged chisels 3

Fragments of swords 4

Scabbard-end I

Spear-heads and fragments . . 28

Flat pieces of bronze .... 3

Conical piece i

Perforated disc I

Total

It may be noted that the flat celt which heads the above list, and
which belongs to quite the beginning of the Bronze Age, had been
considerably used, and the edge had been frequently flattened out by
hammering. One of the palstaves again was remarkable
for its very small size, and Sir John Evans suggests that it
was intended to be used as a chisel rather than as a hatchet.
Of the socketed celts, six in number, four were of the same
pattern. Four fragments of swords were found, but they
probably belonged only to two swords. The spear-heads
and fragments of spear-heads, of which there were found
no less than twenty-eight pieces, represented probably
twenty-four complete weapons. Of these eighteen were of
the plain leaf-shape type, without ornament, and varying
in length from 5 to 7 inches. Nearly every one of these
spear-heads had been injured before being buried in the
earth. Several of the other articles are of much interest,
and some, such as the three flat pieces of bronze and the
conical piece, are of unknown use.

This Yattendon hoard, like many others found at vari-
ous times in different parts of England, represents apparently
the stock-in-trade of some ancient bronze-founder. The
fact that so many of the articles had been injured by long-continued use
or accident, points to this being a deposit of old metal intended to be
melted down for fresh castings. The large proportion of spear-heads,
gouges and tanged chisels indicates that the hoard belongs to a late period
in the Bronze Age. Indeed, there is some reason to believe, as Sir John
Evans points out, that the hoard may really belong to the Early Iron
Age, ' when arms and tools of iron were superseding those of bronze,
while the latter metal for some ornamental and useful purposes still
retained its pre-eminence.'

The other Berkshire hoard, that at Wallingford, contained a looped
and socketed celt, a socketed gouge, a socketed knife, and a cutting
tool, possibly a razor. All these objects are now in the possession of
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., who suggests that the hoard is a good
example of a private deposit.

183

BRONZE CHISEL

FROM
YATTENDON.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

It may be added that antiquaries have been able to identify three
distinct kinds of hoards, viz. : (i) those which appear to consist of the
treasured property of some individual, who having buried his treasures
in the earth for safety, failed for some reason to regain possession of
them ; (2) those which comprised the property of a trader, and included
new implements in considerable numbers fit for use ; and (3) those
which represented the stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder, containing
often fragments of implements, worn-out implements and lumps of
rough metal. To the last class belongs the important hoard found at
Yattendon.

The following are brief particulars of some of the other more
important Bronze Age discoveries in Berkshire.

A circular buckler or shield of great interest was found in the bed
of the river Isis in 1836, and is now in the British Museum. An
account 1 of the discovery written by Mr. John Gage, F.R.S., Director
of the Society of Antiquaries, gives the following precise details as to
the place where the discovery was made. The buckler was found * on
the lower margin of the pool of the Little Wittenham or Day's lock
upon the river Isis, about half a mile above the junction of that river
with the Thame stream, midway between Little Wittenham bridge and
the weir connected with the lock, about one mile to the westward of
Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, a hundred and fifty or two hundred yards
from the western end of an earthwork called Dyke hills, and three-
quarters of a mile from the intrenchment upon Sinodun or Little
Wittenham hill.' The chief point about this is that the buckler was
found on the ancient bed of the river Isis, very near if not absolutely
upon a spot where it was fordable.

The buckler is about 1 3 inches in diameter, and nearly, but not quite,
circular in form. In the centre is a large hemispherical boss or umbo
giving room for the hand to grasp the handle at the back. This boss
is surrounded by twin projecting rings. A circular series of fourteen
convex bosses, and an outer series of twenty-three bosses fill up the
surface, the two series of bosses being separated by a raised ring.

The age of this shield is uncertain, but it may belong to the later
part of this period.

Sir John Evans 3 writes : ' The raised bosses have all been wrought in
the metal with the exception of four, two of which form the rivets for
the handle across the umbo, and two others serve as the rivets or pivots
for two small straps or buttons of bronze on the inner side of the
buckler. Such buttons occur on several other examples, but it is
difficult to determine the exact purpose which they served. From the
pains taken in this instance to conceal the heads of these pivots on the
outside, by making them take the form and place of bosses, it would
appear that they were necessary adjuncts of the shield, and possibly in
some way connected with a lining for it. Such a lining can hardly
have been of wood, or many rivet or pin-holes would have been

* Arch, xxvii. 298. Evans, op. cit. 344.

184

JtrtRtproCo-

BRONZE SPEAR-HEADS.

1. Bronze Spear-head from the Thames at Reading (J).

2, 3, 5. Bronze Spear-heads from Cookham (). Fig. 2 has part of the shaft attached.
4. Bronze Spear-head from Mortimer (J).

6. Bronze Spear-head from the Thames at Reading ().

EARLY MAN

necessary for securing the metal to it. It may be that a lining of hide
was moulded while wet to the form of the shield, and that these buttons
served to keep it in place when dry. In one case it is said that some
fibrous particles resembling leather still remain attached to the inside
of the shield. In general the metal is so thin that without some lining
these bucklers would have afforded but a poor defence against the stroke
of a sword, spear or arrow. In this Little Wittenham example, and
possibly in some others, it is probable that the shield itself was larger
than the bronze plate. Another view is that these buttons fastened a
strap for carrying the shield either in or out of use.'

The bed of the river Thames near Taplow, which, although close
to the boundary of Buckinghamshire, is actually in Berkshire, has fur-
nished a remarkable group of Bronze Age objects. These include a
collection of fine socketed spear-heads and two broken swords, presented
in 1898 by Mrs. Ada Benson to the British Museum. One of the
spear-heads is noteworthy on account of the excellence of its workman-
ship and its ornamentation, produced by a series of punctured dots.

Another spear-head of fine proportions and workmanship, and
exhibiting the same species of punctured ornament, was discovered in
the river at Taplow in March 1903, and is now in the British
Museum. It bears on each face of the wings two gold studs, and in
its present condition, in spite of the fact that a portion of the socket
has been broken off and lost, the length is \j\ inches. There are further
points of interest about this weapon which have been described by Mr.
Charles H. Read, F.S.A., 1 from which the following account has, by
permission of the author, been taken :

' The bronze spear-head now before the Society is one of unusual
character in all respects. As a type of spear-head it is up to the present
unique in this country, and even in Ireland the only example figured
by Sir John Evans (fig. 400) 3 makes no pretensions to the same artistic
qualities. This specimen was recently found in a creek near Taplow,
at the same spot where some ordinary leaf-shaped spear-heads were dis-
covered some years ago, and presented to the British Museum by Mrs.
Benson. The socket of the spear, which is filled with the remains of
the wood-shaft, has unfortunately been damaged, so that it is impossible
to ascertain the original length, but the present length is \j\ inches,
the blade alone measuring 15! inches in length. It has been cast with
considerable skill, and the edge of the upper curve has apparently been
hammered, as is customary, which both hardens the metal and produces
at the same time a keen edge. The lower part of the wings has also
been hammered so as to produce a furrow or channel near the edge,
and the edge itself is not only beaten up to produce a flange, but is also
ornamented with a herringbone design. On each side of the broad
mid-rib is a row of dots which continues on the inner side of the
channel on the wings. On each face of the wings are two gold studs,
conical in form, and apparently of nearly pure metal. How these are

1 Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) xix. 287-9. * Evans, op. cit.

I 185 24

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

made fast is not quite easy to see, as the studs do not come exactly
opposite one another on the two faces, and it would seem as if the hole
through which the rivet joining them passes is in a diagonal direction.
This feature, i.e. the presence of the gold studs, has not hitherto been
found on any spear-head of the Bronze Age ; similar studs, however,
occur upon a stone bracer in the British Museum, which was found
at DrifKeld, East Riding, Yorkshire. Below the wings have been
originally two loops of triangular section, only one of which now
remains.

' Apart from the special interest of this spear-head as an unusual
and artistic production of the Bronze Age, it has the additional interest
of showing how the socketed spear-head was evolved from the sword-
like weapon which has been called, not very happily, a rapier. This
weapon has the same form as the blade of the spear-head before us,
although usually with a different form of mid-rib ; but if the socket be
taken away it will be found that in outline it exactly resembles some
of the many rapiers figured in Sir John Evans's and other works, and
that the two gold studs on either face are the survival of the rivet-heads
which fixed the handle to the weapon.' *

For tumuli and barrows and the interesting remains associated
with them, we must refer the reader to the article on Ancient Earth-
works.

A canoe or ' dug-out ' of oak, made from a single tree-trunk, was
found in Bagnor Marsh, near Newbury, some years ago. It was
about 9 feet long and 4 to 5 feet wide. 2 Such canoes are associated
with the Swiss lake-dwellings of the Stone Age ; but in this case
there is nothing by which the age can be precisely determined.

Other discoveries of objects not specially referred to here will be
noticed in the topographical list at the end of this article.

THE PREHISTORIC IRON AGE

The Age of Iron followed the Age of Bronze just as the latter
succeeded the Age of Stone ; but for several reasons it is impossible to
say precisely when the Iron Age commenced in Britain. The discovery
of iron, however, seems to have been brought to our shores by the
Brythons, a branch of the Celtic people from whom is derived the name
of Britain for this island. Probably manufactured articles of the new
metal were first introduced in the ordinary course of trade, but there is
good reason to believe that iron was produced and worked in Britain
long before the period of the Roman occupation.'

By far the most important discovery of antiquities of the Early Iron
Age made in the county is the Hagbourne Hill ' find,' which has been
briefly described in Archceologia! Mr. Ebenezer King, F.S.A., who

i Mr. R. E. Goolden, F.S.A., into whose possession this fine spear-head came, has arranged for it to
be transferred to the British Museum.

1 Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 205.

B.M. Guide to Antiq. of the Early Iron Age, p. 4. 4 Arch. xvi. 348-9.

186

Food Vessel from
Drayton (J).

Urn from Sunningdale

Drinking Cup from
Lambourn (|).

Bron/e Knives from Lambourn (i).

Drinking Vessel from
Lambourn Q-).

Bronze Sword from
the Thames near Reading.

Bronze Knife from
Sutton Courtenay (f).

BRONZE ACE ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN BERKSHIRE.

EARLY MAN

brought the objects to the notice of the Society of Antiquaries of London
in 1808, writes : ' In the spring of the year 1803, in a common field
on Hagbourne Hill, between that village and Chilton, in the county of
Berks, adjoining the Ickleton way, on the south side of it, several
oblong pits were discovered at the depth of about four feet from the
surface of the ground, being in length seven feet, and three in breadth.
One of these pits had a circular excavation at the bottom, of about
one foot and a half in diameter, in which were deposited the articles I
have sent, together with others that I have not been able to procure
a sight of. Amongst the latter were several large rings of brass,
resembling dog-collars, and some coins, of which I could obtain no
other information than that one of them was silver, and the other
gold, the latter of which was large and flat, and perhaps of the lower
empire. The chain now produced, which appears to me the most
interesting part of the collection, had, when discovered, a centre ring,
and another at one end of it, similar to that which is now attached
to it, but both of these were broken by the workmen in digging it up.
The centre ring had four studs or checks upon it, to keep it from
turning quite round ; the outside ones only two. As no more rings or
links were found in or near the hole, it is likely that the chain, as
now described, was in its original form ; and from its shape and
execution, which is certainly of a superior kind, was probably destined
to no very common use.'

The plate which accompanies this description gives information of
a more precise and intelligible character. It shows portions of two
horse-bits of similar make to that found at Arras ' in the East Riding of
Yorkshire ; two pins, one straight with seal-like head, the other with
a well-developed and perforated head, the pin itself being bent into a
kind of shoulder a little below the head ; two rings of bronze and iron,
the chief parts being of bronze with elaborate decoration in the form of
fairly large knobs or beads, and the larger ring having seven of these
knobs and the smaller six 2 ; a socketed celt in bronze furnished with one
loop, and three socketed lance-heads or arrow-heads with two loops.
The last-named are of small size, and two of them are imperfect.
Another socketed celt was found at Hagbourne Hill in 1893, and was
exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. W.
H. Richardson, F.S.A., who described it as a small but very perfect
specimen, 3^ inches long by 2^ inches wide, measured across at the
points of the cutting edge. It weighs io| ounces, and the mouth
has a distinctly square form with rounded angles. The collar is
relieved by twin headings with a larger one between, and below is the
usual loop. Mr. Richardson is no doubt right in his suggestion that it
exhibits features which are found in a common Irish type of celt, and

1 Davis & Thurnam, Crania Britannica, ii.

2 This particular kind of Late Celtic ornament is evidently derived from a string of concave and
convex beads arranged alternately. About one-third part of the ring is formed of iron. They present
a curious similarity to the ' beaded ' torques found elsewhere. See J. Romilly Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan
and Christian Times, 112.

I8 7

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

it may be added that it shows a considerable resemblance to the
example figured in the plate in Archceologia just referred to. It is a
curious fact that although the rest of the objects figured passed into
the British Museum, the celt shown did not find its way there.

The bits already referred to and here figured consisted in their
originally perfect condition of two somewhat oval rings about 3 inches
in diameter (outside measurement), and three connecting links skilfully
wrought. The space between the large rings is 5 inches. Unfortu-
nately both the bits have been broken, but enough remains to show the
definitely Late Celtic characteristics, especially in the terminations of the
connecting links.

It thus appears that with the Early Iron Age antiquities found at
Hagbourne Hill, representing probably the remains of the burial of a
horse and horseman, if not indeed of a chariot also, there were found in
association at least three typical Bronze Age objects. Mr. Reginald
A. Smith l regards this as a ' survival into the Iron period of imple-
ments characteristic of the Bronze Age,' a supposition which is per-
fectly natural. The precise circumstances of this discovery have
not, as far as is known to the writer, ever been recorded, and it is
possible that the bronze celt found in 1893 may have no intimate
relation to the antiquities unearthed in 1803.

Sepulchral deposits of this kind in which the horse and even the
chariot, or part of it, have been cremated with the body of the dead
warrior indicate undoubtedly the resting-places of persons of distinction,
and are in harmony with the customs prevailing at earlier periods.
All the Late Celtic relics rescued from the Hagbourne Hill site are now
preserved in the British Museum.

Mr. R. E. Goolden, F.S.A., procured, and in 1906 presented to the
British Museum, a rather interesting form of socketed iron spear-head
or lance-head, from a site near Stonehouse at Cookham Dean. In its
original condition it probably measured somewhat over 7 inches in
length but the socket-end and the extreme point of the sharp end are
both missing, and the existing spear-head has unfortunately been broken
into two pieces. Still, it clearly shows, as will be seen from the
accompanying photograph, the hollow groove down the centre which
seems to be characteristic of weapons of this class and period.

Other characteristic objects 2 of this period found in Berkshire
include a bronze dagger-sheath found at Cookham, pottery found at
Abingdon, and a bronze button from an unknown locality in the county.
The last-mentioned article resembled the example found at Kingsholm,
Gloucestershire.

THE WHITE HORSE AT UFFINGTON

The gigantic figure of a horse cut out on the side of the hill upon
which Uffington ' Castle ' is situated is of sufficient antiquity and
importance to have given its name to the great valley or vale which it

1 B. M. Guide to Antiq. of the Early Iron Age, 83, 103. Arch. Cambr. (ser. 5) xiii. 329-30.

1 88

Ring from Hagbourne Hill.

Iron Spear-head from Cookham Dean.
(Total original length, about 7 in.)

Horse-bit from Hagbourne Hill.

Ring from Hagbourne Hill.

Horse-bit from Hagbourne Hill.

Pins from Hagbourne Hill.
LATE CELTIC ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN BERKSHIRE.

UJ
OQ

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

overlooks. This White Horse belongs to an extremely interesting class
of gigantic hill-side figures, formed by cutting away the green turf so as
to expose the white chalk beneath. Examples in the shape of horses,
and others in the forms of human giants, and crosses, occur in Sussex,
Dorset, Buckinghamshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire and Yorkshire.

In the year 1738 the Rev. Francis Wise, B.D., published A letter
to Dr. Mead concerning some antiquities in Berkshire, particularly showing
that the White Horse, which gives name to the great Vale or Valley which
it overlooks is a monument of the West Saxons, made in memory of a great
Victory obtained over the Danes A.D. 871. The particular event to
which this monument is referred by the writer is the Battle of Ashdown,
but the evidence upon whi:h his opinion is founded is of a character
which most antiquaries of the present day would regard as inconclusive
and quite inadequate to prove the Anglo-Saxon origin of the White
Horse.

Wayland Smith's Cave, to which reference has been made in
another part of this article, is considered by Mr. Wise to be of Danish
origin. Mr. Wise's opinions did not by any means meet with the
approval of his contemporaries, and he was attacked by a writer under
the pseudonym ' Philalethes Rusticus ' in 1740, in a tract entitled The
impertinence and imposture of modern antiquaries displayed; or a refutation
of the Reverend Mr. Wise's letter to Dr. Mead concerning the White Horse,
and other antiquities in Berkshire. An anonymous defence said to be from
the pen of the Rev. George North was issued in 1741, and in the
following year Mr. Wise published Further observations upon the White
Horse and other antiquities in Berkshire, etc.

The subject of this extremely interesting class of ancient monu-
ments of which the Uffington White Horse is the best-known example
in the kingdom has, therefore, exercised the minds of antiquaries for a
good many years. The fashion among antiquaries of the eighteenth
century was to assign them to the Anglo-Saxon period, although the
evidence upon which such an assumption was based does not at the
present time seem at all clear. The Uffington White Horse itself
perhaps furnishes the strongest clue as to the period to which the turf-
monuments of England should be assigned.

Of the six or seven monuments of this kind representing horses,
that at Uffington is probably nearest to the original form ; most, if not
all, of the others having been much modified in recent times; whilst
some of them are possibly of entirely recent date. The Uffington
White Horse, therefore, has a special value of its own. Upon compar-
ing its attenuated and disjointed form with those represented on ancient
British coins one cannot fail to be struck by the resemblance. Indeed,
the similarity of general form is so marked as to form a strong reason
for assigning the group of turf or hill-side monuments to which the
White Horse at Uffington belongs to the period when the ancient British
coins were in vogue. The form of the figure will best be appreciated
from the accompanying diagram which is the result of an actual survey.

190

EARLY MAN

The form of the horse's figure as represented on the ancient British
coins is known to be a debased copy of the elegantly depicted animals
represented on the beautiful pieces struck by Philip II of Macedon, but
it shows, like the Uffington White Horse, a certain artistic power on the
part of the ancient British artificers to whom both works may reason-
ably be attributed.

It is very difficult to explain the purpose of these gigantic hill-side
figures. In Buckinghamshire they take the form of crosses. At Cerne
Abbas (Dorset), and at Wilmington (Sussex) there are very large human
figures represented in the same way on the hill-sides. They seem always
to have been so placed as to be visible over a considerable district, and
although there are certain slight variations perhaps, the rule seems to
have been for them to occupy the side of a hill which faces in more or
less of a northern direction. Usually a prominent spur of a range of
hills has been selected for the purpose, and it is quite clear that it was
part of the purpose, whatever that purpose may have been, for the
figures to be clearly seen from great distances. The selection of chalk
hills, again, and the removal of the turf so as to leave the chalk bare,
are indications which point to the conclusion that these figures had some
close connexion with the people of the districts in which we find them.
It is almost impossible to doubt that they were more or less intimately
related to the religion of the ancient Britons. The periodical scourings
or weedings to which the White Horses were subjected at a somewhat
later date, and the cudgel-playing and other rural sports and festivities
which always followed, may very well be the modern survivals of
periodical religious gatherings when the inhabitants of the Vale of the
White Horse met for religious rites or ceremonies. The explanation
suggested by the Rev. Francis Wise, and offered in a well-known book'
on the subject, that the White Horse at Uffington is a memorial of the
great battle in which Ethelred and Alfred defeated the Danes in 871, is
not now generally accepted.

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS

The ancient British coins found at various times in Berkshire can
hardly be described as numerous, but they are of great variety and
interest. At Weycock, associated with Roman remains was found a
small coin of tin, without inscription, but bearing on the obverse a very
rude representation of the human head, possibly meant to appear
helmeted, and on the reverse a long-bodied animal probably intended
for a horse. The attenuated body and neck of this animal are almost
suggestive of that ancient White Horse on the hill-side at Uffington
which gives its name to the valley already mentioned which it overlooks.

Another coin of unusual beauty is that inscribed (obv.) CUIMOB, and
(rev.) TASCIIOVANTIS, of which specimens have been found at Sandy

1 T. Hughes, The Scouring of the White Horse.
191

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

(Beds.), near Dorchester (Oxon.),and near Abingdon. The last-named
specimen is now in the cabinet of Sir John Evans, K.C.B., who writes
of it : ' The horseman on the obverse appears to be intended for a
British warrior, who is armed in the same manner as the horseman on
the coins of Tasciovanus, Plate VIII, Nos. 6, 7 and 8, though not
wearing a cuirass. The shield is disproportionately large, even larger
than on the silver coin, Plate VI, No. 2. The military figure on the
reverse must, I think, be regarded as a British foot-soldier, accoutred to
a great extent in the Roman fashion, and not, as Ruding suggests, a
Roman soldier. 1

A gold coin, inscribed (obv.) CAM[V], and (rev.) CVN, one of the
commonest types of the small gold coins of Cunobeline, was found in
the neighbourhood of Newbury. It has on the obverse an ear of corn, and
on the reverse the figure of a horse. At Wallingford several inscribed
coins have been found, including a gold coin inscribed BODVOC.
another gold coin inscribed TED ( = ANTEDRIUGS), another inscribed
EPPI COM, and yet another inscribed TASCIO.

At Brightwell was found a gold coin inscribed CA-M on the
obverse and CV on the reverse, indicating that the coin was struck at
Colchester, by Cunobelinus. In these inscribed coins, which are later
than the invasion by Julius Caesar, we are treading on the skirts of
history.

Gold coins bearing no inscription, and presumably older than the
above, have been discovered at various places, including Hagbourne
(West), Hampstead Norris,' Maidenhead, Ruscombe, Waltham St.
Lawrence and Wantage. 3 A silver coin was obtained from Letcombe
Regis. A copper coin, having on the obv. a cruciform ornament, and
on the rev. a boar running, was found at Reading, and is in the Read-
ing Museum.*

ANCIENT ROADS

The ancient road known as Icknield or Ickleton Street, and
also as the Ridgeway, which runs through a considerable tract of
Berkshire, presents features in its construction and laying out which
closely belong to pre-Roman times. 6 The course of the road is some-
what irregular, but generally follows the high ground of the chalk-hills.
It is well seen between Wayland Smith's Cave and Uffington Castle,
where it has a considerable breadth, the surface being slightly convex
and grass-covered, and each side is flanked by a continuous mound of
earth some 3 feet or more in height. This ancient roadway seems to
run also on the Oxfordshire side ot the Thames in a north-easterly

> Evans, Coins, 329-30.

* This coin is in the Reading Museum. The reverse represents a horse with a tripartite tail, beneath
which is an oval object. Under the horse is a wheel. It resembles the Ruscombe and Maidenhead
type figured by Evans (PL B, No. 9). Above the horse is a bird-like object or an ornament. Owing
to the metal being smaller than the die, these examples show different details of the design.

3 See Evans, Coins, 65, 67. The type is figured in Evans, Coins, PI. VIII, 5.

Codrington, Roman Roads in Britain (and ed. 1905), 230.

192

BRONZE SICKLE FROM THE THAMES AT BRAY.

WAYLAND SMITH'S CAVE, NEAR UFFINGTON. General view of Cist.

EARLY MAN

direction for many miles. The name Icknield Street may indicate that
it was the main road to the country of the Iceni.

PILE DWELLINGS

Remains of ancient pile-dwellings, probably belonging to pre-
historic times, have been found in the county, principally in the
neighbourhood of Newbury. As Newbury was the centre of a lake-
district, as is evident from its peat-deposits, such a mode of building is
natural.

Further evidence suggestive of ancient dwellings was found in
1870,' when, in digging in Fence Wood, near Hermitage, a kind of
pyramidal dwelling beneath the ground was discovered. The roof was
covered with clay about i foot in thickness, and was supported by a large
piece of timber about 26 feet long. The dwelling appears to have been
constructed in what had originally been a lake or morass, and which
had in time become covered by a deposit of peat, and at a depth of
from 15 to 1 6 feet were found three causeways by which the dwelling
had formerly been approached. Unfortunately the remains were too
much damaged by the inrush of water for any careful examination of
the site to be made.

In Newbury a a good many traces of pile-dwellings were discovered
during the drainage operations in 1894. In Bartholomew Street,
Market Place, and Cheap Street were found underground pile-structures,
consisting for the most part of solid balks of unbarked oak, roughly
hewn, with massive beams crossing from side to side and resting on
vertical piles. The piles were placed sometimes close together, some-
times in pairs, and sometimes tolerably far apart. In most instances
their tops were brought to a level, so as to support the beams of the
platform laid upon them. The vertical piles were roughly morticed
in order to receive the tenons of the cross-beams, a feature which may
point to the use of metallic tools in the work of constructing the
dwellings.

Generally speaking, the Newbury pile-dwellings were more
numerous on the southern side of the river than on the northern, and
their situation was found to vary considerably in relation to the present
course of the Kennet. In prehistoric times, however, the site of New-
bury was occupied by a lake or morass.

In the peat at about 7 feet from the surface in Bartholomew Street,
opposite the Coopers' Arms, a platform of fir poles, about 5 inches in
diameter and about 1 8 inches apart, was met with. The stakes, which
were rudely pointed, had been firmly driven into the peat. The
antiquities found in the peat comprise numerous flint implements of
characteristic neolithic types, as well as bones of the horse, pig, goat,
red-deer, dog, wolf, marten, short-horned ox (bos taurus, var. longi-
frons), bear, boar, beaver, etc.

1 Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 123. 2 Ibid. iv. 206-8.

I 193 25

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF PREHISTORIC ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED IN

BERKSHIRE

The following list shows the various prehistoric remains found in
Berkshire, and gives references to books where records of the same may
be found.

ABINGDON. Bronze dagger found in the Thames. Late Celtic pottery in the Ashmolean

Museum, Oxford [Arch. lii. 354]. Coin of Cunobelinus [Evans, Coins, 329],
APPLEFORD. Drinking cup (British Museum).

ASHBURY (near Uffington). Dolmen called ' Wayland Smith's cave.'
ASHDOWN. Bronze spear-head [Evans, Bronze Imp. 322].
BEEDON. In barrow, incense cup (British Museum) [Arch. Journ. vii. 65].
BEENHAM. Bronze palstave, in Reading Museum.
BISHAM. Bronze axe, now in the British Museum.
BLEWBURY. Bronze knife-blade with two rivet-holes in the Ashmolean Museum [Arch.

Journ. 282].

BOURNE END. Hilt of bronze dagger dredged from the Thames.
BRADFIELD. Two palaeolithic implements (Reading Museum).
BRAY. Two neolithic celts of basalt and one of flint from the Thames (Canon Greenwell's

Coll.). Bronze sickle found in the Thames [Evans, Bronze Imp. 199].
BRIGHTWELL. Ancient British coin of Cunobelinus [Evans, Coins, 560].
BURGHFIELD. Neolithic flint implement, adze form (Reading Museum).
CHILDREY. Triangular chipped flint arrow-head ij inch long, and urn found in barrow

[Arch. lii. 63 ; Evans, Stone Imp. 391].
CHILTON, HAGBOURNE HILL. Important hoard of Bronze Age and Late Celtic objects [Arch.

xvi. 384-9].
CHOLSEY. River-drift implement [Evans, Stone Imp. 593]. Two bronze celts, now in Reading

Museum. Early Bronze Age drinking cup of pale brown ware, 6 in. high, with spreading

lip : ornamented with quadruple bands of impressed dots and one band of lattice pattern

on the neck, and short dotted horizontal lines on the body (British Museum, 1893).
CHURN. In barrows, urn, small vessels of pottery, arrow-head [Arch. Journ. v. 279].
COOKHAM. Late Celtic bronze dagger-sheath and spear-head. Twenty bronze spear-heads,

bronze sword, etc. [Mr. L. Treacher and Reading Museum]. Palaeolithic flint implements.

Two neolithic flint knives in Reading Museum.
COOKHAM DEAN. Neolithic flint knife. Iron spear-head.
COTHILL. See MARCHAM.

CROOKHAM. Two neolithic celts [Trans. Nezvbury Dist. Field Club, i. 205].
DRAYTON. A food vessel.

ENGLEFIELD. Palaeolithic implement. Neolithic flint chisel (Reading Museum).
FYFIELD. Bronze spear-head, 6J inches long [Evans, Bronze Imp. 322].
HAMPSTEAD NORRIS. Flint celt at Eling Farm. Bronze knife [Trans. Newbury Dist. Field

Club, iv. 184]. Uninscribed gold British coin in Reading Museum [Evans, Coins, 66].
HENLEY. Bronze sword (see p. 181). Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. (1882), 275.
LAMBOURN. Perforated axe-head, hammer-head of deer's horn, incense cup, small vessel,

bone pin, and a bronze knife [Arch. lii. 60]. Arrow-heads, scrapers, celt and dagger of

STONE AXE FROM LAMBOURN. f HAMMER-HEAD OF DEER'S HORN FROM LAMBOURN. f

flint, a bracer, a button, found in sepulchral barrows [Evans, Stone Imp. 186, 318, 349,
384, 399, 434, 455]. Three urns, two elaborately ornamented drinking cups, incense

194

EARLY MAN

cup, two bronze knives, iron pyrites, flint flakes, in British Museum. Numerous
urns found in one barrow.

LETCOMBE BASSETT. Barrows of the Bronze Age ; arrow-head of flint.

LETCOMBE REGIS. Ancient British coin of silver, uninscribed [Evans, Coins, 104].

MAIDENHEAD. River-drift implements, and neolithic stone pick JDvans, Stone Imp. 591, 174].
Rapier dagger-blade of bronze found in the Thames [Evans, Bronze Imp. 245]. Bronze
palstave and dagger dredged from the Thames. Bronze Age urn, now in the Reading
Museum. Uninscribed British gold coins [Evans, Coins, 65, 67].

MARHCAM. Bronze knife, or razor, found at Cothill in this parish [Evans, Bronze Imp. 215].

MORTIMER. Bronze spear-head and urn, also neolithic flint implement of unusual type, in
Reading Museum.

MOULSFORD. Bronze spear-head, in Reading Museum (barbed type).

NEWBURY. Palaeolithic and neolithic implements. Two bronze palstaves of early form, one
6f inches long [Evans, Bronze Imp. 77, 81]. Bronze tanged dagger of interesting form
\jfourn. Brit. Arch. Ass. xvi. 322. In Canon Greenwell's collection]. Slider or belt-
fastener of jet [Ibid., also Evans, Bronze, Imp. 308]. Two bronze axe-heads, now in
Newbury Museum. Coin of Cunobelinus [Evans, Coins, 304].

PADWORTH. Drinking cup of the Bronze Age, now in Reading Museum.

PAMBER FOREST. Palstave, neolithic celt (Reading Museum).^

PLTSEY. Ground neolithic celt, sJ inches long, with faceted edge, found at Cherbury Camp
[Evans, Stone Imp. in].

READING. Palaeolithic implements found at Grovelands, Redlands, Sonning Hill, Southern
Hill [Evans, Stone Imp. 591-2]. Various neolithic implements. Bronze sword, dagger,
two spear-heads, sickle, and flanged celt. Two food-vessels. Iron spear-head. Un-
inscribed bronze coin (all in Reading Museum). Palstave found in the Thames [British
Museum]. Bronze sword from the Thames
[Canon Greenwell's collection]. Socketed
bronze dagger from the Thames.

RUNNYMEDE (near). Looped spear-head i6J inches
long, without point \Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass.
(1860), 322].

RUSCOMBE. River-drift implements [Evans, Stone
Imp. 591]- Small urn of the Bronze Age, now
in Reading Museum. Uninscribed gold coins
[Evans, Coins, 65].

SHEFFORD, GREAT. Bronze Age sepulchral barrow
[Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Cl. i. 130-1]. An-
cient British uninscribed coin [Evans, Coins, 65,
67]. Six flint arrow-heads, incense cup, food- INCENSE CUP FROM GREAT SHEFFORD.
vessel, etc. (British Museum).

SPEEN. Bronze spear-head, 7 inches long ; spear-head, 9 inches long, with two holes at base
of leaf ; heavy spear-head barbed at base, loj inches long [Evans, Bronze Imp. 330, 333,
337, and Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. xvi. 322]. Bronze celt, and a canoe of doubtful date
found at Bagnor [Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 205].

STANCOMBE. See Lambourn.

STRATFIELD SAYE. Polished flint celt (Reading Museum).

STREATLEY. Two urns of the Bronze Age found in the Thames.

SULHAMSTEAD ABBOTS. Palaeolithic implement.

SUNNINGDALE. Barrows of the Bronze Age containing numerous urns (Reading Museum, etc.).

SUNNINGHILL. Perforated hammer of quartzite [Evans, Stone Imp. 229].

SUNNINGWELL. Bronze palstave [Evans, Bronze Imp. 80].

SUTTON COURTENAY. Neolithic arrow-heads of flint [Evans, Stone Imp. 389]. Bronze knife-
blade [Evans, Bronze Imp. 223].

TAPLOW. Bronze spear-heads and swords, and bronze spear-head of special type, in British
Museum.

THATCHAM. Roughly chipped neolithic celt found in peat [Evans, Stone Imp. 78]. Bronze
rapier-shaped blade found in the river Kennet near Thatcham [Evans, Bronze Imp. 247].
Polished flint-celt.

THEALE. Drinking cup of the Bronze Age with dotted ornamentation (Reading Museum).

TILEHURST. Bronze dagger dredged from the river Thames.

195

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

TWYFORD. Palaeolithic flint implements (Reading Museum and Mr. L. Treacher's col-
lection).

UFFINGTON. Prehistoric hill-side sculpture, known as the White Horse.

WALLINGFORD. Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 592]. Neolithic knife and arrow-
heads [Ibid. 343, 390]. Holed hammer-head of stone (Reading Museum). Various
Bronze Age antiquities, and a hoard of bronze objects [Evans, Bronze Imp. 87,
128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466]. Two bronze axes, also an urn, in Reading
Museum. Ancient British coins of Bodvoc, Antedrigus, Eppillus, Tasciovanus, and
one uninscribed coin of the Iceni [Evans, Coins, 487, 489, 521, 536, 587].

WALTHAM ST. LAWRENCE. Stone celt with hole (for suspension?) [Reading Museum].
Ancient British coin of tin found at Weycock [Evans, Coins, 125 ; Arch. Journ. vi.
120]. Uninscribed gold coin.

WANTAGE. Four bronze palstaves [Evans, Bronze Imp. 79]. Ancient British coins of Tascio-
vanus and Cunobelinus [Evans, Coins, 542, 569].

WEYCOCK. See WALTHAM ST. LAWRENCE.

WINDSOR. Bronze palstave, socketed celt, leaf-shaped sword, spear-head, and pointed ferrule
[Evans, Bronze Imp. 84, 113, 199, 282, 314, 340 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) v. 95]. Sickle
[Proc. Soc. of Ant. (ser. 2) v. 95]. Neolithic flint celt (Canon Greenwell's coll.). Holed
hammer-head [Reading Museum].

WITTENHAM, LITTLE. Bronze buckler [Arch, xxvii. 298].

WITTENHAM, LONG. Neolithic flint knife [Evans, Stone Imp. (1872), 302].

WOKINGHAM. Palaeolithic implement [Evans, Stone Imp. 592].

YATTENDON. Hoard of about fifty bronze objects consisting of fragments of swords, tanged
chisels, knives, etc. [Evans, Bronze Imp. 169, 403, 466]. Rapier-shaped blade of bronze
found in a barrow [Ibid. 242]. Bronze knife-dagger (Rowcroft) \Journ. Brit. Arch.
Ass. xvii. 334].

LOCALITY UNKNOWN. Late Celtic bronze button with two rings, like the example found at
Kingsholm, Gloucestershire [Arch. Cambr. (ser. 5) xiii. 330].

196

ROMAr

Hampstead- ,

-Marshall ^ ErTOorne

EMAINS

REFERENCE

A _ ^Villas and oLher Buildings

Miscellaneous finds

"^ Roman Roads

** _; Doubtful Roman Roads

SCALE OF MILES
I I 2 3 4 5

r" *

^ -^ .Fmchampstead

"^^"*" >-"* Sandhurst /
" x'

s.x

ROMANO-BRITISH
BERKSHIRE

IT must be stated at the outset of this article that the district now
known as Berkshire had no separate existence at the time of the
Roman occupation of Britain. It can only be stated with safety
that the Atrebates, a Belgic tribe, occupied a greater part,
possibly even the whole, of this district at the time of Caesar's invasion
of Britain, and the subjugation of the country by Claudius commenced
in A.D. 43. The chief town of the Atrebates, called Calleva, was
situated in the parish of Silchester just over the county boundary in
Hampshire and, while it flourished, strongly influenced much of the
country around. So far as the archaeological evidence is concerned the
Roman occupation of this district was, it would seem, quite peaceful, as
it was throughout all the Midlands. There is much which points to a
continuity of village life by the native British, who gradually became
Romanized. This is shown by the evidence of pottery and other objects
of the Celtic period found associated with those of the Romano-British,
indicating the adoption by the natives of Roman civilization. Such
evidence has been found at Theale where, as may be seen from the
exhibits at the Reading Museum, the ruder pottery of the British
period was associated with articles of the finer Roman ware. More
important discoveries in this respect were made at Long Wittenham
where a native British village composed of enclosures of mud or wattle
and daub walls, circular, rectangular or rhomboidal in shape, was
excavated.

Mr. Haverfield, who visited and described these excavations, gives
a list of other places in the Upper Thames Valley, including Appleford
and Radley, where the growth of the crops shows similar lines,
rectangles and circles to those explored at Long Wittenham. All these
seem to represent small hamlets and homesteads of an early date, the
circles being probably British settlements, whilst the rectangular en-
closures may belong to the second and third centuries of our era. The
inhabitants were probably engaged in pastoral and agricultural pursuits
and there are no traces of wealth or advanced civilization. The native
village discovered at Wickham Bushes in Easthampstead was of a like
type, but shows slightly greater prosperity and more Roman influence.
Probably similar settlements existed also at Compton, East Ilsley and
Maidenhead.

197

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

The inhabitants of the pile dwellings at Cookham were perhaps
some of the poorest of the land, but even they acquired something of
the civilization and customs of the conquerors.

Although there were no large towns of the Romano-British period
in the county (for there is no sufficient evidence to support the claims
that have been advanced on behalf of Wallingford and Speen), villas are
fairly numerous throughout the county. These villas were the proper-
ties of large landowners, sometimes Romans but more often probably
Romanized Britons, who lived at the houses and cultivated the lands
immediately around them by their slaves and let the rest to the half serf
coloni. The houses were of types suitable to this climate and only to be
found in Britain and Northern Gaul. The simpler, and generally the
smaller, of these was the corridor house, which consisted of a row of
rooms with a passage or corridor running along one side of them. The
other type was the courtyard house, consisting of three rows of like
rooms and passages running along three sides of a square, with an open
courtyard in the middle. Both types were seldom, if ever, carried
higher than the ground floor.

Excavations on the Berkshire sites have not been thorough enough,
in most cases, to decide which of these types was more usually adopted.
The only foundations in the county which have been sufficiently explored
to decide this point are those at Frilford, Letcombe Regis and
Hampstead Norris, which are all of the corridor type. Besides these
three, it is clear from the remains found at Basildon, Maidenhead,
Bucklebury, Hampstead Norris (Well House), Lambourn, Letcombe
Regis and Woolstone that Roman villas existed here although their
plans have not been ascertained. It would seem from the cemeteries
which have been found that there were villas also at Fawley, Pang-
bourne and Waltham St. Lawrence, though their sites have not been
discovered.

Taking the distribution of the population geographically, the
settlements range themselves into three groups. First come those along
the valleys of the Thames, the Kennet, the Ock and the Lambourn,
next the few settlements on the chalk downs running through the middle
of the county and lastly those along the Antonine highways and to the
north of Calleva, the Roman town at Silchester in Hampshire.

The first group, which is by far the most numerous and therefore
comprised the most populous districts, owed its origin to the waterway
of the Thames and its tributaries, and the fertility of the lands rising
from the Thames valley for the growth of corn. There are indications
of Roman occupation all along the south side of that valley from the
burial sites of Windsor and Pangbourne and the villa remains at
Maidenhead and Basildon to the native settlement at Long Wittenham
already referred to. It contains also a considerable number of sites, such
as Abingdon in the valley of the Thames and Boxford in the Lambourn
valley, whose claim to permanent occupation is less well substantiated,
besides many noted for miscellaneous finds of coins and pottery.

198

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

The second group lies in the high ground of central Berk-
shire, where the bulk of the population must have been engaged in
pastoral pursuits. Remains of Roman buildings have been found in
the parishes of Lambourn, East Ilsley and Compton and there was a
group of villas in the neighbourhood of Hampstead Norris. From the
evidence which the remains of these villas afford the graziers here were
persons of wealth. Other villa remains have been discovered at Wool-
stone and Letcombe Regis and there are besides a few instances of
miscellaneous finds. But the distinguishing feature of this district is its
numerous camps. These, which were probably for the most part con-
structed at a date before the Roman period, bear witness in the form of
pottery, coins and other remains, to occupation during this time,
whether as human dwellings or merely as cattle-shelters it is difficult
to determine. It is probable that the supply of wool for the numerous
dyeworks at Calleva in Silchester was drawn from the Berkshire Downs.

The third group, which provided for the needs of travellers and the
inhabitants of Silchester, is found in the neighbourhood of the two
Roman highroads which entered the county at its north-western and
south-western extremities and converged at Speen. Roman foundations
have been uncovered near Membury fort, where the parish of Lambourn
borders on Wiltshire, and finds of coins are recorded from one or two
spots near Ermine Street on its course from Baydonto Newbury. Remains
of more importance mark the line of the Antonine route from Pontes to
Calleva. Excavations, at Oakfield Park, about 3! miles from Silchester,
showed great quantities of coarse ware and calcined stone and seemed to
mark the site of a Roman pottery. Many other finds of pottery have
been made near the Roman highroad, and in some cases, as for example
the specimens from Rapley's Farm, described by Mr. Handasyd in
1783, the quality of the ware was good. Foundations, however, and
other indications of permanent occupation are not abundant here.

THE ROADS

Three of the routes of the ' Itinerarium Antonini ' pass through
Berkshire.

I. Route from Isca (Caerleon-on-Usk) by Durocornovium (Ciren-
cester) to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester). Durocornovium to Spins
(Speen), 15 miles; Spins to Calleva Atrebatum, 15 miles. The real
distance, however, from Cirencester to Speen, is not 1 5 but 34 miles.
The discrepancy may be explained by comparing the total distance
given in the Itinerary, 108 miles, with the sum of the separate distances
which amounts to only 90 miles. Apparently a station had dropped
out, and it has been suggested 1 that this was on Wanborough Plain,
1 5 miles from Speen, where there are Roman remains.

II. Route from Isca by Aquae Sulis (Bath) and Cunetio (Marl-
borough) to Calleva. Cunetio to Spins 1 5 miles, Spins to Calleva
15 miles.

1 Codrington, Roman Roads in Britain, 328.
199

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

III. Route from Regnum (Chichester) through Venta Belgarum
(Winchester), Calleva and Pontes (Staines) to Londinium. Calleva to
Pontes 22 miles, Pontes to Londinium 22 miles.

Besides these three, for which we have the evidence of the
Antonine Itinerary, there are several other roads, Icknield Street, Old
Street, and one or two more, for which a Roman origin has been
claimed.

We will first describe the course of the great military ways, with
their branches and continuations, and then discuss those for which we
have less certain authority.

I. The route from Cirencester to Silchester , sometimes called Ermine
Street, the most marked Roman road in the county, enters Berkshire
from Baydon, passes through the south of Lambourn parish, crossing the
turnpike road from Wantage to Hungerford between the twenty-fifth
and twenty-sixth milestones. Thence it continues in a straight course
to Wickham without passing through any village. From Wickham it
crosses Wickham Heath and falls into the modern high road from
Bath to London about a mile from Speen. 1 The Ordnance Maps
mark its site in the parishes of Lambourn, East Garston, the ShefFords,
and Welford. It coincides in parts with the present highway and is
traced elsewhere as running in a straight line at its side. Roman
remains have been found in its neighbourhood at Wyfield Farm, in the
parish of Boxford," and at Wickham. There are hardly any traces of
its course between Speen and Silchester. We have, however, the
evidence of the Itinerary to prove the existence of a Roman road here
and the distance which it gives, 15 Roman miles, agrees fairly with
the distance between their modern representatives. Sections of a road
supposed to be Roman have been found in digging the foundations of
some houses in Shaw Crescent, Newbury, 3 near Round Oak, Greenham,
and at Pigeon's Farm in the same parish.* It probably started from
the west gate at Silchester and went in the same direction as the present
county boundary by the ' Imp Stone ' which is marked in the Ordnance
Map as a ' Supposed Roman milestone,' B close to what is entered as
the ' Supposed Course of Roman Road from Silchester to Speen.'

II. The route from Marlborougb to Speen and Silchester by Froxfield
and Charnham Street to Hungerford, was surveyed between Hungerford
and Speen by the students of the Sandhurst Royal Military College in
1836 and reported on in the United Service Journal, September 1837.
They found portions of the substratum of a road consisting of close
pavement of large flints, near Hoe Benham and Elcot, and some few
traces of it elsewhere. Mr. Money, writing in 1892, says that part of a

1 Walter Money, Hist, of Speen, 4, 5 ; Bishop of Cloyne. Lysons, Magna Brit. i. pt. 2, 200, 204.

2 Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, i. 207.

3 Hist, of Newbury (1839), 157. W. Money, Hist, of Speen, 6.

This stone has lately been carefully examined and shows no evidence of having been a Roman
milestone. Its name however, IMP (NIMP) Stone, is old and may well have been taken from the
letters IMP or DNIMP with which a miliary inscription would naturally commence. Its shape also is
not unlike that of a fragment of a Roman milestone [F. Haverfield].

20O

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

Roman road was discovered at Wood-Speen some years previously, but
it was not traced beyond the buildings that were then being erected. 1
It seems however very doubtful if any of these fragments of roads had
any connexion with the road here referred to.

III. Route from Chicbester to London by Silchester and Staines. The
road from London commenced north of the Thames, crossed it probably
at Staines (Pontes) and ran almost due west, entering Berkshire near
Bagshot. Till the beginning of the last century some miles of cause-
way were visible on the heath between Bagshot and Finchampstead.
This was called ' The Devil's Highway,' a name which has since been
applied to the whole road between Staines and Silchester. The road
passes Rapley's Farm and Wickham Bushes where Roman remains were
discovered by Mr. Handasyd in 1783," whilst Caesar's Camp, which
though British in its origin was probably used during the Romano-
British period, 3 lies not half a mile to the north of it. On Easthamp-
stead Plain it can still be seen much in its original condition. It can
be traced again near Broadmoor and at Finchampstead where there are
remains of a rectangular camp.* West Court House is said to have
been built on it. Beyond the junction of the Blackwater and White-
water at Little Ford it is found making directly for Riseley village.
After crossing the Blackwater it enters Hampshire and runs in a straight
line to the east gate of Silchester.

Route from Silchester to Dorchester (Oxon). Very few traces of this
road have been found. It left Silchester by the north gate and can be
traced from the city for nearly a mile, apparently through its extramural
cemetery. The Sandhurst officers ! who surveyed the country between
Silchester and Hungerford with the especial purpose of discovering re-
mains of Icknield Street between Dorchester and Winchester, found
indications of a Roman road in Aldermaston Park and near Ufton
Church. They inferred that it ran northwards from Silchester through
Ufton, crossed the Kennet at Theale, and followed the present road to
Pangbourne.

Towards the close of the eighteenth century a short piece of a
Roman highway was supposed to have been discovered between the
river and the east corner of Bray churchyard." An old Roman
road, marked on the Ordnance Maps, can be traced from Braywick to
a tumulus at Cockmarsh in the parish of Cookham, 7 and may be an ex-
tension or branch of the road from Speen to Bray. There are indica-
tions of it at Wargrave on the line of its supposed course from Twyford
to Bray, in the form of a raised road with a fosse on either side. 8

Of other early roads in the county the Ridgway and Icknield Street
or Ickleton Way are probably of a date before the Roman occupation,

1 Hist, of Speen, p. 6. Arch. vii. 199-204.

3 Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Oct. 1901, 74.

4 Ibid. W. Lyon, Chron. of Finchampstead, 7.

United Service Journ. Sept. 1837, 7. Gent. Mag. 1795, pt. ii. 629-630.

7 Kerry, Hist, and Antiq. of Bray, 150.

8 Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1902, p. 120.

1 201 26

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

while the Portway is possibly of a later period. Many other roads
have been identified by various writers as Roman, but the present
evidence as to them must be considered insufficient to warrant this
attribution.

INDEX

ABINGDON. In June 1865, some workmen, digging the foundations of a house at the north
end of Fore Street, St. Helen's, laid bare some massive foundations, consisting largely
of herring-bone masonry. Mr. Akerman, who watched the excavations, sent an account
with sketches of the remains disclosed, to the Society of Antiquaries [Proc. Soc. Antiq.
(ser. 2), iii. 145, 202], but the place was unfortunately not thoroughly explored. Some
earthen vases of a very common description, possibly from the kilns at Sunningwell, a
second brass of Trajan, a denarius of Philip, a small brass of Constantine, and very many
animal bones were found. Earlier in the same year other Roman relics from this neighbour-
hood had been exhibited to the Archaeological Institute [Arch. Journ. xxii. 82, 162].
They were found at Barton farm on the estate of Sir George Bowyer, a mile from Abing-
don on the Oxford side, and consisted of Roman pottery, calcined bones and remains.
On several occasions human skeletons had been disinterred near this spot during
the process of digging for gravel. In a grave here opened by Professor Rolleston were
found the unburnt bones of a dog and a horse, whilst fragments of Romano-British pottery
occurred through the deposit. It may be noticed that a Romano-British urn and an
interment, which were dug up in the Old Abbey grounds at Abingdon, are exhibited in
the Reading Museum. The interment consists of a skull and an arm bone with a small
pot and patera of fine red ware, with dotted diamonds in white slip, found to the right
and left of the skull respectively.

A few other finds, from Abingdon or its neighbourhood, are recorded. In 1849 a
sketch of a bronze figure of the Gaulish Mercury which had been turned up by the plough
near the town was laid before the Archaeological Institute [Arch. Journ. ii. 209]. Mention
is made of perforated baked clay weights, from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, discovered in
a field near Abingdon and exhibited to the British Archaeological Association in 1848
[Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. iv. 404 ; xvi. 34], and the discovery of an unpublished silver
coin of Carausius, with R.S.R. in the exergue, found in the neighbourhood, was com-
municated to the Numismatic Society [Num. Chron. (new ser.) i. 161] in 1861. There
is also in the British Museum a bronze brooch of the early La Tene type from Abingdon.
In conclusion a passing reference may perhaps be permitted to the mediaeval legend
[Abingdon Chron. (Rolls ser.) i. 6, 7 ; ii. 278] telling of crosses and images belonging to
an early British Christianity dug up here in later days, for though it has no historical
value it is not without its interest as an old tradition connecting the town with the
Emperor Constantine and his mother.

ALDERMASTON. Cinerary urns found in Box Meadow, one of black earth, another of coarse
grey pottery, the others not described [Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. xvi. 324 ; Newbury Dili. Field
Club Trans, ii. 126].

APPLEFORD. Fragments of a light brown urn found beside two skeletons in Appleford fields
[Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. i. 309 ; xvi. 33]. Circles and square enclosures resembling those
at Long Wittenham but unexplored in a field south of the church [Berks Bucks and Oxon
Arch. Journ. July 1898, p. 44].

APPLETON. Grey Upchurch vase found below the bed of the Thames and now in the British
Museum.

ASHBURY. From Ashdown Park bronze bracelets and brooches somewhat of a British type,
now exhibited in the British Museum. An iron chain and a few much corroded coins
found about a mile from Wayland Smith's cave, in digging stones for the road [Journ.
Brit. Arch. Ass. iv. 404]. A Roman steelyard said to have been found with Roman coins
at Lambourn End near Ashbury about 1888 [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 204],
Coins of Domitian, Marcus Aurelius, Claudius II, Constantine the Great, Constans and
Valentinian I (A.D. 81-375), Samian and other pottery, mullers, horse-shoes, querns,
rings, spindle-whorls and fibulae from the neighbourhood [Ibid.].

ASTON TIRROLD or ASTON UPTHORPE. Third brass coins of the Tetrici (A.D. 267-74) an< ^
Claudius Gothicus (A.D. 268-70). Hedges (Hist, of Wallingford i. 143) gives these coins
as found ' near Aston.'

202

THUMB POT OF NEW FOREST
WARE, CONTAINING HOARD OF
COINS, FROM READING, IN THE
READING MUSEUM (}).

POTTERY FROM AEINCDON, IN THE
READING MUSEUM (f).

BRONZE FIGURE FROM WALLINCFORD, IN THE
READING MUSEUM (j).

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

ASTON UPTHORPE. Site of a Roman camp on Lowbury Hill [O.S. (25 in.) xxi. 12]. Traces
of the foundations of walls enclosing a rectangular space, 56 yards long by 43 yards wide,
are said to have been observed here before the middle of the last century, and a great
quantity of fragments of Roman pottery, bricks and tiles, many Roman coins and a
vast amount of oyster shells were found within or near this area [Gent. Mag. 1838, i. 47,
48 ; Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred, of Camp ton, 113 ; Arch. Journ. v. 279].

BASILDON. Early in 1839 some remains of a Roman villa {Arch, xxviii. 447, 448] were found
on the line of the Great Western Railway at Basildon, a village on the Thames, two miles
north of Pangbourne. The site was in a field called Church Field, lying between the
village and the church and only 200 yards from the high road to Streatley, Moulsford
and Wallingford [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 98-100]. Two tessellated pave-
ments were first uncovered at a depth of only 12 or 14 inches below the surface. Both
were destroyed by the workmen, not, however, before drawings had been made. One
of these drawings was afterwards lost, but the other was preserved, and a chromo-lithograph
of it appeared in Roach Smith's Collectanea Antiqua [i. 65] and shows a panel of mosaic
which is set in a wide border of plain red tesserae with a narrow inner band of red and
white triangles, and consists of a circle within two interlacing squares framed by an outer
square, the space thus enclosed being made octagonal by bands set across the angles.
The ground colour is white, and the bands forming the pattern are outlined in blue and
ornamented with a guilloche in red, blue and white. In the angles of the outer square
are red and white lotus flowers, and in the eight lozenge-shaped spaces enclosed between
the octagon and the two inner squares are fylfots in red alternating with interlaced rings.
The circle which forms the centre of the design has a red border with white rays surround-
ing a band on which is a key pattern in red, white and blue. Within the band are two
superimposed pentagons with concave sides outlined in blue, and containing a five-leaved
flower similarly outlined with a large red centre. The second pavement was a parallelo-
gram of red tesserae relieved by blue.

There were no other remains with these pavements, but at a distance of about 50
yards the workmen found one perfect skeleton and the remains of another, a sword by
the side of one of these, and a portion of a wall about 3 feet in length. Twenty of what
are described as pavements from 6 to 8 feet long and made of large flints were uncovered
at a depth of 18 inches and supposed by the workmen to be graves, though only a few
small pieces of bone were found with them. Fragments of red pottery and tiles were
turned up in great abundance, but apparently no coins except a large brass of Lucilla
(A.D. 147-183).

BEEDON. Old Street, supposed to be a Roman road, passes through this parish [Hewett, Hist,
and Antiq. of Hundred of Campion, 118]. Fragments of Samian and other ware, animal
bones and coins (undescribed) have been found here [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans.
ii. 93, 256].

BLEWBURY. A single fragment of pale burnt Roman ware found about 1848 in a British
barrow near Ilsley Downs [Arch. Journ. v. 279].

Roman buckles and a key from Blewbury Fields \Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. iii. 328].
' Roman Amphitheatre ' at Curknell Pit [O.S. (2Sin.) xxi. 7].

BOROUGH HILL CAMP. See Boxford.

BOXFORD. At Wyfield Farm some foundations of ' a very large villa ' are said to have been
discovered in 1871, a part of a bronze armilla, a spindle-whorl of Kimmeridge coal, the
bottom of a vessel of Durobrivian pottery and some flanged roofing-tiles were also found
[Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, i. 207].

Traces of an encampment on Borough Hill, a quarter of a mile from Wyfield Farm
[Ibid. ii. 61].

At Boxford Rectory fragments of Roman pottery and numerous coins [Cooper-King,
Hist, of Berks, 47].

BRADFIELD. Roman terra-cotta lamp picked up in 1884 in a ploughed field not far from
the workhouse. Some foundations pronounced ' too rough to be Roman ' were after-
wards discovered near the same spot. Dr. Haverfield, who exhibited the lamp to the
Society of Antiquaries, thought that the device between the central head and spout was
just possibly the Chi-Rho, and that the two finds might indicate the existence of a
Romano-British dwelling in the neighbourhood [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) xvi. 276].

BRAY AND MAIDENHEAD. As the modern town of Maidenhead was formerly in the parish of
Bray and is only a mile distant from the old village, it will be convenient to consider

203

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

together such traces of Roman occupation as have been found in both places. Chief of
these is the villa on Castle Hill to which attention was first drawn by the number of
flanged roof-tiles seen on the spot. Excavations were in consequence begun in October
1886 under the direction of Mr. Rutland, F.G.S., who communicated the results to the
Maidenhead and Taplow Field Club in a paper read in October 1891 [Maidenhead
and la-plow Field, Club, etc. Rep. (1890-1) 50-2].

Fragments of Romano-British pottery were first discovered. A furnace surrounded
by walls, 2\ feet deep, if feet wide and 10 feet long, of the usual Roman brick, was laid
bare, and masses of foundations of flints and chalk stones, embedded in a very hard mortar,
composed of chalk lime, sand, and pounded brick. On each side of the furnace, which
was not paved or plastered, was a row of rough conglomerate gravel boulders. Near
its mouth two coins of Tetricus, the elder and the younger (A.D. 267-273) and two pieces
of Samian ware were found. There was a bronze pin in the ashes near it and much ordinary
pottery, black, brown, grey and stone-coloured. Other foundations were found in this
part of the building, one of which was probably the foundation layer of concrete for
floors of tesserae. As the work proceeded a hypocaust with its pilae was discovered, and a
kitchen midden. There were more fragments of Samian, animal bones, pieces of about
sixty common vessels, square flue-tiles, roofing tiles used as bonding-tiles, and bits of wall
plaster with traces of mural decoration. Twenty-seven pilae were found in situ and supported
the square tiles on which was laid the thick bed of concrete forming the foundation for
the tessellated floor above. Perhaps the most interesting discovery was that of the bath
with a lead pipe for emptying it. Its floor was of concrete and brick, and finished on the
inside with fine tesserae. Unfortunately the plough had obliterated all traces of floors and
doorways in the other rooms and the north-west angle of the building had been destroyed
by excavations for gravel. It was supposed that the villa, which must have been of con-
siderable size, had been explored before, as some of the pilae of the hypocaust and a large
portion of the outer wall had been removed.

A Roman quern was picked up on the site, and opposite the villa a coin of Constantine,
a bead of Kimmeridge clay, two nails and an iron loop were found.

In ' Maidenhead Thicket,' two miles west of the town, are some pits and a circular
entrenchment supposed to be British. Not far off, on the opposite side of the so-called
' Thicket ' there are two other earthworks, both quadrangular, one of which, called
' Robin Hood's Arbour,' is 235 feet square with an entrance in the north side. It is supposed
that both of these are Roman [Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Oct. 1901, p. 95].

Roman coins and fragments of armour and weapons are said to have been ploughed up
at different times before the close of the eighteenth century, in the Easthay, a common
field to the east of Bray [Gent. Mag. 1795, ii. 629, 630]. About the same time, too, a
short piece of a Roman highway is also said to have been discovered between the river
and the east corner of the churchyard [Ibid]. There are also said to be traces of a Roman
road from Braywick to the tumulus at Cockmarsh in the parish of Cookham [Kerry,
Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred of Bray, 150-3], and a few Roman coins, two of Antonine,
have been found on its site. A broad ridge, 300 yards in length, to the south of Bray-
wick, was supposed to show the line of this road in the opposite direction, a belief sup-
ported by the discovery close by of a fine Roman urn containing charred bones and
ashes.

Numerous Roman coins, ranging from Vespasian to Arcadius (A.D. 70-408), have
been found in Arbour Field and Down Place, Bray [Ibid.]. In 1837 two urns of rude
workmanship were found about a mile east of Maidenhead Bridge on the Great Western
Railway [Numismatic Journ. ii. 194]. They contained from four to five hundred coins
of Roman emperors and empresses from Othotothe Antonines (A.D. 69-180). Camden
and some other early antiquaries identified Bray with the Bibracte of the wholly untrust-
worthy Richard of Cirencester. It may be noticed, however, in connexion with this
question that the only Bibracte of which we have any certain knowledge was a town in
Gaul which is described by Caesar. No mention of a Bibracte in Britain occurs in the
Roman general's account of his invasion, and the solitary reference in Richard of Ciren-
cester is our only authority for the existence of this place.

BRIGHTWELL. Samian and other Roman pottery found in a gravel pit about 500 yards north
of Lower Hill Farm [Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. July 1898, p. 44]. Small brass
coins from Tetricus to Allectus (A.D. 267-94) turned up in the garden of Slade End Farm
[Ibid.]. A denarius of Geta (A.D. 209-12) from the village [Quart. Journ. Berks Arch.

204

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

Soc. ii. 72]. Coin of Magnentius (A.D. 350-3), with the Christian monogram on the
reverse, from the hamlet of Mackney {Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1901].

BRIMPTON. According to Godwin a hypocaust has been found here [Engl. Arch. Handbook,
59]. It is said that hypocaust tiles and Roman bricks are built into the church [Cooper-
King, Hist, of Berks, 45].

BUCKLAND. Romano-British bronze armlet, 4 inches in diameter, with its ends coiled round
to form an elastic bracelet, found in the Thames [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) v. 474] and now
in British Museum.

BUCKLEBURY. In 1860 some remains, supposed to be those of a Roman villa but only very
imperfectly investigated, were discovered at Marlston in this parish, on the same estate
as the Well House villa in the neighbouring parish of Hampstead Norris. They seem
to have consisted of pottery, flue, pavement, and roofing-tiles, tesserae, and animal bones
[Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. xvi. 290, 291]. A bronze object, some Castor ware and glass
from this site are exhibited in the Reading Museum.

BUSSOCK CAMP. Supposed Roman camp on a plateau at the extreme end of Snelsmore com-
mon [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 14]. It was described in 1872 as being nearly
square and of large area with ramparts on the north-east and south-west boldly defined,
and 12 to 20 feet high, those on the south being 5 feet high.

CHADDLEWORTH. An earthen vase with 100 coins discovered in a bye-road about 2 miles
north of the ' Upper Baydon Road ' and 3 south of the ' Old Street.' Among the
latter were some silver coins of Constantius, Valens, Valentinian and Gratian (A.D.
350-83) [Arch. Journ. vii. 87].

There is a reference in the Gentleman's Magazine of November 1827 [ii. 448] to some
Roman pavement taken up on Poughley Farm which stands on the ground of the old
monastery, but later writers who describe an old stone coffin lid found at the same time
do not mention this discovery [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 58, 237].

CHARLTON DOWNS. See Wantage.

CHILTON. A prehistoric hoard, found on Hagbourne Hill in 1803 contained, besides various
articles of bronze and iron, a large number of coins. None of these were identified, but
it was thought that a gold specimen amongst them might have belonged to the Lower
Empire [Arch. xvi. 348 ; Guide to Antiq. of Early Iron Age, B.M. 102, 103]. In the maps
of the Ordnance Survey a ' Roman burial ground ' is marked on this hill [O.S. (25 in.)
xv. 14].

CHINHAM FARM. See Stanford in the Vale.

CHOLSEY. Third brass coins of Victorinus, Tetricus and Claudius Gothicus (A.D. 265-74)
have been found [Hedges, Hist, of Wallingford, i. 142, 143].

COMPTON. North of this village there is a large tract of low arable land called ' The Slad,'
which is held by popular tradition to be the site of an ancient town. The existence
of some small settlement here in Romano-British times certainly seems probable. Bricks,
tiles, fragments of pottery, a square floor of chalk, a quern, tesserae and other Roman
remains are said to have been found [Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred of Compton,
68-72]. It is, however, best known for the vast quantity of coins found from time to
time in the course of ploughing, ditching and draining, and called by the villagers ' Slad
farthings.' The majority of these seem to have been copper and small, but ' large brass '
and silver coins are also mentioned. One writer says that almost all the emperors are
represented amongst them [Hist, of Newbury (1839), 223] ; another gives only those of the
third and fourth centuries [Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred of Compton, 68-72]. Sir
Richard Colt Hoare, who visited ' The Slad ' before 1810 was told by the owner that
several rubbish pits or ' wells ' (as he called them) had fallen in at different times in this
field [Hist, of Wilts, ii. 52].

In the same parish but south of the village, on a hill known as the Cow Down, is a
circular encampment called Perborough Castle, which though probably British in origin
[Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred of Compton, 68-72 ; Newbury Dist. Field Club
Trans, i. 128], was occupied during the Romano-British period, as fragments of Roman
pottery have been found here and a quantity of Roman coins and oyster shells. In one
earthenware jar there were as many as 500 copper coins.

COOKHAM. Two vases, one of grey ware, found in the Thames [Arch. Journ. xviii. 76], now
in the British Museum. Two fragments of Romano-British pottery found in pile dwell-
ings at the lock [Antiquary, xxvii. 137].

CRANHILL FARM. See 'Letcombe Regis.'

205

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

DONNINGTON. See ' Shaw cum Donnington.'

DRAYTON. Pale brown urn found in Drayton Field near a skeleton [Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ.
i. 310; xvi. 33].

BALING. See 'Hampstead Norris.'

EARLEY. Marble urn with Roman inscription found in use as a flower-pot. Its origin un-
known. In Reading Museum \Desc. Cat. Reading Mus. pt. i. p. 51].

EAST GARSTON. Romano-British cinerary urn (PUpchurch ware) containing calcined bones,
first brass of Albinus (A.D. 192-197), coin of Claudius II (A.D. 268-270), two iron arrow-
heads and two Roman buckles [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 184, 204].

EASTHAMPSTEAD. The great military road of the Antonine Itinerary which ran from Clausen-
turn to Londinium, and of which the remains are still visible in this parish, lies about
I mile to the south of the entrenchment popularly known as Caesar's Camp. The
Ordnance Map (xlvii. 5) marks it as Romano-British, and although it would seem to be
British in origin, it was probably occupied during the Romano-British period [Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Oct. 1901]. A plan of it as it existed in 1818, ac-
companied by a full description, was laid before the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. Narrien
of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst [Arch. xix. 96-98]. The Sandhurst students
who surveyed the Imperial Way in 1836 described it as resembling an oak leaf in shape and
fortified at the neck by a double parapet and ditch [United Service Journal, Sept.
1837]. Stukeley mentions that there had been a well in the camp and both Roman and
British coins were found there [I tin. Curiosum (ed. 2), 177].

Other traces of Roman occupation have been found at a spot known as Wkkham
Bushes, not half a mile south of Caesar's Camp, and at a farm called ' Rapley's Farm '
or ' The Roundabout," a few miles to the south-east. Both were explored by Mr.
Handasyd in 1783 [Arch. vii. 199, 204]. Gough mentions this earthwork and its outlines
can still be faintly traced [G. A. Kempthorne, The Devil's Highway, 6]. The farm itself
once formed part of the heath but was enclosed early in the seventeenth century. In
one corner of the farm Mr. Handasyd saw a small piece of ground enclosed by a vallum
and deep fosse which the owner assured him had been ' deep enough to take in a road
waggon, tilt and all ! ' Some years after this fosse had been filled in, the remains of a
large number of earthenware vessels were ploughed up on the spot. Mr. Handasyd col-
lected many of the fragments, some of which were of Samian ware, and sent drawings of
the most remarkable to the Society of Antiquaries.

No excavations seem to have been attempted on ' The Roundabout,' but at Wick-
ham Bushes Mr. Handasyd and a labourer opened the ground in various parts. At that
time the land was covered by a large number of thorn bushes from which it took its name.
It seems also to have been known as ' The Town ' \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xlix. 173].
A very large quantity of pottery, bricks and tiles was found and a coarse brick floor
laid on layers of flints and sand, but the lateness of the season made more complete
excavations impossible and nothing more seems to have been attempted for very many
years.

About 1878 the Natural Science Society of Wellington College obtained leave to
dig at Wickham Bushes. Mr. Kempthorne in referring to their finds describes a village
settlement and suggests that the inhabitants belonged to the poorer classes living for the
most part in wattled sheds [Kempthorne, The Devil's Highway, 8]. That there were also
timber-built dwellings is shown by the great number of nails found with occasional frag-
ments of burnt wood. These better houses were roofed with tiles and at least one floor
was paved with small squares of red brick. Iron binding, bolts and hinges show that the
doors were solid, and more than one Roman key has been found. The coins discovered are
from A.D. 1 17-383. We are told of various personal ornaments, a buckle, a safety pin brooch,
a bangle, a snake-shaped ring, and a small cameo representing Hermes, with a cornucopia
in one hand, and sheaves of corn in another. There were also household utensils of black
Upchurch ware, amphorae, ampullae, fragments of mortaria, handmills, some Samian
ware and fragments of glass.

ENBORNE. Romano-British pottery is said to have been found in this parish [W. Money,
Early Hist, of the Parish of Enborne, i].

FAWLEY. Four human skeletons in separate graves were found on the crest of the hill between
North and South Fawley. With two of the interments were ' food-vessels ' an ampulla
and a poculum, both probably from the kilns of the New Forest. Some flat-headed studs,
supposed to be caliga nails, and portions of leather were found near the feet of two of

206

POTTERY FROM SOUTH FAWLEY, IN THE READING MUSEUM (j)

POTTERY WITH DOTTED DIAMOND; IN WHITE SLIP FROM
ABINGDON, IN THE READING MUSEUM (J).

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

the skeletons. The two vessels are preserved in the Reading Museum [Proc. Soc. Antiq.
(ser. 2), ix. 356 ; Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 187 ; Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch.
Journ. April 1896, p. 22 ; Desc. Cat. Reading Mus. pt. I, 49].

FINCHAMPSTEAD. Roman milestone said to have been discovered in 1841 in a field called ' Six
Acres ' on Webb's Farm [W. Lyon, Chronicles of Finchampstead, 5-7 ; Kempthorne, The
Devil's Highway, 12]. Traces of a camp on the hill on which the church stands. In
another field a quantity of Roman bricks and pottery [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. i) iv. 283].
The Reading Museum exhibits a Roman colander and vase from this parish.

FRILFORD. This is a hamlet of Marcham, a village 3 miles west of Abingdon. Roman remains
had already been discovered here when, in 1884, Mr. Aldworth, a large landowner in the
district, who had for some years been struck by the quantity of tiles and potsherds on
the surface of a field bordering the road from Frilford to Kingston Bagpuize, requested
Dr. A. J. Evans and Professor Moseley to examine the ground. Excavations were begun
with the result that the whole ground plan of a small house of the corridor type and an
adjacent building or bathhouse were laid bare [Arch. Journ. liv. 340-354]. The foundations

GROUND PLAN OF ROMAN BUILDINGS
EXCAVATED AT FRILFORD (BERKS).

T : ...r

of the first formed a small parallelogram, 69! feet by 40 feet, with a projecting hypocaust
chamber in the south-east corner. There were twelve rooms varying in size the largest
(N) 29 feet by 9 feet, the smallest (K) 6J feet by 9 feet the walls were 2 feet thick and of
rubble masonry. Most of the rooms were paved with concrete. In the hypocaust
chamber (O) were found traces of a tessellated pavement, unfortunately broken up by
the plough, which consisted of small cubes of white stone and terra-cotta. Most of the
mural painting, too, was discovered here and showed a considerable variety of colours.
The pilae of the hypocaust were not, as is usually the case, of tiles, but of roughly-split
slabs of the oolite of the country. The rooms E, F, G, probably had windows looking
into the covered corridor A.

The foundations of the second building were found at a distance of 88 feet from
the north-east corner of this house. Only two chambers (P, Q) could be traced, one
of which (P) seems to have been a hot-water reservoir ; the floor and walls were coated
with brickdust cement over an inch in thickness. On moving the floor a rounded cavity
like a well was discovered on its eastern side about 4^ feet deep and formed of large oolite

207

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

fragments, showing the action of fire. This was evidently for a furnace to heat the water
in the chamber above, access being obtained probably from a praefurnium now destroyed
to the east of the hot-water chamber. The other chamber (Q) was probably the actual
bathing chamber, since from its south-west angle a drain composed of pipe tiles and
flat stones carried off the waste water to a pond 80 feet distant. Near this pond was a
fragment of a small stone column.

A good deal of Samian pottery was found, some of the New Forest ware of the kind
in which wavy or arborescent designs in white are laid on a dark ground and a few frag-
ments of Castor ware, probably not from the ancient Durobrivae, but from the Roman
kiln near Oxford. A Roman potter's punch, in Dr. Evans' possession, said to have been
found near the ' Noah's Ark ' at Frilford, points to the existence of a Roman pottery
in the more immediate vicinity, but at the time when his article was written no pottery
stamped by it had been found. Amongst a great abundance of the commoner sort of
pottery was a vase of the kind usually described as a baby's feeding bottle but which may
perhaps have corresponded to the ancient guttus, a vessel which was used for libations in
sacrifice, and also for any liquid which had to be dropped rather than poured.

Other relics were three fragments of glass, one of a cinerary urn, another possibly
of a window, and the third of a bowl, some nails and five coins. These were a first brass
of Trajan, two third brasses of Constantine the Great, one of which was struck at Lyons,
a third brass of Constans struck at Treves, a third brass of Valens struck at Aries.

About a mile to the east of these foundations, at Frilford Field, midway between
Frilford and Garford, some interesting excavations had previously been made. The
spot was formerly known as Frilford Heath and had only been brought under cultivation
about twenty years before the attention of antiquaries was drawn to it through the dis-
covery, in 1865, of a few Anglo-Saxon remains, by labourers quarrying stones there.
These were submitted to Mr. J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A., with the result that in the following
year he obtained permission to explore the site \Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) iii. 136-139].

Trenches were opened and thirty-eight graves excavated, most of which, in Mr.
Akerman's opinion, contained Anglo-Saxon remains. Two leaden coffins, however, bore
witness to the use of this burial ground by a different race. In one, which the second
entirely resembled in every other respect, was found a small brass coin of Constantine
the Great, which, from a spot of eerugo on the jaw of the skeleton, had evidently been
placed in the corpse's mouth as its viaticum. This led Mr. Akerman to infer that these
two interments were Roman or Romano-British, a conclusion supported by the fact
that several small brass coins of the Lower Empire were found during the process of
excavation and that the ground was strewed with fragments of Romano-British Pottery.

Later excavations, carried on in 1867 and 1868 under Professor Rolleston's directions
[Arch. xlii. 417-485 ; xlv. 405-410], showed that the Frilford cemetery had been ex-
tensively used by a Romano-British population at a period anterior to the Anglo-Saxon
conquest, and that in some cases Anglo-Saxon burial urns, in others Anglo-Saxon corpses,
verifiable by their insignia, had been buried in the graves in which Romano-British
skeletons already lay. Two more leaden coffins were exhumed, both containing skeletons
of men whom Professor Rolleston judged to have been soldiers of the upper class. With
one five coins were found, one of Constantine the Younger, another of Valens, a third of
Gratian. Large nails and traces of woody fibre showed that each leaden coffin had been
surrounded by one of wood. The depth at which they were found, 5 feet from the
surface, and their comparative costliness led to the inference that their tenants had been
persons of some wealth and consideration. More than fifty other Romano-British inter-
ments, without leaden coffins, but with traces of wooden ones, were discovered. Besides
skeletons they contained some animal remains, charcoal, oyster-shells, nails, fragments of
Roman pottery and a few coins. Subsequent excavations brought to light another
leaden coffin and two more Romano-British skeletons lying beneath Anglo-Saxon skele-
tons. From time to time other graves were discovered and examined by Professor
Rolleston, and after his death by Professor Moseley. In three instances Professor Moseley
found a coin in the skeleton's mouth, one of Valentinian I, another probably of Valens,
and the third a barbarous imitation of a coin of Constantine the Great.

Whilst the excavations were being carried on, Professor Rolleston had opened two
pits which proved to be Roman rubbish pits, no doubt in the quarry whence material
for the neighbouring villa already referred to had been dug. The remains found con-
sisted of fragments of pottery, bones of domestic animals, knives and coins.

208

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

It will be noticed that most of the coins found with the foundations and the graves
belong to the fourth century of our era. The curious fact pointed out by Professor
Rolleston, that by far the larger number of Romano-British skeletons were male, and
more than half of these those of men in advanced life, helps to corroborate the theory
that this little hamlet was the home of a Romano-British population in a time of com-
parative peace and prosperity, such as for the most part prevailed in inland Britain during
the closing years of Roman rule.

Local tradition tells of an ancient path through a field bordering that in which the
Roman foundations were excavated, and one from Fyfield which still exists runs in a
straight line almost directly towards the villa. The road line from Bessels Leigh through
Frilford to Wantage is certainly Roman, and the modern road from Faringdon through
Kingston Bagpuize to Frilford may represent another ancient approach to the Romano-
British settlement there.

FRILSHAM. In a footnote Dr. Stukeley mentions a Roman altar dedicated to Jupiter, dug
up in 1730 on the site of a Roman villa in the earl of Abingdon's grounds [Itin. Cur. (ed. 2)
63]. Later writers who refer to this altar appear to have no authority beyond this passage
\Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass. xxxvi. 28 ; Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 183 ; Godwin,
Engl. Arch. Handbook, 43].

GREENHAM. Fragments of glass and of Samian and Upchurch ware [Cooper-King, Hist,
of Berks, 46 ; Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 256] ; coins of Probus (A.D. 276-282)
and Diocletian (A.D. 284-305) [Kelly's Directory Berks, 76].

GRIMSBURY CASTLE. See 'Hampstead Norris.'

HAGBOURNE HILL. See 'Chilton.'

HAMPSTEAD MARSHALL. Three Romano-British vessels, one described as small, plain, of
grey ware and globular in form, were found in the Park, between 1864 and 1869 [Newbury
Dist. Field Club Trans, iii. 105].

The Ordnance Map (25 in. xlii. 3) marks a site in this parish where Roman vessels
were found in 1856.

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS. This is a large parish north-east of Newbury, including the hamlets of
Well House and Baling, in both of which remains of Roman villas have been found.
The first discovery was made some time between 1820 and 1830 in a field on Well House
farm lying on the south side of a knoll in the valley below the high grounds of Cold Ash
[Hist, and Antiq. of Newbury and its Environs, 218-222]. There was an elevated spot
in the middle of this field where the plough was always prevented by loose stones from
going its usual depth, and in consequence the owner had a small part explored. Some
tessellated floors, two skeletons, and two or three Roman coins were discovered and then
the excavations were discontinued. It is said too that tiles, bricks and coins were often
turned up by the plough on Awbury Hill and in a field 'near Bantywick' in this neighbour-
hood. No further excavations were made, however, till 1861, when the discovery
of some important foundations at Marlston on a farm belonging to the same estate as
the Well House villa seems to have led to the re-excavation of the latter \Journ. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. xvii. 336 ; xix. 60-63]. The result showed that there must have been a large
mass of buildings, for the walls enclosed a considerable area. On the north was a wall
of flint and rubble, 1 08 feet long and 3 feet thick, at the western end of which the work-
men found the floor of a room 12 feet square with a perfect pavement of common red
tesserae. A passage seems to have led hence to some steps which descended into a cir-
cular chamber containing many fragments of pottery, animal remains and a flat stone
of grit imbedded in mortar and resting on a layer of fine white clay. There were frag-
ments of the horns of the bos longifrons and of the red deer, with bones of wolves, dogs and
foxes and quantities of oyster and snail shells.

Amongst the many fragments of pottery, some of which were Samian, was an almost
perfect vessel of Durobrivian ware, of bluish-black hue and decorated with white scrolls
and pellets in relief, and with it a bronze armilla. There were two bronze fibulae half-
melted, pieces of many large urns and amphorae, lumps of melted glass, tesserae, tiles and
nails of various sizes . Only two Roman coins were found one a third brass of Tetricus
the Elder (A.D. 267-274). The broken ware, the molten glass and the original position
of the two skeletons a couple of feet below the surface with their faces downwards led
Dr. Palmer, who reported on the excavations, to conclude that the villa had been sacked
and burnt, and that the inmates had perished in its defence. Unfortunately the excava-
tions were not carried out completely and no plans have been left.
I 209 27

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Another villa, evidently of the corridor type, was uncovered in 1863 on Mr. George
Palmer's estate at Ealing about a mile and a half from Well House and was, like the former,
only partially explored \jfourn. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xix. 148 ; xxxvi. 27 ; Newbury Dist.
Field Club Trans, ix. 183, 184]. The walls remaining occupied an area of about 75 feet
by 45 feet. A hypocaust was discovered, and also the remains, much mutilated by the
steam plough, of the border of a mosaic pavement, which showed that its pattern was
an ordinary guilloche in which red, white and blue were the prevailing colours, with
an outer border of plain red tesserae. Roofing, paving and flue tiles were found in great
abundance together with fragments of dark red wall plaster, pottery, animal bones, oyster
and snail shells.

At a distance of about 150 yards another Roman dwelling of an inferior description
was discovered \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xxxvi. 28]. It occupied three sides of a square,
and was 80 feet long and 30 feet wide, with an opening on its south side which probably
formed the entrance. There was no tessellated pavement, and the fragments of pottery
found were chiefly of domestic vessels. Various iron articles, such as nails and hinges,
were discovered and a third brass of Constantine. A third discovery was made on this
site in 1879, by some workmen who were excavating for field drainage and came upon
an arched vault, the inside measurements of which are given as 8 feet in length, 2 feet
in width and 2 feet in height. The sides of this structure, which was undoubtedly a
Romano-British tomb, were of rough flints with bonding courses of brick, and it was
arched over with flanged roof tiles. On the floor, which was formed by a layer of clay over
a natural gravel bed, were the remains of a small funeral pile consisting of wood ashes,
a few animal bones and two or three nails. Part of a small cinerary urn of Upchurch
ware and a first brass of Commodus (A.D. 180-192) were also found \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc.
xxxvi. 27].

There are a few relics from the Ealing villa in the Reading Museum, namely a small
vase of Durobrivian ware, two broken lachrymatories, one glass, the other terra-cotta, and
four small bronzes, one of which represents a dog [Descriptive Cat. Reading Mus. pt. i. 46].
At Grimsbury Castle is a circular camp, probably of British origin, which stands on
high ground near Cold Ash Common, now almost entirely covered by a thick fir planta-
tion. The Ordnance Map (25 in. scale, Sheet xxxv. 3) marks a spot in the wood where a
Roman spear was found, and several spear-heads supposed to be Roman are said to have been
discovered in the gravel round the entrenchment [Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xvi. 229, 230].
Including the Marlston villa in the neighbouring parish of Bucklebury we have
within the area of a few miles four Roman dwellings, three of them probably villas of
considerable size, and one tomb.

The very small number of coins found on the three sites makes it almost impossible
to form any theory as to the date at which the villas flourished.

Many Roman coins, however, are said to have been found in the neighbourhood of
Hampstead Norris Manor House, and are preserved in Mr. Lousley's museum [Newbury
Dist. Field Club Trans, i. 128].

HENDRED, EAST. Reynolds gives this village in his list of towns where Roman Antiquities
have been found [Iter Britanniarum, 444], mentioning a Roman road and Roman coins.
His authority seems to be the Rev. G. Woodward, who wrote in 1759 that there was
a road to Wantage here called the Portway and in connexion with it described the find
of coins at Letcombe Regis [Bibl. Topog. Brit. iv. 29].

HUNGERFORD. A Roman ring of gold set with a rough sapphire found in 1741 [Soc. Antiq.
MSS. Minutes, iv. 109].

ILSLEY, EAST. In March i86i,some labourers digging chalk on Stanmore Farm, East Ilsley,
found fragments of pottery and a piece of wall 7 feet in length, built of large flint stones.
At the south end of this wall were discovered wood ashes and among them a fragment
of bronze, the pin of a fibula, small bits of iron, some short nails and a vessel with an
open-work design on it, which was unfortunately broken. A level floor of beaten chalk
could be distinctly traced, and on it were found an iron arrow-head and a great quantity
of tiles. The excavations were not pursued further. It was noticed that the crops
had always been more luxuriant on this spot and the colours of the soil different from
those around it. A deep well, apparently of Roman construction, was close by, and in
an adjoining copse there were said to be the remains of the walls of circular buildings
\Journ. Brit. Arch, Assoc. xviii. 290, 291].

ILSLEY WEST. Roman coins ploughed up in the fields, and hundreds of iron nails found with

210

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

some skeletons exhumed on a hill near Parson's Copse. A deep pond paved with an-
cient brickwork near the ' Old Street ' [Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred, of
Compton, 36].

LAMBOURN. In an arable field on Stancombe Down, situated about z miles north
of the town of Lambourn and 4^ south-west of Wantage, foundations of a building,
probably a Romano-British villa, were uncovered in 1887, during the course of
excavations to obtain flints [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) xi. 410-411]. The walls were
about 3 feet wide 'in strong mortar.' Unfortunately most of the materials had been
carried away before Mr. W. Money, who reported the discovery to the Society of Anti-
quaries, visited the spot, so the extent of the buildings could not be ascertained. Roofing-
tiles, tesserae and fragments of pottery were scattered about. Mr. Money was informed
that almost the whole area within the walls was covered by a stratum of wood ashes with
pieces of pottery and coins, but of these last he saw only a third brass of Constantine.
There were also portions of stencilled wall plaster, and a perfect Roman mortarium orna-
mented with a series of triangular lines was found on the same spot [Newbury Dist.
Field Club Trans, iv. 190].

What was probably the cemetery attached to this villa was found about sixteen
years earlier, when some labourers digging for chalk on the open down east of and close
to the cross country road to Wantage came upon part of a human skeleton. Further
excavations made in consequence of this discovery disclosed ten graves parallel to each
other and at a distance of about 2 feet apart, in which were twelve male skeletons
and a separate skull. It is stated that many iron studs of caligce were found at
the feet of one whose decapitated head was placed between his knees. Four small
pieces of pottery were found and later on fragments of iron weapons and some coins,
but it is not said whether all or any of these were Roman [Newbury Dist. Field Club
Trans, i. 207].

In Lambourn and its precincts coins have been found from Vespasian to Magnentius
(A.D. 69-350) and a circular fibula [Nezvbury Dist. Field Club Trans, iv. 204].

Large quantities of dressed flints set in cement, the remains, it is supposed, of Roman
buildings, have been found in Cheneys or Cheynes meadow, which lies in this parish about
half a mile north-east of Membury Fort on the Wiltshire border and on the line of the
Baydon road [Daily Express, 17 June, 1901].

LETCOMBE REGIS. In October 1876 it came to the knowledge of Mr. Davey, F.G.S., that
fragments of ancient pottery and the foundations of a considerable building had been
discovered in a field on Cranhill farm in this parish [Arch. Journ. xxxiii. 381-392], The
building was of the corridor type, 80 feet 8 inches from north to south and 36 feet 4
inches from east to west. It was divided into five rooms
of varying size. In the southernmost was the hypocaust,
the pibe of which varied from 8 inches square to 15 by 12
inches. All the walls were 3 feet thick but their depth
varied. Many flanged flue tiles scored in the usual man-
ner, pieces of wall plaster coloured a dull red, and numer-
ous fragments of pottery, chiefly of common ware although
a few were of Samian, were found, but not a single whole
vessel. There were also iron nails, clamps and bolts, three
fragments of a thick bluish iridescent glass, the usual animal
remains, some snail and a great quantity of oyster shells.
Only five coins were picked up at this time though many
had previously been found on the site. They were a fine
first brass of Trajan (A.D. 98-117), a Julia Domna (A.D.
175-217), an Allectus (A.D. 293-296), and two of Constan-
tine (A.D. 306-337).

An earlier discovery in this parish had been made in
1750. It was described by the rector of East Hendred as
consisting of a number of small coins, a few gold but
mostly silver, found within three or four brass vessels ' one

i v rui tar.

' < J

|
V

HYPOCAU51

i n n n n n r

CRANHILL VILLA, LETCOMBE
REGIS.

within the other in the shape of a hat ' and ' full of holes like a cullendar ' [Bibl. Topog.
Brit. iv. 29, 30].

Another local clergyman who had seen some of these coins reported that they were
' of modern date struck but a little before the Romans left this island ' [Ibid. iv. 57].

211

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

MARLSTON. See Bucklebury.

MILTON. A large circular fibula found in Milton North Field on the breast of a skeleton
is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum. It seems to be uncertain whether it is Romano-
British or Saxon [Arch. Journ. iv. 252, 253].

MOULSFORD. Third brass and billon coins of Valerianus (A.D. 254-263) [Hedges, Hist, of
Wallingford i. 142].

NEWBURY. See Speen.

OAKFIELD PARK. See Sulhamstead-Bannister.

PANGBOURNE. On Shooter's Hill, in the course of excavations for the Great Western Railway,
some human skeletons were disinterred [Gent. Mag. 1838, ii. 650]. Several small sepul-
chral urns of rude workmanship were with them, more than forty Roman coins, gold,
silver and brass, from Domitian to Gratian (A.D. 69-383) and spear-heads, battle-axes
and spurs. A later reference [Arch. Journ. i. 163] mentions nearly 100 skeletons and
also the foundations of a structure said to have resembled a lime kiln and to have con-
tained a large quantity of charcoal and burnt human bones. A skull found on this spot
contained two third brass coins, one of Constantius II (A.D. 323-350) struck at Lyons,
the other unknown, but belonging to the same period [Hedges, Hist, of Wallingford, i.
137]. The Reading Museum contains some horse-shoes from Pangbourne which may be
Roman.

PERBOROUGH CASTLE. See Compton.

POUGHLEY FARM. See Chaddleworth.

RADLEY. Two pots, said to be Roman, found about 1888 in a field called ' Radley Plains '
[Berks, Sucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. July 1898, 44]. Lines, circles and squares shown
by the growth of the crops and probably marking the site of an early settlement [Proc.
Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) xviii. 15].

READING. Though no Roman foundations have been discovered in Reading it seems pro-
bable from the variety of relics found in different parts of the town that some small
Romano-British settlement once existed here. Fragments of common pottery were found
at the Gas Works in 1880 \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc . xxxvii. 264]. An ancient cemetery
near the King's Road, uncovered ten years later, was supposed by Dr. Stevens [Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. i. 102] to have been in use by British Christians and after-
wards by pagan Saxons, as the skeletons at the lowest level were oriented. Fragments
of Roman pottery were found here also and a piece of a foundation wall of coarse flint
and mortar. Some coarse pottery, the remains of a large urn, hand-made, with much
flint grit, two lower stones of querns almost perfect, a loom-weight and fragments
of Upchurch and Samian ware, all exhibited in the Reading Museum, come from
the Manor Farm. Two very interesting fibulae from Battle Farm have been pre-
sented to the same collection. Both will be described in the note on Early Brooches
forming an appendix to this article. Samian ware has been found in the Bath Road
and at Coley. Various pieces of pottery have been dredged from the Thames and
the Kennet and from the latter river also a knife and three bronze articles, a ladle,
a spoon and a fibula, its foot originally set with pieces of coral, the spring strengthened
with iron. All these are in the Reading Museum and also some Roman horse-shoes from
the town. A large amphora is said to have been dug out at Katesgrove and afterwards
removed to London [Desc . Cat. Reading Mus. pt. i. 43]. At Bob's Mount fragments of
pottery have been found.

Two hoards of coins were discovered in gravel pits in the Milman Road [Desc. Cat.
Reading Mus. pt. i. 44]. The first consisted of about fifty silver coins in a small drinking-
cup which, with eleven denarii dating from Julian to Arcadius (A.D. 355-408), is in the
Reading Museum. There were 120 coins in the other vessel a glazed thumb-pot of
New Forest ware. This and fifty specimens from the hoard, Constantius II to Arcadius
(A.D. 323-361) are in the same collection. One of Valentinian II is of gold, the rest are
denarii, amongst them two of Eugenius of a rare type with TR. PS in the exergue. Another
rare coin, probably unique, found in Reading and sold at the Brumell sale for 37 ids.
was an aureus of Allectus (A.D. 293-296) with M.L. in the exergue [Stevenson, Diet, of
Roman Coins, 183]. Single coins have been found in various parts of the town, some
of which are a first brass of Julia Mamaea (A.D. 222-235) * rom Whitley, a denarius of
Vespasian (A.D. 70-79) from Grovelands, a denarius of Trajan (A.D. 98-117) from the
Bath Road, and from Coley two denarii of Septimius Severus. Roman coins have also
been found in the hamlet of Southcote.

212

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

RUSCOMBE. Fragments of Roman British pottery and an iron knife, now in Reading Museum
[Desc. Cat. Reading Mus. pt. i. 47].

SANDHURST. Two silver medals, one of Mark Antony the other a consular medal of the Papia
family, found in digging behind the Royal Military College [Arch. xix. 98].

SHAW CUM DONNINGTON. A large quantity of fragments of Roman pottery, chiefly domestic,
were found on a hill at Donnington in the course of excavations to make a garden. Two
circles of flint stones with nearly 6 inches of wood ash within them, were uncovered on the
same site at a depth of 4 feet from the surface, and were supposed to have been the remains
of watch fires or cooking-fires \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xli. 227; Newbury Dist. Field
Club Trans, iv. 189]. It is said that there are Roman tiles in Shaw church [Cooper-
King, Hist, of Berks, 48].

SINODUN HILL. See Little Wittenham.

SPEEN. Archaeologists are almost unanimous in identifying the Spinae of the Itinerarium
with the village of Speen. Besides the unequivocal evidence of the names, the situation
of Speen approximately at the junction of the great Roman roads from Gloucester
and Bath, and the close correspondence of its distance from Silchester, 13^ statute
miles, with the 15 Roman miles of the Itinerarium between Calleva and Spinae,
go far to fix this station within its boundaries. Camden was the first to express this
opinion. Tracing the course of the Kennet he says, ' It comes next to Spinae, an old
town, mentioned by Antoninus, which still retains its name and is called Spene ; but
instead of a town is reduced to a very small village, scarce a mile from Newbury ' [Cough's
Camden i. 149]. The majority of his successors have adopted the same view, though
two later writers, Dr. Beke [Arch. xv. 179] and Mr. Hedges [Hist, of Wallingford i. 100],
have declared themselves against it. In both cases, however, it may be observed that
the identification of Spinas was subordinate to another purpose. Dr. Beke, writing to
prove that the manor of Coley, Reading, was Calleva, placed Spinae at Thatcham ; whilst
Mr. Hedges endeavoured to strengthen his arguments in support of his identification of
Calleva with Wallingford by finding it at ' The Slad,' in the parish of Compton, where
many undoubtedly Roman antiquities have been discovered. There seems however no good
reason for rejecting the opinion that Spinas was at Speen, and though probably not a town,
was a posting station. The question next arises to what part of this parish the Roman
site may be assigned. A careful examination was made in 1813 by Mr. Leman, F.S.A.,
who gave his judgment in a MS. now deposited in the library of the Bath Institution,
in favour of the house and grounds then occupied by the Rev. George Wyld, now called
Speen House, a view which was supported, sixteen years later, by Mr. Rickman, F.C.S.,
and since then by Mr. Walter Money, F.S.A.

The Ordnance Survey Department have accepted this identification and so marked
it on the 25-in. ordnance map. The site is a fine one standing at the top of a hill nearly
400 feet high and commanding the valleys of the rivers Kennet and Lambourn, with
further extensive views to the north-east and south. It is probably near to the junction
of the Roman roads before referred to, but the exact spot where these roads joined has
not been definitely settled It must, however, be confessed that beyond the record of
the discovery of a coin of Faustina (A.D. c. 141) [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 258],
a denarius of Trajan Decius (A.D. 249-251) [W. Money, Coll. for Hist, of Speen, 19], and
a general statement unsubstantiated by details, that pottery and coins have been found,
there seems little evidence of a nature which might be expected of the Roman occupation
of the site. Rev. J. L. Gibbs, the present owner of Speen House, kindly permitted the
examination of his grounds and said that so far as he was aware no Roman antiquities had
been found there, and two gardeners who had worked in the grounds for many years,
for some time before Mr. Gibbs purchased the property, said they had never seen there
any potsherds, coins or other antiquities. It is true that the hill is scarped here on the
south side of the garden and shrubbery for about 1,110 feet and on the east side for about
600 feet, but further than this there are no indications of defensive earthworks. The
25-in. Ordnance Map appears to show a ditch in the field on the north side of the high
road parallel to the escarpment on the south of the house, but this is only a natural slope.
It is not, indeed, necessary to seek for earthworks at a Roman posting station such as
Spinae probably was, but the absence of potsherds, coins, bricks and objects of a like nature
almost invariably found on the site of Roman settlements, gives cause for hesitation in
assigning the identification of Spinae to the grounds of Speen House.

Another suggested site for Spinae is on Speen Moor at a place called the Plot, where

213

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

a Roman urn was found in 1757 by Dr. John Collet buried in a tumulus [Phil. Trans, i.
109-114], but the ground here has been so much disturbed for procuring gravel that no
indication of ancient earthworks can now be traced. Further discoveries will have to
be made before the exact site of the Roman station of Spinae can be assigned.

There is, however, undoubted evidence of a Roman settlement at Newbury within
a mile of Speen House. Near the Goods Station here was discovered in 1856 a Romano-
British cemetery. With about 100 skeletons was found a quantity of pottery, some
perfect specimens of which are now preserved in the local museum [Newbury Dist. Field
Club Trans, ii. 126]. Amongst these are fine bowls of Samian ware, an amphora, a black
cinerary urn, an unguentarium with a figure of ^Esculapius and a serpent [cf. Journ. Brit.
Arch. Assoc. xvi. 34 for description and illustration].

The existence of this cemetery clearly points to a considerable settlement in the
neighbourhood, and the use of so much Samian ware of a good quality suggests the afflu-
ence of the persons interred. Other Roman antiquities discovered in Newbury are a
vase containing ashes and two coins [Gent. Mag. 1827 i. 161, 162], a bronze steelyard found
in 1839 [Money, Hist, of Newbury, 12], and in 1876 a bronze steelyard weight with frag-
ments of pottery, antlers and animal remains found on the site of the New Municipal
Buildings [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 260]. Stukeley also mentions a gold
Carausius (A.D. 287-293) from Newbury [Surtees Soc. Family Memoirs of Rev. W . Stukeley,
ii. 6]. The remains of Roman roads are said to have been found in Shaw Crescent
and Northbrook Street [Hist, of Newbury (1839); Money, op. cit. 8].

STANCOMBE DOWNS. See Lambourn.

STANFORD IN THE VALE. On Chinham Farm, in this parish, a hill known as ' Chinnon Town '
or ' The City ' is popularly believed to be the site of a Roman settlement called Julianum
[Maine, A Berkshire Pillage, 5 ; Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1904, p. 124].
There seems, however, to be no evidence that a place of this name ever existed in Britain
under the Roman dominion. Coins in great numbers, chiefly brass, have been picked
up here, and it is supposed that remains of pavements and foundations lie under the
surface. Perhaps there was here a villa.

STAN MORE FARM. See East Ilsley.

STOCKCROSS. Vase containing copper coins. No details given \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. xvi.
71].

STREATLEY. The Ordnance Map (xxii. 14) marks the site of a Roman ford across the Thames
in this parish, and more than one writer on Roman roads in Berkshire has taken Streatley
as the point where the Icknield Street enters the county [Lysons, Magna Brit. i. pt. ii.
199; Hundred of Wanting, 51]. Hearne, in his 'Occasional Remarks' at the end of
his edition of Roper's Life of More (p. 247), tells of two Roman milestones which he saw
fixed ' a great many yards in the ground,' between Streatley and Aldworth, one of them
a mile from Streatley. They are also mentioned in Rowe More's Collections for Berk-
shire [Bibl. Topog. Brit. iv. 147], but according to Lysons no information as to their
situation could be obtained in the neighbourhood. A later writer states that one of these
stones was formerly in a field near Kiddington, about i mile west of Streatley, but
that the occupier of the farm removed it with a team of eight horses to a spot a quarter
of a mile off where it then remained [Hewett, Hist, and Antiq. of Hundred of Compton,
152].

In 1810 Sir Richard Colt-Hoare [Hist, of Wilts ii. 46-54] mentioned some remains
on Streatley Farm near the village, which he considered proved that the ground was
the site of a Roman station. They consisted of foundations of old buildings, earthen vessels,
many Roman coins, chiefly of the Constantines, and some skeletons. Mr. Akerman however
[Arch, xxxviii. 328], referring to Sir Richard Colt-Hoare's account of Streatley, says he
mistook a Saxon for a Roman cemetery. Since this time hundreds of coins, gold, silver
and brass, ranging from A.D. 276 to A.D. 383, are said to have been ploughed up in these
fields and also some silver coins of the triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus and Octavius,
B.C. 43 [Hundred of Compton, 105].

It is noteworthy besides that the Ordnance Map marks two other finds of Roman
remains in this parish, one, in the river, of pottery, the other, not far from the river and
south of the ford, of coins.

SULHAMSTEAD BANNISTER. Fragments of Roman pottery, both hand made and wheel turned,
have been found lately in the kitchen garden at Oakfield Park. They were for the
most part the remains of cooking-pots, and as the site is only 3! miles from Sil-

214

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

Chester it seems possible that a pottery may have existed here for the purpose of supplying
the city with coarse and common wares. Coins of late Roman date have also been found
in the garden [Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1905, p. 114].

SUNNINGWELL. Fragments of ancient pottery on Sunningwell Plain [Arch. Journ. xxiii. 73].
Fragments of Roman pottery of the coarse grey ' smother-kiln ' ware on Foxcombe Hill
[Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. July 1898, p. 44].

SUTTON COURTENAY. Bronze dagger and fragments of an earthenware cup found with a
skeleton, urns, fibulae and ring exhibited to the British Archaeological Association in
1845 \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. i. 309, xvi. 33]. Strigil, bell, and fragments of a chain, all
bronze, found in the same village about 1850 [Arch. Journ. viii. 190-191]. The strigil,
which is of very thin metal and coated with a patina of fine colour, is good in workman-
ship and design. It is supposed that the chain was one of those scourges called -plumbata
tribulatee. The strigil and chain, a bow brooch of the aucissa type but uninscribed, some
early Roman bronze brooches, a ring and a vase with engine-turned pattern are in the
British Museum.

THATCHAM. Roman urns found in 1888 at the top of Hartshill [S. Barfield, Thatcham and
its Manors, 13]. Steelyard, probably Roman, found in the peat [Hist, and Antiq. of
Newbury (1839), 147] and amphora [Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 126].

THEALE. The variety of relics found in this village seems to indicate that it was a site occu-
pied successively by British, Romano-British and Saxon settlements. The early British
urns are followed by a fine hand-made pottery, containing grains of flint and partly covered
with strong black glaze, which probably belonged to a period of transition from the rude
unglazed hand-made kind to the glazed wheel-turned pottery. Of later date are speci-
mens of Upchurch, Castor, Samian and ordinary Romano-British red ware, besides a
drinking cup and bottle from the New Forest. These are exhibited in the Reading
Museum with tiles, loom weights, mealing stones and white tesserae from the same site,
a hammer with an iron haft from the hamlet of Calcot, and a second brass of Septimus
Severus (A.D. 193-211) from Sheffield Bridge. The discoveries made in this parish point
to a village settlement of the Romano-British period.

TILEHURST. Roman bricks and tiles are said to have been found close to Pincent's Farm in
this parish. A second brass of Domitian (A.D. 81-96) found here is in the Reading Museum.

TUBNEY. Two vases of late Roman manufacture found near the old church [Arch. Journ.
iii. 69]. In the British Museum a grey vase which contained ashes found at Tubney,
1772.

UFFINGTON. Roman coins found in a conical mount called Dragon's Hill [Rev. H. Miller,
Some Account of Ashbury, 14].

Skeletons disinterred from a barrow near Uffington Castle and supposed to be Roman
as their teeth showed marks of verdigris [Blackwood, Sept. 1882, p. 319. ' The Berkshire
Ridgeway.']

A vase in the British Museum, 4^ inches high, of red ware, from a barrow, possibly
Saxon, on White Horse Hill.

WALLINCFORD. From Leland onwards [Commentarii in Cygneam Cantionem] most of the
early antiquaries, including Camden and Gough [Brit. (ed. Gough) i. 148] ; and later
Mr. J. K. Hedges were agreed in identifying Wallingford with Calleva, now with little
doubt recognized to be at Silchester. The origin of this erroneous identification was
the misreading of Gallena for Galleva or Caleva ; hence was suggested Gallenford or
Wallingford. Pointer, an eighteenth century antiquary, even goes so far as to say that
Gallienus the Emperor was here in person and gave his name to the town [Brit. Romana,
Preface]. Gough states that the outer work of the castle of Wallingford is evidently Roman
and that ' in a fragment of the wall at the entrance the stones are laid herring-bone fashion
just as in the walls of Silchester.' An underground passage in the castle was also said
by Dr. Blackstone in 1820 to be Roman. There seems, however, to be no evidence that
any part of the masonry of the castle is earlier than the twelfth century. It is clear
that there was a large rectangular camp at Wallingford about half a mile from north
to south and about a third of a mile from east to west, bounded on the east by the Thames
and on the other sides by a high rampart and deep ditch. On the eastern part of the
north side these have been entirely obliterated by the earthen defences of the eleventh
century castle, but indications of the rampart and ditch can be seen from the road to
Shillingford westward to the north-west angle and so southward along the western em-
bankment up to the road to Sotwell, but owing to the spreading of the town beyond the

215

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ditch, the earthworks have been partially levelled by buildings and gardens. To the
south of the road to Sotwell and for a part of the return eastward, where the rampart
and ditch form the boundary to the Public Recreation Ground, they are in good preserva-
tion. The rampart here stands up about 10 feet or 12 feet from the inside and must
originally have been higher as it has been cut through in places on the western side and
the earth spread over the ground. The ditch on the outside falls 5 feet to 10 feet below
the inside level, giving a height from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the rampart
of from 15 feet to 20 feet. The earthworks, though not so high, can be clearly traced for
the remainder of the southern side almost to the Thames.

Whether the ditch on the north and north-western sides was wet or dry it is now
difficult to say. Mr. Hedges [Hist, of Wallingford, i. 139] states that at the point where
the stream joins the ditch, the bottom of the ditch is 14 feet or 1 5 feet above the level of the
Thames, and he was of opinion that the stream flowed both ways, making a wet ditch all
round the camp. There are possible difficulties regarding this theory as the land rises
slightly to the north which would necessitate heavier earthworks on this side, of which there
is now no indication, and the entrances would have had to have been carried over bridges
which though possible is not probable. The entrances are on the north, west and south sides,
and roads from these intersect at the middle of the town. Whether the north and south
entrances are original is doubtful, the probability seems to be that there existed at first
only the western entrance, with a causeway of solid earth, and that the ditch to the south
of it was wet while that to the north was dry.

As to the date of the earthworks there is considerable diversity of opinion. They
have been attributed to the Prehistoric, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon eras, but there can be no
doubt from the large number of antiquities of the Bronze Age which have been found at
Wallingford and its immediate neighbourhood that there was a settlement here before
the Roman occupation [See antea ' Early Man ']. The important ford across the Thames
would, even at this age, probably attract people for purposes both of trade and defence,
who possibly erected the earthworks. But as far as our knowledge goes at present the
earthworks themselves show nothing decisive as to their date. The late Prof. Freeman
considered them to be post-Roman British imitations of Roman fortifications.

It is clear that this site was occupied during the Romano-British period, though there
is no reason to suppose, as Mr. Hedges implies, that the occupation was military. It was
not, however, a town of any particular importance ; it was neither protected by masonry
walls nor, so far as we know, did it contain any houses sufficiently substantial to have left
vestiges of foundations. The inhabitants trusted to their earthen walls and were probably
content to live in timber and mud houses. But of its class it was apparently a thriving
town, judging from the antiquities which have been found. Vast quantities of coins
ranging from the time of Augustus (B.C. 2O/-A.D. 14) to Honorius (A.D. 395-423) have come
to light, the most numerous being those of the latter half of the third century. A Roman
eagle and some spear-heads are said to have been found in the Thames [Hedges, op. cit. 147.
Mr. Hedges could not however trace this find]. A Roman urn of rude workmanship
encased in a small arched recess of thin red bricks and tiles, and containing charcoal, small
bones, and the skull of a rabbit or hare is said to have been dug out whilst a road was
being made in the Castle grounds in 1859, but unfortunately broken. The Reading
Museum preserves a Romano-British amphora with burnt bones and ashes found at
Wallingford, a bronze buckle, bell, pins, an armilla, a series of six keys and a poorly modelled
figure of a man about 4^ inches in height.

The name of the Roman settlement is unknown. It is needless to attempt to rebut in
detail the arguments put forward by Mr. Hedges in his History of Wallingford and others
in favour of Wallingford being Calleva Atrebatum ; the question has been fully dealt
with in the article on the Romano-British Remains of Hampshire {F.C.H. Hants, i.
271].

WALTHAM ST. LAURENCE. Near the south-west extremity of this parish, which lies 5 miles
south-west of Maidenhead, is a field called Weycock, where for centuries past traces of
Roman occupation have been found. It does not seem, however, that any serious attempt
was made to examine the site before 1847 when excavations were begun under the directions
of the Hon. Richard Neville [Arch. Journ. vi. 114-123]. The foundations of an octagonal
building enclosing another smaller octagon were exposed to view and inspected by Mr.
Buckler who furnished a plan and section.

The walls, which were 8 feet in height and 3 feet 6 inches in thickness, were of rough

216

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

flint rubble without bonding tiles, but at one corner there were two lines of thin slabs of
stone. The outside diameter of the inner octagon was 35 feet n inches while the ex-
treme diameter was 63 feet 7 inches. The distance between the walls was 10 feet 4. inches.
Many fragments of Roman brick, some flanged, were dug up, three or four coins of Con-
stantine and eight or ten fragments of pottery.

This curious building does not seem to have stood isolated, for foundations, probably
of the Roman period, have been discovered on land adjoining at various times during
agricultural operations. Without more knowledge of the nature of the buildings surrounding
it would be dangerous to hazard an opinion as to the use of these remains, but it may be
suggested that the dimensions of this building correspond very closely with the sixteen-
sided polygonal temple discovered at Silchester. 1 If this conjecture is correct the outer
wall would have been a sleeper wall to carry a colonnade or peristyle and the inner the
wall of the cella or sanctuary. The dimensions of the temple at Silchester are, thickness

F..I.
PLAN AND SECTION OF OCTAGONAL BUILDING AT WEYCOCK FIELD.

of outer wall 2 feet 5 inches ; of inner 2 feet 6 inches ; diameter of inner ring, 35 feet
7 inches; width between the walls, 9 feet 6 inches; total diameter 65 feet (Arch. liv).
Attention was called to this similarity by Mr. C. R. Peers, M.A., F.S.A. The theory
of Hon. Richard Neville and Mr. Parker that the building was a tower or fortress is very
improbable ; the diameter of the building is too great, the walls would not be thick
enough, and there does not appear to be any reason why there should have been an inner
and outer wall.

Mr. Neville and Mr. Parker describe some coins which had been found previously
in Weycock Field. Amongst them were a silver denarius of Honorius, a denarius of the
Antonia family, a third brass of Carausius and other coins of the Constantino family,

1 Many similar structures, best explained as temples, have been found elsewhere in western Europe.
A good example from Lorraine is published by Huber in the Jabrbuch der Gesellschaft fur kthring-
iscbe Gescbichu, xiv. Plate 3 [F. Haverfield].

I 217 28

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

SUPPOSED STEEL-
YARD WEIGHT
FOUND AT WEY-
COCK FIELD.

Claudius Gothicus, Tetricus, Domitian, Antoninus Verus, Aurelianus and Maxentius, also
a silver Sceatta. A small bronze female head, supposed to be the weight of a steelyard,
was ploughed up in Weycock Field.

About ten years before, in the course of excavations for the Great Western Railway,
an ancient burial-ground was discovered, close to the foundations just referred to. A large
number of skeletons laid out in order and orientated, were found, the
site being possibly the cemetery attached to a Romano-British settle-
ment which must have existed here. A line of what are termed old
wells, but which were more probably rubbish pits, was broken into a
little further to the south. Three of these were cleared out in 1890 in
the Waltham Cutting of the Great Western Railway close to Weycock
Field and amongst their contents, which consisted chiefly of bones
and fragments of pottery, were two pieces of Samian ware [Mr. Rut-
land, Maidenhead and la-plow Field Club etc. Rep. (1890-1), 49]. In
t ^ ie ear ^' er excavations a leaden coffin was found near the pits and is
sa 'd to nave contained a coin, but this was not traced and the coffin
was broken up and the metal sold.

Weycock Field itself, as Mr. Neville points out in the account of

his investigations, was rich in coins centuries ago. Camden writing in 1607 of Sonning
says, ' Not far from hence is Laurence Waltham, where are to be seen foundations of an
old castle, and Roman coins are frequently dug up ' [Brit, (ed. Gough), i. 149]. Hearne
also refers to ' the Roman fort here ' and coins of the lower Emperors. In the same
account he describes and illustrates a silver coin of Amyntas, grandfather of Alexander
the Great, which had been found here. A gold chain is said to have been turned up by
the plough and sold to a blacksmith of Reading [Bibl. Topog. Brit. iv. 135].

Castle Acre seems to be the name generally given to the site, whilst the field itself was
sometimes called ' Weycock Highrood.' Dr. Stukeley refers to it under the name of
' Castle Field ' [Itin. Curiosum (ed. 2), 62].

WANTAGE. Roman coins were frequently found here, especially in Limborough, in the first
half of the eighteenth century [Dr. Wise, Letter to Dr. Mead concerning some Antiq. in
Berks, 51, 52]. Many have been dug up more recently on the western limits of the
town about Limborough and St. Mary's Home, the majority of the fourth century, A.D.,
but also some silver coins of Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Severus and Maximinus
(A.D. 98-237), and specimens of Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, and Diocletian
(A.D. 253-305) in brass [Arch. Journ. xxiii. 389-391 ; Agnes Gibbons and E. C. Davey,
Wantage Past and Present, 12]. A silver ring of late Roman workmanship, possibly
part of a hoard discovered in the neighbourhood, was exhibited to the Society of Anti-
quaries in 1867 [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) ii. 173].

At Charlton Downs, about 2 miles south of the town, remains of a furnace or oven
approached by a shallow flight of steps paved with coarse bricks, were found. Within
it were two iron bars, part of a flue-tile, a denarius of Elagabalus (A.D. 218-222) a small
brass of the younger Constantino (A.D. 317-340) with the letters of the London mint
in the exergue, a fibula, fragments of pottery and a few
bones [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) ii. 173]. The fibula, which
is of open work and circular, is now in the British Museum.
In Wantage itself no foundations have been discovered
and there seems to be no warrant for the assumption of
Dr. Wise and other early antiquaries [N. Salmon, New Surv.
of Engl. 752; Gough, Add. to Camden, i. 157; Reynolds,
Iter Brit. 469], that it was the site of a Roman station and
camp.

WARGRAVE. Coins of the Lower Empire [Reid, Hist, of War-
grave, app. p. i]. Traces of a Roman road from Church
Green to the Loddon [Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ.
Jan. 1902, p. 120].

WATCHFIELD. An ancient well, 15 feet in depth, has lately been discovered at the Little
Wellington Wood, near Watchfield. When it was cleared many fragments of Roman
pottery were found and twenty-four coins chiefly of the reign of Allectus (A.D. 293-296),
from which it seems probable that a small Romano-British house existed in this
neighbourhood at the close of the third century [Evening Standard and St. James's

218

FIBULA FROM WANTAGE.

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

Gazette, 15 Sept. 1905]. It is said that tesserae were also found. Probably the dis-
covery needs pursuing.

WELFORD. A Roman tomb made of rubble and flints, and containing two skeletons, pottery
and a brass coin of the Lower Empire, was discovered in this parish about 1856 by a
labourer who destroyed it at once. Other human bones, pottery and an iron nail were
near. Two of the pieces of pottery found within the tomb were supposed to have each
consisted of three little vessels upon a circular stand, and, perhaps containing por-
tions of milk, wine and oil, to have been placed on either side of a corpse [Proc . Sac. Antiq.
(ser. i) iii. 252].

A pot containing 800 coins of the fourth century Constantine to Gratian (A.D.
306-383), all in excellent preservation, was found February 1825, in a bank of the road
leading from Boxford to Chaddleworth known as Hangmanstone Lane [Hist, and Antiq.
of Newbury (1839), 268 ; Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 60, 62, where, however,
the find is variously ascribed to the neighbouring parishes of Chaddleworth and Boxford,
which are here divided by a part of Welford parish]. A first brass, its legends illegible
but showing on the reverse the figure of a soldier with the letters S.C., found in Stony-
croft, apparently between 1872 and 1875, close to the site of the earlier find of coins
[Newbury Dist. Field Club. Trans, ii. 258].

WELL HOUSE. See Hampstead Morris.

WHITE WALTHAM. Roman coins (undescribed) were found in this parish before the close
of the seventeenth century, and also, in the Manor of Feens and near the church, some
large stones, said to resemble those discovered at Weycock Field in the neighbouring parish
of Waltham St. Lawrence (Leland, Itin. (ed. Hearne, 1710) vol. i. Pref. p. ix).

WICKHAM. Roman coins have been found in the village and many fragments of British and
Roman pottery in making a pond near the Rectory [Journ Brit. Arch. Assoc. xvi. 88 ;
Newbury Dist. Field Club Trans, ii. 80, 239].

WINDSOR. Two Roman tombs found at Tyle-place Farm 1865, are described as being each
composed of six quadrangular tiles on which were low circular bosses. In one were
burnt bones and a bottle of greenish glass, in the other a large urn and a red earthen-
ware bottle. The second tomb and the green vase, ' a praefericulum of yellowish green
glass with a conical body, ornamented with fine diagonal lines in relief,' were presented
by the Queen to the British Museum [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) iii. 243, 244].

A Roman brass lamp from St. Leonard's Hill was given to the Society of Antiquaries
and adopted by them for their common seal [Petusta Monumenta, i. pi. i]. A copper
trumpet [Soc. Antiq. MSS. Minutes, ii. 94], brass coins from Vespasian to Constantine
(A.D. 69-A.D. 337) [Ibid. i. 37, 163], and urns ' of all sorts ' [Ibid.] have been dug up
here. Lysons speaks of ' Roman bricks from Old Windsor ' [Magna Brit. i. pt. ii. 215].

Wn TEN HAM, LITTLE. In the sixteenth century coins were sometimes turned up by the plough
on Sinodun Hill [Leland, Itin. i. 14 ; Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough) i. 148], and others have
been found at a more recent date on the western slopes of Wittenham Hills [Berks, Bucks,
and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1901, p. 122], and in the Rectory garden [Ibid. July 1898,
p. 44]. Amongst those from Wittenham Hills were a second brass of Domitian (A.D.
81-96), a small silver coin of Gratian (A.D. 375-383), and a third brass of Arcadius (A.D.
395-408). Large stones supposed to be Roman were found on the same site [Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. Jan. 1901, p. 122], and two small Roman cups and an iron
lamp stand now in the British Museum [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. i. 309]. Another find
from the neighbourhood was a small bronze Roman key [Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch.
Journ. Jan. 1901, p. 122]. A stone-paved way below Little Wittenham bridge has been
supposed to be Roman [Berks, Bucks and Oxon. Arch. Journ. July 1898, p. 44].

WITTENHAM, LONG. Traces of British and Roman occupation have been discovered from
time to time in this parish, which lies on the right bank of the Thames about 4 miles
south-west of Abingdon. It was not, however, till 1893 that any remains of human
dwellings were found [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) xxviii. 10-16]. Mr. Hewett, who was
then tenant of Northfield Farm in this parish, noticed that in some fields the crops grew
taller and richer along certain lines and on certain patches. He therefore began exca-
vations and continued them for some years. It was found that the lines and patches
where the crops grew richer corresponded with certain pits and trenches filled with clay
and other soil that retains moisture. Some of the pits were wells, 7 or 8 feet deep, some
rubbish holes, some burials. One of these pits was large and irregular and contained
100 bushels of lime. The trenches, 2 feet to 5 feet in depth and 2 feet to 3 feet wide at

219

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

the top and V-shaped, seemed to represent foundations of wattle and daub or mud walls
surrounding enclosures. Some of these enclosures were circular, varying from 24 feet
to 45 feet in diameter, some rectangular or rhomboidal and at least as large as the circular,
possibly indicating the lines of roads or field walls and often intersecting each other.
There were no remains of stone or brick walls, but some pieces of wattle and daub, a piece
of wall lining with rude coloured marks, stone slates and broken tiles found showed the
nature of the buildings. The pottery was Late Celtic and local Romano-British, with a
few pieces of Samian, one the bottom of a large bowl stamped inside AVITVS. F. No
coins were found here but six were picked up near Mr. Hewett's house, one of Allectus
(293-296), one of Constantine II (317-340), the rest illegible. Human and animal bones
were found, stone slates and pins, and pot-boilers. There was no trace of any but mud
or wattle and daub walls and nothing to indicate even such a comparatively well-to-do
population as that of Frilford.

Dr. Haverfield describes the enclosures in detail, and it will be best to give the account
in his own words. He begins with the discoveries in the field called Scabbs. ' This field
is thickly covered with enclosures which intersect and cross in a very puzzling manner.
Nine circles can be distinguished ; the diameters of the two smallest are 24 and 38 feet,
of the four largest 73, 98, 109, and 145 feet. The smallest was dug out completely by
Mr. Hewett. On the floor of it were an ichthyosaurus bone and a flint saw, neither
probably to be reckoned Romano-British objects ; underneath the floor was a female
skeleton and a flint knife. The next smallest was not excavated at all but traced by the
crops above ; it was thought to intersect with another circle of nearly the same size. The
largest circle, the only other one of which I have details, seems to have had in the centre
a pit or trench running across it ; this was full of black vegetable mould on which gravel
had been thrown. Three wells were found in this field. One (No. vii. on the plan) was
steyned at the bottom with a hollow oak log and had rude steps, but contained no small
objects. Another (No. vi.) was steyned with stone ; at the bottom was an arrow-head
and bones, described to me as human, and above, a leather object which resembles a
damaged cuirass, and some bits of Romano-British pottery and some pieces of wattle
and daub work. A third well (No. v.) was steyned with wicker work. The rest of the
field is occupied by more or less rectangular enclosures, floored with a gravel layer some
6 or 8 inches thick. What was taken to be a road, 12 to 14 feet wide, runs across some
of these enclosures, and Mr. Hewett thought to detect marks of wheels on its gravel
metalling. Wall plaster and stone roof-slates were found in some plenty in this field.
I turn to Fox Furlong on the south side of Scabbs. Here only one circle was noted
intersecting two rectangles ; it is 104 feet in diameter, and has not been dug out. There
are also two apse-shaped trenches, one of which contains a pit with ashes, and above them
a rude layer of local stone. The rectangular enclosures are more interesting. The
largest is 100 by 175 feet ; under its west side is a hole containing the deposit of lime
to which I have already referred, a hole 10 feet long by 6 feet wide, with the mud line of
the wall running across it and the lime on each side. Within the enclosure is a well,
which yielded broken pottery, and is steyned with wood. In a corner is a pit (whether
the wall of the enclosure or not I do not know) which contained two burial urns and
part of a third, with charred bones, 3^ feet below the surface. The entrance to this
enclosure was apparently near the middle of the east side. Another smaller enclosure
measures 90 by 118 feet, and has an entrance at the north-west corner. Just outside
that in a rubbish pit were found human and animal bones, flint flakes, and pot-boilers,
all in confusion. Inside was Well No. i, 8 feet deep, steyned with wood at the bottom
and local stone above, and with what Mr. Hewett considered steps leading down to it.
Out of it, and all of them at the bottom, came five nearly perfect Late-Celtic urns, the
largest full of sand, and higher up a Samian fragment with a potter's mark, already noted,
and fragments of other Romano-British pottery. This well is close to the outside of the
circular enclosure just mentioned which intersects the rectangle, and the steps seem to
lead down to the well from that and not from the rectangle. This circle also cuts another
semi-rectangular enclosure which also has a steyned well (No. il) in it.'

From time to time Mr. Hewett reported the results of his excavations in the Berks,
Sucks and Oxon Archtsological Journal [Jan. 1895, Jan. 1899, April 1902]. Traces of
buildings extended continuously on the Northfield Farm alone for more than 250 acres.
Romano-British foundations were found also at his farm at Willington, Long Witten-
ham, and fragments of Romano-British pottery, some of a rare kind, were picked up in

220

221

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

nearly all the fields there. In a field on the Down Farm in the same parish about two
miles from Northfield, Roman or Romano-British skeletons were discovered, some with
Samian vessels buried with them. One had a terra-cotta lamp near it, another a coin
of Constantius between its teeth.

More than thirty years before Mr. Hewett began his investigations a cemetery,
probably used by the people of this village, was discovered in Long Wittenham in a field

bounded by the road to Wallingford, about two miles south-
west of Northfield Farm, and excavated under the direction
of Mr. Akerman [Arch, xxxviii. 327-352 ; xxxix. 135-143 ;
Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ser. 2) ii. 37, 133]. The interments there
brought to light, both then and in the following year, were
all Anglo-Saxon, though there were a few relics of Roman
origin, some coins pierced for suspension and an oval
bronze fibula and bronze clasp, probably of Romano-
British workmanship. But in May 1861 four interments
of a different character were found in a gravel pit in the
same parish and pronounced by Mr. Akerman on the descrip-
tion of Mr. Clutterbuck the vicar, to belong to a period be-
tween the reign of Constantine and the settlement of the
Saxons. With one was found a light red Roman poculum
slightly indented at the sides, and a few yards off were two
OVAL BRONZE FIBULA FROM funerea i urns . Similar funereal urns and interments had
LONG WITTENHAM. b eenj so M r _ Clutterbuck reported, frequently discovered on

the same spot.

A few finds seem to have been made in this parish at an earlier date. One was a
small Roman pot, perhaps of Upchurch ware, found in a railway cutting in 1844 [Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. July 1898 ; Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. iii. 329]. Other Roman
pottery, some of which is said to have been Samian, was exhibited to the British Archzeolo-
gical Association a few years later from ' Longwittenham Field.'

WOKINGHAM. Fine cinerary urn, now in Reading Museum, and some broken pottery found
near the Palmer Schools in 1886 [Desc. Cat. Reading Mus. pt. i. 49].

Urn containing coins, some of Constantine (A.D. 306-337) dug up near the town
[Arch. xix. 98].

WOOLSTONE. Two Roman pavements said to have been uncovered here in 1884 were men-
tioned in the contemporary newspapers [The Times, 23 May, 1884; Illust. Land. News,
5 July, 1884]. A later account added that fragments of tiles, tesserae and pottery were
found in the neighbouring fields in large quantities and that foundations and portions
of stone walls were turned up by the ploughshare. The site, however, which is situated
in the Vale of the White Horse at the foot of the hill, was not thoroughly explored,
excavations being soon discontinued [Antiq. x. 133]. The first pavement is described
in Morgan's Romano-British Mosaics (p. 149).
WOOTTON. Roman pottery near Fox Inn [Arch. Journ. liv. 352].

WYTHAM. Fragments of Romano-British pottery seen in a gravel-pit here, 1894 \Berks,
Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. July 1898, pp. 45, 46].

NOTE ON VARIOUS BROOCHES

A number of early brooches in the Reading Museum call for special remark, though their
importance depends on the site of their discovery, which is for the most part not precisely
recorded. Until quite recently, some of the specimens would have been regarded without ques-
tion as recent purchases from dealers in antiquities, confused maybe with local products for want
of proper labelling ; but evidence for the discovery of such types on British soil is now
accumulating, and a few words of description may perhaps serve to draw attention to the
subject of foreign relations long before the Roman Conquest.

Though details as to their discovery are wanting in some cases, these brooches can be
classed according to type ; and while any particular type may have been in use about the
same date wherever found, some latitude must be allowed in assigning chronological limits to
their manufacture. The earliest specimens here under discussion can hardly be of native
British workmanship, but may have been imported before they had gone out of fashion on

222

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

the Continent ; in any case, they take us back to a time when trade or intercourse with Italy
must at present remain a mere matter of speculation.

With the exception of three found at Reading (figs, i, 6, 8), the series here illustrated
was bequeathed to the Museum by Mr. Davies of Wallingford, who for many years was known
to be a collector of local antiquities, and often secured specimens from labourers and others
in his neighbourhood. It is conceivable that some were obtained from the Continent ; but

the absence of any note to that effect,
combined with the discovery of still
earlier specimens in the county, may be
held to justify their inclusion in a his-
tory of Berkshire.

To an Italian type well represented
in Central Europe belongs the boat-
shaped brooch (fig. i) now without its
pin, which was really a continuation of
the bow in the form of wire, with one
or two coils on one side of the head.
The evolution of this type from the
primitive form, which was most like a
modern safety-pin, has been worked
out, 1 and about midway in the series
comes the ' leech ' type, which had an
arched but solid bow and a shorter

FIG. i. EARLY ITALIAN BROOCH OF BRONZE,
BATTLE FARM, READING (f).

catch-plate than the specimen here figured. Subsequent developments included some ungainly
specimens which were reduced in weight by hollowing the bow, much like a canoe. Speci-
mens are plentiful from Hallstatt, and it is supposed that all are previous to the introduction
of the Bolognese brooch known as the Certosa type in the fifth century B.C.

The next specimen (fig. 2) has all the appearance of being a degenerate descendant of
what is known as the ' serpentine ' brooch of the Hallstatt period. One almost identical
in the British Museum comes from Italy ; and it is interesting to find that one of about the
same stage of development, or rather decadence, has been excavated from Hampshire
soil. It would require a long series of illustrations to show the stages connecting these
with the earliest examples having double loops in the bow ; but from the typological
point of view the series is complete, and has been illustrated by Prof. Montelius, though the
latest stages are given in another work. 2 It must suffice to mention here that the projections
from the undulating bow represent horns which were added to the thickened bends that
supplanted the two original loops of the bow. This explanation also accounts for the zig-zag
form of the bow when seen from the side (fig. 2). The forked spring at the head is not an
uncommon feature of early Italian brooches, though the single or double coil on one side of
the head is characteristic ; and it should be observed that the pin is merely an extension of
the bow, the whole brooch being in one piece.

Fie. 2. EARLY ITALIAN BROOCH OF BRONZE.
(Reading Museum) J.

Somewhat firmer ground is reached with the specimens here illustrated of the type known
as Early La Tne (La Tne I). The name is derived from the well-known site on the shore
of Lake Neuchitel (Marin), where a population of Celtic origin was settled during the last

1 Montelius, Die typologische Metbode, pp. 43-51 ; a summary is given in Guide to Early Iron Age
Antiquities (British Museum), pp. 31-33.

Spanntn frdn Sronsdldern, figs. 100 (Suessola, near Naples) and 88 (Bologna), in Antiquarisk Tid-
skrift for Sverige, vi. pp. 77, 68.

223

FIG. 3. CELTIC BROOCH OF BRONZE.

(Reading Museum) J.

FIG. 4. CELTIC BROOCH OF BRONZE.
(Reading Museum) \.

Fic. 5. CELTIC BROOCH OF BRONZE.
(Reading Museum) }.

FIG. 6. CELTIC BROOCH OF BRONZE,
FROM RIVER KENNET, READING. |.

FIG. 7. BROOCH WITH OPEN FOOT.
(Reading Museum) T .

FIG. 8. BROOCH WITH OPEN-WORK FOOT,
BATTLE FARM, READING, i.

Flo. 9. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.
(Reading Museum) }.

FIG. IO. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) \.

224

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

two or three centuries B.C. But the Celtic civilization can be traced back at least to the
fourth century ; and La Tene, in a general sense, represents the Celtic culture of central and
western Europe, after that of Hallstatt had disappeared. The principal characteristic of
these brooches is a coiled spring on both sides of the head ; and in the early specimens the
foot is turned back almost to meet the bow. The extremity of the foot is wanting in fig. 3,
which is of exceptional size, but the type is well represented by figs. 4, 5, 6 ; No. 5 having
the bow ornamented like the well-known series from Dux, Bohemia, and No. 6 having had a
setting of amber or glass at the end of the foot, and an iron axis added to the spring. In
the next stage (La Te'ne II) the end of the foot coalesces with the bow, but in the present
series the next in order is a late specimen of La Te'ne III (fig. 7), where the space between
the catch-plate and the returned foot has been reduced, and two mouldings represent the
collars that at an earlier stage attached the foot to the bow. A knob is added to the end
of the 'catch-plate, and the spiral spring at the head has also undergone a modification,
being strengthened (originally) by a hook attached to the head. This innovation marks the
close of the pure La Te'ne types, and may belong to the early part of the first century,
though the late Dr. Tischler J assigned this type to the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81-96).

The next in logical order, if not in date, is a specimen (fig. 8) with stout bow on which
near the head are lines suggestive of Late-Celtic workmanship. Here the original spiral
spring is wanting, and the existing arrangement is not in accordance with the type ; but the
catch-plate is of special importance. The open triangular space at the foot of types La Tne
II and III was no doubt felt to be a source of weakness, and we have seen it partially filled
in fig. 7 ; but a more pleasing method was here adopted, and an open-work key-pattern,
that is sometimes executed with extreme delicacy and finish (as in Italy), added strength and
distinction to this article of the toilet. Certain specimens are approximately dated by coins,
and in this country can be assigned to the first century, as a more advanced type is found
with coins of the second, A.D.

There is at present insufficient evidence to determine the exact sequence of the types
next to be considered (figs. 9, 10, n), but all must fall between about 150 and 300 A.D. Two

(figs. 9 and 10) have several points of
resemblance, both having knobs at
the foot, and mouldings in the centre
of the bow, the head and bow to-
gether forming a T. In No. 9 the
bow spreads at the head as in a
common British form of the period,
and the spring consists of a long
spiral coil the ends of which are
connected by a chord outside.

The next stage is marked by
the appearance of a semi-cylindrical
cover for the long spiral spring, and
this cover soon developed into a
cylinder, containing not the spiral
spring but only its axis, which now
served as a hinge for the pin. Thus,
fig. 10 has a perforated pin-head
through which passes an axis, and is
therefore a hinged brooch. Simi-
larly, fig. n, which may be native
work, has a hinge, and is further provided with a loop projecting from the head. This is
a common feature on Romano-British specimens, and was sometimes utilized for connecting
a pair by means of a chain. The next specimen illustrated (fig. 12) belongs to an earlier
stage, before the spiral had disappeared, and the chord was caught by a hook to increase the
tension. The pin is wanting, but a brooch precisely similar is published 2 from S. Sweden, and
belongs to a provincial Roman type specially common in N. Germany. It has been assigned
to the first century of our era, and is known in Germany as Augenfibel (eye-brooch), there
being two engraved rings with central dots at the end of the head, just above the spiral spring.
A new influence may be traced in the next group, an intermediate stage being perhaps
1 Meyer, Gurina, pi. vi. fig. 10, No. 45.

O. Almgren, Nordeurofdiscbe Fibelformen, pp. 25, 144, pi. iii. fig. 52.
1 225 29

FIG. ii. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) {.

FIG. 12. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) \.

FIG. 13. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) }.

Fic. 14. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) f .

Fic. 15. BROOCH OF ROMAN PERIOD.

(Reading Museum) \-

FIG. 16. ROMAN CROSS-BOW BROOCH.

(Reading Museum) f.

226

Fic. 17 ROMAN CROSS-BOW BROOCH.

(Reading Museum) \.

ROMANO-BRITISH BERKSHIRE

illustrated by No. 13, which appears to be of northern European origin. Here the bow
assumes a stumpy form, and the catch-plate, which is solid, increases in depth, such excessive
dimensions as those of figs. 14 and 15 being characteristic of north German examples. They
have been called Pannonian, and referred to the third century by different authorities.
As the apparent prototypes of a large number of bronze specimens found in Anglo-Saxon
burials of the fifth century, they are of special importance in the evolution of the brooch in
this country.

The concluding members of the series are better dated than most known brooches and
are certainly characteristic of the fourth century, a few belonging to the late third or the
early fifth century. This is known as the cross-bow type, and gave rise to another series of
Anglo-Saxon specimens found chiefly in the Anglian area. One side of the head is wanting
in fig. 16, which has a rudimentary disc projecting from the lower part of the bow ; this disc
attained considerable size on a type common in central Europe at a somewhat earlier date.
Fig. 17 is a typical specimen ; the knobs are in this case ornamental, but sometimes they carry
screws ; and that at the centre is frequently attached to the pin, which is quite separate from
the bow. The broad foot is often inscribed, letters being sometimes inserted in silver or
other distinctive metals ; and the lettering points clearly enough to the Constantine period,
Christian mottoes and symbols being of frequent occurrence.

227

ANGLO-S

HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

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THE VI CTORIA HI STOR

M REMAINS.

REFERENCE
Interments
A Miscellaneous Finds, Coins, AC

OUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

ANGLO-SAXON
REMAINS

IT will be admitted that Berkshire has been specially favoured in
respect of Anglo-Saxon discoveries ; but without in any way disparag-
ing the excellent work done in the county by eminent archaeologists,

the question may be raised whether this exceptional position is not
due more to the abundance of remains in the soil than to the accident of
discovery and the advantages of skilfully conducted exploration.

Discoveries made some years ago at Long Wittenham, almost on the
banks of the Thames, have proved in many respects the most important
in the county, and the objects unearthed are available for reference at the
British Museum. The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, who was vicar of the
parish, was the first to draw attention to the archaeological interest of the
site, and furnished a brief report of a discovery there in 1 848 to the Arch-
aeological Institute. 1 The skeleton of a warrior was found lying with the
head to the south about 3 feet below the surface, provided with sword,
spear and shield, as well as a small vase at the left shoulder. Thirteen
years later four skeletons were discovered at Dry Lease in the same parish,
buried with the head towards the north-east in a trench about 3 feet
deep. 2 There was not much to indicate the date of burial, and in no in-
stance had the body been laid at full length ; but in the jaw-bone of one
was noticed a green stain produced by a small coin of Constantine, and at
the head of another was a small red vase of rather fine quality. These
circumstances may point to contact with Roman civilization, and find a
close parallel in certain graves uncovered a few months previously.

The cemetery excavated during 1859-60, under the direction of
John Yonge Akerman, on behalf of the Society of Antiquaries, was
situated to the south of the village, which itself lies on the right bank of
the Thames or Isis, about midway between Abingdon and Wallingford.
The interments did not extend beyond the limits of a plot of ground
called the ' Free Acre,' and formerly known as ' Town Furlong.' It was
bounded on one side by the road to Wallingford, usually known as the
Cross Lane. Abundant traces both of burnt and unburnt burials were
here discovered, and exhaustively described 3 by one who took a special

1 Journal, v. 291, 253, where a sketch of one of the interments is given.

* Pnc. Sac. Antiq. ser. 2, ii. 37.

s Arch, xxxviii. 327 ; xxxix. 135 (5 plates).

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

interest in investigations of this kind. Men, women and children had
here been laid to rest, and the burial ground had evidently been in use
for a considerable time, as in all probability different rites were in obser-
vance at different periods. Of the 188 unburnt burials, all but 1 1 were
sufficiently preserved to indicate the direction in which the body had
been laid in the grave. In 96 cases the head was placed to the west,
while 54 pointed to the south-west and 27 in other directions. As
the excavations proceeded towards the north end of the field, the orien-
tation of the graves became more exact, .and an obviously Christian
interment was found to be strictly east-and-west. Of the 27 irregular
burials, 1 5 were with the head towards the south ; and it was observed
throughout that the position of children's skeletons differed generally
from that of the adults, being usually from north to south.

Of the graves in which no relics were discovered, 29 were of chil-
dren and 19 of adults ; and though it is possible that articles of perish-

BRONZE PANELS OF STOUP, LONG WITTENHAM.

able material were deposited with the dead, the absence of metallic objects
such as weapons and brooches is in any case significant. As bearing
on the religious beliefs of the persons so interred, it may be noted that
27 out of the total of 48 were laid with the head towards the west,
and of the remainder 1 5 were children or young persons. The omission
of grave furniture in the case of those who had not reached a mature
age is not surprising, but the cemetery contained a notable exception,
which also throws a good deal of light on the question of orientation.
A grave less than 4 feet in length contained the body of a boy, whose
head lay at the west end. At the feet was found a bronze cauldron 1
resting on a slab of wood, by the side of which was a spearhead about
6 inches long, with the point downwards. A small iron knife lay on
the breast, and to the right of the head stood a beaker or stoup (see

1 Arch, xxxviii. pi. xviii. fig. 2.
230

STOUP OR BEAKER, LONG WITTENHAM.

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

fig.) 6 inches high, formed of hoops and staves, and covered with thin
bronze plates which were embossed with scenes from the Gospel history
(see fig.). This remarkable relic, now in a very fragile condition,
is preserved in the national collection, and was happily illustrated in
full at the time of its discovery. It resembles in shape a modern glass
tumbler of more than average size, and to judge from its elaborate orna-
mentation was intended for ceremonial use. The four panels contain (i)
the monogram of Christ between the letters Alpha and Omega, the
whole enclosed in a nimbus ; (2) the Annunciation ; (3) the Baptism of
our Lord, above which appears an attempt to form the word I&ANNHC
(John) ; and (4) the marriage at Cana in Galilee.

The presence of secular relics in what may perhaps be regarded as
a Christian burial is not unusual in this and other cemeteries of the
period ; and the thorough manner in which the exploration at Long
Wittenham was carried out enables us to ascertain the comparative fre-
quency of relics in graves of different directions. Though accident has
rendered many of the interments unavailable for such calculations, it is
clear that the custom of depositing weapons and ornaments with the dead
was less uniformly observed where the graves were orientated than in
other cases, the figures being : head west, without relics, 27 ; head
south-west, ditto, 9 ; other directions, ditto, 12. Mr. Akerman rightly
insisted on the exceptional character of the interment containing the
stoup, and suggested that the reversed spear 1 was intended to indicate
that the child had been devoted to some religious office and thus re-
nounced the martial attributes of his sex. Whatever the true explana-
tion, it seems probable from this interment that a converted Saxon was
so buried that he might rise and face the east ; and that the inclusion of
a weapon and other objects in a Christian grave was not impossible.

A bucket that presents a remarkable resemblance to that from Long
Wittenham was found in a Merovingian cemetery at Miannay near
Abbeville, Dept. Somme, France, and may well have come from
the same workshop. On the bronze plating is embossed a representa-
tion of our Lord seated and trampling on the dragon, while on one
side stand Adam and Eve, and on the other Daniel between Habakkuk
and a lion. On a second fragment the figure of Habakkuk, with an
angel above, is repeated, while throughout the field are inscriptions
naming the figures, but not altogether clear. 2 It may be added that
Daniel among the lions is the favourite subject for the decoration of
bronze buckle-plates in Merovingian times, at least in the numerous
cemeteries of Savoy and Switzerland ; and the bucket so ornamented
from the north of France must be regarded as an isolated example. A
similar piece of an embossed bronze-plated beaker was found in Rhenish
Hesse, and has been published side by side with the Long Wittenham

1 According to Prof. Soc. AnAq. iii. 34, the spear was reversed in graves of the Ripuarian Franks,
but among the Salians was placed as among the Saxons, except in graves where the ' francisca ' (battle-
axe) occurs. An example of this last case is illustrated in C. Boulanger's MobiRer funeraire, pi. 36.

2 M. Le Slant in Revue de /'art ckrtfien, ser. 2, ii. (1875), 89 and plate, figs. I, 2 ; Bulletin de
la Socttti des Antiquatres de Picardie, xi. 139 and plate ; xii. (1876), 279.

231

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

stoup. 1 Halos of the same form are seen on some of the figures and
one of the panels containing a cross with Alpha and Omega within a
nimbus ; while the subjects are biblical and include representations of
Adam and Eve, and a standing figure in the attitude of prayer.

It has been supposed that buckets, bronze bowls, pottery vases, and
above all the stoup found at Long Wittenham, were for the reception of
holy water, while fragments of charcoal in many of the graves may point
to the use of incense at interments/ Though several graves at Long
Wittenham contained one or more vessels that may have served this pur-
pose, no rule can here be formulated from their occurrence. Eight such
graves were those of males, three of the other sex ; and there was no
uniformity in the placing of the vessels nor in the direction of the graves
containing them. More were found at the right shoulder than at the
left, but some had been deposited at the feet even when the upper end

BRONZE BROOCHES, LONG WITTENHAM.

of the grave was not occupied by a second or even a third vessel. Nor,
to judge from the orientation, were these supposed receptacles for holy
water confined to purely Christian interments, though eight of the twelve
in question were dug in accordance with the custom of the Church. On
the whole, a review of the results achieved at Long Wittenham shows
the futility of applying hard and fast rules to the remains of a population
by no means homogeneous, and obviously in a state of transition between
the old faith and the new.

There are however some characteristics that may be noted as afford-
ing a clue to the affinities of these early settlers in Berkshire. In a
minority of the graves of women were discovered flat circular brooches
(figs. 5 and 7), the front engraved with circles or other geometrical
patterns. This is one of the commonest forms met with in this country,
and occurs in most of the districts overrun by the pagan invaders. The

1 Lindenschmit, AlterthUmer unserer heidniscben Vofze'it, iii. pt. x. pi. iv. fig. I .

2 Arch, xxxix. 136; Invcntorium Sepuichrale, p. 68.

232

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

same may be said of the small square-headed variety here illustrated (see
fig.). Another type is much more concentrated, and is well represented
at Long Wittenham, as in many parts of the southern midlands. The
bronze-gilt ornament of dish or saucer form (figs. 4, 6, 9 and 12) was
not confined to graves of any particular direction, though it is extremely
rare with cremated burials ; and out of about fifty graves in which
brooches of any kind occurred at Long Wittenham, eleven contained in
all nineteen examples of the type in question, usually in position on either
shoulder of the skeleton. Another pattern somewhat similar but with
an embossed plate of bronze-gilt applied to the front was also represented
on this site, associated in more than one instance with the saucer-brooch.
There seems indeed to be a somewhat close connection between these two
forms, and the important cemetery at Kempston, Beds, furnished a large
number of both kinds.

Brooches at Long Wittenham were as usual confined to the graves
of women, and mention may be made of a Romano-British bronze speci-
men 1 of oval form originally set with a carbuncle belonging to a type
that seems to have been popular among the Anglo-Saxon population. A
rarity in England is a bronze buckle (fig. i) from this site ornamented
with animal heads in imitation of a Roman original ; this with many
similar found in Belgium may be assigned to the fifth century of our era, 2
and specimens of late Roman date have been found in the north of
France. 3

In the case of men, the spear and shield are the principal items of
grave furniture, and call for no further remark, except that the disposition
of the studs found with some of the shield-bosses showed that the shields
were oval, not circular as seems to have been the case in the Isle of
Wight.* The occurrence of only two swords in so extensive a cemetery
was duly remarked by the excavator, who was inclined to combat the
widely accepted view that this weapon betokened the high rank of its
possessor. The thane is commonly supposed to have wielded the sword
on horseback, while the ceorl went into battle on foot, armed with spear
and shield. The graves containing the swords, and indeed the interments
as a whole, give no evidence of special wealth or distinction, and the
common opinion as to swords is certainly not supported by a recent dis-
covery in Hampshire,* where in what appears to have been a Jutish
cemetery six swords were recovered with other relics that were anything
but magnificent.

Besides the small buckets already referred to, which were composed
of staves with bronze hoops and handles, there are in the British Museum
some iron hoops from a larger vessel found at Long Wittenham, such as
occur in a few of the more important graves in England, for example at

pl. xi

Arch, xxxix. pl. xi. fig. I.

Sven Soderberg, Antiquarisk Tidsk rift /Sr Sverigi, xi. pt. v. 17, and PrZhistorisde Blatter (1894),
fig. 8.

C. Boulanger, Mobi&er funiralre Gallo-nmain et Franc en Picardie et en Artois, pl. 7.
Hillier, History of the Isle of Wight, p. 36.
At Droxford (Society of Antiquaries, Proceedings, xix. 127).

233 3

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Taplow, Bucks, and Broomfield, Essex. There were also found a large
number of amber beads roughly facetted, a pair of bronze scales such
as a goldsmith would use, and a stout iron knife sometimes called a
' scramasax,' with angular point and thickened back, along which runs a
groove. Some of the glass beads found in this cemetery may well be of
Romano-British manufacture. As more characteristic of Kentish or
Jutish graves may be mentioned a pair of ear-rings with cubical pendants,
and a pair of button-shaped brooches engraved with a human face.

With regard to the physical characteristics of these earliest Teutonic
occupants of Berkshire, Mr. Akerman remarked that the skeletons were
evidently those of a large and robust race, the thigh bones of the men
varying from ao| to 17! inches in length, while those of the women
varied from 1 8 to 14 inches. On one occasion he found the skeleton of

CINERARY URNS, LONG WITTENHAM.
(About }.)

a giantess with a thigh bone over 20 inches in length, but this was clearly
exceptional. Several of the skulls were submitted to experts, and the
ovoid type, specially characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons, was found to be
fully represented. 1

Exactly one-fifth of the total number of interments found at Long
Wittenham were by way of cremation, and though the majority of ciner-
ary urns (see fig.) could not be recovered entire, several specimens have
been preserved and illustrated. All had been made by hand, without
the wheel, and while some were quite plain, others showed a great
variety of ornamentation. As is usually the case, the urns contained
very little beyond calcined bones, but, as elsewhere, bronze tweezers and
a bone (or ivory) comb were among the fragments, and a small knife

1 A female skull is figured and described in Thurnam and Davis' Crania Britannica, pt. ii. pi. 47.

234

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

with blunt blade may also be mentioned. 1 During the excavations it was
noticed that the urns were placed too deep to be damaged by the plough-
share, and it was surmised that they were disturbed from time to time
in digging the ordinary graves. In one case an urn had apparently been
replaced above an unburnt body which rested, according to the rule
observed in this cemetery, on the drift-gravel two or three feet from the
surface. And it may have been a feeling of respect that suffered the
ashes of the dead to remain in the base of an urn even when the
upper part had been shattered.

These surmises however throw but little light on the connection
between those who practised the different rites of burial. The urns do
not appear to have been confined to any one part of the cemetery,
though there were areas in which one or other method prevailed. It is
highly probable that cremation was the earlier practice, but it has yet to
be proved whether the change was due to the arrival of another tribe or
to the growth of a new religion. Some important evidence on this
point has been furnished by the excavation of another burial-ground in
Berkshire at Frilford, only 7 miles from Long Wittenham.

The importance of the discoveries made at Frilford by Mr. Akerman
is mainly due to the able manner in which they were described by
Professor Rolleston of Oxford, who, in a memoir published ; by the Society
of Antiquaries, 2 furnished all necessary particulars as to the graves and
the anatomical peculiarities of their occupants. The site may on this
account be said to rank with Long Wittenham and Fairford as affording
a valuable clue to conditions of life in the southern midlands during the
post-Roman period.

The cemetery, which was excavated between 1864 and 1868, was
situated in the angle between the left bank of the river Ock and the
road from Frilford to Wantage ; and there was ample evidence that
Roman civilization had taken firm root in this locality. The inventory
of the relics brought to light is unhappily not complete, 3 but sundry
details of special interest may be noted. Many skeletons lying with the
head westward were found to be destitute of relics, a point in favour of
the common interpretation of orientated graves. As at Long Wittenham,
the saucer type of brooch was plentiful, and an oval specimen of Roman
character set with a glass-paste or carbuncle once more appeared.

Among the thirty-eight graves discovered, Professor Rolleston dis-
tinguished five classes, and there can be no doubt that the first, comprising
five interments in leaden coffins * cased with oak, belongs to the period
of Roman domination. An indication of their date is afforded by the
discovery, in one or other of the coffins, of coins of the Roman emperors
Constantine the Great (died 337), Valens (died 378) and Gratian (died

1 Knives without a cutting edge have been found in graves of men at Kempston, Beds (Roach
Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vi. 1 71), and on the downs near Lewes (Castle Museum).

3 Arch. xlii. 417 ; xlv. 405. See also Cornell University Register, 1870-1, p. 50.
8 Pnc. Soc. Antlq. ser. z, iii. 136.

4 Part of one is preserved in Reading Museum. All were placed with the feet E.S.E. (Archceobgpa,
zlii. 421).

235

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

383) ; while the practice, illustrated both here and at Long Wittenham,
of placing a coin in the mouth of the deceased is presumptive evidence
of Roman origin.

The second class was considered Romano-British, inasmuch as
three Anglo-Saxon cinerary urns and four Anglo-Saxon skeletons were
found deposited above interments of this kind ; and though it is conceiv-
able that the urns had been disturbed and replaced, this cannot have been
the case with the skeletons, which were found with the bones in due
anatomical order. On the lower level the interments had taken place
apparently in parallel trenches, which ran for the most part from a point
north of west to one south of east, and it has been suggested that the
majority of deaths occurred in the winter months when the rising sun,
which the dead were intended to face, would be seen to the south of east.
These graves of Romans or Romanized natives frequently contained, in
addition to the skeletons, bones and teeth of animals, oyster-shells and
potsherds, all perhaps the refuse of funeral feasts ; and also charcoal, 1
such as occurred in many of the Long Wittenham graves. Such remains
would not of themselves prove a connection with Roman civilization ;
but the arrangement of these ' grave-rows ' practically east and west, not
to mention the remains of wooden coffins here and there, seems to point
to a period before the Christian orientation had been superseded by the
pagan rites of the barbarian invaders. Though these comparatively deep
interments are generally of a less expensive character than those made in
coffins of lead, there can be no great difference of date, and an examina-
tion of the skeletons shows that the Romanized population, or at least
the male portion of it, generally attained a considerable age. In this
respect the contrast with the Anglo-Saxon settlers is very marked.

The third class consists of cremated burials that may be safely
referred to the invading Teuton. As at Long Wittenham, the cinerary
urns were in some cases entirely plain, but the ornament on others is
sufficient proof of a racial connection with the ' Anglians ' in other parts
of the country. The fact that a certain number of urns were found
above burials of the preceding class is fair evidence of later date, and it
is in any case improbable that a population imbued to any extent with
Christian teaching would bury their dead in ground already desecrated
by the cremated remains of pagans.

Of the burials at Frilford belonging to the Anglo-Saxon period
about half were by way of cremation. The remainder were disposed in
two different ways and formed two more distinct classes. In the fourth
class the graves are shallow and without orientation, the body being laid
at full length and provided with the usual grave furniture. These may
be referred perhaps to half-converted proselytes who had indeed dis-
continued the essentially pagan rite of burning, but were careless as to
the direction of the graves and the decent interment of the dead.

The other graves referred to the Anglo-Saxons constitute the fifth
class at Frilford, and were more in accordance with those of the

1 Arch. xlii. 426.
236

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

Romanized Britons already mentioned. They were comparatively deep
and had the Christian orientation, but presented certain features dis-
tinguishing them from graves of the first and second classes. In place
of the Roman coffin of lead or timber, slabs of stone were set round
these graves in a vertical position, and in some cases a pillow-stone was
placed beneath the head, incidentally proving the absence of a coffin.
On no occasion did Professor Rolleston find such slabs of stone round
any grave that was not approximately orientated and did not contain
characteristic Anglo-Saxon relics.

A striking parallel to the conditions at Frilford is afforded by
discoveries made at Reading in 1890, and described by the late
Dr. Joseph Stevens. 1 During excavations for the laying of foundations
in a small meadow alongside the King's Road, about 450 yards south of
the Kennet and immediately opposite the Jack-of-both-Sides Inn, only a
superficial examination of the ground was possible, but interments of
interest were disclosed, with some important relics and a series of skulls
now preserved in the Reading Museum. In all, fifty-one skeletons were
uncovered, and these were found at three different levels, viz. 2 feet
6 inches, 34 feet and 6 feet below the surface, the lowest being on
a floor of gravel. It was noticed that the deepest graves were orientated,
and as this agrees well with the observations at Frilford, it is permissible
to speak of these as Romano-British, especially as about thirty stout iron
nails were found at this level, though never more than three in each
grave. These may have belonged to coffins or been used for fastening
planks together to protect the body, and were recognized as being of
Romano-British manufacture. In one of the lowest graves were also
found charcoal ashes and fragments of Roman pottery, and it is conceiv-
able that a cremated body had been buried here, adjoining another
interment. At the 6 feet level practically no relics were found, and the
uniformity of the graves is in complete accordance with Professor
Rolleston's second class at Frilford ; the skeletons on this level were
of good stature, with globular skulls, powerful jaws and high cheek-
bones, all regarded as ' Celtic ' features.

Nearer the surface bodies were found laid in various directions, and
it was with these that most of the relics were associated. At a depth of
2 1 feet a body was found lying nearly east and west, with a leaden plate
nearly 6 inches long, under the left shoulder. This was perhaps originally
affixed to a board, though there seems to have been no coffin here.
Inscribed on the metal were (originally) three simple crosses of the
Greek form, and it is fair to conclude that they marked a Christian
interment. Twelve feet to the north, on the same level, had been buried
a very old woman with part of a small quern or mealing-stone, 2 and near
her, but a few inches deeper, was found a male skeleton of middle age,

1 Berks, Bucks and Oxon Archetological Journal, i. 100.

2 A quern was found in an Anglo-Saxon grave-mound at Winster, Derbyshire (illustrated in
Journal of British Archttok&cal Association, xiii. 228) ; also at Hartington and Taddington in the same
county, and at Holme Pierpoint, Notts.

237

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

at whose side was a pewter chalice (see fig.) 4 inches high, resting on
his hand. As the head lay towards the west there is reason to believe
that this was the body of a Christian priest, 1 and it is remarkable that a
similar chalice, from an Anglo-Saxon grave in Kent, is to be seen in the
Royal Museum at Canterbury.

Close by, at a depth of 3! feet, was found a rectangular cist of
Roman roofing-tiles set edgewise like the stone slabs round the fifth class
of interments at Frilford. Nothing was found within but some finger
bones, and a bronze ring-brooch of a peculiar heavy type (as fig. p. 240),
examples of which have been found at Audley End, Essex, in Kent,
and in Berkshire on the Lambourn Downs.

Another interesting discovery on this site, with a male skeleton
rather deeper than the last, was a heavy brooch or pendant over 5 inches
long, of lead or pewter much corroded. In form this resembles the
bronze-gilt brooches of cruciform type which are common in graves
throughout the Anglian district, 2 but do not occur in the neighbourhood
of Berkshire. Two feet distant a smaller pewter specimen was found
with another male skeleton, but laid in a different direction. Pewter
was in common use for household utensils among the Romans in Britain,
and large hoards have been found at Icklingham, Suffolk, at Appleshaw,
Hants, and elsewhere, but it is difficult to account for the discovery,
almost on the Roman level of the cemetery, of a pewter copy of an
Anglian pattern ; and the presence of a cross of this form, not to mention
a crucifix, would be quite unprecedented in a grave of the early Anglo-
Saxon period.

The cemetery also contained a burial which may be of some interest
as affording an example of early surgery ; at the 5 feet level was found a
female skeleton with the right arm necrosed and placed in bronze splints,
with a dressing of ivy leaves. In one part of the ground the bodies lay so
close together that the exact level could not be determined of a skeleton
with which had been buried two pieces of glass, 2 inches square, the
central portion being of rich purple blue, with a square of gold glass on
either side. The colours may to some extent be due to natural decay,
but the gilded glasses 3 of the Roman catacombs, dating generally from
the fourth century, are suggested by this discovery. On the whole,
the cemetery is shown to have been a place of general interment for an
entirely civil population, and the variety of relics points to its continued
use from the period of the Roman occupation to the settlement of a
Teutonic race, whose longer, broader and generally more capacious
skulls are well represented on the upper levels.

A smaller discovery in the county may mark a somewhat later
stage in the conversion of the Saxon inhabitants. In 1862 a cemetery
was discovered at Arne Hill near Lockinge and not far from Wantage,

1 The common custom of burying ecclesiastical dignitaries with their chalice and paten, jewels and
vestments may be quoted in this connection.

* See for example Akerman's Pagan Saxon Jam, pi. xx. fig. 2, pi. xl. fig. I, for specimens from
Leicestershire and Norfolk respectively.

3 O. M. Dalton, Journ. Arch. Imt. Iviii. 225.

238

PEWTER CHALICE KOUNU AT READING.

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

and a report was furnished to the Society of Antiquaries 1 by Mr. Akerman,
who incorporated a letter from Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck. The top of a
small hill was being prepared for a plantation about 80 yards in diameter,
and the soil was disturbed to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, resulting in the
discovery of about eighty skeletons, nearly all of which lay east and west,
the head presumably to the west. Very few relics were found with the
bodies, and only one spearhead is mentioned, though small knives were
more numerous. Examination led to the belief that the interments had
been made at leisure, and included individuals of all ages and of both
sexes, and most of the bodies lay on or just below the surface of the chalk
which was here covered with flint gravel.

Mr. Akerman compared the Frilford interments with those at
Arne Hill, where the majority were evidently devoid of relics, though
the labourers doubtless overlooked some objects. ' Christianity seems
here to have warred successfully against the practices of paganism, and
the heath and hilltop would appear to have been eventually abandoned
for the consecrated precincts of the churches, to the extinction of the
grosser superstitious practices of our Saxon forefathers, although some of
them are denounced by the canons enacted under King Eadgar.' '

Further remains of the Anglo-Saxon period, were discovered near
Lockinge Park in 1892," but a complete examination of the site was not
undertaken, and only a few relics were recovered from what was assumed
to be the skeleton of a woman, buried in a crouching position. The
grave was 7 feet deep on the bank of a stream near Betterton, and
contained two flat circular brooches of bronze with five small circles
incised on the front, a bronze finger-ring and a melon-shaped glass bead
of a common Roman pattern. The brooches should be compared with
some found at Reading to be noticed presently.

In 1 890 a number of Anglo-Saxon antiquities from East Sheffbrd
were exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries * by Mr. Walter Money,
local secretary for the county, from whom the following account of the
discovery is derived. A number of interments were exposed during the
construction of the Lambourn Valley railway near the Manor farm, the
site being on a high ridge of land on the left bank of the little river
Lambourn and a short distance above the main road from Newbury,
which runs parallel with the stream. Within the excavated space, some
1 20 yards long, many skeletons were met with of male and female adults
and children at a depth of about 2 feet 9 inches from the surface. An
iron sword 6 of the usual two-edged type was found beside one of the
bodies, and part of the bronze mounting of the scabbard still adhered to
the blade. A spearhead also came to light as well as two sword-knives,
sometimes called scramasaxes. One of the women had been buried with
a bronze gilt brooch (fig. 3) of a square-headed type on the left shoulder,

1 Proc. Soc. Antlq. ser. z, ii. 320.
a Ibid. iii. 1 39.

3 Ibid. xiv. 103 ; W. H. Hallam, History of East Lockinge, p. 96.

4 Ibid. xiii. 107 ; Newbury District Field Club, Trans, iv. 196.

* Now in the British Museum, with six vases of different sizes from the same locality.

239

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

and a few other trinkets, and another was found with two brooches,
originally with applied plates, 2^ inches in diameter, on the breast.
Two circular gilt brooches of unusual form should here be mentioned :
from an almost flat disc, which is lightly engraved, rises a vertical
border, and a yellow glass paste fills a perforation in the centre. Two
or three gilt square-headed brooches of medium size were also found,
and three quoit-shaped specimens which are occasionally found in various
districts. Of four glass vessels two were of conical form, one of dark
brown colour had the peculiar hollow lobes generally confined to Kentish
graves, and the fourth was a very delicate bowl almost colourless.
Several perforated Roman coins for use as pendants were recovered as
well as the stem of a characteristic Roman spoon ; and a remarkable
survival from Roman times is seen in a pair of circular brooches with
bosses in the centre, one of them consisting of a glass intaglio (fig. n)
representing a raven with its head turned back. In another part of the
railway cutting a cinerary urn is said to have been found. The vessel
was broken in pieces by the workmen, and a precise description is there-
fore impossible ; but there is no doubt as to the Anglo-Saxon character
of a woman's grave in the same locality, which had been cut east and
west and contained a number of coloured glass beads as well as a brooch
of the saucer type, 1 such as that illustrated from Shefford (fig. 8).

This is sufficient evidence that the Lambourn valley was occupied
in early Anglo-Saxon times, and the ' Seven Barrows ' that once stood
on the downs above, though richest in prehistoric relics, also contained
many secondary interments that proved to be of Anglo-Saxon origin.

A heavy bronze brooch (see fig.) like
one already mentioned from Reading
was found in one of these burials and
presented to the British Museum by
Canon Green well, who with the assist-
ance of Mr. Walter Money undertook
the exploration of the site in 1879. But
most of the remains discovered in the
county are from the neighbourhood of
the Thames. An interesting series of
Anglo-Saxon remains found near Read-
ing is now in the municipal museum,*
and the discovery was described by the
late Dr. Joseph Stevens in i893 3 Two years previously a number of
interments were exposed in a ballast-pit during the widening of the
Great Western Railway, the site being little more than 200 yards south of
the Thames and 50 feet above the river-level. A space of over 400 square
yards between the railway bridge at the Rennet's mouth and the brick

1 Journ. of Brit. Arch. Asm. \. 155. These were discovered in 1893 and are now in the Reading
Museum.

2 By the gift of Mr. G. W. Smith, to whom the discovery is due.
* Journ. of Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1. 150 (2 plates).

240

BRONZE BROOCH, LAMBOURN DOWNS.

ANGLO-SAXON ANTIQUITIES FOUND Hi BERKSHIRE

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

kiln at Earley contained thirteen or fourteen interments, more than half
of which were by way of cremation, while the unburnt bodies lay east
and west, the head no doubt to the west. The surface was irregular but
without any indications of sepulchral mounds, though such probably
existed at one time to mark the burials.

Fragments of calcined bone still remained in the larger urns, and
part of a bone comb was also found in one instance, suggesting an
Anglian connection. 1 Another imperfect specimen of more ornate
character was found with an iron spearhead in the grave of a stalwart
warrior. With one or two of the skeletons had been placed small pot-
tery vases, no doubt of ceremonial significance, and among the smaller
objects from the graves may be noticed a circular bronze brooch of
common type, ornamented with seven engraved rings ; and larger speci-
mens with an embossed gilt plate attached to the front, such as have been
found in some quantity at Kempston, Beds. The close agreement be-
tween the relics discovered at Reading and at Long Wittenham will
not be overlooked, and a bronze saucer brooch (like fig. 6) found in
the Thames not far from this cemetery may be further mentioned in this
connection.

It is not improbable that the type of brooch with an embossed
plate mentioned above was an imitation of a sumptuous Kentish pattern,
of which remarkable examples have been found in Berkshire. The two
well-known jewelled brooches* from the neighbourhood of Abingdon are
among the finest examples of the Anglo-Saxon goldsmith's craft. There
is a striking similarity in their size, ornamentation and general appearance,
and both have evidently come from the same manufacturing centre.
Neither is quite complete, but that in the national collection here illus-
trated (fig. 10) has only lost part of the rim and the central stud, which
is intact on its fellow. It is conjectured that both jewels were brought
to light during the opening of some graves at Milton North Field in
1832, where the Ashmolean specimen was certainly found on the breast
of a skeleton lying due north and south, 2 feet below the surface.
Both are constructed in the same manner ; to a silver disc, which bears
the hinged pin and catch, is cemented a thicker bronze plate, above
which is the ornamented face of the brooch resting on a cement founda-
tion. The broad band, which is bounded by a double row of inlaid
glass, contains four bosses and is intersected by four arms radiating from
the inlaid setting of the centre ; the rope-pattern filagree work being
applied to the gold plate by means of pressure. The bosses, which may
be of ivory, are now much decayed but mostly retain a slab of ruby
glass at the summit. There can be little doubt that these jewels came
originally from Kent, where similar examples are numerous.

Some spearheads from the same cemetery in Milton Field are in the
British Museum, and several antiquities of iron from Cookham, lower

1 Bone combs are frequent in cinerary urns, as at Eye, Suffolk ; Brixworth, Northants.

2 That in the British Museum is figured in colours in Akerman's Pagan SaxonJom, pi. iii. ; the
other is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and is figured in the Arch. Journ. iv. 253.

I 241 3 I

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

down the river, were exhibited to the Archaeological Institute 1 in 1858,
comprising a sword, two spearheads, the blade of a dagger or knife and
parts of two shield-bosses of the usual form. 2 They were found four years
previously during the construction of a railway from Maidenhead to
Wycombe at a place called Noah's Ark on the hill about half a mile
north of the railway station, and about the same distance from the river.
Other weapons of the same material were discovered at the same time
but inaccurately described, though there is reason to think that a two-
handled basin of bronze also came to light of the kind common in the
graves of Kent. Six human skeletons were found near these relics, but
they lay in a bed of gravel 9 feet below the surface, and were possi-
bly not contemporary. There is a similar doubt as to the Anglo-Saxon
origin of several iron spearheads found in raising ballast from the
Thames at Cookham and exhibited to the Archaeological Institute in
i86o. 3 An isolated burial in the same locality may here be mentioned.
Of four barrows opened in Cockmarsh by Mr. A. H. Cocks, three con-
tained British burials by cremation and the fourth was erected over the
unburnt body of an Anglo-Saxon man, who is described as platycephalous
and was buried with his dog and various articles. 4

From the accounts already cited, it is clear that the mixture of
burnt and unburnt burials is by no means an unusual feature in Berk-
shire ; and, though no classification can as yet be more than tentative, it
may be suggested that a racial difference is here indicated. Discoveries
have made it more than probable that cremation was the rite preferred
by the tribes who settled in what are usually regarded as the Anglian
districts ; while the peoples who were grouped together as Saxons
buried their dead at full length in rectangular graves.

Penda, the champion of paganism, died in 657 (655) after extending
his Anglian kingdom to the Thames. Consequently there is some his-
torical warrant for the view that the cinerary urns found in Berkshire
contained the ashes of Anglians who had come south under the banner
of Penda and continued his opposition to the Gospel. As pagans, they
would have no scruples about interring their dead in the cemetery of
any community they displaced or controlled. Thus cremation may
have prevailed at the most important centres of population in Berkshire
about the middle of the seventh century, for a Mercian see was not estab-
lished at Dorchester till 673," when Theodore was re-organizing the
English Church. The gradual extinction of what was then the essentially
pagan rite of cremation would naturally ensue.

The upper Thames valley was however soon recovered by Caedwalla
after his accession in 686, and the West Saxon reinstated, though the

1 Journ. of Arch. Inst. xv. 287.

2 These relics are now in the Reading Museum.
' Journ. of Arch. Inst. xviii. 76.

* Proc. Soc. Antiq. xii. 339.

8 Mr. Plummer thinks that Dorchester was really Mercian abo~.it 679, but there is no direct evi-
dence that the town ceased to belong to Wessex till the battle of Bensington (777) permanently trans-
ferred the district to Mercia (Bede, Ecclesiastical History, ii. 245-6).

242

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

struggle with Mercia continued with varying success till the final pacifi-
cation under Ecgberht. By that time documentary evidence is avail-
able in plenty, and a change becomes noticeable in the character of the
antiquities discovered, as Danish and subsequently Norman influences are
felt among the Anglo-Saxon conquerors of Britain.

A remarkable sword (see fig.) was discovered 1 in 1831 from 2
to 3 feet below the surface in a railway ballast-pit at Reading. The
blade, which was about a foot longer when found, was bent in a curve
corresponding to the ribs of a horse which lay upon it. The skeletons
both of horse and rider were com-
plete, and one side of the sword-
handle is much worn by chafing,
as if the weapon had been long
carried on its owner's side. The
grip was small however, and can-
not have been intended for use
by a grown man : its elaborate
though rude decoration indeed
suggests that the weapon was
rather a symbol of authority. On
the horizontal pommel and guard,
which are formed of metal resem-
bling pale copper, are imperfectly
executed figures of men and ani-
mals ; and the blade is of the
usual type, double-edged with a
central and somewhat abrupt
point.

A sword of another type
(see fig.) fairly common in the
period of the Danish incursions
was found about thirty years ago
at or near Wallingford and is now
in the Ashmolean Museum at

Oxford. It has been described by Sir John Evans 2 and attributed by him
to the end of the tenth or the beginning of the eleventh century. The
blade is incomplete, and the silver plates applied to the guards and pom-
mel have been somewhat damaged, but enough remains intact to show
the variety of the design. Figures and animals on a background of niello
are associated with foliage seen on certain examples 3 of late Anglo-Saxon
work ; while the beaded border and animal head in relief on the pommel
occur on metalwork of Alfred's reign. 4 It is more likely, therefore, to be
English work of the early tenth century. A silver pommel of exquisite

1 Pne. Soc. Antiq. ser. 2, iii. 461.
a Arch. 1. 534, pi. xxvii.

' On the back of EthelwulPs ring, and on a piece of silver in the Cuerdale hoard, about 910 (Arch.
Journ. iv. 190, fig. 90).

Silver bands from St. Austell, Cornwall (Arch. ix. pi. viii. fig. 7).

243

HILT OF THE SWORD FOUND AT READING.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

workmanship found at Windsor is in the collection of Sir John Evans,
and illustrated here by his permission (fig. 2). It is heavy enough to be of
value as a counterpoise, and has a gold panel let into one face, to which
is applied an intricate interlacing pattern in gold wire of two thicknesses.
The beauty of the design is made apparent by the double-size drawing of
the panel (fig. 2, D).

SWQRD-HlLT FOUND AT WALLINCFORD ().

A seal of remarkable interest and rarity, now in the national col-
lection, was also found at Wallingford some years ago, and described by
the late Sir Wollaston Franks. 1 The accompanying illustrations are full
size, and show, besides the two impressions of the seal, the front of the
bone matrix with an oval projection serving as a handle and carved in
high relief, perhaps with a representation of the Trinity. The prostrate

1 Proc. Sue. Antiq. viii. 468.
244

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

figure would, according to this interpretation, be intended for Satan,
while there may have been originally a dove, to symbolize the Holy
Spirit, where a fracture is now apparent at the top. The obverse matrix
is presumably of the same date as the carving above, and presents a
half-length male figure holding in front of him a sword point upwards.
The attitude and clothing, the style of the lettering and the size of the

BONE SEAL FROM WALLINGFORD, WITH IMPRESSIONS.

seal all find a remarkably close parallel in the seal of ^Elfric found near
Winchester and assigned to the alderman of Hampshire who was killed
at Ashington in ioi6/ The legend is SIGILLVM GODWINI MINISTRI, a
letter between the first and second words perhaps standing for BEATI,
while at the back in inferior characters are the words SIGILLVM
GODGYTHE MONACHE DODATE (the seal of Godgytha the nun, given to
God). The female figure on the reverse is seated on a cushion and holds
in her right hand a book. This may be taken to represent Godgytha,
who was possibly related to Godwin and the abbess of a monastery
founded by him. To identify either name seems a hopeless task, but the
date of the obverse is probably about the year iooo, 2 the seal of God-
gytha having to all appearance been added at a later date. Mr. Kirby
Hedges 3 is inclined to connect the seal with the great Earl Godwin ; and
his wife, the niece of Canute, certainly bore the name Gytha which
recalls that mentioned on the reverse. She is known to have been a
benefactress of the Church after the death of her husband in 1053, and to
have held lands in the county ; but the historian of Wallingford him-
self acknowledges that the name of Earl Godwin is not a likely one to be

1 r.C.H. Hants, i. 398.

1 A Godwin ' minister ' (or king's thegn) witnessed charters of Eadgar in 967 and 972 ; and the
same or another Godwin 'minister' witnessed several charters of ^Ethelred from 980 to 1016.
History of Wattingford, i. 183.

245

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

found in an ecclesiastical connection. The small bone comb and perfor-
ated hone-stone, found with the seal 4 feet below the surface in association
with bones and an iron chain, throw no light on the date of the deposit.

In 1763 were exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries 1 a number of
Anglo-Saxon coins discovered in the preceding year under the head of
a skeleton in the churchyard of Kintbury, about 5 miles from Newbury.
The parcel included pieces of Edred, Edwin and Athelstan, and it has
been suggested 2 that the site may be the ' holy place at Kintbury ' re-
ferred to in his will, dated 931, by Wulfgar, a thane in the time of King
Athelstan. From the character of their skulls, a number of bodies
found here were referred by Dr. Rolleston to the Anglo-Saxon period.

A few more isolated discoveries may here be mentioned as showing
the presence of various peoples in the island. An iron spearhead, 18
inches long with crossbars below the blade, is now at Reading, and
was found in the Thames at Henley ; it appears to belong to the Carlo-
vingian period 3 and to have been used in hunting. The type is very
uncommon in this country, but one has been found at Nottingham, 4 and
in the national collection are two examples from London and one from
Amiens, France. A francisca (or battle-axe of the Franks) in the Roach
Smith collection was found with many Saxon spearheads, horse-shoes and
other objects at Pangbourne, 5 while other types of battle-axes in the
Reading Museum come from the mouth of the Kennet, and an excep-
tionally large one from a water-course at Ashbrook House, Blewbury.
The same locality has yielded a bone comb with thickened handle that
may be of Danish origin. Other examples have been found in the
Thames, and a certain number are in the York Museum.

During the widening of the Great Western railway in 1891 an
isolated interment was disturbed at Purley, about 4 miles up the Thames
from Reading and a quarter of a mile from the river ; but only a few beads
of amber and glass were preserved, though pottery and a circular brooch
are said to have been found at the same time. 8 An east-and-west burial
about a mile west from Reading on the Oxford road contained an iron
spearhead, lying close to the skull, which was covered with an iron
shield-boss. Further down the river at Aston, in Remenham parish, a
gilt bronze brooch 7 was found that plainly belongs to the saucer type,
but has a peculiar ornament resembling one already illustrated from
East Shefford (fig. 8). Three small vases of pottery and some iron axe-
heads from the same locality are now in the British Museum.

In the same collection is another brooch 8 from Abingdon, of Scan-

1 Arch. viii. 430 ; Gough, Additions to Camden, i. 159.

* Newbury District Field Club, Trans. 1872-5, p. 76.

3 Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxix. (1899), p. 35 and pi. I.

* Journ. of Arch. Inst. viii. 425 ; xi. 284. They have been compared with some figured in Csed-
mon's ' Paraphrase ' (see Arch. xxiv. pi. 94).

8 Collectanea Antiqua, ii. 224.

6 This and other information as to finds near Reading has been kindly furnished by Mr. George
W. Smith of that town.

7 Figured in Baron de Baye's Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons, pi. viii. fig. 5.
s Figured in Collectanea Antiqua, iii. pi. xxxvi. fig. 4.

246

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

dinavian type (see fig.) ; one almost identical comes from an unknown
site in Ireland, and others have been found in Anglesey, Derbyshire,
and at Caerwent all may be referred to the Viking period. There
are also a few relics from Saxon graves on White Horse Hill, exca-
vated by Mr. Martin Atkyns in 1857, but never fully reported on. 1
Among these should be noticed a well preserved brooch of Roman manu-
facture, the face filled with coloured
enamels. The mound from which
these objects were recovered was
situated close to a Romano-British
burial-place, to the east of the camp,
having a slight elevation and irre-
gular form. In it were found six
carelessly buried skeletons and a
confused heap of bones, three of the
former being decapitated. The
skull of a young person was found
beneath the knees of one of these
skeletons, and near its right shoulder

was the enamelled brooch just men- p ENANNULAR BROO FROM ABINGDON.

tioned. The two other headless
skeletons were of males, and near the hip of one were found the
characteristic Saxon knife and remains of the shield. In the centre
of the mound was a perfect male skeleton with that of a child by its
left side, and at a little distance some isolated skulls, which were quite
unlike those found in the Romano-British tumulus adjoining, where
headless skeletons were also found. They were regarded as Anglo-Saxon,
being mostly ovoid, highly arched at the vertex and of moderate size.
This site is however more remarkable as a prehistoric centre, the earth-
work called Uffington Castle overlooking the White Horse, and Weland's
smithy lying about a quarter of a mile to the west. The rude represent-
ation in the chalk of the down, which bears some analogy to the horse
appearing on certain British coins of the pre-Roman period, is tradi-
tionally associated with the victory of King Alfred at Ashdown, but is
in all probability many centuries older.

Though the site of the battle has been much disputed, it is interest-
ing to note that a sword, 2 presented to the British Museum by the Earl
of Craven, was found on Ashdown, and belongs to the type that was no
doubt in use during the ninth and earlier centuries ; and an iron axe-
head, of a kind more usual in France, was found near Ashdown Park
and exhibited to the Archaeological Institute in 1850.*

Further discoveries* were made during 1884 in this neighbourhood,
and are notable as being in connection with Roman remains, as was the

1 Journ. of Arch. Inst. vii. 386, 391 ; Thurnam and Davis, Crania Britannica, pt. ii. pi. 51.

a Figured in Kemble and Franks' Hor<e Ferales, pi. xxvi. fig. z.

3 Figured in Journal, vii. 392.

* Notes of these have been kindly communicated by Mr. Walter Money, F.S.A.

247

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

case at Beddington near Croydon, Surrey. 1 At the western end of a
passage in a villa at Woolstone, a hamlet close under White Horse Hill,
was found a perfect skeleton, presumably of a man, an iron knife being
the only object accompanying the burial ; while at the east end of the
same passage two other bodies were found, also within a foot or so of
the surface. Several interments, apparently of the Anglo-Saxon period,
are mentioned in another account,' but only iron knives were found
with the bodies ; and several tessellated floors, of which one is now pre-
served at Oxford, were disclosed by the plough.

Berkshire has yielded many, and will yet yield more, relics of its
inhabitants from the time when Britain was left to its own resources by
the imperial authority of Rome till the days when the Anglo-Saxon
settler was himself contending for the mastery with kindred invaders
from Scandinavia ; and the exploration of cemeteries in this county has
shown more clearly than anywhere else, except perhaps in Kent, the
transition from Romanized Britain to Christian England.

An interesting relic of another description may here be mentioned
in conclusion. During the rebuilding of St. Mary's Church, Stratfield
Mortimer, in 1866, it was found that the site had been occupied long
before the old parish church was built, and some idea of its early history
may be obtained from the discovery, under the floor of the tower, of the
stone cover of a Saxon tomb now fixed in the east end of the church.
It was broken in two, measured 6| feet in length, 20 inches in width at
the top, and lay face downwards. Round the edge could be deciphered
an inscription, in letters i| inches high, which began on the left hand
of the top of the stone, and was carried along the right margin, the
narrow foot and the left margin. It ran as follows :

+ VIII KL' OCTB | FVIT POSITVS XEGELpARDVS FILIVS
KYPPINGVS IN ISTO LOG | O BEATV | S SIT OMO QVI
ORAT PRO ANIMA EIVS + TOKI ME SCRIPSIT |

The characters are well formed Latin capitals, interspersed with a
few Anglo-Saxon letters. Without entering into epigraphic details, for
which Professor Westwood's paper ' may be referred to, it will suffice
to mention that the tomb was that of ^gelward son of Kypping, who
died on 24 September. A blessing is invoked on all who pray for his
soul ; and the name of the sculptor, or the person who ordered the
tombstone, was Toki. Supposing the ' G ' to be a mistake for the ' TH '
character, the person commemorated may be the alderman of Hampshire
mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 994, who was a
most distinguished individual, being himself an historian and the person
to whom jElfric, Archbishop of Canterbury (994-1005), dedicated his
Homilies and his translation of Genesis. 4 He seems to have died soon

1 V.C.H. Surr. i. 263.

* Antiquary, i. 36, 1 8 1.

s Society of Antiquaries, Proceedings, xi. 224.

4 Rev. C. L. Cameron in Beiki, Bucks and Oxoa Arch. Jour*, vii. 71.

2 4 8

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

after the mmrimi of Canute (1017), and it it prohibit he was boned in
front of the akar of die church, which was rebnk onder his auspices and

*~jr ^BW^K.^^M^^ T't^^rm ^^fwm.^ .^^*l^j*0 L^ ^M^^^Jk^^B^^Kj i mm~ **" ^**

it US CXvfOfCm A.OB1 vvtfv DCzDSllJw UBC GQCDKawCu COVBTOCr O> V~txl

who is mentioned OB sercral doaments ranging from 1019 to 1043,

It is interesting to note also that a member of the Cheping
(Kypping) muijr a nMnfiiiiii il in Domesday Book* as holding two of
the Stntfidd manors in the reign of Edward the Confessor ; anil the
name Toki may poaabhr be read on the sepolchral slab* fixmd in 1852,
20 feet deep, in St. PanTs chorcfayard and no w preserved in the
at the GaildhalL

fS 43 jflT&r 1*4-7 5^ PP* *''' J 4 }

~ 'e Morrimrr, tee F.C.H. Hattt, L

l, iL z^f ; Yrci. "Jimrn, z. ?z, z&L zf I.

HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

EAF

40'

30'

n^xambm^G

THE VICTORIA HI STOR 1

3RKS.

E COUNTI ES OF ENGLAND

ANCIENT
EARTHWORKS

UNDER this heading are included all earthworks having, or
appearing to have a defensive character, such as camps and
moats ; ditches and dykes constructed as defences or boundaries ;
barrows or tumuli, whether raised for sepulchral or other pur-
poses ; and lastly, any other forms of earthworks, whether formed by
excavation or by throwing up the soil, which seem to be of sufficient
interest to be worth recording.

In no case has any attempt been made to classify these earthworks
according to periods or to the race by whom they were constructed.
In the great majority of instances this would have been absolutely im-
possible, and in the remainder such conjectures would be at the best
uncertain, but any evidence which may lead to the determination of
these points has been given. It is true that the defences of castles and
the moats of manor houses are adjuncts of buildings erected at a date
which can often be ascertained with accuracy, but it cannot be taken
for granted that the ramparts or moats in question were constructed at
the same time as the buildings they defended, for in many cases advan-
tage may have been taken of pre-existing earthworks.

With regard to defensive earthworks, by far the most important
section here dealt with, the classification adopted is that recommended
by the committee appointed for the purpose by the Congress of Archaeo-
logical Societies in igoi. 1 This is as follows: Class A, comprising
fortresses partly naturally inaccessible but additionally defended. This
class is not represented in the county. Class B, hill fortifications, are
to be found in considerable numbers, many in an excellent state of preser-
vation. Class C, rectangular camps, is fairly well represented, though
only one fine example, Lowbury, is to be seen. Classes D and E, forti-
fied mounts without or with a bailey, are scarce, and the few cases that
occur are not typical in form. Homestead moats (Class F) are abundant,
especially in the valleys. In the last section are placed a few earthworks
which do not fall under any of the above headings.

The defensive earthworks have been enumerated under the above
headings in the alphabetical order of the parishes in which they occur.

1 See Scheme for recording ancient defensive earthworks and fortified enclosures (1903).

251

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

The ditches or dykes form a very obscure subject, and all that can
be done in the present state of our knowledge of them is to give a list
of them with a short description of each.

In the case of tumuli the same arrangement has been followed,
though in some instances it has been possible to ascertain, with very fair
precision, the purpose for which they were thrown up. As, however,
a very large number have not been explored, they have not been classi-
fied except by their outward form, and have been set down in the
alphabetical arrangement adopted in the case of the defensive earth-
works.

The distribution of the earthworks is interesting, and the same
remarks apply to all forms except the homestead moats. Earthworks
are found most abundantly upon the Downs, more particularly upon
those portions which have never been subjected to the action of the
plough. Many, too, are to be found, though in a less perfect state of
preservation, in the area lying between the Berkshire and Hampshire
Downs, and a few in the Vale of White Horse. In the eastern
part of the county, however, they are very scarce, and nearly all those
on that side of the county lie within a space of four miles, not far from
the track of the Roman Road from London to Silchester, which probably
follows approximately the line of an earlier route. This is all the more
remarkable since this part of the county is to a great extent primeval
forest, and the evidences of former civilizations can scarcely have been
destroyed by cultivation. We can only suppose that the Bagshot Sands
were then as now too barren to cultivate, and consequently remained
uninhabited.

HILL FORTS, ETC.

[CLASS B]

Under this heading are included, not only those camps which are
situated on the highest points of the Downs or on elevated gravel
plateaux, but some few which, though lying on lower ground, resemble
those situated at higher levels.

On the range of Down to the south of the county lies Walbury
camp, which is one of a series, the remainder being in other counties ;
on the ridge dividing the valleys of the Kennet and the Lambourn is an-
other, while the long range of Down to the south of the Vale of White
Horse contains the greatest number, though many are on its southern
spurs. North of the Downs there are but few. Badbury stands on the
only hill of great size in the north-west of the county, while Cherbury
lies on low land in the middle of a large plain. Sinodun, on a chalk
hill, seems to have been formed in a somewhat different manner, prob-
ably at another period. Caesar's Camp, Easthampstead, is almost the
only example east of Reading, and resembles Bussocks and Grimsbury.

A large number of these camps lie quite near to one of those
ancient tracks that are found along the tops of the Downs in the south of

252

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

England, of which the Ridgeway or Icknield Street is the best known
example ; and most of them are connected by roads which are thought
to date from the Roman period or earlier.

Another curious fact is that the large majority of these camps lie
near the boundary of the parish in which they are situated. In some
cases the boundary actually skirts the rampart, sometimes making a con-
siderable detour to do so ; in others the boundary runs through the
camp, and in two cases the county boundary does likewise.

No systematic investigations have been made which will enable
us to fix the period at which these earthworks have been constructed,
but certain evidences which have been forthcoming at Cherbury and
Letcombe lead us to suspect that these, at any rate, date from the
neolithic period.

ASHBURY, ALFRED'S CASTLE. The camp called c Alfred's Castle '
stands on an elevated part of Swinley Down, to the west of Ashdown
Park, commanding the two passes
across the Downs from the Vale
of White Horse to the Lambourn
Valley.

Its shape is an irregular circle,
and it is much smaller than the other
camps of this type, being only 140
yards in diameter. It is surrounded
by a vallum, and the fosse outside is
visible for more than half the circuit,
being much deeper on the south side
than elsewhere.

The principal gateway is on the
south-east, and was defended by a double rampart, part of which still
exists. There is another gateway to the north-west, and a third,
apparently, to the north-east, though perhaps this is due to the destruc-
tion of the vallum at this spot in later times.

Lysons mentions that formerly there were traces of buildings here,
and Aubrey says that in his time the earthworks were ' almost quite
defaced by digging for sarsden stones to build my Lord Craven's house
in the park.' '

An iron axe-head figured in the Arch. "Journal^ and other weapons
of the same material have been found in the immediate neighbourhood.

BLEWBURY, BLEWBURTON HILL. Around this hill are two parallel
steep escarpments, forming terraces, and on the north-western side are
three more rows, while several fragments may be seen on the south.
The space enclosed by these terraces is on the top of a hill commanding
an extensive view of the Valley of the Thames and the Vale of White
Horse.

Owing to its commanding position and the conspicuous nature of
the terraces, it has long been looked upon as a camp, and the elongated

1 Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 214 ; Arch. Journ. vii. 391-2. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 151.

253

**.

ALFRED'S CASTLE, ASHBURY.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

BLEWBURTON HILL, BLEWBURY.

oval shape of the space within has led antiquaries to ascribe its con-
struction to the Danes.

It seems, however, more probable that the steep escarpments have
been formed by the continued ploughing of the hill-side, causing the

parallel benches
with the lynches
between. This

construction is very
noticeable in many
other parts of the
county. There is
no sign of a ditch
around the hill, nor
is there any tradi-
tion of the former
existence of any
fosse. 1

The hill lies
half in the parish
of Blewbury and
half in that of As-
ton Upthorpe.

BOXFORD, BOROUGH HILL CAMP. Very little of this camp is now
left, so much earth having been removed at various times, and rabbit
burrows having disturbed the original surface of the ground.

The camp stands on the highest point of the ridge which divides
the Lambourn Valley from that of the Winterbourne, and commands
an extensive view in every direction. By its side ran an ancient road-
way, presumably from Speen, which may be traced from Bagnor, past
the camp in the direction of Leckhampstead, fol-
lowing the ridge the whole way.

In 1873 the camp measured 210 feet from
north to south, and 180 feet from east to west,
and at that time the ramparts could be traced, and
the ditch seen in many places. Now it is difficult
to make out anything with certainty. 2

A Roman villa was discovered some years
back to the south of the camp, and fragments of
Roman tiles are ploughed up to the west of it.

CHIEVELEY, BUSSOCK CAMP. This is situated

at the extreme north end of Snelsmore, near Totterdown Farm. It lies
in the middle of a wood on the edge of a high plateau facing north and
west. There are said to be signs of an ancient way leading to Grims-
bury.

The camp is of very irregular form, following the slope of the
hill on the north and west sides. Here the earthworks have to a great

BOROUGH HILL CAMP,
BOXFORD.

1 Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 38-9.

254

Ibid. ii. 61.

BUSSOCK CAMP, CHIEVELEY.

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

extent disappeared, the inner vallum alone remaining. On the other

sides two valla are distinctly to be seen, with a deep fosse between

them, and to the east, for a short distance, a second fosse is found.

It has been said that there are four entrances, but only three are

clearly visible, all of which are

to the east ; the other breaks in

the vallum appear to be modern.
The defences were, in all

probability, originally much

stronger on the south and east

sides, as here the ground is on

a level with the camp.

Nothing of interest has been

found in the camp except some

' half-calcined flints,' which, it

has been suggested, might have

been used as pot boilers. 1

COMPTON, PERBOROUGH

CASTLE. On the top of the hill

on Compton Cow Down, at the

extreme south of the parish, lies

the camp known by this name.

It is nearly circular in form and

was surrounded by a fosse between two valla, but the greater part of the

outer vallum has been ploughed away, leaving only faint traces of

the inner one and a steep escarpment. On the north, however, the

defences remain in a very fair state of preservation, though the banks

are not so steep as they must have been formerly.

The original entrance is said to
have been on the north-east, and was
fortified with a double ditch, but there
is no double ditch to be seen by the
present entrance on the northern part of
the east side.

Throughout the area are several
deep pits and ponds of varying dimen-
sions, which have been thought to be
the remains of primitive pit-dwellings.
They have not, however, been explored
recently.

On either side of the north-eastern
gateway were the foundations of two
towers, built of sarson stones laid over
a layer of flints. Stones are also said to

have been discovered in the vallum, by testing with an iron bar.

Several cellars are said to have been found, containing a quantity

1 Trans. Nnobury Dist. Field Club, ii. 14-17.
255

PERBOROUGH CASTLE, COMPTON.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

"*"..

of burnt corn, while a number of
Roman coins have been dug up,
and as many as 500 found in an
earthenware jar. Some British
pottery was also found, and a quan-
tity of oyster shells.

Black coal, like blacksmiths'
clinkers, has been dug up round
$S?^A*; the entrenchments, and badgers
have scratched out fragments of
bricks and tiles, while some old
copper coins were found on the

BADBURY HILL CAMP, GREAT COXWELL. north side of the ditch.'

GREAT COXWELL, BAD-
BURY HILL CAMP. This
camp is in shape an irregular
circle and lies on the top of
Badbury Hill, overlooking
the Vale of White Horse to
the south, and a long stretch
of low-lying ground to the
Thames Valley on the north-
west.

The fortifications con-
sisted originally of two valla
with a fosse between them,
but early in the nineteenth
century the banks were
levelled, so that now little
remains but vestiges of the
fosse on the south, and a
faint escarpment on the other
sides. Leland notices it as
' a great diche, wher a for-
tresse or rather a campe of
warre hath been, as some
say, diked by the Danes as
a sure camp.' * Aubrey calls
it Binbury* while Gough,
who cites the two last autho-
rities, mentions that human
bones and ' coals ' have been

found in the north rampart/ CESAR'S CAMP, EASTHAMPSTEAD.

Hist, of Newbury and its Environs (1839), 223-4. Hewitt, Hist, of Comfton, 70, 71. Trans. New-
bury Dist. Field Club, i. 128, 9; iii. 251-4. The local tradition is that here stood a castle which was
blown down one night. Leland, It. ii. 21. Man. Brit.

Cough's Camden, i. 222. See also Lysons' Mag. Brit. i. 214.

256

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

A few hundred yards to the west is a deep trench running away
from the camp down a steep hill, parallel to the road to Highworth. It
has all the appearance of a packhorse track, and seems to indicate that
Badbury, like so many other hill camps, stood near an ancient way.

EASTHAMPSTEAD, CESAR'S CAMP. This, the only camp of
importance in the eastern part of the county, differs in many respects
from the others described. It lies upon the edge of a high plateau, and
its ramparts follow the contours of the ground, producing a camp shaped
somewhat like an oak leaf.

It is defended by a vallum and fosse, and in most places by an outside
vallum, though this is sometimes absent when the ground falls away
very steeply. Across the neck of the plateau, where the natural defences
are weaker, there are two fosses.

<3?

^^*<&Ni

ta >$^a J^Slf'S*
^^ 4 1 ^Ma,

mK5L3S$?&v&

r^^^M

STJff Grimabvn/ o
Hft-?^*A

^SK^Ct^*l|Sv?

StCTIOMAT A.3.

GRIMSBURY CASTLE, HAMPSTEAD NORRIS.

The principal entrance is to the south, from the level ground, but
there is another to the extreme north. The breaks in the defences to
the east and west are probably modern.

This seems to be the camp at which was found the silver coin of
Cunobelin mentioned by Gough. 1 The Roman road, known as the
Devil's Highway, running from London to Silchester, passes at no great
distance south of the camp, and a branch from this, said to be of Roman
date, runs direct to the south entrance of the camp.

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS, GRIMSBURY CASTLE. This camp is situated
on the top of a wooded hill about a mile east of Hermitage Station. Its
form is an irregular triangle with rounded corners, following the con-

Cough's Camden, i. 237, 238. Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 214.

i 257 33

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

tours of the hill. The two valla which surround it and the fosse
between them are in an excellent state of preservation throughout the
whole circuit.

A further vallum lies to the north-west of the road to the north-
eastern entrance, and an extra ditch some yards away protects the
western side, curving round slightly at both ends.

There are two entrances, one to the west and the other to the
north-east ; the defences are not, however, strengthened at these points,
except by the vallum and the extra ditch already mentioned. Towards
the south-east corner of the camp is a small pool of water, which has
never been known to fail.

Several old roads have been traced, running from this camp to
Speen, Bussock and Oareborough.

In 1837, a spear-head was found to the north-east of the camp,
which was considered to be Roman. 1

OP.

.
\ far* Hoot/

PARKWOOD ENTRENCHMENT, HAMPSTEAD MORRIS.

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS, PARKWOOD ENTRENCHMENTS. In Parkwood,
near Hampstead Norris, are some entrenchments, which have the
appearance of being an unfinished camp of the same type as the
preceding.

There is a deep fosse running along the north side of the hill, with
a vallum on the outside for part of the way. After a short interval it
continues again up the hill to the south-west, then bends to the south,
ending as if the work had been abandoned. On the east side it is diffi-
cult to conjecture what form it took, as the ground has been much dis-
turbed by later digging. There are no signs of entrenchments to the
south.

There is a very large tumulus on the eastern edge of the area, with
a deep trench around it.

Hist, of Netvbury and its Environs, 218-220. Trans. Netebury Dist. Field Club, i. 121, etc,

2 5 8

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

An account of this camp published in 1839,' implies that the
defences completely surrounded the area, but no vestiges of the southern
or eastern portions are now to be seen. The same authority states that
burnt earth and cinders are frequently scratched out by rabbits and
badgers.

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS, OAREBOROUGH. The hill known by this
name has always been considered to be the site of an encampment, and
the spot is unquestionably suitable for this purpose, while the name is
suggestive of the former existence of some such camp.

WALBURY CAMP, INKPEN.

Nevertheless no signs of earthworks appear to be visible now, nor
have any been described in earlier works ; but it is strange that the
parish boundary makes a very marked detour to include a square piece
which is known by this name.

INKPEN, WALBURY CAMP. This stands on the highest point of the
Downs which divide the western part of Berkshire from the neigh-

* Hist, of Newbury and its Environs, 220. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 208.

259

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

bouring county of Hampshire, and is at one place 975 feet above the
sea level, the greatest altitude in the south-eastern part of England. The
boundary of the two counties runs through it from east to west, along an
ancient trackway which traverses the camp, and is said to have been
used * for centuries by drovers with their flocks travelling from the
west of England.' l

* It is irregularly bell-shaped, and its dimensions are about 550
yards from north to south, and 783 yards between the gates. It has two
gateways which trend nearly east and west, and which open towards the
ridges of the neighbouring downs, evidently with the object of com-
manding the entire view of the surrounding country and every approach
to the hills.' 1 There are breaks in the northern rampart, which have
been thought to be minor gates. The gates are on the eastern and
western sides and here the ramparts are higher than elsewhere. On the
north side of the eastern gate the defences appear double, and at the
west gate the ramparts return so as to form a re-entering angle.

There is a pond within the enclosure, and one without each gate
at a little distance by the side of the road. The camp commands most
of the approaches to the Downs from the south, while on the north an
uninterrupted view extends for many miles on three sides.

In July 1871 Dr. Stevens 'found flint implements scattered over
the face of the soil for some distance round the flagstaff in this entrench-
ment. They consist of well-wrought scrapers, some cores, flakes, arrow-
tips and a neatly trimmed spear-head.' 1

Gough alludes to this camp by the name of Wallborough or 6ury, and
says it is called by Aubrey Corn hill."

LAMBOURN, MEMBURY FORT. The greater portion of this camp
lies in the parish of Ramsbury in Wiltshire, but the north-eastern corner

is in Lambourn parish. It is situ-
ated on the high ground between
the valleys of the Kennet and the
Lambourn, about half a mile south-
west of the Ridge-way Road running
from Speen to Cirencester.

It is defended by two well-
preserved valla, with a deep fosse
between them, but the whole camp
is so thickly covered with trees and
undergrowth that it is not easy to
obtain a good view of the entrench-
MEMBURY FORT, LAMBOURN. ments. There is an important gate

on the north-east, the approach to

which is defended by a rampart to the west. There is also an entrance
about 1 50 yards south of the latter, through which the parish and county
boundary passes.

1 Stevens, Parochial History of St. Mary Bourne, 42-44.

* Gough, Camden's Britannia, i. 206. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iii. 96.

260

wy^^Gt&uffi2si$

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

LETCOMBE REGIS, LETCOMBE CASTLE OR SEGSBURY CAMP. This lies
upon the top of the Downs overlooking the Vale of White Horse to
the north, and on the south the valleys converging towards the Lam-
bourn at Sheffbrd. Strangely enough it does not stand on the highest
part of the ridge, as the ground on the east is sufficiently above it to
command the camp completely. The Ridge-way Road runs 100 yards
to the south of it.

The defences consist of a vallum with a fosse outside, and at the
north-west corner are traces of an outside vallum. The principal gate-
way is to the east, but
there are two others,
though perhaps of
more modern construc-
tion, on the north and
south-west.

Hearne, who de-
scribes the camp in one
of his diaries, mentions
that a great number of
very large red flints
were in the banks of
the trench, where they
formed a wall, but that
many of them were

being removed in his
time for building pur-
poses. *

In the vallum to
the south Dr. Phene
found in 1871 a coni-
cal sarson stone about
1 8 inches high, stand-
ing upright upon a slab
and five or six large
flints. Beneath this was found a cist, the walls of which were formed
of flints, and the floor of a flat slab of stone. In the cist were fragments
of human bones, some flint scrapers, the remnants of what appeared
to be an umbo of a shield, and a small fragment of an urn or drinking
cup. 2

LONGWORTH, CHERBURY CAMP. This camp, unlike the others, lies
on comparatively low ground, yet in the form of its construction it
differs but little from others of the same type.

It is oval or egg-shaped in form, and has been surrounded by three
successive valla with fosses without each, but it is only to the north-west
that the whole series is to be found complete, as all but the inner vallum

LETCOMBE CASTLE, LETCOMBE REGIS.

i Hearne's Diaries, vol. 74 (1717), p. 88. Cough's Camden, i. 225. Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 213, 313.
' Davey, Wantage Past and Present, 2-5. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 183 ; ii. 176.

26l

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

SECTION *TA.8.

CHERBURV CAMP, LONGWORTH.

have been ploughed away on the south, and much of the remainder has
been similarly removed.

The only entrance was on the east, and there does not appear

to have been any special
strengthening of the de-
fences at this point.

A polished flint celt
with flattened sides and
faceted edge was found here
some years ago. 1

UFFINGTON CASTLE.
Above Uffington the high
ridge of Downs which runs
&ill! from Streatley, comes to an
abrupt termination, and con-
tinues westward at a lower
level ; the highest point be-
fore the declivity begins has
been utilised for an extensive
camp. The natural advan-
tages of the spot are further
enhanced by the extreme
steepness of the slope to the
north into a deep gully known as ' The Manger.'

The camp is surrounded by a vallum and fosse, and without this
again are traces of a second vallum. There is but one gateway, to the
west, where the rampart is re-
turned. It stands about 900
feet above the sea level, and
commands an extensive view in
every direction, especially to-
wards the north.

The Ridge-way or Ick-
nield-way runs close by the
southern side of the entrench-
ments, and the White Horse is
cut on the northern slope of
the hill.

Gough mentions it by the
name of Uffington or Woolston
Castle. 8

The ramparts were investi-
gated some years ago by Mr.

Atkins, who found some round holes, in which he supposed small tree
trunks to have been inserted as a basis for wattle-work.

i Cough's Camden, i. 224. Lysons Mag. Brit. i. 214, 315. Davey, Wantage Past and Present, 23.
* Cough's Camden's Britannia, i. 221-2. Lysons' Magna Britannia, i. 213-4. Tram. Newbury
Dist. Field Club, i. 149, 150, 181.

262

jeer/eft

UFFINGTON CASTLE.

SECTION THROUGH RAMPART.

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

WINKFIELD. There are the remains of a camp on a steep hill
immediately to the east of the Ascot and Bagshot road, to the north of
Tower Hill House. The camp is described by Gough as being
irregular in shape, 1 following the contour of the hill, which is very steep
except to the north-north-east, where the entrance was. The fosse was
about twelve feet wide.

At the top could be seen a few years ago fragments of concrete and
bricks, which appeared to be the remains of the tower marked as ' New
Towre' on Norden's Map (1607), and it has been suggested that
perhaps the ditch was excavated when the tower was erected.

LITTLE WITTENHAM, SINODUN HILL CAMP. This camp, which
has a commanding position on the top of an almost isolated chalk hill,
overlooks the Valley of
the Thames a few miles
north of Wallingford.

Its construction dif-
fers from the others that
have been described. In
this case a deep fosse has
been excavated around the
hill, half-way between the
top and the bottom, and
no true vallum has been
thrown up.

The accompanying
plan and section will ex-
plain the construction,
from which it will be
seen that the chalk taken
from the fosse has been
used to raise the level of
the interior of the camp,
while that removed from
outside has been piled upon the vallum left between the fosse and the
base of the hill. The entrance is on the south-west, but is not defended
by any additional earthworks.

Leland and Camden have mentioned that Roman coins were found

there in great profusion."

RECTANGULAR CAMPS, ETC.

[CLASS C]

Rectangular camps are not numerous in Berkshire, and several of
those described are not very clearly marked. Some, indeed, such as that
at Hampstead Norris, may be only a ditch enclosing a rectangular

i Cough's Camden, i. 237.

Leland, It. ii. 13, 14. Cough's Camden, i. 214, 223. Lysons' Mag. Bnt. 214, 440.

263

SCAUC or rter
o IQO too

SINODUN HILL CAMP.

LOWBURV CAMP,
ASTON UPTHORPE.

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

paddock, but all those which have been noticed as possible camps have
been set down, and future investigations will perhaps determine whether
they should remain on the list or not.

ASTON UPTHORPE, LOWBURY CAMP. The most conspicuous camp
of rectangular form is that on Lowbury Hill. The earthworks are not
very prominent, but the vallum and fosse, though small,
N to>v6ury Hilt can be traced quite clearly, and form an accurate rect-
angle.

Fragments of Roman tiles, mortar, pottery, and
coins have been found here in abundance, and quantities
of oyster-shells can be picked out of a heap in one corner
of the camp.

The camp lies near the Icknield-way, a branch of
which runs east for a mile or more in a perfectly straight line known as
the Fair Mile. 1

FINCHAMPSTEAD. There is supposed to be a Roman camp around
the church at Finchampstead, which stands near the road from London
to Silchester. There is nothing left now
but a rectangular plateau with a steep es-
carpment on all sides except the eastern
portion of the north side, where the road
has somewhat disturbed the original shape
of the surface. 3

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS. To the west of
the church there are the remains of a ditch
with a slight vallum within it, forming
three sides of a rectangle. The churchyard

has been enlarged within recent years so as to cross the ditch, which has
been filled up through this part of its length. Nothing can be seen of
the fourth side, which, if it existed, must have run to the east of the
church near the present road.

HINTON WALDRIST, ACHESTER. This is a small and little known
rectangular camp, consisting of a fosse with a vallum inside it, situated
in a wood on low-lying ground between the village of Hinton Waldrist
and the Faringdon and Oxford road.

MAIDENHEAD. There is a small rectangular camp with concave
sides on Maidenhead Thicket, in the direction of Pinkney's Green. It
consists of a fosse with a small vallum inside and another outside. 3

TILEHURST. There is a well preserved rectangular camp in a wood
near Tilehurst station.

WALLINGFORD. The town of Wallingford was surrounded on three
sides by a high vallum, a considerable part of which still remains, and
without this by a moat filled with water by inversion of a stream which
flowed from the west. The river formed the defence on the fourth

1 Hewitt, Hundred of Compton, 113-5.

2 Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journal, ii. 28. Lyon, Hist, of Finchampstead.

3 Berks Arch. Quart. Journ. ii. 74. Berks, Bucks and Oxon. Arch. Journ. vii. 95.

264

so uorn IT

FINCHAMPSTEAD.

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

side. Coins and other remains of the Roman period have been dug up
from time to time. 1

WANTAGE, LIMBOROUGH. It has long been thought that there was
a Roman camp in Wantage, the name of which, Limborough, still

td&gSSSS

f? A. He 'At '/> fitted in hre owing
i^S r modem ope rations.

! il

WALLINGFORD.
(from plan by Rev. E. A. Dotvnman!)

survives. Dr. Francis Wise in 1738 considered that he had identified
the site as a place called High Garden. Many Roman coins have been

' Cough's Camden, i. 215, 225. Lysons, Mag. Brit. 212, 214, 396-7. Berks Arch. Quart. Journ. iii. 18.
i 265 34

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

dug up here during the last 150 years, but no signs of earthworks now
remain. 1

WINKFIELD. At the extreme southern boundary of the parish and
county, and south of the Easthampstead and Bagshot road is a field
known as ' Roman Down,' where fragments of tiles and Romano-
British pottery were ploughed up in 1783. At that time, 'in one
corner of the farm was a small spot of ground enclosed with a vallum
and a deep fosse without it, deep enough to take in a road waggon, tilt
and all.' It has since been destroyed.*

South

SOUTH MORETON.

CASTLE MOUNTS
[CLASS D]

Fortified mounds, that is to say circular mounds surrounded by a

fosse, and intended rather as a place of defence than for sepulchral

purposes, seem to be rare in this county. Perhaps some of those
formerly in existence have afterwards developed a
bailey and then a castle, or being small and not very
conspicuous earthworks have totally disappeared.

Three are here described under this heading,
though these do not absolutely conform to the defini-
tion ; and perhaps several more may be found which
have been classed under the heading of tumuli.

SOUTH MORETON. To the west of South More-
ton Churchyard is a curious unfinished earthwork
consisting of an irregularly circular mound with a
deep trench excavated nearly all round it. It lies

close to the brook, and seems to have been intended for a small fortifica-
tion, but was never completed.

READING. The mound in the Forbury Gardens at Reading should

probably be classed under this

head, though no ditch round it

is now to be seen. As, however,

there appear to have been further

earthworks without it at some

former time, its purpose seems

to have been defensive rather

than sepulchral.

WALLTNGFORD. St. Peter's

Church seems to stand on an

artificial mound close to and

commanding the old ford. The houses round it now disguise its form,

but it seems likely that this was once a fortified mound.

Cough's Camden, i. 225. Davey, Wantage Past and Present, 12.
2 Arch. vii.

266

FORBURY HILL, READING.

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

HINTON WALDRIST.

CASTLE MOUNTS WITH ATTACHED COURTS

[CLASS E]

Of fortified mounds with baileys attached only three occur in the
county. Of these one, Hinton Waldrist, has the mound outside the
fortified enclosure, while at the others, Wallingford and Windsor Castles,
the mounds are situated almost in the middle of the moated area.

HINTON WALDRIST. The manor house at Hinton Waldrist stands
within a moat, more than half of which is still in existence, and partly
filled with water. To the north the
ground slopes away, and here there was
a vallum, forming the outer side of the
moat, part of which remains. On the
south-west, outside the moat is a high
mound, evidently part of the construc-
tion, with faint traces of a ditch around
it.

WALLINGFORD, WALLINGFORD
CASTLE. This is another example of
the same form of construction, though here the earthworks have been
elaborated, probably at a later date. The mound is in the centre of the
southern side, and a deep trench runs round part of its circumference.
Round it, stretching to the north to include the bailey, are three other
moats, which are not, however, on the east, where we find traces of for-
midable bastions and other defences which guarded the side exposed to
the river.

WINDSOR CASTLE. We should perhaps consider the earthworks
existing at Windsor Castle as a specimen of a fortified mount with a
bailey attached, for there are traces of this formation still to be seen,

though the
buildings and
alterations of
later times have
to some extent
obscured the
original form. 1
The Round

\''&
<&%*.

* '*<wv^ ..,

5-3

*S%'<,

f*r S^* *^

SCALE or
* 2

.E or rirr

>0 00 SOO I

WINDSOR CASTLE.

Tower still
stands on the
summit of a cir-
cular mound,
more than 270
feet in diameter

at its base and about 50 feet in height, partially surrounded by a ditch or
moat, which made the complete circuit in earlier days.

1 The accompanying plan is based upon information kindly supplied by Mr. W. H. St. John
Hope, M.A.

267

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

To the east of this is a space, now occupied by the buildings
surrounding the Upper Ward and the East Terrace garden, to the south
of which a part of the old Castle Ditch is still to be seen. Around
the eastern end there are signs where this earthwork continued, thus
enclosing the Bailey.

The plan of the Castle in Ashmole's Order of the Garter (1672)
shows the ditch around the Lower Ward, and there remains evidence of
a ditch on the west side of the mount.

HOMESTEAD MOATS

Moats of different forms and dimensions are to be met with in all
parts of the county, though they are naturally more common in the
valleys, where the supply of water is more plentiful. They are very
frequently square or quadrangular in form, though cases are not
uncommon in which they assume a circular or even irregular shape. In
the majority of instances a manor house stands, or is known to have
stood, within the enclosure, but this is not always the case ; nor can it
be assumed that the moat was invariably made for the purpose of
defending the house.

There is usually no sign of a vallum either inside the moat or on
the outside, though sometimes faint traces may be observed, due
probably to the mud thrown out at some time when the moat has been
cleaned.

No attempt has been made here to classify them either by their
form or construction, still less to assign dates to them ; they are
enumerated according to the alphabetical order of the parishes in which
they are situated, and but little is mentioned respecting them but their
shape.

APPLETON. The manor house of Appleton, which dates from the
twelfth century, was surrounded by a quadrangular moat, three sides of
which are still to be seen. 1

The manor house of Tinteynes, in the same parish, was formerly
defended in a similar manner, but the moat was filled up some years
ago. 8

ARBORFIELD. Two sides of a moat, which appears to have been
quadrangular, are still existing at Moor Copse, near Kenny's farm.

ASHBURY. At the Chapel Manor house there are the remains of a
moat which formerly surrounded the house. The moat is to a great
extent natural, being formed by two deep converging gullies, the sides
of which have been straightened ; but an artificial moat which
connected them has been recently filled up.

A small field at Chapel Wick, called ' Chapel Close,' is somewhat
raised above the level of the surrounding country, and is enclosed by a
deep moat. A chapel was built here about A.D. 1220, when the place
was known as Estwick.

1 Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 212. ' Ibid. i. 234.

208

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

BARKHAM. There is an irregularly shaped moat around the Church
Farm, close to Barkham Church, the greater part of which is still in
existence, though part of the north-west side has been filled in.

Another moat surrounds what is known as Bigg's Farm ; three sides
of a square still remain, and there are evidences of the former existence
of the remaining side.

BLEWBURY. There are three sides remaining of a regularly planned
rectangular moat surrounding Blewbury Farm, and outside this again is
another moat of irregularly circular form, with some parts of a vallum
still existing on the outside. The whole surface of the ground inside
the outer moat has been raised above the level of the surrounding
country. 1 The inner moat was formerly crossed by a drawbridge, the
remains of which have been obliterated within the last 1 20 years. 2

BRIGHTWALTON. There are faint vestiges of two sides of a moat
which enclosed the Manor Farm at Brightwalton and the site of the old
church. The moat must have been narrower than is usual in similar
cases, but enclosed a much larger space of ground. The angle remaining
is an accurate right-angle. There is no water in the moat, which was in
all probability always dry.

BRIGHTWELL. Three sides of an irregularly quadrangular moat
remain around the Manor House at Brightwell, the site of the old castle.
The moat must formerly have enclosed also the site of the church and
rectory. Within it at the south-west corner is a large mound. 3

There is another moat of irregular form near Mackney Court Farm,
at the end of which is a small rectangular island or withy bed.

CHOLSEY. There is a long moat with a branch leaving it at right-
angles in the centre, near the G.W.R. station, at the site of the
monastery.

There is another of irregular shape, fed by a broad ditch, sur-
rounding Lollingdon Farm.

There are remains of moats, intersected by the railway to Walling-
ford, near Cholsey Church, but it is not easy to make out their form or
the object for which they were made.

CLEWER. There is a small quadrangular moat of irregular shape
near Dedworth Green.

COLESHILL. Three sides of a moat still exist on the low ground to
the north-east of the village, where the Pleydell manor house is believed
to have stood.

COMPTON BEAUCHAMP. Compton House is surrounded by a very
regular rectangular moat, the sides of which have been built up with
brick-work.

DENCHWORTH. Three sides of a moat still exist round the manor
house of Denchworth, and much of the remainder, though filled in, can
be distinctly traced.*

Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 38. Lewis, Top. Diet.

3 Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 250.

' Clarke, Hundred of Wanting (1824), p. 87. Cough's Camden, p. 225.

269

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

EAST HAGBOURNE. Considerable remains of a moat surround the
manor house at East Hagbourne ; rather more than three sides of a
square still exist, and several additional ditches of the same or smaller
dimensions.

KINTBURY. A fine circular moat surrounds the site of Balsdon
manor house, and outside this again are the remains of a narrower ditch
or moat, forming part of an irregular pentagon. 1

Near Anvilles Farm is an irregularly shaped moat, within which
stood formerly the house of Anvilles or Hamville.

LETCOMBE REGIS. A very complete rectangular moat surrounds
the moat house at Letcombe Regis.

SOUTH MORETON. The remains of a very irregular, pear-shaped
moat are to be seen near the old manor house of Saunderville.

READING. A very perfect moat, square in form and thirty feet
wide, surrounds the manor house of Southcot in the parish of St. Mary's,
Reading. 8

RUSCOMBE. There is a quadrilateral moat with straight and regular
sides in Botany Bay copse by Stanlake Park. It is thought that the
manor house formerly stood within it.

EAST SHEFFORD. One side of the moat which formerly surrounded
the manor house is still existing. It is said that the moat once enclosed
the house and garden. 8

SHINFIELD. The remains of a small rectangular moat are to be
seen in a field opposite the vicarage.

In Moorwood, near Daffodil Wood, is a great number of moats,
the object of which it is not easy to discover. The wood is divided up
into two rows of quadrangles by moats running at right-angles to one
another, and within these quadrangles are two other quadrangular moats,
one within the other.

SHOTTESBROOK. The greater part of a moat is still in existence
around Smewins Farm, which is supposed to have been the residence
of Prince Arthur, elder son of Henry VII. 4

SOTWELL. An irregularly rectangular moat still surrounds Sotwell
Farm, though on the south-west it is little more than a ditch.

There are a series of ditches, one eighteen feet wide, with others
parallel and at right angles to it, in the orchard at Stonor Hayes. Some
fragments of a pavement were found to the south-east, the remains of
a former building.

STANFORD IN THE VALE. There is in this parish an irregularly
square moat surrounding what is called Stanford Park Island.

STEVENTON. There is a moat or fish pond, about 1 5 feet wide and
somewhat winding in shape, partially surrounding the site of the priory.
It is still filled with water from a neighbouring stream.

1 Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 305. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 132.
" Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. vii. 94.

3 History of Newbury and its Environs, 276.

4 Cough's Camden, 233. Ashmole, Antiq. Berks, ii. 505.

270

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

SULHAMPSTEAD. There is a moat here round the Moat Farm.

There are also some ditches between the railway and the river
Kennet, which may perhaps be the Danish camp referred to by Gough
and other writers. 1

SWALLOWFIELD. Near the river Loddon, and not far from White's
Green, is a square moat, which is supposed to be the site of Beaumys
Castle.

Near Sheepbridge Mill, on the same river, is an oval moat, partly
filled with water, surrounding the Court Farm, while there are traces of
a small square moat to the immediate south.

TUBNEY. There are two sides still remaining of a moat which
formerly surrounded the Manor Farm.

UFFINGTON. An irregularly shaped moat, in a very good state of
preservation, still surrounds Hardwell Farm. Three sides are filled
with water.

WALLINGFORD. An almost square moat, with rounded corners,
surrounds the house and garden of the old farm house at Rush Court, in
the liberty of Clapcot.

WARFIELD. There is a somewhat irregularly shaped rectangular
moat near Hayley Green Farm, with very sloping banks.

There are also the remains of a square or rectangular moat to the
south-east of Winkfield lane, south-west of its junction with Bishop's
lane.

OLD WINDSOR. Tile-place Farm stands within a quadrilateral moat,
with unequal but fairly straight sides. 2

NEW WINDSOR. There are vestiges of a moat at Spital.

WYTHAM. Lysons speaks of a moat surrounding Wytham house.*

YATTENDON. There are traces of three sides of the moat which
surrounded the castle at Yattendon, and part of one side is in a fair state
of preservation.

UNCLASSIFIED EARTHWORKS

[CLASS X]

There are not many camps which do not come under one or other
of the former headings, but some few are here described which seem to
a certain extent exceptional. Of those at Abingdon, Childrey and
Hinton Waldrist little or nothing now remains, and Donnington shows
nothing that can be considered with certainty older than the seventeenth
century. Hardwell is, however, different. Here is an important and
well-preserved camp, of a form and on a site differing much from any
other earthwork in the county.

ABINGDON. There seems to have been formerly two camps here,
though no vestiges of them have been noticed in recent years. Leland

Cough's Camden, i. 230. Robertson's Topograph. Survey of the Great Road, etc. (1792), i. 129.
Brayley and Britton, Beauties, etc. (1801), i. 175. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 107.
1 Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 414. * Mag. Brit. i. 212-3.

271

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ISO

DONNINGTON CASTLE, DoN-
NINGTON.

DONNINGTON.-

says : ' There yet appear two camps by Abingdon, one called Serpen hill,
a quarter of a mile east-north-east out of the town. Here it is said was

a battle between the Danes and Saxons ; part of
the trenches remains : the other is called Barrow,
a little west from the town.' 1

CHILDREY. There are faint traces of earth-
works on Hackpen Hill
on the down above Chil-
drey. They were first
noted by the Rev. Francis
Wise in 1738, who con-
sidered them to date from
post-Roman times.'

HINTON WALDRIST.
There are slight traces
of entrenchments in the
village of Hinton Wald-

HINTON WALDRIST. "St, to the WCSt of the

by-road leading through the village.
-There are remains of earthworks of very irregular
form around Donnington Castle, which seem to be fragments of the

ramparts thrown up temporarily
during the civil war, and which
are figured in Grose's Antiq. Eng-
land and Wales, vol. i. These
earthworks so cover the whole
site that it is impossible to deter-
mine whether an earlier camp
stood here before the castle was
erected. 3

UFFINGTON, HARDWELL
CAMP. This is usually enumer-
ated among the hill camps, but
as it lies at the bottom of a steep
slope, and its construction differs
considerably from the others of
the hill-top type, it has here been
differently classed.

As the camp has been planted
thickly with spruce trees, it is
not easy to obtain a clear view of
its defences, and as, moreover,
there are deep natural gullies on

HARDWELL CAMP, UFFINCTON. the site, which have been USed tO

Leland, vii. 65. Cough's Camden, i. 224.

Wise, Antiq. of Berks. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 191.
a Berks, Bucks and Oxon Arch. Journ. iv. 51. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 24.

272

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

assist the artificial construction, a simple description is made still more
difficult.

In the hill side above Hardwell Farm several springs break out of
the chalk, which have carved deep gullies for their courses into the
valley below. Five or six of these have joined together to form one
gully, and about three hundred yards farther north have met another
gully of a similar type. Between these remains a chalk plateau with
steep escarpments on nearly every side, and very suitable as a place of
temporary defence, though its position immediately beneath the steep
hill must have rendered its position untenable for any considerable
period.

Around the upper and broader part of this plateau a vallum has
been thrown up, following for the most part its very irregular outline,
though it omits to include all the spurs between the minor gullies.
Across the neck at the south, between the heads of the two main
gullies, two extra valla have' been thrown up to defend this, the weakest
part of the construction. Here was the entrance, further defended by
another vallum on the east, at right-angles to the others. 1

BOUNDARY DITCHES

Like most of the southern counties of England, Berkshire contains
many ditches or dykes, some of them running for miles along the
Downs, while others are to be seen crossing the valleys from ridge to
ridge. These have been considered to mark the boundaries of tribes
at some former date, and have been attributed by some to the Belgic
peoples and by others to the West-Saxons. No satisfactory evidence
has, however, been produced which will enable us to fix their date
with any certainty, nor need it be taken for granted that these lines
were thrown up by one people at one date.

The usual form of construction is a vallum with a fosse on one
side, but sometimes there are traces of a ditch on both sides, as if
the vallum alone were the important feature. Their height is such
that in most cases they can have had but little value as works of defence,
unless a stockade had been erected upon them, while their great length
makes it unlikely that such an addition could have been made. That
they were boundaries of kingdoms or tribal lands seems to be a more
probable explanation, but when and by whom they were erected it
would be hazardous to suggest.

Three of these lines, running parallel from east to west, are known
as Grim's ditch, a name found in association with similar banks in other
parts of the country. There are two of these on the Downs, formerly
known as Ashdown, lying about three or four miles apart, while the
remains of the third are to be seen south of the Kennet, not far from
the county boundary.

i Cough's Camden, i. 222. Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 214.
i 273 35

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

The most northerly ditch is first found on Aston Upthorpe Downs,
half a mile north of Lowbury Hill Camp, and runs thence west in an
undulating line. By Lower Chance Farm it has been ploughed up,
and no sign of it can now be seen, though the Ordnance map has pre-
served a record of its former course. It crosses the railway at Churn
bottom, and here becomes clearly visible running direct to Foxbarrow.
For a mile to the north-west its course is very plain, dividing the
parishes of Blewbury from East Ilsley, then it takes a sharp turn to the
south-west, and disappears for a while. Crossing the boundary of East
Hendred parish it is again visible, and can be traced, with a few breaks
in its course, across the Downs of East and West Ginge, when it is lost
altogether. The fosse is to the south of the vallum, whence it has
been argued that it must have been the work of a tribe dwelling to the
north. 1

The next Grim's ditch or dyke is thought to be the same as that
traced by Dr. Plot as far as Grove barn on the Oxfordshire side of the
Thames. It is still visible from Holeys near the Grotto at Basildon
nearly all the way to Wood's Farm, and again farther west to the
south of Gould's Farm, and so on with a break to Beche Farm, and
for half a mile still to the west. It was formerly traceable still
further by Cold-harbour Farm to Compton Cow Down, across Per-
borough Castle, and on in the direction of Cheseridge Wood, but little
can now be seen of the western portion. It consists of a vallum and
fosse, and seems formerly to have been known also by the name of the
Devil's Ditch. 3

There is but little left of the third Grim's ditch or Grimmer's bank
as it is more usually called, but traces of it may be seen for two or three
miles extending from Aldermaston Park across Padworth Hatch and
Ufton Wood, till it ends at Highland or Eyland Farm. It it said,
however, that before the commons were enclosed, it extended still
further to the east. 3

On Moulsford Down, to the east of Unhill Wood, are fragments
of a ditch known as the Devil's Ditch. Its course is irregular and
in some places not clearly defined, but its general trend seems to be
from south-east to north-west. It is possible that it is an eastern
continuation of the first-mentioned Grim's ditch.

Another interesting ditch of a different type is that known as ' East
Ditch.' This is in reality a ditch, in some places as much as six feet
deep, which starts from Hackpen Hill in Childrey parish, crosses the
Ridge-way, and runs in the direction of Greendown Farm. For an
interval it has been levelled, but is again visible at Crowdown, whence
it runs near Hyde Farm towards Bockhampton. Here it is supposed to
have crossed the Lambourn, and to have run to Thorn Hill, where it
can be very clearly seen. Its further course is uncertain, but it is

1 Cooper King, Hist. Berks, 59.

8 Hist, of Newbury and Environs, 225, 233-4. Tram. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 96.

' Berks Notes and Queries, 49.

274

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

thought to have run by Dance's Wood, Great Noakes Wood and Batten's
Farm to Membury Fort. 1

A very interesting ditch or dyke, known as Hug's ditch, consisting
of a vallum with a fosse to the west, divides the parishes of East and
West Sheffbrd, south of the river Lambourn. Though only a short
length is now visible it is said to have run in former days to the old
Rectory garden, at East Shefford, where it ended in a mound, since
removed. In earlier days it must, however, have extended considerably
in both directions, for we find in a document temp. Eliz. a reference to
Ockendishein Chaddleworth parish, probably the modern Oakash. 2 There
is also a mention of the ditch, under the name of Howker Diche in 1573
in a survey of the manor of Eddington 8 in Hungerford parish, at a spot
which has been identified as that where the Wantage road leaves the
parish of Shefford. There is also a farm in Froxfield parish called
Hug's Ditch. There is a legend that the dyke was constructed by one
Hugo, King of the Mercians. It is also said that the hundred court,
presumably of Kintbury Eagle, was held at the spot already mentioned,
where the high road enters Hungerford parish, and that it was known
as Hug's Ditch Court. 4

A part of Wan's dyke is very clearly to be seen in Inkpen parish
at the west side of old dyke lane. It is mentioned by its proper name
in an enclosure award of 1735.

There is an old entrenchment running across Snelsmore Common
in the parish of Chieveley, known as Black Ditch. 6

A somewhat similar dyke called Berry's Bank runs north and
south over Greenham Common, and is alluded to by the Bishop of
Cloyne. It is said, however, to be of comparatively modern date.'

Another dyke runs obliquely across Hampstead Marshall Park, 7
and yet another crosses the heath at Stratfield Mortimer, 8 to the west of
Groves corner.

On Roden Down in Compton parish are a number of small dykes
with a ditch on either side. 9 Several are to be seen on the Downs in
the parishes of Lambourn and Ashbury, in the latter of which parishes
one of considerable dimensions runs along the southern boundary, while
yet another can be traced on East Garston Down, running thence towards
the north into the parish of Letcombe Bassett.

On the unploughed Downs there are numerous traces of small
dykes and ditches, which have not as yet been carefully examined.
Some are quite modern, being the boundaries of the lands allotted under
the common awards, but many appear to be much older, though their
origin and use remain obscure.

Trans. Netvbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 191-2. Chanc. Proc. iii. 77.

3 Hungerford Town Documents. Hist, of Netvbury and Env. 276.

Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 186. e Hist, of Newbury and Env. 161.

' Trans. Netvbury Dist. Field Club, iii. 105. Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 204.
Hewitt, Hundr. of Compton, 74.

275

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

TUMULI

A very large number of tumuli or barrows are to be found distri-
buted over the Berkshire Downs, and some few still exist in other parts
of the county. Several are mentioned by earlier writers which can now
no longer be seen, and many more have doubtless succumbed to the
action of the plough and the exigencies of agricultural improvements.
It is strikingly noticeable that the great majority still to be seen are
upon the unbroken Downs, or upon those parts which have only been
under plough for a short period ; though it must equally be noted that
the large tracts of waste land on the Bagshot sands in the eastern part
of the county yield very few.

Of these barrows almost all are circular or nearly circular in form,
and the true long barrow seems scarcely to have existed in this county,
though there are two that may perhaps be considered under this head.
These round barrows are, however, in some cases of very different dates,
and have not always been erected for the same purpose. The great
majority were no doubt thrown up to cover interments, but some have
almost certainly been boundary marks, some look-out places near camps,
and some, perhaps, survey stations upon Roman roads.

Comparatively few of them have been opened, at least by scientific
investigators who have left records of their work, and so it will be
impossible at the present time to classify them properly. With the
exception of the two long barrows already referred to, they will be
enumerated, as in the case of the other earthworks, according to the
alphabetical order of the parishes in which they are situated, while such
information as can be gleaned as to their age and object will be given in
each case.

LONG BARROWS

It is strange that long barrows, the burial places of the neolithic
people, should be so scarce in Berkshire, for it is evident, from the
implements that have been found, that this race settled here. It is
probable that they occupied only the low-lying tracts, where the soil is
more fertile and water abundant, and left the exposed Downs and the
dreary wastes of the Bagshot sands uninhabited ; and in that case their
tombs would have been set up in those parts which have been for the
greatest length of time under cultivation, with the natural result that
few if any have survived.

The only true burial place of this period of which we have any
evidence is not, strictly speaking, a tumulus, but what is known as a
dolmen ; but as it is now generally believed that such dolmens were
once covered with earth, or at least were erected with the intention of
being so covered, it is perhaps not inconsistent to include among our
tumuli the dolmen known as Wayland Smith's Cave, which is described
in the article on Early Man.

276

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

The only other tumulus that can be called a long barrow is a low
irregularly oval mound situated at Churn bottom, in the parish of Blew-
bury, a little to the north of two round barrows. It has never been
opened, so that nothing can be said definitely as to its age or purpose ;
but from its irregular shape and low elevation it appears to be a rough,
hurriedly formed grave of many men of a later date, rather than a long
barrow of the neolithic type.

ROUND BARROWS

The round barrows, besides being much more numerous, are usually
more regular and decided in their shape, though some have suffered
severely from being ploughed over for many years. They have generally
a ditch or trench around them, from which the earth has been taken to
make the pile. They vary considerably in height, some measuring
twelve feet or more from the bottom of the ditch, while others are
scarcely raised above the level of the surrounding surface. This is by
no means always due to the effects of the plough, since some of the
lowest are to be found upon the virgin down.

Several have been opened in recent years ; some of them have
yielded many interesting relics both of primary and secondary inter-
ments, while the absence of human remains in others tends to show
that their purpose was not sepulchral. There are few which do not
show evidences of having been dug into at some former time by treasure
seekers.

ASCOT. There were four barrows near Ascot station, which have
been described by Colonel Cooper-King 1 as 64 feet in diameter, about
3 feet high, and with trenches 1 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep around
them. They were mentioned by Gough, 3 who gives a detailed descrip-
tion of them.

The ground on which they stood is now enclosed, and has been
laid out as gardens, and the barrows seem to have been removed about
twenty years since, one of them, in fact, at an earlier date. 3

ASHBURY. There are three barrows on Idstone Down, on the top
of the hill near a square pond. They have been opened by treasure
seekers, but not by recent investigators.

North of these, at the bottom of the hill, is a small unfinished
barrow, with the ditch only completed for about three-quarters of the
circumference.

There is a small irregular barrow on Swinley Down, north of
Alfred's Castle, and another in Swinley copse. These were examined
in 1850.*

There is also a barrow in Botley Copse at the extreme south of
the parish.

1 Cooper-King, History of Berks, 29. * Cough's Camden, i. 237.

3 Hughes, Hist, of Winds. For. 314. Arch. Journ. vii. 391.

277

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

ASTON UPTHORPE. There is a barrow standing in a clump of
trees on the Down to the west of Hogtrough bottom.

There is also a mound immediately to the east of Lowbury camp,
which appears to have been thrown up as a post of observation, as it
seems too near the camp to be a burial mound. 1

BEARWOOD. In Bearwood Park is a round hill known as Limmer's
Bank, and traditionally supposed to be a barrow, but geologists pro-
nounce it to be of natural formation.

BEEDON. A large barrow stands in Stanmore Field, which is known
as Burrow Hill by the people of the village, who have a tradition that
a man of that name was interred there in a gold or silver coffin. It
was originally surrounded by a ditch and was much larger than at
present, but repeated ploughing has much reduced its size.

It was opened in April 1815, when a small interment of burnt
bones, with some fragments of an urn, was found ten feet from the
summit. The vessel was of the type known as an ' incense cup,' and
was ornamented with zigzag patterns ; it was found on the south side
of the barrow.

Beneath the barrow were found seven perpendicular holes, about
two inches in diameter, sunk about a foot in depth below the original
level of the ground, containing a deposit of charred wood.'

BLEWBURY. There are many barrows on the Downs around Blew-
bury, and more are known to have existed formerly. Ten can still be
counted without reckoning the long barrow already described.

There is one in the hollow on Ashbrook Farm, which has, however,
been reduced in height by former ploughing.

To the east on Churn Hill are three, the easternmost of which was
explored in 1848, when it yielded a few burnt bones.

On the lower ground to the east of the latter are two more, in a very
good state of preservation. The most western of these was opened in 1 848.

At Lower Chance or Chants Farm a barrow is still to be seen, but
in 1 846 there were three which were then examined. They contained
an unbaked urn, filled with animals' bones, and a bone pin.

At Churn knob are two barrows ; one, the larger, is known by
this name, while to the south is another, now nearly ploughed away,
which was opened at the same time as that in Churn bottom, when all
that was found was black earth, and the bones and teeth of horses and
other animals, mixed with many small lumps of iron. It is said that
formerly there were several others. The circular plantation to the east
is said to have contained a barrow, of which, however, nothing can now
be seen.

Fox barrow, mentioned in the Abingdon Chronicle, is a small
round barrow, by the side of Grim's ditch, where the boundaries of
Blewbury, Compton and East Ilsley meet. 3

1 Hewitt, Hundred of Compton, 115.

3 Ibid. 125-6. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 16, 93. Arch. Journ. vii. 65-7.
3 Arch. Journ. v. 279-291. Tram. Newbury Dist. Field Club. iv. 8, 36, 40. Hewitt, Hundr. of
Compton, 124-5.

278

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

BOXFORD. There is a barrow of nearly circular form in a field at
the bottom of Rowbury Hill. It was opened about the year 1870,
when only a quantity of charcoal ashes was found. 1

BRIGHTWELL. There is a circular barrow which forms a con-
spicuous landmark on the top of Brightwell Hill.

BRIMPTON. There are six round barrows in Brimpton parish, five
near to each other, the sixth being a quarter of a mile to the south.
They vary in size, the largest being go feet in diameter, the others some-
what smaller. They are all flat on the top and have a trench around
the base.

Two were exhaustively examined by Canon Greenwell in 1880,
who failed to find any evidence of their sepulchral origin. Two are
mentioned in the Abingdon Chronicle (i. 117-8) under the names of
Imma beorge and heafod beorge. The five are near what is believed
to be the course of the Roman road from Calleva to Aquae Solis.*

CHADDLEWORTH. Three round barrows lie in the extreme southern
corner of Wooley Down, to the west of the road leading from Hunger-
ford to Wantage, and extend in a line from north to south. Their
diameters are 66, 48, and 36 feet, while their heights vary from five
feet to one. There is a shallow trench around each, and there are
depressions at the top, due, no doubt, to the work of treasure-seekers,
who have been active here, even in recent years. They are popularly
supposed to be soldiers' graves.

There is a mound in the middle of Field Copse, but this is probably
not a burial tumulus.

CHILDREY. There is a barrow about 50 yards north-east of the
Ridge-way 97 feet in diameter, and still 5! feet high, though formerly
much higher. It was opened in 1880 by Canon Greenwell who
found a large sarson stone six feet from the centre, with a smaller one
beneath it. 3

There is another barrow on Hackpen Hill.

CHILTON. There is a large tumulus on Chilton Down near the
southern boundary of the parish.

COMPTON. There were four barrows, known as the Cross Barrows,
in Compton parish, about a mile east of Ilsley on a conspicuous emi-
nence. These were examined by Mr. Hewitt in 1843. ^ n one was
found the skeleton of a large man, fixed into whose pelvis was an iron
javelin-head. In another were six skeletons, with a small brass pin,
some fragments of coarse pottery, several ochre beads and other objects.
In the third was a single skeleton with weapons somewhat resembling
that found in No. i. The fourth contained no interment whatever.'

COOKHAM. At Cockmarsh are four barrows. They were opened
in 1874 by Mr. A. H. Cocks, when three were found to contain remains

> Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 16.

* Arch. lii. 65-6. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 1 86.

Arch. lii. 62-4. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 191.

Hewitt, Hundred of Compton, 153-5. Reading Mercury, Jan. 1843.

279

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

of burials by cremation, and the fourth the skeleton of an Anglo-Saxon

man. 1

There is also a barrow on Batlynge Mead, the traditional site of a
battle between the Saxons and Danes.

ENBORNE. There are two barrows in Enborne parish on the site
of the first Battle of Newbury. The largest, called ' Bumper's Hill,' is
on the boundary of Enborne and Newbury. 1

HAMPSTEAD MARSHALL. There are three large circular barrows in
Hampstead Park. 8

HAMPSTEAD NORRIS. There is a small barrow near Wailey Hill.
It was opened about the year 1835 but nothing was found. There were
two here formerly, but one has totally disappeared.

There is a large, very high barrow in Park Wood, with a deep
trench round it. 4

EAST HENDRED. In this parish is situated Cuckhamsley Barrow
or Scutchamfly Knob, about which so much has been written. Excava-
tions were made here some years ago which resulted in finding various
articles, including an iron buckle, scattered through the mound, but no
signs of an interment. In the centre was found a large oak stake, which
had been charred. 5

There is another barrow on East Hendred Down.

EAST ILSLEY. There are two small barrows on East Ilsley Down.

WEST ILSLEY. On an eminence south of Hodcott Hall there were
several large barrows, gradually diminishing beneath the plough.'

INKPEN. On the top of the Downs, at the south-west corner of
the parish, are four round barrows ; one is very conspicuous, while three
others, much smaller, lie close together.

LAMBOURN. The most famous group of barrows is that known as
Seven barrows, near the farm of that name upon the Lambourn Downs.
There are in reality about twenty, and one of these is double, i.e. two
conical barrows intersecting, while another, which appears oval, was
probably the same originally. 7

There is a small barrow on Park Down Farm, and two others on
Stancombe Down, adjoining the parish of Letcombe Bassett. The latter
were opened by Canon Greenwell. In one no interment was found,
while in the other were the calcined bones of a man, covered by a per-
forated ' incense cup,' by which were lying a hammer of stone and
another made of deer horn.

There is another barrow on Row Down, two more on Farncombe
Down, and two on Eastbury Down.

Proc. Sac. Antiq. xii. 339. Times, Oct. 1874. Berks Quart. Journ. ii. 135. Berks, Bucks and Oxon.
Arch. Journ. vii. 95.

" Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 176. 3 Ibid. iii. 105.

4 Ibid. i. 208. Hist. Newbury and Env. 220.

6 Cough's Camden, i. 225. Hewitt, Hundred of Comfton, 99, 100. Coote, Romans in Britain, loo.
Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 167-9.

6 Hewitt, Hundred of Compton, 36.

7 See article on Anglo-Saxon Remains.

280

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

LETCOMBE BASSETT. On Mere End Down, at the extreme south-
east corner of Letcombe Bassett parish, are two low circular barrows,
each surrounded by a trench, which have been opened by Canon
Green well.

The larger of the two, which measures 100 feet across, was found
to contain burnt bones, which had been much disturbed by badgers, and
a well-formed barbed arrow-head of flint.

SEVEN BARROWS, LAMBOURN.

The smaller barrow, which lies 50 feet to the east, had either been
opened at some previous time, or the interment had been disturbed by
the plough, as the bones were found very much disturbed. Some pieces
of pottery were found among the materials of the mound.

There is another barrow on Nutwood Down, only a few yards
from two in Lambourn parish, about 93 feet in diameter and five feet
high. 1

Arch. lii. 61-2.
I 28l 36

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

EAST LOCKINGE. There are two barrows at the south end of East
Lockinge parish, close to the Ridge-way.

MARCHAM. There is a barrow at Garford in . this parish, on
' Barrow Hill ' between the two branches of the Ock. 1

MOULSFORD. There is a circular barrow on Moulsford Down to
the east of Lingley Knob. It is doubtful whether this is ' the fine
circular barrow surrounded by a fosse' mentioned by Hewitt as being at
the corner of Unhill Wood, for there is no trench round it at the
present time.*

NEWBURY. There are three barrows on Wash Common, south of
Newbury, on the site of the first Battle of Newbury.

EAST SHEFFORD. There was formerly a mound or barrow in the
garden of the old Rectory, which was removed some years ago, when
nothing of interest was found. It is said that Hug's ditch terminated
here.

WEST SHEFFORD. Near Coldridge Wood, to the south of the
village, is a round barrow 95 feet in diameter. It was opened in the
early part of the nineteenth century by a farmer, who found ashes,
bones and some old sherds.

Some years later it was carefully explored. Fragments of pottery
and the bones of animals were found scattered through the mound.
The base of a cinerary urn with some ashes attached to it was also
discovered, beside some fragments of human bones, an ' incense cup,' a
bone needle, and a number of flint implements. 3

SPARSHOLT. ; There is a barrow on the top of the hill to the east
of Uffington Castle, which was opened in 1852, when a number of
skeletons were found, with marks of verdigris between their teeth.

There are three more on Sparsholt Down, and one of these, it
seems, was opened by Canon Greenwell, though he describes it as being
in Childrey parish.

The barrow had evidently been opened before, as fragments of a
cinerary urn and the burnt bones it had contained were found scattered
through the mound. A single round bead of lignite, one of a necklace,
was also found.

There are two more barrows on Pit Down.*

SPEEN. ;A round barrow formerly stood by the river Kennet on
Speen Moor, surrounded by several concentric ridges. This was removed
in the eighteenth century, when the workmen discovered an urn, which
was broken by the peat spade."

On the hill above Bagnor, by the side of an ancient trackway, is
what appears to be the remains of a tumulus, known as the ' Mount.'

STRATFIELD MORTIMER. To the north of the road leading to
Ufton, and not far from the entrenchment already described, are two

1 Cooper-King, Hist. Berks, 32.
* Hewitt, Hundr. of Compton, 115.

3 Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 130-1.

4 Ibid. 176, 182. Arch. lii. 64, 65.

8 Phil. Trans. 1. pt. i. 109-115. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, ii. 123, 138.

282

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

barrows, each surrounded by a trench. A third was destroyed when
the wood was planted after the enclosure award of 1802.

SCTTON COURTENAY. There is a barrow in Sutton Wick, not far
from Barrow road, and another in the centre of the village.

TUBNEY. There is a barrow in Tubney wood.

UFFINGTON. There are two barrows in this parish on Woolston
Down, known as Idlebush barrow. There is also another barrow on
Woolston Down.

The conical hill by the White Horse, known as Dragon Hill, was
always supposed to be a tumulus, but when explored in 1852, it was
found to be natural and the soil undisturbed. 1

WANTAGE. There is a barrow in the south of Wantage parish,
near the Ridgeway.

WELFORD. A small barrow is shown on the tithe map in Hoe
Benham, on the boundary of the parish adjoining Elcot Park.

A barrow is also mentioned in the bounds given in a Saxon Charter
in the Abingdon Chronicle.

YATTENDON. There is a barrow in Yattendon parish near Ever-
ington.

PITS

In various parts of the county there are to be found circular pits,
varying in depth and diameter, from some of which no substance could
have been removed of the slightest value to the inhabitants of the neigh-
bourhood. Others again may well be chalk pits. It has been suggested
that these are the remains of subterranean dwellings similar to those now
or till recently used by the inhabitants of Siberia or North-west America.

LITTLE COXWELL. In Little Coxwell parish were 273 pits, most
of which are still existing, lying in 14 acres of land. Their depth
varies from 7 to 22 feet, while the diameter of some is as much as 40
feet. They are called Cole's pits in a survey of 1687.*

COMPTON. Several pits are to be seen within the area of Per-
borough camp, and have been described under this head. 3

EARLEY. There were a number of pits in Earley-field called
Mase-holes, which were between 15 and 20 feet deep. 4

MAIDENHEAD. There are several pits on Maidenhead thicket,
which have been thought to be the remains of pit dwellings. They
may, however, be chalk pits.

VARIOUS EARTHWORKS

There are some few earthworks in Berkshire which cannot be
classed among any of the preceding types, and which nevertheless should
not be omitted from our catalogue.

i Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 215. Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club, i. 182.
Cough's Camden, i. 222. Arch. vii. 236. Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 215.
Hewitt, Hundr. of Camp ton, 70.

Lysons, Mag. Brit. i. 215. Coates, Hist. Reading, corr. and add.

283

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

BLEWBURY. A strange circular pit, called Curnel or Cucknel pit,
lies in a hollow on the Downs above Blewbury near Churn bottom. It
has been surrounded by a vallum, the outside of which was carefully
formed, and was very convex in form. Much of this vallum has now
disappeared, and the rabbits have disfigured the greater part of the
remainder, so that only a small portion shows the original section. It
has been suggested that this was a Roman amphitheatre. 1

BUCKLEBURY. There is a group of long low mounds on Bucklebury
Common which have sometimes been described as tumuli, and are tra-
ditionally called ' the graves.' Several of these were opened in 1877 by
Canon Greenwell, General Lane-Fox and others, when some small
fragments of charcoal alone were found. 1

LAMBOURN. Among the tumuli, known as Seven barrows, are
two which deserve special mention, as they are much lower than the
others, and are surrounded by valla about 1 25 feet in diameter. Between
the vallum and the central tumulus there is in each case a deep fosse.

LETCOMBE BASSETT. On Mere End Down at the extreme south end
of the parish, and not far from some tumuli, the side of the down is shaped
into a number of nearly level and almost square terraces, giving the
hillside the appearance of a terraced chess board. These were obviously
not formed for the sake of defence, nor could they have been caused by
ploughing, as the length of each square is too small, and the only
reasonable explanation seems to be that they are the result of spade
cultivation, and that we have here the site of a prehistoric village.
On the other side of the valley, in Lambourn parish, near Stancombe
Farm, are further examples of the same type, but not so clearly marked.

EASTHAMPSTEAD. There are four small redoubts on the crest of
Easthampstead plain, not far from Broadmoor, erected in 1792, when
the first army manoeuvres were held in this neighbourhood.

' Tram. Newbury Dist. Field Club, iv. 40. ' Ibid. ii. 256; iii. 1 68.

284

DOMESDAY SURVEY

The King's demesne, p. 285. Assessment of the county, p. 286. Church lands,p. 288. Barons'
lands,p. 288. The Serjeants and the English thegns,p. 291. Former landowners, p. 293.
The foreign knights, p. 296. Spoliation of abbeys, p. 298. Churches and priests,p. 299.
Parishes and manors, p. 301. Agriculture and mills, p. 302. Fisheries, p. 304. Dairy
farming and meadows, p. 305. Swine and the woodlands, p. 308. The towns, p. 310.
Legal antiquities and customs, p. 314. The county borders, p. 318.

the interest and importance of the Berkshire portion of the
Conqueror's great survey Mr. Freeman bore striking
witness when he selected it for special treatment as typifying
the effect of the Conquest on this country in practice. 1 He
analysed its evidence so fully that in dealing with the subject one is
forced to traverse, to some extent, his footsteps. There was, however,
an external reason for this choice of Berkshire, namely the existence of
that chronicle of the local Abbey of Abingdon, which helps us to
illustrate the Domesday text, and which is specially rich in that
personal detail that Mr. Freeman valued most of all. 3 But the interest
of the survey is by no means confined to those features which to him
proved the most attractive ; the long account of the borough of
Wallingford and the very important entry on the local institutions of
Berkshire would alone afford material for lengthy disquisition.

The great extent of the Conqueror's own manors in the county
and the fact that it contained at Windsor his new fortified residence
already entitled it to claim the epithet of ' royal.' Six columns of
Domesday Book are devoted to a survey of the lands which William
held in his own hands, the royal demesne having evidently been, even
before the Conquest, very extensive in the county. King Edward him-
self was the predecessor in some eighteen instances of his Norman
successor, and his relict, Queen Edith, in five others. The old Crown
manors, moreover, were mostly large and important ; Cookham, Lam-
bourn, and Old Windsor were each assessed at twenty hides ; Cholsey
and Sutton Courtenay at more than twenty each ; Shrivenham at
forty-six, and Reading at forty-three, in addition to which William
held the borough of Reading in demesne. Nor was assessment always
an indication of their value; Blewberry and Wantage, at the time of

* Norman Conquest (1871), iv. 32-47, 728-736.

2 ' This district is one of those in which the Commissioners employed on William's Survey have been
most bountiful in local and personal notices, while in some parts of England they give us little beyond
dry lists of names. We are also able to draw a good deal of help from the detailed history ... of Saint
Mary of Abingdon. By these means we are able to call up a personal image of several men in the days
of Edward, Harold and William of some of whom we have heard already ' (Ibid. p. 32).

285

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Domesday, were each worth the large sum of 60 a year. 1 On the
manors which his rival, Harold, had held William, here as elsewhere,
looked as his peculiar spoil. It was thus that Finchampstead, Great
Faringdon, the Coxwells, Steventon, Littleworth, and Aldermaston came
to swell his demesne. The assessment of these had slightly exceeded a
hundred and thirty hides, but Harold had also held five-hide manors at
Clewer and at Liver, ten hides at Brightwalton, and forty hides at
Buscot ; and when we add the holdings of his tenants and grantees
the total becomes a large one. Here, as elsewhere, we are led to wonder
how these great possessions were acquired. Prof. Maitland has sug-
gested that they may be accounted for by Harold holding them ex officio
as earl of the shire, but it is not improbable that Harold (or his father)
had obtained grants of some Crown manors, of which Faringdon may
have been one. 2 The King's demesne was not swollen by the lands of
Harold's relatives, which in Berkshire were not considerable, and
Tostig's manor, as in Oxfordshire and in Bucks, fell to the share of
Walter Giffard.

Before tracing further the devolution of estates, we must say some-
thing of their assessment, which here was expressed in hides.

In Berkshire, as in the counties lying to its north and south, the
existence of the five-hide unit as the basis of all assessment needs no
special demonstration ; assessments in multiples of that unit are found
thick upon the ground. 3 What is of more peculiar interest is that
Berkshire is one of a block of four counties, including Hampshire,
Surrey, and Sussex, lying to its south, in which the archaic assessments
based upon this unit have been largely and inexplicably reduced. 4 It is
tempting to connect this phenomenon with the possible ravages of
William's host in the early days of the Conquest, but the Berkshire
evidence does not, apparently, point in that direction. Indeed the
reduction had begun before William's time. The monks of Abingdon
claimed that King Edward had reduced the assessment of their manor
ofBeedon. 8 Again Harold is alleged to have obtained a reduced
assessment of Brightwalton after he secured the manor." For Godric
the sheriff also King Edward had reduced the assessment of half
Fyfield from 10 hides to 5.

Domesday shows us the reduction of assessment as most sweeping
on the Church's manors. The Bishop of Winchester held three, on two
of which it was reduced from 20 hides to 10, and on the third from 15
to 10. Abingdon Abbey also secured enormous reductions, Cumnor
being brought down from 50 hides to 30, Barton from 60 to 40,

1 The Domesday map should be consulted for the King's manors.

3 There is some reason to believe that this had been done on a large scale in Hertfordshire and possibly
in other counties.

3 Feudal England, p. 65. * Ibid. ; Domesday Studies, pp. 100, 1 1 1-2, 1 14-6.

5 ' Tune se defendebat pro x hidis, modo pro viii. Tamen fuit pro xv hidis, sed rex E. condonavit
pro xi hidis ut dicunt.' Possibly xi. is an error for x.

' Heraldus comes tenuit. Tune [se defendebat] pro x hidis. Quidam tainus qui ante eum tenuit
geldabat pro xv hidis.' According to this, Harold had succeeded in getting the assessment reduced by
a five-hide unit, i.e. from 15 to 10 hides.

286

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Watchford from 20 to 10, Uffington from 40 to 14, and so on. Battle
Abbey was specially favoured, for its manor of Brightwalton was
relieved from all assessment, while that of its Reading estate was
reduced from 8 hides to 3. On the fiefs of the lay tenants the reduc-
tions are most erratic ; of Geoffrey de Mandeville's six estates, four
were unchanged in their assessment, while that of the other two was
reduced from 30 and 25 hides respectively to 10 apiece. On Richard
Puingiant's two estates we have reductions from 10 hides to 2 and from
3 to nothing, and on those of Earl Hugh of Chester from 2 to nothing
and from 40 to 6.

The last mentioned of these remarkable reductions of assessment
was at Buscot, and it ought to be carefully observed that on this estate
were two sub-manors (if one may use that phrase) assessed at 8 and 4
hides respectively, which makes the reduced assessment the more
puzzling. Its sequel deserves noting. In the Pipe Roll of 1130 we
find two men (probably the predecessors in title of those who afterwards
held in that place two knight's fees of the Earl) paying 100 marcs
(66 13^. 4</.) between them, 'that the manor of Burwardescote may
henceforth only pay geld for 6 hides,' an entry which implies that
the Domesday reduction had not proved permanent, and that it had to
be obtained anew by this heavy payment. Nor did this case stand alone.
Domesday shows us the assessment of Eaton (Hastings) reduced from 20
hides to 6. But the above Roll records the payment of a large sum in 1130
to secure this low assessment, 1 a very significant fact. Two other cases
of the pre-Domesday assessment being again in force early in the 1 2th
century will be found below in this paper. Before leaving the question
of Berkshire assessment it should be observed that fractional assessments
are sometimes expressed in ' acres,' which is by no means usual.

Domesday sometimes reminds us by a phrase at first obscure that
much had happened in the twenty years that had passed since William
landed in Pevensey Bay. Here, for instance, Basildon is the King's ;
but it is ' of the fee of Earl Roger ' ; and so is Charlton, a manor
of Ralf de Todeni. Harwell is held by Roger d'lvri ; but it is
* of the fee of Earl William.' Both these phrases refer to the
grant of great possessions by the Conqueror to Earl William Fitz-
Osbern and to their forfeiture by his son and successor Earl Roger.
Again Robert d'Ouilly and Roger d'lvry held land in Sheffbrd ' of the
fee of the bishop of Bayeux' (as does Roger also in Pusey, and Berner in
Appleton) the same phrase that Domesday applies to Rotherfield in
Sussex. The bishop, in disgrace, had forfeited his fief, but in Oxford-
shire, Bucks, and Surrey, his great estates are still entered under his own
name ; in Berks and Sussex his solitary manors were not deemed
deserving of this treatment, and Robert, therefore, who in Bucks and
Oxon still appears as his tenant, holds in Berkshire of the King.

1 ' Johannes filius Walteri redd. comp. de 80 marc, argenti et ii. dextrariis ut Manerium de Etton
geldet amodo pro vj hidis' (p. 125). This entry suggests that Walter Fitz Ponz,the Domesday holder,
was succeeded by a son John, which was unknown.

287

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

All the Berkshire possessions of bishops and religious houses are
dwarfed by those of Abingdon Abbey, which fill some four and a half
columns of the Domesday record. The chronicle of the house would
enable one to write a lengthy essay on these manors alone. Of other
old English houses the estates were but few. Amesbury retained its
lands, as did Glastonbury, though the latter had suffered by having to
enfeoff Norman knights at Ashbury. This was also the case with the
New Minster of Winchester, whose manor of Satwell was now held of
it, as were several in Hampshire, by a powerful Norman, Hugh de Port.
The Surrey house of Chertsey retained its estate at White Waltham
intact, as did Westminster Abbey the manor of Easthampstead, for
William was careful not to detract from the gifts of his predecessor,
Edward. With Harold it was different, and here, as in Essex, land
given to his great foundation at Waltham Abbey was forfeited and
transferred to the bishop of Durham. The abbeys of St. Albans and of
St. Mary's (the Nuns' Minster) at Winchester actually benefited by the
Conquest, for the former received from Nigel de Albini, a Bedfordshire
baron, a Berkshire manor at West Hendred, while the latter was given
Coleshill by Walter de Lacy, when his daughter took the veil, as St.
Peter's, Gloucester, received from him a manor when his son was
' dedicated to the lord and St. Peter.' Ponz, another of the new comers,
had bestowed on Westminster Abbey land at Eaton (Hastings), for the
weal of his soul.

The foreign monks who swarmed across the Channel in the wake
of William's banner had not, in this county, obtained much as yet,
although the whole of the manors held by the Count of Evreux a son-
in-law of Walter deLaci were destined to endow the house of Noyon. 1
The Conqueror's foundation of Battle Abbey received, appropriately
enough, a manor of the fallen Harold, and the Abbey of St. Pierre
sur-Dives two small estates. The Abbey of Preaux held of the Count of
Mortain his only Berkshire manor, but we learn elsewhere that the
price paid for it was the Norman vill of St. Clair, which it surrendered. 1
On the same house Hugh Fitz Baldric bestowed the tithe of his Berk-
shire lands at Shaw.' The foreign bishops also had, in Berkshire,
obtained little, even Geoffrey of Coutances receiving but a single
manor.

The great extent of the King's demesne in this county at the
Survey left less than usual for division among his barons. The most
conspicuous figure is that of Henry de Ferrers, forefather of the earls of
Derby, the entries of whose manors fill two columns. Although his
immense fief extended into some fifteen counties, one would not expect
to find him a great landowner so far south as this. The fact is chiefly
accounted for by his receiving the possessions of Godric, sheriff of
Berkshire before the Conquest. But we also find among his predeces-

1 Cal. Docs. France, p. 220. Some of the Domesday tenants-in-chief became founders of religious
houses, as Geoffrey de Mandeville (Hurley Priory) and Robert d'Ouilly (Wallingford Priory).
1 Ibid. p. 108.

288

DOMESDAY SURVEY

sors here, as in other districts, Bondig (the Staller) and Siward (Barn). 1
By combining the information in Domesday on Henry's Berkshire
manors with that which it affords on Derbyshire, the chief seat of his
power, the history of each county may be made to throw light on that of
the other.

The tenants of this mighty baron are of special interest because
the fulness of his successor's return of knights (carta) eighty years later
tempts us to trace their identity. A charter in the British Museum '
relating to Compton and ' Aissendene ' enables us to identify the Ralf who
held ' Assedene ' (probably including part of Compton) and Kingston
(Bagpuize) of Henry as Ralf de Bagpuize (i.e. Bachepuis), who was also
the ' Ralf holding Barton (Bagpuize) and Alkmonton (in Longford)
Derbyshire, of Henry, as his heir Robert de Bakepuz did in 1 1 66."
We again connect the two counties by identifying the Roger who held
Frilsham and (East) Ilsley, Berks, with the Roger who held Boylstone,
Derbyshire; for these manors descended together from an early date
through Peche to Ridware. Moreover, an early charter of an earl
Ferrers relating to the two Berkshire manors gives us, I believe, in Roger
' Venator ' the Domesday tenant himself (with his son and successor
Ralf), which would harmonize with the fact that Boylstone's lord had
a hunting tenure.* But perhaps the most important of the Ferrers tenants
in Berkshire is Hubert, who held of him at (West) Lockinge, for this
was the predecessor of ' Giralmus de Curzun ' 5 and of Stephen de
Curson, tenants under Ferrers of West Lockinge. He was also clearly
the predecessor of that Hubert de Curcun who held three fees of Ferrers
under Henry I, so that with the help of the Abingdon Chronicle (p. 32)
we can safely say that the Domesday Hubert was himself a Hubert de
Curcun. 7

Another distant baron, the lord of Dudley, William son of Ansculf
(de Picquigny), was a considerable holder in Berkshire, his predecessor
in some places being ' Baldwin,' as in Bucks. His father's brother,
Ghilo, also received lands in this county. William Peverel (of Notting-
ham) is credited with a single manor, formerly Earl Ralt's (of Hereford),
to the lands of whose countess he is elsewhere found succeeding, and
.^Elfstan (of Boscombe), a Wiltshire thegn, is here as usual succeeded by
William of Eu. To the lot of Walter Giffard there fell, here, as in
Bucks, a manor of Harold's brother, earl Tostig. William, the son of
Corbucion, held chiefly in Warwickshire. Another distant baron with
one manor in Berkshire was Robert de Stafford, whose tenant, Lawrence,
held of him also at Willbrighton in Staffordshire.

1 See 7.C.H. Warwickshire, i. 282, 283.
" Add. Chart, 21,172.

3 The Ancestor, xii. 154. Cf. Red Book of the Exchequer (Rolls Ser.), 337 ; Testa de Nevill (Rec.
Com.), 121.

* See The Rydeware Cartulary (ed. Wrottesley), pp. 257-8, 283-4.
1 Chron. Abingdon (Rolls Ser.), ii. 203.

6 Testa de Nevill (Rec. Com.), 121.

7 His three sons are recorded in the Abingdon Chronicle, but unfortunately this identification does
not establish the origin of the Curzons of Kedleston.

I 289 37

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

Roger de Laci had succeeded his father, whose predecessor in
three Berkshire manors, as in a Gloucestershire one, had been Edmund.
Hascoit (Musard) a Breton, who belonged to Derbyshire and Gloucester-
shire, had for his tenant at Winterbourne, a fellow-countryman, Chemar-
huec. Geoffrey de Mandeville of Essex was indebted for most of his
Berkshire lands to his well-recognized succession to Esgar, staller and
sheriff.

With Walter Fitz Other we come to a baron of local association, for
he was the founder of the house of Windsor and may himself have been
occasionally named, as were his sons, from that royal abode. Keeper of the
forests of Berkshire and constable of Windsor castle, 1 his was the charge
of the knights who owed it castle guard, namely those of Abingdon
Abbey, of Ghilo de Picquigny and of his own fief 8 which extended into
the four counties adjoining eastern Berkshire. Of his connexion with
Windsor Domesday affords us no indication beyond his holding a small
portion of the King's own manor there ; but it hints at his forest post
in its entry under Kintbury, where we find him holding half a hide,
which King Edward gave to his predecessor ' out of his demesne (jirma)
. . . for keeping the forest.' The monks of Abingdon suffered at his
hands, for when the King annexed part of Winkfield to Windsor forest,
Walter did some robbing on his own account, seizing some of their woods
down Bagshot way.

Of the great English lord whom William found in possession,
namely Wigod of Wallingford, there is scarcely any mention, Letcombe
(Bassett), a manor of Robert d'Ouilly, being alone mentioned as
formerly his. But under the fief of Miles Crispin we have just a hint
in one place of his former possession ; and this is as it should be, for it
is well recognized that Robert and Miles succeeded to the widely
scattered estates of the lord of Wallingford.

In Berkshire, as in Bucks and Oxon, Domesday seems to support
the story of some mysterious connexion between Robert d'Ouilly and
Roger d'lvry. Stowe in Buckinghamshire is entered, under the
Bishop of Bayeux' fief, as held of him by Robert and Roger jointly, 3
and in Berkshire an estate in Shefford, 4 which had belonged to ' Bristei '
or 'Bricstec,' appears in two moieties under the fiefs of Robert and
Roger respectively, Domesday adding in each case * de feudo episcopi

1 Abingdon Cbron. (Rolls Ser.), ii. 7, 132. * Red Book of the Exchequer (Rolls Sen), 716-7.

3 See V '.C.H. Buckinghamshire, \. 237.

4 The Rev. H. Salter, editor of the Osney cartulary, inclines to the view, from evidence therein,
that this estate was Elton farm in Welford, now bordering on the east of East Shefford.

This view I can confirm from independent evidence. In the Testa (p. 126) we find ' Elfreton '
divided into two holdings, each of a quarter of a fee. One of these was held of the Honour of St. Valery
(pp. lllb, 1244), which is known to represent Roger d'lvry ; and the other was held of the Earls of War-
wick (pp. 109, 122), who are known to have inherited from Robert d'Ouilly. ' Elfreton,' therefore, was
the present Elton, which supports my view (p. 363 below) that the ' Ulvritone ' of Domesday is repre-
sented, as a name, by Woolton. The quarter fee at ' Elfreton ' is duly entered in the Inq. p.m. on the
earl in 26 Hen. III., but the Record Office has failed to identify the place (Cat. of Inq. i. 3).

Yet further confirmation is found in the return of the Berkshire carucage (1220-1221) in Testa,
p. 131^, where, between two Shefford entries, we read (the text is bad), ' De Elfinton (sic) Ad' et Galfr"
pro tribus caruc[atis] terrse.' Here we have the three hides of Domesday in two moieties again.

290

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Baiocensis.' This is an interesting example of that record's diversity of
treatment. And Oxfordshire presents yet a third variety in the case of
an estate at Baldon, similar to that at Shefford, which is placed under
the fief of the bishop, but is held of him by Robert and Roger in two
distinct moieties which are not even entered together. On the other
hand Robert and Roger had extorted jointly from the abbot of Abing-
don three hides on his Oxfordshire manors, 1 and are duly entered as
their joint tenants, under his fief, in Domesday (fo. 156^). Robert's
great position in Oxfordshire and office as constable of Oxford castle
made him a formidable neighbour to the abbot, but he repented at the
last and found burial within the abbey walls.

A somewhat curious feature of the Berkshire survey is the number
of great barons who held but one manor in the county ; there are at
least ten of them, while others hold only two or three manors apiece.
Among the smaller men one may note Aiulf the sheriff (of Dorset) and
his brother Humphrey the chamberlain, the latter of whom had been
advanced in the service of the Conqueror's Queen. Of Turstin Fitz Rou
the predecessor, in all his Berkshire lands, was Brihtric, an English
thegn, whom he had also succeeded in some of his Hampshire, Buck-
inghamshire, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire estates. Reimbald of
Cirencester, King Edward's chancellor, retained the estate at East
Hagbourne which he had held of that sovereign, and had acquired
another at Aston. He was the wealthy pluralist who held so many
of the Crown livings, 2 including those of Cookham and of Bray in this
county. With him we may class his fellow-clerk, Albert (of Lotharin-
gia), 3 who appears as tenant-in-chief of a small estate at Ded worth,
which had belonged to King Edward's chamberlain, besides holding
some land at Windsor, which points to his attendance at court.

The Berkshire survey, towards the end of the list of tenants-in-
chief, affords a good illustration of Domesday's want of system in deal-
ing with the King's Serjeants and minor officers. For the same man
will in one county be separately entered as a tenant-in-chief, and in
another be relegated to the group of thegns or Serjeants found at the
end of the survey. Hugh the steersman, who may have been a serjeant,
held that manor of Hampstead (Marshall), the tenure of which was in
later days supposed to carry the marshalship of England. The appear-
ance of Bernard the falconer suggests hawking on the Berkshire downs.
The goldsmiths however are in this county the most interesting of the
King's dependents. One may here quote Mr. Freeman's words :

And with these we find the name of a man of unrecorded nationality, who doubt-
less owed the favour of William to his skill in an art specially adapted to enhance the
splendour of a King's court, an art for which both natives and sojourners in England
were specially famous. Five Berkshire estates, four of which had been the property
of an Englishman named Eadward, had passed into the hands of Theodoric the gold-
smith. He was doubtless one of those craftsmen from the Teutonic mainland whose
presence in England had been encouraged by a constant tradition going back at least

i Abingdon Chron. (Rolls Ser.), ii. 25. a Feudal England, pp. 421-6.

3 See The Commune of London, pp. 36-8.

291

A HISTORY OF BERKSHIRE

to the days of Eadgar. Theodoric had been settled in England in King Eadward's
time, and he had held lands in various shires both under the King and under Earl
Harold. He now did not scruple to accept the confiscated lands of Englishmen at the
hands of William. 1

But I think we can go further and detect another goldsmith in the
Grimbald who immediately precedes Theodoric, by identifying him
with the only other tenant of his name in Domesday, Grimbald the
Goldsmith, whose name is buried among those of the King's Wiltshire
thegns, but who held there two manors in which his predecessors were
those of Theodoric in Berks, namely Edward and Lane. We shall find
among the thegns of Berkshire yet a third goldsmith, while a fourth,
Leofwine, had formerly been attached to Abingdon Abbey and held land
under it.

The names grouped at the end of the survey are not separated, as
they should have been, foreigners being placed with Englishmen under
the heading of thegns (Taint). Aubrey the queen's chamberlain, for
instance, is more correctly placed in Hampshire and Wiltshire among
the * King's Serjeants.' In this county he follows an English chamber-
lain, ./Elfwold, who is also found under the King's land as having
obtained possession, apparently under Harold, of the royal manor of
Pangbourne. Aubrey is in turn followed by another Englishman
Herding, a former tenant of Queen Edith and probably one of her
officers, for ' Hardingus reginas pincerna ' is a witness to a Waltham
Abbey charter. Robert son of Rolf who figures lower down is in Wilt-
shire entered separately as a tenant-in-chief.

Of the English thegns at the time of the survey the greatest was
* Oda of Winchester,' whose holdings, with those of his brother, are
worked out in the Hampshire Domesday Introduction. 3 In this county
his four manors had all belonged to other owners. He had also
obtained an estate at Chaddleworth, but had given it, Domesday tells
us, to the steward of Hugh de Port. His name is followed by that of
jElfward the Goldsmith, who held at Shottesbrook the land which his
father before him had held of Queen Edith. It is i